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a parade honoring The Itchy & Scratchy Show , Bart meets an elderly homeless person , Chester J. Lampwick , who claims to be the creator of Itchy . He insists Roger Meyers , the supposed creator of the characters Itchy and Scratchy , stole the idea from him and proves this claim to Bart with his animated short Manhattan Madness from 1919 . The film , however , is suddenly destroyed by the projector . To shelter Lampwick , Bart lets him live at his house . However , the Simpson family want Lampwick to leave , but Bart does not want him to live on the streets . Suddenly coming up with an idea to properly compensate Lampwick for creating Itchy , Bart and Chester go to Roger Meyers Jr . , CEO of Itchy & Scratchy Studios , and ask him for $ 800 million . They are quickly thrown out . Lampwick then decides , with the help of Bart and lawyer Lionel Hutz , to sue Itchy and Scratchy Studios . His case is not solid , until Bart remembers that he saw an original animation cel created by Lampwick for sale by Comic Book Guy and tricks Homer to give him the money . Buying the cel , Bart shows its inscription , proving that Lampwick is the creator of Itchy . Roger Meyers Jr. then admits that his father stole Itchy from Lampwick , but still rebuffs him by saying that animation is based on plagiarism . The judge rules in favor of Lampwick and orders Meyers to pay Lampwick the $ 800 million , which was apparently the entire corporation ’ s welfare . While Bart is happy that Lampwick is no longer poor , he is sad when he realizes that by helping Lampwick , he has helped take The Itchy & Scratchy Show off television because the studio is bankrupt and forced to close down . When Bart and Lisa discover that The Itchy & Scratchy Show has been replaced by a parody of Schoolhouse Rock ! ' s " I 'm Just a Bill " segment , they search for a way to resurrect the cartoon . They find a legal precedent that could help , but discover that two other kids , Lester and Eliza , have beaten them to it . Discovering that the post office mascot Mr. Zip had been ripped off from Itchy & Scratchy Studios , Lester and Eliza helped secure a large cash settlement from the government for Itchy & Scratchy Studios . Despite being happy that Itchy & Scratchy are back on the air , Bart and Lisa leave , disturbed that their spotlight has been stolen . Later that day as Marge tries to comfort her kids , Lester skateboards by the Simpson household and glares at Bart through the window ( as if telling Bart , this was his fault for helping Lampwick bankrupt Myers and shut down the studio ) . = = Production = = During their tenure as executive producers of The Simpsons , Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein tried to include one episode related to The Itchy & Scratchy Show in every season . " The Day the Violence Died " , written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Wes Archer , was The Itchy & Scratchy Show @-@ related episode for the seventh season , and became a vehicle for jokes about animation . After completing the episode , Oakley commented , " This episode is one of the craziest episodes ever , I would dare say . It is so packed with references and inside jokes and the ending is so bizarre that a lot of people didn 't understand it . " The episode was considered polarizing . In one of its jokes , Bart asks Homer for a large sum of money and Homer immediately pulls out his wallet . Oakley described the scene as " very controversial " among the show 's producers ; Matt Groening , the creator of The Simpsons , in particular did not like it . In Swartzwelder 's original script , the " Amendment to Be " segment was a cartoon that was consciously a parody of the humor style of The Simpsons , but the producers felt that it was not funny . As a result , it was replaced by the " Amendment to Be " cartoon , which is a parody of the " I 'm Just a Bill " segment of the educational television series Schoolhouse Rock . Worried about potential lawsuits , the lawyer of The Simpsons made the animators change the design of the senator in the segment . The end of the episode features Lester and Eliza , different versions of Bart and Lisa , who save Itchy & Scratchy Studios . Bart and Lisa typically solve problems in the show , but the writers decided to try something different and have a new pair of characters take their positions . Lester 's design is a slightly altered version of Bart 's design in The Tracey Ullman Show and is voiced by Tress MacNeille , who normally voices Bart on temporary tracks . American actor Kirk Douglas guest stars in the episode as Chester J. Lampwick . William Hickey , not Douglas , was the producers ' first choice for the role , who they described as " famous for being a grouchy , mean old man " . Oakley and Weinstein , who often search for " the absolutely perfect voice " when looking for guest stars rather than simply using celebrities , felt that Hickey 's gruff raspy voice would be perfect for the role , but he turned them down . In Nancy Cartwright 's autobiography My Life as a 10 @-@ Year @-@ Old Boy , she comments that the episode 's script was a " gem " and recalls that Kirk Douglas ' recording session , directed by Josh Weinstein , was fraught with interruptions . He refused to wear the earphones supplied to him in the recording studio , saying they hurt his ears , so he was unable to hear Weinstein from his booth . Cartwright directed Douglas , who was in a hurry and said that he would do two takes per line at the most . However , despite reading his lines all at once , he only had trouble with one scene ; the scene in which Lampwick tells Bart he created Itchy & Scratchy required three takes , as Douglas continuously misread the line " I changed all that " as " I charged all that " . Cartwright managed to get him to do a third reading of the line by pretending to sneeze during his second take . In his script , Swartzwelder randomly paired David Brinkley and Suzanne Somers together as the parade commentators . The producers were unable to get Brinkley to play his part , so he was instead voiced by Harry Shearer . However , they were successful in getting Somers to voice herself . Alex Rocco returned to voice Roger Meyers , Jr . He had previously voiced the character in the episode " Itchy & Scratchy & Marge " , and while the character had reappeared in several episodes , in those instances he was voiced by Hank Azaria . The episode also stars Pamela Hayden and Tress MacNeille , and Phil Hartman as lawyer Lionel Hutz . = = Cultural references = = Roger Meyers , Sr. being cryogenically frozen is a reference to the myth that Walt Disney was frozen . When Roger Meyers Jr. pleads his case in court , he mentions that several animated television series and characters were " plagiarized " from other series and characters : " Animation is built on plagiarism ! If it weren 't for someone plagiarizing The Honeymooners , we wouldn 't have The Flintstones . If someone hadn 't ripped off Sergeant Bilko , there 'd be no Top Cat . Huckleberry Hound , Chief Wiggum , Yogi Bear ? Hah ! Andy Griffith , Edward G. Robinson , Art Carney . " The Manhattan Madness cartoon in " The Day the Violence Died " is based on one of the first animated cartoons Gertie the Dinosaur . The original name of Itchy on the film reel , " Itchy the Lucky Mouse " , is a direct reference to one of Walt Disney 's first cartoon characters " Oswald the Lucky Rabbit " , created by Disney and Ub Iwerks . The cartoon also features a caricature of US President Theodore Roosevelt . The " Amendment To Be " segment is a parody of the educational show Schoolhouse Rock , and more specifically " I 'm Just a Bill " , and refers to the Flag Desecration Amendment . Jack Sheldon , who sang the original song in " I 'm Just a Bill " , voices the song in the " Amendment to Be " segment . The cartoon " Itchy and Scratchy Meets Fritz The Cat " is a reference to the 1972 animated film Fritz the Cat that depicts drug use and sexual situations openly . Fritz the Cat was also the first animated movie to be rated X , before the NC @-@ 17 rating existed . The first Itchy & Scratchy cartoon entitled " Steamboat Itchy " , which originally appeared in " Itchy & Scratchy : The Movie " , is a reference to Steamboat Willie , the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon to be released , and Joseph P. Kennedy , father of former United States President John F. Kennedy , is listed as one of the cartoon 's producers . The episode 's title alludes to the line " the Day the Music Died " from Don McLean 's 1971 song " American Pie " . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " The Day the Violence Died " finished 47th in the ratings for the week of March 11 – 17 , 1996 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 2 . The episode was the highest rated show on the Fox network that week . " The Day the Violence Died " received generally positive reviews from television critics . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson enjoyed the episode and called it a " hoot " , praising Harry Shearer 's impression of David Brinkley . " It ’ s hard to top the original Itchy cartoon – where else can you see a cartoon mouse kill both an Irishman and Teddy Roosevelt ? " said Jacobson , further complimenting the episode 's twist ending : " For once , when Bart and Lisa team up to do the right thing , it backfires badly . " He also applauded the casting of Kirk Douglas as a guest star , and ended the review by calling the episode a " winner " . Total Film 's Nathan Ditum named Douglas the 18th best guest star on The Simpsons . DVD Movie Guide claimed that any show focused on The Itchy & Scratchy Show is " hard to beat " and the Los Angeles Daily News considered this a " cause for joy " . Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict said that the best part of the episode is during The Itchy & Scratchy Show copyright trial , when lawyer " Lionel Hutz stalls for time by calling all of his surprise witnesses again : a ventriloquist and his dummy , Santa Claus with a broken leg , a caricature of John Swartzwelder , Ralph Wiggum , and the fattest twins in The Guinness Book of World Records . " Malkowski concluded her review by giving the episode a grade of B- . The episode was considered a classic by The Rockford Register Star , which enjoyed the " perfect parody of the old ' Schoolhouse Rock ' cartoon , ' I 'm Just a Bill . ' " DVD Movie Guide " loved " the first The Itchy & Scratchy Show cartoon , " Itchy & Scratchy Meet Fritz the Cat " . In the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Unofficial " Simpsons " Guide by Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , they comment that " The Day the Violence Died " is " a great episode , with some clever observations on ideas and copyright , and a superb – and sinister – twist ending featuring the return of both Bart and Lisa from their days on The Tracey Ullman Show . " Criticism of the episode stemmed from its observations of generic television shows . Dave Foster of DVD Times commented that it features " clever inside jokes , a few astute gags at the expense of the often ridiculous situations found in sitcoms as well as some keen insights on the oft @-@ debated TV violence issue " but that " its played @-@ out observations on how generic shows can be are often too adept making this one tough to fully appreciate with the same affection as the other well @-@ realised scripts found in this season . " Columbia University offered a course that analyzed The Simpsons during the September 2005 school term . In one of the classes , entitled " The Simpsons ' Self @-@ Referentiality " , students viewed " The Day the Violence Died " , and later considered one of the episode 's most memorable quotes to be : " Bart : ' Lisa , if I ever stop loving violence , I want you to shoot me . ' Lisa : ' Will do . ' " = Moral rights in United Kingdom law = Moral rights in United Kingdom law are parts of copyright law that protect the personal interests of the author of a copyrighted work , as well as the economic interests protected by other elements of copyright . Found in the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 , the moral rights are the right to be identified as the author of a work , known as the right of paternity , the right to object to derogatory treatment of a work , known as the right of integrity , the right not to be identified as the author of someone else 's work , and the right to privacy . The right of paternity exists for the entire copyright term , and requires individuals who commercially broadcast , sell , perform or exhibit literary , dramatic , musical or artistic works to identify the author of the work – but this does not apply to things such as typefaces , encyclopaedias or works subject to crown copyright . The right of integrity protects authors from having their copyrighted works altered in such a fashion as to constitute a " distortion " or " mutilation " of the original work , or in a way that harms the author 's reputation or honour . Cases vary as to how the right of integrity should be interpreted , with some judges saying that " distortion " or " mutilation " should be taken to be part of the wider clause on reputation and honour to avoid subjective decisions , and others interpreting each clause as distinct types of violation . The right to object to false attribution protects individuals from being identified as the authors of works they have not contributed to ; unlike the other moral rights it exists only for the individual 's lifetime and the 20 years after death , not for the full term of copyright . The United Kingdom 's law on moral rights has been criticised for failing to correctly implement the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works , and for being unreasonably narrow in the types of creative works it covers . = = Definition = = Copyright law , throughout its history , has sought to protect not only the financial interests of the authors but also their personality rights . Evolving from the French droit moral , moral rights protect the personality and reputation of the copyrighted work 's author . Under the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works , providing protection for moral rights is a requisite part of member states ' legal systems . The actual rights provided vary from nation to nation ; French law treats moral rights as supreme and perpetual , and German law gives both moral and economic rights the same weighting , but the British legal system has traditionally " manifested a certain scepticism towards claims that authors deserve special protection in law " , and until the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 , there was little protection . Even with the passage of the 1988 Act , academics still debate over how far the rights should go . = = Rights = = Authors can still rely on the old common law rights which remain in force ; they act as alternate forms of relief if a claim under dedicated moral rights is dubious , or is seen as unlikely to succeed . Similarly , an author can sometimes rely on contractual rights , as in Frisby v BBC , where the claimant was allowed to block modifications to his work by virtue of a contractual clause prohibiting the BBC from making " structural " changes to his script . Originally these were the only forms of relief for injured authors , although Section 43 of the Copyright Act 1956 created a " tort of misattribution " . With the 1988 Act , however , four distinct moral rights were recognised : the right to be identified as the author ( the right of paternity ) , the right to object to derogatory treatment ( the right of integrity ) , the right to object to false attribution , and the right to privacy in private films and photographs . Because moral rights are personal rights attached to the author , rather than economic rights attached to the work , they cannot be transferred or assigned , but they can be waived . = = = Right to be identified = = = The right to be identified , known as the right of paternity , applies to the creators of original literary , dramatic , musical or artistic works ; for films , the right to be identified is granted to the director rather than the writer . Some specific types of work are not protected by this right , particularly those made to report current events , periodicals , newspapers or encyclopaedias . These exceptions were included as a result of lobbying by the publishing industry , and the fear that the need to name the author of a current events report could interfere with its speedy delivery , and undermine the image of the news as objective and neutral . Under Section 79 , the right to be identified also does not apply to authors of computer programs , computer @-@ generated works , typefaces or works protected by crown copyright . On those works which are covered by this moral right , there is a need to assert it ; this may be done through an instrument assigning copyright , or any other instrument written by the author or director . If the asserting is done through a document designed to assign copyright , it binds the assignee and anyone who claims through him , with or without notice ; if it is done through another instrument , it only applies to those who are directly informed of the assertion . Once the right to be identified has been asserted , it applies for the duration of copyright , but only for works created after 1 August 1989 . If the right is then infringed , the author or director has legal recourse . For the right to be infringed , the author must show that they have not been properly identified , that this was in circumstances where the work should have been attributed , and that none of the exceptions or defences apply . In regards to the lack of proper identification , for identification to be acceptable the name of the author must appear in each copy of the work in a prominent fashion , under Section 77 ( 7 ) of the 1988 Act ; where it is not appropriate for the author 's name to appear on each copy , it must appear in a fashion that brings their identity to the attention of any person using or acquiring a copy of the work . If the work is a building , the name must be visible to people entering or approaching it . If the author specifies a pseudonym or some other form of identification when asserting the right of attribution , that form of identification should be adopted . Specific circumstances lead to a requirement for attribution , and it is only in these circumstances that the right to be identified can be infringed . An author of a literary or dramatic work has the right to be identified whenever the work is broadcast , performed in public or sold commercially , while the director of a film has the right to be named when videos are commercially sold , or when the film is broadcast on television or in other formats . Songwriters are treated slightly differently , in that while the author of a song has the right to be named on commercial publications , there is no requirement to identify them when the song is broadcast or performed in public . Where the work is artistic , the artist has the right to be identified where the work is commercially published , exhibited in public , or where a visual image is broadcast ; if the artwork is recorded , the artist should be identified when the resulting film is shown in public . If the work is a sculpture , " work of artistic craftsmanship " or building , the author should also be named where " copies of a graphic work representing it or of a photograph of it " are shown to the public . = = = Right to object to derogatory treatment = = = The right to object to derogatory treatment , or " right of integrity " , is considered by Bently and Sherman to be " one of the most important of the innovations in the 1988 Act " . Applying to authors of literary , dramatic , musical or artistic works , as well as the directors of films , the right forbids " derogatory treatment " of the copyrighted work in circumstances where the author should be protected from such treatment . The word treatment refers to " any addition to , deletion from , alteration to or adaptation of the work " – in other words , any interference with the work 's internal structure . This deliberately excludes translations of literary works , or arrangements or transcriptions of musical works involving nothing more than a change in key or register . Once it has been proven that modifications amounted to a " treatment " , that treatment must then be derogatory . Section 80 ( 2 ) ( b ) of the 1988 Act provides that a treatment is derogatory if it constitutes a " distortion " or " mutilation " of the work , or otherwise damages the honour or reputation of the author . The Act gives no guidance as to what constitutes distortion or mutilation , and the courts have in some cases adopted the idea that these concepts should be considered part of the clause prohibiting damage to the author 's honour or reputation , as in Confetti Records v Warner Music UK Ltd . This is because the alternative – simply looking at distortion and mutilation as individual concepts – could result in confusion due to the highly subjective nature of the words . Other judges have supported the interpretation that distortions and mutilations can be treated as individual concepts , and that treatments harming the author 's reputation are only considered in that light if the treatment is not derogatory enough to constitute a distortion , as in Tidy v Trustees of the Natural History Museum . Derogatory treatment must also have occurred in circumstances where the author has the right to be protected from it . The right to object to such treatment does not exist simply to protect damage , mutilation or the author 's reputation . For literary , dramatic or musical works , the author is protected from derogatory treatment if the treatment is published commercially , performed in public or communicated to the public ; he is also protected when a film or sound recording including the derogatory treatment is publicly issued . If the work is an artistic one , the author can sue when the derogatory treatment is commercially published or publicly exhibited , or when someone publicly shows a film or sound recording of the treatment . For films , the author is protected when the derogatory treatment is shown or communicated to the public , or when copies of it are issued to the public . While exceptions to normal infringement such as fair dealing do not apply , the right to object to derogatory treatment has its own , individualised exceptions . When works are created by employees of a company in the course of their work , the company or its other employees can alter the work in question , with the author 's rights " giving way to the light of business reality " . This exception does not apply if the employee has already been identified on the work , either at the time of alteration or at any point beforehand . Another exception allows for the alteration of work in order to avoid committing a criminal offence , such as one of those under the Obscene Publications Act 1959 . = = = Right to object to false attribution = = = The right to object to false attribution is the oldest of the statutory moral rights , originating ( albeit in a limited form ) in the Fine Arts Copyright Act 1862 . Found in Section 84 of the 1988 Act , the right to object to false attribution allows individuals to avoid being named on works they are not the author of , and applies to literary , dramatic , musical or artistic works , as well as films . It only applies to acts of false attribution perpetrated after 1 August 1989 , and lasts for 20 years after the death of the person falsely attributed with authorship . It is infringed whenever an individual issues copies of a work to the public , exhibits them in public or broadcasts them with a false attribution . Whether or not a work is attributed to the wrong person depends on , according to Clark v Associated Newspapers , " the single meaning which ... the work conveys to the notional reasonable reader " . There is no need to prove that the false attribution caused any harm to the actual author , and the right has been interpreted to cover situations as diverse as a newspaper parody of Alan Clark 's diaries , an interview with Dorothy Squires and a replica painting that contained the signature of the original author . The right is closely linked to passing off , defamation and other non @-@ statutory causes of action , which may be used to supplement a claim for infringing the right to object to false attribution . David Vaver , writing in the International Journal of Law and Information Technology , goes as far as to say that the right to object to false attribution is merely " passing off , writ large " . Cornish , Llewelyn and Aplin also note a strong overlap between the rights against false attribution and against derogatory treatment . = = = Right to privacy = = = The moral right to privacy was the " first acknowledgement in English law of any right to privacy " , although it operates in limited circumstances . Under it , where an individual has a photograph or film commissioned for private use , and this is original enough to be copyrighted , they hold a monopoly on broadcasting it , showing it publicly and issuing copies to the public . This right lasts for the length of the copyright , and each commissioner of the work holds the right individually ; any person who has commissioned the work may choose to license it . = = Criticism = = The United Kingdom law relating to moral rights has been repeatedly criticised , primarily for failing to entirely comply with the Berne Convention . Bently and Sherman point out that the right to object to derogatory treatment uses a far narrower definition of treatment than the Convention , which merely requires that the author be able to object to " any ... derogatory action " without limitation . Vaver notes a " grudging attitude toward moral rights , at least if the expression given these rights in [ the 1988 Act ] is any testament " . Article 5 ( 2 ) of the Berne Convention requires that the exercise of authors ' moral rights " shall not be subject to any formality " , while the right to attribution requires that the author assert ownership in writing , and is not available to authors by default . In addition , the exclusion of things such as encyclopedias , computer programs and typefaces is " out of step with international practise " . = Margaret Chin = Margaret Chin ( born May 26 , 1954 ) is the Council member for the 1st District of the New York City Council . A Democrat , she and Queens Council member Peter Koo comprise the Asian American delegation of the city council . The district includes all or parts of Battery Park City , Chinatown , Civic Center , East Village , Ellis Island , Financial District , Governors Island , Greenwich Village , Liberty Island , Little Italy , Lower East Side , NoHo , Nolita , SoHo , Tribeca , and the West Village . = = Life and career = = Born on May 26 , 1954 in Hong Kong as the third of five children and the only daughter in the family , Chin immigrated to the United States from Hong Kong in 1963 . Her father , who arrived to the U.S. before his family did , was an undocumented worker , working as a waiter in the Bronx ; his experiences inspired her to advocate for immigration reform during her political tenure . Chin grew up in Chinatown and graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and the City College of New York with a degree in education . She worked for 14 years at LaGuardia Community College 's Division of Adult and Continuing Education . She is married to Alan Tung , a public school teacher . Their son , Kevin , also graduated from the Bronx High School of Science . He completed his studies at Syracuse University , and is now studying photography in Santa Barbara , California . Chin has been a member of several public service groups and organizations . In 1974 , she was a founding member of Asian Americans for Equality , a group dedicated to " empowering Asian Americans and others in need " , and she served as the board 's president from 1982 to 1986 . She was the chairperson of the New York Immigration Coalition , a policy and advocacy organization which works on issues concerning immigrants and refugees . She was a board member of the Association for Neighborhood and Housing Development , an affordable housing non @-@ profit organization . Chin was also a founding member of the Chinatown Partnership Local Development Corporation , a group that was formed in 2006 to " rebuild Chinatown following 9 / 11 , and to preserve the neighborhood 's unique culture while ensuring its vitality in the future . " In local and state politics , Chin was a member of Manhattan Community Board 1 and Manhattan Community Board 3 , and was elected to the New York State Democratic Committee for two terms from 1986 to 1990 . Chin speaks Cantonese , Mandarin , and Taishanese , and has stated that her ethnicity helped her win the district that includes Chinatown . In her words , many new immigrants and seniors do not speak English , and appreciated that they could speak to her directly and " talk to a City Council member without having to go through an interpreter . " Hunter College professor and sociologist Peter Kwong , who has written books on Chinese Americans , said that Chin 's election victory was a " milestone in an increasingly active Asian American community " and a " special moment in Chinatown history " . Margaret Fung , head of Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund , a national Asian American civil rights group , described Chin 's win as a " significant step forward for Asian American political representation " . = = New York City Council = = Prior to winning the 2009 city council election , Chin had run and lost in the Democratic Party primary election for the District 1 seat in 1991 , 1993 , and 2001 . In a primary that had a small turn @-@ out , she won the Democratic nomination with 39 % of the vote , ousting two @-@ term incumbent Alan Gerson . Chin earned 4 @,@ 541 votes to Gerson 's 3 @,@ 520 ; the other three candidates , PJ Kim , Pete Gleason , and Arthur Gregory won 1 @,@ 927 votes , 1 @,@ 293 votes , and 235 votes , respectively . Campaigning on the issues of affordable housing , improving infrastructure , immigration reform , and better services for senior citizens , Chin won the general election held on November 3 against Republican candidate Irene Horvath in a landslide victory , carrying 86 % of the vote . In 2013 , Council Member Chin ran for reelection for the New York City Council . She received an endorsement from the Stonewall Democratic Club of New York prior to the September 2013 Democratic Party Primary . She was challenged in the primary by Democrat Jenifer Rajkumar , a Lower Manhattan District Leader , in a widely publicized race . Chin won with 58 @.@ 5 % of the vote . Chin is a member of the Progressive Caucus , and the Women 's Caucus . Chin has twice been elected by her colleagues to serve as an executive member of the Black , Latino , and Asian Caucus = = = Committee assignments = = = Aging ( Chair ) Education Recovery and Resiliency Rules Privileges Elections Transportation Youth Services = = Election history = = = The Painted Skin = " The Painted Skin " ( Chinese : 畫皮 ; pinyin : Huàpí ) is a short story by the Chinese writer Pu Songling collected in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio in 1740 . Literary critics have recognised it as one of the best and best @-@ known entries in Strange Tales ; in particular , its textual detail and in @-@ depth characterisation are lauded . " The Painted Skin " has also received numerous adaptations in popular media , especially in film . The story 's original title has become a common phrase in Chinese vocabulary , " a synonym for duplicity that wears an outwardly human face but is inwardly demonic " . Set in Shandong , the story revolves around a Chinese scholar , Wang , who becomes infatuated by a demon in disguise as a beautiful young maiden . They develop a romantic relationship which goes awry after Wang discovers her true identity . Thereafter , a Taoist priest 's skills are put to the task of exorcising the demon ; a fight between good and evil ensues . = = Plot = = An academician from Taiyuan , referred to only by his surname Wang , chances upon a homeless girl who claims to be an ill @-@ treated concubine . Noting her beauty , as well as feeling pity for her , Wang agrees to let her stay at his residence temporarily . They make love at his study , unbeknownst to anybody else . A few days afterwards , Wang 's spouse , Chen , discovers their affair and is unhappy with the arrangement , but fails at changing his mind . At the marketplace , a Taoist priest informs Wang that he has been possessed by an evil spirit . Wang dismisses this with incredulity . He returns home but finds the gates locked . Nevertheless , he manages to find a way into the courtyard and notices that the front door is bolted too . Peeking through the window , Wang makes a startling discovery − the girl is actually a " green @-@ faced monster , a ghoul with great jagged teeth like a saw . " All this while , she had been wearing a mask made of human skin , on which her attractive features were painted . In petrification , he returns to the Taoist priest and begs him for help . The priest agrees but concurrently wishes to be lenient on a likewise sentient being , thus only offers Wang a charm meant to ward off demons . Wang goes back home and hangs the charm outside his bedroom , but it has no effect on the demon . Instead , she turns enraged and rips out Wang 's heart . Wang 's spouse reports this to the priest who , incited to fury , launches a full @-@ scale offensive on the demon . They find that it has transformed into an elderly helper working at Wang 's brother 's place . In the climax , the demon reverts to its original form , and the priest beheads it with his wooden sword . The demon 's remains dissipate into smoke which the priest stores in his calabash . He also rolls up the demon 's " painted skin " and stores it away . Later on , the priest tells Chen to visit a lunatic beggar at the marketplace , should she wish to revive her husband . The madman treats her with disrespect by continuously demeaning her , but she takes it in her stride and patiently pleads with him for help . Finally , he coughs out some phlegm and makes her swallow it . The beggar makes his leave and Chen is left feeling deeply ashamed . Back home , during funeral preparations , the phlegm hardens gradually and rises from Chen 's stomach to her throat . Ultimately she disgorges a throbbing heart , which she places into the gaping wound in Wang 's chest ; slowly , his life is restored . = = Publication history = = The story was originally titled " Huapi " ( 畫皮 ) and first appeared in Pu Songling 's anthology of supernatural tales , Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio ( Liaozhai ) in 1740 . It was first translated into English as " The Painted Skin " by the British sinologist Herbert A. Giles and was included in his 1880 translation of Strange Tales . It reappeared with modifications in a subsequent edition , published in 1908 . Since then , many other translators , including John Minford ( 2006 ) , have published their translations of " The Painted Skin " . = = Themes and analysis = = How foolish men are , to see nothing but beauty in what is clearly evil ! And how benighted to dismiss as absurd what is clearly well @-@ intended ! It is folly such as this that obliges the lady Chen to steel herself to eat another man 's phlegm , when her husband has fallen prey to lust . Heaven 's Way has its inexorable justice , but some mortals remain foolish and never see the light ! At surface , " The Painted Skin " is a story of a lustful scholar 's encounter with a demon who disguises itself as a lady . Pu Songling intended for the story to be viewed as a parable of human desire and its negative consequences , and emphasised this with his appended comment , " a typical piece of moral didacticism that denounces sexual promiscuity , extols faithfulness , and endorses belief in karma and retribution . " " The Painted Skin " utilises both the zhiguai and chuanqi styles of writing in bringing out " the ghost 's critical and creative writing " , whereas the complexity of prose parallels the " cultural ramifications of the ghost . " Skin is a major plot device in " The Painted Skin " , serving as a " path between the separate worlds of human and animal , or the natural and the supernatural " . Reality versus perception of it is another overarching issue ; what Wang deems to be a pretty female is in fact a vicious demon . Moral courage trumps the occult and supernatural powers ; the Taoist priest is unable to revive Wang with his magic , whereas Chen 's sacrificial love is arguably more effective in doing so . By extension , this also decreases the credibility of religious institutions , continuing Pu 's subtle criticism of religion present in many other Liaozhai stories . Pu also presents the trope of the " beautiful talented ghost " in an inverted fashion , portraying art , represented by the demon , as something " utterly demonic " ; Man 's " blind admiration " of it can lead to his dire downfall . = = Literary significance and reception = = " The Painted Skin " stays true to the early style of zhiguai by showcasing the chaotic relations between " human society and the world beyond " , unlike majority of Liaozhai tales which narrate peaceful coexistence between the two groups . It is also significant for being , in the words of Lu Xun , " zhiguai in the chuanqi style " ; Pu was one of the earliest writers to amalgamate the two similar genres in their writings . The story was positively received . As translator John Minford notes , " ( the story ) is one of the most widely read of all the Strange Tales ... and continues to be popular for its powerful theme and the sheer gruesomeness of its detail . " Pu Songling is praised by literary critics for offering readers vivid characterisation and an emboldened stance against lust . Qing dynasty critic Dan Minglun ( 但明倫 ) offers in his 1842 interlinear commentary of Liaozhai , " ( Wang ) is clearly a man in the grip of a serious sexual delusion ... ( Chen ) should not bother bringing her worthless husband back from the dead . " Taiwanese writer Yi @-@ jia Wang ( 王溢嘉 ) provides a psychoanalytical review of " The Painted Skin " , describing Wang as relying on his wife to restore " the Deep Structure of male @-@ dominated Chinese culture . " Due to its widespread popularity and usage , the term huapi ( 畫皮 ) became a Chinese idiom . According to Mair and Mair , " the words “ painted skin ” have become a synonym for duplicity that wears an outwardly human face but is inwardly demonic . " During the rise of Communist China , led by Chairman Mao Zedong , the meaning of huapi took on a political undertone ; at different points in time it was used to describe United States colonisation , USSR revisionists , as well as the Gang of Four , amongst a host of other political factions or figures . In 21st @-@ century China , huapi is still used in political contexts , but generally means refers to the " mask of an evildoer " and has been used in conjunction with " quack herbal cures " and " fake cell @-@ phones " . = = Inspiration = = Before " The Painted Skin " , there was already a plethora of zhiguai @-@ chuanqi stories about lady – beast metamorphosis . An account in the fifth @-@ century anthology of fictitious accounts , titled Garden of the Strange ( Yi yuan 異苑 ) , by Liu Jingshu ( 劉敬叔 ) concerns a bachelor named Xu Huan ( 徐桓 ) who gets acquainted with a tiger spirit passing off as a beautiful woman . Blinded by lust , Xu is kidnapped by the tiger , who returns him home after ten days . Tang dynasty writer Xue Yongruo ( 薛用弱 ) penned a story on a Puzhou native , Cui Tao , who marries a tiger spirit that ultimately devours their child and him . " Scholar Wu of Jiangnan " ( 江南吳生 ) by Zhang Du ( 張讀 ) revolves around the Wu household , and Wu 's eventual discovery that his spouse , Madam Liu , is a demon . Pu Songling , in writing " The Painted Skin " and many of the other Liaozhai entries , is written to have been inspired by the above @-@ mentioned zhiguai texts , and expended upon the early authors ' efforts . = = Legacy and adaptations = = " The Painted Skin " has been adapted or represented in film , television , and cartoons on numerous occasions . The long list of adaptations underscore the story 's enduring legacy ; in particular , it is written to have inspired generations of filmmakers . One of the earliest film adaptations of the story is Bao Feng 's Huapi ( 1965 ) . A rumoured 1970s Painted Skin film was reportedly banned in China after a short run at the box office because of its overly intense horror scenes – it is claimed that some audience members died of fright . Its existence , however , has yet to be proven . King Hu 's last film was a " faithful " adaptation of " The Painted Skin " , released in 1993 . Other film adaptations of the story include Painted Skin ( 2008 ) , and its sequel Painted Skin : The Resurrection ( 2012 ) . A television series based on " The Painted Skin " , directed by Danny Ko , was first broadcast in 2011 . In 2001 , China Post issued commemorative Liaozhai postage stamps in Shandong , the birthplace of Pu Songling . Amongst the collection is one depicting a scene in " The Painted Skin " ; others show scenes from entries such as " Yingning " and " Stealing Peaches " . = Charles Holden = Charles Henry Holden Litt.D , FRIBA , MRTPI , RDI ( 12 May 1875 – 1 May 1960 ) was a Bolton @-@ born English architect best known for designing many London Underground stations during the 1920s and 1930s , for Bristol Central Library , the Underground Electric Railways Company of London 's headquarters at 55 Broadway and for the University of London 's Senate House . He also created many war cemeteries in Belgium and northern France for the Imperial War Graves Commission . After working and training in Bolton and Manchester , Holden moved to London . His early buildings were influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement , but for most of his career he championed an unadorned style based on simplified forms and massing that was free of what he considered to be unnecessary decorative detailing . Holden believed strongly that architectural designs should be dictated by buildings ' intended functions . After the First World War he increasingly simplified his style and his designs became pared @-@ down and modernist , influenced by European architecture . He was a member of the Design and Industries Association and the Art Workers ' Guild . He produced complete designs for his buildings including the interior design and architectural fittings . Although not without its critics , his architecture is widely appreciated . He was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects ' ( RIBA 's ) Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1936 and was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry in 1943 . His station designs for London Underground became the corporation 's standard design influencing designs by all architects working for the organisation in the 1930s . Many of his buildings have been granted listed building status , protecting them from unapproved alteration . He twice declined the offer of a knighthood . = = Early life = = Charles Henry Holden was born on 12 May 1875 at Great Lever , Bolton , the fifth and youngest child of Joseph Holden ( 1842 – 1918 ) , a draper and milliner , and Ellen ( née Broughton , 1841 – 1890 ) Holden . Holden 's childhood was marred by his father 's bankruptcy in 1884 and his mother 's death when he was fifteen years old . Following the loss of his father 's business , the family moved 15 miles ( 24 km ) to St Helens ( present @-@ day Merseyside ) , where his father returned to his earlier trade and worked as an iron turner and fitter and where he attended a number of schools . He briefly had jobs as a laboratory assistant and a railway clerk in St Helens . During this period he attended draughting classes at the YMCA and considered a career as an engineer in Sir Douglas Fox 's practice . In 1891 he began working for his brother @-@ in @-@ law , David Frederick Green , a land surveyor and architect in Bolton . In April 1892 he was articled to Manchester architect Everard W. Leeson and , while training with him , also studied at the Manchester School of Art ( 1893 – 94 ) and Manchester Technical School ( 1894 – 96 ) . While working and studying in Manchester , Holden formed friendships with artist Muirhead Bone and his future brother @-@ in @-@ law Francis Dodd . About this time Holden was introduced to the writings of Walt Whitman and became friends with James William Wallace and a number of the members of Bolton 's Whitman society known as the " Eagle Street College " . Whitman 's writings and those of Henry David Thoreau , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edward Carpenter were major influences on Holden 's life . He incorporated many of their philosophies and principles into his style of living and method of working . In 1895 and 1896 Holden submitted designs to Building News Designing Club competitions using the pseudonym " The Owl " . Although the number of competing submissions made was not always large , from nine competition entries , Holden won five first places , three second places and one third place . In 1897 , he entered the competition for the RIBA 's prestigious Soane Medallion for student architects . Of fourteen entries , Holden 's submission for the competition 's subject , a " Provincial Market Hall " , came third . Holden described the design as being inspired by the work of John Belcher , Edgar Wood and Arthur Beresford Pite . = = Family life = = Around 1898 Holden began living with Margaret Steadman ( née Macdonald , 1865 – 1954 ) , a nurse and midwife . They were introduced by Holden 's older sister , Alice , and became friends through their common interest in Whitman . Steadman had separated from her husband James Steadman , a university tutor , because of his alcoholism and abuse . Steadman and her husband were never divorced and , though she and Holden lived as a married couple and Holden referred to her as his wife , the relationship was never formalised , even after James Steadman 's death in 1930 . The Holdens lived in suburban Norbiton , Surrey ( now Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames ) until 1902 , when they moved to Codicote in Hertfordshire . Around 1906 , they moved to Harmer Green near Welwyn , where Holden designed a house for them . The house was plainly furnished and the couple lived a simple life , described by Janet Ashbee in 1906 as " bananas and brown bread on the table ; no hot water ; plain living and high thinking and strenuous activity for the betterment of the World " . The couple had no children together , though Margaret had a son , Allan , from her marriage . Charles and Margaret Holden lived at Harmer Green for the rest of their lives . = = Works = = = = = Early career = = = Holden left Leeson 's practice in 1896 and worked for Jonathan Simpson in Bolton in 1896 and 1897 , working on house designs there and at Port Sunlight , before moving to London to work for Arts and Crafts designer Charles Robert Ashbee . His time with Ashbee was short and , in October 1899 , he became chief assistant in H. Percy Adams ' practice , where he remained for the rest of his career . A number of Holden 's early designs were for hospitals , which Adams ' practice specialised in . At this early stage in his career , he produced designs in a variety of architectural styles as circumstances required , reflecting the influences of a number of architects . Holden soon took charge of most of the practice 's design work . From 1900 to 1903 , Holden studied architecture in the evenings at the Royal Academy School . He also continued to produce designs in his spare time for his brother @-@ in @-@ law and Jonathan Simpson . His red brick arts and craft façades for the Belgrave Hospital for Children in Kennington , south London ( 1900 – 03 ) , were influenced by Philip Webb and Henry Wilson and feature steeply pitched roofs , corner towers and stone window surrounds . The building , now converted to apartments , is Grade II * listed . In 1902 , Holden won the architectural competition to design the Bristol Central Library . His Tudor Revival façades in bath stone incorporate modernist elements complementing the adjacent Abbey Gate of Bristol Cathedral . The front façade features oriel windows and sculpture groups with Chaucer , Bede and Alfred the Great by Charles Pibworth . Internally , the design is classical , with the furniture designed by Holden and the stone carving mostly by William Aumonier . It was described by architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as " free Neo @-@ Tudor " and " extremely pretty " and by Andor Gomme as " one of the great masterpieces of the early Modern Movement " . It has been compared with Charles Rennie Mackintosh 's Glasgow School of Art and it is sometimes suggested that Mackintosh 's designs for the later part of the school were inspired by Holden 's , although Pevsner noted that Mackintosh 's designs were in circulation earlier . The building is Grade I listed . At Midhurst , West Sussex , Holden designed Tudor @-@ style façades for the Sir Ernest Cassel @-@ funded King Edward VII Sanatorium ( 1903 – 06 ) . The building features long wings of south @-@ facing rooms to maximise patients ' exposure to sunlight and fresh air . The design is in keeping with the building 's rural setting , with façades in the local tile @-@ hung style . Pevsner called this " certainly one of the best buildings of its date in the country " and " a model of how to build very large institutions " . He designed the sanitorium 's V @-@ shaped open @-@ air chapel so that it could be used for both outdoor and indoor worship . Both buildings are Grade II listed . Other hospitals he designed in this period include the British Seamen 's Hospital in Istanbul ( 1903 – 04 ) and the Women 's Hospital in Soho , central London ( 1908 ) . For The Law Society he designed ( 1902 – 04 ) a simplified neoclassical extension to the existing Lewis Vulliamy @-@ designed building in Chancery Lane with external sculptures by Charles Pibworth and a panelled arts and crafts interior with carving by William Aumonier and friezes by Conrad Dressler . Pevsner considered the façades to be Mannerist : " The fashionable term Mannerism can here be used legitimately ; for Holden indeed froze up and invalidated current classical motifs , which is what Mannerist architects did in the Cinquecento . " In 1906 , Holden won the architectural competition to design a new headquarters for the British Medical Association on the corner of The Strand and Agar Street ( now Zimbabwe House ) . The six @-@ storey L @-@ shaped building replaced a collection of buildings on the site already occupied by the Association and provided it with accommodation for a council chamber , library and offices on the upper floors above space for shops on the ground floor and in the basement . Described by Powers as " classicism reduced to geometric shapes " , the first three storeys are clad in grey Cornish granite with Portland stone above . Located at second floor level was a controversial series of 7 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) tall sculptures representing the development of science and the ages of man by Jacob Epstein . The building is Grade II * listed . Alastair Service considered it " perhaps his best London building " . In 1909 , Holden won the design competition for an extension to the Bristol Royal Infirmary . Subsequently dedicated to the memory of King Edward VII ( died 1910 ) , the extension ( 1911 – 12 ) was built on steeply sloping ground for which Holden designed a linked pair of Portland stone @-@ faced blocks around a courtyard . The plain , abstract blocks have towers on the corners and two @-@ storey loggias , and are a further simplification of Holden 's style . The practice became Adams & Holden in 1907 when Holden became a partner and Adams , Holden & Pearson when Lionel Pearson became a partner in 1913 . In 1913 , Holden was awarded the RIBA 's Godwin medal and £ 65 to study architecture abroad . He travelled to America in April 1913 and studied the organisation of household and social science departments at American universities in preparation for his design of the Wren @-@ influenced Kings College for Women , Kensington . Other buildings by Holden before the First World War include modernist office buildings in Holborn and Oxford Street , an extension in red brick of Alfred Waterhouse 's Shire Hall in Bedford , and Arts and Crafts Sutton Valence School , Kent . Holden also worked with Epstein on the tomb of Oscar Wilde at Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris ( 1911 – 12 ) . In 1915 , he was a founding member of the Design and Industries Association and he was a member of the Art Workers ' Guild from 1917 . Unsuccessful competition entries for which he produced designs include Strathclyde Royal Infirmary ( 1901 ) , Manchester Royal Infirmary ( 1904 ) , County Hall ( 1907 ) , the National Library of Wales ( 1909 ) , Coventry Town Hall ( 1911 ) and the Board of Trade building ( 1915 ) . = = = War cemeteries and memorials = = = The Holdens shared a strong sense of personal duty and service . In the First World War , Margaret Holden joined the " Friends ' Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans , Austrians and Hungarians in distress " which helped refugees of those countries stranded in London by the conflict . Charles Holden served with the Red Cross 's London Ambulance Column as a stretcher @-@ bearer transferring wounded troops from London 's stations to its hospitals . Holden also served on the fire watch at St Paul 's Cathedral between 1915 and 1917 . On 3 October 1917 , Holden was appointed a temporary lieutenant with the army 's Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries . He travelled to the French battlefields for the first time later that month and began planning new cemeteries and expanding existing ones . Holden described his experience : The country is one vast wilderness , blasted out of recognition where once villages & orchards & fertile land , now tossed about & churned in hopeless disorder with never a landmark as far as the eye can reach & dotted about in the scrub and untidiness of it all are to be seen here & there singly & in groups little white crosses marking the place where men have fallen and been buried . In September 1918 , Holden transferred to the Imperial War Graves Commission ( now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) with the new rank of major . From 1918 until 1928 he worked on 69 Commission cemeteries . Initially , Holden ran the drawing office and worked as the senior design architect under the three principal architects in France and Belgium ( Edwin Lutyens , Reginald Blomfield and Herbert Baker ) . Holden worked on the experimental war cemetery at Louvencourt and , according to Geurst and Karol , probably on the one at Forceville that was selected as the prototype for all that followed . In 1920 , he was promoted to be the fourth principal architect . His work for the Commission included memorials to the New Zealand missing dead at Messines Ridge British Cemetery , and the Buttes New British Cemetery at Zonnebeke . His designs were stripped of ornament , often using simple detailed masses of Portland stone in the construction of the shelters and other architectural elements . Philip Longworth 's history of the Commission described Holden 's pavilions at Wimereux Communal Cemetery as " almost cruelly severe " . In 1922 , Holden designed the War Memorial Gateway for Clifton College , Bristol , using a combination of limestone and gritstone to match the Gothic style of the school 's buildings . For the British War Memorials Committee , he produced a design for a Hall of Remembrance ( 1918 ) that would have been in the form of an art gallery , and for New College , Oxford , he created a design for a tiny memorial chapel ( 1919 ) . Neither was constructed . = = = London Transport = = = Through his involvement with the Design and Industries Association Holden met Frank Pick , general manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) . Holden at the time had no experience in designing for transport , but this would change through his collaboration with Pick . In 1923 , Pick commissioned Holden to design a façade for a side entrance at Westminster tube station . This was followed in 1924 with an appointment to design the UERL 's pavilion for the British Empire Exhibition . Also in 1924 , Pick commissioned Holden to design seven new stations in south London for the extension of the City and South London Railway ( now part of the Northern line ) from Clapham Common to Morden . The designs replaced a set by the UERL 's own architect , Stanley Heaps , which Pick had found unsatisfactory . The designs reflect the simple modernist style he was using in France for the war cemeteries ; double @-@ height ticket halls are clad in plain Portland stone framing a glazed screen , each adapted to suit the street corner sites of most of the stations . The screens feature the Underground roundel made up in coloured glass panels and are divided by stone columns surmounted by capitals formed as a three @-@ dimensional version of the roundel . Holden also advised Heaps on new façades for a number of the existing stations on the line and produced the design for a new entrance at Bond Street station on the Central London Railway . During the later 1920s , Holden designed a series of replacement buildings and new façades for station improvements around the UERL 's network . Many of these featured Portland stone cladding and variations of the glazed screens developed for the Morden extension . At Piccadilly Circus , one of the busiest stations on the system , Holden designed ( 1925 – 28 ) a spacious travertine @-@ lined circulating concourse and ticket hall below the roadway of the junction from which banks of escalators gave access to the platforms below . In 1926 , Holden began the design of a new headquarters for the UERL at 55 Broadway above St. James 's Park station . Above the first floor , the steel @-@ framed building was constructed to a cruciform plan and rises in a series of receding stages to a central clock tower 175 feet ( 53 m ) tall . The arrangement maximises daylight to the building 's interior without the use of light wells . Like his stations of the period and his pre @-@ First World War commercial buildings , the block is austerely clad in Portland stone . Holden again detailed the façades with commissioned sculptures ; Day and Night , two compositions by Epstein , are at first floor level , and a series of eight bas @-@ reliefs at the seventh floor represent the four winds ( two for each of the cardinal directions , on each side of the projecting wings ) . The building is Grade I listed . In 1930 , Holden and Pick made a tour of Germany , the Netherlands , Denmark and Sweden to see the latest developments in modern architecture . The UERL was planning extensions of the Piccadilly line to the west , north @-@ west and north of London , and a new type of station was wanted . Adapting the architectural styles he had seen on the tour , Holden created functional designs composed of simple forms : cylinders , curves and rectangles , built in plain brick , concrete and glass . The extensions to the west and north @-@ west were over existing routes operated by the District line and required a number of stations to be rebuilt to accommodate additional tracks or to replace original , basic buildings . Sudbury Town , the first station to be rebuilt in 1931 , formed a template for many of the other new stations that followed : a tall rectangular brick box with a concrete flat roof and panels of vertical glazing to allow light into the interior . The Grade II * listed building was described by Pevsner as " an outstanding example of how satisfying such unpretentious buildings can be , purely through the use of careful details and good proportions . " For Arnos Grove station , one of eight new stations on the northern extension of the line , Holden modified the rectangular box into a circular drum , a design inspired by Gunnar Asplund 's Stockholm Public Library . Also notable on the northern extension is Southgate station ; here Holden designed a single @-@ storey circular building with a canopied flat roof . Above this , the central section of roof rises up on a continuous horizontal band of clerestory windows , supported internally by a single central column . The building is topped by an illuminated feature capped with a bronze ball . Other stations show the influence of Willem Marinus Dudok 's work in Hilversum , Netherlands . In order to handle such a large volume of work , Holden delegated significant design responsibility to his assistants , such as Charles Hutton , who took the lead on Arnos Grove Station . For some other Piccadilly line stations the design was handled in @-@ house by Stanley Heaps or by other architectural practices . All followed the modern brick , glass and concrete house style defined by Holden , but some lacked Holden 's originality and attention to detail ; Pick dubbed these " Holdenesque " . The UERL became part of London Transport in 1933 , but the focus remained on high quality design . Under Pick , Holden 's attention to detail and idea of integrated design extended to all parts of London 's transport network , from designing bus and tram shelters to a new type of six @-@ wheeled omnibus . In the late 1930s , Holden designed replacement stations at Highgate , East Finchley and Finchley Central and new stations at Elstree South and Bushey Heath for the Northern line 's Northern Heights plan . Holden 's designs incorporated sculpture relevant to the local history of a number of stations : Dick Whittington for Highgate , a Roman centurion at Elstree South and an archer for East Finchley . Much of the project was postponed shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War and was later cancelled . Only East Finchley station was completed in full with Highgate in part ; the other plans were scrapped . East Finchley station is located on an embankment and the platforms are accessed from below . Making use of the station 's air @-@ rights , Holden provided staff office space spanning above the tracks accessed through semi @-@ circular glazed stairways from the platforms . Eric Aumonier provided the statue The Archer , a prominent feature of the station . Holden 's last designs for London Transport were three new stations for the Central line extension in north @-@ east London . These were designed in the 1930s , but were also delayed by the war and were not completed until 1947 . Post @-@ war austerity measures reduced the quality of the materials used compared with the 1930s stations and the building at Wanstead was adapted from a temporary structure constructed during the line 's wartime use as an underground factory . Gants Hill is accessed through subways and has no station building , but is notable for the design of its platform level concourse , which features a barrel vaulted ceiling inspired by stations on the Moscow Metro . = = = University of London = = = After the First World War , the University of London needed a replacement for its overcrowded and scattered accommodation in Kensington . A site was acquired in Bloomsbury near the British Museum and Holden was commissioned in 1931 to design the new buildings , partly due to the success of 55 Broadway . His original plan was for a single structure covering the whole site , stretching almost 1 @,@ 200 feet ( 370 m ) from Montague Place to Torrington Street . It comprised a central spine linked by a series of wings to the perimeter façade and enclosing a series of courtyards . The scheme was to be topped by two towers : a smaller one to the north , and a 19 @-@ storey , 210 @-@ foot ( 64 m ) tall Senate House . Construction began in 1932 , but due to a shortage of funds , the design was gradually revised and cut back , and only the Senate House and Library were completed in 1937 , with the buildings for the Institute of Education and the School of Oriental Studies completed later . The design featured façades of load @-@ bearing brickwork faced with Portland stone . Holden 's intention to adorn the building with sculpture was also not fulfilled . As he had with his earlier buildings , Holden also prepared the designs for the individual elements of the interior design . From its completion until 1957 , it was the tallest office building in London . Senate House divided opinion . Pevsner described its style as " strangely semi @-@ traditional , undecided modernism " , and summarised : " The design certainly does not possess the vigour and directness of Charles Holden 's smaller Underground stations . " Others have described it as Stalinist , or as totalitarian due to its great scale . Functionalist architect Erich Mendelsohn wrote to Holden in 1938 that he was " very much taken and ... convinced that there is no finer building in London . " Historian Arnold Whittick described the building as a " static massive pyramid ... obviously designed to last for a thousand years " , but thought " the interior is more pleasing than the exterior . There is essentially the atmosphere of dignity , serenity and repose that one associates with the architecture of ancient Greece . " The onset of the Second World War prevented any further progress on the full scheme , although Adams , Holden & Pearson did design further buildings for the university in the vicinity . = = = Town planning = = = With virtually no new work being commissioned , Holden spent the war years planning for the reconstruction that would be required once it was over . Holden was a member of the RIBA 's twelve @-@ man committee which formulated the institute 's policy for post @-@ war reconstruction . Holden 's town planning ideas involved the relocation of industry out of towns and cities to new industrial centres in the style of Port Sunlight or Bournville where workers could live close to their workplace . The new industrial centres would be linked to the existing towns with new fast roads and reconstruction in town centres would be planned to provide more open space around the administrative centres . In 1944 – 45 , Holden produced plans for the reconstruction of Canterbury , Kent , with the City Architect Herbert Millson Enderby . Canterbury had been badly damaged by Luftwaffe bombing including the Baedeker raids in May and June 1942 . Holden and Enderby aimed to preserve much of the character of the city , but planned for the compulsory purchase of 75 acres ( 30 ha ) of the town centre for large scale reconstruction including a new civic way from the cathedral to a new town hall . Outside the city , they planned bypasses and a ring road at a two @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 @-@ kilometre ) radius of the centre . Although approved by the city council , the plan was widely opposed by residents and freeholders and the " Canterbury Citizens Defence Association " issued an alternative plan before taking control of the council at local elections in November 1945 . The change in administration ended the proposals , although a new plan prepared in 1947 without Holden 's or Enderby 's involvement retained some of their ideas including the ring road . The City of London 's first reconstruction plan was written by the City Engineer F. J. Forty and published in 1944 . It had met with considerable criticism and William Morrison , Minister for Town and Country Planning , asked the City of London Corporation to prepare a new plan . Holden was approached , and he accepted provided that William Holford also be appointed . Holden 's and Holford 's City of London Plan ( 1946 – 1947 ) recommended a relaxation of the strict height limits imposed in the capital and the first use in London of plot ratio calculations in the planning process so that buildings could be designed with floor space of up to five times the ground area . For the bomb @-@ devastated area around St Paul 's Cathedral , Holden proposed a new precinct around which buildings would be positioned to provide clear views of the cathedral and from which new ceremonial routes would radiate . The heights of buildings would be strictly defined to protect these views . The plan was accepted by the Minister for Town and Country Planning in 1948 and was incorporated into the wider London Development Plan . In 1947 , Holden planned a scheme on behalf of the London County Council for the South Bank of the River Thames between County Hall and Waterloo Bridge , including a plan for a concert hall with the council 's architect Edwin Williams . The scheme received little attention and was almost immediately superseded by plans to develop the area as the site of the Festival of Britain . Holden was also architectural and planning consultant to the University of Edinburgh and to the Borough of Tynemouth . = = = Final years = = = Although Charles Holden had gradually reduced his workload , he was still continuing to go into the office three days per week during the early 1950s . He did not formally retire until 1958 , but even then he visited occasionally . Margaret Holden died in 1954 after a protracted illness which had left her nearly blind since the mid @-@ 1940s . In the last decade of his life , Holden was himself physically weaker and was looked after by his niece Minnie Green . One of Holden 's last public engagements was when he acted as a sponsor at the award of the RIBA 's Royal Gold Medal to Le Corbusier in 1953 . The last project that Holden worked on was a much criticised headquarters building for English Electric in Aldwych , London . In 1952 , Adams , Holden & Pearson were appointed by English Electric 's chairman , Sir George Nelson , and Holden designed a monolithic stone building around a courtyard . In 1955 , the London County Council persuaded English Electric to put the scheme aside and hold a limited architectural competition for a new design . Adams , Holden & Pearson submitted a design , but were beaten by Sir John Burnet , Tait and Partners . When that practice later refused Sir George Nelson 's request to redesign the façades , Adams , Holden & Pearson were reappointed and Charles Holden revised his practice 's competition entry . The new design was criticised by the Royal Fine Art Commission and a further redesign was carried out by one of Holden 's partners to produce the final design , described by Pevsner as " a dull , lifeless building , stone @-@ faced and with nothing to recommend it " . Holden died on 1 May 1960 . His body was cremated at Enfield crematorium and his ashes were spread in the garden of the Friends ' Meeting House in Hertford . On 2 June 1960 a memorial service was held at St Pancras New Church , where Holden had designed the altar in 1914 . Obituaries were published in daily newspapers The Manchester Guardian , The Times and The Daily Telegraph and in construction industry periodicals including The Builder , Architectural Review , Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects and Journal of the Town Planning Institute . Generally , the obituaries were positive about Holden 's early work and the stations for London Underground , were neutral about Senate House and were negative about his practice 's later works . The Harmer Green house and most of its contents were auctioned with the proceeds left to family members . Holden also left £ 8 @,@ 400 to friends and staff and £ 2 @,@ 000 to charity . = = Holden on architecture = = Holden recognised that his architectural style placed him in " rather a curious position , not quite in the fashion and not quite out of it ; not enough of a traditionalist to please the traditionalists and not enough of a modernist to please the modernists . " He believed that the principal aim of design was to achieve " fitness for purpose " , and repeatedly called for a style of architecture that avoided unnecessary architectural adornment . In 1905 , in an essay titled " If Whitman had been an Architect " , Holden made an anonymous plea to architects for a new form of modern architecture : " Often I hear of the glory of the architecture of ancient Greece ; of the proud Romans ; of sombre Egypt ; the praise of vast Byzantium and the lofty Middle Ages , too , I hear . But of the glory of the architecture of the Modern I never hear . Come , you Modern Buildings , come ! Throw off your mantle of deceits ; your cornices , pilasters , mouldings , swags , scrolls ; behind them all , behind your dignified proportions , your picturesque groupings , your arts and crafts prettinesses and exaggerated techniques ; behind and beyond them all hides the one I love . " In his 1936 speech when presented with the RIBA 's Royal Gold Medal , Holden defined his position : " It was not so much a matter of creating a new style , as of discarding those incrustations which counted for style ... surface embroidery empty of structural significance " . His method was to focus on " those more permanent basic factors of architecture , the plan , and the planes and masses arising out of the plan . " He described his ideal building as one " which takes naturally and inevitably the form controlled by the plan and the purpose and the materials . A building which provides opportunities for the exercise and skill and pleasure in work not only to the designer but also for the many craftsmen employed and the occupants of the building . " In a 1957 essay on architecture , he wrote " I don 't seek for a style , either ancient or modern , I want an architecture which is through and through good building . A building planned for a specific purpose , constructed in the method and use of materials , old or new , most appropriate to the purpose the building has to serve . " = = Recognition and legacy = = Holden won the RIBA 's London Architecture Medal for 1929 ( awarded 1931 ) for 55 Broadway . In 1936 he was awarded the RIBA 's Royal Gold Medal for his body of work . He was Vice President of the RIBA from 1935 – 37 and a member of the Royal Fine Art Commission from 1933 to 1947 . In 1943 he was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry for the design of transport equipment . He was awarded honorary doctorates by Manchester University in 1936 and London University in 1946 . Many of Holden 's buildings have been granted listed status , protecting them against demolition and unapproved alteration . Holden declined the invitation to become a Royal Academician in 1942 , having previously been nominated , but refused because of his connection to Epstein . He twice declined a knighthood , in 1943 and 1951 , as he considered it to be at odds with his simple lifestyle and considered architecture a collaborative process . The RIBA holds a collection of Holden 's personal papers and material from Adams , Holden & Pearson . The RIBA staged exhibitions of his work at the Heinz Gallery in 1988 and at the Victoria and Albert Museum between October 2010 and February 2011 . A public house near Colliers Wood Underground station has been named " The Charles Holden " , taking " inspiration " from the architect . = G @-@ Police = G @-@ Police is a shooter video game , developed and published by Psygnosis in 1997 for the PlayStation and PC . The game spawned a single sequel , G @-@ Police : Weapons of Justice , released in 1999 for the PlayStation . This sequel received similar reviews to those of the original game . In 2007 , G @-@ Police was made available for download on the PlayStation Network ( Europe only ) . The game has a science @-@ fiction setting , inspired by Blade Runner . The story takes place in the year 2097 , on a colonised Callisto ( one of Jupiter 's moons ) . The game charts the protagonist Slater 's attempts to discover the truth behind his sister 's mysterious death while working for the titular G @-@ Police . The game begins with the G @-@ Police combating organised criminals before fighting the private armies of powerful corporations in an unfolding conspiracy @-@ themed plot . The gameplay involves piloting VTOL aircraft resembling helicopters , engaging in combat with enemies and protecting allies . The game made use of cutting edge technology such as force – feedback joysticks and controllers , 3D sound and Direct3D Hardware Acceleration and was largely well received . Critics noted that the game 's graphics were some of the most technically impressive of the time . Overall , however , critics had mixed response for the graphics , as the demanding graphics resulted in poor draw distance ; in particular , the PlayStation version struggled in this aspect . In general , the gameplay was favourably reviewed , with critics praising the solid , enjoyable missions , though there were complaints regarding a poor control system and unfairly high levels of difficulty . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = The game is set in 2097 , according to the introductory sequence . This sequence also provides the history of the game ’ s setting : in 2057 , the depletion of Earth ’ s resources coincided with widening space exploration . After a catastrophic war over ever @-@ declining resources , ending 10 years prior to the events of G @-@ Police , Earth ’ s governments were stripped of military power . As a result , powerful corporations had exerted control over Earth and the burgeoning space colonies . The Government Police ( G @-@ Police ) was formed by Earth ’ s remaining coalition government to maintain order in these colonies . In the latter part of the introductory sequence , Slater , the game 's protagonist , introduces himself as a war veteran who had joined the G @-@ Police to conduct his own investigation of his sister Elaine ’ s apparent suicide , suspecting that she was murdered . He also provides his view of the G @-@ Police , stating they lack authority and “ turn a blind eye ” to “ shady corporate deals ” while attempting to maintain order . He describes the Havoc gun @-@ ships as outdated and the pilots as a mixture of desperate war veterans and naïve idealists . = = = Story = = = The early levels of the game depict Slater combating enemy gangs . The G @-@ Police suspect " Krakov " corporation is supplying the gangs with weaponry . Krakov ’ s president however is subsequently the subject of an assassination attempt by the gangs . During this attempt , Tachikawa ( a pilot whom Slater describes as flying his gun @-@ ship " like he was born in it " ) dies when his gun @-@ ship crashes after mysteriously malfunctioning . In the interests of morale , his death is covered up ; Slater notes this incident is reminiscent of Elaine ’ s death . After numerous terrorist attacks on their personnel and property , Krakov blames a rival corporation , " Nanosoft " , and begins openly attacking them with its private army . Lacking evidence for involvement with the criminal gangs , the G @-@ Police protect Nanosoft , ultimately destroying Krakov ’ s military power . The latter half of the game depicts a conflict between the G @-@ Police and Nanosoft ’ s private forces , which attack G @-@ Police after Krakov ’ s collapse . In the unfolding plot , the player learns that Tachikawa and Slater ’ s sister , Elaine , were killed ( by the sabotage of their gun @-@ ships ) to procure microchips implanted in their brains . These chips can record a pilot 's knowledge and combat skills ; Nanosoft desired them to power the artificial intelligence in their weapons . The G @-@ Police commander Horton is assassinated by Slater 's traitorous wingman Ricardo , also to this end . The game ends with the destruction of a large spacecraft by Slater ; the closing sequence reveals that Nanosoft had planned to use this to exert military dominance over other corporations . = = Gameplay = = The game involves piloting VTOL aircraft , described by critics as " jet helicopters " or " a helicopter without the rotors " . The player can choose to view the action from a variety of first- or third @-@ person perspectives , including views from within the cockpit , a variety of " chase " perspectives , including directly from above the craft ( for use when bombing ) . Combat in G @-@ Police involves both dogfighting with other aircraft and dropping bombs . The player is often required to " scan " suspect vehicles to determine if they are criminal or hostile . The game 's aircraft comes with numerous weapons which are upgraded as the player progresses to more difficult levels . An improved version of the basic " Havoc " aircraft ( the " Venom " ) is also available later in the game . Missions include seeking out and destroying enemies , escorting friendly ground units , preventing smuggling and bomb disposal . The player receives updates and new instructions as the mission proceeds . The main game mode features 35 missions and an additional training mode . Most of the game 's mission take place in urban " domes " filled with large buildings ; some , however , take place in the " outer domes " , with other themes such as agrarian settings . = = Development = = G @-@ Police was developed at Psygnosis ' Stroud Studio . Psygnosis ’ co @-@ founder Ian Hetherington called the studio in the South of England one of their " microstudios . " Staff consisted of around 70 people who were also responsible for developing Overboard ! at the same time . A television advertisement was created to publicise the game , based around an animated sequence by Peter Chung — creator of Æon Flux . The original sequence was 21 seconds long , but was shortened to allow gameplay footage to appear in the advertisement . The animation was " done entirely using traditional hand @-@ drawn methods " , according to its creator . Regarding its development , Cheung also stated : " I was at first daunted by the prospect of animating mechanical vehicles by hand that would hold up beside their computer @-@ generated versions . I decided to concentrate on the people inside the machines , emphasizing their emotions and expressions . Also , the computer imagery was very atmospheric , with lots of lighting effects . I used multiple layers of glows , highlights , and shadows to get the drawn artwork to match the atmosphere of the game footage . " Cheung claimed that the decision to " concentrate on the people inside the machines " was informed by his belief that the game ’ s plot , setting and characters set G @-@ Police apart from other shooters of the day . G @-@ Police was backed by a reported $ 2 @.@ 5 million advertising campaign , part of a wider $ 6 million campaign which also included F1 Championship Edition and Colony Wars . G @-@ Police continued to be closely associated with Colony Wars , another science fiction shooter from Psygnosis . IGN stated prior to the games ’ releases that " G @-@ Police is that rarest of games , a thinking man 's shooter , and Colony Wars looks like it 'll redefine the space shoot ' em up " . The online magazine indicated it was further anticipating the titles due to the credentials of the developer . = = Awards = = G @-@ Police was awarded the " Creative Labs Best Use of Innovative Technology " award at the PC Zone awards ceremony 1997 . = = Reception = = IGN noted the Blade Runner influence on the game ’ s visuals and setting and praised the game ’ s expansion of the theme . The online magazine however derided the graphics as the " low point of the game " , pointing to the " terrible " draw distance and building textures . Nevertheless , the game was redeemed by its solid gameplay and attention to detail , and was awarded a rating of 8 / 10 . Though Edge disagreed regarding the buildings ' detail , praising them , the magazine agreed that the game stretched the PlayStation 's capabilities too far , though it was less harsh , calling the draw distance the " only fly in the ointment " ; the magazine noted that these problems were alleviated somewhat in the PC version . Edge praised the large city environments , flight simulation ( noting the support for the DualShock controller ) , " marvellous " cut scenes and " great variety and imagination " of the playable missions , giving the game an 8 / 10 rating . Next Generation Magazine praised the game 's support of recent technical innovations , particularly force – feedback joysticks , 3D sound , and Direct3D Hardware Acceleration . The magazine also praised the graphics ( again noting the Blade Runner influence ) , responsive controls and enjoyable gameplay . However , the reviewer complained that the game became overly difficult after the first few missions and that the verbal instructions were easily missed . The magazine also recommended the PC version of the game over the PlayStation version due to improved graphics . Previewing the game , James Glave from GameSpot called the city environments " clean and generic " , though he noted the " Logan ’ s Run @-@ style " domes . However , he did praise the game for its weapon effects . Ultimately however , GameSpot gave both versions of the game mediocre reviews . Joe Fielder , reviewing the PlayStation version , held a mixed opinion of the game 's graphics , praising the explosions and gunfire effects while criticising the draw distance . He also derided the missions as being repetitive . Mark East praised the PC version 's graphics as " quite possibly the best looking game to hit the scene since the advent of 3D @-@ accelerator cards " and noted the " unprecedented " quality of the cut scenes . However , the reviewer complained that the game was all but unplayable without expensive hardware , particularly a 3D card . While he highly praised the graphics in addition to plot and sound , East claimed serious flaws in the gameplay , particularly the unintuitive controls and " downright ludicrous " level of difficulty . = = Sequel = = G @-@ Police : Weapons of Justice is the sequel to G @-@ Police , released in 1999 for the PlayStation . The game depicts the aftermath of the conflict between the G @-@ Police and Nanosoft , which involves initial battles with gangs attempting to take advantage of the colony 's instability . Later , another war arises between the G @-@ Police and a power hungry leader of Earth 's forces , originally sent to assist the G @-@ Police against the gangs . The game features additional vehicles : a VTOL spacecraft , an armoured personnel carrier and the " Raptor " — a mech with ability to leap airborne . The game received similar reviews to the original game : IGN praised its well @-@ crafted gameplay , story and sound , while GameSpot considered the controls awkward and the missions and setting repetitive . The graphics again received a mixed reception : IGN praised the attention to detail but criticised the poor draw distance , as did GameSpot . In 2001 , a rumoured sequel for the PlayStation 2 was reported . The rumours later proved false however . While Sony contemplated the notion of a G @-@ Police game for the PlayStation 2 ( who had bought Psygnosis , renaming it Studio Liverpool ) , they decided that , because G @-@ Police was not as successful as other games , Studio Liverpool would instead concentrate on the Formula 1 and Wipeout franchises . Furthermore , the development team responsible for G @-@ Police and Weapons of Justice had moved on to other ventures . In 2007 , G @-@ Police was made available for download on PlayStation 3 . Computer and Video Games noted that the graphics looked poor by current standards but deemed it still enjoyable to play . = Yeezus = Yeezus is the sixth studio album by American rapper Kanye West . It was released on June 18 , 2013 by Def Jam Recordings . West gathered a number of artists and close collaborators for production on the album , including Mike Dean , Daft Punk , Arca , No I.D. and Hudson Mohawke . Yeezus also features vocal guest appearances from Assassin and King L , as well as previous collaborators Justin Vernon , Frank Ocean , Chief Keef , Kid Cudi and Charlie Wilson . Fifteen days before its release date , West enlisted the help of producer Rick Rubin to strip down the record 's sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . Yeezus has been characterized as West 's most experimental and sonically abrasive work . It incorporates elements from an array of genres including industrial , acid house , dancehall , punk , electro , and Chicago drill while continuing West 's unconventional use of samples . The release features no album artwork , and the physical CD edition of the album was released in a clear jewel box with only a strip of red tape and sample credits . Initial promotion of Yeezus included worldwide video projections of the album 's music and live television performances . West released two singles from the album , the song " Black Skinhead " in July 2013 and " Bound 2 " the following month . Yeezus received rave reviews from music critics , many of whom named it among West 's best work and commended its brash direction , though public response proved considerably more divided . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , selling 327 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release . It topped the charts of 30 other countries , including the United Kingdom and Australia . Yeezus was nominated in two categories at the 2014 Grammy Awards , including Best Rap Album . = = Background = = Following the release of his fifth album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) , West collaborated with longtime friend Jay Z on Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) . In July 2012 , producer No I.D. revealed that he had been working on West 's sixth solo studio album ( and seventh overall ) and that it would be released after Cruel Summer ( 2012 ) , a collaborative compilation album between members of West 's record label GOOD Music . For Yeezus , West enlisted several collaborators , including Kid Cudi , Charlie Wilson , S1 , The Heatmakerz , Mike Dean , Hudson Mohawke , Skrillex , Young Chop , Chief Keef , Frank Ocean , Odd Future , Travis Scott , The @-@ Dream , Cyhi the Prynce , Malik Yusef , King L , John Legend , James Blake , RZA , Mase and Pusha T. The album features additional vocals by Justin Vernon , Frank Ocean , Chief Keef , King L , Kid Cudi , Assassin and Charlie Wilson . West was influenced primarily by minimalist design and architecture during the production of Yeezus , and visited a furniture exhibit in the Louvre five times . A single Le Corbusier lamp was his " greatest inspiration " . West worked closely with the architect Oana Stanescu , and took " field trips " to Le Corbusier homes . Fascinated by Stanescu 's comments on the unusual and radical nature of Corbusier design choices , West applied the situation to his own life , feeling that " visionaries can be misunderstood by their unenlightened peers . " West also met with architect Joseph Dirand and Belgian interior designer Axel Vervoordt , and had " rare Le Corbusier lamps , Pierre Jeanneret chairs and obscure body @-@ art journals from Switzerland " delivered to the loft . West also wanted a deep hometown influence on the album , and listened to 1980s house music most associated with his home city of Chicago for influence . Alejandro Jodorowsky 's The Holy Mountain was also an inspiration for the album . = = Recording and production = = In 2012 , West began recording his seventh studio album with collaborators , including No I.D. and DJ Khaled . The first recordings were held in January 2013 , in the living room of his personal loft at a Paris hotel , referred to in the album 's credits as the " No Name Hotel " . West kept compositions simple in order to hear the tracks more clearly ; too much bass or complexity would simply overpower the room 's poor acoustics . The beats emanating from the loft space , which sometimes lasted through the night , provoked complaints from neighbors . Reports emerged that he and his then @-@ girlfriend Kim Kardashian had moved to the loft in order for West to begin work on the album . The atmosphere in the studio was described by contributor Evian Christ as " very focused , " and West once again brought in several close collaborators . Producer Hudson Mohawke noted the inclusive " group " atmosphere of the sessions , in which multiple contributors would work on similar pieces , with different elements ultimately selected from each . All involved were given a song to work on and return the next day to sit and critique , a process Anthony Kilhoffer compared to an art class . Producer Arca described being initially asked to send West music , noting that " I made sure to send maybe the strangest stuff I had , and it just so happened that Kanye was excited by that . " Describing West 's collaborative style , Arca stated : It was a lot of coming up with design , like solving riddles . If the song called for something aggressive , it was up to three or four people to design what in their head was the best solution for that aggression in that moment . Everyone would approach it in completely different ways , and ultimately , it would all be edited by Kanye himself . In a weird way , he kind of produced it . Not only did he select it , but he stylized it . Determined to " undermine the commercial , " several tracks were left off the finished product that were deemed too melodic or more in line with West 's previous material . West set parameters regarding sound and style , insisting that there be no " bass wobbles " reminiscent of dubstep . The album 's recording process was described as " very raw " by Thomas Bangalter of the French electronic duo Daft Punk , who produced four songs for the album , adding that West was " rapping – kind of screaming primally , actually . " While previous albums , particularly Dark Fantasy , took considerable time in the studio , Yeezus was described by Kilhoffer as " the fastest record we ever made . " In May 2013 , Def Jam executives listened to the " final product , " ( only later to be changed ) describing the album as " dark . " W writer Christopher Bagley reports that West 's creative process often bordered on perfectionist . In March 2013 , West described the album to Bagley as near completion , only to revise this statement one month later to " [ the album is ] only 30 percent complete . " West made several last @-@ minute alterations to Yeezus , enlisting the co @-@ founder of Def Jam Recordings , Rick Rubin , as an executive producer for additional recording mere days before its release ; changes included re @-@ recording whole songs and rewriting entire verses . The rough cut West played Rubin ran nearly three and a half hours long . West 's orders to Rubin were to take the music in a " stripped @-@ down minimal direction " , often removing elements already recorded . For several days in late May and early June 2013 , West and a " rotating group of intimates , collaborators and hangers @-@ on " holed up at Rubin 's Shangri @-@ La Studio in Malibu in service of completing the record . Rubin thought it impossible to meet the deadline and all involved ended up working long hours with no days off in order to complete the record . West had intended the album be 16 tracks until Rubin suggested cutting the album down to fewer tracks . Rubin gave as example " Bound " , which was " a more middle of the road R & B song , done in an adult contemporary style " before Kanye decided to replace the musical backing with a minimalistic sample , " a single note baseline in the hook which we processed to have a punk edge in the Suicide tradition . " Two days before the album had to be delivered to the label , West wrote and sung lyrics to two songs while also recording the vocals to three others in just two hours . Rubin also suggested to reduce the album from sixteen songs to just ten , saying the others could be reserved for a follow @-@ up . = = Music and composition = = According to Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot , Yeezus is a " hostile , abrasive and intentionally off @-@ putting " album that combines " the worlds of " 1980s Chicago acid @-@ house and 2013 Chicago drill music , 1990s industrial music , and the " avant @-@ rap " of Saul Williams , Death Grips and Odd Future . Slant Magazine critic Ted Scheinman described the album as " built on alien , angular beats , slowly morphing drones and sirens , abrupt periods of silence , and a pulse @-@ quickening style of delivery from Yeezy himself , " writing that West reconceives the " notion of what kind of music ( or noise ) can underpin hip @-@ hop . " According to Charles Aaron of Spin , Yeezus is " a hip hop album , not a rap album " , because of how its sounds and subject matter are assembled together , and although listeners can hear " ' punk ' or ' post @-@ punk ' or ' industrial ' " throughout , " hip @-@ hop has always been about noise and dissonance and dance music as agitation " . The album also incorporates elements of industrial and trap music . The record " most closely resembles " 1990s industrial rock , during which the genre had a significant pop culture impact , with artists such as Nine Inch Nails , Ministry , and Marilyn Manson gaining success . The industrial scene created a " vast global underground community , " and Esquire notes that one of its epicenters was in Chicago , where West was raised . Evan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club characterized its opening series of songs as electro and industrial hip hop . West , himself would later go onto describe the sound of the album as " a protest to music " Yeezus is primarily electronic in nature , and boasts distorted drum machines and " synthesizers that sound like they 're malfunctioning , low @-@ resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds . " To this end , the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of CD skips or corrupted MP3 's , and Auto @-@ Tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher . Esquire cites " On Sight " as an early example of the album 's connection to electronic music , citing its " droning synthesizer tone , " which is " modulated until the signal starts throwing off harshly treble @-@ heavy spikes and begins to clip , as if it were overloading a digital audio processor . " Yeezus continues West 's practice of eclectic samples : he employs an obscure Hindi sample on " I Am a God " , and a sample of 1970s Hungarian rock group Omega on " New Slaves " . " On Sight " interpolates a melody from " Sermon ( He 'll Give Us What We Really Need ) " by the Holy Name of Mary Choral Family , although the track originally sampled an old vocal track from the original recording . As late as a week prior to release , lawyers were forced to track down the choir director and members of the choir on the South Side of Chicago in order to get clearance for such a sample . Def Jam executives were significantly worried enough the deal would not be in place in time for the record 's deadline , and producers re @-@ recorded the vocals with a new choir as the sample could not be cleared in enough time . " Bound 2 " features heavy soul music samples and has been described as the only song on Yeezus which recalls the sound of West 's early work . " Bound " , a 1971 song by American soul group Ponderosa Twins Plus One from their album 2 + 2 + 1 = Ponderosa Twins Plus One , serves as the primary sample used in West 's track . The album 's second track " Black Skinhead " has alternately been called an industrial hip hop song and " a galloping punk @-@ rap manifesto " . " I Am a God " was inspired by a " diss " from a major fashion designer , who informed West of his invitation to a widely anticipated runway show on the condition he agree to not attend other shows . " I 'm in It " began with a different sample and melody , but West removed the sample and Rubin edited the track down from a six @-@ minute arrangement . " Blood on the Leaves , " which samples Nina Simone 's 1965 rendition of " Strange Fruit " and was the first track in the first incarnation of the track list , is an example of West 's signature dichotomy in which he melds the sacred and profane . " Strange Fruit " , first recorded by Billie Holiday in 1939 , brought the lynchings of black Americans to a " startling poignancy , " creating " one of the most towering , important songs of the 20th century . " West 's anthemic re @-@ telling instead details an MDMA @-@ fueled hookup and the perils of fame . = = Promotion and release = = On May 1 , 2013 , West used the social networking site Twitter to post a single message reading " June Eighteen " , leading several media outlets to speculate that the post referred to the release date of West 's upcoming album . On May 17 , he began promotion of the album by unveiling the previously unreleased song " New Slaves " through video projections in 66 assorted locations . The following day , West appeared on the American late @-@ night live television sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live and performed the songs " New Slaves " and " Black Skinhead " . He subsequently revealed the album 's cover and title , Yeezus , on his official website . The iTunes Store made Yeezus available for pre @-@ order on May 20 , but the listing was subsequently taken down for unknown reasons . On May 29 , A.P.C. founder Jean Touitou unveiled an advertisement for Yeezus which stated that the album would not be available for pre @-@ order . Speaking about the album 's minimal promotion , West stated : " With this album , we ain 't drop no single to radio . We ain 't got no NBA campaign , nothing like that . Shit , we ain 't even got no cover . We just made some real music . " The physical CD edition of Yeezus was released in a clear jewel box with no album artwork , reflecting the minimalist tone . The packaging consists of little more than a piece of red tape and a sticker affixed to the back , with sample credits and the album 's UPC . Other versions of this release have different colors of stickers , with green , yellow and orange being some of the other colors . The front is affixed with a Parental Advisory label . The Source pointed out a resemblance between the Yeezus CD packaging and a packaging concept designed for the single " Crystal " by the English band New Order in 2001 . Def Jam confirmed in late June 2013 that " Black Skinhead " would be serviced to American radio as the album 's first single on July 2 , 2013 and that a music video for the track was being produced . It was officially released to radio in the United Kingdom on June 19 . The song peaked at number 69 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and 34 on the UK Singles Chart . In August 2013 , it was revealed that " Bound 2 " would be released as the second single from Yeezus . " Bound 2 " features vocals from American soul singer Charlie Wilson and incorporates numerous samples into its production , including prominent elements of the song " Bound " ( 1971 ) by soul group Ponderosa Twins Plus One . " Bound 2 " received general acclaim from music critics , who referred to the song as one of the highlights of the album and compared its soul sample @-@ based production to West 's early work from his debut studio album The College Dropout . The song has since peaked at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart . In November 2013 , producer Hudson Mohawke revealed that " Blood on the Leaves " would serve as the album 's third single . West subsequently made the announcement in an interview on New York 's 92 @.@ 3 NOW . On September 6 , 2013 , Kanye West announced The Yeezus Tour , a North American tour to take place between October 19 through December 7 , 2013 . The tour was marketed as his " first solo tour in 5 years " , and featured Kendrick Lamar , Pusha T , A Tribe Called Quest and Travis Scott as a supporting acts . On October 30 , 2013 while on the road to Vancouver , a truck carrying custom @-@ made video screens and equipment for the show was involved in a car accident , the crash damaged the equipment beyond repair . The tour resumed on November 16 , 2013 , at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia . The missed Chicago and Detroit shows were rescheduled however , the rest of the missed dates were cancelled , Def Jam cited routing logistics as the reason . = = Commercial performance = = Within one day of availability on the iTunes Store , Yeezus topped sales in the UK , Canada , Australia and Germany , while remaining at number two in the United States behind J. Cole 's Born Sinner . Yeezus debuted at number one in 31 countries , while also landing top five spots in 20 more charts . It would eventually have chart @-@ topping performances in the United Kingdom , where Yeezus debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart on downloads alone , making the album West 's first number one on that chart since Graduation in 2007 , and Australia , where it became West 's first album to top the ARIA Charts . Yeezus debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 327 @,@ 000 copies in the United States in its first week . The album failed to reach the 500 @,@ 000 sales projections , and marked West 's lowest solo opening week sales in the US . However , it still had the third @-@ best first week sales of 2013 at the time of its release and the best first week sales by a hip hop album since Drake 's 2011 album Take Care . The second @-@ week sales saw the album fall dramatically : although it still ended at number three on the chart , sales dropped by 80 % to 65 @,@ 000 units , making Yeezus the largest second @-@ week percentage drop for a number one @-@ debuting album in 2012 – 13 and the fourth @-@ largest for a number one @-@ bowing album in the SoundScan era . Billboard 's Keith Caulfield attributed the diminished figures to the non @-@ traditional marketing , considering that the lack of singles and public appearances led the album to find " difficulty in sustaining its momentum " . On August 12 , 2013 , The album was certified gold for sales of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . On January 8 , 2014 , it was certified platinum for shipments of one million albums shipped to stores and digital retailers . As of February 2016 , the album has sold 750 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . = = = Public reaction = = = Public reaction to Yeezus , including its unorthodox and deliberate lack of promotion as well as its brash and aggressive sound , was mixed . Yeezus was noted as one of the most anticipated releases of 2013 by major publications , but the lack of a major radio single was regarded as a risky move . Regardless , radio stations have still played tracks from Yeezus on air , despite it being a departure from the normal playlists found on hip @-@ hop stations . " When I listen to radio , that ain 't where I wanna be no more , " stated West at his headlining June 9 , 2013 Governor 's Ball performance , where he unveiled several tracks from the record for the first time . Rolling Stone summarized the audience 's response : " Half the crowd cheered , half almost audibly rolled their eyes . " West 's June 11 interview with Jon Caramanica of The New York Times was similarly viewed with a mixed reaction , with many outlets mocking West 's seemingly vain statements . In the article , West compares himself to Apple co @-@ founder Steve Jobs and refers to himself as " the nucleus of all society . " Within four days prior to the release , Yeezus was leaked online . The New York Times wrote that the leak " stirred up a Twitter frenzy " and received widespread media coverage . The Washington Post commented on the significance of the leak : " Kanye West ’ s new album didn ’ t leak online over the weekend . It gushed out into the pop ecosystem like a million barrels of renegade crude — ominous , mesmerizing and of great consequence . " Critics were very kind to Yeezus regarding critical reviews , but others viewed the release as " musical and commercial suicide , " and " fans live @-@ blogged their own befuddlement on Twitter and Facebook . " The New Yorker 's Sasha Frere @-@ Jones suggests that Yeezus may be preferred over any of West 's previous works in coming decades by a new generation due to the " lean vibrancy " of the album . " One of the most fascinating aspects of Yeezus ' arrival is the discursive crisis it 's caused , produced by a fast @-@ react culture colliding with a work of art so confounding , " wrote The Atlantic columnist Jack Hamilton . West was criticized by the UK and US Parkinson 's Disease Associations for controversial lyrics in lead @-@ song " On Sight " . In February 2014 , English singer Lily Allen announced that she would title her third studio album Sheezus . In an interview with Australian radio station Nova , Allen stated that she is terrified that West would think it 's " a diss rather than a tribute . " She said that she thinks West is brilliant and praised him for speaking his mind all the time . Jack White , a vocal advocate of analog recording , remarked that the album " is obviously recorded on Pro Tools but sounds unbelievable , because it is very simple and there aren 't a lot of components going on , and this really allows the songs to shine . Plus he mixed using analogue components . " = = Critical reception = = Yeezus received widespread acclaim from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 84 , based on 46 reviews . In The Guardian , lead critic Alexis Petridis found it " noisy , gripping , maddening , potent " , while Helen Brown from The Daily Telegraph said it was " the most exciting album " she had heard in some time . Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone called it a " brilliant , obsessive @-@ compulsive career auto @-@ correct " that made other abrasive records by " mad geniuses " , such as In Utero by Nirvana and Radiohead 's Kid A , seem tame by comparison . Pitchfork Media critic Ryan Dombal viewed it as a " razor @-@ sharpened take " on West 's fourth album , 808s & Heartbreak , concluding that " cohesion and bold intent are at a premium on Yeezus , perhaps more than any other Kanye album . Each fluorescent strike of noise , incongruous tempo flip , and warped vocal is bolted into its right place across the album 's fast 40 minutes . " Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times felt it was his most ambitious piece of music yet , and Evan Rytlewski from The A.V. Club said it was his most uninhibited record : " Even by the standards of an artist who reinvents himself with each release , it 's a drastic departure " . In the opinion of AllMusic 's David Jeffries , the album was an " extravagant stunt with the high @-@ art packed in , offering an eccentric , audacious , and gripping experience that 's vital and truly unlike anything else . " Rock artist Lou Reed reviewed Yeezus shortly before his death , describing it as " majestic and inspiring ... no one 's near doing what [ West ] ' s doing , it 's not even on the same planet . " In a less enthusiastic review for The New York Times , Jon Pareles felt West 's innovative transfiguration of his music , with unrefined electronica and drill elements , was undermined by his distasteful lyrics and appropriation of 1960s civil rights slogans " to his own celebrity or to bedroom exploits " . Robert Christgau , writing for The Barnes & Noble Review , said the combination of harsh rock and hip hop sounds on Yeezus was as bold as Public Enemy 's music during the 1980s , but found West 's lyrics grotesquely off @-@ putting : " He 's wordsmith enough to insure that his sexist imagery is very hard to take . " Chris Richards from The Washington Post found West 's lyricism to be perhaps " his least compelling " yet and " drunk on bitterness " , while Slant Magazine critic Ted Scheinman believed West was struggling to reinvent himself thematically and " seeking social @-@ commentary cred that he hasn 't earned . " Tiny Mix Tapes described the album as " a nebulous , dense , paranoid web of utterly unfiltered expression that ’ s utterly or negligibly fascinating depending on how much you care about Yeezy . = = = Accolades = = = Based on 146 individual year @-@ end top ten lists compiled by Metacritic , Yeezus was the most critically acclaimed album of 2013 , appearing on 61 lists and being named first on 18 of them . In October 2013 , Complex named Yeezus the sixth best hip hop album of the last five years . Yeezus was rated as album of the year by nine publications . Spin named it the best album of 2013 , writing , " Yeezus was a thorny tangram puzzle of boxy headbanger blats that exemplified a year of equally stripped @-@ down , basal pleasures . " The A.V. Club named it the best album of 2013 saying " It ’ s magnificent , and it sounds like absolutely nothing else . " Rolling Stone named it the second best album of 2013 , comparing it in concept to Reed 's polarizing 1975 album Metal Machine Music : " No wonder the late , great Lou Reed embraced Yeezus , since it 's basically the Metal Machine Music concept translated into futuristic hip @-@ hop , all industrial overload and hypertense egomania and hostile vibes . " Exclaim ! also named it the hip hop album of the year . NME named it the second best album of the year calling it " his most sonically challenging album to date . " Stereogum , TIME and Complex also named Yeezus the best album of 2013 . It was also nominated in two categories at the 2014 Grammy Awards including for Best Rap Album and Best Rap Song for " New Slaves " . West responded unfavorably to this due to not receiving more nominations . He then addressed the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences at one of his concerts and referred to it as patronizing . The Pitchfork online music publication ranked Yeezus in the eighth position of a list of the best 100 albums of the decade " so far " — between 2010 and 2014 — on August 19 , 2014 . In January 2014 , Yeezus was named the best album of 2013 by The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ; this is the fourth instance that a Kanye West album has topped the poll , after The College Dropout , Late Registration , and My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy in 2004 , 2005 , and 2010 , respectively . On the same poll for singles , " Bound 2 " , " New Slaves " , and " Black Skinhead " were ranked in the top 10 . = = Track listing = = Credits adapted from West 's official website . Notes ^ a signifies a co @-@ producer ^ b signifies an additional producer " Black Skinhead " features uncredited vocals by Lupe Fiasco . " I Am a God " features additional vocals by Justin Vernon . " New Slaves " features additional vocals by Frank Ocean . " Hold My Liquor " features vocals by Chief Keef and Justin Vernon . " I 'm In It " features vocals by Justin Vernon and Assassin . " Guilt Trip " features uncredited vocals by Kid Cudi . " Send it Up " features vocals by King L. " Bound 2 " features additional vocals by Charlie Wilson . Sample credits " On Sight " contains interpolations of " Sermon ( He 'll Give Us What We Really Need ) " , written by Keith Carter , Sr. , performed by Holy Name of Mary Choral Family , re @-@ sung by a different choir . " I Am a God " contains samples of " Forward Inna Dem Clothes " , written by Clifton Bailey III and H. Hart , performed by Capleton ; and samples of " Are Zindagi Hai Khel " , written by Anand Bakshi and Rahul Burman , performed by Burman , Manna Dey and Asha Bhosle . " New Slaves " contains samples of " Gyöngyhajú lány " , written by Gábor Presser and Anna Adamis , performed by Omega . " I 'm In It " contains samples of " Lately " , written by Vidal Davis , Carvin Haggins , Andre Harris , Kenny Lattimore and Jill Scott , performed by Lattimore . " Blood on the Leaves " contains samples of " Strange Fruit " , written by Lewis Allan , performed by Nina Simone ; and samples of " R U Ready " , written by Ross Birchard and Lunice Pierre , performed by TNGHT . " Guilt Trip " contains interpolations of " Chief Rocka " , written by Keith Elam , Kevin Hansford , Dupre Kelly , Christopher Martin , Alterick Wardrick and Marlon Williams , performed by Lords of the Underground ; and samples of " Blocka ( Ackeejuice Rockers Remix ) " , written by Terrence Thornton and Tyree Pittman , performed by Pusha T featuring Travis Scott and Popcaan . " Send It Up " contains samples of " Memories " , written by Anthony Moses Davis , Collin York and Lowell Dunbar , performed by Beenie Man . " Bound 2 " contains samples of " Aeroplane ( Reprise ) " , written by Norman Whiteside , performed by Wee ; samples of " Bound " , written by Bobby Massey and Robert Dukes , performed by Ponderosa Twins Plus One ; and samples of " Sweet Nothin 's " , written by Ronnie Self , performed by Brenda Lee . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Darmstadtium = Darmstadtium is a chemical element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110 . It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element . The most stable known isotope , darmstadtium @-@ 281 , has a half @-@ life of approximately 10 seconds . Darmstadtium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near the city of Darmstadt , Germany , after which it was named . In the periodic table , it is a d @-@ block transactinide element . It is a member of the 7th period and is placed in the group 10 elements , although no chemical experiments have yet been carried out to confirm that it behaves as the heavier homologue to platinum in group 10 . Darmstadtium is calculated to have similar properties to its lighter homologues , nickel , palladium , and platinum . = = History = = = = = Discovery = = = Darmstadtium was first created on November 9 , 1994 , at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research ( Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung , GSI ) in Darmstadt , Germany , by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg , under the direction of Sigurd Hofmann . The team bombarded a lead @-@ 208 target with accelerated nuclei of nickel @-@ 62 in a heavy ion accelerator and detected a single atom of the isotope darmstadtium @-@ 269 : 208 82Pb + 62 28Ni → 269 110Ds + 1 0n In the same series of experiments , the same team also carried out the reaction using heavier nickel @-@ 64 ions . During two runs , 9 atoms of 271Ds were convincingly detected by correlation with known daughter decay properties : 208 82Pb + 64 28Ni → 271 110Ds + 1 0n Prior to this , there had been failed synthesis attempts in 1986 – 7 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna ( then in the Soviet Union ) and in 1990 at the GSI . The IUPAC / IUPAP Joint Working Party ( JWP ) recognised the GSI team as discoverers in their 2001 report . = = = Naming = = = Using Mendeleev 's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements , darmstadtium should be known as eka @-@ platinum . In 1979 , IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ununnilium ( with the corresponding symbol of Uun ) , a systematic element name as a placeholder , until the element was discovered ( and the discovery then confirmed ) and a permanent name was decided on . Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels , from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks , the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field , who called it " element 110 " , with the symbol of ( 110 ) or even simply 110 . The name darmstadtium ( Ds ) was suggested by the GSI team in honor of the city of Darmstadt , where the element was discovered . The GSI team originally also considered naming the element wixhausium , after the suburb of Darmstadt known as Wixhausen where the element was discovered , but eventually decided on darmstadtium . The new name was officially recommended by IUPAC on August 16 , 2003 . = = Isotopes = = For a detailed list of information on the discovery of each individual darmstadtium isotope , see isotopes of darmstadtium . Darmstadtium has no stable or naturally @-@ occurring isotopes . Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory , either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements . Eight different isotopes of darmstadtium have been reported with atomic masses 267 , 269 – 271 , 273 , 277 , 279 , and 281 , although darmstadtium @-@ 267 is unconfirmed . Three darmstadtium isotopes , darmstadtium @-@ 270 , darmstadtium @-@ 271 , and darmstadtium @-@ 281 , have known metastable states ( although that of darmstadtium @-@ 281 is unconfirmed ) . Most of these decay predominantly through alpha decay , but some undergo spontaneous fission . = = = Stability and half @-@ lives = = = All darmstadtium isotopes are extremely unstable and radioactive ; in general , the heavier isotopes are more stable than the lighter . The most stable known darmstadtium isotope , 281Ds , is also the heaviest known darmstadtium isotope ; it has a half @-@ life of 11 seconds , although a metastable state , 281mDs , has been reported to have a longer half @-@ life of about 3 @.@ 7 minutes . The isotope 279Ds has a half @-@ life of 0 @.@ 18 seconds respectively . The remaining six isotopes and two metastable states have half @-@ lives between 1 microsecond and 70 milliseconds . Some unknown isotopes in this region , such as 272Ds , 274 – 276Ds , and 280Ds , are predicted to also have rather long half @-@ lives of a few seconds . Before its discovery , 277Ds was predicted to have a half @-@ life of around 5 seconds , but it has since been found to have a half @-@ life of only 5 @.@ 7 milliseconds . The undiscovered isotope 284Ds has been predicted to be the most stable towards beta decay ; however , no known darmstadtium isotope has been observed to undergo beta decay . Theoretical calculation in a quantum tunneling model reproduces the experimental alpha decay half @-@ life data for the known darmstadtium isotopes . It also predicts that the undiscovered isotope 294Ds , which has a magic number of neutrons ( 184 ) , would have an alpha decay half @-@ life on the order of 311 years : exactly the same approach as for this latter case also predicts a ~ 3 @,@ 500 year half life for the non @-@ neutronically magic 293Ds isotope , however . = = Predicted properties = = = = = Chemical = = = Darmstadtium is the eighth member of the 6d series of transition metals . Since copernicium ( element 112 ) has been shown to be a transition metal , it is expected that all the elements from 104 to 112 would form a fourth transition metal series , with darmstadtium as part of the platinum group metals and a noble metal . Calculations on its ionization potentials and atomic and ionic radii are similar to that of its lighter homologue platinum , thus implying that darmstadtium 's basic properties will resemble those of the other group 10 elements , nickel , palladium , and platinum . Prediction of the probable chemical properties of darmstadtium has not received much attention recently . Darmstadtium is expected to be a noble metal . Based on the most stable oxidation states of the lighter group 10 elements , the most stable oxidation states of darmstadtium are predicted to be the + 6 , + 4 , and + 2 states ; however , the neutral state is predicted to be the most stable in aqueous solutions . In comparison , only palladium and platinum are known to show the maximum oxidation state in the group , + 6 , while the most stable states are + 4 and + 2 for both nickel and palladium . It is further expected that the maximum oxidation states of elements from bohrium ( element 107 ) to darmstadtium ( element 110 ) may be stable in the gas phase but not in aqueous solution . Darmstadtium hexafluoride ( DsF6 ) is predicted to have very similar properties to its lighter homologue platinum hexafluoride ( PtF6 ) , having very similar electronic structures and ionization potentials . It is also expected to have the same octahedral molecular geometry as PtF6 . Other predicted darmstadtium compounds are darmstadtium carbide ( DsC ) and darmstadtium tetrachloride ( DsCl4 ) , both of which are expected to behave like their lighter homologues . = = = Physical and atomic = = = Darmstadtium is expected to be a solid under normal conditions and to crystallize in the body @-@ centered cubic structure , unlike its lighter congeners which crystallize in the face @-@ centered cubic structure , because it is expected to have different electron charge densities from them . It should be a very heavy metal with a density of around 34 @.@ 8 g / cm3 . In comparison , the densest known element that has had its density measured , osmium , has a density of only 22 @.@ 61 g / cm3 . This results from darmstadtium 's high atomic weight , the lanthanide and actinide contractions , and relativistic effects , although production of enough darmstadtium to measure this quantity would be impractical , and the sample would quickly decay . The outer electron configuration of darmstadtium is calculated to be 6d87s2 , which obeys the Aufbau principle and does not follow platinum 's outer electron configuration of 5d96s1 . This is due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s2 electron pair over the whole seventh period , so that none of the elements from 104 to 112 are expected to have electron configurations violating the Aufbau principle . The atomic radius of darmstadtium is expected to be around 132 pm . = = Experimental chemistry = = Unambiguous determination of the chemical characteristics of darmstadtium has yet to have been established due to the short half @-@ lives of darmstadtium isotopes and a limited number of likely volatile compounds that could be studied on a very small scale . One of the few darmstadtium compounds that are likely to be sufficiently volatile is darmstadtium hexafluoride ( DsF 6 ) , as its lighter homologue platinum hexafluoride ( PtF 6 ) is volatile above 60 ° C and therefore the analogous compound of darmstadtium might also be sufficiently volatile ; a volatile octafluoride ( DsF 8 ) might also be possible . For chemical studies to be carried out on a transactinide , at least four atoms must be produced , the half @-@ life of the isotope used must be at least 1 second , and the rate of production must be at least one atom per week . Even though the half @-@ life of 281Ds , the most stable confirmed darmstadtium isotope , is 11 seconds , long enough to perform chemical studies , another obstacle is the need to increase the rate of production of darmstadtium isotopes and allow experiments to carry on for weeks or months so that statistically significant results can be obtained . Separation and detection must be carried out continuously to separate out the darmstadtium isotopes and automated systems can then experiment on the gas @-@ phase and solution chemistry of darmstadtium as the yields for heavier elements are predicted to be smaller than those for lighter elements ; some of the separation techniques used for bohrium and hassium could be reused . However , the experimental chemistry of darmstadtium has not received as much attention as that of the heavier elements from copernicium to livermorium . The more neutron @-@ rich darmstadtium isotopes are the most stable and are thus more promising for chemical studies ; however , they can only be produced indirectly from the alpha decay of heavier elements , and indirect synthesis methods are not favourable for chemical studies . The more neutron @-@ rich isotopes 276Ds and 277Ds might be produced directly in the reaction between thorium @-@ 232 and calcium @-@ 48 , but the yield is expected to be low . Furthermore , this reaction has already been tested without success , and more recent experiments that have successfully synthesized 277Ds using indirect methods show that it has a short half @-@ life of 5 @.@ 7 ms , not long enough to perform chemical studies . = Requiem ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Requiem " is the twenty @-@ second episode and the finale of the seventh season the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files , and the show 's 161st episode overall . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on May 21 , 2000 . The episode was written by Chris Carter , and directed by Kim Manners . The episode helped to explore the series ' overarching mythology . " Requiem " earned a Nielsen household rating of 8 @.@ 9 , being watched by 15 @.@ 26 million viewers in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics . Many applauded the way it made the series ' increasingly marginalized alien mythology relevant again , although others lamented the partial loss of David Duchovny . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder and Scully return to the site of their first investigation together when a series of abductions take place . However , Scully 's failing health , and Mulder 's concern that she is in danger , cause him to take her off the case . Meanwhile , the Cigarette @-@ Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) — on his deathbed — reunites with Marita Covarrubias ( Laurie Holden ) and Alex Krycek in an attempt to revive the project . " Requiem " was a story milestone for the series , featuring the alien abduction of Mulder . Mulder would appear sporadically in the next few seasons , only returning for about half of the episodes in season eight and only two episodes in season nine . Prior to being picked up for another season , however , many believed that the episode would serve as the series finale . As such , many elements from the show 's pilot episode were brought in to bring the show closure and help it segue into a movie franchise . = = Plot = = In Bellefleur , Oregon , Detective Miles drives to the scene of a reported air crash in the forest . As Miles arrives , his car 's electricity cuts out , causing it to crash . After exiting the vehicle , an injured Miles finds his deputy sheriff , Ray Hoese , unconscious in his police cruiser . Miles is suddenly confronted by a man identical to Hoese who is bleeding green fluid , indicating he is an Alien Bounty Hunter . Later , in Tunisia , Marita Covarrubias arranges for the release of Alex Krycek from a penal colony . Upon returning to the United States , the two meet with the wheelchair @-@ bound Smoking Man , who tells them that an alien craft has crashed in Oregon . The Smoking Man sees the crash as a chance to rebuild the Project , but claims that finding it will be complicated . In Oregon , two teenage boys ( Gary and Richie ) are exploring the crash site when they encounter Deputy Miles , who denies any crash or the fire that was reported in the area . While they go through the area on their own , Gary is lifted off the ground and shaken like a rag doll by an invisible force , and Richie , although he stands within a few feet of him , can 't see him . Meanwhile , in Washington , Fox Mulder receives a call from Billy Miles , an abductee from Bellefleur whom the agents investigated seven years prior . The younger Miles tells him about Hoese 's disappearance , and his concern that the abductions have begun again . The following morning , Mulder and Dana Scully arrive in Bellefleur , where they investigate the road where the incidents took place . Upon meeting Billy , they find he has become a local police officer . The agents also meet " Detective Miles " , unaware that he is a disguised Bounty Hunter who has killed Billy 's father . At the scene of Hoese 's disappearance , Scully finds three bullet casings , indicating that the deputy fired his weapon before vanishing . The agents later speak with Hoese 's wife and are surprised when she is revealed to be Theresa Nemman , one of the other 1993 abductees . Later , while going through case files , Scully becomes ill . That night , Theresa is awakened by someone at her door . Mulder and Scully arrive at Theresa 's house to find it being investigated by police , with Billy informing them that Theresa was taken in the night and that nobody knows what happened . Scully suddenly feels nauseous , much to Billy 's concern , but she quickly shakes it off . Later , while investigating the reported crash site , Scully is lifted and shaken just as Gary was . Mulder finds her nearly passed out on the ground . At the Miles family home , Billy , now highly suspicious , enters and pulls his gun on the man who appears to be his father . After the confrontation , Billy relinquishes his gun , at which point the other man physically morphs and reveals himself to be the Alien Bounty Hunter . At that point , Mulder and Scully pull up and walk into the house , unable to locate Billy or his father . When the agents return to Washington , Walter Skinner approaches Mulder and Scully in their office , where they are joined by Marita and Krycek . Marita reveals that the Smoking Man is dying and that he wants to find the UFO in	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
not be realized without her participation " . This is not the first time Scully has been compared to Judas in the show : the previous seventh season episode " The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati " — which is heavily based on Nikos Kazantzakis 's novel The Last Temptation of Christ — features Scully in a role with direct literary parallels to Kazantzakis 's heroic interpretation of Judas . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Requiem " first aired on Fox in the United States on May 21 , 2000 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 9 , with a 14 share , meaning that roughly 8 @.@ 9 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 14 percent of households watching television , were tuned into the episode . It was viewed by 15 @.@ 26 million viewers . " Requiem " marked a 3 @.@ 8 percent decrease in viewers from the sixth season finale , " Biogenesis " and a 14 @.@ 4 percent decrease from the seventh season premiere , " The Sixth Extinction . " The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on August 13 , 2000 and received 1 @.@ 00 million viewers , making it the most watched episode that week . On May 13 , 2003 , the episode was released on DVD as part of the complete seventh season . Two years later the episode was included on The X @-@ Files Mythology , Volume 3 – Colonization , a DVD collection that contains episodes involving the alien colonists . = = = Reviews = = = The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B + " . He argued that the episode was " the best season finale cliffhanger the show ever did " , and compared it to the second season finale " Anasazi " ; he noted that while the latter episode was " pretty amazing " , " Requiem " has " a finality " to it and a " sense that nothing will ever be the same " that made its cliffhanger ending work . VanDerWerff also wrote that the nods to the pilot episode helped to show how far the series had evolved in seven years . Tom Kessenich , in his book Examinations , gave the episode a largely positive review . Despite lamenting the loss of Fox Mulder , he noted that " the truth is The X @-@ Files has been a show like no other and ' Requiem ' proved once again there truly is a place for magic and beauty and love on the small screen and I am delighted to have witnessed it for seven seasons now . " Kessenich later named the episode one of the " Top 25 Episode of All Time " of The X @-@ Files , ranking it at number 20 . Kenneth Silber from Space.com called the episode " intriguing " and felt that while " The X @-@ Files " foundered " for a large portion of its seventh season , " Requiem " marked " a much @-@ needed return to that mythology , " and that it set " the stage for what might be an interesting eighth season . " Rich Rosell from DigitallyObsessed.com awarded the episode 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars and wrote that " A lot of characters out of the woodwork come back for the season @-@ ending cliffhanger [ ... ] But that 's all window @-@ dressing for a trio of big surprises that wrap up Season 7 , in what many consider the show 's death knell , or perhaps just a proper ending . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four stars out of five . The two noted that , despite the fact that it capped @-@ off a " lacklustre [ sic ] " season , the episode still managed to provide a good enough cliffhanger to hold fans until the premiere of the eighth season . Shearman and Pearson further noted that " against the odds , after all the disappointments of the year , ' Requiem ' is strong enough to leave its audience wanting more . " Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a more mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four . Despite noting that the episode was " the best mytharc episode and season finale in years " , she called the episode 's finale " one of the most egregious missteps yet in The X @-@ Files mythology " . = Spooks ( series 3 ) = The third series of the British spy drama television series Spooks ( known as MI @-@ 5 in the United States ) began broadcasting on 11 October 2004 on BBC One , before ending on 13 December 2004 . It consists of ten episodes which continue to follow the actions of Section B , a counter @-@ terrorism division of the British Security Services ( MI5 ) . It also sees the departure of three principal characters : Tom Quinn ( Matthew Macfadyen ) is decommissioned in the second episode , Zoe Reynolds ( Keeley Hawes ) is exiled to Chile in the sixth episode , and Danny Hunter ( David Oyelowo ) is killed in the series finale . In addition to Macfadyen , Hawes and Oyelowo , Peter Firth , Rupert Penry @-@ Jones , Nicola Walker , Hugh Simon , Shauna Macdonald and Rory MacGregor are listed as the main cast . Though the producers knew that Macfayden would leave the series , they did not know when he would do so , and so the first two episodes were initially written without him . In either case , the producers created a new character , Adam Carter . In addition , the writers heavily researched the episodes ; many of the story lines are based on truth . The producers also took information from advisors who were ex @-@ MI5 officers . The series was directed in five blocks of two episodes in each . Filming started in January 2004 and took place over six to seven months . Shooting took place almost entirely in London , England , with some scenes shot in a cross @-@ English Channel ferry in the fifth episode . The third series was seen by an average of 5 @.@ 77 million viewers , a decline in ratings from the second series with viewership dropping below five million at one point . However the BBC had renewed Spooks for a fourth series before the third had begun broadcasting . Critical reaction was generally positive , though reviewers believed it did not perform as well as its preceding seasons . It was nominated for seven British Academy Television Awards ( BAFTA ) , winning one . The third series was released on DVD on 23 May 2005 in Region 4 , 5 September 2005 in Region 2 , and 31 January 2006 in Region 1 . = = Episodes = = = = Cast = = The third series includes nine main cast members . Matthew Macfadyen returns as Tom Quinn in the first two episodes . Macfadyen intended to leave the series as he felt " your senses get dull doing a long @-@ running TV show . " As the producers were storylining the third series , they were " 99 per cent sure " Macfadyen would not return until they heard he wanted to come back for two episodes because he did not want to leave the series so soon . Keeley Hawes also returns in the series as Zoe Reynolds . Hawes wanted to leave the series also after the first six episodes . David Oyelowo makes a return as Danny Hunter . After Tom 's exit , it allowed Danny 's character to develop further . Oyelowo also announced his intention to leave the series , after the finale episode . Peter Firth returns as superior Harry Pearce . After two seasons , Firth attempted to lighten Harry up " a little bit " after his mother suggested the character " smile more , " despite the fact that Harry is a serious man . Nicola Walker returns as Ruth Evershed . First appearing in the second series , Walker felt more like the " new girl , " but felt more experienced upon her return to the third . Shauna Macdonald also returns as Sam Buxton . The five @-@ month filming gap between series two and three left Macdonald " a bit de @-@ Spookified " as she was more focused on her film career . Hugh Simon and Rory MacGregor returns as Malcolm Wynn @-@ Jones , and Colin Wells , respectively . When the producers knew Macfadyen would leave , the producers decided to introduce new cast members , one of which was Rupert Penry @-@ Jones as Adam Carter , the new protagonist . Early on in the creation of Adam , the producers had an interest in casting Penry @-@ Jones for the role ; however , it took the actor three auditions until the producers finally decided to cast him . Unlike Tom , Adam would have a different character dynamic ; he has an MI6 background , and is married . A change from the girlfriend / boyfriend storyline for Tom and Ellie Simm in the first series , the producers noted it is common for secret service officers to be in a relationship with others in the same field of work . This led to the introduction of Fiona Carter , portrayed by Olga Sosnovska . Sosnovska was previously approached to appear in the second series , but was unavailable . She later auditioned for Fiona , and was later told she won the part when she was in New York City . The actress was only given a brief on her character — a ball breaker , ultimate professional , cold and calculated — which did not give her much to work with . Sosnovska initially found Fiona irritating in the fourth episode , but later opened up to the character after her return in the seventh . The third series also sees a number of recurring characters and guest appearances . Megan Dodds returns as CIA liaison Christine Dale in the first episode . Tim McInnirny recurs as JIC chairman Oliver Mace . McInnerny was better known as a comedic actor , particularly for his role in Blackadder , but the producers felt that quality made Mace a more menacing character . Richard Harrington plays Will North , Zoe 's boyfriend turned fiancé . Ian McDiarmid guest stars as Fred Roberts . The producers noted that McDiarmid played Roberts with the right amount of vulnerability , strength and stubbornness . Indian actor Anupam Kher appears as Harakat in " Who Guards the Guards ? " . Oyelowo stated that Kher had an " instant quality of likeness , " which can make the audience sympathise with Danny after Harakat is killed in the episode . " Love and Death " sees two guest stars who were personally involved with the cast and crew . Dermot Crowley , portrayer of Eric Newland , was the husband of one of the series ' casting directors , though Crowley still had to earn his role . Barnaby Kay plays Ruth 's potential love interest ; Kay was Nicola Walker 's real @-@ life boyfriend , now her husband . Andy Serkis guest stars as Riff in " Celebrity " . Created as an eccentric character , the producers believed it would fit in with Serkis ' acting . Owen Teale appears as Robert Morgan in " Frequently Asked Questions " . Producer Andrew Woodhead stated that Teale has a " strong physicality " that would make him a suitable equal for Adam . The series finale " The Suffering of Strangers " saw the introduction of two new characters that would receive expanded roles in the fourth series . Raza Jaffrey portrays Zafar Younis . Jaffrey 's first day of filming required him to perform a difficult speech he had to " launch into . " In addition James Dicker portrays Wes Carter , Adam and Fiona 's seven @-@ year @-@ old son . The producers held discussions whether to introduce Wes in the finale or in the fourth series ; they eventually chose the former . = = Production = = = = = Crew = = = The third series of Spooks was produced by Kudos Film and Television for the BBC . Much of the production crew from the first two series returned . New crew members were brought in with the requirement that they were fans of the series and have ambition , so that they can understand Spooks . Andrew Woodhead was the series producer , with Jane Featherstone , Simon Crawford Collins and Gareth Neame as executive producers . Collins , who was the producer for the first two series , had to step back to executive producer , as he was overcommitted producing Kudos crime series Hustle . Woodhead replaced him as he was accustomed to the show , but also added more vitality to the show . Christopher Aird was the assistant producer . The third series included five writers . Howard Brenton wrote the first , second and eighth episodes . Rupert Walters wrote the third and ninth episodes . Ben Richards wrote the fourth , sixth and tenth episodes . Richards previously wrote the ninth episode of series two , and accepted the offer to return . His script in the second series was his first script for television ; he found writing easier as time went by . Raymond Khoury wrote the seventh episode . Series creator David Wolstencroft wrote the fifth episode . Wolstencroft was poised to write the next episode , but found himself committed to other projects . There were five directors , each directing two episodes ; Jonny Campbell , Cilla Ware , Justin Chadwick , Bill Anderson , and Alrick Riley . Featherstone wanted Campbell to direct for Spooks after they worked together producing the television series Glasgow Kiss . He was drawn to directing the first two episodes because of Brenton 's writing and the fact he would give Tom a send off . Faith Penhale was the series script executive . Simon Chaudoir , Jake Polonsky , Kieran McGuigan , Sue Gibson and Baz Irvine were the directors of photography . Barney Pilling and Paul Knight were the series editors . Stevie Herbert and Robert Foster were production designers . Jennie Muskett and Sheridan Tongue composed the original music . David Myers was the make @-@ up designer , whilst Iain Macauley was the costume designer . Mark Doman designed the on @-@ screen computer graphics , films surveillance shots and television footage from the series ' point of view . On occasion , crew members appeared as extras . For instance , pictures of every crew member were used as students and faculty for a university database in " The Sleeper " . In " Love and Death " , the crew members present on the ferry appeared as extras in a bar scene . Collins also voiced a florist on a telephone message at the end of the same episode . = = = Writing = = = In producing the third series , the goal was to " raise the bar " higher to satisfy and surprise the audience . The second series finale " Smoke and Mirrors " ended on a cliffhanger which left Tom 's fate open . The producers were unsure whether Macfadyen would return at the time they began storylining . Brenton had already written the first two episodes as if he was not coming back . When Macfadyen announced his return for those episodes , they had to be rewritten . Brenton went through a " nightmare " rewriting the first episode as he " dug this enormous hole , and [ he ] had no idea how to get out of it . " It became a long process of growing the story where Tom turns the tables against Joyce . To make a suitable send off to the character , Brenton did not want Tom to be disillusioned ; instead he wanted him to " sort of [ become ] a human being , " as there have been real life instances where spies are attracted to the idea that " the world 's a stage to them all the time , " but later on they start to unravel . Tom 's exit allowed the writers to pull the focus on the other characters , namely Danny and Zoe , to give the show more of an ensemble feel . Overall , the producers made the third series more character driven . Raymond Khoury felt that because the length of a Spooks episode is one and half times longer than the average American television episode , the writers could use the extra time to flesh out the characters . Khoury also noted another difference between Spooks and American television is that most American seasons usually consists of 22 episodes , much of those episodes are more plot driven , while Spooks series three only had 10 and hence all of them contain some character development . The main character developments include Zoe 's relationship with Will , which Danny did not like because he was in love with her . The writers initially wanted to expand on the potential Danny and Sam Buxton relationship which began in the second series , but the idea was dropped in favour of his affection towards Zoe , as the producers believed that was delivering more . Harry was given more depth by introducing his estranged daughter in " Who Guards the Guards ? " . Through the daughter 's introduction , Harry would appear more human as opposed to the boss who " barks orders " to his officers . When Hawes announced she wanted to leave , Richards decided to write a " big episode " to give Zoe a decent send off . Richards did not want to kill off the character , as he deemed it predictable . Oyelowo eventually decided to leave the series as well between filming episodes four and five ; by then the finale was not yet written . The actor wanted Danny to be killed off , reasoning that since Tom and Zoe left as disgraced officers , having Danny leave a disgraced officer also would be " one time too many " for a series that is meant to second guess the audience . In addition , Oyelowo did not want the " lingering thought " of a possible return . The producers wanted to use Danny 's death as a powerful end to the series . Writing " The Sleeper " sees the characters in a different light . Although they are the protagonists who work to prevent terrorist threats , the episode sees the MI5 team going to great lengths to get the sleeper agent , Fred Roberts , to do what they want him to do so that the producers can make the audience sympathise with the character , as well as despise the main characters on some level for their methods . There were other instances of the main character going through great lengths to solve the case , including Adam 's interrogation methods , brinking on torture , in " Frequently Asked Questions " . " Love and Death " sees Danny and Zoe ordered to carry out an assassination . Wolstencroft did not want to do it lightly , as he wanted somebody like Danny going through " something dreadful . " He previously did it before with the death of Helen Flynn in " Looking After Our Own " , but " Love and Death " did this in the point of view of the killer , not the victim . " Celebrity " introduces a new plot style , which does not involve terror threats . Brenton wrote it as a more light @-@ hearted episode that saw the characters emmeshed in a world they cannot handle . Despite this , Collins stated that MI5 do other duties other than fighting terrorism , though they would not gain as much media attention . Penhale also stated MI5 in the episode are in a way protecting the country , as if a national icon is under threat , the country 's morale could drop . " Who Guards the Guards ? " and " Frequently Asked Questions " were considered for the second series , but because there was not room for them , the producers bumped the episodes back to the third series . = = = = Research and realism = = = = Although the series fictionalises the world of MI5 , several storylines are based on truth . The series had advisors who were ex @-@ MI5 officers . The writers also research heavily on each episode . The producers were keen in world events that Britain and America were directly or indirectly responsible for , where the consequences of an operation are worse than what they intended to resolve in the first place , known as blowback . One example includes the two powers aiding the Afghan Mujahideen in 1989 before pulling out of the country ; this ultimately lead to the rise of Al @-@ Qaeda . Brenton modelled Fred Roberts in " The Sleeper " after the weapons scientist David Kelly , who committed suicide in July 2003 after he was outed as the source of BBC journalist Andrew Gilligan 's story alleging the British government " sexed up " the September Dossier about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq . " Who Guards the Guards ? " sees a rivalry between MI5 and MI6 . According to the producers , there have been documented rivalries between the two organisations . The episode also based a true story of a man joining a militant group and was paid with a Russian army helicopter , as the group could not afford to pay him in cash . " A Prayer for My Daughter " deals with the Israeli – Palestinian conflict . Because the topic is controversial , it was a difficult area to work with without offending people from both sides . The producers made the episode as neutral as possible by consulting with experts from both sides of the conflict . Richards also wanted to fairly represent it by addressing the issue as political and not religious . The producers learned from an ex @-@ MI5 officer that it is common for intelligence gatherers who spend most of their work listening in to other people to fall in love with civilians through just their voices . This story was the basis of Ruth wanting to go out with John in " Love and Death " . Khoury based " Outsiders " on Internet security . He already became intoned with the area , as he once worked with an internet company . Although the story is dramatised , Khoury did research on what was feasible , such as if one man and a laptop could theoretically bring Britain to its knees . Also in the episode , the G & J algorithm is based on an actual computer programme . " Frequently Asked Questions " deals with interrogation and torture . Walters realised that torture is counterproductive as the suspects can say anything the interrogators want to hear , but rationalises that Adam is an expert in that field . To get the interrogation as true as possible , the producers consulted with ex @-@ Army advisors who were trained in questioning terror suspects . As the episode was first broadcast , a prison abuse scandal in Iraq was put on the news . In response to this , Kudos director Stephen Garrett stated " Spooks is really well researched and sometimes we look like we 're ahead of the game . It 's just we know stuff that 's happening , and it 'll come out in the news a bit later on . " In the same episode , the weapons caches came from a true story that the Russians hid weapons in Britain during the Cold War , according to Collins . = = = Filming and editing = = = The third series was filmed across five blocks of two episodes , with a director in each block . Filming began in London in January 2004 , and took up to 140 days spanning seven months . Each filming day typically lasted eleven hours . Scheduling was often tight throughout the shoot ; sometimes the production crew had to " double up " on locations , and the cast often had to learn six pages of dialogue a day . The majority of cameras were handheld , and the filming crew used a variety of lenses , including long @-@ focus lenses , fisheye lenses , and swing and tilt lenses . The first two series was shot with a Fujifilm stock . The third series saw a switch to a new type of Kodak stock , becoming the first television series to use this model . Filming began in the middle of winter , which presented problems for the cast and filming crew . Some scenes were delayed because of bad weather , even snow at one point , and as a result scheduling became tighter . Another problem was the cold temperatures . The beginning scene in " Who Guards the Guards ? " , where Mace and Khordad meet in Hebron , was filmed on a roof garden in below zero temperatures ; however , McInnerny and Paul Bhattacharjee wore summer clothes . To prevent hypothermia a heater was placed near them . The cameras used light @-@ coloured filters to make the environment look warmer . However , winter did have an advantage of longer nights , making night scenes easier ; summer nights would last as little as five hours . The producers hired real news presenters from Sky News and the programme London Tonight to present the news of the events from some episodes . All episodes begin with a recap from past episodes , which the producers regard as " an art in themselves " in terms of editing . The opening title sequence went through three changes over the course of the series . More split screen sequences were also added to create more tension for the audience . Overall , each episode took approximately six weeks to prepare , and would take approximately six weeks to edit . = = = = Sets and locations = = = = Shooting took place almost entirely in London . The directors somewhat followed the filming style of Bharat Nalluri , the director of the first two episodes of series one and two , who utilised London and the River Thames as characters in themselves . The exterior and interior of Freemasons ' Hall continued to be a stand @-@ in for Thames House , the headquarters of MI5 . However , the Grid , the base of operations of Section D , was a set constructed at the fifth floor in another building . Danny 's apartment was also filmed in the same building . Another constructed set was the back of mobile surveillance vans , which was housed near the Grid set . Director Jonny Campbell helped search for several " interesting locations " for the first block to draw the audience with interesting visuals . This included a church in Smithfield and the Natural History Museum ; in the latter 's case , Campbell believed the location was " harking back " to traditional spy films . Filming there was expensive and management of the museum only allowed the crew to film for a few hours . The club Mace frequents was filmed at the Royal Automobile Club in Pall Mall . " The Sleeper " included scenes filmed at the University College London ; a lecture room in the college was where the third series started filming . The explosion scene at the beginning of the episode was filmed at a council estate in Peckham . The estate was condemned for demolition , which proved to be a suitable location for a big explosion . The crew returned there again a month later to gather footage of the demolition work . Several exterior shots where Harry meets with government officials and his officers were filmed on walkways outside the Houses of Parliament . The upper class home of Riff and B in " Celebrity " was filmed in a house in Kensington that was for sale for approximately £ 27 million at the time . Filming in public locations often took place on weekends , when they were closed off to the public . However , there were exceptions . Some scenes in " The Suffering of Strangers " were filmed outside the National Film Theatre in South Bank , a popular tourist destination . Shooting there became difficult as the crew had no control over the tourists . Other known London landmarks that were filmed at included Lord 's Cricket Ground , St Martin @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Fields , Tate Modern , the Old Bailey criminal court , Waterloo station , Empress State Building , and 30 St Mary Axe ( the Gherkin ) . " Love and Death " was filmed in an actual Stena Line ferry that travelled from Harwich to the Hook of Holland , Netherlands ; Stena allowed the producers to film in the ferry , though the cabins were filmed in a constructed studio set . The two actors present , Hawes and Oyelowo took precautions to avoid seasickness before boarding . After filming on board concluded , both actors had to re @-@ record some of the dialogue that was overshadowed by noises of the waves and engines . = = = Stunts and effects = = = The series ' stunts were coordinated by Andy Bradford . Several cast members participated in stunt work . The first scene Penry @-@ Jones filmed was a fight scene between three of Mace 's men , which the actor performed himself . Macfadyen held a special driving licence allowing him to perform some stunt driving , such as skidding a car outside the Freemasons ' Hall to drop off Joyce 's body in " Project Friendly Fire " . The sequence was considered for rescheduling due to snowfall before filming it , but the producers felt the icy road would become an advantage , and went ahead with it anyway . Several actors handled firearms during the shoot . One of scenes included Oyelowo and McGregor spent up to five hours firing guns at a shooting range for the beginning of " Love and Death " , which Oyelowo stated was " the most fun " he ever had in the series . However , Penry @-@ Jones was disappointed he was not given a gun at all throughout the third series . In " Outsiders " a scene required a lorry crashing into a car in front of Danny . Oyelowo had to stand ten feet away from the crash . The production crew considered having Oyelowo wearing sunglasses to shield his eyes from any possible glass shards , but they later chose against it . There were scenes where some of the characters snorted cocaine . The " cocaine " was in actuality glucose powder that the actors did have to snort . Elsewhere , the crew used vegetable soup as vomit . The alcohol used in the series were made from non @-@ alcoholic drinks ; the production crew used fruit juices as wine , ginger ale as brandy , and cold tea as beer . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Broadcast and ratings = = = The series began broadcasting on 11 October 2004 on BBC One during the 9 to 10 pm timeslot , and continued on every Monday night until 13 December 2004 . The second to ninth episodes were pre @-@ empted on Saturday nights , starting 16 October 2004 , on digital channel BBC Three . In the United States the series began broadcast on the A & E Network , where it is known as MI @-@ 5 , from the start of 2005 . However , because each episode last approximately an hour , 15 minutes had to be edited out on each to accommodate for advert breaks . However , the DVD release of the series in the United States included the episodes unedited . The third series faced a decline in viewership from the second series . The season premiere received an overnight figure of six million viewers and a 25 per cent audience share . It was down almost two million from the series two premiere in June 2003 , which was seen by 7 @.@ 8 million . Ratings declines further as the series continues . The fifth episode dropped to five million . The penultimate episode dropped further to 4 @.@ 5 million , though the finale rose slightly back to five million . However , it was also down from the seven million who saw the series two finale in August 2003 . With consolidated figures factored in , the third series was seen by an average of 5 @.@ 77 million viewers . Despite the ratings decline , the BBC already commissioned a fourth series of Spooks before the third series even began broadcasting . = = = Critical reception = = = The third series received generally favourable reviews . In review of the DVD release of the series , Michael Mackenzie of Home Cinema was disappointed by the " complete decimation of the group around which the show effectively revolved , " and had reservations for the introductions of the new characters , stating " despite ardent protests from both cast and crew , Tom and Adam are almost exactly the same character . The same goes for his wife Fiona , who more or less steps into Zoe 's shoes ( they even look similar ! ) , and in the final episode , it becomes abundantly clear that , in the next season , Zafar Younis ( Raza Jaffrey ) will be taking Danny 's place while ensuring that the " minority " checkbox remains ticked . " However , at the same time , Mackenzie thought " the psychology surrounding cast changes like these is extremely interesting . " In terms of the storylines , the reviewer stated " Spooks ' third season [ ... ] is something of a step down from both its predecessors , " although the series " has a number of fine moments . " Mackenzie ended up rating the series eight stars out of ten . David Blackwell of the American review site Enterline Media said , " MI @-@ 5 really impressed me with the first two seasons . The third season does start out for the first three episodes before it reaches some highs and lows until it stabilizes with the last two episodes of season 3 . " He felt that Tom Quinn 's exit was his favourite moment in the first two episodes , and that Adam is " just [ as ] cold " as Tom . He also praised the character development , stating " character development is excellent in this season . Danny receives great moments as he is brought into the spotlight from his feelings for Zoe to his conflicted feelings about things he does in the name of Queen and Country , but Danny doesn 't break and let his emotions become a crutch like Tom did ( when Tom wanted a sleeper agent not to the job MI @-@ 5 wanted the sleeper to do ) . " Blackwell concluded by saying " sometime MI @-@ 5 fails as a show this season , but it still reaches levels of greatness . It will be interesting to see what they have in store for season 4 . " = = = Accolades and viewer polls = = = The third series was nominated for a total of seven British Academy Television Awards ( BAFTAs ) . It was nominated for Best Drama Series , but lost out to the Channel 4 comedy @-@ drama series Shameless . It also was nominated for four BAFTA Craft Awards , for Original Television Music , Photography & Lighting : Fiction / Entertainment , Production Design , and Graphic Design , none of which resulted in a win for Spooks . In addition it was nominated for two BAFTA Interactive Awards , with Spooks Interactive winning one of them . The interactive service , which provided Spooks viewers with an " extra dimension to the television experience " by allowing users to go through mock training sessions via remote control , also won an International iTV Awards . The series was generally well received by fans ; the BBC released a " Best of " viewer polls at the end of 2004 , where Spooks was voted the second best drama , beaten only by the period drama series North and South . However , it was also voted number eight in the " Worst Drama " category . Firth , Oyelowo , Macfadyen and Penry @-@ Jones were listed in the " Best Actor " category , being voted tenth , seventh , fifth , and third , respectively . Meanwhile , in the " Best Actress " category , Walker , Sosnovska and Hawes were voted ninth , fifth and fourth , respectively . Also , Hawes , Macfadyen , Sosnovska and Penry @-@ Jones were voted a respective seventh , sixth , fifth and third most desirable star . Oliver Mace was voted the fifth best villain . The scene in which Danny is killed in the finale was voted the third " Favourite Moment " . = = Home video release = = The series is available on DVD box set . It was first released in Australia ( Region 4 ) on 23 May 2005 . It was later released in the United Kingdom ( Region 2 ) on 5 September 2005 , and in the United States ( Region 1 , where it is known as MI @-@ 5 : Volume 3 ) on 31 January 2006 . The box set consists of all 10 episodes of the third series on a five @-@ disc set ( three in Region 4 ) and 1 @.@ 78 : 1 Anamorphic PAL screen format . The box set includes an array of special features . Each episode has its own audio commentary and behind the scenes featurette . In addition there are numerous interviews with the cast and crew of the series , including separate featurettes on Adam and Fiona Carter , as well as their portrayers . There are also deleted scenes , a featurette on the fourth series , image galleries , series credits ( Spooks is a programme that does not include credits in its episodes ) , and scripts of the episode , the latter of which are found on DVD @-@ ROM . In the United Kingdom , the box set was released with a " 15 " British Board of Film Classification ( BBFC ) certificate ( unsuitable for viewers under the age of 15 years ) . = Thaddeus McCotter presidential campaign , 2012 = The Thaddeus McCotter presidential campaign of 2012 began when Congressman Thaddeus McCotter of Michigan filed papers with the Federal Election Commission on July 1 , 2011 , announcing his intention to run for the Republican Party 's 2012 nomination for President of the United States . He officially announced his candidacy the next day at a rock festival near Detroit . McCotter , who had served in Congress since 2003 , was first mentioned as a potential presidential candidate on an April 2011 episode of Fox News ' Red Eye w / Greg Gutfeld . After entering the race two months later , McCotter based his campaign on " five core principles " listed on his campaign website , and used the slogan Seize Freedom ! , derived from the title of his 2011 book . During the campaign , he focused on reform of government and Wall Street . Commentators noted McCotter 's lack of name recognition hindered his chances for nomination . When included in Republican presidential preference polls , he regularly received less than one percent support . Following a last place finish in the Ames Straw Poll and the lack of any invitation to presidential debates , he dropped his candidacy on September 22 , 2011 , and endorsed Mitt Romney . Thereafter , McCotter reportedly wrote a television pilot , which was released to the media prior to his resignation from Congress in July 2012 amid a fraud investigation surrounding his congressional re @-@ election campaign . = = Background = = Thaddeus McCotter began his political career upon election to the Wayne County ( Michigan ) Commission in 1993 . Five years later , he left that position after winning a seat in the Michigan State Senate . He remained there until 2002 when elected to serve Michigan 's 11th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives . In Congress , leadership assigned McCotter to the House Financial Services Committee . In addition , he joined the moderate Republican Main Street Partnership . In 2006 , he attained the chairmanship of the House Republican Policy Committee , and two years later was named head of his party 's Fiscal Integrity Task Force . On the task force , he gained a reputation as a leading opponent of pork barrel spending . He voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the Affordable Health Care for America Act of 2010 , but supported the bailout of the automobile industry in 2009 . He also supported an increase in the minimum wage and advocated fair trade with China . Nevertheless , the Detroit Free Press described him as a " conservative 's conservative " and GovTrack labeled him a " far @-@ right Republican " . McCotter was also known as an " oddball " in Congress , displaying a wry sense of humor . Betsy Woodruff of National Review identified him as " the strangest Congressman . " Showing a fondness for rock music , he played lead guitar in the Second Amendments , and quoted Led Zeppelin lyrics on the floor of the House . President George W. Bush referred to him as " that rock and roll dude . " Moreover , McCotter frequently appeared on Fox News ' late night / early morning show Red Eye w / Greg Gutfeld . According to Matt Lewis of The Daily Caller , McCotter was " The Red Eye candidate " , who represented a subculture of " creative think [ ing ] " libertarian @-@ leaning Republicans , who enjoy rock music . Bloomberg Businessweek described his celebrity as a " tiny cult following of insomniac conservatives . " = = Campaign speculation = = Speculation about a presidential run began several months after the release of his February 2011 book Seize Freedom ! American Truths and Renewal in a Chaotic Age . The first instance occurred during the April 22 episode of Red Eye , where host Greg Gutfeld asked McCotter to enter the presidential race . Five days later , political commentator and fellow Red Eye frequenter S.E. Cupp listed McCotter as a potential candidate in her Daily News column . McCotter confirmed in May that he was seriously considering a run for the presidency . He told the newspaper Politico he felt most Republicans lacked enthusiasm for the current crop of candidates . Commentator Andrew Breitbart expressed excitement at the prospect of a McCotter run . Describing him as " blunt , sarcastic , pop @-@ culture @-@ savvy , constitutionally sound and an authentic voice , " Breitbart remarked " [ t ] here 's no one I 'd like to see more at a debate than McCotter . " In May 2011 , speculation increased as McCotter attacked Republican frontrunner Mitt Romney as Romney visited Detroit . He connected Romney to President Barack Obama , arguing that people see Romney and Obama as running mates rather than as rivals . Later that month , he addressed the Republican Leadership Conference in New Orleans and entered the event 's straw poll . Out of the 1 @,@ 542 votes cast , he received two , last place among those considered . At this time , McCotter remained undecided about a run , according to his aides , though he paid $ 18 @,@ 000 for a prime spot at the August 13 Ames Straw Poll . During a visit to Iowa , the first caucus state , McCotter announced he would reveal his campaign plans prior to the straw poll . On June 30 , Politico reported McCotter was ready to begin a campaign . = = Campaign developments = = = = = Announcement = = = McCotter filed a presidential campaign committee with the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) and opened a campaign website on July 1 , 2011 . The website , which warned " your American Dream is endangered " was based on his book Seize Freedom ! and listed " five core principles " . These were : " Our liberty is from God not the government " " Our sovereignty is in our souls not the soil " " Our security is from strength not surrender " " Our prosperity is from the private sector not the public sector " " Our truths are self @-@ evident not relative " McCotter officially announced his candidacy at the WAAM @-@ sponsored " Freedom Festival " in Whitmore Lake , Michigan on July 2 . He declared , " what we need in Washington is someone who understands that the wave of the future is not big government , but self @-@ government " . He played with his rock band at the event . Upon his entrance , Charlie Cook of The Cook Political Report rated McCotter 's chances of nomination as " virtually impossible " . CBS News and other outlets commented on McCotter 's lack of name recognition and described him as a " little @-@ known " candidate . Nevertheless , the Free Press noted he had about $ 480 @,@ 000 available in his congressional account to transfer to his presidential campaign account . Political communications operative Mark Corallo was hired along with a core group of advisers that included former Senator Bill Frist 's chief of staff Eric Uelind , and former Iowa representative Christopher Rants . = = = Campaign events = = = As McCotter embarked on his first official campaign trip to the first @-@ in @-@ the @-@ nation primary state of New Hampshire , he received media attention for his hometown newspaper 's reaction to his run . An editorial in The Oakland Press , based out of Oakland County , Michigan , wrote that the idea of a McCotter presidency " isn 't a pleasant thought and is , in fact , a bit scary " . It added , " the representative comes off as cold , arrogant and egotistical " . McCotter largely ignored the criticism , and continued his campaign in New Hampshire , focusing on the " fundamental restructuring of government " , and signing the Susan B. Anthony List 's Pro @-@ Life Leadership Pledge . Radio host Chris Buck was hired as leader of operations in New Hampshire . McCotter returned to Iowa in mid @-@ July for further campaign events . Around this time , Chris Cillizza of the Washington Post placed McCotter 's odds of winning the Ames Straw Poll at one hundred to one , last place among the candidates listed . A Harris poll conducted July 11 – 18 found that 92 percent of voters were not familiar with McCotter , and less than one percent supported him when matched against his fellow presidential contenders . In a hypothetical head to head matchup with President Obama , McCotter received 43 percent , compared to 57 percent for the President . To build support , McCotter used Twitter , with which he attempted to bypass the news media and connect directly with supporters . Campaign spokesman Randall Thompson stated that McCotter was " relying on social media ... [ and ] ... developed a very loyal following " . McCotter participated in the first @-@ ever Twitter presidential debate , on July 20 , against fellow candidates former New Mexico governor Gary Johnson , businessman Herman Cain , representative Michele Bachmann , former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich , and former Senator Rick Santorum . At one point , moderator S.E. Cupp asked whether President Obama was anti @-@ Israel , McCotter answered , " Obama 's motivations are not the issue , the impact of his policies , both proposed and pursued , have strained our relationship " with Israel . When asked to comment on the U.S. role in the 2011 military intervention in Libya , McCotter referred to the Obama administration 's mission as " ill @-@ defined , " and argued for " no US boots on ground . " However , he added the caveat , " once committed [ to the mission ] , we can 't abruptly withdraw . " In late July , during the height of the debt ceiling crisis , McCotter canceled several appearances in Iowa and returned to Washington . He supported the plan of House Speaker John Boehner , and voted in favor of the compromise bill . He was the only presidential candidate in the House of Representatives to approve the bill in Congress since both fellow members Bachmann and Ron Paul voted against it . Ahead of the Ames Straw Poll , McCotter had not reached the one percent polling threshold necessary to participate in the event 's August 11 debate on Fox News . At the time , McCotter had little support , even at home . Public Policy Polling showed him with only five percent from Michigan Republicans , a figure pollsters described as rare coming from a candidate 's homestate . With news of his standing , McCotter cancelled a scheduled stop in New Hampshire , and returned to his headquarters in Michigan to coordinate a debate inclusion effort . As part of the effort , the campaign filmed a YouTube video in a kitchen , featuring McCotter making puns about food , and concluding with " Thanks , dude . " The Los Angeles Times described the video as " unfortunate " . Despite the effort , McCotter did not meet the polling threshold and was excluded . He was the only candidate missing from the debate that had secured a spot on the ballot . Just before the vote the Ames , McCotter addressed voters in what Politico described as " a slow , abstract , exceptionally sober speech " . It drew little crowd reaction other than applause at the denunciation of the " regime in Beijing " and the proclamation , " I will not cede the 21st Century to a Communist , nuclear @-@ armed dictatorship . " At his tent , McCotter spent a large amount of time playing guitar . In the straw poll , he finished last among ten candidates , receiving 35 votes or 0 @.@ 21 percent . Based on the $ 18 @,@ 000 he paid for campaign space , the result corresponded to $ 514 per vote . Senior adviser Christopher Rants explained that the purpose of the straw poll " was not about votes , it was about introducing our candidate to the public in our first large forum ... By any measure , we did that " . Three days after the straw poll , McCotter wrote an article in National Review outlining some of his economic plans . He advocated spending reductions , a twenty percent reserve requirement for banks to keep available as capital , and incentives to reduce home foreclosures . He campaigned in New Hampshire on August 19 , and filmed " Conversation with the Candidate " for WMUR @-@ TV . The next day , he attended a party with S.E. Cupp for the Young Republicans of Seacoast . He returned to Iowa for his last campaign stop in the state from August 24 to August 27 . At the end of the month , McCotter appeared on the Dennis Miller Show and talked about his exclusion from debates . He failed to meet the requirements for both the September 7 MSNBC and the September 12 CNN debates . For the MSNBC debate , a candidate had to show one poll with four percent support . McCotter argued that while he did not meet this , in a Quinnipiac poll , he tied with Rick Santorum and Jon Huntsman , Jr . , both of whom qualified . Other candidates who did not qualify included Gary Johnson and former Louisiana governor Buddy Roemer , who like McCotter , did not qualify for any televised debates . McCotter continued his efforts to be included in the debates in September . In an interview with The Daily Caller he said the other candidates " don 't understand what 's wrong with the economy , let alone how to fix it " , and that foreign policy was not being discussed enough . He observed that since former United Nations ambassador John R. Bolton announced he would not run for president , foreign policy discussion had ceased . McCotter hoped the next president would select Bolton as Secretary of State . On September 9 , McCotter made his last campaign trip to New Hampshire , attending events for two days . He was supposed to appear in Iowa again five days later , but had to cancel due to a vote in Congress . While in Washington , he introduced a Grover Norquist @-@ backed Social Security reform plan , which would have created private accounts for those under 50 years of age with limited guaranteed government benefits . He called on the other GOP presidential candidates to release their plans on Social Security . Shortly thereafter , McCotter participated in the California Republican Convention . In a speech there , he criticized President Obama , arguing , " No matter how many times his campaign clown car crisscrosses America , we know that the most prosperous and equitable economy in human history was created by you , the American people , not by bureaucrats in Washington . " At the event 's straw poll , he received less than one percent of the vote . McCotter tried to gain entry into the September 22 Fox News debate , but reported via Twitter , " @ Foxnews has kindly advised me I will be excluded from the Orlando GOP POTUS debate . " = = = Withdrawal = = = On September 22 , 2011 , McCotter notified The Detroit News he would withdraw from the presidential race . He explained it " was sort of death by media " because of the exclusion from the presidential debates , and argued " if they keep you out of the debates , you are out of the conversation and you can 't run . " He then released a statement in which he endorsed Mitt Romney for president , and called on the Republican Party to unite behind Romney as the most electable candidate . In the press release , McCotter also announced that he would run for re @-@ election in his congressional district . In reporting on the withdrawal , the Los Angeles Times wrote , " What 's that ? You 've never heard of Thaddeus McCotter ? Well , that 's the main reason he 's now a former candidate . " Pundit Bill Ballenger of Inside Michigan Politics said that McCotter " really had no business running for president . If he wants to have any political future , endorsing Mitt Romney now is the smart thing to do . " McCotter 's neighbor , former Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox , remarked , " He tried it out , obviously it wasn 't working . And he 's doing the rational thing and dropping out . " Steve Kornacki of Salon summarized the overall campaign as " a cautionary tale about what can go wrong when your average backbench member of Congress becomes a minor cable news celebrity and mistakes it for having a genuine national following . " = = Aftermath = = A few days after the campaign ended , The Detroit News asked McCotter whether he enjoyed his presidential campaign , he replied , " No . It was the worst 15 minutes of my life . " Fundraising totals for the three months of McCotter 's run were released to the FEC in October 2011 . Overall , he raised $ 548 @,@ 606 ( $ 468 @,@ 561 of which was transferred from authorized committees ) , paid $ 541 @,@ 532 on expenses , and had a debt of $ 105 @,@ 367 . As of June 2013 , a debt of $ 105 @,@ 636 remains . In an interview with GQ ahead of the Michigan primary in February 2012 , McCotter expressed concern that Republicans were underestimating the strength of Democrats , and that winning in the Midwest would be difficult because of the Republicans ' position on manufacturing and the Wall Street bailout . He maintained that though he disagreed with Romney on the auto industry bailout , Romney had the best chance to overcome the obstacles . Though McCotter had decided to run for reelection in his congressional district , he failed to qualify for his district 's Republican primary after the majority of his petitions were declared fraudulent . An investigation of the campaign by the office of the Michigan Attorney General ensued . McCotter argued that " somebody either panicked or it was sabotage ... My gut tells me that we got lied to by someone we trusted . " Steve Kornacki suggested the fraud may have been related to the presidential campaign , if it " caused him to take his eye off the ball on his House reelection , " but McCotter rejected this as an " idiotic line of thinking . " He initially hoped to wage a write @-@ in campaign , but decided against it , finding he could not run the campaign while cooperating with the investigation and serving the remainder of his term in Congress . A month later , he resigned from Congress , claiming this was needed to fully assist with the petition fraud investigation . The investigation found that in addition to the 2012 petitions , McCotter 's Congressional reelection petitions from 2006 , 2008 , and 2010 , also showed evidence of fraud . McCotter sued two aides accusing them of intentional sabotage . Eventually , four aides , including one who was sued , were charged and convicted of violations related to the fraud . A day prior to his resignation from Congress , The Detroit News reported that after ending his presidential campaign , McCotter took to writing a television pilot he titled , " Bumper Sticker : Made On Motown " . It centered on McCotter as the host of a variety show with characters based on his congressional staffers , who made fun of his presidential campaign and discussed such risqué topics as sex , race , and bodily functions . In one scene in the script , S.E. Cupp guest stars ; McCotter tries to conduct a serious interview with her , but the other characters make sexually explicit comments , leading Cupp to describe the show as a " train wreck . " A former staffer released the work to the media to show what McCotter did while in office . In response , McCotter denied any wrongdoing , saying it had been largely composed in his garage as a way to get over his failed presidential campaign . He said the script was unfinished and had not authorized it for release , but decided to discuss it with The News . He cited comedian Martin Mull 's short @-@ lived 1977 show Fernwood 2 Night as an inspiration , and revealed that he had planned to leave Congress in 2014 and was preparing for a future career . = Bramble shark = The bramble shark ( Echinorhinus brucus ) is one of the two species of sharks in the family Echinorhinidae . Aside from the eastern Pacific Ocean , it is found in tropical and temperate waters worldwide . This rarely encountered shark swims close to the bottom of the seafloor , typically at depths of 400 – 900 m ( 1 @,@ 300 – 3 @,@ 000 ft ) , though it may enter much shallower water . The bramble shark has a stout body with two small dorsal fins positioned far back and no anal fin . It can be readily identified by the large , thorn @-@ like dermal denticles scattered over its body , some of which may be fused together . It is purplish brown or black in color and grows up to 3 @.@ 1 m ( 10 ft ) long . The diet of the bramble shark includes smaller sharks , bony fishes , and crabs , which this slow @-@ moving species may capture via suction . It is aplacental viviparous , with females producing litters of 15 – 52 pups . Harmless to humans , it is an occasional bycatch of commercial and recreational fishers , and may be used for fishmeal and liver oil . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) presently lacks enough information to assess the conservation status of this species . However , its population has declined substantially in the northeastern Atlantic since the 18th and 19th centuries , likely because of overfishing . = = Taxonomy = = The original description of the bramble shark was authored by French naturalist Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre in the 1788 Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature . He named it Squalus brucus , from the Greek brux or bruchios meaning " from the depths of the sea " . The type specimen has since been lost . In 1816 , Henri de Blainville created the genus Echinorhinus for this species . Until the 1960s , specimens of the prickly shark ( E. cookei ) caught in the Pacific Ocean were misidentified as bramble sharks . Other common names for this species are spinous shark and spiny shark . = = Description = = The bramble shark has a thick , cylindrical body and a somewhat flattened head . The snout is blunt and shorter than the width of the mouth , with widely spaced nostrils that are preceded by small flaps of skin . The eyes lack nictitating membranes ; the tiny spiracles are located well behind them . The wide , curved mouth bears very short furrows at the corners . There are 20 – 26 upper and 22 – 26 lower tooth rows ; each tooth is knife @-@ like , with a single main cusp and up to three cusplets on either side . There are five pairs of gill slits , with the fifth pair the longest . The pectoral fins are short and angular , while the pelvic fins are long and relatively large . The dorsal fins are small , with the first dorsal fin origin lying behind the pelvic fin origins . There is no anal fin . The caudal peduncle is robust and lacks notches at the caudal fin origins . The asymmetrical caudal fin has an indistinct lower lobe and an upper lobe without a notch in the trailing margin . The skin is covered by a layer of foul @-@ smelling mucus several millimeters thick . The dermal denticles are scattered irregularly over the body and vary greatly in size , measuring up to 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) across . Each denticle is thorn @-@ like in shape , with ridges radiating out from the central point over the base . As many as ten denticles may be fused together to form multi @-@ pointed plates . The underside of the snout and the area around the mouth is densely covered by small denticles in sharks under 90 cm ( 35 in ) long ; these denticles become larger and sparser in larger sharks . This species is brown to black above , with a metallic purplish hue , and paler below ; some individuals have red or black blotches . There is a report of one specimen that had a greenish glow when freshly caught . The bramble shark may reach 3 @.@ 1 m ( 10 ft ) in length . The maximum weight on record is 200 kg ( 440 lb ) for a 2 @.@ 8 m ( 9 @.@ 2 ft ) long female . = = Distribution and habitat = = Records of the bramble shark are fairly rare and originate from widely scattered locations in tropical and temperate waters worldwide , save for the eastern Pacific Ocean . Most have come from the eastern Atlantic and western Indian Oceans , where its range extends from the North Sea and the British Isles to southern Mozambique , including the Mediterranean Sea . In the western Atlantic , this species is represented by a handful of specimens from Massachusetts , North Carolina , Louisiana , Tobago , Brazil , and Argentina . In the Indo @-@ Pacific , it is known from Oman , India , southern Japan , southern Australia , New Zealand , and possibly Kiribati . Found close to the sea floor , the bramble shark most commonly inhabits continental and insular shelves and slopes at depths of 400 – 900 m ( 1 @,@ 300 – 3 @,@ 000 ft ) . However , it has been reported from as shallow as 18 m ( 59 ft ) , in areas with upwellings of cold water , and from as deep as 1 @,@ 214 m ( 3 @,@ 983 ft ) . At least in European waters , this species may migrate into shallower depths of 20 – 200 m ( 66 – 656 ft ) during the summer . = = Biology and ecology = = Sluggish in nature , the bramble shark feeds on smaller sharks ( including the spiny dogfish , Squalus acanthias ) , bony fishes ( including ling , catfishes , and lizardfishes ) , and crabs . The large size of its pharynx , relative to its mouth , suggests that it may capture prey by suction . This species is aplacental viviparous ; females have two functional ovaries and two uteruses . Recorded litter sizes have ranged from 15 to 52 , and newly born pups have been estimated to measure 40 – 50 cm ( 16 – 20 in ) long . The dermal denticles in near @-@ term embryos are underdeveloped , appearing as minute spines located within open pits in the skin . The size at sexual maturity is uncertain ; the smallest known mature males and females are 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) and 2 @.@ 1 m ( 6 @.@ 9 ft ) long respectively . = = Human interactions = = The bramble shark is not known to pose a danger to humans . It is caught incidentally by commercial fisheries in bottom trawls and on fishing line , as well as by sport anglers . In the eastern Atlantic , this species is processed into fishmeal but has little commercial significance . Its liver oil is highly valued in South Africa as medicine , whereas in India the oil is considered poor and is used to coat canoes to discourage woodboring beetles . Historical accounts suggest that bramble shark numbers in the northeastern Atlantic have fallen markedly since the 18th and 19th centuries , such as that it is now extremely rare off northern Europe and in the Mediterranean . This decline has been attributed to fishing pressure , to which this species may be highly vulnerable as large , deep @-@ sea sharks generally have slow growth rates and long lifespans . Regarding the species as a whole , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) lacks sufficient data for an assessment beyond Data Deficient . = William Egbert = William Egbert , KC ( February 25 , 1857 – October 15 , 1936 ) was a Canadian physician and politician . He served as the third Lieutenant Governor of Alberta from 1925 to 1931 . Egbert was born in 1857 to a farming family in what is today the province of Ontario . He attended Ottawa Normal School , then taught and served as a principal at Ontario schools . After receiving his medical degrees , he began to practice in Milverton , Ontario . In 1904 , he moved to Calgary , and involved himself in politics and community affairs as Alberta entered Confederation . Egbert was an unsuccessful legislative candidate for the Liberal Party of Alberta in the 1905 general election . In 1925 , the Liberal prime minister , William Lyon Mackenzie King , arranged for Egbert 's appointment as lieutenant governor . Egbert served six years in that post , and participated in a variety of activities , from welcoming the Prince of Wales to hosting students at the University of Alberta . In 1931 , he left his position as lieutenant governor and returned to the practice of medicine . He died in 1936 after a long illness . = = Early life and education = = William Egbert was born on February 25 , 1857 in Welland County , Canada West ( now Ontario ) to Joseph Morgan and Maria Catherine Egbert ( née Silverthorn ) . His father owned a farm near Dunnville . Egbert attended the Dunnville Public High School , and graduated from Ottawa Normal School in 1881 , with a teaching certificate . He taught at Moote School in Canborough , and served as a principal at the Dunnville Public School . In 1885 , he studied medicine at Victoria University . He received his Bachelor of Medicine , Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery degrees in 1889 . He then attended post @-@ graduate education the next year in Edinburgh and London . = = Early career = = When returning to Ontario in 1891 , Egbert established a medical practice in Milverton . He was described as " one of the best known physicians and surgeons in the Eastern provinces , his surgical training winning fame for him . " In the early 1890s , Egbert played a key role in establishing a rural telephone service in his area . He also held many community positions , such as the choir leader at a local Methodist church , and as a member of the local school board . After more than a decade of practice , Egbert spent one year in New York City , doing more post @-@ graduate courses . After being impressed with the Canadian West on a trip there , Egbert and his family moved to Calgary , where he established a medical practice in 1904 . He registered as a medical practitioner in the North @-@ West Territories in the same year and again in 1906 after the province of Alberta entered Confederation . In addition to his medical practices , he was an active community member , serving as a member of the Calgary Board of Health , Tubercular Hospital Site Committee , Calgary Board of Trade and the Alberta Medical Association , where he served as president in 1921 . He also established the Columbia Hospital , and served as its director . = = Politics = = Egbert was the unsuccessful Liberal candidate for the legislative district of Calgary for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1909 general election . In the same year , he was elected to the Calgary City Council , on which he served two terms ( 1909 – 1911 ) . He served as the acting Mayor of Calgary for a month in 1911 in the absence of Mayor John William Mitchell , and was a candidate for the position in December , but was unsuccessful . He also served as president from 1917 to 1925 of the Alberta Federal Liberal Association . = = = Lieutenant Governor of Alberta = = = Egbert was appointed the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta on October 20 , 1925 by Governor General Julian Byng , 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy on advice of William Lyon Mackenzie King . He was sworn in on October 29 of the same year , in a simple ceremony in Calgary , the only swearing @-@ in ceremony of a Lieutenant Governor that has not taken place in the capital city , Edmonton . During his tenure as lieutenant governor , Egbert and his family resided at Government House , and visited many areas of the province , remarking that Alberta " was one of the greatest places to live . " As Lieutenant Governor , Egbert attended many functions , such as the Annual Convention of the Union of Alberta Municipalities and the welcoming ceremony of the new Anglican Bishop of the Diocese of Calgary . He also gave speeches at events , such as the 100th anniversary of Father Albert Lacombe 's birth and a speech at the Alberta Legislature Building as a member of National Committee for the Celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation that commemorated the importance and the achievements of the Fathers of Confederation . Egbert and his family participated in events held to celebrate the 1927 visit of Edward , Prince of Wales , and Prince George , Duke of Kent to Alberta . The following year , Egbert helped open the Canadian National Railway station in Edmonton . The same year saw the completion of the all @-@ Canadian telephone service , which had connections between Edmonton , Calgary , Vancouver and Victoria . Among events held to celebrate this completion , Egbert participated in a telephone conversation with Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Robert Randolph Bruce from Edmonton to Victoria . Despite a hectic schedule , Egbert took an interest in the University of Alberta , often entertaining groups of students ( among whom he was popular ) , attending university events and hosting debate sessions . His term as lieutenant governor was extended in October 1930 , and he served until his successor , William L. Walsh was sworn in on May 5 , 1931 . = = Personal life = = Egbert married Eva Catherine Miller on December 27 , 1882 . The couple had 3 children : Ethel Camilla ( born 1884 ) , William Gordon ( born 1891 ) , and Alice Leah ( born 1895 ) . Ethel graduated from the University of Toronto in 1908 , and went on to become a librarian at the Calgary Law Society , and the Judges ' Library at the Calgary Court House . William was a lawyer and became a judge of the Supreme Court of Alberta . He was also appointed King 's Counsel . Their youngest daughter , Alice Leah , died at the age of one . Egbert enjoyed many sporting activities , namely lacrosse and football in his younger years , and golf in his later years . His wife , Eva was described as " a lover of her home , her books , and a congenial circle of friends . " = = Later activities , death and legacy = = Following the end of his term as lieutenant governor , Egbert returned to Calgary to resume his medical practice . He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Alberta in 1927 . In 1935 , he became the chairman of the Economic Safety League , an establishment of representatives from various members of boards of trade and chambers of commerce throughout the province . Egbert died on October 15 , 1936 in Calgary , following a long illness . His funeral service on October 17 , held at the Park Memorial Chapel in Calgary , was attended by more than 400 people . He is buried in Union Cemetery in Calgary , alongside his wife , who predeceased him by eight months . As a physician , he was described as " humane , never withholding his services from the poorest and humblest , and his unremitting and unrewarded efforts in behalf of the suffering [ would ] give him rank in a profession eminently benevolent . " Former Premier of Alberta Alexander Cameron Rutherford said that " [ Egbert ] fulfilled his duties as governor splendidly and as a private citizen he took an equally creditable and useful past in Alberta life . " Future Lieutenant Governor John J. Bowlen stated " Dr. Egbert was one of the most popular lieutenant governors this province has ever had . He was kind and considerate to men of all points of view . " = Baseball 's Sad Lexicon = " Baseball 's Sad Lexicon , " also known as " Tinker to Evers to Chance " after its refrain , is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams . The poem is presented as a single , rueful stanza from the point of view of a New York Giants fan watching the Chicago Cubs infield of shortstop Joe Tinker , second baseman Johnny Evers , and first baseman Frank Chance complete a double play . Tinker , Evers , and Chance began playing together with the Cubs in 1902 , and formed a double play combination that lasted through April 1912 . The Cubs won the National League pennant four times between 1906 and 1910 , often defeating the Giants en route to the World Series . The poem was first published in the New York Evening Mail on July 12 , 1910 . Popular among sportswriters , numerous additional verses were written . The poem gave Tinker , Evers , and Chance increased popularity . It has been credited with their elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 . = = Background = = Frank Chance joined the Chicago Cubs in 1898 as a reserve catcher , backing up Tim Donahue and Johnny Kling . Frank Selee , the Cubs ' manager , decided that Chance would be better suited as a first baseman . Chance at first opposed the move and even threatened to quit , but ultimately obliged . Joe Tinker was a third baseman in minor league baseball , but in 1902 made the Cubs as a shortstop , replacing Barry McCormick . Johnny Evers made his major league debut with the Cubs on September 1 at shortstop , with Selee moving Tinker from shortstop to third base . Three days later , Selee returned Tinker to shortstop and assigned Evers to second base to back up Bobby Lowe . Lowe suffered a knee injury late in the 1902 season , providing Evers with more playing time . Tinker , Evers , and Chance first appeared in a game together on September 13 , 1902 . They turned their first double play on September 15 , 1902 . Lowe 's injury did not properly heal during the offseason , making Evers the new permanent second baseman for the Cubs in 1903 . Chance succeeded Selee as manager during the 1905 season when Selee became ill . The Cubs , led by Tinker , Evers , and Chance , won the National League pennant in 1906 , 1907 , 1908 , and 1910 . In 1908 , the Cubs clinched the pennant after defeating the Giants in part due to Merkle 's Boner . In the Merkle game , Tinker hit a home run off of Christy Mathewson , and Evers alerted umpire Hank O 'Day to Merkle 's baserunning gaffe . In the replay of the Merkle game , Tinker hit a triple off of Mathewson that started the rally that gave the Cubs the victory , clinching the pennant . From 1906 to 1910 , the Cubs turned 491 double plays , the third @-@ most in the NL during that time . According to Bill James ' formula , " expected double plays " , the Cubs led the NL with 50 more double plays than expected during those five seasons . From 1906 through 1910 , the " Tinker , to Evers , to Chance " double play happened 54 times in 770 games played , and the trio did not collaborate on a double play during any of their 21 World Series games . In 1906 , the trio committed 194 errors , though this was in part due to poor field conditions and scorers . = = Composition = = Franklin Pierce Adams wrote a weekly column for the New York Evening Mail , called " Always in Good Humor " . Adams hoped to leave work to attend a Giants game , but his editor found that Adams had not produced enough content for his column . While traveling to the Polo Grounds to see the Giants play the Cubs , Adams wrote the poem that would become Baseball 's Sad Lexicon , while reflecting on Tinker , Evers , and Chance . He considered the lines to be forgettable as he wrote them , and an editor at the paper told him that he did not consider the work to be " much good " . This work was first published as " That Double Play Again " in the New York Evening Mail on July 12 , 1910 ( not on July 10 as numerous sources state ) . The Chicago Daily Tribune reprinted it as " Gotham 's Woe " on July 15 , 1910 . Three days later , on July 18 , the New York Evening Mail republished it under the title by which it is best known today , " Baseball 's Sad Lexicon . " The poem was such a hit that other sportswriters submitted additional verses . For the poem 's 100th anniversary , Tim Wiles , director of research at the Baseball Hall of Fame , conducted research on the poem . He revealed that the poem was part of series of poems published in the New York Evening Mail and the Chicago Tribune . During the research process , combing the archives in the New York Public Library and the Center for Research Libraries , they uncovered 29 poems , 15 of which detail a specific play or game that had occurred during the 1910 season , with " Baseball 's Sad Lexicon " the first poem published . = = After publication = = In 1911 , the Giants overcame the Cubs , capturing the first of three consecutive league championships . The trio played their final game together on April 12 , 1912 . While Chance was hospitalized for a brain injury suffered while playing , club owner Charles Webb Murphy released him after an argument about Murphy 's releasing other players with high salaries . Murphy named Evers manager for the 1913 season , which displeased Tinker , who was traded to the Cincinnati Reds . Murphy fired Evers as manager after one season , trading him against his will to the Boston Braves in February 1914 . As a consequence , National League president John K. Tener and newspaper owner Charles P. Taft ( who also owned the Philadelphia Phillies ) made a successful effort to drive Murphy out of baseball . Taft purchased the Cubs from Murphy in 1914 . Sporting Life commemorated the affair with this variation on the poem : Brought to the leash and smashed in the jaw , Evers to Tener to Taft . Hounded and hustled outside of the law , Evers to Tener to Taft . Torn from the Cubs and the glitter of gold , Stripped of the guerdons and glory untold , Kicked in the stomach and cut from the fold , Evers to Tener to Taft . = = Impact and legacy = = Chance died in 1924 . Evers died in 1947 , and Tinker the next year . When members of the trio died , the poem was often used to memorialize them . All three players were inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 . Their inductions have been credited to the fame generated by Adams ' poem . Andy Coakley , a teammate with the Cubs as well as a coach for Columbia University , regarded Tinker , Evers , and Chance to be the best infield in baseball history . Bill James , in his 1994 book , Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame ? , argued that Tinker was less accomplished than George Davis , who at the time was not a member of the Hall of Fame . The poem gave the trio " everlasting fame " . Evers made an appearance on Information Please , a radio show on which Adams was a panelist in 1938 . Evers thanked Adams for writing the poem , which he credited with his being remembered . However , many forgot Harry Steinfeldt , the third baseman who started alongside Tinker , Evers , and Chance from 1906 through 1910 . Including Steinfeldt , the Cubs infield set a record for longevity surpassed by the Los Angeles Dodgers infield of first baseman Steve Garvey , second baseman Davey Lopes , shortstop Bill Russell , and third baseman Ron Cey , who played together for eight years , from 1973 through 1981 . Despite their celebrated success at turning spectacular plays in collaboration , relations between the teammates were said to have been often strained . Tinker and Evers feuded for many years . On September 14 , 1905 , Tinker and Evers engaged in a fistfight on the field because Evers had taken a cab to the stadium and left his teammates behind in the hotel lobby . They did not speak for years following this event . According to some tellings , Tinker and Evers did not speak to one another again following their fight for 33 years , until they were asked to participate in the radio broadcast of the 1938 World Series , between the Cubs and the New York Yankees . Neither Tinker nor Evers knew the other had been invited . However , in 1929 , Tinker joined Evers in signing a ten @-@ week contract to perform a theatrical skit on baseball in different cities across the United States . = = In popular culture = = Ogden Nash 's poem " Line @-@ Up For Yesterday , " written in 1949 , references the poem : 'E ' is for Evers His jaw in advance ; Never afraid To Tinker with Chance The phrase " Tinker to Evers to Chance , " and variations of the phrase using other names , are colloquially used to characterize high @-@ caliber teamwork . Examples include : The song " O 'Brien to Ryan to Goldberg " in the 1949 musical film Take Me Out to the Ball Game An advertisement for The Hours , a 2003 film , praising the trio of Nicole Kidman , Meryl Streep , and Julianne Moore as the " acting version " of the three baseball players The expression has also been used to characterize any process that happens with smoothness and precision , as a near @-@ synonym to expressions such as " like clockwork " or " a well @-@ oiled machine . " For example , in Raymond Chandler 's The Long Goodbye ( 1953 ) , detective Philip Marlowe goes through his mail , opens it , and tosses it into the waste bin , remarking , " Mail slot to desk to wastebasket , Tinker to Evers to Chance . " Washington Post journalists Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward used the phrase " Tinker to Evers to Chance " in their account of the Post investigation of the Watergate scandal in their 1974 book , All the President 's Men . The reference described the smooth operation of President Richard Nixon 's White House staff in responding to allegations of misconduct . Musician Scott Miller , leader of the 1980s band Game Theory , chose Tinker to Evers to Chance as the ironic title of a 1990 compilation album of the band 's greatest would @-@ be hits which , despite significant critical acclaim , had struck out commercially . The poem was set to music and recorded in 2010 by Chicago singer / songwriter guitarist Chris McCaughan . The song , also titled " Baseball 's Sad Lexicon , " appears on the album We Chase the Waves , by McCaughan 's solo project , Sundowner . = Truce term = A truce term is a word or short phrase accepted within a community of children as an effective way of calling for a temporary respite or truce during a game or activity , such as tag or its variants . Common examples in English speaking cultures are barley , fainites , crosses , kings and exe ( s ) in the United Kingdom , pegs and nibs in New Zealand and variants of barley in Australia . In the United States , terms based on time @-@ out have , from the 1950s onwards , largely supplanted earlier common terms based on kings and exe ( s ) . Since the late 1980s time @-@ out has been recorded in other English speaking cultures besides the US . Examples of use of truce terms are if a child has a stitch or wants to raise a point on the rules of the game . Traditionally these terms are specific to certain geographical areas although some may be used by a particular social group such as pax in the UK , used primarily by children attending private schools . To be functional a truce term must be understood and honoured by most of the children playing together . The most extensive study of the use and incidence of these terms is that undertaken by folklorists Iona and Peter Opie in the UK in their 1959 book , The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren , which mapped the use of truce terms across England , Wales and Scotland . The Opies considered it the most important word in a schoolchild 's vocabulary and one for which there was no adult equivalent . There has been little recent research in the UK but such research as there has been indicates that truce terms , including some of those prevalent in the late 1950s , are still in general use . Studies conducted since the 1970s in English speaking cultures show that truce terms are also prevalent in Australia , New Zealand and the United States with a number of terms deriving from older terms used in the UK , but many not . The use of a truce term is usually accompanied by a gesture , such as crossed fingers of one or both hands or the raising of thumbs . In the US a T @-@ shape made with both hands ( representing time @-@ out ) has become prevalent and this gesture is also appearing in other countries . = = Use = = Truce terms are recorded as having been used in the following circumstances ; being out of breath , having a stitch , a shoelace being undone , fear of clothes being damaged , needing to go to the lavatory , checking the time , wanting to discuss or clarify rules during a fight or game , or one combatant wanting to remove their spectacles or jacket before continuing . It does not mean to surrender , although it may sometimes be used in preparation to surrendering . Truce terms are only used within a specific age group , have little currency outside that group and are by and large abandoned by the age of 10 or 11 years . However , research into early recorded use of these terms found examples of some of these terms being used as a sign of surrender in battle or adult fights or quarrels as late as the 18th century . The vocabulary of children 's games , including truce terms , is described by sociolinguist Peter Trudgill in Dialects of England as being particularly rich in regional variation insofar as they are not based on official or television culture . They are an example of the subculture of young children which is transmitted by word of mouth . = = United Kingdom = = = = = Opie study = = = The Opies conducted a study of the use of truce terms throughout England , Scotland and Wales in the 1950s and published their results in a book called The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren . They found truce terms varied according to geographical location , with the exception of pax . In some places , more than one term was current and often four or five were known , although usually only one term predominated . Schools bordering two linguistic regions honoured both . The words used in urban areas were often at odds with words used in the surrounding countryside . The Opies recorded around 45 truce terms plus variations . The most widely used were barley , fainites , kings , crosses , keys , skinch , cree and scribs . Barley was recorded by the Opies as the prevailing term in east Scotland and the Borders , the Lake District , north @-@ west England , west Midlands and in Wales , apart from the south east of Wales where cree prevailed . There were many variations such as barley @-@ bay , barley @-@ bees , barlow or barrels . The use of barlay as a truce term appears in the 14th century poem Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight and Tobias Smollett 's The Reprisal . It is recorded in lexicographer John Jamieson 's 1808 Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language as a term specifically used by children to demand truce . A probable variation also appears in the 1568 manuscript Chrysts @-@ Kirk of the Grene , sometimes attributed to James I of Scotland , as follows ; Thocht he was wicht , he was nocht wyss , With sic Jangleurs to jummill ; For frae his Thoume they dang a Sklyss , Quhyle he cry 'd Barlafummill . The " Thoume " ( thumb ) that is " sklyss " ( sliced ) in the quote above may refer to the thumb having been raised by the man calling barlafummill , a common accompanying gesture to the use of a truce term in Scotland . Fainites and fains ( or vainites and vains ) predominated in London and throughout southern England , apart from the scribs and screams of east Hampshire , and extended north as far as Olney in Buckinghamshire . Variations included fennits , fannies , fainsies , faylines , vainlights and vainyards . Notes and Queries reported in 1870 that fains was in common use by London schoolboys . Faints appeared in an 1889 dictionary of slang and fainits in 1891 . According to philologist J. R. R. Tolkien , the term derives from the medieval term fein I , descended in turn from the Old French se feindre meaning " to make excuses , hang back or back out of battle " . He also proposes that this use of the term throws light on line 529 of the Clerk 's Tale by Chaucer that " lordes heestes mowe nat been yfeyned " ( the lords orders cannot be treated with a fain I ; in other words , declined ) . Another translation of the Anglo @-@ Norman word feindre is " pretend , feign , turn a blind eye to " , which is what the more powerful child does whilst granting respite . Spoken English south of the Danelaw became , from at least the 11th century onwards , characterised by a pronunciation known as Southern Voicing , such as vrog for frog , or zummer for summer . Vainites or vains , variants of fainites or fains , are surviving examples of this on the borders of the Danelaw to the north of London . Other truce terms prevail within the Danelaw . Kings was recorded by the Opies as common in eastern England . The English Dialect Dictionary recorded much the same in the nineteenth century . The earliest recorded instance the Opies found was in Sternberg 's 1851 Dialect of Northamptonshire . Queens is recorded as used in the kings area , sometimes as an alternative and sometimes as indicating readiness to restart the game . Kings truce is found in Thomas Dekker 's The Honest Whore , Part One ( II , i ) , which appeared in 1604 . The term is used in the play to halt a quarrel . Crosses , cruces , creases and cree were found in a broad band across England from crosses in Lincolnshire , cruce or cruces from Oxford through to Gloucester , creases in Berkshire and cree in South Wales and both sides of the Bristol Channel . There are some areas of scruces , screwsies or screws in Essex and Suffolk . The Opies saw creases as a transitional word . Exes , used around Ipswich and Norwich , was thought to be a variant of crosses . Bars and sometimes barsies were common in Devon in an otherwise predominantly fainites area . Bar was used the other side of the Bristol channel in Swansea . Skinch or skinge predominated in Northumberland and Durham , another term first recorded in a nineteenth @-@ century dialect dictionary . Keys was found by the Opies to be the prevailing term in western Scotland and in a strip running through north @-@ west England in an otherwise predominantly barley area . Scribs or squibs coverered an area from Hampshire , to West Sussex and Surrey . Other Hampshire variants were scrims , screens , scrames , screams , creams and cribs . Finns was used in Guernsey . Pax , ( Latin for " peace " ) , was a group dialect word rather than a regional one as it was predominantly used in private schools and school stories . Many individual cities , towns and rural districts had their own words , not used elsewhere such as bees , blobs , croggies , denny , keppies , locks , peas , peril , nix , truce , snakes and twigs . = = = Post @-@ Opie studies = = = A study undertaken in Lincolnshire in 1974 confirmed the Opies ' findings . However , a later study undertaken in Croydon , Surrey in 1988 found the use of truce terms much less uniform . Croydon is firmly in the fainites area on the Opies ' map , but in 1988 fainites was only the third most commonly used term . The most common terms were pax ( 30 % ) , jecs ( 25 % ) , fainites ( 20 % ) and cross keys ( 2 % ) . Jecs is a term not recorded by the Opies at all and there was some evidence that it derived from the word injection . Fainites was known more than it was used and was reported by one teacher to be " totally lacking in street credibility " . Pax was no longer a group word as reported by the Opies . Other terms reported included pips , force field and quits . The authors concluded that either the Opies had grossly oversimplified the picture or things had radically changed in 30 years ( some seven to eight generations of primary school children ) . They also noted that although some schools reported a marked preference for a particular term , all schools reported at least some children using different terms . The Concise Scots Language Dictionary published in 1999 , records the use of keys as a truce term in Fife , south west and west central Scotland . = = Australia = = According to researchers from the National Australian Dictionary Centre there is evidence that barley ( Scotland and the west of England ) , barlies ( Aberdeen and a few English towns ) , bar ( Swansea ) and bars ( Devon ) , are used in Australia . In Australia the terms are used regionally with Victorians using barley , New South Welshmen using bar or bars and the people of Western Australia using barlies . = = New Zealand = = A study undertaken between 1999 and 2001 in New Zealand by lexicographers Laurie and Winifred Bauer on traditional forms of play included truce terms . The terms they described in their study were regional and the most common were pegs ( widespread ) , twigs ( Taranaki ) , gates ( Auckland ) , tags ( Nelson Marlborough ) , and nibs ( Otago @-@ Southland ) . In Wellington schools the dominant term was fans , recorded in New Zealand before 1920 , which the authors state derives from fains or fain it as described by the Opies , itself dating back to Chaucerian times . The most widespread term was pegs , derived from pax . Apparently unrecorded before World War II this appears to have first changed to pags , probably from being shouted out at length , and then further mutated by virtue of broad New Zealand accents to pegs . The Bauers thought the most likely hypothesis for the use of this rather upper class term from the UK , was that it derived from books and stories about UK public schools . Similarly they thought nibs derived from nix , possibly via nigs , originally from South Africa though unknown to the Opies save for a very small area of nicks possibly from nicklas . Nix is also UK public school slang though not as a truce term . Nixs and flix were recorded as having been described by a South African boy as prevalent in South Africa , and were thought by a South African linguist to have derived from an Afrikaans term . Many of the common truce terms recorded by the Bauers such as bags , poison , gates , tags , flicks , are not listed by the Opies although they speculated that both bags and tags may derive from pax . = = United States = = In a study undertaken by historians Mary and Herbert Knapp in the 1970s , informants remembering terms from the 1930s reported kings X and kings . The use of kings X before the 1930s is well @-@ recorded . The 1985 edition of the Dictionary of American Regional English records the historical use of kings ex , kings sax , kings cruse , kings excuse and kings , chiefly west of the Mississippi River , the Gulf States and Ohio Valley . The earliest recorded use cited in the dictionary is of kings cruse in 1778 during an adult fight . Scholarly speculation in the late nineteenth century postulated that kings X derived from kings truce , rendered as kings cruse and then kings excuse , becoming kings X as a shortened form . The Dictionary of American Regional English cites the Opies as a source for the derivation of the terms and states that exes probably refers to the use of crossed fingers , an important part of the demand for a truce , rather than deriving from " excuse " as originally thought . However , the Knapps state that although the Opies do not record kings X as such in the UK , they do record kings , crosses , exes , cruse and truce . They conclude that kings X derived from the users of kings and exes settling in the same areas of the US — the terms were then combined and shortened . Kings cruse , once popular in the US , might be accounted for in a similar manner . Barley has been recorded as a truce term in Ohio , Wisconsin , and Virginia . The Knapps study in Monroe County , Indiana , found time @-@ out and times to be by far the most prevalent terms in the 1970s . Variations included I 've got times and time . Very few children reported the more traditional kings , queens or I 've got kings X. The authors also reported that these terms were popular over many areas of the US and in American schools abroad . To be functional a truce term must be understood and honoured by most of the children playing together . Time @-@ out clearly derives from the use of intermissions in timed sports and apparently came into the language with the popularization of organized or timed sports and with the advent of such sports in elementary schools and on television . Historically the earliest reports for the use of time @-@ out or time as a truce term were 1935 and 1936 . However , only a small number of respondents reported anything other than time @-@ out and its derivatives in use during the 1960s . The few alternatives included pax , safe , base or home @-@ base and freeze with one small area of fins ( Mount Vernon ) . The Knapps reported that time @-@ out had , since the 1950s , supplanted kings ex as the most popular truce term . The use of times rather than time @-@ out and I 've got times rather than I call time appears to have been influenced by older forms such as kings and I 've got kings X. There was also one report of times X. Similarly derivatives of time @-@ out are often accompanied by the traditional crossed fingers . = = France = = In France children use the word pouce as the equivalent of the English pax and the American time @-@ out . The literal translation of pouce is thumb or big toe . = = Gestures = = The Opies found that in England and Wales children usually held up crossed fingers . Sometimes crossing the fingers of both hands was required and occasionally the feet as well . The Opies found one area , Headington , where sitting cross @-@ legged was required . At Lydney , children could raise their right hand palm forward , whilst in Bradford @-@ on @-@ Avon the hand was held up with three fingers extended . In some parts of Scotland the custom was to put up one 's thumbs , sometimes licking them first . This also occurred in a few places in Lancashire . Anecdotally , the raising of a thumb may also accompany the use of pouce in France . The 1988 Croydon study found a variety of gestures in common use . These were crossed fingers of one hand ( 44 % ) , crossed fingers of both hands ( 26 % ) , thumbs through fingers ( 6 % ) ( boys only ) and arms crossed across the chest ( 2 % ) . Other gestures , reported in ones and twos , included miming an injection into the arm , licking the thumb , making a T @-@ shape with the hands , three fingers held up and the " Vulcan " sign from Star Trek . Virtually all schools reported the use of crossed fingers . The holding up of one hand with middle and index fingers crossed was the usual gesture found in New Zealand in 1999 – 2001 . The T @-@ shape was also used when saying time @-@ out . The time @-@ out gesture is made with two hands - one hand held horizontally , palm down , the other hand vertically with the fingertips touching the bottom of the horizontal hand . In the US , although the more modern time @-@ out has largely supplanted traditional terms , often accompanied by the time @-@ out gesture , the crossed fingers gesture remains common . = Uzair = Uzair - most often identified with the Judeo @-@ Christian Ezra ( عزير , ' Uzair ) - is a figure mentioned in the Qur 'an , in the verse 9 : 30 , which states that he was revered by the Jews as " the son of God " . Jews do not agree with this statement . Historically , Muslim scholars have interpreted this verse as referring to a small group of Jews making such a reverence . Uzair lived between the times of King Solomon and the time of Zachariah , father of John the Baptist . Although not explicitly mentioned in the Quran among the prophets , Uzair is considered as one by some Muslim scholars , based on Islamic traditions . On the other hand , Muslim scholars such as Mutahhar al @-@ Maqdisi and Djuwayni and notably Ibn Hazm and al @-@ Samaw 'al accused Uzair ( or one of his disciples ) of falsification of the Torah . Several sources state that the Qur 'an refers to Jews who began to call Uzair a " son of God " due to his religious achievements . Gordon Darnell Newby states it may due to misunderstanding of Uzairs 's position in the Jewish faith as a Bene Elohim . Other Western scholars , relying on exegetical material from Ibn Abbas and Ibn Qutaybah , consider Uzair not to be Uzair but Azariah , mentioned in the Book of Daniel as Abednego . = = Quranic statements about perceived Jewish exaltation = = The Quran claims that Jews exalted Ezra as a son of God : The Jews call Ezra a son of God , and the Christians call the Christ a son of God . That is a saying from their mouth ; ( in this ) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say . May Allah destroy them : how they are deluded away from the Truth ! ( Quran 9 : 30 ) According to Islamic sources , this Quranic verse was revealed to Muhammad at Medina in the month of Dhu al @-@ Qi 'dah in 9AH ( ~ 630 AD ) . By that time , most of the Jewish population of Medina had been exiled ( or in the case of the tribe of Banu Qurayza , killed en masse ) . = = = Islamic tradition and literature = = = In some Islamic texts , Ezra is identified as the person mentioned in Qur 'an 2 : 259 : Or ( take ) the similitude of one who passed by a hamlet , all in ruins to its roofs . He said : " Oh ! how shall God bring it ( ever ) to life , after ( this ) its death ? " but God caused him to die for a hundred years , then raised him up ( again ) . He said : " How long didst thou tarry ( thus ) ? " He said : ( Perhaps ) a day or part of a day . " He said : " Nay , thou hast tarried thus a hundred years ; but look at thy food and thy drink ; they show no signs of age ; and look at thy donkey : And that We may make of thee a sign unto the people , Look further at the bones , how We bring them together and clothe them with flesh . " When this was shown clearly to him , he said : " I know that God hath power over all things . " ( Quran 2 : 259 ) According to the classical Quranic exegete , Ibn Kathir , after Ezra questioned how the resurrection will take place on the Day of judgment , God had him brought back to life many years after he died . He rode on his revived donkey and entered his native place . But the people did not recognize him , nor did his household , except the maid , who was now an old blind woman . He prayed to God to cure her blindness and she could see again . He meets his son who recognized him by a mole between his shoulders and was older than he was . Ezra then led the people to locate the only surviving copy of Torah as the remaining were burnt by Nebuchadnezzar . It was rotting and crumpled , so Ezra had a new copy of the Torah made which he had previously memorised . He thus renovated the Torah to the Children of Israel . Ibn Kathir mentions that the sign in the phrase " And that We may make of thee a sign unto the people " was that he was younger than his children . After this miracle , Ibn Kathir writes that Jews began to claim that Ezra was the ' son of God ' . The Quranic exegesis of Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi states : Uzair ( Ezra ) lived during the period around 450 B.C. The Jews regarded him with great reverence as the revivalist of their Scriptures which had been lost during their captivity in Babylon after the death of Prophet Solomon . So much so that they had lost all the knowledge of their Law , their traditions and of Hebrew , their national language . Then it was Ezra who re @-@ wrote the Old Testament and revived the Law . That is why they used very exaggerated language in his reverence which misled some of the Jewish sects to make him ' the son of God ' . The Qur 'an , however , does not assert that all the Jews were unanimous in declaring Ezra as ' the son of God ' . What it intends to say is that the perversion in the articles of faith of the Jews concerning Allah had degenerated to such an extent that there were some amongst them who considered Ezra as the son of God . Sheikh Ahmad Kutty has said this verse referred to " the Jews of Arabia " who called Ezra " the son of God " . In A History of the Jews of Arabia : From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse under Islam , scholar Gordon Darnell Newby notes the following on the topic of Uzair , the angel Metatron and the Bene Elohim ( lit . " Sons of God " ) : ... we can deduce that the inhabitants of Hijaz during Muhammad 's time knew portions , at least , of 3 Enoch in association with the Jews . The angels over which Metatron becomes chief are identified in the Enoch traditions as the sons of God , the Bene Elohim , the Watchers , the fallen ones as the causer of the flood . In 1 Enoch , and 4 Ezra , the term Son of God can be applied to the Messiah , but most often it is applied to the righteous men , of whom Jewish tradition holds there to be no more righteous than the ones God elected to translate to heaven alive . It is easy , then , to imagine that among the Jews of the Hijaz who were apparently involved in mystical speculations associated with the merkabah , Ezra , because of the traditions of his translation , because of his piety , and particularly because he was equated with Enoch as the Scribe of God , could be termed one of the Bene Elohim . And , of course , he would fit the description of religious leader ( one of the ahbar of the Qur 'an 9 : 31 ) whom the Jews had exalted . However , the Quranic claim that Jews consider Ezra the " son of God " is unattested either in Jewish or other extra @-@ Quranic sources. and it is improbable that the Jews of Arabia believed so . Jacob Saphir recorded that Arabian Jews had " a pronounced aversion for the memory of Ezra " and even excluded his name from their category of proper names , one theory is this could be due to their perceived reverence to Ezra . It is most likely the text was referring to a specific group of Jews found at the time in Arabia as opposed to all Jews . = = = Jewish tradition and literature = = = As in Islam , a fundamental tenet of Judaism is that God is not bound by any limitations of time , matter , or space , and that the idea of any person being God , a part of God , or a mediator to God , is heresy . The Book of Ezra , which Judaism accepts as a chronicle of the life of Ezra and which predates Muhammad and the Qur 'an by around 1000 years , gives Ezra 's human lineage as being the son of Seraiah and a direct descendant of Aaron . Tractate Ta 'anit of the Jerusalem Talmud , which predates Muhammad by two to three hundred years , states that “ if a man claims to be God , he is a liar . ” Exodus Rabba 29 says , " ' I am the first and I am the last , and beside Me there is no God ' I am the first , I have no father ; I am the last , I have no brother . Beside Me there is no God ; I have no son . " However the term ' sons of gods ' occurs in Genesis . The Encyclopedia of Judaism	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the two @-@ part " In a Mirror , Darkly " received ratings of 2 @.@ 0 / 3 % . The critical response was mixed . James Hunt of the website Den of Geek listed " Bound " as the fourth best episode of Enterprise , saying that it " found a way to include [ the Orion slave girls ] in a way that preserved the eye candy and shifted the power in the Orion relationships . " However , Jamahl Epsicokhan on his website " Jammer 's Reviews " gave " Bound " a score of one out of four , saying that it was " too dumb , too obvious , too boring , and too rooted in gender stereotypes " . He said that it was sexist and " the worst episode of Enterprise in more than two years " . Michelle Erica Green of TrekNation said that it was the single worst episode of any Star Trek series , including " Spock 's Brain " . She considered it a statement in misogyny and also thought that it represented a scenario where homosexual characters do not exist . " Bound " was released on home media in the United States on November 1 , 2005 , as part of the season four DVD box set of Enterprise . The Blu @-@ ray edition was released on April 1 , 2014 . = Geography of Wales = Wales ( Welsh : Cymru ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and is part of the island of Great Britain and offshore islands . It is bordered by England to its east , the Irish Sea to its north and west , and the Bristol Channel to its south . It has a total area of 2 @,@ 064 @,@ 100 hectares ( 5 @,@ 101 @,@ 000 acres ) and is about 170 mi ( 274 km ) from north to south and at least 60 mi ( 97 km ) wide . It has a number of offshore islands , by far the largest of which is Anglesey . The mainland coastline , including Anglesey , is about 1 @,@ 680 mi ( 2 @,@ 704 km ) in length . As of 2014 , Wales had a population of about 3 @,@ 092 @,@ 000 ; Cardiff is the capital and largest city and is situated in the urbanised area of South East Wales . Wales has a complex geological history which has left it a largely mountainous country . The coastal plain is narrow in the north and west of the country but wider in the south , where the Vale of Glamorgan has some of the best agricultural land . Exploitation of the South Wales Coalfield during the Industrial Revolution resulted in the development of an urban economy in the South Wales Valleys , and the expansion of the port cities of Newport , Cardiff and Swansea for the export of coal . The smaller North Wales Coalfield was also developed at this time , but elsewhere in the country , the landscape is rural and communities are small , the economy being largely dependent on agriculture and tourism . The climate is influenced by the proximity of the country to the Atlantic Ocean and the prevailing westerly winds ; thus it tends to be mild , cloudy , wet and windy . = = Physical geography = = Wales is located on the western side of central southern Great Britain . To the north and west is the Irish Sea , and to the south is the Bristol Channel . The English counties of Cheshire , Shropshire , Herefordshire and Gloucestershire lie to the east . Much of the border with England roughly follows the line of the ancient earthwork known as Offa 's Dyke . The large island of Anglesey lies off the northwest coast , separated from mainland Wales by the Menai Strait , and there are a number of smaller islands . Most of Wales is mountainous . Snowdonia ( Welsh : Eryri ) in the northwest has the highest mountains , with Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) at 1 @,@ 085 m ( 3 @,@ 560 ft ) being the highest mountain in England and Wales . To the south of the main range lie the Arenig Group , Cadair Idris and the Berwyn Mountains . In the northeast of Wales , between the Clwyd Valley and the Dee Estuary , lies the Clwydian Range . The 14 ( or possibly 15 ) peaks over 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 914 m ) , all in Snowdonia , are known collectively as the Welsh 3000s . The Cambrian Mountains run from northeast to southwest and occupy most of the central part of the country . These are more rounded and undulating , clad in moorland and rough , tussocky grassland . In the south of the country are the Brecon Beacons in central Powys , the Black Mountains ( Y Mynyddoedd Duon ) spread across parts of Powys and Monmouthshire in southeast Wales and , confusingly , Black Mountain ( Y Mynydd Du ) , which lies further west on the border between Carmarthenshire and Powys . The Welsh lowland zone consists of the north coastal plain , the island of Anglesey , part of the Llŷn Peninsula , a narrow strip of coast along Cardigan Bay , much of Pembrokeshire and southern Carmarthenshire , the Gower Peninsula and the Vale of Glamorgan . The main rivers are the River Dee , part of which forms the boundary between Wales and England , the River Clwyd and the River Conwy , which all flow northwards into Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea . Further round the coast , the Rivers Mawddach , Dovey , Rheidol , Ystwyth and Teifi flow westwards into Cardigan Bay , and the rivers Towy , Taff , Usk and Wye flow southwards into the Bristol Channel . Parts of the River Severn form the boundary between Wales and England . The length of the coast of mainland Wales is about 1 @,@ 370 mi ( 2 @,@ 205 km ) , and adding to this the coasts of the Isle of Anglesey and Holy Island , the total is about 1 @,@ 680 mi ( 2 @,@ 704 km ) . Cardigan Bay is the largest bay in the country and Bala Lake ( Llyn Tegid ) the largest lake at 1 @.@ 8 sq mi ( 4 @.@ 7 km2 ) . Other large lakes include Llyn Trawsfynydd at 1 @.@ 8 sq mi ( 4 @.@ 7 km2 ) , Lake Vyrnwy at 1 @.@ 7 sq mi ( 4 @.@ 4 km2 ) , Llyn Brenig at 1 @.@ 4 sq mi ( 3 @.@ 6 km2 ) , Llyn Celyn at 1 @.@ 2 sq mi ( 3 @.@ 1 km2 ) and Llyn Alaw at 1 @.@ 2 sq mi ( 3 @.@ 1 km2 ) . Bala Lake lies in a glacial valley blocked by a terminal moraine , but the other lakes are reservoirs created by impounding rivers , to provide drinking water , hydroelectric schemes or flood defences , and many are also used recreationally . = = Geology = = The geology of Wales is complex and varied . The earliest outcropping rocks are from the Precambrian era , some 700 Mya , and are found in Anglesey , the Llŷn peninsula , southwestern Pembrokeshire and in places near the English border . During the Lower Palaeozoic , as seas periodically flooded the land and retreated again , thousands of metres of sedimentary and volcanic rocks accumulated in a marine basin known as the Welsh Basin . During the early and middle Ordovician period ( 485 to 460 Mya ) , volcanic activity increased . One large volcanic system , which was centred around what is now Snowdon , emitted an estimated 60 cubic kilometres ( 14 cu mi ) of debris . Another volcano formed Rhobell Fawr near Dolgellau . During this period , great accumulations of sand , gravel and mud were deposited further south in Wales , and these gradually consolidated . Some of the volcanic ash fell in the sea and formed great banks , where unstable masses sometimes slid into deeper water , creating submarine avalanches . This caused great turbidity in the sea , after which the particles began to settle out according to particle size . The strata thus formed are called turbidites , and these are common in central Wales , being particularly obvious in the sea cliffs around Aberystwyth . By the beginning of the Devonian period ( 400 Mya ) the sea was retreating from the Welsh Basin as the land was thrust up by the collision of land masses , forming a new range of mountains , the Welsh Caledonides . The strata were compressed and deformed , and in places , the clay minerals recrystallised , developing a grain that allowed parallel cleavage , making it easy to split the rocks into thin flat sheets of stone known as slate . In the Carboniferous period ( 360 to 300 Mya ) , erosion of the mountains resulted in the formation of sandstones and mudstones . A reinvasion of southern and northeastern parts of Wales by the sea resulted in depositions of limestone , and extensive swamps in South Wales gave rise to peat deposits and the eventual formation of coal measures . Southwestern Wales , in particular , was affected by the Variscan orogeny , a period when continental collisions further south caused complex folding and fracturing of the strata . During the Permian , Triassic and Jurassic ( 300 to 150 Mya ) , further episodes of desertification , subsidence and uplift occurred and Wales was alternately inundated by the sea and raised above it . By the Cretaceous ( 140 to 70 Mya ) , Wales was permanently above sea level and in the Pleistocene ( 2 @.@ 5 Mya to recent ) , it underwent several exceptionally cold periods , the ice ages . The mountains we see today largely assumed their present shape during the last ice age , the Devensian glaciation . In the mid 19th century , two prominent geologists , Roderick Murchison and Adam Sedgwick , used their studies of the geology of Wales to establish certain principles of stratigraphy and palaeontology . From the Latin name for Wales , Cambria ( derived from Cymru ) , was derived the name of the earliest geological period of the Paleozoic era , the Cambrian . After much dispute , the next two periods of the Paleozoic era , the Ordovician and Silurian , were named after pre @-@ Roman Celtic tribes of Wales , the Ordovices and Silures . = = Climate = = Wales has a maritime climate , the predominant winds being southwesterlies and westerlies blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean . This means that the weather in Wales is in general mild , cloudy , wet and windy . The country 's wide geographic variations cause localised differences in amounts of sunshine , rainfall and temperature . Rainfall in Wales varies widely , with the highest average annual totals in Snowdonia and the Brecon Beacons , and the lowest near the coast and in the east , close to the English border . Throughout Wales , the winter months are significantly wetter than the summer ones . Snow is comparatively rare near sea level in Wales , but much more frequent over the hills , and the uplands experience harsher conditions in winter than the more low @-@ lying parts . The mean annual temperatures in Wales are about 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) on the coast and 9 @.@ 5 ° C ( 49 ° F ) in low @-@ lying inland areas . It becomes cooler at higher altitudes , with a mean decrease in annual temperatures of approximately 0 @.@ 5 ° C ( 0 @.@ 9 ° F ) for each 100 metres ( 330 feet ) of increased altitude . Consequently , the higher parts of Snowdonia experience mean annual temperatures of 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) . At nights , the coldest conditions occur when there is little wind and no cloud cover , especially when the ground is snow @-@ clad ; the lowest temperature recorded in Wales was in conditions of this sort at Rhayader on New Year 's Day , 1940 , when the temperature fell to − 23 @.@ 3 ° C ( − 9 @.@ 9 ° F ) . Occasionally , the coastal area of North Wales experiences some of the warmest winter conditions in the United Kingdom , with temperatures up to 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) ; these result from a Foehn wind , a south @-@ westerly airflow warming up as it descends from the mountains of Snowdonia . Rainfall in Wales is mostly as a result of the arrival of Atlantic low pressure systems and is heaviest between October and January over the whole country . The driest months are usually April , May and June , and Wales experiences fewer summer thunderstorms than England . Rainfall varies across the country with the highest records being from the greatest elevations . Snowdonia experiences total annual rainfalls exceeding 3 @,@ 000 mm ( 118 in ) whereas coastal regions of Wales and the English border may have less than 1 @,@ 000 mm ( 39 in ) . The combination of mountainous areas and Atlantic lows can produce large quantities of rain and sometimes results in flooding . The amount of snowfall varies with altitude and enormously from year to year . In the lowlands , the number of days with lying snow may vary from zero to thirty or more , with an average of about twenty in Snowdonia . Wales is one of the windier parts of the United Kingdom . The strongest winds are usually associated with Atlantic depressions ; as one of these arrives , the winds usually start in the southwest , before veering to the west and then to the northwest as the system passes by . The southwest of Pembrokeshire experiences the most gale force winds . The highest wind speed ever recorded in Wales at a lowland site was gusts of 108 knots ( 200 km / h ; 124 mph ) at Rhoose , in the Vale of Glamorgan , on 28 October 1989 . = = Land use = = The total terrestrial surface of Wales is 2 @,@ 064 @,@ 100 hectares ( 5 @,@ 101 @,@ 000 acres ) . The area of land used for agriculture and forestry in the country in 2013 was 1 @,@ 712 @,@ 845 hectares ( 4 @,@ 232 @,@ 530 acres ) . Of this 79 @,@ 461 hectares ( 196 @,@ 350 acres ) was used for arable cropping and fallow , 1 @,@ 449 hectares ( 3 @,@ 580 acres ) for horticulture , and 1 @,@ 405 @,@ 156 hectares ( 3 @,@ 472 @,@ 220 acres ) was used for grazing . Woodland occupied 63 @,@ 366 hectares ( 156 @,@ 580 acres ) and 10 @,@ 126 hectares ( 25 @,@ 020 acres ) was unclassified land . In addition , there were 180 @,@ 305 hectares ( 445 @,@ 540 acres ) of common rough grazing , giving a total area of all the land used for agriculture purposes , including common land , of 1 @,@ 739 @,@ 863 hectares ( 4 @,@ 299 @,@ 300 acres ) . In order of area planted , the arable crops grown in Wales were : foods for stock @-@ feeding , spring barley , wheat , maize , winter barley , other cereals for combining , oilseed rape , potatoes and other crops . The grassland was predominantly permanent pasture , with only 10 % of the grassland being under five years old . Compared with other parts of the United Kingdom , Wales has the smallest percentage of arable land ( 6 % ) , and a considerably smaller area of rough grazing and hill land than Scotland ( 27 % against 62 % ) . = = Natural resources = = The South Wales Coalfield extends from parts of Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire in the west , to Blaenau Gwent and Torfaen in the east , and the rather smaller North Wales Coalfield underlies parts of Flintshire and Denbighshire . Vast quantities of coal were mined in Wales during the Industrial Revolution and the earlier part of the twentieth century , after which coal stocks dwindled and the remaining pits became uneconomical as foreign coal became available at low prices . The last deep pit in Wales closed in 2008 . Ironstone outcrops along the northern edge of the South Wales Coalfield were extensively worked for the production of iron and were important in the initiation of the Industrial Revolution in South Wales . Lead was mined at Pentre Halkyn in Flintshire during the Roman occupation of Britain and there were ore @-@ bearing sites in Clwyd where lead , silver and sometimes zinc were mined . These metals were also mined in the upland areas of the Rivers Ystwyth and Rheidol . Manganese , titanium and numerous other minerals occur in various parts of Wales . Gold is found in southern Snowdonia and at Dolaucothi , and Snowdonia had a flourishing copper industry from the early 1800s . Although exploited in the past , none of these minerals is mined on a commercial scale today . Stone is quarried in various parts of Wales , and slate quarrying has been a major industry in North Wales . The Cilgwyn Quarry was being worked in the 12th century , but later Blaenau Ffestiniog became the centre of production . The Penrhyn Quarry is still producing slates , though at a reduced capacity compared to its heyday , and the Llechwedd Slate Caverns have been converted into a visitor attraction . Several of the railways that used to carry the slates to the ports have been restored as tourist attractions , including the Ffestiniog Railway and the Talyllyn Railway . Wales has some potential for the onshore production of oil and gas . Shale gas may be obtained by fracking and there is methane in unmined coal seams that may be extractable . Another potential source of gas is the underground controlled combustion of coal seams to produce syngas , a mixture of hydrogen , methane and carbon monoxide . With its mountainous terrain and ample rainfall , water is one of Wales ' most abundant resources . The country has many man @-@ made reservoirs and supplies water to England as well as generating power through hydroelectric schemes . The largest reservoirs , such as the Claerwen , are in the Elan Valley , and other notable bodies of water include Lake Vyrnwy , Talybont Reservoir and Llyn Brianne . Some of these are popular resorts for outdoor activities such as sailing , kayaking , cycling , fishing and bird @-@ watching . Wind is another resource that Wales has in abundance . The Gwynt y Môr is one of several offshore wind farms off the coast of North Wales and Anglesey , and is the second largest such wind farm in the world . Other wind farms are found on inland , mostly upland sites , but there are none in the Snowdonia and Brecon Beacons national parks . = = Political geography = = = = = Border between Wales and England = = = The modern border between Wales and England was largely defined by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , based on the boundaries of medieval Marcher lordships . According to the Welsh historian John Davies : Thus was created the border between Wales and England , a border which has survived until today . It did not follow the old line of Offa 's Dyke nor the eastern boundary of the Welsh dioceses ; it excluded districts such as Oswestry and Ewias , where the Welsh language would continue to be spoken for centuries , districts which it would not be wholly fanciful to consider as Cambria irredenta . Yet , as the purpose of the statute was to incorporate Wales into England , the location of the Welsh border was irrelevant to the purposes of its framers . The boundary has never been confirmed by referendum or reviewed by a Boundary Commission . The boundary line very roughly follows Offa 's Dyke from south to north as far as a point about 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the northern coast , but then swings further east . It has a number of anomalies , but some were ironed out by the Counties ( Detached Parts ) Act 1844 . For instance , it separates Knighton from its railway station , and divides the village of Llanymynech where a pub straddles the line . = = = Local government = = = Wales is divided into 22 unitary authorities , which are responsible for the provision of all local government services , including education , social work , environmental and road services . Below these in some areas there are community councils , which cover specific areas within a council area . The unitary authority areas are known as " principal areas " . The Queen appoints Lords Lieutenant to represent her in the eight preserved counties of Wales . In the Office for National Statistics Area Classification , local authorities are clustered into groups based in the six main census dimensions ( demographic , household composition , housing , socio @-@ economic , employment and industry sector ) . Most of the local authorities in mid and west Wales are classified as part of the ' Coastal and Countryside ' supergroup . Most of the south Wales authorities , Flintshire and Wrexham are in the ' Mining and Manufacturing ' supergroup ; Cardiff is part of the ' Cities and Services ' supergroup and the Vale of Glamorgan is part of ' Prospering UK ' . = = Demography = = The population of Wales in 2014 was about 3 @,@ 092 @,@ 000 , an increase of 9 @,@ 600 ( 0 @.@ 31 % ) on the previous year , which was the slowest growth rate for any country in the United Kingdom . The main population and industrial areas in Wales are in South Wales , specifically Cardiff , Swansea and Newport and the adjoining South Wales Valleys . Cardiff is the capital city and had a population of around 346 @,@ 000 at the 2011 census . This was followed by the unitary authorities of Swansea ( 239 @,@ 000 ) , Rhondda Cynon Taf ( 234 @,@ 400 ) , Carmarthenshire ( 183 @,@ 800 ) , Caerphilly ( 178 @,@ 800 ) , Flintshire ( 152 @,@ 500 ) , Newport ( 145 @,@ 700 ) , Neath Port Talbot ( 139 @,@ 800 ) , Bridgend ( 139 @,@ 200 ) and Wrexham ( 134 @,@ 800 ) . Cardiff was the most heavily populated area in Wales with 2 @,@ 482 people per square kilometre ( 6 @,@ 428 per sq mile ) while Powys had just 26 . A high proportion of the Welsh population lives in smaller settlements : nearly 20 % live in villages of less than 1 @,@ 500 persons compared with 10 % in England . Wales also has a relatively low proportion of its population in large settlements : only 26 % live in urban areas with a population over 100 @,@ 000 ; in comparison , nearly 40 % of the English population live in urban areas larger than the largest in Wales . Another feature of the settlement pattern in Wales is the share of the population living in the sparsest rural areas : 15 % compared with only 1 @.@ 5 % in England . = = Communications = = Communications within Wales are influenced by the topography and the mountainous nature of the country : the main rail and road routes between South and North Wales loop to the east and pass largely through England . The only motorway in Wales is the M4 motorway from London to South Wales , entering the country over the Second Severn Crossing , passing close to Newport , Cardiff and Swansea and extending as far west as the Pont Abraham services before continuing northwest as the A48 to Carmarthen . The A40 is a major trunk road connecting London to Fishguard via Brecon and Carmarthen . The A487 coast road links Cardigan with Aberystwyth , and the A44 links Aberystwyth with Rhayader , Leominster and Worcester . The main trunk road in North Wales is the A55 dual carriageway road from Chester past St Asaph and Abergele , continuing along the coast to Bangor , crossing Anglesey and terminating at Holyhead . The South Wales Main Line links London Paddington with Swansea , entering Wales through the Severn Tunnel . Other main line services from the Midlands and the North of England join this at Newport . Branch lines serve the South Wales Valleys , Barry , and destinations beyond Swansea which include the ferry terminals at Fishguard and Pembroke Dock . The Heart of Wales Line links Llanelli with Craven Arms in Shropshire . The Cambrian Line crosses the centre of Wales , with trains from Shrewsbury to Welshpool , Aberystwyth and Pwllheli . The North Wales Coast Line links Crewe and Chester to Bangor and Holyhead , from where there is a ferry service to Ireland . Passengers can change at Shotton for the Borderlands Line , which links Wrexham with Bidston on the Wirral Peninsula , and at Conwy for the Conwy Valley Line to Blaenau Festiniog . Cardiff Airport is the only airport in Wales which offers international scheduled flights . Destinations available include other parts of the United Kingdom , Ireland and parts of continental Europe . The airport is also used for charter flights on a seasonal basis . In 2015 , around 1 @.@ 2 million passengers used the airport . Several ferry services operate between Welsh ports and Ireland : Holyhead to Dublin ; Fishguard to Rosslare ; Pembroke Dock to Rosslare ; and Swansea to Cork . = = Protected areas = = Wales has three designated national parks . Snowdonia National Park in northwestern Wales was established in 1951 as the third national park in Britain , following the Peak District and the Lake District . It covers 827 square miles ( 2 @,@ 140 km2 ) of the mountains of Snowdonia and has 37 miles ( 60 km ) of coastline . The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park was established the following year to protect the spectacular coastal scenery of West Wales . It includes Caldey Island , the Daugleddau estuary and the Preseli Hills , as well as the entire length of the Pembrokeshire Coast Path . The Brecon Beacons National Park was established five years later and extends across the southern part of Powys , the northwestern part of Monmouthshire and parts of eastern Carmarthenshire . In each case , the park authority acts as a special purpose local authority and exercises planning control over residential and industrial development in the park . The authorities have a duty to conserve the natural beauty of the area , and to promote opportunities for members of the public to enjoy and appreciate the park 's special qualities . Wales also has five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty . These differ from National Parks in that the authorities have a duty to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape but do not have an obligation to promote the enjoyment of the public and additionally , they have no control over planning . In 1956 , the Gower Peninsula became the first designated AONB in Britain . Other AONBs are : the whole of Anglesey ; the Llŷn Peninsula ; the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley ; and the Wye Valley , part of which is in England . Wales has many waterfalls , including some of the most striking in the United Kingdom . One such is the 240 ft ( 73 m ) Pistyll Rhaeadr near the village of Llanrhaeadr @-@ ym @-@ Mochnant . It is formed as a mountain stream drops over a cliff and changes character to a lowland river , the Afon Rhaeadr . The site has been designated by the Countryside Council for Wales as the 1000th Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wales , because of its importance to an understanding of Welsh geomorphology . The 19th @-@ century English author George Borrow remarked of the waterfall , " I never saw water falling so gracefully , so much like thin , beautiful threads , as here . " = Lucky Star ( Madonna song ) = " Lucky Star " is a song by American singer Madonna from her eponymous debut studio album Madonna ( 1983 ) . Originally released in the United Kingdom on September 8 , 1983 by Sire Records , it was the fourth single from the album . The song also appears on her greatest hits compilations The Immaculate Collection ( 1990 ) and Celebration ( 2009 ) . " Lucky Star " was written by Madonna and produced by Reggie Lucas . However , during recording , Madonna was not impressed by Lucas ' version . She called her then @-@ boyfriend John " Jellybean " Benitez to remix the track according to her ideas . " Lucky Star " is a medium @-@ paced dance track and combines the heavy beats of a drum with the sounds of a guitar played in a high riff . The lyrics juxtapose the male body with the heavenly stars in the sky . Both contemporary and modern critics praised the song , heralding it as the introduction to upbeat dance music . " Lucky Star " became Madonna 's first top @-@ five hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , when it reached the peak position of number four , becoming the second single in her record @-@ breaking string of 17 consecutive top @-@ ten hits . It had already become Madonna 's first number @-@ one song on the Billboard dance charts , when it peaked the chart alongside the previously released single " Holiday " . The music video portrayed Madonna dancing in front of a white background , accompanied by her dancers . After the video was released , Madonna 's style and mannerisms became a fashion trend among the younger generation . Scholars noted that in the video , Madonna portrayed herself as narcissistic and an ambiguous character . She referred to herself as the lucky star , unlike the lyrical meaning of the song . Madonna has performed the song in a number of live appearances , most recently at the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . It has also been covered by a number of artists . = = Background = = In 1983 , Madonna was recording her first studio album with Warner Music producer Reggie Lucas and her then boyfriend John " Jellybean " Benitez . However , she did not have that much new material to ensure a full LP album . Lucas produced a number of songs for the album , namely " Borderline " , " Burning Up " , " Physical Attraction " , " I Know It " , " Think of Me " and lastly " Lucky Star " . The song was written by Madonna for DJ Mark Kamins , who previously promised to play the track at his club Danceteria , where he worked as a DJ . However , the track was instead used by Madonna for her debut album , which she planned to call Lucky Star . She believed that " Lucky Star " song , along with " Borderline " , were the perfect foundation for her album . But problems arose after recording the song . Madonna was unhappy with the way the final version turned out . According to her , Lucas used too many instruments and did not consider her ideas for the songs . This led to a dispute between the two and after finishing the album , Lucas left the project without altering the songs to Madonna 's specifications . Hence , Madonna brought Benitez to remix " Borderline " and " Lucky Star " , along with some of the other recorded tracks . In a later interview , Benitez reflected back on the recording sessions and commented , " She was unhappy with the whole damn thing , so I went in and sweetened up a lot of music for her , adding some guitars to ' Lucky Star ' , some voices , some magic . [ ... ] I just wanted to do the best job I could do for her . When we would play back ' Holiday ' or ' Lucky Star ' , you could see that she was overwhelmed by how great it all sounded . You wanted to help her , you know ? As much as she could be a bitch , when you were in groove with her , it was very cool , very creative . " = = Release and composition = = " Lucky Star " was initially decided to be released as the third single from the album , but " Holiday " had already become a dance @-@ hit in the United States . Hence it was released as the fourth single from the album . Music executive Jeff Ayeroff , who was instrumental in green @-@ lighting Madonna 's career , recalled how Madonna initially didn 't want to release " Lucky Star " as a single . He says that around that time Madonna was getting sued and needed money , so he told her " Let me release ' Lucky Star ' , and I guarantee that you 'll sell enough records to pay that off . " According to Ayeroff , he was right because " ' Lucky Star ' broke the first album wide open . " Musically a medium @-@ paced dance track , " Lucky Star " starts off with a sparkle of synth note and is followed by heavy beats of electronic drum and handclaps . A guitar is played in high riff and a bubbling bass synth is produced to accompany the guitar sound . The song revolves around the " star light , star bright " hook for more than a minute , before going to the chorus . According to author Rikky Rooksby , the lyrics are repetitive and inane and revolves around the transparent ambiguity of the stars and juxtaposition of the male character with being a heavenly body in the sky . " Lucky Star " is set in the time signature of common time with a moderate dance tempo of 108 beats per minute . It is set in the key of G major with Madonna 's voice spanning from the tonal nodes of G3 to F ♯ 5 . The song has a basic sequence of G – A – B ♭ – D – E ♭ – F ♯ as its basic chord progression . = = Critical response = = Author J. Randy Taraborrelli , in his biography of Madonna , called the song as " fluffy , dance @-@ able , but forgettable . " However he noted the song 's ingenuity which he credited to come from its simplicity and dance @-@ music nature . Author Rikky Rooksby noted that Madonna had a " cutesy " voice in the song and compared her vocals with those of singer Cyndi Lauper 's . Author Simon Gage of the book Queer noted that the song was a " happy disco number " . The song was appreciated by authors Santiago Fouz @-@ Hernández and Freya Jarman @-@ Ivens , who complimented it in their book Madonna 's Drowned Worlds . They noted that with songs like " Lucky Star " and " Burning Up " ( 1983 ) , Madonna introduced a " style of upbeat dance music that would prove particularly appealing to future gay audiences . " English tenor and academic John Potter , in his book The Cambridge companion to singing , commented that " Lucky Star " is a soft @-@ soul , disco @-@ influenced style song but criticized the song 's reverb and double tracking which he believed made the song " de @-@ personalized " . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine commented that the track had " unknowingly prefaced her recent foray into the glittery halls of electronic @-@ pop . " Bill Lamb from About.com described the song , along with " Holiday " and " Borderline , " as " state of the art dance @-@ pop . " While reviewing Madonna 's 1990 compilation The Immaculate Collection , David Browne from Entertainment Weekly complimented the remixed version of the song . Rock critique Robert Christgau , while reviewing The Immaculate Collection , called the song " blessed " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic described the song as effervescent . = = Chart performance = = " Lucky Star " was released as the album 's fifth single in the United States and debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at 49 , on the week of August 25 , 1984 . It finally reached a peak of four , and was present for a total of 18 weeks . It was able to enter other Billboard charts , such as Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs and Hot Adult Contemporary , where it peaked at 42 and 19 respectively . Prior to its release , the song had already reached the top of the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart along with " Holiday " . In Canada , the song debuted at number 89 of the RPM Singles chart , reaching a peak of number eight in November 1984 , and it was present on the chart for 19 weeks . It placed at number 72 on the RPM year @-@ end chart for 1984 . In the United Kingdom , " Lucky Star " was originally released as the album 's second single in September 1983 , simultaneously with " Holiday " in the United States . However , it only bubbled under the UK Singles Chart at number 171 . In March 1984 , it was re @-@ issued and then debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 47 , and reached a peak of number 14 after three weeks . The song was present on the chart for nine weeks . According to the Official Charts Company , " Lucky Star " has sold 117 @,@ 470 copies in the United Kingdom , as of August 2008 . In Ireland , the song was able to reach 19 on the Irish official charts . In Australia , the song made the top 40 of the Kent Music Report chart and peaked at 36 . = = Music video = = The music video was directed by Arthur Pierson , and was produced by Glenn Goodwin , while Wayne Isham was in charge of photography . At the time of the song 's release , Madonna 's style of dress was catching on as a fashion statement among club kids and her fans . The most prominent among her fashion accessories were the crucifixes she wore as earrings and necklaces . Madonna commented that wearing a rosary and a crucifix is " kind of offbeat and interesting . I mean , everything I do is sort of tongue @-@ in @-@ cheeks . Besides , the crucifixes seem to go with my name . " In reality , she was trying to find a separate image for herself , being inspired by then artists like Boy George , Cyndi Lauper and David Bowie , and their constantly shifting image and persona . Madonna realized the importance of her music videos and its popularity via MTV — launched in 1981 — was instrumental in popularizing her image . The rush for Madonna 's fashion started with the music video for " Lucky Star " . In the video , Madonna wore an all @-@ black outfit with leggings , ankle boots , and belly button , with her tangled hair tied in a floppy black ribbon . This was coupled with a shiny black miniskirt , an earring on her right ear , cut @-@ off gloves and rubber bangles . Madonna 's friend Erika Belle was credited with designing the outfit , although biographer Mary Cross noted that Madonna was after all wearing her day @-@ to @-@ day outfit . Mary Lambert , then a Rhode Island School of Design graduate , was decided for directing the video . However , Arthur Pierson replaced her as the director . Warner Bros. gave Pierson a small budget to make the video , shot in an afternoon . Madonna 's brother , Christopher Ciccone , is a back @-@ up dancer in the video . In his book Life with My Sister Madonna he says that although he was only paid $ 200 to dance in the video , at the time he was " just happy to be part of it . " The video starts with the close @-@ up of Madonna 's face , as she slides her sunglasses down her nose . This scene was a reference to the character of Lolita in Stanley Kubrick 's 1962 film of the same name , and Audrey Hepburn in the movie Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) . The image then fades to white , denoting the celestial stars dazzle , and then resumes itself in color . Madonna is shown dancing against a stark white background , along with closeups of her mesmerised gaze . She is accompanied by Belle and brother Christopher , as backup dancers . The video ends with the initial black @-@ and @-@ white image repeated , but in retrograde , as Madonna puts back on the sunglasses . The taking down and putting up of those sunglasses provided a frame to contain the song , functioning like a curtain that marks the opening and closing of a stage performance . Dance historian Sally Banes , in her book Before , between , and beyond : three decades of dance writing , noted that the video portrayed Madonna as both the subject and the object of the song . She believed that in the video , Madonna taking off her sunglasses symbolized herself as a movie star , thus creating an ambiguous characterization of herself , and a narcissistic theme . Author Peter Goodwin , in his book Television under the Tories : Broadcasting Policy 1979 – 1997 , commented that although " Lucky Star " is not a narrative video , in the clip Madonna plays at least four characters : — the person in sunglasses looking ; a break @-@ dancing girl ; an androgynous social dancer ; and a seductress . The juxtaposition of all these characterizations portray Madonna as a narcissistic self @-@ lover . Images of Madonna 's body writhing against the white background generates the question whether she is addressing her lover or herself in the song . According to Goodman , Madonna created an eroticized woman for her own pleasure only . Cathy Smith from Time magazine noted that " [ s ] he 's sexy , but she doesn 't need men [ ... ] she 's kind of there all by herself . " = = Live performances = = " Lucky Star " has been a setlist staple on four of Madonna 's concert tours : The Virgin Tour ( 1985 ) , the Who 's That Girl World Tour ( 1987 ) , the Confessions Tour ( 2006 ) , and the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . On The Virgin Tour , Madonna performed the song wearing an entirely black costume , consisting of a crop top worn beneath a vest , fringed elbow length gloves , a fringed miniskirt , leggings , and low heel leather boots . She also wore a crucifix earring in one ear and a silver cross pattée was pinned to the right shoulder of her vest . Madonna sang the original version of the song , and pranced around the stage while showing her stomach . The performance was included in the Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour VHS , released in 1985 . At the Who 's That Girl World Tour , " Lucky Star " was performed as the second song of the set list . Madonna wore a black bustier like the music video to her single " Open Your Heart " ( 1987 ) . Her hair was platinum blond and in a big bushy shape . The performance of " Lucky Star " included a disco ball spinning above the stage , as Madonna and her dancers moved around it as the light from the ball flickered on them like a star . Two different performances are found in Ciao Italia : Live from Italy tour video filmed at Stadio Communale in Turin , Italy on September 4 , 1987 and the Who 's That Girl : Live in Japan tour video filmed at Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo , Japan on June 22 , 1987 . On the Confessions Tour , " Lucky Star " was performed with Madonna dressed in a purple and white leotard , designed by Jean @-@ Paul Gaultier . Following the performance of " La Isla Bonita " Madonna lies face @-@ down on the stage . Her dancers wrap a cape around her that proclaim the word " Dancing Queen " at the back . The intro to " Lucky Star " is heard , Madonna gets up and faces the audience . The lights go off and Madonna opens the cape to reveal the inside of the cape to be lit . Her backup singers join her and together they move around the stage , while singing the song . Towards the end of the song , Madonna also sings the chorus of the next performance , " Hung Up " . The performance was included on both the CD and the DVD version of The Confessions Tour , released in 2007 . Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine compared Madonna 's performance of " Lucky Star " as " a soul butterfly fluttering to the disco heavens during a remix of [ the song ] that actually makes [ it ] sound good . " Thomas Inskeep from Stylus called the performance fresh . Christian John Wikane from PopMatters was not impressed with the performance ; he felt that singing the song over the newly arranged chord progression , is cold and pairing the original arrangement with the ABBA sample is " [ a ] match not made in heaven , though Madonna 's skin @-@ tight , ABBA @-@ esque jump suit is an amusing intertextualization . " On the Rebel Heart Tour , " Lucky Star " was performed in a flamenco @-@ style medley with " Dress You Up " , " Into the Groove " and " Everybody " . During the sequence the singer dressed by in a Latin and gypsy inspired dress , created by Alessandro Michele for Gucci consisting off a shawl , flamenco hat , lace , skirts and jacquard bodysuit . = = Covers and media appearances = = The 2000 album Virgin Voices : A Tribute To Madonna , Vol . 2 included a trip hop cover of the song by Switchblade Symphony . Heather Phares of Allmusic called it as one of the album 's finest moments . A folk music cover of the song by Alexandra Hope was included on the 2007 Madonna tribute compilation Through the Wilderness . " Lucky Star " was featured in the 1988 movie Running on Empty in the scene where River Phoenix 's character is in music class . It was used in the 2000 British movie Snatch , directed by Guy Ritchie who fathered a child with Madonna during the making of the film . The music video of " Lucky Star " was referenced in the 1994 film Pulp Fiction in the scene where Fabienne ( played by Maria de Medeiros ) tells her boyfriend ( played by Bruce Willis ) that she wants a pot belly " like Madonna when she did ' Lucky Star ' . " = = Track listing and formats = = Note : This song was released as a Maxi @-@ Single only in the E.U. = = Credits and personnel = = Madonna – vocals , writer Reggie Lucas – producer , drum programming John " Jellybean " Benitez – audio mixing Fred Zarr – synthesizers , electric and acoustic piano Dean Gant – synthesizers , electric and acoustic piano Ira Siegal – guitars Leslie Ming – drum arrangement Bobby Malach – tenor saxophone Credits adapted from the Madonna album liner notes . = = Charts = = = 1973 Kentucky Derby = The 1973 Kentucky Derby was the 99th running of the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs in Louisville , Kentucky . Secretariat won the Derby in a record time of 1 : 59 2 ⁄ 5 , 2 1 ⁄ 2 lengths ahead of Sham , while Our Native finished in third position . Of the thirteen horses that entered and started the race , all horses completed the event . The event was viewed in person by a then @-@ record crowd of 134 @,@ 476 , while also being broadcast both on television and over the radio . In the days leading up to the race , Secretariat was seen as the favorite to win by many ; however there were doubts about him following a third @-@ place finish at the Wood Memorial Stakes two weeks prior to the Derby . In the wake of Secretariat 's loss , Angle Light and , in particular , Sham were the horses that were seen as the most likely to win the Derby , aside from Secretariat . Many sportswriters believed that the horses in the field possessed great speed and thought the course record would be broken . Shecky Greene took the lead first and led for the majority of the first seven furlongs . Sham took the lead from Shecky Greene near the three quarter mile mark . As the horses entered the homestretch , Secretariat passed Sham in the final furlong and distanced himself to consolidate his lead . Secretariat would go on to win the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes in the succeeding weeks , thus becoming the ninth horse to complete the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing . = = Pre @-@ race coverage = = Thirteen horses entered the Derby , which could have at most twenty participants . Horse owners had to pay a final entry fee of $ 2 @,@ 500 to have their horses officially entered . The field was larger than anticipated because of new entries following Secretariat 's loss at the Wood Memorial Stakes in New York . The Wood Memorial had been the last prep race for three year @-@ olds before the Kentucky Derby . It was a 1 1 ⁄ 8 mile contest held two weeks prior at Aqueduct Racetrack . Angle Light , whom groom Edward Sweat called a " very quiet horse , " won the race by a length ahead of Sham , while Secretariat finished in third , four lengths behind . Secretariat 's third @-@ place finish led spectators and sportswriters to question his ability and health ; but it was later thought that his performance in the Wood had been affected by a mouth abscess discovered prior to the race . It was his first defeat since he had finished fourth in his first race and had been relegated from first to second place because of an infraction during the Champagne Stakes , both of which occurred during his two @-@ year old campaign . Secretariat was nonetheless the morning line favorite of the Derby entrants , despite losing the Wood . This was because he had been 1972 American Horse of the Year for a two @-@ year @-@ old campaign that featured seven victories in nine starts . Secretariat also won the two races he had entered prior to the Wood Memorial , the Gotham and Bay Shore Stakes . Sham 's trainer , Frank " Pancho " Martin , stated that Secretariat was the horse to beat and the only way to " knock " the horse was to beat him . Sham , who had won the Santa Anita Derby , was seen as the most formidable challenger to Secretariat in the Derby because of his finish ahead of Secretariat in the Wood and his Santa Anita victory . Coming off the heels of the his victory at the Wood , Angle Light was seen as a threat to win . Angle Light was also trained by Lucien Laurin , along with as Secretariat , and thus Secretariat and Angle Light were coupled for betting purposes . Flamingo Stakes winner Our Native finished first or second in seven of his nine starts during the 1973 season , causing him to be named as a contender . Blue Grass Stakes winner My Gallant and Shecky Greene , who won the Fountain of Youth Stakes , were both trained in Chicago by Lou Goldline , which also resulted in their odds being coupled . Goldline said the two horses were similar and would do well at Churchill Downs because they both liked fast tracks . Impecunious , who was victorious in the Arkansas Derby , was initially entered in the race , but withdrew two days before because of a bruised heel . None of the competing horses had been sired by a previous Derby winner . Florida Derby winner Royal and Regal had been suffering some problems with his feet going into the race and was seen as a horse that could potentially be scratched before the race began . Shecky Greene , Angle Light , and Royal and Regal were thought to be the only horses in the field that had " appreciable early speed " and would challenge to be the leader out of the gates . My Gallant was to be ridden by Angel Cordero , but Cordero was suspended for ten days starting the day of the Derby for a rules infraction on a race on May 2 . Braulio Baeza was chosen to jockey My Gallant , after being dropped by the owners of Shecky Greene in advance of the race because they were unsure whether that horse would be entered in to the Derby . Larry Adams was ultimately selected as the jockey for Shecky Greene . With the speed of the horses entered , many thought that course record of 2 : 00 would be broken . Chicago Tribune writer David Condon chose Shecky Greene to win the race because he felt the course was suited for him and because his great grandfather was Bull Lea , who sired three Derby winners . Condon picked Warbucks as his second @-@ place finisher because Warbucks ' trainer , Don Combs , trained the 1970 Kentucky Derby winner Dust Commander and his jockey , Bill Hartack , was " long overdue " for a win and would have Warbucks near the front . Gerald Strine of the Washington Post believed Sham could win the race if he allowed Shecky Greene or Royal and Regal lead the majority of the race and made a move towards the end . Strine picked Sham to win and My Gallant to finish second . = = Event details = = Derby officials set the official post @-@ time at 5 : 40 PM EDT . It was broadcast over television and radio through CBS and WCBS , respectively . Win Elliot served as the commentator for the pre @-@ race coverage , while Ray Haight announced it for the third consecutive year . All horses competing weighed 126 pounds . The prize money for the race was set at $ 198 @,@ 800 . The first through fourth placed horses received $ 155 @,@ 050 , $ 25 @,@ 000 , $ 12 @,@ 500 , and $ 5 @,@ 000 , respectively . The weather during the Derby was clear and the course conditions were fast . The official attendance of the event was 134 @,@ 476 , of which 70 @,@ 000 were estimated to be in the infield of Churchill Downs . This surpassed the previous Derby record of 130 @,@ 564 ; however the record lasted only a year as the 1974 edition attracted 163 @,@ 628 spectators . Dwight Chapin of Los Angeles Times and author Timothy Capps credited the increased attendance due to Secretariat 's loss at the Wood . = = Race summary = = Twice a Prince reared in the starting gate , which delayed the start . Out of the starting gate , Shecky Greene set the pace for the field , while race favorite Secretariat started in last place . Exiting the gate , Sham hit his mouth against the gate and subsequently bumped into Navajo before gaining proper stride . Sham briefly took the lead around the quarter @-@ mile marker , but Shecky Greene quickly retook the lead . Beginning the first turn , Secretariat had moved ahead of only two horses ; however , in the next quarter @-@ mile Secretariat moved into sixth position . A half @-@ mile in , Shecky Greene maintained a three length lead over Gold Bag , but his pace had slowed compared to the first quarter . Sham remained close to the front of the field within the top four for the first half of the race ; he moved into second position as the field reached the half @-@ mile post . At the three @-@ quarters post , at the start of the homestretch , Shecky Greene began to fade and Sham overtook him to move into first going into the final furlong . Secretariat , who had passed his competitors on the outside throughout the race , overtook Sham in the final furlong and pulled ahead , finishing 2 1 ⁄ 2 horse lengths in front of Sham . Our Native took third and Forego , who went on to win multiple Eclipse Awards as an older horse , was fourth . Secretariat 's winning time of 1 : 59 2 ⁄ 5 and last quarter mile in 23 seconds were both records for the Derby . In addition , he had run each quarter @-@ mile faster than before , with times of 25 1 ⁄ 5 , 24 , 23 4 ⁄ 5 , 23 2 ⁄ 5 , and 23 seconds . Sham maintained his stride and crossed the line in second place , eight lengths ahead of third @-@ place finisher Our Native , who had lost ground on the final turn into the homestretch . Sham also broke the previous course record with a time of 1 : 59 4 ⁄ 5 . Shecky Greene , who led for most of the race , finished in sixth position . = = Result = = = = = Payout schedule = = = $ 3 Exacta : ( 10 – 4 ) $ 21 @.@ 60 $ 3 Quinella : ( 10 – 4 , 4 – 10 ) $ 17 @.@ 70 = = Analysis = = The win in the Kentucky Derby marked Secretariat 's third win in the four races he had run as a three @-@ year old . After the race , jockey Ron Turcotte stated , in response to Secretariat 's last place start , he " just dropped my hand on him and let him run his own race . " With Secretariat 's victory , trainer Lucien Laurin had his second consecutive win in the Derby , as Riva Ridge won in 1972 . Turcotte accomplished a similar feat as he had ridden Riva Ridge , marking the third time a jockey had won in the Derby in consecutive years . When Secretariat pulled alongside Sham , Sham 's jockey , Laffit Pincay Jr . , felt Sham had a lot left , " but that other horse was just too much . " Pincay stated that in future races , he planned to " wait a little longer before making my move . " Donald Brumfield , Our Native 's jockey said Twice a Prince kicked Our Native in the hoof and body while rearing in the starting gate . This forced Brumfield to dismount and adjust the saddle , delaying the Derby 's start . Despite this , Brumfield stated he did not " want to make excuses , everything considered , my horse did fine . " Betting on the ten races held that day at Churchill Downs totaled to $ 7 @,@ 627 @,@ 965 , breaking the previous single @-@ day record for American horse racing events of $ 7 @,@ 164 @,@ 717 . Off @-@ track betting on the Kentucky Derby reached $ 3 @,@ 050 @,@ 194 , which was included in the previous record total . Secretariat went on to participate in the Preakness Stakes two weeks later , where he finished in first . Sham was second , again , by a margin of 2 1 ⁄ 2 lengths . Three weeks after the Preakness , the Belmont Stakes featured a five @-@ horse field . Secretariat won by 31 lengths with a time of 2 : 24 for the mile and a half , both course records in their own right . Through his combined victories at the Belmont Stakes , Preakness Stakes , and Kentucky Derby , Secretariat became the ninth horse to complete the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing , and the first horse since Citation in 1948 , ending a 25 @-@ year period without a Triple Crown winner . Secretariat 's times in all three Triple Crown races were course records and still stand to this day . = = = Endnotes = = = = Bobby Peel = Robert " Bobby " Peel ( 12 February 1857 – 12 August 1941 ) was an English professional cricketer who played first @-@ class cricket for Yorkshire between 1883 and 1897 . Primarily a left @-@ arm spin bowler , Peel was also an effective left @-@ handed batsman who played in the middle order . Between 1884 and 1896 , he was regularly selected to represent England , playing 20 Test matches in which he took 101 wickets . Over the course of his career , he scored 12 @,@ 191 runs and took 1 @,@ 775 wickets in first @-@ class cricket . A match @-@ winning bowler , particularly when conditions favoured his style , Peel generally opened the attack , an orthodox tactic for a spinner at the time , and was highly regarded by critics . Peel began playing for Yorkshire in 1883 but , after a successful debut , was overshadowed in the team by Edmund Peate and often played only a minor role with the ball . Improvements in his batting and his excellence as a fielder kept him in the team and when Peate was sacked for drunkenness in 1887 , Peel became Yorkshire 's main spinner . He had already played for England , touring Australia with two professional teams , although he did not play a Test in England until 1888 . Over the following years he regularly took over 100 wickets in each season and often played in the prestigious Gentlemen v Players matches . He was generally Yorkshire 's leading bowler — until the emergence of George Hirst , he generally received little support from other members of the attack — and often among their leading batsmen . His best season in county cricket came in 1896 , when he recorded the double of 1 @,@ 000 runs and 100 wickets , and made his highest first @-@ class score of 210 . Among his notable feats in Tests , he bowled England to victory after they had followed on in Australia in 1894 – 95 and took six for 23 in his final Test . The first English cricketer to reach 100 wickets against Australia , in 1894 – 95 he also became the first player who failed to score in four successive Test innings . As a player , Peel was very popular and admirers often entertained him socially ; he became well known for liking alcohol . On the morning of the match that England won after following on , Peel was intoxicated and had to be sobered up . In 1897 , he was suspended by Yorkshire for drunkenness during a match . Although it is unclear what exactly happened — Peel said he slipped when fielding , but Hirst later recalled that he came on the field drunk and when asked to leave , bowled a ball in the wrong direction — he never played for the county again . Decades later , a widely circulated story suggested that Peel urinated on the pitch before being sent away . Historians consider the story unlikely , and attribute it to a misunderstanding by its reporter . Peel continued to play and coach cricket for most of his life and in later years became associated with Yorkshire once again . Among his other jobs , he became the landlord of a public house and worked in a mill . He died in 1941 at the age of 84 . = = Early career = = = = = Yorkshire cricketer = = = Peel was born in Churwell , a village close to Morley , on 12 February 1857 . He was the son of a miner , and Peel himself worked in the mines for a time . From the age of 16 , he played with increasing frequency for the Churwell cricket team , and by 1882 was part of the Yorkshire Colts . At the time , Ted Peate was the first @-@ choice left @-@ arm spin bowler in the Yorkshire team , and his presence restricted Peel 's opportunities . An injury to Peate allowed Peel to make his first @-@ class debut for Yorkshire against Surrey at Sheffield on 10 July 1882 . Peel took nine wickets in the game , including five for 83 ( five wickets taken while conceding 83 runs ) in the second innings . Lord Hawke — who assumed the captaincy of Yorkshire later that season — subsequently described Peel 's debut as one of the most impressive for Yorkshire . Peel played regularly alongside Peate between 1883 and 1886 . He had a junior role , and his bowling was used sparingly ; in five seasons he took 163 wickets for Yorkshire , and he only took over 50 first @-@ class wickets in a season once before 1887 . His obituary in Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack in 1942 stated : " Yorkshire were singularly rich in bowling talent , so that [ Peel ] had to wait several years before attaining real distinction " . Peel retained his place through his ability as a batsman and fielder ; in his history of Yorkshire County Cricket Club , R. S. Holmes judges that Peel was " brilliant " as a fielder and that it was " probably the marked improvement in [ his ] batting which first secured him a place in the County eleven . " He had occasional success with the ball , for example taking eleven for 87 in the match against Gloucestershire in 1884 — a match in which Peate did not play . Meanwhile , his batting average gradually improved until it reached the mid @-@ 20s in 1887 . At the time , the Yorkshire team was generally inconsistent . = = = Test debut = = = During the English winter of 1884 – 85 , Peel was included in the team which toured Australia under the management of Alfred Shaw , Arthur Shrewsbury and James Lillywhite . English teams that toured Australia at this time were not composed exclusively of the best cricketers in England . The 1884 – 85 English team , like most earlier tours , contained only professional cricketers ; less usually , the team contained nine players who , critics judged , would likely have been in a full @-@ strength England side . Much of the cricket was overshadowed by off @-@ field clashes with the Australian team that had toured England in 1884 ; the disputes mainly concerned each team 's share of match receipts . Peel was required to bowl a large number of overs ; in minor matches , mainly played against the odds ( where the opposition teams included more players than the English team ) , he took 321 wickets at an average of less than five . In first @-@ class matches , he was the leading wicket @-@ taker with 35 wickets , but his average of 19 @.@ 22 was relatively high . During the tour , Peel made his Test debut and played all five matches . His first Test began on 12 December 1884 . Opening the bowling , took eight wickets in the match ; in the second innings , he took five for 51 on a pitch affected by rain . He was less effective in the remaining games , ending the series with 21 wickets at an average of 21 @.@ 47 , and scored 37 runs at an average of 7 @.@ 40 . He was not selected in the next Test matches played by England , against Australia in 1886 , and missed the next English tour of Australia , in the winter of 1886 – 87 , again organised by Shaw , Shrewsbury and Lillywhite . = = Leading bowler = = = = = Main Yorkshire spinner = = = In 1886 , Lord Hawke became full @-@ time captain of the Yorkshire team . One of his first actions , with the support of the Yorkshire committee , was to sack Peate early in the 1887 season . At the time , many professional cricketers drank heavily and the Yorkshire team had many players who liked alcohol . Peate had been the chief offender for some years , and while he remained Yorkshire 's leading left @-@ arm spinner , his disruptive influence and disregard for authority was having a negative influence on the team . The historian Mick Pope suggests that Hawke may have felt able to act as he knew that Peel was available as a replacement . With Peate unavailable , Peel began to play a leading role . In the 1887 season , a year in which good weather produced conditions generally in favour of batsmen , he took 85 wickets at an average of 17 @.@ 32 . He also improved his record with the bat , scoring 835 runs at 25 @.@ 30 . According to his Wisden obituary , he recorded at least two match @-@ winning performances that season : against Kent he took five for 14 and scored 43 runs in a low @-@ scoring game ; in the match against Leicestershire he took eleven wickets for 51 . Twice in 1887 , Peel appeared for the professional Players in their prestigious match against the Gentlemen , the first time he had been selected for the team . He played regularly for them until 1897 . During the winter of 1887 – 88 , the Melbourne Cricket Club organised another English tour of Australia . The team was mainly composed of amateurs , but Peel was included with three other professionals . At the same time , a rival English team , organised by Shaw , Shrewsbury and Lillywhite , also toured Australia . The resulting confusion affected the attendances at games and the financial success of both tours . The lack of success for the Australian team in this period lessened the quality of Tests and , amid declining spectator interest , touring teams no longer generated profits . In his history of early international cricket , Malcolm Knox observes that " two England teams were coming when Australian cricket was not strong enough to host one " . Peel took 49 first @-@ class wickets on the tour , finishing second in the bowling averages for the team , and scored 449 runs in first @-@ class matches at an average of 34 @.@ 53 , which placed him second in the batting averages . Although various matches were played by both teams against combined Australian teams , only one official Test match was played on the tour . The best eleven players from both English teams combined to defeat an Australian team which had several leading players missing ; later writers questioned whether the match should have the status of a Test . Peel took nine wickets in the match , including five for 18 in the first innings as Australia were bowled out for 42 runs . = = = Home Test matches = = = In 1888 , an unusually rainy summer led to wet pitches which made batting difficult . Peel took 171 first @-@ class wickets , the first time he had passed 100 wickets in a season , at an average of 12 @.@ 22 . He also topped the Yorkshire bowling averages for county matches . His best performance came against Nottinghamshire , when he took eight for 12 in the first innings on the way to fourteen for 33 in the match ; for the Players against the Gentlemen , he took six for 34 . In the season , Peel scored 669 runs at 13 @.@ 38 . That year , an Australian team toured England and Peel was chosen for his first Test matches in England . The Australian team , missing several key players , won the first Test match before England recovered to win the final two games . Playing all three Tests , Peel took 24 wickets at an average of 7 @.@ 54 . In the decisive third Test , he took seven for 31 in the first Australian innings and finished with match figures of eleven for 68 . Wisden noted that Peel " bowled remarkably well " in the second Test ; it stated that , in the third , " the Australians were helpless against Peel " and judged his overall performance " altogether admirable " . Peel 's performance in 1888 resulted in his selection , prior to the 1889 season , as one of Wisden 's " Six Great Bowlers " ; this was the first time Wisden had made the award which in later years became the prestigious Wisden Cricketer of the Year . The citation said : " During his early career [ Peel ] was contemporary with Peate , and naturally did not get the same chances that have fallen to his lot during the last two years . He has won his way to the very front rank by sheer merit , and bats and fields so well that he would be worth playing in any eleven if he could not get a wicket . " Yorkshire had a poor season in 1889 , finishing second @-@ from @-@ last in the list of counties ; writing in 1904 , Holmes described this as " the low @-@ water mark of Yorkshire cricket " . The team lost twelve games and won eight , affected by the decline of several leading players . The fielding was poor ; Peel had twelve catches dropped from his bowling in one game . Only Peel had a good season , and Holmes pondered : " Where would Yorkshire have been without Peel ? " He took 130 wickets at an average of 16 @.@ 39 ; with the bat , he scored 991 runs , his best seasonal aggregate to that point , at an average of 22 @.@ 02 . He came top of both the Yorkshire batting and bowling averages and had three times more wickets than any other player . Additionally , he was the only player in the team to score a century in matches against another county ; against Middlesex at Lord 's , he scored 158 runs , his maiden first @-@ class hundred . At the end of the season , Hawke ended the careers of several players ; the Yorkshire president told the committee that the " demon drink " was to blame . In 1890 , Peel took 171 wickets at an average of 13 @.@ 71 and scored 817 runs at 18 @.@ 56 . He missed several Yorkshire games while playing representative matches , but was comfortably their leading bowler with 91 wickets for the county — the next best figure was 37 wickets . The Australians toured England again that year , and Peel took six wickets in the first Test at Lord 's . The touring team 's results were poor , which resulted in a loss of prestige for the Test matches . The newly formed County Championship was a rival attraction , and several players were withdrawn from the England team to play for their counties — Andrew Stoddart , for example , was withdrawn by Middlesex before the first Test . With Middlesex due to play Yorkshire , Stoddart was also withdrawn from the second Test ; upon finding this out , Lord Hawke withdrew his Yorkshire players from the England XI , including Peel . In the Middlesex – Yorkshire game , Peel dismissed Stoddart twice . The third Test was rained off completely . During the 1891 season , Peel took 99 wickets at 17 @.@ 35 and scored 971 runs at 24 @.@ 27 , including his second first @-@ class century , but Yorkshire again performed poorly . This prompted a reorganisation of the club over the following two years . Peel led the Yorkshire batting averages and came second in the bowling . In the winter of 1891 – 92 , he was included in the touring team to Australia organised by Lord Sheffield and captained by W. G. Grace . He came fourth in the team 's bowling averages with 15 wickets at 18 @.@ 86 and finished fifth in the batting averages with 229 runs at 25 @.@ 44 . He played in all three Test matches , taking six wickets at 21 @.@ 33 , and scoring 134 runs at 26 @.@ 80 . In the third game , he scored 83 , his first Test match fifty , but did not bowl ; The Lancashire cricketer Johnny Briggs bowled Australia out on a rain @-@ damaged pitch but this was England 's only victory as Australia won the series 2 – 1 . In first @-@ class matches during 1892 , Peel scored 772 runs at 19 @.@ 79 and took 121 wickets at 16 @.@ 80 . Additionally , in a non @-@ first @-@ class games against Leicestershire , he scored 226 as well as taking five wickets in Leicestershire 's first innings . In the 1893 season , he took slightly more wickets at a lower average ( 126 at 14 @.@ 51 ) but his run aggregate fell to 550 runs at 13 @.@ 75 . He was part of a successful Yorkshire team . The county won their first official County Championship title and the team was no longer as dependent on Peel with the ball — Ted Wainwright took more wickets than he did . The Australians toured England once again , but Peel played in just one of the three Test matches . He did not take a wicket , did little with the bat , and was left out of the team for the second Test . As the Australians had proved poor on the field , Lord Hawke withdrew Peel and Stanley Jackson from the team for the third Test so that they could play for Yorkshire . In 1894 , Peel scored 699 runs at 16 @.@ 25 , failing to score a half @-@ century . With the ball , he took 145 wickets at 13 @.@ 44 . During the season , he was awarded a benefit match at Bradford , which raised £ 2 @,@ 000 . The retirement of George Ulyett that season made Peel the team 's senior professional , an important position at the time . = = = Australian tour of 1894 – 95 = = = During the 1894 season , the Melbourne Cricket Club and the trustees of the Sydney Cricket Ground combined to organise another English tour of Australia . They asked Andrew Stoddart to raise a team , and Peel was chosen . Peel was successful in the opening first @-@ class matches of the tour . He took five wickets in innings against South Australia , Victoria and New South Wales ; after three games , he had taken 23 wickets , and he and Briggs provided the main threat with the ball . Against Victoria , Peel also scored 48 and 65 with the bat . He played a leading role in the first Test , which Wisden described as " probably the most sensational match ever played either in Australia or in England " . Australia scored 586 in their first innings ; England scored 325 and , following @-@ on , scored 437 to leave a target of 177 to win . At the end of the fifth day 's play , Australia had scored 113 for two , and were overwhelming favourites to win . Until then , Peel had been ineffective in the match . Several of the England team , including Peel , drank heavily in the night thinking the game was lost , but overnight rain drastically changed the nature of the pitch . Peel had not sobered up when play was scheduled to start , although Stoddart had given him a cold shower to speed up the process , and arrived late . As another player was also missing , the start was delayed ; this allowed the pitch to dry further and therefore become more sticky and difficult to bat on . Peel had slept through the overnight storm and was astonished when he saw the state of the pitch , suspecting someone had watered it . He reportedly said : " Gi ' me t 'ball , Mr Stoddart . Ah 'll get t 'buggers out before lunch " . With Briggs , Peel bowled Australia out , taking five wickets to go with the one he took the previous evening to finish with six for 67 . Australia scored 166 and lost by ten runs . One Australian newspaper reported that Peel " found the match rather a trying one , and came in fairly done up " . The English team were praised for fighting back , but the role of the weather was acknowledged , and some critics blamed the Australians for batting badly in the second innings . England won the second Test ; after both teams ' first innings were low @-@ scoring , Peel , appearing at number six , batted for 150 minutes in the second innings to score 53 without hitting any fours . Stoddart 's 173 set Australia a big target , and Peel took four for 77 to bowl England to a 94 @-@ run win . Australia won the third Test by 382 runs ; Peel took four wickets in the game , but was dismissed in both innings without scoring . It is possible that around this time , Peel was threatened by Stoddart with expulsion from the tour owing to his drinking . Australia won the fourth Test to level the series at 2 – 2 . In very favourable bowling conditions , Peel took three for 74 but Australia totalled 284 . England were bowled out twice to give Australia an innings victory , and Peel suffered his second consecutive pair ( i.e. failing to score in either innings ) . He was the first player to score four successive ducks in Test cricket , a succession of failures not repeated until 1936 , and this remained the record number of successive ducks until 1985 . Amid great public interest — the game was advertised as " the match of the century " — and great tension , the decisive final Test match was played . Peel took four wickets in Australia 's first innings , then scored 73 runs in the first innings , sharing a 162 @-@ run partnership with Archie MacLaren . In Australia 's second innings , Peel took three more wickets to return match figures of seven for 203 in 94 overs . Jack Brown scored a century to guide England towards a target of 297 , and Peel eventually hit the winning runs . Peel ended the series with 27 wickets at 26 @.@ 70 , second in the averages behind Tom Richardson , and 168 runs at 18 @.@ 67 , placing him sixth in the batting averages . David Frith suggests that this series was vital in establishing the importance of Test cricket , and that the interest felt in both England and Australia , and the coverage by the press , set up the pattern and expectations of future Test series . In all first @-@ class games , Peel scored 421 runs at 21 @.@ 05 , to be eighth in the averages , and took 57 wickets at 25 @.@ 28 , placing him third in the averages behind Richardson and Briggs , although the latter had fewer wickets . = = = Final seasons = = = Returning to England for the 1895 season , Peel took 180 wickets , the most he took in any season , at an average of 14 @.@ 97 . This included the best figures of his career when he took nine for 22 against Somerset ; in total he took fifteen wickets in that match , and Wisden described this performance as " causing a sensation " . He led the Yorkshire bowling averages , and George Hirst became his regular partner opening the bowling . Both men took over 130 wickets for Yorkshire that season and the pair established an effective bowling partnership until the end of Peel 's career . With the bat in 1895 , Peel scored 847 runs at 17 @.@ 28 . In 1896 , Peel performed the double of 1 @,@ 000 runs and 100 wickets for the only time in his first @-@ class career . In a dry summer which favoured batsmen , his wickets came at a higher average : he took 128 at 17 @.@ 50 , but he scored 1 @,@ 206 runs at 30 @.@ 15 , his best batting aggregate and average in an English season . He came third in the Yorkshire batting averages , and often succeeded in scoring runs when the team were under pressure . Against Warwickshire , he scored 210 not out , the highest first @-@ class innings of his career , and one of four centuries in the innings , out of a Yorkshire total of 887 . A contemporary critic described Peel 's innings as the best ever played by a left @-@ hander . He shared a partnership of 292 for the eighth wicket with Lord Hawke . As of 2014 , this remains Yorkshire 's highest partnership for that wicket , and the fifth @-@ highest eighth @-@ wicket partnership recorded in first @-@ class cricket . He also took a hat @-@ trick against Kent . The Australians played three Tests in England in 1896 , but Peel only played in the final one . Before the match , several English professionals — not including Peel — threatened to strike , but the dispute was settled . Then , before the third day of the game , the pitch was mysteriously watered , becoming very difficult for batting . Australia only needed a small total , but Peel believed that he could bowl them out . He took six of the last seven Australian wickets at a cost of 23 runs to bowl England to victory ; in recognition of this achievement , Stanley Jackson , a team @-@ mate in this game , gave him a gold watch @-@ chain ornament . He was less successful with the bat , scoring a pair once again . This was his final Test match . In total , Peel played 20 Tests , scoring 427 runs at an average of 14 @.@ 72 and taking 101 wickets at 16 @.@ 98 . In January 1897 , the Australian Fred Spofforth claimed in a letter to the Sporting Life that Peel occasionally threw the ball , an accusation he also levelled at Tom McKibbin , an Australian bowler . Spofforth wrote that Peel " has no need to resort to throwing . I acknowledge that he does not often take to it , still , it is well known to cricketers that at times he does ' shy ' [ throw ] . " Peel denied this and claimed that leading umpires would support him . = = Dismissal by Yorkshire = = In the 1897 season , Peel was suspended by Yorkshire for drunkenness . Alcohol was popular with many professional cricketers , and the careers of several Yorkshire players in this period , including Peate , had been ended for this reason . Peel was always known to be a heavy drinker , but his behaviour had been tolerated . His fame , brought about by his performances , made the problem worse . Derek Hodgson , in the official Yorkshire club history , writes : " A cheerful , gregarious man , [ Peel ] took to hospitality and entertaining with alacrity and moved in such society , particularly in London , that when one of the foremost journalists of the day asked to see him he was fobbed off by a man who announced himself as ' Peel 's secretary ' , adding : ' He does not like interviews and has little to say . He sent me to take his place . ' " Hodgson observes : " It is not impossible , of course , that Bobby was either shy , or ' indisposed ' at that particular moment " , and suggests that Peel 's downfall , like Peate 's before him , was because he " was too often the toast of the town " . In 1897 , Peel had played regularly until July with some success . He scored 115 against Leicestershire , and took eight for 53 against Kent . He then suffered an injury in a match against Lancashire that caused him to miss around a month of cricket . He returned to the Yorkshire team to play Middlesex at Sheffield on 16 August . In Middlesex 's first innings , Peel took five for 71 , but on the third day , he appeared on the field drunk . Later that day , the Yorkshire committee met and resolved to suspend Peel for the remainder of the season for " presenting himself on the field in a state of intoxication " . According to Anthony Woodhouse , in his history of Yorkshire County Cricket Club , this was not Peel 's first such offence . Contemporary accounts give no indication of trouble on the field involving Peel , but the influential Lord Hawke may have encouraged the press to remain silent . The decision to suspend Peel was made public on 19 August , the following day . There are several conflicting versions of what happened on the field in the Middlesex game . On the morning of 19 August , replying to suggestions that he was drunk , Peel spoke to a newspaper reporter and stated : " Before I went on the ground at Sheffield — I don 't blush to say it — I had two small glasses of gin and water . At luncheon time I had nothing " . Peel said that he opened the bowling with Stanley Jackson and was eventually rested without a word being said to him . He stated that he later slipped twice while fielding , but the cause was that the spikes on his boots were broken . That evening , when he went to collect his wages at the end of the game , the Yorkshire secretary , Joseph Wolstenholme , informed him of the suspension on the grounds that his play was " unsatisfactory " , and when pressed by Peel for an explanation , he told him : " You have had a glass too much " . The cricket writer A. A. Thompson relates a different story told to him fifty years later by Hirst , who was playing in the match . According to this account , Hirst was having breakfast when Peel came in drunk . Anxious that Peel would be seen , and worried about bringing the team into disrepute , Hirst forced Peel to return to bed and went to the ground , where he told Lord Hawke that Peel had been taken ill in the night and would not be able to play . Hawke promised to see Peel that evening and took the twelfth man onto the field . According to Thompson , when Hirst went onto the field , he saw " with dawning dismay that there were not eleven fieldsmen present but twelve . There , his face red , his cap awry , the ball in his hand , stood Peel " . Peel was even more drunk than at breakfast , and Hawke ordered him from the field . Peel replied that he was fine , and according to Hirst bowled a ball to demonstrate his fitness , but in his confusion did so in the wrong direction . Peel was then led from the field . After falling asleep in the hotel , he was advised by Hirst to apologise to Lord Hawke , but refused , claiming that he was indispensable to the team and would be recalled . A different , widely circulated story suggests that Peel urinated on the pitch before being dismissed by Hawke . Woodhouse , writing in 1989 , suggested that " it is difficult to ascertain the truth behind this long @-@ standing tale " , while Hodgson observes : " I have never been convinced of this account because it has always seemed to be so much out of character for a cricketer of that time when so much stress was placed upon behaving ' like a gentleman ' even in one 's cups . " Mick Pope writes : " The more recent accusation that Peel urinated on the pitch remains unjust , unproven and such a myth ... that it should have no place in any study of Bobby Peel , the cricketer . " The story originated in a cricket publication , Cricket Quarterly , in 1968 . The historian Rowland Bowen , in an article called " Fresh Light on the Dismissal of R Peel in 1897 " , claimed that an " aged Yorkshireman of 85 " told him that Peel had urinated and that this was a common practice then . Subsequent research by the historian Irving Rosewater established that Bowen 's information came to him second @-@ hand . The 85 @-@ year @-@ old had not used the word " urinated " but had actually said " pissed at the wicket " , meaning that Peel was drunk ( " pissed " being slang for drunk ) on the pitch ( " at the wicket " ) . Rosewater suggests that this was merely repetition of the already known story , not the new information claimed by Bowen . Rosewater self @-@ published his findings in a book called An Unjust Slur on Bobby Peel in 1997 . Peel , having concluded that the suspension would end his Yorkshire career , signed a contract to play for Accrington Cricket Club . He told a newspaper that he regarded his suspension as unfair , that he had been given no opportunity to explain , and that he had taken the appointment with Accrington to provide for himself and his family . In 1900 , he told Cricket magazine that , before his suspension , he had been bedridden for three weeks as a result of an injury he suffered while batting , that he played against Middlesex with some success and was then suspended without any explanation . He later said of the incident : " [ Lord Hawke ] put his arm around me and escorted me off the field and out of Yorkshire cricket . What a gentleman " . The journalist Harry Pearson suggests that this was " either very gracious , or exceedingly sarcastic . " Hawke later described Peel 's sacking as " the most decisive action of my whole career ... It had to be done for the sake of discipline and the good of cricket . Nothing ever gave me so much pain . " At the time , Hawke believed these events cost Yorkshire the County Championship , but the team had only two more games to play in that season 's competition , and it was mathematically impossible for them to win . Hirst told Thompson that Hawke was always sorry that Peel had to be sacked , and that whenever the pair met afterwards , they remained friends and that neither bore the other any animosity . Although Peel considered himself indispensable , the following year he was replaced by Wilfred Rhodes , who remained in the team until 1930 and took 4 @,@ 184 first @-@ class wickets . Peel remained popular with the people of Morley in the aftermath of his dismissal , and they supported him rather than believing the reports . = = Later life = = Peel made two further first @-@ class appearances in 1897 after his suspension by Yorkshire . He played in two end @-@ of @-@ season festival games at Hastings , first for the North against the South and then for the Players against the Gentlemen , but did little with bat or ball . In all first @-@ class games that year he took 72 wickets at 19 @.@ 51 and scored 566 runs at 22 @.@ 64 . His only other appearances in first @-@ class cricket came in 1899 , when he played for A. J. Webbe 's XI against Oxford University and for an England XI against the touring Australians . He ended his first @-@ class career with 12 @,@ 191 first @-@ class runs at an average of 19 @.@ 44 and 1 @,@ 775 wickets at 16 @.@ 20 . In 1898 , Peel played for Accrington . His signing was widely reported in the press . Before this , most professionals in league cricket were neither famous names nor particularly good cricketers . According to Pearson , in his survey of club cricket in the north of England , Peel was the first international cricketer to play in a league . He took 80 wickets that season , but only received a third of his salary ; the committee withheld the rest because of unspecified problems during the season . His contract was not renewed and he instead became the professional at Morley . Pearson suggests that Peel 's signing showed the clubs that big @-@ name signings could bring benefits . Peel also accepted a position as a coach at Essex in 1899 , and remained there until at least 1904 . The press suggested that he would qualify for Essex , but he never played for that team . He later became the landlord of a public house in Churwell . In 1923 he resumed his connection with Yorkshire when he undertook a coaching and scouting programme for the county , in association with George Hirst , organised by the Yorkshire Evening News . Peel remained close to the Yorkshire players . When the four Yorkshire members of the English team that toured Australia in 1932 – 33 departed from Leeds , Peel was present and gave each of them a white rose — the symbol of Yorkshire . He attended the funeral of Roy Kilner in 1928 , and was one of many Yorkshire cricketers to attend the memorial service for Lord Hawke in 1938 . Peel continued to play cricket and coach locally into his seventies . In his later years , he worked in a woollen mill in Morley . Peel was married in 1878 ; he and his wife , Annie Louise , were married for over fifty years and had four children , one of whom was killed in the First World War . Peel 's wife died in 1933 . Peel lived until 1941 , when he died at the house of his daughter . Among those who attended his funeral were Hirst and Rhodes . = = Technique and personality = = Wisden said that as a bowler , Peel had a " fine length , easy action and splendid command of spin " , which meant that he " was often a match @-@ winner " . Peel consistently bowled a good length and varied the flight of the ball to deceive batsmen . He also bowled a quicker ball which , in contrast to his usual delivery , travelled in a straight line instead of turning . On a pitch affected by rain , batsmen found him very difficult to face , and he was very successful in these conditions . When bowling on pitches where the ball came more slowly off the surface , Peel often bowled faster ; this pace made it difficult for batsmen to score runs against him even when conditions were in their favour . After he delivered the ball , the spin he imparted often made it curve in the air before it reached the batsman . According to Woodhouse , when bowling , " Peel brought his arm behind his back with a peculiar flourish @-@ like action and then ' whipped the ball down ' " . He generally opened the bowling , including when he played for England . At the time , it was general practice to open the bowling with a fast bowler and a left @-@ arm spinner . Peel was the first English bowler to take 100 Test wickets against Australia . At a time when international matches were relatively rare , his 20 Test matches were a considerable achievement , and it was unusual for a player to tour Australia as often as he did : he went there four times . His main rival as a spinner and for a place in the England team was Johnny Briggs ; Peel bowled faster , which made him harder to hit . Archie MacLaren , who captained England from the late 1890s and was a team @-@ mate and captain of Briggs , described Peel as " the cleverest bowler of my time " . MacLaren stated that Peel thoroughly understood tactics and could spot weaknesses in a batsman 's technique . He concluded : " I place Peel first on my list of great left @-@ handed bowlers on account of his wonderful judgement , his diabolical cleverness and his great natural ability . " When Rhodes took over the role of left @-@ arm spin bowler in the Yorkshire team , there was some debate over who out of Peate , Peel and Rhodes was the best left @-@ arm spinner to play for Yorkshire . Historians regard Peel as part of a long @-@ lasting chain of successful Yorkshire left @-@ arm spinners , preceded by Peate and succeeded by Rhodes . Wisden described Peel as a " punishing left @-@ handed batsman " . Batting in the middle order , he was often effective when other batsmen had failed . For England , he most often batted at number six . Wisden also called him " a capital fieldsman , especially at cover @-@ point " . During his playing days , Peel was famous and well @-@ respected — the actor Henry Ainley claimed that the highlight of his life was carrying Peel 's bag . According to the historian David Frith , Peel was not a considerate husband . Frith also suggests that he was sometimes involved in embarrassing situations ; for example , when Ranjitsinhji invited him on a hunting trip , " Peel blasted eight barrels at a hare , removing its legs , an ear and much else before chasing the remnants of the animal into a neighbouring property , still firing away , until all life was extinguished " . Frith believes that Peel had a " perverse " character , exemplified by Lord Hawke 's comment that he showed no pleasure at his many successes . Pearson suggests that some of Peel 's problems may have been connected to depression , but Frith records that he mellowed in later life . = Battle of Grunwald = The Battle of Grunwald , First Battle of Tannenberg or Battle of Žalgiris , was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish – Lithuanian – Teutonic War . The alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło ( Jogaila ) and Grand Duke Vytautas ( Witold ; Vitaŭt ) , decisively defeated the German – Prussian Teutonic Knights , led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen . Most of the Teutonic Knights ' leadership were killed or taken prisoner . Although defeated , the Teutonic Knights withstood the siege of their fortress in Marienburg ( Malbork ) and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn ( 1411 ) ( Toruń ) , with other territorial disputes continuing until the Peace of Melno in 1422 . The knights , however , would never recover their former power , and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands under their control . The battle shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish – Lithuanian union as the dominant political and military force in the region . The battle was one of the largest in Medieval Europe and is regarded as the most important victory in the histories of Poland , Belarus and Lithuania . It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride , becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders . During the 20th century the battle was used in Nazi and Soviet propaganda campaigns . Only in recent decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate , scholarly assessment of the battle , reconciling the previous narratives , which differed widely by nation . = = Names and sources = = = = = Names = = = The battle was fought in the territory of the monastic state of the Teutonic Order , on the plains between three villages : Grünfelde ( Grunwald ) to the west , Tannenberg ( Stębark ) to the northeast , and Ludwigsdorf ( Łodwigowo , Ludwikowice ) to the south . Władysław II Jagiełło referred to the site in Latin as in loco conflictus nostri , quem cum Cruciferis de Prusia habuimus , dicto Grunenvelt . Later Polish chroniclers interpreted the word Grunenvelt as Grünwald , meaning " green forest " in German . The Lithuanians followed suit and translated the name as Žalgiris . The Germans named the battle after Tannenberg ( " fir hill " or " pine hill " in German ) . Thus there are three commonly used names for the battle : German : Schlacht bei Tannenberg , Polish : Bitwa pod Grunwaldem , Lithuanian : Žalgirio mūšis . Its names in the languages of other involved peoples include Belarusian : Бітва пад Грунвальдам , Ukrainian : Грюнвальдська битва , Russian : Грюнвальдская битва , Czech : Bitva u Grunvaldu , Romanian : Bătălia de la Grünwald . = = Historical background = = = = = Lithuanian Crusade and Polish – Lithuanian union = = = In 1230 the Teutonic Knights , a crusading military order , moved to Chełmno Land and launched the Prussian Crusade against the pagan Prussian clans . With support from the pope and Holy Roman Emperor , the Teutons conquered and converted the Prussians by the 1280s and shifted their attention to the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania . For about 100 years the Knights raided Lithuanian lands , particularly Samogitia , as it separated the Knights in Prussia from their branch in Livonia . While the border regions became an uninhabited wilderness , the Knights gained very little territory . The Lithuanians first gave up Samogitia during the Lithuanian Civil War ( 1381 – 1384 ) in the Treaty of Dubysa . The territory was used as a bargaining chip to ensure Teutonic support for one of the sides in the internal power struggle . In 1385 Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania agreed to marry Queen Jadwiga of Poland in the Union of Kreva . Jogaila converted to Christianity and was crowned as the King of Poland ( Władysław II Jagiełło ) , thus creating a personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The official Lithuanian conversion to Christianity removed the religious rationale for the order 's activities in the area . Its grand master , Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein , supported by the Hungarian king , Sigismund of Luxemburg , responded by publicly contesting the sincerity of Jogaila 's conversion , bringing the charge to a papal court . The territorial disputes continued over Samogitia , which had been in Teutonic hands since the Peace of Raciąż in 1404 . Poland also had territorial claims against the Knights in Dobrzyń Land and Danzig ( Gdańsk ) , but the two states had been largely at peace since the Treaty of Kalisz ( 1343 ) . The conflict was also motivated by trade considerations : The knights controlled the lower reaches of the three largest rivers ( the Neman , Vistula and Daugava ) in Poland and Lithuania . = = = War , truce and preparations = = = In May 1409 an uprising in Teutonic @-@ held Samogitia started . Lithuania supported it and the knights threatened to invade . Poland announced its support for the Lithuanian cause and threatened to invade Prussia in return . As Prussian troops evacuated Samogitia , Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 6 August 1409 . The Knights hoped to defeat Poland and Lithuania separately , and began by invading Greater Poland and Kuyavia , catching the Poles by surprise . The Knights burned the castle at Dobrin ( Dobrzyń nad Wisłą ) , captured Bobrowniki after a 14 @-@ day siege , conquered Bydgoszcz ( Bromberg ) and sacked several towns . The Poles organized counterattacks and recaptured Bydgoszcz . The Samogitians attacked Memel ( Klaipėda ) . However , neither side was ready for a full @-@ scale war . Wenceslaus , King of the Romans , agreed to mediate the dispute . A truce was signed on 8 October 1409 and was set to expire on 24 June 1410 . Both sides used this time to prepare for war , gathering troops and engaging in diplomatic maneuvering . Both sides sent letters and envoys accusing each other of various wrongdoings and threats to Christendom . Wenceslaus , who received a gift of 60 @,@ 000 florins from the knights , declared that Samogitia rightfully belonged to the knights and only Dobrzyń Land should be returned to Poland . The knights also paid 300 @,@ 000 ducats to Sigismund of Hungary , who had ambitions regarding the Principality of Moldavia , for mutual military assistance . Sigismund attempted to break the Polish – Lithuanian alliance by offering Vytautas a king 's crown ; Vytautas 's acceptance would have violated the terms of the Ostrów Agreement and created Polish @-@ Lithuanian discord . At the same time , Vytautas managed to obtain a truce from the Livonian Order . By December 1409 Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas had agreed on a common strategy : Their armies would unite into a single massive force and march together towards Marienburg ( Malbork ) , capital of the Teutonic Knights . The Knights , who took a defensive position , did not expect a joint attack and were preparing for a dual invasion — by the Poles along the Vistula River towards Danzig ( Gdańsk ) and the Lithuanians along the Neman River towards Ragnit ( Neman ) . To counter this perceived threat , Ulrich von Jungingen concentrated his forces in Schwetz ( Świecie ) , a central location from where troops could respond to an invasion from any direction rather quickly . Sizable garrisons were left in the eastern castles of Ragnit , Rhein ( Ryn ) near Lötzen ( Giżycko ) , and Memel ( Klaipėda ) . To keep their plans secret and mislead the knights , Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas organised several raids into border territories , thus forcing the knights to keep their troops in place . = = Opposing forces = = The precise number of soldiers involved has proven difficult to establish . None of the contemporary sources provided reliable troop counts . Jan Długosz provided the number of banners , the principal unit of each cavalry : 51 for the knights , 50 for the Poles and 40 for the Lithuanians . However , it is unclear how many men were under each banner . The structure and number of infantry units ( pikemen , archers , crossbowmen ) and artillery units is unknown . Estimates , often biased by political and nationalistic considerations , were produced by various historians . German historians tend to present lower numbers , while Polish historians tend to use higher estimates . The high @-@ end estimates by Polish historian Stefan Kuczyński of 39 @,@ 000 Polish – Lithuanian and 27 @,@ 000 Teutonic men have been cited in Western literature as " commonly accepted " . While less numerous , the Teutonic army had advantages in discipline , military training and equipment . Their heavy cavalry was among the best in Europe . The Teutonic army was also equipped with bombards that could shoot lead and stone projectiles . Both forces were composed of troops from several states and lands , including numerous mercenaries ; for example , Bohemian mercenaries fought on each side . The knights also invited guest crusaders . Twenty @-@ two different peoples , mostly Germanic , joined them . Teutonic recruits included soldiers from Westphalia , Frisia , Austria , Swabia and Stettin ( Szczecin ) . Two Hungarian nobles , Nicholas II Garay and Stibor of Stiboricz , brought 200 men for the Knights , but support from Sigismund of Hungary was disappointing . The Polish Crown 's troops included seven Ruthenian banners . Poland brought mercenaries from Moravia and Bohemia . The Czechs produced two full banners , under the command of Jan Sokol of Lamberk . Serving among the Czechs was possibly Jan Žižka , future commander of the Hussite forces , who , according to some historians , might have lost an eye . Alexander the Good , ruler of Moldavia , commanded an expeditionary corps . Vytautas gathered troops from Lithuanian , Ruthenian ( modern Belarus and Ukraine ) and Russian lands – one , 36 and 3 banners , respectively . The three Russian banners of Smolensk regiments were part of Lithuanian army , due to Smolensk being part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the period of 1387 – 1514 . The Smolensk regiments were under the command of Władysław II Jagiełło 's brother Lengvenis , while the contingent of Tatars of the Golden Horde was under the command of the future Khan Jalal ad @-@ Din . The overall commander of the joint Polish – Lithuanian force was King Władysław II Jagiełło ; however , he did not directly participate in the battle . The Lithuanian units were commanded directly by Grand Duke Vytautas , who was second in command , and helped design the grand strategy of the campaign . Vytautas actively participated in the battle , managing both Lithuanian and Polish units . Jan Długosz stated that the low @-@ ranking sword bearer of the Crown , Zyndram of Maszkowice , commanded the Polish army , but that is highly doubtful . More likely , marshal of the Crown Zbigniew of Brzezie commanded the Polish troops in the field . = = Course of the battle = = = = = March into Prussia = = = The first stage of the Grunwald campaign was the gathering of all Polish – Lithuanian troops at Czerwinsk , a designated meeting point about 80 km ( 50 mi ) from the Prussian border , where the joint army crossed the Vistula over a pontoon bridge . This maneuver , which required precision and intense coordination among multi @-@ ethnic forces , was accomplished in about a week , from 24 – 30 June 1410 . Polish soldiers from Greater Poland gathered in Poznań , and those from Lesser Poland , in Wolbórz . On 24 June 1410 Władysław II Jagiełło and Czech mercenaries arrived in Wolbórz . Three days later the Polish army was already at the meeting place . The Lithuanian army marched out from Vilnius on 3 June and joined the Ruthenian regiments in Hrodna . They arrived in Czerwinsk on the same day the Poles crossed the river . After the crossing , Masovian troops under Siemowit IV and Janusz I joined the Polish – Lithuanian army . The massive force began its march north towards Marienburg ( Malbork ) , capital of Prussia , on 3 July . The Prussian border was crossed on 9 July . The river crossing remained secret until Hungarian envoys , who were attempting to negotiate a peace , informed the Grand Master . As soon as Ulrich von Jungingen grasped the Polish – Lithuanian intentions , he left 3 @,@ 000 men at Schwetz ( Świecie ) under Heinrich von Plauen and marched the main force to organize a line of defense on the Drewenz River ( Drwęca ) near Kauernik ( Kurzętnik ) . The river crossing was fortified with stockades . On 11 July , after meeting with his eight @-@ member war council , Władysław II Jagiełło decided against crossing the river at such a strong , defensible position . The army would instead bypass the river crossing by turning east , towards its sources , where no other major rivers separated his army from Marienburg . The march continued east towards Soldau ( Działdowo ) , although no attempt was made to capture the town . The Teutonic army followed the Drewenz River north , crossed it near Löbau ( Lubawa ) and then moved east in parallel with the Polish – Lithuanian army . The latter ravaged the village of Gilgenburg ( Dąbrówno ) . Von Jungingen was so enraged by the atrocities that he swore to defeat the invaders in battle . = = = Battle preparations = = = In the early morning of 15 July 1410 both armies met in an area covering approximately 4 km2 ( 1 @.@ 5 sq mi ) between the villages of Grunwald , Tannenberg ( Stębark ) and Ludwigsdorf ( Łodwigowo ) . The armies formed opposing lines along a northeast – southwest axis . The Polish – Lithuanian army was positioned in front and east of Ludwigsdorf and Tannenberg . Polish heavy cavalry formed the left flank , Lithuanian light cavalry the right flank and various mercenary troops made up the center . Their men were organized in three lines of wedge @-@ shaped formations about 20 men deep . The Teutonic forces concentrated their elite heavy cavalry , commanded by Grand Marshal Frederic von Wallenrode , against the Lithuanians . The Knights , who were the first to organize their army for the battle , hoped to provoke the Poles or Lithuanians into attacking first . Their troops , wearing heavy armor , had to stand in the scorching sun for several hours waiting for an attack . One chronicle suggested that they had dug pits that an attacking army would fall into . They also attempted to use field artillery , but a light rain dampened their powder and only two cannon shots were fired . As Władysław II Jagiełło delayed , the Grand Master sent messengers with two swords to " assist Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas in battle " . The swords were meant as an insult and a provocation . Known as the " Grunwald Swords " , they became one of the national symbols of Poland . = = = Battle begins : Lithuanian attack and retreat = = = Vytautas , supported by a few Polish banners , started an assault on the left flank of the Teutonic forces . After more than an hour of heavy fighting the Lithuanian light cavalry began a full retreat . Jan Długosz described this development as a complete annihilation of the entire Lithuanian army . According to Długosz , the Knights assumed that victory was theirs , broke their formation for a disorganized pursuit of the retreating Lithuanians and gathered much loot before returning to the battlefield to face the Polish troops . He made no mention of the Lithuanians , who later returned to the battlefield . Thus Długosz portrayed the battle as a single @-@ handed Polish victory . This view contradicted Cronica conflictus and has been challenged by modern historians . Starting with an article by Vaclaw Lastowski in 1909 , they proposed that the retreat was a planned , strategic maneuver borrowed from the Golden Horde . A false retreat was used in the Battle of the Vorskla River of 1399 , where the Lithuanian army was dealt a crushing defeat and Vytautas himself barely escaped alive . This theory gained wider acceptance after the discovery and publication of a German letter by Swedish historian Sven Ekdahl in 1963 . The letter , written a few years after the battle , cautions the new Grand Master to look out for false retreats of the kind that were used in the Great Battle . Stephen Turnbull asserted that the Lithuanian retreat did not quite fit the tried formula of a false retreat . Such a retreat was usually staged by one or two units ( as opposed to almost an entire army ) and was swiftly followed by a counterattack ( whereas the Lithuanians returned late in the battle ) . = = = Battle continues : Polish – Teutonic fight = = = While the Lithuanians were retreating , heavy fighting broke out between Polish and Teutonic forces . Commanded by Grand Komtur Kuno von Lichtenstein , the Teutonic forces concentrated on the Polish right flank . Six of von Walenrode 's banners did not pursue the retreating Lithuanians , instead joining the attack on the right flank . A particularly valuable target was the royal banner of Kraków . It seemed that the Knights were gaining the upper hand , and at one point the royal standard @-@ bearer , Marcin of Wrocimowice , lost the Kraków banner . However , it was soon recaptured and fighting continued . Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his reserves — the second line of his army . Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen then personally led 16 banners , almost a third of the original Teutonic strength , to the right Polish flank , and Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his last reserves , the third line of his army . The melee reached the Polish command and one Knight , identified as Lupold or Diepold of Kökeritz , charged directly against King Władysław II Jagiełło . Władysław 's secretary , Zbigniew Oleśnicki , saved the king 's life , gaining royal favor and becoming one of the most influential people in Poland . = = = Battle ends : Teutonic Knights defeated = = = At that time the reorganized Lithuanians returned to the battle , attacking von Jungingen from the rear . The Teutonic forces were by then becoming outnumbered by the mass of Polish knights and advancing Lithuanian cavalry . As von Jungingen attempted to break through the Lithuanian lines , he was killed . According to Cronica conflictus , Dobiesław of Oleśnica thrust a lance through the Grand Master 's neck , while Długosz presented Mszczuj of Skrzynno as the killer . Surrounded and leaderless , the Teutonic Knights began to retreat . Part of the routed units retreated towards their camp . This move backfired when the camp followers turned against their masters and joined the manhunt . The knights attempted to build a wagon fort : The camp was surrounded by wagons serving as an improvised fortification . However , the defense was soon broken and the camp was ravaged . According to Cronica conflictus , more Knights died there than on the battlefield . The battle lasted for about ten hours . The Teutonic Knights attributed the defeat to treason on the part of Nikolaus von Renys ( Mikołaj of Ryńsk ) , commander of the Culm ( Chełmno ) banner , and he was beheaded without a trial . He was the founder and leader of the Lizard Union , a group of Knights sympathetic to Poland . According to the Knights , von Renys lowered his banner , which was taken as a signal of surrender and led to the panicked retreat . The legend that the Knights were " stabbed in the back " was echoed in the post @-@ World War I stab @-@ in @-@ the @-@ back legend and preoccupied German historiography of the battle until 1945 . = = Aftermath = = = = = Casualties and captives = = = The defeat of the Teutonic Knights was resounding . About 8 @,@ 000 soldiers were killed and an additional 14 @,@ 000 taken captive . According to Teutonic payroll records , only 1 @,@ 427 men reported back to Marienburg to claim their pay . Of 1 @,@ 200 men sent from Danzig , only 300 returned . According to different sources , some 200 or 400 brothers of the Order were killed , including much of the Teutonic leadership — Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen , Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrode , Grand Komtur Kuno von Lichtenstein , Grand Treasurer Thomas von Merheim , Marshal of Supply Forces Albrecht von Schwartzburg , and ten of the komturs . Markward von Salzbach , Komtur of Brandenburg ( Ushakovo ) and Heinrich Schaumburg , voigt of Sambia , were executed by order of Vytautas after the battle . The bodies of von Jungingen and other high @-@ ranking officials were transported to Marienburg Castle for burial on 19 July . The bodies of lower @-@ ranking Teutonic officials and 12 Polish knights were buried at the church in Tannenberg . The rest of the dead were buried in several mass graves . The highest @-@ ranking Teutonic official to escape the battle was Werner von Tettinger , Komtur of Elbing ( Elbląg ) . Polish and Lithuanian forces took several thousand captives . Among these were Dukes Konrad VII of Oels ( Oleśnica ) and Casimir V of Pomerania . Most of the commoners and mercenaries were released shortly after the battle on condition that they report to Kraków on 11 November 1410 . Only those who were expected to pay ransom were kept . Considerable ransoms were recorded ; for example , the mercenary Holbracht von Loym had to pay 150 kopas of Prague groschen , amounting to more than 30 kg ( 66 lb ) of silver . = = = Further campaign and peace = = = After the battle , the Polish and Lithuanian forces delayed their attack on the Teutonic capital in Marienburg ( Malbork ) , remaining on the battlefield for three days and then marching an average of only about 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) per day . The main forces did not reach heavily fortified Marienburg until 26 July . This delay gave Heinrich von Plauen enough time to organize a defense . Władysław II Jagiełło also sent his troops to other Teutonic fortresses , which often surrendered without resistance , including the major cities of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) , Thorn ( Toruń ) , and Elbing ( Elbląg ) . Only eight castles remained in Teutonic hands . The besiegers of Marienburg expected a speedy capitulation and were not prepared for a long siege , suffering from lack of ammunition , low morale and an epidemic of dysentery . The Knights appealed to their allies for help , and Sigismund of Hungary , Wenceslaus , King of the Romans , and the Livonian Order promised financial aid and reinforcements . The siege of Marienburg was lifted on 19 September . The Polish – Lithuanian forces left garrisons in the fortresses they had taken and returned home . However , the Knights quickly recaptured most of the castles . By the end of October only four Teutonic castles along the border remained in Polish hands . Władysław II Jagiełło raised a fresh army and dealt another defeat to the Knights in the Battle of Koronowo on 10 October 1410 . Following other brief engagements , both sides agreed to negotiate . The Peace of Thorn was signed in February 1411 . Under its terms , the Knights ceded the Dobrin Land ( Dobrzyń Land ) to Poland and agreed to resign their claims to Samogitia during the lifetimes of Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas , although another two wars — the Hunger War of 1414 and the Gollub War of 1422 — would be waged before the Treaty of Melno permanently resolved the territorial disputes . The Poles and Lithuanians were unable to translate the military victory into territorial or diplomatic gains . However , the Peace of Thorn imposed a heavy financial burden on the Knights from which they never recovered . They had to pay an indemnity in silver , estimated at ten times the annual income of the King of England , in four annual installments . To meet these payments , the Knights borrowed heavily , confiscated gold and silver from churches and increased taxes . Two major Prussian cities , Danzig ( Gdańsk ) and Thorn ( Toruń ) , revolted against the tax increases . The defeat at Grunwald left the Teutonic Knights with few forces to defend their remaining territories . Since Samogitia became officially christened , as both Poland and Lithuania were for a long time , the Knights had difficulties recruiting new volunteer crusaders . The Grand Masters then needed to rely on mercenary troops , which proved an expensive drain on their already depleted budget . The internal conflicts , economic decline , and tax increases led to unrest and the foundation of the Prussian Confederation , or Alliance against Lordship , in 1441 . This in turn led to a series of conflicts that culminated in the Thirteen Years ' War ( 1454 ) . = = Legacy = = = = = Poland and Lithuania = = = The Battle of Grunwald is regarded as one of the most important in the histories of Poland and Lithuania . In the history of Ukraine , the battle is better associated with Vytautas the Great , who stood as the leader of Eastern Orthodox Christianity at that time . In Lithuania the victory is synonymous with the grand duchy 's political and military peak . It was a source of national pride during the age of Romantic nationalism and inspired resistance to the Germanization and Russification policies of the German and Russian Empires . The Knights were portrayed as bloodthirsty invaders and Grunwald as a just victory achieved by a small , oppressed nation . In	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1910 , to mark the 500th anniversary of the battle , a monument by Antoni Wiwulski was unveiled in Kraków during a three @-@ day celebration attended by some 150 @,@ 000 people . About 60 other towns and villages in Galicia also erected Grunwald monuments for the anniversary . About the same time Nobel Prize @-@ winner Henryk Sienkiewicz wrote the novel The Knights of the Cross ( Polish : Krzyżacy ) , prominently featuring the battle in one of the chapters . In 1960 Polish filmmaker Aleksander Ford used the book as the basis for his film , Knights of the Teutonic Order . A museum , monuments and memorials were constructed at the battlefield in 1960 . The battle site is one of Poland 's official , national Historic Monuments , as designated October 4 , 2010 , and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland . The battle has lent its name to military decorations ( Cross of Grunwald ) , sport teams ( BC Žalgiris , FK Žalgiris ) , and various organizations . An annual battle reenactment takes place on 15 July . In 2010 a pageant reenacting the event and commemorating the battle 's 600th anniversary was held . It attracted 200 @,@ 000 spectators who watched 2 @,@ 200 participants playing the role of knights in a reenactment of the battle . An additional 3 @,@ 800 participants played peasants and camp followers . The pageant 's organizers believe that the event has become the largest reenactment of medieval combat in Europe . The Battle of Grunwald is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , Warsaw , with the inscription " GRUNWALD 15 VII 1410 " . = = = Germany and Russia = = = The Germans generally saw the Knights as heroic and noble men who brought Christianity and civilization to the east . In August 1914 , during World War I , Germany won a battle against Russia near the site . When the Germans realized its propaganda potential , they named the battle the Battle of Tannenberg , despite it having actually taken place much closer to Allenstein ( Olsztyn ) , and framed it as revenge for the Polish – Lithuanian victory 504 years earlier . Nazi Germany later exploited the sentiment by portraying their Lebensraum policies as a continuation of the Knights ' historical mission . Due to the participation of the three Smolensk regiments , Russians saw the battle as a victory of a Polish – Lithuanian – Russian coalition against invading Germans . Chronicler Jan Długosz praised the Smolensk banners , who fought bravely and were the only banners from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania not to retreat . In Soviet historiography , the Battle of Grunwald was styled as a racial struggle between Slavs and Germanics . The Teutonic Knights were portrayed as the medieval forerunners of Hitler 's armies , while the battle itself was seen as the medieval counterpart to the Battle of Stalingrad . In William Urban 's summary , almost all accounts of the battle made before the 1960s were more influenced by romantic legends and nationalistic propaganda than by fact . Historians have since made progress towards dispassionate scholarship and reconciliation of the various national accounts of the battle . = BAC TSR @-@ 2 = The British Aircraft Corporation TSR @-@ 2 was a cancelled Cold War strike and reconnaissance aircraft developed by the British Aircraft Corporation ( BAC ) for the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the late 1950s and early 1960s . The TSR @-@ 2 was designed to penetrate a well @-@ defended forward battle area at low altitudes and very high speeds , and then attack high @-@ value targets in the rear with nuclear or conventional weapons . Another intended combat role was to provide high @-@ altitude , high @-@ speed stand @-@ off , side @-@ looking , radar and photographic imagery and signals intelligence , reconnaissance . Some of the most advanced aviation technology of the period was incorporated in order to make it the highest @-@ performing aircraft in the world in its projected missions . Only one airframe flew and test flights and weight rise during design indicated that the aircraft would be unable to meet its original stringent design specifications . The design specifications had been reduced as the results of flight testing . The TSR @-@ 2 was the victim of ever @-@ rising costs and inter @-@ service squabbling over Britain 's future defence needs , which led to the controversial decision to scrap the programme in 1965 . With the election of a new government , the TSR @-@ 2 was cancelled due to rising costs , in favour of purchasing an adapted version of the General Dynamics F @-@ 111 , a decision that itself was later rescinded as costs and development times increased . The replacements included the Blackburn Buccaneer and McDonnell Douglas F @-@ 4 Phantom II , both of which had previously been considered and rejected early in the TSR @-@ 2 procurement process . Eventually , the smaller swing @-@ wing Panavia Tornado was developed and adopted by a European consortium to fulfil broadly similar requirements to the TSR @-@ 2 . = = Development = = = = = Operational environment = = = The introduction of the first practical jet engines in the late @-@ World War II period led to calls for new jet @-@ powered versions of practically every aircraft then flying . Among these was the design of a replacement for the de Havilland Mosquito , at that time among the world 's leading light bombers . The Mosquito had been designed with the express intent of lightening the aircraft in order to improve its speed as much as possible , a process that led to the removal of all defensive armament , improving performance to the point where it was unnecessary anyway . This high @-@ speed approach was extremely successful , and a jet @-@ powered version would be even more difficult to intercept . The winning design , the English Electric Canberra , also dispensed with defensive armaments , producing a design with the speed that allowed it to fly past most defenses . Just as importantly , the design 's long , straight wing gave it the lift needed to operate at very high altitudes , placing it above the range where even jet powered fighters were able to operate . The Canberra could simply fly over its enemy with relative impunity , a quality that made it naturally suited to aerial reconnaissance missions , spawning a number of spin @-@ off versions of the aircraft with even larger wings for even greater altitude performance and improved range . This high @-@ speed , high @-@ altitude approach was effective until the late 1950s , when the Soviet Union began to introduce its first surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles ( SAMs ) . SAMs had speed and altitude performance much greater than any contemporary aircraft . The Canberra , and other high @-@ altitude aircraft like the V bombers or United States ' B @-@ 52 Stratofortress , were extremely vulnerable to these weapons . The first aircraft to fall victim to the Soviet S @-@ 75 Dvina ( NATO name " SA @-@ 2 Guideline " ) SAM was a Taiwanese RB @-@ 57 , a US reconnaissance version of the Canberra , shot down in 1959 . The solution was to fly lower ; since radar operates in line @-@ of @-@ sight , detection of an aircraft flying at low altitudes is significantly hindered , thereby reducing time for enemy counter measures . In practice , trees , hills , valleys and any other obstructions reduce this range even more , making a ground @-@ based interception extremely difficult . The Canberra was designed for medium- to high @-@ altitude flight and was not suitable for continuous terrain @-@ hugging flight ; this would require a completely different aircraft . Low @-@ level strike aircraft , or " interdictors " , grew into a new class of their own during the late 1950s . They generally featured high wing loading to reduce the effects of turbulence and cross @-@ wind , some form of high @-@ performance navigational radar to allow very low flight at high speeds , and large fuel loads to offset the higher fuel use at low altitudes . = = = GOR.339 = = = Aware of the changing operational environment , the Ministry of Supply started work with English Electric in 1955 , attempting to define a new light bomber to replace the Canberra . These early studies eventually settled on an aircraft with a 2 @,@ 000 nmi ( 3 @,@ 700 km ) ferry range , Mach 1 @.@ 5 speed " at altitude " and 600 nmi ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) low @-@ level range . A crew of two was required , one being the operator of the advanced navigational and attack equipment . The bombload was to be four 1 @,@ 000 lb ( 450 kg ) bombs . The requirements were eventually made official in November 1956 with General Operational Requirement 339 ( GOR.339 ) , which was issued to various aircraft manufacturers in March 1957 . This requirement was exceptionally ambitious for the technology of the day , requiring a supersonic all @-@ weather aircraft that could deliver nuclear weapons over a long range , operate at high level at Mach 2 + or low level at Mach 1 @.@ 2 , with STOL or possible VTOL performance . The latter requirement was a side @-@ effect of common battle plans from the 1950s , which suggested that nuclear strikes in the opening stages of war would damage most runways and airbases , meaning that aircraft would need to take off from " rough fields " such as disused Second World War airfields , or even sufficiently flat and open areas of land . Specifically , the requirement included : Delivery of tactical nuclear weapons at low level in all weathers , by day and night Photo @-@ reconnaissance at medium level ( day ) and low level ( day and night ) Electronic reconnaissance in all weathers Delivery of tactical nuclear weapons day and night at medium altitudes using blind bombing if necessary Delivery of conventional bombs and rockets Low level was stated to be under 1 @,@ 000 ft ( 300 m ) with an expected attack speed at sea level of Mach 0 @.@ 95 . The operational range was to be 1 @,@ 000 nmi ( 1 @,@ 900 km ) operating off runways of no more than 3 @,@ 000 ft ( 900 m ) . The TSR @-@ 2 was able to operate at 200 ft ( 61 m ) above the ground at speeds of Mach 1 @.@ 1 ; its range allowed it to operate strategically in addition to tactical scenarios . = = = Political changes = = = As this specification was being studied by various manufacturers , the first of the political storms that were to dog the project reared its head , when Defence Minister Duncan Sandys stated in the 1957 Defence White Paper that the era of manned combat was at an end and ballistic missiles were the weapons of the future . Within a decade , this philosophy became thoroughly discredited , but at the time , and in the climate of the Cold War and " mutual deterrence " , the missile as a weapons system appeared to make some sense , especially as it seemed missiles would offer significant cost savings over manned aircraft . This viewpoint was vigorously debated by the aviation industry and within the MOD for years . Senior RAF officers argued against the White Paper 's premise , stating the importance of mobility , and that the TSR @-@ 2 could not only replace the Canberra , but potentially the entire V bomber force . In addition to the argument over the need for manned aircraft , additional political machinations had the effect of complicating the project . In September 1957 the Ministry of Supply informed the heads of the aviation companies that the only acceptable proposals would be those issued from teams consisting of more than one company . There were a large number of competing aircraft manufacturing companies in the UK while orders were decreasing , thus the government intended to foster cooperation between certain companies and encourage mergers . Another political matter that did not help was the mutual distrust between the various services . At the time that GOR.339 was being defined , the Royal Navy was in the midst of its NA.39 project , which would eventually become the Blackburn Buccaneer . This was a low @-@ altitude subsonic attack aircraft , designed for over @-@ water as opposed to overland use . The savings involved in both forces using a common aircraft would be considerable , and Blackburn offered the RAF a version of the NA.39 to fit some of the GOR.339 requirements . The Chief of Defence Staff , and former First Sea Lord , Lord Mountbatten was a loyal proponent of the Buccaneer , later claiming that five of the type could be purchased for the same price as one TSR @-@ 2 . However , the RAF rebuffed the proposal , stating that it was unsuitable due to poor takeoff performance and the avionics not being capable of the desired role . As one RAF official put it , " If we show the slightest interest in NA.39 we might not get the GOR.339 aircraft . " Another political opponent of the TSR @-@ 2 project was Sir Solly Zuckerman , at the time the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Ministry of Defence . Zuckerman had an extremely low opinion of British technological achievements and was much more in favour of procuring military hardware from the United States . = = = Submissions = = = Work on GOR.339 continued , with a deadline for submissions on 31 January 1958 . Many proposals were entered ; English Electric teamed up with Short Brothers and submitted its P.17A along with the Shorts ' P.17D , a vertical @-@ lift platform that would give the P.17 a VTOL capability ; designs were also received from Avro , Blackburn ( the NA.39 ) , de Havilland , Fairey , Hawker and Vickers @-@ Armstrongs . The Air Ministry eventually selected the EE P.17A and the Vickers @-@ Armstrongs Type 571 for further consideration . The Ministry was particularly impressed with the Vickers submission , which included not only the aircraft design , but a " total systems concept " outlining all the avionics , support facilities and logistics needed to maintain the aircraft in the field . Official opinions of English Electric 's management found it decidedly lacking in comparison to Vickers , but the combination of the two was felt by officialdom to be a useful marriage and accordingly the development contract was awarded to Vickers , with English Electric as sub @-@ contractor . The existence of GOR.339 was revealed to the public in December 1958 in a statement to the House of Commons . Under pressure by the recommendations of the Committee on Estimates , the Air Ministry examined ways that the various project proposals could be combined , and in January 1959 the Minister of Supply announced that the TSR @-@ 2 would be built by Vickers @-@ Armstrongs working with English Electric ; the initials coming from " Tactical Strike and Reconnaissance , Mach 2 " , the ' Strike ' part of the designation specifically referring in RAF terminology to a nuclear weapons role . On 1 January 1959 , the project was given an official go @-@ ahead ; in February , it came under the new designation Operational Requirement 343 . OR.343 was more specific and built upon work from the various submissions to GOR.339 specifically stating that the low @-@ level operations would be at 200 ft ( 61 m ) or less , and that Mach 2 should be attained at altitude . = = = Mission = = = The envisioned " standard mission " for the TSR @-@ 2 was to carry a 2 @,@ 000 lb ( 900 kg ) weapon internally for a combat radius of 1 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 900 km ) . Of that mission 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ) was to be flown at higher altitudes at Mach 1 @.@ 7 and the 200 nmi ( 370 km ) into and out of the target area was to be flown as low as 200 ft ( 60 m ) at a speed of Mach 0 @.@ 95 . The remainder of the mission was to be flown at Mach 0 @.@ 92 . If the entire mission were to be flown at the low 200 ft ( 61 m ) altitude , the mission radius was reduced to 700 nmi ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) . Heavier weapons loads could be carried with further reductions in range . Plans for increasing the TSR @-@ 2 's range included fitting external tanks : one 450 Imperial gallon ( 2 @,@ 000 L ) tank under each wing or one 1 @,@ 000 @-@ Imperial gallon ( 4 @,@ 500 @-@ L ) tank carried centrally below the fuselage . If no internal weapons were carried , a further 570 Imperial gallons ( 2 @,@ 600 L ) could be carried in a tank in the weapons bay . Later variants would have been fitted with variable @-@ geometry wings . The TSR @-@ 2 was also to be equipped with a reconnaissance pack in the weapons bay which included an optical linescan unit built by EMI , three cameras and a sideways @-@ looking radar ( SLR ) in order to carry out the majority of its reconnaissance tasks . Unlike modern linescan units that use infrared imaging , the TSR @-@ 2 's linescan would use daylight imaging or an artificial light source to illuminate the ground for night reconnaissance . = = = Tactical nuclear weapons = = = Carriage of the existing Red Beard tactical nuclear bomb had been specified at the beginning of the TSR @-@ 2 project , but it was quickly realised that Red Beard was unsuited to external carriage at supersonic speeds , had safety and handling limitations , and its 15 @-@ kt yield was considered inadequate for the targets assigned . Instead , in 1959 , a successor to Red Beard , an " Improved Kiloton Bomb " to a specification known as Operational Requirement 1177 ( OR.1177 ) , was specified for the TSR @-@ 2 . In the tactical strike role , the TSR @-@ 2 was expected to attack targets beyond the forward edge of the battlefield assigned to the RAF by NATO , during day or night and in all weathers . These targets comprised missile sites , both hardened and soft , aircraft on airfields , runways , airfield buildings , airfield fuel installations and bomb stores , tank concentrations , ammunition and supply dumps , railways and railway tunnels , and bridges . OR.1177 specified 50 , 100 , 200 and 300 @-@ kt yields , assuming a circular error probable of 1 @,@ 200 ft ( 370 m ) and a damage probability of 0 @.@ 8 , and laydown delivery capability , with burst heights for targets from 0 to 10 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) above sea level . Other requirements were a weight of up to 1 @,@ 000 lb ( 450 kg ) , a length of up to 144 in ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) , and a diameter up to 28 in ( 710 mm ) ( the same as Red Beard ) . However , a ministerial ruling on 9 July 1962 decreed that all future tactical nuclear weapons should be limited to a yield of 10 kt . The RAF issued a new version of the OR.1177 specification , accepting the lower yield , while making provision in the design for it to be capable of adaptation later for a higher yield , in the event of the political restriction being lifted . Meanwhile , the RAF explored ways of compensating for the lower yield by including , in the specifications for both the bomb and TSR @-@ 2 , provision for releasing the smaller weapons in salvos , dropping sticks of four of the revised OR.1177 , later named WE.177A , at 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) intervals to prevent the detonation of the first weapon destroying the succeeding ones before they could , in turn , detonate . This led to the requirement that the TSR @-@ 2 must be able to carry four WE.177As , two internally and two on external underwing stores pylons — the width of the TSR @-@ 2 bomb bay ( originally designed to accommodate a single Red Beard weapon ) necessitating the reduction in diameter of the WE.177A to 16 @.@ 5 in , the bomb 's width and fin span being constrained by the need to fit two WE.177 bombs side @-@ by @-@ side in the aircraft 's bomb bay . The requirement for stick bombing using nuclear weapons was soon dropped as larger yield bombs came back into favour . A drawback of carrying WE.177 on external pylons was a limitation due to aerodynamic heating of the bomb 's casing . WE.177A was limited to a maximum carriage time of five minutes at Mach 1 @.@ 15 at low level on TSR @-@ 2 , otherwise the bomb 's temperature would rise above its permitted maximum . This would impose a severe operational restriction on TSR @-@ 2 , as the aircraft was designed for M = 1 + cruise at this height . Nuclear stand @-@ off missiles were also proposed for the TSR @-@ 2 early in development but not proceeded with . These included an air @-@ launched development of the Blue Water missile , carried underwing , or semi @-@ recessed in the bomb bay , and an air @-@ launched ballistic missile , referred to as Grand Slam , with a warhead derived from that intended for the Skybolt missile , and a range of 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ) . Conventional missiles were catered for instead , with the design originally centring on use of the AGM @-@ 12 Bullpup , then moving on to favour the French AS @-@ 30 before settling on the new OR.1168 missile ( which would become the AJ @-@ 168 Martel ) . After the cancellation of the TSR @-@ 2 , the RAF eventually filled the tactical strike requirement using McDonnell F @-@ 4 Phantom IIs with US dual @-@ key nuclear weapons , but continued their attempts to get the 10 @-@ kt limit lifted . Development of WE.177A was delayed by several years due to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment ( AWRE ) at Aldermaston being inundated with work on other warhead developments . AWRE workload eased after completion of the Polaris missile warheads and work was able to resume on the WE.177A , deliveries to the RAF beginning in late 1971 for deployment on Buccaneers of RAF Germany , a year after WE.177A deliveries to the Royal Navy . Approval for high @-@ yield tactical weapons was eventually gained in 1970 and , by 1975 , the RAF had WE.177C , which at almost 200 kt was a weapon very similar to what they had planned for the TSR @-@ 2 in 1959 . = = Design = = Throughout 1959 , English Electric ( EE ) and Vickers worked on combining the best of both designs in order to put forward a joint design with a view to having an aircraft flying by 1963 , while also working on merging the companies under the umbrella of the British Aircraft Corporation ( along with Bristol Aircraft ) . EE had put forward a delta winged design and Vickers , a swept wing on a long fuselage . The EE wing , born of their greater supersonic experience , was judged superior to Vickers , while the Vickers fuselage was preferred . In effect , the aircraft would be built 50 / 50 : Vickers the front half , EE the rear . The TSR @-@ 2 was to be powered by two Bristol @-@ Siddeley Olympus reheated turbojets , advanced variants of those used in the Avro Vulcan . The Olympus would be further developed and would power the supersonic Concorde . The design featured a small shoulder @-@ mounted delta wing with down @-@ turned tips , an all @-@ moving swept tailplane and a large all @-@ moving fin . Blown flaps were fitted across the entire trailing edge of the wing to achieve the short takeoff and landing requirement , something that later designs would achieve with the technically more complex swing @-@ wing approach . No ailerons were fitted , control in roll instead being implemented by differential movement of the slab tailplanes . The wing loading was high for its time , enabling the aircraft to fly at very high speed and low level with great stability without being constantly upset by thermals and other ground @-@ related weather phenomena . The EE Chief Test Pilot , Wing Commander Roland Beamont , favourably compared the TSR @-@ 2 's supersonic flying characteristics to the Canberra 's own subsonic flight characteristics , stating that the Canberra was more troublesome . According to the Flight Envelope diagram , TSR2 was capable of sustained cruise at Mach 2 @.@ 05 at altitudes between 37 @,@ 000 ft ( 11 @,@ 000 m ) and 51 @,@ 000 ft ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) and had a dash speed of Mach 2 @.@ 35 ( with a limiting leading edge temperature of 140 degrees Celsius ) . Its theoretical maximum speed was Mach 3 in level flight at 45 @,@ 000 ft ( 14 @,@ 000 m ) . The aircraft featured some extremely sophisticated avionics for navigation and mission delivery , which would also prove to be one of the reasons for the spiralling costs of the project . Some features , such as forward looking radar ( FLR ) , side @-@ looking radar for navigational fixing , only became commonplace on military aircraft years later . These features allowed for an innovative autopilot system which , in turn , enabled long distance terrain @-@ following sorties as crew workload and pilot input had been greatly reduced . There were considerable problems with realising the design . Some contributing manufacturers were employed directly by the Ministry rather than through BAC , leading to communication difficulties and further cost overruns . Equipment , an area in which BAC had autonomy , would be supplied by the Ministry from " associate contractors " , although the equipment would be designed and provided by BAC , subject to ministry approval . The overall outlay of funds made it the largest aircraft project in Britain to date . Unlike most previous projects , there were to be no prototypes . Under the " development batch " procedure pioneered by the Americans ( and also used by English Electric for the Lightning ) , there would instead be a development batch of nine airframes , to be built using production jigs . The choice of proceeding to production tooling turned out to be another source of delay , with the first aircraft having to adhere to strict production standards or deal with the bureaucracy of attaining concessions to allow them to exhibit differences from later airframes . Four years into the project , the first few airframes had effectively become prototypes in all but name , exhibiting a succession of omissions from the specification and differences from the intended pre @-@ production and production batches . = = Operational history = = = = = Testing = = = Despite the increasing costs ( which were inevitable , given the low original estimates ) , the first two of the development batch aircraft were completed . Engine development and undercarriage problems led to delays for the first flight which meant that the TSR @-@ 2 missed the opportunity to be displayed to the public at that year 's Farnborough Airshow . In the days leading up to the testing , Denis Healey , the Opposition defence spokesman , had criticised the aircraft saying that by the time it was introduced it would face " new anti @-@ aircraft " missiles that would shoot it down making it prohibitively expensive at £ 16 million per aircraft ( on the basis of only 30 ordered ) . Test pilot Roland Beamont finally made the first flight from the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment ( A & AEE ) at Boscombe Down , Wiltshire , on 27 September 1964 . Initial flight tests were all performed with the undercarriage down and engine power strictly controlled — with limits of 250 kn ( 460 km / h ) and 10 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) on the first ( 15 @-@ minute ) flight . Shortly after takeoff on XR219 's second flight , vibration from a fuel pump at the resonant frequency of the human eyeball caused the pilot to throttle back one engine to avoid momentary loss of vision . Only on the 10th test flight was the landing gear successfully retracted — problems preventing this on previous occasions , but serious vibration problems on landing persisted throughout the flight testing programme . The first supersonic test flight ( Flight 14 ) was achieved on the transfer from A & AEE , Boscombe Down , to BAC Warton . During the flight , the aircraft achieved Mach 1 on dry power only ( supercruise ) . Following this , Beamont lit a single reheat unit only ( because of problems with the other engine 's reheat fuel pump ) , with the result that the aircraft accelerated away from the chase Lightning flown by Wing Commander James " Jimmy " Dell , who had to catch up using reheat on both engines . On flying the TSR @-@ 2 himself , Dell described the prototype as handling " like a big Lightning " . Over a period of six months , a total of 24 test flights were conducted . Most of the complex electronics were not fitted to the first aircraft , so these flights were all concerned with the basic flying qualities of the aircraft which , according to the test pilots involved , were outstanding . Speeds of Mach 1 @.@ 12 and sustained low @-@ level flights down to 200 ft ( above the Pennines ) were achieved . Undercarriage vibration problems continued , however , and only in the final few flights , when XR219 was fitted with additional tie @-@ struts on the already complex landing gear , was there a significant reduction in them . The last test flight took place on 31 March 1965 . Although the test flying programme was not completed and the TSR @-@ 2 was undergoing typical design and systems modifications reflective of its sophisticated configuration , " [ T ] here was no doubt that the airframe would be capable of accomplishing the tasks set for it and that it represented a major advance on any other type . " Costs continued to rise , which led to concerns at both company and government upper management levels , and the aircraft was also falling short of many of the requirements laid out in OR.343 , such as takeoff distance and combat radius . As a cost @-@ saving measure , a reduced specification was agreed upon , notably reductions in combat radius to 650 nmi ( 1 @,@ 200 km ) , the top speed to Mach 1 @.@ 75 and takeoff run up increased from 600 to 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 550 to 910 m ) . = = = Project cancellation = = = By the 1960s , the United States military was developing the swing @-@ wing F @-@ 111 project as a follow @-@ on to the Republic F @-@ 105 Thunderchief , a fast low @-@ level fighter @-@ bomber designed in the 1950s with an internal bay for a nuclear weapon . There had been some interest in the TSR @-@ 2 from Australia for the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , but in 1963 , the RAAF chose to buy the F @-@ 111 instead , having been offered a better price and delivery schedule by the American manufacturer . Nonetheless , the RAAF had to wait 10 years before the F @-@ 111 was ready to enter service , by which time the anticipated programme cost had tripled . The RAF was also asked to consider the F @-@ 111 as an alternative cost @-@ saving measure . In response to suggestions of cancellation , BAC employees held a protest march , and the new Labour government , which had come to power in 1964 , issued strong denials . However , at two Cabinet meetings held on 1 April 1965 , it was decided to cancel the TSR @-@ 2 on the grounds of projected cost , and instead to obtain an option agreement to acquire up to 110 F @-@ 111 aircraft with no immediate commitment to buy . This decision was announced in the budget speech of 6 April 1965 . The maiden flight of the second development batch aircraft , XR220 , was due on the day of the announcement , but following an accident in conveying the airframe to Boscombe Down , coupled with the announcement of the project cancellation , it never happened . Ultimately , only the first prototype , XR219 , ever took to the air . A week later , the Chancellor defended the decision in a debate in the House of Commons , saying that the F @-@ 111 would prove cheaper . Aeronautical engineer Sir Sydney Camm ( designer of the Hawker Hurricane ) said of the TSR @-@ 2 : " All modern aircraft have four dimensions : span , length , height and politics . TSR @-@ 2 simply got the first three right . " = = = TSR @-@ 2 replacements = = = To replace the TSR @-@ 2 , the Air Ministry initially placed an option for the F @-@ 111K ( a modified F @-@ 111A with F @-@ 111C enhancements ) but also considered two other choices : a Rolls @-@ Royce Spey ( RB.168 Spey 25R ) conversion of a Dassault Mirage IV ( the Dassault / BAC Spey @-@ Mirage IV ) and an enhanced Blackburn Buccaneer S.2 with a new nav @-@ attack system and reconnaissance capability , referred to as the " Buccaneer 2 @-@ Double @-@ Star " . Neither proposal was pursued as a TSR @-@ 2 replacement although a final decision was reserved until the 1966 Defence Review . Defence Minister Healey 's memo about the F @-@ 111 and the Cabinet minutes regarding the final cancellation of the TSR @-@ 2 indicate that the F @-@ 111 was preferred . Following the 1966 Defence White Paper , the Air Ministry decided on two aircraft : the F @-@ 111K , with a longer @-@ term replacement being a joint Anglo @-@ French project for a variable geometry strike aircraft - the Anglo French Variable Geometry Aircraft ( AFVG ) . A censure debate followed on 1 May 1967 , in which Healey claimed the cost of the TSR @-@ 2 would have been £ 1 @,@ 700 million over 15 years including running costs , compared with £ 1 @,@ 000 million for the F @-@ 111K / AFVG combination . Although 10 F @-@ 111Ks were ordered in April 1966 with an additional order for 40 in April 1967 , the F @-@ 111 programme suffered enormous cost escalation coupled with the devaluation of the pound , far exceeding that of the TSR @-@ 2 projection . Many technical problems were still unresolved before successful operational deployment and , faced with poorer @-@ than @-@ projected performance estimates , the order for 50 F @-@ 111Ks for the RAF was eventually cancelled in January 1968 . To provide a suitable alternative to the TSR @-@ 2 , the RAF settled on a combination of the F @-@ 4 Phantom II and the Blackburn Buccaneer , some of which were transferred from the Royal Navy . These were the very same aircraft that the RAF had derided in order to get the TSR @-@ 2 go @-@ ahead , but the Buccaneer proved capable and remained in service until 1994 . The RN and RAF versions of the Phantom II were given the designation F @-@ 4K and F @-@ 4M respectively , and entered service as the Phantom FG.1 ( fighter / ground attack ) and Phantom FGR.2 ( fighter / ground attack / reconnaissance ) , remaining in service ( in the air @-@ to @-@ air role ) until 1992 . The RAF 's Phantoms were replaced in the strike / reconnaissance role by the SEPECAT Jaguar in the mid @-@ 1970s . In the 1980s , both the Jaguar and Buccaneer were eventually replaced in this role by the variable @-@ geometry Panavia Tornado , a much smaller design than either the F @-@ 111 or the TSR @-@ 2 . Experience in the design and development of the avionics , particularly the terrain @-@ following capabilities , were used on the later Tornado programme . In the late 1970s , as the Tornado was nearing full production , an aviation businessman , Christopher de Vere , initiated a highly speculative feasibility study into resurrecting and updating the TSR @-@ 2 project . However , despite persistent lobbying of the UK government of the time , his proposal was not taken seriously and came to nothing . = = Survivors = = The TSR @-@ 2 tooling , jigs and many of the part completed aircraft were all scrapped at Brooklands within six months of the cancellation . Two airframes eventually survived : the complete XR220 at the RAF Museum , Cosford near Wolverhampton , and the much less complete XR222 at the Imperial War Museum Duxford . The only airframe ever to fly , XR219 , along with the completed XR221 and part completed XR223 were taken to Shoeburyness and used as targets to test the vulnerability of a modern airframe and systems to gunfire and shrapnel . Four additional completed airframes , XR224 , XR225 , XR226 and one incomplete airframe XR227 ( X @-@ 06 @,@ 07 @,@ 08 and 09 ) were scrapped by R J Coley and Son , Hounslow Middlesex . Four further airframe serials XR228 to XR231 were allocated but these aircraft were allegedly not built . Construction of a further 10 aircraft ( X @-@ 10 to 19 ) allocated serials XS660 to 669 was started but all partly built airframes were again scrapped by R J Coley . The last serial of that batch , XS670 is listed as " cancelled " , as are those of another batch of 50 projected aircraft , XS944 to 995 . By coincidence - the projected batch of 46 General Dynamics F @-@ 111Ks ( of which the first four were the trainer variant TF @-@ 111K ) were allocated RAF serials XV884 @-@ 887 and 902 @-@ 947 , but these again were cancelled when the first two were still incomplete . The apparent haste with which the project was scrapped has been the source of much argument and bitterness since . The TSR @-@ 2 , nonetheless , remains a lingering " what if ? " of British aviation , comparable with the cancellation and destruction of the American Northrop Flying Wing bombers , and the Avro Canada CF @-@ 105 Arrow interceptor that was scrapped in Canada in 1959 . Surviving airframes XR220 ( X @-@ 02 ) on display at RAF Museum Cosford XR222 ( X @-@ 04 ) on display at Imperial War Museum Duxford Cockpit section on display at Brooklands Museum Bristol Siddeley Olympus 22R @-@ 320 - 2 engines on display at Gatwick Aviation Museum = = Specifications = = Data from TSR2 : Britain 's Lost Bomber General characteristics Crew : 2 Length : 89 ft ( 27 @.@ 13 m ) Wingspan : 37 @.@ 14 ft ( 11 @.@ 32 m ) Height : 23 @.@ 77 ft ( 7 @.@ 25 m ) Wing area : 702 @.@ 9 ft ² ( 65 @.@ 3 m ² ) Empty weight : 54 @,@ 750 lb ( 24 @,@ 834 kg ) Loaded weight : 79 @,@ 573 lb ( 36 @,@ 169 kg ) Max. takeoff weight : 103 @,@ 500 lb ( 46 @,@ 980 kg ) Powerplant : 2 × Bristol Siddeley Olympus B.Ol.22R ( Mk . 320 ) turbojet Dry thrust : 22 @,@ 000 lb ( 97 @.@ 87 kN ) each Thrust with afterburner : 30 @,@ 610 lb ( 136 @.@ 7 kN ) each Performance Maximum speed : Mach 2 @.@ 35 at 40 @,@ 000 ft / 12 @,@ 000 m ( Mach 1 @.@ 1 + at sea level ) Range : 2 @,@ 500 nmi ( 2 @,@ 877 mi , 4 @,@ 630 km ) Combat radius : 750 nmi ( 860 mi , 1 @,@ 390 km ) ; hi @-@ lo @-@ lo @-@ hi Ferry range : 2 @,@ 500 nmi ( 2 @,@ 877 mi , 4 @,@ 630 km ) Service ceiling : 40 @,@ 000 ft ( final specification ) ( 12 @,@ 000 m ) Rate of climb : 15 @,@ 000 ft / min ( 4 @,@ 575 m / min ) Thrust / weight : 0 @.@ 59 Armament Total weapons load of 10 @,@ 000 lb ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) ; 6 @,@ 000 lb ( 2 @,@ 700 kg ) internal and 4 @,@ 000 lb ( 1 @,@ 800 kg ) external Internal weapons bay , 20 ft ( 6 m ) long , with ( initially ) 1 Red Beard 15 kt nuclear weapon or as intended 2 x OR.1177 300 kt nuclear weapons or 6 x 1 @,@ 000 lb ( 450 kg ) HE bombs . Final designed normal load in nuclear role of up to 4 x WE.177 nuclear weapons , two side @-@ by @-@ side or in tandem in weapons bay , two on external underwing stores pylons , Or 4 x 37 @-@ inch ( 0 @.@ 94 m ) rocket pods or nuclear weaponry on inner pylons only . Avionics Autonetics Verdan autopilot modified by Elliot Automation Ferranti ( terrain @-@ following radar and navigation / attack systems ) EMI ( Side looking airborne radar ) Marconi ( general avionics ) Cossor ( IFF ) Plessey ( Radio ) = Leverett George DeVeber = Leverett George DeVeber ( sometimes spelled De Veber ) ( February 10 , 1849 – July 9 , 1925 ) was a Canadian politician who served as Member of the Legislative Assemblies of Alberta and the North @-@ West Territories , minister in the government of Alberta , and member of the Senate of Canada . Born in New Brunswick and trained as a physician , he joined the North @-@ West Mounted Police and came west , eventually settling in Lethbridge after leaving the police force . He represented Lethbridge in the North @-@ West Legislative Assembly from 1898 until 1905 , when Lethbridge became part of the new province of Alberta . He was appointed Minister without Portfolio in Alberta 's first government , but resigned four months later to accept an appointment to the Senate , where he remained until his death . = = Early life = = DeVeber was born February 10 , 1849 , in Saint John , New Brunswick . His great @-@ grandfather , Gabriel DeVeber , had been a British army officer who was rewarded for his service in the American Revolution with land in New Brunswick , where his descendants had lived since . Leverett George DeVeber was educated in Saint John and Kingston before attending King 's College in Windsor , Nova Scotia . He was a prominent rower in New Brunswick , and also played cricket and baseball and took part in shooting , hunting , and fishing events . He studied for a year at Harvard College and then completed his medical studies at St. Bartholomew 's Hospital in London , from which he graduated in 1870 . He then studied at the University of Pennsylvania for a year . He practiced medicine in Saint John for six years , before coming west to join the North @-@ West Mounted Police as a surgeon in 1882 . Over the next three years he was stationed at Fort Walsh , Calgary , and Fort MacLeod ; it was in this last town that he left the NWMP to set up a civilian practice in 1885 . In 1885 DeVeber married Rachael Ann Ryan , who was born in Melbourne where her father was posted with the British Army . The pair would have two children : Marion Frances DeVeber , who married shipbuilder Francis Dunn and moved to England , and Leverett Sandys DeVeber , who worked in Toronto for the Bank of Montreal . DeVeber moved to Lethbridge in 1890 , and became its Medical Officer of Health in 1893 , in which capacity he continued until at least 1924 . In Lethbridge he was involved in music : he took charge of his church 's choir in 1891 , and the same year sang at a local concert after the intended headliner , Nora Clench , failed to show up . He was also active with the Episcopalian church and the Canadian Order of Foresters . = = Political career = = = = = Territorial and provincial service = = = DeVeber was acclaimed to the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories in the 1898 election , and re @-@ elected in the 1902 election . Though he was a Liberal , he wholeheartedly supported the efforts of Premier Frederick W. A. G. Haultain to conduct territory politics along non @-@ partisan lines . As the federal government prepared to create two new provinces , Alberta and Saskatchewan , out of the Northwest Territoes , DeVeber joined with Haultain in advocating the continuation of this non @-@ partisan approach into the governments of the new provinces . This position put him at odds with the Liberal federal government , led by Wilfrid Laurier , who wanted the new provinces ' governments to be Liberal . A Liberal , George Bulyea , was therefore appointed Lieutenant Governor of Alberta , and it was understood that he would appoint a Liberal as the province 's first premier . After Alberta 's two most prominent Liberals , Peter Talbot and Frank Oliver , made it clear that they were not interested , DeVeber considered himself as a possible candidate . Less than two months before Alberta 's formal creation , he wrote to his colleague in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories , Alexander Cameron Rutherford , that the possibilities " practically came to you and I , both of us weak enough God knows but we have the sense to see it . " DeVeber 's belief that he may be appointed premier does not appear to have been well @-@ founded : his opposition to the introduction of party lines earned him the enmity of some Liberals , not least because it aligned him with Haultain , a Conservative . In the estimation of historian L. G. Thomas , DeVeber 's fellow Liberals " were not inclined to take him too seriously " as a potential premier . Once it became clear that he was not to become premier , DeVeber turned his ambitions towards the Canadian Senate . Though he had little interest in sustained involvement with the government of Alberta , he accepted Rutherford 's ( for Rutherford had been named premier ) invitation to serve in his first cabinet as Minister without Portfolio . He made clear that he viewed the appointment as an interim one , to give Rutherford time to evaluate the many novice politicians entering the new province 's legislature and , in DeVeber 's words , " ascertain who of the new blood will rise to the surface " . In keeping with the expectations of a government minister in the Westminster system , DeVeber ran in the 1905 provincial election , defeating Conservative William Carlos Ives by a comfortable margin in the Lethbridge electoral district . = = = Senator = = = DeVeber did not serve long either as minister or Member of the Legislative Assembly : having received word that he was to be appointed to the Senate , he resigned from cabinet on March 1 , 1906 — exactly four months after his appointment — and from the legislature March 7 . He formally began his term as Senator the next day . His time as an MLA was so short he did not sign the rolls in the Alberta Legislature and was never sworn in . While in the Senate , DeVeber chaired the Standing Committee on Public Health and Inspection of Foods . One issue examined by this committee was water pollution : beginning in March 1909 and for nearly a year afterwards , it studied the question in view of the increasing mortality from typhoid fever , and concluded , in the words of the University of Michigan 's Jennifer Read , " that the country required some form of legislation to manage the problem . However , it was at a loss about the form it should take and from what body it should emanate . " As chair of the committee , DeVeber attended an October 1910 federal @-@ provincial conference in Ottawa called to attempt to coordinate all Canadian jurisdictions ' responses to water pollution . Besides recommending that provincial governments use their constitutional authority over health and municipal government to prevent undue water pollution from municipal sewage systems , it advised the federal government to use its authority over navigable waterways to prohibit the dumping of most waste into them ; DeVeber supplied a draft bill for Parliament 's consideration . At the same time , DeVeber 's colleague Napoléon Belcourt was championing a similar measure in the Senate ( as an Ottawa resident , Belcourt was disturbed by the effect on the city 's water supply by the dumping of waste upstream , in Aylmer , Quebec ) , and while doing so he quoted extensively from the report of DeVeber 's committee . When Belcourt 's bill came up for debate , DeVeber scolded him on the floor of the Senate for misrepresenting the committee 's report as being much more supportive of the bill than it actually was ; in the estimation of University of Ottawa law professor Jamie Benidickson , DeVeber 's comments assured the bill 's defeat . DeVeber remained a Senator until his death in 1925 . Alberta 's Mount DeVeber , located in Willmore Wilderness Park , is named in his honour . = = Electoral record = = = Gustav Mahler = Gustav Mahler ( 7 July 1860 , Kaliště in Bohemia , now Czech Republic – 18 May 1911 , Vienna in Austria ) was an Austrian late @-@ Romantic composer , and one of the leading conductors of his generation . As a composer he acted as a bridge between the 19th century Austro @-@ German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century . While in his lifetime his status as a conductor was established beyond question , his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era . After 1945 his compositions were rediscovered and championed by a new generation of listeners ; Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers , a position he has sustained into the 21st century . Born in Bohemia ( then part of Austrian Empire ) as a German @-@ speaking Jew of humble circumstances , Mahler displayed his musical gifts at an early age . After graduating from the Vienna Conservatory in 1878 , he held a succession of conducting posts of rising importance in the opera houses of Europe , culminating in his appointment in 1897 as director of the Vienna Court Opera ( Hofoper ) . During his ten years in Vienna , Mahler — who had converted to Catholicism to secure the post — experienced regular opposition and hostility from the anti @-@ Semitic press . Nevertheless , his innovative productions and insistence on the highest performance standards ensured his reputation as one of the greatest of opera conductors , particularly as an interpreter of the stage works of Wagner , Mozart , and Tchaikovsky . Late in his life he was briefly director of New York 's Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic . Mahler 's œuvre is relatively small ; for much of his life composing was necessarily a part @-@ time activity while he earned his living as a conductor . Aside from early works such as a movement from a piano quartet composed when he was a student in Vienna , Mahler 's works are generally designed for large orchestral forces , symphonic choruses and operatic soloists . These works were frequently controversial when first performed , and several were slow to receive critical and popular approval ; exceptions included his Symphony No. 2 and the triumphant premiere of his Eighth Symphony in 1910 . Some of Mahler 's immediate musical successors included the composers of the Second Viennese School , notably Arnold Schoenberg , Alban Berg and Anton Webern . Dmitri Shostakovich and Benjamin Britten are among later 20th @-@ century composers who admired and were influenced by Mahler . The International Gustav Mahler Institute was established in 1955 to honour the composer 's life and work . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = = = = = Family background = = = = The Mahler family came from eastern Bohemia and were of humble circumstances ; the composer 's grandmother had been a street pedlar . Bohemia was then part of the Austrian Empire ; the Mahler family belonged to a German @-@ speaking minority among Bohemians , and was also Jewish . From this background the future composer developed early on a permanent sense of exile , " always an intruder , never welcomed " . Bernhard Mahler , the pedlar 's son and the composer 's father , elevated himself to the ranks of the petite bourgeoisie by becoming a coachman and later an innkeeper . He bought a modest house in the village of Kalischt ( Kaliště ) , halfway between Prague in Bohemia and Brno in Moravia , in the geographic center of today 's Czech Republic . Bernhard 's wife Marie gave birth to the first of the couple 's 14 children , a son Isidor , who died in infancy . Two years later , on 7 July 1860 , their second son , Gustav , was born . = = = = Childhood = = = = In December 1860 , Bernhard Mahler moved with his wife and infant son , Gustav , to the town of Iglau ( Jihlava ) , 25 km ( 16 mi ) to the south @-@ east , where he built up a distillery and tavern business . The family grew rapidly , but of the 12 children born to the family in Iglau only six survived infancy . Iglau was then a thriving commercial town of 20 @,@ 000 people where Gustav was introduced to music through street songs , dance tunes , folk melodies , and the trumpet calls and marches of the local military band . All of these elements would later contribute to his mature musical vocabulary . When he was four years old , Gustav discovered his grandparents ' piano and took to it immediately . He developed his performing skills sufficiently to be considered a local Wunderkind and gave his first public performance at the town theatre when he was ten years old . Although Gustav loved making music , his school reports from the Iglau Gymnasium portrayed him as absent @-@ minded and unreliable in academic work . In 1871 , in the hope of improving the boy 's results , his father sent him to the New Town Gymnasium in Prague , but Gustav was unhappy there and soon returned to Iglau . In 1874 he suffered a bitter personal loss when his younger brother Ernst died after a long illness . Mahler sought to express his feelings in music : with the help of a friend , Josef Steiner , he began work on an opera , Herzog Ernst von Schwaben ( " Duke Ernest of Swabia " ) as a memorial to his lost brother . Neither the music nor the libretto of this work has survived . = = = = Student days = = = = Bernhard Mahler supported his son 's ambitions for a music career , and agreed that the boy should try for a place at the Vienna Conservatory . The young Mahler was auditioned by the renowned pianist Julius Epstein , and accepted for 1875 – 76 . He made good progress in his piano studies with Epstein and won prizes at the end of each of his first two years . For his final year , 1877 – 78 , he concentrated on composition and harmony under Robert Fuchs and Franz Krenn . Few of Mahler 's student compositions have survived ; most were abandoned when he became dissatisfied with them . He destroyed a symphonic movement prepared for an end @-@ of @-@ term competition , after its scornful rejection by the autocratic director Joseph Hellmesberger on the grounds of copying errors . Mahler may have gained his first conducting experience with the Conservatory 's student orchestra , in rehearsals and performances , although it appears that his main role in this orchestra was as a percussionist . Among Mahler 's fellow students at the Conservatory was the future song composer Hugo Wolf , with whom he formed a close friendship . Wolf was unable to submit to the strict disciplines of the Conservatory and was expelled . Mahler , while sometimes rebellious , avoided the same fate only by writing a penitent letter to Hellmesberger . He attended occasional lectures by Anton Bruckner and , though never formally his pupil , was influenced by him . On 16 December 1877 , he attended the disastrous premiere of Bruckner 's Third Symphony , at which the composer was shouted down , and most of the audience walked out . Mahler and other sympathetic students later prepared a piano version of the symphony , which they presented to Bruckner . Along with many music students of his generation , Mahler fell under the spell of Richard Wagner , though his chief interest was the sound of the music rather than the staging . It is not known whether he saw any of Wagner 's operas during his student years . Mahler left the Conservatory in 1878 with a diploma but without the prestigious silver medal given for outstanding achievement . He then enrolled at the University of Vienna ( he had , at Bernhard 's insistence , sat and with difficulty passed the " matura " , or entrance examination ) and followed courses which reflected his developing interests in literature and philosophy . After leaving the University in 1879 , Mahler made some money as a piano teacher , continued to compose , and in 1880 finished a dramatic cantata , Das klagende Lied ( " The Song of Lamentation " ) . This , his first substantial composition , shows traces of Wagnerian and Brucknerian influences , yet includes many musical elements which musicologist Deryck Cooke describes as " pure Mahler " . Its first performance was delayed until 1901 , when it was presented in a revised , shortened form . Mahler developed interests in German philosophy , and was introduced by his friend Siegfried Lipiner to the works of Arthur Schopenhauer , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustav Fechner and Hermann Lotze . These thinkers continued to influence Mahler and his music long after his student days were over . Mahler 's biographer Jonathan Carr says that the composer 's head was " not only full of the sound of Bohemian bands , trumpet calls and marches , Bruckner chorales and Schubert sonatas . It was also throbbing with the problems of philosophy and metaphysics he had thrashed out , above all , with Lipiner . " = = = Early conducting career 1880 – 88 = = = = = = = First appointments = = = = In the summer of 1880 , Mahler took his first professional conducting job , in a small wooden theatre in the spa town of Bad Hall , south of Linz . The repertory was exclusively operetta ; it was , in Carr 's words " a dismal little job " , which Mahler accepted only after Julius Epstein told him he would soon work his way up . In 1881 , he was engaged at the Landestheater in Laibach ( now Ljubljana , in Slovenia ) , where the small but resourceful company was prepared to attempt more ambitious works . Here , Mahler conducted his first full @-@ scale opera , Verdi 's Il trovatore , one of more than 50 that he presented during his time in Laibach . After completing his six @-@ month engagement , Mahler returned to Vienna and worked part @-@ time as chorus @-@ master at the Vienna Carltheater . In January 1883 , Mahler became conductor at a run @-@ down theatre in Olmütz ( now Olomouc ) . He later wrote : " From the moment I crossed the threshold of the Olmütz theatre I felt like one awaiting the wrath of God . " Despite poor relations with the orchestra , Mahler brought five new operas to the theatre , including Bizet 's Carmen , and won over the press that had initially been hostile to him . After a week 's trial at the Royal Theatre in the Hessian town of Kassel , Mahler became the theatre 's " Musical and Choral Director " from August 1883 . The title concealed the reality that Mahler was subordinate to the theatre 's Kapellmeister , Wilhelm Treiber , who disliked him and set out to make his life miserable . Despite the unpleasant atmosphere , Mahler had moments of success at Kassel . He directed a performance of his favourite opera , Weber 's Der Freischütz , and , on 23 June 1884 , conducted his own incidental music to Joseph Victor von Scheffel 's play Der Trompeter von Säckingen ( " The Trumpeter of Säckingen " ) , the first professional public performance of a Mahler work . An ardent , but ultimately unfulfilled , love affair with soprano Johanna Richter led Mahler to write a series of love poems which became the text of his song cycle Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen ( " Songs of a Wayfarer " ) . In January 1884 , the distinguished conductor Hans von Bülow brought the Meiningen Court Orchestra to Kassel and gave two concerts . Hoping to escape from his job in the theatre , Mahler unsuccessfully sought a post as Bülow 's permanent assistant . However , in the following year his efforts to find new employment resulted in a six @-@ year contract with the prestigious Leipzig Opera , to begin in 1886 . Unwilling to remain in Kassel for another year , Mahler resigned in July 1885 , and through good fortune was offered a standby appointment as an assistant conductor at the Neues Deutsches Theater ( New German Theatre ) in Prague . = = = = Prague and Leipzig = = = = In Prague , the emergence of Czech National Revival had increased the popularity and importance of the new Czech National Theatre , and had led to a downturn in the Neues Deutsches Theater 's fortunes . Mahler 's task was to help arrest this decline by offering high @-@ quality productions of German opera . He enjoyed early success presenting works by Mozart and Wagner , composers with whom he would be particularly associated for the rest of his career , but his individualistic and increasingly autocratic conducting style led to friction , and a falling out with his more experienced fellow @-@ conductor , Ludwig Slansky . In April 1886 , Mahler left Prague to take up his post at the Neues Stadttheater in Leipzig , where rivalry with his senior colleague Arthur Nikisch began at once . This was primarily over how the two should share conducting duties for the theatre 's new production of Wagner 's Ring cycle . Nikisch 's illness , in January 1887 , meant that Mahler took charge of the whole cycle , and scored a resounding public success . This did not , however , win him popularity with the orchestra , who resented his dictatorial manner and heavy rehearsal schedules . In Leipzig , Mahler befriended Carl von Weber , grandson of the composer , and agreed to prepare a performing version of Carl Maria von Weber 's unfinished opera Die drei Pintos ( " The Three Pintos " ) . Mahler transcribed and orchestrated the existing musical sketches , used parts of other Weber works , and added some composition of his own . The premiere at the Stadttheater , in January 1888 , was an important occasion at which Tchaikovsky was present , as were the heads of various opera houses . The work was well @-@ received ; its success did much to raise Mahler 's public profile , and brought him financial rewards . His involvement with the Weber family was complicated by a romantic attachment to Carl von Weber 's wife Marion which , though intense on both sides , ultimately came to nothing . At around this time Mahler discovered the German folk @-@ poem collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn ( " The Youth 's Magic Horn " ) , which would dominate much of his compositional output for the following 12 years . In May 1888 , Mahler 's new @-@ found financial security enabled him to resign his Leipzig position after a dispute with the Stadttheater 's chief stage manager . Without a post , Mahler returned to Prague to work on a revival of Die drei Pintos and a production of Peter Cornelius 's Der Barbier von Bagdad . This short stay ended unhappily , with Mahler 's dismissal following an outburst during rehearsals . However , through the efforts of an old Viennese friend , Guido Adler , Mahler 's name went forward as a potential director of the Royal Hungarian Opera in Budapest . He was interviewed , made a good impression , and was offered the post from October 1888 . = = = = Apprentice composer = = = = In the early years of Mahler 's conducting career , composing was a spare time activity . Between his Laibach and Olmütz appointments he worked on settings of verses by Richard Leander and Tirso de Molina , later collected as Volume I of Lieder und Gesänge ( " Songs and Airs " ) . Mahler 's first orchestral song cycle , Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen , composed at Kassel , was based on his own verses , although the first poem , " Wenn mein Schatz Hochzeit macht " ( " When my love becomes a bride " ) closely follows the text of a Wunderhorn poem . The melodies for the second and fourth songs of the cycle were incorporated into the First Symphony , which Mahler finished in 1888 , at the height of his relationship with Marion von Weber . The intensity of Mahler 's feelings are reflected in the music , which originally was written as a five @-@ movement symphonic poem with a descriptive programme . One of these movements , the " Blumine " , later discarded , was based on a passage from his earlier work Der Trompeter von Säckingen . After completing the symphony , Mahler composed a 20 @-@ minute funeral march , or Totenfeier , which later became the first movement of his Second Symphony . There has been frequent speculation about lost or destroyed works from Mahler 's early years . The Dutch conductor Willem Mengelberg believed that the First Symphony was too mature to be a first symphonic work , and must have had predecessors . In 1938 , Mengelberg revealed the existence of the so @-@ called " Dresden archive " , a series of manuscripts in the possession of the widowed Marion von Weber . According to the Mahler historian Donald Mitchell , it was highly likely that important Mahler manuscripts of early symphonic works had been held in Dresden ; this archive , if it existed , was almost certainly destroyed in the bombing of Dresden in 1945 ; = = = Budapest and Hamburg , 1888 – 97 = = = = = = = Royal Opera , Budapest = = = = On arriving in Budapest in October 1888 , Mahler encountered a cultural conflict between conservative Hungarian nationalists who favoured a policy of Magyarisation , and progressives who wanted to maintain and develop the country 's Austro @-@ German cultural traditions . In the opera house a dominant conservative caucus , led by the music director Sándor Erkel , had maintained a limited repertory of historical and folklore opera . By the time that Mahler began his duties , the progressive camp had gained ascendancy following the appointment of the liberal @-@ minded Ferenc von Beniczky as intendant . Aware of the delicate situation , Mahler moved cautiously ; he delayed his first appearance on the conductor 's stand until January 1889 , when he conducted Hungarian language performances of Das Rheingold and Die Walküre to initial public acclaim . However , his early successes faded when plans to stage the remainder of the Ring cycle and other German operas were frustrated by a renascent conservative faction which favoured a more traditional " Hungarian " programme . In search of non @-@ German operas to extend the repertory , Mahler visited Italy where among the works he discovered was Pietro Mascagni 's recent sensation Cavalleria rusticana . In February 1889 , Bernhard Mahler died ; this was followed later in the year by the deaths both of Mahler 's sister Leopoldine and his mother . Mahler himself suffered poor health , with attacks of haemorrhoids and migraine and a recurrent septic throat . Shortly after these family and health setbacks the premiere of the First Symphony , in Budapest on 21 November 1889 , was a disappointment . The critic August Beer 's lengthy newspaper review indicates that enthusiasm after the early movements degenerated into " audible opposition " after the Finale . Mahler was particularly distressed by the negative comments from his Vienna Conservatory contemporary , Viktor von Herzfeld , who had remarked that Mahler , like many conductors before him , had proved not to be a composer . In 1891 , Hungary 's move to the political right was reflected in the opera house when Beniczky was replaced as intendant by Géza Zichy , a conservative aristocrat determined to assume artistic control over Mahler 's head . Mahler began negotiating with the director of the Hamburg Stadttheater ; in May 1891 , having agreed to a contract there , he resigned his Budapest post . His final Budapest triumph was a performance of Don Giovanni which won him praise from Brahms , who was present . During his Budapest years Mahler 's compositional output had been limited to the Wunderhorn song settings that became Volumes II and III of Lieder und Gesänge , and amendments to the First Symphony . = = = = Hamburg Stadttheater = = = = Mahler 's Hamburg post was as chief conductor , subordinate to the director , Bernhard Pohl ( known as Pollini ) who retained overall artistic control . Pollini was prepared to give Mahler considerable leeway if the conductor could provide commercial as well as artistic success . This Mahler did in his first season , when he conducted Wagner 's Tristan und Isolde for the first time and gave acclaimed performances of the same composer 's Tannhäuser and Siegfried . Another triumph was the German premiere of Tchaikovsky 's Eugene Onegin , in the presence of the composer , who called Mahler 's conducting " astounding " , and later asserted in a letter that he believed Mahler was " positively a genius " . Mahler 's demanding rehearsal schedules led to predictable resentment from the singers and orchestra with whom , according to music writer Peter Franklin , the conductor " inspired hatred and respect in almost equal measure . " He found support , however , from Hans von Bülow , who was in Hamburg as director of the city 's subscription concerts . Bülow , who had spurned Mahler 's approaches in Kassel , had come to admire the younger man 's conducting style , and on Bülow 's death in 1894 Mahler took over the direction of the concerts . In the summer of 1892 Mahler took the Hamburg singers to London to participate in a six @-@ week season of German opera — his only visit to Britain . His conducting of Tristan enthralled the young composer Ralph Vaughan Williams , who " staggered home in a daze and could not sleep for two nights . " However , Mahler refused further such invitations as he was anxious to reserve his summers for composing . In 1893 he acquired a retreat at Steinbach , on the banks of Lake Attersee in Upper Austria , and established a pattern that persisted for the rest of his life ; summers would henceforth be dedicated to composition , at Steinbach or its successor retreats . Now firmly under the influence of the Wunderhorn folk @-@ poem collection , Mahler produced a stream of song settings at Steinbach , and composed his Second and Third Symphonies there . Performances of Mahler works were still comparatively rare . On 27 October 1893 , at Hamburg 's Ludwig Konzerthaus , Mahler conducted a revised version of his First Symphony ; still in its original five @-@ movement form , it was presented as a Tondichtung ( tone poem ) under the descriptive name " Titan " . This concert also introduced several recent Wunderhorn settings . Mahler achieved his first relative success as a composer when the Second Symphony was well @-@ received on its premiere in Berlin , under his own baton , on 13 December 1895 . Mahler 's future conducting assistant Bruno Walter , who was present , said that " one may date [ Mahler 's ] rise to fame as a composer from that day . " That same year Mahler 's private life was disrupted by the suicide of his younger brother Otto . At the Stadttheater Mahler introduced numerous new operas : Verdi 's Falstaff , Humperdinck 's Hänsel und Gretel , and works by Smetana . However , he was forced to resign his post with the subscription concerts after poor financial returns and an ill @-@ received interpretation of his re @-@ scored Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony . Mahler had made it clear that his ultimate goal was an appointment in Vienna , and from 1895 onward was manoeuvring , with the help of influential friends , to secure the directorship of the Vienna Hofoper . He overcame the bar that existed against the appointment of a Jew to this post by what may have been a pragmatic conversion to Roman Catholicism in February 1897 . Despite this event , Mahler has been described as a lifelong agnostic . = = = Vienna , 1897 – 1907 = = = = = = = Hofoper director = = = = As he waited for the Emperor 's confirmation of his directorship , Mahler shared duties as a resident conductor with Joseph Hellmesberger Jr . ( son of the former conservatory director ) and Hans Richter , an internationally renowned interpreter of Wagner and the conductor of the original Ring cycle at Bayreuth in 1876 . Director Wilhelm Jahn had not consulted Richter about Mahler 's appointment ; Mahler , sensitive to the situation , wrote Richter a complimentary letter expressing unswerving admiration for the older conductor . Subsequently the two were rarely in agreement , but kept their divisions private . Vienna , the imperial Habsburg capital , had recently elected an anti @-@ Semitic conservative mayor , Karl Lueger , who had once proclaimed : " I myself decide who is a Jew and who isn 't . " In such a volatile political atmosphere Mahler needed an early demonstration of his German cultural credentials . He made his initial mark in May 1897 with much @-@ praised performances of Wagner 's Lohengrin and Mozart 's Die Zauberflöte . Shortly after the Zauberflöte triumph , Mahler was forced to take sick leave for several weeks , during which he was nursed by his sister Justine and his long @-@ time companion , the viola player Natalie Bauer @-@ Lechner . Mahler returned to Vienna in early August to prepare for Vienna 's first uncut version of the Ring cycle . This performance took place on 24 – 27 August , attracting critical praise and public enthusiasm . Mahler 's friend Hugo Wolf told Bauer @-@ Lechner that " for the first time I have heard the Ring as I have always dreamed of hearing it while reading the score . " On 8 October Mahler was formally appointed to succeed Jahn as the Hofoper 's director . His first production in his new office was Smetana 's Czech nationalist opera Dalibor , with a reconstituted finale that left the hero Dalibor alive . This production caused anger among the more extreme Viennese German nationalists , who accused Mahler of " fraternising with the anti @-@ dynastic , inferior Czech nation " . The Austrian author Stefan Zweig , in his memoirs The World of Yesterday ( 1942 ) , described Mahler 's appointment as an example of the Viennese public 's general distrust of young artists : " Once , when an amazing exception occurred and Gustav Mahler was named director of the Court Opera at thirty @-@ eight years old , a frightened murmur and astonishment ran through Vienna , because someone had entrusted the highest institute of art to ' such a young person ' ... This suspicion – that all young people were ' not very reliable ' – ran through all circles at that time . " Zweig also wrote that " to have seen Gustav Mahler on the street [ in Vienna ] was an event that one would proudly report to his comrades the next morning as it if were a personal triumph . " During Mahler 's tenure a total of 33 new operas were introduced to the Hofoper ; a further 55 were new or totally revamped productions . However , a proposal to stage Richard Strauss 's controversial opera Salome in 1905 was rejected by the Viennese censors . Early in 1902 Mahler met Alfred Roller , an artist and designer associated with the Vienna Secession movement . A year later , Mahler appointed him chief stage designer to the Hofoper , where Roller 's debut was a new production of Tristan und Isolde . The collaboration between Mahler and Roller created more than 20 celebrated productions of , among other operas , Beethoven 's Fidelio , Gluck 's Iphigénie en Aulide and Mozart 's Le nozze di Figaro . In the Figaro production , Mahler offended some purists by adding and composing a short recitative scene to Act III . In spite of numerous theatrical triumphs , Mahler 's Vienna years were rarely smooth ; his battles with singers and the house administration continued on and off for the whole of his tenure . While Mahler 's methods improved standards , his histrionic and dictatorial conducting style was resented by orchestra members and singers alike . In December 1903 Mahler faced a revolt by stagehands , whose demands for better conditions he rejected in the belief that extremists were manipulating his staff . The anti @-@ Semitic elements in Viennese society , long opposed to Mahler 's appointment , continued to attack him relentlessly , and in 1907 instituted a press campaign designed to drive him out . By that time he was at odds with the opera house 's administration over the amount of time he was spending on his own music , and was preparing to leave . Early in 1907 he began discussions with Heinrich Conried , director of the New York Metropolitan Opera , and in June signed a contract , on very favourable terms , for four seasons ' conducting in New York . At the end of the summer he submitted his resignation to the Hofoper , and on 15 October 1907 conducted Fidelio , his 648th and final performance there . During his ten years in Vienna , Mahler had brought new life to the opera house and cleared its debts , but had won few friends — it was said that he treated his musicians in the way a lion tamer treated his animals . His departing message to the company , which he pinned to a notice board , was later torn down and scattered over the floor . After conducting the Hofoper orchestra in a farewell concert performance of his Second Symphony on 24 November , Mahler left Vienna for New York in early December . = = = = Philharmonic concerts = = = = When Richter resigned as head of the Vienna Philharmonic subscription concerts in September 1898 , the concerts committee had unanimously chosen Mahler as his successor . The appointment was not universally welcomed ; the anti @-@ Semitic press wondered if , as a non @-@ German , Mahler would be capable of defending German music . Attendances rose sharply in Mahler 's first season , but members of the orchestra were particularly resentful of his habit of re @-@ scoring acknowledged masterpieces , and of his scheduling of extra rehearsals for works with which they were thoroughly familiar . An attempt by the orchestra to have Richter reinstated for the 1899 season failed , because Richter was not interested . Mahler 's position was weakened when , in 1900 , he took the orchestra to Paris to play at the Exposition Universelle . The Paris concerts were poorly attended and lost money – Mahler had to borrow the orchestra 's fare home from the Rothschilds . In April 1901 , dogged by a recurrence of ill @-@ health and wearied by more complaints from the orchestra , Mahler relinquished the Philharmonic concerts conductorship . In his three seasons he had performed around 80 different works , which included pieces by relatively unknown composers such as Hermann Goetz , Wilhelm Kienzl and the Italian Lorenzo Perosi . = = = = Mature composer = = = = The demands of his twin appointments in Vienna initially absorbed all Mahler 's time and energy , but by 1899 he had resumed composing . The remaining Vienna years were to prove particularly fruitful . While working on the last of his Des Knaben Wunderhorn settings he started his Fourth Symphony , which he completed in 1900 . By this time he had abandoned the composing hut at Steinbach and had acquired another , at Maiernigg on the shores of the Wörthersee in Carinthia , where he later built a villa . In this new venue Mahler embarked upon what is generally considered as his " middle " or post @-@ Wunderhorn compositional period . Between 1901 and 1904 he wrote ten settings of poems by Friedrich Rückert , five of which were collected as Rückert @-@ Lieder . The other five formed the song cycle Kindertotenlieder ( " Songs on the Death of Children " ) . The trilogy of orchestral symphonies , the Fifth , the Sixth and the Seventh were composed at Maiernigg between 1901 and 1905 , and the Eighth Symphony written there in 1906 , in eight weeks of furious activity . Within this same period Mahler 's works began to be performed with increasing frequency . In April 1899 he conducted the Viennese premiere of his Second Symphony ; 17 February 1901 saw the first public performance of his early work Das klagende Lied , in a revised two @-@ part form . Later that year , in November , Mahler conducted the premiere of his Fourth Symphony , in Munich , and was on the rostrum for the first complete performance of the Third Symphony , at the Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein festival at Krefeld on 9 June 1902 . Mahler " first nights " now became increasingly frequent musical events ; he conducted the first performances of the Fifth and Sixth Symphonies at Cologne and Essen respectively , in 1904 and 1906 . Four of the Rückert @-@ Lieder , and Kindertotenlieder , were introduced in Vienna on 29 January 1905 . = = = = Marriage , family , tragedy = = = = During his second season in Vienna , Mahler acquired a spacious modern apartment on the Auenbruggerstrasse and built a summer villa on land he had acquired next to his new composing studio at Maiernigg . In November 1901 , he met Alma Schindler , the stepdaughter of painter Carl Moll , at a social gathering that included the theatre director Max Burckhard . Alma was not initially keen to meet Mahler , on account of " the scandals about him and every young woman who aspired to sing in opera " . The two engaged in a lively disagreement about a ballet by Alexander von Zemlinsky ( Alma was one of Zemlinsky 's pupils ) , but agreed to meet at the Hofoper the following day . This meeting led to a rapid courtship ; Mahler and Alma were married at a private ceremony on 9 March 1902 . Alma was by then pregnant with her first child , a daughter Maria Anna , who was born on 3 November 1902 . A second daughter , Anna , was born in 1904 . Friends of the couple were surprised by the marriage and dubious of its wisdom . Burckhard called Mahler " that rachitic degenerate Jew " , unworthy for such a good @-@ looking girl of good family . On the other hand , Mahler 's family considered Alma to be flirtatious , unreliable , and too fond of seeing young men fall for her charms . Mahler was by nature moody and authoritarian — Natalie Bauer @-@ Lechner , his earlier partner , said that living with him was " like being on a boat that is ceaselessly rocked to and fro by the waves " . Alma soon became resentful because of Mahler 's insistence that there could only be one composer in the family and that she had given up her music studies to accommodate him . She wrote in her diary : " How hard it is to be so mercilessly deprived of ... things closest to one 's heart " . Mahler 's requirement that their married life be organized around his creative activities imposed strains , and precipitated rebellion on Alma 's part ; the marriage was nevertheless marked at times by expressions of considerable passion , particularly from Mahler . In the summer of 1907 Mahler , exhausted from the effects of the campaign against him in Vienna , took his family to Maiernigg . Soon after their arrival both daughters fell ill with scarlet fever and diphtheria . Anna recovered , but after a fortnight 's struggle Maria died on 12 July . Immediately following this devastating loss , Mahler learned that his heart was defective , a diagnosis subsequently confirmed by a Vienna specialist , who ordered a curtailment of all forms of vigorous exercise . The extent to which Mahler 's condition disabled him is unclear ; Alma wrote of it as a virtual death sentence , though Mahler himself , in a letter written to her on 30 August 1907 , said that he would be able to live a normal life , apart from avoiding over @-@ fatigue . The illness was , however , a further depressing factor ; at the end of the summer the villa at Maiernigg was closed , and never revisited . = = = Last years , 1908 – 11 = = = = = = = New York = = = = Mahler made his New York debut at the Metropolitan Opera on 1 January 1908 , when he conducted Wagner 's Tristan und Isolde in the cut version still standard in New York , though long since superseded in Vienna . In a busy first season Mahler 's performances were widely praised , especially his Fidelio on 20 March 1908 , in which he insisted on using replicas being made of Roller 's Vienna sets . On his return to Austria for the summer of 1908 , Mahler established himself in the third and last of his composing studios , in the pine forests close to Toblach in Tyrol . Here , using a text by Hans Bethge based on ancient Chinese poems , he composed Das Lied von der Erde ( " The Song of the Earth " ) . Despite the symphonic nature of the work , Mahler refused to number it , hoping thereby to escape the " curse of the Ninth Symphony " that he believed had affected fellow @-@ composers Beethoven , Schubert and Bruckner . On 19 September 1908 the premiere of the Seventh Symphony , in Prague , was deemed by Alma Mahler a critical rather than a popular success . For its 1908 – 09 season the Metropolitan management brought in the Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini to share duties with Mahler , who made only 19 appearances in the entire season . One of these was a much @-@ praised performance of Smetana 's The Bartered Bride on 19 February 1909 . In the early part of the season Mahler conducted three concerts with the New York Symphony Orchestra . This renewed experience of orchestral conducting inspired him to resign his position with the opera house and accept the conductorship of the re @-@ formed New York Philharmonic . He continued to make occasional guest appearances at the Met , his last performance being Tchaikovsky 's The Queen of Spades on 5 March 1910 . Back in Europe for the summer of 1909 , Mahler worked on his Ninth Symphony and made a conducting tour of the Netherlands . The 1909 – 10 New York Philharmonic season was long and taxing ; Mahler rehearsed and conducted 46 concerts , but his programmes were often too demanding for popular tastes . His own First Symphony , given its American debut on 16 December 1909 , was one of the pieces that failed with critics and public , and the season ended with heavy financial losses . The highlight of Mahler 's 1910 summer was the first performance of the Eighth Symphony at Munich on 12 September , the last of his works to be premiered in his lifetime . The occasion was a triumph — " easily Mahler 's biggest lifetime success " , according to biographer Robert Carr — but was overshadowed by the composer 's discovery , before the event , that Alma had begun an affair with the young architect Walter Gropius . Greatly distressed , Mahler sought advice from Sigmund Freud , and appeared to gain some comfort from his meeting with the psychoanalyst . One of Freud 's observations was that much damage had been done by Mahler 's insisting that Alma give up her composing . Mahler accepted this , and started to positively encourage her to write music , even editing , orchestrating and promoting some of her works . Alma agreed to remain with Mahler , although the relationship with Gropius continued surreptitiously . In a gesture of love , Mahler dedicated his Eighth Symphony to her . = = = = Illness and death = = = = In spite of the emotional distractions , during the summer of 1910 Mahler worked on his Tenth Symphony , completing the Adagio and drafting four more movements . He and Alma returned to New York in November 1910 , where Mahler threw himself into a busy Philharmonic season of concerts and tours . Around Christmas 1910 he began suffering from a sore throat , which persisted . On 21 February 1911 , with a temperature of 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , Mahler insisted on fulfilling an engagement at Carnegie Hall , with a program of mainly new Italian music , including the world premiere of Busoni 's Berceuse élégiaque . This was Mahler 's last concert . After weeks confined to bed he was diagnosed with bacterial endocarditis , a disease to which sufferers from defective heart valves were particularly prone , and for which the survival rate in pre @-@ antibiotic days was almost zero . Mahler did not give up hope ; he talked of resuming the concert season , and took a keen interest when one of Alma 's compositions was sung at a public recital by the soprano Frances Alda , on 3 March . On 8 April the Mahler family and a permanent nurse left New York on board SS Amerika bound for Europe . They reached Paris ten days later , where Mahler entered a clinic at Neuilly , but there was no improvement ; on 11 May he was taken by train to the Lŏw sanatorium in Vienna , where he died on 18 May . On 22 May 1911 Mahler was buried in the Grinzing cemetery ( de ) , as he had requested . Alma , on doctors ' orders , was absent , but among the mourners at a relatively pomp @-@ free funeral were Arnold Schoenberg ( whose wreath described Mahler as " the holy Gustav Mahler " ) , Bruno Walter , Alfred Roller , the Secessionist painter Gustav Klimt , and representatives from many of the great European opera houses . The New York Times , reporting Mahler 's death , called him " one of the towering musical figures of his day " , but discussed his symphonies mainly in terms of their duration , incidentally exaggerating the length of the Second Symphony to " two hours and forty minutes " . In London , The Times obituary said his conducting was " more accomplished than that of any man save Richter " , and that his symphonies were " undoubtedly interesting in their union of modern orchestral richness with a melodic simplicity that often approached banality " , though it was too early to judge their ultimate worth . Alma Mahler survived her husband by more than 50 years , dying in 1964 . She married Walter Gropius in 1915 , divorced him five years later , and married the writer Franz Werfel in 1929 . In 1940 she published a memoir of her years with Mahler , entitled Gustav Mahler : Memories and Letters . This account was criticised by later biographers as incomplete , selective and self @-@ serving , and for providing a distorted picture of Mahler 's life . The composer 's daughter Anna Mahler became a well @-@ known sculptor ; she died in 1988 . The International Gustav Mahler Society was founded in 1955 in Vienna , with Bruno Walter as its first president and Alma Mahler as an honorary member . The Society aims to create a complete critical edition of Mahler 's works , and to commemorate all aspects of the composer 's life . = = Music = = = = = Three creative periods = = = Deryck Cooke and other analysts have divided Mahler 's composing life into three distinct phases : a long " first period " , extending from Das klagende Lied in 1880 to the end of the Wunderhorn phase in 1901 ; a " middle period " of more concentrated composition ending with Mahler 's departure for New York in 1907 ; and a brief " late period " of elegiac works before his death in 1911 . The main works of the first period are the first four symphonies , the Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen song cycle and various song collections in which the Wunderhorn songs predominate . In this period songs and symphonies are closely related and the symphonic works are programmatic . Mahler initially gave the first three symphonies full descriptive programmes , all of which he later repudiated . He devised , but did not publish , titles for each of the movements for the Fourth Symphony ; from these titles the German music critic Paul Bekker conjectured a programme in which Death appears in the Scherzo " in the friendly , legendary guise of the fiddler tempting his flock to follow him out of this world " . The middle period comprises a triptych of purely instrumental symphonies ( the Fifth , Sixth and Seventh ) , the Rückert songs and the Kindertotenlieder , two final Wunderhorn settings and , in some reckonings , Mahler 's last great affirmative statement , the choral Eighth Symphony . Cooke believes that the Eighth stands on its own , between the middle and final periods . Mahler had by now abandoned all explicit programmes and descriptive titles ; he wanted to write " absolute " music that spoke for itself . Cooke refers to " a new granite @-@ like hardness of orchestration " in the middle @-@ period symphonies , while the songs have lost most of their folk character , and cease to fertilise the symphonies as explicitly as before . The works of the brief final period — Das Lied von der Erde , the Ninth and ( incomplete ) Tenth Symphonies — are expressions of personal experience , as Mahler faced death . Each of the pieces ends quietly , signifying that aspiration has now given way to resignation . Cooke considers these works to be a loving ( rather than a bitter ) farewell to life ; the composer Alban Berg called the Ninth " the most marvellous thing that Mahler ever wrote " . None of these final works were performed in Mahler 's lifetime . = = = Antecedents and influences = = = Mahler was a " late Romantic " , part of an ideal that placed Austro @-@ German classical music on a higher plane than other types , through its supposed possession of particular spiritual and philosophical significance . He was one of the last major composers of a line which includes , among others , Beethoven , Schubert , Liszt , Wagner , Bruckner and Brahms . From these antecedents Mahler drew many of the features that were to characterise his music . Thus , from Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony came the idea of using soloists and a choir within the symphonic genre . From Beethoven , Liszt and ( from a different musical tradition ) Berlioz came the concept of writing music with an inherent narrative or " programme " , and of breaking away from the traditional four @-@ movement symphony format . The examples of Wagner and Bruckner encouraged Mahler to extend the scale of his symphonic works well beyond the previously accepted standards , to embrace an entire world of feeling . Early critics maintained that Mahler 's adoption of many different styles to suit different expressions of feeling meant that he lacked a style of his own ; Cooke on the other hand asserts that Mahler " redeemed any borrowings by imprinting his [ own ] personality on practically every note " to produce music of " outstanding originality . " The music critic Harold Schonberg sees the essence of Mahler 's music in the theme of struggle , in the tradition of Beethoven . However , according to Schonberg , Beethoven 's struggles were those of " an indomitable and triumphant hero " , whereas Mahler 's are those of " a psychic weakling , a complaining adolescent who ... enjoyed his misery , wanting the whole world to see how he was suffering . " Yet , Schonberg concedes , most of the symphonies contain sections in which Mahler the " deep thinker " is transcended by the splendour of Mahler the musician . = = = Genre = = = Except for his juvenilia , few of which have survived , Mahler composed only in the media of song and symphony , with a close and complex interrelationship between the two . Donald Mitchell writes that this interaction is the backcloth against which all Mahler 's music can be considered . The initial connection between song and symphony occurs with the song @-@ cycle Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen and the First Symphony . Although this early evidence of cross @-@ fertilisation is important , it is during Mahler 's extended Wunderhorn phase , in which his Second , Third and Fourth Symphonies were written , that the song and symphony genres are consistently intermingled . Themes from the Wunderhorn song Das himmlische Leben ( " The Heavenly Life " ) , composed in 1892 , became a key element in the Third Symphony completed in 1896 ; the song itself forms the finale to the Fourth ( 1900 ) and its melody is central to the whole composition . For the Second Symphony , written between 1888 and 1894 , Mahler worked simultaneously on the Wunderhorn song , Des Antonius von Padua Fischpredigt ( " The Sermon of St Anthony of Padua to the Fishes " ) , and on the Scherzo based on it which became the symphony 's third movement . Another Wunderhorn setting from 1892 , Urlicht ( " Primal Light " ) , is used as the Second Symphony 's fourth ( penultimate ) movement . In Mahler 's middle and late periods , the song @-@ symphony relationship is less direct . However , musicologist Donald Mitchell notes specific relationships between the middle period songs and their contemporaneous symphonies — the second Kindertotenlieder song and the Adagietto from the Fifth Symphony , the last Kindertotenlieder song and the Sixth Symphony finale . Mahler 's last work employing vocal and orchestral forces , Das Lied von der Erde , is subtitled " A Symphony ... " — Mitchell categorises it as a " song and symphony " . = = = Style = = = The union of song and symphonic form in Mahler 's music is , in Cooke 's view , organic ; " his songs flower naturally into symphonic movements , being already symphonic in cast . " To Sibelius , Mahler expressed the belief that " The symphony must be like the world . It must embrace everything . " True to this belief , Mahler drew material from many sources into his songs and symphonic works : bird calls and cow @-@ bells to evoke nature and the countryside , bugle fanfares , street melodies and country dances to summon the lost world of his childhood . Life 's struggles are represented in contrasting moods : the yearning for fulfilment by soaring melodies and chromatic harmony , suffering and despair by discord , distortion and grotesquerie . Amid all this is Mahler 's particular hallmark — the constant intrusion of banality and absurdity into moments of deep seriousness , typified in the second movement of the Fifth Symphony when a trivial popular tune suddenly cuts into a solemn funeral march . The trite melody soon changes its character , and in due course re @-@ emerges as one of the majestic Brucknerian chorales which Mahler uses to signify hope and the resolution of conflict . Mahler himself recognised the idiosyncrasies in his work , calling the Scherzo in the Third Symphony " the most farcical and at the same time the most tragic piece that ever existed ... It is as though all nature is making faces and sticking out its tongue . " The range of musical moods , Cooke maintains , comes from Mahler 's " amazing orchestration " which , in the writer 's view , defies analysis — " it speaks for itself " . Franklin lists specific features which are basic to Mahler 's style : extremes of volume , the use of off @-@ stage ensembles , unconventional arrangement of orchestral forces , and frequent recourse to popular music and dance forms such as the ländler and the waltz . Musicologist Vladimír Karbusický maintains that the composer 's Jewish roots had lasting effects on his creative output ; he pinpoints the central part of the third movement of the First Symphony as the most characteristically " Yiddish " music in Mahler 's work . The Czech composer @-@ journalist Max Brod has also identified Jewish tunes and rhythms in Mahler 's music . A technical device much used by Mahler is that of " progressive tonality " , which Deryck Cooke describes as " the procedure of resolving a symphonic conflict in a different key from that in which it was stated " , and which is often used " to symbolise the gradual ascendancy of a certain value by progress from one key to another over the whole course of a symphony " . This technique was also used by Mahler 's Danish contemporary Carl Nielsen . Mahler first employed the device in an early song , Erinnerung ( " Memory " ) , and thereafter used it freely in his symphonies . For example , the predominant key of the First Symphony is D major ; at the beginning of the Finale , the " conflict " movement , the key switches to F minor , and only after a lengthy battle gets back to D , near the end . The Second Symphony begins in C minor and ends in E flat . The movements of the Fifth Symphony progress successively from C @-@ sharp minor to A minor , then D major , F major and finally to D major . The Sixth Symphony , unusually for Mahler , begins and ends in the same key , A minor , signifying that in this case the conflict is unresolved . = = = Reception = = = = = = = Early responses , 1889 – 1911 = = = = Mahler 's friend Guido Adler calculated that at the time of the composer 's death in 1911 there had been more than 260 performances of the symphonies in Europe , Russia and America , the Fourth Symphony with 61 performances given most frequently ( Adler did not enumerate performances of the songs ) . In his lifetime , Mahler 's works and their performances attracted wide interest , but rarely unqualified approval ; for years after its 1889 premiere critics and public struggled to understand the First Symphony , described by one critic after an 1898 Dresden performance as " the dullest [ symphonic ] work the new epoch has produced . " The Second Symphony was received more positively , one critic calling it " the most masterly work of its kind since Mendelssohn " . Such generous praise was rare , particularly after Mahler 's accession to the Vienna Hofoper directorship . His many enemies in the city used the anti @-@ Semitic and conservative press to denigrate almost every performance of a Mahler work ; thus the Third Symphony , a success in Krefeld in 1902 , was treated in Vienna with critical scorn : " Anyone who has committed such a deed deserves a couple of years in prison . " A mix of enthusiasm , consternation and critical contempt became the normal response to new Mahler symphonies , although the songs were better received . After his Fourth and Fifth Symphonies failed to gain general public approval , Mahler was convinced that his Sixth would finally succeed . However , its reception was dominated by satirical comments on Mahler 's unconventional percussion effects — the use of a wooden mallet , birch rods and a huge square bass drum . Viennese critic Heinrich Reinhardt dismissed the symphony as " Brass , lots of brass , incredibly much brass ! Even more brass , nothing but brass ! " The one unalloyed performance triumph within Mahler 's lifetime was the premiere of the Eighth Symphony in Munich , on 12 September 1910 , advertised by its promoters as the " Symphony of a Thousand " . At its conclusion , applause and celebrations reportedly lasted for half an hour . = = = = Relative neglect , 1911 – 50 = = = = Performances of Mahler 's works became less frequent after his death . In the Netherlands the advocacy of Willem Mengelberg ensured that Mahler remained popular there , and Mengelberg 's engagement with the New York Philharmonic from 1922 to 1928 brought Mahler regularly to American audiences . However , much American critical reaction in the 1920s was negative , despite a spirited effort by the young composer Aaron Copland to present Mahler as a progressive , 30 years ahead of his time and infinitely more inventive than Richard Strauss . Earlier , in 1916 , Leopold Stokowski had given the American premieres of the Eighth Symphony and Das Lied von der Erde in Philadelphia . The Eighth was a sensationally successful performance that was immediately taken to New York where it scored a further triumph . In Britain the Hallé Orchestra brought Das Lied and the Ninth Symphony to Manchester in 1931 ; Sir Henry Wood staged the Eighth in London in 1930 , and again in 1938 when the young Benjamin Britten found the performance " execrable " but was nevertheless impressed by the music . British critics during this period largely treated Mahler with condescension and faint praise . Thus Dyneley Hussey , writing in 1934 , thought the " children 's songs " were delightful , but that the symphonies should be let go . Composer @-@ conductor Julius Harrison described Mahler 's symphonies as " interesting at times , but laboriously put together " and as lacking creative spark . Bernard Shaw , in his role as music critic , thought that the musical audiences of the 1930s would find Mahler ( and Bruckner ) " expensively second @-@ rate " . Before Mahler 's music was banned as " degenerate " during the Nazi era , the symphonies and songs were played in the concert halls of Germany and Austria , often conducted by Bruno Walter or Mahler 's younger assistant Otto Klemperer , and also by Willem Mengelberg . In Austria , Mahler 's work experienced a brief renaissance between 1934 and 1938 , a period known today as ' Austrofascism ' , when the authoritarian regime with the help of Alma Mahler and Bruno Walter , who were both on friendly terms with the new chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg , sought to make Mahler into a national icon ( with a status comparable to that of Wagner in Germany ) . Mahler 's music was performed during the Nazi era in Berlin in early 1941 and in Amsterdam during the German occupation of the Netherlands by Jewish orchestras and for Jewish audiences alone ; works performed included the Second Symphony ( Berlin ) , the First and Fourth Symphonies , and the Songs of a Wayfarer ( Amsterdam ) . = = = = Modern revival = = = = According to American composer David Schiff , his compatriot Leonard Bernstein used to imply that he had single @-@ handedly rescued Mahler from oblivion in 1960 , after 50 years of neglect . Schiff points out that such neglect was only relative — far less than the disregard of Bach in the years after his death . Although Bernstein gave the Mahler revival further impetus , it was well under way before 1960 , sustained by conductors such as Stokowski , Dimitri Mitropoulos and John Barbirolli , and by the long @-@ time Mahler advocate Aaron Copland . Deryck Cooke argues that Mahler 's popularity escalated when a new , postwar generation of music @-@ lovers arose , untainted by " the dated polemics of anti @-@ romanticism " which had affected Mahler 's reputation in the inter @-@ war years . In this more liberated age , enthusiasm for Mahler expanded even into places — Spain , France , Italy — which had long been resistant to him . Robert Carr 's simpler explanation for the 1950s Mahler revival is that " it was the long @-@ playing record [ in the early 1950s ] rather than the Zeitgeist which made a comprehensive breakthrough possible . Mahler 's work became accessible and repeatable in the home . " In the years following his centenary in 1960 , Mahler rapidly became one of the most performed and most recorded of all composers , and has largely remained thus . In Britain and elsewhere , Carr notes , the extent of Mahler performances and recordings has replaced a relative famine with a glut , bringing problems of over @-@ familiarity . Harold Schonberg comments that " it is hard to think of a composer who arouses equal loyalty " , adding that " a response of anything short of rapture to the Mahler symphonies will bring [ to the critic ] long letters of furious denunciation " . In a letter to Alma dated 16 February 1902 , Mahler wrote , with reference to Richard Strauss : " My day will come when his is ended . If only I might live to see it , with you at my side ! " Carr observes that Mahler could conceivably have lived to see " his day " ; his near @-@ contemporary Richard Strauss survived until 1949 , while Sibelius , just five years younger than Mahler , lived until 1957 . = = = Later influence = = = Donald Mitchell writes that Mahler 's influence on succeeding generations of composers is " a complete subject in itself " . Mahler 's first disciples included Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils Alban Berg and Anton Webern , who together founded the Second Viennese School . Mahler 's music influenced the trio 's move from progressive tonalism to atonality ( music without a key ) ; although Mahler rejected atonality , he became a fierce defender of the bold originality of Schoenberg 's work . At the premiere of the latter 's First String Quartet in February 1907 , Mahler reportedly was held back from physically attacking the hecklers . Schoenberg 's Serenade , Op. 24 ( 1923 ) , Berg 's Three Pieces for Orchestra ( 1915 ) and Webern 's Six Pieces ( 1928 ) all carry echoes of Mahler 's Seventh Symphony . Among other composers whose work carries the influence of Mahler , Mitchell lists America 's Aaron Copland , the German song and stage composer Kurt Weill , Italy 's Luciano Berio , Russia 's Dmitri Shostakovich and England 's Benjamin Britten . The American composers Leonard Bernstein and Samuel Barber were also influenced by Mahler 's work . In a 1989 interview the pianist @-@ conductor Vladimir Ashkenazy said that the connection between Mahler and Shostakovich was " very strong and obvious " ; their music represented " the individual versus the vices of the world . " Mitchell highlights Britten 's " marvellously keen , spare and independent writing for the wind in ... the first movement of the Cello Symphony of 1963 [ which ] clearly belongs to that order of dazzling transparency and instrumental emancipation which Mahler did so much to establish " . Mitchell concludes with the statement : " Even were his own music not to survive , Mahler would still enjoy a substantial immortality in the music of these pre @-@ eminent successors who have embraced his art and assimilated his techniques . " = = List of compositions = = = Mary Meader = Rachael Mary Upjohn Light Meader ( April 15 , 1916 – March 16 , 2008 ) was an American aerial photographer and explorer . Heir to the Upjohn Company fortune , she is best known in aerial circles for her 1937 – 1938 35 @,@ 000 @-@ mile ( 56 @,@ 000 km ) flight in which she photographed unprecedented images of South America and Africa . Her African photographs were later featured in the book Focus on Africa . In her later years , she also became known in her native Kalamazoo , Michigan , for her philanthropy to Western Michigan University , the University of Michigan , and various Kalamazoo charities . = = Early life = = Mary Meader was born to William H. and Genevieve Upjohn in Kalamazoo , Michigan on April 15 , 1916 , a grandchild of Dr. W. E. Upjohn , the founder of the pharmaceutical Upjohn Company . Meader majored in French and Spanish at Smith College . She left the college in preparation for a marriage to the neurosurgeon Richard Upjohn Light , a first cousin of hers . Since the two could not legally marry each other in Michigan , they moved to Maryland , where they married in 1937 . = = The flight = = Dr. Light became famous among aviation enthusiasts due to his 1934 around @-@ the @-@ world flight . To celebrate his marriage to Meader , he wished to approximate the same , and Meader was happy to comply . During the planning of the trip , many points on Earth had not been captured on film from the air and the American Geographical Society promoted these photographic flights , as they were trying to build an aerial collection . Light 's idea was to travel across areas South America and Africa never been aerially photographed . Meader took flying lessons and learned morse code so she could become her husband 's co @-@ pilot , navigator , and radio operator . During this training , her first son , Christopher , was born . In an interview with Encore Magazine in 2006 , when asked why she decided to take the journey , she replied : " It just seemed like a great adventure — something I wanted to do . Why ? I 'm not certain , other than we both knew we would be doing something that hadn 't been done before . " The two Lights took off out of Kalamazoo in September 1937 in a Bellanca monoplane . Its cabin lacked heat or pressurization . To survive , they were forced to breathe oxygen from a tank out wooden mouthpieces . Wearing a fur coat and boots , Meader took photographs out of a window frame . The Lights were banned from photographing all of Central America except Guatemala , Ecuador , and Colombia , as a safety measure against the gathering of strategic knowledge . They took advantage of the Peruvian government 's allowal to take pictures in the air by capturing the earliest photographs of the Nazca lines . These were unable to distinguish from the surface , though further into the atmosphere the designs can range from simple patterns to hummingbirds and llamas . Following their photographal of South America , the couple crossed the Atlantic Ocean before arriving in Cape Town , South Africa . While there , she took a picture of the ice dome and crater of Mount Kilimanjaro and of the glaciars and pinnacles on Mount Kenya . Her photographs include different views of native villages , urban areas , and the Egyptian pyramids , among other subjects . Every day they would awake at 4 a.m. , fly until 11 a.m , then visit some of the farms , mines , and native settlements Meader planned to photograph the following day . The couple 's original plan was to fly into Asia ; however , this was not accomplished due to the damaging of the plane and Meader 's pregnancy with a second child , Timothy . The two returned to Kalamazoo in February 1938 . In all , Meader took over 2 @,@ 000 photographs on her two flights . = = Later life and philanthropy = = Three hundred twenty @-@ three of Meader 's African photos were included in Focus on Africa , a 1941 book written by her husband and published by the American Geographical Society . The book was only their second which included aerial photos ; the first was Peru from the Air by George R. Johnson published in 1930 . A review of the book by Mary Jobe Akeley of the New York Times called her pictures " superb " . In addition , the photos have been featured in several exhibitions over the years . Meader was a member of the Society of Woman Geographers since 1942 , whom granted her the Outstanding Achievement Award for her pioneering aerial photography in 2005 . Light and Meader divorced in the early 1960s . In 1965 , Meader married Edwin Meader , a geography professor . The new couple settled on a farm outside of Kalamazoo , and according to Western Michigan University president emeritus Diether Haenicke , " for years their barn loft was one of Kalamazoo 's foremost intellectual meeting places " . They donated millions of dollars to Western Michigan University , the University of Michigan , and various Kalamazoo charities . Mrs. Meader traveled to an elementary school to teach children how to read into her 70s . One of her largest gifts was her donation of $ 4 million to Western Michigan University . It resulted in the creation of the W.E. Upjohn Center for the Study of Geographical Change , after her grandfather . It digitizes maps and aerial photographs from all over the world and documents and evaluates geographic changes . She also donated $ 1 million gift to WMU 's Waldo Library for a library renovation in the early 1990s and helped construct the W.H. Upjohn Rotunda , which was named after Meader 's father . The Edwin and Mary Meader Rare Book Room was later dedicated to the library . The Meaders also gave $ 18 million to the University of Michigan , Edwin Meader 's alma mater , in 2004 -- $ 8 million to U @-@ M 's Kelsey Museum of Archaeology , which was the largest gift ever to U @-@ M 's College of Literature , Science and the Arts , and $ 10 million to build a center for the study of depression , which was named the Rachel Upjohn Building after W.E. Upjohn 's first wife . On November 21 , 2006 , Meader was awarded the title of honorary member of the American Geographical Society and was invited to sign her name on its Fliers ' & Explorers ' Globe . This was part of a tradition spanning back to the 1920s in which noted explorers are asked to place their signature on the Globe . Meader was the 79th to do so . Other signers of the globe include Charles Lindbergh , Amelia Earhart , Sir Edmund Hillary , Robert Peary , Richard Byrd , and the astronauts on Apollo 8 . Meader was one of only three people to sign it twice ; across East Africa and the Andes . Mary Meader died on March 16 , 2008 in Kalamazoo at the age of 91 . Her husband died one year before . Survivors include sons Christopher , Timothy , and John , of Kalamazoo , and Rudolph , of Ukiah , California ; seven grandchildren ; and five great @-@ grandchildren . = Avalanche Studios = Avalanche Studios is a video game developer based in Stockholm , Sweden . It was founded in March 2003 by Christofer Sundberg and Linus Blomberg . Avalanche Studios focuses on developing open world projects and bases them on the Avalanche Engine . Formed after the collapse of Rock Solid Games , the studio has expanded from six members to 250 staff members . As well as their main studio in Stockholm , they have two further studios : a studio in New York City , that worked on Just Cause 3 ; and a subsidiary studio in Stockholm named Expansive Worlds , that worked on theHunter . Since the company 's establishment , it has worked on multiple projects , including the Just Cause series of open world action @-@ adventure games published by Eidos Interactive and Square Enix , and Mad Max . They have also developed some relatively less popular games including the free @-@ to @-@ play theHunter , top @-@ down shooter Renegade Ops and Rumble City , their first mobile game . The company aims to begin self @-@ publishing new original intellectual properties in the future . = = History = = = = = Prior to founding = = = Avalanche Studios was founded by Christofer Sundberg and Linus Blomberg in 2003 . Prior to the establishment of the studio , Sundberg had worked in video game publishing as well as FIFA Soccer for Electronic Arts . Both of them joined Paradox Interactive , a video game publisher that had published games such as Europa Universalis . Eventually , Sundberg and Blomberg left and founded their own company called Rock Solid Studios during the second quarter of 2001 . The company partnered with Conspiracy Entertainment to develop a video game adaptation of Tremors , a movie series from Universal Pictures . Titled Tremors : The Game , it was set to be released for personal computers , PlayStation 2 , Xbox and Nintendo GameCube in 2003 . During that period , another Stockholm @-@ based video game development studio , Starbreeze Studios , announced that they would acquire Rock Solid . The agreement between the two companies was ultimately broken by Starbreeze , and the acquisition was stopped . In addition , Universal decided to cancel Tremors : The Game , which led Rock Solid to declare bankruptcy . With the failure and collapse of Rock Solid , Sundberg and Blomberg became unemployed and in debt . They eventually decided to start over in 2003 , establishing Avalanche Studios with six other employees . Reflecting on the founding in 2015 , Sundberg stated that the studio was born in " pure chaos " , and attributed their failure with Rock Solid to trusting " the wrong people " . = = = 2003 @-@ 2010 = = = When naming the company , Sundberg , Blomberg and the other employees brought up a list of military code words used during World War II . They ultimately decided upon " Avalanche " as the company 's name . The company worked on a prototype project called Rico : Terror in the Tropics in 2003 . The project , designed by Sundberg himself , would eventually become Avalanche 's first title , Just Cause . He pitched the game 's concept to publisher Eidos Interactive , which was accepted . According to Sundberg , he wanted to develop a game " where you could skydive onto the roof of a car and keep on going " . The game was released in 2006 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 . Sundberg considered Just Cause to be the ' DNA ' and ' center point of the studio ' , since it was the first game they developed . Following Just Cause , Avalanche began to provide technical assistance to theHunter . Originally developed and published by Emote Games , the franchise was acquired by Avalanche on 18 February 2010 . As theHunter is an online @-@ activated games , Avalanche established a subsidiary studio called Expansive Worlds on 24 March 2010 to provide support to the continuous development of theHunter . The new studio will also work on new online games . Also in development during Avalanche 's work on theHunter was AionGuard and Just Cause 2 . AionGuard is a fantasy video game that was ultimately put on hold . Just Cause 2 was announced in January 2008 . Powered by the Avalanche Engine 2 @.@ 0 , Avalanche Studios ' in @-@ house engine , the game included several new and improved features . Originally set to be released in 2008 , the game subsequently missed its target release window . In 2008 , the studio suffered from layoffs ; Avalanche dismissed 77 staff members after the company lost approximately US $ 35 million due to the loss of two contracted projects . One of them was later leaked as Arcadia , a game that was once was to be published by THQ . After the incident , Sundberg claimed that the company would remain as a small studio in the future . Just Cause 2 was not released in 2009 , which was regarded as " a bad year for most companies including ourselves " by Sundberg . In May 2009 , 20 more employees were laid @-@ off . Despite Avalanche 's layoffs , development of Just Cause 2 was completed , and the game was launched in March 2010 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . = = = 2011 = = = Upon the completion of Just Cause 2 , Avalanche teased a new project . A new downloadable title , called Renegade Ops , was announced on 30 March 2011 . The team was approached by Sega to develop a new downloadable intellectual property using the Avalanche Engine . Compared to their past titles , the game 's production and development periods were much shorter . Renegade Ops was released on 14 October 2011 . On 15 June 2011 , Avalanche announced that the company would establish a new division in New York City . The studio was officially opened on 17 November 2011 , and the first title set to be developed by the New York division was revealed . Codenamed Project Mamba , the title was a AAA video game set to be released for " next @-@ gen " consoles and PC in 2014 . The new studio is located in SoHo , Manhattan , and is led by David Grijns , who was a former employee of Activision and Atari , SA . According to Grijns , Avalanche Studios chose New York City as their location due to less competition . They also aimed to change the " inhospitable " environment of the game industry there . = = = 2012 @-@ 15 = = = In 2012 , Avalanche began the development of Mad Max . Prior to the game 's development , Avalanche had pitched several projects that were set in a post @	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
had an armored belt that was 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) thick in the central portion of the ship , where it protected the ammunition magazines , machinery spaces , and other critical areas of the ship . Forward and to the rear of the main battery barbettes , the belt reduced in thickness to 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) . A 54 mm ( 2 @.@ 1 in ) thick torpedo bulkhead ran the length of the hull to provide a second layer of underwater protection should the main belt be penetrated . The armored deck was 48 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) thick , and supported by a sloped deck that was also 48 mm thick . The main battery turrets were heavily armored . Their sides and face were 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) thick , while their roofs were 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) thick . The turrets for the secondary 24 cm guns had slightly less armor , with 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides and 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick roofs . The casemates that mounted the 10 cm guns were protected with 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) worth of armor plating . The armored conning tower had 250 mm @-@ thick sides and a 100 mm @-@ thick roof . = = Construction Program = = All three ships were built by the STT shipyard in Trieste . = = Service careers = = = = = Pre @-@ war = = = The three Radetzky @-@ class battleships were assigned to the 2nd Division of the 1st Battle Squadron , alongside the Tegetthoff ships in the 1st Division . The three ships conducted several training cruises in the Mediterranean Sea after their commissioning in 1910 – 11 . Radetzky was present during the British Coronation Review at Spithead in 1911 . In 1912 , Zrínyi took part in a training cruise with the recently commissioned dreadnoughts Tegetthoff and Viribus Unitis in the eastern Mediterranean , which included a stop at Malta . The following year , the three ships were involved in an international naval demonstration to protest the raging Balkan Wars ; during the operation the first seaplanes to be launched from a warship in combat were operated from Radetzky and her sisters . = = = World War I = = = The assistance of the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet was called upon by the German Mediterranean Division , which consisted of the battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser SMS Breslau . The German ships were attempting to break out of Messina , where they had been coaling prior to the outbreak of war — British ships had begun to assemble off Messina in an attempt to trap the Germans . By this time , the Austro @-@ Hungarians had not yet fully mobilized their fleet , though the three Radetzkys and three Tegetthoffs , along with several cruisers and smaller craft , were available . The Austro @-@ Hungarian high command , wary of instigating war with Great Britain , ordered the fleet to avoid the British ships , and to only openly support the Germans while they were in Austro @-@ Hungarian waters . On August 7 , when the Germans broke out of Messina , the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet , including the Radetzky @-@ class battleships , sailed as far south as Brindisi , before returning to port . In October 1914 , the French army established artillery batteries on Mount Lovčen to support the Army of Montenegro against the Austrian army at Cattaro . By the time they were operational , on October 15 , the Austro @-@ Hungarians were ready with the pre @-@ dreadnoughts of the Habsburg class . However , their 24 cm guns were insufficient to dislodge the French artillery batteries , and so Radetzky was sent to assist them . On October 21 , the ship arrived , and the gunfire from her 30 @.@ 5 cm guns forced the French to abandon the position . On May 24 , 1915 , all three ships bombarded the Italian coast , including the important naval base at Ancona , following the entrance of Italy into the war on the side of the Triple Entente . By October 1918 , Austria prepared to transfer her entire fleet to Yugoslavia in order to keep it out of Italian hands . On November 10 , 1918 , one day before the armistice , Yugoslav officers with scratch crews sailed Radetzky and Zrínyi out of Pola . As they cleared the breakwater at Pola , they sighted the approaching Italian fleet . The two battleships hoisted American flags and sailed south along the Adriatic coast to Castelli Bay near Spolato . They appealed for American naval forces to meet them and accept their surrender , which a squadron of USN submarine chasers in the area did . However , under the subsequent peace treaty , the Allied powers ignored the transfer of the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships to the Yugoslav navy ; instead , the ships were to be ceded to Italy . Radetzky and Zrínyi were broken up in Italy between 1920 – 21 ; Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand survived until 1926 , when she too was scrapped in Italy . = Pleiades = In astronomy , the Pleiades ( / ˈplaɪədiːz / or / ˈpliːədiːz / ) , or Seven Sisters ( Messier 45 or M45 ) , is an open star cluster containing middle @-@ aged , hot B @-@ type stars located in the constellation of Taurus . It is among the nearest star clusters to Earth and is the cluster most obvious to the naked eye in the night sky . The celestial entity has several meanings in different cultures and traditions . The cluster is dominated by hot blue and extremely luminous stars that have formed within the last 100 million years . Dust that forms a faint reflection nebulosity around the brightest stars was thought at first to be left over from the formation of the cluster ( hence the alternative name Maia Nebula after the star Maia ) , but is now known to be an unrelated dust cloud in the interstellar medium , through which the stars are currently passing . Computer simulations have shown that the Pleiades was probably formed from a compact configuration that resembled the Orion Nebula . Astronomers estimate that the cluster will survive for about another 250 million years , after which it will disperse due to gravitational interactions with its galactic neighborhood . = = Origin of name = = The name of the Pleiades comes from Ancient Greek . It probably derives from plein ( ' to sail ' ) because of the cluster 's importance in delimiting the sailing season in the Mediterranean Sea : ' the season of navigation began with their heliacal rising ' . However , the name was later mythologised as the name of seven divine sisters , whose name was imagined to derive from that of their mother Pleione , effectively meaning ' daughters of Pleione ' . In reality , the name of the star @-@ cluster almost certainly came first , and Pleione was invented to explain it . = = Observational history = = The Pleiades are a prominent sight in winter in the Northern Hemisphere , and have been known since antiquity to cultures all around the world , including the Celts , Māori , Aboriginal Australians , the Persians , the Arabs ( who called them Thurayya ) , the Chinese , the Japanese , the Maya , the Aztec , the Sioux and the Cherokee . In Hinduism , the Pleiades are known as Krittika and are associated with the war @-@ god Kartikeya ( Murugan , Skanda ) , who derives his name from them . The god is raised by the six Krittika sisters , also known as the Matrikas . He is said to have developed a face for each of them . The Babylonian star catalogues name the Pleiades MUL.MUL or " star of stars " , and they head the list of stars along the ecliptic , reflecting the fact that they were close to the point of vernal equinox around the 23rd century BC . The Ancient Egyptians may have used the names " Followers " and " Ennead " in the prognosis texts of the Calendar of Lucky and Unlucky Days of papyrus Cairo 86637 . The earliest known depiction of the Pleiades is likely a bronze age artifact known as the Nebra sky disk , dated to approximately 1600 BC . Some Greek astronomers considered them to be a distinct constellation , and they are mentioned by Hesiod , and in Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey . They are also mentioned three times in the Bible ( Job 9 : 9 and 38 : 31 , as well as Amos 5 : 8 ) . Some scholars of Islam suggested that the Pleiades ( ath @-@ thurayya ) are the star mentioned in the sura ( chapter ) Najm of the Quran . The Persian equivalent is Nahid ( pronounced " Naheed " ) . In Japan , the constellation is mentioned under the name Mutsuraboshi ( " six stars " ) in the 8th century Kojiki and Manyosyu documents . The constellation is now known in Japan as Subaru ( " to unite " ) . It was chosen as the brand name of Subaru automobiles to reflect the origins of the firm as the joining of five companies , and is depicted in the firm 's six @-@ star logo . The rising of the Pleiades is mentioned in the Ancient Greek text Geoponica . The Greeks oriented the Hecatompedon temple of 550 BC and the Parthenon of 438 BC to their rising . The rising of the Pleiades before dawn ( usually at the beginning of June ) has long been regarded as the start of the new year in Māori culture , with the star group being known as Matariki . The rising of Matariki is celebrated as a midwinter festival in New Zealand . In Hawaiian culture the cluster is known as the Makali 'i and their rising shortly after sunset marks the beginning of Makahiki , a 4 @-@ month time of peace in honor of the god Lono . Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer to view the Pleiades through a telescope . He thereby discovered that the cluster contains many stars too dim to be seen with the naked eye . He published his observations , including a sketch of the Pleiades showing 36 stars , in his treatise Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610 . The Pleiades have long been known to be a physically related group of stars rather than any chance alignment . The Reverend John Michell calculated in 1767 that the probability of a chance alignment of so many bright stars was only 1 in 500 @,@ 000 , and so correctly surmised that the Pleiades and many other clusters of stars must be physically related . When studies were first made of the stars ' proper motions , it was found that they are all moving in the same direction across the sky , at the same rate , further demonstrating that they were related . Charles Messier measured the position of the cluster and included it as M45 in his catalogue of comet @-@ like objects , published in 1771 . Along with the Orion Nebula and the Praesepe cluster , Messier 's inclusion of the Pleiades has been noted as curious , as most of Messier 's objects were much fainter and more easily confused with comets — something that seems scarcely possible for the Pleiades . One possibility is that Messier simply wanted to have a larger catalogue than his scientific rival Lacaille , whose 1755 catalogue contained 42 objects , and so he added some bright , well @-@ known objects to boost his list . Edme @-@ Sébastien Jeaurat then drew in 1782 a map of 64 stars of the Pleiades from his observations in 1779 , which he published in 1786 . = = Distance = = The distance to the Pleiades can be used as an important first step to calibrate the cosmic distance ladder . As the cluster is so close to the Earth , its distance is relatively easy to measure and has been estimated by many methods . Accurate knowledge of the distance allows astronomers to plot a Hertzsprung @-@ Russell diagram for the cluster , which , when compared to those plotted for clusters whose distance is not known , allows their distances to be estimated . Other methods can then extend the distance scale from open clusters to galaxies and clusters of galaxies , and a cosmic distance ladder can be constructed . Ultimately astronomers ' understanding of the age and future evolution of the universe is influenced by their knowledge of the distance to the Pleiades . Yet some authors argue that the controversy over the distance to the Pleiades discussed below is a red herring , since the cosmic distance ladder can ( presently ) rely on a suite of other nearby clusters where consensus exists regarding the distances as established by Hipparcos and independent means ( e.g. , the Hyades , Coma Berenices cluster , etc . ) . Measurements of the distance have elicited much controversy . Results prior to the launch of the Hipparcos satellite generally found that the Pleiades were about 135 parsecs away from Earth . Data from Hipparcos yielded a surprising result , namely a distance of only 118 parsecs by measuring the parallax of stars in the cluster — a technique that should yield the most direct and accurate results . Later work consistently argued that the Hipparcos distance measurement for the Pleiades was erroneous . In particular , distances derived to the cluster via the Hubble Space Telescope and infrared color @-@ magnitude diagram fitting favor a distance between 135 – 140 pc ; a dynamical distance from optical interferometric observations of the Pleiad double Atlas favors a distance of 133 @-@ 137 pc . However , the author of the 2007 – 2009 catalog of revised Hipparcos parallaxes reasserted that the distance to the Pleiades is ~ 120 pc , and challenged the dissenting evidence . Recently , Francis and Anderson proposed that a systematic effect on Hipparcos parallax errors for stars in clusters biases calculation using the weighted mean , and gave a Hipparcos parallax distance of 126 pc , and photometric distance 132 pc based on stars in the AB Doradus , Tucana @-@ Horologium , and Beta Pictoris moving groups , which are all similar in age and composition to the Pleiades . Those authors note that the difference between these results can be attributed to random error . The latest result ( August , 2014 ) used very long baseline radio interferometry ( VLBI ) to determine a distance of 136 @.@ 2 ± 1 @.@ 2 pc , thereby claiming " that the Hipparcos measured distance to the Pleiades cluster is in error . " = = Composition = = The cluster core radius is about 8 light years and tidal radius is about 43 light years . The cluster contains over 1 @,@ 000 statistically confirmed members , although this figure excludes unresolved binary stars . It is dominated by young , hot blue stars , up to 14 of which can be seen with the naked eye depending on local observing conditions . The arrangement of the brightest stars is somewhat similar to Ursa Major and Ursa Minor . The total mass contained in the cluster is estimated to be about 800 solar masses . The cluster contains many brown dwarfs , which are objects with less than about 8 % of the Sun 's mass , not heavy enough for nuclear fusion reactions to start in their cores and become proper stars . They may constitute up to 25 % of the total population of the cluster , although they contribute less than 2 % of the total mass . Astronomers have made great efforts to find and analyse brown dwarfs in the Pleiades and other young clusters , because they are still relatively bright and observable , while brown dwarfs in older clusters have faded and are much more difficult to study . = = Age and future evolution = = Ages for star clusters can be estimated by comparing the Hertzsprung @-@ Russell diagram for the cluster with theoretical models of stellar evolution . Using this technique , ages for the Pleiades of between 75 and 150 million years have been estimated . The wide spread in estimated ages is a result of uncertainties in stellar evolution models , which include factors such as convective overshoot , in which a convective zone within a star penetrates an otherwise non @-@ convective zone , resulting in higher apparent ages . Another way of estimating the age of the cluster is by looking at the lowest @-@ mass objects . In normal main sequence stars , lithium is rapidly destroyed in nuclear fusion reactions . Brown dwarfs can retain their lithium , however . Due to lithium 's very low ignition temperature of 2 @.@ 5 million kelvin , the highest @-@ mass brown dwarfs will burn it eventually , and so determining the highest mass of brown dwarfs still containing lithium in the cluster can give an idea of its age . Applying this technique to the Pleiades gives an age of about 115 million years . The cluster is slowly moving in the direction of the feet of what is currently the constellation of Orion . Like most open clusters , the Pleiades will not stay gravitationally bound forever . Some component stars will be ejected after close encounters with other stars ; others will be stripped by tidal gravitational fields . Calculations suggest that the cluster will take about 250 million years to disperse , with gravitational interactions with giant molecular clouds and the spiral arms of our galaxy also hastening its demise . = = Reflection nebulosity = = Under ideal observing conditions , some hint of nebulosity may be seen around the cluster , and this shows up in long @-@ exposure photographs . It is a reflection nebula , caused by dust reflecting the blue light of the hot , young stars . It was formerly thought that the dust was left over from the formation of the cluster , but at the age of about 100 million years generally accepted for the cluster , almost all the dust originally present would have been dispersed by radiation pressure . Instead , it seems that the cluster is simply passing through a particularly dusty region of the interstellar medium . Studies show that the dust responsible for the nebulosity is not uniformly distributed , but is concentrated mainly in two layers along the line of sight to the cluster . These layers may have been formed by deceleration due to radiation pressure as the dust has moved towards the stars . = = Brightest stars = = The nine brightest stars of the Pleiades are named for the Seven Sisters of Greek mythology : Sterope , Merope , Electra , Maia , Taygeta , Celaeno , and Alcyone , along with their parents Atlas and Pleione . As daughters of Atlas , the Hyades were sisters of the Pleiades . The English name of the cluster itself is of Greek origin ( Πλειάδες ) , though of uncertain etymology . Suggested derivations include : from πλεῖν plein , " to sail , " making the Pleiades the " sailing ones " ; from πλέος pleos , " full , many " ; or from πελειάδες peleiades , " flock of doves . " The following table gives details of the brightest stars in the cluster : = = = List = = = = = Possible planets = = Analyzing deep @-@ infrared images obtained by the Spitzer Space Telescope and Gemini North telescope , astronomers discovered that one of the cluster 's stars – HD 23514 , which has a mass and luminosity a bit greater than that of the Sun , is surrounded by an extraordinary number of hot dust particles . This could be evidence for planet formation around HD 23514 . = Harder to Breathe = " Harder to Breathe " is a song by American band Maroon 5 . The song was written by frontman Adam Levine for the band 's debut album , Songs About Jane ( 2002 ) . The song expresses tension , having been written quickly under trying circumstances . It tells the story about a former relationship Levine was involved in . " Harder to Breathe " was met with positive reception by music critics , who praised the track 's sound . It was released in 2002 as the lead single of Songs About Jane . The song peaked at number six on Airplay Monitor . It also appeared on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart at number 31 and the Billboard Hot 100 at number 18 . Internationally , the single charted at # 13 in the United Kingdom . " Harder to Breathe " also appeared in the Netherlands , Sweden , Australia , and New Zealand charts , respectively . The song also appears in Maroon 5 's 2004 EP 1.22.03.Acoustic in an acoustic version and the live album Live – Friday the 13th ( 2005 ) . " Harder to Breathe " was featured in One Tree Hill , ER , Birds of Prey and Mindhunters . = = Background = = In an interview with MTV News in August 2002 , Maroon 5 vocalist Adam Levine , when asked behind the development of " Harder to Breathe " , admitted that the song describes the band 's frustration with their label , Octone Records , during the making of their debut album , Songs About Jane . The band thought they had enough material for a release , but when the label told them to keep writing , Levine wrote this song in frustration at the pressure . " That song comes sheerly from wanting to throw something . It was the 11th hour , and the label wanted more songs . It was the last crack . I was just pissed . I wanted to make a record and the label was applying a lot of pressure , but I 'm glad they did . " " Harder to Breathe " tells the story of a relationship Levine had with a woman named Jane , who , according to Levine was the " muse " in the band 's album . MacKenzie Wilson of AllMusic described the song as a " soulful disposition " . Meghan Bard of The Daily Campus described the single featuring " a great up @-@ tempo number with gritty guitar riffs and powerful vocals " from Levine . Bard noted that the theme in the song was about " recovering from heartbreak " . Angus Batey of The Times compared " Harder to Breathe " sounding as " Zeppelin @-@ esque " . = = Critical reception = = The song received positive reception from critics . In the Rolling Stone review of the album , critic Christian Hoard called " Harder to Breathe " " a strong single " . C. Spencer Beggs of The Observer wrote : " The two singles [ ' Harder to Breathe ' and ' This Love ' ] are the most popular songs on the album , showing off Maroon 5 's characteristic clean , crisp and upbeat sound . " Sam Beresky of the Daily Lobo , who was less enthusiastic about the album , complimented Maroon 5 on " Harder to Breathe " , in which he said , " The song is enjoyable . There are some aspects of mellow , soulful rockers like Train , John Mayer — maybe even a little Stevie Wonder or Jamiroquai . The track has a good rock meets R & B sound and is predictable enough to get radio play . " In October 2003 , Levine told USA Today , regarding the success of the song , " I didn 't love or hate the song , and I didn 't care if it got on the album . We have a lot of pop songs on our record , and the idea was to start out with something different . Why come out of the gate with another pop song by another pop band ? " The following year , the band released an EP titled 1.22.03.Acoustic ( 2004 ) , which features " Harder to Breathe " in an acoustic version . In 2005 , Maroon 5 released a live album , Live – Friday the 13th , which features the song performed live . = = Commercial performance = = Maroon 5 released " Harder to Breathe " in 2002 as the lead single of their debut album . The single charted on Airplay Monitor in the number six position . It peaked at number 18 on Billboard 's Hot 100 . The song also appeared on Billboard 's Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart in the number 31 position in 2002 when it was an independent single before it hit commercial radio stations in 2003 – 04 , it is the band 's only song played on alternative rock stations along with " This Love " , while the rest of the band 's other singles were only played on pop and adult contemporary radio outlets considering Maroon 5 as a pop rock band and not an alternative band . Internationally , " Harder to Breathe " appeared in the UK Singles Chart on January 31 , 2004 in the number 13 spot . The song spent seven weeks on the chart . The single appeared in the Netherlands , Sweden , Australia , and New Zealand charts . = = Music video = = The music video for " Harder to Breathe " was directed by Marc Webb , who later worked with the band for their 2008 video " Goodnight Goodnight " . The video debuted in July 2002 . The video is centered on Maroon 5 playing in a dimly @-@ lit house / factory . Throughout the course of the video , items such as darts on a dart board , candles , pictures , and even members of the band with their instruments are shown fading in and out . Towards the end of the video , Adam Levine is seen walking through a narrow corridor dragging a guitar with pictures on both sides of the wall fading in and out . When he reaches the end of the corridor , he is face to face with a wall with a small light coming out of it and then flings his guitar backwards and then pounds on the wall . The camera then quickly moves to a scene of the band playing and the lights suddenly flickering on . = = Track listing = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Ganga Bruta = Ganga Bruta ( literally translated as " Brutal Gang " ; also known as Rough Diamond ) is a 1933 Brazilian drama film directed by Humberto Mauro . Starring Durval Bellini and Déa Selva , it follows a man who , after killing his wife on their wedding night , moves to a city where he becomes part of a love triangle . It was produced between 1931 and 1932 for Adhemar Gonzaga at his studio Cinédia . On its initial release , the film was highly criticized and its poor viewing figures resulted in financial losses for the distribution company , but later critics and film directors expressed praise for it . = = Plot = = Marcos , a rich engineer , discovers on his wedding night that his bride was not a virgin and murders her in the bridal chamber . Despite the sensation caused in the media by the resultant case , Marcos is acquitted and moves to Guaraíba in an attempt to put the affair behind him . He finds a job managing the construction of a factory and becomes a co @-@ worker of Décio , who lives with his paralyzed mother and Sônia , his adoptive sister . Sônia , who is engaged to Décio , is attracted to Marcos and although he is initially unaware of her feelings , he eventually acknowledges that he has fallen in love with her . After discovering that Marcos has seduced Sônia , Décio swears to kill him , but a fight culminates in Décio 's death instead . At the end of the film , Marcos and Sônia get married . = = Cast = = Durval Bellini as Marcos Déa Selva as Sônia Lu Marival as Marcos ' wife Décio Murillo as Décio Andréa Duarte as Décio 's mother Alfredo Nunes as butler Ivan Villar as servant = = Production = = The film was initially called Dança das Chamas ( lit . " Dance of Flames " ) . Raul Schnoor , Tamar Moema , and Ruth Gentil were planned to take starring roles , with shooting taking place in Amazonas and Pará . The film was eventually shot with a different cast in Ilha das Cobras and Quinta da Boa Vista , in the city of Rio de Janeiro , and in Guaxindiba , São Gonçalo , Rio de Janeiro between September 2 , 1931 and October 21 , 1932 , using a hand @-@ held camera . Ganga Bruta was the sixth feature film directed by Humberto Mauro and his second for film studio Cinédia , a company owned by Adhemar Gonzaga . Gonzaga , who was the film producer , conceived it as a silent film with a score recorded on disk and synchronized to the film during its exhibition . When it was almost finished , however , Gonzaga agreed to adding voices recorded on Vitaphone , a change prompted by the advent of sound films and their rise in popularity in the Brazilian market during the production of the film . = = Reception and analysis = = The film was first released on May 29 , 1933 in the Alhambra cinema in Rio de Janeiro . It was not well received on its release ; Ganga Bruta was labeled " the worst film of all time " by critics and resulted in " huge financial losses " for Cinédia . Time Out Rio de Janeiro stated that " It was roundly rejected by traditional critics and short @-@ sighted viewers . " Opinions were revised after its restoration in 1952 for a screening at the 1st Brazilian Cinema Retrospective , when it " deeply impressed " the directors who would be part of Cinema Novo movement in the 1960s and 1970s . For example , Glauber Rocha was especially impressed and later cited it as " one of the 20 best films of all time " in his book Revisão Crítica do Cinema Brasileiro . Another film director , Walter Lima , Jr . , declared , " there are two films that are such clear archetypes of Brazil 's eternal quest , namely Limite and Ganga Bruta . They represent something that you have to polish and something that determines its own space , suggesting at the same time that something more exists beyond its confines . " Randal Johnson and Robert Stam , writers of Brazilian Cinema , called the film " Mauro 's masterpiece " , saying that it " creatively melds the cinematic styles of expressionism and Soviet montage " . Encyclopedia of Contemporary Latin American and Caribbean Cultures 's Daniel Balderston , Mike Gonzalez and Ana M. Lopez wrote that the film is " magisterial " , combining lyricism , naturalism and expressionism . Writing in South American Cinema : A Critical Filmography , Peter Rist praised its music , saying " Mauro 's audio @-@ visual mélange " has a " full lyrical effect " . Georges Sadoul , author of Dictionary of Films , noted that " despite its silly and conventional plot , this [ is ] Humberto Mauro 's best film and a landmark in the history of Brazilian cinema . " Sadoul suggested the industrial elements were used as " erotic symbols " , and compared a scene to Luis Buñuel 's film Él . French critic Jacques Lourcelles asserted the main theme of Ganga Bruta is violence , alongside which is " an atmosphere of both carnal and cosmic eroticism " . Writing for the book Le cinéma brésilien , Carlos Roberto de Souza commented that " there are Freudian and surreal echoes " in the film . = Changeling ( film ) = Changeling is a 2008 American psychological drama film , directed , co @-@ produced and scored by Clint Eastwood and written by J. Michael Straczynski , that explores child endangerment , female disempowerment , political corruption , mistreatment of mental health patients , and the repercussions of violence . Based partly on real @-@ life events – the 1928 " Wineville Chicken Coop " kidnapping and murder case in Los Angeles , California – the film stars Angelina Jolie as a woman supposedly reunited with a boy she immediately realizes is not her missing son . When , however , she tries to demonstrate this to the police and city authorities , she is vilified as delusional and an unfit mother . Straczynski spent a year researching the story after hearing about the Wineville Chicken Coop case from a contact at Los Angeles City Hall . Almost all of the film 's script was drawn from thousands of pages of documentation . His first draft became the shooting script and his first film screenplay to be produced . Ron Howard had meant to direct the film , but scheduling conflicts led to his replacement by Eastwood . Instead , Howard and his Imagine Entertainment partner Brian Grazer produced Changeling alongside Malpaso Productions ' Robert Lorenz and Eastwood . Universal Pictures financed and distributed the film . Several actors campaigned for the leading role ; ultimately , the key factor in Eastwood 's decision to cast Jolie was his feeling that her face would suit the 1920s period setting . The film also stars Jeffrey Donovan , Jason Butler Harner , John Malkovich , Michael Kelly and Amy Ryan . While some characters are composites , most are based on actual people . Principal photography , which began on October 15 , 2007 and concluded a few weeks later in December , took place in Los Angeles and other locations in southern California . Eastwood 's low @-@ key direction led actors and crew to note the calmness of the set and the short working days . In post @-@ production , scenes were supplemented with computer @-@ generated skylines , backgrounds , vehicles and people . Changeling premiered to critical acclaim at the 61st Cannes Film Festival on May 20 , 2008 . Further festival appearances preceded a limited release in the United States on October 24 , 2008 , followed by a general release in North America on October 31 , 2008 ; in the United Kingdom on November 26 , 2008 ; and in Australia on February 5 , 2009 . Critical reaction was more mixed than at Cannes . While the acting and story were generally praised , the film 's " conventional staging " and " lack of nuance " were criticized . Changeling earned $ 113 million in box @-@ office revenue worldwide – of which $ 35 @.@ 7 million came from the United States and Canada – and received nominations in three Academy Award and eight BAFTA Award categories . = = Plot = = In Los Angeles in 1928 , single mother Christine Collins ( Jolie ) returns home to discover her nine @-@ year @-@ old son , Walter ( Gattlin Griffith ) , is missing . Reverend Gustav Briegleb ( Malkovich ) publicizes Christine 's plight and rails against the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) for its incompetence , corruption and the extrajudicial punishment meted out by its " Gun Squad " led by Chief James E. Davis ( Feore ) . Several months after Walter 's disappearance , the LAPD tells Christine that he has been found alive . Believing the positive publicity will negate recent criticism of the department , the LAPD organizes a public reunion . Although " Walter " ( Devon Conti ) claims he is Christine 's son , she says he is not . Captain J. J. Jones ( Donovan ) , the head of the LAPD 's Juvenile Division , insists the boy is Walter and pressures Christine into taking him home " on a trial basis " . After Christine confronts Jones with physical discrepancies between " Walter " and her son , Jones arranges for a medical doctor to visit her . He tells Christine that " Walter " is three inches shorter than before his disappearance because trauma has shrunk his spine , and that the man who took Walter had him circumcised . A newspaper prints a story that implies Christine is an unfit mother ; Briegleb tells Christine it was planted by police to discredit her . Walter 's teacher and dentist give Christine signed letters confirming " Walter " is an impostor . Christine tells her story to the press ; as a result , Jones sends her to Los Angeles County Hospital 's " psychopathic ward " . She befriends inmate Carol Dexter ( Ryan ) , who tells Christine she is one of several women who were sent there for challenging police authority . Dr. Steele ( O 'Hare ) deems Christine delusional and forces her to take mood @-@ regulating pills . Steele says he will release Christine if she admits she was mistaken about " Walter " ; she refuses . Detective Ybarra ( Kelly ) travels to a ranch in Wineville , Riverside County , to arrange the deportation of 15 @-@ year @-@ old Sanford Clark ( Eddie Alderson ) to Canada . The boy 's uncle , Gordon Northcott ( Harner ) , has fled after a chance encounter with Ybarra , who mentions his business there being a juvenile matter . Clark tells Ybarra that Northcott forced him to help kidnap and murder around twenty children , and identifies Walter as one of them . Jones tells Briegleb that Christine is in protective custody following a mental breakdown . Jones orders Clark 's deportation , but Ybarra takes Clark to the murder site tells him to dig where the bodies are buried . Clark hesitates , but soon uncovers body parts . Briegleb secures Christine 's release by showing Steele a newspaper story about the Wineville killings that names Walter as a possible victim . Under interrogation by Ybarra , Walter 's impostor reveals his motive was to secure transport to Los Angeles to see his favorite actor , Tom Mix , and says the police told him to lie about being Christine 's son . The police capture Northcott in Vancouver , Canada . Christine 's attorney ( Pierson ) secures a court order for the release of other unjustly imprisoned women who the police wanted to silence . On the day of the city council 's hearing into the case , Christine and Briegleb arrive at Los Angeles City Hall , where they encounter thousands of protesters who are demanding answers from the city . The hearing is intercut with scenes from Northcott 's trial . The council concludes that Jones and Davis should be removed from duty , and that extrajudicial internments by police must be stopped . Northcott 's jury finds him guilty of murder and the judge sentences him to death by hanging . Two years later , Christine has not given up her search for Walter . Northcott sends her a message saying he is willing to admit to killing Walter on condition that Christine meets him before his execution . She visits Northcott , but he refuses to tell her if he killed her son . Northcott is executed the next day . In 1935 , David Clay , one of the boys assumed to have been killed , is found alive in Hesperia , California . He reveals that one of the boys with whom he was imprisoned was Walter . David , Walter , and another boy escaped , but were separated . David does not know whether Walter was recaptured , but he says Walter helped him escape , giving Christine hope he is alive . In the epilogue , it states that after the hearing , Captain Jones was suspended , Chief Davis was demoted , and Los Angeles Mayor George Cryer chose not to run for reelection . California 's state legislature made it illegal to forcibly commit people to psychiatric facilities by mere words alone of authorities , and Rev. Briegleb continued to use his radio show to expose police misconduct and political corruption . Wineville is said to have changed its name to Mira Loma , and Christine Collins reportedly never stopped searching for her son . = = Cast = = Angelina Jolie as Christine Collins John Malkovich as Rev. Gustav Briegleb Jeffrey Donovan as J.J. Jones Michael Kelly as Det . Lester Ybarra Colm Feore as Chief James E. Davis Jason Butler Harner as Gordon Northcott Amy Ryan as Carol Dexter Geoff Pierson as Sammy " S.S. " Hahn Denis O 'Hare as Dr. Jonathan Steel Frank Wood as Ben Harris Peter Geretty as Dr. Earl W. Tarr Reed Birney as Mayor Cryer Gattlin Griffith as Walter Collins = = Historical context = = In 1926 , 13 @-@ year @-@ old Sanford Clark was taken from his home in Saskatchewan ( with the permission of his mother and reluctant father ) by his uncle , 19 @-@ year @-@ old Gordon Stewart Northcott . Northcott took Clark to a ranch in Wineville , California , where he regularly beat and sexually abused the boy — until August 1928 , when the police took Clark into custody after his sister , 19 @-@ year @-@ old Jessie Clark , informed them of the situation . Clark revealed that he was forced to help Northcott and his mother , Sarah Louise Northcott , in killing three young boys after Northcott had kidnapped and molested them . The police found no bodies at the ranch — Clark said they were dumped in the desert — but discovered body parts , blood @-@ stained axes , and personal effects belonging to missing children . The Northcotts fled to Canada , but were arrested and extradited to the United States . Sarah Louise initially confessed to the murders , including that of Walter Collins . She later retracted her statement ; Gordon , who had confessed to killing five boys , did likewise . Christine Collins was placed in Los Angeles County Hospital by Captain Jones . After her release , she sued the police department twice , winning the second lawsuit . Although Captain Jones was ordered to pay Collins $ 10 @,@ 800 , he never did . A city council welfare hearing recommended that Jones and Chief of Police James E. Davis leave their posts , but both were later reinstated . The California State Legislature later made it illegal for the police to commit someone to a psychiatric facility without a warrant . Northcott was convicted of the murders of Lewis Winslow ( 12 ) , Nelson Winslow ( 10 ) and an unidentified Mexican boy ; after his conviction , Northcott was reported to have admitted to up to 20 murders , though he later denied the claim . Northcott was executed by hanging in 1930 at the age of 23 . Sarah Louise was convicted of Walter Collins ' murder and served almost 12 years in prison . In 1930 , the residents of Wineville changed the town 's name to Mira Loma to escape the notoriety brought by the case . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Several years before writing Changeling , television screenwriter and former journalist J. Michael Straczynski was contacted by a source at Los Angeles City Hall . The source told him that officials were planning to burn numerous archive documents , among them " something [ Straczynski ] should see " . The source had discovered a transcript of the city council welfare hearings concerning Collins and the aftermath of her son 's disappearance . Straczynski became fascinated with the case ; he carried out some research , and wrote a spec script titled The Strange Case of Christine Collins . Several studios and independent producers optioned the script , but it never found a buyer . Straczynski felt he lacked the time to devote to making the story work and only returned to the project following the cancellation of his television show Jeremiah in 2004 . After 20 years as a screenwriter and producer for television , Straczynski felt he needed a break from the medium , so he spent a year researching the Collins case through archived criminal , county courthouse , city hall and city morgue records . He said he collected around 6 @,@ 000 pages of documentation on Collins and the Wineville murders , before learning enough to " figure out how to tell it " . He wrote the first draft of the new script in 11 days . Straczynski 's agent passed the script to producer Jim Whitaker . He forwarded it to Ron Howard , who optioned it immediately . In June 2006 , Universal Studios and Howard 's Imagine Entertainment bought the script for Howard to direct . The film was on a shortlist of projects for Howard after coming off the commercial success of The Da Vinci Code . In March 2007 , Universal fast @-@ tracked the production . When Howard chose Frost / Nixon and Angels & Demons as his next two directing projects , it became clear he could not direct Changeling until 2009 . After Howard stepped down , it looked as if the film would not be made , despite admiration for the script in the industry . Howard and Imagine partner Brian Grazer began looking for a new director to helm the project ; they pitched the film to Eastwood in February 2007 , and he agreed to direct immediately after reading the script . Eastwood said his memories of growing up during the Great Depression meant that whenever a project dealing with the era landed in his hands , he " redoubled his attention " upon it . Eastwood also cited the script 's focus on Collins — rather than the " Freddy Krueger " story of Northcott 's crimes — as a factor in deciding to make the film . = = = Writing = = = Straczynski viewed " sitting down and ferreting out [ the ] story " as a return to his journalistic roots . He also drew on his experience writing crime drama for the procedural elements of the plot . Straczynski said he had gathered so much information about the case that it was difficult to work out how to tell it . To let the story develop at its own pace , he put the project aside to allow himself to forget the less essential elements and bring into focus the parts he wanted to tell . He described what he saw as two overlaid triangles : " the first triangle , with the point up , is Collins ' story . You start with her , and her story gets broader and broader and begins having impact from all kinds of places . The overlay on that was an upside down triangle with the base on top , which is the panorama of Los Angeles at that time — 1928 . And it begins getting narrower and narrower toward the bottom , bearing down on her . " Once Straczynski saw this structure , he felt he could write the story . He chose to avoid focusing on the atrocities of the Wineville murders in favor of telling the story from Collins ' perspective ; Straczynski said she was the only person in the story without a hidden agenda , and it was her tenacity — as well as the legacy the case left throughout California 's legal system — that had attracted him to the project . He said , " My intention was very simple : to honor what Christine Collins did . " With Collins as the inspiration , Straczynski said he was left with a strong desire " to get it right " ; he approached it more like " an article for cinema " than a regular film . He stuck close to the historical record because he felt the story was bizarre enough that adding too many fictional elements would call into question its integrity . Straczynski claimed that 95 % of the script 's content came from the historical record ; he said there were only two moments at which he had to " figure out what happened " , due to the lack of information in the records . One was the sequence set in the psychopathic ward , for which there was only limited after @-@ the @-@ fact testimony . Straczynski originally wrote a shorter account of Collins ' incarceration . His agent suggested the sequence needed development , so Straczynski extrapolated events based on standard practice in such institutions at the time . It was at this stage he created composite character Carol Dexter , who was intended to symbolize the women of the era who had been unjustly committed . Straczynski cited his academic background , including majors in psychology and sociology , as beneficial to writing the scenes , specifically one in which Steele distorts Collins ' words to make her appear delusional . Straczynski worked at making the dialogue authentic , while avoiding an archaic tone . He cited his experience imagining alien psyches when writing Babylon 5 as good practice for putting himself in the cultural mindset of the 1920s . Straczynski described specific visual cues in the screenplay , such as in Sanford Clark 's confession scene . Clark 's flashback to a falling axe is juxtaposed with the crumbling ash from Detective Ybarra 's cigarette . The image served two purposes : it was an aesthetic correlation between the axe and the cigarette , and it suggested that Ybarra was so shocked by Clark 's confession that he had not moved or even smoked in the 10 minutes Clark took to tell his story . As with most of the cues , Eastwood shot the scene as written . To ensure the veracity of the story , Straczynski incorporated quotes from the historical record , including court testimony , into the dialogue . He also included photocopies of news clippings every 15 – 20 pages in the script to remind people the story was a true one . So the credits could present the film as " a true story " rather than as " based on " one , Straczynski went through the script with Universal 's legal department , providing attribution for every scene . Straczynski believed the only research error he made was in a scene that referenced Scrabble , pre @-@ dating its appearance on the market by two years . He changed the reference to a crossword puzzle . He did not alter the shooting script any further from his first draft ; though Straczynski had written two more drafts for Howard , Eastwood insisted the first draft be filmed as he felt it had the clearest voice of the three . Straczynski said , " Clint 's funny — if he likes it , he 'll do it , that 's the end of the discussion . When I met with him to ask , ' Do you want any changes , do you want any things cut , added to , subtracted from , whatever ' , he said , ' No . The draft is fine . Let 's shoot the draft . ' " Among the changes Straczynski made from the historical record was to omit Northcott 's mother — who participated in the murders — from the story . He also depicted Northcott 's trial as taking place in Los Angeles , though it was held in Riverside . The title is derived from Western European folklore and refers to a creature — a " changeling " — left by fairies in place of a human child . Due to the word 's association with the supernatural , Straczynski intended it only as a temporary title , believing he would be able to change it later on . = = = Casting = = = The filmmakers retained the names of the real @-@ life protagonists , though several supporting characters were composites of people and types of people from the era . Angelina Jolie plays Christine Collins ; five actresses campaigned for the role , including Reese Witherspoon and Hilary Swank . Howard and Grazer suggested Jolie ; Eastwood agreed , believing that her face fit the period setting . Jolie joined the production in March 2007 . She was initially reluctant because , as a mother , she found the subject matter distressing . She said she was persuaded by Eastwood 's involvement , and the screenplay 's depiction of Collins as someone who recovered from adversity and had the strength to fight the odds . Jolie found playing Collins very emotional . She said the most difficult part was relating to the character , because Collins was relatively passive . Jolie ultimately based her performance on her own mother , who died in 2007 . For scenes at the telephone exchange , Jolie learned to roller skate in high heels , a documented practice of the period . Jeffrey Donovan portrays Captain J. J. Jones , a character Donovan became fascinated with because of the power Jones wielded in the city . The character quotes the real Jones ' public statements throughout the film , including the scene in which he has Collins committed . Donovan 's decision to play Jones with a slight Irish accent was his own . John Malkovich joined the production in October 2007 as Reverend Gustav Briegleb . Eastwood cast Malkovich against type as he felt this would bring " a different shading " to the character . Jason Butler Harner plays Gordon Northcott , whom Harner described as " a horrible , horrible , wonderful person " . He said Northcott believes he shares a connection with Collins due to their both being in the headlines : " In his eyes , they 're kindred spirits . " Harner landed the role after one taped audition . Casting director Ellen Chenoweth explained that Eastwood chose Harner over more well @-@ known actors who wanted the part because Harner displayed " more depth and variety " and was able to project " a slight craziness " without evoking Charles Manson . Eastwood was surprised by the resemblance between Northcott and Harner , saying they looked " very much " alike when Harner was in makeup . As Harner did for the Northcott role , Amy Ryan auditioned via tape for the role of Carol Dexter . She cited the filming of a fight scene during which Eastwood showed her " how to throw a movie punch " as her favorite moment of the production . Michael Kelly portrays Detective Lester Ybarra , who is a composite of several people from the historical record . Kelly was chosen based on a taped audition ; he worked around scheduling conflicts with the television series Generation Kill , which he was filming in Africa at the same time . Geoff Pierson plays Sammy Hahn , a defense attorney known for taking high @-@ profile cases . He represents Collins and in doing so plants the seeds for overturning " Code 12 " internments , used by police to jail or commit those deemed difficult or an inconvenience . Code 12 was often used to commit women without due process . Colm Feore portrays Chief of Police James E. Davis , whose backstory was changed from that of his historical counterpart . Reed Birney plays Mayor George E. Cryer ; Denis O 'Hare plays composite character Doctor Jonathan Steele ; Gattlin Griffith plays Walter Collins ; and Devon Conti plays his supplanter , Arthur Hutchins . Eddie Alderson plays Northcott 's nephew and accomplice , Sanford Clark . = = = Filming = = = = = = = Locations and design = = = = James J. Murakami supervised the production design . Location scouting revealed that many of the older buildings in Los Angeles had been torn down , including the entire neighborhood where Collins lived . Suburban areas in San Dimas , San Bernardino and Pasadena doubled for 1920s Los Angeles instead . The Old Town district of San Dimas stood in for Collins ' neighborhood and some adjacent locales . Murakami said Old Town was chosen because very little had changed since the 1920s . It was used for interiors and exteriors ; the crew decorated the area with a subdued color palette to evoke feelings of comfort . For some exterior shots they renovated derelict properties in neighborhoods of Los Angeles that still possessed 1920s architecture . The crew staged the third floor of the Park Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles into a replica of the 1920s Los Angeles City Council chambers . The 1918 Santa Fe Depot in San Bernardino doubled for the site of Collins ' reunion with " Walter " . The production filmed scenes set at San Quentin in the community . A small farm on the outskirts of Lancaster , California , stood in for the Wineville chicken ranch . The crew recreated the entire ranch , referencing archive newspaper photographs and visits to the original ranch to get a feel for the topography and layout . Steve Lech , president of the Riverside Historical Society , was employed as a consultant and accompanied the crew on its visits . The production sourced around 150 vintage motor cars , dating from 1918 to 1928 , from collectors throughout Southern California . In some cases the cars were in too good a condition , so the crew modified them to make the cars appear like they were in everyday use ; they sprayed dust and water onto the bodywork , and to " age " some of the cars they applied a coating that simulated rust and scratches . The visual effects team retouched shots of Los Angeles City Hall — on which construction was completed in 1928 — to remove weathering and newer surrounding architecture . Costume designer Deborah Hopper researched old Sears department store catalogs , back issues of Life magazine , and high @-@ school yearbooks to ensure the costumes were historically accurate . Hopper sourced 1920s clothing for up to 1 @,@ 000 people ; this was difficult because the fabrics of the period were not resilient . She found sharp wool suits for the police officers . The style for women of all classes was to dress to create a boyish silhouette , using dropped waist dresses , cloche hats that complemented bob cut hairstyles , fur @-@ trimmed coats and knitted gloves . Jolie said the costumes her Collins character wore formed an integral part of her approach to the character . Hopper consulted historians and researched archive footage of Collins to replicate her look . Hopper dressed Jolie in austere grays and browns with knitted gloves , wool serge skirts accompanying cotton blouses , Mary Jane shoes , crocheted corsages and Art Deco jewelry . In the 1930s sequences at the end of the film , Jolie 's costumes become more shapely and feminine , with a decorative stitching around the waistline that was popular to the era . = = = = Principal photography = = = = Principal photography began on October 15 , 2007 , finishing two days ahead of its 45 @-@ day schedule on December 14 , 2007 . Universal Pictures provided a budget of $ 55 million . The film was Eastwood 's first for a studio other than Warner Bros. since Absolute Power ( 1997 ) . Filming mainly took place on the Universal Studios backlot in Los Angeles . The backlot 's New York Street and Tenement Street depicted downtown Los Angeles . Tenement Street also stood in for the exterior of Northcott 's sister 's Vancouver apartment ; visual effects added the city to the background . The production also used the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California . Eastwood had clear childhood memories of 1930s Los Angeles and attempted to recreate several details in the film : the town hall , at the time one of the tallest buildings in the city ; the city center , which was one of the busiest in the world ; and the " perfectly functioning " Pacific Electric Railway , the distinctive red streetcars of which feature closely in two scenes . The production used two functioning replica streetcars for these shots , with visual effects employed for streetcars in the background . Eastwood is known for his economical film shoots ; his regular camera operator , Steve Campanelli , indicated the rapid pace at which Eastwood films — and his intimate , near @-@ wordless direction — also featured during Changeling 's shoot . Eastwood limited rehearsals and takes to garner more authentic performances . Jolie said , " You 've got to get your stuff together and get ready because he doesn 't linger ... He expects people to come prepared and get on with their work . " Campanelli sometimes had to tell Jolie what Eastwood wanted from a scene , as Eastwood talked too softly . To provide verisimilitude to certain scenes , Eastwood sometimes asked Jolie to play them quietly , as if just for him . At the same time he would ask his camera operator to start filming discreetly , without Jolie 's seeing it . Malkovich noted Eastwood 's direction as " redefining economical " , saying Eastwood was quiet and did not use the phrases " action " and " cut " . He said , " Some [ directors ] — like Clint Eastwood or Woody Allen — don 't really like to be tortured by a million questions . They hire you , and they figure you know what to do , and you should do it ... And that 's fine by me . " Ryan also noted the calmness of the set , observing that her experiences working with director Sidney Lumet on 100 Centre Street and Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead were useful due to his sharing Eastwood 's preference for filming a small number of takes . Donovan said Eastwood seldom gave him direction other than to " go ahead " , and that Eastwood did not even comment on his decision to play Jones with a slight Irish accent : " Actors are insecure and they want praise , but he 's not there to praise you or make you feel better ... All he 's there to do is tell the story , and he hired actors to tell their story . " Gaffer Ross Dunkerley said he often had to work on a scene without having seen a rehearsal : " Chances are we 'll talk about it for a minute or two , and then we 're executing it . " The original edit was almost three hours long ; to hone it to 141 minutes , Eastwood cut material from the first part of the film to get to Collins ' story sooner . To improve the pacing he also cut scenes that focused on Reverend Briegleb . Eastwood deliberately left the ending of the film ambiguous to reflect the uncertain fates of several characters in the history . He said that while some stories aimed to finish at the end of a film , he preferred to leave it open @-@ ended . = = = = Cinematography = = = = Changeling was director of photography Tom Stern 's sixth film with Eastwood . Despite the muted palette , the film is more colorful than some previous Stern – Eastwood collaborations . Stern referenced a large book of period images . He attempted to evoke Conrad Hall 's work on Depression @-@ set film The Day of the Locust , as well as match what he called the " leanness " of Mystic River 's look . Stern said the challenge was to make Changeling as simple as possible to shoot . To focus more on Jolie 's performance , he tended to avoid the use of fill lighting . Eastwood did not want the flashbacks to Northcott 's ranch to be too much like a horror film — he said the focus of the scene was the effect of the crimes on Sanford Clark — so he avoided graphic imagery in favour of casting the murders in shadow . Stern shot Changeling in anamorphic format on 35mm film using Kodak Vision 500T 5279 film stock . The film was shot on Panavision cameras and C @-@ Series lenses . Due to the large number of sets , the lighting rigs were more extensive than on other Eastwood productions . The crew made several ceilings from bleached muslin tiles . Stern lit the tiles from above to produce a soft , warm light that was intended to evoke the period through tones close to antique and sepia . The crew segregated the tiles using fire safety fabric Duvatyn to prevent light spilling onto neighboring clusters . The key light was generally softer to match the warm tones given off by the toplights . Stern used stronger skypans — more intense than is commonly used for key lighting — to reduce contrasts when applying daytime rain effects , as a single light source tended to produce harder shadows . Stern lit scenes filmed at the Park Plaza Hotel using dimmable HMI and tungsten lights rigged within balloon lights . This setup allowed him to " dial in " the color he wanted , as the blend of tones from the tungsten fixtures , wooden walls and natural daylight made it difficult to illuminate the scenes using HMIs or daylight exclusively . Stern said the period setting had little effect overall on his lighting choices because the look was mostly applied in the production design and during digital intermediate ( DI ) , the post @-@ production digital manipulation of color and lighting . Technicolor Digital Intermediates carried out the DI . Stern supervised most of the work via e @-@ mailed reference images as he was in Russia shooting another film at the time . He was present at the laboratory for the application of the finishing touches . = = = Visual effects = = = = = = = Overview = = = = CIS Vancouver and Pac Title created most of the visual effects , under the overall supervision of Michael Owens . CIS ' work was headed by Geoff Hancock and Pac Title 's by Mark Freund . Each studio created around 90 shots . Pac Title focused primarily on 2D imagery ; VICON House of Moves handled the motion capture . The effects work consisted mainly of peripheral additions : architecture , vehicles , crowds and furniture . CIS used 3D modeling package Maya to animate city scenes before rendering them in mental ray ; they generated matte paintings in Softimage XSI and Maya , and used Digital Fusion for some 2D shots . The team 's work began with research into 1928 Los Angeles ; they referenced historical photographs and data on the urban core 's population density . CIS had to generate mostly new computer models , textures and motion capture because the company 's existing effects catalog consisted primarily of modern era elements . CIS supplemented exteriors with skylines and detailed backdrops . They created set extensions digitally and with matte paintings . CIS created city blocks by using shared elements of period architecture that could be combined , rearranged and restacked to make buildings of different widths and heights ; that way , the city could look diverse with a minimum of textural variation . CIS referenced vintage aerial photographs of downtown Los Angeles so shots would better reflect the geography of the city , as Hancock felt it important to have a consistency that would allow audiences to understand and become immersed in the environment . To maintain the rapid shooting pace Eastwood demanded , Owens chose to mostly avoid using bluescreen technology , as the process can be time @-@ consuming and difficult to light . He instead used rotoscoping , the process whereby effects are drawn directly onto live action shots . Rotoscoping is more expensive than bluescreen , but the technique had proved reliable for Eastwood when he made extensive use of it on Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) to avoid shooting against bluescreen on a mountaintop . For Owens , the lighting was better , and he considered rotoscoping to be " faster , easier and more natural " . Owens used bluescreen in only a few locations , such as at the ends of backlot streets where it would not impact the lighting . The Universal Studios backlot had been used for so many films that Owens thought it important to disguise familiar architecture as much as possible , so some foreground and middle distance buildings were swapped . One of his favorite effects shots was a scene in which Collins exits a taxi in front of the police station . The scene was filmed almost entirely against bluescreen ; only Jolie , the sidewalk , the taxi cab and an extra were real . The completed shot features the full range of effects techniques used in the film : digital extras in the foreground , set extensions , and computer @-@ generated vehicles . = = = = Digital extras = = = = For crowd scenes , CIS supplemented the live @-@ action extras with digital pedestrians created using motion capture . House of Moves captured the movements of five men and four women during a two @-@ day shoot supervised by Hancock . The motion capture performers were coached to make the " small , formal and refined " movements that Owens said reflected the general public 's conduct at the time . CIS combined the motion data with the Massive software package to generate the interactions of the digital pedestrians . The use of Massive presented a challenge when it came to blending digital pedestrians with live @-@ action extras who had to move from the foreground into the digital crowd . Massive worked well until this stage , when the effects team had to move the digital pedestrians to avoid taking the live @-@ action extras out of the shot . To allow close @-@ ups of individual Massive extras , the effects team focused on their faces and walking characteristics . Hancock explained , " We wanted to be able to push Massive right up to the camera and see how well it held up . In a couple of shots the characters might be 40 feet away from the camera , about 1 / 5 screen height . The bigger the screen is , the bigger the character . He could be 10 feet tall , so everything , even his hair , better look good ! " Typically , a limited number of motion performances are captured and Massive is used to create further variety , such as in height and walking speed . Because the digital extras were required to be close to the foreground , and to integrate them properly with the live action extras , House of Moves captured twice as much motion data than CIS had used on any other project . CIS created nine distinct digital characters . To eliminate inaccuracies that develop when creating a digital extra of different proportions to the motion capture performer , CIS sent nine skeleton rigs to House of Moves before work began . This gave House of Moves time to properly adapt the rigs to its performers , resulting in motion capture data that required very little editing in Massive . CIS wrote shaders for their clothing ; displacement maps in the air shader were linked with the motion capture to animate wrinkles in trousers and jackets . = = = = Closing sequence = = = = Forgoing the closure favored by its contemporaries , Changeling 's final sequence reflects Collins ' renewed hope that Walter is alive . The shot is a two and a half minute sequence showing Collins ' walking off to become lost in a crowd . The sequence is representative of the range of effects that feature throughout the film ; Los Angeles is presented as major character , brought to life by unobtrusive peripheral imagery that allows the viewer to focus on the story and the emotional cues . The " hustle and bustle " of the sequence was required to convey that downtown Los Angeles in 1935 was a congested urban center . In the closing shot , the camera tilts up to reveal miles of city blocks , pedestrians on the streets , cars going by and streetcars running along their tracks . The version of the film that screened at Cannes did not include this sequence ; the scene faded to black as Collins walked away . The new 4 @,@ 000 @-@ frame shot was Owens ' idea . He felt the abrupt cut to black pulled the viewer out of the film too quickly , and that it left no room for emotional reflection . Owens said , " There is a legend at the end before the credits . The legend speaks to what happened after the fact , and I think you need to just swallow that for a few moments with the visual still with you . " Owens told Eastwood the film should end like Chinatown ( 1974 ) , in which the camera lifts to take in the scene : " The camera booms up and she walks away from us from a very emotional , poignant scene at the end , walks away into this mass of people and traffic . It 's very hopeful and sad at the same time . " Owens did not have time to complete the shot before the Cannes screenings , but afterwards he used cineSync to conduct most of the work from home . The shot includes two blocks of computer @-@ generated buildings that recede into the distance of a downtown set extension . As Collins disappears into the crowd about a minute into the shot , the live footage is gradually joined with more digital work . The streetcars , tracks and power lines were all computer generated . Live @-@ action extras appear for the first minute of the shot before being replaced by digital ones . The shot was made more complicated by the need to add Massive extras . Owens constructed the scene by first building the digital foreground around the live action footage . He then added the background before filling the scene with vehicles and people . = = = Music = = = Eastwood composed Changeling 's jazz @-@ influenced score . Featuring lilting guitars and strings , it remains largely low @-@ key throughout . The introduction of brass instruments evokes film noir , playing to the film 's setting in a city controlled by corrupt police . The theme shifts from piano to a full orchestra , and as the story develops , the strings become more imposing , with an increasing number of sustains and rises . Eastwood introduces voices reminiscent of those in a horror film score during the child murder flashbacks . The score was orchestrated and conducted by Lennie Niehaus . It was released on CD in North America on November 4 , 2008 , through record label Varèse Sarabande . = = Themes = = = = = Disempowerment of women = = = Changeling begins with an abduction , but largely avoids framing the story as a family drama to concentrate on a portrait of a woman whose desire for independence is seen as a threat to male @-@ dominated society . The film depicts 1920s Los Angeles as a city in which the judgment of men takes precedence ; women are labeled " hysterical and unreliable " if they dare to question it . Film critic Prairie Miller said that in its portrayal of female courage the film was " about as feminist as Hollywood can get " , and that because of this it had been the subject of sexist disdain . She compared this with the sexism shown to the women in Changeling and those who vied for high political office in 2008 . Miller surmised that attitudes to independent , career @-@ minded women had not changed significantly in the intervening years : Collins defies male @-@ generated cultural expectations that women are not suited for professional careers and are punished for it . Rather than " an expression of feminist awareness " , David Denby argues , the film — like Eastwood 's Million Dollar Baby — is " a case of awed respect for a woman who was strong and enduring " . The portrait of a vulnerable woman whose mental state is manipulated by the authorities was likened to the treatment of Ingrid Bergman 's character in Gaslight ( 1944 ) , who also wondered if she might be insane ; Eastwood cited photographs that show Collins smiling with the child she knows is not hers . Like many other women of the period who were deemed disruptive , Collins is forced into the secret custody of a mental institution . The film shows that psychiatry became a tool in the gender politics of the era , only a few years after women 's suffrage in the United States was guaranteed by the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment . As women ceased to be second @-@ class citizens and began to assert their independence , the male establishment used mental institutions in an effort to disempower them ; in common with other unmanageable women , Collins is subjected to medical treatment designed to break her spirit and compel obedience , though some of the treatments , specifically the electroconvulsive therapy depicted in the film , did not exist ca . 1928 @-@ 1930 . The film quotes the testimony of the psychiatrist who treated Collins . Eastwood said the testimony evidenced how women were prejudged , and that the behavior of the police reflected how women were seen at the time . He quoted the words of the officer who sent Collins to the mental facility : " ' Something is wrong with you . You 're an independent woman . ' " Clint Eastwood said , " The period could not accept [ it ] " . = = = Corruption in political hierarchies = = = Romantic notions of the 1920s as a more innocent period are put aside in favor of depicting Los Angeles as ruled by a despotic political infrastructure , steeped in sadistic , systematic corruption throughout the city government , police force and medical establishment . In addition to being a Kafkaesque drama about the search for a missing child , the film also focuses on issues relevant to the modern era . Eastwood noted a correlation between the corruption of 1920s Los Angeles and that of the modern era , manifesting in the egos of a police force that thinks it cannot be wrong and the way in which powerful organizations justify the use of corruption . " [ The ] Los Angeles police department every so often seems to go into a period of corruption , " he said , " It 's happened even in recent years ... so it was nice to comment [ on that ] by going back to real events in 1928 . " Eastwood said that Los Angeles had always been seen as " glamorous " , but he believed there had never been a " golden age " in the city . In Changeling , this dissonance manifests in the actions of Arthur Hutchins , who travels to the city in the hope of meeting his favorite actor . Eastwood said that given the corruption that the story covers , Hutchins ' naïvete seemed " bizarre " . As a lesson in democratic activism , the film shows what it takes to provoke people to speak against unchecked authority , no matter the consequences . Richard Brody of The New Yorker said this rang as true for 1928 Los Angeles as it did for Poland in 1980 or Pakistan in 2008 . The film directly quotes Chief of police James E. Davis : " We will hold trial on gunmen in the streets of Los Angeles . I want them brought in dead , not alive , and I will reprimand any officer who shows the least bit of mercy to a criminal . " It compares police excess to the vigilantism of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s , as the department 's " Gun Squad " carries out illegal executions of criminals — " not to stamp out crime ... but ' competition ' " . The pressure from the police hierarchy was a motivator for officers to quickly solve Walter Collins ' disappearance , and a potential reason why they ignored the fact they had returned the wrong child . = = = Children and violence = = = Changeling sits with other late @-@ period Eastwood films in which parenting — and , the search for family — is a theme . It makes literal the parental struggle to communicate with children . It can also be seen as a variation of the Eastwood " revenge movie " ethic ; in this case , the " avenging grunt " transforms into a courteous woman who only once makes a foul @-@ mouthed outburst . Eastwood dealt with themes of child endangerment in A Perfect World ( 1993 ) and Mystic River ( 2003 ) . Changeling is a thematic companion piece to Mystic River , which also depicted a community contaminated by an isolated , violent act against a child — a comparison with which Eastwood agreed . He said that showing a child in danger was " about the highest form of drama you can have " , as crimes against them were to him the most horrible . Eastwood explained that crimes against children represented a theft of lives and innocence . He said , " When [ a crime ] comes along quite as big as this one , you question humanity . It never ceases to surprise me how cruel humanity can be . " Samuel Blumenfeld of Le Monde said the scene featuring Northcott 's execution by hanging was " unbearable " due to its attention to detail ; he believed it one of the most convincing pleas against the death penalty imaginable . Eastwood noted that for a supporter of capital punishment , Northcott was an ideal candidate , and that in a perfect world the death penalty might be an appropriate punishment for such a crime . He said that crimes against children would be at the top of his list for justifications of capital punishment , but that whether one were pro- or anti @-@ capital punishment , the barbarism of public executions must be recognized . Eastwood argued that in putting the guilty party before his victims ' families , justice may be done , but after such a spectacle the family would find it hard to find peace . The scene 's realism was deliberate : the audience hears Northcott 's neck breaking , his body swings , and his feet shake . It was Eastwood 's intention to make it unbearable to watch . = = Release = = = = = Strategy = = = Changeling premiered in competition at the 61st Cannes Film Festival on May 20 , 2008 . The film was Eastwood 's fifth to enter competition at the festival . Its appearance was not part of the original release plan . Universal executives had been looking forward to the festival without the worry associated with screening a film , until Eastwood made arrangements for Changeling 's appearance . He was pleased with the critical and commercial success that followed Mystic River 's appearance at the festival in 2003 and wanted to generate the same " positive buzz " for Changeling . The film was still in post @-@ production one week before the start of the festival . It appeared at the 34th Deauville American Film Festival , held September 5 – 14 , 2008 , and had its North American premiere on October 4 , 2008 as the centerpiece of the 46th New York Film Festival , screening at the Ziegfeld Theatre . The producers and Universal considered opening Changeling wide in its first weekend to capitalize on Jolie 's perceived box office appeal , but they ultimately modeled the release plan after those of other Eastwood @-@ directed films , Mystic River in particular . While the usual strategy is to open films by notable directors in every major city in the United States to ensure a large opening gross , in what the industry calls a " platform release " , Eastwood 's films generally open in a small number of theaters before opening wide a week later . Changeling was released in 15 theaters in nine markets in the United States on October 24 , 2008 . The marketing strategy involved trailers that promoted Eastwood 's involvement and the more commercial mystery thriller elements of the story . Universal hoped the limited release would capitalize on good word @-@ of @-@ mouth support from " serious movie fans " rather than those in the 18 – 25 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . The film was released across North America on October 31 , 2008 , playing at 1 @,@ 850 theaters , expanding to 1 @,@ 896 theaters by its fourth week . Changeling was released in the United Kingdom on November 26 , 2008 , in Ireland on November 28 , 2008 , and in Australia on February 5 , 2009 . = = = Box office = = = Changeling performed modestly at the box office , grossing more internationally than in North America . The worldwide gross revenue was $ 113 million . The film 's limited American release saw it take $ 502 @,@ 000 — $ 33 @,@ 441 per theater — in its first two days . Exit polling showed strong commercial potential across a range of audiences . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave Changeling was A − on an A + to F scale . Audiences were mostly older ; 68 % were over 30 and 61 % were women . Audience evaluations of " excellent " and " definitely recommended " were above average . The main reasons given for seeing the film were its story ( 65 % ) , Jolie ( 53 % ) , Eastwood ( 43 % ) , and that it was based on fact ( 42 % ) . The film made $ 2.3M in its first day of wide release , going on to take fourth place in the weekend box office chart with $ 9.4M — a per @-@ theater average of $ 5 @,@ 085 . This return surpassed Universal 's expectations for the weekend . Changeling 's link to the Inland Empire — the locale of the Wineville killings — generated additional local interest , causing it to outperform the national box office by 45 % in its opening weekend . The film surpassed expectations in its second weekend of wide release , declining 22 % to take $ 7.3M. By the fourth week , Changeling had dropped to fifth place at the box office , having taken $ 27.6M overall . In its sixth week the number of theaters narrowed to 1 @,@ 010 , and Changeling dropped out of the national top ten , though it remained in ninth place on the Inland chart . Changeling completed its theatrical run in North America on January 8 , 2009 , having earned $ 35.7M overall . Changeling made its international debut in four European markets on November 12 – 14 , 2008 , opening in 727 theaters to strong results . Aided by a positive critical reaction , the film took $ 1.6M in Italy from 299 theaters ( a per @-@ location average of $ 5 @,@ 402 ) , and $ 209 @,@ 000 from 33 screens in Belgium . Changeling had a slower start in France , but improved to post $ 2.8M from 417 theaters in its first five days , and finished the weekend in second place at the box office . The second week in France saw the box office drop by just 27 % , for a total gross of $ 5.4M. By November 23 , 2008 , the film had taken $ 8.6M outside North America . The weekend of November 28 – 30 saw Changeling take $ 4.4M from 1 @,@ 040 theaters internationally ; this included its expansion into the United Kingdom , where it opened in third place at the box office , taking $ 1.9M from 349 theaters . It took $ 1.5M from the three @-@ day weekend , but the total was boosted by the film 's opening two days earlier to avoid competition from previews of Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa . The return marked the best opening of any Eastwood @-@ directed film in the United Kingdom to that point . Its second week of release in the United Kingdom saw a drop of 27 % to $ 1.1M. Changeling earned $ 7.6M in Ireland and the United Kingdom . Changeling 's release in other European markets continued throughout December 2008 . By December 8 , the film had opened in 1 @,@ 167 theaters in nine markets for an international gross of $ 19.1M. Changeling 's next significant international release came in Spain on December 19 , 2008 , where it opened in first place at the box office with $ 2.0M from 326 theaters . This figure marked the best opening for an Eastwood @-@ directed film in the country to that point ; after six weeks it had earned $ 11.0M. In January 2009 , major markets in which the film opened included Germany , South Korea and Russia . In Germany , it opened in ninth place at the box office with $ 675 @,@ 000 from 194 theaters . South Korea saw a " solid " opening of $ 450 @,@ 000 from 155 theaters . In Russia , it opened in eighth place with $ 292 @,@ 000 from 95 theaters . By January 26 , 2009 , the film had taken $ 47.2M from 1 @,@ 352 international theaters . Aided by strong word @-@ of @-@ mouth support , Changeling 's Australian release yielded $ 3.8M from 74 screens after eight weeks . The film opened in Japan on February 20 , 2009 , where it topped the chart in its first week with $ 2.4M from 301 screens . After six weeks , it had earned $ 12.8M in the country . The film 's last major market release was in Mexico on February 27 , 2009 , where it earned $ 1.4M. The international gross was $ 77.3M. = = = Home media = = = Changeling was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc , DVD , and Video on Demand in North America on February 17 , 2009 , and in the United Kingdom on March 30 , 2009 . After its first week of release , Changeling placed fourth in the DVD sales chart with 281 @,@ 000 units sold for $ 4 @.@ 6 million ; by its fourth week of release , the film had dropped out of the top 10 , having earned $ 10 @.@ 1 million . As of the latest figures , 762 @,@ 000 units have been sold , translating to $ 12 @,@ 638 @,@ 223 in revenue . The DVD release included two featurettes : Partners in Crime : Clint Eastwood and Angelina Jolie and The Common Thread : Angelina Jolie Becomes Christine Collins . The Blu @-@ ray Disc release included two additional features : Archives and Los Angeles : Then and Now . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The film 's screening at Cannes met with critical acclaim , prompting speculation it could be awarded the Palme d 'Or . The award eventually went to Entre les murs ( The Class ) . Straczynski claimed that Changeling 's loss by two votes was due to the judges ' not believing the story was based on fact . He said they did not believe the police would treat someone as they had Collins . The loss led to Universal 's request that Straczynski annotate the script with sources . Although the positive critical notices from Cannes generated speculation that the film would be a serious contender at the 2009 Academy Awards , the North American theatrical release met with a more mixed response . Critics generally judged Changeling well @-@ acted and beautifully shot , but considered the compelling story to have been told too conventionally . Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , reported that reviews were " generally favorable , " with an average score of 63 based on 38 reviews . As of June 10 , 2014 , 63 % of 196 critics listed by review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes had given the film a positive review , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 3 / 10 . The film 's reception in several European countries was more favorable , and in the United Kingdom 83 % of critics listed by Rotten Tomatoes gave Changeling a positive review . Todd McCarthy of Variety said Jolie was more affecting than in A Mighty Heart ( 2007 ) because she relied less on artifice . He also noted a surfeit of good supporting performances , Michael Kelly 's in particular . Oliver Séguret of Libération said the cast was the film 's best feature . He praised the supporting actors and said Jolie 's performance was forceful yet understated . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said Jolie shunned her " movie star " persona to appear vulnerable and resolute . He perceived the supporting characters — Amy Ryan 's excepted — as having few shades of gray . David Ansen , writing in Newsweek , echoed the sentiment , but said that " some stories really are about the good guys and the bad " . He said that with the distractions of Jolie 's celebrity and beauty put aside , she carried the role with restraint and intensity . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times felt that Jolie 's celebrity was distracting enough to render her unconvincing , and David Denby of The New Yorker said that while Jolie showed skill and selflessness , the performance and character were uninteresting . He said Collins was one @-@ dimensional , lacking desires or temperament . He cited similar problems with Malkovich 's Briegleb , concluding , " The two of them make a very proper and dull pair of collaborators . " McCarthy admired the " outstanding " script , calling it ambitious and deceptively simple . He said Eastwood respected the script by not playing to the melodramatic aspects and not telegraphing the story 's scope from the start . Honeycutt wrote that due to its close adherence to the history the drama sagged at one point , but that the film did not feel as long as its 141 minutes because the filmmakers were " good at cutting to the chase " . Ansen said Straczynski 's dialogue tended to the obvious , but that while the film lacked the moral nuance of Eastwood 's others , the well @-@ researched screenplay was " a model of sturdy architecture " , each layer of which built audience disgust into a " fine fury " . He said , " when the tale is this gripping , why resist the moral outrage ? " Séguret said the film presented a solid recreation of the era , but that Eastwood did not seem inspired by the challenge . Séguret noted that Eastwood kept the embers of the story alight , but that it seldom burst into flames . He likened the experience to being in a luxury car : comfortable yet boring . Denby and Ansen commented that Eastwood left the worst atrocities to audiences ' imaginations . Ansen said this was because Eastwood was less interested in the lurid aspects of the case . McCarthy praised the thoughtful , unsensationalized treatment , while Denby cited problems with the austere approach , saying it left the film " both impressive and monotonous " . He said Eastwood was presented with the problem of not wanting to exploit the " gruesome " material because this would contrast poorly with the delicate emotions of a woman 's longing for her missing son . Denby said Eastwood and Straczynski should have explored more deeply the story 's perverse aspects . Instead , he said , the narrative methodically settled the emotional and dramatic issues — " reverently chronicling Christine 's apotheosis " — before " [ ambling ] on for another forty minutes " . Ansen said the classical approach lifted the story to another level , and that it embraced horror film conventions only in the process of transcending them . McCarthy said Changeling was one of Eastwood 's most vividly realized films , noting Stern 's cinematography , the set and costume design , and CGI landscapes that merged seamlessly with location shots . Dargis was not impressed by the production design ; she cited the loss of Eastwood 's regular collaborator Henry Bumstead — who died in 2006 — as a factor in Changeling 's " overly pristine " look . Damon Wise of Empire called Changeling " flawless " , and McCarthy said it was " emotionally powerful and stylistically sure @-@ handed " . He stated that Changeling was a more complex and wide @-@ ranging work than Eastwood 's Mystic River , saying the characters and social commentary were brought into the story with an " almost breathtaking deliberation " . He said that as " a sorrowful critique of the city 's political culture " , Changeling sat in the company of films such as Chinatown and L.A. Confidential . Honeycutt said the film added a " forgotten chapter to the L.A. noir " of those films , and that Eastwood 's melodic score contributed to an evocation of a city and a period " undergoing galvanic changes " . Honeycutt said , " [ the ] small @-@ town feel to the street and sets ... captures a society resistant to seeing what is really going on " . Séguret said that while Changeling had few defects , it was mystifying that other critics had such effusive praise for it . Denby said it was beautifully made , but that it shared the chief fault of other " righteously indignant " films in congratulating the audience for feeling contempt for the " long @-@ discredited " attitudes depicted . Ansen concluded that the story was told in such a sure manner that only a hardened cynic would be left unmoved by the " haunting , sorrowful saga " . = = = Awards and honors = = = In addition to the following list of awards and nominations , the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures named Changeling one of the 10 best films of 2008 , as did the International Press Academy , which presents the annual Satellite Awards . Several critics included the film on their lists of the top 10 best films of 2008 . Anthony Lane of The New Yorker named it second best , Empire magazine named it fourth best , and Rene Rodriguez of The Miami Herald named it joint fourth best with Eastwood 's Gran Torino . Japanese film critic Shigehiko Hasumi listed the film as one of the best films of 2000 @-@ 2009 . = Albert A. Murphree = Albert Alexander Murphree ( April 29 , 1870 – December 20 , 1927 ) was an American college professor and university president . Murphree was a native of Alabama , and became a mathematics instructor after earning his bachelor 's degree . He later served as the third president of Florida State College ( later renamed Florida State University ) from 1897 to 1909 , and the second president of the University of Florida from 1909 to 1927 .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
University of Florida erected a statue of Murphree on its Gainesville campus , adjacent to such landmarks as the Plaza of the Americas , Library East and Peabody Hall ; Murphree is the only Florida president so honored . Florida also named one of its early dormitories , Murphree Hall , in tribute . In remembrance of its third president , Florida State University erected a campus statue adjacent to Jennie Murphree Hall , named for Murphree 's wife . = Clindamycin = Clindamycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections . This includes middle ear infections , bone or joint infections , pelvic inflammatory disease , strep throat , pneumonia , and endocarditis among others . It can be useful against some cases of methicillin @-@ resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) . It may also be used for acne and in addition to quinine for malaria . It is available by mouth , intravenously , and as a cream to be applied to the skin or in the vagina . Common side effects include nausea , diarrhea , rash , and pain at the site of injection . It increases the risk of Clostridium difficile colitis about fourfold . Other antibiotics may be recommended instead due to this reason . It appears to be generally safe in pregnancy . It is of the lincosamide class and works by blocking bacteria from making protein . Clindamycin was first made in 1967 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most important medication needed in a basic health system . It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0 @.@ 06 to 0 @.@ 12 USD per pill . In the United States it costs about 2 @.@ 70 USD a dose . = = Medical uses = = Clindamycin is used primarily to treat anaerobic infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria , including dental infections , and infections of the respiratory tract , skin , and soft tissue , and peritonitis . In people with hypersensitivity to penicillins , clindamycin may be used to treat infections caused by susceptible aerobic bacteria , as well . It is also used to treat bone and joint infections , particularly those caused by Staphylococcus aureus . Topical application of clindamycin phosphate can be used to treat mild to moderate acne . = = = Acne = = = The use of clindamycin in conjunction with benzoyl peroxide is more effective in the treatment of acne than the use of either product by itself . Clindamycin and adapalene in combination are also more effective than either drug alone , although adverse effects are more frequent . = = = Susceptible bacteria = = = It is most effective against infections involving the following types of organisms : Aerobic Gram @-@ positive cocci , including some members of the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus ( e.g. pneumococcus ) genera , but not enterococci . Anaerobic , Gram @-@ negative rod @-@ shaped bacteria , including some Bacteroides , Fusobacterium , and Prevotella , although resistance is increasing in Bacteroides fragilis . Most aerobic Gram @-@ negative bacteria ( such as Pseudomonas , Legionella , Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella ) are resistant to clindamycin , as are the facultative anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae . A notable exception is Capnocytophaga canimorsus , for which clindamycin is a first @-@ line drug of choice . The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant pathogens . Staphylococcus aureus : 0 @.@ 016 μg / ml - > 256 μg / ml Streptococcus pneumoniae : 0 @.@ 002 μg / ml - > 256 μg / ml Streptococcus pyogenes : < 0 @.@ 015 μg / ml - > 64 μg / ml = = = D @-@ Test = = = When testing a Gram @-@ positive culture for sensitivity to clindamycin , it is common to perform a " D @-@ Test " to determine if there is a macrolide @-@ resistant subpopulation of bacteria present . This test is necessary because some bacteria express a phenotype known as MLSB , in which susceptibility tests will indicate the bacteria are susceptible to clindamycin , but in vitro the pathogen displays inducible resistance . To perform a D @-@ test , an agar plate is inoculated with the bacteria in question and two drug @-@ impregnated disks ( one with erythromycin , one with clindamycin ) are placed 15 – 20 mm apart on the plate . If the area of inhibition around the clindamycin disk is " D " shaped , the test result is positive and clindamycin should not be used due to the possibility of resistant pathogens and therapy failure . If the area of inhibition around the clindamycin disk is circular , the test result is negative and clindamycin can be used . = = = Malaria = = = Given with chloroquine or quinine , clindamycin is effective and well tolerated in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria ; the latter combination is particularly useful for children , and is the treatment of choice for pregnant women who become infected in areas where resistance to chloroquine is common . Clindamycin should not be used as an antimalarial by itself , although it appears to be very effective as such , because of its slow action . Patient @-@ derived isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from the Peruvian Amazon have been reported to be resistant to clindamycin as evidenced by in vitro drug susceptibility testing . = = = Other = = = Clindamycin may be useful in skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin @-@ resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) ; many strains of MRSA are still susceptible to clindamycin ; however , in the United States spreading from the West Coast eastwards , MRSA is becoming increasingly resistant . Clindamycin is used in cases of suspected toxic shock syndrome , often in combination with a bactericidal agent such as vancomycin . The rationale for this approach is a presumed synergy between vancomycin , which causes the death of the bacteria by breakdown of the cell wall , and clindamycin , which is a powerful inhibitor of toxin synthesis . Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown clindamycin reduces the production of exotoxins by staphylococci ; it may also induce changes in the surface structure of bacteria that make them more sensitive to immune system attack ( opsonization and phagocytosis ) . Clindamycin has been proven to decrease the risk of premature births in women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis during early pregnancy to about a third of the risk of untreated women . The combination of clindamycin and quinine is the standard treatment for severe babesiosis . Clindamycin may also be used to treat toxoplasmosis , and , in combination with primaquine , is effective in treating mild to moderate Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia . = = Adverse effects = = Common adverse drug reactions associated with systemic clindamycin therapy — found in over 1 % of people — include : diarrhea , pseudomembranous colitis , nausea , vomiting , abdominal pain or cramps and / or rash . High doses ( both intravenous and oral ) may cause a metallic taste . Common adverse drug reactions associated with topical formulations - found in over 10 % of people - include : dryness , burning , itching , scaliness , or peeling of skin ( lotion , solution ) ; erythema ( foam , lotion , solution ) ; oiliness ( gel , lotion ) . Additional side effects include contact dermatitis . Common side effects - found in over 10 % of people - in vaginal applications include fungal infection . Pseudomembranous colitis is a potentially lethal condition commonly associated with clindamycin , but which occurs with other antibiotics , as well . Overgrowth of Clostridium difficile , which is inherently resistant to clindamycin , results in the production of a toxin that causes a range of adverse effects , from diarrhea to colitis and toxic megacolon . Rarely — in less than 0 @.@ 1 % of patients — clindamycin therapy has been associated with anaphylaxis , blood dyscrasias , polyarthritis , jaundice , raised liver enzyme levels , renal dysfunction , cardiac arrest , and / or hepatotoxicity . = = Interactions = = Clindamycin may prolong the effects of neuromuscular @-@ blocking drugs , such as succinylcholine and vecuronium . Its similarity to the mechanism of action of macrolides and chloramphenicol means they should not be given simultaneously , as this causes antagonism and possible cross @-@ resistance . = = Chemistry = = Clindamycin is a semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin , a natural antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis . It is obtained by 7 ( S ) -chloro @-@ substitution of the 7 ( R ) -hydroxyl group of lincomycin . The synthesis of clindamycin was first announced by BJ Magerlein , RD Birkenmeyer , and F Kagan on the fifth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ( ICAAC ) in 1966 . It has been on the market since 1968 . = = Mechanism of action = = Clindamycin has a primarily bacteriostatic effect . It is a bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor by inhibiting ribosomal translocation , in a similar way to macrolides . It does so by binding to the 50S rRNA of the large bacterial ribosome subunit . The structures of the complexes between several antibiotics ( including clindamycin ) and a Deinococcus radiodurans ribosome have been solved by X @-@ ray crystallography by a team from the Max Planck Working Groups for Structural Molecular Biology , and published in the journal Nature . = = Society and culture = = = = = Cost = = = It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0 @.@ 06 to 0 @.@ 12 USD per pill . In the United States it costs about 2 @.@ 70 USD a dose . The wholesale price in UK is less than 5 pence per pill , however the RX system covers the cost for citizens . Canada and Mexico also have a similar cost , with average price of 4 cents per pill . = = = Available forms = = = Clindamycin preparations for oral administration include capsules ( containing clindamycin hydrochloride ) and oral suspensions ( containing clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride ) . Oral suspension is not favored for administration of clindamycin to children , due to its extremely foul taste and odor . Clindamycin is formulated in a vaginal cream and as vaginal ovules for treatment of bacterial vaginosis . It is also available for topical administration in gel form , as a lotion , and in a foam delivery system ( each containing clindamycin phosphate ) and a solution in ethanol ( containing clindamycin hydrochloride ) and is used primarily as a prescription acne treatment . Several combination acne treatments containing clindamycin are also marketed , such as single @-@ product formulations of clindamycin with benzoyl peroxide — sold as BenzaClin ( Sanofi @-@ Aventis ) , Duac ( a gel form made by Stiefel ) , and Acanya , among other trade names — and , in the United States , a combination of clindamycin and tretinoin , sold as Ziana . In India , vaginal suppositories containing clindamycin in combination with clotrimazole are manufactured by Olive Health Care and sold as Clinsup @-@ V. In Egypt , vaginal cream containing clindamycin produced by Biopharmgroup sold as Vagiclind indicated for vaginosis . Clindamycin is available as a generic drug , for both systemic ( oral and intravenous ) and topical use ( The exception is the vaginal suppository , which is not available as a generic in the USA ) . Clindamycin is marketed as generic and under trade names including Cleocin HCl , Dalacin , Lincocin ( Bangladesh ) , Dalacin , and Clindacin . Combination products include Duac , BenzaClin , Clindoxyl and Acanya ( in combination with benzoyl peroxide ) , and Ziana ( with tretinoin ) . = = Veterinary use = = The veterinary uses of clindamycin are quite similar to its human indications , and include treatment of osteomyelitis , skin infections , and toxoplasmosis , for which it is the preferred drug in dogs and cats . Toxoplasmosis rarely causes symptoms in cats , but can do so in very young or immunocompromised kittens and cats . = John Tyler = John Tyler ( March 29 , 1790 – January 18 , 1862 ) was the tenth President of the United States ( 1841 – 45 ) . He was also , briefly , the tenth vice president ( 1841 ) , elected to that office on the 1840 Whig ticket with William Henry Harrison . Tyler became president after Harrison 's death in April 1841 , only a month after the start of the new administration . Known to that point as a supporter of states ' rights , which endeared him to his fellow Virginians , his actions as president showed that he was willing to back nationalist policies as long as they did not infringe on the powers of the states . Still , the circumstances of his unexpected rise to the presidency and its threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other politicians , left him estranged from both major parties . A firm believer in manifest destiny , President Tyler sought to strengthen and preserve the Union through territorial expansion , most notably the annexation of the independent Republic of Texas in his last days in office . Tyler , born to an eminent Virginia family , came to national prominence at a time of political upheaval . In the 1820s the nation 's only political party , the Democratic @-@ Republicans , split into factions . Though initially a Democrat , his opposition to Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren led him to ally with the Whig Party . Tyler served as a Virginia state legislator , governor , U.S. representative , and U.S. senator before his election as vice president in the presidential election of 1840 . He was put on the ticket to attract states ' rights Southerners to what was then a Whig coalition to defeat Van Buren 's re @-@ election bid . Harrison 's death made Tyler the first vice president to succeed to the presidency without being elected to the office . Because of the short duration of Harrison 's one @-@ month term , Tyler served longer than any president in U.S. history who was never elected to the office . To forestall constitutional uncertainty , Tyler immediately took the oath of office , moved into the White House , and assumed full presidential powers , a precedent that would govern future successions and eventually become codified in the Twenty @-@ fifth Amendment . A strict constructionist , Tyler found much of the Whig platform unconstitutional , and vetoed several of his party 's bills . Believing that the president should set policy instead of deferring to Congress , he attempted to bypass the Whig establishment , most notably Kentucky Senator Henry Clay . Most of Tyler 's Cabinet resigned soon into his term , and the Whigs , dubbing him His Accidency , expelled him from the party . Though Tyler was not the first president to veto bills , he was the first to see his veto overridden by Congress . Although he faced a stalemate on domestic policy , he had several foreign @-@ policy achievements , including the Webster – Ashburton Treaty with Britain and the Treaty of Wanghia with Qing China . President Tyler dedicated his last two years in office to the annexation of Texas . He initially sought election to a full term , but after failing to gain the support of either Whigs or Democrats , he withdrew . In the last days of his term , Congress passed the resolution authorizing the Texas annexation , which was carried out by Tyler 's successor , James K. Polk . When the American Civil War began in 1861 , Tyler sided with the Confederate government , and won election to the Confederate House of Representatives shortly before his death . Although some have praised Tyler 's political resolve , his presidency is generally held in low esteem by historians ; today he is considered an obscure president , with little presence in the American cultural memory . = = Early life and law career = = John Tyler was born on March 29 , 1790 . Like his future running mate William Henry Harrison , he hailed from Charles City County , Virginia ; both descended from aristocratic and politically entrenched families . The Tyler family traced its lineage to colonial Williamsburg in the seventeenth century . John Tyler , Sr. , commonly known as Judge Tyler , was a friend and college roommate of Thomas Jefferson and served in the House of Delegates , the lower house of the Virginia General Assembly , alongside Benjamin Harrison V , father of William . The elder Tyler served four years as Speaker of the House of Delegates before becoming a state court judge . He subsequently served as governor and as a judge on the U.S. District Court at Richmond . His wife , Mary Marot ( Armistead ) , was the daughter of a prominent plantation owner , Robert Booth Armistead . She died of a stroke when her son John was seven years old . With his two brothers and five sisters , Tyler was raised on Greenway Plantation , a 1 @,@ 200 @-@ acre ( 5 km2 ) estate with a six @-@ room manor house his father had built . The Tylers ' forty slaves grew various crops , including wheat , corn and tobacco . Judge Tyler was willing to pay high wages for tutors who would challenge his children academically . Tyler was an unhealthy child , thin and prone to diarrhea ; such afflictions would burden him throughout his life . At the age of twelve , he entered the preparatory branch of the elite College of William and Mary , continuing the Tyler family 's tradition of attending the college . Tyler graduated from the school 's collegiate branch in 1807 , at age seventeen . Among the books that informed his economic views was Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations , and he acquired a lifelong love of Shakespeare . His political opinions were shaped by Bishop James Madison , the college 's president and a cousin to the future president of the same name ; the bishop served as a second father and mentor to Tyler . After graduation Tyler studied law with his father , who was a state judge at the time , and later with former United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph . Tyler was admitted to the bar at the age of 19 , in violation of the rules : the judge who examined him neglected to ask his age . By this time his father was serving as Governor of Virginia ( 1808 – 1811 ) , and the young Tyler started a practice in Richmond , the state capital . In 1813 he purchased Woodburn plantation , and he resided there until 1821 . = = Political rise = = = = = Start in Virginia politics = = = In 1811 , at the age of 21 , Tyler was elected by his fellow Charles City County residents to the House of Delegates . He served five successive one @-@ year terms , and sat on the Courts and Justice committee . The young politician 's defining positions were on display by the end of his first term in 1816 : a strong support of states ' rights and opposition to a national bank . He joined fellow legislator Benjamin W. Leigh in pushing for the censure of U.S. senators William Branch Giles and Richard Brent of Virginia , who had voted for the recharter of the First Bank of the United States against the legislature 's instructions . = = = War of 1812 = = = The United States was then facing hostilities with Britain in the War of 1812 . Tyler , like most Americans of his day , was anti @-@ British , and at the onset of the war he urged military action in a speech to the House of Delegates . After the British capture of Hampton , Virginia in the summer of 1813 , Tyler eagerly organized a militia company to defend Richmond , the Charles City Rifles , which he commanded with the rank of captain . No attack came , and he dissolved the company two months later . For his military service , Tyler received a land grant near what later became Sioux City , Iowa . Tyler 's father died in 1813 , and Tyler inherited thirteen slaves along with his father 's plantation . In 1816 , he resigned his legislative seat to serve on the Governor 's Council of State , a group of eight advisers elected by the General Assembly . = = = U.S. House of Representatives = = = The death of U.S. Representative John Clopton in the fall of 1816 left a vacancy in the 23rd district . Tyler sought the seat , as did his friend and political ally Andrew Stevenson . As the two men did not differ politically , the race was a popularity contest . Tyler 's political connections and campaigning skills won him the election by a slim margin . He was sworn in on December 17 , 1816 , to serve as a Democratic @-@ Republican , the major political party in the Era of Good Feelings , in the Fourteenth Congress . While the Democratic @-@ Republicans had supported states ' rights , in the wake of the War of 1812 , many members urged a stronger central government . A majority in Congress wanted to see the federal government help to fund internal improvements such as ports and roadways . Tyler held fast to his strict constructionist beliefs , rejecting such proposals on both constitutional and personal grounds . He believed each state should construct necessary projects within its borders using locally generated funds . Virginia was not " in so poor a condition as to require a charitable donation from Congress , " he contended . He was chosen to participate in an audit of the Second Bank of the United States in 1818 as part of a five @-@ man committee , and was appalled by corruption he perceived within the bank . He argued for the revocation of the bank charter , although Congress rejected any such proposal . His first clash with General Andrew Jackson followed Jackson 's 1818 invasion of Florida during the First Seminole War . While praising Jackson 's character , Tyler condemned him as overzealous , and for the execution of two British subjects . Tyler was elected for a full term without opposition in early 1819 . Tyler was a slaveholder for his entire life , at one point keeping forty slaves at Greenway . Although he regarded slavery as an evil , and did not attempt to justify it , he never freed any of his slaves . Tyler considered slavery a matter for each state , and felt the federal government lacked the authority to abolish it . The living conditions of his slaves are not well documented , but historians agree that he cared for their well @-@ being and abstained from physical violence against them . The major issue of the Sixteenth Congress ( 1819 – 21 ) was whether Missouri should be admitted to the Union , and whether slavery would be permitted in the new state . Acknowledging the ills of slavery , he hoped that by letting it expand , there would be fewer slaves in the east as slave and master journeyed west , making it feasible to consider abolishing the institution in Virginia . Thus , slavery would be abolished through the action of individual states as the practice became rare , as had been done in some Northern states . Believing that Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery and that admitting states based on whether they were slave or free was a recipe for sectional conflict , Tyler voted against the Missouri Compromise , which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free one . It also forbade slavery in states formed from the northern part of the territories . Despite Tyler 's opposition , the Compromise passed . Throughout his time in Congress , he voted against bills which would restrict slavery in the territories . Tyler declined to seek renomination in late 1820 , citing ill health . He privately acknowledged his dissatisfaction with the position , as his opposing votes were largely symbolic and did little to change the political culture in Washington ; he also observed that funding his children 's education would be difficult on a congressman 's low salary . He left office on March 3 , 1821 , endorsing his former opponent Stevenson for the seat , and returned to private law practice full @-@ time . = = = Return to state politics = = = Restless and bored after two years at home practicing law , Tyler sought election to the House of Delegates in 1823 . Neither member from Charles City County was seeking re @-@ election , and Tyler was elected easily that April , finishing first among the three candidates seeking the two seats . Upon taking his seat in December , he found the chamber thrust into debate over the impending presidential election of 1824 . The congressional nominating caucus , an early system for choosing presidential candidates , was still used despite its growing unpopularity . Tyler attempted to bring the lower house to endorse the caucus system and choose William H. Crawford as the Democratic @-@ Republican candidate . Despite the legislature 's support of Crawford , opposition to the caucus system killed Tyler 's proposal . Tyler 's most enduring effort in this second legislative tenure was saving the College of William and Mary , which suffered from waning enrollment and risked closure . Rather than move it from rural Williamsburg to the populous capital of Richmond , as some suggested , Tyler proposed that a series of administrative and financial reforms be enacted . These were passed into law and were successful ; by 1840 the school would see its highest @-@ ever enrollment . Tyler 's political fortunes were growing ; he was considered as a possible candidate in the legislative deliberation for the 1824 U.S. Senate election . He was nominated in December 1825 for Governor of Virginia , a position which was then appointed by the legislature . Tyler was elected 131 – 81 over John Floyd . The office of governor was powerless under the original Virginia Constitution ( 1776 – 1830 ) , lacking even veto authority . Tyler enjoyed a prominent oratorical platform but could do little to influence the legislature . His most visible act as governor was delivering the funeral address for former president Jefferson , a Virginian , who had died on July 4 , 1826 . Tyler was deeply devoted to Jefferson , and his eloquent eulogy was well received . Tyler 's governorship was otherwise uneventful . He promoted states ' rights and adamantly opposed any concentration of federal power . In order to thwart federal infrastructure proposals , he suggested Virginia actively expand its own road system . A proposal was made to expand the state 's poorly funded public school system , but no significant action was taken . Tyler was re @-@ elected unanimously to a second one @-@ year term in December 1826 . = = = U.S. Senate = = = In January 1827 , the General Assembly considered whether to elect U.S. Senator John Randolph for a full six @-@ year term . Randolph was a contentious figure : although he shared the staunch states ' rights views held by most of the Virginia legislature , he had a reputation for fiery rhetoric and erratic behavior on the Senate floor , which put his allies in an awkward position . Furthermore , he had made enemies by fiercely opposing President John Quincy Adams and Kentucky Senator Henry Clay . The nationalists of the Democratic @-@ Republican Party , who supported Adams and Clay , were a sizable minority in the Virginia legislature . They hoped to unseat Randolph by capturing the vote of states ' rights supporters who were uncomfortable with the senator 's reputation . They approached Tyler , and promised their endorsement if he sought the seat . Tyler repeatedly declined the offer , endorsing Randolph as the best candidate , but the political pressure continued to mount . Eventually he conceded that he would accept the seat if chosen . On the day of the vote , it was argued by one assemblyman that there was no political difference between the two candidates — Tyler was simply a more agreeable character than Randolph . The incumbent 's supporters , though , contended that Tyler 's election would be a tacit endorsement of the Adams administration . The legislature selected Tyler in a vote of 115 – 110 , and he resigned his governorship on March 4 , 1827 , as his Senate term began . = = = = Democratic maverick = = = = By the time of Tyler 's election to the Senate , campaigning for the 1828 presidential election was in progress . Adams , the incumbent president , was challenged by General Jackson . The Democratic @-@ Republicans had splintered into Adams 's National Republicans and Jackson 's Democrats . Tyler disliked Adams for seeking to increase the power of the federal government ; he feared Jackson would do the same . Still , Tyler was increasingly drawn to Jackson , hoping that he would not seek to spend as much federal money on internal improvements as Adams . In considering Jackson he wrote , " Turning to him I may at least indulge in hope ; looking on Adams I must despair . " The first session of the Twentieth Congress began in early December 1827 . Tyler served alongside his Virginia colleague and close friend Littleton Waller Tazewell , who shared his strict constructionist views and uneasy support of Jackson . Throughout his Senate service , Tyler vigorously opposed all bills which provided for national infrastructure projects , feeling these were matters for individual states to decide . He and his Southern colleagues unsuccessfully opposed the protectionist Tariff of 1828 , known to its detractors as the " Tariff of Abominations " . Tyler suggested that the Tariff 's only positive outcome would be a national political backlash , restoring a respect for states ' rights . Tyler remained a strong supporter of states ' rights , stating " they may strike the Federal Government out of existence by a word ; demolish the Constitution and scatter its fragments to the winds . " Jackson was elected , and Tyler soon came to disagree with him politically . The senator was frustrated by Jackson 's newly emerging spoils system , describing it as an " electioneering weapon " . He voted against many of the President 's nominations when they appeared to be based on patronage or did not follow constitutional procedure . Opposing the nominations of a president of his own party was considered " an act of insurgency " against his party . Tyler was particularly offended by Jackson 's use of the recess appointment power to name three treaty commissioners to meet with emissaries from the Ottoman Empire ; Tyler introduced a bill chastising the president for this . Tyler attempted to remain on good terms with Jackson , only opposing him on principle rather than partisanship . He defended Jackson for vetoing the Maysville Road funding project , which Jackson considered unconstitutional . He voted to confirm several of the president 's appointments , including Jackson 's future running mate Martin Van Buren as United States Minister to Britain . The leading issue in the 1832 presidential election was the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States , which both Tyler and Jackson opposed . Congress voted to recharter the bank in July 1832 , and Jackson vetoed the bill for a mixture of constitutional and practical reasons . Tyler voted to sustain the veto and endorsed the president in his successful bid for re @-@ election . = = = = Break with the party = = = = Tyler 's uneasy relationship with his party came to a head during the 22nd Congress , as the Nullification Crisis of 1832 – 33 began . South Carolina , threatening secession , passed the Ordinance of Nullification in November 1832 , declaring the " Tariff of Abominations " null and void within its borders . This raised the constitutional question of whether states could nullify federal laws . President Jackson , who denied such a right , prepared to sign a Force Bill allowing the federal government to use military action to enforce the tariff . Tyler , who sympathized with South Carolina 's reasons for nullification , rejected Jackson 's use of military force against a state and gave a speech in February 1833 outlining his views . He supported Clay 's Compromise Tariff , enacted that year , to gradually reduce the tariff over ten years , alleviating tensions between the states and the federal government . In voting against the Force Bill , Tyler knew he would permanently alienate the pro @-@ Jackson faction of the Virginia legislature , even those who had tolerated his irregularity up to this point . This would jeopardize his re @-@ election in February 1833 , in which he faced the pro @-@ administration Democrat James McDowell . With Clay 's endorsement , Tyler was re @-@ elected by a margin of 12 votes ; several legislators who had supported him only weeks beforehand were moved to vote against him as a result of his position on the Force Bill . Jackson further offended Tyler by moving to dissolve the Bank by executive fiat . In September 1833 , Jackson issued an executive order directing Treasury Secretary Roger B. Taney to transfer federal funds from the Bank to state @-@ chartered banks without delay . Tyler saw this as " a flagrant assumption of power " , a breach of contract , and a threat to the economy . After months of agonizing , he decided to join with Jackson 's opponents . Sitting on the Senate Finance Committee , he voted for two censure resolutions against the president in March 1834 . By this time , Tyler had become affiliated with Clay 's newly formed Whig Party , which held control of the Senate . On March 3 , 1835 , with only hours remaining in the congressional session , the Whigs voted Tyler President pro tempore of the Senate as a symbolic gesture of approval . He is the only U.S. president to have held this office . Shortly thereafter , the Democrats took control of the Virginia House of Delegates . Tyler was offered a judgeship in exchange for resigning his seat , but he declined . Tyler understood what was to come : he would soon be forced by the legislature to cast a vote that went against his constitutional beliefs . Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri had introduced a bill expunging the censure of Jackson . By resolution of the Democratic @-@ controlled legislature , Tyler could be instructed to vote for the bill . If he disregarded the instructions , he would be violating his own principles : " the first act of my political life was a censure on Messrs. Giles and Brent for opposition to instructions , " he noted . Over the next few months he sought the counsel of his friends , who gave him conflicting advice . By mid @-@ February he felt that his Senate career was likely at an end . He issued a letter of resignation to the Vice President , Van Buren , on February 29 , 1836 , saying in part : I shall carry with me into retirement the principles which I brought with me into public life , and by the surrender of the high station to which I was called by the voice of the people of Virginia , I shall set an example to my children which shall teach them to regard as nothing place and office , when either is to be attained or held at the sacrifice of honor . = = = Presidential election , 1836 = = = While Tyler wished to attend to his private life and family , he was soon swept up in the presidential election of 1836 . He had been suggested as a vice presidential candidate since early 1835 , and the same day the Virginia Democrats issued the expunging instruction , the Virginia Whigs nominated him as their candidate . The new Whig Party was not organized enough to hold a national convention and name a single ticket against Van Buren , Jackson 's chosen successor . Instead , Whigs in various regions each put forth their own preferred ticket , reflecting the party 's tenuous coalition : the Massachusetts Whigs nominated Daniel Webster and Francis Granger , the Anti @-@ Masons of the Northern and border states backed William Henry Harrison and Granger , and the states ' rights advocates of the middle and lower South nominated Hugh Lawson White and John Tyler . In Maryland , the Whig ticket was Harrison and Tyler and in South Carolina it was Willie P. Mangum for president and Tyler for vice @-@ president . The Whigs wanted to deny Van Buren a majority in the Electoral College , throwing the election into the House of Representatives , where deals could be made . Tyler hoped electors would be unable to elect a vice president , and that he would be one of the top two vote @-@ getters , from whom the Senate , under the Twelfth Amendment , must choose . Following the custom of the times that candidates not appear to seek the office , Tyler stayed home throughout the campaign , and did not make speeches . Tyler received only 47 electoral votes , from Georgia , South Carolina and Tennessee , in the November 1836 election , trailing both Granger and the Democratic candidate , Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky . Harrison was the leading Whig candidate for president , but he lost to Van Buren . The presidential election was settled by the Electoral College , but for the only time in American history , the vice presidential election was decided by the Senate , which selected Johnson over Granger on the first ballot . = = = National political figure = = = Tyler had been drawn into Virginia politics even as a U.S. Senator . From October 1829 to January 1830 , he served as a member of the state constitutional convention , a role which he had been reluctant to accept . The original Virginia Constitution gave outsize influence to the state 's more conservative eastern counties , as it allocated an equal number of legislators to each county ( regardless of population ) and only granted suffrage to property owners . The convention gave the more populous and liberal counties of western Virginia an opportunity to expand their influence . Tyler , a slaveowner from eastern Virginia , supported the existing system . He largely remained on the sidelines during the debate , however , not wishing to alienate any of the state 's political factions . He was focused on his Senate career , which required a broad base of support , and gave speeches during the convention promoting compromise and unity . After the 1836 election , Tyler thought his political career was at an end , and planned to return to private law practice . In the fall of 1837 a friend sold him a sizable property in Williamsburg . Unable to remain away from politics , Tyler successfully sought election to the House of Delegates . He took his seat in 1838 . Tyler was a national political figure by this point , and his third delegate service touched on such national issues as the sale of public lands . Tyler 's successor in the Senate was William Cabell Rives , a conservative Democrat . In February 1839 , the General Assembly considered who should fill the seat that was to expire the following month . Rives had drifted away from his party , signalling a possible alliance with the Whigs . As Tyler had already fully rejected the Democrats , he expected the Whigs would support him . Still , many Whigs found Rives a more politically expedient choice , as they hoped to ally with the conservative wing of the Democratic Party in the 1840 presidential election . This strategy was supported by Whig leader Henry Clay , who nevertheless admired Tyler at that time . With the vote split among three candidates , including Rives and Tyler , the Senate seat remained vacant for almost two years , until January 1841 . = = Presidential election , 1840 = = = = = Adding Tyler to the ticket = = = By the time the 1839 Whig National Convention in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , convened to choose the party 's ticket for the following year 's presidential election , the United States was in the third year of a serious recession , dubbed the Panic of 1837 . President Van Buren 's ineffective efforts to deal with the situation cost him public support . With the Democratic Party torn into factions , the head of the Whig ticket would likely be the next president . Harrison , Clay , and General Winfield Scott all sought the nomination . Tyler attended the convention and was with the Virginia delegation , although he had no official status . Because of bitterness over the unresolved Senate election , the Virginia delegation refused to make Tyler its favorite son candidate for vice president . Tyler himself did nothing to aid his chances . If his favored candidate for the presidential nomination , Clay , was successful , he would likely not be chosen for the second place on the ticket , which would probably go to a Northerner to assure geographic balance . The convention deadlocked among the three main candidates , with Virginia 's votes going to Clay . Many Northern Whigs opposed Clay , and some , including Pennsylvania 's Thaddeus Stevens , showed the Virginians a letter written by Scott in which he apparently displayed abolitionist sentiments . The influential Virginia delegation then announced that Harrison was its second choice , causing most Scott supporters to abandon him in favor of Harrison , who gained the presidential nomination . The vice presidential nomination was considered of little moment ; no president had failed to complete his elected term . Not much attention was given to the choice , and the specifics of how Tyler came to gain it are unclear . Chitwood pointed out that Tyler was a logical candidate : as a Southern slaveowner , he both balanced the ticket and assuaged the fears of Southerners who felt Harrison might have abolitionist leanings . Tyler had been a vice @-@ presidential candidate in 1836 , and having him on the ticket might win Virginia , the most populous state in the South . One of the convention managers , New York publisher Thurlow Weed , alleged that " Tyler was finally taken because we could get nobody else to accept " , but he did not say this until after the break between President Tyler and the Whig Party . Other Tyler foes claimed that he had wept himself into the White House , having been given the nomination after crying at Clay 's defeat , although such emotion would be unlikely as the Kentuckian had not reciprocated Tyler 's support , backing Rives in the Senate election . When Tyler 's name was submitted in the balloting , Virginia abstained from voting , but he received the necessary majority . Tyler , as president , was accused of having gained the nomination by concealing his views , and responded that he had not been asked about them . His biographer , Robert Seager II , held that Tyler was selected because of a dearth of alternative candidates . Seager concluded , " He was put on the ticket to draw the South to Harrison . No more , no less . " = = = General election = = = There was no Whig platform ; leaders decided that trying to put one together would tear the party apart . Thus , the Whigs ran on their opposition to Van Buren , and blamed him and his Democrats for the recession . In campaign materials , Tyler was praised for integrity in resigning over the legislature 's instructions . The Whigs initially hoped to muzzle Harrison and Tyler , lest they make policy statements that alienated parts of the party . But after Tyler 's Democratic rival , Vice President Johnson , made a successful speaking tour , Tyler was called upon to travel from Williamsburg to Columbus , Ohio , and there address a local convention , a speech intended to assure Northerners that he shared Harrison 's views . In his journey of nearly two months , Tyler made speeches at rallies . He could not avoid questions , and after being heckled into an admission that he supported the Compromise Tariff ( many Whigs did not ) , resorted to quoting from Harrison 's vague speeches . In his two @-@ hour speech at Columbus , Tyler entirely avoided the issue of the Bank of the United States , one of the major questions of the day . To win the election , Whig leaders decided they had to mobilize people across the country , including women , who could not then vote . This was the first time that an American political party included women in campaign activities on a widespread scale , and women in Tyler 's Virginia were active on his behalf . The party hoped to avoid issues and win through public enthusiasm , with torchlight processions and alcohol @-@ fueled political rallies . The interest in the campaign was unprecedented , with many public events . When the Democratic press depicted Harrison as an old soldier , who would turn aside from his campaign if given a barrel of hard cider to drink in his log cabin , the Whigs eagerly seized on the image , and the log cabin campaign was born . The facts that Harrison lived on a palatial estate along the Ohio River and Tyler was well @-@ to @-@ do were not publicized , but log cabin images appeared everywhere , from banners to whiskey bottles . Cider was the favored beverage of many farmers and tradesmen , and Whigs claimed that Harrison preferred that drink of the common man . Democrats complained that the Harrison / Tyler campaign 's liberal provision of hard cider at rallies was encouraging drunkenness . The presidential candidate 's military service was emphasized , thus the campaign jingle , " Tippecanoe and Tyler Too " , referring to Harrison 's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe ; the slogan remains well @-@ known today . Glee clubs sprouted all over the country , singing patriotic and inspirational songs : one Democratic editor stated that he found the songfests in support of the Whig Party to be unforgettable . Among the lyrics sung were " We shall vote for Tyler therefore / Without a why or wherefore " . Louis Hatch , in his history of the vice presidency , noted , " the Whigs roared , sang , and hard @-@ cidered the ' hero of Tippecanoe ' into the White House " . Clay , though embittered by another of his many defeats for the presidency , was appeased by Tyler 's withdrawal from the still @-@ unresolved Senate race , which would permit the election of Rives , and campaigned in Virginia for the Harrison / Tyler ticket . Tyler predicted the Whigs would easily take Virginia ; he was embarrassed when he was proved wrong , but was consoled by an overall victory — Harrison and Tyler won by an electoral vote of 234 – 60 and with 53 percent of the popular vote . Van Buren took only seven scattered states out of 26 . The Whigs gained control of both houses of Congress . = = Vice Presidency , 1841 = = As vice president @-@ elect , Tyler remained quietly at his home in Williamsburg . He privately expressed hopes that Harrison would prove decisive and not allow intrigue in the Cabinet , especially in the first days of the administration . Tyler did not participate in selecting the Cabinet , and did not recommend anyone for federal office in the new Whig administration . Harrison , beset by office seekers and the demands of Senator Clay , twice sent letters to Tyler asking his advice as to whether a Van Buren appointee should be dismissed . In both cases , Tyler recommended against ; Harrison accordingly stated , " Mr. Tyler says they ought not to be removed , and I will not remove them . " The two men met briefly in Richmond in February , and reviewed a parade together , though they did not discuss politics . Tyler was sworn in on March 4 , 1841 , in the Senate chamber , and delivered a three @-@ minute speech about states ' rights before swearing in the new senators and attending President Harrison 's inauguration . Following Harrison 's two @-@ hour speech on that freezing March 4 , the Vice President returned to the Senate to receive the President 's Cabinet appointments , presiding over their confirmations the following day — a total of two hours as President of the Senate . Expecting few responsibilities , he then left Washington , quietly returning to his home in Williamsburg . Seager later wrote , " Had William Henry Harrison lived , John Tyler would undoubtedly have been as obscure as any vice @-@ president in American history . " Harrison , meanwhile , struggled to keep up with the demands of Henry Clay and others who sought offices and influence in his administration . Harrison 's old age and fading health were no secret during the campaign , and the question of the presidential succession was on every politician 's mind . The first few weeks of the presidency took a toll on Harrison 's health , and after being caught in a rainstorm in late March he came down with pneumonia and pleurisy . Secretary of State Daniel Webster sent word to Tyler of Harrison 's illness on April 1 ; two days later , Richmond attorney James Lyons wrote with the news that the president had taken a turn for the worse , remarking that " I shall not be surprised to hear by tomorrow 's mail that Gen 'l Harrison is no more . " Tyler determined not to travel to Washington , not wanting to appear unseemly in anticipating the president 's death . At dawn on April 5 , Webster 's son Fletcher , Chief Clerk of the State Department , arrived at Tyler 's plantation with a letter from Webster , informing the new president of Harrison 's death the morning before . = = Presidency ( 1841 – 1845 ) = = = = = " His Accidency " = = = Harrison 's unprecedented death in office caused considerable uncertainty regarding presidential succession . The Constitution of the United States then stated only that : In Case of the Removal of the President from Office , or of his Death , Resignation , or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President . This led to the question of whether the actual office of president " devolved " upon Vice President Tyler , or merely its powers and duties . The Cabinet met within an hour of Harrison 's death and , according to a later account , determined that Tyler would be " Vice @-@ President acting President " . However , by the time Tyler arrived in Washington at 4 : 00 a.m. on April 6 , 1841 , he had firmly resolved that he was , in name and fact , the President of the United States . Acting on this determination , he had himself sworn in as president , without any qualifiers , in his hotel room . He considered the presidential oath redundant to his oath as vice president , but wished to quell any doubt over his accession . Immediately after his inauguration , Tyler called the Cabinet into session , having decided to retain its members . Webster informed him of Harrison 's practice of making policy by a majority vote . The Cabinet fully expected the new president to continue this practice . Tyler was astounded and immediately corrected them : I beg your pardon , gentlemen ; I am very glad to have in my Cabinet such able statesmen as you have proved yourselves to be . And I shall be pleased to avail myself of your counsel and advice . But I can never consent to being dictated to as to what I shall or shall not do . I , as president , shall be responsible for my administration . I hope to have your hearty co @-@ operation in carrying out its measures . So long as you see fit to do this , I shall be glad to have you with me . When you think otherwise , your resignations will be accepted . He delivered a de facto inaugural address on April 9 reasserting his fundamental tenets of Jeffersonian democracy and limited federal power . Tyler 's claim to be president was not immediately accepted by opposition members of Congress such as John Quincy Adams , who felt that Tyler should be a caretaker under the title of " Acting President " , or remain vice president in name . Among those who questioned Tyler 's authority was Clay , who had planned to be " the real power behind a fumbling throne " while Harrison was alive , and intended the same for Tyler . Clay saw Tyler as the " vice @-@ president " and his presidency as a mere " regency " . Ratification of the decision by Congress came through the customary notification that it makes to the president , that it is in session and available to receive messages . In both houses , unsuccessful amendments were offered to strike the word " president " in favor of language including the term " vice president " to refer to Tyler . Mississippi Senator Robert J. Walker , in opposition , stated that the idea that Tyler was still vice president and could preside over the Senate was absurd . Tyler 's opponents never fully accepted him as president . He was referred to by many mocking nicknames , including " His Accidency " . However , Tyler never wavered from his conviction that he was the rightful president ; when his political opponents sent correspondence to the White House addressed to the " vice president " or " acting president " , Tyler had it returned unopened . = = = Economic policy and party conflicts = = = Harrison had been expected to adhere closely to Whig Party policies and to defer to party congressional leaders , particularly Clay . When Tyler succeeded him , he at first was in accord with the new Whig Congress in signing into law such measures as a preemption bill granting " squatters ' sovereignty " to settlers on public land , a Distribution Act ( discussed below ) , a new bankruptcy law , and the repeal of the Independent Treasury enacted under Van Buren . But when it came to the great banking question , Tyler was soon at odds with the Congressional Whigs . Twice he vetoed Clay 's legislation for a national banking act . Although the second bill supposedly had been tailored to meet his stated objections in the first veto , its final version did not . This practice , designed to protect Clay from having a successful incumbent president as a rival for the Whig nomination in 1844 , became known as " heading Captain Tyler " , a term coined by Whig Representative John Minor Botts of Virginia . Tyler proposed an alternative fiscal plan to be known as the " Exchequer " , but Clay 's friends , who controlled the Congress , would have none of it . On September 11 , 1841 , following the second bank veto , members of the cabinet entered Tyler 's office one by one and resigned — an orchestration by Clay to force Tyler 's resignation and place his own lieutenant , Senate President pro tempore Samuel L. Southard , in the White House . The only exception was Webster , who remained to finalize what became the 1842 Webster – Ashburton Treaty , and to demonstrate his independence from Clay . When told by Webster that he was willing to stay , Tyler is reported to have said , " Give me your hand on that , and now I will say to you that Henry Clay is a doomed man . " On September 13 , when the president did not resign or give in , the Whigs in Congress expelled Tyler from the party . Tyler was lambasted by Whig newspapers and received hundreds of letters threatening his assassination . Whigs in Congress were so angry with Tyler that they refused to allocate funds for the repair of the White House , which had fallen into disrepair . = = = = Tariff and distribution debate = = = = By mid @-@ 1841 , the federal government faced a projected budget deficit of $ 11 million . Tyler recognized the need for higher tariffs , but wished to stay within the 20 percent rate created by the 1833 Compromise Tariff . He also supported a plan to distribute to the states any revenue from the sales of public land , as an emergency measure to manage the states ' growing debt , even though this would cut federal revenue . The Whigs supported high protectionist tariffs and national funding of state infrastructure , and so there was enough overlap to forge a compromise . The Distribution Act of 1841 created a distribution program , with a ceiling on tariffs at 20 percent ; a second bill increased tariffs to that figure on previously low @-@ tax goods . Despite these measures , by March 1842 it had become clear that the federal government was still in dire fiscal straits . The root of the trouble was an economic crisis — initiated by the Panic of 1837 — which was entering its sixth year in 1842 . A speculative bubble had burst in 1836 – 39 , causing a collapse of the financial sector and a subsequent depression . The country became deeply divided over the best response to the crisis . Almost all of President Tyler 's cabinet had resigned in September 1841 , after he vetoed two successive attempts to re @-@ establish a central bank for the United States . Conditions got even worse in early 1842 because a deadline was looming . A decade earlier , when the economy was strong , Congress had promised Southern states that there would be a reduction in hated federal tariffs . Northern states welcomed tariffs , which protected their infant industries . But the South had no industrial base and depended on open access to British markets for their cotton . In a recommendation to Congress , Tyler lamented that it would be necessary to override the Compromise Tariff of 1833 and raise rates beyond the 20 percent limit . Under the previous deal , this would suspend the distribution program , with all revenues going to the federal government . The defiant Whig Congress would not raise tariffs in a way that would affect the distribution of funds to states . In June 1842 they passed two bills that would raise tariffs and unconditionally extend the distribution program . Believing it improper to continue distribution at a time when federal revenue shortage necessitated increasing the tariff , Tyler vetoed both bills , burning any remaining bridges between himself and the Whigs . Congress tried again , combining the two into one bill ; Tyler vetoed it again , to the outrage of many in Congress , who nevertheless failed to override the veto . As some action was necessary , Whigs in Congress passed , in each house by one vote , a bill restoring tariffs to 1832 levels and ending the distribution program . Tyler signed the Tariff of 1842 on August 30 , pocket vetoing a separate bill to restore distribution . = = = = Impeachment attempt = = = = Shortly after the tariff vetoes , Whigs in the House of Representatives initiated American history 's first impeachment proceedings against a president . This was not only a matter of the Whigs ' support of legislation Tyler vetoed ; until the presidency of the Whigs ' arch @-@ enemy Andrew Jackson , presidents rarely vetoed bills , and then , generally only on the grounds of whether or not something was unconstitutional . Tyler 's actions opposed the Whigs ' opinion that the presidency should allow Congress to make decisions regarding policy . Congressman John Botts , who opposed Tyler , introduced a resolution on July 10 , 1842 . It levied several charges against Tyler and called for a nine @-@ member committee to investigate his behavior , with the expectation of a formal impeachment recommendation . Clay found this measure prematurely aggressive , favoring a more moderate progression toward Tyler 's " inevitable " impeachment . The Botts bill was tabled until the following January , when it was rejected , 127 − 83 . A House select committee , headed by John Quincy Adams , condemned the president 's use of the veto and assailed his character . Adams , an ardent abolitionist , disliked the fact that Tyler was a slaveholder . While the committee 's report did not formally recommend impeachment , it clearly established the possibility . In August 1842 , by a vote of 98 – 90 , the House endorsed the committee 's report . Adams sponsored a constitutional amendment to change both houses ' two @-@ thirds requirement ( for overriding vetoes ) to a simple majority , but neither house passed such a measure . The Whigs were unable to pursue further impeachment proceedings in the subsequent 28th Congress , as in the elections of 1842 they retained a majority in the Senate but lost control of the House . Near the end of Tyler 's term in office , on March 3 , 1845 , Congress overrode his veto of a minor bill relating to revenue cutters . This was the first overriding of any presidential veto in US history . = = = Administration and cabinet = = = The battles between Tyler and the Whigs in Congress resulted in a number of his nominees being rejected . He received little support from Democrats and , without much support from either major party in Congress , a number of his nominations were rejected without regard for the qualifications of the nominee . To reject a president 's nominees for his Cabinet was unprecedented , though in 1809 , James Madison had withheld the nomination of Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin as Secretary of State because of opposition in the Senate . A Cabinet nominee would not fail of confirmation , after Tyler 's term , until Henry Stanbery 's nomination as Attorney General was rejected by the Senate in 1868 . Four of Tyler 's Cabinet nominees were rejected , the most of any president . These were Caleb Cushing ( Treasury ) , David Henshaw ( Navy ) James Porter ( War ) , and James S. Green ( Treasury ) . Henshaw and Porter served as recess appointees before their rejections . Tyler repeatedly renominated Cushing , who was rejected three times in one day , March 3 , 1843 , the last day of the 27th Congress . = = = Foreign and military affairs = = = Tyler 's difficulties in domestic policy contrasted with notable accomplishments in foreign policy . He had long been an advocate of expansionism toward the Pacific and free trade , and was fond of evoking themes of national destiny and the spread of liberty in support of these policies . His policies were largely in line with Jackson 's earlier efforts to promote American commerce across the Pacific . Eager to compete with Great Britain in international markets , he sent lawyer Caleb Cushing to China , where he negotiated the terms of the Treaty of Wanghia ( 1844 ) . The same year , he sent Henry Wheaton as a minister to Berlin , where he negotiated and signed a trade agreement with the Zollverein , a coalition of German states that managed tariffs . This treaty was rejected by the Whigs , mainly as a show of hostility toward the Tyler administration . In an 1842 special message to Congress , the president also applied the Monroe Doctrine to Hawaii ( dubbed the " Tyler Doctrine " ) , told Britain not to interfere there , and began a process that led to the eventual annexation of Hawaii by the United States . In 1842 Secretary of State Daniel Webster negotiated with Britain the Webster – Ashburton Treaty , which concluded where the border between Maine and Canada lay . That issue had caused tension between the United States and Britain for decades and had brought the two countries to the brink of war on several occasions . The treaty improved Anglo @-@ American diplomatic relations . However , Tyler was unsuccessful in concluding a treaty with the British to fix the boundaries of Oregon . On Tyler 's last full day in office , March 3 , 1845 , Florida was admitted to the Union as the 27th state . Tyler advocated an increase in military strength . His administration drew praise from naval leaders , who saw a marked increase in warships . Tyler brought the long , bloody Second Seminole War to an end in 1842 , and expressed interest in the forced cultural assimilation of the Native Americans . He also advocated the establishment of a chain of American forts from Council Bluffs , Iowa , to the Pacific . In May 1842 , when the Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island came to a head , Tyler pondered the request of the governor and legislature to send federal troops to help it suppress the Dorrite insurgents . The insurgents under Thomas Dorr had armed themselves and proposed to install a new state constitution . Before such acts , Rhode Island had been following the same constitutional structure that was established in 1663 . Tyler called for calm on both sides , and recommended that the governor enlarge the franchise to let most men vote . Tyler promised that in case an actual insurrection should break out in Rhode Island he would employ force to aid the regular , or Charter , government . He made it clear that federal assistance would be given , not to prevent , but only to put down insurrection , and would not be available until violence had been committed . After listening to reports from his confidential agents , Tyler decided that the ' lawless assemblages ' had dispersed and expressed his confidence in a " temper of conciliation as well as of energy and decision . " He did not send any federal forces . The rebels fled the state when the state militia marched against them , but the incident led to broader suffrage in Rhode Island . = = = Judicial appointments = = = Two vacancies occurred on the Supreme Court during Tyler 's presidency , as Justices Smith Thompson and Henry Baldwin died in 1843 and 1844 , respectively . Tyler , ever at odds with Congress — including the Whig @-@ controlled Senate — nominated several men to the Supreme Court to fill these seats . However , the Senate successively voted against confirming John C. Spencer , Reuben Walworth , Edward King and John M. Read ( Walworth was rejected three times , King rejected twice ) . One reason cited for the Senate 's actions was the hope that Clay would fill the vacancies after winning the 1844 presidential election . Tyler 's four unsuccessful nominees are the most by a president . Finally , in February 1845 , with less than a month remaining in his term , Tyler 's nomination of Samuel Nelson to Thompson 's seat was confirmed by the Senate . Nelson , a Democrat , had a reputation as a careful and noncontroversial jurist . Still , his confirmation came as a surprise . Baldwin 's seat remained vacant until James K. Polk 's nominee , Robert Grier , was confirmed in 1846 . Tyler was able to appoint only six other federal judges , all to United States district courts . = = = Annexation of Texas = = = Tyler made the annexation of the Republic of Texas part of his platform soon after becoming president . Texas had declared independence from Mexico in the Texas Revolution of 1836 , although Mexico still refused to acknowledge it as a sovereign state . The people of Texas actively pursued joining the Union , but Jackson and Van Buren had been reluctant to inflame tensions over slavery by annexing another Southern state . Tyler , on the other hand , intended annexation to be the focal point of his administration . Secretary Webster was opposed ; he convinced Tyler to focus on Pacific initiatives until later in his term . Although Tyler 's desire for western expansionism is agreed upon by historians and scholars , views differ regarding the motivations behind it . Biographer Edward C. Crapol notes that during the presidency of James Monroe , Tyler ( then in the House of Representatives ) had suggested slavery was a " dark cloud " hovering over the Union , and that it would be " well to disperse this cloud " so that with fewer blacks in the older slave states , a process of gradual emancipation would begin in Virginia and other upper Southern states . Historian William W. Freehling , however , wrote that Tyler 's official motivation in annexing Texas was to outmaneuver suspected efforts by Great Britain to promote an emancipation of slaves in Texas that would weaken the institution in the United States . = = = = Early attempts = = = = In early 1843 , having completed the Webster – Ashburton treaty and other diplomatic efforts , Tyler felt ready to pursue Texas . Now lacking a party base , he saw annexation of the republic as his only pathway to independent re @-@ election in 1844 . For the first time in his career he was willing to play " political hardball " to see it through . As a trial balloon he dispatched his ally Thomas Walker Gilmer , then a U.S. Representative from Virginia , to publish a letter defending annexation , which was well received . Despite his successful relationship with Webster , Tyler knew he would need a Secretary of State who supported the Texas initiative . Recognizing this shift in the president 's focus , and with his work on the British treaty now completed , he forced Webster 's resignation and installed Hugh S. Legaré of South Carolina as an interim successor . With the help of newly appointed Treasury Secretary John C. Spencer , Tyler cleared out an array of officeholders , replacing them with pro @-@ annexation partisans , in a reversal of his former stand against patronage . He elicited the help of political organizer Michael Walsh to build a political machine in New York . In exchange for an appointment as consul to Hawaii , journalist Alexander G. Abell wrote a flattering biography , Life of John Tyler , which was printed in large quantities and given to postmasters to distribute . Seeking to rehabilitate his public image , Tyler embarked on a nationwide tour in the spring of 1843 . The positive reception of the public at these events contrasted with his ostracism back in Washington . The tour centered on the dedication of the Bunker Hill Monument in Boston , Massachusetts . Shortly after the dedication , Tyler learned of Legaré 's sudden death , which dampened the festivities and caused him to cancel the rest of the tour . Tyler appointed Abel P. Upshur , a popular Secretary of the Navy and close adviser , as his new Secretary of State , and nominated Gilmer to fill Upshur 's former office . Tyler and Upshur began quiet negotiations with the Texas government , promising military protection from Mexico in exchange for a commitment to annexation . Secrecy was necessary , as the Constitution required congressional approval for such military commitments . Upshur planted rumors of possible British designs on Texas to drum up support among Northern voters , who were wary of admitting a new pro @-@ slavery state . By January 1844 Upshur told the Texas government that he had found a large majority of senators in favor of an annexation treaty . The republic remained skeptical , and finalization of the treaty took until the end of February . = = = = USS Princeton disaster = = = = A ceremonial cruise down the Potomac River was held aboard the newly built USS Princeton on February 28 , 1844 , the day after completion of the annexation treaty . Aboard the ship were 400 guests , including Tyler and his cabinet , as was the world 's largest naval gun , the " Peacemaker . " The gun was ceremonially fired several times in the afternoon to the great delight of the onlookers , who then filed downstairs to offer a toast . Several hours later , Captain Robert F. Stockton was convinced by the crowd to fire one more shot . As the guests moved up to the deck , Tyler paused briefly to watch his son @-@ in @-@ law , William Waller , sing a ditty . At once an explosion was heard from above : the gun had malfunctioned . Tyler was unhurt , having remained safely below deck , but a number of others were killed instantly , including his crucial cabinet members , Gilmer and Upshur . Also killed or mortally wounded were Virgil Maxcy of Maryland , Rep. David Gardiner of New York , Commodore Beverly Kennon , Chief of Construction of the United States Navy , and Armistead , Tyler 's black slave and body servant . The death of David Gardiner had a devastating effect on his daughter , Julia , who fainted and was carried to safety by the president himself . Julia later recovered from her grief and married President Tyler . For Tyler , any hope of completing the Texas plan before November ( and with it , any hope of re @-@ election ) was instantly dashed . Historian Edward P. Crapol later wrote that " Prior to the Civil War and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , " the Princeton disaster " unquestionably was the most severe and debilitating tragedy ever to confront a President of the United States . " = = = = Ratification and 1844 election = = = = In what the Miller Center of Public Affairs considers " a serious tactical error that ruined the scheme [ of establishing political respectability for him ] " , Tyler appointed former Vice President John C. Calhoun in early March 1844 as his Secretary of State . Tyler 's good friend , Virginia Representative Henry A. Wise , wrote that following the Princeton disaster , Wise went on his own to extend Calhoun the position through a colleague , who assumed that the offer came from the president . When Wise went to tell Tyler what he had done , the president was angry but felt that the action now had to stand . Calhoun was a leading advocate of slavery , and his attempts to get an annexation treaty passed were resisted by abolitionists as a result . When the text of the treaty was leaked to the public , it met political opposition from the Whigs , who would oppose anything that might enhance Tyler 's status , as well as from foes of slavery and those who feared a confrontation with Mexico , which had announced that it would view annexation as a hostile act by the United States . Both Clay and Van Buren , the respective frontrunners for the Whig and Democratic nominations , decided in a private meeting at Van Buren 's home to come out against annexation . Knowing this , when Tyler sent the treaty to the Senate for ratification in April 1844 , he did not expect it to pass . Following Tyler 's break with the Whigs in 1841 , he had begun to shift back to his old Democratic party , but its members , especially the followers of Van Buren , were not ready to receive him . He knew that , with little chance of election , the only way to salvage his presidency and legacy was to move public opinion in favor of the Texas issue . He formed a third party , the Democratic @-@ Republicans , using the officeholders and political networks he had built over the previous year . A chain of pro @-@ Tyler newspapers across the country put out editorials promoting his candidacy throughout the early months of 1844 . Reports of meetings held throughout the country suggest that support for the president was not limited to officeholders , as is often inferred . The Tyler supporters , holding signs reading " Tyler and Texas ! " , held their nominating convention in Baltimore in May 1844 , just as the Democratic Party was holding its presidential nomination . With their high visibility and energy as they gave Tyler their own nomination , they were able to force the Democrats ' hand in favor of annexation . Ballot after ballot , Van Buren failed to win the necessary super @-@ majority of Democratic votes , and slowly fell in the ranking . It was not until the ninth ballot that the Democrats turned their sights to James K. Polk , a less prominent candidate who supported annexation . They found him to be perfectly suited for their platform , and he was nominated with two @-@ thirds of the vote . Tyler considered his work vindicated , and implied in an acceptance letter that annexation was his true priority rather than election . Tyler was unfazed when the Whig @-@ controlled Senate rejected his treaty by a vote of 16 – 35 in June 1844 , as he felt that annexation was now within reach . He called for Congress to annex Texas by joint resolution rather than by treaty . Former President Andrew Jackson , a staunch supporter of annexation , persuaded Polk to welcome Tyler back into the Democratic party and ordered Democratic editors to cease their attacks on him . Satisfied by these developments , Tyler dropped out of the race in August and endorsed Polk for the presidency . Polk 's narrow victory over Clay in the November election was seen by the Tyler administration as a mandate for completing the resolution . Tyler announced in his annual message to Congress that " a controlling majority of the people and a large majority of the states have declared in favor of immediate annexation . " In late February 1845 , the House by a substantial margin and the Senate by a bare 27 – 25 majority approved a joint resolution offering terms of annexation to Texas . On March 1 , three days before the end of his term , Tyler signed the bill into law . After some debate , Texas accepted the terms and entered the union on December 29 , 1845 , as the 28th state . = = Family and personal life = = Tyler fathered more children than any other American president in history . His first wife was Letitia Christian ( November 12 , 1790 – September 10 , 1842 ) , with whom he had eight children : Mary ( 1815 – 1847 ) , Robert ( 1816 – 1877 ) , John ( 1819 – 1896 ) , Letitia ( 1821 – 1907 ) , Elizabeth ( 1823 – 1850 ) , Anne ( 1825 – 1825 ) , Alice ( 1827 – 1854 ) and Tazewell ( 1830 – 1874 ) . Tyler 's wife Letitia died of a stroke in the White House in September 1842 . His second wife was Julia Gardiner ( July 23 , 1820 – July 10 , 1889 ) , with whom he had seven children : David ( 1846 – 1927 ) , John Alexander ( 1848 – 1883 ) , Julia ( 1849 – 1871 ) , Lachlan ( 1851 – 1902 ) , Lyon ( 1853 – 1935 ) , Robert Fitzwalter ( 1856 – 1927 ) and Pearl ( 1860 – 1947 ) . Although Tyler 's family was dear to him , during his political rise he was often away from home for extended periods . As a Southern gentleman , duty was important to Tyler , including his duties to his family . When Tyler chose not to seek re @-@ election to the House of Representatives in 1821 because of illness , he wrote that he would soon be called upon to educate his growing family . It was difficult to practice law while away in Washington part of the year , and his plantation was more profitable when Tyler was available to manage it himself . By the time he entered the Senate in 1827 , he had resigned himself to spending part of the year away from his growing family . Still , he sought to remain close to his children through letters . In December 1841 , Tyler was attacked by abolitionist publisher Joshua Leavitt , who alleged that Tyler had fathered several sons with his slaves , and later sold his offspring . A number of African American families today have an oral tradition of descent from Tyler , but no firm evidence of such a link has ever surfaced . As of 2015 , Tyler has two living grandsons through his son Lyon Gardiner Tyler ; he is the earliest former president with living grandchildren . Lyon Gardiner Tyler , Jr. was born in 1924 , and Harrison Ruffin Tyler was born in 1928 ; Lyon Tyler Jr. resides in Franklin , Tennessee , and Harrison Tyler maintains the family home , Sherwood Forest Plantation in Charles City County , Virginia . = = Post @-@ presidency and death = = Tyler retired to a Virginia plantation , originally named Walnut Grove ( or " the Grove " ) , located on the James River in Charles City County . He renamed it Sherwood Forest , in a reference to the folk legend Robin Hood , to signify that he had been " outlawed " by the Whig Party . He did not take farming lightly and worked hard to maintain large yields . His neighbors , largely Whigs , appointed him to the minor office of overseer of roads in 1847 in an effort to mock him . To their displeasure he treated the job seriously , frequently summoning his neighbors to provide their slaves for road work , and continuing to insist on carrying out his duties even after his neighbors asked him to stop . He withdrew from politics , rarely receiving visits from his friends . He was asked to give an occasional public speech , but was not sought out as an adviser . One notable speech was at the unveiling of a monument to Henry Clay ; acknowledging the political battles between the two , he spoke highly of his former colleague , whom he had always admired for bringing about the Compromise Tariff of 1833 . The former president 's time was spent with the doings of the Virginia aristocracy , including parties , visiting or being visited by prominent families , and summers at the family seaside home , " Villa Margaret " . After John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry ignited fears of an abolitionist attempt to free the slaves , or an actual rebellion by the slaves , several Virginia communities organized militia units , or reenergized existing ones . Tyler 's community organized a cavalry troop and a home guard company ; Tyler was chosen to command the home guard company with the rank of captain . On the eve of the Civil War , Tyler re @-@ entered public life as a participant in the Virginia Peace Conference held in Washington , D.C. , in February 1861 as an effort to devise means to prevent a war . The convention sought a compromise to avoid civil war even as the Confederate Constitution was being drawn up at the Montgomery Convention . Despite of his leadership role in the Peace Conference , Tyler opposed the convention 's final resolutions . He felt that they were written by the free state delegates , did not protect the rights of slave owners in the territories and would do little to bring back the lower South and restore the Union . He voted against the conference 's seven resolutions , which the conference sent to Congress for approval late in February 1861 as an amendment to the Constitution . On the same day the Peace Conference had started , Tyler was elected to the Virginia Secession Convention and presided over the opening session on February 13 , 1861 , while the Peace Conference was still under way . Tyler abandoned hope of compromise and saw secession as the only option , predicting that a clean split of all Southern states would not result in war . In mid @-@ March he spoke against the Peace Conference resolutions , and on April 4 he voted for secession when the convention rejected it . On April 17 , after the attack on Fort Sumter and Lincoln 's call for troops , Tyler voted with the majority for secession . He headed a committee that negotiated the terms for Virginia 's entry into the Confederate States of America and helped set the pay rate for military officers . On June 14 , Tyler signed the Ordinance of Secession , and one week later the convention unanimously elected him to the Provisional Confederate Congress . Tyler was seated in the Confederate Congress on August 1 , 1861 , and he served until just before his death in 1862 . In November 1861 , he was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives but he died in his room at the Ballard House hotel in Richmond before the first session could open in February 1862 . Throughout Tyler 's life , he suffered from poor health . As he aged , he suffered more frequently from colds during the winter . On January 12 , 1862 , after complaining of chills and dizziness , he vomited and collapsed . He was treated , but his health did not improve , and he made plans to return to Sherwood Forest by the 18th . As he lay in bed the night before , he began suffocating , and Julia summoned his doctor . Just after midnight , Tyler took a last sip of brandy , and told his doctor , " I am going . Perhaps it is best . " He died shortly thereafter , most likely due to a stroke . Tyler 's death was the only one in presidential history not to be officially recognized in Washington , because of his allegiance to the Confederacy . He had requested a simple burial , but Confederate President Jefferson Davis devised a grand , politically pointed funeral , painting Tyler as a hero to the new nation . Accordingly , at his funeral , the coffin of the tenth president of the United States was draped with a Confederate flag , the only former president ever to be buried and honored ceremoniously under a foreign non @-@ US flag . Tyler is buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond , Virginia , in front of the gravesite of former President James Monroe , the black structure visible in the illustration behind the left side of Tyler 's obelisk . Tyler has since been the namesake of several U.S. locations , including the city of Tyler , Texas , named for him because of his role in the annexation of Texas . = = Legacy = = Tyler 's presidency has provoked highly divided responses among political commentators . It is generally held in low esteem by historians ; Edward P. Crapol began his biography John Tyler , the Accidental President ( 2006 ) by	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
used to generate technetium @-@ 99m , used for medical imaging . = = = = Compounds ( 14 % of global use ) = = = = Molybdenum disulfide ( MoS2 ) is used as a solid lubricant and a high @-@ pressure high @-@ temperature ( HPHT ) antiwear agent . It forms strong films on metallic surfaces and is a common additive to HPHT greases — in the event of a catastrophic grease failure , a thin layer of molybdenum prevents contact of the lubricated parts . It also has semiconducting properties with distinct advantages over traditional silicon or graphene in electronics applications . MoS2 is also used as a catalyst in hydrocracking of petroleum fractions containing nitrogen , sulfur and oxygen . Molybdenum disilicide ( MoSi2 ) is an electrically conducting ceramic with primary use in heating elements operating at temperatures above 1500 ° C in air . Molybdenum trioxide ( MoO3 ) is used as an adhesive between enamels and metals . Lead molybdate ( wulfenite ) co @-@ precipitated with lead chromate and lead sulfate is a bright @-@ orange pigment used with ceramics and plastics . The molybdenum @-@ based mixed oxides are versatile catalysts in the chemical industry . Some examples are the catalysts for the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein and acrylic acid , the ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile . Suitable catalysts and process for the direct selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid are being researched . Ammonium heptamolybdate is used in biological staining . Molybdenum coated soda lime glass is used in CIGS solar cells . Phosphomolybdic acid is a stain used in thin layer chromatography . Molybdenum @-@ 99 is a parent radioisotope of the daughter radioisotope technetium @-@ 99m , used in many medical procedures . The isotope is handled and stored as the molybdate . = = Biological role = = = = = Nitrogenases = = = The most important role of the molybdenum in living organisms is as a metal heteroatom at the active site in certain enzymes . In bacterial nitrogen fixation , the nitrogenase enzyme involved in the terminal step of reducing molecular nitrogen usually contains molybdenum in the active site ( though replacement of Mo with iron or vanadium is also known ) . The structure of the catalytic center of the enzyme is similar to that in iron @-@ sulfur proteins : it incorporates a Fe4S3 and multiple MoFe3S3 clusters . The reaction that nitrogenase enzymes perform is : <formula> With protons and electrons from the electron transport chain , nitrogen is reduced to ammonia and free hydrogen gas . This is an energy @-@ using process , requiring the splitting ( hydrolysis ) of ATP into ADP plus free phosphate ( Pi ) . In 2008 , evidence was reported that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth 's early oceans was a limiting factor for nearly two billion years in the further evolution of eukaryotic life ( which includes all plants and animals ) . The chain of causation is as follows : The relative lack of oxygen in the early ocean resulted in a scarcity in dissolved molybdenum . Most molybdenum compounds have low solubility in water , but the molybdate ion MoO42 − is soluble and forms when molybdenum @-@ containing minerals are in contact with oxygen and water . The lack of dissolved molybdenum limited the growth of prokaryotic nitrogen @-@ fixing bacteria , which require molybdenum @-@ bearing enzymes for the process The lack of prokaryotic nitrogen @-@ fixing bacteria limited the growth of ocean eukaryotes , which require oxidized nitrogen suitable for the production of organic nitrogen compounds or the organics themselves ( like proteins ) from prokaryotic bacteria . However , once oxygen had been created in seawater by the limited eukaryotes , it reacted with water and the molybdenum in minerals on the sea bottom to produce soluble molybdate , making it available to nitrogen @-@ fixing bacteria . Those bacteria provided fixed usable nitrogen compounds for higher forms of life . In 2013 , it was suggested that boron and molybdenum catalyzed the production of RNA on Mars , and that life was transported to Earth by a meteorite around 3 billion years ago . Although oxygen once promoted nitrogen fixation by making molybdenum available in water , it also directly poisons nitrogenase enzymes . Thus , in Earth 's ancient history , after oxygen arrived in large quantities in Earth 's air and water , organisms that continued to fix nitrogen in aerobic conditions isolated and protected their nitrogen @-@ fixing enzymes from too much oxygen in heterocysts or equivalent structures . This structural isolation of nitrogen fixation reactions in aerobic organisms continues to the present . = = = Molybdenum cofactor enzymes = = = Though molybdenum forms compounds with various organic molecules , including carbohydrates and amino acids , it is transported throughout the human body as MoO42 − . At least 50 molybdenum @-@ containing enzymes were known by 2002 , mostly in bacteria , and the number is increasing with every year ; those enzymes include aldehyde oxidase , sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase . In some animals , and in humans , the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid , a process of purine catabolism , is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase , a molybdenum @-@ containing enzyme . The activity of xanthine oxidase is directly proportional to the amount of molybdenum in the body . However , an extremely high concentration of molybdenum reverses the trend and can act as an inhibitor in both purine catabolism and other processes . Molybdenum concentration also affects protein synthesis , metabolism , and growth . In animals and plants , a tricyclic compound called molybdopterin ( which , despite the name , contains no molybdenum ) is reacted with molybdate to form a complete molybdenum @-@ containing cofactor called molybdenum cofactor . Other than the phylogenetically @-@ ancient nitrogenases ( discussed above ) that fix nitrogen in some bacteria and cyanobacteria , all molybdenum @-@ using enzymes ( so far identified ) use the molybdenum cofactor , where molybdenum is in the oxidation state of VI , similar to molybdate . Molybdenum enzymes in plants and animals catalyze the oxidation and sometimes reduction of certain small molecules in the process of regulating nitrogen , sulfur , and carbon . = = = Human dietary intake and deficiency = = = Molybdenum is a trace dietary element necessary for the survival of humans and the few mammals that have been studied . Four mammalian Mo @-@ dependent enzymes are known , all of them harboring a pterin @-@ based molybdenum cofactor ( Moco ) in their active site : sulfite oxidase , xanthine oxidoreductase , aldehyde oxidase , and mitochondrial amidoxime reductase . People severely deficient in molybdenum have poorly functioning sulfite oxidase and are prone to toxic reactions to sulfites in foods . The human body contains about 0 @.@ 07 mg of molybdenum per kilogram of body weight , with higher concentrations in the liver and kidneys and in lower in the vertebrae . Molybdenum is also present within human tooth enamel and may help prevent its decay . The average daily intake of molybdenum varies between 0 @.@ 12 and 0 @.@ 24 mg , depending on the molybdenum content of the food . Pork , lamb , and beef liver each have approximately 1 @.@ 5 parts per million of molybdenum . Other significant dietary sources include green beans , eggs , sunflower seeds , wheat flour , lentils , cucumbers and cereal grain . Acute toxicity has not been seen in humans , and the toxicity depends strongly on the chemical state . Studies on rats show a median lethal dose ( LD50 ) as low as 180 mg / kg for some Mo compounds . Although human toxicity data is unavailable , animal studies have shown that chronic ingestion of more than 10 mg / day of molybdenum can cause diarrhea , growth retardation , infertility , low birth weight , and gout ; it can also affect the lungs , kidneys , and liver . Sodium tungstate is a competitive inhibitor of molybdenum . Dietary tungsten reduces the concentration of molybdenum in tissues . Low soil concentration of molybdenum in a geographical band from northern China to Iran results in a general dietary molybdenum deficiency , and is associated with increased rates of esophageal cancer . Compared to the United States , which has a greater supply of molybdenum in the soil , people living in those areas have about 16 times greater risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma . Molybdenum deficiency has also been reported as a consequence of non @-@ molybdenum supplemented total parenteral nutrition ( complete intravenous feeding ) for long periods of time . It results in high blood levels of sulfite and urate , in much the same way as molybdenum cofactor deficiency . However ( presumably since pure molybdenum deficiency from this cause occurs primarily in adults ) , the neurological consequences are not as marked as in cases of congenital cofactor deficiency . = = = Related diseases = = = A congenital molybdenum cofactor deficiency disease , seen in infants , is an inability to synthesize molybdenum cofactor , a heterocyclic molecule that binds molybdenum at the active site in all known human enzymes that use molybdenum . The resulting deficiency results in high levels of sulfite and urate , and neurological damage . = = = Copper @-@ molybdenum antagonism = = = High levels of molybdenum can interfere with the body 's uptake of copper , producing copper deficiency . Molybdenum prevents plasma proteins from binding to copper , and it also increases the amount of copper that is excreted in urine . Ruminants that consume high levels of molybdenum suffer from diarrhea , stunted growth , anemia , and achromotrichia ( loss of fur pigment ) . These symptoms can be alleviated by copper supplements , either dietary and injection . The effective copper deficiency , can be aggravated by excess sulfur . Copper reduction or deficiency can also be deliberately induced for therapeutic purposes by the compound ammonium tetrathiomolybdate , in which the bright red anion tetrathiomolybdate is the copper @-@ chelating agent . Tetrathiomolybdate was first used therapeutically in the treatment of copper toxicosis in animals . It was then introduced as a treatment in Wilson 's disease , a hereditary copper metabolism disorder in humans ; it acts both by competing with copper absorption in the bowel and by increasing excretion . It has also been found to have an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis , potentially by inhibiting the membrane translocation process that is dependent on copper ions . This is a promising avenue for investigation of treatments for cancer , age @-@ related macular degeneration , and other diseases that involve a pathologic proliferation of blood vessels . = = Precautions = = Molybdenum dusts and fumes , generated by mining or metalworking , can be toxic , especially if ingested ( including dust trapped in the sinuses and later swallowed ) . Low levels of prolonged exposure can cause irritation to the eyes and skin . Direct inhalation or ingestion of molybdenum and its oxides should be avoided . OSHA regulations specify the maximum permissible molybdenum exposure in an 8 @-@ hour day as 5 mg / m3 . Chronic exposure to 60 to 600 mg / m3 can cause symptoms including fatigue , headaches and joint pains . At levels of 5000 mg / m3 , molybdenum is immediately dangerous to life and health . = Action of 28 February 1799 = The Action of 28 February 1799 was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars , fought off the mouth of the Hooghly River in the Bay of Bengal between the French frigate Forte and the Royal Navy frigate HMS Sybille . Forte was an exceptionally large and powerful ship engaged on a commerce raiding operation against British merchant shipping off the port of Calcutta in British India . To eliminate this threat , Sybille was sent from Madras in pursuit . Acting on information from released prisoners , Edward Cooke , captain of Sybille , was sailing off Balasore when distant gunfire alerted him to the presence of Forte on the evening of 28 February . The French frigate was discovered at anchor in the sandbanks at the mouth of the Hooghly with two recently captured British merchant ships . For unclear reasons the French captain Hubert Le Loup de Beaulieu did not properly prepare Forte to receive the attack from Cooke 's frigate and he was consequently killed in the first raking broadside from the British ship . Forte 's crew continued to resist for more than two hours , only surrendering when their ship had been reduced to a battered wreck and more than a third of the crew killed or wounded . British losses by contrast were light , although Cooke had been struck by grape shot during the height of the action and suffered a lingering death three months later from his wounds . The captured merchant ships subsequently escaped under their French prize crews while Cooke 's executive officer Lieutenant Lucius Hardyman repaired Sybille and Forte . Hardyman took both ships into Calcutta , where Forte was commissioned into the Royal Navy under the same name , although the frigate was accidentally wrecked in the Red Sea two years later . = = Background = = In the spring of 1796 the Royal Navy enjoyed naval supremacy in the East Indies , the French Navy presence limited to two frigates loosely blockaded in Port Louis on Île de France . In April 1796 reinforcements were sent from Rochefort comprising four frigates commanded by Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey . The squadron avoided the blockade and arrived at Île de France in July and sailed eastwards during the summer , intending to raid British trading ports in the East Indies . On 9 September the squadron was intercepted and driven off by a British squadron off the northeastern coast of Sumatra , sheltering in Batavia over the winter . In January Sercey sailed once more , encountering the large annual convoy of East Indiamen from Macau in the Bali Strait on 28 January . In the ensuing Bali Strait Incident the British commander managed to deceive Sercey into believing that the convoy was made up of warships , the French admiral retreating back to Île de France . Sercey 's flagship during these operations was the 40 @-@ gun frigate Forte . Forte , commanded by the elderly Captain Hubert Le Loup de Beaulieu , had been built in 1794 based on the hull and frame of a ship of the line : the frigate weighed 1 @,@ 400 tons bm , the largest purpose @-@ built frigate at sea . The main battery of Forte consisted of 28 24 @-@ pounder long guns , only the second frigate ever built ( after Pomone ) which could manage such a heavy armament . This was augmented by fourteen 8 @-@ pounder long guns on the upper deck and eight 36 @-@ pounder carronades on the quarterdeck , totaling 52 heavy cannon complemented by eight 1 @-@ pounder swivel guns . Uniquely , the sides of the ship were lined with cork matting to prevent splinters while the more common precaution had been taken of stringing netting over the deck to protect the crew from falling debris . The ship was however weakened by an ill @-@ disciplined crew , and Sercey had expressed doubts about the ability of the aged Beaulieu . After Sercey returned to Île de France his squadron broke up . Four ships were sent back to France in 1797 and 1798 as Île de France could no longer supply repairs , manpower or provisions in support of Sercey . This dispersal of the squadron was encouraged by the Colonial Assembly of Île de France and Governor Malartic neither of whom were well @-@ disposed to the Directory then ruling France . With his remaining crews becoming rebellious , Sercey sent Forte and Prudente on a commerce raiding operation during the autumn of 1798 , during which they achieved some success in the Bay of Bengal . By the time this force returned to Île de France Sercey had sailed to Batavia , leaving instructions for Forte and Prudente to follow him . Malartic countermanded this order , seizing Prudente and selling the frigate to a privateer concern and ordering Forte to operate independently in the Bay of Bengal in the autumn of 1798 . Sercey was furious , but could do nothing to alter Malartic 's arrangements . At the start of 1799 the Bay of Bengal was largely undefended . The British naval commander , Rear @-@ Admiral Peter Rainier , had taken most of his ships westwards to the Red Sea to participate in opposition to Napoleon Bonaparte 's campaign in Egypt , leaving only a single frigate to protect trade shipping in the region . This ship was the 40 @-@ gun HMS Sybille , a large , powerful ship captured from the French at the Battle of Mykonos in 1794 . Weighing more than 1 @,@ 000 tons bm and with a maindeck battery of 28 18 @-@ pounder long guns supplemented by six 9 @-@ pounder long guns and fourteen 32 @-@ pounder cannonades , Sybille was a formidable ship , but significantly weaker than the massive Forte . Many of Sybille 's crew had fallen ill while the ship had been stationed at Calcutta , leaving her undermanned . To compensate , the crew had been augmented by a detachment from the frigate HMS Fox and soldiers from the Scotch Brigade . In command was Captain Edward Cooke , who had distinguished himself early in the war by negotiating the surrender of the French Mediterranean port city of Toulon in 1793 . This action , under threat of execution by the Republican faction in the city , led to the Siege of Toulon and the destruction of almost half of the French Mediterranean Fleet . In January 1798 Cooke and Sybille had participated in the successful Raid on Manila . = = Battle = = Forte 's raiding cruise initially proved devastating . The usual raiding season had passed , and the shipping transiting the mouth of the Hooghly River was unprepared for Beaulieu 's assault . In rapid succession Forte seized the local @-@ trading country ships Recovery , Yarmouth , Chance and Surprise . Beaulieu was forced to send 143 sailors away as prize crews , reducing the complement on Forte by a quarter . Beaulieu had also only just missed a major convoy from the Cape Colony , escorted only by HMS Sceptre . The Canton East Indiamen Endeavour and Lord Mornington were taken off Balasore on 28 February , after coming under fire from Forte 's bow chasers . The gunfire attracted the attention of Sybille , which was returning to Calcutta after transporting Lord Mornington , Governor @-@ General of India , to Madras . Sybille had sailed on 19 February with instructions to search for Forte . On 23 February Cooke had encountered a cartel sent to Madras by Beaulieu and brought the ship into Balasore on 26 February . At 20 : 30 , while sailing to the southeast , flashes were seen on the northeast horizon . Although this was initially dismissed as lightning , it continued until 21 : 00 , convincing Cooke that it had another cause . Turning to the northeast , he took Sybille to investigate . At 21 : 30 Forte and the captured merchant ships were visible from Sybille , Forte brilliantly illuminated in the tropical night . Cooke brought Sybille westwards in order to take the weather gage before wearing and bearing down on the French ship , under a light wind from the southwest . Despite the illumination on the French ship , Sybille 's sails were clearly identified on Forte but Beaulieu gave no orders to prepare for action : he seems to have thought that the sails belonged to an approaching East Indiaman despite the concerns of his officers , or that he wished to lure Sybille close enough to ensure its defeat in the coming engagement . At approximately midnight Forte slowly moved to the lee of Sybille , firing a small broadside at long range at the British ship 's bow , accompanied by scattered fire from the French prize crews on the merchant ships . Apart from damage to the jib , Sibylle remained unharmed , advancing silently and in darkness . French fire continued with little effect , allowing Cooke to bring Sybille within 25 yards ( 23 m ) of the stern of Forte at 12 : 45 and fire a raking broadside , followed by a second as the British ship pulled alongside the French frigate . The cannon were complemented by musketry from the soldiers aboard , which swept the exposed deck of Forte . The damage to the French ship was catastrophic : guns were smashed from their carriages and dozens of men killed and more wounded , the dead including Beaulieu and his first lieutenant . Despite their losses the French survivors returned to the remaining guns , although most of their first broadside scattered into the sea , and at least some of their shot was misdirected towards the merchant ships . The French gunners aimed too high however , most of their shot tearing through the rigging of Sybille while the British broadsides slammed into the hull of Forte . This problem was partly attributed to the French gun quoins which had been replaned three days earlier , exacerbated by the lack of suitable gun crews which meant that many of the upperdeck guns were unmanned . The French gunners were also more used to firing warning shots at distant merchant ships and may not have realised that their guns needed to be depressed for combat at point blank range . For the next hour and a half the frigates poured shot into one another at close range , until Cooke was struck by grape shot at 01 : 30 on 1 March , replaced by his first lieutenant Lucius Hardyman . For another hour the action continued , French fire gradually slackening until it stopped completely at 02 : 30 , by which time only four French guns remained operational . Hardyman hailed to ask whether Forte had surrendered but the French did not reply and he ordered another broadside . A second hail also brought no response but sailors were seen attempting to repair the rigging on Forte . Concerned that the French were attempting to escape , Hardyman concentrated his fire on the masts of Forte , bringing them crashing down one by one until at 03 : 00 Forte was completely dismasted . With all resistance ended , British merchant prisoners on board Forte emerged from below decks and hailed Sybille , requesting a boat be sent across so that British Lieutenant Nicholas Manger could formally take the surrender of the French ship . = = = Combatant summary = = = In this table , " Guns " refers to all cannon carried by the ship , including the maindeck guns which were taken into consideration when calculating its rate , as well as any carronades carried aboard . Broadside weight records the combined weight of shot which could be fired in a single simultaneous discharge of an entire broadside . = = Aftermath = = Damage to Forte was extensive . The stern and side facing Sybille had been beaten in by gunfire as more than 300 shot holes combined to form gaping holes in hull above the waterline . As well as the masts the bulkheads had been smashed apart and all deck furniture blasted to splinters . 65 of the crew had been killed , including Captain Beaulieu , and approximately 80 wounded , more than a third of the crew listed as casualties ; many of the wounded later died from the effects of amputation . Damages to Sybille were considerably lighter : only six shot had struck the hull in the entire battle : one gun was dismounted , but the worst damage was to Cooke 's cabin where a round shot had destroyed most of his furniture . In addition , most of the damage to the masts and rigging proved superficial . Just five crew were killed outright , with another 17 wounded , the latter including Cooke . The British captain had been struck in the left arm , the shot exiting near his spine , with additional injuries to the chest and right arm . He eventually died after a long and agonising deterioration at Calcutta on 25 May 1799 and was buried under a monument with full military honours . A memorial was subsequently placed in Westminster Abbey in his memory . In the initial aftermath of victory , Hardyman attempted to lure the captured merchant ships close to Sybille by raising the French tricolor over the British ensign . Lord Mornington took the bait and closed with the British ship . However when Sybille gave chase the prizes fled , the fatigued British crew unable to effectively pursue after losing their damaged cross @-@ jack yard . Forte had lost its anchors in the battle and was consequently lashed to Sybille . Repairs to the combatants took two days , particularly the fitting of jury masts on Forte , before Hardyman was comfortable making the journey up the Hooghly to Calcutta for more permanent repairs . Hardyman was commended for the victory , promoted to commander and then later post captain . Forte was subsequently taken into service in the Royal Navy under the same name as a 44 @-@ gun fifth rate frigate with Hardyman in command . Forte continued in service in the Indian Ocean under Hardyman until June 1801 , when the frigate was wrecked on the Arabian Red Sea coast near Jeddah . Nearly five decades after the battle , the Admiralty recognised the action with the clasp " SYBILLE 28 FEBRUARY 1799 " attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 . The battle has been considered by British historians as an unusual engagement marked by extremely disciplined fire from Sybille , the product of unusually extensive gunnery training by Cooke and complemented by the musket fire of the soldiers which affected the accuracy of the French gunners . Naval historian William James wrote that " the action of the Sibylle [ sic ] and Forte was gallantly fought on both sides , but skilfully fought on one side only ; the weaker side , and , by the due exercise of that skill , the one which was ultimately successful . = 2000 Monaco Grand Prix = The 2000 Monaco Grand Prix ( formally the LVIII Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco ) was a Formula One motor race held on 4 June 2000 at the Circuit de Monaco . It was the seventh race of the 2000 Formula One season and the 58th Monaco Grand Prix . The 78 @-@ lap race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after starting from third position . Rubens Barrichello finished second for the Ferrari team with Benetton driver Giancarlo Fisichella third . Championship leader Michael Schumacher started from pole position alongside Jordan driver Jarno Trulli . The race was aborted due to a software glitch in the starting procedure and Jenson Button and Pedro de la Rosa collided which started a traffic jam . At the second start , Michael Schumacher maintained his lead into the first corner . After the second round of pit stops , Michael Schumacher 's exhaust broke causing a left rear suspension failure and his retirement from the race . Coulthard , in second place , became the new race leader on lap 57 . Coulthard maintained his lead throughout the remainder of the race and secured his second victory of the season , with Barrichello a further 15 @.@ 8 seconds back . Coulthard 's victory allowed him to narrow the lead of Michael Schumacher in the World Drivers ' Championship to 12 points . Häkkinen retained third with Barrichello a further seven points behind . In the World Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari retained their lead which was reduced to five points over McLaren . Fisichella 's strong result reduced the gap to Benetton 's rivals Williams to one point , with ten races of the season remaining . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams , each of two drivers . The teams , also known as constructors , were McLaren , Ferrari , Jordan , Jaguar , Williams , Benetton , Prost , Sauber , Arrows , Minardi and BAR . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre types to the race ; two @-@ dry compounds , the Softs and the Extra Softs . Going into the race , Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers ' Championship with 46 points , ahead of Mika Häkkinen on 28 points and his teammate David Coulthard with 24 points . Rubens Barrichello was fourth on 16 points while Ralf Schumacher was fifth on 12 points . In the Constructors ' Championship Ferrari were leading with 62 points , with their rivals McLaren second on 52 points . Williams were third on 15 points while Benetton with 10 points and Jordan on 9 points contended for fourth place . McLaren and Ferrari had so far taken command of the championship , winning the previous six races . Championship competitors Barrichello and Fisichella had gained second place podium finishes while Ralf Schumacher and Heinz @-@ Harald Frentzen had achieved third place podium finishes . Following the European Grand Prix on 21 May the teams conducted testing sessions across European circuits between 23 – 27 May to prepare for the Grand Prix . Jordan , Sauber , Benetton , Jaguar and Arrows opted to test at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo circuit which made its Formula One testing début that garnered mixed reviews from the drivers . Frentzen was fastest on the first day of testing , ahead of Sauber test driver Enrique Bernoldi . Jos Verstappen for the Arrows team set the second day 's quickest times . Late in the session Fisichella hit the right rear tyre of Jordan driver Jarno Trulli , causing his Benetton to flip over and brought a brief halt to testing . Fisichella suffered minor bruising to his thumb and Benetton withdrew their second driver Alexander Wurz from testing . Sauber 's Mika Salo topped the final days running . Williams and BAR went to the Circuit Paul Armagnac circuit which was where the teams undertook shake down runs and used car set @-@ ups . BAR tested a new control system called " Athena 2000 " which managed the software of the car 's engine and different sections on the chassis . Ferrari tested at their private test facility , the Fiorano Circuit , for five days where test driver Luca Badoer and Michael Schumacher concentrated on aerodynamic and tyre testing , as well as undertaking different set @-@ ups and running on an artificially wet track . Due to the configuration of the Circuit de Monaco , with its low average speed and abundance of low @-@ speed corners , allied to the low @-@ grip nature of the public road surface , the teams all set their cars up to produce the maximum amount of downforce and mechanical grip possible . Benetton modified their car 's suspensions to work better on the circuit 's low @-@ speed corners . The Minardi cars came equipped with a new titanium cast gearbox and new rear suspensions . McLaren brought an additional spare car to the event , with four in total being shared between Häkkinen and Coulthard . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Four practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — two on Thursday , and two on Saturday . The Thursday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour . The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes . The Thursday morning and afternoon practice sessions were held in dry and hot weather conditions . Michael Schumacher set the fastest time in the first session , a 1 : 23 @.@ 039 , three @-@ tenths of a second quicker than Häkkinen . Coulthard was third fastest , ahead of Fisichella and Frentzen . Alesi managed sixth despite suffering from gearbox issues which caused him to pull up on the track . Eddie Irvine , Jenson Button , Barrichello and Salo completed the top ten fastest drivers in the session . Minardi 's Gastón Mazzacane spun and lost his front right wheel in a crash at turn 17 and Ralf Schumacher made contact with the barrier at turn 8 . In the second practice session , Häkkinen set the quickest lap of the day , a 1 : 21 @.@ 387 ; Coulthard finished with the third fastest time . The McLaren drivers were separated by Michael Schumacher . Eddie Irvine was running quicker and was fourth fastest , in front of Frentzen and Ralf Schumacher . Alesi continued to encounter problems though he managed to be seventh quickest. de la Rosa , Trulli and Barrichello followed in the top ten . Both Nick Heidfeld and Pedro Diniz made contact with the barriers at turn 17 and Wurz crashed at the swimming pool complex . The weather remained hot and dry for the Saturday morning practice sessions . Michael Schumacher was the fastest driver in the third session , setting a time of 1 : 20 @.@ 762 ; Barrichello ended with the third quickest lap time . Häkkinen set a time one @-@ tenth of a second slower than Michael Schumacher and was second fastest . Alesi continued to run quicker and was fourth fastest , faster than Coulthard and Frentzen . Irvine , Trulli , Fisichella and Johnny Herbert completed the top ten . In the final practice session , Coulthard was fastest with a time of 1 : 20 @.@ 405 though he ran down the escape road at Ste Devote and his engine subsequently stalled . Michael Schumacher was second fastest , nearly one @-@ tenth slower than Coulthard . Fisichella opted to use a softer damper and set the third quickest lap , in front of Trulli and Häkkinen . Barrichello , Alesi , Wurz , Frentzen and Ralf Schumacher completed the top ten fastest drivers ahead of qualifying . A crash by Irvine at the swimming pool complex ended his session prematurely . Saturday 's afternoon qualifying session lasted for an hour . Each driver was limited to twelve laps , with the grid order decided by the drivers ' fastest laps . During this session , the 107 % rule was in effect , which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 % of the quickest lap to qualify for the race . The session was held in dry and hot weather conditions ; the air temperature was 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) and the track temperature was 39 ° C ( 102 ° F ) . Michael Schumacher clinched his second pole position of the season , his third at the circuit , with a time of 1 : 19 @.@ 475 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Trulli who recorded a lap 0 @.@ 271 seconds slower than the pole sitter and took his best qualifying performance of the season . Coulthard qualified third and said he could have set a better lap time as he saw a yellow flag out on the track . Trulli 's teammate Frentzen qualified fourth but criticised Irvine for an apparent blocking manoeuvre . Häkkinen took fifth and suffered from understeer along with traffic during his second qualifying run . Barrichello secured the sixth place and reported his car was nervous . Alesi recorded the seventh @-@ fastest time , despite experiencing alternator problems on his race car in the opening minutes of qualifying and switch to the spare Prost . Fisichella occupied the eighth position and reported his Benetton 's handling had worsened . Ralf Schumacher and Irvine completed the top ten positions . Herbert set the eleventh fastest time , five one hundredths slower than his teammate and reported excessive oversteer on his car . He was ahead of Wurz in the slower of the two Benettons . Salo qualified in 13th position despite having a misunderstanding with his race engineer with a yellow flag . Similarly , Jenson Button who took 14th in the other Williams , was caught out by the waved yellow flags . The two Arrows drivers filled the next two positions with Verstappen in 15th and Pedro de la Rosa in 16th ; the latter crashed at the Raccasse chicane . BAR 's Jacques Villeneuve started from 17th experienced an engine failure and was forced to use his team 's spare car . Heidfeld took 18th and reported he experienced a lack of grip and understeer . He qualified ahead of Diniz and Ricardo Zonta in 19th and 20th respectively . The two Minardi drivers qualifed at the rear of the grid ; Marc Gené ahead of Gastón Mazzacane and both crashed at Raccasse . = = = Race = = = The drivers took to the track at 09 : 30 CEST ( UTC + 2 ) for a 30 @-@ minute warm @-@ up session . It took place in dry and warm weather conditions . Both Ferrari drivers maintained their good performance from qualifying ; Barrichello had the fastest time of 1 : 22 @.@ 251 . Michael Schumacher set the second fastest time . Ralf Schumacher recorded the third fastest time with Coulthard rounding out the top four . The session was disrupted by an incident which involved de la Rosa when he struck the barriers at turn 12 – the session was prematurely ended as marshals were required to clear the track – and Herbert clipped the tyre barrier at turn 14 after spinning on oil on the circuit . The race started at 14 : 00 local time . The conditions on the grid were dry before the race ; the air temperature was 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) and the track temperature was 42 ° C ( 108 ° F ) . At the start of the parade lap Diniz was unable to get away and was forced to start at the back of the grid . At the starting procedure Wurz 's car suffered an engine failure and the start was aborted . Diniz , meanwhile , was allowed to start from his qualifying position after Wurz 's engine issues . Michael Schumacher maintained his lead heading into the first corner . Trulli , behind him , remained in second position . Immediately afterwards a glitch in the FIA computer software caused the race to be suspended and marshals did not wave red flags across the circuit , apart from the start / finish line . At the hairpin de la Rosa attempted to overtake Button and the latter sent de la Rosa into a spin . The result created a traffic jam for cars who were behind the two drivers . During the red flag period Button , Zonta , Heidfeld , Diniz and Gené got into their team 's spare cars and were required to start from the pit lane. de la Rosa , however , did not have a spare car available and could not take the restart . At the restart , Michael Schumacher and Trulli again held their positions , whilst Ralf Schumacher made the best start in the field moving from 9th to 6th place by the end of the first lap . Barrichello had lost two positions over the same distance . At the conclusion of the first lap , the order was Michael Schumacher , Trulli , Coulthard , Frentzen , Häkkinen , Ralf Schumacher , Alesi , Barrichello , Fisichella , Herbert , Irvine , Salo , Verstappen , Diniz , Villeneuve , Zonta , Mazzacane , Wurz , Button , Gené and Heidfeld . Michael Schumacher began to immediately pull clear from Trulli as he began setting consecutive fastest laps . Häkkinen started to challenge Frentzen for second position on lap two . By the eleventh lap , Michael Schumacher had built up his lead to Trulli over eleven seconds as Wurz performed the race 's first overtake when he passed Mazzacane for 17th position . Button pulled over to the side of the track with engine problems and retired on lap 16 . Michael Schumacher continued to increase his lead to Trulli to 19 @.@ 5 seconds by lap 19 . Trulli was in turn 0 @.@ 7 seconds ahead of Coulthard . Frentzen was a further 2 @.@ 1 seconds behind the McLaren driver and continued to battle Coulthard 's teammate Häkkinen for fifth . On the same lap Irvine overtook his teammate Herbert for tenth position . Wurz crashed into the barriers at turn 1 and was forced to retire . Gené retired on lap 22 with a gearbox issue as his teammate Mazzacane subsequently collided with the barriers at turn one on the same lap and had to retire from the event . Herbert became the first driver to make a pit stop on lap 27 although his pit crew came unprepared and Herbert was stationary for half a minute before he exited in 17th position . On the 31st lap , Diniz made contact with the barriers at turn one and he damaged his left rear wheel , causing him to retire . Häkkinen 's pace was reduced by lap 36 as he slowed with an blockage on his brake pedal and made an unscheduled pit stop . His team 's mechanics opened his car 's inspection hatch and rearranged radio cables . They subsequently removed a data transmitter which was the cause the blockage and Häkkinen rejoined in 9th . Trulli became the next retirement of the race when he pulled to the side of the track with a gearbox problem on the following lap . Ralf Schumacher , who was running fourth , crashed heavily into the turn one barriers on the 38th lap . He suffered a deep cut to his leg and was taken to hospital . Michael Schumacher held a 36 @-@ second lead over Coulthard by lap 38 and the McLaren driver lapped consistently in the low 1 : 22 range to close the gap . Verstappen made the first scheduled pit stop on lap 41 , five laps in front of Zonta and Heidfeld . Michael Schumacher made a pit stop on lap 49 and retained the first position . Fisichella made a pit stop earlier than expected on lap 51 as he had a slow puncture developing . Frentzen , Barrichello , Salo , Villeneuve and Coulthard made pit stops over the following six laps . After Coulthard emerged from the pit lane , Michael Schumacher 's car suffered a broken exhaust which broke his left rear suspension and Schumacher was forced to retire . At the completition of lap 57 , with the scheduled pit stops completed , the order was Coulthard , Frentzen , Barrichello , Fisichella , Irvine , Salo , Häkkinen , Villeneuve , Verstappen , Heidfeld and Herbert . Häkkinen set the fastest lap of the race on the same lap , a 1 : 21 @.@ 571 as he closed the gap to Salo in seventh . Verstappen , who was fending off Heidfeld for ninth place , spun into retirement at turn twelve on lap 61 . On the 71st lap , Frentzen became the final retirement of the race when he broke his rear suspension in a crash at turn 1 . Häkkinen started to reduce his pace on lap 74 ending his battle with Salo but managed to stay ahead of Villeneuve in seventh . Coulthard opened the gap to 17 @.@ 4 seconds and crossed the finish line on lap 78 to take his second win of the season in a time of 1 ' 49 : 28 @.@ 213 , at an average speed of 89 @.@ 522 miles per hour ( 144 @.@ 072 km / h ) . Barrichello finished second in his Ferrari , ahead of Fisichella in third . Irvine finished in fourth , Salo in fifth and Häkkinen rounded out the points @-@ scoring positions in sixth . Villeneuve , Heidfeld and Herbert filled the next three positions , with Frentzen last of the classified finishers despite his crash . = = = Post @-@ race = = = The top three drivers appeared in Prince Rainier III of Monaco 's Royal box to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference . Coulthard was delighted as securing victory at the Grand Prix which he considered as one of the races he wanted to win during his career because of the challenges the drivers take on the circuit . He also commented that he wanted to wait until the pit stop stages to get ahead of Michael Schumacher and Trulli to prevent unnecessary repairs to his car . Barrichello revealed that he was conserving his tyres and fuel , as well as being informed by Ferrari technical director Ross Brawn to reduce his pace towards the race 's latter stages . Fisichella said that he was pleased at taking third place . He also revealed that he wanted to remain at Benetton for the 2001 season after his strong result . Irvine scored the first points for the Jaguar team in the race , having failed to score up to that point . He described the race as one of the hardest in his Formula One career as his drink bottle did not function correctly along with suffering a blistered foot . He also said that the team 's issues were not fully rectified and it would take " six months or so to solve ... hopefully we can do it quicker . " Salo said that his hands were bruised during the race as his car had no power steering equipped . Michael Schumacher admitted to feeling disappointed after the race , having led the majority of the race until his lap 56 retirement . The Ferrari driver stated : " The exhaust was too hot and that was why the rest went wrong . It basically cooked the suspension . I felt a few laps before that something was wrong but there was nothing I could do about it . " Ralf Schumacher suffered a three @-@ inch gash on his left calf . He was taken to Princess Grace Hospital for a routine check @-@ up and his cut was stitched . Ralf Schumacher was later cleared to race in the next Grand Prix , two weeks later . He said that he had no prior indication of where his injuries originated from . Williams had their test driver Bruno Junqueira to fill in for Ralf Schumacher should the need arise . As a consequence of the race , Michael Schumacher 's remained the leader in the World Drivers ' Championship though his lead was reduced by ten points to twelve . Coulthard 's victory moved him into second place on 34 points , ahead of teammate Häkkinen on 29 points . Barrichello and Fisichella remained fourth and fifth , with 22 and 14 points respectively . In the World Constructors ' Championship , McLaren reduced the lead of Ferrari to five points . Benetton in fourth closed the points gap to their rivals Williams to one point . Jordan remained fifth on 9 points , with ten races of the season remaining . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = * Failed to restart = = Championship standings after the race = = Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings . = Athelm = For other men called Æthelhelm , see Æthelhelm ( disambiguation ) Athelm ( or Æthelhelm ; died 926 ) was an English churchman , who was the first Bishop of Wells , and later Archbishop of Canterbury . His translation , or moving from one bishopric to another , was a precedent for later translations of ecclesiastics , because prior to this time period such movements were considered illegal . While archbishop , Athelm crowned King Æthelstan , and perhaps wrote the coronation service for the event . An older relative of Dunstan , a later Archbishop of Canterbury , Athelm helped promote Dunstan 's early career . After Athelm 's death , he was considered a saint . = = Background = = Athelm was a monk of Glastonbury Abbey before his elevation in 909 to the see of Wells , of which he was the first occupant . The see was founded to divide up the diocese of Sherborne , which was very large , by creating a bishopric for the county of Somerset . Wells was likely chosen as the seat because it was the center of the county . Some scholarly works suggest that Athelm may be the same person as Æthelhelm , son of King Æthelred of Wessex , but this is not accepted by most historians . A few sources state that Athelm was Abbot of Glastonbury before he became bishop , but other sources disagree and do not give him that office . This traces to later medieval chroniclers , not to contemporary accounts . His brother was Heorstan , who held land near Glastonbury . = = Archbishopric = = Between August 923 and September 925 he became archbishop . His translation from the see of Wells set a precedent for the future , and marks a break with historical practice . Previously the moving of a bishop from one see to another had been held to be against canon , or ecclesiastical , law . Recently , however , the popes had themselves been translated , and this practice was to become common in England after Athelm 's time . He was West Saxon , unlike his predecessor , Plegmund , who was Mercian , reflecting the shift in power to Wessex . Athelm was a paternal uncle of Dunstan , who later became Archbishop of Canterbury . It was Athelm who brought Dunstan to the king 's court . Athelm presided at the coronation of King Athelstan of England on 4 September 925 , and probably composed or organised the new Ordo ( order of service ) in which for the first time the king wore a crown instead of a helmet . He also attested the king 's first grant to St Augustine 's Abbey in Canterbury . It is unclear if the reason that no coins were minted with his name was his short term of office or a change in policy towards the Archbishop of Canterbury minting coins in his own name . Nothing else is known of Athelm 's brief time as archbishop . = = Death and burial = = Athelm died on 8 January 926 . He was later considered a saint , with a feast day of 8 January . He was buried at first the church of St John the Baptist near the Saxon @-@ era Canterbury Cathedral . When a new cathedral was constructed under Archbishop Lanfranc after the Norman Conquest of England , the earlier archbishops of Canterbury were moved to the north transept of the new cathedral . Later , Athelm and his successor as archbishop Wulfhelm were moved to a chapel dedicated to St Benedict , which later was incorporated into the Lady Chapel constructed by Prior Thomas Goldstone ( d . 1468 ) . = Sonic : After the Sequel = Sonic : After the Sequel is a 2013 platform video game created by Brazilian student Felipe Daneluz ( LakeFeperd ) . It is an unofficial game based on the Sonic the Hedgehog series and set between the official games Sonic the Hedgehog 2 and Sonic the Hedgehog 3 . Daneluz 's second Sonic game , it follows Sonic : Before the Sequel , which was set after the original Sonic the Hedgehog . Like its predecessor , After the Sequel stars Sonic the Hedgehog and his sidekick Tails in a quest to retrieve the Chaos Emeralds from Doctor Eggman . After the Sequel was inspired by Sonic Heroes and other games both inside and outside the Sonic series , and it was developed with Sonic Worlds , an engine based in Multimedia Fusion 2 that reduces the amount of computer programming involved in game creation . It was released as a free download for Microsoft Windows personal computers . The game was very well received by video game journalists , who lauded its preservation of retro Sonic gameplay and its eclectic , 1990s @-@ style soundtrack . The trilogy of Before the Sequel , After the Sequel , and their successor Sonic Chrono Adventure performed unusually well for fangames , having been downloaded 120 @,@ 000 times by March 2014 . = = Gameplay = = After the Sequel is a 2D platformer in the style of the Sonic games for the Sega Genesis . As such , it lets the player control either the blue hedgehog Sonic or his orange fox friend Tails . Both characters can move left and right with the arrow keys and jump with the " Z " key ; Tails can also fly to reach areas Sonic cannot . The game takes place in seven levels , known as zones , each divided into three acts followed by a boss fight with Doctor Eggman . These zones are designed for fast @-@ paced gameplay , featuring typical Sonic obstacles such as bottomless pits and vertical loops . The zones are based on various themes , including haunted houses , cities , magma caverns , winter theme parks , and sugar processing plants . The player collects rings in zones and boss fights as a form of health : upon being hit by an enemy or harmful obstacle , the player 's rings will scatter and can be recollected . Being hit while carrying no rings , being crushed by an obstacle , or falling into a bottomless pit causes the player to lose a life ; running out of lives results in a game over screen , after which the player must restart the zone from act one . Conversely , collecting 100 rings gets the player an extra life , and completing an act with 50 takes the player to a special stage , where they can collect rings for extra lives . The game also features power @-@ ups throughout its zones , which are activated with the " X " key : these include typical Sonic power @-@ ups such as shields and extra lives , as well as new ones . The " Beam " power @-@ up for Sonic and the " Mirror " power @-@ up for Tails are borrowed from and credited to Nintendo 's Kirby series . = = Plot = = At the end of Sonic the Hedgehog 2 , Sonic and Tails fly over the ocean in Tails ' biplane , the Tornado , after defeating Doctor Eggman . Beginning from this point , After the Sequel depicts Sonic and Tails noticing a forested island and deciding to make a landing and explore . After completing the first zone , Sonic finds a robot resembling Tails — a trap sprung by Eggman . The robot ensnares Sonic in a forcefield while Eggman steals Sonic 's Chaos Emeralds . Sonic escapes and sets out with Tails to recover the Emeralds . The two travel through more zones and fight Eggman at the end of each one . They follow Eggman to a forest , where he leads a massive logging operation . Together with Mighty the Armadillo , they destroy his machinery and stop the operation . They continue through the forest and find ghosts that frighten Tails . Destroying one of Eggman 's robots lets Sonic see its internal architecture , including a screen that shows Eggman 's plans to create an empire and drop a floating island into the sea . In Parhelion Peak , the game 's snow zone , Sonic and Tails notice a feather float down from the sky . They board another of Eggman 's airships and complete another zone , whereupon they find another feather . They trace the feathers to Eggman 's bird @-@ like robot , which is guarding the Emeralds . Sonic retrieves the Emeralds and uses them to become Super Sonic . He fights the robot as the game 's final boss . After its defeat , Sonic and Tails fly aboard the Tornado once more — the segue into the events of Sonic the Hedgehog 3 . = = Development = = After the Sequel was created by Felipe Daneluz ( known on the Internet as " LakeFeperd " ) , a student from São Paulo , Brazil . Unlike many longtime Sonic fans , Daneluz remained supportive of the series through its " dark age " in the mid to late 2000s and enjoyed games such as Sonic Riders . Because of his continued enthusiasm toward later Sonic games , Daneluz decided to create a retro @-@ styled Sonic game . Not being well versed in computer programming , Daneluz took to the open @-@ source , visual game engine Sonic Worlds , which is tailored to create Sonic zones within the program Multimedia Fusion 2 . Determined to make his game stand out despite his limited technical proficiency , Daneluz decided to set his first game in the time between Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic 2 , calling it Sonic : Before the Sequel . He set the follow @-@ up , entitled Sonic : After the Sequel , between Sonic 2 and Sonic 3 , and a third installment , Sonic Chrono Adventure , between Sonic 3 and Sonic & Knuckles . After the Sequel 's zones were inspired largely by those of Sonic Heroes . One level called RedHot Ride Zone , however , was based mainly on a level of the same name in Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest . Ideas for other zones came from Sonic Riders and a Sonic @-@ style song called " Combat Night Zone " by electronic artist MaxieDaMan . Daneluz imagined Sonic being high on sugar in the Sugar Splash Zone . Daneluz began creating each level by sketching out ideas on paper , then transferring them to Adobe Photoshop before working on the enemies and level design . Unlike the publishers of many other games on which fangames have been based , particularly Nintendo , Sonic series publisher Sega has not sent a cease and desist order or other indication of disapproval to Daneluz . He has speculated that the company does not want to upset its fanbase . The music composition and recording were handled by underground musicians Falk Au Yeong , Funk Fiction , Andy Tunstall , James Landino , DJ Max @-@ E , Mr. Lange , and Li Xiao 'an . Daneluz had not made plans to incorporate original music until Falk approached him requesting collaboration on the game . Funk Fiction has claimed that the music spans more than twenty genres and was influenced by rock , jazz , disco , and trip hop and the soundtracks of game franchises like Sonic , Donkey Kong , and Kirby . Due to the levels in After the Sequel generally taking longer to complete than those in Before the Sequel , the music tracks are longer , estimated by Falk as ranging from one minute and 45 seconds to three minutes . = = Reception = = After the Sequel has received positive coverage for its revitalization of retro Sonic gameplay . Tony Ponce of Destructoid summarized it as " quite the fun little gem that keeps the Genesis @-@ era Sonic spirit alive " . He contrasted the retro , fan @-@ made After the Sequel with Sega 's efforts to create high @-@ quality 3D titles , lamenting that , fifteen years after the release of Sonic Adventure , Sega was " only now starting to get the hang of the third dimension . " John Polson from IndieGames.com called the game " fantastic " and " stunning " , while Kotaku 's András Neltz stated that " it looks amazing " and advised readers not to let the game 's status as a fan work turn them away from it . Nintendo Life writer Damien McFerran also called the game " impressive " . The UK gaming staff for Red Bull 's website stated that , despite Sega 's continual releases of Sonic games , " few have quite recaptured the thrill of blazing through a 2D labyrinth at lightspeed in the way that fan made Sonic After The Sequel has . " A second Red Bull article , by author Ben Sillis , exclaimed that " you have to play " it . The game 's music has been particularly well received . Ponce called it " the best music ever " and " simply indescribable " , opining that it raised an already high @-@ quality product " to god tier " . Ponce wrote an article dedicated to the game 's music two days later , clarifying that it equals or surpasses the quality of any other Sonic game 's soundtrack . The more reserved Polson claimed that the music " definitely rocks " and is clearer than that of Genesis games . Similarly , the Red Bull staff called the music " absolutely stunning " , likening it to gaming soundtracks of the early 1990s . For McFerran , the soundtrack was " just as noteworthy " as the rest of the game . The game is available as a free download for Windows personal computers . As of March 2014 , the trilogy had been downloaded 120 @,@ 000 times — an unusually high number for fangames — as compared to the 640 @,@ 000 copies of the official game Sonic Lost World ( also released in 2013 ) sold on the Wii U by the same time . = Halo ( Beyoncé song ) = " Halo " is a song by American singer Beyoncé from her third studio album I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . Included on the I Am ... disc , it was intended to give a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes glimpse of Beyoncé 's life , stripped of her make @-@ up and celebrity trappings . Columbia Records released the song , the album 's fourth single , to mainstream radio in the United States on January 20 , 2009 , and to international markets from February 20 . Inspired by Ray LaMontagne 's 2004 song " Shelter " , " Halo " was composed by Ryan Tedder , Evan Bogart and Beyoncé . It was conceived by Tedder specifically for Beyoncé , although there was media speculation that it had been originally written for Leona Lewis . " Halo " is a contemporary R & B power ballad whose lyrics describe a sublime love . It features drum , piano , keyboard , string , synthesizer , and percussion instrumentation . Kelly Clarkson claimed that Tedder reused the musical arrangement in her 2009 song " Already Gone " . " Halo " received acclaim from music critics , who made comparisons with Lewis ' 2007 song " Bleeding Love " . Its production and Beyoncé 's emotional vocals also received critical praise . " Halo " was nominated for Record of the Year and won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 52nd Grammy Awards . It won Best Song at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards . " Halo " topped the singles charts of Brazil , Norway and Slovakia , and reached the top five on the singles chart of Australia , Germany , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , Switzerland , the United Kingdom and the US . It was certified quintuple @-@ platinum in Australia , and double @-@ platinum in New Zealand , Spain and the US . Philip Andelman directed the ballad 's music video , which features American actor Michael Ealy . It portrays a romantic relationship between Beyoncé 's and Ealy 's characters . Critics complimented Beyoncé 's looks in the clip . An alternative music video , which shows Ealy 's character being chased by police through a forest at night , was posted on the Internet in May 2010 . The lyrics to " Halo " were changed for two of Beyoncé 's special live performances : in a tribute to Michael Jackson following his death , and in a tribute to the victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . The song has been covered by many artists , including Florence and the Machine , LP , Harper Blynn , Gary Lightbody , and Westlife . It was performed on the television show Glee , and was added to the international soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera India – A Love Story . = = Writing and production = = " Halo " was composed by Ryan Tedder , lead vocalist of OneRepublic , together with Evan " Kidd " Bogart and Beyoncé . In an interview for HitQuarters , Kidd narrated the events that led to writing the song . OneRepublic canceled their tour after Tedder had broken his Achilles tendon and had undergone surgery . The following day , the band sent Tedder to Los Angeles . There , he and Kidd were socializing when Tedder expressed his desire to write a song . Kidd was initially opposed to the idea because Tedder was supposed to be recuperating , but the pair went to Tedder 's studio . During the writing sessions , singer Ray LaMontagne was the primary inspiration for " Halo " . Kidd suggested they create a song in the style of LaMontagne 's " Shelter " for Beyoncé and her husband Jay @-@ Z , and proposed the title " Halo " after hearing Tedder play " angelic " chords . They wrote the song in three hours . According to Simon Cowell , owner of the music production company Syco Entertainment , Bogart and Tedder intended " Halo " for his client , singer Leona Lewis , who could not record the song because of her tight schedule . Cowell was upset that Beyoncé chose to record the song . David Balls , editor of the British media website Digital Spy , asked Tedder during an interview whether " Halo " had initially been written for Lewis . Tedder answered that he had only tentatively offered the track to Lewis , after Beyoncé waited a long time before recording it . He commented : There was this huge scandal that originally " Halo " was meant to go to Leona . That was never the case ... That song was written for Beyoncé . What happened was that Beyoncé waited long enough to record that song ... I thought this would be a brilliant first single for Leona , which it would have ... What I did was foolishly say to Leona 's camp , " I have it on hold for another A @-@ list artist and I 'm pretty sure they 'll take it , but if they don 't , I just want to know if you like it enough to consider it " . I sent it to them and they flipped on it . They loved it and instantly said they wanted to do it . I was like , " Wait , wait , wait , no , it 's not free yet ! " Tedder and Beyoncé produced " Halo " in 2008 at Los Angeles ' Manfield Studios , and at New York City 's Germano and Roc The Mic Studios . Tedder did the musical arrangements and played the instruments , while Christian Baker assisted in recording the music . Mark " Spike " Stent mixed the track with assistance from Matt Green , and Jim Caruana recorded Beyoncé 's vocals ; both these tasks were done at Roc the Mic Studios . " Halo " is present on the I Am ... disc of the double album I Am ... Sasha Fierce , as it is a ballad that shows Beyoncé 's insecurities about love , and the person she is " underneath all the makeup , underneath the lights and underneath all the exciting star drama " . Beyoncé has said that she loves singing ballads because , " ... the music and the emotion in the story is told [ sic ] so much better . It 's a better connection because you can hear it and it 's not all these other distractions . I really wanted people to hear my voice and hear what I had to say . " = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = " Halo " is a downtempo contemporary R & B power ballad that features a pop production . It has elements of gospel and soul music . Instrumentation is provided by a piano , a keyboard , big drums , a synthesizer , strings , and percussion instruments . The cascading piano work is accompanied by percussive beats that alternate between handclaps and foot stomps . " Halo " was composed using common time in the key of A major , with a tempo of 80 beats per minute . It is built on the chord progression A – Bm – F ♯ m – D , and is written in the common verse – chorus form . Beyoncé 's vocals span from C ♯ 3 to the falsetto note of F ♯ 5 , incorporate melisma , and are supported by backing vocals . She ornaments her singing with vibrato yelps and trills — rapid alternations between two adjacent notes , usually a semitone or tone apart . The arrangement also consists of symphonic crescendos and electronic accents . In " Halo " , Beyoncé professes her all @-@ encompassing love to her heavenly lover with open @-@ hearted emotion . She said , " [ ' Halo ' ] is angelic ... like you see [ angels ' ] faces instantly when you hear it . [ Its lyrics ] are basically saying that I had these walls built up about love ; you completely tore them down and when I look at you I see your halo , it 's really beautiful . " Backed by a piano , claps and step stomps that set a spiritualized atmosphere , Beyoncé opens the song with the lines : " Remember those walls I built ? Well , baby , they 're tumbling down " . She sings the introduction in a low register , and the power of her voice gradually increases as the song progresses . In the pre @-@ chorus , she chants , " Everywhere I 'm looking now , I 'm surrounded by your embrace , baby I can see your halo , you know you 're my saving grace , you 're everything I need and more , it 's written all over your face " . Beyoncé then echoes the word " halo " in the chorus ; the third and final one is preceded by a 1980s drum breakdown , and is complemented by sweeping strings and percussion . = = Release = = " Halo " and " Ego " were initially planned for simultaneous release in the US , following the 2008 dual lead singles " If I Were a Boy " and " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " . But the release of " Ego " was canceled and replaced with " Diva " . " Halo " was taken from a different disc of I Am ... Sasha Fierce to " Diva " ; the intention was to demonstrate the concept that Beyoncé has conflicting personalities — the central theme of the album . The motif was demonstrated by placing the album 's ballads and uptempo tracks on separate discs . " Halo " was sent by Music World Entertainment and Columbia Records to contemporary hit radio playlists on January 20 , 2009 , while " Diva " was classified for rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radio playlists . A digital extended play ( EP ) containing a radio edit and four remixes of " Halo " was later released on April 14 , 2009 . On February 20 , 2009 , " Halo " was released as a two @-@ track digital download , including a remix of " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " in Australia , New Zealand , and Canada — where the song was also made available on a digital EP , as a maxi single and a vinyl single on April 14 , 2009 . In France , it was released as a stand @-@ alone digital download on March 20 , 2009 . On the same date , " Halo " was serviced digitally alongside the album version of " Diva " in mainland Europe , including Germany , where it was also made available as a CD single on April 3 and a vinyl single on April 12 , 2009 . In the United Kingdom , a digital EP containing the album version and three remixes of " Halo " was released on April 13 , 2009 . = = Kelly Clarkson accusation = = Soon after composing " Halo " , Tedder worked with Kelly Clarkson on her fourth studio album , All I Ever Wanted ( 2009 ) , for which they wrote " Already Gone " together . When the song came out , critics noted a resemblance to Beyoncé 's " Halo " . Clarkson , however , initially stated that she was unaware of any similarities between the two songs . She eventually realized their resemblance when she listened to both recordings closely ; the similarities are most notable in the backing tracks , which in both cases feature a melancholy piano , loud drums , and handclaps . Clarkson tried to prevent " Already Gone " from being included on All I Ever Wanted , but the decision was out of her hands , as her album was already being printed when I Am ... Sasha Fierce came out . She accused Tedder of using the same arrangement on both " Already Gone " and " Halo " , and complained that people would , incorrectly , assume she was stealing it from Beyoncé . Clarkson was furious , and confronted Tedder on the phone . In response , Tedder commented that he would never give two artists the same musical arrangement , and that her criticism was " hurtful and absurd " . He asserted that the concept , melodies , and lyrics of " Already Gone " and " Halo " are completely different . Calling " Already Gone " one of the best songs he had ever composed , Tedder challenged people to " listen [ to the two ballads ] and form their own opinions " . Clarkson discouraged her label , RCA , from releasing " Already Gone " as a single because she respected Beyoncé , but they went against her will and released it . She said , " It 's one of those things I have no control over . I already made my album . At this point , the record company can do whatever they want with it . " Clarkson later told James Montgomery of MTV News that it was unfortunate " Already Gone " and " Halo " sound so similar , but noted that at least they have different vocal melodies . = = Critical reception = = = = = Reviews = = = Upon its release , " Halo " received acclaim from music critics who praised Beyoncé 's vocal performance . Christian Williams of Billboard magazine wrote that the pop sound of " Halo " should take it to the top of the charts . He added that comparisons could be made to Lewis ' " Bleeding Love " ( 2007 ) , but concluded that " Halo " " hangs high on its own merits " . Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly described " Halo " as " an absolutely glorious and perfectly produced track " , which had the potential to be as commercially successful as " Crazy in Love " ( 2003 ) and " Irreplaceable " ( 2007 ) . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle wrote that it was an immediate standout on I Am ... Sasha Fierce . Praising the " big and wide " melodies of " Halo " , Matos Michaelangelo of The A.V. Club commented that Beyoncé has " a real flair for grandeur " . Jennifer Cady of E ! Online wrote that the song could be included on a romantic mixtape , and James Montgomery of MTV News noted that the " tear @-@ jerking power " of " Halo " reveals " sides of Beyoncé we never knew existed " . Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media wrote that Beyoncé 's vocal delivery was " strident and exposed " , reminiscent of Céline Dion 's style . In spite of what he called the " garden @-@ variety lyrics " of the ballad , James Reed of The Boston Globe wrote that " Halo " was " the most evocative power ballad " recorded by Beyoncé , comparing it to the work done by American record producer and songwriter Phil Spector on his Wall of Sound mixing board . Critics have highlighted the similarities of " Halo " to Rihanna 's " Umbrella " ( 2007 ) ; Alexis Petridis of The Guardian noted that " Halo " has the same " icy synths , drivetime rock dynamic , and a similar repetitive chorus " . This view was echoed by Jennifer Vineyard of MTV News and Brent DiCrescenzo of Timeout , who viewed " Halo " as a " Bette Midler – level hymn from [ ' Umbrella ' ] , lift [ ing its ] savior theme " . Nick Levine of Digital Spy described " Halo " as a " muscular hybrid " of " Umbrella " and Lewis ' " Bleeding Love " . David Balls of the same website wrote , " Halo ' is a contemporary power ballad in the ' Bleeding Love ' mould ... Could Lewis have pulled this off better ? Well , that 's a matter of opinion of course , but Mrs. Jay @-@ Z doesn 't leave much room for improvement . " = = = Awards and recognition = = = " Halo " was nominated for Best Single at the 2009 Urban Music Awards , and for Best Love Song at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards . It won Best Song at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2009 . The ballad was placed at number seven of Rap @-@ Up 's list of the 25 best songs of 2009 . " Halo " was nominated at the 52nd Grammy Awards , in the categories of Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , winning the latter . It also won Best Foreign Song at the 2010 Croatian Porin Awards . The live version of " Halo " , featured on I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas ( 2009 ) , was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized " Halo " as one of the most performed songs of 2009 at the 27th ASCAP Pop Music Awards . On the occasion of Beyoncé 's thirtieth birthday , Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine placed the ballad at number 18 on their list of Beyoncé 's 30 biggest Billboard hits . On The Village Voice ' year @-@ end Pazz & Jop singles list , " Halo " was ranked at numbers 443 and 114 in 2008 and 2009 respectively . In 2013 , John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E ! Online placed the song at number three on their list of ten best Beyoncé 's songs writing that other power ballads " don 't come more powerful than this one , which finds Beyoncé belting alongside what sounds to be every instrument in the entire world ( including a dope one @-@ second drum solo ) " . = = Chart performance = = " Halo " debuted at number 93 in the US Billboard Hot 100 chart issue dated February 7 , 2009 . It peaked at number 5 in the chart issue dated May 23 , 2009 . " Halo " ' s US success helped Beyoncé achieve more top 10 singles on the Hot 100 chart than any other female artist during 2001 – 10 . After spending 30 weeks in the top 40 of the Hot 100 chart , " Halo " last charted on the week ending August 29 , 2009 . It peaked at number 5 on the US Pop Songs chart , at number 1 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart , and at number 16 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . On January 5 , 2010 , the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the single double @-@ platinum , denoting sales of two million copies . As of October 2012 , " Halo " had sold 3 @,@ 123 @,@ 000 digital copies in the US . " Halo " debuted at number 40 on the New Zealand Singles Chart on February 2 , 2009 , and attained a high point of number 2 three weeks later . The song spent 33 non @-@ consecutive weeks on the chart , and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , representing sales of 15 @,@ 000 copies . On February 15 , 2009 , it entered the ARIA Singles Chart at number 29 . The ballad peaked at number 3 for four non @-@ consecutive weeks , and spent a total of 36 weeks in the top 50 . The Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) certified " Halo " five @-@ times platinum for selling 350 @,@ 000 copies . On the Spanish Singles Chart , " Halo " debuted at number 45 on January 25 , 2009 , but it fell off the chart the following week . However , the song re @-@ entered the chart four months later on May 3 , 2009 , at number 44 , and reached a high point of number 5 on October 11 , 2009 . It was certified double @-@ platinum by the Productores de Música de España ( PROMUSICAE ) , indicating sales of 80 @,@ 000 copies . " Halo " entered the UK Singles Chart at number 98 for the week ending February 21 , 2009 ; over a period of seven weeks , it climbed to number 4 on March 29 , 2009 ( for the week ending April 4 , 2009 ) . It spent almost one year in the top 100 of UK Singles Chart ; 44 non @-@ consecutive weeks after its debut , it was at number 94 on March 4 , 2012 , before dropping out the following week . " Halo " was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting sales of 600 @,@ 000 copies . As of October 2014 , it has sold 690 @,@ 000 copies in the UK and is her fourth biggest selling single there . It debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number 32 on January 22 , 2009 , and peaked at number 4 for three consecutive weeks . " Halo " topped the Brasil Billboard Hot 100 chart for more than 20 consecutive weeks in 2009 . It emerged as the most listened to song on radio in Brazil during the same period as it registered 24 @,@ 734 plays on radio stations throughout the country . " Halo " was also the most downloaded song in Brazil from November 2009 to November 2010 , as highlighted by the first edition of the Brazilian Digital Music Awards selling 1 @,@ 726 @,@ 398 copies bringing its total to more than 2 @.@ 5 million by November 2010 . = = Music videos = = The accompanying music videos for " Halo " and " Diva " premiered simultaneously on the US iTunes Store on December 23 , 2008 . Shot in late November 2008 in a SoHo townhouse owned by Beyoncé , the video was directed by Philip Andelman and features actor Michael Ealy as Beyoncé 's love interest . Ealy was happy to work with Beyoncé , as he had loved the song immediately after hearing it . This was the second time he was asked to star in a video for a song by Beyoncé ; the first was " Irreplaceable " , which he had refused because he did not appreciate its theme and concept . He had advised Beyoncé : " Call me when you have a hero role . " The video , which Beyoncé has considered intimate and romantic , begins as she stands against a wall , illuminated by light that passes through a window . In one scene , Beyoncé 's character , dressed in a skin @-@ tight leotard , performs a dance sequence while her love interest looks down at her from a balcony . According to Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly , the dance routines pay homage to the 1983 romantic drama film Flashdance . Beyoncé and Ealy later stare adoringly at each other as they snuggle on a sofa . During the climax of the video , Beyoncé is shown underwater , dressed in white , moving slowly upwards . As the chorus begins , she opens her eyes ; after Ealy kisses the back of her neck , the pair come face to face in the final scene , in which Beyoncé lies in bed , with Ealy above her . Jennifer Cady of E ! Online wrote that the bright shiny lights in the video " make [ Beyoncé ] look like an angel " . Alison Maloney of The Sun praised Beyoncé 's " amazing figure " . The video was ranked at number 74 on BET 's Notarized : Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown . An alternative video surfaced online in late May 2010 , explaining why Beyoncé 's character was remembering her love interest in the original version . It begins with a view of the night sky and many trees , as Beyoncé drives a car and Ealy 's character is chased by the police through a forest . As the video progresses , she parks her car on the side of the road and scenes from the original version are shown . Police dogs eventually catch Ealy 's character and attack him savagely . An open bag reveals stolen money , which is dispersed by the wind . At the end of the video , in the forest , Beyoncé finds Ealy lying lifelessly on the ground . = = Live performances = = Beyoncé 's first live performance of " Halo " was at the NAACP Awards on February 12 , 2009 . Wearing a white gown , she sang the ballad while archival footage from the Civil Rights movement was shown on many screens in the background . Brennan Williams of Entertainment Newswire wrote that Beyoncé 's " breathtaking performance " showed why she received the 2009 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist . She also sang " Halo " on the Late Show with David Letterman on April 22 , 2009 , and on The Today Show the following day . The song was later added to the set list of her I Am ... Tour in 2009 – 10 , when it was performed during the concert 's encore . After Beyoncé finished her " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " performance , she sang " Halo " . She initially sang the ballad on stage before descending to shake hands with everybody in the front rows . Deborah McAleese and Lauren Mulvenny of The Belfast Telegraph commented that the ballad " was sung with great passion " . It was included on her CD / DVD live albums I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas and I Am ... World Tour ( 2010 ) . Beyoncé performed " Halo " live , as the closing song at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival , in front of an audience of more than 175 @,@ 000 . During the ITV special A Night With Beyoncé , which aired on December 4 , 2011 in the UK , she sang the ballad to a selected crowd of fans . On June 25 , 2009 , American entertainer Michael Jackson died while Beyoncé was touring . His death led her to perform tributes to Jackson at tour venues , including Atlanta , Georgia on July 1 , 2009 ; and New Orleans , Louisiana on July 3 , 2009 . During the tribute , an image of Jackson was shown on the main screen . As Beyoncé sang an emotional rendition of " Halo " , she changed the lyrics to " Michael I can see your Halo / I pray your music won 't fade away " . On January 12 , 2010 , Haiti was struck by an earthquake . A charity telethon called Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief took place on January 22 , 2010 , in which many artists , including Beyoncé , participated . She performed an acoustic version of " Halo " with Coldplay 's lead vocalist Chris Martin playing the piano . To make the song match the night 's purpose , Beyoncé weaved " Haiti " into its lyrics , singing " Haiti , we can see your halo / You know you 're my saving grace / You 're everything I need and more , it 's written all over your face / Haiti , we can see your halo / I pray you won 't fade away " . This version was included on the 2010 live album Hope for Haiti Now . Beyoncé performed a tribute to Whitney Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in May , 2012 , in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort following her death earlier that year . Wearing a red dress , Beyoncé began the performance of " Halo " singing the first verse of Houston 's " I Will Always Love You " . Maura Johnston of The Village Voice praised the performance noting that the song was " given an explosive coda " which showed how " the most basically structured song by one of pop 's most template @-@ hewing songwriters ... could be turned into something glorious with the right singer . " While reviewing the revue , Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly wrote that " the most attention @-@ grabbing moments of the night ... came when she dipped into other artists ' catalogs " . Ben Ratliff of The New York Times mentioned the song in the " almost continuous high point " of the concert . On February 3 , 2013 , Beyoncé performed the song during the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show . " Halo " was added to the set list of her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour ( 2013 – 14 ) where it was preceded by a short a cappella performance of " I Will Always Love You " . In 2014 , during the On the Run Tour , Beyoncé 's co @-@ headlining venture with Jay @-@ Z , the song was performed during the end of the concert along with " Young Forever " . Throughout the performance , home videos of the pair and their daughter Blue Ivy were shown on the screen on the stage . A live rendition during a stop in Paris was broadcast on September 20 , 2014 on HBO during a documentary special chronicling the tour . The following day , a seven @-@ minute video of the medley was released on Beyoncé 's official YouTube channel . = = Cover versions and usage in media = = In 2009 , " Halo " was covered by Florence and the Machine on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . Elementary school group PS22 chorus covered " Halo " and " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " during the 2009 Billboard Women in Music luncheon held at The Pierre in New York City . At the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards , American singer Katy Perry performed a mash @-@ up of " Halo " and the other Best Song nominees . American singer Mike Posner also covered the ballad with different lyrics , and placed it on his 2009 album A Matter of Time . According to an MTV writer , Posner 's rendition was " a refreshing take on the original " . David Sides also made a piano cover of the song and released it on his album The Collection , Vol . 3 . " Halo " is featured on the British compilation album Now ! 73 . The song was blended with " How to Break a Heart " by the Irish boy band Westlife , on their 2010 Where We Are Tour . On February 5 , 2012 , the team on the Australian talent show , Young Talent Time , sang " Halo " as the closing song of that night . On April 17 , 2013 , Angie Miller , a contestant on the 12th season of American Idol covered the song during an episode of the show . Melissa Locker of Rolling Stone magazine commented that she was " at her best " and " managed to tap into that power sans piano " . On May 20 , 2014 , Soli Tesema covered " Halo " during the blind auditions round of the third series of The Voice Australia . " Halo " has been covered by other musicians , including Ailee , ceo ( Eric Berglund ) and Harper Blynn . Marc Hogan of Pitchfork Media has written that no cover has been " quite as inspired or as perversely logical " as the one by ceo . Built essentially on bumpy beats , this version makes use of an acoustic guitar , 1980s @-@ era stylized electric guitar , strings , and horns , and ends with a rapped outro . A dancehall cover of " Halo " by Major Lazer , with lead vocals by Elephant Man , was posted on the former 's Twitter account the night after Beyoncé won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2011 Grammy Awards . Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly commented that their version " stays fairly close to the original , except with Elephant Man growling instead of Beyoncé belting the verses " . In 2012 , Swedish singer Robin Stjernberg , member of the boy band What 's Up ! , covered the song and included it on his solo debut album My Versions . In 2013 , " Halo " was covered by the Icelandic band Hjaltalín , with their version of " Halo " appearing as the B @-@ side of their single " Crack in a Stone " . A gospel @-@ style version of the song was recorded by Jahméne Douglas and was released on his album Love Never Fails ( 2013 ) . Indian singer Sunidhi Chauhan covered " Halo " during a concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London in late September 2013 . A writer of The Times of India included the performance of the song as one of the highlights of the concert . Mark Vincent covered the song on his 2013 album The Quartet Sessions . " Halo " was blended with Katrina and the Waves ' 1985 song " Walking on Sunshine " , in the " Vitamin D " episode of the Fox Broadcasting Company television show Glee . Released as a single , this version peaked at number 4 on the Irish Singles Chart , number 8 on the UK Official Download Chart , number 9 on the UK Singles Chart , number 10 on the ARIA Singles Chart , number 28 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart , and number 40 on the Hot 100 chart . It was certified gold by ARIA , denoting shipment of 35 @,@ 000 copies . The mash @-@ up was included on the set list of the group 's debut concert Glee Live ! In Concert ! ( 2010 – 11 ) . " Halo " was included on the international soundtrack of India – A Love Story , an Emmy @-@ winning Brazilian soap opera . In 2013 Ane Brun , accompanied by Linnea Olsson on cello and backing vocals , released a personal and stripped @-@ down version of " Halo " on her album Rarities . This cover is included on the soundtrack of the 2014 movie If I Stay . In 2015 , Gary Lightbody covered the song for the movie Cake starring Jennifer Aniston . On November 9 , 2015 , Jordan Smith covered the song choice pick selection in the live playoffs of The Voice ( U.S. season 9 ) . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Action of 20 October 1793 = The Action of 20 October 1793 was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars fought off Cape Barfleur on the French coast of the English Channel . The early months of the war , which had begun in February , had seen a number of French frigates raiding British merchant shipping in the Channel , and HMS Crescent under Captain James Saumarez was deployed to watch the port of Cherbourg with the aim of disrupting the operations of the French frigates Réunion and Sémillante that were based in the harbour . On 20 October , Saumarez was waiting off Cape Barfleur for French movement when his lookout sighted Réunion and the cutter Espérance approaching from open water . Saumarez immediately moved to engage the French ship and managed to isolate the frigate and subject it to a fierce barrage of fire for more than two hours . Captain François A. Dénian on Réunion responded , but aside from inflicting minor damage to Saumarez 's rigging achieved little while his own vessel was heavily battered , suffering severe damage to rigging masts and hull and more than 80 and possibly as many as 120 casualties . British losses were confined to a single man wounded by an accident aboard Crescent . Eventually Dénian could not hold out any longer and was forced to surrender on the arrival of the 28 @-@ gun British frigate HMS Circe . Réunion was later repaired and commissioned into the Royal Navy , while Saumarez was knighted for his success . = = Background = = At the outbreak of war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the French Republic in the early spring of 1793 , the French Revolutionary Wars were already a year old . The French Navy was already suffering from the upheavals of the French Revolution and the consequent dissolution of the professional officer class , while the Royal Navy had been at a state of readiness since the summer of 1792 . During the early months of the war the French Navy focused heavily on raiding and disrupting British commerce and deployed frigates on raiding operations against British commercial shipping . In the English Channel , two of the most successful raiders were the frigates Réunion and Sémillante , based in Cherbourg on the Cotentin Peninsula . These frigates would make short cruises , leaving Cherbourg in the early evening and returning in the morning with any prizes they had encountered during the night . To counter the depredations from Cherbourg , the Admiralty despatched a number of warships to blockade the French coast , including the 36 @-@ gun frigate HMS Crescent under Captain James Saumarez , which was sent from Portsmouth to the Channel Islands before operating off the Cotentin . On 19 October , Saumarez learned of the French routine and took up a station close inshore near Cape Barfleur , a rocky headland on the eastern extremity of the Cotentin Peninsula which the Cherbourg raiders passed whenever leaving or entering port . At dawn on 20 October lookouts on Crescent reported two sails approaching the land from the Channel , one significantly larger than the other . Saumarez immediately ordered his ship to edge into the wind towards the strange vessels and rapidly came up on the port side of the new arrivals , with the wind behind him allowing freedom of movement . = = Battle = = The two ships encountered by Crescent were the 38 @-@ gun frigate Réunion and a 14 @-@ gun cutter named Espérance , returning from a raiding cruise in the Channel under the command of Captain François A. Dénian ( in some sources Déniau ) . Réunion was a substantially larger ship than Crescent , weighing 951 long tons ( 966 t ) to the British ship 's 888 long tons ( 902 t ) and carrying 300 men to Crescent 's 257 . However these advantages were countered by the slight advantage Saumarez held in weight of shot , which measured 315 pounds ( 143 kg ) to 310 pounds ( 141 kg ) in favour of the British vessel . Crescent was also faster than Réunion , having only recently completed a dockyard refit . Firing broke out between the frigates at 10 : 30 , while the cutter steered away from the battle towards Cherbourg . One other ship was visible throughout the engagement , the 28 @-@ gun British frigate HMS Circe under Captain Joseph Sydney Yorke , which lay stranded approximately 9 nautical miles ( 17 km ) distant , unable to approach the battling ships due to calm winds separating Circe from the engagement . In the opening exchanges , both frigates suffered damage to their rigging and sails , Crescent losing the fore topmast and Réunion the fore yard and mizzen topmast . In an effort to break the deadlock , Saumarez suddenly swung his ship onto the opposite tack and , taking advantage of the damage to Dénian 's vessel that left it unable to effectively manoeuvre , managed to fire several raking broadsides into Réunion 's stern . The raking fire inflicted massive damage and casualties on the French ship , and although Dénian continued to resist for some time , his ship was no longer effectively able to respond once Saumarez had crossed his bow . Eventually , with Circe now rapidly approaching with a strengthening of the wind , Dénian accepted that he had no choice but to surrender his vessel after an engagement lasting two hours and ten minutes . The cutter , which had been ignored during the battle , successfully escaped to Cherbourg while the captain of Sémillante , anchored in the harbour , made a fruitless effort to reach the engagement , delayed by contrary wind and tides that prevented the frigate from sailing . = = Aftermath = = Both ships were damaged in the engagement , although Saumarez 's damage was almost entirely confined to his rigging : very few shots had actually struck his hull during the battle , and the only one that provoked notice passed across the deck without causing injury and struck a cannon on the opposite site , setting it off in the direction of a number of small gunboats that were approaching from the shore . Casualties on Crescent were equally light , with just one man injured ; he had been standing too close to his own cannon during the opening broadside and had been struck by the recoiling gun , suffering a broken leg . Damage and losses on the French ship were very severe , with the rigging in tatters , the hull and lower masts repeatedly struck and casualties that Saumarez initially estimated at more than 120 men killed or wounded , although French accounts give the lower figure of 33 killed and 48 wounded . Saumarez was widely praised for his conduct in only the second successful frigate action of the war after Edward Pellew 's capture of Cléopâtre four months earlier at the Action of 18 June 1793 . In reward , Saumarez was knighted by King George III and given a presentation plate by the City of London , although Saumarez later received a bill for £ 103 6s and 8d ( the equivalent of £ 10 @,@ 900 as of 2016 ) , from a Mr. Cooke for " the honour of a knighthood " . Saumarez refused to pay , telling Cooke to charge whomever had paid for Edward Pellew 's knighthood after his successful action . Saumarez later wrote to his brother that " I think it hard to pay so much for an honour which my services have been thought to deserve " . In recognition of his success , Saumarez was subsequently given command of a frigate squadron operating against the Normandy coast from the Channel Islands . In addition , the first lieutenant , George Parker , was promoted to commander and the two other lieutenants were also praised . Réunion was purchased for service with the Royal Navy after repairs had been completed , and became HMS Reunion , rated as a 36 @-@ gun frigate carrying 12 pounder cannon . Authorisation for the payment of prize money was published in the London Gazette on 4 February 1794 , amounting to £ 5 @,@ 239 ( the equivalent of £ 542 @,@ 800 as of 2016 ) divided between the men of Crescent and Circe . More than five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants from Crescent still living in 1847 . = Themistocles = Themistocles ( / θəˈmɪstəˌkliːz / ; Greek : Θεμιστοκλῆς [ tʰemistoklɛ ̂ ːs ] Themistoklẽs ; " Glory of the Law " ; c . 524 – 459 BC ) was an Athenian politician and general . He was one of a new breed of non @-@ aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy . As a politician , Themistocles was a populist , having the support of lower class Athenians , and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility . Elected archon in 493 BC , he convinced the polis to increase the naval power of Athens , a recurring theme in his political career . During the first Persian invasion of Greece , he fought at the Battle of Marathon , and was possibly one of the ten Athenian strategoi ( generals ) in that battle . In the years after Marathon , and in the run up to the second Persian invasion he became the most prominent politician in Athens . He continued to advocate a strong Athenian navy , and in 483 BC he persuaded the Athenians to build a fleet of 200 triremes ; these would prove crucial in the forthcoming conflict with Persia . During the second invasion , he was in effective command of the Greek allied navy at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis . Due to subterfuge on the part of Themistocles , the Allies lured the Persian fleet into the Straits of Salamis , and the decisive Greek victory there was the turning point in the invasion , which ended the following year by the defeat of the Persians at the land Battle of Plataea . After the conflict ended , Themistocles continued to be pre @-@ eminent among Athenian politicians . However , he aroused the hostility of Sparta by ordering Athens to be re @-@ fortified , and his perceived arrogance began to alienate him from the Athenians . In 472 or 471 BC , he was ostracised , and went into exile in Argos . The Spartans now saw an opportunity to destroy Themistocles , and implicated him in the treasonous plot of their own general Pausanias . Themistocles thus fled from Greece and was temporarily given sanctuary by Alexander I of Macedon at Pydna before traveling to Asia Minor , where he entered the service of the Persian king Artaxerxes I. He was made governor of Magnesia , and lived there for the rest of his life . Themistocles died in 459 BC , probably of natural causes . Themistocles 's reputation was posthumously rehabilitated , and he was re @-@ established as a hero of the Athenian ( and indeed Greek ) cause . Themistocles can still reasonably be thought of as " the man most instrumental in achieving the salvation of Greece " from the Persian threat , as Plutarch describes him . His naval policies would have a lasting impact on Athens as well , since maritime power became the cornerstone of the Athenian Empire and golden age . It was Thucydides 's judgement that Themistocles was " a man who exhibited the most indubitable signs of genius ; indeed , in this particular he has a claim on our admiration quite extraordinary and unparalleled " . = = Family = = Themistocles was born in Athens around 524 BC , the son of Neocles , who was , in the words of Plutarch " no very conspicuous man " . His mother is more obscure ; according to Plutarch , she was either a Thracian woman called Abrotonon , or Euterpe , a Carian from Halicarnassus . Like many contemporaries , little is known of his early years . Some authors report that he was unruly as a child and was consequently disowned by his father . Plutarch considers this to be false . Plutarch indicates that , on account of his mother 's background , Themistocles was considered something of an outsider ; furthermore the family appear to have lived in an immigrant district of Athens , Cynosarges , outside the city walls . However , in an early example of his cunning , Themistocles persuaded " well @-@ born " children to exercise with him in Cynosarges , thus breaking down the distinction between " alien and legitimate " . Plutarch further reports that Themistocles was preoccupied , even as a child , with preparing for public life . His teacher is said to have told him : " My boy , you will be nothing insignificant , but definitely something great , either for good or evil . " Themistocles left three sons by Archippe , daughter to Lysander of Alopece , — Archeptolis , Polyeuctus , and Cleophantus . Plato the philosopher mentions Cleophantus as a most excellent horseman , but otherwise insignificant person . And Themistocles had two sons older than these three , Neocles and Diocles . Neocles died when he was young by the bite of a horse , and Diocles was adopted by his grandfather , Lysander . Themistocles had many daughters , of whom Mnesiptolema , whom he had by a second marriage , was wife to Archeptolis , her brother by another mother , and became priestess of Cybele ; Italia was married to Panthoides , of the island of Chios ; Sybaris to Nicomedes the Athenian . After the death of Themistocles , his nephew , Phrasicles , went to Magnesia , and married , with her brothers ' consent , another daughter , Nicomache , and took charge of her sister Asia , the youngest of all ten children . = = Political and military career = = = = = Background = = = Themistocles grew up in a period of upheaval in Athens . The tyrant Peisistratos had died in 527 BC , passing power to his sons , Hipparchus and Hippias . Hipparchus was murdered in 514 BC , and in response to this , Hippias became paranoid and started to rely increasingly on foreign mercenaries to keep a hold on power . The head of the powerful , but exiled ( according to Herodotus only — the fragmentary Archon List for 525 / 4 shows a Cleisthenes , an Alcmaeonid , holding office in Athens during this period ) Alcmaeonid family , Cleisthenes , began to scheme to overthrow Hippias and return to Athens . In 510 BC , he persuaded the Spartan king Cleomenes I to launch an attack on Athens , which succeeded in overthrowing Hippias . However , in the aftermath , the other noble ( ' eupatrid ' ) families of Athens rejected Cleisthenes , electing Isagoras as archon , with the support of Cleomenes . On a personal level , Cleisthenes wanted to return to Athens ; however , he also probably wanted to prevent Athens becoming a Spartan client state . Outmaneuvering the other nobles , he proposed to the Athenian people a radical program in which political power would be invested in the people — a " democracy " . The Athenian people thus overthrew Isagoras , repelled a Spartan attack under Cleomenes , and invited Cleisthenes to return to Athens , to put his plan into action . The establishment of the democracy was to radically change Athens : " And so it was that the Athenians found themselves suddenly a great power ... they gave vivid proof of what equality and freedom of speech might achieve " = = = Early years of the democracy = = = The new system of government in Athens opened up a wealth of opportunity for men like Themistocles , who previously would have had no access to power . Moreover , the new institutions of the democracy required skills that had previously been unimportant in government . Themistocles was to prove himself a master of the new system ; " he could infight , he could network , he could spin ... and crucially , he knew how to make himself visible . " Themistocles moved to the Ceramicus , a down @-@ market part of Athens . This move marked him out as a ' man of the people ' , and allowed him to interact more easily with ordinary citizens . He began building up a support base among these newly empowered citizens : " he wooed the poor ; and they , not used to being courted , duly loved him back . Touring the taverns , the markets , the docks , canvassing where no politician had thought to canvas before , making sure never to forget a single voter 's name , Themistocles had set his eyes on a radical new constituency " However , he took care to ensure that he did not alienate the nobility of Athens . He began to practice law , the first person in Athens to prepare for public life in this way . His ability as attorney and arbitrator , used in the service of the common people , gained him further popularity . = = = Archonship = = = Themistocles probably turned 30 in 494 BC , which qualified him to become an archon , the highest of the magistracies in Athens . On the back of his popularity , he evidently decided to run for this office and was elected Archon Eponymous , the highest government office in the following year ( 493 BC ) . Themistocles 's archonship saw the beginnings of a major theme in his career ; the advancement of Athenian sea @-@ power . Under his guidance , the Athenians began the building of a new port at Piraeus , to replace the existing facilities at Phalerum . Although further away from Athens , Piraeus offered three natural harbours , and could be easily fortified . Since Athens was to become an essentially maritime power during the 5th century BC , Themistocles 's policies were to have huge significance for the future of Athens , and indeed Greece . In advancing naval power , Themistocles was probably advocating a course of action he thought essential for the long @-@ term prospects of Athens . However , as Plutarch implies , since naval power relied on the mass mobilisation of the common citizens ( thetes ) as rowers , such a policy put more power into the hands of average Athenians — and thus into Themistocles 's own hands . = = = Rivalry with Aristides = = = After Marathon , probably in 489 , Miltiades , the hero of the battle , was seriously wounded in an abortive attempt to capture Paros . Taking advantage of his incapacitation , the powerful Alcmaeonid family arranged for him to be prosecuted . The Athenian aristocracy , and indeed Greek aristocrats in general , were loath to see one person pre @-@ eminent , and such maneuvers were commonplace . Miltiades was given a massive fine for the crime of ' deceiving the Athenian people ' , but died weeks later as a result of his wound . In the wake of this prosecution , the Athenian people chose to use a new institution of the democracy , which had been part of Cleisthenes 's reforms , but remained so far unused . This was ' ostracism ' — each Athenian citizen was required to write on a shard of pottery ( ostrakon ) the name of a politician that they wished to see exiled for a period of ten years . This may have been triggered by Miltiades 's prosecution , and used by the Athenians to try and stop such power @-@ games among the noble families . Certainly , in the years ( 487 BC ) following , the heads of the prominent families , including the Alcmaeonids , were exiled . The career of a politician in Athens thus became fraught with more difficulty , since displeasing the population was likely to result in exile . Themistocles , with his power @-@ base firmly established among the poor , moved naturally to fill the vacuum left by Miltiades 's death , and in that decade became the most influential politician in Athens . However , the support of the nobility began to coalesce around the man who would become Themistocles 's great rival — Aristides . Aristides cast himself as Themistocles 's opposite — virtuous , honest and incorruptible — and his followers called him " the just " . Plutarch suggests that the rivalry between the two had begun when they competed over the love of a boy : " ... they were rivals for the affection of the beautiful Stesilaus of Ceos , and were passionate beyond all moderation . " During the decade , Themistocles continued to advocate the expansion of Athenian naval power . The Athenians were certainly aware throughout this period that the Persian interest in Greece had not ended ; Darius 's son and successor , Xerxes I , had continued the preparations for the invasion of Greece . Themistocles seems to have realised that for the Greeks to survive the coming onslaught required a Greek navy that could hope to face up to the Persian navy , and he therefore attempted to persuade the Athenians to build such a fleet . Aristides , as champion of the zeugites ( the upper , ' hoplite @-@ class ' ) vigorously opposed such a policy . In 483 BC , a massive new seam of silver was found in the Athenian mines at Laurium . Themistocles proposed that the silver should be used to build a new fleet of 200 triremes , while Aristides suggested it should instead be distributed among the Athenian citizens . Themistocles avoided mentioning Persia , deeming that it was too distant a threat for the Athenians to act on , and instead focused their attention on Aegina . At the time , Athens was embroiled in a long @-@ running war with the Aeginetans , and building a fleet would allow the Athenians to finally defeat them at sea . As a result , Themistocles 's motion was carried easily , although only 100 warships of the trireme type were to be built . Aristides refused to countenance this ; conversely Themistocles was not pleased that only 100 ships would be built . Tension between the two camps built over the winter , so that the ostracism of 482 BC became a direct contest between Themistocles and Aristides . In what has been characterized as the first referendum , Aristides was ostracised , and Themistocles 's policies were endorsed . Indeed , becoming aware of the Persian preparations for the coming invasion , the Athenians voted for the construction of more ships than Themistocles had initially asked for . In the run up to the Persian invasion , Themistocles had thus become the foremost politician in Athens . = = = Second Persian invasion of Greece = = = In 481 BC , a congress of Greek city @-@ states was held , during which 30 or so states agreed to ally themselves against the forthcoming invasion . The Spartans and Athenians were foremost in this alliance , being sworn enemies of the Persians . The Spartans claimed the command of land forces , and since the Greek ( hereafter referred to as " Allied " ) fleet would be dominated by Athens , Themistocles tried to claim command of the naval forces . However , the other naval powers , including Corinth and Aegina refused to give command to the Athenians , and Themistocles pragmatically backed down . Instead , as a compromise , the Spartans ( an insignificant naval power ) , in the person of Eurybiades were to command the naval forces . It is clear from Herodotus , however , that Themistocles would be the real leader of the fleet . The ' congress ' met again in the spring of 480 BC . A Thessalian delegation suggested that the allies could muster in the narrow Vale of Tempe , on the borders of Thessaly , and thereby block Xerxes 's advance . A force of 10 @,@ 000 hoplites was dispatched under the command of the Spartan polemarch Euenetus and Themistocles to the Vale of Tempe , which they believed the Persian army would have to pass through . However , once there , Alexander I of Macedon warned them that the vale could be bypassed by several other passes , and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelmingly large , and the Greeks retreated . Shortly afterwards , they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont . Themistocles now developed a second strategy . The route to southern Greece ( Boeotia , Attica and the Peloponnesus ) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the very narrow pass of Thermopylae . This could easily be blocked by the Greek hoplites , despite the overwhelming numbers of Persians ; furthermore , to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea , the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of Artemisium . However , after the Tempe debacle , it was uncertain whether the Spartans would be willing to march out from the Peloponnesus again . To persuade the Spartans to defend Attica , Themistocles had to show them that the Athenians were willing to do everything necessary for the success of the alliance . In short , the entire Athenian fleet must be dispatched to Artemisium . To do this , every able @-@ bodied Athenian male would be required to man the ships . This in turn meant that the Athenians must prepare to abandon Athens . Persuading the Athenians to take this course was undoubtedly one of the highlights of Themistocles 's career . As Holland has it : " What precise heights of oratory he attained , what stirring and memorable phrases he pronounced , we have no way of knowing ... only by the effect it had on the assembly can we gauge what surely must have been its electric and vivifying quality — for Themistocles ' audacious proposals , when put to the vote , were ratified . The Athenian people , facing the gravest moment of peril in their history , committed themselves once and for all to the alien element of the sea , and put their faith in a man whose ambitions many had long profoundly dreaded . " His proposals accepted , Themistocles issued orders for the women and children of Athens to be sent to the city of Troezen , safely inside the Peloponnesus . He was then able to travel to a meeting of the Allies , at which he proposed his strategy ; with the Athenian fleet fully committed to the defence of Greece , the other Allies accepted his proposals . = = = = Battle of Artemisium = = = = Thus , in August 480 BC , when the Persian army was approaching Thessaly , the Allied fleet sailed to Artemisium , and the Allied army marched to Thermopylae . Themistocles himself took command of the Athenian contingent of the fleet , and went to Artemisium . When the Persian fleet finally arrived at Artemisium after a significant delay , Eurybiades , who both Herodotus and Plutarch suggest was not the most inspiring commander , wished to sail away without fighting . At this point Themistocles accepted a large bribe from the local people for the fleet to remain at Artemisium , and used some of it to bribe Eurybiades to remain , while pocketing the rest . From this point on , Themistocles appears to have been more @-@ or @-@ less in charge of the Allied effort at Artemisium . Over three days of battle , the Allies held their own against the much larger Persian fleet , but sustained significant losses . However , the loss of the simultaneous Battle of Thermopylae to the Persians made their continued presence at Artemisium irrelevant , and the Allies thus evacuated . According to Herodotus , Themistocles left messages at every place where the Persian fleet might stop for drinking water , asking the Ionians in the Persian fleet to defect , or at least fight badly . Even if this did not work , Themistocles apparently intended that Xerxes would at least begin to suspect the Ionians , thereby sowing dissension in the Persian ranks . = = = = Battle of Salamis = = = = In the aftermath of Thermopylae , Boeotia fell to the Persians , who then began to advance on Athens . The Peloponnesian Allies prepared to now defend the Isthmus of Corinth , thus abandoning Athens to the Persians . From Artemisium , the Allied fleet sailed to the island of Salamis , where the Athenian ships helped with the final evacuation of Athens . The Peloponnesian contingents wanted to sail to the coast of the Isthmus to concentrate forces with the army . However , Themistocles tried to convince them to remain in the Straits of Salamis , invoking the lessons of Artemisium ; " battle in close conditions works to our advantage " . After threatening to sail with the whole Athenian people into exile in Sicily , he eventually persuaded the other Allies , whose security after all relied on the Athenian navy , to accept his plan . Therefore , even after Athens had fallen to the Persians , and the Persian navy had arrived off the coast of Salamis , the Allied navy remained in the Straits . Themistocles appears to have been aiming to fight a battle that would cripple the Persian navy , and thus guarantee the security of the Peloponnesus . To bring about this battle , Themistocles used a cunning mix of subterfuge and misinformation , psychologically exploiting Xerxes 's desire to finish the invasion . Xerxes 's actions indicate that he was keen to finish the conquest of Greece in 480 BC , and to do this , he needed a decisive victory over the Allied fleet . Themistocles sent a servant , Sicinnus , to Xerxes , with a message proclaiming that Themistocles was " on king 's side and prefers that your affairs prevail , not the Hellenes " . Themistocles claimed that the Allied commanders were infighting , that the Peloponnesians were planning to evacuate that very night , and that to gain victory all the Persians needed to do was to block the straits . In performing this subterfuge , Themistocles seems to have been trying to lure the Persian fleet into the Straits . The message also had a secondary purpose , namely that in the event of an Allied defeat , the Athenians would probably receive some degree of mercy from Xerxes ( having indicated their readiness to submit ) . At any rate , this was exactly the kind of news that Xerxes wanted to hear . Xerxes evidently took the bait , and the Persian fleet was sent out to effect the block . Perhaps overconfident and expecting no resistance , the Persian navy sailed into the Straits , only to find that , far from disintegrating , the Allied navy was ready for battle . According to Herodotus , after the Persian navy began its maneuvers , Aristides arrived at the Allied camp from Aegina . Aristides had been recalled from exile along with the other ostracised Athenians on the order of Themistocles , so that Athens might be united against the Persians . Aristides told Themistocles that the Persian fleet had encircled the Allies , which greatly pleased Themistocles , as he now knew that the Persians had walked into his trap . The Allied commanders seem to have taken this news rather uncomplainingly , and Holland therefore suggests that they were party to Themistocles 's ruse all along . Either way , the Allies prepared for battle , and Themistocles delivered a speech to the marines before they embarked on the ships . In the ensuing battle , the cramped conditions in the Straits hindered the much larger Persian navy , which became disarrayed , and the Allies took advantage to win a famous victory . Salamis was the turning point in the second Persian invasion , and indeed the Greco @-@ Persian Wars in general . While the battle did not end the Persian invasion , it effectively ensured that all Greece would not be conquered , and allowed the Allies to go on the offensive in 479 BC . A number of historians believe that Salamis is one of the most significant battles in human history . Since Themistocles ' long @-@ standing advocacy of Athenian naval power enabled the Allied fleet to fight , and his stratagem brought about the Battle of Salamis , it is probably not an exaggeration to say , as Plutarch does , that Themistocles , " ... is thought to have been the man most instrumental in achieving the salvation of Hellas . " = = = = Autumn / Winter 480 / 479 BC = = = = The Allied victory at Salamis ended the immediate threat to Greece , and Xerxes now returned to Asia with part of the army , leaving his general Mardonius to attempt to complete the conquest . Mardonius wintered in Boeotia and Thessaly , and the Athenians were thus able to return to their city , which had been burnt and razed by the Persians , for the winter . For the Athenians , and Themistocles personally , the winter would be a testing one . The Peloponnesians refused to countenance marching north of the Isthmus to fight the Persian army ; the Athenians tried to shame them into doing so , with no success . During the winter , the Allies held a meeting at Corinth to celebrate their success , and award prizes for achievement . However , perhaps tired of the Athenians pointing out their role at Salamis , and of their demands for the Allies to march north , the Allies awarded the prize for civic achievement to Aegina . Furthermore , although the admirals all voted for Themistocles in second place , they all voted for themselves in first place , so that no @-@ one won the prize for individual achievement . In response , realising the importance of the Athenian fleet to their security , and probably seeking to massage Themistocles 's ego , the Spartans brought Themistocles to Sparta . There , he was awarded a special prize " for his wisdom and cleverness " , and won high praise from all . Furthermore , Plutarch reports that at the next Olympic Games : " [ when ] Themistocles entered the stadium , the audience neglected the contestants all day long to gaze on him , and pointed him out with admiring applause to visiting strangers , so that he too was delighted , and confessed to his friends that he was now reaping in full measure the harvest of his toils in behalf of Hellas . " After returning to Athens in the winter , Plutarch reports that Themistocles made a proposal to the city while the Greek fleet was wintering at Pagasae : " Themistocles once declared to the people [ of Athens ] that he had devised a certain measure which could not be revealed to them , though it would be helpful and salutary for the city , and they ordered that Aristides alone should hear what it was and pass judgment on it . So Themistocles told Aristides that his purpose was to burn the naval station of the confederate Hellenes , for that in this way the Athenians would be greatest , and lords of all . Then Aristides came before the people and said of the deed which Themistocles purposed to do , that none other could be more advantageous , and none more unjust . On hearing this , the Athenians ordained that Themistocles cease from his purpose . " = = = = Spring / Summer 479 BC = = = = However , as happened to many prominent individuals in the Athenian democracy , Themistocles 's fellow citizens grew jealous of his success , and possibly tired of his boasting . It is probable that in early 479 BC , Themistocles was stripped of his command ; instead , Xanthippus was to command the Athenian fleet , and Aristides the land forces . Though Themistocles was no doubt politically and militarily active for the rest of the campaign , no mention of his activities in 479 BC is made in the ancient sources . In the summer of that year , after receiving an Athenian ultimatum , the Peloponnesians finally agreed to assemble an army and march to confront Mardonius , who had reoccupied Athens in June . At the decisive Battle of Plataea , the Allies destroyed the Persian army , while apparently on the same day , the Allied navy destroyed the remnants of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Mycale . These twin victories completed the Allied triumph , and ended the Persian threat to Greece . = = = Aftermath of the Persian invasion = = = Whatever the cause of Themistocles 's unpopularity in 479 BC , it obviously did not last long . Both Diodorus and Plutarch suggest he was quickly restored to the favour of the Athenians . Indeed , after 479 BC , he seems to have enjoyed a relatively long period of popularity . In the aftermath of the invasion , the Athenians began rebuilding their city under the guidance of Themistocles . They wished to restore the fortifications of Athens , but the Spartans objected on the grounds that no place north of the Isthmus should be left that the Persians could use as a fortress . Themistocles urged the citizens to build the fortifications as quickly as possible , then went to Sparta as an ambassador to answer the charges levelled by the Spartans . There , he assured them that no building work was on @-@ going , and urged them to send emissaries to Athens to see for themselves . By the time the ambassadors arrived , the Athenians had finished building , and then detained the Spartan ambassadors when they complained about the presence of the fortifications . By delaying in this manner , Themistocles gave the Athenians enough time to fortify the city , and thus ward off any Spartan attack aimed at preventing the re @-@ fortification of Athens . Furthermore , the Spartans were obliged to repatriate Themistocles in order to free their own ambassadors . However , this episode may be seen as the beginning of the Spartan mistrust of Themistocles , which would return to haunt him . Themistocles also now returned to his naval policy , and more ambitious undertakings that would increase the dominant position of his native state . He further extended and fortified the port complex at Piraeus , and " fastened the city [ Athens ] to the Piraeus , and the land to the sea " . Themistocles probably aimed to make Athens the dominant naval power in the Aegean . Indeed , Athens would create the Delian League in 478 BC , uniting the naval power of the Aegean Islands and Ionia under Athenian leadership . Themistocles introduced tax breaks for merchants and artisans , to attract both people and trade to the city to make Athens a great mercantile centre . He also instructed the Athenians to build 20 triremes per year , to ensure that their dominance in naval matters continued . Plutarch reports that Themistocles also secretly proposed to destroy the beached ships of the other Allied navies to ensure complete naval dominance — but was overruled by Aristides and the council of Athens . = = = Fall and exile = = = It seems clear that , towards the end of the decade , Themistocles had begun to accrue enemies , and had become arrogant ; moreover his fellow citizens had become jealous of his prestige and power . The Rhodian poet Timocreon was among his most eloquent enemies , composing slanderous drinking songs . Meanwhile , the Spartans actively worked against him , trying to promote Cimon ( son of Miltiades ) as a rival to Themistocles . Furthermore , after the treason and disgrace of the Spartan general Pausanias , the Spartans tried to implicate Themistocles in the plot ; he was , however , acquitted of these charges . In Athens itself , he lost favour by building a sanctuary of Artemis , with the epithet Aristoboulẽ ( " of good counsel " ) near his home , a blatant reference to his own role in delivering Greece from the Persian invasion . Eventually , in either 472 or 471 BC , he was ostracised . In itself , this did not mean that Themistocles had done anything wrong ; ostracism , in the words of Plutarch , " was not a penalty , but a way of pacifying and alleviating that jealousy which delights to humble the eminent , breathing out its malice into this disfranchisement . " Themistocles first went to live in exile in Argos . However , perceiving that they now had a prime opportunity to bring Themistocles down for good , the Spartans again levelled accusations of Themistocles 's complicity in Pausanias 's treason . They demanded that he be tried by the ' Congress of Greeks ' , rather than in Athens , although it seems that in the end he was actually summoned to Athens to stand trial . Perhaps realising he had little hope of surviving this trial , Themistocles fled , first to Kerkyra , and thence to Admetus , king of Molossia . Themistocles 's flight probably only served to convince his accusers of his guilt , and he was declared a traitor in Athens , his property to be confiscated . It should be noted that both Diodorus and Plutarch considered that the charges were false , and made solely for the purposes of destroying Themistocles . The Spartans sent ambassadors to Admetus , threatening that the whole of Greece would go to war with the Molossians unless they surrendered Themistocles . Admetus , however , allowed Themistocles to escape , giving him a large sum of gold to aid him on his way . Themistocles then fled from Greece , apparently never to return , thus effectively bringing his political career to an end . = = Later life and death = = From Molossia , Themistocles apparently fled to Pydna , from where he took a ship for Asia Minor . This ship was blown off course by a storm , and ended up at Naxos , which an Athenian fleet was in the process of besieging . Desperate to avoid identification , Themistocles pestered the captain of the ship to continue the journey immediately . According to Thucydides , who wrote within living memory of the events , the ship eventually landed safely at Ephesus , where Themistocles disembarked . Plutarch has the ship docking at Cyme in Aeolia , and Diodorus has Themistocles making his way to Asia in an undefined manner . Diodorus and Plutarch next recount a similar tale , namely that Themistocles stayed briefly with an acquaintance ( Lysitheides or Nicogenes ) who was also acquainted with the Persian king , Artaxerxes I. Since there was a bounty on Themistocles 's head , this acquaintance devised a plan to safely convey Themistocles to the Persian king in the type of covered wagon that the King 's concubines travelled in . All three chroniclers agree that Themistocles 's next move was to contact the Persian king ; in Thucydides , this is by letter , while Plutarch and Diodorus have a face @-@ to @-@ face meeting with the king . The spirit is , however , the same in all three : Themistocles introduces himself to the king and seeks to enter his service : " I , Themistocles , am come to you , who did your house more harm than any of the Hellenes , when I was compelled to defend myself against your father 's invasion — harm , however , far surpassed by the good that I did him during his retreat , which brought no danger for me but much for him . " ( Thucydides ) Thucydides and Plutarch say that Themistocles asked for a year 's grace to learn the Persian language and customs , after which he would serve the king	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
than 40 @,@ 000 copies had been sold across Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 2 . At the end of 2009 , the PlayStation Portable version was the 958th best selling game of the year in Japan , with 4 @,@ 325 copies sold . Reviewers at Famitsu commented on the user @-@ friendliness of the game system , with its quick save function and shortcuts , and said that the game has enough to pull the player in until the end . Neal Chandran at RPGFan said that the Infinity series had become more and more interesting with each game . He called the character designs " excellent " and distinct from those in previous games in the series ; he found it interesting that the character designs in previous games , which took place in " watery " settings , had brighter and less earthy colors , while Remember 11 , which takes place in the mountains , makes more use of earthy colors . Chandran also liked the game 's soundtrack , calling it Abo 's best work to date . He said that it is unmistakably the work of Abo , but improved over his previous soundtracks , and having " enough layers of experimentation to showcase musical growth " for it to not feel formulaic or like a rehash . He felt that the change in the series ' setting was also reflected in the music , with the music 's rhythm section being more noticeable and making the music feel more grounded , and with more use of " earthy sonic textures " compared to previous Infinity soundtracks ' " watery " ones . = 1920 Akron Pros season = The 1920 Akron Pros season was the franchise 's inaugural season with the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) and twelfth total season as a team . The Pros entered the season coming off a 5 – 5 record in 1919 as the Akron Indians in the Ohio League . The Indians were sold to Art Ranney and Frank Nied , two businessmen , to help achieve a better record and crowd . Several representatives from the Ohio League wanted to form a new professional league ; thus , the APFA was created . Returning to the team for the 1920 season would be most of last year 's team , including quarterback Fritz Pollard . The Pros also added end Bob Nash , who previously played for the Tigers , Al Garrett , and end Al Nesser of the famous Nesser brothers . They opened their regular season with a win over the Wheeling Stogies , en route to an 8 – 0 – 3 record . In week 11 , the Pros traded Bob Nash — the first trade in APFA history . A meeting was held by the APFA to determine a winner , and the Pros ' season concluded with the team winning the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup for finishing first place in the APFA . The Decatur Staleys and the Buffalo All @-@ Americans demanded the title because of the amount of wins each team had . Rip King and Fritz Pollard were named first @-@ team all APFA and Alf Cobb was named second @-@ team all APFA by the Rock Island Argus . The Pros only allowed 7 points all season , which was the lowest among all APFA teams . The 1920 Akron Pros are considered the first team in the history of the APFA to have an undefeated record . This changed with the 1972 rule change , however . In 2005 , Pollard became the only player from the 1920 Akron Pros to be elected into the Professional Football Hall of Fame . = = Offseason = = The Akron Pros , who were named the Akron Indians , finished 5 – 5 in their 1919 season in the Ohio League . The Indians lost money because of the constant poor performance ; the team did not win an Ohio League Championship since 1914 . The Indians was sold to Art Ranney and Frank Nied . The two changed the team name to the Akron Pros , as they hoped to achieve a better record and crowd . Representatives of four Ohio League teams — the Canton Bulldogs , the Cleveland Tigers , the Dayton Triangles , and Ranney and Reid for the Pros — called a meeting on August 20 , 1920 to discuss the formation of a new league . At the meeting , they tentatively agreed on a salary cap and pledged not to sign college players or players already under contract with other teams . They also agreed on a name for the circuit : the American Professional Football Conference . They then contacted other major professional teams and invited them to a meeting for September 17 . At that meeting , held at Bulldogs owner Ralph Hay 's Hupmobile showroom in Canton , representatives of the Rock Island Independents , the Muncie Flyers , the Decatur Staleys , the Racine Cardinals , the Massillon Tigers , the Chicago Cardinals , and the Hammond Pros agreed to join the league . Representatives of the Buffalo All @-@ Americans and Rochester Jeffersons could not attend the meeting , but sent letters to Hay asking to be included in the league . Team representatives changed the league 's name slightly to the American Professional Football Association and elected officers , installing Jim Thorpe as president . Under the new league structure , teams created their schedules dynamically as the season progressed , and representatives of each team voted to determine the winner of the APFA trophy . Ranney wrote all the information from these meetings on stationary and thus was promoted to secretary of the league . = = Regular season = = Returning to the team for the 1920 season would be most of last year 's team including quarterback and future Hall of Famer Fritz Pollard . The Pros also added end Bob Nash , who previously played for the Tigers , Al Garrett , and end Al Nesser of the famous Nesser brothers . The Pros played all their home games at League Park in Akron . The regular season schedule was not a fixed schedule but was created dynamically by each team as the season progressed . The first week of the season opened up on September 26 , but the Pros did not have a game scheduled that week , and their season is denoted as beginning in week 2 . The Pros played nine games against APFA teams and two against non @-@ APFA teams ; they played a total of six games at home . The two non @-@ APFA teams the Pros would play in week two and four when the Pros played against the Wheeling Stogies and the Cincinnati Celts , respectively . In week seven , a game was scheduled to play at home against the Detroit Heralds , but the game was cancelled due to rain . During the season , Pollard was treated with disrespect because of being African American . He stated , " The white players were trying to hurt me . " By the end of the season , Pollard would be one of the highest paid players in the APFA . The main reasons were because of his skin color as well as being a great player . = = Schedule = = The table below was compiled using the information from the Pro Football Archives and The Coffin Corner , both of which used contemporary newspapers . A dagger ( ) by a team means that team was not affiliated with the APFA . For the results column , the winning team 's score is posted first followed by the result for the Pros . The green @-@ colored rows indicates a win ; and the yellow @-@ colored rows indicate a tie . = = Game summaries = = = = = Week 2 : vs Wheeling Stogies = = = October 3 , 1920 at League Park The Pros made their AFPA debut against the Wheeling Stogies . Playing in front of 4 @,@ 000 fans , the Pros ' defense started the game off with a safety in the first quarter . Throughout the game , Nesser scored three touchdowns — two fumble recoveries and one blocked field goal . Pollard also scored two rushing touchdowns to help lead Akron to a 43 – 0 victory over the Stogies . Blocking back Harry Harris also contributed by adding one rushing touchdown in the fourth quarter . = = = Week 3 : vs Columbus Panhandles = = = October 10 , 1920 at League Park The Pros ' next game was against the Columbus Panhandles . Running back Frank McCormick rushed for two touchdowns to give Akron a 14 – 0 lead in the second quarter . Bob Nash later recovered a fumble in the end zone . Harris and fullback Fred Sweetland also contributed , scoring one rushing touchdown each . Sweetland was hired by coach Elgie Tobin to be a backup , but the coach decided to play Sweetland this game . The defense added another safety in the fourth quarter to give the Akron Pros a 37 – 0 victory . = = = Week 4 : vs Cincinnati Celts = = = October 17 , 1920 at League Park In week four , the Pros played against the Cincinnati Celts . The Celts were not directly affiliated with the APFA and would not join the league until the following year . Fullback Rip King scored the first touchdown by a five @-@ yard rush in the first quarter . Pollard also scored a touchdown in the fourth quarter en route to a 13 – 0 Akron victory . The Pro 's kicker for that game , Charlie Copley , made one extra point and missed the other . The Pros ' defense was so dominant that the Celts did not get a single first down all game long . = = = Week 5 : vs Cleveland Tigers = = = October 24 , 1920 at League Park The Cleveland Tigers were the Pros next opponent . Playing in front of 6 @,@ 000 fans , the game was called a " punting duel " by the Youngstown Vindicator . The only score came from a punt block by Bob Nash in the first quarter . Nash grabbed the ball from the Tigers ' punter , Stan Cofall on the 8 @-@ yard line and ran in for the score . With an extra point from Charlie Copley , the Pros defeated the Tigers 7 – 0 to keep their undefeated season alive . During the game , injuries for both teams occurred . Pollard dislocated his right shoulder , and Toughey Conn for the Tigers injured his right leg in the fourth quarter . = = = Week 6 : at Canton Bulldogs = = = October 31 , 1920 at Lakeside Park , Canton , Ohio " With four games under their belt " , the Pros were starting to gain attention around the league . Their next game was against the Bulldogs . This game , according to the Youngstown Vindicator , was the first of a two @-@ game series for the " national professional football championship " . Playing under a crowd of 10 @,@ 000 , the Pros defeated the Bulldogs 10 to 0 . In the first quarter , after an exchange in punts and a long pass which resulted in 13 @-@ yards , Charlie Copley of the Pros kicked a 38 @-@ yard field goal . On a Bulldog possession at midfield , Gilroy attempted to pass the ball , but it was tipped by the Pros ' Copley and Bob Nash . Pike Johnson caught the ball before it landed and ran it back 55 yards for a touchdown . The Youngstown Vindicator called it the " most sensational play of the contest " . In the third quarter , Jim Thorpe came into the game , but could not help the Bulldogs score . = = = Week 8 : at Cleveland Tigers = = = November 14 , 1920 at Dunn Park , Cleveland , Ohio In week eight , the Pros played against the Tigers . Playing in front of 8 @,@ 000 fans , the Pros allowed their first and only points of the year from a 50 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Mark Devlin to Tuffy Conn and an extra point by Al Pierotti in the third quarter . Pollard had a 20 @-@ yard rushing touchdown in the second quarter and Copley made an extra point to tie the game at 7 – 7 , making the first tie for the Pros of the season . = = = Week 9 : vs Dayton Triangles = = = November 21 , 1920 at League Park The Triangles came into this game as one of the few teams left undefeated . The game started out with three scoreless quarters until King threw a 15 @-@ yard passing touchdown in the fourth quarter to McCormick . Pollard also rushed for a 17 @-@ yard touchdown and Copley made one extra point and missed another one to beat the Triangles 13 – 0 . This brought one of only two loses the Triangles had this season . = = = Week 10 : vs Canton Bulldogs = = = November 25 , 1920 at League Park In their first game of week ten , the Pros played against the Canton for the second time this season , and the Bulldogs were still upset from their loss earlier in the season against the Pros . A fumbled punt by the Bulldogs gave the Pros the ball at the 32 @-@ yard line . On their next drive , the Pros ' passing game gave them the lone score , a passing touchdown from King to Nash in the first quarter . Once again , the Pros shutout the Bulldogs , winning 7 – 0 . This was the first game played on Thanksgiving Day , which launched a yearly tradition . = = = Week 10 : at Dayton Triangles = = = November 28 , 1920 at Triangle Park , Dayton , Ohio The Pros were now recognized as the top team in Ohio , and in their second game of week ten , the Pros played against the Triangles . The game could have been classified as a World Championship because of both teams ' records , but the APFA had widened its battlefield with Buffalo and Decatur still with a high winning percentage . Pollard returned a punt for a touchdown early in the first quarter and also had one receiving touchdown in the third quarter from King . = = = Week 11 : at Buffalo All @-@ Americans = = = December 5 , 1920 at Buffalo Baseball Park , Buffalo , New York Pros had the Buffalo All @-@ Americans as their next opponent . The All @-@ Americans were tired from their 7 to 3 victory against the Canton Bulldogs the day before . Before the start of the game , Nash was sold to the All @-@ Americans for $ 300 and 5 % of the Akron @-@ Buffalo gate , making the first deal in APFA history . The reason for the trade was because rain caused a low amount of fans . However , Nash did not appear in the game for either team , and Scotty Bierce replaced Nash for the Pros . The rain caused sloppy game play as well as a small crowd of 3 @,@ 000 people . It resulted in a 0 – 0 tie . = = = Week 12 : at Decatur Staleys = = = December 12 , 1920 at Cubs Park , Chicago , Illinois The Pros would end their season in week twelve against the Staleys . Prior to the game , the Staleys ' coach , George Halas , moved their home field to the much larger Cubs Park in Chicago and hired Paddy Driscoll from the Cardinals to play on his team in order to help defeat the Pros , which was against league rules at the time . Twelve thousand fans , which was the largest recorded crowd of the season , showed up to watch the game . Of the crowd , about 2 @,@ 000 were from Pollard 's hometown . The Pros almost scored twice , but failed once because of ineligible receiver penalties . On the other hand , Pollard made a touchdown @-@ saving tackle against Sternment in the third quarter . On the same drive , the Staleys missed a 30 @-@ yard field goal . The Staleys ' Chamberlin attempted to injure Pollard twice in an attempt to remove him from the game . The final score ended in a 0 – 0 tie ; however , the Chicago Defender reported that the refereeing was biased towards Decatur . = = = Standings = = = Awarded the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions.Note : Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972 . = = Post season = = Since there were no playoff system in the APFA until 1932 , a meeting was held to determine the 1920 NFL Champions . Each team that showed up had a vote to determine the champions . Since the Akron Pros had a 1 @.@ 000 winning percentage , the Pros were awarded the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup on April 30 , 1921 . The trophy was a " silver @-@ loving cup " , donated by the Brunswick @-@ Balke @-@ Collender Company . This decision , however , would arise with controversy . The Staleys and the All @-@ Americans each stated that they should win the award because they had more wins and were not beaten by the Akron Pros . Each player from the Pros was also awarded with a golden fob . It was of a football and " 1920 " , " WORLD CHAMPIONS " , and each players ' first initial and last name was inscribed on the fob . Five players from the Pros received awards . On December 2 , King and Pollard were named 1st Team , Alf Cobb was named 2nd Team , and Nash as well as Brad Tomlin were named 3rd Team all AFPA by the Rock Island Argus . The Pros did not officially celebrate their championship season until the following year . In October 1921 , most of the team was invited to the Elks Club of Akron , which was labeled as " a grand homecoming celebration for the world 's champions " . Pollard was congratulated during an Akron Merchants Association of Colored Business Men 's meeting . = = Legacy = = In their inaugural AFPA season , the Pros posted an undefeated , 8 – 0 – 3 season . As a result , they were the first team in the history to complete a non @-@ modern " perfect season " . Only four other teams has accomplished this feat : the 1922 Canton Bulldogs at 10 – 0 – 2 , the 1923 Canton Bulldogs at 11 – 0 – 1 , the 1929 Green Bay Packers at 12 – 0 – 1 , and the 1972 Miami Dolphins at 17 – 0 . Prior to 1972 , the NFL did not count ties into winning percentage ; however , in that year the NFL retrospectively altered its standings to treat tied games as being worth half of a win . With that being said , the 1972 Miami Dolphins are the only team to have a modern perfect season . Three other teams accumulated a perfect regular season record , but lost in the post season . The 1934 Chicago Bears posted a 13 – 0 record but lost in the 1934 NFL Championship Game to the New York Giants . The 1942 Chicago Bears posted an 11 – 0 record but lost in the 1942 NFL Championship Game to the Washington Redskins . Lastly , the 2007 New England Patriots posted a 16 – 0 record but lost in Super Bowl XLII to the New York Giants . The 1920 Akron Pros had one of only two African American players in the AFPA , Fritz Pollard . He later went on to be in the Pro Football Hall of Fame 's class of 2005 . Even though the Pros were given the trophy in 1920 , the league lost track of the event and for a long time published in its own record books that the 1920 championship was undecided . It was not until the 1970s that the NFL remembered its early vote on awarding the Akron Pros the championship . = = Roster = = = = Scores by quarter = = = Alloxylon flammeum = Alloxylon flammeum , commonly known as the Queensland tree waratah or red silky oak , is a medium @-@ sized tree of the family Proteaceae found in the Queensland tropical rain forests of northeastern Australia . It has shiny green elliptical leaves up to 18 cm ( 7 @.@ 2 in ) long , and prominent orange @-@ red inflorescences that appear from August to October , followed by rectangular woody seed pods that ripen in February and March . Juvenile plants have large ( up to 25 cm ( 10 in ) long ) deeply lobed pinnate leaves . Previously known as Oreocallis wickhamii , the initial specimen turned out to be a different species to the one cultivated and hence a new scientific name was required . Described formally by Peter Weston and Mike Crisp in 1991 , A. flammeum was designated the type species of the genus Alloxylon . This genus contains the four species previously classified in Oreocallis that are found in Australasia . Alloxylon flammeum is a canopy or emergent tree of the Mabi rainforest community of north Queensland . Its terminal tubular flowers indicate that the species is pollinated by birds . Readily adaptable to cultivation , Alloxylon flammeum prefers a site with good drainage and responds well to extra moisture and fertilisers low in phosphorus . It is listed nationally as vulnerable under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ( EPBC Act ) as most of its habitat has been cleared for agriculture and logging . = = Description = = In nature , this is a rainforest tree that can reach 33 m ( 108 ft ) in height with a diameter at breast height ( dbh ) of 0 @.@ 6 m ( 24 in ) , although in cultivation 10 m ( 35 ft ) is more likely . The trunk has light grey bark with brown lenticels . New branchlets and leaves are hairy . The green foliage consists of several distinct juvenile and adult leaf forms , which are arranged alternately along the stems . Very young plants begin with their first two to four leaves having two or three lobes , but then have narrow elliptic leaves with entire margins , measuring 6 @.@ 5 to 18 cm ( 2 @.@ 6 – 7 @.@ 2 in ) long and 1 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) wide . These are then succeeded by pinnate juvenile leaves that have two to nine lobes arising at 30 to 40 degrees forwards , and reach 50 cm ( 20 in ) long . They have prominent midveins along the midline of the main leaf and the lobes . The elliptic or obovate ( egg @-@ shaped ) adult leaves are 8 – 25 cm ( 3 @.@ 2 – 10 in ) long and up to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) wide , and sit on 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 5 @-@ cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 1 in ) long petioles . Occurring in spring ( August to October ) , the bright red or orange @-@ red inflorescences are terminal and well displayed , and consist of anywhere from 10 to 52 individual flowers split into smaller groups of 2 to 20 flowers , arranged in a corymb . The flowers sit atop stalks ( known as pedicels ) up to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) in length , which arise in pairs off main horizontal stalks within the inflorescence . Each flower consists of a tubular perianth up to 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) long , which partly splits along one side at anthesis to release the thick style . The stigma is contained within a slanting disc @-@ like structure at the tip of the style . The tubular perianth splits into four segments at its tip , and the anther lies in the concave parts within each of these segments . The pedicel and the outer surface of the perianth are pubescent ( covered in short fine fur ) . Flowers are followed by woody rectangular seed pods that sit on long stalks , and are 7 – 10 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 – 4 in ) long . Each pod contains 8 to 10 seeds , and is ripe in February and March . Each seed is separated from the others by a membranous separator , and has a long rectangular wing , which is much longer than the seed itself . The seedlings have obovate cotyledons that are 0 @.@ 8 – 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 4 in ) wide by 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) long . Alloxylon flammeum can be distinguished from the co @-@ occurring Alloxylon wickhamii by its hairy stems and petioles . It also has brighter flowers than the latter species . The New Guinean species A. brachycarpum resembles A. flammeum but has duller flowers , leaves that are shorter and wider , and fewer hairs on its perianth . A. pinnatum has pinnate ( lobed ) adult leaves and larger inflorescences made up of 50 to 140 individual flowers . It also has crimson pollen rather than the yellow of A. flammeum . = = Taxonomy = = For many years Alloxylon flammeum was mistakenly known as Embothrium ( and later Oreocallis ) wickhamii — Queensland botanist Frederick Manson Bailey had illustrated it using Embothrium wickhamii in the Queensland Agricultural Journal in 1899 . Ferdinand von Mueller had described what is now known as Alloxylon wickhamii but also collected material of A. flammeum at Trinity Bay in 1881 , not realising it was a separate species . It was only in the 1980s that botanists realised there were two species in the region — Oreocallis wickhamii and what became known as Oreocallis sp. nova . Peter Weston and Mike Crisp of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney reviewed and recognised the Australian members of the genus Oreocallis as distinct from their South American counterparts , and hence reallocated them to the new genus Alloxylon in 1991 . They coined the binomial name of Alloxylon flammeum , the type material having been collected by Garry Sankowsky and Peter Radke from Tolga Scrub in August 1987 . Weston and Crisp designated it the type species of the genus Alloxylon . Aside from tree waratah , it has also been called the satin oak , pink silky oak , satin silky oak , red silky oak , red oak , lowland bull oak , and Queensland waratah . The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek allo- " other " or " strange " and xylon " wood " and refers to their unusual cell architecture compared with the related genera Telopea and Oreocallis . The species name flammeum is Latin for " flame @-@ coloured " . Alloxylon flammeum and the other three tree waratah species lie in the subtribe Embothriinae , along with the true waratahs ( Telopea ) , South American Oreocallis , and Chilean firetree ( Embothrium coccineum ) from South America . Almost all these species have red terminal flowers , and hence the subtribe 's origin and floral appearance most likely predate the splitting of Gondwana into Australia , Antarctica , and South America over 60 million years ago . The position , colour and tubular shape of the flowers suggest they are bird @-@ pollinated , and have been so since the Eocene radiation of nectar @-@ feeding birds such as honeyeaters . Cladistic analysis of morphological features within the Embothriinae showed A. flammeum and A. brachycarpum to be sister species , with A. wickhamii as their next closest relative . A. flammeum has yellow pollen grains , like A. brachycarpum and A. wickhamii but unlike all other members of the Embothriinae . = = Distribution and habitat = = A plant of the Wet Tropics bioregion , Alloxylon flammeum is found on the Atherton Tablelands in Far North Queensland at altitudes of 700 to 820 m ( 2 @,@ 300 to 2 @,@ 700 ft ) above sea level . Its range is from Danbulla to the upper Barron River , though most of its rainforest habitat has been cleared for agriculture , and it is found in protected remnants such as Mount Hypipamee National Park , Danbulla National Park , Crater Lakes National Park , Curtain Fig Tree National Park , and Hallorans Hill Conservation Park . Found on basalt- or granite @-@ based soil , it is a component of complex notophyll vine forest or rainforest , where it is a canopy or emergent tree . This forest , also known as Mabi forest , has an uneven canopy layer to around 45 m ( 100 ft ) and significant scrub understory . Here Alloxylon flammeum is found with such species as candlenut ( Aleurites rockinghamensis ) , Argyrodendron spp . , fishtail lawyer cane ( Calamus caryotoides ) , rose maple ( Cryptocarya onoprienkoana ) , shining @-@ leaved stinging tree ( Dendrocnide photinophylla ) , fig trees ( Ficus spp . ) , Queensland maple ( Flindersia brayleyana ) , cabbage crowsfoot ( Franciscodendron laurifolium ) , northern brush mahogany ( Geissois biagiana ) , Atherton turkey bush ( Hodgkinsonia frutescens ) , and red cedar ( Toona ciliata ) . = = = Conservation status = = = Alloxylon flammeum is listed nationally as vulnerable under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ( EPBC Act ) , which indicates that there is a high risk it will become extinct in the wild in the mid @-@ term future . Before the establishment of the EPBC Act , it was , and currently remains , listed as vulnerable under the state @-@ based Nature Conservation Act 1992 . Furthermore , it was listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) in 1997 . Most of its habitat has been cleared for agriculture and development . Remaining stands in protected areas are highly fragmented . Furthermore , plants in cultivation are likely to come from a limited genetic pool . With under 2 % of its original extent remaining , the rainforest is threatened by invasive plants and grazing by feral and domestic animals . = = Cultivation = = Although it is not widely cultivated , Alloxylon flammeum has proven to be by far the most hardy and adaptable ( as well as the showiest ) member of the genus Alloxylon , and has been grown successfully in as cool a climate as Victoria . It does best in a well @-@ drained soil rich in organic material but low in phosphorus with some shelter when young . Applying mulch to the soil around the plant and extra water in dry spells is beneficial . Fertilisers high in phosphorus content can damage the plant , though fertilisers specifically for Australian native plants can be used . Yellowing of new leaves may indicate chlorosis from iron deficiency and can be remedied with iron chelate or iron sulphate . Its flowers attract birds to gardens . A large tree grows in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney . It is thought that there are more plants in cultivation than there are in the wild . Propagation is generally by seed although semi @-@ hardened cuttings have also been successful . Cuttings can be slow to strike , and the resulting plants may have weak root systems early on and need to be supported with stakes . Semi @-@ hardened cuttings have been most successful in experiments applying the rooting hormone indole @-@ 3 @-@ butyric acid at 8000 milligrams per litre concentration , intermittent misting , and a warmer root temperature of 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . Plants grown from seed may take seven or eight years to flower , with flowering occurring soon after the foliage changes from juvenile to adult leaves . An alternative method used has been to graft mature scions onto young stock to combine a strong root system with material capable of flowering quickly . The species has also been considered as a rootstock for the considerably harder to grow A. pinnatum . Alloxylon flammeum has potential as a cut flower crop . Its soft silky timber resembles that of oak and is highly regarded . = J. Paul Getty Trust = The J. Paul Getty Trust is the world 's wealthiest art institution with an estimated endowment in 2011 of $ US 5 @.@ 6 billion . Based in Los Angeles , California , it operates the J. Paul Getty Museum , which has two locations , the Getty Center in Los Angeles and the Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades district of Los Angeles , California . Its other programs are the Getty Foundation , the Getty Research Institute , and the Getty Conservation Institute . With an estimated 1 @.@ 6 million visitors per year , the trust operates one of the most visited museums in the United States . The trust also provides grants and training to other museums and cultural institutions . The trust has a library , publications program and visiting scholar program . The trust 's conservation program is dedicated to advancing conservation practice through the creation and delivery of knowledge . However , since 2008 , the trust has scaled back the scope of its activities in response to financial challenges . = = History = = The J. Paul Getty Museum Trust was established by oilman J. Paul Getty in 1953 . Getty founded the Getty Oil Company , and in 1957 Fortune magazine named him the richest living American . At his death , he was worth more than $ 2 billion . Getty died in 1976 and left the bulk of his estate , including nearly $ 660 million worth of stock in Getty Oil , to the J. Paul Getty Museum Trust . Legal conflicts over the will took years to resolve , but in 1982 the trust finally received Getty 's full bequest . The trust began to add a number of new programs in 1982 , and in February 1983 , it petitioned the court to change its name to the J. Paul Getty Trust . In 1997 Barry Munitz was named the president and CEO of the trust . He began work in January 1998 , succeeding Harold M. Williams , the first president of the Getty Trust , who oversaw construction of the $ 1 billion Getty Center designed by architect Richard Meier . With an endowment of $ 4 @.@ 2 billion , the Getty Trust is the wealthiest art institution in the world . Early in his tenure , Munitz reorganized the Getty Trust , closing two of the institution 's six programs — the Getty Information Institute and the Getty Education Institute . To deal with long @-@ run financial issues , he sought to cultivate relationships with donors and corporate partners . His leadership became increasingly controversial as the Getty Trust was embroiled in numerous controversies relating to the provenance of various antiquities in the Getty Museum 's collections and Munitz ' expense account . In the midst of an investigation by the California Attorney General , Munitz resigned in 2006 and was forced to " forgo his severance package of more than $ 2 million , and reimburse the Getty Trust for $ 250 @,@ 000 after alleged improprieties including lavish expense account spending . " On December 4 , 2006 , the trust announced the hiring of art historian James N. Wood , the former Director of the Art Institute of Chicago , as the trust 's new president and CEO , replacing Barry Munitz , who was forced to step down earlier in the year . In 2009 , after a substantial drop in the trust 's assets , Wood cut nearly 100 employees at the trust 's various operations , most at the Getty Museum . Fees for parking at the museum and the Getty Villa were raised by 50 % to $ 15 . Wood died suddenly of natural causes on June 12 , 2010 . In May 2011 James Cuno , director of the Art Institute of Chicago , was named president and chief executive of the Getty Trust , to take office in August . = = Programs = = The J. Paul Getty Museum is an art museum . It has two locations , one at the Getty Center in Los Angeles , California , and one at the Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades , Los Angeles , California . The museum at the Getty Center contains " Western art from the Middle Ages to the present ; " its estimated 1 @.@ 3 million visitors annually makes it one of the most visited museums in the United States . The museum at the Getty Villa contains art from " ancient Greece , Rome , and Etruria " . The museum started as J. Paul Getty 's personal art collection . The Getty Foundation was originally called the " Getty Grant Program , " which began in 1984 under the direction of Deborah Marrow . The J. Paul Getty Trust can spend up to 0 @.@ 75 % of its endowment on gifts and grants ; by 1990 the Getty Grant Program ( then based in Santa Monica ) had made 530 grants totaling $ 20 million to " art historians , conservators and art museums in 18 countries " . For example , a foundation grant funded the restoration of the Cosmati Pavement in the floor of Westminster Abbey . For many years , the foundation conducted the Getty Leadership Institute ( GLI ) . The major GLI program is the Museum Leadership Institute ( MLI ) , formerly known as the Museum Management Institute , which " has served close to 1 @,@ 000 museum professionals from the United States and 30 countries worldwide " . However , effective on January 2 , 2010 , the GLI was transferred to the Claremont Graduate University in Claremont , California and was renamed " The Getty Leadership Institute at Claremont Graduate University " . The Getty Research Institute ( GRI ) , located at the Getty Center in Los Angeles , California , is " dedicated to furthering knowledge and advancing understanding of the visual arts " . GRI maintains a research library , organizes exhibitions and other events , sponsors a residential scholars program , publishes books , and maintains electronic databases including a Semantic Web service . The GRI was originally called the " Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities " , and was conceived as early as 1983 . Among other holdings , GRI 's research library contains about 900 @,@ 000 volumes of books , periodicals , and auction catalogs ; special collections ; and two million photographs of art and architecture . The library also includes the trust 's " Institutional Archives " which document the activities of the trust 's various programs . The Getty Conservation Institute ( GCI ) , located in Los Angeles , California , is headquartered at the Getty Center but also has facilities at the Getty Villa , and commenced operation in 1985 . The GCI is a private international research institution dedicated to advancing conservation practice through the creation and delivery of knowledge . It " serves the conservation community through scientific research , education and training , model field projects , and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field " and " adheres to the principles that guide the work of the Getty Trust : service , philanthropy , teaching , and access " . GCI has activities in both art conservation and architectural conservation . GCI scientists study the deterioration of objects and buildings , and how to prevent or stop such deterioration . GCI has also been involved with long @-@ term education programs , such as establishing a master 's degree program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation in collaboration with the University of California , Los Angeles . From 1983 to June 1999 , the Trust ran the Getty Information Institute ( GII ) which sought to collect electronic information to serve cultural heritage institution and researchers . Together with the American Council of Learned Societies GII sought to build a broad coalition of non @-@ profits to establish a National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage . Upon the dissolution of the GII , its data bases were transferred to the Getty Research Institute . = = Governance = = The trust was established by a Trust Indenture dated December 2 , 1953 that created a California charitable trust was " the diffusion of artistic and general knowledge . " The trust is governed by a 13 @-@ member board of trustees . Trustees are elected to serve four @-@ year terms , with a maximum limit of three terms . The board is self @-@ perpetuating with the board electing or re @-@ electing the trustees . The board holds an annual meeting in May or June of each year . Although the board conducts most of its work through committees , a number of important decisions are reserved for the entire board including approval of any art acquisition costing more than $ 1 million . On October 2 , 2006 , the California Attorney General issued a report following an investigation of the trust and its operations . At the close of the investigation an independent monitor was hired to assure proper governance and expenditures of the trust . On May 7 , 2008 , the Attorney General closed the monitoring process . The trust was hurt by the economic downturn following 2007 and has reduced its annual budget by 14 % . In 2007 , the trust had $ 6 @.@ 4 billion in endowment , but this amount dropped to $ 4 @.@ 5 billion in 2009 . In 2009 , the trust had $ 300 million in expenses down from $ 349 million in 2008 . For example , GRI co @-@ produced the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals with the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library , but transferred that activity to Columbia University on July 1 , 2009 . With the recovery of the post @-@ recession economy , the trust has risen to $ 6 @.@ 7 billion by 2014 . = = J. Paul Getty Medal = = The J. Paul Getty Medal was established in 2013 by the Trustees of the J. Paul Getty Trust to honor extraordinary contributions to the practice , understanding and support of the arts . The first recipients of the Getty Medal , which was presented in December 2013 , were Harold M. Williams and Nancy Englander , who were honored for their leadership in creating the Getty as it exists today . In November 2014 , the Getty Medal was presented to Jacob Rothschild , 4th Baron Rothschild , a volunteer cultural leader known for his dedication to the preservation and public interpretation of Waddesdon Manor . In September 2015 , the Getty Medal was awarded to architect Frank Gehry , who has built an architectural career over five decades and produced public and private buildings in America , Europe , and Asia . His work has earned Mr. Gehry several of the most significant awards in the architectural field , including the Pritzker Architecture Prize . The 2016 Getty Medal will be awarded to musician Yo @-@ Yo Ma and , posthumously , to artist Ellsworth Kelly at a celebratory dinner in October . In addition to his accomplished career as a master cellist , Ma founded the Silk Road Ensemble and the nonprofit Silkroad to promote the creation of new music , cross @-@ cultural partnerships , education programs , and cross @-@ disciplinary collaborations to create meaningful change at the intersection of the arts , education , and business . Accomplished painter and sculptor Ellsworth Kelly has supported the conservation of historical and contemporary art at museums and heritage sites in the U.S. and around the world , as well as the preservation of natural environment , through the Ellsworth Kelly Foundation . = First and Second Battles of Wonju = The First and Second Battles of Wonju ( French : Bataille de Wonju ) , also known as the Wonju Campaign or the Third Phase Campaign Eastern Sector ( Chinese : 第三次战役东线 ; pinyin : Dì Sān Cì Zhàn Yì Dōng Xiàn ) , was a series of engagements between North Korean and United Nations ( UN ) forces during the Korean War . The battle took place from December 31 , 1950 to January 20 , 1951 around the South Korean town of Wonju . In coordination with the Chinese capture of Seoul on the western front , the North Korean People 's Army attempted to capture Wonju in an effort to destabilize the UN defenses along the central and the eastern fronts . After a joint Chinese and North Korean assault breached the UN defenses at Chuncheon on New Year 's Eve of 1951 , the North Korean V Corps attacked the US X Corps at Wonju while the North Korean II Corps harassed US X Corps ' rear by engaging in guerrilla warfare . In response , the US X Corps under the command of Major General Edward Almond managed to cripple the North Korean forces at Wonju , and the UN forces later carried out a number of anti @-@ guerrilla operations against the North Korean infiltrators . In the aftermath of the battle , the North Korean forces on the central and the eastern fronts were decimated , allowing the UN front to be stabilized at the 37th parallel . = = Background = = After launching a surprise invasion of South Korea in June 1950 , the North Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) was shattered by the United Nations ( UN ) forces following the landing at Incheon in September 1950 , with the remnants of the KPA fleeing northward while seeking sanctuaries in the mountainous region along the Sino @-@ Korean border . The destruction of the KPA prompted China to intervene in the Korean War , and Chinese forces launched a series of surprise attacks against the UN forces near the border during November 1950 . The resulting battles in the Ch 'ongch 'on River valley and at Chosin Reservoir forced the UN forces to retreat back to the 38th parallel by December 1950 . On the eastern front , the US X Corps was trapped at the port of Hungnam near the Chosin Reservoir during the surprise Chinese offensive , and was forced to evacuate North Korea by sea on December 24 , 1950 . In its absence , the Republic of Korea ( ROK ) Army was forced to take over the defenses of the central and the eastern fronts along the 38th parallel , including the important road junction of Wonju located near the central front . The sudden defeat of the UN forces offered the decimated KPA a brief respite , and the shattered North Korean forces soon rebuilt their strength at the end of 1950 . In the aftermath of the Chinese successes , China 's Chairman Mao Zedong immediately ordered another offensive against the UN forces on the urging of North Korean Premier Kim Il @-@ sung . The offensive , dubbed the " Third Phase Campaign " , was a border intrusion into South Korea that envisioned the total destruction of South Korean forces along the 38th parallel , and was aimed at pressuring the UN forces to withdraw from the Korean Peninsula . The western sector of the offensive was under the control of the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) 13th Army , and the 13th Army 's action would later result in capture of Seoul on January 4 . With the PVA 9th Army decimated at the Chosin Reservoir , however , the eastern sector of the offensive was handed over to the rehabilitated KPA , under the overall command of Lieutenant General Kim Ung and Commissar Pak Il @-@ u . On December 23 , 1950 , General Walton Walker , commander of the US Eighth Army , died in a traffic accident , and Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway assumed command of the Eighth Army on December 26 , 1950 . = = Prelude = = = = = Locations , terrain and weather = = = The battle 's main focus was around a road dubbed " Route 29 " , a strategically important line of communication to the UN forces in central Korea . Wonju was a critical crossroad village on Route 29 which ran north to south and connects Chuncheon on the 38th parallel with Daegu on the Pusan Perimeter . Another road , which ran from the northwest , connected Route 29 and the South Korean capital of Seoul at Wonju . Between Chuncheon and Wonju stood the town of Hoengseong , and from Wonju to Daegu were a series of towns such as Chechon , Tanyang , Punggi and Andong . The entire road network was situated within the rough hilly terrains of the Taebaek Mountain Range . The fighting around Wonju occurred during some of the worst Korean winter conditions , with temperatures as low as − 30 ° F ( − 34 ° C ) and snow as thick as 14 in ( 36 cm ) on the ground . Indeed , the weather was so cold that metal on artillery pieces would crack , while water could take an hour @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half to boil . At times the cold weather alone was enough to stall all military activities , while frostbite caused more casualties than combat during the course of the battle . = = = Forces and strategy = = = Just days before his death , Walker had tried to bolster the defences of the central and eastern sections of the 38th parallel by stretching the South Korean forces from Chuncheon to the Korean east coast . Following his instructions , the ROK III Corps was placed around Chuncheon while the ROK I Corps was deployed on the east coast . Meanwhile , the ROK II Corps , with its strength reduced to a single infantry division in the aftermath of the Ch 'ongch 'on River battle , filled the gap between the ROK I and III Corps . However , with the absence of the US X Corps , the UN defenses on the central and eastern fronts were stretched thin , and there were gaps between the understrength South Korean units . Because the South Korean forces had suffered nearly 45 @,@ 000 casualties by the end of 1950 , most of their units were composed of raw recruits with little training , and out of the four South Korean divisions that defended Chuncheon , only one was deemed battle worthy . Taking advantage of the situation , the North Korean forces had been probing the South Korean lines since mid @-@ December , while thousands of North Korean guerrillas harassed the UN rear area from their mountain hideouts . On December 27 , 1950 , the KPA II Corps managed to move behind the UN defenses by mauling the ROK 9th Infantry Division on the ROK I Corps ' left flank at Hyon @-@ ri . This development threatened to destabilize the entire UN eastern front . In order to defend against the North Korean penetration , Ridgway immediately ordered the US X Corps to reinforce the South Korean defenses . However , with most of the US X Corps still assembling at Pusan , the only unit that was available in the Eighth Army 's reserve was the US 2nd Infantry Division , which was still recovering from its earlier losses in the Ch 'ongch 'on River valley . On December 28 , Ridgway ordered the US 2nd Infantry Division to defend Wonju while placing the division under US X Corps control . After the US 7th Infantry Division of the US X Corps finished reorganization on December 30 , Ridgway ordered Major General Edward Almond , commander of the US X Corps , to develop Route 29 as its main supply route , and the 7th Infantry Division was subsequently tasked with defending it . In coordination with the Chinese assaults against Seoul in the western sector of the Third Phase Campaign , the North Koreans deployed the KPA II , III and V Corps — an estimated total of 61 @,@ 500 soldiers — against the UN forces on the central front . The North Korean plan was a frontal attack at Wonju by Major General Pang Ho San 's KPA V Corps , while Major General Ch 'oe Hyon 's KPA II Corps would infiltrate the US X Corps rear as guerrillas and block Route 29 . The aim of the offensive was to push the US X Corps back in concert with the Chinese attacks on Seoul , thereby isolating the South Korean forces in the Taebaek Mountains . As part of the Chinese attacks against Seoul , the Chinese 42nd and 66th Corps were deployed near Chuncheon in support of the KPA V Corps during the opening phase of the battle . Meanwhile , the KPA III Corps would act as reinforcements for the KPA II and V Corps . However , like the South Koreans they were facing , the North Korean forces were also badly depleted and understrength . Although the North Koreans fielded more than 10 infantry divisions for the battle , most were only equivalent in strength to an infantry regiment . In contrast with the professional mechanized army that had existed at the start of the Korean War , the newly rebuilt North Korean formations were poorly trained and armed . Nevertheless , the start date of the Third Phase Campaign was set for New Year 's Eve in order to take advantage of the full moon and the low alertness of the UN soldiers during the holiday . = = First Battle of Wonju = = = = = Opening moves = = = On the central front , the ROK III Corps defended the 38th parallel north of Gapyeong ( Kapyong ) and Chuncheon . Composed of the ROK 2nd , 5th , 7th and 8th Infantry Divisions , the ROK III Corps placed the ROK 2nd Infantry Division on the corps ' left flank in the hills north of Gapyeong , while the ROK 5th Infantry Division defended the corps ' center at Chuncheon . The winter conditions created great difficulties for the South Korean defenders , with the heavy snow hindering construction and icy roads limiting food and ammunition resupply . North Korean guerrillas were also active in the region , and caused serious disruption in the rear of the ROK III Corps . As part of the Chinese plan to capture Seoul , the PVA 42nd and the 66th Corps were tasked with protecting the Chinese left flank by eliminating the ROK 2nd and 5th Infantry Divisions , while cutting the road between Chuncheon and Seoul . Following instructions , the two Chinese corps struck quickly after midnight on New Year 's Eve . The PVA 124th Division first penetrated the flanks of the ROK 2nd Infantry Division , then blocked the division 's withdrawal route . The trapped ROK 17th and 32nd Regiments of the ROK 2nd Infantry Division were then forced to retreat in disarray . With the PVA 66th Corps pressuring the ROK 5th Infantry Division 's front , the PVA 124th Division then advanced eastward in the South Korean rear and blocked the ROK 5th Infantry Division 's retreat route as well . The maneuver soon left the ROK 36th Regiment of the ROK 5th Infantry Division surrounded by Chinese , and the ROK 36th Regiment had to escape by infiltrating the Chinese lines using mountain trails . By January 1 , the ROK III Corps was in full retreat , while the corps ' headquarters had lost contact with the 2nd and 5th Infantry Divisions . Responding to the crisis on the central front , the ROK III Corps sector 's defense was handed over the US X Corps . While the Chinese were making a concentrated attack against the South Korean front , the North Korean forces that had infiltrated the UN rear were cutting the South Korean withdrawal route . In the days before the Chinese Third Phase Campaign , the KPA II Corps established a major roadblock to the north of Hoengsong with an estimated strength of 10 @,@ 000 soldiers , which blocked the retreat of the ROK III Corps . In response , the ROK II Corps and the US 2nd Infantry Division conducted a siege operation against the roadblock from both the north and the south , and the roadblock was forced open by January 2 . Although the UN forces managed to eliminate a North Korean division at the roadblock , the ROK II Corps was nearly destroyed during the fighting , and it was disbanded on January 10 . The success of the initial Chinese and North Korean attacks forced the ROK I Corps to abandon its attempts to restore its original defensive position at Hyon @-@ ri , and a large number of North Korean forces soon streamed into the gap between the US 2nd Infantry Division at Wonju and the ROK I Corps on the east coast . Ridgway interpreted the Sino @-@ Korean attack on the central front as an attempt to surround the UN defenders at Seoul , and he immediately ordered their evacuation on January 3 . On January 5 , Ridgway ordered all UN forces to withdraw to the 37th parallel to set up a new defensive line , dubbed " Line D " , with the UN forces on central and eastern fronts setting up defenses between Wonju and the coastal city of Jumunjin ( Chumunjin ) . At the same time , the Chinese troops halted their offensive operations with the KPA II and V Corps relieving the PVA 42nd and 66th Corps . = = = Wonju falls = = = In the aftermath of the South Korean collapse , the KPA V Corps proceeded to launch frontal attacks against US X Corps while the KPA II Corps infiltrated the UN rear through the area to the east of Wonju . The US 2nd Infantry Division 's position had now become an exposed northern salient , and its defenses were further hampered by the flat terrain surrounding Wonju . However , given the strategic importance of Wonju in controlling central Korea , Ridgway declared that the village was " only second to Seoul " in importance , and therefore must be defended at all cost . In accordance with Ridgway 's instructions , Almond ordered the US 2nd Infantry Division to defend the hills north of Wonju , yet Major General Robert B. McClure of the US 2nd Infantry Division believed that the salient was untenable due to the terrain and the low morale of his division . On January 7 , two infantry battalions from the KPA V Corps launched an attack against the US 2nd Infantry Division . One North Korean battalion managed to infiltrate the American positions disguised as refugees while another battalion launched a frontal assault . Yet the weak attack was soon repulsed due to the lack of coordination between the North Korean units , and about 114 infiltrators were later captured . Although the North Korean attack inflicted little damage on the Americans , the disruption caused by infiltrators in US 2nd Infantry Division 's rear convinced McClure to abandon Wonju on January 7 . Almond concurred with McClure 's decision on the condition that the US 2nd Infantry Division would only retreat 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) so that Wonju could be controlled by UN artillery fire . Regardless , McClure ordered the division to retreat more than 8 miles ( 13 km ) south , putting the village out of artillery range . With Wonju under North Korean control , the Chinese declared that the Third Phase Campaign had reached a successful conclusion . = = Second Battle of Wonju = = = = = Hill 247 = = = Hill 247 was located among the hill mass 3 mi ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of Wonju , and was a critical height that commanded the streets of Wonju . With the loss of Wonju on January 7 , Almond was furious at McClure for disobeying the order to hold it , and this later resulted in Major General Clark Ruffner replacing McClure on January 13 . On January 8 , Almond ordered the US 2nd Infantry Division to retake Wonju . Following his orders , the US 23rd Infantry Regiment , under the command of Colonel Paul L. Freeman , attacked towards Wonju on January 8 . The 23rd Infantry Regiment managed to reach within 3 @,@ 000 yd ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) at the south of Wonju and caught a sleeping North Korea regiment by surprise at Hill 247 . About 200 North Korean soldiers were killed in the ensuing battle , however the alerted North Korean forces soon counterattacked by outflanking the 23rd Infantry Regiment to the east , and the 23rd Infantry Regiment was forced to retreat to avoid encirclement . Encouraged by the heavy North Korean losses during the initial UN attacks , Almond again ordered the US 2nd Infantry Division to recapture Wonju on January 9 . About four infantry battalions from the US 23rd and 38th Infantry Regiment supported by French and Dutch troops advanced toward Wonju on January 9 , yet the attack was stalled at Hill 247 due to the cold weather and the lack of air support . As the UN forces tried to dislodge the North Koreans the next day , they were met by six defending North Korean battalions with an estimated strength of 7 @,@ 000 soldiers . Under a heavy snowstorm and with no air support , the battle for Hill 247 continued for most of January 10 , and the fighting around the French Battalion of the 23rd Infantry Regiment became particularly fierce . At one point , the French Battalion was forced to fend off several North Korean counterattacks with bayonet charges after running out of ammunition . The French Battalion 's action at Wonju impressed Ridgway , who later encouraged all American units in Korea to utilize bayonets in battle . The North Koreans tried to encircle the attacking UN forces as the latter began to gain the upper hand , however artillery fire broke up the North Korean formations , and they had suffered an estimated 2 @,@ 000 casualties in the aftermath of the battle . When air support returned on January 11 , the attacking UN forces inflicted another 1 @,@ 100 North Korean casualties and captured Hill 247 by January 12 . Although the cold weather and the stubborn North Korean defenses prevented the UN forces from entering Wonju , the capture of Hill 247 had put all of Wonju within UN artillery range , and the village soon became a no man 's land under the devastating bombardment . = = = Anti @-@ guerrilla operations = = = Although the capture of Hill 247 had forced the KPA V Corps to abandon Wonju with heavy losses on January 17 , the KPA II Corps ' infiltration in the UN rear area had become so serious that it threatened to outflank the entire UN front and force a complete evacuation of Korea by mid @-@ January . With the bulk of the US X Corps tied up to the south of Wonju while the ROK III Corps was in disarray , the front between Wonju and the east coast was undefended , and about 16 @,@ 000 North Korean soldiers entered the gap while establishing guerrilla bases from Tanyang to Andong . The battles along the central front soon degenerated into irregular warfare between company @-@ sized UN patrols and North Korean guerrilla bands . In an effort to stabilize the front , Ridgway ordered the US 2nd Infantry Division to withdraw from Wonju while pulling the central and eastern fronts back to the area between Wonju and Samch 'ok , and this resulted in another 40 mi ( 64 km ) retreat . Ridgway also sent the US 187th Regimental Combat Team , the US 5th Cavalry Regiment , the US 1st Marine Division and the Greek Battalion to contain North Korean guerrillas east of Route 29 and north of Andong and Yeongdeok . About 30 @,@ 000 American infantry were deployed to the central front by mid @-@ January , and the North Korean guerrillas were blocked in a narrow salient along the hills at the east of Route 29 . To eliminate the North Korean threat in the UN rear , Almond ordered all X Corps units on Route 29 to launch aggressive patrols to destroy the North Korean supply bases and guerrilla bands . Specially trained irregular forces , such as X Corps ' Special Action Group , also hunted North Korean units by operating as guerrillas themselves . The constant UN pressure slowly depleted the ammunition and the manpower of the KPA II Corps , while Major General Yu Jai Hung rallied the ROK III Corps and sealed the gap between Wonju and the east coast by January 22 . On January 20 , a patrol carried out by the US 9th Infantry Regiment of the US 2nd Infantry Division managed to reoccupy Wonju without much resistance . Lacking reinforcements and supplies , the KPA II Corps was scattered by the end of January , and only 8 @,@ 600 soldiers from the KPA II Corps managed to survive and retreat back to North Korea . The KPA 10th Division , vanguard of the KPA II Corps , was also annihilated during the UN anti @-@ guerrilla operations . = = Aftermath = = By the end of January , the KPA II Corps was decimated during its guerrilla operations , and its estimated strength was reduced from 16 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 . The KPA V Corps ' attempt to capture Wonju had also resulted in crippling casualties , and its estimated strength was reduced from 32 @,@ 000 to 22 @,@ 000 by the end of January . In contrast , the UN losses were relatively moderate during the same period . The defeat of the North Korean army enabled the UN forces to consolidate their positions along the Korean central and eastern front , and the retreating US Eighth Army on the Korean western front could finally return to the offensive after its rear and eastern flank were secured . As soon as the US X Corps regained full control of the central front at the end of January , Ridgway immediately ordered the US Eighth Army to launch Operation Thunderbolt against Chinese and North Korean forces on January 25 , 1951 . = 3 Splash = 3 Splash ( stylized as 3 SPLASH ) is an EP by Japanese recording artist and songwriter Kumi Koda . It was released on 8 July 2009 , by Kumi 's record label , Rhythm Zone . Her fourth extended play consists of three recordings ; Lick me ♥ , ECSTASY , and Hashire ! , with three additional interludes . It was released in two different formats : stand @-@ alone CD , and a CD + DVD bundle - the latter bundle was re @-@ released with a pink @-@ transparent CD holder . The three artworks for the EP depicts Kumi posing with the title of the work superimposed over her . The CD + DVD bundle artwork features her holding a basketball , this artwork was also used for the digital release of the EP . 3 Splash contains predominantly pop rock and dance music . Kumi contributed by writing the lyrics to Lick me ♥ and Hashire ! , while Japanese songwriter and producer Hum created Ecstasy . Hiroto Suzuki and Shinjiro Inoue were credited as the EP 's producers . 3 Splash received favourable reviews from music critics who commended the EP 's production and commercial appeal . 3 Splash reached number two on the Oricon Singles Chart , and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 units . Lick me ♥ , Ecstasy , and Hashire ! served as promotional singles , while Lick me ♥ was certified platinum for 250 @,@ 000 digital shipments and nominated for a Japan Record Award at the 51st Japan Record Awards . = = Background and composition = = In 2009 , Kumi released two compilation albums : Out Works & Collaboration Best and Koda Kumi Driving Hit 's . Following this , along with the release of a collaborative single with her younger sister , misono , Kumi announced plans of releasing a double album . The double album was to promote both her third greatest hits album , and a new studio album that consisted of unreleased material from recording sessions for her 2008 album , Trick . It 's all Love ! was later served as the studio album 's lead single . Kumi announced that she would release a new extended play , marketed as a single , entitled 3 Splash , which would consist of three recordings : Lick me ♥ , Ecstasy and Hashire ! with three additional interludes . 3 Splash opens with the first interlude , 09 : 00AM , which is an instrumental piece with " groovy " DJ spins and scratches . Lick me ♥ , the first tracks to include vocals , is an uptempo " cute summer number " with suggestive lyrics . Ecstasy is an electronic song with Kumi 's " cool husky " vocals being heavily processed with autotune and vocoder effects . According to Adam Greenberg from AllMusic , Ecstasy " share [ s ] some ideation with Lady Gaga concepts , mixing sultriness with oddity and playing with the instrumentation and voicing along the way . " The albums second interlude , " 12 : 35PM " , is another instrumental piece with " slow @-@ paced " handclaps , and subtle urban undertones . Hashire ! is a " distorted " midtempo dance song with influences of rock and pop music , and the EP is closed with a final instrumental interlude , 12 : 00AM . = = Promotion = = 3 Splash was released on July 8 , 2003 , through Rhythm Zone . There are three official versions : a stand @-@ alone CD version , a CD + DVD version and a CD + DVD version which features an accessory pouch for the physical single . Each version featured a different cover sleeve , all with Kumi standing in front of a grey background : the CD version features Kumi in a black outfit ( which she wore in her Ecstasy music video ) , the CD + DVD and digital EP version features Kumi in urban street gear ( which she wore in the video for Hashire ! ) and the CD + DVD version , which includes a pink @-@ transparent CD holder , features Kher in a 60s @-@ influence dress ( which was worn in her Lick me ♥ video ) . The CD + DVD bundle artwork features Kumi holding a basketball . This artwork was also used for the digital release of the EP . All three recorded songs were promoted through advertisement deals in Japan . Ecstasy was used for Music.Jp , Lick me ♥ was used for the televised commercial of her Fever Live in Hall II concert , and Hashire ! was used for the NTT communications advert Musico . All three tracks served as the EP 's promotional singles , released on July 8 , 2009 . Lick me ♥ reached # 2 on the Japan Hot 100 chart on the week end of July 20 , 2009 , which is her highest chart entry to date . Lick me ♥ was certified platinum for 250 @,@ 000 downloads in January 2014 . Ecstasy and Hashire ! did not chart in any Japanese music charts , but were marketed as promotional singles by Rhythm Zone . All three songs featured an accompanying music video , which were included on the DVD version of 3 Splash . All three songs have appeared on several live albums and compilations released by Kumi respectively . Lick me ♥ and Ecstasy were performed during her Live Tour 2009 : Trick , her 2009 Taiwan Live , Live Tour 2010 : Universe , 10th Anniversary : Fantasia in Tokyo Dome , and Live Tour 2011 : Dejavu . Hashire ! has only been performed on her Live Tour 2009 : Trick . Lick me ♥ and Ecstasy both appeared on her 2013 digital compilation , Summer Single Collection 2013 , while Lick me ♥ was included on both Kumi 's concept compilations : Happy Love Song Collection ( 2014 ) and Summer of Love ( 2015 ) . = = Reception = = 3 Splash received favourable reviews from music critics . Chris True from AllMusic highlighted Hashire ! as a career stand out track from Kumi 's discography . Ian Martin from the same publication reviewed Lick me ♥ and Ecstacy from the Universe album and was divided . For Lick me ♥ , he said , " She wears her sexuality on her sleeve , with song titles like Lick me ♥ laying their erotic playing cards on the table from the get @-@ go , and her lack of any recognizable singing ability compensated for by an awful lot of gumption . " For Ecstasy , he commended her " hard working ethic " in many songs , highlighting the song and concluded that , " All of this reveals a desperate need to achieve success no matter what , but also the humanity of the effort underpinning it . " Greenberg commended the production of Ecstasy , and said that Lick me ♥ was " slightly off @-@ tempo " that " brings Kumi back to more standard territory . " A reviewer from CD Journal complimented the production of each song , and described the EP as " catchy " and " danceable " . Hiraga Tetsuo from Hot Express was positive , who commended Kumi 's song writing and the " summer " theme throughout the EP . On the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart , 3 Splash debuted at # 2 , Kumi 's third consecutive EP to have peaked at this position . The EP lasted twelve weeks in the top 100 , selling 93 @,@ 000 units , and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 units ; this became her fourth consecutive EP to have shipped over 100 @,@ 000 units , after Love & Honey ( 2004 ) , 4 Hot Wave ( 2006 ) , and Moon ( 2008 ) . 3 Splash reached number eight on the Taiwanese East Asian chart . Lick me ♥ reached # 2 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart , and reached # 8 and # 15 on the Japan Billboard Adult Contemporary and Radio Songs chart , respectively . Lick me ♥ was nominated for the Japan Record Award at the 51st Japan Record Awards , but lost to Exile 's Someday . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Kumi Koda – vocals , backing vocals , song writing , executive producer Hum – producer , song writing , composer , arranger Yu – producer , composer , arranger Hiroto Suzuki – producer , composer , arranger Shinjiroh Inoue – producer , composer , arranger Rhythm Zone – record label Avex Trax – parent label , management Credits adapted from the EP 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Alternate Versions = = ECSTASY ECSTASY : Found on the single ( 2009 ) and corresponding album UNIVERSE ( 2010 ) ECSTASY [ Caramel Pod E Remix ] : Found on the single ( 2009 ) ECSTASY [ Caramel Pod Remix ] : Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit 's 2 ( 2010 ) Lick me ♥ Lick me ♥ : Found on the single ( 2009 ) and corresponding album UNIVERSE ( 2010 ) Lick me ♥ [ Yusuke Tanaka Remix ] : Found on the single ( 2009 ) Lick me ♥ [ Floorbreaker remix ] : Found on Beach Mix ( 2012 ) = Yellow @-@ faced honeyeater = The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater ( Caligavis chrysops ) is a medium @-@ small bird in the honeyeater family Meliphagidae . It takes both its common name and scientific name from the distinctive yellow stripes on the sides of its head . It has a loud clear call , and is one of the first birds heard in the morning . It is widespread across eastern and south eastern Australia , in open sclerophyll forests from coastal dunes to high @-@ altitude subalpine areas , and woodlands along creeks and rivers . Comparatively short @-@ billed for a honeyeater , it is thought to have adapted for a diet of flies , spiders and beetles , as well as nectar and pollen from the flowers of plants such as Banksia and Grevillea , and soft fruits . It catches insects in flight as well as gleaning them from the foliage of trees and shrubs . While some yellow @-@ faced honeyeaters are sedentary , hundreds of thousands of them migrate northwards between March and May to spend the winter in southern Queensland and return in July and August to breed in southern New South Wales and Victoria . They form socially monogamous pairs and lay two or three eggs in a delicate cup @-@ shaped nest . While the success rate can be low , the pairs nest several times during the breeding season . Honeyeaters ’ preferred woodland habitat is vulnerable to the effects of land clearing , grazing and weeds . However , as it is common and widespread , the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater is considered by the IUCN to be of least concern for conservation . It is considered a pest in orchards in some areas . = = Taxonomy = = The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater was first described , and placed in the genus Sylvia , by ornithologist John Latham in his 1801 work Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici , sive Systematis Ornithologiae . The generic name Lichenostomus comes from the Ancient Greek words meaning " lichen @-@ like eruption of the mouth " referring to the bare skin at the gape flange thought to look like lichen , and the specific name chrysops is from the Greek words meaning " gold " and " face " in reference to the stripe of yellow feathers . It is also known as the yellow @-@ gaped honeyeater , or the quitchup in reference to its call . Delineating the genus Lichenostomus has been systematically contentious , and evaluations of relationships among honeyeaters in the genus using dense taxon and nucleotide sampling confirmed previous findings that Lichenostomus is not monophyletic . While five species have previously been described as comprising the Caligavis subgroup , studies using the mitochondrial ND2 and nuclear β @-@ fibrinogen @-@ 7 genes identified the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater as closely related to the black @-@ throated honeyeater ( C. subfrenatus ) , and the obscure honeyeater ( C. obscurus ) , and they were therefore able to be grouped in the genus Caligavis . The bridled honeyeater ( B. frenatus ) and the Eungella honeyeater ( B. hindwoodi ) were sufficiently different to be a separate genus as Bolemoreus . Three subspecies have been described ( Matthews , 1912 ) but are not universally recognised . There are only very slight differences between the nominate race and L.c. samueli found in the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia and L. c. barroni from Clarke Range and the Atherton Tableland in Queensland . The latter race is described as " poorly differentiated " and " possibly not worthy of recognition " by the Handbook of the Birds of the World . = = Description = = = = = Appearance = = = The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater is a medium @-@ small , greyish @-@ brown bird that takes its common name from distinctive yellow stripes on the sides of the head . Yellow feathers form a narrow stripe above the gape , then broaden and curve below the eye to end in a small white patch of feathers on the ear @-@ coverts . Above the yellow stripe is a black eye stripe which is broken by a small yellow to off @-@ white patch behind the eye , and below is another distinct black stripe running the length of the yellow line . The chin and throat are a pale greyish @-@ brown , streaked with slightly darker grey , and the upper body is a dark greyish @-@ brown to olive @-@ brown . Olive green outer edges on the remiges combine to form an olive panel on the folded wing . The bill is black and slightly down @-@ curved , and the gape is cream . The iris is a dusky blue in adult birds , and brown in juveniles . Juveniles are very similar to the adult , with slightly less streaking on the breast , an orange @-@ brown tip on the bill and a yellower gape ; male and female birds are also similar , with the male being slightly larger ; and in the field there are no visible differences between the subspecies . The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater averages 15 – 17 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 – 6 @.@ 9 in ) in length , with a wingspan of 21 @.@ 5 – 26 centimetres ( 8 @.@ 5 – 10 @.@ 2 in ) and a weight of between 12 @.@ 5 – 20 @.@ 5 grams ( 0 @.@ 44 – 0 @.@ 72 oz ) ( average 17 grams ( 0 @.@ 60 oz ) ) . = = = Vocalizations = = = One of the first birds heard in the morning , the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater utters calls that are full and loud , and extremely varied . The male sings from a roost for up to an hour , beginning twenty or thirty minutes before dawn . The song is a running series of cheerful notes sounding like chick @-@ up , chick @-@ up , from which its common name of quitchup is derived . Counter @-@ singing by neighbouring birds is common . The territorial call , also given by opponents during fights , is a long preet with an upward inflection . The alarm call is a loud trilling whistle . Common calls , thought to be contact calls , are animated two @-@ note calls variously described as terric , terric , cr @-@ rook , cr @-@ rook or put @-@ put , put @-@ put . = = Distribution and habitat = = = = = Habitat = = = The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater is widespread across eastern and south eastern Australia , in open sclerophyll forests from coastal dunes to high @-@ altitude subalpine areas , and often in riparian woodlands . It is usually found in open forests dominated by spotted gum with ironbarks and stringybarks such as Eucalyptus crebra and E. melanophloia , with a light shrubby understorey , and less often in dry open forests and woodlands dominated by Angophora , Acacia , Banksia , Casuarina or Callitris . It occurs in high @-@ altitude , tall , open forests of alpine ash and woodlands dominated by snow gum or white box . It has been recorded in coastal heath when banksias are flowering , and amongst flowering mangroves . It occupies areas infested with weeds such as Scotch broom and blackberries , and developed areas including orchards and parks and gardens , where it feeds on cultivated fruit and flowers . It can be found in forests regenerating after fire or logging , though it is more common in mature forests . While the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater tends to nest away from the edge of forest remnants , experiments with natural and artificial nests at varying distances from the open areas showed no increase in the number of avian predators at the forest edge . The experiment results do not support the " ecological trap " and " predator influx " theories and contribute to a belief that fragmented habitats may not be as problematic as previously thought . = = = Range = = = The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater ranges across a broad arc from near Cooktown in north Queensland , south west between a line from Charters Towers to Albury and the coast , and then west to the Fleurieu Peninsula and Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia . Population densities have been recorded from 0 @.@ 01 birds per hectare ( 2 @.@ 5 acres ) near Armidale in New South Wales to 7 @.@ 8 birds per hectare at Tarnagulla , Victoria . During the winter months of June and July , numbers are generally decreased in Victoria and increased in Queensland , following northward migration . = = = Migration = = = While there are resident populations of the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater throughout its range , it is for the most part a seasonal , latitudinal , daytime migrant . During the autumn ( March to May ) it migrates north along the highlands and coastal fringe of eastern Australia to southern Queensland , to return in the spring ( August to October ) of the same year . The birds commonly move in flocks of 10 to 100 birds , but occasionally in larger groups of up to 1 @,@ 000 or more birds . The groups can include other species such as the white @-@ naped honeyeater , fuscous honeyeater , noisy friarbird and silvereye . They move in successive flocks at a rate of up to several thousand birds an hour . Near Hastings Point in New South Wales over 100 @,@ 000 passed through in a single day . The species is able to detect geomagnetic fields and uses them to navigate while migrating . Experiments where the vertical component of the magnetic field was reversed indicate that the magnetic compass of the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater is based on the inclination of the field lines and not on polarity , distinguishing between the direction of the equator and the poles , rather than north and south . While their flight is in one general direction , it is not in a straight line as the flocks stay in vegetated areas , negotiate gaps in the mountain ranges and detour around cities . The migration of many birds in Australia , including honeyeaters , has generally been described as occurring mainly in response to external environmental stimuli , such as food availability or an influx of water . However , the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater has been found to have a broad range of characteristics which are consistent with the adaptations of Northern Hemisphere migrants to their mobile lifestyle : an annual cycle of migratory restlessness ; seasonally appropriate orientation based on magnetic , solar and polarised light cues ; and a migration program based on the magnetic inclination compass . = = Behaviour = = The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater is usually seen singly , in pairs or in small family groups when not migrating . While it is generally active , in the early morning it will often sit still on high perches for long periods of time . = = = Feeding = = = Comparatively short @-@ billed for a honeyeater , the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater is thought to have adapted for a mixed diet . Its diet consists of nectar , pollen , fruit , seeds , honeydew and insects . It is arboreal , foraging primarily amongst the foliage and flowers of trees , shrubs and mistletoes , less often on branches and tree trunk , and rarely on the ground . A study of the pollen on the bills and foreheads of captured birds found that 70 % carried pollen from silver banksia ( Banksia marginata ) , 61 % from heath @-@ leaved banksia ( Banksia ericifolia ) , and 22 % carried pollen from other plants in the area including fern @-@ leaved banksia ( Banksia oblongifolia ) , mountain devil ( Lambertia formosa ) and green spider flower ( Grevillea mucronulata ) . Of 545 observations of yellow @-@ faced honeyeaters feeding , around 40 % were feeding on nectar with 60 % feeding on insects . The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater feeds on insects by gleaning , and by sallying or catching insects in flight or probing in bark crevices . The insects eaten are primarily Diptera ( flies , mosquitoes , maggots , gnats and midges ) , beetles and spiders . They feed as individuals , as pairs or as small groups of up to ten birds , and during migration in larger groups . They sometimes feed in large mixed @-@ species foraging flocks composed predominately of insectivorous birds . In April and May , before the autumn migration , the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater increases its nectar consumption , which increases its body mass . The average body mass in late autumn of 17 @.@ 5 grams ( 0 @.@ 62 oz ) is 13 % higher than the average recorded between January and April , and the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater begins the migration with good fat reserves . = = = Breeding = = = The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater breeds in monogamous pairs in a breeding season that extends from July to March . Migrating birds begin nesting later than sedentary birds . They nest solitarily in all @-@ purpose territories that both parents defend against conspecifics and other species including thornbills , spinebills and silvereyes , although the male is involved in more aggressive interactions than the female . Within a breeding season females lay two or three clutches of eggs , re @-@ nesting with the same partner in the same territory . Banded birds have been identified in the same territory for periods of up to five years . The nest is built in the understorey shrubs , relatively close to the ground . Nests have been recorded in prickly coprosma ( Coprosma quadrifida ) , Cassinia , tea @-@ trees ( Melaleuca ) , eucalypts , and acacias , as well as in garden shrubs . The nest is a fragile , transparent structure , cup @-@ shaped , but swollen at the sides and narrower at the rim . The female builds the nest , but is often accompanied by the male as she gathers nesting material . Most nests are built of greenish material which varies with the location ; in coastal areas grass is the primary material , while in mountain forests the nest is often covered with moss . One bird was recorded repeatedly flying between the nest and a koala 36 metres ( 118 ft ) away and plucking the long hair near its ears to incorporate in the nest . The nests are very fine , with the eggs visible through the gauze @-@ like walls , and they sometimes fall apart . They have been known to disintegrate with eggs and nestlings falling through the bottom . The female undertakes the incubation alone . Eggs are oval , approximately 21 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 83 in ) long and 14 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 55 in ) wide , and pinkish @-@ white in colour with spots and blotches of dark reddish @-@ brown . The clutch size varies from one to three eggs , and eggs take around two weeks to hatch . Upon hatching , both parents feed the nestlings and remove faecal pellets . The chicks fledge after thirteen days , and leave the parental territory after a further two weeks . The success rate can be as low as 16 % of eggs developing into fledged young , with nest failure , hot weather , heavy rain , human activity ( including fungicide spraying and nest damage ) , egg destruction by brood parasites , and predation by brown snakes , cats and currawongs all recorded as contributing to brood failure . ( Among the species that paras	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
itize the nests of yellow @-@ faced honeyeaters are fan @-@ tailed cuckoos , brush cuckoos , pallid cuckoos , shining bronze cuckoos and Horsfield 's bronze cuckoos . ) The yellow @-@ faced honeyeater rapidly nests again after both successful and failed breeding attempts . A paternity analysis of yellow @-@ faced honeyeater nestlings found that 10 of 18 nestlings were fathered by the male of the nesting pair , with clear evidence for extra @-@ pair paternity in the case of the remaining 44 % . This conflicts with the usual pattern , where genetic monogamy is linked to the characteristics of strong social pairing , essential paternal contributions to brood rearing , and to sexual monomorphism ; characteristics exhibited by the yellow honeyeater . = = Conservation status = = Several ectoparasites which can affect both survival and reproductive fitness have been found on the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater ; the mites Ptilonyssus meliphagae and Ptilonyssus thymanzae and Ixodes species ticks . In general , honeyeaters require extensive corridors of mature trees along their migratory routes , and flowering woodlands for nesting , so they are vulnerable to the effects of land clearing , grazing and weed infestations . The woodland habitat they prefer is considered an endangered ecological community . However , as it is common and widespread , the yellow @-@ faced honeyeater is considered by the IUCN to be of least concern for conservation . In some areas it is considered a pest because of its intrusion into orchards and urban gardens where it damages fruit . = Jack @-@ Tor = " Jack @-@ Tor " is the fifth episode of the first season of the American situation comedy 30 Rock , which aired on November 16 , 2006 on the NBC network in the United States , and on November 8 , 2007 in the United Kingdom . The episode was written by Robert Carlock and was directed by Don Scardino . Guest stars in this episode include Katrina Bowden , Lonny Ross , Keith Powell , Maulik Pancholy , Teddy Coluca , James Murtaugh , Donald Glover , Doug Moe , Joey La Varco and Matthew Stocke . The episode focuses on Jack Donaghy 's ( Alec Baldwin ) pressure on the writers of TGS with Tracy Jordan to integrate General Electric products into the show , which forces Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) to integrate Jack himself into a self @-@ referential sketch about product placement . Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) and James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) trick Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) into thinking that her job is in danger , and Liz wonders if Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) might be illiterate when he refuses to read cue cards . = = Plot = = Jack tells Liz and the writers of TGS Tracy Jordan that he wants them to insert General Electric ( GE ) products into the show . The writers express their reluctance in doing product placements for GE ( even though during the scene the cast talk about how great Snapple 's White Green Tea tastes ) , but Liz agrees on the condition that Jack appears in the sketch . The next day , Liz watches a video containing outtakes from Jack 's product placement video , where she discovers that he repeatedly forgot his lines after 142 takes . After realizing that he needs help , Liz encourages Jack to go through with the sketch , which he ultimately is able to shoot . Tracy decides that he is going to take a break from rehearsals after he is called back on stage to read his cue cards . When Tracy appears to be ignoring his cue cards , Jenna informs Liz of the situation , and realizes that Tracy might be illiterate , citing an earlier promo cue card mishap ( " The Aftermath " ) as an example . Liz confronts Tracy about the problem ; he admits that he is illiterate and agrees to get help . Liz later notices Tracy reading a newspaper , and learns that he was using the ploy to get out of work . Liz tells Tracy that she is not going to take it anymore , and forces him to go through with the sketch . Jenna tells Pete that she wishes to insert a music number called " Muffin Top " into the show , which she claims is a big hit overseas . As a prank , Frank and Toofer tell her that several people are going to be fired . Believing them , Jenna tries to seduce a NBC executive whom she sees talking to Jack . Liz later notifies Jenna that no one is going to be fired , and that the executive is actually an extra on the show . Jenna aims to get back at the pair , and although Toofer admits that he was too smart for Jenna 's tactics , Frank is seen running around naked outside Jack 's balcony . Jenna finally gets her chance to perform " Muffin Top " , unaware that the show has already ended and the number was scratched at the last moment , thanks to Liz . = = Production = = In an effort to improve ratings , " Jack @-@ Tor " was the first episode of 30 Rock to air on a Thursday night , which is advertised by NBC as " Comedy Night Done Right " . 30 Rock was also one of several sitcoms to have a " super @-@ sized " episode , which NBC employed as a sweeps stunt , and to initiate a mostly comedy lineup . Instead of the usual 30 @-@ minute episodes , " Jack @-@ Tor " was increased to 40 minutes . Despite the increased length of the episode , Jack McBrayer , who plays Kenneth Parcell , received credits but did not appear in the show , except for a brief non @-@ speaking cameo at the very end when Jenna is singing " Muffin Top " . Fey said that there was " such a big ensemble " in the episode that he was crowded out . Fey said that she thought " McBrayer is fantastic " , and that she is " planning to use him lots and lots " . Executive producer Lorne Michaels also praised McBrayer , saying " we 're very high on him . He 's obviously the breakout performer on the series . We like him , the network likes him , viewers like him , everybody likes him . " Star Wars is frequently referenced in 30 Rock , beginning with the pilot episode where Tracy Jordan is seen shouting that he is a Jedi . Liz Lemon admits to being a huge fan of Star Wars , saying that she had watched it many times with Pete Hornberger , and saying she dressed up as the Star Wars character Princess Leia during four Halloweens . Fey , a fan of Star Wars herself , said that the weekly Star Wars joke or reference " started happening organically " when the crew realized that they had a Star Wars reference " in almost every show " . Fey said that from then on " it became a thing where [ they ] tried to keep it going " , and that even though they could not include one in every episode , they still had a " pretty high batting average " . Fey attributed most of the references to Robert Carlock , who she described as " the resident expert " . In this episode , Star Wars is referenced when Frank mentions a " friend in accounting " named Lando Calrissian , a prominent Star Wars character . = = Reception = = " Jack @-@ Tor " brought in an average of 5 @.@ 2 million American viewers upon its original broadcast in the United States , achieving a 2 @.@ 4 / 6 in the key 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . The 2 @.@ 4 refers to 2 @.@ 4 % of all people of ages 18 – 49 years old , and the 6 refers to 6 % of all people of ages 18 – 49 years old watching television at the time of the broadcast . 30 Rock 's timeslot change , from Wednesday to Thursday , which was aimed at improving ratings , was a success compared to the previous episode , " Jack the Writer " ; it was watched by approximately 4 @.@ 61 million American viewers , and only received a rating of 1 @.@ 7 / 5 in the key adults 18 – 49 demographic . Overall , however , the move was thought to be a failure . Joal Ryan of E ! reported that the " sparse crowd " of 5 @.@ 2 million viewers was a large decrease from the ratings 30 Rock achieved on Wednesdays , where it averaged 6 @.@ 3 million viewers per episode . Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide said that while the storyline of Liz being forced to integrate GE products into the show was a " good idea " , it " missed the bull 's @-@ eye " . He also felt that the storyline of putting Jack on TGS with Tracy Jordan was " fun " , but thought " that for some reason fell a bit flat " . Tom Shales of The Washington Post felt that " 30 Rock had " consistently and considerably improved since its premiere " . He praised Alec Baldwin , whose performance he described as " rare and rich [ ... ] perilously close to perfect , beyond improving " . Shales said that it was " painful to report " that Jack McBrayer was absent in the episode , saying he was " the show 's brightest discovery " , and his " performance has been a bittersweet beauty " . Rob Canning of IGN said that 30 Rock 's was " one new comedy we do not want to see taken off the air " . He said that " Jack @-@ Tor " had him " laughing from every angle " , and may have " begun a debate as to which character is more fun to watch – Jack Donaghy or Tracy Jordan ? " . He said that the outtakes of Jack 's sketch were " one of the best parts of the episode " , and that Tracy was evolving into his own " uniquely hilarious character " . Overall , he felt that Jack was winning the " comedy showdown " . Robert Carlock , the writer of the episode , was nominated for his work for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series . = Horrible Histories ( 2009 TV series ) = Horrible Histories is a British children 's sketch comedy television series , part of the children 's history franchise of the same name based on the books written by Terry Deary . The show was produced for CBBC by Lion Television with Citrus Television and ran from 2009 to 2013 for five series of thirteen half @-@ hour episodes , with additional one @-@ off seasonal and Olympic specials , before a return in 2015 with a sixth series under a new format with cast . The show is still running with Series 7 continuing in 2016 Horrible Histories Revival . The TV show carries over the graphic style and much of the content of the Horrible Histories book series . It maintains the franchise 's overall irreverent but accurate focus on the dark , gruesome or scatological aspects of British and other Western world history , spanning from the Stone Age to the post @-@ World War II era . Individual historical eras or civilisations are defined and named as in the books , with sketches from several different time periods combined within a single episode . Live @-@ action sketches — which often parody other UK media or celebrities — and music videos are intercut with animations and quizzes . The starring troupe are Mathew Baynton , Simon Farnaby , Martha Howe @-@ Douglas , Jim Howick , Laurence Rickard and Ben Willbond , alongside a large supporting cast headed by Sarah Hadland , Lawry Lewin and Dominique Moore . The black rat puppet " host " , Rattus Rattus , appears in short bridging segments , explaining the factual basis for each sketch . The creative team was largely recruited from the mainstream adult UK comedy scene . They took inspiration from such quintessentially British historical @-@ comedy classics as Blackadder and the Monty Python films . The series was a critical and ratings success , eventually gaining a wide all ages audience through its non @-@ condescending and inclusive approach . It has won numerous domestic and international awards and has been named among the greatest British children 's television series of all time . In 2011 , a spin @-@ off game show , Horrible Histories : Gory Games , was launched on CBBC . In the same year , the original show was repackaged for main channel BBC One as Horrible Histories with Stephen Fry , with Fry replacing the puppet rat as presenter . = = Background = = Horrible Histories is based on the British children 's historical @-@ comedy book series by Terry Deary , first published by Scholastic UK in 1993 and since expanded into a multimedia franchise . The books and subsequent spin @-@ off materials are intended to pique young children 's interest in history via short , factually based but humorously told anecdotes highlighting aspects of the subject not usually covered in more traditional educational sources . LionTV executive producer Richard Bradley , whose company had previously produced several adult history @-@ themed programmes and whose son was a fan of the Horrible Histories books , was the initial driving force behind a new TV adaptation . Deary was initially sceptical , having had a negative experience with the 2001 animated series , which had only loosely incorporated his concept . He finally agreed to the new project on the condition that it be explicitly " horrible , funny and true " . While disclaiming any active role in developing the subsequent series , he would eventually contribute to the writing as well as appearing in several small roles . The producers were determined that the show be respectful of audience expectations for the Horrible Histories brand , maintaining its familiar visual style and content as far as possible . Early concepts for bringing it to the screen involved framing or interpretive devices , including a ghostly train carrying children into the past , or a wizard storyteller to act as their guide . Eventually Bradley with producer / director Dominic Brigstocke concluded that the material was strong enough to stand on its own , so they developed , in consultation with CBBC executives , a live @-@ action sketch @-@ comedy showcase . Once the writing was underway , the producers further discovered that sticking as closely as possible to the historical truth made it easier for them to find the humour within it . They then introduced a comedy style relying on parodies of familiar modern media conventions as a means of making these historical details more immediately accessible . To do the material full justice , Brigstocke and series producer Caroline Norris used their industry contacts to put together a creative team consisting mostly of veterans of the adult UK comedy community . The BBC readily agreed to this cross @-@ demographic experiment . They also approved the adoption — insofar as was possible in a programme aimed at young children — of the core franchise precept of " history with the nasty bits left in " , which frequently involved " gross @-@ out " -style bodily function humour and comic violence . The new creative team , while avoiding references aimed specifically at adults , was determined not to adapt the humour to children or otherwise patronise their audience . Instead , they sought to make the best use possible of the material . Norris said that her goal was " to make a show that people would say was too good for children ... we started out with really high ambitions . " To that end , adult historical satires such as Blackadder and the Monty Python films were shown at the first writers ' meeting to demonstrate the proposed tone , and these influences would be visible throughout the show 's run . Once the first series had aired and it was realised that the overall approach was working well , the creative team built on and significantly expanded the scope of the comedy elements for the second . This trend continued through each subsequent series . The net result was a show that immediately appealed to young children while also gaining the increasing respect — and viewership — of older audiences . = = Format = = The divisions by historical era or civilisation in the book series are carried over in the TV show , focusing on events in or directly affecting Great Britain and ( to a lesser extent ) the larger Western world . The Inca and Aztec empires are also featured in later series . Sketches are grouped under these divisions , named as in the books , beginning with the Savage Stone Age and including among others the Cut @-@ throat Celts , Awful Egyptians , Groovy Greeks , Rotten Romans , Vicious Vikings , Measly Middle Ages , Terrible Tudors , Gorgeous Georgians and Vile Victorians . The timeline for the most part ended at the Woeful Second World War . During the fifth and final series the show featured a handful of significant post @-@ WWII ( or " Troublesome Twentieth Century " ) events , including the civil rights movement and the Space Race between the US and the USSR . The most recent event referenced was the 1969 Apollo 11 Moon landing . Each named division has its own title card that appears before each sketch ( or group of sketches ) set in that era or civilisation , along with a short introductory animation featuring a period @-@ appropriate character . Throughout each sketch , small pop @-@ up signs are used to affirm the truth ( or otherwise ) of any particularly implausible @-@ seeming concepts mentioned onscreen . The live @-@ action material is intercut with short animated sketches , quizzes and interludes with puppet " host " Rattus Rattus ( performed by John Eccleston ) , who addresses the viewer directly as a presenter , commenting on and clarifying the factual basis behind the humour . Sketches were filmed en masse and then cut into episodes by the producers based on creative rather than chronological or other educational considerations , in the manner of a more traditional sketch @-@ comedy series . They often fall under a recurring banner — usually with its own short title sequence — but otherwise vary widely in length , visual style and approach . Many are recognisable parodies of other popular media or celebrities , in formats ranging from spoof commercials to mock TV shows , newscasts , magazines , video games and film trailers . Notable parody inspirations included Masterchef , Wife Swap , Come Dine with Me and The Apprentice . " Horrible Histories Movie Pitch " , in which historical figures pitch their life stories to a panel of Hollywood producers played by League of Gentlemen actors Mark Gatiss , Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith , used the format of a commercial campaign for Orange mobile reminders . The show also created several popular recurring characters and concepts , notably " Stupid Deaths " , in which a skeletal , platinum @-@ blond Grim Reaper amuses himself while processing souls for admittance to the afterlife by forcing candidates from throughout history to relate the embarrassing details of their demise . HHTV News ' Bob Hale and his eccentric @-@ but @-@ erudite in @-@ studio reports provide a broader picture on historical events ( such as the Wars of the Roses and the French Revolution ) , in a style reminiscent of presenter Peter Snow . The " Shouty Man " , a parody of a typically ebullient infomercial host ( like Barry Scott ) , pitches unusual historical products . = = = Music = = = Original music plays a significant role in the show and its popularity ; " Music from Horrible Histories " was chosen as the 2011 theme of the BBC Proms ' annual children 's concert . Alongside various short intro themes and commercial jingles , each episode and each special contains at least one longer comedy song centred around a particular historical figure or theme and performed by the cast in appropriate character . In the first series , the songs generally had no particular satirical slant , and were often intercut with sketches from the same era . However , after the creative team noted the critical and popular success of the major exception ( " Born 2 Rule " , which featured King Georges I – IV performing in the style of a boyband ) the decision was taken from the second series onwards to continue in that vein . Historical concepts were matched to a diverse range of modern musical references , and the results were showcased as self @-@ contained music video parodies . The thirteenth episode of the second and each subsequent series was retooled as a " Savage Songs " special , featuring a compilation of that series ' outstanding videos . The songs have since become among the most critically and popularly acclaimed elements of the show , especially among its adult audience . Commentators cite the apt cleverness of the various historical / musical parody match @-@ ups , and the complexity and skill with which the musical elements are executed . Principal composer Richie Webb confirms that the songs became more sophisticated as a result of the show 's increasing popularity with older viewers , as well as the demands of increased visibility online . Many of the videos have earned standalone popularity on YouTube . The videos tend to run about three minutes , with two significant exceptions . " The English Kings and Queens " , from the third series , lists all of the British monarchs since William the Conqueror , using a Chas & Dave @-@ inspired cumulative format . The creative team wrote the song to challenge the show 's young audience , after noting that the same youngsters had been inspired to memorise lyrics to previous songs . " We 're History " , styled as a grand finale for the show 's final episode , uses stock footage from across the show 's run to revisit every major era it ever featured in turn . = = Content and educational value = = No formal educational method was applied to the production , and no attempt was made to follow the official UK National Curriculum for primary school history . The show 's creators were acutely aware of educational possibilities , but — in line with Deary 's overall mandate for the franchise — saw their basic role as popularising history , inspiring further curiosity about the academic subject rather than attempting to teach it seriously . The show 's effectiveness in this respect was endorsed by historical scholars , including presenter Dan Snow . Writing in The Independent , Gerard Gilbert notes that Horrible Histories is part of an extensive British black @-@ comedy tradition not only in adult but also in children 's programming . In later series , as usable material from the books began to run out , there was a progression towards more sophisticated , adult sketches in terms of both creativity and educational content , as the show began relying on material that their younger viewers would be less familiar with . Throughout , emphasis was placed on meshing comedy with the demands of historical accuracy , as defined by the mainstream scholarly consensus on the topic . This stance sometimes encompassed traditionally accepted if not actually well @-@ documented anecdotes , such as those involving Caligula . All the material used on the show was vetted by production assistant and self @-@ described " tyrannical pedant " Greg Jenner during both writing and filming ; he says that he has counted only eight errors out of more than 4 @,@ 000 facts presented over the course of the show 's run . Costuming and makeup were likewise painstakingly recreated based on primary historical sources where available . When an error was discovered , the effort was made to correct it whenever possible . This process is perhaps most noticeable in the evolution of a song featuring the four Hanoverian King Georges : lyrics in the original 2009 video incorrectly saying that George I had " died on the loo " were correctly reassigned to George II for the song 's reprise at the show 's 2011 BBC Prom concert . Taking cues from what Deary describes as his " seriously subversive " attitude towards the mainstream British history education model meant that the show inevitably incorporated sociopolitical comment . Perhaps most explicitly , Scots @-@ Jamaican nurse Mary Seacole was deliberately championed in both a sketch and later song as a forgotten heroine in the shadow of Florence Nightingale . The activities of African @-@ American activists Harriet Tubman and Rosa Parks were also showcased , as was ex @-@ slave boxer Bill Richmond . According to Norris , a desire to include more women 's stories was hampered by the traditionally male @-@ dominated viewpoint of historical records . The show did make an attempt to counteract this by giving showcase songs to the British women 's suffrage movement and women 's work on the British homefront during WWII , and wherever possible highlighting strong @-@ willed , dynamic female figures , including Queen Victoria , Elizabeth I and Boudicca . Religious controversies , class divisions , the ethics of conquest , and labour conditions were likewise touched on . The association with a proven and popular children 's brand focusing on potentially sensitive subjects enabled the TV series to deflect any serious controversy regarding the same subjects , as they had demonstrably already been presented to children without any ill effects . Senior writer Steve Punt said that there were in fact very few complaints regarding the initial series ' content , adding that " everyone was very relieved " . The producers did consider some topics intrinsically unsuited for an irreverent comic treatment , as for instance the Holocaust or the harsher details of slavery , and avoided them accordingly . Norris has described her personal criteria for age suitability as whether she would be nervous watching it with a ten @-@ year @-@ old . While BBC executives in large part were willing to concede the requirements of reflecting historical realities , some topics , notably suicide , needed careful handling to avoid potentially negative impact on younger viewers . The show sometimes acknowledged particularly emotive subject matter ( the WWI Christmas truce , for example ) by following up the sketch not with a joke , but a more sombre elaboration of the less comedic details . = = Production = = The TV series used the Horrible Histories brand , logo and associated trademarks under licence from publisher Scholastic Books . It was produced for the BBC by LionTV and Citrus Television , with post @-@ production being handled by Platform Post Production . Under series producer Norris and directors Brigstocke , Steve Connelly and Chloe Thomas , each series of thirteen episodes took approximately one year to produce . The process included several months of research into the historical facts , two to three months of writing , eight weeks of filming both on location and at London 's Twickenham Studios , and three to four months of post @-@ production . At first the sketches were derived almost exclusively from the books , whose multimedia approach , consisting of short anecdotes interspersed with cartoons , diaries , newspaper articles and recipes , proved easily adaptable to the screen either as raw material or creative inspiration . In later series , as usable material from the books and other obvious sources began to run out , concepts were drawn from more standard historical texts under Jenner 's supervision . He and fellow researchers read through many different studies and picked out suitably quirky , intriguing snippets , which were then pitched to the writers for development . Inspiration for the music videos came from many different sources , and input from all members of the show 's creative team was encouraged . With the exception of " A Gorgeous Georgian Lady " , adapted by Deary from his book Gorgeous Georgians , all songs were original to the series . Once Jenner and Norris had finalised the subject matter and music genre , lyrics were commissioned from the writing team , usually Dave Cohen . These were rewritten as needed under Norris ' supervision to ensure as much factual information as possible was included . Webb then composed and recorded each song 's instrumental track at Noisegate Studios , hewing as closely as possible to the style of the genre or artist in question . The finished vocal and backing tracks were later returned to Noisegate for post @-@ production by Webb and colleague Matt Katz . The 2D animated sequences were directed by Tim Searle of Baby Cow Animation , based on Martin Brown 's illustrations for the books . They were voiced by Jon Culshaw and Jess Robinson along with various regular cast members . Video game @-@ styled sketches were achieved using a mix of 3D animation and live @-@ action green @-@ screen footage . Properties frequently were modified foodstuffs , with melted chocolate bars standing in for excrement and soup for vomit . Each series debuted in the UK in April or May from 2009 to 2013 , and on international channels including Canada 's BBC Kids , Malaysia 's NTV7 , The Philippines GMA Network , and Australia 's ABC3 . Six special episodes , comprising a mix of new and existing material around a single theme , were broadcast in the UK . " Horrible Christmas " ( aired in 2010 ) was followed by a " Sport Special " ( July 2012 , to coincide with the 2012 London Olympic Games ) and a " Scary Special " ( autumn 2012 , themed around Halloween ) . " Ridiculous Romance " ( themed around Valentine 's Day ) aired in February 2014 ; the " Frightful First World War Special " aired later the same year , as part of the BBC 's commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of WWI . In autumn 2011 , the BBC edited footage from the show 's summer Prom concert into an hour @-@ long TV special ( " Horrible Histories ' Big Prom Party " ) , featuring specially shot linking sketches . In addition , standalone sketches hosted by Stephen Fry , as well as a special " Bob Hale Report " , were produced as part of the 2012 Sport Relief benefit programme . In the same year , several sketches were commissioned as part of the BBC 's live television coverage of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II , to be performed on Tower Bridge , but due to time constraints only one was aired . The producers decided to cease full @-@ time production after the fifth series , citing concerns around the increasing difficulty in finding suitable historical material . However , the possibility of further specials marking important historical or holiday milestones has been discussed . In 2015 , the BBC announced that the Horrible Histories concept would be revived in a new format , focussing on the life and times of a single historical figure per episode . The rebooted series was again developed by LionTV and will involve a largely all @-@ new production team and cast , while still retaining Jenner as lead historical consultant and many of the original series 's writers . In addition , original stars Farnaby and Howick will return in limited roles . = = = Cast = = = The cast members were recruited from sketch and character comedy , having previously had roles in Gavin & Stacey , Peep Show , The Thick of It and The Mighty Boosh TV series among others . Several of the writers and researchers also occasionally appeared in front of the camera , including Punt , Jenner , George Sawyer and Susie Donkin , while actors Mathew Baynton and Ben Willbond sometimes contributed to the writing . Laurence Rickard was recruited solely as a writer , but found himself part of both the senior writing staff and starring cast after creating the character of Bob Hale , whose extended , convoluted monologues proved impossible to hand over to anyone else . Individual sketches and songs were cast by the production team , sometimes acting on input from the show 's stable of performers themselves . While certain roles naturally lent themselves to a particular actor , Norris said that confidence in the entire cast 's ability was such that the producers also experimented with casting against type . The demands of filming thirteen episodes ' worth of material in the same timeframe as a standard six @-@ episode sketch show , while coping with the many complex makeup and wardrobe changes required , resulted in casting also being partially dependent on the logistics of moving a performer from one character to another . Recurring characters were if at all possible played by the actor who had originated the part , leading to the development of several signature roles , as for example Baynton 's Charles II , Jim Howick 's Shouty Man , Rickard 's Bob Hale , Willbond 's Henry VIII , Martha Howe @-@ Douglas ' Elizabeth I and Simon Farnaby 's Death . The performers were allowed to improvise provided that they maintained factual accuracy . Howick said that improvisation was actually often necessary due to the rapid @-@ fire pace of filming , which left very little time to prepare for individual roles . On the other hand , both Rickard and Baynton suggest this enforced spontaneity may have ultimately worked to enhance the comedy , not least by preventing the jokes from becoming over @-@ rehearsed . Six performers ( Baynton , Howick , Rickard , Willbond , Howe @-@ Douglas and Farnaby ) were credited as main or starring cast throughout the show 's run ; a seventh , Sarah Hadland , left after the second series but returned with an " also starring " credit for the fourth and fifth . The initial sextet appeared from Series 2 onwards as the standard face of the show at premieres and other press opportunities , and performed as a troupe for such peripheral events as the show 's BBC Prom concert . They became a particularly close @-@ knit group both personally and professionally . Eventually this led them to continue working together after Horrible Histories ceased full @-@ time production , creating , writing and starring in the TV series Yonderland and feature film comedy Bill . The supporting cast varied considerably by series . Those performers with additional speaking parts are listed below : The show has attracted several special guest stars . In the fourth series , Gatiss , Shearsmith and Pemberton of The League of Gentlemen joined the show , playing the panel of Hollywood producers for the " Movie Pitch " sketches . Shearsmith said , " Mark and I independently thought it was just a brilliant show that works on a number of levels ... There 's not a weak link in the team here and it 's an honour to be asked to be part of it " . Other featured guests included : Alexei Sayle ( Series 2 , Arabic healer , " Historical Hospital " ) Tanni Grey @-@ Thompson ( Series 2 , herself , field reporter for " HHTV Sport " ) David Baddiel ( Series 2 & 3 , storyteller Vincenzo Larfoff , " Scary Stories " ) Chris Addison ( Series 4 , two different " Historical Apprentice " candidates ) Amir Khan and Jermain Defoe ( Series 4 , as themselves in Sport Relief sketches ) Al Murray ( Series 5 , various roles , notably the drummer for the Smiths @-@ inspired Charles Dickens music video ) = = Reception = = Horrible Histories was immediately , and almost universally , greeted with critical enthusiasm . On its debut , Alice @-@ Azania Jarvis of The Independent described the show as " fun , filthy and genuinely engaging , in a peer @-@ to @-@ peer way . " Harry Venning in The Stage approved the " seriously funny , beautifully performed and endlessly inventive sketches " along with " plenty of crowd @-@ pleasing fart and poo gags . " By the second series , the show 's cross @-@ generational appeal was beginning to attract significant attention from adult media . Naomi West of The Daily Telegraph characterised the first series as " boundary @-@ pushing " , suggesting that " the bold decision to approach the series in the same way as an adult show has been the key to its success ... [ it ] delivers more laughs than most post @-@ watershed comedies . " James Delingpole in The Spectator likewise recommended the show to viewers of all ages , saying that " Even though there are vast quantities of entirely gratuitous fart , bottom and wee wee jokes , the cumulative effect — bizarrely — is one of dumbing up rather than down . " Discussing the first two series in the The Guardian , television writer Jesse Armstrong said that " Hit shows are very difficult to achieve . You need to have everything just right — that 's what 's so terrifying . But Horrible Histories has a great cast and brilliant writers . They 're also blessed with great source material . The tone is perfect and it is done in a non @-@ patronising , engaging way " . Clare Heal of the Daily Express , in her review of the third series , praised the show 's " spot @-@ on spoofs of modern telly " and agreed that " There 's no particular target audience but pretty much anyone of any age will find something in there for them " . Kerrie Mills of PopMatters rated the first three series 9 / 10 , opining that the show " does also provide evidence , edgewise between the falling bodily fluids , of a sharp comic intelligence ... in fact , it might just be one of the most successful original comedy shows to appear in years . " Stephen Kelly of The Guardian argued that the fourth series had definitively transcended its roots to become not just " the best show on children 's television — it 's one of the smartest comedies on TV " , performed by an " astonishing cast ... so superb that even special guest stars such as Chris Addison can look slightly out of their depth . " In an article discussing the League of Gentlemen troupe 's appearance in the same series , the Radio Times ' Gareth McLean agreed that " despite nominally being a children 's programme , Horrible Histories is one of the best sketch comedies on TV " , adding that " ultimately , comedy performers relish [ the ] madcap , sometimes deliciously silly exuberance , which , thanks to the show 's razorsharp writing , educates as well as entertains . " Graeme Virtue of The Scotsman called the League 's reunion a " coup " for the series : " While Gatiss 's American accent was pretty duff , the bickering spark between the three Gentlemen remained . " In her review of the fifth series , Deborah Ross of the Daily Mail wrote of her sheer pleasure in watching the show without her children , calling it " still unfailingly brilliant and funny and silly , without ever losing its sense of purpose ... There just isn 't anything else on TV that can match it for ideas , writing and performance . " Sarah Dempster of The Guardian agreed , adding that " Four years into its ingenious ' making history look less crap ' operation ... HH remains true to its aim , with meticulously harvested historical data + roaringly well @-@ observed pop culture pastiches = seemingly infinite heritage lolz . " Writing in The Independent , Grace Dent commended the cast in particular , saying that the show " has the distinct feel of a group of bright , young , erudite , writery @-@ actory sparks having a tremendously good time . " Venning of The Stage reiterated his praise of the show , adding that " it also has the courage to tackle potentially controversial events head on " , specifically citing the song featuring African @-@ American civil rights activist Rosa Parks as retelling her story in a " clever , concise and accessible way without trivialising it . " = = = Historical accuracy = = = Most criticism of the show revolves around the accuracy and presentation of its factual content . The TV series , like the books , has been used by educators as a classroom aid and was endorsed by UK Education Secretary Michael Gove as useful for spotlighting " neglected periods of history . " However , writing after the final episode , Simon Hoggart in The Spectator noted that " There has been some whipped @-@ up controversy about Horrible Histories " , adding that " where the books make a rudimentary attempt to teach history as a series of interconnected events , the television show is basically gags , chiefly about defecation , gluttony , murder and torture . It 's quite amusing , though whether it will pique an interest in the subject , or — as some say — merely encourage children to learn more about defecation , gluttony , murder and torture , we cannot know . " More specifically , in September 2014 , responding to a complaint from the Nightingale Society , the BBC Trust determined that the show had breached editorial guidelines in the sketch highlighting the controversy surrounding Mary Seacole 's role in nursing history . In this sketch , Florence Nightingale says that she rejected the Jamaican @-@ born Seacole 's application to Nightingale 's Crimean nursing corps because it was open to " British girls " only . This was held to be imputing racially discriminatory motives to Nightingale — and thus implying them to be historical fact — without sufficient proof . In response , the BBC pulled the offending sketch from their website and announced it would be removed from future showings of the episode . In a 20th @-@ anniversary retrospective of the franchise in The Telegraph , David Horspool , the history editor of the Times Literary Supplement , defended the show 's overall viewpoint , saying , " There 's no particular reason why grown @-@ up historians shouldn 't like Horrible Histories too ... They simplify , and they have a definite point of view , but all historians are guilty of that to some degree . " He further said that " Getting children interested in the past isn 't necessarily easy , and Horrible Histories does it extremely effectively — and those who come to history because it 's fun seem far more likely to stay with it in the long run . " Writing for entertainment website DorkAdore , Anna Lowman added that " Terry Deary had the fine idea of getting kids into history by giving the facts a human face and a joke or two ... The producers of the CBBC show have perfectly transferred Deary 's ethos to television . " The recut for BBC1 with Fry as host drew particular criticism as to whether its educational methods were suited to an adult demographic . History Today editor Paul Lay called the idea " frightening " . Historian and Labour Party MP Tristram Hunt , while admitting that he had not yet actually seen the programme , voiced his concerns that the show 's content was not " challenging and stimulating " enough for the BBC , adding that " For children , Horrible Histories is an exciting aid to engage with the guts and gore of the past , but there are more sophisticated , populist ways of getting people involved in history than this . I 'm in favour of populism , but there has to be a bit of depth to it . " Other critics have taken a more lenient view . Historian and television presenter Dan Snow described the show 's modus operandi as " one step above Blackadder , but that 's fine ... it plays to stereotypes , but it 's fantastic as entry @-@ level history . " Writing in The Independent , Tom Sutcliffe noted that " As a grown @-@ up you might quibble with the fact that they don 't always distinguish between things that genuinely are true and the things that people would like to be ( sadly , there 's no hard evidence that Aeschylus was brained by a tortoise dropped by an overflying eagle ) " , but added that " children and adults alike should enjoy the gleefully anachronistic way in which the information is presented . " Dent in The Guardian , while conceding what she called the show 's " frankly slapdash , dumbed @-@ down approach to history " , also argued that " in Horrible Histories there are always serious messages lurking amid the silliness . " = = = Ratings = = = In its debut week of 15 June 2009 , the show topped the UK children 's TV viewing figures with 191 @,@ 000 viewers . The first series reached a viewing peak of 50 % of UK children aged 6 – 12 , while the second was watched by 34 % of UK children aged 6 – 12 , or 1 @.@ 6 million total . Throughout its run , the show routinely ranked at or near the top of the CBBC ratings , reaching a peak of 548 @,@ 000 viewers for Episode 10 of Series 5 . = = Awards and nominations = = Horrible Histories received numerous domestic and international awards and nominations , including several BAFTA Children 's Awards , two British Comedy Awards and a Rose d 'Or Award for Best Children 's Programme . It is the first children 's programme to win a British Comedy Award and four successive children 's BAFTAs , for Best Comedy . In 2013 the show was also named in a Radio Times poll of all @-@ time greatest British children 's TV series , and was cited at No. 8 in a similar Top 50 list presented later the same year by Channel Five . = = DVD and online releases = = All five series of the original show , plus the " Scary ( Halloween ) Special " , " Ridiculous Romance " & the " Frightful First World War Special " and " Horrible Christmas " have been released on Region 2 DVD by 2entertain for the BBC , both individually and as boxed sets . Each series , as well as the " Scary Special " and " Sport Special " , are also available for download from the UK iTunes store . As of February 2014 , all episodes from Series 1 – 3 were available for download to American audiences on Amazon.com " Instant Video " service . = = Spin @-@ offs = = In 2011 , a spinoff game show , Horrible Histories : Gory Games , was launched on CBBC . Likewise coproduced by Lion TV and Citrus , the show is co @-@ hosted by Dave Lamb with puppet Rattus Rattus and includes cameos from many of the parent show 's cast . As of 2013 , the show had aired three full series . For summer 2011 , the show was repackaged for adult Sunday @-@ night audiences as Horrible Histories with Stephen Fry , a six @-@ part " best of " compilation for main channel BBC One . The show featured a selection of sketches and songs from the first two series as chosen by the producers of the parent show , with Fry replacing the puppet rat as presenter . = La Sombra ( wrestler ) = Manuel Alfonso " Manny " Andrade Oropeza ( born November 3 , 1989 ) , is a Mexican luchador or professional wrestler currently signed to WWE under the ring name Andrade " Cien " Almas . He is best known for his work in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) from 2007 until 2015 under the ring name La Sombra ( Spanish for " The Shadow " ) . Andrade is the son of Jose Andrade Salasa , who is better known as the wrestler " Brillante " . Andrade made his professional wrestling debut a month before his 14th birthday and worked initially as Brillante Jr . In 2007 he began working for CMLL as La Sombra and was met with in ring success as he won the 2007 Torneo Gran Alternativa tournament , the 2011 Universal Championship and at one point he was a triple champion ; holding the Mexican National Trios Championship , NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship and CMLL World Tag Team Championship at the same time . He also made appearances for New Japan Pro Wrestling , where he is a former IWGP Intercontinental Champion. tye d Andrade , while working as " La Sombra " was one of the founding members of the Los Ingobernables ( " the Unruly " ) wrestling group along with Rush , La Máscara and Marco Corleone . The Ingobernables group straddles the traditional roles of the " good guys " and " bad guys " in lucha libre as are positioned to be against anyone who is not a part of Los Ingobernables group . During his career he has won the masks of El Felino , Olímpico and Volador Jr. by defeating them in Lucha de Apuestas , or bet matches , to force them to unmask and has only lost one Lucha de Apuestas match , losing his own mask to Atlantis . In November , 2015 , it was reported that Andrade had signed a developmental contract with WWE . = = Personal life = = Andrade was born on November 3 , 1989 in Gómez Palacio , Durango , Mexico , the son of Jose Andrade Salas . He became part of the third generation of the Andrade family to compete in lucha libre . His grandfather , Jose Andrade , wrestled under the ring name " El Moro " , his father works as Brillante , his uncles wrestle or wrestled under the names Diamante / Moro III ( Sergio Andrade ) , Zafiro / Pentagoncito ( real name unrevealed ) , Kevin ( Juan Andrade ) , Espanto Jr . / Pentagón ( Jesus Andrade ) , Espiritu Magico ( Juan Andrade ) and one of his cousins works as the current Espanto Jr . ( real name unrevealed ) Due to the secretive nature of lucha libre , where they often do not reveal the real names of masked wrestlers , it is possible that some more of Andrade 's siblings or cousins are also professional wrestlers . With his father , uncles and grandfather being involved in running a local lucha libre promotion and school in Durango Andrade began training for a professional career from an early age , initially by playing around with his father and uncles , but later began to train seriously for a career in the wrestling ring . He made his professional wrestling debut on October 3 , 2003 , a month before his 14th birthday , but only after his father signing a waiver for the local boxing and wrestling commission to issue him a license . He began working under the ring name Brillante Jr. in honor of his father . Andrade was previously in a relationship with fellow professional wrestler Sarah Stock while Stock worked in Mexico for a number of years . = = Professional wrestling career = = Working for his family 's wrestling promotion Andrade used the name " Brillante Jr . " from 2003 through early 2007 . During that period of time he got involved in a storyline rivalry with his uncle who wrestled as " Zafio " , leading to his first ever Lucha de Apuestas , or bet match . By defeating Zafiro he won his first headline match , forcing Zafiro to have all his hair shaved off after the match per lucha libre traditions . He would later win another Lucha de Apuestas match , forcing the masked wrestler Camorra to unmask in the middle of the ring and reveal his real name . During this time period Andrade also competed as the enmascarado ( masked ) characters " Guerrero Azteca " ( " Aztec Warrior " ) and " Rey Azteca " ( " Aztec King " ) on occasion . = = = Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre = = = In 2007 he signed with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( " World Wrestling Council " ; CMLL ) , and began training under CMLL head trainer El Satánico . He made his CMLL in ring debut on February 27 , working as " Brillante " just like his father had . In June CMLL changed his name , rechristening him La Sombra ( " The Shadow " ) . CMLL previously had other people work under the name " La Sombra " in the 1980s and 1990s ; CMLL did not promote the most recent La Sombra as having any relation to the previous incarnations at all , although it was later subtly acknowledged relationship was acknowledged when La Sombra began wrestling in a black and silver version of his father 's mask . La Sombra quickly moved up the ranks of CMLL in the months after his debut . The first sign of CMLL putting their faith in La Sombra came when the promoters him teamed up with CMLL 's main good guy ( known as a " técnico " in Spanish ) Místico for their annual Torneo Gran Alternativa ( " Great Alternative Tournament " ) where a rookie and a veteran team up . La Sombra and Místico defeated Heavy Metal and Super Nova in the first round , Dr. Wagner Jr. and Mascara Purpura in the semi @-@ final and the team of Último Guerrero and Euforia in the finals to win the 2007 Tornero Gran Alternativa . The following month , La Sombra teamed up with El Sagrado and Volador Jr. to defeat Mr. Águila , Damián 666 , and Halloween , collectively known as Los Perros del Mal ( " The Bad Dogs " ) , to win the Mexican National Trios Championship . On November 27 , 2007 , La Sombra added the NWA World Welterweight Championship to his collection when he defeated Hajime Ohara to win the title ; his victory made him the youngest wrestler to hold the championship , winning it at the age of 18 . Throughout 2008 La Sombra was busy defending both championships on several occasions . On January 16 , 2009 , La Sombra became a triple champion as he teamed up with Volador Jr. to defeat Averno and Mephisto , winning the CMLL World Tag Team Championship . La Sombra 's time as a triple champion lasted just over two weeks , until February 3 , when Sangre Azteca , Black Warrior , and Dragón Rojo Jr . , collectively known as Poder Mexica ( " Mexican Power " ) defeated La Sombra , Volador , and Sagrado to win the Mexican National Trios Championship . On May 27 , 2009 La Sombra lost the NWA World Welterweight Championship to Mephisto . In early 2010 La Sombra began a storyline feud with El Felino . The feud began on February 2 , 2010 , during a singles match between El Felino and La Sombra ; when tied at one fall each , Puma King , El Felino 's son , showed up wearing an El Felino outfit and mask , distracting both the referee and La Sombra long enough for El Felino to land a low blow on La Sombra to win the match . The two met in a Lighting match ( a one fall , 10 minute time limit match ) on the February 19 CMLL Super Viernes show . Once again Puma King tried to help his uncle , but this time the referee disqualified El Felino for the transgression . La Sombra and El Felino continued to feud , both interfering in a match between Volador Jr. and Místico . The storyline led to Místico , Volador Jr . , La Sombra and El Felino being booked in a four @-@ way Lucha de Apuestas match as the main event of the 2010 2010 Homenaje a Dos Leyendas ( " Homage to Two Legends " ) show . La Sombra was the first man pinned at Dos Leyendas and El Felino was the second , forcing the two to compete with their masks on the line . La Sombra pinned El Felino , forcing him to unmask and reveal his real name . On May 14 , 2010 , La Sombra teamed up with Máscara Dorada and La Máscara to defeat the then CMLL World Trios Champions La Ola Amarilla ( " The Yellow Wave " ; Hiroshi Tanahashi , Okumura , and Taichi ) in a non @-@ title match to earn a shot at the Championship the following week . One week later the trio defeated Ola Amarilla again , ending the Japanese trios title reign after just two weeks . On July 12 , 2010 , at the Promociones Gutiérrez 1st Anniversary Show La Sombra participated in a match where 10 men put their mask on the line in a match that featured five pareja incredibles ( " Incredible Pairs " ) teams , with the losing team being forced to wrestle each other with their mask on the line . His partner in the match was Histeria , facing off against the teams of Atlantis and Olímpico , Místico and El Oriental , El Alebrije and Volador Jr . , Último Guerrero and Averno . La Sombra and Histeria were the first team to escape the match and retain their masks . While La Sombra had travelled to Japan to participate in the 2010 Best of the Super Juniors ( BOSJ ) tournament Volador Jr. had begun showing rudo signs , but when La Sombra returned the two teamed back up without any signs of problems between the two Sombra and Volador Jr. lost the CMLL World Tag Team Championship to the Los Invasores team of Mr. Águila and Héctor Garza on July 23 , 2010 , again without any signs of dissension between the two . During a later show Volador Jr. finally turned fully rudo when he attacked La Sombra and tore La Sombra 's mask off , provoking a feud between the two long time partners . La Sombra entered the 2010 Universal Championship tournament and qualified for the finals when he won " Block A " on the July 30 , 2010 Super Viernes show by defeating Mephisto , El Texano Jr . , and Último Guerrero . In the finals Jushin Thunder Liger , with help from Okumura at ringside , defeated La Sombra to claim the tournament trophy . The unresolved issues between La Sombra and Volador Jr . , as well as the storyline between La Sombra and Jushin Thunder Liger , led to all three wrestlers being booked in the main event of the CMLL 77th Anniversary Show , a 14 @-@ man steel cage Lucha de Apuestas , mask vs. mask match . The match came down to Olímpico and La Sombra after the other 12 men had escaped the cage ; La Sombra pinned Olímpico to force him to unmask . On March 13 , 2011 , La Sombra defeated Mephisto to win the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship . On July 15 , La Generación Dorada lost the CMLL World Trios Championship to Los Hijos del Averno ( Averno , Ephesto and Mephisto ) . On September 2 , La Sombra entered CMLL 's annual tournament of champions , the Universal Championship tournament . After defeating Mexican National Trios Champions Ángel de Oro and Diamante in his first two matches , La Sombra defeated NWA World Historic Light Heavyweight Champion Rey Bucanero in his block 's finals to advance to the tournament finals . On September 16 , La Sombra defeated Averno to become the 2011 Universal Champion . On February 13 , 2012 , La Sombra lost the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship to Negro Casas , ending his reign at 337 days . On November 28 , 2012 La Sombra won the advanced category in CMLL 's annual bodybuilding contest . On December 14 , La Sombra defeated Tama Tonga to win the 2012 La Copa Junior Tournament in the main event of CMLL 's 2012 Sin Piedad ( " No Mercy " ) show . On February 15 , 2013 , La Sombra defeated Volador Jr. to win the 2013 Reyes del Aire tournament . Following their clash over the Reyes del Aire trophy Volador Jr. and La Sombra were teamed up for the 2013 Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles tournament , the same tournament that in 2010 was the impetus for Volador Jr . ' s rudo turn . The rivals put their issues aside for the tournament , defeating the teams of Guerrero Maya Jr. and Negro Casas , La Máscara and Averno , and Shocker and Mr. Niebla to qualify for the finals of the tournament . On March 15 , at the 2013 Homenaje a Dos Leyendas show , Volador Jr. and La Sombra defeated Altantis and Último Guerrero to win the Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles . The truce between La Sombra and Volador Jr. that allowed them to win the tag team tournament only lasted until the next time the two rivals were in the same ring . On February 17 , 2013 La Sombra teamed up with Marco Corleone and Místico II against Volador Jr . , Euforia and Último Guerrero . During the match Volador Jr. attacked both La Sombra and the referee , causing a disqualification before leaving the ring and his confused partners behind . On September 13 at CMLL 's 80th Anniversary Show , La Sombra and Volador Jr. defeated Atlantis and Último Guerrero in a Relevos Suicidas match and thus advanced to a Mask vs. Mask Lucha de Apuestas against each other . In the end , La Sombra was victorious , forcing his rival to unmask . = = = = Los Ingobernables ( 2014 – 2015 ) = = = = The main event of the 80th Anniversary show was not well received by the fans as they had been expecting a match between Atlantis and Último Guerrero , loudly chanting " fraud " during the main event . After the match the fans rallied behind Volador Jr . , giving him the crowd support that made CMLL return him to hthe tecnico side . Conversely the fans began to boo and heckle La Sombra , the supposed tecnico , leading to a change in how La Sombra was booked and presented by CMLL . La Sombra formed a partnership with Rush and effectively began working as a rudo , though the two refused to acknowledge themselves as such , instead referring to themselves as " técnicos diferentes " ( " a different kind of good guy " ) . On June 6 , La Sombra defeated Volador Jr. with help from Rush and La Máscara to win the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship in a match , where La Sombra 's Historic Middleweight Championship was also on the line . The trio of Sombra , Rush and La Máscara was eventually named Los Ingobernables ( " The Unruly " ) . On August 1 at El Juicio Final , La Sombra lost the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship back to Volador Jr . Later in August , La Sombra made it to the finals of the 2014 Universal Championship tournament , before losing to Último Guerrero . On May 1 , 2015 , La Sombra won the 2015 Reyes del Aire tournament ( " Kings of the Air " ) . On July 21 , La Sombra and Rush were involved in an incident in Guadalajara , where the two attacked fans who were throwing beers at them . The following day , Jalisco 's Boxing and Wrestling Commission suspended the two from wrestling in the state for three months . While the commission only suspended them from wrestling in Jalisco , CMLL decided to pull both La Sombra and Rush from their Super Viernes show three days later . CMLL did not offer an official explanation for the change . Over the summer of 2015 Los Ingobernables started to wrestle against tecnico teams instead of generally facing rudo teams as they had been up to that point . By August , 2015 Los Ingobernables found themselves facing off against Atlantis on multiple occasions , often with La Sombra going out of his way to attack Atlantis , tearing Atlantis ' mask apart during matches to show his disdain for the veteran tecnico . On August 19 , 2015 CMLL held a press conference where they announced that the winner of the main event of the 80th Anniversary , La Sombra , would put his mask on the line against the winner of the main event of the 81st Anniversary Show , Atlantis , in the main event of the CMLL 82nd Anniversary Show on September 18 , 2015 . On August 31 , La Sombra lost the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship to Último Guerrero , ending his two and a half year reign . La Sombra lost the Lucha de Apuestas match to Atlantis . As a result , La Sombra was forced to unmask and reveal his real name . In early November , La Sombra and Rush began having issues with each other , which led to a singles match between the two on November 13 , where Rush was victorious . After the match , which turned out to be La Sombra 's final with CMLL , the two founding members of Los Ingobernables made peace with each other . = = = New Japan Pro Wrestling ( 2010 – 2015 ) = = = In 2010 La Sombra was selected to be the CMLL representative for New Japan Pro Wrestling 's ( NJPW ) Best of the Super Juniors XVII ( BOSJ ) tournament that took place from May 30 to June 16 , 2010 in Japan . The tournament marked the first time that La Sombra toured Japan . On May 30 , 2010 La Sombra wrestled his first match in the tournament , defeating Tiger Mask . On the final day of the tournament he defeated the junior heavyweight wrestling innovator , Jushin Thunder Liger . With just three wins in the tournament and a total of six points he did not advance to the semi @-@ finals . In November 2010 La Sombra and Máscara Dorada took part in New Japan 's five @-@ day @-@ long Super J Tag League . After winning two out of their four matches in the group stage , La Sombra and Dorada finished third in their block , missing the finals of the tournament . La Sombra and Dorada returned to New Japan on January 4 , 2011 , at Wrestle Kingdom V in Tokyo Dome , where they defeated Jushin Thunder Liger and Héctor Garza in a tag team match , when Sombra pinned Liger . As a result of his victory he was granted a match for Liger 's CMLL World Middleweight Championship in the process . La Sombra received his match for the championship on January 22 , 2011 , at Fantastica Mania 2011 , but lost to Liger . La Sombra returned to NJPW in August 2011 to take part in the 2011 G1 Climax . La Sombra started the tournament by picking up wins over Wataru Inoue and fellow CMLL worker Strong Man , but then went on to lose his remaining seven matches in the tournament , finishing eighth out of the ten wrestlers in his block . La Sombra returned to Japan in January 2012 to take part in the Fantastica Mania 2012 events . In the main event of the second night of the tour , La Sombra successfully defended the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship against Volador Jr . La Sombra returned to New Japan in April 2012 to take part in the 2012 New Japan Cup . After defeating Yoshi @-@ Hashi in his first round match , he was eliminated from the tournament in the second round by Hirooki Goto . In January 2013 , La Sombra took part in the three @-@ day Fantastica Mania 2013 event . During the second night of the tour , La Sombra unsuccessfully challenged Nakamura for the IWGP Intercontinental Championship . During the third and final night , La Sombra defeated Dragón Rojo Jr. to win the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship . On May 31 , 2013 , La Sombra defeated Nakamura in a rematch in Mexico City to win the IWGP Intercontinental Champion , becoming the first Mexican to hold that championship . On July 20 , he lost the IWGP Intercontinental Championship back to Nakamura during a tour of Japan . From November 23 to December 6 , La Sombra took part in the 2013 World Tag League , where he and Tetsuya Naito finished with a record of three wins and three losses , failing to advance to the semifinals . In January 2014 , La Sombra took part in the five @-@ day Fantastica Mania 2014 tour . La Sombra returned to New Japan in November to take part in the 2014 World Tag League , teaming with Tetsuya Naito once more . The team finished in the middle of their block with four wins and three losses . In January 2015 , La Sombra returned to Japan to take part in the Fantastica Mania 2015 tour , during which he feuded with Máscara Dorada , culminating in a singles match between the two on January 19 , where La Sombra was victorious . = = = WWE = = = = = = = NXT ( 2015 – present ) = = = = On November 19 , 2015 , it was announced that Andrade had signed a developmental contract with WWE . He would later report to the WWE Performance Center to begin his WWE career , focusing initially on improving his English language skills with the help of Sarah Stock , a WWE trainer who worked for CMLL for almost a decade . He made his WWE in @-@ ring debut at an NXT house show in Tampa , Florida on January 8 , 2016 , wrestling as " Manny Andrade " and defeating Riddick Moss . At NXT TakeOver : Dallas on April 1 , Andrade defeated Christopher Girard during a dark match . The following month , Andrade was given the new ring name Andrade " Cien " Almas . At NXT TakeOver : The End on June 8 , Almas made his official debut defeating Tye Dillinger . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves As La Sombra Brillante Driver / Shadow Driver / Sombra Driver ( Schoolboy suplex ) Split @-@ legged corkscrew senton , sometimes preceded by a forward fireman 's carry slam As Andrade Almas Running double knee smash to the corner Signature moves Feint springboard moonsault into a standing moonsault Moonsault Rope @-@ assisted enzuigiri Springboard dragonrana Nicknames As La Sombra " El Centinela del Espacio " ( Spanish for " The Space Sentinel " ) " El Ídolo " ( Spanish for " The Idol " ) " CMLL no Prince " ( Japanese for " Prince of CMLL " ) ( NJPW ) As Andrade Almas " Cien " ( " One Hundred " ) Entrance themes " Making a Difference " by CFO $ ( NXT ; June 8 , 2016 - present ) = = Championships and accomplishments = = Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre CMLL Universal Championship ( 2011 ) CMLL World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Volador Jr . CMLL World Trios Championship ( 1 time ) – with Máscara Dorada and La Máscara Mexican National Trios Championship ( 1 time ) – with El Sagrado and Volador Jr . NWA World Welterweight Championship ( 1 time ) NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship ( 1 time ) NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship ( 2 time ) La Copa Junior ( 2012 ) Cuadrangular de Parejas ( 2014 ) – with Omar Brunetti Reyes del Aire ( 2013 , 2015 ) Torneo Corona - with Metalik Torneo Gran Alternativa : 2007 – with Místico Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles ( 2013 ) – with Volador Jr . CMLL Bodybuilding Contest ( 2012 – Advanced ) CMLL Tag Team of the Year ( 2009 ) – with Volador Jr . CMLL Technico of the Year ( 2010 ) CMLL Trio of the Year ( 2010 ) – with Máscara Dorada and La Máscara Lucha Libre Azteca LLA Azteca Championship ( 1 time ) New Japan Pro Wrestling IWGP Intercontinental Championship ( 1 time ) Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked him # 52 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013 = = = Luchas de Apuestas record = = = = David Suzuki : The Autobiography = David Suzuki : The Autobiography is the 2006 autobiography of Canadian science writer and broadcaster David Suzuki . The book focuses mostly on his life since the 1987 publication of his first autobiography , Metamorphosis : Stages in a Life . It begins with a chronological account of his childhood , academic years , and broadcasting career . In later chapters , Suzuki adopts a memoir style , writing about themes such as his relationship with Australia , his experiences in Brazil and Papua New Guinea , the founding of the David Suzuki Foundation , and his thoughts on climate change , celebrity status , technology , and death . Throughout , Suzuki highlights the continuing impact of events from his childhood . This is Suzuki 's forty @-@ third book and , he says , his last . Critics have called the book candid , sincere , and charming , with insightful commentary if occasionally flat stories . Suzuki 's scientific background is reflected in the writing 's rational and analytic style . Suzuki 's autobiography spent four weeks at No. 1 on the Maclean 's list of non @-@ fiction best @-@ sellers and six weeks at No. 6 on the Globe and Mail 's list . The book won two awards in 2007 : the Canadian Booksellers ' Association 's Libris Award for Non @-@ Fiction Book of the Year and the British Columbia Booksellers ' Choice Award . The publishers , Greystone Books and Douglas & McIntyre , won the CBA Libris Award for Marketing Achievement of the Year . = = Background = = Vancouver @-@ based David Suzuki , 70 years old at the time of this book 's publication , is best known as an environmental activist and host of the television show The Nature of Things . He has also worked as a geneticist , nature writer , and university professor . His previous book , written in 2002 , was Good News for a Change . His 1987 book , Metamorphosis : Stages in a Life , unintentionally became his first autobiography . Metamorphosis was originally drafted as a collection of essays , but following the prompting of his publisher , Suzuki rewrote it in a more autobiographical style . Suzuki 's working title for this second autobiography was The Outsider , a title intended to express the author 's view of his own role in society . The origin of this outsider feeling comes from isolation suffered at a Japanese Canadian internment camp during World War II . He was imprisoned there for being Japanese but shunned by other Japanese for being a third generation Canadian , speaking only English . His feeling of isolation continued during his early school years when the only other student of Japanese heritage was his twin sister . Suzuki 's daughters acknowledged this perception of himself as an outsider but insist that the public views him very differently , as one of their own , leading to the simple The Autobiography title . Suzuki 's objective in writing the book was to document his experiences of personal rewards gained from the environmental movement and to illustrate , specifically for young people , opportunities in environmentalism . Suzuki believes that he has been unfairly labelled as " the master of doom and gloom " by conservative media outlets and that this book will help balance that view . He intends this autobiography to be his final book . Following its publication he planned to reduce his work week from seven to four days to spend more time with family and personal pursuits . = = Contents = = The book has eighteen chapters with a two @-@ page preface , which explains his experience with Metamorphosis and how this book complements it . The thesis of this book is identified by one reviewer as : " the importance of childhood 's formative years for the development of the person . In Suzuki 's case , it is the effects of racism , notably time spent in BC 's internment camps during the Second World War , that still haunt him . " In an interview , Suzuki said , " my drive to do well has been motivated by the desire to demonstrate to my fellow Canadians that my family and I had not deserved to be treated as we were " . Suzuki identifies a turning point of his life as winning his high school 's student presidential election . He initially refused to run believing he was not popular enough . His father encouraged him , saying : " There 's no disgrace in losing ... The important thing is trying . " Suzuki ran and unexpectedly won with an " outsider " platform . Suzuki recounts his youth and academic years as a student , professor , and genetics researcher . On his broadcasting career , Suzuki recalls early interviews that demonstrated an affinity for public speaking and the jobs that allowed him to travel the world . Regarding his personal life , he describes his relationships with his five children and the development of his two marriages . In a review in the New Zealand Listener , David Larsen observes : " Step by step , you see him thinking his way into full @-@ fledged environmentalism : not because he 's a natural zealot , but because he 's an intellectually honest man brought face to face with evidence that our current economic and energy policies are digging our grandchildren 's graves . " Later chapters tell of events since Metamorphosis . In British Columbia , Suzuki spends time on the Queen Charlotte Islands and in Stein Valley advocating against logging . He describes his travels in Brazil while shooting an episode of The Nature of Things in 1988 and the relationship he developed with the Kayapo people . One of their leaders returned to Canada with him to advocate the protection of his homeland in the Amazon . His tour of Papua New Guinea and how Australia became his second home are explained . He describes the founding and early years of the David Suzuki Foundation , a non @-@ profit organization based on environmental protection and developing sustainability . In the final four chapters Suzuki elaborates on his thoughts about climate change , celebrity status , technology , and death . He laments the lack of global action on climate change , scientific illiteracy on the part of politicians , and the lack of media attention to science . In the final chapter he accepts death as an inevitability and expects his works to be forgotten quickly , leaving his grandchildren as his only true legacy . = = Style and genre = = Suzuki 's tone is relaxed and understated . Robert Wiersema notes that Suzuki 's style has " an analytic quality ... probably rooted in his scientific training " . Suzuki shows a humble , dry humour and instances of blurting out surprising statements . One reviewer describes the style as a " fusion of by @-@ the @-@ numbers personal narrative and passionate , insightful commentary " . The book begins as a chronological narrative of Suzuki 's life with photographs of his family and friends . The first five chapters cover the same time period as the first autobiography , from childhood to age fifty . Later chapters use a memoir style with personal thoughts developed around themes . Suzuki recounts his experiences with indigenous groups and his personal relationships with individual members . A travelogue of his journeys in Brazil , Papua New Guinea , Australia , and some places in Canada is presented . Scientific concepts and explanations occur throughout the book . = = Publication and marketing = = Two weeks before its release on April 22 , 2006 , an excerpt was printed in the national daily newspaper The Globe and Mail . Greystone Books , the Vancouver division of Douglas & McIntyre , published the book . The book tour included more than 35 stops over two months throughout Canada . Promoted by the publishers as his " final book tour " and labelled by Suzuki as his " thank @-@ you book tour " , it began in Victoria , British Columbia , and included stops from coast @-@ to @-@ coast , from Whitehorse , Yukon , to New Glasgow , Nova Scotia . Attended by nearly 500 people at each event , a multimedia slideshow with personal photos and videos was presented by Suzuki . The publishers estimated that Suzuki signed 5000 books and conducted 137 media interviews . For their efforts Douglas & McIntyre and Greystone Books were awarded the 2007 Canadian Booksellers Association 's Libris Award for Marketing Achievement of the Year . In July , the book was published by Allen & Unwin in Australia . Suzuki conducted a promotional tour of both Australia and New Zealand in October and November . The same publishers released paperback editions in April 2007 . = = Reception = = The Autobiography was No. 1 on Maclean 's list of nonfiction bestsellers in Canada for four weeks and spent fifteen weeks in the top ten . The book was on The Globe and Mail 's non @-@ fiction bestsellers ' list for five weeks and peaked at No. 6 . The book won the 2007 Canadian Booksellers Association 's Libris Award for Non @-@ Fiction Book of the Year and the 2007 British Columbia Booksellers ' Choice Award . Critics variously described his writing as " forthright , " " chatty " , and " charming " . In a review in The Globe and Mail Brian Brett admires " Suzuki 's disarming candour " and labels it " a strange , fascinating book " . While Brett 's review is positive , he calls it " clunkily written " and sometimes repetitive . The Edmonton Journal review notes that Suzuki could " charm the socks off the most hardened soul " , but that many of his stories fall flat . The review in the Quill & Quire notes Suzuki " has not written an indulgent autobiography " and that he " is too polite to dish on his enemies " . Writing for The Vancouver Sun , Robert Wiersema states that while " his life is an open book ... [ y ] ou get the sense of meeting the real Suzuki for the first time . " Wiersema calls him " a natural storyteller " . The New Zealand Listener review states , " as a writer , he has the charm of a high @-@ school geek desperately trying to get a date ... but ultimately it 's what allows his story to convince " . Several critics find Suzuki 's writing on death to be particularly well @-@ done . A number of reviewers compared this book with the earlier one , Metamorphosis . The Edmonton Journal considers David Suzuki : The Autobiography to be more candid and insightful than the previous book . On the other hand , Peter Desbarats , writing in Literary Review of Canada , suggests that Metamorphosis had more personal charm . Desbarats is disappointed that The Autobiography does not provide a better reflection on the themes of Metamorphosis . He points out that the best parts , Suzuki 's early years , are condensed from one third of Metamorphosis to a single chapter in The Autobiography . Desbarats states that neither book ends with a " satisfying final word " and concludes that Suzuki " is his own worst and most frustrating biographer " . = Interstate 380 ( Iowa ) = Interstate 380 ( I @-@ 380 ) is a 73 @-@ mile ( 117 km ) auxiliary Interstate Highway located in eastern Iowa . The route extends from Interstate 80 near Coralville to Waterloo . I @-@ 380 connects the cities of Cedar Rapids and Waterloo , the second- and sixth @-@ largest cities in the state , respectively , to the Interstate Highway System . Except for its last 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) north of U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) , I @-@ 380 runs concurrent with Iowa Highway 27 , which represents Iowa 's portion of the 560 @-@ mile ( 900 km ) Avenue of the Saints Highway connecting St. Louis , Missouri , with St. Paul , Minnesota . Construction of I @-@ 380 took 12 years to complete , ending in 1985 . After the interstate opened , US 218 was moved onto the new freeway . In the 1990s , the I @-@ 380 corridor was selected as part of the Avenue of the Saints corridor , which Iowa designated as Iowa Highway 27 in 2001 . I @-@ 380 has been affected by two major floods , the Great Flood of 1993 and the Iowa flood of 2008 , both of which closed the road at the Iowa River for two weeks . = = Route description = = Interstate 380 begins at a cloverleaf interchange where US 218 and Iowa 27 cross Interstate 80 in Coralville in Johnson County . From the interchange , I @-@ 380 , US 218 , and Iowa 27 , the route assigned to the Avenue of the Saints Highway in Iowa , run together towards Cedar Rapids . The interstate heads north and serves North Liberty . North of North Liberty , the freeway runs parallel to the former routing of US 218 and Iowa 965 ; here the two highways cross the Iowa River . After crossing into Linn County , the three routes enter the Cedar Rapids city limits near The Eastern Iowa Airport . Three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) north of the airport , I @-@ 380 intersects US 30 and US 151 at a cloverstack interchange . At this interchange , US 218 splits away from I @-@ 380 and Iowa 27 . Through Cedar Rapids , the I @-@ 380 freeway is elevated relative to the nearby streets and residential neighborhoods . As it approaches downtown and the Cedar River , the freeway takes a tight , 90 @-@ degree turn to the east , crosses the river , squeezes between a Quaker Oats plant and the U.S. Cellular Center before turning back 90 degrees to the north . Between downtown and the Coldstream – 29th Street interchange , I @-@ 380 serves as a dividing line between residential areas to the east and industry to the west . Towards the north end of Cedar Rapids , industry is replaced with commerce as I @-@ 380 / Iowa 27 meet Iowa 100 , locally known as Collins Road , at a volleyball interchange . The collector / distributor ramps for Collins Road also serve the same function for Blairs Ferry Road , the next overpass to the north . The freeway leaves Cedar Rapids and enters Hiawatha , where there is only one interchange , a diamond with Boyson Road . Quickly escaping the Cedar Rapids area , I @-@ 380 turns to the northwest and passes through predominantly rural areas with small communities and farms dotting the way . Because of its northwestern angle , I @-@ 380 enters four counties within 30 miles ( 48 km ) , as counties in Iowa are generally rectangular in shape . It passes Center Point in northwestern Linn County , Urbana in northeastern Benton County , where it meets Iowa 150 , and Brandon in southwestern Buchanan County . The interstate travels into Black Hawk County heading northwest for 7 miles ( 11 km ) before turning north for 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) until a directional T interchange with US 20 . Together with US 20 , I @-@ 380 and Iowa 27 travel west towards Waterloo and Cedar Falls . The three routes pass the eastern Waterloo suburbs of Raymond , Evansdale , and Elk Run Heights . Almost immediately after crossing the Cedar River again , I @-@ 380 splits away from US 20 and Iowa 27 and rejoins US 218 at a three @-@ level stack interchange . I @-@ 380 and US 218 head north to the east of the Crossroads Center shopping mall . One half @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) north of the interchange which serves the Crossroads Center , I @-@ 380 ends at the traffic light at Mitchell Avenue . US 218 continues to the north at this point . = = History = = The first section of I @-@ 380 opened to traffic on September 19 , 1973 . That section connected The Eastern Iowa Airport to I @-@ 80 at Coralville . Within three years , the interstate had been extended into Cedar Rapids at the Cedar River . The bridge which crossed the river would not open until June 1979 . By the end of 1981 , I @-@ 380 was a continuous road to the Coldstream Avenue / Glass Road interchange . The interstate was originally scheduled to be open by Christmas 1984 , but weather delays pushed back the construction timetable . The last section of I @-@ 380 to be completed opened on September 12 , 1985 . In 1985 , US 218 was bypassed around Iowa City and Coralville , joining I @-@ 380 at the I @-@ 80 interchange . US 218 to Cedar Rapids was replaced by Iowa 965 . In the early 1990s , most of I @-@ 380 was designated as part of the Avenue of the Saints corridor , which connects St. Louis , Missouri , to St. Paul , Minnesota . Avenue of the Saints route markers were erected along the route the next year . In August 2001 , the Avenue of the Saints in Iowa was given a single designation , Iowa 27 , to facilitate following the route through the state . I @-@ 380 crosses two of Iowa 's major rivers , the Iowa and the Cedar . Both rivers have affected the interstate during major floods , as the case was in 1993 and in 2008 . During the Great Flood of 1993 , I @-@ 380 and Iowa 965 were both closed at the Iowa River 's Coralville Lake reservoir between July 13 and July 28 . The roads reopened after the lake 's waters receded enough to allow Department of Transportation inspectors to check the three bridges over the water . The great Iowa flood of 2008 affected the same section of I @-@ 380 at the Iowa River in much the same fashion as in 1993 . I @-@ 380 and former Iowa 965 were closed at the Iowa River on June 13 until July 3 . In Cedar Rapids , flooding did not close I @-@ 380 , the only bridge not to close , though traffic was restricted through the city . The flooding damage was much more severe in Cedar Rapids than in Iowa City . The Cedar River crested at over 31 feet ( 9 @.@ 4 m ) on June 13 , causing hundreds of millions of dollars in damage . = = Exit list = = = Mary Rose = The Mary Rose is a carrack @-@ type warship of the English Tudor navy of King Henry VIII . After serving for 33 years in several wars against France , Scotland , and Brittany and after being substantially rebuilt in 1536 , she saw her last action on 19 July 1545 . While leading the attack on the galleys of a French invasion fleet , she sank in the Solent , the straits north of the Isle of Wight . The wreck of the Mary Rose was rediscovered in 1971 . It was salvaged in 1982 by the Mary Rose Trust , in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology . The surviving section of the ship and thousands of recovered artefacts are of immeasurable value as a Tudor @-@ era time capsule . The excavation and salvage of the Mary Rose was a milestone in the field of maritime archaeology , comparable in complexity and cost only to the raising of the Swedish 17th @-@ century warship Vasa in 1961 . The finds include weapons , sailing equipment , naval supplies and a wide array of objects used by the crew . Many of the artefacts are unique to the Mary Rose and have provided insights into topics ranging from naval warfare to the history of musical instruments . Since the mid @-@ 1980s , while undergoing conservation , the remains of the hull have been on display at the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard . An extensive collection of well @-@ preserved artefacts is on display at the nearby Mary Rose Museum , built to display the reconstructed ship and its artefacts . The Mary Rose was one of the largest ships in the English navy through more than three decades of intermittent war and was one of the earliest examples of a purpose @-@ built sailing warship . She was armed with new types of heavy guns that could fire through the recently invented gun @-@ ports . After being substantially rebuilt in 1536 , she was also one of the earliest ships that could fire a broadside , although the line of battle tactics that employed it had not yet been developed . Several theories have sought to explain the demise of the Mary Rose , based on historical records , knowledge of 16th @-@ century shipbuilding , and modern experiments . The precise cause of her sinking is still unclear , because of conflicting testimonies and a lack of conclusive physical evidence . = = Historical context = = By the late 15th century , England was a relatively insignificant state on the periphery of Europe . The great victories against France in the Hundred Years ' War were in the past ; only the small enclave of Calais in northern France remained as a remnant of the vast continental holdings of the English kings . The War of the Roses — the civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster — had ended with Henry VII 's establishment of the House of Tudor , the new ruling dynasty of England . The ambitious naval policies of Henry V were not continued by his successors , and from 1422 to 1509 only six ships were built for the crown . The marriage alliance between Anne of Brittany and Charles VIII of France in 1491 , and his successor Louis XII in 1499 , left England with a weakened strategic position on its southern flank . Despite this , Henry VII managed to maintain a comparatively long period of peace and a small but powerful core of a navy . At the onset of the early modern period , the great European powers were France , the Holy Roman Empire and Spain . All three became involved in the War of the League of Cambrai in 1508 . The conflict was initially aimed at the Republic of Venice but eventually turned against France . Through the Spanish possessions in the Low Countries , England had close economic ties with the Spanish Habsburgs , and it was the young Henry VIII 's ambition to repeat the glorious martial endeavours of his predecessors . In 1509 , six weeks into his reign , Henry married the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon and joined the League , intent on certifying his historical claim as king of both England and France . By 1511 Henry was part of an anti @-@ French alliance that included Ferdinand II of Aragon , Pope Julius II and Holy Roman emperor Maximilian . The small navy that Henry VIII inherited from his father had only two sizeable ships , the carracks Regent and Sovereign . Just months after his accession , two large ships were ordered : the Mary Rose and the Peter Pomegranate ( later known as the Peter after being rebuilt in 1536 ) of about 500 and 450 tons respectively . Which king ordered the building of the Mary Rose is unclear ; although construction began during Henry VIII 's reign , the plans for naval expansion could have been in the making earlier . Henry VIII oversaw the project and he ordered additional large ships to be built , most notably the Henry Grace à Dieu ( " Henry Thanks to God " ) , or Great Harry at more than 1000 tons burthen . By the 1520s the English state had established a de facto permanent " Navy Royal " , the organizational ancestor of the modern Royal Navy . = = Construction = = The construction of the Mary Rose began in 1510 in Portsmouth and she was launched in July 1511 . She was then towed to London and fitted with rigging and decking , and supplied with armaments . Other than the structural details needed to sail , stock and arm the Mary Rose , she was also equipped with flags , banners and streamers ( extremely elongated flags that were flown from the top of the masts ) that were either painted or gilded . Constructing a warship of the size of the Mary Rose was a major undertaking , requiring vast quantities of high @-@ quality material . In the case of building a state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art warship , these materials were primarily oak . The total amount of timber needed for the construction can only be roughly calculated since only about one third of the ship still exists . One estimate for the number of trees is around 600 mostly large oaks , representing about 16 hectares ( 40 acres ) of woodland . The huge trees that had been common in Europe and the British Isles in previous centuries were by the 16th century quite rare , which meant that timbers were brought in from all over southern England . The largest timbers used in the construction were of roughly the same size as those used in the roofs of the largest cathedrals in the high Middle Ages . An unworked hull plank would have weighed over 300 kg ( 660 lb ) , and one of the main deck beams would have weighed close to three @-@ quarters of a tonne . = = = Naming = = = The common explanation for the ship 's name was that it was inspired by Henry VIII 's favourite sister , Mary Tudor , and the rose as the emblem of the Tudors . According to historians David Childs , David Loades and Peter Marsden , no direct evidence of naming the ship after the King 's sister exists . It was far more common at the time to give ships pious Christian names , a long @-@ standing tradition in Western Europe , or to associate them with their royal patrons . Names like Grace Dieu ( Thank God ) and Holighost ( Holy Spirit ) had been common since the 15th century and other Tudor navy ships had names like the Regent and Three Ostrich Feathers ( referring to the crest of the Prince of Wales ) . The Virgin Mary is a more likely candidate for a namesake , and she was also associated with the mystic rose . The name of the sister ship of the Mary Rose , the Peter Pomegranate , is believed to have been named in honour of Saint Peter , and the badge of the Queen Catharine of Aragon , a pomegranate . According to Childs , Loades and Marsden , the two ships , which were built around the same time , were named in honour of the king and queen , respectively . = = Design = = The Mary Rose was substantially rebuilt in 1536 . The 1536 rebuilding turned a ship of 500 tons into one of 700 tons , and added an entire extra tier of broadside guns to the old carrack @-@ style structure . By consequence , modern research is based mostly on interpretations of the concrete physical evidence of this version of the Mary Rose . The construction of the original design from 1509 is less known . The Mary Rose was built according to the carrack @-@ style with high " castles " in the bow and stern with a low waist of open decking in the middle . The shape of the hull has a so @-@ called tumblehome form and reflected the use of the ship as a platform for heavy guns . Above the waterline , the hull gradually narrows to compensate for the weight of the guns and to make boarding more difficult . Since only part of the hull has survived , it is not possible to determine many of the basic dimensions with any great accuracy . The moulded breadth , the widest point of the ship roughly above the waterline , was about 12 metres ( 39 ft ) and the keel about 32 metres ( 105 ft ) , although the ship 's overall length is uncertain . The hull had four levels separated by three decks . The terminology for these in the 16th century was still not standardised so the terms used here are those that were applied by the Mary Rose Trust . The hold lay furthest down in the ship , right above the bottom planking below the waterline . This is where the kitchen , or galley , was situated and the food was cooked . Directly aft of the galley was the mast step , a rebate in the centre @-@ most timber of the keelson , right above the keel , which supported the main mast , and next to it the main bilge pump . To increase the stability of the ship , the hold was where the ballast was placed and much of the supplies were kept . Right above the hold was the orlop , the lowest deck . Like the hold it was partitioned and was also used as a storage area for everything from food to spare sails . Above the orlop lay the main deck which housed the heaviest guns . The side of the hull on the main deck level had seven gunports on each side fitted with heavy lids that would have been watertight when closed . This was also the highest deck that was caulked and waterproof . Along the sides of the main deck there were cabins under the forecastle and sterncastle which have been identified as belonging to the carpenter , barber @-@ surgeon , pilot and possibly also the master gunner and some of the officers . The top deck in the hull structure was the upper deck ( or weather deck ) which was exposed to the elements in the waist . It was a dedicated fighting deck without any known partitions and a mix of heavy and light guns . Over the open waist the upper deck was entirely covered with a coarse netting as a defence measure against boarding . Though very little of the upper deck has survived , it has been suggested that it housed the main living quarters of the crew underneath the sterncastle . A drainage located in this area has been identified as a possible " piss @-@ dale " , a general urinal to complement the regular toilets that would probably have been located in the bow . The castles of the Mary Rose had additional decks , but since virtually nothing of them survives , their design has had to be reconstructed from historical records . Contemporary ships of equal size were consistently listed as having three decks in both castles . Although speculative , this layout is supported by the illustration in the Anthony Roll and the gun inventories . During the early stages of excavation of the wreck , it was believed that the ship had originally been built with clinker ( or clench ) planking , a technique where the hull consisted of overlapping planks that bore the structural strength of the ship . Cutting gunports into a clinker @-@ built hull would have meant weakening the ship 's structural integrity , and it was assumed that she was later rebuilt to accommodate a hull with carvel edge @-@ to @-@ edge planking with a skeletal structure to support a hull perforated with gunports . Later examination indicates that the clinker planking is not present throughout the ship ; only the outer structure of the sterncastle is built with overlapping planking , though not with a true clinker technique . = = = Sails and rigging = = = Although only the lower fittings of the rigging survives , a 1514 inventory and the only known contemporary depiction of the ship from the Anthony Roll have been used to determine how the propulsion system of the Mary Rose was designed . Nine , or possibly ten , sails were flown from four masts and a bowsprit : the foremast and mainmast had two and three square sails respectively ; the mizzen mast had a lateen sail and a small square sail and the bonaventure mizzen had at least one lateen sail , and possibly also a square sail , and the bowsprit flew a small square spritsail . According to the Anthony Roll illustration ( see top of this section ) , the yards ( the spars from which the sails were set ) on the foremast and mainmast were also equipped with sheerhooks , twin curved blades sharpened on the inside , that were intended to cut an enemy ship 's rigging during boarding actions . The sailing capabilities of the Mary Rose were commented on by her contemporaries and were once even put to the test . In March 1513 a contest was arranged off The Downs , west of Kent , in which she raced against nine other ships . She won the contest , and Admiral Edward Howard described her enthusiastically as " the noblest ship of sayle [ of any ] gret ship , at this howr , that I trow [ believe ] be in Cristendom " . Several years later , while sailing between Dover and The Downs , Vice @-@ Admiral William Fitzwilliam noted that both the Henry Grace à Dieu and the Mary Rose performed very well , riding steadily in rough seas and that it would have been a " hard chose " between the two . Modern experts have been more sceptical to her sailing qualities , believing that ships at this time were almost incapable of sailing close against the wind , and describing the handling of the Mary Rose as being like " a wet haystack " . = = = Armament = = = The Mary Rose represented a transitional ship design in naval warfare . Since ancient times , war at sea had been fought much like that on land : with melee weapons and bows and arrows , but on floating wooden platforms rather than battlefields . Though the introduction of guns was a significant change , it only slowly changed the dynamics of ship @-@ to @-@ ship combat . As guns became heavier and able to take more powerful gunpowder charges , they needed to be placed lower in the ship , closer to the water line . Gunports cut in the hull of ships had been introduced as early as 1501 , only about a decade before the Mary Rose was built . This made broadsides , coordinated volleys from all the guns on one side of a ship , possible for the first time in history , at least in theory . Naval tactics throughout the 16th century and well into the 17th century focused on countering the oar @-@ powered galleys that were armed with heavy guns in the bow , facing forwards , which were aimed by turning the entire ship against its target . Combined with inefficient gunpowder and the difficulties inherent in firing accurately from moving platforms , this meant that boarding remained the primary tactic for decisive victory throughout the 16th century . = = = = Bronze and iron guns = = = = As the Mary Rose was built and served during a period of rapid development of heavy artillery , her armament was a mix of old designs and innovations . The heavy armament was a mix of older @-@ type wrought iron and cast bronze guns , which differed considerably in size , range and design . The large iron guns were made up of staves or bars welded into cylinders and then reinforced by shrinking iron hoops and breech loaded , from the back , and equipped with simpler gun @-@ carriages made from hollowed @-@ out elm logs with only one pair of wheels , or without wheels entirely . The bronze guns were cast in one piece and rested on four @-@ wheel carriages which were essentially the same as those used until the 19th century . The breech @-@ loaders were cheaper to produce and both easier and faster to reload , but could take less powerful charges than cast bronze guns . Generally , the bronze guns used cast iron shot and were more suited to penetrate hull sides while the iron guns used stone shot that would shatter on impact and leave large , jagged holes , but both could also fire a variety of ammunition intended to destroy rigging and light structure or injure enemy personnel . The majority of the guns were small iron guns with short range that could be aimed and fired by a single person . The two most common are the bases , breech @-@ loading swivel guns , most likely placed in the castles , and hailshot pieces , small muzzle @-@ loaders with rectangular bores and fin @-@ like protrusions that were used to support the guns against the railing and allow the ship structure to take the force of the recoil . Though the design is unknown , there were two top pieces in a 1546 inventory ( finished after the sinking ) which was probably similar to a base , but placed in one or more of the fighting tops . The ship went through several changes in her armament throughout her career , most significantly accompanying her " rebuilding " in 1536 ( see below ) , when the number of anti @-@ personnel guns was reduced and a second tier of carriage @-@ mounted long guns fitted . There are three inventories that list her guns , dating to 1514 , 1540 and 1546 . Together with records from the armoury at the Tower of London , these show how the configuration of guns changed as gun @-@ making technology evolved and new classifications were invented . In 1514 , the armament consisted mostly of anti @-@ personnel guns like the larger breech @-@ loading iron murderers and the small serpentines , demi @-@ slings and stone guns . Only a handful of guns in the first inventory were powerful enough to hole enemy ships , and most would have been supported by the ship 's structure rather than resting on carriages . The inventories of both the Mary Rose and the Tower had changed radically by 1540 . There were now the new cast bronze cannons , demi @-@ cannons , culverins and sakers and the wrought iron port pieces ( a name that indicated they fired through ports ) , all of which required carriages , had longer range and were capable of doing serious damage to other ships . The analysis of the 1514 inventory combined with hints of structural changes in the ship both indicate that the gunports on the main deck were indeed a later addition . Various types of ammunition could be used for different purposes : plain spherical shot of stone or iron smashed hulls , spiked bar shot and shot linked with chains would tear sails or damage rigging , and canister shot packed with sharp flints produced a devastating shotgun effect . Trials made with replicas of culverins and port pieces showed that they could penetrate wood the same thickness of the Mary Rose 's hull planking , indicating a stand @-@ off range of at least 90 m ( 295 ft ) . The port pieces proved particularly efficient at smashing large holes in wood when firing stone shot and were a devastating anti @-@ personnel weapon when loaded with flakes or pebbles . = = = = Hand @-@ held weapons = = = = To defend against being boarded , Mary Rose carried large stocks of melee weapons , including pikes and bills ; 150 of each kind were stocked on the ship according to the Anthony Roll , a figure confirmed roughly by the excavations . Swords and daggers were personal possessions and not listed in the inventories , but the remains of both have been found in great quantities , including the earliest dated example of a British basket @-@ hilted sword . A total of 250 longbows were carried on board , and 172 of these have so far been found , as well as almost 4 @,@ 000 arrows , bracers ( arm guards ) and other archery @-@ related equipment . Longbow archery in Tudor England was mandatory for all able adult men , and despite the introduction of field artillery and handguns , they were used alongside new missile weapons in great quantities . On the Mary Rose , the longbows could only have been drawn and shot properly from behind protective panels in the open waist or from the top of the castles as the lower decks lacked sufficient headroom . There were several types of bows of various size and range . Lighter bows would have been used as " sniper " bows , while the heavier design could possibly have been used to shoot fire arrows . The inventories of both 1514 and 1546 also list several hundred heavy darts and lime pots that were designed to be thrown onto the deck of enemy ships from the fighting tops , although no physical evidence of either of these weapon types has been identified . Of the 50 handguns listed in the Anthony Roll , the complete stocks of five matchlock muskets and fragments of another eleven have been found . They had been manufactured mainly in Italy , with some originating from Germany . Found in storage were several gunshields , a rare type of firearm consisting of a wooden shield with a small gun fixed in the middle . = = = Crew = = = Throughout her 33 @-@ year career , the crew of the Mary Rose changed several times and varied considerably in size . It would have a minimal skeleton crew of 17 men or fewer in peace time and when she was " laid up in ordinary " ( in reserve ) . The average wartime manning would have been about 185 soldiers , 200 sailors , 20 – 30 gunners and an assortment of other specialists such as surgeons , trumpeters and members of the admiral 's staff , for a total of 400 – 450 men . When taking part in land invasions or raids , such as in the summer of 1512 , the number of soldiers could have swelled to just over 400 for a combined total of more than 700 . Even with the normal crew size of around 400 , the ship was quite crowded , and with additional soldiers would have been extremely cramped . Little is known of the identities of the men who served on the Mary Rose , even when it comes to the names of the officers , who would have belonged to the gentry . Two admirals and four captains ( including Edward and Thomas Howard , who served both positions ) are known through records , as well as a few ship masters , pursers , master gunners and other specialists . Forensic science has been used by artists to create reconstructions of faces of eight crew members , and the results were publicized in May 2013 . In addition , researchers have extracted DNA from remains in the hopes of identifying origins of crew , and potentially living descendants . Of the vast majority of the crewmen , soldiers , sailors and gunners alike , nothing has been recorded . The only source of information for these men has been through osteological analysis of the human bones found at the wrecksite . An approximate composition of some of the crew has been conjectured based on contemporary records . The Mary Rose would have carried a captain , a master responsible for navigation , and deck crew . There would also have been a purser responsible for handling payments , a boatswain , the captain 's second in command , at least one carpenter , a pilot in charge of navigation , and a cook , all of whom had one or more assistants ( mates ) . The ship was also staffed by a barber @-@ surgeon who tended to the sick and wounded , along with an apprentice or mate and possibly also a junior surgeon . The only positively identified person who went down with the ship was Vice @-@ Admiral George Carew . McKee , Stirland and several other authors have also named Roger Grenville , father of Richard Grenville of the Elizabethan @-@ era Revenge , captain during the final battle , although the accuracy of the sourcing for this has been disputed by maritime archaeologist Peter Marsden . The bones of a total of 179 people were found during the excavations of the Mary Rose , including 92 " fairly complete skeletons " , more or less complete collections of bones associated with specific individuals . Analysis of these has shown that crew members were all male , most of them young adults . Some were no more than 11 – 13 years old , and the majority ( 81 % ) under 30 . They were mainly of English origin and , according to archaeologist Julie Gardiner , they most likely came from the West Country ; many following their aristocratic masters into maritime service . There were also a few people from continental Europe . An eyewitness testimony right after the sinking refers to a survivor who was a Fleming , and the pilot may very well have been French . Analysis of oxygen isotopes in teeth indicates that some were also of southern European origin . In general they were strong , well @-@ fed men , but many of the bones also reveal tell @-@ tale signs of childhood diseases and a life of grinding toil . The bones also showed traces of numerous healed fractures , probably the result of on @-@ board accidents . There are no extant written records of the make @-@ up of the broader categories of soldiers and sailors , but since the Mary Rose carried some 300 longbows and several thousand arrows there had to be a considerable proportion of longbow archers . Examination of the skeletal remains has found that there was a disproportionate number of men with a condition known as os acromiale , affecting their shoulder blades . This condition is known among modern elite archery athletes and is caused by placing considerable stress on the arm and shoulder muscles , particularly of the left arm that is used to hold the bow to brace against the pull on the bowstring . Among the men who died on the ship it was likely that some had practised using the longbow since childhood , and served on board as specialist archers . A group of six skeletons were found grouped close to one of the 2 @-@ tonne bronze culverins on the main deck near the bow . All but one of these crewmen ( possibly a " powder monkey " not involved in heavy work ) were strong , well @-@ muscled men . They had all engaged in heavy pulling and pushing , indicated by fusing of parts of the spine and ossification , the growth of new bone , on several vertebrae . These have been tentatively classified as members of a complete gun crew , and all died at their battle station . = = Military career = = = = = First French war = = = The Mary Rose first saw battle in 1512 , in a joint naval operation with the Spanish against the French . The English were to meet the French and Breton fleets in the English Channel while the Spanish attacked them in the Bay of Biscay and then attack Gascony . The 35 @-@ year @-@ old Sir Edward Howard was appointed Lord High Admiral in April and chose the Mary Rose as his flagship . His first mission was to clear the seas of French naval forces between England to the northern coast of Spain to allow for the landing of supporting troops near the French border at Fuenterrabia . The fleet consisted of 18 ships , among them the large ships the Regent and the Peter Pomegranate , carrying over 5 @,@ 000 men . Howard 's expedition led to the capture of twelve Breton ships and a four @-@ day raiding tour of Brittany where English forces successfully fought against local forces and burned numerous settlements . The fleet returned to Southampton in June where it was visited by King Henry . In August the fleet sailed for Brest where it encountered a joint , but ill @-@ coordinated , French @-@ Breton fleet at the battle of St. Mathieu . The English with one of the great ships in the lead ( according to Marsden the Mary Rose ) battered the French ships with heavy gunfire and forced them to retreat . The Breton flagship Cordelière put up a fight and was boarded by the 1 @,@ 000 @-@ ton Regent . By accident or through the unwillingness of the Breton crew to surrender , the powder magazine of the Cordelière caught fire and blew up in a violent explosion , setting fire to the Regent and eventually sinking her . About 180 English crew members saved themselves by throwing themselves into the sea and only a handful of Bretons survived , only to be captured . The captain of the Regent , 600 soldiers and sailors , the High Admiral of France and the steward of the town of Morlaix were killed in the incident , making it the focal point of several contemporary chronicles and reports . On 11 August , the English burnt 27 French ships , captured another five and landed forces near Brest to raid and take prisoners , but storms forced the fleet back to Dartmouth in Devon and then to Southampton for repairs . In the spring of 1513 , the Mary Rose was once more chosen by Howard as the flagship for an expedition against the French . Before seeing action , she took part in a race against other ships where she was deemed to be one of the most nimble and the fastest of the great ships in the fleet ( see details under " Sails and rigging " ) . On 11 April , Howard 's force arrived off Brest only to see a small enemy force join with the larger force in the safety of Brest harbour and its fortifications . The French had recently been reinforced by a force of galleys from the Mediterranean , which sank one English ship and seriously damaged another . Howard landed forces near Brest , but made no headway against the town and was by now getting low on supplies . Attempting to force a victory , he took a small force of small oared vessels on a daring frontal attack on the French galleys on 25 April . Howard himself managed to reach the ship of French admiral , Prégent de Bidoux , and led a small party to board it . The French fought back fiercely and cut the cables that attached the two ships , separating Howard from his men . It left him at the mercy of the soldiers aboard the galley , who instantly killed him . Demoralised by the loss of its admiral and seriously short of food , the fleet returned to Plymouth . Thomas Howard , elder brother of Edward , was assigned the new Lord Admiral , and was set to the task of arranging another attack on Brittany . The fleet was not able to mount the planned attack because of adverse winds and great difficulties in supplying the ships adequately and the Mary Rose took up winter quarters in Southampton . In August the Scots joined France in war against England , but were dealt a crushing defeat at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513 . A follow @-@ up attack in early 1514 was supported by a naval force that included the Mary Rose , but without any known engagements . The French and English mounted raids on each other throughout that summer , but achieved little , and both sides were by then exhausted . By autumn the war was over and a peace treaty was sealed by the marriage of Henry 's sister , Mary , to French king Louis XII . After the peace Mary Rose was placed in the reserves , " in ordinary " . She was laid up for maintenance along with her sister ship the Peter Pomegranate in July 1514 . In 1518 she received a routine repair and caulking , waterproofing with tar and oakum ( old rope fibres ) and was then assigned a small skeleton crew who lived on board the ship until 1522 . She served briefly on a mission with other warships to " scour the seas " in preparation for Henry VIII 's journey across the Channel to the summit with the French king Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in June 1520 . = = = Second French war = = = In 1522 , England was once again at war with France because of a treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The plan was for an attack on two fronts with an English thrust in northern France . The Mary Rose participated in the escort transport of troops in June 1522 , and by 1 July the Breton port of Morlaix was captured . The fleet sailed home and the Mary Rose berthed for the winter in Dartmouth . The war raged on until 1525 and saw the Scots join the French side . Though Charles Brandon came close to capturing Paris in 1523 , there was little gained either against France or Scotland throughout the war . With the defeat of the French army and capture of Francis I by Charles V 's forces at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525 , the war was effectively over without any major gains or major victories for the English side . = = = Maintenance and " in ordinary " = = = The Mary Rose was kept in reserve from 1522 to 1545 . She was once more caulked and repaired in 1527 in a newly dug dock at Portsmouth and her longboat was repaired and trimmed . Little documentation about the Mary Rose between 1528 and 1539 exists . A document written by Thomas Cromwell in 1536 specifies that the Mary Rose and six other ships were " made new " during his service under the king , though it is unclear which years he was referring to and what " made new " actually meant . A later document from January 1536 by an anonymous author states that the Mary Rose and other ships were " new made " , and dating of timbers from the ship confirms some type of repair being done in 1535 or 1536 . This would have coincided with the controversial dissolution of the monasteries that resulted in a major influx of funds into the royal treasury . The nature and extent of this repair is unknown . Many experts , including Margaret Rule , the project leader for the raising of the Mary Rose , have assumed that it meant a complete rebuilding from clinker planking to carvel planking , and that it was only after 1536 that the ship took on the form that it had when it sank and that was eventually recovered in the 20th century . Marsden has speculated that it could even mean that the Mary Rose was originally built in a style that was closer to 15th @-@ century ships , with a rounded , rather than square , stern and without the main deck gunports . = = = Third French war = = = Henry 's complicated marital situation and his high @-@ handed dissolution of the monasteries angered the Pope and Catholic rulers throughout Europe , which increased England 's diplomatic isolation . In 1544 Henry had agreed to attack France together with Emperor Charles V , and English forces captured Boulogne at great cost in September , but soon England was left in the lurch after Charles had achieved his objectives and brokered a separate peace . In May 1545 , the French had assembled a large fleet in the estuary of the Seine with the intent to land troops on English soil . The estimates of the size of the fleet varied considerably ; between 123 and 300 vessels according to French sources ; and up to 226 sailing ships and galleys according to the chronicler Edward Hall . In addition to the massive fleet , 50 @,@ 000 troops were assembled at Havre de Grâce ( modern @-@ day Le Havre ) . An English force of 160 ships and 12 @,@ 000 troops under Viscount Lisle was ready at Portsmouth by early June , before the French were ready to set sail , and an ineffective pre @-@ emptive strike was made in the middle of the month . In early July the huge French force under the command of Admiral Claude d 'Annebault set sail for England and entered the Solent unopposed with 128 ships on 16 July . The English had around 80 ships with which to oppose the French , including the flagship Mary Rose . But since they had virtually no heavy galleys , the vessels that were at their best in sheltered waters like the Solent , the English fleet promptly retreated into Portsmouth harbour . = = = Battle of the Solent = = = The English were becalmed in port and unable to manoeuvre . On 19 July 1545 , the French galleys advanced on the immobilised English fleet , and initially threatened to destroy a force of 13 small galleys , or " rowbarges " , the only ships that were able to move against them without a wind . The wind picked up and the sailing ships were able to go on the offensive before the oared vessels were overwhelmed . Two of the largest ships , the Henry Grace à Dieu and the Mary Rose , led the attack on the French galleys in the Solent . Early in the battle something went wrong . While engaging the French galleys the Mary Rose suddenly heeled ( leaned ) heavily over to her starboard ( right ) side and water rushed in through the open gunports . The crew was powerless to correct the sudden imbalance , and could only scramble for the safety of the upper deck as the ship began to sink rapidly . As she leaned over , equipment , ammunition , supplies and storage containers shifted and came loose , adding to the general chaos . The massive port side brick oven in the galley collapsed completely and the huge 360 @-@ litre ( 90 gallon ) copper cauldron was thrown onto the orlop deck above . Heavy guns came free and slammed into the opposite side , impeding escape or crushing men beneath them . For those who were not injured or killed outright by moving objects , there was little time to reach safety , especially for the men who were manning the guns on the main deck or fetching ammunition and supplies in the hold . The companionways that connected the decks with one another would have become bottlenecks for fleeing men , something indicated by the positioning of many of the skeletons recovered from the wreck . What turned the sinking into a major tragedy in terms of lives lost was the anti @-@ boarding netting that covered the upper decks in the waist ( the midsection of the ship ) and the sterncastle . With the exception of the men who were stationed in the tops in the masts , most of those who managed to get up from below deck were trapped under the netting ; they would have been in view of the surface , and their colleagues above , but with little or no chance to break through , and were dragged down with the ship . Out of a crew of at least 400 , fewer than 35 escaped , a catastrophic casualty rate of over 90 % . = = Causes of sinking = = = = = Contemporary accounts = = = Several accounts of the sinking have been preserved that describe the incident , but the only confirmed eyewitness account is the testimony of a surviving Flemish crewman written down by the Holy Roman Emperor 's ambassador François van der Delft in a letter dated 24 July . According to the unnamed Fleming , the ship had fired all of its guns of one side and was turning to present the guns on the other side to the enemy ship , when she was caught in a strong gust of wind , heeled and took in water through the open gunports . In a letter to William Paget dated 23 July , former Lord High Admiral John Russel claimed that the ship had been lost because of " rechenes and great negligence " . Three years after the sinking , the Hall 's Chronicle gave the reason for the sinking as being caused by " to [ o ] much foly ... for she was laden with much ordinaunce , and the portes left open , which were low , & the great ordinaunce unbreached , so that when the ship should turne , the water entered , and sodainly she sanke . " Later accounts repeat the explanation that the ship heeled over while going about and that the ship was brought down because of the open gunports . A biography of Peter Carew , brother of George Carew , written by John Hooker sometime after 1575 , gives the same reason for the sinking , but adds that insubordination among the crew was to blame . The biography claims that George Carew noted that the Mary Rose showed signs of instability as soon as her sails were raised . George 's uncle Gawen Carew had passed by with his own ship the Matthew Gonson during the battle to inquire about the situation of his nephew 's ship . In reply he was told " that he had a sorte of knaves whom he could not rule " . Contrary to all other accounts , Martin du Bellay , a French cavalry officer who was present at the battle , stated that the Mary Rose had been sunk by French guns . = = = Modern theories = = = The most common explanation for the sinking among modern historians is that the ship was unstable for a number of reasons . When a strong gust of wind hit the sails at a critical moment , the open gunports proved fatal , the ship flooded and quickly foundered . Coates offered a variant of this hypothesis , which explains why a ship which served for several decades without sinking , and which even fought in actions in the rough seas off Brittany , unexpectedly foundered : the ship had accumulated additional weight over the years in service and finally become unseaworthy . That the ship was turning after firing all the cannons on one side has been questioned by Marsden after examination of guns recovered in both the 19th and 20th centuries ; guns from both sides were found still loaded . This has been interpreted to mean that something else could have gone wrong since it is assumed that an experienced crew would not have failed to secure the gunports before making a potentially risky turn . The most recent surveys of the ship indicate that the ship was modified late in her career and have lent support to the idea that the Mary Rose was altered too much to be properly seaworthy . Marsden has suggested that the weight of additional heavy guns would have increased her draught so much that the waterline was less than one metre ( c . 3 feet ) from the gunports on the main deck . Peter Carew 's claim of insubordination has been given support by James Watt , former Medical Director @-@ General of the Royal Navy , based on records of an epidemic of dysentery in Portsmouth which could have rendered the crew incapable of handling the ship properly , while historian Richard Barker has suggested that the crew actually knew that the ship was an accident waiting to happen , at which they balked and refused to follow orders . Marsden has noted that the Carew biography is in some details inconsistent with the sequence of events reported by both French and English eyewitnesses . It also reports that there were 700 men on board , an unusually high number . The distance in time to the event it describes may mean that it was embellished to add a dramatic touch . The report of French galleys sinking the Mary Rose as stated by Martin du Bellay has been described as " the account of a courtesan " by naval historian Maurice de Brossard . Du Bellay and his two brothers were close to king Francis I and du Bellay had much to gain from portraying the sinking as a French victory . English sources , even if biased , would have nothing to gain from portraying the sinking as the result of crew incompetence rather than conceding to a victory to the much @-@ feared gun galleys . Dominic Fontana , a geographer at the University of Portsmouth , has voiced support for du Bellay 's version of the sinking based on the battle as it is depicted in the Cowdray Engraving , and modern GIS analysis of the modern scene of the battle . By plotting the fleets and calculating the conjectured final manoeuvres of the Mary Rose , Fontana reached the conclusion that the ship had been hit low in the hull by the galleys and was destabilised after taking in water . He has interpreted the final heading of the ship straight due north as a failed attempt to reach the shallows at Spitbank only a few hundred metres away . This theory has been given partial support by Alexzandra Hildred , one of the experts who has worked with the Mary Rose , though she has suggested that the close proximity to Spitbank could also indicate that the sinking occurred while trying to make a hard turn to avoid running aground . = = = Experiments = = = In 2000 , the Channel 4 television programme What Sank the Mary Rose ? attempted to investigate the causes suggested for her sinking by means of experiments with scale models of the ship and metal weights to simulate the presence of troops on the upper decks . Initial tests showed that the ship was able to make the turn described by eyewitnesses without capsizing . In later tests , a fan was used to create a breeze similar to the one reported to have suddenly sprung up on the day of the sinking as the real Mary Rose went to make the turn . As the model made the turn , the breeze in the upper works forced it to heel more than at calm , forcing the main deck gun ports below the waterline and foundering the model within a few seconds . The sequence of events closely followed what eyewitnesses had reported , particularly the suddenness with which the ship sank . = = History as a shipwreck = = A salvage attempt was ordered by Secretary of State William Paget only days after the sinking , and Charles Brandon , the king 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , took charge of practical details . The operation followed the standard procedure for raising ships in shallow waters : strong cables were attached to the sunken ship and fastened to two empty ships , or hulks . At low tide , the ropes were pulled taut with capstans . When the high tide came in , the hulks rose and with them the wreck . It would then be towed into shallower water and the procedure repeated until the whole ship could be raised completely . A list of necessary equipment was compiled by 1 August and included , among other things , massive cables , capstans , pulleys , and 40 pounds of tallow for lubrication . The proposed salvage team comprised 30 Venetian mariners and a Venetian carpenter with 60 English sailors to serve them . The two ships to be used as hulks were Jesus of Lübeck and Samson , each of 700 tons burthen and similar in size to the Mary Rose . Brandon was so confident of success that he reassured the king that it would only be a matter of days before they could raise the Mary Rose . The optimism proved unfounded . Since the ship had settled at a 60 @-@ degree angle to starboard much of it was stuck deep into the clay of the seabed . This made it virtually impossible to pass cables under the hull and required far more lifting power than if the ship had settled on a hard seabed . An attempt to secure cables to the main mast appears only to have resulted in its being snapped off . The project was only successful in raising rigging , some guns and other items . At least two other salvage teams in 1547 and 1549 received payment for raising more guns from the wreck . Despite the failure of the first salvage operation , there was still lingering belief in the possibility of retrieving the Mary Rose at least until 1546 , when she was presented as part of the illustrated list of English warships called the Anthony Roll . When all hope of raising the complete ship was finally abandoned is not known . It could have been after Henry VIII 's death in January 1547 or even as late as 1549 , when the last guns were brought up . The Mary Rose was remembered well into the reign of Elizabeth I , and according to one of the queen 's admirals , William Monson ( 1569 – 1643 ) , the wreck was visible from the surface at low tide in the late 16th century . = = = Deterioration = = = After the sinking , the partially buried wreck created a barrier at a right angle against the currents of the Solent . Two scour pits , large underwater ditches , formed on either side of the wreck while silt and seaweed was deposited inside the ship . A deep but narrow pit formed on the upward tilting port side , while a shallower , broader pit formed on the starboard side , which had mostly been buried by the force of the impact . The abrasive actions of sand and silt carried by the currents and the activity of fungi , bacteria and wood @-@ boring crustaceans and molluscs , such as the teredo " shipworm " , began to break down the structure of the ship . Eventually the exposed wooden structure was weakened and gradually collapsed . The timbers and contents of the port side were deposited in the scour pits and the remaining ship structure , or carried off by the currents . Following the collapse	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
and it has directly , and by implication , smeared the authoress [ sic ] . " Notwithstanding the unbanning , the chairman of the Appeal Board told a press reporter , " Don 't buy [ the book ] — it is not worth buying . Very badly written ... This is also why we eventually passed it . " The Appeal Board described the book as " one @-@ sided " in its attack on whites and the South African Government , and concluded , " As a result ... the effect of the book will be counterproductive rather than subversive . " Gordimer 's response to the novel 's unbanning was , " I was indifferent to the opinions of the original censorship committee who neither read nor understood the book properly in the first place , and to those of the committee of literary experts who made this discovery , since both are part of the censorship system . " She attributed the unbanning to her international stature and the " serious attention " the book had received abroad . A number of prominent authors and literary organisations had protested the banning , including Iris Murdoch , Heinrich Böll , Paul Theroux , John Fowles , Frank Kermode , The Association of American Publishers and International PEN . Gordimer objected to the unbanning of the book because she felt the government was trying placate her with " special treatment " , and said that the same thing would not have happened had she been black . But she did describe the action as " something of a precedent for other writers " because in the book she had published a copy of an actual pamphlet written and distributed by students in the 1976 Soweto uprising , which the authorities had banned . She said that similar " transgressions " in the future would be difficult for the censors to clamp down on . While Burger 's Daughter was still banned in South Africa , a copy was smuggled into Nelson Mandela 's prison cell on Robben Island , and later a message was sent out saying that he had " thought well of it " . Gordimer said , " That means more to me than any other opinion it could have gained . " Mandela also requested a meeting with her , and she applied several times to visit him on the Island , but was declined each time . She was , however , at the prison gates waiting for him when he was released in 1990 , and she was amongst the first he wanted to talk to . In 2007 Gordimer sent Mandela an inscribed copy of Burger 's Daughter to " replace the ' imprisoned ' copy " , and in it she thanked him for his opinion of the book , and for " untiringly leading the struggle " . = = = What Happened to Burger 's Daughter = = = To voice her disapproval of the banning and unbanning of the book , Gordimer published What Happened to Burger 's Daughter or How South African Censorship Works , a book of essays written by her and others . It was published in Johannesburg in 1980 by Taurus , a small underground publishing house established in the late @-@ 1970s to print anti @-@ apartheid literature and other material South African publishers would avoid for fear of censorship . Its publications were generally distributed privately or sent to bookshops to be given to customers free to avoid attracting the attention of the South African authorities . What Happened to Burger 's Daughter has two essays by Gordimer and one by University of the Witwatersrand law professor John Dugard . Gordimer 's essays document the publication history and fate of Burger 's Daughter , and respond to the Publications Control Board 's reasons for banning the book . Dugard 's essay examines censorship in South Africa within the country 's legal framework . Also included in the book is the Director of Publications 's communiqué stating its reasons for banning the book , and the reasons for lifting the ban three months later by the Publications Appeal Board . = = Publication history = = Burger 's Daughter was first published in the United Kingdom , in hardcover , in June 1979 by Jonathan Cape , and October that year in the United States , also in hardcover , by Viking Press . The first paperback edition was published in the United Kingdom in November 1980 by Penguin Books . A unabridged 12 @-@ hour @-@ 51 @-@ minute audio cassette edition , narrated by Nadia May , was released in the United States in July 1993 by Blackstone Audio . Burger 's Daughter has been translated into several other languages since its first publication in English in 1979 : = = Style = = The narrative mode of Burger 's Daughter alternates between Rosa Burger 's internal monologues and the anonymous narrator , whom Gordimer calls " Rosa 's conscious analysis , her reasoning approach to her life and to this country , and ... my exploration as a writer of what she doesn 't know even when she thinks she 's finding out " . Abdul R. JanMohamed , professor of English and African American Literature at Emory University , calls this change of perspective a " stylistic bifurcation " , which allows the reader to see Rosa from different points of view , rendering her a complex character who is full of contradictions . The two narratives , the subjective and the objective viewpoints , complement each other . JanMohamed explains that while the objective , third @-@ person narrative is factual and neutral , the subjective first @-@ person narrative , Rosa 's voice , is intense and personal . Rosa 's monologues are directed towards Conrad , her lover , in the first part of the story , her father 's former wife , Katya , while Rosa is in France , and her father after she returns to South Africa . Because her imagined audience is always sympathetic and never questions her , Rosa 's confessions are honest and open . According to academic Robin Ellen Visel , Rosa is a complicated person , with roles thrust on her by her parents , which suppresses her own goals and desires . Gordimer explained how she constructed the book 's narrative structure to convey this struggle and explain Rosa : " [ T ] he idea came to me of Rosa questioning herself as others see her and whether what they see is what she really is . And that developed into another stylistic question — if you 're going to tell the book in the first person , to whom are you talking ? " This led to Gordimer creating Conrad and Katya for Rosa to use as sounding boards to question and explain herself . Irene Kacandes , professor of German Studies and Comparative Literature at Dartmouth College , calls Rosa 's internal monologues apostrophes , or " intrapsychic witnessing " , in which " a character witnesses to the self about the character 's own experience " . Kacandes points out that Rosa believes she would not be able to internalise anything if she knew someone was listening . In an apostrophe addressed to Conrad , Rosa remarks , " If you knew I was talking to you I wouldn 't be able to talk " . But because Rosa is not vocalising her monologues , no one can hear her , and she is able to proceed with her self @-@ analysis unhindered . Kacandes says " Rosa imagines an interlocutor and then occupies that place herself . " Gordimer uses quotation dashes to punctuate her dialogue in Burger 's Daughter instead of traditional quotation marks . She told an interviewer in 1980 that readers have complained that this sometimes makes it difficult to identify the speaker , but she added " I don 't care . I simply cannot stand he @-@ said / she @-@ said anymore . And if I can 't make readers know who ’ s speaking from the tone of voice , the turns of phrase , well , then I 've failed . " Visel says that the use of dashes for dialogue " conveys the sense of conversation set within the flow of memory " and " is congruent with the sense of Rosa speaking essentially to herself , speakers and listeners in her conversations being dead or unreachable . " = = Genre = = Some commentators have classified Burger 's Daughter as a political and historical novel . In their book Socialist Cultures East and West : A Post @-@ Cold War Reassessment , M. Keith Booker and Dubravka Juraga call Gordimer 's work one of the " representative examples of African historical novels " , saying that it is an " intense engagement with the history of apartheid in South Africa " . Academic Robert Boyers calls it " one of the best political novels of our period " , and an historical novel because of its " retrospective homage to generations past " . Gordimer herself described Burger 's Daughter as " an historical critique " , and a political novel , which she defines as a work that " explicates the effects of politics on human lives and , unlike a political tract , does not propagate an ideology " . Visel calls the novel " fictionalised history " that shadows the history of anti @-@ apartheid activism in South Africa , from 1946 and the African Mine Workers ' Strike ( Lionel and Cathy 's marriage ) , to 1977 and the clampdown on dissidents ( Rosa 's detention ) . Other notable events include the coming to power of the National Party in 1948 ( Rosa 's year of birth ) , the Treason Trial of Nelson Mandela and others in 1956 , the Sharpeville massacre in 1960 , and the Soweto uprising in 1976 ( Rosa 's return to South Africa ) . Dominic Head writes in his book Nadine Gordimer that in Burger 's Daughter " the life of ... Rosa ... runs in parallel with the history of modern South Africa " . Several critics have called Burger 's Daughter a Bildungsroman , or coming @-@ of @-@ age story , although not the traditional ones which , according to Susan Gardner in her essay " Still Waiting for the Great Feminist Novel " , are dominated by male protagonists . While Gordimer was not a feminist author and Burger 's Daughter is not a feminist novel , Gardner suggests that the book has " a discernible woman @-@ concerned subtext " , making it " impossible for feminists to dismiss or ignore " . She says it has " a potential feminist awareness " that is " obscured by more conventional patriarchal writing codes " . Yelin writes that after the death of Rosa 's mother , the statement " Already she had taken on her mother 's role in the household , giving loving support to her father " illustrates " the continuing hegemony of bourgeois @-@ patriarchal ideology " in the novel . Yelin suggests that this inconsistency is responsible for Rosa 's struggle , the " contradiction between feminism ( Rosa 's liberation as a woman ) and the struggle for justice in South Africa " . = = Themes = = Gordimer says Rosa 's role in society is imprinted on her from a young age by her activist parents , and she grows up in the shadow of her father 's political legacy . Scholar Carol P. Marsh @-@ Lockett writes that everyone sees Rosa as Lionel Burger 's daughter with duties and responsibilities to her father , and not Rosa the individual . In fulfilling these expectations , she denies herself an identity of her own . JanMohamed says it is only when Conrad encourages her to look beyond her self @-@ sacrifices that Rosa starts examining the conflicts in her life , namely her commitment to help others versus her desire for a private life . In an attempt to resolve these conflicts , Rosa contemplates turning to blacks , but she is wary of this because , according to the book 's anonymous narrator , white South Africans tend to use blacks as a way " of perceiving sensual redemption , as romantics do , or of perceiving fears , as racialists do " . JanMohamed notes that Rosa 's father was a romantic who established genuine friendships with blacks to overcome his " sensual redemption " , but she is unsure of where she stands . Visel says that Rosa 's only way to free herself from these commitments to her family and the revolution is to " defect " and go to France . John Cooke , in his essay " Leaving the Mother 's House " , notes that " By putting her defection in such stark terms , Gordimer makes her strongest statement of the need , whatever the consequence , of a child to claim a life of her own " . Many of Gordimer 's works have explored the impact of apartheid on individuals in South Africa . Journalist and novelist George Packer writes that , as in several of her novels , a theme in Burger 's Daughter is of racially divided societies in which well @-@ meaning whites unexpectedly encounter a side of black life they did not know about . Literary critic Carolyn Turgeon says that while Lionel was able to work with black activists in the ANC , Rosa discovers that with the rise of the Black Consciousness Movement , many young blacks tend to view white liberals as irrelevant in their struggle for liberation . Rosa witnesses this first hand listening to the black university student in Soweto ( Duma Dhladhla ) and , later , in London , her childhood friend " Baasie " ( Zwelinzima Vulindlela ) , who both dismiss her father as unimportant . Author and academic Louise Yelin says that Gordimer 's novels often feature white South Africans opposed to apartheid and racism who try to find their place in a multiracial society . Gordimer suggested options for whites in a 1959 essay " Where Do Whites Fit In ? " , but the rise of Black Consciousness in the 1970s questioned whites ' involvement in the liberation struggle . Stephen Clingman has suggested in The Novels of Nadine Gordimer : History from the Inside that Burger 's Daughter is Gordimer 's response to the Black Consciousness Movement and an investigation into a " role for whites in the context of Soweto and after " . Gordimer wrote in an essay in What Happened to Burger 's Daughter that " The theme of my novel is human conflict between the desire to live a personal , private life , and the rival claim of social responsibility to one 's fellow men " . Dominic Head says that Gordimer 's novels often experiment with the relation of " public and private realms " , and that Burger 's Daughter " represents one of the peaks in this experimentation " . Boyers notes that the theme of " public and private " , and the relation between them , is balanced in the book " so as to privilege neither one not the other " . According to Packer , another common theme in Gordimer 's novels is the choices ordinary people who live in oppressive regimes are forced to make . Literary critics Turgeon and Carli Coetzee explain that when she realises that whites are not always welcome in the anti @-@ apartheid liberation movements , Rosa repudiates her father 's struggle and leaves the country . Marsh @-@ Lockett says that part of Rosa 's struggle is forging her own identity , and this decision to rebel against her dead father is a bold step , although she does return later to South Africa to become a committed activist and ultimately a political prisoner . But , according to Coetzee , what Rosa achieves is what her father never could : to have a life of her own while still remaining politically committed . = = Reception = = Burger 's Daughter was generally well @-@ received by critics . Anthony Sampson , a British writer , journalist and former editor of Drum , a magazine in Johannesburg in the 1950s , wrote in The New York Times that this is Gordimer 's " most political and most moving novel " . He said that its " political authenticity " set in the " historical background of real people " makes it " harshly realistic " , and added that the blending of people , landscapes and politics remind one of the great Russian pre @-@ revolutionary novels . In The New York Review of Books , Irish politician , writer and historian Conor Cruise O 'Brien compared Gordimer 's writing to that of Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev , and described Burger 's Daughter as " elegant " and " fastidious " and belonging to a " cultivated upper class " . He said this style is not at odds with the subject matter of the story because Rosa Burger , daughter of a revolutionary , believes herself to be an " aristocrat of the revolution " . Tess Lemmon writing in the New Internationalist magazine called Burger 's Daughter " arguably [ Gordimer 's ] best novel " , and complimented her on her characterisation , attention to detail , and ability to blend " the personal and the political " . Lemmon noted that the book 's " subtle , lyrical writing " brings the reader into the characters ' minds , which " is an enlivening but uncomfortable place to be " . In an essay published in The New York Times Book Review , American novelist and critic A. G. Mojtabai stated that despite the troubled times Gordimer was living through at the time , in Burger 's Daughter she remains " subdued " and " sober " , and even though she " scarcely raises her voice " , it still " reverberates over a full range of emotion " . In a review of the book in World Literature Today , Sheila Roberts said that Gordimer 's mixture of first- and third @-@ person narrative is " an interesting device " which is " superbly handled " by the author . She commented that it allows the reader to get inside Rosa , and then step back and observe her from a distance . Roberts described Gordimer 's handling of Rosa 's predicament , continuing the role her father had given her versus abandoning the struggle and finding herself , as " extremely moving and memorable " . In The Sewanee Review Bruce King wrote that Burger 's Daughter is a " large , richly complex , densely textured novel " . He said that it " fill [ s ] with unresolvable ironies and complications " as Gordimer explores the dilemmas faced by her characters in the South African political landscape . American writer Joseph Epstein had mixed feelings about the book . He wrote in The Hudson Review that it is a novel that " gives scarcely any pleasure in the reading but which one is pleased to have read nonetheless " . Epstein complained about it being " a mighty slow read " with " off the mark " descriptions and " stylistic infelicities " . He felt that big subjects sometimes " relieve a novelist of the burdens of nicety of style " . Epstein said that reading the book is like " looking at a mosaic very close up , tile by tile " , and that the big picture only emerges near the end . But he complimented Gordimer on the way in which she unravels Rosa 's fate , saying that it is " a tribute to her art " . = = Honours and awards = = Despite being banned in South Africa , Burger 's Daughter won the 1980 Central News Agency ( CNA ) Literary Award , a prominent literary award in that country . In 1991 Gordimer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for her works of " intense immediacy " and " extremely complicated personal and social relationships in her environment " . During the award ceremony speech by Sture Allén , Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy , Burger 's Daughter was cited as one of Gordimer 's novels in which " artistry and morality fuse " . In 2001 the novel was named one of South Africa 's top 10 books in The Guardian in the United Kingdom by author Gillian Slovo , daughter of South African anti @-@ apartheid activists Joe Slovo and Ruth First . Following Gordimer 's death in 2014 , The Guardian and Time magazine put Burger 's Daughter in their list of the top five Gordimer books . Indian writer Neel Mukherjee included Burger 's Daughter in his 2015 " top 10 books about revolutionaries " , also published in The Guardian . = AP Statistics = Advanced Placement Statistics ( AP Statistics , AP Stat or AP Stats ) is a college @-@ level high school statistics course offered in the United States through the College Board 's Advanced Placement program . This course is equivalent to a one semester , non @-@ calculus @-@ based introductory college statistics course and is normally offered to juniors and seniors in high school . One of the College Board 's more recent additions , the AP Statistics exam was first administered in May 1996 to supplement the AP program 's math offerings , which had previously consisted of only AP Calculus AB and BC . In the United States , enrollment in AP Statistics classes has increased at a higher rate than in any other AP class . Students may receive college credit or upper @-@ level college course placement upon the successful completion of a three @-@ hour exam ordinarily administered in May . The exam consists of a multiple choice section and a free response section that are both 90 minutes long . Each section is weighted equally in determining the students ' composite scores . = = History = = The Advanced Placement program has offered students the opportunity to pursue college @-@ level courses while in high school . Along with the Educational Testing Service , the College Board administered the first AP Statistics exam in May 1997 . The course was first taught to students in the 1996 @-@ 1997 academic year . Prior to that , the only mathematics courses offered in the AP program included AP Calculus AB and BC . Students who didn 't have a strong background in college @-@ level math , however , found the AP Calculus program inaccessible and sometimes declined to take a math course in their senior year . Since the number of students required to take statistics in college is almost as large as the number of students required to take calculus , the College Board decided to add an introductory statistics course to the AP program . Since the prerequisites for such a program doesn 't require mathematical concepts beyond those typically taught in a second @-@ year algebra course , the AP program 's math offerings became accessible to a much wider audience of high school students . The AP Statistics program addressed a practical need as well , since the number of students enrolling in majors that use statistics has grown . A total of 7 @,@ 667 students took the exam during the first administration , which is the highest number of students to take an AP exam in its first year . Since then , the number of students taking the exam rapidly grew to 98 @,@ 033 in 2007 , making it one of the 10 largest AP exams . = = Course = = If the course is provided by their school , students normally take AP Statistics in their junior or senior year and may decide to take it concurrently with a pre @-@ calculus course . This offering is intended to imitate a one @-@ semester , non @-@ calculus based college statistics course , but high schools can decide to offer the course over one semester , two trimesters , or a full academic year . The six @-@ member AP Statistics Test Development Committee is responsible for developing the curriculum . Appointed by the College Board , the committee consists of three college statistics teachers and three high school statistics teachers who are typically asked to serve for terms of three years . = = = Curriculum = = = Emphasis is placed not on actual arithmetic computation , but rather on conceptual understanding and interpretation . The course curriculum is organized around four basic themes ; the first involves exploring data and covers 20 – 30 % of the exam . Students are expected to use graphical and numerical techniques to analyze distributions of data , including univariate , bivariate , and categorical data . The second theme involves planning and conducting a study and covers 10 – 15 % of the exam . Students must be aware of the various methods of data collection through sampling or experimentation and the sorts of conclusions that can be drawn from the results . The third theme involves probability and its role in anticipating patterns in distributions of data . This theme covers 20 – 30 % of the exam . The fourth theme , which covers 30 – 40 % of the exam , involves statistical inference using point estimation , confidence intervals , and significance tests . = = Exam = = Along with the course curriculum , the exam is developed by the AP Statistics Test Development Committee as well . With the help of other college professors , the committee creates a large pool of possible questions that is pre @-@ tested with college students taking statistics courses . The test is then refined to an appropriate level of difficulty and clarity . Afterwards , the Educational Testing Service is responsible for printing and administering the exam . = = = Structure = = = The exam is offered every year in May . Students are not expected to memorize any formulas ; rather , a list of common statistical formulas related to descriptive statistics , probability , and inferential statistics is provided . Moreover , tables for the normal , Student 's t and chi @-@ squared distributions are given as well . Students are also expected to use graphing calculators with statistical capabilities . The exam is three hours long with ninety minutes allotted to complete each of its two sections : multiple choice and free @-@ response . The multiple choice portion of the exam consists of forty questions with five possible answers each . The free response section contains six open @-@ ended questions that are often long and divided into multiple parts . The first five of these questions may require twelve minutes each to answer and normally relate to one topic or category . The sixth question consists of a broad @-@ ranging investigative task and may require approximately twenty @-@ five minutes to answer . = = = Grading = = = The multiple choice section is scored immediately after the exam by computer . One point is awarded for each correct answer , no points are credited or deducted for unanswered questions , and points are no longer deducted for having an incorrect answer . Students ' answers to the free @-@ response section are reviewed in early June by readers that include high school and college statistics teachers gathered in a designated location . The readers use a pre @-@ made rubric to assess the answers and normally grade only one question in a given exam . Each question is graded on a scale from 0 to 4 , with a 4 representing the most complete response . Communication and clarity in the answers receive a lot of emphasis in the grading . Both sections are weighted equally when the composite score is calculated . The composite score is reported on a scale from 1 to 5 , with a score of 5 being the highest possible . = = = Textbooks = = = Yates , Daniel S. ; Moore , David S. ; McCabe , George P. ( 1998 ) . The practice of statistics : TI @-@ 83 graphing calculator enhanced . Macmillan . ISBN 0 @-@ 7167 @-@ 3370 @-@ 6 . Retrieved 2009 @-@ 08 @-@ 04 . Bock , David E. ; Paul F. Velleman ; Richard D. De Veaux ( 2010 ) . Stats : Modeling the World ( 3rd ed . ) . Pearson / Addison @-@ Wesley / Prentice @-@ Hall . ISBN 0 @-@ 13 @-@ 135958 @-@ 4 . Retrieved 2010 @-@ 02 @-@ 18 . Peck , Roxy ; Chris Olsen ; Jay L. Devore ( 2008 ) . Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis ( 3rd ed . ) . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 @-@ 495 @-@ 55783 @-@ 8 . Retrieved 2009 @-@ 08 @-@ 04 . Watkins , Ann E. ; Richard L. Scheaffer ; George W. Cobb ( 2004 ) . Statistics in Action : Understanding a World of Data . Key Curriculum Press . ISBN 1 @-@ 55953 @-@ 313 @-@ 7 . Diez , David M. ; Christopher D. Barr ; Mine Çetinkaya @-@ Rundel ; Leah Dorazio ( 2015 ) . Advanced High School Statistics . OpenIntro , Inc . ISBN 1 @-@ 94345 @-@ 000 @-@ 5 . = = = Teaching guides = = = Cobb , George ( 1992 ) . In Steen , Lynn Arthur , ed . Teaching Statistics : More Data , Less Lecturing . Washington , D.C. : Mathematical Association of America . Gordon , Florence and Sheldon , ed . ( 1992 ) . " Statistics for the Twenty @-@ First Century " . MAA Notes ( Washington , D.C. : Mathematical Association of America ) 26 . Moore , Thomas , ed . ( 2000 ) . " Teaching Statistics : Resources for Undergraduate Instructors " . MAA Notes ( Washington , D.C. : Mathematical Association of America ) 52 . National Council of Teachers of Mathematics ( 2003 ) . Principles and Standards for School Mathematics ( 3 ed . ) . Reston , VA : National Council of Teachers of Mathematics . = Lo Mejor de Mí ( song ) = " Lo Mejor de Mí " ( " All My Best " ) is a song written and produced by Rudy Pérez and first recorded by Spanish singer Juan Ramon for his second studio album Por Haberte Amado Tanto ( 1990 ) . In the song , the protagonist tells his lover how he gave his best despite not meeting his lover 's expectation . In 1997 , Mexican recording artist Cristian Castro covered the song for his fifth studio album Lo Mejor de Mí which Pérez also produced and arranged . Castro 's version peaked at number @-@ one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and the Billboard Latin Pop Songs charts in the United States . The song received a Billboard Latin Music Awards and a Lo Nuestro nomination for Pop Song of the Year . Pérez earned the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers award in the Pop / Ballad field . = = Background = = In 1990 , Spanish recording artist Juan Ramon released his second studio album Por Haberte Amado Tanto which was arranged and produced by Cuban @-@ American musician Rudy Pérez . Pérez composed three songs for the album including the track " Lo Mejor de Mí " . The song speaks of a failed relationship between the protagonist and the lover where the protagonist gave the best they could despite not meeting the lover 's expectation . One year later , Argentine musician María Martha Serra Lima covered the song on her studio album of the same name which was also arranged and produced by Pérez . Pérez also proposed the song to be covered by Mexican singer Luis Miguel for his album Segundo Romance ( 1994 ) . However Miguel rejected the song because he felt it was more of a ballad than a bolero . In 1997 , Mexican recording artist Cristian Castro covered the song for his Grammy @-@ nominated album of the same name with Pérez 's involvement with the production and arrangement . It was released as the lead single from the album and the first single under his new record label BMG U.S. Latin following his departure from Fonovisa Records a year earlier . The song is performed in the bolero style . = = Promotion = = Castro performed the song live in Mexico City , Mexico on October 28 , 1997 as part of the promotion for the album . In addition , a music video was released 1998 which was directed by Willie Souza and was filmed in a near Cuernavaca . The song was remixed by DJ Sugar Kid which was included in Castro 's album Remixes ( 2000 ) . It also has been featured in his compilations album Grandes Hits ( 2002 ) and Nunca Voy a Olvidarte ... Los Exitos ( 2005 ) . = = Reception = = " Lo Mejor de Mí " debuted on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart at number 24 on the week of September 13 , 1997 , climbing to the top ten one week later . The song peaked atop of the chart on the week of November 22 , 1997 succeeding " Si Tu Supieras " by Alejandro Fernández and was replaced by " Y Hubo Alguien " by Marc Anthony a week later . On the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart , the song debuted at number ten on the chart . It reached number one on the chart on the week of October 4 , 1997 where it spent a total a five nonconsecutive weeks on top . It was second best @-@ performing Latin pop song of 1998 after " Vuelve " by Ricky Martin . On the review of the album , an editor for Billboard felt that the song " highlights the much @-@ anticipated label by this Mexican singing star " . " Lo Mejor de Mí " was awarded Pop Song of the Year at the 1998 Billboard Latin Music Awards and was nominated at the same category the following year . It was also nominated Pop Song of the Year at the 9th Lo Nuestro Awards but lost to " Si Tu Supieras " by Alejandro Fernández . Pérez earned the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers award for Pop / Balld Song of 1998 for the song and was awarded 1999 in the same category . = = Charts = = = Diaphoneme = A diaphoneme is an abstract phonological unit that identifies a correspondence between related sounds of two or more varieties of a language or language cluster . For example , the vowel that constitutes the English word eye is pronounced differently depending on dialect ( [ aɪ ̯ ] or [ ʌɪ ̯ ] in RP and General American , [ ae ̯ ] or [ əi ̯ ] in Scottish English , [ ɑɪ ̯ ] in Australian English , [ ɔɪ ̯ ] in Irish English , [ aː ] in South African English , and [ aː ] or [ əi ̯ ] in Southern American English , etc . ) but , in the appropriate context , all of these variants are perceived by speakers as equivalent , and thus constitute a single diaphoneme . The word diaphone was originally used with the same meaning , but was later repurposed to refer to any of the particular variants , making the relationship between diaphoneme and diaphone analogous to that between phoneme and allophone . Diaphonology studies the realization of diaphones across dialects , and is important if an orthography is to be adequate for more than one dialect of a language . In historical linguistics , it is concerned with the reflexes of an ancestral phoneme as a language splits into dialects , such as the modern realizations of Old English / oː / . = = Usage = = The term diaphone first appeared in usage by phoneticians like Daniel Jones and Harold E. Palmer . Jones , who was more interested in transcription and coping with dialectal variation than with how cognitively real the phenomenon is , originally used diaphone to refer to the family of sounds that are realized differently depending on dialect but that speakers consider to be the same ; an individual dialect or speaker 's realization of this diaphone was called a diaphonic variant . Because of confusion related to usage , Jones later coined the term diaphoneme to refer to his earlier sense of diaphone ( the class of sounds ) and used diaphone to refer to the variants . A diaphonemic inventory is a specific diasystem ( a term popularized by Uriel Weinreich ) that superimposes dialectal contrasts to access all contrasts in all dialects that are included . This consists of a shared core inventory and , when accounting for contrasts not made by all dialects ( whether they are historical contrasts that have been lost or innovative ones not made in all varieties ) , only as many contrasts as are needed . The diaphonemic approach gets away from the assumption that linguistic communities are homogeneous , allows multiple varieties to be described in the same terms ( something important for situations where people have abilities in more than one variety ) , and helps in ascertaining where speakers make diaphonic identifications as a result of similarities and differences between the varieties involved . The linguistic variable , a similar concept presented by William Labov , refers to features with variations that are referentially identical but carry social and stylistic meaning . This could include phonological , as well as morphological and syntactic phenomena . Labov also developed variable rules analysis , with variable rules being those that all members of a speech community ( presumably ) possess but vary in the frequency of use . The latter concept met resistance from scholars for a number of reasons including the argument from critics that knowledge of rule probabilities was too far from speakers ' competence . Because of these problems , use of variable rules analysis died down by the end of the 1980s . Nevertheless , the linguistic variable is still used in sociolinguistics . For Labov , grouping variants together was justified by their tendency to fluctuate between each other within the same set of words . For example , Labov presented the variants ( among New York speakers ) of the vowel of bad or dance : The different phonetic values were assigned numerical values that were then used in an overall score index . Overdifferentiation is when phonemic distinctions from one 's primary language are imposed on the sounds of the second system where they are not required ; underdifferentiation of phonemes occurs when two sounds of the second system are not maintained because they are not present in the primary system . = = Dialectology = = Inspired by Trubetzkoy ( 1931 ) , Uriel Weinreich first advocated the use of diasystems in structural dialectology , and suggested that such a system would represent a higher level of abstraction that can unite related dialects into a single description and transcription . While phonemic systems describe the speech of a single variety , diaphonemic systems can reflect the contrasts that aren 't made by all varieties being represented . The way these differ can be shown in the name New York . This word may be transcribed phonemically as / nuː ˈjɔrk / in American English , which does not allow the cluster / nj / as a syllable onset ; in Received Pronunciation , syllable @-@ final / r / doesn 't occur so this name would be transcribed / njuː ˈjɔːk / to reflect that pronunciation . A diaphonemic transcription such as / njuː ˈjɔrk / ( with both the / j / and the / r / ) would thus cover both dialects . Neither is described exactly , but both are derivable from the diaphonemic transcription . The desire of building a diasystem to accommodate all English dialects , combined with a blossoming generative phonology , prompted American dialectologists to attempt the construction of an " overall system " of English phonology by analyzing dialectal distinctions as differences in the ordering of phonological rules as well as in the presence or absence of such rules . Bickerton ( 1973 : 641 ) even went so far as to claim that principled description of interdialectal code @-@ switching would be impossible without such rules . An example of this concept is presented in Saporta ( 1965 : 223 ) with a phonological difference between Castilian and Uruguayan Spanish : Without the use of ordered rules , Uruguayan Spanish could be interpreted as having two additional phonemes and morphophonemic vowel alternation with its plural marker . Attempting to construct a diasystem that encodes such a variety would thus represent all Spanish varieties as having seven vowel phonemes ( with contrasts only in final position ) . Due to both varieties having closed allophones of mid vowels in open syllables and open allophones in closed syllables , using ordered rules minimizes the differences so that the underlying form for both varieties is the same and Uruguayan Spanish simply has a subsequent rule that deletes / s / at the end of a syllable ; constructing a diaphonemic system thus becomes a relatively straightforward process . Saporta ( 1965 : 220 ) suggests that the rules needed to account for dialectal differences , even if not psychologically real , may be historically accurate . The nature of an overall system for English was controversial : the analysis in Trager & Smith ( 1951 ) was popular amongst American linguists for a time ( in the face of criticism , particularly from Hans Kurath ) ; James Sledd put forth his own diaphonemic system that accommodated Southern American English ; both Troike ( 1971 ) and Reed ( 1972 ) modified the scheme of The Sound Pattern of English by focusing on the diaphoneme , believing that it could address neutralizations better than structuralist approaches ; and The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States ( PEAS ) by Kurath and McDavid combined several dialects into one system transcribed in the IPA . More recently , The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language makes use of a diaphonemic transcription of Standard English so that examples can be expressed concisely without favoring any particular accent . Weinreich ( 1954 ) argued that Trager & Smith ( 1951 ) fell short in accurately representing dialects because their methodology involved attempting to create a diasystem before establishing the relevant component phonemic systems . Voegelin ( 1956 : 122 ) argues a similar problem occurs in the study of Hopi where transfer of training leads phoneticians to fit features of a dialect under study into the system of dialects already studied . Beginning with Trubetzkoy ( 1931 ) linguists attempting to account for dialectal differences have generally distinguished between three types : Phonological : the phonemic inventories and phonotactic restrictions Phonetic : how a given phoneme is realized phonetically ( RP and Australian English , for example , have almost the same exact phoneme system but with notably different realizations of the vowels ) . This distinction covers differences in the range of allophonic variation . Incidence : one phoneme rather than another occurs in a given word or group of words ( such as grass , which has the same vowel of farce in RP but not in GA . ) Wells expanded on this by splitting up the phonological category into " systemic " differences ( those of inventory ) and " structural " differences ( those of phonotactics ) . In addition , Both Wells and Weinreich mention realizational overlap , wherein the same phone ( or a nearly identical one ) corresponds to different phonemes , depending on accent . Some examples : Autistic in Canadian English overlaps with the way speakers of Received Pronunciation say artistic : [ ɑːˈtʰɪstɪk ] Impossible in General American overlaps with RP impassable : [ ɪmpɑːsəbl ̩ ] Hankey ( 1965 : 229 ) notes a similar phenomenon in Western Pennsylvania , where [ æɪ ] occurs either as the vowel of ashes or as the vowel of tiger but no speaker merges the two vowels ( i.e. a speaker who says [ ˈæɪʃɪz ] will not say [ ˈtæɪɡɚ ] ) . Realizational overlap occurs between the three dialects of Huastec , which have the same phonological system even though cognate words often do not have the same reflexes of this system . For example , while the Central and Potosino dialects both have ch and ts @-@ type sounds , the words they are found in are reversed : Yuen Ren Chao created a diaphonemic transcription of major Chinese varieties , in both Latin and Chinese character versions , called " General Chinese " . It originally ( 1927 ) covered the various Wu dialects , but by 1983 had expanded to cover the major dialects of Mandarin , Yue , Hakka , and Min as well . Apart from a few irregularities , GC can be read equally well in any of those dialects , and several others besides . Qur 'anic Arabic uses a diaphonemic writing system that indicates both the pronunciation in Mecca , the western dialect the Qur 'an was written in , and that of eastern Arabia , the prestige dialect of pre @-@ Islamic poetry . For example , final * aj was pronounced something like [ eː ] in Mecca , and written ي / j / , while it had merged with [ aː ] in eastern Arabia and was written as ا / ʔ / . In order to accommodate both pronunciations , the basic letter of Meccan Arabic was used , but the diacritic was dropped : ى . Similarly , the glottal stop had been lost in Meccan Arabic in all positions but initially , so the Meccan letters were retained with the eastern glottal stop indicated with a diacritic hamza . = = Bilingualism = = Einar Haugen expanded the diaphonic approach to the study of bilingualism , believing diaphones represented the process of interlingual identification wherein sounds from different languages are perceptually linked into a single category . Because interlingual identifications may happen between unrelated varieties , it is possible to construct a diasystem for many different language contact situations , with the appropriateness of such a construction depending on its purpose and its simplicity depending on how isomorphic the phonology of the systems are . For example , the Spanish of Los Ojos ( a small village in Rio Arriba County , New Mexico ) and the local variety of Southwestern English are fairly isomorphic with each other so a diaphonic approach for such a language contact situation would be relatively straightforward . Nagara ( 1972 ) makes use of a diaphonic approach in discussing the phonology of the pidgin English used by Japanese immigrants on Hawaiian plantations . Both Haugen and Weinreich considered the use of phonemes beyond a single language to be inappropriate when phonemic systems between languages were incommensurable with each other . Similarly , Shen ( 1952 ) , argues that phonemic representations may lead to confusion when dealing with phonological interference and Nagara ( 1972 : 56 ) remarks that narrow phonetic transcription can be cumbersome , especially when discussing other grammatical features like syntax and morphology . Allophones , which phonemic systems don 't account for , may be important in the process of interference and interlingual identifications . = = = Borrowing = = = Similarly , the term diaphone can be used in discussions of cognates that occur in different languages due to borrowing . Specifically , Haugen ( 1956 : 46 , 67 ) used the term to refer to phonemes that are equated by speakers cross @-@ linguistically because of similarities in shape and / or distribution . For example , loanwords in Huave having " diaphonic identification " with Spanish include àsét ( ' oil ' , from Spanish aceite ) and kàwíy ( ' horse ' , from Spanish caballo ) . This perception of sameness with native phonology means that speakers of the borrower language ( in this case , Huave ) will hear new features from the loaner language ( in this case , Spanish ) as equivalent to features of their own and substitute in their own when reproducing them . In these interlanguage transfers , when phonemes or phonotactic constraints are too different , more extreme compromises may occur ; for example , the English phrase Merry Christmas , when borrowed into Hawaiian , becomes mele kalikimaka . = = Pidgins and creoles = = The process of diaphonic identification occurs when pidgins are fashioned ; although lexical and morphosyntactic patterns are shared , speakers often use the phonological systems of their native language , meaning they must learn to recognize such diaphonic correspondences in the speech of others to facilitate the mutual intelligibility of a working pidgin . Bailey ( 1971 ) proposes that rule differences can be used to determine the distance a particular utterance has between a post @-@ creole continuum 's acrolectal and basolectal forms . Bickerton ( 1973 : 641 – 642 ) points out that mesolectal varieties often have features not derivable from such rules . = = Cognitive reality = = The status of panlectal and polylectal grammars has been subject to debate amongst generative phonologists since the 1970s ; one of the foremost areas of contention in regards to diaphonemes and diasystems is whether they reflect the actual linguistic competence of speakers . William Labov , although warm to the construction of a panlectal grammar , argued that it should be based in speakers ' linguistic competence . Peter Trudgill argues against the formation of diasystems that are not cognitively real and implies that polylectal grammars that are not part of native speakers ' competence are illegitimate . Similarly , Wolfram ( 1982 : 16 ) cautions that polylectal grammars are only appropriate when they " result in claims about speaker @-@ hearer 's capabilities ... " Although no linguists claim that panlectal grammars have psychological validity , and polylectal diasystems are much more likely to be cognitively real for bilingual and bidialectal speakers , speakers of only one dialect or language may still be aware of the differences between their own speech and that of other varieties . Take , for example , the word house , which is pronounced : [ haʊ ̯ s ] in Buffalo [ həʊ ̯ s ] in Toronto and Washington , D.C. [ hæʊ ̯ s ] in Philadelphia [ hɛʊ ̯ s ] in Charlottesville . Native speakers are able to calibrate the differences and interpret them as being the same . A similar issue occurs in Chinese . When a " general word , " is shared across multiple mutually unintelligible dialects , it is regarded as the same word even though it is pronounced differently depending on a speaker 's region . Thus a speaker from Beijing and Nanking may pronounce 遍 ( ' throughout ' ) differently , ( [ pjɛn ˥ ˩ ] and [ pjɛ ̃ ˥ ˩ ] , respectively ) , though they still regard the differences as minor and due to unimportant accentual differences . Because speakers aren 't normally able to hear distinctions not made in their own dialect ( for example , a speaker from the Southern United States who does not distinguish between pin and pen won 't hear the distinction when it 's produced by speakers of other dialects ) , speakers who can hear such a contrast but don 't produce it may still possess the contrast as part of their linguistic repertoire . In discussing contextual cues to vowel identifications in English , Rosner & Pickering ( 1994 ) note that controlling for dialect is largely unimportant for eliciting identifications when vowels are placed between consonants , possibly because the / CVC / structure often forms lexical items that can aid in identification ; identifying vowels in isolation , which don 't often carry such lexical information , must be matched to the listener 's set of vowel prototypes with less deviation than in consonantal contexts . In the first chapter of Trudgill ( 1983 ) , Peter Trudgill makes the case that these semantic contexts form the basis of intelligibility across varieties and that the process is irregular and ad hoc rather than the result of any sort of rule @-@ governed passive polylectal competence . De Camp ( 1971 ) argues that a child 's language acquisition process includes developing the ability to accommodate for the different varieties they are exposed to ( including ones they would not actually employ ) and the social significance of their use . Wilson & Henry ( 1998 : 17 – 18 ) point out that there may be critical periods for this similar to those for language learning . This competence in multiple varieties is arguably the primary vehicle of linguistic change . John Wells argues that going past the common core creates difficulties that add greater complexity and falsely assume a shared underlying form in all accents : " Only by making the diaphonemic representation a rather remote , underlying form , linked to actual surface representations in given accents by a long chain of rules – only in this way could we resolve the obvious difficulties of the taxonomic diaphoneme . " Wells gives the example of straight , late and wait , which rhyme in most English varieties but , because some dialects make phonemic contrasts with the vowels of these words ( specifically , in regions north of England ) , a panlectal transcription would have to encode this contrast despite it being absent for most speakers , making such a system " a linguist 's construct " and not part of the grammar present in any native speaker 's mind ( which is what adherents of such a system attempt to achieve ) . Hall ( 1965 : 337 ) argues that such constructs are appropriate but only when they are removed before the final formulation of grammatical analysis . Wells puts even more weight on the phonotactic difference between rhotic and non @-@ rhotic accents — the former have an underlying / r / in words like derby and star while the latter , arguably , do not — and to the unstressed vowel of happy , which aligns phonetically with the vowel of kit in some varieties and that of fleece in others . Hans Kurath , particularly prominent in comparative analysis of British and American regional features , makes the case that the systematic features of British and American English largely agree but for a handful of divergences , for example : postvocalic / r / ingliding and upgliding varieties of / e / New England short / ɵ / coalescence of / ɑ / and / ɔ / variation of / ʊ / and / u / in a few lexical items the vowel of poor , door , and sure variations in / aɪ / and / aʊ / Despite downplaying the divergences , Kurath argued that there is no " total pattern " ( a term from Trager & Smith ( 1951 ) ) that can be imposed on all English dialects , nor of even American ones : " The linguist must analyze the system of each dialect separately before he can know what systematic features are shared by all dialects , or by groups of dialects . He must distinguish between the systematic features and sporadic unsystematized features of each dialect , since every dialect has elements that are not built into the system . To regard unsystematized features as part of a ' system ' and to impose an ' over @-@ all pattern ' are spurious notions that must be rejected . The description of a cognitively real polylectal grammar came with Trudgill ( 1974 ) ' s set of rules for the speech of Norwich that , presumably , could generate any possible output for a specific population of speakers and was psychologically real for such speakers such that native residents who normally exhibited sound mergers ( e.g. between the vowels of days and daze ) could accurately and consistently make the distinction if called upon to imitate older Norwich speakers . Berdan ( 1977 ) argues that comprehension across varieties , when it is found , isn 't sufficient enough evidence for the claim that polylectal grammars are part of speakers ' linguistic competence . Ballard ( 1971 ) argues that an extrapolated panlectal ( or even broadly polylectal ) grammar from " idiosyncratic " grammars , such as those found in Trudgill ( 1974 ) , would still not be part of speakers ' linguistic competence ; Moulton ( 1985 : 566 ) argues that attempting a polylectal grammar that encodes for a large number of dialects becomes too bizarre and that the traditional reconstructed proto @-@ language is more appropriate for the stated benefits of polylectal grammars . Bailey ( 1973 : 27 , 65 ) , notable for advocating the construction of polylectal grammars , says that the generative rules of such grammars should be panlectal in the sense that they are potentially learned in the acquisition process , though no speaker should be expected to learn all of them . Although question remains to their psychological reality , the usefulness of diaphonemes is shown in Newton ( 1972 : 19 – 23 ) with the loss of the front rounded vowel phoneme / y / in Greek words like ξύλο and κοιλιά ; this vowel merged with / i / in most words and / u / in the rest , though the distribution varies with dialect . A diasystem would thus have to present an additional underlying diaphoneme / y / with generative rules that account for the dialectal distribution . Similarly , the diaphonemic system in Geraghty ( 1983 ) goes beyond the common core , marking contrasts that only appear in some varieties ; Geraghty argues that , because of Fijian marriage customs that prompt exposure to other dialects , speakers may possess a diasystem that represents multiple dialects as part of their communicative competence . = = Representation = = There are a number of ways diaphones are represented in literature . One way is through the IPA , this can be done with slashes , as if they are phonemes , or with other types of brackets : double slashes : / / bɪt / / exclamation points : ! bɪt ! vertical bars : \| bɪt \| curved brackets : { b.ɪ.t } The concept does not necessitate the formation of a transcription system . Diaphones can instead be represented with double slashes . This is the case , for example in Orten ( 1991 ) and Weinreich ( 1954 ) where diaphonemes are represented with bracketing : <formula> In this scheme , Scottish Standard English and the accent of Kirkwall are shown to make a phonemic contrast between / k / and / x / while RP and GA are shown to possess only the former so that lock and loch are pronounced differently in the former group and identically in the latter . Diaphonemic systems don 't necessarily even have to utilize the IPA . Diaphones are useful in constructing a writing system that accommodates multiple dialects with different phonologies . Even in dialectology , diaphonemic transcriptions may instead be based on the language 's orthography , as is the case with Lee Pederson 's Automated Book Code designed for information from the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States. and the diaphonemic transcription system used by Paul Geraghty for related Fijian languages uses a modified Roman script . = Interstate 470 ( Ohio – West Virginia ) = Interstate 470 ( I @-@ 470 ) is a 10 @.@ 63 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 17 @.@ 11 @-@ kilometer ) auxiliary Interstate Highway of I @-@ 70 that bypasses the city of Wheeling , West Virginia , in the United States . I @-@ 470 is one of 13 auxiliary Interstate Highways in Ohio and the only auxiliary Interstate Highway in West Virginia . The western terminus of I @-@ 470 is an interchange with I @-@ 70 in Richland Township , Ohio . Traveling southeast through rural Belmont County , I @-@ 470 approaches the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge , which spans the Ohio River . After crossing the river into Ohio County , West Virginia , the highway turns east towards the Wheeling communities of Bethlehem and Elm Grove and its eastern terminus at I @-@ 70 near Elm Grove . The portion of the highway in West Virginia is named the USS West Virginia Memorial Highway , by proclamation of then Governor Cecil Underwood on the 59th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack . Construction of the freeway began in 1975 in the two states . Due to a chronic lack of funding , construction in Ohio was stalled between 1976 and 1981 . After a 3 @.@ 3 @-@ cent @-@ per @-@ gallon ( 0 @.@ 87 @-@ cent @-@ per @-@ liter ) fuel tax increase , Ohio was able to restart construction , and by 1983 , both states had completed construction on the freeway . The three @-@ level diamond interchange with concurrent highways U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) and West Virginia Route 2 ( WV 2 ) on the eastern banks of the Ohio River was thought to be the most complex interchange in West Virginia 's Interstate Highway System at the time of construction . On average , between 25 @,@ 500 and 37 @,@ 840 vehicles use the highway daily . = = Route description = = The freeway begins at a partial interchange with I @-@ 70 in Richland Township , Belmont County , Ohio . An exit for County Road 28 ( CR 28 ) , the second @-@ last exit for westbound traffic , provides motorists access to US 40 . The highway curves to the southeast , passing near the Belmont Memorial Park and through woodlands . I @-@ 70 forms part of the northeastern border of Neffs , Pease Township , and briefly parallels High Ridge Road ( CR 214 ) then meets it at a diamond interchange in Pultney Township . High Ridge Road to the north connects back to I @-@ 70 , and to the south links Bellaire to the bypass . I @-@ 470 continues easterly into a valley before intersecting a trumpet interchange with State Route 7 ( SR 7 ) along the western banks of the Ohio River . The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge carries I @-@ 470 over three rail lines and the Ohio River ( the state line between Ohio and West Virginia ) . The rail lines on the western banks of the river belong to the Norfolk Southern Railway and the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway 's River Subdivision . The American Automobile Association considers the stretch of I @-@ 470 though Ohio to be a scenic highway due to its natural beauty . I @-@ 470 enters the city limits of Wheeling and Ohio County , West Virginia ; the Greater Wheeling Trail , a rail trail , passes under the freeway as I @-@ 470 approaches a three @-@ level diamond interchange with US 250 and WV 2 . The concurrent highways connect to downtown Wheeling in the north and Benwood to the south . I @-@ 70 climbs from the banks of the river into more woodlands before an interchange with West Bethlehem Boulevard , which provides access to the village of the same name to the south . Continuing easterly , I @-@ 470 comes to its end at an incomplete interchange with its parent , I @-@ 70 , over Wheeling Creek near Elm Grove and to the north of the J.B. Chambers Youth Sports Complex and Wheeling Skate Park . Traffic from I @-@ 470 can only access eastbound I @-@ 70 , and only traffic traveling westbound on I @-@ 70 can access I @-@ 470 . The eastern branch of the Greater Wheeling Trail , which parallels the creek , passes underneath I @-@ 470 as it merges into I @-@ 70 . I @-@ 470 is one of 13 auxiliary Interstate Highways in Ohio and the only auxiliary Interstate Highway in West Virginia . The Ohio Department of Transportation and West Virginia Division of Highways ( ODOT and WVDOH ) conduct surveys on their highways to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of average traffic volume for any day of the year . In 2012 , they calculated that 26 @,@ 500 vehicles traveled along the highway at the eastern terminus in West Virginia , and 37 @,@ 840 vehicles used I @-@ 470 across the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge . As part of the Interstate Highway System , the entire route is listed on the National Highway System — a system of roads that are important to the nation 's economy , defense and mobility . = = History = = Plans for a southern bypass of Wheeling were first published in 1955 in Bureau of Public Roads document titled General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas . An environmental impact statement was filed in 1972 by West Virginia , detailing the I @-@ 470 interchange with US 250 / WV 2 along the eastern banks of the Ohio River . Tunnels used by the nearby LaBelle Nail Plant , LaBelle being the original French word for the Ohio River , were unearthed during construction of this interchange . A 2 @.@ 5 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) segment in West Virginia was bid out at just over $ 16 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 107 million in 2015 ) in 1976 . Ohio had completed the stretch of highway between I @-@ 70 to just before the SR 7 interchange by 1976 , but due to budget deficiencies work did not resume in Ohio until 1981 . Construction of the bridge linking the two portions of highway was scheduled to be completed by 1981 , but construction did not begin until that year . After a 3 @.@ 3 @-@ cent @-@ per @-@ gallon ( 0 @.@ 87 @-@ cent @-@ per @-@ liter ) fuel tax increase , Ohio was able to fund the project again . Bids for construction work on the remainder of the Ohio portion of the freeway were solicited in 1981 , with an estimated construction time of 37 months for the stretch between I @-@ 70 and the bridge . The West Virginia portion was under construction by 1976 , and work in both states was completed by 1983 . The three @-@ level diamond interchange on the eastern banks of the Ohio River was said to be the most complex interchange in West Virginia at the time of construction by the WVDOH spokesman Gary Chernenko . The opening of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge , along with another bridge in nearby Moundsville was thought to have reduced the amount of traffic , and thus tolls collected by the nearby Bellaire Bridge by up to 50 per cent in 1987 . Between September 12 and December 22 , 1996 , about 1 @,@ 700 ft ( 518 m ) of I @-@ 470 in Ohio was closed so ODOT could stabilize and repave the roadway , as the rocks forming the top of an abandoned mine underneath the freeway had become overstressed . The Fort Henry Bridge ( which carries I @-@ 70 ) , the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge and the Wheeling Suspension Bridge were all closed in January 2005 , stopping any traffic from Ohio or Wheeling Island from entering mainland West Virginia for a few days because barges broke loose during heavy flooding along the Ohio River . The Wheeling Tunnel was closed for reconstruction work in 2007 , 2008 , and 2010 , causing motorists who wished to travel through on I @-@ 70 to detour . The two detour routes were city streets in downtown Wheeling and the I @-@ 470 loop . Then West Virginia governor , Cecil Underwood , issued a proclamation on December 7 , 2000 , the 59th anniversary of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , naming I @-@ 470 in West Virginia the USS West Virginia Memorial Highway . = = Exit list = = = Bridget Moynahan = Bridget Moynahan ( born Kathryn Bridget Moynahan , April 28 , 1971 or September 21 , 1972 ) is an American actress and model . She graduated from Longmeadow High School , in Massachusetts , in 1989 and began pursuing a career in modeling . She appeared in department store catalogs and magazines , and , after doing television commercials , she began taking acting lessons . Moynahan made her television debut in a guest appearance in the comedy series Sex and the City in 1999 , where she would later have a recurring role as " Natasha . " She made her feature film debut in Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) . She was cast in a supporting role in Serendipity ( 2001 ) . Moynahan was also featured in the action film The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) , spy thriller The Recruit ( 2003 ) , the science @-@ fiction movie I , Robot ( 2004 ) , and the political thriller Lord of War ( 2005 ) . She starred in the ABC television series Six Degrees , which premiered in September 2006 but was canceled after one season . Moynahan completed work in Elizabeth Allen 's Ramona and Beezus , which was released in July , 2010 , and has starred in the CBS drama Blue Bloods since September 2010 . = = Early life = = Moynahan was born in Binghamton , New York , the daughter of Irish American parents Mary Bridget ( née Moriarty ) , a former school teacher , and Edward Bradley Moynahan , a scientist and former administrator at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . She has two brothers , Andy and Sean . Her family moved to Longmeadow , Massachusetts when Moynahan was around seven years old , where she later attended Longmeadow High School and was captain of the girls ' soccer , basketball , and lacrosse teams , graduating in 1989 . She has said that during her childhood , she was a tomboy . = = Career = = = = = Early work = = = After graduating from high school , Moynahan pursued a modeling career despite admitting she had never read fashion magazines growing up . She had accompanied a friend to a modeling audition in Springfield , Massachusetts , and was signed by the modeling agency instead of her friend . She began her career appearing in department store catalogs in Springfield , during which time she attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst . Moynahan moved to New York at age 18 and , a year later , began appearing in magazines such as Vogue and Elle , and on covers of other widely known magazines . Her cover highlights include Vogue Paris ( May 1993 ) , Elle ( October 1993 ) and Glamour ( 6 times ) . In an interview given in July 2004 , Moynahan , discussing her early work , said : " It was a crazy world that paid a lot of money . I liked being a model , but I knew it would never last , so I looked into acting . " During that time , she began doing soap and shampoo commercials , in addition to taking acting and art classes . She studied acting at the Caymichael Patten Studio in New York and , in 1999 , made her television debut as Natasha in HBO 's romantic comedy Sex and the City . She would later have a recurring role in the show , until the divorce of her character from Mr. Big ( Chris Noth ) . The following year , she appeared in smaller film roles , including parts in In the Weeds and Whipped . = = = Breakthrough = = = Moynahan made her feature film debut in the 2000 comedy @-@ drama Coyote Ugly as Rachel , a bartender / dancer in a wild New York bar , a role that is considered Moynahan 's breakthrough . She had accepted the role because she " thought it was interesting that the whole movie revolved around five women ... and my character was so strong and independent " . The film garnered generally unfavorable critical reviews but was a box office success , earning $ 133 million worldwide . Her next role was a supporting role in 2001 film Serendipity as Hally , the fiancée of John Cusack 's character . Moynahan was then cast opposite Ben Affleck and Morgan Freeman in the action film The Sum of All Fears , based on Tom Clancy 's book of the same name . Moynahan plays Dr. Catherine Muller , a strong , independent woman , and love interest for Affleck 's Jack Ryan . Dave Larsen of the Dayton Daily News reported that the subplot involving Moynahan and Affleck was " the film 's weakest point " . The Sum of All Fears received ambivalent reviews , but was a commercial success , earning $ 193 million at the box office . Her next role was as a CIA trainee in The Recruit ( 2003 ) . The movie was not well received , with Mike Clark of USA Today commenting that The Recruit is " less @-@ than @-@ middling melodrama whose subject matter and talent never click as much as its credits portend " . In 2004 , Moynahan starred alongside Will Smith in Alex Proyas ' science fiction movie I , Robot , loosely based on Isaac Asimov 's short story collection of the same name . Moynahan portrays Dr. Susan Calvin , as a specialist in robot psychology . Upon release , I , Robot received mixed reviews , though critics enjoyed Moynahan 's performance . Daniel Neman of Richmond Times @-@ Dispatch , who disliked the film , concluded that she " turns in an able performance as Dr. Calvin , the convenient character . " With revenue of $ 347 million worldwide , the film remains Moynahan 's most commercially successful picture to date . Her next movie was in 2005 's Lord of War , a political crime thriller , as Ava Fontaine Orlov , the wife of Nicolas Cage 's character . In 2006 , Maxim magazine named her number 96 on its annual " Hot 100 " list . In September 2006 , away from film , Moynahan starred as Whitney Crane in the ABC television drama series Six Degrees , co @-@ starring alongside Jay Hernandez , Erika Christensen , Hope Davis , Dorian Missick , and Campbell Scott . The series centered on six residents of New York City and their respective relationships and connections with one another , based on the idea of six degrees of separation . It debuted on September 20 , 2006 , and was watched by almost 13 @.@ 3 million viewers . Six Degrees debuted to varied reception , with David Hinckley of the New York Daily News writing , " In theory , it 's an intriguing concept for a series . But in practice , Six Degrees doesn 't work at all in drawing you in at the start . " The series was canceled after one season in May 2007 . Moynahan 's next film role was in the November 2006 thriller Unknown , about a group of individuals kidnapped , and trying to work together how to escape from their captors . She was next seen in 2007 , in Gray Matters , co @-@ starring alongside Heather Graham and Tom Cavanagh , before being cast in Henry Bean 's comedy @-@ drama Noise , as Helen Owen , the wife of David Owen ( Tim Robbins ) . The movie was screened at a special presentation at the 2007 Rome Film Festival and was released in theaters in 2008 . In December 2008 , Moynahan guest starred in two episodes of the ABC television comedy @-@ drama Eli Stone , playing the titular character 's ( Jonny Lee Miller ) former girlfriend . Returning to film , as the last feature she starred in was 2007 's Noise , Moynahan appeared in Ramona and Beezus , playing the mother to Joey King and Selena Gomez 's characters . The film was directed by Elizabeth Allen and released in July 2010 . The following year , Moynahan starred alongside Aaron Eckhart , Michelle Rodriguez , and Michael Peña in the action science fiction feature Battle : Los Angeles ( 2011 ) . Away from film , Moynahan stars in the CBS television drama Blue Bloods , playing Assistant District Attorney , Erin Reagan . In November 2009 , she signed a deal with Garnier to appear in television and print advertising promoting their Skincare products ( Ultra @-@ Lift ) . = = Personal life = = Moynahan was in a three @-@ year relationship with screenwriter Scott Rosenberg . She dated NFL quarterback Tom Brady from 2004 until December 14 , 2006 . Her representative confirmed their split to People in December 2006 , stating that they had " amicably ended their three @-@ year relationship " . On February 18 , 2007 , Moynahan 's representative confirmed to People that she was more than three months pregnant and that Brady is the father . In August , 2007 , she gave birth to a baby boy . In a July , 2008 interview in Harper 's Bazaar , Moynahan discussed her willingness to raise her son as a single mother . Despite media reports that Moynahan and Brady have an acrimonious relationship , it was revealed that the two have maintained a civil relationship since the birth of their son , John Edward Thomas Moynahan . Moynahan resides in Pacific Palisades , California . She and director McG began dating in late 2010 but they since broke up . On October 17 , 2015 she married businessman Andrew Frankel at a ceremony in The Hamptons . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = Books = = The Blue Bloods Cookbook : 120 Recipes That Will Bring Your Family to the Table , St. Martin 's Press , 2015 . = Burns , Oregon = Burns is a city in and the county seat of Harney County , in the U.S. state of Oregon . According to the 2010 census , the population was 2 @,@ 806 . Burns and the nearby city of Hines are home to about 60 percent of the people in the sparsely populated county , the largest in Oregon and the ninth largest in the United States . The Burns – Hines region has a high @-@ desert climate but was much wetter in the recent geologic past . The Harney Basin was the largest of many depressions in which lakes formed in southeastern Oregon during the late Pleistocene . Remnants of an ancient lake that reached as far north as Burns are at the center of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge , south of the city . Northern Paiutes or their ancestors , who were hunter @-@ gatherers , have lived in the region for thousands of years . Since the arrival of Euro @-@ Americans in the 19th century , cattle ranching and other forms of agriculture have dominated land use in the area . In 1930 , logging in the mountains north of Burns led to the creation of Hines , a lumber company town , and the timber industry remained important to the local economy until the 1990s . In addition to ranching , a variety of private and public enterprises support the Burns – Hines economy in the 21st century . Annual events include a migratory bird festival , the county fair , and a country music jamboree . = = History = = = = = Tribal = = = Archeologists have found evidence of human habitation in the general vicinity of Burns from as early as 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Members of the contemporary Burns Paiute Tribe of Harney County , descended mainly from the Wadatika band of Paiutes , were hunter @-@ gatherers throughout central and southern Oregon . The Wadatikas were named after the wada seeds collected as food from near Malheur Lake . Their territory covered about 5 @,@ 300 square miles ( 14 @,@ 000 km2 ) from the Cascade Range to near Boise and from the southern Blue Mountains to south of Steens Mountain . Scattered in the 19th century by clashes with white settlers and soldiers and through forced removal to distant reservations , some of the Paiutes eventually returned to Harney County . In the 1930s , the Burns Paiute Tribe began buying land near Burns and holding tribal elections . By the late 1960s , the tribe had adopted a constitution and tribal bylaws , and in 1972 the Burns Paiute formally became an independent tribe , eligible to enter into contracts with other governments and legal entities . The tribe owns the Burns Paiute Reservation , 770 acres ( 310 ha ) north of Burns , and individual members of the tribe own more than 11 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @,@ 500 ha ) of land elsewhere in the county . In 1991 , the tribe had about 350 members , and about 200 lived on the reservation . = = = Cities and ranches = = = After the arrival of Euro @-@ American settlers in the 19th century , Burns was established in the 1880s . It was formally incorporated after Harney County 's creation in 1889 through the splitting of Grant County into two counties . Early settler , merchant , and county commissioner George McGowan named the city after the Scottish poet Robert Burns . By 1891 , the community had stores , a post office , hotels , and other businesses . McGowan was the town 's first postmaster . In the 1920s , timber cutting and milling brought many newcomers to the region . In 1928 , the Edward Hines Lumber Company acquired from the U.S. Forest Service the rights to cut timber in the Blue Mountains near Seneca , north of Burns . After winning the timber contract , the Hines Company built the 52 @-@ mile ( 84 km ) Oregon and Northwestern Railroad between Burns and Seneca . Edward Hines , the company owner , built a lumber mill and company town , incorporated as the City of Hines in 1930 . Timber and logging remained important to the local economy until the 1990s , when the area 's last lumber mill closed for lack of timber . Cattle ranching in the region began as early as the 1860s and expanded after passage of the Desert Land Act of 1877 . The act promoted development of arid and semi @-@ arid public land in the western United States by making 320 @-@ acre ( 130 ha ) plots available to individuals willing to " reclaim , irrigate , and cultivate " the land . Some of the Harney County ranches established in the 19th century still exist in the 21st . Agricultural revenue for Harney County in 2011 totaled about $ 84 million . Of this , about 65 percent came from cattle sales , 29 percent from the sale of alfalfa hay , and most of the rest from other crops and the sale of horses . = = Geography = = Harney County is the largest county in Oregon and the ninth largest in the United States . It covers about 10 @,@ 000 square miles ( 26 @,@ 000 km2 ) but has a total population of only about 7 @,@ 600 . Most of that population lives in Burns or Hines , about 2 miles ( 3 km ) southwest of Burns . Burns had about 2 @,@ 800 residents in 2010 and Hines about 1 @,@ 600 , for a total of 4 @,@ 400 , nearly 60 percent of the county population . The city is 132 miles ( 212 km ) east of Bend , and 132 miles ( 212 km ) west of Ontario , Oregon , on U.S. Route 20 at its intersection with U.S. Route 395 . Burns is about 200 miles ( 322 km ) south of Pendleton . Oregon Route 78 runs between Burns and communities to the southeast including Crane , Princeton , and Burns Junction , about 100 miles ( 161 km ) away . A fourth highway , Oregon Route 205 , links the city to the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the south , and to Frenchglen , further south near Steens Mountain . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3 @.@ 55 square miles ( 9 @.@ 19 km2 ) , all land . = = = Geology = = = Burns is in southeastern Oregon near the northern edge of the arid Harney Basin . The basin is part of the High Lava Plains , a region dominated by erupting volcanoes in the late Miocene , five to ten million years ago . Centered on the Brothers Fault Zone , which runs southeast – northwest between Steens Mountain and Bend , the High Lava Plains merge with the Blue Mountains to the north and the Basin and Range Province to the south . Shallow basins formed by crustal stretching in the Basin and Range province were much wetter during the late Pleistocene , up to 11 @,@ 000 years ago , than they are in the 21st century . Lakes formed in these basins , including those in the southern part of the High Lava Plains . Among these , the largest depression was the Harney Basin , covering 5 @,@ 300 square miles ( 14 @,@ 000 km2 ) . Within the Harney Basin , ancient Malheur Lake — the 21st @-@ century remnants of which include Malheur Lake , Harney Lake , and Mud Lake — covered 900 square miles ( 2 @,@ 300 km2 ) and extended as far north as Burns . These remnant wetlands have become the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge . = = = Climate = = = Burns has a semi @-@ arid continental climate ( Köppen BSk ) bordering upon a continental Mediterranean climate ( Dsb ) that averages 99 days with precipitation each year . Cloud cover varies from an average of 25 percent in July to 76 percent in January . Normal annual precipitation amounts to about 11 inches or 279 millimetres , including 34 inches or 86 centimetres of snow . The average relative humidity , measured at 4 p.m. daily , is 42 percent , varying from 21 percent in July to 68 percent in December and January . The normal monthly daily average temperature ranges from about 24 ° F ( − 4 ° C ) in December to 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) in July . On average , highs reach 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on 24 days annually and stay at or below the freezing mark on 31 days , while lows fall to or below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) on an average of 11 nights . The average first and last occurrences of freezing temperatures are September 2 and June 21 , respectively , allowing a growing season of 72 days . In January 1950 , during a series of snowstorms the National Weather Service has identified as one of Oregon 's top 10 weather events of the 20th century , about 32 inches ( 81 cm ) of snow fell on Burns . During another top @-@ 10 event , which occurred in February 1933 , the temperature at Seneca reached − 54 ° F ( − 48 ° C ) , the lowest ever recorded in Oregon . By highway , Seneca is about 45 miles ( 72 km ) north of Burns in the Blue Mountains . At Burns itself , record temperatures range from − 30 ° F ( − 34 ° C ) on December 8 , 2013 , up to 107 ° F ( 42 ° C ) on July 12 , 2002 ; the record low maximum is − 3 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) on January 6 , 1982 , and December 21 , 1990 , while the record high minimum is 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) on July 27 and 30 , 1939 . = = Demographics = = As of the census of 2010 , there were 2 @,@ 806 people , 1 @,@ 280 households , and 720 families residing in	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, Sicily , Milan ) would first of all go to Philip 's son Don Carlos , from his previous marriage to Maria Manuela of Portugal . If Carlos were to die without any descendants , only then would they pass to the children of his second marriage . On the other hand , the Franco @-@ Scottish treaty that arranged the 1558 marriage of Mary , Queen of Scots and Francis , the son and heir of Henry II of France , had it that if the queen died without descendants , Scotland would fall to the throne of France . Religion has always been closely tied to European political affairs , and as such it played an important role during marriage negotiations . The 1572 wedding in Paris of the French princess Margaret of Valois to the leader of France 's Huguenots , Henry III of Navarre , was ostensibly arranged to effect a rapprochement between the nation 's Catholics and Protestants , but proved a ruse for the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre . After the English Reformation , matches between English monarchs and Roman Catholic princesses were often unpopular , especially so when the prospective queen consort was unwilling to convert , or at least practice her faith discreetly . Passage of the Act of Settlement 1701 disinherited any heir to the throne who married a Catholic . Other ruling houses , such as the Romanovs and Habsburgs , have at times also insisted on dynastic marriages only being contracted with people of a certain faith or those willing to convert . When in 1926 Astrid of Sweden married Leopold III of Belgium , it was agreed that her children would be raised as Catholics but she was not required to give up Lutheranism , although she chose to convert in 1930 . Some potential matches were abandoned due to irreconcilable religious differences . For example , plans for the marriage of the Catholic Władysław IV Vasa and the Lutheran Elisabeth of Bohemia , Princess Palatine proved unpopular with Poland 's largely Catholic nobility and were quietly dropped . Marriages among ruling dynasties and their subjects have at times been common , with the marriages such as that of Edward the Confessor , King of England with Edith of Wessex and Władysław II Jagiełło , King of Poland with Elizabeth Granowska being far from unheard of in medieval Europe . However , as dynasties approached absolutism and sought to preserve loyalty among competing members of the nobility , most eventually distanced themselves from kinship ties to local nobles by marrying abroad . Marriages with subjects brought the king back down to the level of those he ruled , often stimulating the ambition of his consort 's family and evoking jealousy — or disdain — from the nobility . The notion that monarchs should marry into the dynasties of other monarchs to end or prevent war was , at first , a policy driven by pragmatism . During the era of absolutism , this practice contributed to the notion that it was socially , as well as politically , disadvantageous for members of ruling families to intermarry with their subjects and pass over the opportunity for marriage into a foreign dynasty . = = = = Ancient Rome = = = = While Roman emperors almost always married wives who were also Roman citizens , the ruling families of the empire 's client kingdoms in the Near East and North Africa often contracted marriages with other royal houses to consolidate their position . These marriages were often contracted with the approval , or even at the behest , of the Roman emperors themselves . Rome thought that such marriages promoted stability among their client states and prevented petty local wars that would disturb the Pax Romana . Glaphyra of Cappadocia was known to have contracted three such royal intermarriages : with Juba II & I , King of Numidia and Mauretania , Alexander of Judea and Herod Archelaus , Ethnarch of Samaria . Other examples from the Ancient Roman era include : Polemon II , King of Pontus and Berenice of Judea Aristobulus IV of Judea and Berenice of Judea Aristobulus Minor of Judea and Iotapa of Emesa = = = = Byzantine Empire = = = = Though some emperors , such as Justin I and Justinian I , took low @-@ born wives , dynastic intermarriages in imperial families were not unusual in the Byzantine Empire . Following the fall of Constantinople in 1204 , the ruling families , the Laskarides and then the Palaiologoi , thought it prudent to marry into foreign dynasties . One early example is the marriage of John Doukas Vatatzes with Constance , the daughter of Emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire to seal their alliance . After establishing an alliance with the Mongols in 1263 , Michael VIII Palaiologos married two of his daughters to Mongol khans to cement their agreement : his daughter Euphrosyne Palaiologina was married to Nogai Khan of the Golden Horde , and his daughter Maria Palaiologina , was married to Abaqa Khan of the Ilkhanate . Later in the century , Andronikos II Palaiologos agreed martial alliances with Ghazan of the Ilkhanate and Toqta and Uzbeg of the Golden Horde , which were quickly followed by weddings with his daughters . The Grand Komnenoi of the Empire of Trebizond were famed for marrying their daughters to their neighbours as acts of diplomacy . Theodora Megale Komnene , daughter of John IV , was married to Uzun Hassan , lord of the Aq Qoyunlu , to seal an alliance between the Empire and the so @-@ called White Sheep . Although the alliance failed to save Trebizond from its eventual defeat , and despite being a devout Christian in a Muslim state , Theodora did manage to exercise a pervasive influence both in the domestic and foreign actions of her husband . Though usually made to strengthen the position of the empire , there are examples of interdynastic marriages destabilising the emperor 's authority . When Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos married his second wife , Eirene of Montferrat , in 1284 she caused a division in the Empire over her demand that her own sons share in imperial territory with , Michael , his son from his first marriage . She resorted to leaving Constantinople , the capital of the Byzantine Empire , and setting up her own court in the second city of the Empire , Thessalonica . = = = = Post World War I era = = = = In modern times , among European royalty at least , marriages between royal dynasties have become much rarer than they once were . Members of Europe 's dynasties increasingly married members of the titled nobility , including George VI of the United Kingdom , Charles , Prince of Wales , Albert II of Belgium , Hans @-@ Adam II of Liechtenstein , or untitled nobility as Philippe of Belgium and Beatrix of the Netherlands , and very often commoners , as Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden , Harald V of Norway , Henri of Luxembourg , Felipe VI of Spain , Willem @-@ Alexander of the Netherlands , Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and Albert II of Monaco have done . In Europe , only Juan Carlos I of Spain , Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Alois , Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein married members of a foreign dynasty . This being said , royal intermarriage still occurs . For example : = = = = = Members of two reigning houses = = = = = Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein and Princess Margaretha of Luxembourg ( 1982 , most recent example of intermarriage between two European dynasties reigning at the time of the wedding ) Constantine II of Greece and Princess Anne Marie of Denmark ( 1964 ) Jean , Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium ( 1953 ) Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Philip Mountbatten ( born a Prince of Greece and Denmark ) ( 1947 ) Peter II of Yugoslavia and Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark ( 1944 ) Frederick IX of Denmark and Princess Ingrid of Sweden ( 1935 ) Prince George , Duke of Kent and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark ( 1934 ) Umberto II of Italy and Princess Marie José of Belgium ( 1930 ) Boris III of Bulgaria and Princess Giovanna of Italy ( 1930 ) Olav V of Norway and Princess Märtha of Sweden ( 1929 ) Leopold III of Belgium and Princess Astrid of Sweden ( 1926 ) Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden and Lady Louise Mountbatten ( born as Princess Louise of Battenberg ) ( 1923 ) Alexander I of Yugoslavia and Princess Maria of Romania ( 1922 ) = = = = = Members of one reigning house and one non @-@ reigning house = = = = = Princess Caroline of Monaco and Ernst August , Prince of Hanover ( 1999 ) Princess Doña María of Bourbon and Archduke Simeon of Austria ( 1996 ) Alois , Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein and Duchess Sophie in Bavaria ( 1993 ) Princess Astrid of Belgium and Archduke Lorenz of Austria @-@ Este ( 1984 ) Princess Marie @-@ Astrid of Luxembourg and Archduke Carl Christian of Austria ( 1982 ) Princess Barbara of Liechtenstein and Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia ( 1973 ) Princess Benedikte of Denmark and Richard , 6th Prince of Sayn @-@ Wittgenstein @-@ Berleburg ( 1968 ) Princess Irene of the Netherlands and Carlos Hugo , Duke of Parma ( 1964 ) Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark and Juan Carlos I of Spain ( 1962 ) Princess Birgitta of Sweden and Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern ( 1961 ) Princess Alix of Luxembourg and Antoine , 13th Prince de Ligne ( 1950 ) = = = = = Modern examples of dynastic intra @-@ marriage = = = = = Knud , Hereditary Prince of Denmark and Princess Caroline @-@ Mathilde of Denmark ( 1933 ) = = = Muslim World = = = = = = = Al @-@ Andalus = = = = From the time of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania and throughout the Reconquista , marriage between Spanish and Umayyad royals was not uncommon . Early marriages , such as that of Abd al @-@ Aziz ibn Musa and Egilona at the turn of the 8th century , was thought to help establish the legitimacy of Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula . Later instances of intermarriage were often made to seal trade treaties between Christian kings and Muslim caliphs . = = = = Ottoman Empire = = = = The marriages of Ottoman sultans and their sons in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries tended to be with members of the ruling dynasties of neighbouring powers . With little regard for religion , the sultans contracted marriages with both Christians and Muslims ; the purpose of these royal intermarriages were purely tactical . The Christian Byzantines and Serbians , as well as the Muslim beyliks of Germiyan , Saruhan , Karaman and Dulkadir were all potential enemies and marriage was seen as a way of securing alliances with them . Marriage with foreign dynasties seems to have ceased in 1504 , with the last marriage of a sultan to a foreign princess being that of Murad II and Mara Branković , daughter of the Serbian ruler Đurađ Branković , in 1435 . By this time , the Ottomans had consolidated their power in the area and absorbed or subjugated many of their former rivals , and so marriage alliances were no longer seen as important to their foreign policy . The Islamic principle of kafa 'a discourages the marriages of women to men of differing religion or of inferior status . Neighbouring Muslim powers did not start to give their daughters in marriage to Ottoman princes until the fifteenth century , when they were seen to have grown in importance . This same principle meant that , while Ottoman men were free to marry Christian women , Muslim princesses were prevented from marrying Christian princes . = = = = Post World War I era = = = = There are several modern instances of intermarriage between members of the royal families and former royal families of Islamic states ( i.e. , Jordan , Morocco , Saudi Arabia , the constituent states of the United Arab Emirates , etc . ) . Examples include : Muhammad Ali , Prince of the Sa 'id , son of Fuad II of Egypt and Princess Noal Zaher Shah , granddaughter Zahir Shah of Afghanistan ( 2013 ) Sheik Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa , son of Hamad Al Khalifa , King of Bahrain and Princess Sahab bint Abdullah , daughter of Abdullah , King of Saudi Arabia ( 2011 ) Sheik Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan , half @-@ brother of Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , Emir of Abu Dhabi and President of the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , and Sheika Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , daughter of Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , Emir of Dubai and Prime Minister of UAE ( 2005 ) Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum of Dubai and Princess Haya bint Hussein of Jordan ( 2004 ) Ibrahim Ismail , Sultan of Johor and Raja Zarith Sofia of Perak ( 1982 ) Mohammed Reza Pahlavi of Iran and Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt ( 1939 – 1948 ) Senije Zogu , sister of Zogu I of Albania , and Mehmet Abid , son of Abdul Hamid II . Princess Durru Shehvar , daughter of Ottoman Emperor Abdülmecid II , and Azam Jah , son of Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah VII ( 1931 ) = = Morganatic marriage = = At one time , some dynasties adhered strictly to the concept of royal intermarriage . The Bernadottes , Habsburgs , Sicilian and Spanish Bourbons and Romanovs , among others , introduced house laws which governed dynastic marriages ; it was considered important that dynasts marry social equals ( i.e. , other royalty ) , thereby ruling out even the highest @-@ born non @-@ royal nobles . Those dynasts who contracted undesirable marriages often did so morganatically . Generally , this is a marriage between a man of high birth and a woman of lesser status ( such as a daughter of a low @-@ ranked noble family or a commoner ) . Usually , neither the bride nor any children of the marriage has a claim on the bridegroom 's succession rights , titles , precedence , or entailed property . The children are considered legitimate for all other purposes and the prohibition against bigamy applies . Examples of morganatic marriages include : Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Countess Julia Hauke ( 1851 ) Duke Alexander of Württemberg and Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis @-@ Rhéde ( 1835 ) Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich and Countess Joanna Grudna @-@ Grudzińska ( 1796 ) Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Countess Sophie Chotek von Chotkova und Wognin ( 1900 ) = = Inbreeding = = Over time , because of the relatively limited number of potential consorts , the gene pool of many ruling families grew progressively smaller , until all European royalty was related . This also resulted in many being descended from a certain person through many lines of descent , such as the numerous European royalty and nobility descended from Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom or King Christian IX of Denmark . The House of Habsburg was infamous for inbreeding , with the Habsburg lip cited as an ill effect , although no genetic evidence has proved the allegation . The closely related houses of Habsburg , Bourbon , Braganza and Wittelsbach also engaged in first @-@ cousin unions frequently and in double @-@ cousin and uncle @-@ niece marriages occasionally . Examples of incestuous marriages and the impact of inbreeding on royal families include : All rulers of the Ptolemaic dynasty from Ptolemy II were married to their brothers and sisters , so as to keep the Ptolemaic blood " pure " and to strengthen the line of succession . Cleopatra VII ( also called Cleopatra VI ) and Ptolemy XIII , who married and became co @-@ rulers of ancient Egypt following their father 's death , are the most widely known example . Jean V of Armagnac was said to have formed a rare brother @-@ sister liaison , left descendants and claimed to be married . There is no evidence that this " marriage " was contracted for dynastic rather than personal reasons . One of the most famous examples of a genetic trait aggravated by royal family intermarriage was the House of Habsburg , which inmarried particularly often and is known for the mandibular prognathism of the Habsburger ( Unter ) Lippe ( otherwise known as the ' Habsburg jaw ' , ' Habsburg lip ' or ' Austrian lip ' " ) . This was typical for many Habsburg relatives over a period of six centuries . = Missouri Route 126 = Route 126 is a highway located entirely within Barton County in the U.S. state of Missouri . Its western terminus is at the Kansas state line , where K @-@ 126 ends . The route goes in a straight line for most of its length , and intersects Interstate 49 ( I @-@ 49 ) and U.S. Route 71 ( US 71 ) . Its eastern terminus is at US 160 and Route 37 in Golden City . The route was designated in 1942 , and formerly consisted of two supplemental routes . = = Route description = = Route 126 starts at the Kansas state line , where K @-@ 126 ends . The road travels east for around seven miles in a straight line , intersecting Route M and Route 43 . Route 126 continues eastward , crossing through farmland and a few trees . After the route intersects Route J , it meets a frontage road parallel to I @-@ 49 / US 71 . The road crosses over North Fork Spring River and continues east . Soon , Route 126 intersects I @-@ 49 / US 71 at a diamond interchange , and intersects a frontage road again . The route crosses a railroad owned by Missouri and Northern Arkansas Railroad , and intersects Routes JJ and T. Four miles later , the route enters Golden City and becomes Main Street . It becomes concurrent with Route 37 . The routes goes through downtown Golden City , and turn slightly northeast . The two routes end at US 160 at a T @-@ intersection . US 160 continues eastward toward Lockwood . In 2012 , Missouri Department of Transportation ( MoDOT ) calculated as many as 840 vehicles traveling east of I @-@ 49 / US 71 , and as few as 480 vehicles traveling west of I @-@ 49 / US 71 . This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . = = History = = The road that became Route 126 was built and designated , as supplemental Route D around 1935 . It connected from US 71 to US 160 in Golden City . By 1940 , supplemental Route H was designated , connected from Route 43 , to a dead end east of it . A year later , Route H was extended west to the Kansas state line . In 1942 , Route 126 was designated , replacing Route H from the state line to Route 43 . Around 1945 @-@ 1949 , Route H was extended east to Route Z , and the same route was extended east for a few miles east of Route Z in 1954 . Around 1955 , Route H and D were removed in the supplemental route system , and was replaced by Route 126 , as the two sections became connected . Later , Route 126 was repaved in concrete , from the state line to Route 43 . The whole route was repaved by 1957 . In 1979 , US 71 was moved to a freeway alignment , but an interchange wasn 't built until 2010 @-@ 2013 . I @-@ 49 became co @-@ signed with US 71 in December 2012 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Barton County . = Olm = The olm or proteus ( Proteus anguinus ) is an aquatic salamander in the family Proteidae , the only exclusively cave @-@ dwelling chordate species found in Europe . In contrast to most amphibians , it is entirely aquatic ; it eats , sleeps , and breeds underwater . Living in caves found in the Dinaric Alps , it is endemic to the waters that flow underground through the extensive limestone of the karst of Central and Southeastern Europe , specifically southern Slovenia , the basin of the Soča River ( Italian : Isonzo ) near Trieste , Italy , southwestern Croatia , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is also occasionally called the " human fish " by locals because of its skin color , similar to that of Caucasian people ( translated literally from Slovene : človeška ribica , Bosnian : čovječja ribica and Croatian : čovječja ribica ) , as well as " cave salamander " or " white salamander " . In Slovenia , it is also known by the name močeril , which translates as " the one that burrows into wetness " . It was first mentioned in 1689 by the local naturalist Valvasor in his Glory of the Duchy of Carniola , who reported that , after heavy rains , the olms were washed up from the underground waters and were believed by local people to be a cave dragon 's offspring . This animal is most notable for its adaptations to a life of complete darkness in its underground habitat . The olm 's eyes are undeveloped , leaving it blind , while its other senses , particularly those of smell and hearing , are acutely developed . It also lacks any pigmentation in its skin . It has three toes on its forelimbs , but only two toes on its hind feet . It also exhibits neoteny , retaining larval characteristics like external gills into adulthood , like some American amphibians , the axolotl and the mudpuppies ( Necturus ) . The olm is the only species in the genus Proteus and the only European species of the family Proteidae , whose other extant genus is Necturus . = = Etymology = = The word olm is a German loanword that was incorporated into English in the late 19th century . The origin of the German original , Olm or Grottenolm ' cave olm ' , is unclear . It may be a variant of the word Molch ' salamander ' . = = Anatomy = = = = = External appearance = = = The olm 's body is snakelike , 20 – 30 cm ( 8 – 12 in ) long , with some specimens reaching up to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) . The trunk is cylindrical , uniformly thick , and segmented with regularly spaced furrows at the myomere borders . The tail is relatively short , laterally flattened , and surrounded by a thin fin . The limbs are small and thin , with a reduced number of digits compared to other amphibians : the front legs have three digits instead of the normal four , and the rear have two digits instead of five . Its body is covered by a thin layer of skin , which contains very little of the pigment riboflavin , making it yellowish @-@ white or pink in color . The internal organs can be seen shining through on the abdominal part of the body . The resemblance in color to that of white humans is the reason why the Proteus is called human fish in some languages . However , the olm 's skin retains the ability to produce melanin . When exposed to light , it will gradually turn dark , and in some cases the larvae are also colored . Its pear @-@ shaped head ends with a short , dorsoventrally flattened snout . The mouth opening is small , with tiny teeth forming a sieve to keep larger particles inside the mouth . The nostrils are so small as to be imperceptible , but are placed somewhat laterally near the end of the snout . The regressed eyes are covered by a layer of skin . The olm breathes with external gills that form two branched tufts at the back of the head . They are red in color because the oxygen @-@ rich blood shows through the non @-@ pigmented skin . The olm also has rudimentary lungs , but their role in respiration is only accessory . The sexes are very similar in appearance , with males having a somewhat thicker cloaca than females . = = = Sensory organs = = = Cave @-@ dwelling animals have been prompted , among other adaptations , to develop and improve non @-@ visual sensory systems in order to orient in and adapt to permanently dark habitats . The olm 's sensory system is also adapted to life in the subterranean aquatic environment . Unable to use vision for orientation , the olm compensates with other senses , which are better developed than in amphibians living on the surface . It retains larval proportions , like a long , slender body and a large , flattened head , and is thus able to carry a larger number of sensory receptors . = = = = Photoreceptors = = = = The eyes are regressed , but retain sensitivity to light . They lie deep below the dermis of the skin and are rarely visible except in some younger adults . Larvae have normal eyes , but development soon stops and they start regressing , finally atrophying after four months of development . The pineal body also has photoreceptive cells which , though regressed , retain visual pigment like the photoreceptive cells of the regressed eye . The pineal gland in Proteus probably possesses some control over the physiological processes . Behavioral experiments revealed that the skin itself is also sensitive to light . Photosensitivity of the integument is due to the pigment melanopsin inside specialized cells called melanophores . Preliminary immunocytochemical analyses support the existence of photosensitive pigment also in the animal 's integument . = = = = Chemoreceptors = = = = The olm is capable of sensing very low concentrations of organic compounds in the water . They are better at sensing both the quantity and quality of prey by smell than related amphibians . The nasal epithelium , located on the inner surface of the nasal cavity and in the Jacobson 's organ , is thicker than in other amphibians . The taste buds are in the mucous epithelium of the mouth , most of them on the upper side of the tongue and on the entrance to the gill cavities . Those in the oral cavity are used for tasting food , where those near the gills probably sense chemicals in the surrounding water . = = = = Mechano- and electroreceptors = = = = The sensory epithelia of the inner ear are very specifically differentiated , enabling the olm to receive sound waves in the water , as well as vibrations from the ground . The complex functional @-@ morphological orientation of the sensory cells enables the animal to register the sound sources . As this animal stays neotenic throughout its long life span , it is only occasionally exposed to normal adult hearing in air , which is probably also possible for Proteus as in most salamanders . Hence , it would be of adaptive value in caves , with no vision available , to profit from underwater hearing by recognizing particular sounds and eventual localization of prey or other sound sources , i.e. acoustical orientation in general . The ethological experiments indicate that the best hearing sensitivity of Proteus is between 10 Hz and up to 15 @,@ 000 Hz . The lateral line supplements inner ear sensitivity by registering low @-@ frequency nearby water displacements . A new type of sensory organ has been analyzed on the head of Proteus , utilizing light and electron microscopy . These new organs have been described as ampullary organs . Like some other lower vertebrates , the olm has the ability to register weak electric fields . Some behavioral experiments suggest that the olm may be able to use Earth 's magnetic field to orient itself . In 2002 , Proteus anguinus was found to align itself with natural and artificially modified magnetic fields . = = Ecology and life history = = The olm 's embryonic development takes 140 days , after which it takes another 14 years to reach sexual maturity . The larvae gain adult appearance after nearly four months , with the duration of development strongly correlating with water temperature . Unconfirmed historical observations of vivipary exist , but it has been shown that the females possess a gland that produces the egg casing , similar to those of fish and egg @-@ laying amphibians . It was long thought that female olm gave birth to live young at lower temperatures and laid eggs at higher , but rigorous observations have not confirmed that . The olm appears to be oviparous . The female lays up to 70 eggs , each about 12 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter , and places them between rocks , where they remain under her protection . The tadpoles are 2 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) long when they hatch and live on yolk stored in the cells of the digestive tract for a month . Development of the olm and other troglobite amphibians is characterized by heterochrony – the animal does not undergo metamorphosis and instead retains larval features . The form of heterochrony in the olm is neoteny – delayed somatic maturity with precocious reproductive maturity , i.e. reproductive maturity is reached while retaining the larval external morphology . In other amphibians , the metamorphosis is regulated by the hormone thyroxine , secreted by the thyroid gland . The thyroid is normally developed and functioning in the olm , so the lack of metamorphosis is due to the unresponsiveness of key tissues to thyroxine . The olm swims by eel @-@ like twisting of its body , assisted only slightly by its poorly developed legs . It is a predatory animal , feeding on small crabs , snails and occasionally insects . It does not chew its food , instead swallowing it whole . The olm is resistant to long @-@ term starvation , an adaptation to its underground habitat . It can consume large amounts of food at once , and store nutrients as large deposits of lipids and glycogen in the liver . When food is scarce , it reduces its activity and metabolic rate , and can also reabsorb its own tissues in severe cases . Controlled experiments have shown that an olm can survive up to 10 years without food . Olms are gregarious , and usually aggregate either under stones or in fissures . Sexually active males are an exception , establishing and defending territories where they attract females . The scarcity of food makes fighting energetically costly , so encounters between males usually only involve display . This is a behavioral adaptation to life underground . Reproduction has only been observed in captivity so far . Sexually mature males have swollen cloacas , brighter skin color , two lines at the side of the tail , and slightly curled fins . No such changes have been observed in the females . The male can start courtship even without the presence of a female . He chases other males away from the chosen area , and may then secrete a female @-@ attracting pheromone . When the female approaches , he starts to circle around her and fan her with his tail . Then he starts to touch the female 's body with his snout , and the female touches his cloaca with her snout . At that point , he starts to move forward with a twitching motion , and the female follows . He then deposits the spermatophore , and the animals keep moving forward until the female hits it with her cloaca , after which she stops and stands still . The spermatophore sticks to her and the sperm cells swim inside her cloaca where they attempt to fertilize her eggs . The courtship ritual can be repeated several times over a couple of hours . Longevity is estimated at up to 58 years . A study published in Biology Letters estimated that they have a maximum lifespan of over 100 years and that the lifespan of an average adult is around 68 @.@ 5 years . When compared to the longevity and body mass of other amphibians , olms are outliers , living longer than would be predicted from their size . = = Taxonomic history = = Olms from different cave systems differ substantially in body measurements , color and some microscopic characters . Earlier researchers used these differences to support the division into five species , while modern herpetologists understand that external morphology is not reliable for amphibian systematics and can be extremely variable , depending on nourishment , illness , and other factors ; even varying among individuals in a single population . Proteus anguinus is now considered a single species . The length of the head is the most obvious difference between the various populations – individuals from Stična , Slovenia , have shorter heads on average than those from Tržič , Slovenia , and the Istrian peninsula , for example . = = = Black olm = = = The black olm ( Proteus anguinus parkelj Sket & Arntzen , 1994 ) is the only other recognized subspecies of the olm . It is endemic to the underground waters near Črnomelj , Slovenia , an area smaller than 100 square kilometres ( 39 sq mi ) . It was first found in 1986 by members of the Slovenian Karst Research Institute , who were exploring the water from Dobličica karst spring in the White Carniola region . It has several features separating it from the type subspecies : These features suggest that the black olm has probably colonized underground habitats more recently and still retains some nontroglomorphic characteristics . = = Research history = = The first written mention of the olm is in Janez Vajkard Valvasor 's The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola ( 1689 ) as a baby dragon . Heavy rains of Slovenia would wash the olms up from their subterranean habitat , giving rise to the folklore belief that great dragons lived beneath the Earth 's crust , and the olms were the undeveloped offspring of these mythical beasts . In The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola , Valvasor compiled the local Slovenian folk stories and pieced together the rich mythology of the creature and documented observations of the olm as " Barely a span long , akin to a lizard , in short , a worm and vermin of which there are many hereabouts " . The first researcher to retrieve a live olm was a physician and researcher from Idrija , G.A. Scopoli ; he sent dead specimens and drawings to colleagues and collectors . Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti , though , was the first to briefly describe the olm in 1768 and give it the scientific name Proteus anguinus . It was not until the end of the century that Carl Franz Anton Ritter von Schreibers from the Naturhistorisches Museum of Vienna started to look into this animal 's anatomy . The specimens were sent to him by Žiga Zois . Schreibers presented his findings in 1801 to The Royal Society in London , and later also in Paris . Soon , the olm started to gain wide recognition and attract significant attention , resulting in thousands of animals being sent to researchers and collectors worldwide . The basis of functional morphological investigations in Slovenia was set up by Lili Istenič in the 1980s . More than twenty years later , the Research Group for functional morphological Studies of the Vertebrates in the Department of Biology ( Biotechnical Faculty , University of Ljubljana ) , is one of the leading groups studying the olm under the guidance of Boris Bulog . There are also several cave laboratories in Europe in which olms have been introduced and are being studied . These are Moulis , Ariège ( France ) , Kent 's Cavern ( England ) , Han @-@ sur @-@ Lesse ( Belgium ) and Aggtelek ( Hungary ) . They were also introduced into the Hermannshöhle ( Germany ) and Oliero ( Italy ) caves , where they still live today . The olm was used by Charles Darwin in his famous On the Origin of Species as an example for the reduction of structures through disuse : Far from feeling surprise that some of the cave @-@ animals should be very anomalous ... as is the case with blind Proteus with reference to the reptiles of Europe , I am only surprised that more wrecks of ancient life have not been preserved , owing to the less severe competition to which the scanty inhabitants of these dark abodes will have been exposed . = = Conservation status = = The olm is extremely vulnerable to changes in its environment , on account of its adaptation to the specific conditions in caves . Water resources in the karst are extremely sensitive to all kinds of pollution . The contamination of the karst underground waters is due to the large number of waste disposal sites leached by rainwater , as well as to the accidental overflow of various liquids . The reflection of such pollution in the karst underground waters depends on the type and quantity of pollutants , and on the rock structure through which the waters penetrate . Self @-@ purification processes in the underground waters are not completely understood , but they are quite different from those in surface waters . Among the most serious chemical pollutants are chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides , fertilizers , polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) , which are or were used in a variety of industrial processes and in the manufacture of many kinds of materials ; and metals such as mercury , lead , cadmium , and arsenic . All of these substances persist in the environment , being slowly , if at all , degraded by natural processes . In addition , all are toxic to life if they accumulate in any appreciable quantity . Slovenian caves became famous for the animals they contained and which could not be found elsewhere . The olm is illegally taken by collectors . The olm is included in Appendices II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive ( 92 / 43 / EEC ) . Appendix II seeks to preserve favorable conservation status in animal and plant species along with their habitats by protecting the species or defining special areas of conservation . These areas of conservation form the Natura 2000 network . Appendix IV further defines " animal and plant species of community interest in need of strict protection " . Hunting or keeping a limited number of olm is allowed only under strictly controlled circumstances , determined by local authorities . The olm was first protected in Slovenia in 1922 along with all cave fauna , but the protection was not effective and a substantial black market came into existence . In 1982 it was placed on a list of rare and endangered species . This list also had the effect of prohibiting trade of the species . After joining the European Union , Slovenia had to establish mechanisms for protection of the species included in the EU Habitats Directive . The olm is included in a Slovenian Red list of endangered species . Postojna Cave and other caves inhabited by the olm were also included in the Slovenian part of the Natura 2000 network . In Croatia , the olm is protected by the legislation designed to protect amphibians – collecting is possible only for research purposes by permission of the National Administration for Nature and Environment Protection . Conservation status in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro has not yet been defined . On the IUCN Red List , the olm is listed as vulnerable because of its fragmented and limited distribution and ever @-@ decreasing population . = = Cultural significance = = The olm is a symbol of Slovenian natural heritage . The enthusiasm of scientists and the broader public about this inhabitant of Slovenian caves is still strong 300 years after its discovery . Postojna Cave is one of the birthplaces of speleobiology due to the olm and other rare cave inhabitants , such as the blind cave beetle . The image of the olm contributes significantly to the fame of Postojna Cave , which Slovenia successfully utilizes for the promotion of ecotourism in Postojna and other parts of Slovenian karst . Tours of Postojna Cave also include a tour around the speleobiological station – the Proteus vivarium , showing different aspects of the cave environment . The olm was also depicted on one of the Slovenian tolar coins , and was the namesake of Proteus , the oldest Slovenian popular science magazine , first published in 1933 . = Snakes on a Plane = Snakes on a Plane is a 2006 American action thriller film directed by David R. Ellis and starring Samuel L. Jackson . It was released by New Line Cinema on August 18 , 2006 , in North America . The film was written by David Dalessandro , John Heffernan , and Sheldon Turner and follows the events of hundreds of snakes being released on a passenger plane in an attempt to kill a trial witness . The film gained a considerable amount of attention before its release , forming large fanbases online and becoming an Internet phenomenon , due to the film 's title , casting , and premise . In response to the Internet fan base , New Line Cinema incorporated feedback from online users into its production , and added five days of reshooting . Before and after the film was released , it was parodied and alluded to on television shows and films , fan @-@ made videos , video games , and various forms of literature . Released in the United States and United Kingdom on August 18 , 2006 , the film received mixed to positive reviews with 68 % of reviews positive and an average normalized score of 58 % , according to the review aggregation websites Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic , respectively . Despite the immense Internet buzz , the film 's gross revenue did not live up to expectations , earning US $ 15 @.@ 25 million in its opening weekend . The film grossed US $ 62 million worldwide before its release on home video on January 2 , 2007 . = = Plot = = After witnessing gangster Eddie Kim brutally beat U.S. Prosecutor Daniel Hayes to death in Hawaii , Sean Jones is escorted by FBI agents Neville Flynn and John Sanders on a Boeing 747 @-@ 400 to testify in a trial in Los Angeles . Despite increased security for the flight , Kim arranges for a time @-@ release crate full of venomous snakes to be placed in the cargo hold in an attempt to bring down the plane before it reaches Los Angeles International Airport ( LAX ) . To ensure the snakes attack the passengers without being provoked , he has one of his henchmen disguised as an airport ground employee spray the passengers ' leis with a special pheromone which makes the snakes highly aggressive . The crate opens midway through the flight and the snakes make their way through the cabin . A couple having sex in the bathroom , and a man using the bathroom are the first killed . The plane 's captain , Sam McKeon , investigates and fixes an electrical short , but is killed by the viper that caused it . Co @-@ pilot Rick , unaware of the snake , believes Sam has suffered a heart attack and continues toward LAX . Some of the snakes attack Rick , and while fending them off he accidentally releases the oxygen masks throughout the plane , causing several snakes to drop into the cabin with them . Numerous passengers , including Agent Sanders , are killed when the snakes invade the cabin . The surviving passengers , who have made their way to the front of the plane , put up blockades of luggage in a desperate attempt to stop the snakes . Rick is attacked and the plane starts to dip downwards , causing a food trolley to crash through the luggage blockade . The passengers flee to the upstairs first class cabin before blocking the stairwell with an inflatable liferaft . Agent Flynn and Flight Attendant Claire regain control of the plane . Rick retakes the controls and has Flynn go into the cargo hold to restore the air conditioning / ventilation system . Agent Flynn contacts FBI Special Agent Hank Harris on the ground , who gets in touch with ophiologist Dr. Steven Price ( Louiso ) , Customs ' main source for animal smuggling cases . Based on pictures of the reptiles emailed to him via a passenger 's mobile phone , Price believes a Los Angeles snake dealer known for illegally importing exotic and highly dangerous snakes to be responsible . After a shootout , the dealer is bitten by one of his snakes and Harris withholds the antivenom if he does not give them details . The dealer finally reveals that Kim hired him to obtain the snakes and adds how the latter managed to smuggle them on board the plane . Price injects antivenom to the injured dealer and he commandeers the dealer 's supply of antivenom for the plane 's victims based on the list given to him , while Harris gives orders to have Eddie Kim arrested on multiple counts of murder and attempted murder . Harris contacts Flynn , telling him that anti @-@ venom will be ready for the passengers when they land . However , Flynn discovers that the cockpit is filled with snakes and Rick is dead . After a brief discussion , Troy , Three Gs ' bodyguard , agrees to land the plane based on prior experience . After everyone gets prepared , Flynn shoots out two windows with his pistol , causing the plane to depressurize . The snakes are blown out of the cockpit and the lower floor of the plane . Flynn and Troy take the controls of the plane and Troy reveals that his flight experience was from a video game flight simulator . Despite his lack of real @-@ world experience , after Troy makes an emergency landing , the plane makes it to the terminal . The passengers leave the plane and anti @-@ venom is given to those who need it . Just as Flynn and Sean are about to disembark the plane , a final snake jumps out and bites Sean in the chest . Flynn draws his gun and shoots the snake , and paramedics rush to Sean , who is unharmed due to a bulletproof vest . As a token of gratitude , Sean later takes Flynn to Bali and teaches him how to surf . = = Cast = = Samuel L. Jackson as Agent Neville Flynn , an FBI agent assigned to protect Sean Jones on his flight to Los Angeles . Julianna Margulies as Claire Miller , a flight attendant . Nathan Phillips as Sean Jones , a surfer and dirtbike racer who witnesses a brutal murder committed by Eddie Kim . Bobby Cannavale as Special Agent Henry " Hank " Harris , Flynn 's contact in Los Angeles . Flex Alexander as Clarence " Three Gs " , a famous rapper who is germophobic , keeps a bottle of hand sanitizer with him , and refuses to be touched by others . Todd Louiso as Dr. Steven Price , a snake venom expert assigned by the FBI to communicate with Flynn . Sunny Mabrey as Tiffany , a flight attendant who develops a crush on Sean . Kenan Thompson as Troy , Clarence 's bodyguard . Rachel Blanchard as Mercedes , a socialite passenger who brings her pet Chihuahua Mary @-@ Kate aboard . Lin Shaye as Grace , the senior flight attendant who acts as the flight 's purser . David Koechner as Richard " Rick " , Captain McKeon 's co @-@ pilot . Elsa Pataky as Maria , a female passenger who brings her infant son aboard . Keith Dallas as Big Leroy , Clarence 's bodyguard . Tom Butler as Captain Samuel " Sam " McKeon , the captain of the plane . Byron Lawson as Eddie Kim , a crime syndicate leader . Taylor Kitsch as Kyle , a young man who boards the plane with his girlfriend . Samantha McLeod as Kelly , a young woman who boards the plane with her boyfriend . Kevin McNulty as Emmett Bradley , an air traffic tower controller . = = Development = = The story is credited to David Dalessandro , a University of Pittsburgh administrator and first @-@ time Hollywood writer . He developed the concept in 1992 after reading a nature magazine article about Indonesian brown tree snakes climbing onto planes in cargo during World War II . He originally wrote the screenplay about the brown tree snake loose on a plane , titling the film Venom . He soon revised it , expanding upon the premise to include a plague of assorted venomous snakes , then — crediting the film Aliens — revised it once again to include " lots of them loose in the fuselage of a plane . " Dalessandro 's third draft of Venom was turned down by more than 30 Hollywood studios in 1995 . In 1999 , a producer for MTV / Paramount showed interest in the script , followed up by New Line Studios , which took over the rights for production . Originally , the film , under the working title " Snakes on a Plane " , was going to be directed by Hong Kong action director Ronny Yu . Jackson , who had previously worked with Yu on The 51st State , learned about the announced project in the Hollywood trade newspapers and , after talking to Yu , agreed to sign on without reading the script based on the director , storyline , and the title . The film 's B movie @-@ esque title generated a lot of pre @-@ release interest on the Internet . One journalist wrote that Snakes on a Plane is " perhaps the most internet @-@ hyped film of all time " . Much of the initial publicity came from a blog entry made by screenwriter Josh Friedman , who had been offered a chance to work on the script . The casting of Samuel L. Jackson further increased anticipation . At one point , the film was given the title Pacific Air Flight 121 , only to have it changed back to the working title at Samuel Jackson 's request . In August 2005 , Samuel Jackson told an interviewer , " We 're totally changing that back . That 's the only reason I took the job : I read the title . " On March 2 , 2006 , the studio reverted the title to Snakes on a Plane . New Line hired two additional writers to smooth out the screenplay . Taking advantage of the Internet buzz for what had been a minor film in their 2006 line @-@ up , New Line Cinema ordered five days of additional shooting in early March 2006 ( principal photography had wrapped in September 2005 ) . While re @-@ shoots normally imply problems with a film , the producers opted to add new scenes to the film to change the MPAA rating from PG @-@ 13 to R and bring it in line with growing fan expectations . The most notable addition was a revision of a catchphrase from the film that was parodied on the Internet by fans of the film , capitalizing on Samuel L. Jackson 's typically foul @-@ mouthed and violent film persona : " Enough is enough ! I have had it with these motherfucking snakes on this motherfucking plane ! " . Subsequently , the public responded favorably to this creative change and marketing strategy , leading some members of the press to speculate that " the movie has grown from something of a joke into a phenomenon " . More than 450 snakes were used for filming to represent thirty different species of snakes . The different species include a 19 @-@ foot burmese python named Kitty ( which the crew called Kong for film purposes ) , a scarlet kingsnake ( the non @-@ venomous double for the coral snake ) , a milk snake to fill in for the Taipan ( which attacks the couple having sex ) , corn snakes , rattlesnakes , and mangrove snakes . About two @-@ thirds of the snakes seen throughout the film were either animatronic or CGI . The snakes that were real were mostly the non @-@ venomous ones that are never seen attacking anyone . The scenes where someone is clearly bitten were often done with animation . According to the DVD , all the snakes had production names , but only Scarface ( an animated pit viper ) , Peanut ( a cobra ) , and Kong are mentioned by name in the audio commentary . During filming , Samuel Jackson did not come into contact with any live snakes , due to a contract clause preventing snakes from being within 8 m ( 25 ft ) of the actor . When the film was released in theaters , rumors circulated that two live western diamondback rattlesnakes had been released at a showing of the film on August 22 , 2006 , in Phoenix , Arizona . It was later revealed that one snake had made its way into the lobby of the theater on its own , and another had been found in the parking lot in a separate incident . The snakes were later released back into the desert . = = Media coverage = = = = = Print = = = An illustrated book from Thunder 's Mouth Press , Snakes on a Plane : The Guide to the Internet Ssssssensation by David Waldon , details the Internet phenomenon and was published July 28 , 2006 . Waldon details various viral videos relating to the film 's craze , and interviewed their producers to find out what about the film captured their attention . = = = Music = = = On March 16 , 2006 , New Line Cinema announced a contest on TagWorld and a website promoting the film . The contest allowed artists on TagWorld to have their music featured in the film . A flood of SoaP @-@ themed songs were submitted by artists such as Captain Ahab ( who ultimately won the contest ) , Louden Swain , the Former Fat Boys , Nispy , and others . In addition , a music video for the film , " Snakes on a Plane ( Bring It ) " by Cobra Starship , was released on July 10 , 2006 on MTV2 's Unleashed . The music video appeared on the film 's soundtrack as well as during the film 's closing credits . In October 2005 , Nathanial Perry and Chris Rohan recorded an audio trailer spoof , which helped fuel the Internet buzz . Perry and Rohan recorded the " motherfucking snakes " line in the audio trailer which was added to the film during the week of re @-@ shoots . In July 2006 , New Line Cinema signed a worldwide licensing agreement with the Cutting Corporation to produce an audiobook of the film . = = = Television = = = Beginning in May 2006 , episodes of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and its sister show The Colbert Report contained references to Snakes on a Plane 's title , the catchphrase , and general premise . On August 15 , 2006 , Samuel L. Jackson guest featured on The Daily Show , opening with the film 's catchphrase . Keith Olbermann featured stories about the film and Internet buzz several times on his MSNBC news program Countdown . In addition , G4 's Attack of the Show ! featured a semi @-@ regular segment entitled " Snakes on a Plane : An Attack of the Show Investigation " , and had a week dedicated to the film which included interviews and the appearance of hundreds of snakes on set . = = = Internet = = = Snakes on a Plane generated considerable buzz on the Internet after Josh Friedman 's blog entry and mentions on several Internet portals . The title inspired bloggers to create songs , apparel , poster art , pages of fan fiction , parody films , mock movie trailers , and short film parody competitions . On July 6 , 2006 , the official Snakes on a Plane website started a promotional sweepstakes called " The # 1 Fan King Cobra Sweepstakes " . The contest made innovative use of the publicity @-@ generating potential of the Internet , requiring contestants to post links on forums , blogs , and websites and collecting votes from the users of those sites . Many of the early fan @-@ made trailers and later other viral videos and commercials circulated via YouTube , and captured media attention there with such titles as : Cats on a Plane ( which was featured in Joel Siegel 's review of Snakes on a Plane on Good Morning America ) , Snakes Who Missed the Plane , All Your Snakes Are Belong To Us ( a spoof of the All your base are belong to us phenomenon ) , Steaks on a Train , and Badgers on a Plane ( a spoof of " Badger Badger Badger " ) . Several websites also held contests about the film in fan @-@ submitted short films and posters . In August 2006 , Varitalk launched an advertising campaign in which fans could send a semi @-@ personalized message in Samuel Jackson 's voice to telephone numbers of their choosing . Within the first week , over 1 @.@ 5 million calls were sent to participants . = = = Previews = = = In June 2006 , New Line commissioned famed UK audio @-@ visual film remixers and chop @-@ up artists Addictive TV to cut and sample Snakes on a Plane to create trailers for the U.S. television networks . The official teaser trailer premiered before X @-@ Men : The Last Stand , and the first official trailer appeared online on June 26 , 2006 . Another trailer circulated in July 2006 , showing several of the snake attacks and a missing pilot and co @-@ pilot . Rotten Tomatoes had video clips of the official trailers , as well as fan @-@ made trailers . During a July 21 , 2006 panel discussion at the Comic @-@ Con Convention in San Diego , California , a preview clip from the film was shown to a crowd of more than 6 @,@ 500 people . The panel included actors Samuel L. Jackson and Kenan Thompson , director David R. Ellis , and snake @-@ handler Jules Sylvester . = = Release = = Snakes on a Plane debuted on August 18 , 2006 . The film opened in 3 @,@ 555 theaters and had some late @-@ night screenings on August 17 . In a move meant to exploit the attention from the film , a straight @-@ to @-@ DVD Z @-@ movie horror film with a supernatural twist , Snakes on a Train , was released on August 15 , 2006 , three days before the film 's theatrical release . = = = Critical response = = = In mid @-@ July 2006 , New Line Cinema revealed that it would not be showing any advance screenings for critics . After the film opened , the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 68 % based reviews from 171 critics , with the consensus : " Snakes on a Plane lives up to its title , featuring snakes on a plane . It isn 't perfect , but then again , it doesn 't need to be . " reviews , with an average score of 6 @.@ 2 / 10 . At the website Metacritic , which uses a normalized rating system , the film earned a mixed rating of 58 % based on 31 reviews by mainstream critics . Reviewers reported audiences cheering , applauding , and engaging in " call and response " , noting that audience participation was an important part of the film 's appeal . The Arizona Republic 's Randy Cordova gave the film a positive review , calling the film " ... an exploitation flick that knows what it wants to do , and it gets the job done expertly . " and a " ... Mecca for B @-@ movie lovers . " Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle enjoyed the film , asking his readers " ... if you can find a better time at the movies this year than this wild comic thriller , let me in on it . " Boston Globe reviewer Ty Burr reacted to Samuel L. Jackson 's performance by saying he " ... bestrides this film with the authority of someone who knows the value of honest bilge . He 's as much the auteur of this baby as the director and screenwriters , and that fierce glimmer in his eye is partly joy . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying that " after all the Internet hype about those motherfuckin ' snakes on that motherfuckin ' plane , the flick itself is a murky stew of shock effects repeated so often that the suspense quickly droops along with your eyelids . " David Denby of The New Yorker claimed that the film " ... may mark a new participatory style in marketing , but it still gulls an allegedly knowing audience with the pseudo @-@ morality of yesteryear . " Film critic and radio host Michael Medved criticized New Line Cinema for agreeing to re @-@ shoot scenes so that the film would receive an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America to match fan expectations . He argued that the film would have grossed more revenue at the box office with a PG @-@ 13 rating , stating that the demographic most likely to be drawn to a movie titled Snakes on a Plane is males between the ages of 12 and 15 . " My fourteen @-@ year @-@ old son , Danny , for instance , felt a powerful inclination to go out and see the movie with his two sleep @-@ over friends this Sunday night , " he explained , " but I wouldn 't permit it . It 's rated R for good reason . " Medved ultimately awarded the film 2 1 / 2 stars out of 4 in a radio review , but said that he did so " grudgingly . " = = = Box office = = = Due to the Internet hype surrounding the film , industry analysts estimated the film 's opening box office to be between US $ 20 @-@ 30 million . While Snakes on a Plane did narrowly beat Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby for the number one position during its opening weekend , it did not meet these estimates and grossed only $ 15 @.@ 25 million in its opening days , a disappointment for New Line Cinema . In its second weekend , the film fell to sixth place with $ 6 @.@ 4 million , a more than fifty percent drop from its opening weekend revenue . By the end of its theatrical run , the film grossed $ 62 @,@ 022 @,@ 014 worldwide . Robert K. Shaye , the founder of New Line , stated that he was " disappointed " that Snakes on a Plane was a " dud " despite " higher expectations " . The press declared that Snakes on a Plane was a " box office disappointment " , with The New York Times reporting that after all the " hype online , Snakes on a Plane is letdown at box office " and Entertainment Weekly reporting that the film was an " internet @-@ only phenomenon . " = = = Home media = = = Snakes on a Plane released on DVD December 26 , 2006 in Region 2 ; December 28 , 2006 in Region 4 ; and January 2 , 2007 in Region 1 . The DVD features commentaries , deleted and extended scenes , several featurettes , Cobra Starship 's music video , and trailers . The U.S. Blu @-@ ray was released on September 29 , 2009 . = = = TV version = = = The film received further attention when fans noticed the U.S. TV edit of the film purposely dubbed over foul language , replacing it with nonsense words , for family audiences . An example is Samuel L. Jackson 's line toward the end of the film , " I have had it with these motherfucking snakes on this motherfucking plane " , which is replaced with " I have had it with these monkey @-@ fighting snakes on this Monday @-@ to @-@ Friday plane " . = = = Adaptations = = = Black Flame published the novelization of the film , written by Christa Faust . The 405 – page novel contains significant backstories for the characters and introduces other characters that were not featured in the film . Comic book writer Chuck Dixon wrote a comic book adaptation of the film . DC Comics released the two @-@ issue miniseries on August 16 , 2006 and September 27 , 2006 under their Wildstorm imprint . = = Soundtrack = = The soundtrack for the film was released on August 15 , 2006 . The enhanced portion of the CD contains what was considered the " best of the best " of the amateur Internet creations inspired by the film , including the songs " Snakes on the Brain " by Captain Ahab and " Here Come the Snakes ( Seeing Is Believing ) " by Louden Swain . The single " Snakes on a Plane ( Bring It ) " peaked at the 32nd position of Billboard 's Hot Modern Rock Tracks in 2006 . " Snakes on a Plane ( Bring It ) " by Cobra Starship , William Beckett , Maja Ivarsson , Travie McCoy " The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage " ( Tommie Sunshine Brooklyn Fire Remix ) by Panic ! at the Disco " Black Mamba " ( Teddybears Remix ) by The Academy Is ... " Ophidiophobia " by Cee @-@ Lo Green " Can 't Take It " ( The Baldwin Brothers " El Camino Prom Wagon " Remix ) by The All @-@ American Rejects " Queen of Apology " ( Patrick Stump Remix ) by The Sounds " Of All the Gin Joints in All the World " ( Tommie Sunshine 's Brooklyn Fire Retouch ) by Fall Out Boy " New Friend Request " ( Hi @-@ Tek Remix ) by Gym Class Heroes " Around the Horn " ( Louis XIV Remix ) by The Bronx " Remember to Feel Real " ( Machine Shop Remix ) by Armor for Sleep " Wine Red " ( Tommie Sunshine 's Brooklyn Fire Retouch ) by The Hush Sound " Bruised " ( Remix ) by Jack 's Mannequin " Final Snakes " by Shranky Drank " Wake Up " ( Acoustic ) by Coheed and Cambria " Lovely Day " by Donavon Frankenreiter " Hey Now Now " by Michael Franti & Spearhead " Snakes on a Plane - The Theme " ( Score ) by Trevor Rabin = Charles Carroll the Settler = Charles Carroll ( 1661 – 1720 ) , sometimes called Charles Carroll the Settler to differentiate him from his son and grandson , was a wealthy lawyer and planter in colonial Maryland . Carroll , a Catholic , is best known because his efforts to hold office in the Protestant @-@ dominated colony ( of Maryland ) resulting in the disfranchisement of the colony 's Catholics . The second son of Irish Catholic parents , Carroll was educated in France as a lawyer before returning to England , where he pursued the first steps in a legal career . Before that career developed , he secured a position as Attorney General of the young colony of Maryland . Its founder George Calvert and his descendants intended it as a refuge for Catholics . Carroll supported Charles Calvert , the colony 's Catholic proprietor , in an unsuccessful effort to prevent the Protestant majority from gaining political control over Maryland . Following the overthrow of the Calvert proprietorship and the subsequent exclusion of Catholics from colonial government , Carroll turned his attention to planting , law , business , and various offices in the proprietor 's remnant organization . He was the wealthiest man in the colony by the time of his death . In the last years of his life , Carroll attempted to regain some vestige of political power for Catholics in the colony , but the Protestant colonial assembly and Governor John Hart disfranchised them . His son , Charles Carroll of Annapolis , became a wealthy planter and his grandson , Charles Carroll of Carrollton , also wealthy , was the only Catholic signer of the United States Declaration of Independence . = = Early life and emigration = = Carroll was the second of four sons born to Daniel Carroll of Aghagurty and Littermurna ( c . 1642 – 1688 ) , a Catholic Irishman whose family lost much of their land and wealth in the English Civil War . The exact place of his birth is unclear , though it likely occurred near the small town of Aghagurty that Carroll 's father took as part of his name . Some of the family property near Aghagurty was obtained by a friend , Richard Grace , who made Daniel Carroll the head tenant . This action gave the family a livelihood , but the family continued to have limited means compared to their former status . It is likely that Charles Carroll was fostered by the wealthier Grace , who had no son ; his greater resources could provide for the child 's education . With Grace 's support , Carroll was able to attend school in France — at Lille and at the University of Douai — where he studied the humanities , philosophy , and civil and canon law . By May 1685 , Carroll had moved to London , where he registered to study English common law and was accepted into the Inner Temple , one of the four Inns of Court that are able to call members to the bar and enable them to practice law . According to family tradition , Carroll secured a position as clerk to William Herbert , 1st Marquess of Powis , an Englishman who was one of two Catholic peers in the court of James II . According to Carroll family tradition , Powis told his new clerk that he believed King James was receiving bad advice related to the religious turmoil in England . Powis was concerned about the consequences for English Catholics . He supposedly spoke on Carroll 's behalf to an associate of his , Charles Calvert , proprietor of the Maryland colony . Charles Calvert 's grandfather , George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore , was a former member of Parliament and Secretary of State to James I , whose Catholicism had effectively ended his political career . Intense lobbying by George Calvert had led to the granting of a hereditary charter to the Calvert family . The Maryland colony was established in the 1630s on land granted by this charter . It was intended as a haven for English Catholics and other religious minorities . Powis may have encouraged Carroll to emigrate to Maryland with the hope that the younger man 's career would come to greater fulfillment in a place with less religious conflict than England at the time . Carroll received a commission from Calvert as the colony 's Attorney General on July 18 , 1688 , and arrived in the colony in October 1688 . En route , Carroll changed his family motto from In fide et in bello forte ( strong in faith and war ) to Ubicumque cum libertate ( anywhere so long as there be freedom ) . Soon after he left , the Protestant William of Orange invaded England , James II fled , and Parliament — which had been leery of James ' Catholicism — recognized William and his wife Mary as the new King and Queen two weeks after Carroll 's arrival in Maryland . This event , known as the Glorious Revolution , had profound implications for the future of the Maryland colony and for Carroll . = = Career and rise to wealth in Maryland = = Soon after his arrival in Maryland , Carroll presented his commission to the colony 's council and was recognized as the new Attorney General of the colony . He arrived in a place already riven by religious and class differences . Carroll and nearly the entire governing structure of the colony , with the exception of the lower house of the proprietary assembly , were appointed by Calvert . Most of the appointees were Catholic and wealthy , whereas the majority of the population and the lower house of the assembly were Protestant and less wealthy . Carroll arrived in Maryland just as long @-@ standing economic , religious , and political tensions between the poorer Protestant majority and the wealthier and more powerful Catholic minority were reaching a head . By the late 17th century , Maryland 's economy was suffering from the effects of price fluctuations on the world market of its main cash crop , tobacco . Often in those years , the price on world markets was barely above the cost of production , leaving planters with little to show for their efforts . This affected small Protestant planters disproportionately , as many of the larger Catholic landowners had diversified economically . This growing socioeconomic inequality exacerbated underlying religious tensions . Furthermore , the new Governor , William Joseph , who arrived in the colony just before Carroll , immediately entered into an adversarial relationship with the Protestant @-@ dominated lower house of the assembly . Into this powder keg came the news that England 's Glorious Revolution had taken place ; the Catholic King James II had been deposed and replaced with the Protestant William of Orange . In an attempt to maintain control in the colony , Governor Joseph quickly canceled the session of the colonial assembly scheduled for April 1689 . In response to this cancellation and rumors of an anti @-@ Protestant alliance between Catholics and Native Americans , Protestant settlers formed an association to defend themselves . In July 1689 , they marched on the colonial capital , St. Mary 's City . Led by John Coode , the Protestant associators were quickly able to capture St. Mary 's and the other major towns of the colony . The Governor and a number of other Calvert allies fled to Virginia . Charles Calvert turned for relief to the Lords of Trade and eventually to the Privy Council , but these groups sided with the Protestants and took away the power of the Calvert family to govern the colony . Soon thereafter , the new leaders of the colony barred Catholics from holding office , bearing arms , or serving on juries . During the rebellion , Carroll was recovering from the " hard seasoning " often experienced by immigrants whose bodies were acclimatizing to local conditions . Perhaps due to illness , he chose not to flee the colony . Instead , Carroll offered support and legal advice to Calvert and became an outspoken critic of the Protestant government . He was jailed twice for insulting the new colonial leaders , including Governor Lionel Copley , who accused Carroll of , " uttering several mutinous and seditious speeches " . Losing his position in the colonial government and the £ 50 annual salary it entailed was a blow to Carroll . His support for Calvert earned him various positions in the private Calvert family organization , which would benefit him throughout his life . = = = Marriage = = = Carroll improved his fortunes through a judicious marriage . In November 1689 , he wed Martha Ridgely Underwood , a widow whose two former husbands had left her a small fortune . Carroll inherited a portion of this fortune after Martha 's death in 1690 in childbirth . The child , named Anthony in honor of Carroll 's brother , also died . Restricted in his law practice by the new Protestant government , Carroll used the inheritance to begin importing goods to the colony . He also purchased a store in the town of Annapolis . In February 1693 or 1694 , Carroll remarried , this time to the 15 @-@ year @-@ old daughter of Colonel Henry Darnall , Charles Calvert 's chief agent in the colony . The marriage to Mary Darnall secured Carroll a tract of land in Prince George 's County , a position in the colony 's land office with a £ 100 annual salary , and a lifelong alliance with Henry Darnall . This tract of land was the first part of what would become a vast empire of nearly 50 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 @,@ 000 ha ) by the time of Carroll 's death , worth approximately £ 20 @,@ 000 . Some of these lands were worked by the 112 slaves he acquired during his lifetime . This was a very large number of slaves for a Maryland planter in the early colonial period . After 1706 , Carroll and his family resided on two properties , a town house built in the new colonial capital of Annapolis and the plantation called Dougheregan in modern @-@ day Howard County . = = = Children = = = As successful as Carroll was in business , however , he and his wife experienced many personal losses throughout this period . Of the ten children born to Charles and Mary Carroll , five died within a year of their birth . Henry , their eldest son , died the year before his father in 1719 , at the age of 21 or 22 . Only the third child , named Charles and later known as Charles Carroll of Annapolis , and their next son Daniel would marry and have children of their own . Henry Darnall died in 1711 . Carroll took over Darnall 's positions as agent and receiver general for the Calvert family in the colony , both posts with significant additional salaries . Among the many uses to which he put this money was lending . After 1713 , he became the largest mortgage lender in the colony , and made a number of large personal loans to other planters . Carroll continued to practice law , making a small income from cases argued in the two courts where Catholics were still allowed to practice law , the chancery and prerogative courts . His speculation in mercantile enterprises also continued . Together , these made Carroll the wealthiest man in the colony by 1715 , and its most prominent Catholic . = = Final attempt at political power and death = = In 1715 , political power over the Maryland colony was restored to the Calvert family after the conversion of Benedict Calvert to Protestantism . Emboldened by this turn of events , and with support from a number of prominent Maryland Catholic families , Carroll attempted to gain government office in the state . This would have been a profound departure from the policy of excluding Catholics from government , which had existed since the Protestant takeover in 1689 . Carroll 's chief antagonist in this effort was the Governor , John Hart . In 1716 , Hart discovered that Carroll was planning to travel to England to lobby Calvert 's officials for restoration of office @-@ holding rights for Catholics , something Hart vehemently opposed . Hart described Carroll as : " a professed Papist , and the first fomentor of our late Disturbances , who having acquired a large estate in the Province by the offices he formerly employed , and his practice in Law ... must needs add the Ambition of Rule to his former Felicity " . Carroll travelled to England to press his case , although Hart later claimed that he had been promised no such lobbying would take place . Carroll convinced the proprietor 's officials to appoint him as the proprietor 's chief agent in the colony . He was further appointed to the positions of receiver general , escheator , and naval officer . These positions together effectively gave Carroll the power to oversee all money in the colony that was collected by the government or by Calvert 's private organization . Upon Carroll 's return to Maryland , Hart was incensed both at the threat to his own power and the idea of a Catholic officeholder in the colony . Hart demanded that Carroll take the oath of allegiance , which he was willing to do , and the oath of abjuration confirming the Protestant succession to the English throne , which Carroll was not willing to do . Carroll began to act in the capacity authorized by the proprietor 's commission , and Hart turned to the upper house of the colonial legislature for relief . Rejecting Carroll 's arguments in support of his right to hold government offices , the assembly resisted his attempts to exercise the commission and , near the end of 1716 , passed a series of laws confirming and restricting the oath requirements for officeholders , which were anti @-@ Catholic by intent . Carroll 's case may have been undermined when he came to the defense of his nephew , who had raised a toast to the Catholic James Stuart . Stuart had tried to take the British throne during a rebellion in 1715 and was extremely unpopular with Protestants in the colony . The proprietor , whose position had been so recently restored and who did not want to risk the loss of the colony , confirmed the decision of the assembly . Carroll 's commission was formally revoked on February 20 , 1717 . According to a later account Hart gave to the assembly , Carroll began a campaign to undermine the Governor . There is no evidence that Hart was accurate , but the assembly passed stricter anti @-@ Catholic laws in 1718 , including disfranchisement , stripping Catholic males of the right to vote . Carroll died only two years later , with his wealth intact but having failed to regain any political rights for Catholics in Maryland . Carroll 's eldest son Henry had died a year before ; the family fortune and burden of heading a Catholic family in Protestant @-@ dominated Maryland were passed on to his younger sons Charles and Daniel . Carroll 's descendants continued to play a prominent role in the colony . His son Charles , known as Charles Carroll of Annapolis , maintained and expanded the family fortune . His grandson , Charles Carroll of Carrollton , achieved the restoration of political rights his grandfather had desired . He became the only Catholic to sign the Declaration of Independence . = Paul Henderson = Paul Garnet Henderson CM OOnt ( born January 28 , 1943 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . A left winger , Henderson played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Detroit Red Wings , Toronto Maple Leafs and Atlanta Flames and five in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) for the Toronto Toros and Birmingham Bulls . He played over 1 @,@ 000 games between the two major leagues , scoring 376 goals and 758 points . Henderson played in two NHL All @-@ Star Games and was a member of the Memorial Cup @-@ winning Hamilton Red Wings team as a junior . Henderson is best known for leading Team Canada to victory at the 1972 Summit Series against the Soviet Union . Played during the Cold War , the series was viewed as a battle for both hockey and cultural supremacy . Henderson scored the game @-@ winning goal in the sixth , seventh and eighth games , the last of which has become legendary in Canada and made him a national hero : it was voted the " sports moment of the century " by The Canadian Press and earned him numerous accolades . Henderson has twice been inducted into Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame : in 1995 individually and in 2005 along with all players of the Summit Series team . He was inducted into the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 2013 . A born @-@ again Christian , Henderson became a minister , motivational speaker and author following his playing career . He has co @-@ written three books related to hockey or his life . Henderson was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 2012 and of the Order of Ontario in 2014 . = = Early life = = Henderson was born January 28 , 1943 , near Kincardine , Ontario . His mother , Evelyn , went into labour while staying at his father 's parents ' farm in the nearby community of Amberley during a snowstorm . She gave birth to Paul while the family was crossing Lake Huron via horse @-@ drawn sleigh attempting to reach the hospital in Kincardine . His father , Garnet , was fighting for Canada during the Second World War at the time and did not meet his son until Paul was nearly three years old . Garnet worked for the Canadian National Railway following his return and the family – Paul was the eldest to brother Bruce and sisters Marilyn , Coralyn and Sandra – moved frequently to different posts in Ontario before settling in Lucknow . The family often struggled financially , though Garnet was always able to provide the basic life necessities . Paul 's first experiences with hockey came at a young age in the basement of a Chinese restaurant operated by Charlie Chin , an immigrant who settled in Lucknow . Henderson played with Chin 's sons using a ball instead of a puck . The Chin family bought Henderson his first set of hockey equipment ; he had been using old catalogues as shin pads . His father coached his youth teams , and at one minor hockey tournament , told his teammates simply to " just give the puck to Paul and get out of his way " . That incident remained with Henderson throughout his life : while it embarrassed him at the time to be singled out in front of his friends and teammates , he later realized it stood as an affirmation and expression of his father 's pride in him and his abilities . It was in Lucknow where Henderson met his future wife , Eleanor , at the age of 15 while he was working at a grocery store . They married in 1962 and , wanting to ensure he could provide for his wife , he considered giving up the game to become a history and physical education teacher . His father convinced him to remain in hockey , warning him that he would regret it for the rest of his life if he never tried to make the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . After considering his father 's advice and talking with Eleanor , Henderson decided to play two additional years , and if he had not reached the NHL by 1964 , he would quit the game and focus on his education . = = Playing career = = = = = Junior = = = Henderson attracted the attention of NHL scouts at the age of 15 when he scored 18 goals and 2 assists in a 21 – 6 victory in a juvenile playoff game . The junior affiliates of both the Boston Bruins and Detroit Red Wings offered him tryouts . He chose to sign with the Red Wings as their junior teams were based in Hamilton , which was closest to his home . He played the 1959 – 60 season with the Junior B Goderich Sailors and was the youngest player on the team . Henderson moved up to the Junior A Hamilton Red Wings in 1960 – 61 where he was an extra forward for much of the season . Returning to Hamilton in 1961 – 62 , he became a regular player on the team , and recorded 24 goals and 43 points in 50 games . Hamilton won the Ontario championship that season , then defeated the Quebec Citadelles in four consecutive games to win the eastern Canadian championship . Henderson scored a goal in the clinching game , a 9 – 3 win , that propelled the Red Wings to their first Memorial Cup final in the team 's history . They faced the Edmonton Oil Kings in the 1962 Memorial Cup final series . The Red Wings won the best @-@ of @-@ seven set 4 – 1 to capture the national championship . Henderson scored a goal in the deciding game , a 7 – 4 victory before over 7 @,@ 000 fans at Kitchener , Ontario . He finished with seven goals and seven assists in 14 Memorial Cup playoff games . Returning for a third season with Hamilton in 1962 – 63 , Henderson led the Ontario Hockey Association in scoring with 49 goals in 48 games . He added 27 assists to finish the season with 76 points . A bout of strep throat resulted in his missing Hamilton 's playoff games , but he was called up to the Detroit Red Wings late in their season when they were short of players . Henderson played his first two NHL games against the Toronto Maple Leafs , with only one shift in each game . In his first game , Henderson elbowed Dick Duff in the head , sparking a fight . He spent the rest of the game on the bench after several Toronto players threatened retaliation against him . In his second , he incurred a slashing penalty during his only time on the ice . Henderson estimated that he was on the ice for only 20 seconds over the two games , but drew nine penalties in minutes . = = = Detroit and Toronto = = = After failing to make the Detroit roster out of training camp , Henderson was assigned to their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Pittsburgh Hornets , to begin the 1963 – 64 season . He appeared in 38 games for the Hornets and his speed and aggressive nature helped him score 10 goals and 24 points . Henderson earned a brief recall to Detroit in November , then joined the NHL team permanently early in the new year . He scored his first NHL goal on January 29 , 1964 , against the Chicago Black Hawks . It came late in the game against goaltender Glenn Hall and resulted in a 2 – 2 tie . In 32 regular season NHL games , Henderson recorded three goals and three assists in 32 games , then appeared in 14 playoff games where he added five points . The Red Wings reached the 1964 Stanley Cup Final , but lost in seven games to Toronto . Henderson established himself as a full @-@ time NHL player in 1964 – 65 , though with limited ice time . He was used primarily in a defensive role and to kill penalties , scoring 8 goals and 21 points , while appearing in 70 games . Switching to the left wing in 1965 – 66 , Henderson played a more offensive role and scored 22 goals . He added three more in 12 playoff games as the Red Wings reached the 1966 Stanley Cup Final versus the Montreal Canadiens . Henderson scored the game @-@ winning goal in the first game of the finals . After winning the first two games in Montreal , Detroit lost four straight and the series . Seeking to double his $ 7 @,@ 000 salary from the previous season , Henderson became embroiled in a contract dispute with the Red Wings prior to the 1966 – 67 NHL season , before the team acceded to his demands . He then spent the year attempting to overcome injuries ; a case of tracheitis forced him to miss several early season games and led the team to consider having him play wearing a surgical mask to protect against the cold air of the arena . Henderson eventually spent time in the dry air of Arizona to cure the ailment , but he also suffered from torn chest muscles and ultimately missed a third of the season . On the ice , Henderson scored 21 goals and 40 points in 49 games . The Red Wings were in last place of the NHL 's East Division late in the 1967 – 68 season when , on March 3 , 1968 , they completed one of the biggest trades in league history up to that time : Henderson was sent to the Toronto Maple Leafs as part of a six @-@ player deal , along with Norm Ullman and Floyd Smith , in exchange for Frank Mahovlich , Garry Unger and Pete Stemkowski . Henderson finished the season with 11 points in 13 games for Toronto , then scored 27 goals and 59 points in 1968 – 69 . A groin injury plagued Henderson throughout much of the 1969 – 70 season , but he continued to play at the team 's request . He finished with 20 goals despite playing the entire season with pain . The Maple Leafs offered Henderson only a small raise , arguing that he did not deserve more because his offensive production had declined . The contract offer and the team 's indifference towards his injury left Henderson disillusioned with management 's attitude towards its players . Healthy in 1970 – 71 , he scored 30 goals and a NHL career @-@ high 60 points . = = = Summit Series = = = Canada had long been at a disadvantage in international ice hockey tournaments as its best players were professionals in the NHL and therefore ineligible to play at the ostensibly amateur World Championship and Olympic Games . The Soviets masked the status of their best players by having them serve in the military or hold other jobs affiliated with the teams , so they retained amateur status , even though playing hockey was their only occupational responsibility . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) promised to allow Canada to use a limited number of professional players at the 1970 tournament but later reneged , causing the nation to withdraw from all international competition . Officials in Canada and the Soviet Union subsequently negotiated an arrangement that would see the top players of each nation – amateur or professional – play in an eight @-@ game " Summit Series " in September 1972 between the world 's two greatest hockey nations . Canadian fans and media approached the series with confidence ; many predicted that the Canadian professionals would win all eight games . Henderson 's 38 @-@ goal season in 1971 – 72 , a career high , earned him a place on Team Canada 's roster . He scored a goal early in the first game , in Montreal , that gave Canada a 2 – 0 lead . The Soviet team then humbled the Canadians by scoring the next four goals and winning 7 – 3 . A 4 – 1 Canadian win followed in the second game , but the Soviets overcame a 4 – 2 deficit , the fourth goal scored by Henderson , to tie the third game . Canada lost the fourth game , 5 – 3 , and were jeered by the fans in Vancouver as they headed to Moscow for the final four games with a 1 – 2 – 1 series deficit . Henderson , like most of his teammates , was frustrated by his team 's play and the negative reaction they received from the crowd . In the first game in Moscow , Henderson scored a goal to help Canada establish a 4 – 1 lead , but also suffered a concussion when he was tripped into the boards and knocked unconscious . He returned to finish the game , but the Soviets came back to win , 5 – 4 , and were one victory shy of winning the series . In game six , Canada overcame what coach Harry Sinden called " the worst officials I have ever seen in my life " to take game six by a 3 – 2 score , with Henderson scoring the game @-@ winning goal . The game was also notable for Bobby Clarke using his stick in a two @-@ handed slash that broke Valeri Kharlamov 's ankle . Henderson later called the event " the low point of the series " during the 30th anniversary celebration , but apologized for his comments after Clarke took umbrage . Canada drew even in the series at three wins apiece , plus one tie , with a 4 – 3 victory in game seven . Henderson again scored the winner despite being tripped as he took the shot . By the eighth game , the competition had become more than a battle for hockey supremacy : it was also viewed as a battle between contrasting ways of life , particularly in the Soviet Union , where success in sport was used to promote the superiority of communism over western capitalism . An estimated 50 million Soviets watched the final contest , while in Canada , offices were closed and schools suspended classes to allow students to watch the game on television in gymnasium assemblies . The two teams ended the first period tied at two goals apiece , but Canada trailed at the second intermission , 5 – 3 , and Soviet officials stated they would claim the overall victory if the game ended in a draw as a result of scoring more goals throughout the series . Canada rallied in the third period to tie the game with seven minutes remaining . Sitting on the bench as the game entered the final minute of play , Henderson " had a feeling " that he could score . He convinced coach Sinden to send him out when Peter Mahovlich left the ice . Rushing into the Soviet zone , Henderson missed a pass from Yvan Cournoyer in front of the net and was tripped by a Soviet defenceman . As he got to his feet , Phil Esposito recovered the puck and sent it towards Henderson in front of the net . The first shot was stopped by Vladislav Tretiak , but Henderson recovered the rebound and slid it past the fallen goaltender to give Canada a 6 – 5 lead with only 34 seconds left to play . It was his seventh goal of the tournament , tying him for the series lead with Esposito and Alexander Yakushev . The goal won the game , and the series , for Canada . The team returned home to massive crowds in Montreal and Toronto , and Paul Henderson had become a national hero . = = = World Hockey Association = = = Henderson struggled to adjust to his new @-@ found popularity . While he appreciated the support from fans and the business opportunities it created , he grew increasingly frustrated over time as the attention intruded on his private life . In his autobiography , Shooting for Glory , Henderson stated that the fame left him less satisfied than he had ever been . His frustrations with Maple Leafs owner Harold Ballard , who Henderson felt was destroying the team , contributed to his developing an ulcer . ( Henderson later admitted he was not mature enough at the time to deal with the acerbic Ballard ) . He briefly turned to alcohol as he struggled to deal with his situation . Henderson 's professional career reached its lowest point during the 1972 – 73 NHL season . He had become depressed , and by December , had scored only six goals . He struggled with a groin injury and played only 40 games for the Maple Leafs , who missed the playoffs . Prior to the 1973 – 74 NHL season , Henderson spoke to John Bassett , owner of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) ' s Toronto Toros . Bassett offered Henderson a five @-@ year contract worth twice his annual $ 75 @,@ 000 salary from the Maple Leafs . The deal included a $ 50 @,@ 000 signing bonus and performance bonuses based on how he played in his final year with the Maple Leafs . Henderson signed the contract , though he said in his autobiography that he regretted doing so before completing his term with his NHL club . A bitter opponent of the WHA , Ballard had vowed not to lose more players to the rival league . When he found out about the deal , he offered Henderson the same contract terms , but without a signing bonus . Upset at how stingy Ballard had been with his teammates , Henderson told Ballard to " take this contract and shove it " . An angered Ballard never forgave Henderson , and never spoke to him again . Following a 24 @-@ goal campaign in his final season with the Maple Leafs , Henderson officially moved to the WHA where he played in another tournament against the Soviets . While the original series was restricted to players from the NHL , the 1974 Summit Series featured a Canadian team made up of WHA players . The series lacked the intensity of the original , yet Henderson felt that he played well : he scored two goals and an assist , and though Canada finished with one win , four losses and three ties , he felt the WHA had proven itself . Henderson scored 33 goals and 63 points in the 1974 – 75 WHA season for the Toros while playing 58 games . He missed the playoffs after tearing his knee ligaments in a game against the Phoenix Roadrunners when colliding with Bob Mowat , an opposing player during a line change . Henderson scored 24 goals and 55 points in 1975 – 76 , his last in Toronto . Following that season , the Toros relocated to Alabama where they became the Birmingham Bulls . While his contract stipulated he did not have to relocate with the team , Henderson appreciated the chance to move to a city where he could play in relative anonymity . He played the final three years of his contract in Birmingham , scoring 23 , 37 and 24 goals , but made only one playoff appearance during his five WHA seasons , in 1978 . = = = Atlanta Flames = = = The WHA merged with the NHL following the 1978 – 79 season . Birmingham was not invited to join the NHL ; the team instead joined the Central Hockey League for the 1979 – 80 season and became a minor league affiliate of the Atlanta Flames . Henderson considered retiring , but his family had settled in Birmingham and he knew they could remain in the United States only as long as he was employed . The Flames offered him a spot on their roster , but he preferred to remain with his family . He signed a two @-@ year contract with the Flames on the promise that he would stay in Birmingham unless the team needed his services as a result of injury to other players . He spent the majority of the season in Birmingham , but when Atlanta did struggle with injuries , they recalled him for 30 games where he scored seven goals and six assists . Henderson also appeared in four playoff games . In his final game at Toronto 's Maple Leaf Gardens , Henderson led the Flames to a 5 – 1 win over the Maple Leafs with a two @-@ goal effort , resulting in his being named the game 's first star . Henderson intended the 1980 – 81 season to be his last as a player . He was again offered a spot on the Flames , in part to help develop the team 's young players , but the franchise had relocated to Canada to become the Calgary Flames and Henderson chose to remain with Birmingham , as a player and assistant coach . He missed several games due to injuries but scored six goals in 33 games . However , the Bulls fell into financial difficulty and on February 23 , 1981 , the team ceased operations mid @-@ season . Choosing not to leave his Birmingham home , Henderson retired as a player and spent the remainder of the season as a scout for the Flames . = = Legacy = = Though he was not considered a good puck handler , Henderson was a fast skater and was known for his skills at shooting the puck . His career spanned 19 professional seasons during which he played over 1 @,@ 000 major league games in the NHL and WHA . He scored 376 goals and 760 points between the two leagues and was a two @-@ time NHL all @-@ star , playing in the 1972 and 1973 All @-@ Star Games . His career , however , was defined by the goal he scored on September 28 , 1972 , to win the Summit Series for Canada . It is the most famous goal in Canadian hockey history and was the defining moment for a generation of Canadians . Decades later , Henderson remains a national hero . The Canadian Press named Henderson 's goal the " sports moment of the century " in 2000 . The jersey worn by Henderson when he scored the goal was sold at auction for over $ 1 million in 2010 , thought to be the highest price ever paid for a hockey sweater . Frank Lennon 's photograph , taken moments after the goal and showing a jubilant Henderson being embraced by Yvan Cournoyer , has been " etched into the visual cortex of every Canadian " . The photo won a National Newspaper Award and has been reproduced by the Royal Canadian Mint on coins . It was also named Canadian Press photograph of the year . Sportswriters and fans have frequently called for Henderson to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on the strength of his performance . Commentator and former NHL coach Don Cherry argued that Henderson 's status as hero of the " greatest series in hockey history " was enough to qualify him . Henderson himself does not believe he belongs : " So many Canadians get upset that I ’ m not in the Hall of Fame , and I tell them all the time if I was on the committee , I wouldn ’ t vote for me . Quite frankly , I didn ’ t have a Hall of Fame career . " Henderson has been honoured by Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame on two occasions : he was first inducted as an individual in 1995 , and again ten years later along with his 1972 teammates . The Summit Series team has also been honoured with a star on Canada 's Walk of Fame . Henderson has been inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame ( 1997 ) , the IIHF Hall of Fame ( 2013 ) and has been honoured by Hockey Canada with the Order of Hockey in Canada as part of its 2013 class . He was named a Member of the Order of Canada in December 2012 in recognition of " his engagement in support of a range of social and charitable causes " along with his achievements on the ice . In 2014 , he was named to the Order of Ontario . = = Personal life = = Henderson and his wife Eleanor have three daughters : Heather , Jennifer and Jill . The family remained in Birmingham for a time following his retirement as a player . He had an opportunity to become a colour commentator for Maple Leafs broadcasts in 1981 but Ballard , still upset that Henderson had defected to the WHA , prevented his hiring . In Birmingham , he became a stockbroker , briefly joining brokerage firm E. F. Hutton . However , he was unable to get a work permit in the United States despite a petition signed by thousands of Birmingham residents who fought for him to stay . Following the high of the 1972 Summit Series and the personal lows that came after , Henderson struggled with a sense of discontentment . He turned to religion , becoming a born @-@ again Christian in 1975 . Unable to work as a broker , Henderson entered the seminary and studied to become a minister . When he finally gave up his efforts to acquire an American work visa in 1984 , he returned to Toronto . Under the auspices of Power to Change Ministries , formerly Campus Crusade for Christ Canada , he founded a men ’ s ministry in Ontario called LeaderImpact and travels across Canada giving talks and speeches , particularly to businessmen . He has received an honorary doctorate from Briercrest College and Seminary and an honorary degree from Tyndale University College and Seminary . Henderson is also a published author . His autobiography , Shooting for Glory , was released in 1992 . With Jim Prime , he co @-@ authored the 2011 book How Hockey Explains Canada , an exploration of the relationship between the sport and Canadian culture . He released a memoir in 2012 called The Goal of My Life with Roger Lajoie . The death of his father due to heart problems at the age of 49 had a lasting effect on Henderson . He was conscious of his own health , and survived a blockage in his own heart that was discovered in 2004 . He was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 2009 . The disease prevented him from attending 40th anniversary celebrations of the Summit Series in Moscow , but he was responding well to experimental treatment as part of a clinical trial he participated in into 2013 . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = 1985 European Cup Final = The 1985 European Cup Final was a football match between Liverpool of England and Juventus of Italy on 29 May 1985 at the Heysel Stadium , Brussels , Belgium . It was the final match of the 1984 – 85 season of the European Cup , Europe 's premier cup competition . Liverpool were the reigning champions and were appearing in their fifth final , having won the competition in 1977 , 1978 , 1981 and 1984 . Juventus were appearing in their third European Cup final ; they had lost their two previous appearances in 1973 and 1983 . Each club needed to progress through four rounds to reach the final . Matches were contested over two legs , with a match at each team 's home ground . All but one of Juventus ' matches were won by two goals or more ; in the semi @-@ finals , they beat French team Bordeaux 3 – 2 on aggregate . Liverpool also won the majority of their matches by more than two goals , except in the second round when they beat Portuguese team Benfica 3 – 2 on aggregate . The match is largely remembered for the disaster that occurred before the kick @-@ off . Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans . The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse , killing 39 people and injuring hundreds . Despite calls for an abandonment , the match went ahead because it was felt that further trouble would otherwise occur . The disaster prompted UEFA to ban English clubs from European football for five years . Watched by a crowd of 59 @,@ 000 , the first half was goalless . Juventus took the lead in the 56th minute when Michel Platini scored from a penalty after Gary Gillespie was adjudged to have brought down Zbigniew Boniek in the penalty area , although the foul was actually committed nearly a yard outside the area and the referee was far from the action . The score remained the same throughout the remainder of the match and Juventus won 1 – 0 , achieving their first European Cup win . = = Route to the final = = = = = Juventus = = = Juventus gained entry to the competition by winning the 1983 – 84 Serie A , entering as Italian champions . Their opponents in the first round were Ilves of Finland . The first leg in Finland was held at the Ratina Stadion was won 4 – 0 by Juventus with a hat @-@ trick by Paolo Rossi and a goal from Michel Platini . They won the second leg 2 – 1 at their home ground , Stadio Comunale , to win the tie 6 – 1 on aggregate . In the second round , Juventus were drawn against Swiss team Grasshopper . Juventus won the first leg 2 – 0 in Italy , and achieved a 4 – 2 victory in the second leg in Switzerland , which meant that they won the tie 6 – 2 on aggregate . Juventus ' opponents in the quarter @-@ finals were Sparta Prague of Czechoslovakia . Goals from Marco Tardelli , Paolo Rossi and Massimo Briaschi ensured a 3 – 0 victory for Juventus in the first leg in Italy . They lost the second leg at Sparta 's home ground , Letná stadium 1 – 0 , but progressed to the semi @-@ finals due to a 3 – 1 aggregate victory . In the semi @-@ finals , Juventus played French team Bordeaux and won the first leg 3 – 0 in Italy with goals from Zbigniew Boniek , Briaschi and Platini . The second leg was held at Bordeaux 's home ground , the Stade Chaban @-@ Delmas . Despite winning the match 2 – 0 , Bordeaux lost 3 – 2 on aggregate . = = = Liverpool = = = Liverpool were the reigning European champions ; they defeated Roma to win the 1983 – 84 European Cup , and were also the reigning English champions , having won the English league during the same season . They were drawn against Polish team Lech Poznań in the first round , and won the first leg at Poznań 's home ground , Stadion Lecha , 1 – 0 . Liverpool won the second leg 4 – 0 with a hat @-@ trick from John Wark and a goal from Paul Walsh at their home ground , Anfield , to win the tie 5 – 0 on aggregate . Liverpool played Portuguese team Benfica in the second round . Liverpool won the first leg 3 – 1 in England with a hat @-@ trick by Ian Rush . They lost the second leg 1 – 0 at Benfica 's home ground , Estádio da Luz , but still progressed to the quarter @-@ finals due to a 3 – 2 aggregate victory . Liverpool 's opponents in the quarter @-@ finals were Austria Wien of Austria . The first leg at Wien 's home ground , the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium , was drawn 1 – 1 , but a 4 – 1 victory in the second leg in England meant that Liverpool qualified for the semi @-@ finals with a 5 – 2 aggregate win . Panathinaikos of Greece were the opposition in the semi @-@ finals . The first leg at Anfield was won 4 – 0 by Liverpool ; Rush scored twice , and Wark and Jim Beglin each scored one goal . The second leg was held at the Olympic Stadium and was won 1 – 0 by Liverpool . Thus , Liverpool won the tie 5 – 0 on aggregate to progress to their fifth European Cup final and their second in succession . = = Background = = Juventus were appearing in their third European Cup final , having lost their previous appearances in 1973 and 1983 . Liverpool were appearing in their fifth final , they were the reigning champions after beating Italian team Roma 4 – 2 in a penalty shoot @-@ out after the 1984 final finished 1 – 1 . Liverpool had won in 1977 , 1978 and 1981 . After to Juventus won the 1983 – 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup , both teams had faced each other during the season in the 1984 European Super Cup at Juventus ' home ground , the Stadio Comunale , due to both clubs experiencing fixture congestion , and was won 2 – 0 by the Torinese team with two goals from Zbigniew Boniek . Juventus finished the 1984 – 85 Serie A in fifth position , which was outside of the European qualification positions . In order to participate in European competition in 1985 – 86 , they needed to win the European Cup . Liverpool had finished second behind Everton in the 1984 – 85 Football League , and thus qualified for the UEFA Cup , but victory in the final would enable them to compete in the European Cup the following season . The final was to be played at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels , Belgium . Liverpool had objected to the choice of venue as they were concerned about the condition of the stadium , which was crumbling , and the decision to allocate a neutral section for Belgian fans . = = Disaster = = The neutral zone that had been allocated to Belgian fans was largely occupied by Juventus supporters , many of whom were from the local Italian community . The neutral zone was in section Z , on the same side of the ground as the Liverpool fans . The two groups thus stood yards apart , separated only by chicken wire . At approximately 7 p.m. , missiles began to be thrown between the two sets of fans ; because the stadium was crumbling , fans could pick stones up and throw them across the divide . The throwing became more intense as kick @-@ off	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
chhatra ( three @-@ tiered parasol ) pinnacle on top of the main stupa . However , he later dismantled the chhatra , citing that there were not enough original stones used in reconstructing the pinnacle , which means that the original design of Borobudur 's pinnacle is actually unknown . The dismantled chhatra now is stored in Karmawibhangga Museum , a few hundred meters north from Borobudur . Due to the limited budget , the restoration had been primarily focused on cleaning the sculptures , and Van Erp did not solve the drainage problem . Within fifteen years , the gallery walls were sagging , and the reliefs showed signs of new cracks and deterioration . Van Erp used concrete from which alkali salts and calcium hydroxide leached and were transported into the rest of the construction . This caused some problems , so that a further thorough renovation was urgently needed . Small restorations have been performed since then , but not sufficient for complete protection . During World War II and Indonesian National Revolution in 1945 to 1949 , Borobudur restoration efforts were halted . The monument suffered further from the weather and drainage problems , which caused the earth core inside the temple to expand , pushing the stone structure and tilting the walls . By 1950s some parts of Borobudur were facing imminent danger of collapsing . In 1965 , Indonesia asked the UNESCO for advice on ways to counteract the problem of weathering at Borobudur and other monuments . In 1968 Professor Soekmono , then head of the Archeological Service of Indonesia , launched his " Save Borobudur " campaign , in an effort to organize a massive restoration project . In the late 1960s , the Indonesian government had requested from the international community a major renovation to protect the monument . In 1973 , a master plan to restore Borobudur was created . The Indonesian government and UNESCO then undertook the complete overhaul of the monument in a big restoration project between 1975 and 1982 . In 1975 , the actual work began . Over one million stones were dismantled and removed during the restoration , and set aside like pieces of a massive jig @-@ saw puzzle to be individually identified , catalogued , cleaned and treated for preservation . Borobudur became a testing ground for new conservation techniques , including new procedures to battle the microorganisms attacking the stone . The foundation was stabilized , and all 1 @,@ 460 panels were cleaned . The restoration involved the dismantling of the five square platforms and the improvement of drainage by embedding water channels into the monument . Both impermeable and filter layers were added . This colossal project involved around 600 people to restore the monument and cost a total of US $ 6 @,@ 901 @,@ 243 . After the renovation was finished , UNESCO listed Borobudur as a World Heritage Site in 1991 . It is listed under Cultural criteria ( i ) " to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius " , ( ii ) " to exhibit an important interchange of human values , over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world , on developments in architecture or technology , monumental arts , town @-@ planning or landscape design " , and ( vi ) " to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions , with ideas , or with beliefs , with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance " . = = = Contemporary events = = = = = = = Religious ceremony = = = = Following the major 1973 renovation funded by UNESCO , Borobudur is once again used as a place of worship and pilgrimage . Once a year , during the full moon in May or June , Buddhists in Indonesia observe Vesak ( Indonesian : Waisak ) day commemorating the birth , death , and the time when Siddhārtha Gautama attained the highest wisdom to become the Buddha Shakyamuni . Vesak is an official national holiday in Indonesia , and the ceremony is centered at the three Buddhist temples by walking from Mendut to Pawon and ending at Borobudur . = = = = Tourism = = = = The monument is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia . In 1974 , 260 @,@ 000 tourists , of whom 36 @,@ 000 were foreigners , visited the monument . The figure climbed to 2 @.@ 5 million visitors annually ( 80 % were domestic tourists ) in the mid @-@ 1990s , before the country 's economic crisis . Tourism development , however , has been criticized for not including the local community , giving rise to occasional conflicts . In 2003 , residents and small businesses around Borobudur organized several meetings and poetry protests , objecting to a provincial government plan to build a three @-@ story mall complex , dubbed the " Java World " . International tourism awards were given to Borobudur archaeological park , such as PATA Grand Pacific Award 2004 , PATA Gold Award Winner 2011 , and PATA Gold Award Winner 2012 . In June 2012 , Borobudur was recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world 's largest Buddhist archaeological site . = = = = Conservation = = = = UNESCO identified three specific areas of concern under the present state of conservation : ( i ) vandalism by visitors ; ( ii ) soil erosion in the south @-@ eastern part of the site ; and ( iii ) analysis and restoration of missing elements . The soft soil , the numerous earthquakes and heavy rains lead to the destabilization of the structure . Earthquakes are by far the most important contributing factors , since not only do stones fall down and arches crumble , but the earth itself can move in waves , further destroying the structure . The increasing popularity of the stupa brings in many visitors , most of whom are from Indonesia . Despite warning signs on all levels not to touch anything , the regular transmission of warnings over loudspeakers and the presence of guards , vandalism on reliefs and statues is a common occurrence and problem , leading to further deterioration . As of 2009 , there is no system in place to limit the number of visitors allowed per day or to introduce mandatory guided tours only . In August 2014 , the Conservation Authority of Borobudur reported some severe abrasion of the stone stairs caused by the scraping of visitors ' footwear . The conservation authority planned to install wooden stairs to cover and protect the original stone stairs , just like those installed in Angkor Wat . = = = = Rehabilitation = = = = Borobudur was heavily affected by the eruption of Mount Merapi in October and November 2010 . Volcanic ash from Merapi fell on the temple complex , which is approximately 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) west @-@ southwest of the crater . A layer of ash up to 2 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 1 in ) thick fell on the temple statues during the eruption of 3 – 5 November , also killing nearby vegetation , with experts fearing that the acidic ash might damage the historic site . The temple complex was closed from 5 to 9 November to clean up the ashfall . UNESCO donated US $ 3 million as a part of the costs towards the rehabilitation of Borobudur after Mount Merapi 's 2010 eruption . More than 55 @,@ 000 stone blocks comprising the temple 's structure were dismantled to restore the drainage system , which had been clogged by slurry after the rain . The restoration was finished in November . In January 2012 , two German stone @-@ conservation experts spent ten days at the site analyzing the temples and making recommendations to ensure their long @-@ term preservation . In June , Germany agreed to contribute $ 130 @,@ 000 to UNESCO for the second phase of rehabilitation , in which six experts in stone conservation , microbiology , structural engineering and chemical engineering would spend a week in Borobudur in June , then return for another visit in September or October . These missions would launch the preservation activities recommended in the January report and would include capacity building activities to enhance the preservation capabilities of governmental staff and young conservation experts . On 14 February 2014 , major tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and Central Java , including Borobudur , Prambanan and Ratu Boko , were closed to visitors , after being severely affected by the volcanic ash from the eruption of Kelud volcano in East Java , located around 200 kilometers east from Yogyakarta . Workers covered the iconic stupas and statues of Borobudur temple to protect the structure from volcanic ash . The Kelud volcano erupted on 13 February 2014 with an explosion heard as far away as Yogyakarta . = = = = Security threats = = = = On 21 January 1985 , nine stupas were badly damaged by nine bombs . In 1991 , a blind Muslim preacher , Husein Ali Al Habsyie , was sentenced to life imprisonment for masterminding a series of bombings in the mid @-@ 1980s , including the temple attack . Two other members of the right @-@ wing extremist group that carried out the bombings were each sentenced to 20 years in 1986 , and another man received a 13 @-@ year prison term . On 27 May 2006 , an earthquake of 6 @.@ 2 magnitude struck the south coast of Central Java . The event caused severe damage around the region and casualties to the nearby city of Yogyakarta , but Borobudur remained intact . In August 2014 , Indonesian police and security forces tightened the security in and around Borobudur temple compound , as a precaution to a threat posted in the social media by a self @-@ proclaimed Indonesian branch of ISIS , citing that the terrorists planned to destroy Borobudur and other statues project in Indonesia . The security improvements included the repair and increased deployment of CCTV monitors and the implementation of a night patrol in and around the temple compound . The jihadist group follows a strict interpretation of Islam that condemns any anthropomorphic representations such as sculptures as idolatry . = = = = Visitor overload problem = = = = The high volume of visitors ascending the Borobudur 's narrow stairs , has caused a severe wear out on the stone of the stairs , eroding the stones surface and made them thinner and smoother . Overall , Borobudur has 2 @,@ 033 surfaces of stone stairs , spread over four cardinal directions ; including the west side , the east , south and north . There are around 1 @,@ 028 surfaces of them , or about 49 @.@ 15 percent are severely worn out . To avoid further wear of stairs ' stones , since November 2014 , two main sections of Borobudur stairs — the eastern ( ascending route ) and northern ( descending route ) sides — are covered with wooden structures . The similar technique has been applied in Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Egyptian Pyramids . In March 2015 , Borobudur Conservation Center proposed further to seal the stairs with rubber cover . Proposals have also been made that visitors be issued special sandals . = = Architecture = = The archeological excavation into Borobudur during reconstruction suggests that adherents of Hinduism or a pre @-@ Indic faith had already begun to erect a large structure on Borobudur 's hill before the site was appropriated by Buddhists . The foundations are unlike any Hindu or Buddhist shrine structures , and therefore , the initial structure is considered more indigenous Javanese than Hindu or Buddhist . = = = Design = = = Borobudur is built as a single large stupa and , when viewed from above , takes the form of a giant tantric Buddhist mandala , simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind . The original foundation is a square , approximately 118 metres ( 387 ft ) on each side . It has nine platforms , of which the lower six are square and the upper three are circular . The upper platform features seventy @-@ two small stupas surrounding one large central stupa . Each stupa is bell @-@ shaped and pierced by numerous decorative openings . Statues of the Buddha sit inside the pierced enclosures . The design of Borobudur took the form of a step pyramid . Previously , the prehistoric Austronesian megalithic culture in Indonesia had constructed several earth mounds and stone step pyramid structures called punden berundak as discovered in Pangguyangan , Cisolok and Gunung Padang , West Java . The construction of stone pyramids is based on native beliefs that mountains and high places are the abode of ancestral spirits or hyangs . The punden berundak step pyramid is the basic design in Borobudur , believed to be the continuation of older megalithic tradition incorporated with Mahayana Buddhist ideas and symbolism . The monument 's three divisions symbolize the three " realms " of Buddhist cosmology , namely Kamadhatu ( the world of desires ) , Rupadhatu ( the world of forms ) , and finally Arupadhatu ( the formless world ) . Ordinary sentient beings live out their lives on the lowest level , the realm of desire . Those who have burnt out all desire for continued existence leave the world of desire and live in the world on the level of form alone : they see forms but are not drawn to them . Finally , full Buddhas go beyond even form and experience reality at its purest , most fundamental level , the formless ocean of nirvana . The liberation from the cycle of Saṃsāra where the enlightened soul had no longer attached to worldly form corresponds to the concept of Śūnyatā , the complete voidness or the nonexistence of the self . Kāmadhātu is represented by the base , Rupadhatu by the five square platforms ( the body ) , and Arupadhatu by the three circular platforms and the large topmost stupa . The architectural features between the three stages have metaphorical differences . For instance , square and detailed decorations in the Rupadhatu disappear into plain circular platforms in the Arupadhatu to represent how the world of forms — where men are still attached with forms and names — changes into the world of the formless . Congregational worship in Borobudur is performed in a walking pilgrimage . Pilgrims are guided by the system of staircases and corridors ascending to the top platform . Each platform represents one stage of enlightenment . The path that guides pilgrims was designed to symbolize Buddhist cosmology . In 1885 , a hidden structure under the base was accidentally discovered . The " hidden footing " contains reliefs , 160 of which are narratives describing the real Kāmadhātu . The remaining reliefs are panels with short inscriptions that apparently provide instructions for the sculptors , illustrating the scenes to be carved . The real base is hidden by an encasement base , the purpose of which remains a mystery . It was first thought that the real base had to be covered to prevent a disastrous subsidence of the monument into the hill . There is another theory that the encasement base was added because the original hidden footing was incorrectly designed , according to Vastu Shastra , the Indian ancient book about architecture and town planning . Regardless of why it was commissioned , the encasement base was built with detailed and meticulous design and with aesthetic and religious consideration . = = = Building structure = = = Approximately 55 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 72 @,@ 000 cu yd ) of andesite stones were taken from neighbouring stone quarries to build the monument . The stone was cut to size , transported to the site and laid without mortar . Knobs , indentations and dovetails were used to form joints between stones . Reliefs were created in situ after the building had been completed . The monument is equipped with a good drainage system to cater to the area 's high stormwater run @-@ off . To prevent flooding , 100 spouts are installed at each corner , each with a unique carved gargoyle in the shape of a giant or makara . Borobudur differs markedly from the general design of other structures built for this purpose . Instead of being built on a flat surface , Borobudur is built on a natural hill . However , construction technique is similar to other temples in Java . Without the inner spaces seen in other temples , and with a general design similar to the shape of pyramid , Borobudur was first thought more likely to have served as a stupa , instead of a temple . A stupa is intended as a shrine for the Buddha . Sometimes stupas were built only as devotional symbols of Buddhism . A temple , on the other hand , is used as a house of worship . The meticulous complexity of the monument 's design suggests that Borobudur is in fact a temple . Little is known about Gunadharma , the architect of the complex . His name is recounted from Javanese folk tales rather than from written inscriptions . The basic unit of measurement used during construction was the tala , defined as the length of a human face from the forehead 's hairline to the tip of the chin or the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the middle finger when both fingers are stretched at their maximum distance . The unit is thus relative from one individual to the next , but the monument has exact measurements . A survey conducted in 1977 revealed frequent findings of a ratio of 4 : 6 : 9 around the monument . The architect had used the formula to lay out the precise dimensions of the fractal and self @-@ similar geometry in Borobudur 's design . This ratio is also found in the designs of Pawon and Mendut , nearby Buddhist temples . Archeologists have conjectured that the 4 : 6 : 9 ratio and the tala have calendrical , astronomical and cosmological significance , as is the case with the temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia . The main structure can be divided into three components : base , body , and top . The base is 123 m × 123 m ( 404 ft × 404 ft ) in size with 4 metres ( 13 ft ) walls . The body is composed of five square platforms , each of diminishing height . The first terrace is set back 7 metres ( 23 ft ) from the edge of the base . Each subsequent terrace is set back 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) , leaving a narrow corridor at each stage . The top consists of three circular platforms , with each stage supporting a row of perforated stupas , arranged in concentric circles . There is one main dome at the center , the top of which is the highest point of the monument , 35 metres ( 115 ft ) above ground level . Stairways at the center of each of the four sides give access to the top , with a number of arched gates overlooked by 32 lion statues . The gates are adorned with Kala 's head carved on top of each and Makaras projecting from each side . This Kala @-@ Makara motif is commonly found on the gates of Javanese temples . The main entrance is on the eastern side , the location of the first narrative reliefs . Stairways on the slopes of the hill also link the monument to the low @-@ lying plain . = = Reliefs = = Borobudur is constructed in such a way that it reveals various levels of terraces , showing intricate architecture that goes from being heavily ornamented with bas @-@ reliefs to being plain in Arupadhatu circular terraces . The first four terrace walls are showcases for bas @-@ relief sculptures . These are exquisite , considered to be the most elegant and graceful in the ancient Buddhist world . The bas @-@ reliefs in Borobudur depicted many scenes of daily life in 8th @-@ century ancient Java , from the courtly palace life , hermit in the forest , to those of commoners in the village . It also depicted temple , marketplace , various flora and fauna , and also native vernacular architecture . People depicted here are the images of king , queen , princes , noblemen , courtier , soldier , servant , commoners , priest and hermit . The reliefs also depicted mythical spiritual beings in Buddhist beliefs such as asuras , gods , boddhisattvas , kinnaras , gandharvas and apsaras . The images depicted on bas @-@ relief often served as reference for historians to research for certain subjects , such as the study of architecture , weaponry , economy , fashion , and also mode of transportation of 8th @-@ century Maritime Southeast Asia . One of the famous renderings of an 8th @-@ century Southeast Asian double outrigger ship is Borobudur Ship . Today , the actual @-@ size replica of Borobudur Ship that had sailed from Indonesia to Africa in 2004 is displayed in the Samudra Raksa Museum , located a few hundred meters north of Borobudur . The Borobudur reliefs also pay close attention to Indian aesthetic discipline , such as pose and gesture that contain certain meanings and aesthetic value . The reliefs of noblemen , and noble women , kings , or divine beings such as apsaras , taras and boddhisattvas are usually portrayed in tribhanga pose , the three @-@ bend pose on neck , hips , and knee , with one leg resting and one upholding the body weight . This position is considered as the most graceful pose , such as the figure of Surasundari holding a lotus . During Borobudur excavation , archeologists discovered colour pigments of blue , red , green , black , as well as bits of gold foil , and concluded that the monument that we see today — a dark gray mass of volcanic stone , lacking in colour — was probably once coated with varjalepa white plaster and then painted with bright colors , serving perhaps as a beacon of Buddhist teaching . The same vajralepa plaster can also be found in Sari , Kalasan and Sewu temples . It is likely that the bas @-@ reliefs of Borobudur was originally quite colourful , before centuries of torrential tropical rainfalls peeled @-@ off the colour pigments . Borobudur contains approximately 2 @,@ 670 individual bas reliefs ( 1 @,@ 460 narrative and 1 @,@ 212 decorative panels ) , which cover the façades and balustrades . The total relief surface is 2 @,@ 500 square metres ( 27 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , and they are distributed at the hidden foot ( Kāmadhātu ) and the five square platforms ( Rupadhatu ) . The narrative panels , which tell the story of Sudhana and Manohara , are grouped into 11 series that encircle the monument with a total length of 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) . The hidden foot contains the first series with 160 narrative panels , and the remaining 10 series are distributed throughout walls and balustrades in four galleries starting from the eastern entrance stairway to the left . Narrative panels on the wall read from right to left , while those on the balustrade read from left to right . This conforms with pradaksina , the ritual of circumambulation performed by pilgrims who move in a clockwise direction while keeping the sanctuary to their right . The hidden foot depicts the workings of karmic law . The walls of the first gallery have two superimposed series of reliefs ; each consists of 120 panels . The upper part depicts the biography of the Buddha , while the lower part of the wall and also the balustrades in the first and the second galleries tell the story of the Buddha 's former lives . The remaining panels are devoted to Sudhana 's further wandering about his search , terminated by his attainment of the Perfect Wisdom . = = = The law of karma ( Karmavibhangga ) = = = The 160 hidden panels do not form a continuous story , but each panel provides one complete illustration of cause and effect . There are depictions of blameworthy activities , from gossip to murder , with their corresponding punishments . There are also praiseworthy activities , that include charity and pilgrimage to sanctuaries , and their subsequent rewards . The pains of hell and the pleasure of heaven are also illustrated . There are scenes of daily life , complete with the full panorama of samsara ( the endless cycle of birth and death ) . The encasement base of the Borobudur temple was dissembled to reveal the hidden foot , and the reliefs were photographed by Casijan Chepas in 1890 . It is these photographs that are displayed in Borobudur Museum ( Karmawibhangga Museum ) , located just several hundred meters north of the temple . During the restoration , the foot encasement was reinstalled , covering the Karmawibhangga reliefs . Today , only the southeast corner of the hidden foot is revealed and visible for visitors . = = = The story of Prince Siddhartha and the birth of Buddha ( Lalitavistara ) = = = The story starts with the descent of the Lord Buddha from the Tushita heaven and ends with his first sermon in the Deer Park near Benares . The relief shows the birth of the Buddha as Prince Siddhartha , son of King Suddhodana and Queen Maya of Kapilavastu ( in present @-@ day Nepal ) . The story is preceded by 27 panels showing various preparations , in the heavens and on the earth , to welcome the final incarnation of the Bodhisattva . Before descending from Tushita heaven , the Bodhisattva entrusted his crown to his successor , the future Buddha Maitreya . He descended on earth in the shape of white elephants with six tusks , penetrated to Queen Maya 's right womb . Queen Maya had a dream of this event , which was interpreted that his son would become either a sovereign or a Buddha . While Queen Maya felt that it was the time to give birth , she went to the Lumbini park outside the Kapilavastu city . She stood under a plaksa tree , holding one branch with her right hand , and she gave birth to a son , Prince Siddhartha . The story on the panels continues until the prince becomes the Buddha . = = = The stories of Buddha 's previous life ( Jataka ) and other legendary persons ( Avadana ) = = = Jatakas are stories about the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddhartha . They are the stories that tell about the previous lives of the Buddha , in both human and animal form . The future Buddha may appear in them as a king , an outcast , a god , an elephant — but , in whatever form , he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates . Avadanas are similar to jatakas , but the main figure is not the Bodhisattva himself . The saintly deeds in avadanas are attributed to other legendary persons . Jatakas and avadanas are treated in one and the same series in the reliefs of Borobudur . The first twenty lower panels in the first gallery on the wall depict the Sudhanakumaravadana , or the saintly deeds of Sudhana . The first 135 upper panels in the same gallery on the balustrades are devoted to the 34 legends of the Jatakamala . The remaining 237 panels depict stories from other sources , as do the lower series and panels in the second gallery . Some jatakas are depicted twice , for example the story of King Sibhi ( Rama 's forefather ) . = = = Sudhana 's search for the Ultimate Truth ( Gandavyuha ) = = = Gandavyuha is the story told in the final chapter of the Avatamsaka Sutra about Sudhana 's tireless wandering in search of the Highest Perfect Wisdom . It covers two galleries ( third and fourth ) and also half of the second gallery , comprising in total of 460 panels . The principal figure of the story , the youth Sudhana , son of an extremely rich merchant , appears on the 16th panel . The preceding 15 panels form a prologue to the story of the miracles during Buddha 's samadhi in the Garden of Jeta at Sravasti . During his search , Sudhana visited no fewer than thirty teachers , but none of them had satisfied him completely . He was then instructed by Manjusri to meet the monk Megasri , where he was given the first doctrine . As his journey continues , Sudhana meets ( in the following order ) Supratisthita , the physician Megha ( Spirit of Knowledge ) , the banker Muktaka , the monk Saradhvaja , the upasika Asa ( Spirit of Supreme Enlightenment ) , Bhismottaranirghosa , the Brahmin Jayosmayatna , Princess Maitrayani , the monk Sudarsana , a boy called Indriyesvara , the upasika Prabhuta , the banker Ratnachuda , King Anala , the god Siva Mahadeva , Queen Maya , Bodhisattva Maitreya and then back to Manjusri . Each meeting has given Sudhana a specific doctrine , knowledge and wisdom . These meetings are shown in the third gallery . After the last meeting with Manjusri , Sudhana went to the residence of Bodhisattva Samantabhadra , depicted in the fourth gallery . The entire series of the fourth gallery is devoted to the teaching of Samantabhadra . The narrative panels finally end with Sudhana 's achievement of the Supreme Knowledge and the Ultimate Truth . = = Buddha statues = = Apart from the story of the Buddhist cosmology carved in stone , Borobudur has many statues of various Buddhas . The cross @-@ legged statues are seated in a lotus position and distributed on the five square platforms ( the Rupadhatu level ) , as well as on the top platform ( the Arupadhatu level ) . The Buddha statues are in niches at the Rupadhatu level , arranged in rows on the outer sides of the balustrades , the number of statues decreasing as platforms progressively diminish to the upper level . The first balustrades have 104 niches , the second 104 , the third 88 , the fourth 72 and the fifth 64 . In total , there are 432 Buddha statues at the Rupadhatu level . At the Arupadhatu level ( or the three circular platforms ) , Buddha statues are placed inside perforated stupas . The first circular platform has 32 stupas , the second 24 and the third 16 , which adds up to 72 stupas . Of the original 504 Buddha statues , over 300 are damaged ( mostly headless ) , and 43 are missing . Since the monument 's discovery , heads have been acquired as collector 's items , mostly by Western museums . Some of these Buddha heads are now displayed in numbers of museums , such as the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam and The British Museum in London . At first glance , all the Buddha statues appear similar , but there is a subtle difference between them in the mudras , or the position of the hands . There are five groups of mudra : North , East , South , West and Zenith , which represent the five cardinal compass points according to Mahayana . The first four balustrades have the first four mudras : North , East , South and West , of which the Buddha statues that face one compass direction have the corresponding mudra . Buddha statues at the fifth balustrades and inside the 72 stupas on the top platform have the same mudra : Zenith . Each mudra represents one of the Five Dhyani Buddhas ; each has its own symbolism . Following the order of Pradakshina ( clockwise circumumbulation ) starting from the East , the mudras of the Borobudur buddha statues are : = = Legacy = = The aesthetic and technical mastery of Borobudur , and also its sheer size , has evoked the sense of grandeur and pride for Indonesians . Just like Angkor Wat for Cambodian , Borobudur has become a powerful symbol for Indonesia — to testify for its past greatness . Sukarno made a point of showing the site to foreign dignitaries . While Suharto regime — realized its important symbolic and economic meanings — diligently embarked on a massive project to restore the monument with the help from UNESCO . Many museums in Indonesia contain a scale model replica of Borobudur . The monument has become almost an icon , grouped with the wayang puppet play and gamelan music into a vague classical Javanese past from which Indonesians are to draw inspiration . Several archaeological relics taken from Borobudur or its replica , has been displayed in some museums in Indonesia and abroad . Other than Karmawibhangga Museum within Borobudur temple ground , some museums boast to host relics of Borobudur , such as Indonesian National Museum in Jakarta , Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam , British Museum in London , and Thai National Museum in Bangkok . Louvre museum in Paris , Malaysian National Museum in Kuala Lumpur , and Museum of World Religions in Taipei also displayed the replica of Borobudur . The monument has drawn global attention to the classical Buddhist civilization of ancient Java . The rediscovery and reconstruction of Borobudur has been hailed by Indonesian Buddhist as the sign of the Buddhist revival in Indonesia . In 1934 , Narada Thera , a missionary monk from Sri Lanka , visited Indonesia for the first time as part of his journey to spread the Dharma in Southeast Asia . This opportunity was used by a few local Buddhists to revive Buddhism in Indonesia . A bodhi tree planting ceremony was held in Southeastern side of Borobudur on 10 March 1934 under the blessing of Narada Thera , and some Upasakas were ordained as monks . Once a year , thousands of Buddhist from Indonesia and neighboring countries flock to Borobudur to commemorate national Vesak ceremony . The emblem of Central Java province and Magelang Regency bears the image of Borobudur . It has become the symbol of Central Java , and also Indonesia on a wider scale . Borobudur has become the name of several establishments , such as Borobudur University , Borobudur Hotel in Central Jakarta , and several Indonesian restaurants abroad . Borobudur has been featured in Rupiah banknote , stamps , numbers of books , publications , documentaries and Indonesian tourism promotion materials . The monument has become one of the main tourism attraction in Indonesia , vital for generating local economy in the region surrounding the temple . The tourism sector of the city of Yogyakarta for example , flourish partly because of its proximity to Borobudur and Prambanan temples . = = Gallery = = = = = Gallery of reliefs = = = = = = Gallery of Borobudur = = = = Stankonia = Stankonia is the fourth studio album by American hip hop duo OutKast . It was released on October 31 , 2000 , by La Face Records . The album was recorded in the duo 's recently purchased Atlanta recording facility Stankonia Studios , which allowed for fewer time and recording constraints , and featured production work from Earthtone III ( a production team consisting of Outkast and Mr. DJ ) and Organized Noise . For the follow @-@ up to their 1998 album Aquemini , the duo worked to create an expansive and experimental musical aesthetic , drawing on a diverse array of sources that included funk , rave music , psychedelia , gospel , and rock within a Dirty South @-@ oriented hip hop context . During the recording sessions , André 3000 began moving beyond traditional rapping in favor of a more melodic vocal style , an approach to which Big Boi and several other producers were initially unaccustomed . Lyrically , the duo touched upon a wide range of subject matter , including sexuality , politics , misogyny , African @-@ American culture , parenthood , and introspection . Stankonia featured appearances from a variety of local musicians discovered by the group while they were visiting clubs in the city of Atlanta , Georgia . Stankonia received universal acclaim from music critics . The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling over 530 @,@ 000 copies the first week . It produced three singles : " B.O.B " , " Ms. Jackson " , and " So Fresh , So Clean " ; " Ms. Jackson " became the group 's first single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . At the 2002 Grammy Awards , OutKast won Best Rap Album for Stankonia and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for " Ms. Jackson " . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 359 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . = = Background = = OutKast 's 1998 album Aquemini received extremely positive reviews from music critics , and expanded the group 's musical diversity and experimentation . The record received the coveted five out of five " mic " -rating from The Source , and is credited with opening up Southern hip hop to other areas in the United States . Wu @-@ Tang Clan member Raekwon , who collaborated on the song " Skew It on the Bar @-@ B " from Aquemini , recalled , " Before that , the South just wasn 't played in New York . But that song was hot , the flows was crazy . The cycle changed . It really opened up the door for Southern rappers . " In March 1998 , André 3000 and Big Boi purchased a studio off Northside Drive in Atlanta which had formerly belonged to R & B singer Bobby Brown . The studio had sentimental value for the duo , as it was the first place the two had ever recorded vocals together , on a remix of TLC 's " What About Your Friends " ( 1992 ) . The two named the studio " Stankonia " , a word created by André 3000 as a combination of the words " stank " , a slang synonym for " funky " , and " Plutonia " , the title of a poster in his bedroom depicting a futuristic city . He explained , " Stankonia is this place I imagined where you can open yourself up and be free to express anything " . = = Recording = = The recording of Stankonia began in spring of 1999 and lasted for about a year . Owning a studio helped the band expand creatively , as the duo did not need to worry about time constraints that would occur with a rented studio . André 3000 observed , " You can sit there and fuck with just a kick and a snare all day long if you want to ... You 're not working on the clock . Really , you 're just working on your mind . " Big Boi spent the majority of the recording time in the studio , while André 3000 worked at home , creating beats and experimenting with an acoustic guitar . One song that came from a jam session on the guitar was " Ms. Jackson " , the album 's second single . André 3000 also created song lyrics by writing words on the walls of his home : " I had planned to paint my house anyway ; writing on the walls was just something I would do . " One stray lyric on his wall eventually developed into " Gasoline Dreams " . Much of the album was formulated during " vibe sessions " in which the group and producers would visit clubs in downtown Atlanta , select performers they saw , and invite them to the studio . They would then " sit around , smoke a few , drink a few " , and create ideas for new songs . However , recording sessions became difficult as André 3000 grew tired of rapping on songs , which made Big Boi and the producers uneasy about how the music would sound . To maintain musical cohesion with Big Boi while continuing to expand his vocal palette , André decided to combine rapping with soul @-@ inspired crooning , which had a major influence on Stankonia 's sound . " Snappin & Trappin ' " features a guest appearance from then @-@ unknown rapper Killer Mike . The rapper noted that while working with OutKast , he used the opportunity to try to " compete " with the duo to improve his rapping skills . Big Boi was impressed with Killer Mike 's abilities , noting , " When I first heard him spit , his voice was just so commanding . He 's a very intelligent guy . " = = Composition = = = = = Music and style = = = While OutKast 's previous albums were considered to be laid @-@ back , mellow efforts , Stankonia contains faster , more high @-@ energy tempos , partially to reflect the " chaotic times " at the turn of the 21st century . The group took note of new , harder drugs hitting the hip @-@ hop scene and teenagers using ecstasy , cocaine , and methamphetamine . Big Boi reflected , " Niggas living this life at a fast speed don 't know what 's going on around them . If you live fast , you gonna come out of here real fast , so the music need to show that . " While recording Stankonia , the band refrained from listening to hip @-@ hop , " That music was starting to sound real comfortable . There wasn 't any adventure to it . " Instead , the duo drew influence from musicians such as Jimi Hendrix , Chuck Berry , Little Richard , and Prince . However , the band refrained from producing a throwback sound with the record and instead hoped to utilize these influences in a modern , experimental fashion . On Stankonia , OutKast experimented with a wide variety of musical genres . According to M. Matos of Vibe , Stankonia " turned the South 's predominantly reclined hip @-@ hop sound into something freaky and menacing . " " B.O.B " features " jittery drum 'n'bass rhythms " and has been classified as a " stylistic tour de force " combining " Hendrix @-@ ian " guitars , organs , and gospel vocals . On the track , André 3000 and Big Boi employ a " frantic " flow in order to keep pace with the song 's high @-@ speed tempo , which runs at 155 beats per minute . " Humble Mumble " is a salsa @-@ influenced track that evolves into a club groove , while " Ms. Jackson " " marries early Prince with late P @-@ funk " . The smooth melodies of " I 'll Call Before I Come " have also been likened to Prince . " Gasoline Dreams " has been classified as a " gritty rock scorcher " comparable to the work of Public Enemy . David Bry of Vibe detected a " polished 80 's pimp strut " in " So Fresh , So Clean " and an " appreciative , fat @-@ ass bounce " in " We Luv Deez Hoes " . The album ends with three psychedelic @-@ influenced tracks , " Toilet Tisha " , " Slum Beautiful " , and " Stankonia ( Stank Love ) " . " Stankonia ( Stank Love ) " has also been described as an " homage of sorts " to gospel choirs and ' 60s doo @-@ wop groups . = = = Lyrics = = = Paul Lester of The Guardian described OutKast 's lyrical style on the album by saying , " They are , in a way , post @-@ hip @-@ hop , combining PM Dawn 's kooky confections with the Pharcyde 's hallucinatory whimsy , Public Enemy 's hardline politicking with De La Soul 's cartoon dementia , to fashion something vital and new . " The album commonly features the words " stank " and " smell " in their blues definition to mean " low @-@ down , blunt , pungent : a measure of authenticity " . The group often incorporates word play into the lyrics , including references to the " underground smellroad " and chants of " I stank I can , I stank I can " , an allusion to The Little Engine That Could . The song " Red Velvet " discusses the materialistic nature of the hip @-@ hop scene . " Humble Mumble " addresses critics who make negative assumptions about hip @-@ hop based on preconceived notions ; André 3000 raps in the song : " I met a critic / I made her shit her draws / She said she thought hip @-@ hop was only guns and alcohol / I said oh hell naw / but yet it 's that too / You can 't discrima @-@ hate cause you done read a book or two . " Much of the album discusses the status of women in the South , and contrasts with the misogynistic attitudes common in hip @-@ hop music . In his book Classic Material : The Hip @-@ Hop Album Guide , Oliver Wang writes that songs such as " Slum Beautiful " and " Toilet Tisha " " reimagine ' round the way girls , not only as just more than one @-@ dimensional accessories , but as objects of affection with lives and concerns that are worth exploring . " In " Toilet Tisha " , the duo empathizes with suicidal pregnant teenagers . " Ms. Jackson " is dedicated to the mother of a mother of an out of wedlock child , which André 3000 refers to as " the baby 's mama 's mamas " . The song was inspired by his relationship with singer Erykah Badu , the mother of his child , Seven , and serves as an apology to her mother for causing her daughter pain . " I 'll Call Before I Come " discusses the members putting a woman 's sexual needs before their own . = = Commercial performance = = Stankonia debuted at number two on the Billboard Top 200 album chart and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) within its first week of release . It also reached number two on the Billboard R & B / Hip @-@ Hop albums chart , remaining on the chart for 45 weeks . By February 2002 , the album has sold 3 @.@ 79 million copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan . On November 3 , 2003 , Stankonia was certified quadruple platinum , for shipments of four million copies . In Canada , the album peaked at number four , and was certified double platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association on September 23 , 2003 for shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 units . The record also became a top ten hit in Germany , Finland , and Norway , reaching the number six , number eight , and number eight spots on the countries ' official charts , respectively . The lead single released from Stankonia , " B.O.B " , peaked at number 69 on the R & B / Hip @-@ Hop songs chart . However , the single was banned from many urban Top 40 radio stations due to its title and the subject matter it was assumed to have . On February 3 , 2001 , " Ms. Jackson " topped the R & B / Hip @-@ Hop songs chart , and then on February 17 , the single also reached number one on the Hot 100 , remaining on the chart for 22 weeks . The song also reached number 13 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart , as well as number three on the magazine 's Radio Songs chart . The third single , " So Fresh , So Clean " , peaked at number 30 on the Hot 100 , and stayed on the chart for 20 weeks . The single also peaked at number ten on the Billboard R & B / Hip @-@ Hop songs chart , and number 24 on the Radio songs chart . = = Critical reception = = Stankonia received widespread acclaim from contemporary music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 95 , based on 20 reviews . Derek A. Bardowell of NME noted that with Stankonia , OutKast " hit that rare balance of creative eccentricity and mass appeal " and wrote that the album contains " eternal qualities that will unravel in time on an emotional , intellectual and spiritual level . " Nathan Brackett of Rolling Stone called the record " one of the best albums of the year " noting that all of the tracks contain " a down @-@ home generosity and accessibility " and that " even the most street @-@ oriented songs have some sort of commentary in them . " Tony Green of The Village Voice praised OutKast 's " feel for sonics and structure " and stated , " they 've moved toward harder , darker textures , in service of song designs that are often disarmingly subtle . " Steve Huey of AllMusic commented that , " given the variety of moods , it helps that the album is broken up by brief , usually humorous interludes , which serve as a sort of reset button . It takes a few listens to pull everything together , but given the immense scope , it 's striking how few weak tracks there are " . Aishah Hight of PopMatters stated , " Within Stankonia , Outkast successfully presented a southern perspective of life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . But on the surface , phat beats and pure funk should suffice . " Alternative Press commented that " experienced , acclaimed groups rarely make albums as bold and confrontational as Stankonia , because they have too much to lose " , but felt that " OutKast don 't care " , writing that they " coalesced the political and societal challenges of hip hop 's past into what is one of the genre 's most artistically unorthodox releases so far . " Robert Christgau of The Village Voice observed " more bounce @-@ to @-@ the @-@ ounce and less molasses in the jams , more delight and less braggadocio in the raps " , and opined that Big Boi and André 3000 's " realism and high spirits drive each other higher " . Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker wrote that " Stankonia reeks of artful ambition rendered with impeccable skill " and described OutKast as " endlessly good @-@ humored and imaginative even when dealing with the most grim and mind @-@ deadening facets of ghetto life . " Yahoo ! Music 's Soren Baker commented that " Dre and Big Boi again reinvent themselves , this time as Parliament @-@ inspired musicians who specialize on male @-@ female relationships , boasting , and out @-@ there lyrics . " Baker concluded in his review , " With another nearly flawless album , OutKast arguably solidifies their reputation as one of the best hip @-@ hop groups of all time . " The Los Angeles Times opined that " the record 's most interesting moments are gorgeous Prince @-@ style soul . " Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote that " OutKast 's music savors the viscous propulsion of funk , with raps and tunes that never ignore the body and its instinctive desires ... Yet OutKast -- taking cues from a band it obviously reveres , Parliament @-@ Funkadelic -- never forgets that bodies are attached to minds . " URB called the album " a complex tome that enmeshes contemporary hip @-@ hop values with a timeless Southern soul , while pushing the envelope damn near off the table . " Mojo called it " hip hop with the power to convert even the most reactionary nonbelievers . " = = Legacy and influence = = Stankonia has received many accolades and appeared on many magazines ' " best of " lists ; in his book Dirty South , author Ben Westhoff noted that the album appeared on " every critical best @-@ list worth mentioning . " At the 2002 Grammy Awards , OutKast won Best Rap Album for Stankonia and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for " Ms. Jackson " . Despite OutKast 's being expected favorites , The Recording Academy instead chose the 2000 soundtrack album O Brother , Where Art Thou ? for Album of the Year . Before the group 's nominations , much of the hip @-@ hop community felt that rappers were not being awarded enough attention from The Recording Academy . However , the album 's musical diversity allowed the band to reach a wider audience and was credited for opening the Academy up to more hip @-@ hop musicians . In 2006 , Time named Stankonia as one of the 100 best albums of all time . Rolling Stone ranked the album number 16 on the magazine 's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 2000s . In 2009 , Pitchfork Media ranked Stankonia number 13 on its list of the top 200 albums of the 2000s , and Rhapsody ranked it at number 2 on its " 100 Best Albums of the Decade " list . Rhapsody also ranked the album number 6 on its " Hip @-@ Hop 's Best Albums of the Decade " list . Vibe ranked the record at number 23 on its list of the " 100 Greatest Albums from 1985 to 2005 " . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade " best @-@ of " list , saying , " With hummable hits ( ' Ms. Jackson ' ) and out @-@ there experiments ( ' B.O.B. ' ) , the rap duo gave us all a visa to the funky if fictional land of Stankonia in 2000 . " Q listed Stankonia as one of the best 50 albums of 2001 . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . With Stankonia , OutKast became the first hip @-@ hop act to openly acknowledge rave culture as an influence . During the late 1990s , rappers tended to embrace slow , laid @-@ back beats in their productions . On several tracks on Stankonia , the group employed faster , more chaotic tempos to reflect rave culture and the introduction of new drugs such as ecstasy into the hip @-@ hop scene . Boston @-@ based DJ Armand Van Helden recalls , " In the nineties , the bpms in hip @-@ hop got slower and the clubs were moody ... it just kind of dragged . I really missed that kind of hands @-@ in @-@ the @-@ air shit . " A remix of " B.O.B " created by Rage Against The Machine 's Zack de la Rocha received airplay on alternative radio stations , expanding the group 's fanbase beyond hip @-@ hop and urban listeners . Despite containing anti @-@ war sentiments , " B.O.B " became popular amongst American troops deployed in Afghanistan . While working on her acclaimed album The ArchAndroid ( 2010 ) , American R & B singer Janelle Monáe cited Stankonia 's experimental nature as an influence . Rapper Pill also acknowledged Stankonia , and particularly the production of Organized Noize , as an inspiration : " The sounds , the instrumentation of the samples , the different horns — everything about the tracks were great to me . " = = Track listing = = Notes : Earthtone III is a production team consisting of OutKast and David " Mr. DJ " Sheats . " So Fresh , So Clean " contains a sample of " Before the Night is Over " by Joe Simon . " Ms. Jackson " contains a sample of " Strawberry Letter # 23 " by The Brothers Johnson . " We Luv Deez Hoez " contains a sample of " Worldwide " by Allen Toussaint . = = Charts = = = Kepler @-@ 10 = Kepler @-@ 10 , formerly known as KOI @-@ 72 , is a Sun @-@ like star in the constellation of Draco that lies 173 parsecs ( 564 light years ) from Earth . Kepler @-@ 10 was targeted by NASA 's Kepler spacecraft , as it was seen as the first star identified by the Kepler mission that could be a possible host to a small , transiting exoplanet . The star is slightly less massive , slightly larger , and slightly cooler than the Sun ; at an estimated 10 @.@ 4 billion years in age , Kepler @-@ 10 is almost 2 @.@ 6 times the age of the Sun . Kepler @-@ 10 is host to a planetary system made up of at least two planets . Kepler @-@ 10b , the first undeniably rocky planet , was discovered in its orbit after eight months of observation and announced on January 10 , 2011 . The planet orbits its star closely , completing an orbit every 0 @.@ 8 days , and has a density similar to that of iron . The second planet , Kepler @-@ 10c , was confirmed on May 23 , 2011 , based on follow @-@ up observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope . The data shows it has an orbital period of 42 @.@ 3 days and has a radius more than double that of Earth , but a higher density , making it the largest and most massive rocky planet discovered as of June 2014 . = = Nomenclature and history = = Kepler @-@ 10 was named because it was the tenth planetary system observed by the Kepler spacecraft , a NASA satellite designed to search for Earth @-@ like planets that transit , or cross in front of , their host stars with respect to Earth . The transit slightly dims the host star ; this periodic dimming effect is then noted by Kepler . After eight months of observation ranging from May 2009 to January 2010 , the Kepler team established Kepler @-@ 10b as the first rocky exoplanet discovered by the Kepler satellite . Kepler @-@ 10 was the first Kepler @-@ targeted star suspected of having a small planet in orbit . Because of that , verifying Kepler 's discovery was prioritized by telescopes at the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii . The discovery was successfully verified . Although there had been many potentially rocky exoplanets discovered in the past , Kepler @-@ 10b was the first definitively rocky planet to have been discovered . The discovery of Kepler @-@ 10b was announced to the public at a winter meeting of the American Astronomical Society on January 10 , 2011 in Seattle . On May 23 , 2011 , the existence of Kepler @-@ 10c was confirmed at the 218th AAS meeting in Boston . = = Characteristics = = Kepler @-@ 10 is a G @-@ type star , like the Sun . With a mass of 0 @.@ 895 ( ± 0 @.@ 06 ) Msun and a radius of 1 @.@ 056 ( ± 0 @.@ 021 ) Rsun , the star is approximately 10 % smaller than and 5 % wider than the Sun . The metallicity of Kepler @-@ 10 , as measured in [ Fe / H ] ( the amount of iron in the star ) , is -0.15 ( ± 0 @.@ 04 ) ; this means that Kepler @-@ 10 is about 70 % as metal @-@ rich as the Sun . Metallicity tends to play a large role in the formation of planets , determining if they form , and what kind of planet they will form . In addition , Kepler @-@ 10 is estimated to be 11 @.@ 9 billion years old and to have an effective temperature of 5627 ( ± 44 ) K ; To compare , the Sun is younger and hotter , with an age of 4 @.@ 6 billion years and an effective temperature of 5778 K. Kepler @-@ 10 is located at a distance of 173 ( ± 27 ) parsecs from the Earth , which equates to approximately 564 light years . Also , Kepler @-@ 10 's apparent magnitude , or brightness as seen from Earth , is 10 @.@ 96 ; it therefore cannot be seen with the naked eye . = = Planetary system = = Per the usual exoplanet nomenclature , the first planet discovered to be orbiting Kepler @-@ 10 is called Kepler @-@ 10b . Announced in 2011 , it was the first rocky planet identified outside the Solar system . The planet has a mass that is 3 @.@ 33 ± 0 @.@ 49 times that of Earth 's and a radius that is 1 @.@ 47 + 0 @.@ 03 − 0 @.@ 02 times that of Earth . The planet orbits Kepler @-@ 10 at a distance of 0 @.@ 01684 AU every 0 @.@ 8375 days ; this can be compared to the orbit and orbital period of planet Mercury , which circles the Sun at a distance of 0 @.@ 3871 AU every 87 @.@ 97 days . Because the planet orbits so closely to its star , its eccentricity is virtually zero . It , thus , has an extremely circular orbit . Kepler @-@ 10c was also discovered by NASA 's Kepler Mission , the second exoplanet found to orbit Kepler @-@ 10 . Radial @-@ velocity measurements of the body suggest that it has a mass of 17 @.@ 2 ± 1 @.@ 9 Earth masses and a radius of 2 @.@ 35 Earth radii , making it the largest known rocky planet as of 2014 . Kepler @-@ 10c would orbit Kepler @-@ 10 at a distance of 0 @.@ 24 AU every 45 @.@ 29 days . = Tropical Storm Arthur ( 2002 ) = Tropical Storm Arthur was the first tropical cyclone of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season . The origins of the storm are believed to have been from a decaying cold front in the Gulf of Mexico , which dropped light to moderate rainfall across the southeastern United States . Developing on July 14 near the coast of North Carolina , Arthur tracked quickly east @-@ northward through much of its duration as a tropical cyclone . It reached peak winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) on July 16 , though as it interacted with a mid @-@ level cyclone and cooler waters it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants of Arthur passed over Newfoundland with gusty winds and rainfall , where one person drowned . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Tropical Storm Arthur are believed to have been from a decaying cold front in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in July 2002 . By July 9 , a weak low @-@ level circulation was first detected , in association with a broad low pressure area . Across the region , surface pressures were high , while upper level wind shear was marginally favorable for slow tropical development . The system tracked slowly north @-@ northwestward , gradually becoming better defined , although thunderstorm activity remained limited and disorganized . By July 11 , dry air and unfavorable wind shear prevented the convection from developing near the center . The low became elongated , though on July 12 the overall convection became more concentrated as it turned to a northeast drift . An approaching mid @-@ level trough caused the system to accelerate northeastward across Florida Panhandle , though upon doing so the thunderstorm activity quickly diminished . On July 13 , forecasters expected the system to be absorbed by the approaching trough . However , the low pressure area emerged into the western Atlantic Ocean near North Carolina early on July 14 , and upon doing so its convection increased and became better organized . The circulation and convection became further defined , and the National Hurricane Center estimates the system developed into Tropical Depression One late on July 14 about 45 miles ( 75 km ) west @-@ southwest of Hatteras , North Carolina . Upon becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression was moving quickly to the east @-@ northeast , due to a deepening mid @-@ level low south of the Canadian Maritimes . It maintained good upper @-@ level outflow , and its track over the gulf stream allowed for steady strengthening . Early on July 15 , convection increased over the center and developed an organized rainband southwest of the center ; as a result , the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Arthur . After continuing to steadily intensify , Arthur attained peak winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) early on July 16 about 490 miles ( 790 km ) south @-@ southeast of Halifax , Nova Scotia . Upon reaching peak intensity , the convection had become well @-@ organized over the center despite westerly wind shear . Subsequently , the center became separated from the area of deepest convection , and Arthur maintained its peak intensity as it began transitioning into an extratropical cyclone . The storm turned northward around the larger mid @-@ level low , and by July 17 Arthur completed extratropical transition . Shortly thereafter , the extratropical remnants crossed eastern Newfoundland . On July 19 , the remnants of Arthur turned to a southeast drift between Newfoundland and Greenland , and by late in the day its winds decreased to below gale force . = = Impact = = The precursor tropical disturbance dropped light to moderate precipitation in Florida , Georgia , and South Carolina , peaking at 4 @.@ 49 inches ( 114 mm ) in Weston , Florida . The system produced scattered precipitation across North Carolina , generally between 1 – 3 inches ( 25 – 75 mm ) . On July 16 , Arthur passed north of Bermuda , where it brought gusty winds and 0 @.@ 57 inches ( 14 @.@ 5 mm ) of rainfall . As an extratropical storm , Arthur produced gusty winds and dropped about 1 inch ( 25 mm ) of rainfall in Newfoundland . Strong waves capsized a boat in the Conne River , killing one person . Five ships recorded tropical storm force winds in association with Arthur , of which two were when the storm was extratropical . Early on July 16 , a vessel with the call sign Weston reported sustained winds of 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) from the south @-@ southwest , which was the strongest ship reported wind speed . As the storm approached Canada as an extratropical storm , a buoy reported an 8 minute average wind speed of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) , along with a wind gust of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . = The Land of Gorch = The Land of Gorch is a recurring skit that appears in season one of the American comedy television program Saturday Night Live . It features Jim Henson 's Muppets . Prior to his work on Sesame Street , Henson had created puppetry work , including his show Sam and Friends , for adult audiences . His characters appeared regularly on the late @-@ night comedy television programs , and The Ed Sullivan Show . After Sesame Street , Henson feared he would become typecast into working on children 's television series . His talent agent Bernie Brillstein , who represented Gilda Radner , Dan Aykroyd , and John Belushi , helped him transition to Saturday Night Live . The premise of The Land of Gorch featured Muppet characters , who were members of a royal family , in a faraway locale . They behaved boorishly and made frequent references to drug abuse , sexual innuendo , and consumption of alcohol . Characters included King Ploobis , Queen Peutra , their son , and servants Scred and Vazh . These characters often consulted their oracle Mighty Favog for advice . The writers of Saturday Night Live clashed with Henson 's vision for the program . Michael O 'Donoghue , Alan Zweibel , and Al Franken often tried to avoid writing the weekly sketches . Henson felt they were trying to write for situational comedy rather than staying within his intended story . Frank Oz eventually agreed the partnership between Henson 's team and the show 's writers was imperfect , and was thankful they moved on to The Muppet Show . The Land of Gorch had a significant impact on later Muppet works , including the feature film The Dark Crystal and the television show Dinosaurs . Commentators agreed the reception for The Land of Gorch was universally negative ; The A.V. Club said it was an in @-@ joke that nobody wanted to keep the sketches on Saturday Night Live . San Francisco Chronicle called the characters the opposite of Kermit the Frog and compared them to trolls . DVD Talk called the feature the worst mistake in the first season of Saturday Night Live . Academic Michael J. Bernsten wrote in his essay " The Muppetry of Nightmares " that the idea failed because the characters were irredeemable and unfunny . = = Premise = = The Land of Gorch takes place in a world far away from contemporaneous society . The characters live on a fictional , swamp @-@ like planet in a fantasy genre . The set includes volcanoes and prehistoric themes . The environment is dismal and the puppets have grotesque physical appearances . The creatures each have unique cultural identities and a sense of loyalty towards their inherent , traditional practices . The main characters comprise a royal family that includes King Ploobis , Queen Peutra , and a male child named Wiss . There are also a male servant named Scred , a female servant named Vazh , and a rock prophet named the Mighty Favog . Scred acts like a fervent supporter of dim @-@ witted King Ploobis , while Vazh displays flirtatious qualities . The Land of Gorch segments deal with adult themes ; characters use euphemisms to refer to their sex drives and often consume alcohol . They often contradict each other and act obnoxiously and lasciviously . They grapple with adult issues including death , sexual intercourse , and alcoholism . = = Production = = = = = Influences = = = Early in his career , Jim Henson 's work was aimed at mature audiences . His television program Sam and Friends was designed for young adults . During this period , his characters often appeaded on late @-@ night , comedy television programs The Jimmy Dean Show and The Ed Sullivan Show . Throughout the 1960s , Jim Henson used his puppets for profane , irreverent comedy . These early Henson creations made references to substance abuse and sexual intercourse ; The A.V. Club said Henson was probably influenced by the work of Ralph Bakshi , who was also active during the 1960s . = = = Conception = = = Jim Henson originally conceived of his Muppets as characters aimed at an adult audience . He was disappointed the popularity of characters that appeared in Sesame Street , including Big Bird and Bert and Ernie , had solidified a public perception his Muppets were solely intended for educating children . Henson worried he would be stuck forever working on children 's television series . He felt his Muppet characters should be able to be appreciated by individuals of any maturity level . Henson told The Saturday Evening Post he had constantly dealt with others looking down upon the idea of puppet performers . He envied performer Edgar Bergen for his ability to appeal to a mature audience . Henson said he wanted to work on program that was broadcast during the peak adult @-@ viewing time and said he had prior difficulty persuading the major television networks to create a puppet program for mature audiences . Bernie Brillstein , Henson 's talent agent , helped him move away from working solely on productions for children . When Henson decided to engage Brillstein as his talent agent , Henson was not well known within the industry . Brillstein was an asset to Henson ; his clients included Gilda Radner , Dan Aykroyd , and John Belushi . Henson wanted Muppets incorporated into Saturday Night Live as a way to expunge the popular view his characters were only for young audiences . With help from Frank Oz , Henson generated The Land of Gorch characters for use on Saturday Night Live . His new characters were featured in the television program 's first season . Henson designed the conceptual framework of The Land of Gorch characters to be eccentric . = = = Design = = = The designs for the characters and associated puppets in The Land of Gorch were created by Michael K. Frith and Jim Henson . The characters were specifically created for Saturday Night Live and were not previously used in the Henson puppet universe . Their appearance was built to be more realistic than Henson 's previous puppet creations . It was the first instance Henson used glass eyes in his models . " The Mighty Favog " character was co @-@ designed by Frith and Henson . King Ploobis and Scred were designed by Frith . Jerry Juhl and Jerry Nelson assisted with the production of the Muppets during the program . = = = NBC contract and marketing = = = NBC asked Saturday Night Live 's producer Lorne Michaels to add The Land of Gorch to the program to lighten its overall tone . In its initial contract for Saturday Night Live , NBC required producer Lorne Michaels , short films by comedian Albert Brooks , and Jim Henson and the Muppets . Michaels said he was pleased to be working Henson on his new show : " I 'd always liked and been a fan of [ the Muppets ] and Jim 's work " . He said he thought Henson 's idea could support a weekly routine on the program . Henson initially called the segment " Muppet Night Creatures " before settling on its final name . " Jim Henson and the Muppets " were marketed as a regular feature of Saturday Night Live before its first episode was hosted by George Carlin . = = = Writing conflicts = = = Because of regulations imposed by the Writers Guild of America , only those employed as writers for Saturday Night Live were allowed to write sketches for the program . Henson and his puppeteers merely performed the scripts for the segments — they were not involved in the writing process . Saturday Night Live cast members did not enjoy working with The Land of Gorch segments . Writing assignments for The Land of Gorch sketches was given to Saturday Night Live staff as a penalty for being least liked among the production team . Writers generally regarded the routines as childish . The writing staff of Saturday Night Live and Henson 's team did share some qualities ; each group formed a separate social clique and were independently opinionated and creative . They differed in age @-@ range and background — producer Lorne Michaels was 32 @-@ years @-@ old in 1975 and Henson was 40 . Most of the writers were single and Henson was married with five children at the time . Writer Michael O 'Donoghue said , " I don 't write for felt " . In a 1977 interview for Playboy , O 'Donoghue called The Land of Gorch characters " fucking Muppets " and " little hairy facecloths " . Saturday Night Live writer Alan Zweibel said the writers drew straws to decide who would draft that week 's Muppet routine . Zweibel said that in addition to himself , other writers who disliked working on scripts for The Land of Gorch included Michael O 'Donoghue , Al Franken , and Tom Davis . Zweibel had personal disagreements with Jim Henson , who disapproved a few storylines . Henson 's associate Jerry Juhl said John Belushi hated having the Muppets on the show . Juhl said they had gone through virtually every writer on the program trying to find one who would write sketches both parties could agree with . Lorne Michaels said The Land of Gorch characters had been created without a set of rules or boundaries to govern the storylines . He said he felt his writing satff would have been able to work more effectively if there had been more guidelines on the characters ' behavior and function . Henson said he felt the type of humor being written for the show was tedious and unimaginative . = = = Cancellation = = = Jim Henson said his ideas did not mesh well with those of the writers . He said his creative team did not form a bond with the writing staff , which he said embraced a darkly irritating form of comedy . Frank Oz said The Land of Gorch had its positives and drawbacks . Oz said he thought the routine was not a good fit for Saturday Night Live , and that the cartoon @-@ style humor of their characters did not work well with the comedy of Saturday Night Live , much of which was initially derived from the Second City environment . Oz said he generally enjoyed working on Saturday Night Live and watching in @-@ person the skills of performers including Andy Kaufman , Albert Brooks , John Belushi , Chevy Chase , and Dan Aykroyd . The conflicts between Henson and the Saturday Night Live writers , The Land of Gorch segments were discontinued from production with the agreement of all parties . By the time Lorne Michaels asked one of his producers , " How do you fire the Muppets ? " , Henson 's staff had already begun focusing on producing The Muppet Show in London ; Oz was thankful for the move . The Muppet Show , which was launced in 1976 , featured new characters that were not previously seen on Saturday Night Live . Henson later said part of the reason he decided to stop producing the segments was to focus on traveling to England to work on The Muppet Show . = = Characters = = King Ploobis ( performed by Jim Henson ) — the greedy and decorative King of the Land of Gorch . He is married to Queen Peuta but has been having an affair with his servant Vazh . King Ploobis is always seeking advice from The Mighty Favog . Queen Peuta ( performed by Alice Tweedie ) — the Queen of the Land of Gorch . She is married to King Ploobis . Due to King Ploobis having an affair with Vazh , Queen Peuta secretly has an affair with Scred . She has three feet and wears shoes that were made from the skins of the Gligs . Wisss ( performed by Richard Hunt ) – The son of King Ploobis and Queen Peuta making him the prince . He is shown to have an addiction to smoking . Scred ( performed by Jerry Nelson ) – King Ploobis ' right @-@ hand man and servant who is having an affair with Queen Peuta . Scred is always mistreated by King Ploobis . Vazh ( performed by Rhonda Hansome in the first appearance , Fran Brill in later appearances ) — King Ploobis ' lovely servant and mistress . The Mighty Favog ( performed by Frank Oz ) — A living statue who serves as the deity of the Land of Gorch . He would offer his advice to King Ploobis and the planet 's other inhabitants in exchange for sacrifices . = = List of episodes = = = = Home media = = The Land of Gorch was released on the Saturday Night Live season one DVD release in December 2006 . = = Themes = = In his essay " The Muppetry of Nightmares " , academic Michael J. Bernsten wrote that The Land of Gorch routines exemplified how disgustingly puppets could act , and illustrated the connection between the uncanny and odd behavior . He commented on the value of Henson 's contributions to Saturday Night Live within the artist 's larger corpus of work , and said none of Henson 's other creations were as profane or grotesque . Bernsten said these qualities made the characters a crucial part of the Muppet timeline . Bernsten said audiences contemporaneous with the first season of Saturday Night Live were not ready for such characters . He said The Land of Gorch characters behaved so uncannily that audiences did not relate to them because they did not foresee hideous puppets behaving in such a mature manner . Bernsten said this was the reason the characters ' pithy one @-@ liner jokes succeeded . According to Ben Underwood , the characters that appeared in The Land of Gorch were called " Muppets " by Henson and his crew , but diverged significantly from his other creations within the Muppet universe . Underwood said they exhibit a dichotomy of sweet and affectionate behavior while at the same time being disgusting . Jason Segel , writer and star of the 2011 film The Muppets , likened Henson 's efforts with The Land of Gorch to the early struggles by Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs with his burgeoning new company in its early years . Segel said the format did not work with Saturday Night Live because of its edgier tone ; " they had created a new world of sort of adult , darker Muppets to fit in with SNL and it didn 't quite work " . = = Legacy = = After the conclusion of The Land of Gorch , Henson and his team had learned a great deal from being involved with the production . They gained institutional knowledge about adapting and quickly creating a television program within a seven @-@ day period . He also gained valuable friendships with multiple celebrities through his work on Saturday Night Live . They were later able to use these skills and relationships on Henson 's next television venture , The Muppet Show . In a 1982 interview with Knight @-@ Ridder Newspapers , Henson said ideas for his feature film The Dark Crystal originated from his efforts at character creation on Saturday Night Live . Henson told the Associated Press in 1982 that The Dark Crystal characters evolved directly from his Saturday Night Live creations . Henson described the evolutionary process from The Land of Gorch to Dark Crystal , saying that because The Land of Gorch was featured on late @-@ night television , it helped expand the scope of his puppets , including risqué behavior . He described the challenge that motivated him to further develop concepts from The Land of Gorch on Dark Crystal , saying his next motivation was to draft a universe of puppets for a feature film without humans . During his work on Saturday Night Live , Henson began to see a vision for " a feature @-@ length , self @-@ sustaining puppetry world devoid of human presence " . According to Catriona McAra , " " evolutionary precursors " to The Dark Crystal were found within The Land of Gorch , including the idea of a royal family reliant upon spirituality . In their book Saturday Night : A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live , Doug Hill and Jeff Weingrad said The Land of Gorch produced the prototypes for characters that would appear in The Dark Crystal . The Land of Gorch sketches were the first time Henson had used taxidermy eyeballs in one of his characters . He used this technique in The Dark Crystal . Henson said his experience on Saturday Night Live promted him to investigate ways to make his creations more lifelike in appearance . The Land of Gorch influenced later works within the Jim Henson universe as well , including the television show Dinosaurs produced by The Jim Henson Company . The first episode 's story of Dinosaurs to feature a plot @-@ line supporting environmentalism had previously appeared in a similar version within The Land of Gorch . The Land of Gorch segment from the November 8 , 1975 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Candice Bergen included such themes which were reused in Dinosaurs . The puppets used in The Land of Gorch were archived by the Jim Henson Company in their historical collection . The Company held its first exhibition of characters in 1979 to coincide with the release of The Muppet Movie . Characters from The Land of	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
successful venture , The Muppet Show . = Your and My Secret = Your and My Secret , known in Japan as lit . " My and Her Three X 's " ( Japanese : 僕と彼女の × × × , Hepburn : Boku to Kanojo no Peke Mittsu ) , is a manga series by Ai Morinaga . The series was first published in Enix 's Monthly Stencil in January 2001 , was later obtained by Mag Garden who published it in Monthly Comic Blade then Monthly Comic Avarus where it concluded its serialization in August 2011 . The individual chapters were collected and released into eight tankōbon volumes by Mag Garden . A continuation of the manga , subtitled as Extra @-@ Part ( 番外編 , Bangai @-@ hen ) , was serialized in Mag Garden 's online magazine , Web Comic Beat 's , between June 2012 and March 2013 ; it was later released in a single tankōbon volume . In Japan , Boku to Kanojo no Peke Mittsu has been adapted into three radio dramas and a live action film . Your and My Secret follows the effeminate Akira Uehara who switches bodies with the tomboy Nanako Momoi due to an accident . ADV Manga licensed Boku to Kanojo no Peke Mittsu and released it under the name Your and My Secret in 2004 . Tokyopop later obtained the license and released the first seven volumes of Your and My Secret . After Tokyopop 's closure in 2011 , the North American licensing was returned to Mag Garden . In 2012 , JManga licensed and published the eight volumes digitally . The series has also been popularized under the name My Barbaric Girlfriend due to scanlations . Tokyopop 's localized volumes appeared on ICv2 's monthly top three @-@ hundred selling graphic novels . English reviewers have praised the series ' humor with mixed reaction to the plot and characters . = = Plot = = Akira Uehara volunteers to deliver homework to Nanako Momoi , his classmate and crush . [ ch . 1 ] At Nanako 's home , her grandfather 's invention causes Akira and Nanako to exchange bodies ; the invention is destroyed shortly after its use . [ ch . 2 ] Nanako is thrilled with the exchange as it complements her tomboy personality ; she begins dating her friend Makoto Shiina . Meanwhile , Akira 's effeminate personality combined with Nanako 's beauty garners the courtship of his friend , Shinnosuke Senbongi , to his discomfort . [ ch . 5 ] The series continues episodically and focuses on Akira 's deteriorating resolve to return to his body and his hesitation in reconciling Shinnosuke 's feelings . Eventually , Akira decides to accept the new status quo but a new invention unintentionally reverses the exchange ; the invention is destroyed after its use once again and Nanako 's grandfather becomes amnesiac . On the behest of the Akira and friends , Shinnosuke begins researching on how to build a machine to reenact the exchange . [ ch . 62 ] Eight years later , Shinnosuke succeeds allowing the four to reunite with their respective lovers . [ Ex . 6 ] = = = Main characters = = = Akira Uehara ( 上原あきら , Uehara Akira ) Akira is an effeminate male with a crush Nanako Momoi . [ ch . 1 ] After exchanging bodies with her , his personality and Nanako 's feminine appearance causes his popularity to soar . [ ch . 4 ] His best friend , Shinnosuke Senbongi , learns his secret and becomes enamored with his new appearance . Initially , Akira was adamant on returning to his body and maintaining his masculinity . During the series , he reluctantly reconciles Shinnosuke 's feelings and upon realizing everyone is happier with the new status quo , resigns to live in Nanako 's body . [ ch . 57 ] He is voiced by Kenji Nojima in the three radio dramas and is portrayed by Shun Shioya in the live action film . Nanako Momoi ( 桃井菜々子 , Momoi Nanako ) Nanako is an extreme tomboy with an insensitive personality . Like Akira Uehara , she becomes popular with the students and Akira 's parents after the exchange due to her personality and Akira 's masculine appearance . Initially Nanako intended to return to her body after having fun as a male and was very strict on how Akira treated her body . [ ch . 4 ] She resolves to stay in Akira 's body and relents her body 's ownership to Akira after she falls completely in love with her friend , Makoto Shiina . [ ch . 55 ] Her parents learn about the exchange and are supportive of the status quo as they accept Nanako 's hopelessness as a female . [ ch . 51 ] She is voiced by Miyuki Sawashiro in the three radio dramas and is portrayed by Mai Takahashi in the live action film . Shinnosuke Senbongi ( 千本木進之介 , Senbongi Shinnosuke ) Sebongi is Akira Uehara 's childhood friend . [ ch . 6 ] He falls for Akira , in Nanako 's body , and wholly accepts the body exchange . [ ch . 19 ] Shinnosuke uses his wits in order to make Akira acknowledge his growing attraction towards him . He is voiced by Kōsuke Toriumi in the three radio drama and is portrayed by Taigo Fujisawa in the live action film . Makoto Shiina ( 椎名真琴 , Shiina Makoto ) Makoto is a good matured girl who is Nanako Momoi 's friend . She is unaware of the exchange and begins dating Nanako , in Akira 's body , while maintaining her friendship with Akira , in Nanako 's body . [ ch . 5 ] Her brother , Katsupei Shiina ( 椎名勝平 , Shiina Katsupei ) , is overprotective of her and threatens any males who comes close to her . She is voiced by Rie Kugimiya in the three radio dramas and is portrayed by Akie Suzuki in the live action film . Manzou Momoi ( 桃井萬造 , Momoi Manzō ) Manzou is Nanako Momoi 's grandfather . He is overweight , lazy , perverted , and fails as an inventor . After the exchange , he refuses to rebuild the machine as he is happier having a feminine granddaughter who does the house chores . [ ch . 6 ] In the second accident which undoes Akira and Nanako 's exchange , he becomes amnesiac from a head injury . [ ch . 62 ] He is voiced by Kenichi Ogata in the three radio dramas and is portrayed by Masahiro Sato in the live action film . = = Release = = My and Her Three X 's is written and illustrated by Ai Morinaga . It began serialization in Enix 's Monthly Stencil magazine in its March 2001 issue and published five chapters in total upon the November 2001 issue 's release . Afterwards , its serialization was resumed in Mag Garden 's Monthly Comic Blade 's first issue , April 2002 , and published the thirty @-@ third chapter in the October 2007 issue . Its serialization was transferred to Mag Garden 's Monthly Comic Avarus beginning in the November 2007 issue where the final chapter was published in the September 2011 issue . Concurrent to the serialization , Ai Morinaga created side stories which were published in Comic Blade Masamune 2003 Summer Edition and Comic Blade Zebel issues 2 to 6 . Mag Garden collected the individual chapters and side stories into eight tankōbon volumes which were released between December 10 , 2002 and October 15 , 2011 . Your and My Secret 's plot was properly concluded in lit . " My and Her Three X 's Extra @-@ Part ( 僕と彼女の × × × 番外編 , Boku to Kanojo no Peke Mittsu Bangai @-@ hen ) . Extra @-@ Part was published in Mag Garden 's online magazine , Web Comic Beat 's , between June 25 , 2012 and March 25 , 2013 . The chapters were later released in a tankōbon on May 14 , 2013 . Morinaga commented the serialization kept her indoors most of the time and limited her contact with people to her assistant , publisher , supermarket cashiers , and delivery boys . [ vol . 3 ] ADV Manga licensed the series as Your and My Secret for North America and released the first volume on July 6 , 2004 . Tokyopop later acquired the license and released the first seven volumes between March 11 , 2008 and November 30 , 2010 . After Tokyopop 's North American division was closed down , the North American license were returned to Mag Garden . In 2012 , JManga licensed the series for digital release in English ; the eight volumes were made available between May 3 , 2012 and August 23 , 2012 . The manga has also been localized in other languages such as Germany , Italian , Chinese , Thai , Vietnamese , and Spanish . Scanlations of the Chinese translations popularized the series under the name My Barbaric Girlfriend ( Chinese : 我愛野蠻女友 ; pinyin : Wǒ ài Yěmán Nǚyǒu ) . = = = Volume list = = = = = = Radio drama = = = Three radio dramas based on the manga series were produced . The first radio drama was available for order in Monthly Comic Blade 's August 2005 issue and is a reenactment of the first five chapters in the series . The second drama was included with the limited edition of the eighth volume . It is a reenactment of chapters 29 – 32 . The third drama was released with the limited edition of the extra volume . It reenacts the first three chapters in the extra volume . = = Film adaptation = = A live action film based on the manga was released direct to DVD on April 21 , 2006 by Sega . It is directed by Masaki Hamamoto with screenplay by Mikio Satake . Movie Drama My and Her Three X 's Visual Guide Book is a guide book which provides background production information on the film . It was released before the film on September 28 , 2005 . The plot begins similarity to the manga and Akira and Nanako exchange bodies . Manzou gives the two a deadline to raise money in order to rebuild the machine . Akira succeeds but is forced to pay off Nanako 's incurring debt . The deadline passes and Manzou leaves Japan , concluding with Akira and Nanako promising to earn enough money for when Manzou returns . = = Reception = = Tokyopop 's localized volumes appeared on ICv2 's monthly top three @-@ hundred selling graphic novels . About.com readers ranked the series third as Best New Shojo Manga in 2008 and was ranked in the 10 Bizarre Shojo Manga Love Stories in 2010 . Jason Thompson praised the series for being smart , funny , and unpredictable . Pop Culture Shock.com agreed on the humor , and described the series as something all Shōjo fans will enjoy . Mania.com described the first volume as an enjoyable read , praised it for the humor and its interesting and realistic approach to the gender swap topic , but expressed annoyance with the protagonist 's behavior . Meanwhile , IGN panned the plot for being preposterous , citing the protagonists ' personalities to be too extreme , and gave no incentive to move past the first volume . = 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg = The 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg ( 1st Albanian ) was a German mountain infantry division of the Waffen @-@ SS , the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside , but was never formally part of , the Wehrmacht during World War II . The division was developed around the nucleus of an ethnic Albanian battalion which had briefly seen combat against the Yugoslav Partisans in eastern Bosnia as part of the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar ( 1st Croatian ) . Composed of Muslim Albanians with mostly German and Yugoslav Volksdeutsche ( ethnic German ) officers and non @-@ commissioned officers , it was given the title Skanderbeg after medieval Albanian lord George Kastrioti Skanderbeg , who defended the region of Albania against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades in the 15th century . Skanderbeg never reached divisional strength , being at most a brigade @-@ sized formation of between 6 @,@ 000 and 6 @,@ 500 troops . In May 1944 , members of the division arrested 281 Jews in Pristina and handed them over to the Germans , who transported them to the Bergen @-@ Belsen concentration camp , where many were killed . The division itself was better known for this action and for murdering , raping , and looting in predominantly Serb areas than for participating in combat operations on behalf of the German war effort . Its only significant military actions took place during a German anti @-@ Partisan offensive in the German occupied territory of Montenegro in June and July 1944 . Following those operations , the unit was deployed as a guard force at the chromium mines in Kosovo , where it was quickly overrun by the Partisans , leading to widespread desertion . Reinforced by German Kriegsmarine personnel and with fewer than 500 Albanians remaining in its ranks , it was disbanded on 1 November 1944 . The remaining members were incorporated into the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen . After the war , divisional commander SS @-@ Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen @-@ SS August Schmidhuber was found guilty of war crimes by a court in Belgrade and executed in 1947 . = = History = = = = = Background = = = On 7 April 1939 , five months prior to the outbreak of World War II , the Kingdom of Italy invaded Albania . The country was overrun in five days , and Italian King Victor Emmanuel III accepted the crown offered by the Parliament of Albania . The Royal Albanian Army was incorporated into the Royal Italian Army and a viceroy was appointed to administer the country as a protectorate . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941 , Italian Albania was expanded to include adjacent parts of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia incorporated mainly from the Yugoslav banovinas ( regional subdivisions ) of Vardar and Morava . Kosovo was annexed to Albania , and in the beginning , Albanians living there enthusiastically welcomed the Italian occupation . Some Kosovo Albanians even suggested that Albanians were " Aryans of Illyrian heritage " . Although officially under Italian rule , the Albanians in Kosovo were given control of the region and encouraged to open Albanian @-@ language schools , which had been banned by the Yugoslav government . The Italians also gave the inhabitants Albanian citizenship and allowed them to fly the flag of Albania . The Royal Italian Army expelled most of the Serbs and Montenegrins that had settled Kosovo during the interwar period . The Kosovo Albanians despised the Serbs for the oppression they had experienced at their hands during the Balkan Wars , World War I , and under Yugoslav rule . They took advantage of their changed circumstances , attacked their Serb neighbours , and burned the homes of as many as 30 @,@ 000 Serb and Montenegrin settlers . Albania remained occupied by Italy until its surrender to the Allies in September 1943 . In August of that year , faced with the imminent collapse of the Italian war effort , Nazi Germany deployed the 2nd Panzer Army to the Balkans to take over areas previously occupied by Italy . One of the Italian areas seized by the Germans was Albania , where the XXI Mountain Corps of Generaloberst ( General ) Lothar Rendulic 's 2nd Panzer Army had been deployed . A Wehrmacht plenipotentiary general , and a special representative of Heinrich Himmler , SS @-@ Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen @-@ SS und Polizei Josef Fitzthum , were both based in the Albanian capital of Tirana . The Germans took control of all Albanian forces that had been collaborating with the Italians prior to their capitulation , including the Balli Kombëtar , an anti @-@ communist and nationalist militia . The Germans strengthened the Albanian army and gendarmerie , but quickly decided those troops were unreliable . That year , a number of Albanians from Kosovo and the Sandžak region were recruited into the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar ( 1st Croatian ) , a Waffen @-@ SS division composed largely of Bosnian Muslims ( Bosniaks ) and Croats with mostly German officers . For about six months the division included about 1 @,@ 000 ethnic Albanians from Kosovo and the Sandžak who made up the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Regiment ( I / 2 ) , which later became the 1st Battalion of the 28th Regiment ( I / 28 ) . The division later recruited a further 500 men from the Sandžak . The formation of an Albanian Waffen @-@ SS division was Fitzthum 's idea , initially opposed by the German Foreign Ministry representative Hermann Neubacher and the head of the SS @-@ Reichssicherheitshauptamt ( Reich Main Security Office ) SS @-@ Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei ( Lieutenant General ) Ernst Kaltenbrunner , who influenced Himmler to shelve it . But the Albanian government supported the idea ; in the face of increasing difficulties Himmler soon changed his mind , and in February 1944 the idea received Adolf Hitler 's approval . = = = Formation = = = In February 1944 , Hitler approved the creation of an Albanian Waffen @-@ SS division that was to serve only inside Kosovo , and was intended to protect ethnic Albania but remain under German control . It was meant to be one of three Muslim Waffen @-@ SS divisions serving in the Balkans , the other two being the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar ( 1st Croatian ) and the 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama ( 2nd Croatian ) . Himmler 's goal was to expand Waffen @-@ SS recruiting in the Balkans and form two corps of two divisions each , with one corps to operate in the region of Bosnia in the Independent State of Croatia and the other in Albania . These corps would then be combined with the Volksdeutsche 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen and together would form a Balkan Waffen @-@ SS mountain army of five divisions . In March 1944 , Bedri Pejani , the chairman of the Second League of Prizren , an organization created after the Italian surrender to advance the interests of Kosovo Albanians , proposed to Hitler that a force of 120 @,@ 000 – 150 @,@ 000 Kosovo Albanian volunteers be raised to fight the Yugoslav and Albanian partisans . Pejani asked the German leadership to give the Albanians equipment and supplies to fight the communist insurgency , and requested the expansion of the borders of the German puppet state of Albania at the expense of the German @-@ occupied Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia and the German occupied territory of Montenegro . These requests were not fulfilled , but in April 1944 Himmler ordered the establishment of a new Albanian volunteer division , which was subsequently named after the medieval Albanian warrior George Kastrioti Skanderbeg . By this point , the Germans and some members of the Albanian puppet government believed that about 50 @,@ 000 men could be recruited from Albanian @-@ held territory to join the SS . The SS had initially envisioned a force of 10 @,@ 000 – 12 @,@ 000 men for an Albanian SS division . Himmler saw the Muslim Albanians as a potential source of manpower in Germany 's war against the Yugoslav Partisans , who faced significant difficulties in recruiting Kosovo Albanians to join their ranks . The Germans found that Kosovo Albanians were more cooperative than Albanians in Albania itself . This was mainly because they feared a return to Yugoslav rule . Consequently , many of the division 's recruits were Kosovo Albanians . The quality of most of these recruits was poor , and only 6 @,@ 000 were considered suitable to receive training . Those that were accepted were a combination of about 1 @,@ 500 former Royal Yugoslav Army prisoners of war , elements of the failed Albanian army and gendarmerie , volunteers from both pre @-@ war and expanded Albania , and conscripts from families that had more than two sons . The enlistment of Albanian civilians was organized in close cooperation with the Albanian puppet government . On 17 April 1944 , the Albanian battalion of the 13th SS Division was transferred via rail directly from combat in Bosnia to Kosovo to form part of the Skanderbeg division . The head of Waffen @-@ SS recruitment , SS @-@ Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger , reported to Himmler that the Albanians " ... were quite sad about leaving . " On 23 May , Fitzthum reported the failure of Albanian units used in operations against the Partisans , and that he had dissolved four Albanian battalions organized by the Wehrmacht . He described most Albanian army and gendarmerie officers as " totally corrupt , unusable , undisciplined and untrainable . " = = = Operations = = = The division was founded as the 21 . Waffen @-@ SS Gebirgsdivision der SS Skanderbeg ( albanische Nr.1 ) on 1 May 1944 as part of the XXI Mountain Corps . Most or all of the division 's officers , non @-@ commissioned officers ( NCOs ) , and specialists were German , and were mainly provided by the 7th and 13th SS Divisions , which noticeably weakened those formations . The divisional artillery regiment was formed from the 1st Albanian Artillery Regiment . The division was placed under the command of SS @-@ Standartenführer ( Colonel ) August Schmidhuber , who was promoted to SS @-@ Oberführer ( senior colonel ) in June . Estimates of the size of the division range from 6 @,@ 000 to 6 @,@ 500 men . Members took a religious oath using the Quran , pledging " jihad against unbelievers . " The division was originally equipped with captured Italian Carro Armato M15 / 42 tanks , which proved to be unreliable . Its garrison was located in the town of Prizren . Early on , it became clear that most of the division 's Muslim Albanian members seemed to be interested only in settling scores with their Christian Serb adversaries , who became the target of numerous atrocities . In order to put a stop to the crimes , the Germans had to disarm battalions of the division in the towns of Peć and Prizren and arrest the Albanian officers , with one commanding officer even being sent to prison in Germany . On 14 May 1944 , members of the division raided Jewish homes in Pristina , arrested 281 Jews and handed them over to the Germans , who sent them to the Bergen @-@ Belsen concentration camp , where many were killed . Historian Noel Malcolm describes this event as " the most shameful episode in Kosovo 's wartime history . " The division was later involved in a massacre of Albanian partisans . It was generally better known for murdering , raping , and looting , mainly in ethnic Serb areas , and for arresting Jews , than for participating in combat operations on behalf of the German war effort . In addition to indiscriminately killing Serbs and Montenegrins , the division was responsible for the expulsion of up to 10 @,@ 000 Slavic families from Kosovo as new Albanian settlers arrived from the poor areas of northern Albania . The arrival of these Albanians was encouraged by Italian authorities , and it is estimated that as many as 72 @,@ 000 Albanians were settled or re @-@ settled in Kosovo during the war . Between 28 May and 5 July 1944 , the division apprehended a total of 510 Jews , communists and other anti @-@ fascists and turned them over to the Germans . It also carried out retaliatory hangings of suspected saboteurs . In June 1944 , Skanderbeg engaged in large @-@ scale field manoeuvres in eastern Montenegro . In Andrijevica , the division summarily executed more than 400 Orthodox Christian civilians . It participated in operations Endlich ( Finally ) and Falkenauge ( Hawkeye ) in June and July , as well as Draufgänger ( Daredevil ) , during which it was the main force used by the Germans . These operations were focused on the destruction of strong Partisan forces in the Đakovica , Peć and Mokra Gora areas . According to Neubacher , the division was carelessly committed to fighting in the early stages of its training and performed poorly . Between 18 and 27 August , the division fought the Partisans in and around Debar but failed to capture the city . By the end of August 1944 , the Germans had decided that the division was only of use for basic guarding duties . Some members were charged with guarding chromium mines near Kosovo before the area was overrun by the Partisans . In the ensuing clashes , one of the division 's regiments lost more than 1 @,@ 000 men and many Albanians deserted , some after Serb Partisan attacks on areas northeast of Gusinje . Army Group E claimed the division 's performance showed that it had " absolutely no military value . " On 1 September 1944 , troops of the division in Tetovo and Gostivar mutinied , killing their German officers and NCOs . By this time , the division numbered fewer than 7 @,@ 000 men , which was less than one @-@ third of its intended strength . Within two months of its initial deployment , 3 @,@ 500 men had deserted . Himmler brought in 3 @,@ 000 – 4 @,@ 000 Kriegsmarine ( German navy ) personnel from Greece to make up the numbers , but this had little effect on the division 's fighting ability . By the beginning of October 1944 , the division 's strength had fallen to about 4 @,@ 900 men , fewer than 1 @,@ 500 of whom were fit for combat . Schmidhuber held his men in contempt , and he , his superiors , and Fitzthum explained their failure to create an effective security force by denigrating the Albanian culture and military reputation . Later , less @-@ involved members of the Wehrmacht stated that the principal issue regarding the unit 's reliability may have been that the Germans did not work closely with the Albanians at the local level . In mid @-@ October , it was engaged in heavy fighting around Đakovica . By this time , desertions had significantly affected the division 's strength and its 86 officers and 467 NCOs were left with a force of only 899 men , about half of whom were Albanian . On 24 October , Generaloberst Alexander Löhr , the commander of Army Group E , ordered that all Albanian members of the division be disarmed and released . On 1 November 1944 , the division was disbanded . At the same time , Albanians in Kosovo took up arms against the Partisans when they learned that the region would not be unified with Albania after the war , despite earlier Partisan promises . Atrocities occurred when 30 @,@ 000 Partisans were sent to Kosovo to quell Albanian resistance in the region . Between 3 @,@ 000 and 25 @,@ 000 Kosovo Albanians were killed in the ensuing violence . = = = Aftermath = = = The remaining German troops and former naval personnel were reorganized as the regimental Kampfgruppe Skanderbeg under the command of SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer Alfred Graaf . The unit withdrew from the Kosovo region in mid @-@ November along with the rest of the German troops in the area . Many Serbs and Montenegrins then took revenge against the region 's ethnic Albanians , especially collaborators and those who had been members of the division . When Kampfgruppe Skanderbeg reached Ljubovija on the Drina river , it was placed under the command of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen , which was securing the river crossings in that area . The Kampfgruppe held the towns of Zvornik and Drinjača during the first half of December 1944 as part of the Ljubovija bridgehead . It withdrew across the Drina and fought its way north , towards Brčko on the Sava river , where it relieved the Wehrmacht forces holding the town . In late December , the Kampfgruppe 's assault gun battery was committed to the Syrmian Front at Vinkovci . The remainder of the Kampfgruppe was deployed to Bijeljina . In January 1945 , the handful of naval personnel that survived were transferred to the 32nd SS Volunteer Grenadier Division 30 Januar , and the remnants of the former division were reorganized as II Battalion of the 14th SS Volunteer Mountain Infantry Regiment of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen . On 21 January 1945 , Schmidhuber was promoted to SS @-@ Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen @-@ SS ( brigadier ) and placed in command of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen . After the war , he was found guilty of war crimes and hanged . In February 1945 , the battalion was disbanded altogether and its remaining manpower was assigned to the German police regiment near Zagreb . The division itself was considered to have been a military failure ; not one of its members was ever awarded an Iron Cross while serving in it . Overall , it was better known for committing atrocities than for contributing to the German war effort . Its role in deporting Jews from Kosovo has been questioned by Albanian historian Shaban Sinani , who claims that the division did not participate in any deportations on behalf of the Germans . During the 1998 – 99 Kosovo War , American journalist Chris Hedges alleged that some Kosovo Liberation Army ( KLA ) leaders were directly descended from members of the division and ideologically influenced by it . Malcolm has challenged this claim . = = Insignia = = The division 's identification symbol was the Albanian double @-@ headed eagle . Despite its short existence , a collar patch depicting a goat @-@ crested helmet was manufactured for the division but there is no evidence that it was ever used . Photographs exist of a machined @-@ woven cuff band with the title Skanderbeg , but this was awarded to the 14th SS Volunteer Gebirgsjäger Regiment of the 7th SS Division in autumn 1944 , and not to this division . Members of the cadre staff were photographed wearing an Albanian arm shield depicting a black Albanian double @-@ headed eagle on a red field . Many of the division 's Muslim members wore traditional grey @-@ coloured skull caps instead of the standard SS field cap . Others wore the traditional Albanian highlander hat , the Qeleshe . = = Order of battle = = The principal units of the division were : 50th Waffen Gebirgsjäger ( Mountain Infantry ) Regiment of the SS ( 1st Albanian ) ( I , II , III battalions ) 51st Waffen Gebirgsjäger Regiment of the SS ( 2nd Albanian ) ( I , II , III battalions ) 21st SS Reconnaissance Battalion ( four companies ) 21st SS Freiwilligen ( Volunteer ) Panzerjäger ( Anti @-@ tank ) Battalion ( three companies ) 21st SS Gebirgs ( Mountain ) Artillery Regiment ( four battalions ) 21st SS Freiwilligen Pioneer Battalion ( three companies ) 21st SS Feldersatz ( Replacement ) Battalion 21st SS Freiwilligen Signals Battalion ( three companies ) 21st SS Mountain Supply Troop = = Endnotes = = = Black Sabbath ( film ) = Black Sabbath ( Italian : I tre volti della paura , lit . ' The Three Faces of Fear ' ) is a 1963 Italian @-@ French horror film directed by Mario Bava . The film is centered on three separate tales that have an introduction and conclusion from Boris Karloff . The film stars an international cast in three short stories . The first , titled " The Telephone " , involves Suzy ( Michèle Mercier ) who continually receives threatening telephone calls from an unseen stalker . The second is " The Wurdulak " , where a man named Gorca ( Karloff ) returns to his family after claiming to have slain a Wurdulak , an undead creature who attacks those that it had once loved . The third story , " The Drop of Water " , features Jacqueline Pierreux as Helen Corey who steals a ring from a corpse that is being prepared for burial and finds herself haunted by the ring 's original owner after arriving home . Black Sabbath follows the 1960s trend of Italian film productions , being a low budget horror anthology film with an international cast . The film is credited to various authors but is predominantly based on several uncredited sources . Several changes were made to the script even after the film had gone into production . American International Pictures suggested changes to Mario Bava during filming to make the film acceptable for the American target audience . The company created their own English language dub of the film that removed scenes involving violence and re @-@ edited certain scenes . This version greatly changed the plot of " The Telephone " , giving it a supernatural story element and removing any reference to lesbianism or prostitution . A follow @-@ up to Black Sabbath titled Scarlet Friday was originally going to be directed by Bava and star Boris Karloff . This project was never developed . Plans for a remake were announced in 2004 with Jonathan Hensleigh attached to write the script . Black Sabbath has received favorable reviews from critics . In the early 2010s , Time Out magazine conducted a poll with several authors , directors , actors , and critics who have worked within the horror genre to vote for their top horror films . Black Sabbath placed at number 73 . = = Plot = = Note : This plot summary refers to the original Italian version of the film = = = " The Telephone " = = = Rosy ( Michèle Mercier ) , a French call @-@ girl , returns to her basement apartment at night . She receives a series of strange phone calls . The caller eventually identifies himself as Frank , her former pimp who has recently escaped from prison . Rosy is terrified ; it was her testimony that sent Frank to prison . Rosy phones Mary ( Lydia Alfonsi ) for solace . The women have been estranged , but Rosy is certain that only Mary can help her . Mary agrees to come over that night . Seconds later , Frank calls again , promising that no matter what Rosy does he will have his revenge . Rosy doesn 't realize that Mary is impersonating Frank on the telephone . Mary arrives at Rosy 's apartment and attempts to calm Rosy 's nerves . Mary provides Rosy with a large knife for protection before she goes to sleep . As Rosy sleeps , Mary writes a confession explaining that she made the calls to force a reunion , knowing that Rosy would call on her for help . While she is writing , an intruder enters the apartment . The intruder is Frank , who strangles Mary . The sound of their struggle awakens Rosy , and Frank realizes he murdered the wrong woman . Frank approaches Rosy 's bed , but she seizes her knife and stabs Frank . Rosy drops the knife and breaks down in hysteria . = = = " The Wurdalak " = = = In 19th Century Russia , Vladimir Durfe ( Mark Damon ) is a young nobleman who finds a beheaded corpse with a knife plunged into its heart . He takes the blade , and finds shelter in a small cottage . Durfe is approached by Giorgio ( Glauco Onorato ) who explains that the knife belongs to his father , who has not been seen for five days . Giorgio offers a room to Durfe and introduces him to the rest of the family : his wife ( Rika Dialina ) , their young son Ivan , Giorgio 's younger brother Pietro ( Massimo Righi ) , and sister Sdenka ( Susy Andersen ) . They all await the return of Gorca , who has gone to fight the wurdalak , a living cadaver who feeds on human blood , especially of close friends and family members . At midnight , Gorca ( Boris Karloff ) returns to the cottage with a sour demeanor and unkempt appearance . After the family goes to sleep , Ivan and Pietro are attacked by Gorca who flees the cottage with Ivan . Giorgio chases after Gorca but only returns with Ivan 's corpse . Giorgio plans to stake and behead Ivan to prevent him from reviving as a Wurdalak , but is prevented from doing so by his wife . The two agree to give their son a burial . That same night , their child appears outside and begs to be invited in . Giorgio is stabbed by his wife while she attempts to let in her son . On opening the door , she is greeted by Gorca who bites her . Vladimir and Sdenka flee from their home and hide in the ruins of a cathedral . As Vladimir sleeps , Sdenka walks outside and finds Gorca and his family surrounding her . Vladimir awakens and searches for Sdenka , finding her lying motionless in her bed at home . Sdenka awakens and upon receiving Vladimir 's embrace , she bites into his neck . = = = " The Drop of Water " = = = In London , England , Nurse Helen Chester ( Jacqueline Pierreux ) is called to a large house to prepare the corpse of an elderly medium for her burial . As she dresses the body , she notices a sapphire ring on its finger . Chester steals it , accidentally tipping over a glass of water which drips on the floor ; she is then assailed by a fly . Chester takes her ring home to her flat and witnesses strange events . The fly returns and continues to pester her , and the lights in her apartment go out as the sound of the dripping water is heard from various locations . Chester finds the woman 's corpse lying in her bed . It rises and floats toward her . Chester begs for forgiveness , but ultimately strangles herself . The next morning , the concierge ( Harriet White Medin ) discovers Chester 's body and calls the police . The pathologist arrives to examine the body and only finds a small bruise on her left finger where her ring once was . As the doctor announces this observation , the concierge appears distressed and hears the dripping of water . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In 1958 , American International Pictures founders James H. Nicholson and Samuel Z. Arkoff hired European talent agent Flavio Lucisano to look for Italian commercial films for them after the large success of the Italian feature Hercules ( 1958 ) . In February 1963 , American International Pictures made a deal with the Italian film production company Galatea that they would contribute to a minimum of nine co @-@ productions in the next eight years . Black Sabbath follows many production trends of Italian films of the era . These co @-@ productions were influenced by the lack of large film stars in Italy . To avoid high costs or larger stars , producers created anthology films involving three or four short narratives whose combined running time was that of a regular feature film , as in Yesterday , Today and Tomorrow ( 1963 ) . A second trend was to match an up @-@ and @-@ coming actor or a much older actor with a European ingenue actress , as in Spy in Your Eye which paired Pier Angeli and Dana Andrews . The third trend was the move towards making Westerns and horror films which were less expensive to produce than the previous sword and sandal films . = = = Pre @-@ production = = = American International Pictures secured the rights to have American actors Mark Damon and Boris Karloff while the French co @-@ production company Societé Cinématographique Lyre secured Michele Mercier and Jacqueline Pierreux ( the latter is credited under the pseudonym Jacqueline Soussard ) . Mercier had previously worked with director Mario Bava on his film The Wonders of Aladdin ( 1961 ) . Italian production company Galatea had Susy Andersen cast while retaining Mario Bava who had directed their production of Black Sunday . Bava is credited as writing the film 's script along with Alberto Bevilacqua and Marcello Fondato . The film 's opening credits credit the stories as " The Drop of Water " by Ivan Chekov , " The Telephone " by F.G. Snyder and " Sem 'ya vurdalaka " by Aleksei Tolstoy . Bava later took credit for the original story of " The Drop of Water " , but Italian critic Antonio Bruscini traced its origins to a story titled " Dalle tre alle tre e mezzo " ( " Between Three and Three @-@ thirty " ) that was included in a 1960 anthology book titled Storie di fantasmi ( Ghost Stories ) . British historian Julian Granger identified the author of the story as Franco Lucentini . " The Wurdulak " is loosely based on The Family of the Vourdalak by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy . The story of " The Wurdulak " was found in the 1960 anthology I vampiri tra noi . Other parts of the story were inspired by the Guy de Maupassant story " Fear " and Bram Stoker 's Dracula . Bevilacqua stated that Bava wanted to create a stories about how terror can strike mankind in different time periods and asked his screenwriters to get him stories from books . After Bevilacqua finished his draft the screenplay , Marcello Fondato was brought in to work on it . Bevilacqua claimed that he was recalled for later rewrites , but that most of his added material was cut from the final film . American International Pictures approved of Bava 's thematic idea but encouraged him to look for public domain titles . It was decided early in production that Boris Karloff would not only star in one of the tales , but also act as the film 's host ; he had recently hosted his own anthology television series , Thriller . Karloff was under contract with American International Pictures , and had just completed filming The Raven for them . The film 's cinematographer is credited as Ubaldo Terzano , but Bava shot several scenes himself without credit . = = = Production = = = Black Sabbath was made at the end of production of The Girl Who Knew Too Much during an eight @-@ week period between February and March 1963 . American International Production 's involvement with the film allowed Salvatore Billitteri of the Titra Sound Corporation to be on set to supervise the film for dubbing on its English @-@ language release . As the film was going to be dubbed in different languages , actors could no longer phonetically pronounce their dialogue as it had to be done rhythmically to match various languages . Billitteri was also on set to give suggestions to Bava on how to make his film more appropriate for American audiences which led to decreasing the amount of violence in the film . The film was first conceived under the title The Fear . Bava wanted to include a contemporary story which led to the development of " The Telephone " . " The Telephone " has been described as " one of Bava 's first attempts at a giallo film The giallo film is a style of Italian film that involves a murder mystery that emphasized stylish visuals , flamboyant music and violence . " The Telephone " was Bava first color film that attempted to emulate the visual style of the covers that appeared on giallo digests . Some of the set pieces for " The Telephone " were taken from the black @-@ and @-@ white giallo film The Girl Who Knew Too Much ( 1962 ) . " The Wurdulak " was the last of the short films to be shot , with shooting commencing on either February 25 or 27 . While filming , Karloff contracted pneumonia which led to him having to rely on oxygen tanks after production ended . Bava was initially going to end the film on a shot of Jacqueline Pierreux 's dead character . On the last day of filming , Billitteri suggested to not end the film on such a bleak image and told Bava to change it . Bava changed the ending to Boris Karloff 's character of Gorka on horseback who cautions the audience to watch out for vampires . The camera than pans back revealing he is on a stuffed horse revealing the studio set and simulated effects . = = = Post @-@ production = = = By the 1960s , Italian horror films such as Black Sabbath were more violent , sexualized and downbeat than the horror films created in America . American International Pictures focused on a youth @-@ oriented audience whereas horror in Europe was intended for adults . The lead to the American edit removing plot elements of prostitution and lesbianism and making the most altered of Bava 's films on its English language version . American International Pictures made changes to all three stories and intro segments in the English @-@ language version of the film . The company re @-@ arranged the order of the stories to start with " The Drop of Water " , followed by " The Telephone " and then " The Wurdalak " . Changes were then made the plots with the most extensively edited being " The Telephone " . " The Telephone " removes any suggestion of a lesbian relationship between Rosy and Mary and references to prostitution . The character of Frank is also no longer a pimp but a ghost who leaves behind enchanted notes that magically write themselves as soon as the envelope they are contained in is opened . A new character is introduced named " The Colonel " who is Suzy 's neighbor in the film . " The Wurdalak " features alternative cuts of certain scenes and has violence trimmed from the Italian version . " The Drop of Water " features the least amount of changes from the Italian version . American International Pictures reshot the introduction by Boris Karloff in Los Angeles . It is unknown who directed these scenes . American International Pictures completely changed the Roberto Nicolosi 's soundtrack from the original film with a soundtrack from Les Baxter . Kim Newman described Baxter 's score as " inappropriate " with " each shock is accompanied by overdone ' scary music ' " . Both the Italian and English language films have a different look . Bava supervised the Italian language version at Technicolor Roma under his own supervision while American International Pictures shipped their version to Pathé Color for processing . Mario Bava biographer Tim Lucas described the English language print as looking " warmer , but less nuanced , with flatter tonalities " and that it " doesn 't look bad " but that the Italian version " looks more vibrant , more flamboyantly nightmarish " . = = Release = = The film opened in Italy in September 17 , 1963 under the title I tre volti della paura which translates to The Three Faces of Fear . Black Sabbath grossed ₤ 103 @.@ 5 million Italian lira on its initial theatrical release in Italy . American International Pictures released the English version of Black Sabbath in May 6 , 1964 as a double bill with Bava 's The Girl Who Knew Too Much then titled The Evil Eye . The English title of Black Sabbath was chosen to connect it with Bava 's previous film Black Sunday . The film opened in Paris in November 1965 under the title Les trois visages de la peur . In 2004 , Variety announced that Valhalla Motion Pictures and Kismet Entertainment Group were collaborating to produce a remake Black Sabbath . Jonathan Hensleigh was attached to contribute to the script development of the film . = = = Home video = = = Image Entertainment released the film in both the English and Italian versions on DVD on August 1 , 2000 . Kino released the film on Blu @-@ ray and DVD on July 16 , 2013 . Kino 's edition of the film was mastered in high definition from the 35mm negative with the Italian language dub and original soundtrack . Arrow Films released Black Sabbath on DVD and Blu @-@ ray in 2013 . Arrow 's transfer of the Italian version was from an original 35mm internegative print transferred in Italy that had additional grading and restoration done in London . Arrow 's version of the American version of Black Sabbath was made from an 35mm interpositive in California . Arrow noted the high definition master they received from Italy was very difficult to restore as the master had issues with the image , sound and color quality and had the stories in the wrong order . = = Reception = = In a contemporary review of the American International Picture 's edit , The Globe and Mail stated that " The Drop of Water " and " The Telephone " were " a good deal more sophisticated than usual horror fare " while " The Wurdulak " " bears no trace of [ Bava 's ] manner of directing " and that the acting was " rudimentary " . The Boston Globe gave the film a negative review , referring to the Black Sabbath as " three short films botched together " . The Monthly Film Bulletin stated that " the eeriest thing about the picture is its decor ( especially the heavy , dusty interiors of [ The Drop of Water ] " while noting the " acting is very unstylish and made worse by dubbing " . The review stated that Bava could " do better than this with less obvious material " and that he seemed " determined to spell everything out with a sudden zoom shots and shock cuts . " Reviewing the English @-@ language version of the film , Time Out praised the film stating that " pictorially it 's amazing , and even the script and dubbing are way above average . " Time Out compared the film to anthology horror films made by the British production company Amicus noting that " If only Amicus ... had taken heed they might have got some ideas as to what can be done with the format . " Entertainment Weekly awarded the film an A- rating referring to it as " excellent " and that the stories were " composed of three tales of expertly building suspense " Kim Newman wrote in a retrospective review of the English dub , that " The Drop of Water " is the best of the three stories , and was described as " Bava 's most simply frightening work . " " The Telephone " was dismissed as being " less satisfying " , specifying that it potentially American International Pictures attempt at re @-@ writing the story that caused the stories problems . Newman declared that " The Wurdalak " was a " little masterpiece " praising Karloff 's performance and that the themes of the story looked torwards the themes in Night of the Living Dead and It 's Alive . In contemporary reviews of the Italian @-@ language version , The Dissolve gave the film three and a half stars out of five , stating " There are small twists in all three stories , but for the most part , the segments suggest where they ’ re headed early " and that the dialogue in the film is " sparse , and doesn 't shy away from any exploitable elements , from scantily clad women to bloody wounds and warped @-@ faced ghouls . But even more terrifying is the movie ’ s atmosphere of doom [ ... ] Black Sabbath is fraught with fatalism . " Total Film awarded the film four stars out of five , referring to it as a " wonderful horror anthology " . Online film database AllMovie praised " The Wurdulak " stating that Karloff 's " ghostly visage provides several unforgettable scares " and that " The Drop of Water " is short but " remains scary and suspenseful throughout " AllMovie described " The Telephone " as " only an average tale that follows through to a predictable twist " In the early 2010s , Time Out conducted a poll with several authors , directors , actors and critics who have worked within the horror genre to vote for their top horror films . Black Sabbath placed at number 73 on their top list . = = Influence and aftermath = = Boris Karloff enjoyed working with Bava on Black Sabbath and he praised his work to both Christopher Lee and Vincent Price who would later go on to work with Bava in The Whip and the Body and Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs respectively . Plans were initially going to be made to involve Bava and Karloff working together on a film titled Scarlet Friday based on " The Dunwich Horror " . The project was later taken away from Bava and was released as The Dunwich Horror directed by Daniel Haller without Karloff involved . The English rock band Black Sabbath appropriate their name from the film . Originally known as Earth , the group wanted to change their name as another group had the same name . The group saw a local cinema playing Black Sabbath and marveled that people paid money to be frightened . Directors Roger Avary and Quentin Tarantino were influenced by Black Sabbath 's story structure for their original script for Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) . The film was originally going to be three short films with each one being directed by Avary , Tarantino and another unknown director . Tarantino originally described this idea by stating that " what Mario Bava did with the horror film in Black Sabbath , I was gonna do with the crime film . " = = Biography = = Hughes , Howard ( 2011 ) . Cinema Italiano - The Complete Guide From Classics To Cult . London - New York : I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 84885 @-@ 608 @-@ 0 . = JMP ( statistical software ) = JMP ( pronounced " jump " ) is a computer program for statistics developed by the JMP business unit of SAS Institute . It was launched in 1989 to take advantage of the graphical user interface introduced by the Macintosh . It has since been improved and made available for the Windows operating system . JMP is used in applications such as Six Sigma , quality control and engineering , design of experiments and scientific research . The software consists of five products : JMP , JMP Pro , JMP Clinical , JMP Genomics and the JMP Graph Builder App for the iPad . A scripting language is also available . The software is focused on exploratory analytics , whereby users investigate and explore data , rather than testing a hypothesis . = = History = = JMP was developed in the 1980s by John Sall and a team of developers to make use of the graphical user interface introduced by the 1984 Apple Macintosh . It originally stood for " John 's Macintosh Project " or “ John ’ s Macintosh Product ” and was first released in October 1989 . It was used mostly by scientists and engineers for design of experiments ( DOE ) , quality and productivity support ( Six Sigma ) , and reliability modeling . Semiconductor manufacturers were also among JMP ’ s early adopters . Interactive graphics and other features were added in 1991 with version 2 @.@ 0 . Version 2 was twice the size as the original , though it was still delivered on a floppy disk . It required 2 MB of memory and came with 700 pages of documentation . Support for Microsoft Windows was added in 1994 . JMP was re @-@ written with version 3 in 1999 . Version 4 , released in 2002 , could import data from a wider variety of data sources and added support for surface plots . Version 4 also added time series forecasting and new smoothing models , such as the seasonal smoothing method , called Winter 's Method , and ARIMA ( Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average ) . It was also the first version to support JSL , JMP Scripting Language . In 2005 , data mining tools like a decision tree and neural net were added with version 5 as well as Linux support , which was later withdrawn in JMP 9 . Later in 2005 , JMP 6 was introduced . JMP began integrating with SAS in version 7 @.@ 0 in 2007 and has strengthened this integration ever since . Users can write SAS code in JMP , connect to SAS servers , and retrieve and use data from SAS . Support for bubble plots was added in version 7 . JMP 7 also improved data visualization and diagnostics . JMP 8 was released in 2009 with new drag @-@ and @-@ drop features and a 64 @-@ bit version to take advantage of advances in the Mac operating system . It also added a new user interface for building graphs , tools for choice experiments and support for Life Distributions . According to Scientific Computing , the software had improvements in " graphics , QA , ease @-@ of @-@ use , SAS integration and data management areas . " JMP 9 in 2010 added a new interface for using the R programming language from JMP and an add @-@ in for Excel . The main screen was rebuilt and enhancements were made to simulations , graphics and a new Degradation platform . In March 2012 , version 10 made improvements in data mining , predictive analytics , and automated model building . = = Software = = JMP consists of JMP , JMP Pro , JMP Clinical and JMP Genomics , as well as the Graph Builder iPad App . JMP Clinical and JMP Genomics combine JMP with SAS software . JMP software is partly focused on exploratory data analysis and visualization . It is designed for users to investigate data to learn something unexpected , as opposed to confirming a hypothesis . JMP links statistical data to graphics representing them , so users can drill down or up to explore the data and various visual representations of it . Its primary applications are for designed experiments and analyzing statistical data from industrial processes . JMP is a desktop application with a wizard @-@ based user interface , while SAS can be installed on servers . It runs in @-@ memory , instead of on disk storage . According to a review in Pharmaceutical Statistics , JMP is often used as a graphical front @-@ end for a SAS system , which performs the statistical analysis and tabulations . JMP Genomics , used for analyzing and visualizing genomics data , requires a SAS component to operate and can access SAS / Genetics and SAS / STAT procedures or invoke SAS macros . JMP Clinical , used for analyzing clinical trial data , can package SAS code within the JSL scripting language and convert SAS code to JMP . JMP is also the name of the SAS Institute business unit that develops JMP . As of 2011 it had 180 employees and 250 @,@ 000 users . = = JMP Scripting Language ( JSL ) = = The JMP Scripting Language ( JSL ) is an interpreted language for recreating analytic results and for automating or extending the functionality of JMP software . JSL was first introduced in JMP version 4 in 2000 . JSL has a LISP @-@ like syntax , structured as a series of expressions . All programming elements , including if @-@ then statemenst and loops , are implemented as JSL functions . Data tables , display elements and analyses are represented by objects in JSL that are manipulated with named messages . Users may write JSL scripts to perform analyses and visualizations not available in the point @-@ and @-@ click interface or to automate a series of commands , such as weekly reports . SAS , R , and Matlab code can also be executed using JSL . = = Notable applications = = In 2007 , a wildlife monitoring organization , WildTrack , started using JMP with the Footprint Identification Technology ( FIT ) system to identify individual endangered animals by their footprints . In 2009 , the Chicago Botanic Garden used JMP to analyze DNA data from tropical breadfruit . Researchers determined that the seedless , starchy fruit was created by the deliberate hybridization of two fruits , the breadnut and the dugdug . The Herzenberg Laboratory at Stanford has integrated JMP with the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter ( FACS ) . The FACS system is used to study HIV , cancer , stem @-@ cells and oceanography . = The Boat Race 1923 = The 75th Boat Race took place on 24 March 1923 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge 's crew was marginally heavier than Oxford 's , the latter included an Olympic silver medallist . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race . In this year 's race , umpired by former rower Frederick I. Pitman , Oxford won by three @-@ quarters of a length ( the narrowest margin of victory since 1913 ) in a time of 20 minutes 54 seconds , securing their first win in five years . The victory took the overall record in the event to 40 – 34 in their favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1922 race by one length , while Oxford led overall with 39 victories to Cambridge 's 34 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Oxford were coached by G. C. Bourne who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races , Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four @-@ time Blue ) and E. D. Horsfall ( who had rowed in the three races prior to the First World War ) . Cambridge 's coaches were Harald Peake ( who had participated in the Peace Regattas of 1919 ) , G. L. Thomson and David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) . For the fifteenth year the umpire was old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . According to author and former Oxford rower G. C. Drinkwater , the Oxford trial eights were " of a better average than those of the preceding years " and after they arrived at Putney , the Dark Blue crew " improved rapidly up to the day of the race " . Conversely he reported that Cambridge suffered " a dearth of good heavy @-@ wrights " and that the crew " were not of very high class " . = = Crews = = The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 8 @.@ 875 lb ( 80 @.@ 0 kg ) , 0 @.@ 375 pounds ( 0 @.@ 2 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew included four rowers with Boat Race experience , including P. C. Mallam and Guy Oliver Nickalls who were both participating in their third consecutive event . Nickalls was a silver medallist in the men 's eight at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Cambridge 's crew included three rowers who had represented the university in the previous year 's race : K. N. Craig , B. G. Ivory and Theodore Collet . Two of the participants in the race were registered as non @-@ British : Cambridge 's Kane and Mellen were from the United States . = = Race = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . Umpire Pitman started the race in calm conditions at 5 : 10 p.m. Apparently disrupted by the wake of a nearby moored steamer , Oxford 's start was poor , allowing Cambridge to lead by a canvas ' length after a minute . Despite this , Oxford had drawn level a minute later , to hold a small lead by the time the crews commenced the long bend . By the Mile Post , the Dark Blues held a quarter @-@ length lead and by Hammersmith Bridge had extended this to three @-@ quarters of a length . Spurting at The Doves pub , Oxford began to draw clear of Cambridge . By Chiswick Eyot , Oxford accelerated away from the Light Blues and were two lengths clear before a spurt from Cambridge ahead of Barnes Bridge reduced the lead to a length and a quarter by the time the crews passed below the bridge . With the bend in the river in their favour , and pushing hard , Cambridge slowly gained on the Dark Blues but could not level terms . Oxford passed the finishing post with a lead of three @-@ quarters of a length in a time of 20 minutes 54 seconds . It was their first victory in five years , the narrowest winning margin since the 1913 race and the slowest winning time since the 1920 race . The win took the overall record in the event to 40 – 34 in their favour . = Schoolin ' Life = " Schoolin ' Life " is a song recorded by American recording artist Beyoncé for the deluxe edition of her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It was written by Knowles , Terius Nash , Shea Taylor as well as Carlos McKinney while production was handled by Knowles , The @-@ Dream , and Los Da Mystro . Jordan Young , also known by his stage name DJ Swivel , mixed the song at New York 's Jungle City Studios . Containing elements of disco and dance @-@ pop music , " Schoolin ' Life " is an uptempo R & B and funk song , in which Knowles employs guttural vocals and uses her whistle register . Having a retro nature , the song is built on a 1980s @-@ inspired dance beat , and is instrumentally complete with old school synthesizers , drum kits , electric guitars , and horns . Lyrically , the song features Knowles schooling everyone from their 20s to their 50s . She gets feisty as she reflects on lessons she learned in her own life and affirms that she hasn 't certified as a teacher , a preacher or a doctor , but is willing to perform their various duties regardless . " Schoolin ' Life " was well received by contemporary music critics , who noted its aural resemblance to Prince 's prime work , praised its production , and coined it as one of the catchiest upbeat songs Knowles has ever recorded . It appeared on several critics ' lists of the best songs of 2011 . Following the release of 4 , " Schoolin ' Life " charted at number 155 on the South Korean International Singles Chart . The song was used in the eighth season of the American television reality program and dance competition So You Think You Can Dance . It was part of Knowles ' set list during her residency show Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live . = = Production and mixing = = " Schoolin ' Life " was written by Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash , Shea Taylor , and Carlos McKinney . Production was handled by Knowles , The @-@ Dream , and Los Da Mystro . It was made available on the deluxe edition of 4 , which was sold exclusively at Target until that edition was released to iTunes Stores on January 2 , 2012 . The deluxe edition consists of an additional two deluxe only tracks , " Dance for You " and " Lay Up Under Me " and three remixes of " Run the World ( Girls ) " ( 2011 ) . Jordan Young aka DJ Swivel mixed the song at New York 's Jungle City Studios . Describing " Schoolin ' Life " as his favorite track on the album , Swivel told Sound on Sound that he was adamant about mixing the song : I spent a lot of time after [ Knowles ] left the studio tightening up the rough . In fact , I 'm sure she let me mix it just because I loved the track so much ! I mixed this in the fantastic penthouse room in Jungle City . This record was , of course , about the vocals — but a lot of it was about the production elements too . Everything had to be audible ; there 's some interesting percussion , and the hook had to feel nice and big . Around 100 tracks were used on " Schoolin ' Life " ; they were roughly split with 50 for the music and 50 for the vocals . As stated by Swivel , musically the aim of the mix was to take a large number of tracks and create a perfect balance . So , he used Waves ’ Metaflanger on the percussion and some of the snares , and spent some time EQ ’ ing . Swivel explained that there was much parallel processing on the lead vocal . The lead @-@ vocal bus was multed to a second bus , and one of them was entirely crushed on a 50 : 1 compression ratio which was totally limited and with a very low threshold . He elaborated , " It creates a very gritty distorted sound in there , really low to taste , and it fills in the lead vocal very nicely . The crushed vocal runs quietly underneath . " After completing the lead vocals , Swivel decided to rework the 1980s sound on the snares as they were originally very tight . He therefore added a gated reverb for the snap sound which was long and drawn ‑ out snap sound . He also subbed in an additional kick underneath to add some real oomph to the bottom . Owing to the work Swivel had accomplished during production , the final mix took only a few hours . He said : " There were a lot of tracks , but I just enjoyed it , to be honest . I knew how I wanted it to sound , and it was pretty much the last song we cut ; a lot of the mixing was nailed in the production as well , which helped . Dream did a great job producing this track . " The bar one guitar track of " Schoolin ' Life " was entirely programmed . Similarly , the live drum section in the hook was actually done with programmed drums . Once the mixing was over , Swivel 's impression were as follows : [ ' Schoolin ' Life ] absolutely had to have its own space . There are percussion elements and a few random sounds in there too , plus the nice guitar track , but certainly the main challenge was for all of these tracks to be well balanced and individually audible . It really is very easy to overlook something like that , which can potentially completely change the sound of a record . = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = " Schoolin ' Life " is an uptempo R & B and funk song , which contains elements of disco and dance @-@ pop . Built on a 1980s @-@ inspired beat , the song 's instrumentation includes old school synthesizers , 1980s @-@ sounding drum kits wailing electric guitars , and horns . Music critics , including Jamie Peck of MTV noted that " Schoolin ' Life " was inspired by the prime work of Prince , particularly because of its lyrical content , the instruments used , and Knowles ' style of singing on it . Lyrically , the song finds Knowles detailing her experiences as she was growing up . In the first verse , she employs guttural vocals to address many life lessons to " 20 @-@ somethings " , " 30 @-@ somethings " , " 40 @-@ somethings " , and " 50 @-@ somethings " . Knowles warns them against some consequences , affirming " time really moves fast " and that growing up fast will leave them wanting more . Knowles also talks about still excelling in a world where parents try to shield everything , " Mom and dad tried to hide the world / Said the world 's just too big for a little girl / Eyes wide open can 't you see / I had my first heels by the age of 13 " . In the chorus , Knowles gives listeners a flashback to her friskier days and admits that she is certified neither as a teacher , a preacher nor a doctor , but is willing to perform their various duties regardless . She also sings , " I 'm great at writing physical love letters " , and " I 'm a freak , all day all night " . After asking , " Who needs a degree when you 're schoolin ' life ? " , Knowles echoes , " Oh oh oh oh oh oh woah oh oh " . In the second verse , she continues to sing about the ins and outs of life to the " pretty somethings " , " sexy somethings " , " bitter somethings " , and " little somethings " : " Living in a fastlane , see you when you crash babe " , " That body ain ’ t always gonna get you out of everything " , and " Stop living in regret , it ’ s not over yet " . In the bridge , she commands , " Make your life what you decide / Baby , party till the fire marshal shuts this sucker down " . The song ends with Knowles giving one her final lessons , " Don ’ t stop running until it ’ s finished — it ’ s up to you , the rest is unwritten " . = = Critical reception = = Jamie Peck of MTV described " Schoolin ' Life " as " [ a ] feisty lesson in fun ... It 's the perfect soundtrack for dancing on a fire escape or ... playing in a busted open fire hydrant ... Whatever , it 's hot ! " . He concluded that Prince would be proud of the song 's musical style and lyrical content . John Mitchell of the same publication found the song to be single @-@ worthy . Choosing " Schoolin ' Life " as one of the three best tracks on 4 , Tyrone S. Reid of Blogcritics commented that the song offers a proper lesson in how " to make the old and new schools boogie together " . He also noted that it is reminiscent of Prince 's work . Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media viewed the song as an irresistible Prince tribute , which he considered to be much more motivational than " I Was Here " . He called " Schoolin ' Life " as one " among the proper album 's finest moments " . Daniel Koren of PMA noted that the song recalls some of The @-@ Dream 's most Prince @-@ esque tracks , " Fast Car " and " Yamaha " . Ian Walker of AbsolutePunk wrote : 'I Miss You ' and bonus track ' Schoolin ' Life ' both showcase opposite sides of that magnificent decade 's musical spectrum . The former is a stripped down track carried mostly by a hollow beat and dismal synthesizers , allowing Knowles and her morosely beautiful voice center stage ... The latter picks up the pace , peppered liberally with old @-@ school horns and crashes . Knowles details her experiences growing up , but parallels can be drawn to the maturation she 's going through on this very album . More than any song , ' Schoolin ' Life ' literally oozes confidence , providing an endearing edge to an already catchy track . Becky Bain of Idolator wrote that " Schoolin ' Life " is one of the catchier upbeat songs Knowles has ever recorded and felt that it deserves to be a future single . Casey Hamilton of the Boston website Gather wrote that credit for the song 's " retro @-@ radical nature " goes to producer The @-@ Dream , but it is Knowles herself who " truly delivers the shock value , managing to make a lightly introspective , loosely insightful , and largely entertaining tune " , before adding that it contains the sexiest lyrical content she has ever attempted . Hamilton concluded that Knowles ' vocals effectively match the funky and fun vibe of " Schoolin ' Life " , and concluded that the latter showcases " a side of the singer that is nice to see and even nicer to hear " . Duncan Cooper of The Fader magazine wrote that the song is " lyrically inspired , tough as hell and easily the best thing " on 4 . Danielle Cheesman of MSN Music commented that " ' Schoolin ' Life ' steals the whole entire spotlight " , further noting that it channels the " trademark friskiness " of Prince . He commended how Knowles " unleashes her inner ( and innate ) freak singing " . Cheesman concluded " how this isn 't on the original is beyond me " , before adding that there " maybe one extra single [ on the deluxe edition of 4 ] " . = = = Recognition = = = The Guardian 's critic Tom Ewing ranked " Schoolin ' Life " at number nine on his list of The 10 Best Tracks of 2011 . Priya Elan of NME placed the song at number five on her list of the 10 Best Pop Songs Of The Year , writing that it is the " most excellent , time @-@ defying look at Beyonce 's life so far " . He added that if viewed from a stylistic perspective , " Schoolin ' Life " may not have fit with 4 mature tone , but as a stand @-@ alone track " it was one of the most fun of the year " . The staff members of the website Popdust ranked " Schoolin ' Life " as the 87th best song of 2011 , commending Knowles for having pastiched it together " from decades @-@ musty synths and rip @-@ roar over it until it sounds completely current with a wink and a smirk . " On The Village Voice 's 2011 year @-@ end Pazz & Jop singles list , " Schoolin ' Life " was ranked at number 343 . = = Live performances = = In May 2012 , Knowles performed " Schoolin Life " during her revue show Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States ' entertainment resort , hotel , casino and spa , Revel . The performance of the song was placed on the album Live in Atlantic City ( 2013 ) chronicling the concerts . It was previewed on Knowles ' official YouTube page on November 25 , 2013 . A writer of Vibe magazine felt that the laser light show from the performance " brighten [ ed ] up Atlantic City " . E ! News ' Natalie Finn praised Knowles for " tearing it up " onstage during the performance of the song with her backup dancers adding that her fans " are in for quite the education " . = = Usage in media = = On August 3 , 2011 , contestants Ricky Jaime and Sasha Mallory danced to " Schoolin Life " in Top 6 Perform round of the eighth season of the American television reality program and dance competition So You Think You Can Dance . Their dance performance was choreographed by Kumari Suraj . Gwen Orel of The Wall Street Journal further described their performance during a review of that episode of the show : " He 's in a fedora , and she 's got a cute short swingy sheer skirt , with thigh high stockings and a garter belt , and a sheer purple blouse . I don ’ t get what this style really is , it seems to have a lot of arm movements , and some crouching jumps . He doesn ’ t look quite sharp enough next to her . His split leap is phenomenal . " = = Chart performance = = For the week ending July 30 , 2011 , " Schoolin ' Life " debuted at number 155 on the South Korean International Singles Chart , selling 4 @,@ 006 digital downloads . = Max Geldray = Max van Gelder ( 12 February 1916 – 2 October 2004 ) , professionally known as Max Geldray , was a jazz harmonica player . Best known for providing the musical interludes for The Goon Show , he was also credited as being the first harmonica player to embrace the jazz style . Geldray was born in the Netherlands and played jazz in England , Belgium , France and his home country , before settling in Britain at the outbreak of the Second World War ; he was wounded during the Invasion of Normandy . He appeared in nearly every episode of The Goon Show , providing one of the musical interludes and the closing music for each programme . After The Goon Show series finished in 1960 , he settled in the US , where he worked as an entertainer in the Reno casinos alongside the likes of Sarah Vaughan and Billy Daniels . Moving to Palm Springs , he eventually became a part @-@ time counsellor at the Betty Ford Center . He was married twice and has one son . Geldray died in 2004 at the age of 88 . = = Early life ( 1916 – 46 ) = = Geldray was born Max Leon van Gelder , on 12 February 1916 in Amsterdam , Netherlands to Jewish parents . His father , Leon van Gelder , was a commercial traveller , and his mother was Margarite , née Baillosterky . By 1922 Leon was the European Manager for Maja perfume and the family moved out of Amsterdam to Bilthoven . Both parents could play the piano — Leon was self @-@ taught and played by ear , while Margarite was classically trained — and it was Leon who started to teach Geldray how to play . He developed love of jazz music after hearing Louis Armstrong on the radio in 1928 ; Geldray later wrote " how could anyone not love its energy , its vitality and the freedom of its form ? And Louis Armstrong among all the players , became something special to me " . In February 1930 Geldray heard a mouth organ player on BBC Radio and mentioned the performance to a friend , Hans Mossel , owner of a music shop in Amsterdam ; Mossel had ordered a chromatic harmonica the previous week and gave it to Geldray , who practised assiduously . By 1934 Geldray had made some appearances on Dutch radio and formed a band with eight others ; an agent named Franklin billed the group as " Mac [ sic ] Geldray and his Mouth Accordion Band " , changing the surname of the principal to the name he retained for the rest of his life . With his performances , Geldray became the first person to play the harmonica in the jazz style . A change in the format of the band to a quartet and the introduction of a new manager led to a six @-@ week tour of English theatres in 1937 , accompanying the comedian Tom Moss ; the band changed its name to " The Hollander Boys " . During the tour Moss introduced Geldray to Jack Hylton , who invited him to play in his orchestra for the evening . On his return to the Netherlands , the harmonica band broke up and Geldray travelled alone to Brussels , where he found work playing with the dance orchestra at the club Le Boeuf sur le Toit , where he remained for a year . He then worked with a dance band in The Hague , before joining the house band at the Ostend Casino , the Johnny Fresno Band . He would meet a number of influential acts who were booked to play the casino on occasion , including saxophonist Coleman Hawkins , the English bandleader Ambrose and French bandleader Ray Ventura . Ventura soon offered Geldray a job and in 1937 Geldray moved to Paris . While in Paris , he went to the Hot Club de France and played with jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt , a musician about whom Geldray asserts , " I can honestly say that I have never heard anyone better " . The two became close friends and played together often . With the invasion of France by German forces in early 1940 , Geldray travelled to England , where he realised he would be safer . On 20 September 1940 he joined the Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade , part of the Dutch army exiled in England . During the war he continued to play and appeared on BBC Radio ; in 1942 he was part of the entertainment laid on for Princess Elizabeth 's sixteenth birthday at Windsor Castle . During the course of 1942 Geldray also met Sarah Prentice , a 26 @-@ year @-@ old Scottish variety artiste , whose professional name was Zaza Peters ; the couple married on 18 January 1943 . Geldray took part in the Normandy landings with the Prinses Irene Brigade , but was injured by a bomb blast and spent time in a military hospital . Although he did not incur long @-@ term injuries , he suffered from recurring nightmares in the following years . After the liberation of Amsterdam , Geldray travelled to the city to find his parents who had been resident when the Germans invaded . He found that both parents and his sister Xaviere had been killed in a concentration camp by the Nazis . At the end of the war , Geldray returned to Paris and once again found work with Ray Ventura 's orchestra for two years , before returning to London in 1947 . = = BBC years ( 1947 – 61 ) = = Settling in London , Geldray took up British citizenship , and worked on a number of BBC radio programmes , such as Workers ' Playtime , Melody Magazine and Forces ' All @-@ Star Bill . In 1951 he provided the musical interludes for a new BBC series Crazy People , a comedy show that starred Harry Secombe , Peter Sellers , Spike Milligan and Michael Bentine . Crazy People changed its name for subsequent series to The Goon Show and Geldray was a regular performer in the remaining nine series . The show followed a successful format of a vague plot interspersed by two musical performances ; the BBC were using the same structure for a number of radio series , including It 's That Man Again ( ITMA ) . In The Goon Show , the musical segments were taken up by Geldray and The Ray Ellington Quartet , with Geldray also playing " Crazy Rhythm " for the play @-@ out music . On occasions Geldray was given lines to perform , although he felt uncomfortable doing so , and his lack of acting ability became a long @-@ running joke within the programme . Geldray was also the butt of some of the Goons jokes and humour : he was referred to throughout the programmes as " Conk " , on account of his nose , and his performances were often humorously dismissed by the announcer Wallace Greenslade , with such comments as : " That was Mr Max Geldray playing a harmonica . We thought you ought to know what it was , anyhow . " In the early 1950s Geldray 's marriage ended with divorce , after the relationship had " burned itself out " , and he began a relationship with a dancer , Barbara . In 1956 Geldray appeared in three television comedy shows produced by ITV and starring the Goons : The Idiot Weekly , Price 2d ( broadcast 24 February – 23 April 1956 ) , A Show Called Fred ( broadcast 2 – 30 May 1956 ) and Son of Fred ( broadcast 17 September – 5 November 1956 ) . In 1957 he released an album , Goon with the Wind , which was produced by George Martin and released on the Parlophone label . Later that year , Geldray also appeared in Hancock 's 43 Minutes , the Christmas edition of Hancock 's Half Hour , broadcast on 23 December 1957 . In 1958 the BBC proposed dropping Geldray from The Goon Show in a cost @-@ cutting measure ; Peter Sellers threatened to leave the series , and Geldray remained . The Goon Show finished its ten @-@ series run on 28 January 1960 . In 1961 , with his six @-@ year relationship with Barbara at an end , Geldray worked as an entertainer on four trips on the RMS Queen Elizabeth . On visiting Los Angeles he was impressed by the city and decided to emigrate to the US . = = Moving to the US ( 1961 – 2004 ) = = Geldray worked in the casinos of Reno , appearing with Sarah Vaughan and Billy Daniels ; he did not like the city , so returned to Los Angeles . In 1962 he met a divorcee with three children , Susan Deforio ; the couple married that year , and in 1964 they had a son , Philip . Geldray worked for a period as a sales assistant in a clothes shop before becoming the regional sales supervisor for The Christian Science Monitor . In 1972 Geldray returned to the UK to appear in The Last Goon Show of All , a special programme recorded on 30 April and broadcast on 30 April 1972 to mark the 50th anniversary of the BBC . When the BBC refused to pay to fly Geldray from the US , two of the show 's cast — Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers — contributed to his expenses . After the performance , at the Camden Theatre , Princess Margaret came backstage and asked if she could be introduced to Geldray as she was an admirer of his playing . In 1973 Geldray and his family moved to Palm Springs to look after his ailing stepfather ; he also played harmonica in the local Trinidad Bar . A local doctor approached him after one set and asked if Geldray would put on a show at his stroke centre , which led to Geldray undertaking voluntary work teaching stroke victims to play the harmonica . Following the death of Geldray 's youngest step @-@ son , Timmy , Susan Geldray began drinking to excess , and she underwent treatment at the Betty Ford Center . Geldray subsequently volunteered to help at the clinic and qualified as a counsellor and technician . To raise funds for the clinic he started " Jazz without Booze " , a series of concerts , which included prominent local musicians , including Stan Getz . In 1989 Geldray published his autobiography , Goon With the Wind , using the same title as he had for his 1957 album . Geldray died in Palm Springs of natural causes on 2 October 2004 at the age of 88 . = Diamonds Are Forever ( novel ) = Diamonds Are Forever is the fourth novel by the English author Ian Fleming to feature his fictional British Secret Service agent James Bond . Fleming wrote the story at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica , inspired by a Sunday Times article on diamond smuggling . The book was first published by Jonathan Cape in the United Kingdom on 26 March 1956 . The story centres on Bond 's investigation of a diamond @-@ smuggling ring originating in the mines of Sierra Leone and ends in Las Vegas . Along the way Bond meets and falls in love with one of the members of the smuggling gang , Tiffany Case . Much of Fleming 's background research formed the basis for his non @-@ fiction 1957 book The Diamond Smugglers . Diamonds Are Forever deals with international travel , marriage and the transitory nature of life . As with Fleming 's previous novels , Diamonds Are Forever received broadly positive reviews at the time of publication . The story was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper , first in an abridged , multi @-@ part form and then as a comic strip . In 1971 it was adapted into the seventh Bond film in the series and was the last Eon Productions film to star Sean Connery as Bond . = = Plot = = The British Secret Service agent James Bond is sent on an assignment by his superior , M. Acting on information received from Special Branch , M tasks Bond with infiltrating a smuggling ring transporting diamonds from mines in the Crown colony of Sierra Leone to the United States . Bond must infiltrate the smugglers ' pipeline to uncover those responsible . Using the identity of " Peter Franks " , a country house burglar turned diamond smuggler , he meets Tiffany Case , an attractive gang member who has developed an antipathy towards men after being gang @-@ raped as a teenager . Bond discovers that the ring is operated by the Spangled Mob , a ruthless American gang run by the brothers Jack and Seraffimo Spang . He follows the trail from London to New York . To earn his fee for carrying the diamonds he is instructed by a gang member , Shady Tree , to bet on a rigged horse race in nearby Saratoga . There Bond meets Felix Leiter , a former CIA agent working at Pinkertons as a private detective investigating crooked horse racing . Leiter bribes the jockey to ensure the failure of the plot to rig the race , and asks Bond to make the pay @-@ off . When he goes to make the payment , he witnesses two homosexual thugs , Wint and Kidd , attack the jockey . Bond calls Tree to enquire further about the payment of his fee and is told to go to the Tiara Hotel in Las Vegas . The Tiara is owned by Seraffimo Spang and operates as the headquarters of the Spangled Mob . Spang also owns an old Western ghost town , named Spectreville , restored to be his own private holiday retreat . At the hotel Bond finally receives payment through a rigged blackjack game where the dealer is Tiffany . After winning the money he is owed he disobeys his orders from Tree by continuing to gamble in the casino and wins heavily . Spang suspects that Bond may be a ' plant ' and has him captured and tortured . With Tiffany 's help he escapes from Spectreville aboard a railway push @-@ car with Seraffimo Spang in pursuit aboard an old Western train . Bond changes the points and re @-@ routes the train onto a dead @-@ end , and shoots Spang before the resulting crash . Assisted by Leiter , Bond and Tiffany go via California to New York , where they board the RMS Queen Elizabeth to travel to London , a relationship developing between them as they go . Wint and Kidd observe their embarkation and follow them on board . They kidnap Tiffany , planning to kill her and throw her overboard . Bond rescues her and kills both gangsters ; he makes it look like a murder @-@ suicide . Tiffany subsequently informs Bond of the details of the pipeline . The story begins in Africa where a dentist bribes miners to smuggle diamonds in their mouths ; he extracts the gems during routine appointments . From there , the dentist takes the diamonds to a rendezvous with a German helicopter pilot . Eventually the diamonds go to Paris and then on to London . There , after telephone instructions from a contact known as ABC , Tiffany meets a person who explains how the diamonds will be smuggled to New York City . After returning to London — where Tiffany moves into Bond 's flat — Bond flies to Freetown in Sierra Leone , and then to the next diamond rendezvous . With the collapse of the rest of the pipeline , Jack Spang ( who turns out to be ABC ) shuts down his diamond @-@ smuggling pipeline by killing its participants . Spang himself is killed when Bond shoots down his helicopter . = = Background and writing history = = By mid 1954 the author Ian Fleming had published two novels — Casino Royale ( 1953 ) and Live and Let Die ( 1954 ) — and had a third , Moonraker , being edited and prepared for production . That year he read a story in The Sunday Times about diamond smuggling from Sierra Leone . He considered this story as the possible basis for a new novel and , through an old school friend , he engineered a meeting with Sir Percy Sillitoe , the ex @-@ head of MI5 , then working in a security capacity for the diamond @-@ trading company De Beers . The material Fleming gathered was used in both Diamonds Are Forever and The Diamond Smugglers , a non @-@ fiction book published in 1957 . After Fleming 's friend , William Stephenson , sent him a magazine article about the spa town of Saratoga Springs , Fleming flew to the US in August 1954 , where he met his friends Ivar Bryce and Ernest Cuneo ; the three travelled to the town in New York State . There , Fleming and Cuneo visited a mud @-@ bath : en route to an up @-@ market establishment they took the wrong directions and ended up at a run @-@ down outlet , which became the inspiration for the Acme Mud and Sulphur Baths scene in the book . Fleming met the rich socialite , William Woodward , Jr . , who drove a Studillac — a Studebaker with a powerful Cadillac engine . According to Henry Chancellor , " the speed and comfort of it impressed Ian , and he shamelessly appropriated this car " for the book . Woodward was killed by his wife shortly afterwards — she claimed she mistook him for a prowler — and when Diamonds Are Forever was published , it was dedicated to Bryce , Cuneo and " the memory of W. W. Jr . , at Saratoga , 1954 and 55 " . Fleming also travelled to Los Angeles with Cuneo , visiting the Los Angeles Police Intelligence headquarters , where they met Captain James Hamilton , who provided Fleming with information on the Mafia organisation in the US . From Los Angeles Fleming travelled to Las Vegas , where he stayed at the Sands Hotel ; he interviewed the hotel owner , Jack Entratter , where he learnt the background to the security systems and methods of cheating that he used in the novel . Fleming wrote Diamonds Are Forever at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica in January and February 1955 . He followed his usual practice , which he later outlined in Books and Bookmen magazine , in which he said : " I write for about three hours in the morning ... and I do another hour 's work between six and seven in the evening . I never correct anything and I never go back to see what I have written ... By following my formula , you write 2 @,@ 000 words a day . " On completion Fleming wrote to his friend Hilary Bray : I baked a fresh cake in Jamaica this year which I think has finally exhausted my inventiveness as it contains every single method of escape and every variety of suspenseful action that I had omitted from my previous books — in fact everything except the kitchen sink , and if you can think up a good plot involving kitchen sinks , please send it along speedily . He returned to London with the completed 183 @-@ page typescript in March that year ; he had earlier settled on a title , which he based on an advertisement slogan " A Diamond is Forever " in the American edition of Vogue . Although Fleming provides no dates within his novels , John Griswold and Henry Chancellor — both of whom have written books on behalf of Ian Fleming Publications — have identified different timelines based on events and situations within the novel series as a whole . Chancellor put the events of Diamonds Are Forever in 1954 ; Griswold is more precise , and considers the story to have taken place in July and August 1953 . = = Development = = = = = Plot inspirations = = = Fleming had previously travelled to the US on the RMS Queen Elizabeth ; the experience provided background information for the final four chapters of the novel . His trip had included a railway journey on the Super Chief , during which he and Cuneo had visited the cab to meet the driver and engineer , and an excursion on the 20th Century Limited , both of which gave information Fleming used for Spang 's train , the Cannonball . Fleming had a long @-@ standing interest in trains and following his involvement in a near @-@ fatal crash associated them with danger . In addition to Diamonds Are Forever , he used them in Live and Let Die , From Russia , with Love and The Man with the Golden Gun . As with several others of his works , Fleming appropriated the names of people he knew for the story 's characters . The name of one of Fleming 's two travelling companions from the US , Ernest Cuneo , was used as Ernie Cureo , Bond 's taxi @-@ driving ally in Las Vegas , and one of the homosexual villains , " Boofy " Kidd , was named after one of Fleming 's close friends — and a relative of his wife — Arthur Gore , 8th Earl of Arran , known to his friends as " Boofy " . Arran , an advocate of the relaxation of the British laws relating to homosexuality , heard about the use of his name before publication and complained to Fleming about it , but was ignored and the name was retained for the novel . During his trip to America Fleming had come across the name Spang — old German for " maker of shoe buckles " — which he appropriated for the villainous brothers . = = = Characters = = = The writer Jonathan Kellerman 's introduction to the 2006 edition of Diamonds Are Forever describes Bond as a " surprisingly ... complex " character who , in contrast with the cinematic representation , is " nothing other than human . ... Fleming 's Bond makes mistakes and pays for them . He feels pain and regret . " The novelist Raymond Benson — who later wrote a series of Bond novels — writes that the character develops in Diamonds Are Forever , building on Fleming 's characterisation in his previous three novels . This growth arises through Bond 's burgeoning relationship with the book 's main female character , Tiffany Case . He falls in love ; the first time he has done so since Vesper Lynd in Casino Royale . According to Benson , Tiffany is portrayed as tough , but lonely and insecure , and " is Fleming 's first fully developed female character . " The cultural historians Janet Woollacott and Tony Bennett write that many of the main female characters in Fleming 's novels are uncommon , and Tiffany — along with Pussy Galore from Goldfinger and Honeychile Rider from Dr. No — has been " damaged ... sexually " having previously been raped . The effect of the trauma has led to Tiffany working for the villain , which allows Bond to complete his mission , and align her to a more honest lifestyle . The literary analyst LeRoy L. Panek observes that Diamonds Are Forever along with Goldfinger and The Man with the Golden Gun have gangsters as antagonists rather than as spies ; the novel is the only one in the Bond canon without a connection to the Cold War . Panek , comparing the gangsters to Bond 's normal adversaries , identifies them as " merely incompetent gunsels " when compared with the British agent , who can eliminate them with relative ease . The essayist Umberto Eco sees the Spangs as being a forerunner of the SPECTRE organisation Fleming uses in his later novels . Kingsley Amis , who later wrote a Bond novel , considered that there was " no decent villain " , while Eco judges three of the villains — the two Spang brothers and Winter — as physically abnormal , as many of Bond 's adversaries are . Anthony Synnott , in his examination of aesthetics in the Bond novels , also considers that the gangster Michael " Shady " Tree fits into the abnormal category , as he is a red @-@ haired hunchback with " a pair of china eyes that were so empty and motionless that they might have been hired by a taxidermist " . = = Style = = Diamonds Are Forever opens with a passage in which a scorpion hunts and eats its prey , and is subsequently killed by one of the diamond couriers . Eco sees this " cleverly presented " beginning as similar to the opening of a film , remarking that " Fleming abounds in such passages of high technical skill " . When the writer William Plomer was proof @-@ reading the manuscript he saw literary merit , and wrote to Fleming that the passages relating to the racing stables at Saratoga were " the work of a serious writer " . Kellerman considers that " Fleming 's depiction of Las Vegas in the ' 50s is wickedly spot on and one of the finest renditions of time and place in contemporary crime fiction . The story is robust and complex . " Fleming used well @-@ known brand names and everyday details to produce a sense of realism , which Amis called " the Fleming effect " . Amis describes " the imaginative use of information , whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond 's world ... [ is ] bolted down to some sort of reality , or at least counter @-@ balanced . " Benson considers that in Diamonds Are Forever the use of detail is " rich and flamboyant " which allows an " interesting and amusing " description of the US . Benson considers a weakness of the book to be a lack of structural development , although this is compensated by character development ; Kellerman also believes the novel to be " rich in characterization " . Benson analyses Fleming 's writing style and identifies what he describes as the " Fleming Sweep " : a stylistic point that sweeps the reader from one chapter to another using ' hooks ' at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader into the next : Benson feels that the sweep in Diamonds Are Forever was " at full force " in the novel , which " maintain [ s ] a constant level of excitement " as a result . = = Themes = = According to Benson the main theme of Diamonds Are Forever is expressed in the title , with the permanency of the gemstones held in contrast to other aspects of the story , particularly love and life . Towards the end of the novel Fleming uses the lines " Death is forever . But so are diamonds " , and Benson sees the gems as a metaphor for death and Bond as the " messenger of death " . The journalist and author Christopher Hitchens observes that " the central paradox of the classic Bond stories is that , although superficially devoted to the Anglo @-@ American war against communism , they are full of contempt and resentment for America and Americans " ; Benson sees that Diamonds Are Forever contains examples of Fleming 's feelings of superiority towards American culture , including his description of the sleaziness of Las Vegas . Amis , in his exploration of Bond in The James Bond Dossier , pointed out that Leiter is ... such a nonentity as a piece of characterization ... he , the American , takes orders from Bond , the Britisher , and that Bond is constantly doing better than he , showing himself , not braver or more devoted , but smarter , wittier , tougher , more resourceful , the incarnation of little old England . The cultural historian Jeremy Black points to the theme of international travel in Diamonds Are Forever , which was still a novelty to most people in Britain at the time . This travel between a number of a locations exacerbates one of the problems identified by Black : that there was no centre to the story . In contrast to the other novels in the Bond canon , where Casino Royale had Royale , From Russia , with Love had Istanbul and Dr. No had Jamaica , Diamonds Are Forever had multiple locations and two villains and there was " no megalomaniac fervour , no weird self @-@ obsession , at the dark centre of the plot " . According to Fleming 's biographer , Andrew Lycett , after the novel was completed , Fleming added four extra chapters " almost as an afterthought " , detailing the events on the Queen Elizabeth . This introduced the question of marriage , and allowed Fleming to discuss matrimony through his characters , with Bond telling case " Most marriages don 't add two people together . They subtract one from the other . " Lycett opines that the addition was because of the state of Fleming 's own marriage which was going through a bad time . = = Publication and reception = = = = = Publication history = = = Diamonds Are Forever was published on 26 March 1956 by Jonathan Cape with a cover designed by Pat Marriott . As with the three previous Bond books , the first edition of 12 @,@ 500 copies sold out quickly ; the US edition was published in October 1956 by Macmillan . The novel was serialised in The Daily Express newspaper from 12 April 1956 onwards — the first of Fleming 's novels he had sold to the newspaper — which led to an overall rise in the sales of the novels . From November 1956 sales of Diamonds Are Forever , and Fleming 's other novels , all rose following the visit of the Prime Minister , Sir Anthony Eden , to Fleming 's Goldeneye estate to recuperate following the Suez Crisis ; Eden 's stay was much reported in the British press . The book received boosts in sales in 1962 when Eon Productions adapted Dr. No for the cinema , and in 1971 when Diamonds Are Forever was produced for the big screen . In February 1958 Pan Books published a paperback version of the novel in the UK , which sold 68 @,@ 000 copies before the end of the year . Since its initial publication the book has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions , translated into several languages and has never been out of print . = = = Reception = = = Julian Symons , reviewing Diamonds Are Forever in The Times Literary Supplement , thought that Fleming had some enviable qualities as a writer , including " a fine eye for places ... an ability to convey his own interest in the mechanics of gambling and an air of knowledgeableness " . Symons also saw defects in Fleming 's style , including " his inability to write convincing dialogue " . For Symons , the novel was Fleming 's " weakest book , a heavily padded story about diamond smuggling " , where " the exciting passages are few " . Milward Kennedy of the The Manchester Guardian , thought that Fleming was " determined to be as tough as Chandler , if a little less lifelike " , while Maurice Richardson , in The Observer , considered Bond " one of the most cunningly synthesised heroes in crime @-@ fiction " . Richardson wrote how " Fleming 's method is worth noting , and recommending : he does not start indulging in his wilder fantasies until he has laid down a foundation of factual description . " Elements of a review by Raymond Chandler for The Sunday Times were used as advertising for the novel ; Chandler wrote that it was " about the nicest piece of book @-@ making in this type of literature which I have seen for a long time ... Mr. Fleming writes a journalistic style , neat , clean , spare and never pretentious " . Writing in The New York Times , Anthony Boucher — described by Fleming 's biographer John Pearson as " throughout an avid anti @-@ Bond and an anti @-@ Fleming man " — was mixed in his review , thinking that " Mr. Fleming 's handling of American and Americans is well above the British average " , although he felt that " the narrative is loose @-@ jointed and weakly resolved " , while Bond resolves his assignments " more by muscles and luck than by any sign of operative intelligence " . = = Adaptations = = Diamonds Are Forever was adapted as a daily comic strip for the Daily Express newspaper , and syndicated around the world . The original adaptation ran from 10 August 1959 to 30 January 1960 . The strip was written by Henry Gammidge and illustrated by John McLusky . The novel was loosely adapted in a 1971 film starring Sean Connery and directed by Guy Hamilton . Diamonds Are Forever was the final Bond film undertaken by Sean Connery with Eon Productions , although he returned to the role of Bond twelve years later with Kevin McClory 's Taliafilm company for Never Say Never Again . In July 2015 Diamonds Are Forever was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 , starring Toby Stephens as Bond ; it was directed by Martin Jarvis . = Pilot ( Lost ) = " Pilot " is the two @-@ part television pilot of the ABC television series Lost , with part 1 premiering on September 22 , 2004 , and part 2 one week later on September 29 . Both parts were directed by J.J. Abrams , who co @-@ wrote the script with Damon Lindelof . Jeffrey Lieber , who had been commissioned by ABC to write the first version of the script , earned a story credit . Filmed in Oahu , Hawaii , it was the most expensive pilot episode up to that time , costing between $ 10 and $ 14 million , largely due to the expense of purchasing , shipping , and dressing a decommissioned Lockheed 1011 to represent Flight 815 's wreckage . Many changes were made during the casting process , including the selected actors , the characters ' behaviors and fates . The pilot introduces the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 , who experience a plane crash and end up on a mysterious island . Three of the characters , Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) , Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) and Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) , are featured before the crash in flashbacks of their experiences on the plane as it breaks apart in mid @-@ air ; this narrative technique would be reused in almost every subsequent episode of the series . The Lost pilot is one of the most critically acclaimed television pilots of all time . Both parts earned high ratings , with Part 1 breaking the record for a pilot episode with 18 @.@ 6 million viewers , and the episode would later win many awards and accolades . = = Plot = = = = = Part 1 = = = On September 22 , 2004 , Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) awakens disoriented in the jungle and notices a yellow Labrador retriever ( Madison ) darting through the bamboo forest . Following the path it came from , Jack runs haphazardly through the jungle to a beach , where he is confronted by the carnage of the airplane crash of Oceanic Flight 815 . Jack , a surgeon , administers medical aid to the survivors , assisting the pregnant Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) , enlisting Hurley ( Jorge Garcia ) to watch her , and administering CPR to Rose Henderson ( L. Scott Caldwell ) , saving her life . After the initial shock passes , Jack retreats to a quiet area beyond the beach to tend to his own injuries , when he notices Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) passing through the jungle . He asks her for assistance , which she gives by helping suture a wound on his back . Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) organizes a clean @-@ up crew , while Hurley salvages meals from the plane 's galley and distributes them to the survivors . Shannon Rutherford ( Maggie Grace ) refuses chocolate offered by her brother Boone Carlyle ( Ian Somerhalder ) , believing that rescue is imminent . A Korean man , Jin @-@ Soo Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) , tells his wife , Sun @-@ Hwa Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) , in Korean that she should remain close to him at all times . That night , as Jack and Kate decide to search for the plane cockpit as its transceiver would allow the survivors to send a distress signal , loud roaring noises and crashing trees are heard in the nearby jungle . The following morning , the two are accompanied by Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) on their way into the jungle . The cockpit is found leaning against a tree , forcing the trio to climb it to reach the cabin . Charlie disappears into the bathroom while Jack and Kate awaken the concussed pilot ( Greg Grunberg ) in the cabin . The pilot tells them that the plane had lost radio contact six hours after take off , where it turned back for Fiji and hit wake turbulence . After estimating that the flight was 1 @,@ 000 miles off course before it crashed , the pilot tries using the transceiver , but cannot get a signal . Suddenly the strange roaring noises heard on the beach the previous night return , and when the pilot investigates , he is seized by something outside and blood splatters on the window , prompting the trio to grab the transceiver and flee . During the escape , Charlie falls and Jack returns to help him , while a terrified Kate runs on . After the monster disappears , Kate , Charlie and Jack reunite and find the pilot 's bloodied corpse suspended in a treetop . = = = = Flashbacks = = = = On the airplane , Jack jokingly tells a flight attendant named Cindy ( Kimberley Joseph ) that his alcoholic drink is not strong , and she gives him a stronger one . Charlie runs by while being called after by flight attendants before turbulence shakes the plane , scaring Rose , who is sitting across from Jack . The two talk , and Rose mentions that her husband is in the bathroom . The plane gets exceptionally shaky , causing a man to hit the plane 's ceiling and oxygen masks to fall . = = = Part 2 = = = Jack , Kate , and Charlie head back to the beach , where ten @-@ year @-@ old Walt Lloyd ( Malcolm David Kelley ) discovers a pair of handcuffs , which he shows to his father , Michael Dawson ( Harold Perrineau ) . Afterwards , James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) attacks Sayid , claiming he is a terrorist who blew up the plane , but they are soon stopped by Jack and Michael . Sayid repairs the transceiver , but it has little battery life and does not have a signal . He explains to Kate that by heading up the mountains to higher ground , they might be able to acquire a signal . They decide to go inland , and Charlie , Sawyer , Shannon and Boone soon follow them . Along the way , they are attacked by a charging polar bear , which Sawyer shoots and kills . When asked about where he found the gun , Sawyer says he took it from a dead U.S. Marshal . Sayid accuses Sawyer of being the marshal 's prisoner . Kate takes the gun from Sawyer and Sayid instructs her on how to dismantle it . Back at the beach , the marshal ( Fredric Lane ) wakes up as Jack is suturing him , and asks Jack , " Where is she ? " Inland , Sayid turns on the transceiver and it has a signal . However , it is being blocked by a looping transmission in French , which Shannon translates as " I 'm alone now , on the island alone . Please someone come . The others ... they 're dead . It killed them . It killed them all . " Sayid calculates that has been repeating for over sixteen years before Charlie says , " Guys , where are we ? " = = = = Flashbacks = = = = An anxious Charlie runs to the bathroom , where he locks himself to snort heroin . After the plane becomes shaky , Charlie is slammed against the bathroom ceiling , and decides to leave . After being nearly hit by a refreshment cart , Charlie rushes to a seat several rows back and straps himself in as the plane shakes . Kate is revealed to be the marshal 's prisoner , wearing the handcuffs that Walt found in the jungle . As the turbulence hits , the marshal is knocked unconscious by a falling suitcase . Kate struggles to put on her oxygen mask due to the handcuffs , so she uncuffs herself using the marshal 's keys and puts the marshal 's oxygen mask on him before attaching her own , at which point the tail end of the plane suddenly breaks off and flies away . = = Production = = = = = Conception and writing = = = The series began development in the summer of 2003 , when ABC senior vice president Thom Sherman decided to order from Spelling Television a script based on an idea of network president Lloyd Braun , who envisioned a series that was a cross between the novel Lord of the Flies , the movie Cast Away , the television series Gilligan 's Island , and the popular reality show Survivor . Braun had titled his concept Lost after a failed reality show that had broadcast in 2001 . Writer Jeffrey Lieber was contacted by Spelling 's vice president of series development Ted Gold , and in September 2003 pitched to ABC the concepts for what he called Nowhere . Sherman approved the idea and hired Lieber to write a script , but Braun wound up rejecting Lieber 's draft and subsequent rewrites . In January 2004 Braun contacted J. J. Abrams , who developed the TV series Alias for ABC , to write a new pilot script , which would retain the title Lost . Although initially hesitant , Abrams warmed up to the idea on the condition that the series would have a supernatural angle to it and he was assigned a writing partner . ABC executive Heather Kadin sent him Damon Lindelof , who had long intended to meet Abrams as he wished to write for Alias . Together , Abrams and Lindelof developed the characters and plot of Lost , along with creating a series " bible " which would store the major mythological ideas and plot points for an ideal five to six season run for the show . Lindelof and Abrams worked between January 13 and 16 , when Lindelof sent a 21 – page outline to ABC 's executives . A complete first draft of the pilot script was delivered on February 24 , and the teleplay kept on being revised , with the final script arriving on April 19 . The development of the show was constrained by tight deadlines , as it had been commissioned late in the 2004 season 's development cycle and Braun estimated that the whole process from writing to post @-@ production took 6 to 8 weeks . Despite the short schedule , the creative team remained flexible enough to modify or create characters to fit actors they wished to cast . Though Abrams and Lindelof did not use Lieber 's work as inspiration for their own , Lieber 's request for arbitration at the Writer 's Guild of America pointing out the similarities in both scripts earned him a story credit . Lieber would later say the series would drift much from his concepts in Nowhere , declaring	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Lost was " more like Lord of the Rings than Lord of the Flies " . Writer @-@ producer Anthony Spinner later sued ABC on the accounts that he submitted a script titled " L.O.S.T. " to the network in 1977 , but the case was dismissed on the accounts that none of the people involved with Lost had read Spinner 's work . = = = Casting = = = In the initial plans for the series , Jack was going to die midway through the first episode . The role of Jack was originally offered to Michael Keaton , but when the producers quickly changed their minds about Jack 's death , making him the leader , Keaton gave up the job . After Matthew Fox 's casting as Jack , the character was established as a leader , and the airplane pilot was introduced to take Jack 's place as The Monster 's first victim . The pilot wound up being played by Greg Grunberg , a childhood friend of Abrams who the producer brings into most of his projects . Around seventy @-@ five women of different shapes , sizes , ethnicities and ages auditioned to be Kate . In the initial plans , Kate would emerge as the leader after Jack died . She was not going to be a fugitive , instead her husband was going to go to the bathroom shortly before the plane split in mid air , and she would remain adamant on the Island that he was alive . This ended up being used for Rose 's ( L. Scott Caldwell ) character instead . The producers were impressed with Canadian Evangeline Lilly 's audition for Kate , as she displayed the confidence with vulnerability that they were looking for . As this was Lilly 's first role , she had difficulty obtaining a visa to work in America . She was supposed to start on the first day of filming , but the schedule was rearranged to give her more time , and in the meantime , the producers began auditioning again in case the visa did not come through . However , during one of the auditions , they got an email confirming that she had obtained her visa and could start work on the show . Matthew Fox , Dominic Monaghan and Jorge Garcia originally auditioned for the role of Sawyer , who at the time was supposed to be a suit @-@ wearing city con man , but the role was given to Josh Holloway . Garcia was the first actor the producers knew they were going to cast . While the producers thought Garcia was spectacular , they did not think he fit in the role of Sawyer , so they created the Hurley character for him instead . When Holloway auditioned for Sawyer , the producers liked his southern accent and the edge he brought to the character ( Holloway reportedly forgot his lines and kicked a chair in frustration ) . The producers knew he did not suit the role , but thought he was very watchable , so they rewrote the role to suit him , making him more feral , Southern , but kept the same intelligence he originally had . After appearing in The Lord of the Rings , Dominic Monaghan was offered many fantasy @-@ based roles , like elves and pixies . He was keen to portray a different role , so he wanted a contemporary part that had layers and an edge . Originally Charlie was an older rocker that has been a big hit in the 1980s but now had a heroin addiction . After the producers enjoyed Monaghan 's audition of Sawyer , they decided to cast him as Charlie and rewrote the script to make Charlie a young has @-@ been instead . When the producers were auditioning actors for roles in Lost , Harold Perrineau was in the area . The producers called it a " natural move " to have him audition . Although initially skeptical about the show , he took the role when Lost creator J. J. Abrams explained more about it . A lot of children were seen for the role of Walt . They were narrowed down to the top three , with Malcolm David Kelley winning it , after the producers were impressed with his role in Antwone Fisher . Abrams had worked with Terry O 'Quinn previously on Alias , and was keen to work with him again . He explained to O 'Quinn that although the role in the first episodes would be fairly small , the character will develop afterwards . O 'Quinn took the role as he trusted Abrams . He was also the only character who did not have to officially audition for a part of a main character . The producers were looking for someone who had a " Paris Hilton quality " to play Shannon , but she could not just be shallow , as the storyline would require more than that . A lot of women were auditioned before the producers finally settled on Maggie Grace . She was written to be an antipathetic character in the first season as the producers needed a character they could use to create opposition and conflict . Unlike many other characters of the first season , who were rewritten based on their actors , Boone was largely the same through production . He was originally going to be named Boone Anthony Markham V , going by the nickname , " Five " . Ian Somerhalder was cast in the role , but he did not want to shoot a pilot ; however , he jumped at the opportunity once he found out he would be working with Abrams . Lost was planned to be a multi @-@ cultural show with an international cast . The producers thought it was essential that an Australian was cast for the part of Claire , and the Oceanic 815 was leaving from Sydney . Emilie de Ravin was working in Edmonton , so was unable to go to the auditions , which were being held in Los Angeles . From a video she sent to the producers , they were able to tell that de Ravin had the youth and sweetness required for the role , but also looked as though she had some life experience . Sayid was not in the original draft of the pilot episode , but executive consultant Jeff Pinkner had worked with Naveen Andrews on a short @-@ lived ABC series called The Beast , and was keen to have him on Lost . The producers were surprised that Andrews was interested in the role . When they cast him , all Andrews was told was that Sayid was from Iraq and had been in the army . Yunjin Kim originally auditioned for Kate . At her audition she told the producers that she spoke fluent Korean , having been raised in South Korea , where she had starred in several films . The producers were impressed with Kim 's performance and wrote her the character of Sun , who was planned to be someone who could not speak English , but after examining her relationship with her husband , the audience would learn that she does in fact speak it . Daniel Dae Kim was cast in the role of Jin , Sun 's husband . Dae Kim described his audition as a " really interesting experience " . He found it especially hard as it was his first time acting in Korean , and he had not spoken in it regularly since being in high school , when he would talk to his parents . = = = Filming = = = Filming began on March 11 , 2004 , with soundstage shooting in Los Angeles for the scenes set inside the flight . The primary location was the Hawaiian island of Oahu . The wreckage of Flight 815 was made with a Lockheed L @-@ 1011 built in 1972 and previously used by Delta Air Lines until 1998 , that after being purchased by ABC was broken up and sent to Hawaii by ship . The purchasing , shipping , and dressing of the aircraft body accounted for most of the pilot 's budget , which at an estimated $ 10 to $ 14 million was the most expensive pilot episode up to that time . Greenlighting such an expensive and risky project amidst ABC 's low ratings eventually led Braun to be fired by The Walt Disney Company , ABC 's parent company . J.J. Abrams decided not to do aerial shots to avoid revealing too much of the island , and also because he felt that the different point of view could confuse audiences . Filming wrapped on April 24 , Lindelof 's birthday . Extensive usage of visual effects , particularly bluescreen , was used in the pilot . One effect in particular was re @-@ shot just before part 2 was broadcast . The scene involving a stuffed polar bear was used for a pre @-@ broadcast commercial and was freeze framed and mocked on the internet , prompting ABC to replace it with a CGI bear . = = Reception = = The pilot episode 's world premiere was on July 24 , 2004 at Comic @-@ Con International in San Diego . Part 1 had its first ABC broadcast on September 22 , 2004 , reaching a ratings record for a pilot episode , with 18 @.@ 6 million viewers , and on the following week , part 2 scored 10 @.@ 5 / 17 on the Nielsen ratings , watched by 17 million viewers . Both parts aired on the same night for its first UK broadcast on Channel 4 , August 10 , 2005 , and it became an instant hit . It was the second most watched programme for Channel 4 for that week , with ratings of 6 @.@ 75 million , second only to Big Brother . Reviews were favorable upon release . IGN gave it a 10 / 10 score declaring that Lost " delivers on every promise it makes to its audience . " In IGN 's 2008 series of " Flashback Reviews " , IGN 's Chris Carabott changed the scores ; he gave part 1 a 9 @.@ 5 / 10 , saying that the show 's mysteries " would keep many of us captivated for the next four years " ; he gave part 2 a 9 / 10 , saying that " It really is a roller coaster of emotion and that sense of dread that sets in here is brilliantly portrayed . " Entertainment Weekly gave an ' A ' , stating that even non @-@ science fiction and fantasy fans can like it , and USA Today gave it 4 stars praising the cast . The Futon Critic later chose the pilot as the fifth best TV episode of 2004 . TV Guide ranked the episode fifth on a list of the top 100 television episodes of all time . At the 2005 Emmy Awards , Lost won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . J.J. Abrams won an Emmy for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot , with Mary Jo Markey winning Outstanding Single @-@ Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series and Michael Giacchino winning Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) . The show in general won Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series and Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , while receiving additional nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Writing for Drama Series . Casting director April Webster won an Artios Award for her work in the pilot . The first part of the pilot also won two Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing in Television Short Form : Sound Effects & Foley and Dialogue & ADR , and a VES Award for visual effects . The episode was nominated for a Hugo Award and awards from the American Society of Cinematographers , Art Directors Guild and Directors Guild of America . " Pilot " , along with " House of the Rising Sun " and " The Moth " , won a PRISM Award for Charlie 's drug storyline . = Phresh Out the Runway = " Phresh Out the Runway " ( also known as " Fresh Off the Runway " ) is a song recorded by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna for her seventh studio album Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . It was co @-@ written by Rihanna with French disc @-@ jockey David Guetta , Giorgio Tuinfort and Terius Nash . It is the first time that Rihanna and Guetta had collaborated since " Who 's That Chick ? " , released in November 2010 . " Phresh Out the Runway " is a hip hop and rave song that contains heavy synthesizers and bass . Lyrically , Rihanna explains how if any of her crew does not respect her , they should no longer remain with her . " Phresh Out the Runway " received positive reviews from music critics ; most of them praised the composition , production and how Rihanna interpreted the song . However , the lyrics were subjected to criticism . Rihanna performed the track at the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show on November 7 , 2012 , along with the album 's lead single , " Diamonds " . " Phresh Out the Runway " was included on the set list of the 777 Tour promotional tour and the Diamonds World Tour . Upon the release of Unapologetic , the song debuted at number 35 on the UK R & B Chart and 177 on the UK Singles Chart . It also debuted on the US R & B Songs chart at number 21 . = = Background and production = = Rihanna began " working on the new sound " for her seventh studio album in March 2012 , even though she had not yet begun recording . On September 12 , 2012 , Def Jam France announced via Twitter that Rihanna would release a new single the upcoming week while her seventh studio album is scheduled to be released in November 2012 . However , the tweet was shortly deleted and replaced with another clarifying that " more information will be made available tomorrow , Thursday , September 13 " . Via her official Twitter account , Rihanna posted series of " teasing " tweets announcing her seventh studio album . On November 6 , 2012 , Rihanna revealed that there would be " another secret collab " on the album . She hinted at the identity : " Guess who is featured on the # 7th song on # Unapologetic , Hint : his birthday is tomorrow November # 7th . " In a followed tweet , she explicitly revealed that the secret artist is the French disk @-@ jockey David Guetta and announced that he produced " Phresh Out the Runway " along with " Right Now " for her seventh studio album Unapologetic . Rihanna and Guetta have previously collaborated on " Who 's That Chick ? " ( 2010 ) , which is included in the re @-@ release of his second studio album One Love ( 2009 ) , entitled One More Love ( 2010 ) . " Phresh Out the Runway " was co @-@ written by Rihanna herself , Terius Nash and Giorgio Tuinfort . Production of the song was helmed by Guetta , Tuinfort as well as Nash under his production name Terius Nash . Josh Campbell engineered the song , with assistance from Joel Peters at SARM Studios in London . Rihanna 's vocals were recorded by Marcos Tovar and Kuk Harrell at R Studios in Los Angeles , California ; Harrell also handled production of Rihanna 's vocals . All instrumentation and programming was carried out by Guetta , Tuinfort and Nash . The song was finally mixed by Jaycen Joshua at SARM Studios and Metropolis Studios in London . = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = " Phresh Out the Runway " is a hip hop and rave song , with a duration of three minutes and forty @-@ two seconds . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times noted that the song 's composition is a " chaotic dense spray of boasts over a muscular , scraping beat " . Brad Stern of MTV Buzzworthy labeled the song as " noisy , trap @-@ tastic twerker " that is reminiscent of Rihanna 's 2012 single " Birthday Cake " and according to him , contains blazin ' beats , brags aplenty , nasty unapologetic attitude . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian noted that " Phresh Out the Runway " is an aggregation off " distorted " synthesisers derived from Joey Beltram 's 1990 record " Mentasm " " until it sounds weird and disorientating " . The Boston Globe 's James Reed labeled " Phresh Out the Runway " as a club banger containing a heavy bass " that rumbles more in your chest instead of rattling your feet . " Alex Macpherson of Fact wrote that on the song " Rihanna sprays declamations like machine gun fire over what could pass for a lost early ’ 90s Prodigy rave anthem . " The lyrical content of " Phresh Out the Runway " revolves around Rihanna explaining how if any of her crew does not respect her , then she should no longer remain with her , singing : " How could you be so hood , but you 're so fuckin ' pop ? / How could you be so fun and sound like you 're selling rocks ? " . On the song , Rihanna sounds " indignant " and " impressed " with being herself and proclaims : " Walk up in this bitch like I own the ho " . = = Critical reception = = " Phresh Out the Runway " received positive reviews from most music critics . Dan Martin for NME commented , " French overlord of the genre , David Guetta , is present , and his contributions on tracks like the opener ' Phresh Out the Runway ' are largely box @-@ ticking exercises to illustrate Rihanna ’ s commitment to making loads of money , but they ’ re at least subtle . " Chris Youine for 4Music concluded that there is not doubt that the song is bold , brash and unapologetic opener of the album . Nathan S. for DJ Booth wrote that the song " finds Rihanna on the verge of just straight out rhyming " ; according to him her rhyming is pretty well . Esquire 's Miles Raymer commented that Rihanna is party girl and because of that every of her albums has one song with you can get crazy ; according to Raymer in this case is " Phresh Out the Runway " which if it is played in proper volume it can be " handbanging " . Greg Kot for Chicago Tribune concluded that the song together with " Jump " and " Pour It Up " celebrates " live @-@ for @-@ the @-@ moment hedonism " . Smokey Fontaine for The Huffington Post called it a " loud " and " as @-@ curse filled " for it can capture the album 's title and reminds the parents that Rihanna 's music is not yet for their kids . Bernard Perusse for The Montreal Gazette criticized the song and called it a " robotic whomp and f @-@ bomb shtick " , that rapidly creates " a melody @-@ free , pedestrian turf " . Pitchfork Media 's Jessica Hopper wrote that " ' Phresh Out the Runway ' is capitalist braggadocio ( nonsense grade ) so static it borders on unmusical . " Sarah H. Grant of Consequence of Sound called both " Right Now " and " Phresh Out the Runway " " texturally layered " , but " lyrically barren " . = = Live performances and usage in media = = Rihanna performed " Phresh Out the Runway " for the first time at the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show alongside " Diamonds " , on November 7 , 2012 . During the performance she wore a pink sheer lingerie . The show aired on December 4 , 2012 on CBS . During the seven days prior to the release of the album , Rihanna embarked on the 777 Tour , a seven @-@ date promotional tour where she performed seven concerts in seven different cities in seven different countries across North America and Europe . " Phresh Out the Runway " was included on the set list at the first concert in Mexico City , at the second concert in Toronto . Rihanna performed the song again at the third concert in Stockholm . Jack Rosenthal for Rolling Stone commented that performing the song appeared to be an " uphill climb " for Rihanna during the first two dates in Mexico City and Toronto , but felt that she looked more comfortable performing on the third date in Stockholm , writing " she sings it looking over her shoulder , a breezy afterthought . " She also included the song in her setlist for her Diamonds World Tour . " Phresh Out the Runway " was featured at the end of the season three eighth episode of the American police procedural drama TV series , Hawaii Five @-@ 0 . = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at SARM Studios , Notting Hill , London , UK ; R Studios , Los Angeles , California ; Metropolis Studios , London , UK . Mixed at Larrabee Recording Studios , Burbank , California . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records . = = Charts = = Upon the release of Unapologetic , " Phresh Out the Runway " debuted on the UK R & B Chart at number 35 on November 25 , 2012 . It debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 177 . The song debuted at number 21 on the US R & B Songs chart for the issue dated December 22 , 2012 , and peaked at number 46 on the R & B / Hip @-@ hop Digital Songs chart on December 3 , 2010 . = Matt Byrne = Matthew " Matt " Byrne ( born 8 October 1974 ) is a British wheelchair basketball player . He participated at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens where he finished in third position . At the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , Byrne finished in bronze medal position with Great Britain . He played for United Kingdom at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . = = Personal life = = Byrne was born in 1974 in Nottingham . He is a paraplegic , meaning that he has an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities . He was introduced into wheelchair basketball during his rehabilitation at a hospital following a motorcross accident at the age of fifteen he is also married to Anna Byrne that is a teacher at the long eaton school . = = Wheelchair basketball = = Byrne first played wheelchair basketball in 1991 , and joined the Sheffield Steelers club for five years before moving to the Nottingham Jaguars , near where he was born . His current club , the Wolverhampton Rhinos ( RGK TCAT Rhinos ) , have won the Super League many times during his time there . He made his début for the Great Britain national team in 2001 . Byrne participated in the 2001 / 2002 European Championships in Amsterdam , his first time competing at a major international event . He and the United Kingdom national team finished in fourth position , out of medal contention . In 2002 , he won a silver medal at the 2002 World Championships in Kitakyushu , a city on the third @-@ largest island of Japan . He finished third and won a bronze medal at the Sassari 2003 European Championships . Byrne competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympic Games in Athens , Greece ; he and the United Kingdom national team won the bronze medal . Following his first Paralympics , Byrne and his team won a silver medal at the 2005 European Championships in Paris and took fifth place at the world championships in Amsterdam the following year . The U.K. team won the silver medal at the European Championships in Wetzlar , Netherlands in 2007 . Byrne and the U.K. team proceeded to win bronze at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing . The following year , he also won bronze at the European Championships in Adana , Turkey . In 2011 , he and his team won gold at the European Championships in Nazareth , northern Israel . Byrne was a member of the U.K. ' s wheelchair basketball national team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics , held in London . The team finished in fourth place after losing to Canada and the United States . In 2012 , Byrne was made co @-@ captain of the Great Britain Men 's Wheelchair Basketball team . = Jon Hol = Jon Gundersen Hol ( 1 September 1851 – 1941 ) was a Norwegian engineer and activist . He is known for his pamphlet Rifleringen , published in February 1884 , that resulted in his arrest for lèse majesté . In the pamphlet , he called for soldiers and civilians to arm themselves and encircle the Parliament of Norway Building , creating a " Ring of Rifles " , should the need arise . The political situation in Norway at the time was unstable , with an ongoing impeachment case against the conservative government started by political liberals . King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway supported the conservative politicians , and Hol believed that a political and military counter @-@ offensive was planned , hence the need for guarding the Parliament . The tensions between liberals and conservatives drew Hol into politics in the first place in 1880 . Before this , he was an engineer by occupation and a writer , albeit apolitical . He increased his writing after 1880 , and also involved himself in non @-@ socialist trade unions , including the unsuccessful attempt of establishing a national trade union center in Kristiania . When the conservatives lost the Impeachment case , there was a change of government and the charges against Hol were dropped . Two years later , he received an economic compensation from the Parliament . After some quiet years in which he concentrated on engineering work , Hol returned to politics as a member of the city council of Skien , representing the local temperance movement . He stood for parliamentary election twice , without success . = = Early life = = Hol was born at the farm Ekornhol in Nord @-@ Odal , the son of Gunder Johnsen and Rønnaug Haakonsdatter . He began a military education in 1869 , and later conducted self @-@ studies as well as attending various schools , including the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry . In 1876 , he married Karen Pedersdatter , a farmers ' daughter from Sør @-@ Odal and in 1878 , he was hired by the city engineering corps of Kristiania . = = Political activism = = = = = Background = = = While studying , Hol became interested in journalism . He began writing for the apolitical magazine Norsk Nationaltidende in 1877 , but found his interest in politics growing as he observed the mounting political turmoil at the time . Liberal politicians in the Norwegian Parliament struggled to introduce the practice of calling government ministers in for questioning . Initially , this was not meant to function as a lever against individual ministers , but rather to increase debate on important issues . The executive branch of government was not elected , and the intention was to enhance a co @-@ governing with the democratically elected legislature . Also , ministers were already criticized in parliamentary debates ; if they were questioned in person they would have the chance to defend themselves . This required altering the Constitution , a move which the executive branch , led by King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway , continuously vetoed . The conservatives in Parliament also opposed this , fearing that the increasingly liberal @-@ dominated parliament would use constitutional change to check the executive branch , and thereby infringe upon the separation of powers . The first royal veto came in 1872 , after which the proposition was slightly altered , but it was vetoed again in 1874 . Two identical propositions followed , and were defeated , in 1877 and 1880 . After 1880 , the question about ministers faded into the background ; instead the disagreement centered around the King 's right to a veto in constitutional cases . According to the Constitution , the King had the right to postpone a non @-@ constitutional act three times . On the other hand , the Constitution did not mention any veto in constitutional cases . Three views became distinct : some argued that the King had no veto at all , the middle ground was held by people who would allow a postponing veto , while the government and the King claimed an absolute veto . Allegedly , an absolute veto was in the " spirit " of 1814 and the separation of powers principle . Those who held the first view cited the principle of popular sovereignty . Although the veto question became central , the ministers were not out of the spotlight . Since the ministers were inferior to the King within the executive branch , the King was responsible for all actions conducted by this branch ; however , the ministers were responsible for the advice given to the King when they were assembled in the Council of State . If any ministers were to dissent , according to the Constitution , they had to state this explicitly in the meeting protocol , lest they be considered in agreement and thus co @-@ responsible . The King was above the law , but the Prime Minister and his cabinet could be tried for Impeachment for advising the King to act out an unconstitutional veto . The Impeachment Court consisted of Supreme Court Justices and elected politicians from the Lagting , and as the latter group held a two @-@ thirds majority , an Impeachment trial with a fairly certain outcome could start as soon as the liberals won control over the Lagting seats through general elections . = = = Arenas for activism = = = Jon Hol sided with Johan Sverdrup , a liberal jurist who had become the spearhead of parliamentary opposition to the King . Hol also became involved in the workers ' society Kristiania Arbeidersamfund , which was dominated by political liberals ( not socialists ) at that time , as a member of the board . From 1881 , he worked on their publication Samfundet . This periodical eventually ceased publication , but was succeeded by Nordmanden in 1883 , which Hol co @-@ owned . Hol used Samfundet and Nordmanden as the main public arenas for his activism . He was also behind the rifle associations ' member magazine Norsk Skyttertidende , which had been started in 1882 and edited by David Dietrichson for a short while before Hol took over . = = = Rifle associations and the military = = = Hol eventually came to believe that King Oscar II and his supporters , if opposed by the Norwegian Parliament , would usurp political power with the help of the Norwegian Army . Hol based this view on two speeches given by Oscar in 1882 , one of them at the closing of the parliamentary session that year and hence before the 1882 general election . Harald Nicolai Storm Wergeland , the Commander at Akershus Fortress , located nearby the Norwegian Parliament , was known as a staunch conservative . In 1880 , he had called for Parliament to increase the military contingent in the city . The Chief of Police supported this request ; in a letter to the Ministry of Justice and the Police he stated that there was a need for preparedness regarding the political situation , as a possible pretext for " disturbances and demonstrations " . Otto Nyquist , a personal friend of the King , was instated in 1882 as commander of the battalion stationed in Kristiania . In late 1883 , Oscar suggested that the storage of bolts of rifles in depots around the country be disconnected , to prevent a situation in which uprising peasantry turned the Army 's own weapons against them . Secret talks on a coup d 'état supported by the military were held between Oscar and Christian Selmer at the Scanian castle Sofiero in 1883 , and the newspaper Morgenbladet publicly supported such a solution . One of the means to counter this development , was the formation of semi @-@ military forces . All over the country , local rifle associations had sprung up . The first rifle association — Centralforeningen for Udbredelse af Legemsøvelser og Vaabenbrug of 1861 — was politically conservative , but a great number of the newer associations , especially in rural districts , supported the political liberals and radicals . They exercised as regular troops , but did not commit acts of political violence . Rather , a latent purpose was to deter a possible conflict . If conservative Commanders of the Army were to use force to subdue the parliamentary process , it was clear that rifle associations , too , could march upon Kristiania , possibly aided by " rogue " commanders such as Albert Jacobsen . Hol supported the liberal rifle associations , and helped found Kristiania Folkevæbningssamlag in his city . He also chaired Nordre Skytterlag , a local rifle association based in Nordre Aker . Apart from organizational work , he wrote several articles on the issue . In Samfundet he wrote that a " coup d 'etat or attempt thereof " would lead to a popular uprising , where " real Norwegians " , " soldier or non @-@ soldier " alike would encircle the Parliament Building with " thousands of bayonets " to " await " and the political processes and guard the Constitution . This activism was not compatible with his professional career , as he was a municipal employee . In this situation , Hol chose to formally leave the radical organizations , resigning as a member of the board of Kristiania Arbeidersamfund and Kristiania Folkevæbningssamlag . He thereby retained his job . However , in early 1884 he was fired by the municipality . = = = = Rifleringen = = = = In February 1884 , the Impeachment trial of Prime Minister Christian Selmer and his entire cabinet was nearing its end . One of the last actions of Selmer 's cabinet was to refuse to sanction a parliamentary money grant to the rifle association — the liberals had won the 1882 parliamentary election in a landslide victory — further polarizing the situation . Rumours flew that personnel of the Norwegian Army were preparing for action at Kongsvinger Fortress , some miles northeast of Kristiania . On 6 February 1884 , Hol released a pamphlet which has come to be known as Rifleringen ( The Rifle Ring ) , with the subtitle Giv Akt ( At attention ) . Like previous writings , it called upon semi @-@ military personnel and other weapon @-@ able citizens to arm themselves and encircle the Parliament Building . This time , he did not call for the citizens to " await " the situation , but instead to " fire ! at the traitors of the Fatherland " . The pamphlet was confiscated by the police on 8 February . The person who printed the pamphlet , Nikolai Olsen , was arrested on the same day , and the apprehension of Jon Hol followed on 10 February . He remained in custody until 26 February , and was indicted on 11 March , for lèse majesté . Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and Lars Holst were indicted on the same charge . Upon the arrests , the newspaper Verdens Gang noted that no conservative writers had been sanctioned , despite openly calling for a coup d 'état . In the meantime , Christian Selmer was impeached on 27 February ; his cabinet members followed one by one , the last being impeached on 1 April . On 11 March , Selmer resigned . Two acting Prime Ministers were drawn from his cabinet ; Ole Bachke from 11 to 29 March and Niels Mathias Rye from 29 March to 3 April . Then , a new cabinet led by Selmer 's former Minister of Finance Christian Homann Schweigaard was formed , but in reality it stood no chance of surviving as it faced the Liberal @-@ dominated Parliament , whose means of pressuring the executive branch had been strengthened following the Impeachment trial . In June , as Schweigaard entered his last month as Prime Minister , the King summoned mathematics professor Ole Jacob Broch to form a compromise cabinet , but this failed owing to Conservative opposition , spearheaded by up @-@ and @-@ coming politician Emil Stang . Broch gave up on 22 June , and Johan Sverdrup became Prime Minister on 26 June . In light of this change in circumstances , the case against Hol had been annulled by Royal Resolution — earlier on 6 June . = = = Det norske Arbeiderforbund = = = The Conservative politicians and the King had accepted the parliamentary process without any military conflict . However , conflicts as such still existed . The country 's establishment had been shocked by a number of labor conflicts , with a street battle at Kampen in 1878 and the storming of an employer 's home at Etterstad in May 1880 , as examples of the more volatile events . In August 1884 , workers at Akers Mekaniske Verksted faced a 10 % pay cut . A debate had been held in Kristiania Arbeidersamfund on 30 July , and the meeting decided to call a strike effective as of 1 August . In addition , Jon Hol took the initiative to found a national trade union center , Det norske Arbeiderforbund . Representatives from seventeen factories elected Hol as the secretary of Det norske Arbeiderforbund . The printer Nikolai Olsen became treasurer . Among the union 's demands were normal working hours for laborers and universal suffrage . It staunchly opposed socialist ideas , especially through the union newspaper Arbeideren . On 7 October , a new board was elected , and the first point of their manifesto was " Law @-@ abidingness — moral conduct — sobriety " . Det norske Arbeiderforbund was supported by people from individual factories , but the mainly philanthropic activists were associated with the Liberal Party . However , the strike at Akers Mekaniske had been a failure , as the laborers had returned to work by on 26 August — with a 10 % pay cut . It soon faced competition from more worker @-@ dominated trade unions , coordinated through the Fagforeningenes Centralkomite . On the political side , a Labour Party was formed in 1887 , and from it the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions followed in 1899 . The historical role of Det norske Arbeiderforbund , as it turned out , was to mark the transition between two kinds of trade unionism ; the one dominated by the bourgeois Liberal Party and the one dominated by the socialist Labour Party . The organization became defunct around 1890 . The publication Arbeideren was continued , and beginning in 1906 , Arbeideren was the party organ of the newly founded Labour Democrats , a non @-@ socialist labour and social reform party associated with the Liberal Party . = = Later life = = Hol had been fired from his municipal job on 13 February 1884 . After 1884 , he laid low for a few years , but on 26 May 1886 he was given NOK 1 @,@ 500 by the Liberal @-@ dominated Parliament as compensation for lost income . In 1887 he was again publicly employed , assisting in the construction of the Bandak @-@ Nordsjø Canal . He was hired as the city engineer of Skien in 1891 , holding this position for almost twenty @-@ five years , and later worked in Notodden , Kongsberg and Risør . From time to time he wrote technical articles on water pipes , among other subjects , in the magazine Teknisk Ukeblad . He became active again in politics and the public sphere . He wrote for the liberal newspaper Dagbladet and the temperance magazine Folket , as well as for the local press . He also represented the temperance movement in the city council of Skien for twenty years . In 1906 he ran in the parliamentary elections in the constituency Skien , but was not elected . He has been called an independent candidate . At the time , however , he was denoted by Statistics Norway as loosely adhering to the Coalition Party with a leaning towards the Liberals . In the first round of voting , Hol was a " running mate " ( deputy candidate ) of former parliamentarian and government minister Hans Nilsen Hauge , who adhered to the Coalition Party with a conservative leaning . They faced Carl Stousland who represented the Liberal Party and P. R. Saltvik of the Labour Party . Stousland received 732 votes , Hauge 460 votes and Saltvik 231 votes . As a " running mate " , Hol received 511 votes . He also got 8 votes as a primary candidate . In the second round of voting , the Coalition Party dropped Hauge and propped up Hol , who now had J. A. Larsen as his running mate . Also , the Labour Party pulled out . Hol received 595 votes , but succumbed to Stousland who got 855 votes . Hauge got 2 votes , and Hol got 23 " running mate " votes . Hol stood for election again in the 1924 parliamentary election , when the voting system had changed completely . The constituency was now Market towns of Telemark and Aust @-@ Agder counties , and it was a plural @-@ member constituency where representatives were selected from the party lists with the most votes . Hol was fielded as the second candidate on the ballot of the Radical People 's Party ( Labour Democrats ) , the new name of the Labour Democrats . The first candidate was A. Jørgensen , police chief of Kragerø . The Radical People 's Party fared well in Skien and Kragerø . With 1 @,@ 050 votes in Kragerø the party prevailed over the Social Democrats and Communists . With 2 @,@ 075 votes in Skien the party prevailed over Labour . However , it fared much worse in the other six cities , carried 4 @,@ 571 votes in total and lost the election in the Market towns of Telemark and Aust @-@ Agder counties . Hol died in 1941 , and was buried on 16 May 1941 at Vestre gravlund . = Kia Stevens = Kia Michelle Stevens ( born September 4 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler best known for her time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring name Awesome Kong . She is also known by the ring name Amazing Kong and appeared in WWE as Kharma . She is a five @-@ time Women 's Champion , having won the TNA Knockouts Championship two times and the WWWA World Championship , NWA World Women 's Championship and AWA Superstars of Wrestling World Women 's Championship once . Her success is not limited to singles wrestling , as she frequently teamed with Aja Kong to form the tag team W Kong who held tag team championships in four different promotions , along with winning the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship with Hamada . She was also ranked first in the inaugural list of Pro Wrestling Illustrated 's Top 50 Females and is the third woman to enter the WWE Royal Rumble match . She began her professional wrestling career in 2002 after appearing on a reality television show . She primarily wrestled in Japan for the first five years of her career , holding numerous championships there . In 2006 she began wrestling in her native United States again , appearing on the independent circuit before appearing on national television with TNA Wrestling where she was a driving force in the foundation of their Knockouts division . = = Professional wrestling career = = Joanie Laurer , known during her WWF career as Chyna , and Trish Stratus served as Stevens ' primary inspirations to become a professional wrestler . In 2002 , Stevens appeared on the Discovery Health Body Challenge as a contestant trying to lose weight in hopes of becoming a professional wrestler . Afterward , Stevens trained at the School of Hard Knocks out of San Bernardino , California . Soon , she was able to have her first professional match in the Empire Wrestling Federation . = = = Japanese promotions ( 2002 – 2007 ) = = = After putting on an impressive showing at a tryout , Stevens was invited to further her training in the dojo of joshi puroresu ( female Japanese wrestling ) promotion All Japan Women 's Pro @-@ Wrestling ( AJW ) . While there she underwent a rigorous training schedule , became fluent in Japanese , and engaged in training for mixed martial arts but chose to pursue professional wrestling . She was given the ring name Amazing Kong by Masatsugu Matsunaga , who needed a replacement for Japanese female wrestler Aja Kong in several matches . Stevens , as Kong , worked for multiple women 's promotions in Japan , and she defeated Ayako Hamada for the WWWA World Heavyweight Championship in late 2004 . Later , Stevens cited Hamada as one of her favorite opponents . In 2004 Kong debuted for the joshi promotion Gaea Japan in a match against Aja Kong . In the battle of American Kong versus Japanese Kong on April 30 at Limit Break . At the promotion 's ninth anniversary event Aja Kong won the match but gained enough respect for Amazing Kong that the two attacked both competitors in the main event , revealing themselves as a new tag team named W Kong . The duo soon made their presence felt when they challenged Chigusa Nagayo and Lioness Asuka for the AAAW Tag Team Championship on May 5 and won . The team defended the championship successfully all Summer , eventually losing to Manami Toyota and Carlos Amano on September 20 . Going into 2005 , Kong main evented the final Gaea show before the promotion closed down . In the final match of Fifth Anniversary , Kong teamed with Ayako Hamada and Mayumi Ozaki in a winning effort against Akino , Dynamite Kansai and Gami with Ayako picking up the victory . After the closure of Gaea , W Kong went on to wrestle for a number of Japanese promotions including Hustle , where they were given the comedic gimmicks of Margaret and Erika which involved , among other things , wrestling in a yellow tutu . They won the predominantly male Hustle Super Tag Team Championship from June until October 2006 . They were also the final team to hold WWWA World Tag Team Championship before AJW shut down . In early 2007 , Kong also won the AWA Superstars of Wrestling World Women 's Championship in Tokyo , Japan and held it from January to May . She lost it to Nanae Takahashi in a three way match , which also included Wesna . = = = Shimmer Women Athletes = = = = = = = Championship pursuits ( 2006 – 2010 ) = = = = Her success in Japan attracted the attention of United States promotion Shimmer Women Athletes , who began regularly booking her for their DVD tapings in Kong 's homeland from May 2006 . Her debut came on Volume 5 with a win against Nikki Roxx . She defeated Roxx again on Volume 14 : Hot Summer Nights in a rematch . The rematch was Kong 's fifth successive win which led her to challenge for the Shimmer Championship in October 2007 against inaugural champion Sara Del Rey , for the Volume 15 taping . Del Rey retained to give Kong her first Shimmer loss , albeit via count out . Kong then began another winning streak , losing only to Ariel by disqualification after using a chair on Volume 17 which set back her chances of being given another championship match . She was placed in a Four @-@ Way Contendership match on Volume 21 ; during the match Mercedes Martinez used her Fisherman Buster finisher on Cheerleader Melissa but before she could be pinned , Kong dragged Martinez to the floor and the two battled it out while Ariel stole the win to receive a championship match . This incident led to a grudge match between Martinez and Kong on Volume 23 , which Kong won . On the following show , instead of a Shimmer Championship match , Kong was put in a contendership match for the Shimmer Tag Team Championship , forming a brief alliance of convenience with Del Rey , who herself was having issues with their opponents MelissChif ( Cheerleader Melissa and Shimmer Champion MsChif ) . After winning the match , they faced the reigning champions Ashley Lane and Nevaeh in the following match , and once again Kong was disqualified after using chairs on her opponents . An assault continued until Martinez and Serena Deeb , who was feuding with Del Rey , appeared to help out the Tag Team Champions . This occurrence led to another tag team match with Kong and Del Rey picking up a victory over Martinez and Deeb . Wanting to focus on her singles career again , Kong wrestled LuFisto on Volume 27 in a match to take on the Shimmer Champion . It ended in a double count @-@ out , with the two brawling outside the ring through the building and even during the next match in the show . This meant the championship match on Volume 28 , in November 2009 , would be a three @-@ way elimination match including the champion MsChif . Kong eliminated LuFisto early on with an Amazing Bomb , essentially leading to a rematch of Kong and MsChif 's critically respected Volume 9 match . In this match , however , MsChif took a return win after kicking out of the Amazing Bomb and delivering all of her signature finishing moves on Kong to become the first woman to pin Kong in Shimmer . She appeared for one more appearance in September 2010 for the Volume 35 event , answering an open challenge by Kellie Skater with an emphatic victory . = = = = Ring of Honor ( 2007 , 2010 ) = = = = Owing to Shimmer being a sister promotion of Ring of Honor ( ROH ) , Kong was noticed by ROH and scouted to appear on both products . On 15 September 2007 she made her debut for ROH at their Man Up pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) . Teaming with Daizee Haze in a tag team match , they defeated Sara Del Rey and Lacey . Kong returned to ROH on May 8 , 2010 to take part in the promotion 's annual Supercard of Honor V. Once more she wrestled Del Rey , this time in a singles match which she lost after Del Rey used a weighted elbow pad thrown to her by Kings of Wrestling stablemate Chris Hero , sparking a rivalry between the two . Kong returned to settle the score with Del Rey two months later at Hate : Chapter II on July 23 . The Kings of Wrestling were in the midst of a rivalry with The Briscoe Brothers ( Jay and Mark ) , and so Kong teamed with them in a six @-@ person tag team match , where they defeated Del Rey , Hero and their stablemate Claudio Castagnoli , though Kong did not secure the pin . Consequently , they had a singles rematch the following night , with Kong finally defeating Del Rey one @-@ on @-@ one . At the end of the year , ROH held their live PPV Final Battle 2010 , which saw Del Rey challenge Daizee Haze to bring more competition to ROH . Haze responded by bringing Kong back for the December 18 match against Del Rey and her partner Serena Deeb . In the match Del Rey pinned Haze , while Deeb successfully neutralized Kong with a spear . = = = Independent circuit ( 2007 – 2010 ) = = = After growing success in Shimmer , Kong began appearing on the American independent circuit bringing with her the AWA World Women 's Championship from Japan . She put it on the line in a champion versus champion match against MsChif 's NWA World Women 's Championship on May 5 , 2007 becoming a joint champion with her win . A rematch between the two in September , exclusively for the NWA belt after Kong lost the AWA title in May , headlined the NWA No Limits 3rd Anniversary Show which saw Kong retain the title . Kong defended the belt in a number of promotions throughout the year but 11 months later , in April 2008 , MsChif won back the title via countout under a special stipulation to retain Kong 's stature . The following year , Kong once again challenged for the NWA World Championship at NWA Charlotte 's Valentine 's Day themed inaugural show , Thorns & Roses , in the penultimate match of the evening . With Daffney in her corner , MsChif and saved herself from the Awesome Bomb by using her green mist , disqualifying herself to retain the belt in the process . In June 2007 , Kong toured Great Britain under the ChickFight promotion , wrestling guest matches under that banner for other promotions . The tour started on June 15 in Wales for Celtic Wrestling , where she picked up a victory over ChickFight stalwart Cheerleader Melissa . The following day Kong debuted for Real Quality Wrestling ( RQW ) and took part in a Four @-@ Way RQW Women 's Championship match , that saw Wesna win the belt from reigning champion Eden Black , with Jetta also coming up winless . The following day Kong competed in Chickfight IX , the ninth and final all @-@ women knockout tournament under the ChickFight banner . She received a bye via forfeit , owing to a severe injury Cheerleader Melissa had given her opponent Sweet Saraya at RQW the night before , which allowed her to be fresh against Blue Nikita . After defeating Nikita in the semi @-@ final , she faced dethroned RQW Champion Eden Black and won the trophy . After achieving notoriety on national television , Kong received more bookings including for the all @-@ female company Women Superstars Uncensored in March 2008 . She appeared at their First Anniversary Show answering an open challenge made by Rick Cataldo and Roxxie Cotton , defeating them both in a handicap match within a minute . Later in the same event she teamed with Amy Lee and defeated Angel Orsini and Shimmer rival Mercedes Martinez . Despite picking up the victory , Kong felt that Lee stole the glory of a win from her and went to attack Lee ; this led to an Amy Lee 's Rules match in the main event of Dawn of a New Day which Kong won after Lee passed out , refusing to submit . The two had a rematch at Army of One which Kong lost by disqualification after hitting a referee leading to a deciding rubber match contested under Last Man Standing rules . At the Second Anniversary Show , Kong narrowly beat Amy Lee after charging at Lee with a chair only for Lee to pass out to the ground and Kong to hit the ropes and knock the chair back into herself . Judging Lee to have been down one count before Kong , Kong won the match but bowed to Lee afterwards out of respect . After winning this match , Kong was given a match against Martinez for the WSU Championship in December 2009 at a WSU and National Wrestling Superstars co @-@ hosted event . Kong received another chance at the title at Evolve 5 : Danielson v Sawa for the Evolve promotion but still could not bring an end to Martinez 's two @-@ year reign . = = = Total Nonstop Action Wrestling = = = = = = = Knockout Champion ( 2007 – 2009 ) = = = = Stevens debuted on the October 11 , 2007 episode of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) ' s flagship show Impact ! under the tweaked name Awesome Kong as part of TNA 's attempt to bolster their Knockout division . After defeating Gail Kim , Kong participated appeared at the Bound for Glory PPV . There she took part in a 10 @-@ Knockout Gauntlet match to crown the first TNA Women 's Knockout Champion but she was eliminated by the combined effort of Angelina Love , ODB and eventual winner Gail Kim . Two months later at Turning Point , she lost a Women 's Knockout Championship match to Kim via disqualification after shoving the referee and Awesome Bombing him . This incident led to a No Disqualification match for the Women 's Knockout Championship at Final Resolution in January 2008 , which Kong also lost . On the next episode of Impact ! , airing 10 January , Kong debuted an anonymous manager wearing a niqāb , later named Raisha Saeed ; with her help Kong finally won the Women 's Knockout Championship . At Lockdown , Kong and Saeed teamed up for the first time , losing a Tag Team Cage match to Kim and ODB . On the 8 May episode of Impact ! Kong began a regular $ 25 @,@ 000 challenge to females in the audience who wanted to challenge her for the Women 's Knockout Championship . The audience members , played by planted wrestlers , failed to defeat her but one challenger , Taylor Wilde , kept returning and on 10 July she won both the $ 25 @,@ 000 and Women 's Knockout Championship on her third attempt . Kong then failed to regain the championship from Wilde during a rematch at Victory Road . On October 23 , during a live episode of Impact ! Kong defeated Wilde to become a two @-@ time Knockout Champion . Two weeks later Wilde 's tag team partner Rhaka Khan turned on her and aligned herself with Kong and Saeed . The alliance of Kong , Saeed and Khan became known as The Kongtourage , with a fourth wrestler named Sojourner Bolt joining later . Wilde then found a new partner in Roxxi , who helped her defeat Kong and Saeed in a tag team match at Turning Point . Going into 2009 , Bolt became the contender for Kong 's championship and left the Kongtourage with Khan . Kong retained her title against Bolt at Destination X in April . On the March 26 episode of Impact ! , Kong and Saeed were defeated by villainous tag team The Beautiful People ( Angelina Love and Velvet Sky ) , and after the match The Beautiful People tried to cut Kong 's hair as part of their makeover gimmick . They continued to target Kong 's hair and eventually accomplished the task on the April 16 episode of Impact ! which transitioned Kong into a fan favorite by attempting to retaliate . The tension built to a Three @-@ Way Cage match at Lockdown for the Women 's Knockout Championship with Kong defending against Angelina Love and continual rival Wilde . In the match , Kong lost the championship after Velvet Sky , on the outside , tied Kong 's hair to the cage preventing her from breaking up Love 's pin on Wilde . After losing the title , Kong defeated Love 's allies Sky , Madison Rayne and Cute Kip in separate Stretcher matches ahead of their rematch . Love , however , retained the title against Kong at Sacrifice . = = = = Knockouts Tag Team Champion ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = = = In August 2009 Kong and Saeed entered the tournament to crown the inaugural TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champions . In the first round of the tournament , the team was able to defeat The Main Event Mafia ( Traci Brooks and Sharmell ) after Saeed blind tagged Kong and pinned Brooks , much to Kong 's dismay . Three weeks later they were eliminated from the tournament by their long term rival Taylor Wilde and her partner Sarita when Wilde pinned Saeed . Subsequently , Kong began rivalries with Tara and Knockout Champion ODB . At Bound for Glory , Kong had her last match for the Knockout Championship against Tara and ODB , but Saeed inadvertently cost Kong the match while interfering . On the following episode of Impact ! Kong faced Saeed in a grudge match and powerbombed her through the entrance stage , signalling the end of both their partnership and the Saeed character . After interfering in two of Tara 's matches , Kong and Tara wrestled at Turning Point in a Cage match , which Tara won . On the December 17 episode of Impact ! Kong formed a tag team with Hamada as they won a three @-@ way non @-@ title match against The Beautiful People ( Madison Rayne and Velvet Sky ) and the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champions Taylor Wilde and Sarita , when Kong pinned Rayne . On the first Impact ! episode of 2010 , Kong and Hamada defeated Sarita and Wilde to win the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship . In a non @-@ storyline incident Bubba the Love Sponge claimed on his January 19 radio show that Stevens had attacked him while backstage for the tapings of Impact ! the previous day due to his negative comments concerning the Haiti earthquake relief project . Kong , who had been a driving force in the wrestling community in raising funds for Haiti , was reportedly sent home from the tapings following the altercation . It was later reported that the same day as Bubba 's radio show , Stevens asked for her release from TNA , but it was not granted . After she refused to take part in TNA 's January 2010 tour of the United Kingdom , the company suspended her . The following month , Stevens filed a lawsuit against Bubba for an alleged threatening phone call . She was reportedly released from TNA on March 1 . On the March 8 episode of Impact ! it was announced that Kong and Hamada were stripped of the Knockouts Tag Team title after allegedly failing to defend them in 30 days , even though their previous defense had taken place just 21 days prior , against Madison Rayne and Velvet Sky . On March 22 , TNA confirmed Stevens ' release , while also claiming that she had requested her release due to personal reasons , but she later said it was due to monetary issues and recent changes to TNA management . In March 2013 , Stevens turned down an offer to take part in a special all Knockouts pay @-@ per @-@ view held by TNA . During an interview in late November 2012 , Stevens revealed that she would never again work for TNA Wrestling . = = = World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE ( 2010 – 2012 ) = = = On December 29 , 2010 , it was reported that Stevens had signed a contract with WWE . From April 11 , 2011 onwards , vignettes aired during WWE television with Stevens , whose face was concealed by shadows and her signature braids , dismembering female dolls while cackling maniacally . During the April 25 episode of Raw , Stevens ' face was shown for the first time in the vignettes , and her new ring name was revealed as Kharma . Kharma made her debut on May 1 at Extreme Rules , attacking Michelle McCool after a match , and she continued to attack former WWE Divas Champions on both Raw and SmackDown in the following weeks . On the May 23 episode of Raw , Kharma interrupted a tag team match but rather than attack everyone , she uncharacteristically broke down crying . The following week , Kharma spoke for the first time to reveal she was pregnant and thus forced to take a leave of absence from WWE . During her absence , she was included as a downloadable playable character in the WWE ' 12 video game . Kharma made a surprise return in the 2012 Royal Rumble match as the twenty @-@ first entrant . She intimidated Michael Cole into eliminating himself before eliminating Hunico only to be thrown out by Dolph Ziggler . With her entrance , she became the third female , after Chyna and Beth Phoenix , to participate in a Royal Rumble match . This also marked her first and only official WWE match . In July 2012 , Stevens confirmed via Twitter that she had parted ways with WWE , after being released from her contract . By August 19 , she had been added to the list of the playable characters on the main roster in the WWE ' 13 video game . In September 2013 , Stevens revealed that she was granted her release from WWE because she was not ready to return in the time they allotted for her . She also confirmed her interest in returning to the company , stating she was ready . = = = Return to the independent circuit and Japan ( 2012 – present ) = = = In early November , it was reported that Stevens ( again under the Amazing Kong gimmick ) would be appearing at a Shine event on November 16 , 2012 as the mystery partner of Jazz in a tag team match against Mercedes Martinez and Rain . At the event , Kong and Jazz defeated Martinez and Rain after Kong pinned Rain . On January 18 , 2013 , Kong defeated D 'Arcy Dixon , Nikki St. John and Thunderkitty in a four @-@ way match to win the vacant Resistance Pro Wrestling Women 's Championship . On March 8 , Kong returned to Chikara , losing to Eddie Kingston in an intergender main event . Stevens has also wrestled for PWS Bombshells ( as Amazing Kong ) in early to mid @-@ 2013 , defeating Amy Lee in consecutive matches . On April 6 , 2013 , Kong returned to Shimmer at the Volume 53 internet pay @-@ per @-@ view , defeating Mia Yim in the opening match . The Amazing Kong returned to Shine event on July 12 , 2013 in a losing effort to Ivelisse in a four way to qualify for Shine Championship tournament among the participants were Angelina Love and Kimberly . Then at Shine 12 on August 23 , 2013 she defeated Mercedes Martinez in a singles match . On September 27 , 2013 Kong and Jessicka Havok were in a losing effort against Allysin Kay and Ivelisse . On October 25 , 2013 she defeated Madison Eagles in a singles match and later in the night she was announced the next challenger for the Shine Championship . On December 13 , 2013 she was defeated by Rain for the Shine Championship by count @-@ out . On January 24 , 2014 she defeated Taylor Made and on Shine 18 Kong defeated Nikki Storm and Shine 19 she defeated Athena . On August 22 , 2014 Kong was part of a # 1 contender four corner survival match to challenge Ivelisse for the Shine Championship the other participants in the match were Leah Von Dutch , Su Yung , and Nevaeh . Nevaeh would emerge victorious in the # 1 contender match but was unsuccessful on capturing the Shine Championship . On September 21 , 2014 Stevens was part of Smash CANUSA Classic where she was captain of Team USA , Stevens would lose in her tournament match against LuFisto who was team captain of team Canada which lead Team Canada victorious . On August 26 , 2015 , Kong returned to Japan to work the first ever event of Nanae Takahashi 's new Seadlinnng promotion , which saw her and Meiko Satomura lose to Takahashi and Ayako Hamada in a main event tag team match . At the end of the show , Kong reformed the W Kong tag team with Aja Kong . Stevens was supposed to return to take part in Seadlinnng 's November 25 event , but on November 22 Takahashi announced that she had pulled out of the match due to " poor health " and claimed she had decided to retire from professional wrestling . Stevens later stated that she had wrestled her final match in Japan and retired the Amazing Kong name , but was for the time being still working as Awesome Kong . Despite her previous announcement that she had wrestled her final match in Japan , Stevens , again working under the name Amazing Kong , returned to the country on July 18 , 2016 , to work Aja Kong 's 30th anniversary event , promoted by Oz Academy . In the main event of the show , Kong teamed with Aja Kong and Ayako Hamada to defeat Chihiro Hashimoto , Hiroyo Matsumoto and Rina Yamashita . = = = Return to TNA ( 2015 – 2016 ) = = = On January 7 , 2015 , during Impact Wrestling 's debut on Destination America , Awesome Kong returned after a battle royal , had an altercation in the ring with Havok and attacked referee Brian Stiffler . Over the following weeks , tension would build between Kong and Havok , with their feud culminating in a steel cage match on the Lockdown edition of Impact Wrestling on February 6 , which Kong won . On the March 6 episode of Impact Wrestling , Kong failed to capture the TNA Knockouts Championship in her match against Taryn Terrell after she got herself disqualified . She received a no disqualification rematch against Terrell on the TKO : Night of Knockouts edition of Impact Wrestling on April 24 , which she lost after The Dollhouse ( Marti Bell and Jade ) attacked Kong . On the May 1 episode of Impact Wrestling , Kong turned face and allied herself with Gail Kim to feud with The Dollhouse . The following week , Kong and Kim were defeated by The Dollhouse in a 3 – on – 2 handicap match . On the June 17 episode of Impact Wrestling , Kong teamed up with Brooke to defeat The Dollhouse in a " Double or Nothing " tag team match , meaning that Kong and Brooke will face Taryn Terrell for the TNA Knockouts Championship in a three @-@ way match . At Slammiversary XIII , Kong once again teamed with Brooke to defeat The Dollhouse in a 3 @-@ on @-@ 2 handicap match . Kong and Brooke received their three @-@ way championship match on the July 1 episode of Impact Wrestling , in which Terrell retained the title . In mid – August , Kong , representing TNA , started a brief feud with Lei 'D Tapa , who represented Jeff Jarrett 's " Global Force Wrestling " . The two faced off on August 12 in a match , that ended in a double count @-@ out . On the September 16 episode of Impact Wrestling , Kong competed in a fatal – four way match against Brooke , Gail Kim and Tapa for the TNA Women 's Knockout Championship , which Kim would win . At Bound for Glory , Kong received a match against Kim for but was unsuccessful in regaining the championship . During October and November ( taped in July ) , she participated in the TNA World Title Series , where she ended first of her block , tied with Gail Kim , advancing to the finals where she lost to Jessie Godderz round of 16 tournamement and being eliminated . On January 5 , 2016 , during Impact Wrestling 's debut on Pop , Kong allied with the The Dollhouse ( Jade , Marti Bell and Rebel ) and became their new leader after she attacked The Beautiful People ( Madison Rayne and Velvet Sky ) and Gail Kim , once again turning heel in the process . On February 5 , TNA announced that Stevens had been released from her contract following a backstage real – life physical altercation with Rebecca ( Reby ) Hardy just a week before TNA 's tour in the United Kingdom . = = Other media = = She is a playable character in the WWE ' 12 and WWE ' 13 video games . = = Personal life = = Stevens grew up in Carson , California and has a younger brother . Prior to becoming a professional wrestler , she was employed as a social worker . She also owned a business that put vending machines in several high schools . Stevens ' family and friends helped her fund her career in wrestling , when she went to train in Japan . She is also an investor in Nu Skin Enterprises , a line of skin and nutritional products . On May 30 , 2011 Stevens announced that she was pregnant with her first child . In July she made an inquiry about how many of her followers were " expecting as well " . Two days after she competed in the 2012 Royal Rumble , a TMZ article claimed sources close to her informed them that she had given birth to a baby boy named Jamie on December 31 , 2011 . This alleged claim from close sources was rephrased as fact within an hour by Pro Wrestling Torch . In March TMZ expanded the story by saying that Kia had told friends she had delivery a healthy boy on December 31 , and that the child ( gender unconfirmed ) died an unspecified time prior to her being able to give birth . TMZ said she announced the birth as a success due to her emotional state at the time and fear of telling the truth after announcing the pregnancy on television . She also stated her intention to start a foundation for women who have experienced the loss of an unborn child . She is currently engaged to Dan Ouellette , with whom she had been in a relationship for four years prior to getting engaged . On August 6 , 2012 , weeks after she confirmed her WWE release , Stevens stated that she was on a mission to lose weight . She had recruited a team of fitness experts and a therapist so she could get back into wrestling shape . She also showed interest into turning the whole experience into a reality show . Recent photos have revealed a much slimmer Stevens . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves Amazing Bomb / Awesome Bomb ( Independent circuit / Japan ) / ( TNA ) ( Sitout powerbomb ) Amazing Press ( Independent circuit / Japan ) / Diving splash ( TNA ) Implant Buster ( Lifting double underhook facebuster ) Signature moves Accordion Rack ( Modified backbreaker rack ) Body avalanche Gorilla press slam Lariat Mongolian chop One @-@ handed or a two @-@ handed chokeslam Release falling powerslam – usually used as a crossbody counter Running splash Spinning back fist With Hamada Double @-@ team finishing moves Falling powerbomb ( Kong ) / Missile dropkick ( Hamada ) combination With Brooke Double @-@ team finishing moves Elevated elbow drop Managers Raisha Saeed Daffney Nicknames " The Mean Queen " " Queen Kong " Entrance themes " Empire March " by Dale Oliver ( TNA ) " Bad Karma " by Jim Johnston ( WWE ) " Doll Parts " by Hole ( TNA ; January 6 , 2016 – February 5 , 2016 ; used as a member of The Dollhouse ) = = Championships and accomplishments = = All Japan Women 's Pro @-@ Wrestling WWWA World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) WWWA World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Aja Kong Japan Grand Prix ( 2003 ) AWA Superstars of Wrestling AWA Superstars World Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) Cauliflower Alley Club Women 's Wrestling ( Active ) Award ( 2011 ) ChickFight ChickFight IX Gaea Japan AAAW Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Aja Kong Hustle Hustle Super Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Erika Ladies Legend Pro @-@ Wrestling LLPW Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Aja Kong NWA Midwest NWA World Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) NEO Japan Ladies Pro Wrestling NEO Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with Haruka Matsuo ( 1 ) , and Kyoko Kimura ( 1 ) Oz Academy Iron Woman Tag Tournament ( 2004 ) – with Chikayo Nagashima Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked 1 of the best 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008 PWI Woman of the Year ( 2008 ) Pro Wrestling World @-@ 1 World @-@ 1 Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) Resistance Pro Wrestling RPW Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA Knockouts Championship ( 2 times ) TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Hamada Queen of the Knockouts ( 2015 ) Gauntlet for the Gold ( 2016 – Knockouts ) = = Mixed martial arts record = = = Caracal = The caracal ( Caracal caracal ; English pronunciation : / ˈkærəkæl / ) , also known as the Persian lynx , is a medium @-@ sized wild cat that lives in Africa , the Middle East , Persia and the Indian subcontinent . It reaches 40 – 50 centimetres ( 16 – 20 in ) at the shoulder , and weighs 8 – 18 kilograms ( 18 – 40 lb ) . The coat is uniformly reddish tan or sandy , while the ventral parts are lighter with small reddish markings . The caracal is characterised by a robust build , long legs , a short face , long tufted ears , and long canine teeth . It was first described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1777 . Eight subspecies are recognised . Typically nocturnal ( active at night ) , the caracal is highly secretive and difficult to observe . It is territorial , and lives mainly alone or in pairs . The caracal is a carnivore that typically preys upon small mammals , birds and rodents . It can leap higher than 3 metres ( 10 ft ) and catch birds in mid @-@ air . It stalks its prey until it is within 5 metres ( 16 ft ) of it , after which it runs it down , the prey being killed by a bite to the throat or to the back of the neck . Breeding takes place throughout the year with both sexes becoming sexually mature by the time they are a year old . Gestation lasts between two and three months , resulting in a litter of one to six kittens . Juveniles leave their mothers at nine to ten months , though a few females stay back with their mothers . The average lifespan of the caracal in captivity is nearly 16 years . The caracal inhabits forests , savannas , marshy lowlands , semi @-@ deserts , deserts , and scrub forests . The caracal is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN . Its survival is threatened by habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and desertification ; caracals are often persecuted for killing small livestock . Caracals have been tamed and used for hunting since the time of the ancient Egyptians until as recently as the 20th century . = = Taxonomy and etymology = = The caracal is placed in the family Felidae and subfamily Felinae . The species was first described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber as Felis caracal in the journal Die Säugetiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen in 1776 . In 1843 , British zoologist John Edward Gray placed the animal in the genus Caracal . The name " caracal " is composed of two Turkish words : kara , meaning black , and kulak , meaning ear . The first recorded use of this name dates back to 1760 . Alternative names for the caracal include gazelle cat , red cat , red lynx and rooikat . The caracal is often referred to as the lynx , a physically similar cat . Earlier , the caracal was classified under the genera Lynx or Felis . However , a 2006 phylogenetic study showed that the caracal evolved nearly a million years before the lynx appeared . The caracal is most closely related to the African golden cat ( Profelis aurata , often considered a species of Caracal ) . These two species , together with the serval ( Leptailurus serval ) , form one of the eight lineages of Felidae . The Caracal lineage came into existence 8 @.@ 5 mya , and the ancestor of this lineage arrived in Africa 8 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 6 mya . It diverged from the serval probably within the last five million years , around the boundary between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene . Eight subspecies are recognised : A 2006 study gave the phylogenetic relationships of the caracal as follows : = = Characteristics = = The caracal is a slender , moderately sized cat characterised by a robust build , a short face , long canine teeth , tufted ears , and long legs . It reaches nearly 40 – 50 centimetres ( 16 – 20 in ) at the shoulder ; the head @-@ and @-@ body length is typically 78 centimetres ( 31 in ) for males and 73 centimetres ( 29 in ) for females . While males weigh 12 – 18 kilograms ( 26 – 40 lb ) , females weigh 8 – 13 kilograms ( 18 – 29 lb ) . The tan , bushy tail measures 26 – 34 centimetres ( 10 – 13 in ) , and extends to the hocks . The caracal is sexually dimorphic ; the females are smaller than the males in most bodily parameters . The prominent facial features include the 4 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) long black tufts on the ears , two black stripes from the forehead to the nose , the black outline of the mouth , and the white patches surrounding the eyes and the mouth . The eyes appear to be narrowly open due to the lowered upper eyelid , probably an adaptation to shield the eyes from the sun 's glare . The ear tufts may start drooping as the animal ages . The coat is uniformly reddish tan or sandy , though black caracals are also known . The underbelly and the insides of the legs are lighter , often with small reddish markings . The fur , soft , short and dense , grows coarser in the summer . The ground hairs ( the basal layer of hair covering the coat ) are denser in winter than in summer . The length of the guard hairs ( the hair extending above the ground hairs ) can be up to 3 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) long in winter , but shorten to 2 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) in summer . These features indicate the onset of moulting in the hot season , typically in October and November . The hindlegs are longer than the forelegs , so that the body appears to be sloping downward from the rump . The caracal is often confused with the lynx , as both cats have tufted ears . However , a notable point of difference between the two is that the lynx is spotted and blotched , while the caracal shows no such markings on the coat . The African golden cat has a similar build as the caracal 's , but is darker and lacks the ear tufts . The sympatric serval can be told apart from the caracal by the former 's lack of ear tufts , white spots behind the ears , spotted coat , longer legs , longer tail and smaller footprints . The skull of the caracal is high and rounded , featuring large auditory bullae , a well @-@ developed supraoccipital crest normal to the sagittal crest , and a strong lower jaw . The caracal has a total of 30 teeth ; the dental formula is 3 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 13 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 @.@ 1 . The deciduous dentition is 3 @.@ 1 @.@ 23 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 . The striking canines are up to 2 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) long , heavy and sharp ; these are used to give the killing bite to the prey . The caracal lacks the second upper premolars , and the upper molars are diminutive . The large paws , similar to those of the cheetah , consist of four digits in the hindlegs and five in the forelegs . The first digit of the foreleg remains above the ground and features the dewclaw . The claws , sharp and retractable ( able to be drawn in ) , are larger but less curved in the hindlegs . = = Ecology and behaviour = = The caracal is typically nocturnal ( active at night ) , though some activity may be observed during the day as well . However , the cat is so secretive and difficult to observe that its activity at daytime might easily go unnoticed . A study in South Africa showed that caracals are most active when air temperature drops below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) ; activity typically ceases at higher temperatures . A solitary cat , the caracal mainly occurs alone or in pairs ; the only group seen is of mothers with their offspring . Females in oestrus will temporarily pair with males . A territorial animal , the caracal marks rocks and vegetation in its territory with urine and probably with dung , which is not covered with soil . Claw scratching is prominent , and dung middens are typically not formed . In Israel , males are found to have territories averaging 220 square kilometres ( 85 sq mi ) , while that of females averaged 57 square kilometres ( 22 sq mi ) . The male territories vary from 270 – 1 @,@ 116 square kilometres ( 104 – 431 sq mi ) in Saudi Arabia . In Mountain Zebra National Park ( South Africa ) , the female territories vary between 4 and 6 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 1 @.@ 5 and 2 @.@ 5 sq mi ) . These territories overlap extensively . The conspicuous ear tufts and the facial markings often serve as a method of visual communication ; caracals have been observed interacting with each other by moving the head from side to side so that the tufts flicker rapidly . Like other cats , the caracal meows , growls , hisses , spits and purrs . = = = Diet and hunting = = = A carnivore , the caracal typically preys upon small mammals , birds and rodents . Studies in South Africa have reported that it preys on the Cape grysbok , the common duiker , sheep , goats , bush vlei rats , rock hyraxes , hare and birds . A study in western India showed that rodents comprise a significant portion of the diet . They will feed from a variety of sources , but tend to focus on the most abundant one . Grasses and grapes are taken occasionally . Larger antelopes such as young kudu ] ] , bushbuck , mountain reedbuck and springbok may also be targeted . Mammals generally comprise at least 80 percent of the diet . Lizards , snakes and insects are infrequently eaten . They are notorious for attacking livestock , but rarely attack human beings . Its speed and agility make it an efficient hunter , able to take down prey two to three times its size . The powerful hind legs allow it to leap more than 3 metres ( 10 ft ) in the air to catch birds on the wing . It can even twist and change its direction mid @-@ air . It is an adroit climber . It stalks its prey until it is within 5 metres ( 16 ft ) , following which it can launch into a sprint . While large prey such as antelopes are killed by a throat bite , smaller prey are suffocated by a bite on the back of the neck . Kills are consumed immediately , and less commonly dragged to cover . It will return to large kills if undisturbed . It has been observed to begin feeding on antelope kills at the hind parts . It may scavenge at times , though this has not been frequently observed . It often has to compete with foxes , wolves , leopards and hyaena for prey . = = = Reproduction = = = Both sexes become sexually mature by the time they are a year old ; production of gametes begins even earlier at seven to ten months . However , successful mating takes place only at 12 to 15 months . Breeding takes place throughout the year . Oestrus , one to three days long , recurs every two weeks unless the female is pregnant . Females in oestrus show a spike in urine @-@ marking , and form temporary pairs with males . Mating has not been extensively studied ; limited number of observations suggest that copulation , that lasts nearly four minutes on an average , begins with the male smelling the areas urine @-@ marked by the female , who rolls on the ground . Following this he approaches and mounts the female . The pair separate after copulation . Gestation lasts nearly two to three months , following which a litter consisting of one to six kittens is born . Births generally peak from October to February . Births take place in dense vegetation or deserted burrows of aardvark and porcupines . Kittens are born with their eyes and ears shut and the claws non @-@ retractable ( unable to be drawn inside ) ; the coat resembles that of adults , but the abdomen is spotted . Eyes open by ten days , but it takes longer for the vision to become normal . The ears become erect and the claws become retractable by the third or the fourth week . Around the same time the kittens start roaming their birthplace , and start playing among themselves by the fifth or the sixth week . They begin taking solid food around the same time ; they have to wait for nearly three months before they make their first kill . As the kittens start moving about by themselves , the mother starts shifting them everyday . All the milk teeth appear in 50 days , and permanent dentition is completed in 10 months . Juveniles begin dispersing at nine to ten months , though a few females stay back with their mothers . The average lifespan of the caracal in captivity is nearly 16 years . = = Distribution and habitat = = The caracal inhabits forests , savannas , marshy lowlands , semi @-@ deserts and scrub forests . Dry areas with low rainfall and availability of cover are preferred . In montane habitats such as the Ethiopian Highlands , they occur at altitudes as high as 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) above the sea level . The caracal is widespread across the African continent , the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent . Although the Sahara Desert and the equatorial forests do not figure in its distribution , the caracal occurs in the Saharan ranges of Atlas , Hoggar and Tassili to the northwest and the Aïr to the west . The range has diminished considerably in northern and western Africa . = = Threats and conservation = = The caracal is categorised as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) ; African populations are listed under CITES Appendix II while Asian populations come under CITES Appendix I. In central , west , north and northeast Africa and Asia , the major threat to the survival of the caracal is habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and desertification . Caracal are often persecuted for killing small livestock . A 1989 survey revealed that the caracal was responsible for the elimination of nearly 5 @.@ 3 livestock per 100 square kilometres ( 39 sq mi ) per year in the erstwhile Cape Province , South Africa . During 1931 – 52 , the number of caracals killed averaged 2 @,@ 219 per year in the Karoo . Some tribes kill it for its meat . As of 1996 , hunting of caracals is prohibited in Afghanistan , Algeria , Egypt , India , Iran , Israel , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Lebanon , Morocco , Pakistan , Syria , Tajikistan , Tunisia , Turkey , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . However , Namibia and South Africa recognise it as a " problem animal " ( vermin ) and allow its hunting to protect livestock . Caracals occur in a number of protected areas across their range . = = Interaction with human beings = = Caracals appear to have been religiously significant to the ancient Egyptians . Caracals occur in paintings and as bronze figurines ; their sculptures were believed to guard the tombs of pharaohs . Embalmed caracals have also been discovered . The ear tufts have been elaborately depicted in some tombs , and referred to as umm risha 't ( " mother of feathers " ) . Chinese emperors would use caracals , as well as cheetah , as gifts . In the 13th and the 14th centuries , the Yuan rulers bought numerous caracals , cheetah and tigers from the western parts of the empire and Muslim merchants in return for gold , silver , cash and silk . According to the Ming Shilu , the subsequent Ming dynasty ( 14th to 17th centuries ) continued this practice . Until as recently as the 20th century , the caracal was used in hunts by Indian rulers to hunt small game , while the cheetah was used for larger game . In those times , caracals would be exposed to a flock of pigeons and people would bet on which caracal would kill the largest number of pigeons . This probably gave rise to the expression " to put the cat among the pigeons " . In the present day , caracals may be kept as pets . They can adapt well to domestic surroundings and are not generally aggressive toward domestic cats and dogs . However , they are typically declawed as their scratches might be dangerous . Caracals should be kept away from pet birds , as they may prey on them . The coat of the caracal is used in making fur coats , while its skin does not have much economic significance . = John Doggett = FBI Special Agent John Jay Doggett is a fictional character in the Fox science fiction @-@ supernatural television series The X @-@ Files . With his FBI partners Dana Scully ( season 8 ) and Monica Reyes ( season 9 ) , they work on the X @-@ Files together , which is concerned with cases with particularly mysterious or possibly supernatural circumstances that were left unsolved and shelved by the FBI . John Doggett is played by Robert Patrick . Doggett was a main character from the eighth to ninth seasons ( 2000 – 2002 ) , replacing David Duchovny 's character Fox Mulder . Doggett appeared in the opening credits and every episode from the season eight premiere to the series finale . Doggett made his first appearance in the 2000 episode " Within " . Doggett served in the United States Military from the 1970s to the 1980s . Later he started working for the New York Police Department , he was eventually promoted to detective . After his son 's death , he got a job in the FBI . He started to work for the Criminal Investigations Division . In 2000 , he was assigned to the X @-@ Files office , after the disappearance of Mulder . The introduction of Doggett was met with mostly positive reaction by critics , while getting more mixed response from longtime fans of the series . = = Character arc = = Doggett served in the United States Marine Corps in the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit from 1977 @-@ 1983 . His final rank was Sergeant ( E @-@ 5 ) . While serving in the military , he became good friends with fellow Marine Knowle Rohrer . From 1982 @-@ 1983 , Doggett played a role in the Multi @-@ National Peacekeeping Force for Lebanon development . Doggett retired from the U.S. Marine Corps with commendations after being wounded in the line of duty . After gaining a Juris Doctor and a Master 's degree in Public Administration from Syracuse University , Doggett went on to work for the New York Police Department from 1987 – 1995 , eventually becoming a detective in the Fugitive Division 's Warrant section . While he was working for the NYPD , his son , Luke Doggett ( played in flashbacks by Jake Fritz ) , was abducted and murdered . Doggett teamed up with Special Agent Monica Reyes , who was working out of the New York FBI field office at the time , to search for his son 's killer . After his son 's death , Doggett 's marriage to Barbara Doggett ( played by Patrick 's real @-@ life wife Barbara ) ended in divorce . In 1995 , Doggett graduated from the FBI Academy and assumed the position of FBI Special Agent in the Criminal Investigations Division . In 2000 , Agent Doggett was assigned by Deputy Director Alvin Kersh to head up the manhunt to find Special Agent Fox Mulder . The manhunt was unsuccessful and Doggett was demoted to work on the X @-@ Files with Special Agent Dana Scully . During this time , Doggett and Kersh developed a bitter enmity , similar to the early relationship between Mulder and Walter Skinner . Initially , Scully and Doggett were not very trusting of each other . After years of investigating several X @-@ Files cases with Mulder , Scully had slowly grown to believe in the existence of the paranormal . Doggett , however , is a no @-@ nonsense agent , who frequently utilizes his down @-@ to @-@ earth sensibilities he learned as a Marine and a cop . Doggett therefore functioned as " the skeptic " , while Scully somewhat served in Mulder 's old position of " the believer " . Gradually , Doggett and Scully came to trust one another to some degree , although he and Mulder , who later returned and recovered from his abduction , remained untrusting of each other for some time . Doggett and his new partner , Reyes , took charge of the X @-@ Files after Mulder was fired from the FBI and Scully left active duty to teach at the FBI Academy and to care for her son , Baby William . In the series finale , Doggett testified on Mulder 's behalf when Mulder was charged with murder . Later , he and Reyes narrowly escaped from Knowle Rohrer , who Doggett had discovered about a year prior was working for the conspiracy . At the end of the series , Doggett and Reyes are likely regular agents , as it appears that Kersh was forced to close down the X @-@ Files division . Doggett does not appear , nor is he mentioned , in the 2008 X @-@ Files feature film . He similarly does not appear , nor does he receive a mention , in the 2016 television revival of The X @-@ Files . = = Conceptual history = = More than one hundred actors auditioned for the role , but only ten were taken seriously by the producers . Known actors such as Lou Diamond Phillips and Hart Bochner were among the auditionees for the role as Agent Doggett . Both Phillips and Bochner were considered for the role , but the producers eventually chose Robert Patrick . In an interview with , Chris Carter said " I think it was something that we all talked about , but I wrote his voice . So , I think he was someone we all came up with together , but his voice came out of my head . But , it was something that was helped in a large degree by casting Robert Patrick . " Patrick had an obligation to work on another series after being cast as Doggett . The series was entitled L.A. Sheriff 's Homicide and was shooting its pilot episode . Carter was able to broker a deal with the other studio , paving the way for Patrick 's portrayal of Doggett in season eight premiere " Within " . Doggett was modeled after Bud White from the 1997 feature film , L.A. Confidential . Carter had previously named Dana Scully after Los Angeles Dodgers announcer Vin Scully , and he decided to name the new character after Vin Scully 's longtime broadcasting partner Jerry Doggett as an homage . Before the character got a name , he was referred to by the producers as " Agent White " . Carter was inspired to write the scene in which Scully throws water into Doggett 's face , due to Carter being aware that new actor Patrick would be facing opposition from some members of the fan community , Patrick has even called that scene his favorite ever shot for the series , admitting that he couldn 't think of a better way to introduce the character and that the scene not only said a lot but that it had actually helped him . The introduction of the new character in the eighth season was one of two main factors that influenced the series ' production personnel to decide to go back to more serious episodes . The other major reason was to avoid " trivializing the absence of Mulder " . = = Reception = = Some members of the fanbase criticized the introduction of Doggett , claiming that the character had been intentionally created to replace previous lead Fox Mulder 's work . Chris Carter responded to this with a denial of the accuracy of their claims , and further stated in an interview with National Public Radio ( NPR ) , " What he brings is a different approach to The X @-@ Files . First of all , he ’ s a knee jerk skeptic so he couldn ’ t be more different than the character of Mulder . He ’ s an insider at the FBI , well liked , has buddies . Mulder , of course , he ’ s been banished to the basement along with all of his X @-@ files . So when he ’ s put together with Agent Scully , who has become something of a reluctant believer , the dynamic on the show changes completely " . Robert Patrick was awarded a Saturn Award in the category " Best Television Actor " in 2001 for his role as Doggett , winning over such nominees as Richard Dean Anderson for his work as Jack O 'Neill on Stargate SG @-@ 1 . He was also nominated for the award the following year . Entertainment Weekly reviewer Ken Tucker said that Patrick 's portrayal brought " hardboiled alertness " to the series , being overall positive towards the new character . Anita Gates from The New York Times said that most fans had " accepted " Doggett , and further commented that the character actually looked " like a Secret Service Agent . " Kathie Huddleston from Sci Fi Wire commented on the absence of Mulder , calling Patrick a " fine actor " , and asserting that the character was " way @-@ too @-@ serious " to be intended as a direct replacement for Mulder . Carter commented on the character , saying " everybody likes Robert Patrick and the character " , but continued with fans missed David Duchovny and his character . Patrick 's performance saw him named as one of " The Ten Sexiest Men of Sci @-@ Fi " by TV Guide . = Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne = Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ( pop . 43 @,@ 200 ) is a market town in Tameside , Greater Manchester , England . The population had increased to 45 @,@ 198 at the 2011 census . Historically in Lancashire , it is on the north bank of the River Tame , in the foothills of the Pennines , 6 @.@ 2 miles ( 10 @.@ 0 km ) east of Manchester . Evidence of Stone Age , Bronze Age , and Viking activity has been discovered in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne . The " Ashton " part of the town 's name probably dates from the Anglo @-@ Saxon period , and derives from Old English meaning " settlement by ash trees " . The origin of the " under @-@ Lyne " suffix is less clear ; it possibly derives from the British lemo meaning elm or from Ashton 's proximity to the Pennines . In the Middle Ages , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne was a parish and township and Ashton Old Hall was held by the de Asshetons , lords of the manor . Granted a Royal Charter in 1414 , the manor spanned a rural area consisting of marshland , moorland , and a number of villages and hamlets . Until the introduction of the cotton trade in 1769 , Ashton was considered " bare , wet , and almost worthless " . The factory system , and textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution triggered a process of unplanned urbanisation in the area , and by the mid @-@ 19th century Ashton had emerged as an important mill town at a convergence of newly constructed canals and railways . Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne 's transport network allowed for an economic boom in cotton spinning , weaving , and coal mining , which led to the granting of municipal borough status in 1847 . In the mid @-@ 20th century , imports of cheaper foreign goods led to the decline of Ashton 's heavy industries but the town has continued to thrive as a centre of commerce and Ashton Market is one of the largest outdoor markets in the United Kingdom . The 140 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 13 @,@ 000 m2 ) , two @-@ floored Ashton Arcades shopping centre opened in 1995 and an IKEA store in 2006 . = = History = = Evidence of prehistoric activity in the area comes from Ashton Moss – a 107 @-@ hectare ( 260 @-@ acre ) peat bog – and is the only one of Tameside 's 22 Mesolithic sites not located in the hilly uplands in the north east of the borough . A single Mesolithic flint tool has been discovered in the bog , along with a collection of nine Neolithic flints . There was further activity in or around the bog in the Bronze Age . In about 1911 , an adult male skull was found in the moss ; it was thought to belong to the Romano @-@ British period – similar to the Lindow Man bog body – until radiocarbon dating revealed that it dated from 1 @,@ 320 – 970 BC . The eastern terminus of the early medieval linear earthwork Nico Ditch is in Ashton Moss ( grid reference SJ909980 ) ; it was probably used as an administrative boundary and dates from the 8th or 9th century . Legend claims it was built in a single night in 869 or 870 as a defence against Viking invaders . Further evidence of Dark Age activity in the area comes from the town 's name . The " Ashton " part probably derives from the Anglo @-@ Saxon meaning " settlement by ash trees " , the origin of the " under @-@ Lyne " element is less clear : it could derive from the British lemo meaning elm , or may refer to Ashton being " under the line " of the Pennines . This means that Ashton probably became a settlement some time after the Romans left Britain in the 5th century . An early form of the town 's name , which included a burh element , indicates that in the 11th century Ashton and Bury were two of the most important towns in Lancashire . The " under Lyne " suffix was not widely used until the mid @-@ 19th century when it became useful for distinguishing the town from other places called Ashton . The Domesday Survey of 1086 does not directly mention Ashton , perhaps because only a partial survey of the area had been taken . However , it is thought that St Michael 's Church , mentioned in the Domesday entry for the ancient parish of Manchester , was in Ashton . The town itself was first mentioned in the 12th century when the manor was part of the barony of Manchester . By the late 12th century , a family who adopted the name Assheton held the manor on behalf of the Gresleys , barons of Manchester . Ashton Old Hall was a manor house , the administrative centre of the manor , and the seat of the Assheton family . With three wings , the hall was " one of the finest great houses in the North West " of the 14th century . It has been recognised as important for being one of the few great houses in south @-@ east Lancashire and possibly one of the few halls influenced by French design in the country . The town was granted a Royal Charter in 1414 , which allowed it to hold a fair twice a year , and a market on every Monday , making the settlement a market town . According to popular tradition , Sir Ralph de Assheton , who was lord of the manor in the mid @-@ 14th century and known as the Black Knight , was an unpopular and cruel feudal lord . After his death , his unpopularity led the locals to parade an effigy of him around the town each Easter Monday and collect money . Afterwards the effigy would be hung up , shot , and set on fire , before being torn apart and thrown into the crowd . The first recorded occurrence of the event was in 1795 , although the tradition may be older ; it continued into the 1830s . The manor remained in the possession of the Assheton family until 1514 when its male line terminated . The lordship of the manor passed to Sir George Booth devolving through the Booth family until the Earls of Stamford inherited it through marriage in 1758 . The Booth @-@ Greys then held the manor until the 19th century , whose patronage , despite being absentee lords , was probably the stimulus for Ashton 's growth of a large @-@ scale domestic @-@ based textile industry in the 17th century . Pre @-@ industrial Ashton was centred on four roads : Town Street , Crickets Lane , Old Street , and Cowhill Lane . In the late @-@ 18th and early @-@ 19th centuries , the town was re @-@ planned , with a grid pattern of roads . As a result , very little remains of the previous town . In 1730 a workhouse was established which consisted of a house and two cottages ; it later came to be used as a hospital . The Ashton Canal was constructed in the 1790s to transport coal from the area to Manchester , with a branch to the coal pits at Fairbottom . Domestic fustian and woollen weaving have a long history in the town , dating back to at least the Early Modern period . Accounts dated 1626 highlight that Humphrey Chetham had dealings with clothworkers in Ashton . However , the introduction of the factory system in the 19th century , during the Industrial Revolution , changed Ashton from a market town to a mill town . Having previously been one of the two main towns in the Tame Valley , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne became one of the " most famous mill towns in the North West " . On Christmas Day 1826 , workers in the town formed the Ashton Unity , a sickness and benefits society that was later renamed the Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherds . From 1773 to 1905 , 75 cotton mills were established in the town . On his tour of northern England in 1849 , Scottish publisher Angus Reach said : In Ashton , too , there lingers on a handful of miserable old men , the remnants of the cotton hand @-@ loom weavers . No young persons think of pursuing such an occupation . The few who practice it were too old and confirmed in old habits , when the power @-@ loom was introduced , to be able to learn a new way of making their bread . The cotton industry in the area grew rapidly from the start of the 19th century until the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861 – 1865 . The growth of the town 's textile industry led to the construction of estates specifically for workers . Workers ' housing in Park Bridge , on the border between Ashton and Oldham , was created in the 1820s . The iron works were founded in 1786 and were some of the earliest in the north west . The Oxford Mills settlement was founded in 1845 by local industrialist and mill @-@ owner Hugh Mason who saw it as a model industrial community . The community was provided with a recreational ground , a gymnasium , and an institute containing public baths , a library , and a reading room . Mason estimated that establishing the settlement cost him around £ 10 @,@ 000 and would require a further £ 1 @,@ 000 a year to maintain ( about £ 600 @,@ 000 and £ 60 @,@ 000 respectively as of 2016 ) , and that its annual mortality rate was significantly lower than in the rest of the town . A poor supply of fresh water and dwellings without adequate drainage led to a cholera outbreak in the town in 1832 . The Ashton Poor Law Union was established in 1837 and covered most of what is now Tameside . A new workhouse was built in 1850 which provided housing for 500 people . It later became part of Tameside General Hospital . Construction on the Sheffield , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne and Manchester Railway ( SA & MR ) began in 1837 to provide passenger transport between Manchester and Sheffield . Although a nine @-@ arch viaduct in Ashton collapsed in April 1845 , the line was fully opened on 22 December 1845 . The SA & MR was amalgamated with the Sheffield and Lincolnshire Junction Railway , the Great Grimsby & Sheffield Railway , and the Grimsby Docks Company in 1847 to form the Manchester , Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway ( MS & LR ) . In 1890 , the MS & LR bought the Old Hall and demolished it to make way for the construction of new sidings . In the late 19th century , public buildings such as the market hall , town hall , public library and public baths were built . A donation from Hugh Mason funded the construction of the baths constructed in 1870 – 1871 . The Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne Improvement Act was passed in 1886 which gave the borough influence over housing and allowed the imposition of minimum standards such as drainage . Coal mining not as important to the town as the textile industry , but in 1882 the Ashton Moss Colliery had the deepest mine shaft in the world at 870 metres ( 2 @,@ 850 ft ) . Ashton 's textile industry remained constant between 1865 and the 1920s . Although some mills closed or merged , the number of spindles in use increased . With the collapse of the overseas market in the 1920s , the town 's cotton industry went into decline , and by the 1930s most of the firms and mills in the area had closed . Ashton became a part of the newly formed Metropolitan Borough of Tameside in 1974 . In May 2004 , a massive fire ravaged the Victorian market hall , and a temporary building called " The Phoenix Market Hall " was built on Old Cross Street on the opposite side of the Old Market hall . Described as the " heart of Ashton " , the market was rebuilt and officially opened on 1 December 2008 . = = Governance = = Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century , Ashton anciently constituted a " single parish @-@ township " , but was divided into four divisions ( sometimes each styled townships ) : Ashton Town , Audenshaw , Hartshead , and Knott Lanes . Ashton Town was granted a Royal Charter in 1414 , granting it the right to hold a market . All four divisions lay within the Hundred of Salford , an ancient division of the county of Lancashire . In 1827 , police commissioners were established for Ashton Town , tasked with bringing about social and economic improvement . In 1847 , this area was incorporated under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 , as a municipal borough with the name " Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne " , giving it borough status . When the administrative county of Lancashire was created by the Local Government Act 1888 , the borough fell under the newly created Lancashire County Council . The borough 's boundaries changed during the late 19th century through small exchanges of land with the neighbouring districts of Oldham , Mossley , Dukinfield , and Stalybridge . In the early 20th century , the Borough of Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne grew ; Hurst Urban District was added in 1927 , parts of Hartshead and Alt civil parishes in 1935 , and parts of Limehurst Rural District in 1954 . Since 1956 , Ashton has been twinned with Chaumont , France . Under the Local Government Act 1972 , the town 's borough status was abolished , and Ashton has , since 1 April 1974 , formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside , within the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester . Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne is divided into four wards : Ashton Hurst , Ashton St. Michaels , Ashton St Peters and Ashton Waterloo . As of the 2012 local elections , all twelve seats are held by Labour councillors . Since the Reform Act 1832 the town has been represented in Parliament as part of the Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne parliamentary constituency . During its early years the constituency was represented in the House of Commons by members of the Liberal Party until the late 19th century , when it was broadly held by the Conservative Party . It has been held by the Labour Party since 1935 ; Angela Rayner has been the constituency 's Member of Parliament since 2015 . = = Geography = = At 53 ° 29 ′ 38 ″ N 2 ° 6 ′ 11 ″ W ( 53 @.@ 4941 ° , − 2 @.@ 1032 ° ) , and 160 miles ( 257 km ) north @-@ northwest of London , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne stands on the north bank of the River Tame , about 35 feet ( 11 m ) above the river . Described in Samuel Lewis 's A Topographical Dictionary of England ( 1848 ) as situated " on a gentle declivity " , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne lies on undulating ground by the Pennines , reaching a maximum elevation of about 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 305 m ) above sea level . It is 6 @.@ 2 miles ( 10 @.@ 0 km ) east of Manchester city centre , and is bound on all sides by other towns : Audenshaw , Droylsden , Dukinfield , Mossley , Oldham and Stalybridge , with little or no green space between them . Ashton experiences a temperate maritime climate , like much of the British Isles . Generally the bedrock of the west of the town consists of coal measures , which were exploited by the coal mining industry , while the east is mainly millstone grit . Overlying the bedrock are deposits of glacial sand and gravel , clay , and some alluvial deposits . Ashton Moss , a peat bog , lies to the west of the town and was originally much larger . The River Tame forms part of the southern boundary , dividing the town from Stalybridge and Dukinfield , and the River Medlock runs to the west . Ashton 's built environment is similar to the urban structure of most towns in England , consisting of residential dwellings centred on a market square and high street in the town centre , which is the local centre of commerce . There is a mixture of low @-@ density urban areas , suburbs , semi @-@ rural and rural locations in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , but overwhelmingly the land use in the town is residential ; industrial areas and terraced houses give way to suburbs and rural greenery as the land rises out of the town in the east . The older streets are narrow and irregular , but those built more recently are spacious , lined by " substantial and handsome houses " . Areas and suburbs of Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne include Hartshead , Hazelhurst , Hurst , Taunton , and Waterloo . = = Demography = = As of the 2001 UK census , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne had a population of 43 @,@ 236 . The 2001 population density was 12 @,@ 374 per mi ² ( 4 @,@ 777 per km ² ) , with a 100 to 96 @.@ 1 female @-@ to @-@ male ratio . Of those over 16 years old , 30 @.@ 9 % were single ( never married ) and 50 @.@ 0 % married . Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne 's 18 @,@ 347 households included 33 @.@ 2 % one @-@ person , 33 @.@ 0 % married couples living together , 8 @.@ 9 % were co @-@ habiting couples , and 12 @.@ 4 % single parents with their children ; these figures were similar to those of Tameside , however both Tameside and Ashton have higher rates of single parents than England ( 9 @.@ 5 % ) . Of those aged 16 – 74 , 37 @.@ 0 % had no academic qualifications , similar to that of 35 @.@ 2 % in all of Tameside but significantly higher than the 28 @.@ 9 % in all of England , and 11 @.@ 9 % had an educational qualification such as first degree , higher degree , qualified teacher status , qualified medical doctor , qualified dentist , qualified nurse , midwife , health visitor , etc. compared to 20 % nationwide . In 1931 , 10 @.@ 2 % of Ashton 's population was middle class compared with 14 % in England and Wales , and by 1971 , this had increased steadily to 17 @.@ 3 % compared with 24 % nationally . In the same time frame , there was the decline of the working class population . In 1931 , 33 @.@ 8 % were working class compared with 36 % in England and Wales ; by 1971 , this had decreased to 29 @.@ 2 % in Ashton and 26 % nationwide . The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers . = = = Population change = = = In 1700 , the population of Ashton , the Tame Valley 's main urban area , was an estimated 550 . The town 's 18th @-@ century growth was fuelled by an influx of people from the countryside attracted by the prospect of work in its new industries , mirroring the rest of the region . In the early 19th century , Irish immigrants escaping from the Great Irish Famine were also drawn to the area by the new jobs created , The availability of jobs created by the growth of the textile industry in the town led to Ashton 's population increasing by more than 400 % between 1801 and 1861 , from 6 @,@ 500 to 34 @,@ 886 . The population dropped by 9 % during the 1860s as a consequence of the cotton famine caused by the American Civil War . The table below details the population change since 1851 , including the percentage change since the last census . = = Religion = = St Michael and All Angels ' Church is a Grade I listed building that dates back to at least 1262 , although it was rebuilt in the 15th , 16th and 19th centuries . In 1795 it was the only church in the town , and one of only two in Tameside . There was a great increase in the number of chapels and religious buildings in the area during the 19th century , and by the end of the century there were 44 Anglican churches and 138 chapels belonging to other denominations . The most common denomination amongst the chapels were Catholic , Congregationalist , and Methodist . The 19th @-@ century evangelist John Wroe attempted to turn Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne into a " new Jerusalem " . He founded the Christian Israelite Church , and from 1822 to 1831 Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne was the religion 's headquarters . Wroe intended to build a wall around the town with four gateways , and although the wall was never constructed , the four gatehouses were . Popular opinion in the town turned against Wroe when he was accused of indecent behaviour in 1831 , but the charges were dismissed . The Church spread to Australia , where it is still active . As of the 2001 UK census , 68 @.@ 5 % of Ashton residents reported themselves as being Christian , 6 @.@ 1 % Muslim , 5 @.@ 0 % Hindu , and 0 @.@ 2 % Buddhist . The census recorded that 11 @.@ 4 % had no religion , 0 @.@ 2 % had an alternative religion , and 8 @.@ 7 % did not state their religion . The proportion of Hindus in the town was much higher than the average for the borough and the whole of England 1 @.@ 4 % and 1 @.@ 1 % respectively . The percentage of Muslims in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne was nearly double the national average of 3 @.@ 1 % , and was higher than the average of 2 @.@ 5 % for Tameside . In Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne are located 6 mosques ( October 2013 ) , including on Hillgate Street in Penny Meadow ( Ashton Central Mosque , formerly known as Markazi Jamia Mosque ) and on Katherine Street in West End ( Masjid Hamza Mosque ) . = = Economy = = In the medieval period , farming was important in Ashton , particularly arable farming . By the 18th century , textiles had also become more to the town 's economy ; in the 1700s , 33 @.@ 2 % of those with jobs worked in textiles and 36 % in agriculture . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 18th century , the textile industry in the town boomed . It continued to expand until the cotton famine of 1861 – 1865 , after which the industry was steady until it collapsed after the overseas markets shut down in the 1920s . Coal has been mined in Ashton since at least the 17th century . In the late 18th and early 19th centuries demand for coal increased , which led to an expansion of the town 's coal industry . The produce of the collieries was transported by canal to Manchester . The industry began to decline during the late 19th century , and by 1904 only the Ashton Moss Colliery was still operational , the last colliery to be opened in the area . Ashton town centre , which is the largest in Tameside , developed in the Victorian period . Many of the original buildings have survived , and as a result , the town centre is protected by Tameside Council as a conservation area . As well as being populated by leading high @-@ street names , Ashton has an outdoor market which was established in the medieval period . It is made up of about 180 stalls , and is open six days a week . The farmers ' market , with over 70 stalls , is the largest in the region , as is the weekday flea market . Ashton Market Hall underwent a £ 15M restoration after it was damaged by fire . The Ashton Renewal Area project has attracted investment in the town centre , encouraging conservation and economic development . The 140 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 13 @,@ 000 m2 ) , two @-@ floored Ashton Arcades shopping centre opened in 1995 . Permission has been granted for a £ 40 million extension yet no work on this project has begun , on the nearby Lord Sheldon Way development of the new Golf Course is in its early stages , Tameside Hospital is under regeneration and there are preliminary stages being taken to welcome the Metrolink to Ashton . These four projects are currently the biggest in Ashton . In 2006 , after failing twice to gain permission , IKEA announced plans to build its first town centre @-@ store in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne . The store is expected to create 500 new jobs as well as attract other businesses to the area . The store opened on 19 October 2006 and covers 296 @,@ 000 square feet ( 27 @,@ 500 m2 ) . At the time of its creation , the store was the tallest in Britain . Amongst the facilities provided by Ashton Leisure Park are a 14 @-@ screen cinema , a bowling alley , and several restaurants . The St Petersfield area of Ashton underwent a £ 42M redevelopment and provided 2 @,@ 000 jobs . The aim of the investment was to create a business district in the town and bring life to a neglected area of Ashton . The development provided 280 @,@ 000 square feet ( 26 @,@ 000 m2 ) of office space and 400 @,@ 000 square feet ( 37 @,@ 000 m2 ) of retail and leisure space . Pennine Care NHS Trust relocated its headquarters to the St Petersfield area in 2006 . Until then a popular nightspot , in 2002 several night clubs were brought to the brink of closure after a downturn in trade caused by four murders in three months . According to the 2001 UK census , the industry of employment of residents aged 16 – 74 was 22 @.@ 7 % manufacturing , 18 @.@ 6 % retail and wholesale , 11 @.@ 3 % health and social work , 9 @.@ 8 % property and business services , 6 @.@ 7 % construction , 6 @.@ 5 % transport and communications , 5 @.@ 8 % education , 5 @.@ 6 % public administration , 4 @.@ 3 % hotels and restaurants , 3 @.@ 8 % finance , 0 @.@ 4 % agriculture , 0 @.@ 7 % energy and water supply , and 3 @.@ 9 % other . Compared with national figures , the town had a relatively low percentage working in agriculture , public administration , and property which was also below the national average , and high rates of employment in construction at more than triple the national rate ( 6 @.@ 8 % ) . The census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16 – 74 , 2 @.@ 0 % students were with jobs , 3 @.@ 8 % students without jobs , 6 @.@ 4 % looking after home or family , 9 @.@ 5 % permanently sick or disabled , and 3 @.@ 9 % economically inactive for other reasons . Ashton 's 4 @.@ 1 % unemployment rate was above the national rate of 3 @.@ 3 % . = = Culture = = = = = Sports = = = The most prominent football teams are Curzon Ashton F.C. and Ashton United F.C. Curzon Ashton play at the Tameside Stadium on Richmond Street . They are currently playing in the National League North , the highest level in the club 's history following two consecutive promotions , beating town rivals Ashton United in the playoffs . Of the teams who formed the Manchester Football Association Ashton United , under the name Hurst , were the first to win an FA Cup tie , when they beat Turton 3 – 0 in 1883 . In 1885 they were the first winners of the Manchester Senior Cup , beating Newton Heath ( who later became Manchester United ) in the final . Ashton United play at Hurst Cross stadium . Other sporting venues include the Richmond Park Athletics Stadium , also on Richmond Street , which has an all @-@ weather running track with facilities for all field events and is home to the East Cheshire Harriers & Tameside Athletics Club and the Ashton Cricket Club . This team has won the Central Lancashire Cricket League 's first and second division twice each , and the Wood Cup four times . = = = Landmarks = = = After the Ashton Canal closed in the 1960s , it was decided to turn the Portland Basin warehouse into a museum . In 1985 , the first part of the Heritage Centre and Museum opened on the first floor of the warehouse . The restoration of building was complete in 1999 ; the museum details Tameside 's social , industrial , and political history . The basin next to the warehouse is the point at which the Ashton Canal , the Huddersfield Narrow Canal and the Peak Forest Canal meet . It has been used several times as a filming location for Coronation Street , including a scene where the character Richard Hillman drove into the canal . The earliest parts of Ashton Town Hall , which was the first purpose @-@ built town hall in what is now Tameside , date to 1840 when it was opened . It has classical features such as the Corinthian columns on the entrance facade . Enlarged in 1878 , the hall provides areas for administrative purposes and public functions . It is a Grade II listed building . After the Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne municipal borough was abolished in 1974 , the town hall was no longer required and became the home of the Museum of the Manchester Regiment . The museum exhibits relics related to the Manchester Regiment including five Victoria Crosses awarded to its members . There are five parks in the town , three of which have Green Flag Awards . The first park opened in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne was Stamford Park on the border with Stalybridge . The park opened in 1873 , following a 17 @-@ year campaign by local cotton workers ; the land was bought from a local mill @-@ owner for £ 15 @,@ 000 ( £ 1 @.@ 3 million as of 2016 ) and further land was donated by George Grey , 7th Earl of Stamford . A crowd of between 60 @,@ 000 and 80 @,@ 000 turned out to see the Earl of Stamford formally open the new facility on 12 July 1873 . It now includes a boating lake , and a memorial to Joseph Rayner Stephens , commissioned by local factory workers to commemorate his work promoting fair wages and improved working conditions . A conservatory was opened in 1907 , and Coronation gates installed at both the Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne and Stalybridge entrances in 1953 . Hartshead Pike is a stone tower on top of Hartshead Hill overlooking Ashton and Oldham . The current building was constructed in 1863 although there has been a building on the site since at least the mid @-@ 18th century , although the original purpose is obscure . The pike may have been the site of a beacon in the late 16th century . It has a visitor centre and from the top of the hill it is possible to see the Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire , the Welsh hills , and the Holme Moss transmitter in West Yorkshire . The Witchwood public house , in the St Petersfield area of the town , has been a music venue since the 1960s , hosting acts such as Muse , The Coral , and Lost Prophets . In 2004 The Witchwood came under threat when the area was being redeveloped , but was saved from demolition after a campaign by locals and led by Tom Hingley , drawing support from musicians such as Bert Jansch , The Fall , and The Chameleons . The main Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne War Memorial , in Memorial Gardens , consists of a central cenotaph on plinth , surmounted by sculpted wounded soldier and the figure of " Peace who is taking the sword of honour " from his hand . It commemorates the 1 @,@ 512 people from the town who died in the First World War and the 301 who died in the Second World War . The cenotaph is flanked on both sides by two bronze lions . The plinth is decorated with military equipment representing the services , as well as bronze tablets listing the Roll of Honour from World War I. Commissioned by the Ashton War Memorial Committee , the statue was sculpted between 1919 and 1922 by John Ashton Floyd , and unveiled on 16 September 1922 by General Sir Ian Hamilton . The tablet on the front of the memorial reads : Erected in honour of the men of Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne and district who fought for King and Empire in The Great War , especially those who sacrificed their lives , and whose names are recorded hereon 1914 – 1919 = = Transport = = = = = Roads = = = Ashton is served by the M60 motorway , which cuts through the west end of Ashton ( Junction 23 ) . In 1732 , an Act of Parliament was passed which permitted the construction of a turnpike from Manchester , then in Lancashire , to Salters Brook in Cheshire . The road passed through Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne as well as Audenshaw , Mottram @-@ in @-@ Longdendale , and Stalybridge . A Turnpike Trust was responsible for collecting tolls from traffic ; the proceeds were used for road maintenance . The Trust for Manchester to Salters Brook was one of over 400 established between 1706 and 1750 , a period in which turnpikes became popular . It was the first turnpike to be opened in Tameside , and driven by economic growth , more turnpikes were opened in the area in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . Acts of Parliaments were passed in 1765 , 1793 , and 1799 permitting the construction turnpikes from Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne to Doctor Lane Head in Saddleworth , Standedge in Saddleworth , and Oldham respectively . Towards the end of the 19th century , many Turnpike Trusts were wound up as they were superseded by local government ; the last in Tameside to close was the Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne to Salters Brook road in 1884 . = = = Canals = = = The town of Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne became the focus of three canals which were constructed in Tameside in the 1790s because it was an important centre of coal mining in the Lancashire coalfield . The 1790s has been characterised as a period of mania for canal building in England . The first of the three to be built was the Ashton Canal , which was constructed between 1792 and 1797 . Connecting Manchester to Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , with a branch to Oldham , it cost about £ 170 @,@ 000 ( £ 15 million as of 2016 ) . The Peak Forest Canal was constructed from 1	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
ouncing such an action and instead promoting the virtues of submarines and aircraft on the basis of lower costs and their performance in the First World War . The nations of South America worried that an attempt to regain the title of " the first naval power in South America " would start another naval arms race . In the end , Chile purchased only Canada and four destroyers in April 1920 , all of which had been ordered by Chile prior to the war 's outbreak and requisitioned by the British for the war . The total cost of the five ships was less than a third of what Chile was due to pay for Almirante Latorre in 1914 . Canada was renamed Almirante Latorre once again and formally handed over to the Chilean government on 27 November 1920 . She departed Plymouth the same day with two of the destroyers , Riveros and Almirante Uribe , under the command of Admiral Luis Gomez Carreño . They arrived in Chile on 20 February 1921 , where they were welcomed by Chile 's president , Arturo Alessandri . Almirante Latorre was made the flagship of the navy . In her capacity as flagship of the Chilean Navy , Almirante Latorre was frequently utilized by the president for various functions . In the aftermath of the magnitude 8 @.@ 5 1922 Vallenar earthquake , Almirante Latorre was used to transport Alessandri to the affected area . The ship also brought " tents , medical supplies , rations , clothing and 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 pesos " for those affected . By 1923 , Chile only had Almirante Latorre , a cruiser , and five destroyers in commission , leading The New York Times to remark " experts would probably place Chile third in potential sea power [ after Brazil and Argentina ] " . While Almirante Latorre was individually more powerful than the Brazilian or Argentine dreadnoughts , they had two each to Chile 's one . Compounding this was a lack of modern cruisers to accompany the lone dreadnought . In 1924 , Almirante Latorre hosted the president again when he visited Talcahuano for the grand opening of a new naval drydock there . After the fall of the January Junta in 1925 , the dreadnought hosted the returning President Alessandri during a Naval Review in Valparaíso ; while on board , he gave a speech to senior naval officials to assure them that his new government " was for all Chileans , and not partisan in its inspiration " . In September , the last month of his term , Alessandri received the United Kingdom 's Edward , Prince of Wales , on board the battleship . The visit briefly quelled domestic unrest , and it marked the beginning of negotiations for a British naval mission , which arrived in the following year . Almirante Latorre was sent to the United Kingdom for a modernization at the Devonport Dockyard in 1929 . Departing Chile on 15 May , she traveled past Balboa before traversing the Panama Canal nine days later . After refueling at Port of Spain on 28 May , the dreadnought continued across the Atlantic , passing the Azores before arriving in Plymouth on 24 June . Major alterations included rebuilding the bridge , updating the main battery fire control to more modern standards and adding it for the secondary armament for the first time , and replacing her steam turbine engines . Also added were a new mast between the third and fourth turrets , anti @-@ torpedo bulges similar to the British Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships , and new anti @-@ aircraft guns . Nearly two years after the modernization began , Almirante Latorre sailed back to Valparaíso on 5 March 1931 and put in on 12 April . Two 33 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 34 t ) tug boats which had been acquired for use in the harbors of Punta Arenas and Valparaíso were carried on the battleship 's deck during her voyage back to Chile . = = = 1931 mutiny = = = Despite the goodwill brought on by the removal of the " strongman " President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo in July 1931 , Chile could not overcome the Great Depression 's severe economic effects , and wages for civil servants making over 3 @,@ 000 pesos a year were cut by 12 – 30 percent to reduce government expenditures . This triggered a severe reaction among the sailors of the navy , who had already suffered a 10 percent salary cut and 50 percent loss in overseas bonuses . Various members of the crew on board Almirante Latorre , but no officers , met on 31 August and decided that a mutiny was the best course of action . Shortly after midnight on 1 September , the junior crew members of Almirante Latorre , an armored cruiser ( O 'Higgins ) , seven destroyers , and a few submarines took over their ships while many of their shipmates were watching a boxing tournament in La Serena . They imprisoned the officers , most without conflict , and secured the ships by about 02 : 00 . They elected a committee , the Estado Mayor de Tripulacion , to take control of the mutiny . Later that day , at 16 : 55 , the mutineers radioed the minister of the navy , declaring that they were acting on their own accord , as opposed to acting in concert with a militant political party or communist insurgents . They asked for their full salaries to be restored and the punishment of those who had plunged Chile into a depression , while also stating that they would not use force to achieve these goals . Just before midnight on 2 September , the mutineers messaged the Chilean government with a more " sophisticated " list of twelve demands . Meanwhile , further south , junior members of the navy in the main naval base of Talcahuano joined the mutiny , taking several vessels in the process . Several of these sailed north to join the other rebels , while two cruisers , a few destroyers and submarines remained to guard the base . Other bases joined the now @-@ full @-@ fledged rebellion as well , including the Second Air Group based in Quintero . With so many rebels appearing , it was feared by many that the plethora of unemployed workers would join . The government attempted to solicit aid from the United States in the form of military intervention or war materiel ( including two submarines and bombs capable of penetrating the armor of Almirante Latorre ) , but they were rebuffed both publicly and privately . Acting Vice President Manuel Trucco now found himself in an undesirable position ; he had to defeat the rebels before more units joined and bolstered their forces , but if he was too harsh , there was a risk that the populace would think that his policies were too similar to the former dictator Ibáñez del Campo . Trucco decided on a path of reconciliation . He sent a naval admiral , Edgardo von Schroeders , to negotiate with the mutineers . They met on board Almirante Latorre , where von Schroeders , seeing a potential split between sailors angry over their pay versus others with a more political agenda , tried to divide them along these lines and get them to surrender . However , a plea from the approaching southern fleet , asking for them to wait before any possible settlement , sealed the matter for the time being and von Schroders flew back to the capital . 5 September marked a turn in the rebels ' fortunes , despite the arrival of the southern fleet a day earlier . All of their land gains were taken by government forces , leaving only the fleet in the mutineers ' hands . By the next day , an air strike was mounted by government forces . The only damage done was to the submarine H4 , which was unable to dive , but at least one bomb landed about 50 yards ( 46 m ) from Almirante Latorre . Despite the scant damage , the attack broke the mutineers ' spirits ; they quickly offered to send a delegation to Santiago to discuss terms , but the government , bolstered by its land victories , refused . While the mutiny devolved into arguing and anarchy , individual ships began leaving the bay and setting sail for Valparaíso , and the rest soon followed . Almirante Latorre ended up in the Bay of Tongoy with Blanco Encalada . Seven crewmen on the dreadnought received death sentences , later commuted to life in prison . = = = Later career = = = Still in the midst of the depression , Almirante Latorre was deactivated at Talcahuano in 1933 to lessen government expenditures , and only a caretaker crew was assigned to tend to the mothballed ship into the mid @-@ 1930s . In a 1937 refit in the Talcahuano dockyard , the aircraft catapult was taken off and anti @-@ aircraft weaponry was added . Almirante Latorre was never fully modernized , however , and by the Second World War her main battery was comparatively short @-@ ranged and her armor protection , designed before the " all or nothing " principle was put into practice , was wholly inadequate . Nevertheless , soon after Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States approached the Chilean naval attaché and the vice admiral heading Chile 's naval commission to the United States with the aim of purchasing Almirante Latorre and a few destroyers to bolster the United States ' navy . The offer was declined , and Almirante Latorre was used for neutrality patrols during the Second World War . Almirante Latorre was active until 1951 , when an accident in the ship 's engine room killed three crewmen . Moored at Talcahuano , the battleship became a storage facility for fuel oil . She was decommissioned in October 1958 , and was sold to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in February 1959 for $ 881 @,@ 110 to be broken up for scrap . On 29 May 1959 , to the salutes of the assembled Chilean fleet , the old dreadnought was taken under tow by the tug Cambrian Salvos , and reached Yokohama , Japan , at the end of August , though the scrapping process did not begin immediately on arrival . = = Endnotes = = = Metroid Prime Pinball = Metroid Prime Pinball is a pinball video game themed after the Metroid series . The game uses the graphical style and various story elements from Metroid Prime . It was developed by Fuse Games for the Nintendo DS handheld game console , and released by Nintendo in North America and Australia in 2005 , in Japan in 2006 , and in Europe in 2007 . Metroid Prime Pinball uses the basic mechanics of pinball , along with typical pinball items . New mechanics are introduced , such as wall jumping and the ability to fire weapons . The Nintendo DS 's touchscreen can be nudged with a finger to alter the pinball 's trajectory while in motion . The initial idea for a video game that presented the Metroid series in a pinball setting came to Kensuke Tanabe after he learned that Fuse Games had previously worked on Mario Pinball Land , another pinball video game . Recalling that the series ' protagonist , Samus , can morph into a ball , Tanabe was convinced that the Metroid universe could be adapted to a pinball setting . The game was sold with a Rumble Pak accessory for the Nintendo DS , marking the first time the accessory was available for the Nintendo DS . Metroid Prime Pinball received generally positive reviews . Critics praised the game 's transposition of the Metroid series into a pinball video game , but criticized its lack of variety . Metroid Prime Pinball sold 6 @,@ 228 copies during its debut month of October 2005 in the United States , and over 15 @,@ 000 units in Japan as of May 2008 . = = Gameplay = = Metroid Prime Pinball uses the basic mechanics of pinball , complete with an assortment of typical pinball items including flippers , spinners , bumpers , and ramps . In addition , new mechanics are introduced , such as enemies that wander around the table , wall jumping , and the ability to fire weapons . The Nintendo DS 's touchscreen can be used to nudge the pinball table and alter the ball 's trajectory . The game consists of six pinball tables , each inspired by a different area of Metroid Prime . Each table is shown across both screens of the Nintendo DS . Only two tables are initially available for play : Pirate Frigate and Tallon Overworld . After playing either of the first two tables , the player unlocks two more tables : Phendrana Drifts and Phazon Mines . In either table , the player must battle a boss to complete it . During the course of the game , the player must acquire twelve Artifacts , which are prizes that are awarded after completing objectives such as winning minigames or beating bosses . Once having acquired twelve Artifacts , the player is granted access to a table called the Artifact Temple , which places six balls on the table at the same time . To complete the table , twelve different targets must be hit with the balls while they are bombarded by attacks from Meta Ridley , one of the antagonists of the Metroid Prime series . If all of the balls are lost , the table ends ; the player does not lose any of the twelve Artifacts already collected but is forced to revisit another table and complete it before being allowed a second attempt at the Artifact Temple . Upon completing the Artifact Temple , access is granted to the final table , Impact Crater . After the player defeats the Metroid Prime creature on the Impact Crater table , the game unlocks a higher difficulty level , Expert mode . The game also features a " Single Mission " mode which confines players to a single board . The Pirate Frigate and Tallon Overworld boards challenge players to earn a high point score , as in real pinball ; on the other tables players are ranked by the time taken to complete a mission . In addition to the single @-@ player mode , the game features a multiplayer mode , which requires only one copy of the game and allows up to eight players to compete in a race to reach a target score . The mode uses a seventh table , Magmoor Caverns , that does not appear in the single @-@ player mode . = = Development = = While making Metroid Prime Hunters , a Metroid first @-@ person shooter video game for the Nintendo DS , Nintendo producer Kensuke Tanabe came up with the idea to make a pinball game based on the Metroid series as Fuse Games finished Mario Pinball Land , another pinball simulator based on a Nintendo property . Tanabe felt like the Metroid universe fit into such a setting due to series protagonist Samus being able to morph into a ball , and Fuse agreed that the license was " a great fit for pinball " , accepting to work on the game . Fuse Games then received some assets from Metroid Prime developers Retro Studios , and collaborated with the Hunters team at Nintendo Software Technology to elaborate on specific aspects of Metroid Prime Pinball , such as Samus 's wall climbing and shooting abilities . Head of development Adrian Barritt said that in Metroid Prime Pinball the team tried to fix criticisms raised about the difficulty of Mario Pinball Land , creating a " more beginner friendly " game . Named Project Code : Metroid Pinball while in development , the first gameplay footage from the game was released on May 17 , 2005 at the E3 convention . Nintendo of America revealed on August 22 , 2005 that the game , by then titled Metroid Prime Pinball , would be sold with the Rumble Pak accessory , which can be plugged into the Game Boy Advance slot of the Nintendo DS . When the Rumble Pak is installed , the Nintendo DS shakes whenever the pinball in the game hits an object . This was the first time that the Nintendo DS version of the Rumble Pak was introduced . It was first sold exclusively with Metroid Prime Pinball before becoming available as a standalone product from Nintendo . Nintendo DS games that use the device 's top and bottom screens as one continuous screen are harder to control because of a gap in the middle , sometimes called a visual " dead zone " ; objects in this area are not visible . The developers of Metroid Prime Pinball , a game which takes advantage of both screens , resolved this problem by placing a second set of pinball flippers at the bottom of the upper screen to give players a reference to work with . The tabletops in the game use pre @-@ rendered artwork for graphical effects , including Samus 's Morph Ball , which uses renderings of images at several different angles to provide a smooth animation . To simulate the appearance of a real pinball game from a player 's point of view , the tabletop in Metroid Prime Pinball was tipped back . The game offers players the ability to nudge the table , a technique used in pinball games to influence the ball 's movement . This is achieved by touching the Nintendo DS 's bottom touchscreen with a finger and pushing it in the direction that the player wants to nudge the tabletop . The game 's soundtrack was composed by Kenji Yamamoto and Masaru Tajima , with audio effects from the Metroid Prime series are borrowed by the game to provide a " CD @-@ like " music experience . The voice of the Power Suit was provided by Lorelei King . = = Reception = = Metroid Prime Pinball was released by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS in North America on October 24 , 2005 , in Australia on December 1 , 2005 , in Japan on January 19 , 2006 , and in Europe on June 22 , 2007 . Metroid Prime Pinball sold 6 @,@ 228 copies during its debut month of October 2005 in the United States . The game has sold over 15 @,@ 000 units in Japan as of May 2008 . It was given " generally favorable reviews " , according to the review aggregator website Metacritic . Despite early skepticism over the quality of a pinball video game themed after the Metroid series , reviews praised the integration of the two in Metroid Prime Pinball . Nintendo Power called the game a " fully realized and well @-@ tuned hybrid of pinball play and Metroid Prime atmosphere " , and the Official Nintendo Magazine named it one of the better recently released pinball games . GameZone believed that the game appeals to anyone who is a fan of pinball games or the Metroid Prime franchise , to which Play magazine attested , adding that the game embodies the Metroid Prime series well . Appreciating the game 's pinball gameplay , 1UP.com thought that its Metroid motif did not add much more to the game . Nintendo World Report felt differently ; they were impressed with the game 's " top @-@ notch graphics and sound that believably invoke the Metroid series " . They also appreciated the pinball innovations introduced in the game that incorporate features from the series , concluding , " This game really does feel like a seamless , if unlikely , merging between classic arcade pinball and the creepy @-@ cool Metroid Prime series . " The sentiment was shared by GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin , who was convinced that pinball was an excellent medium to simulate the challenging struggles found in the Metroid series , noting that the game " pulls it off very well " by being faithful to the main series . Bryn Williams of GameSpy was impressed after playing the game ; he noted that it was one of the more interesting gaming sessions that anyone can have on the Nintendo DS . Metroid Prime Pinball 's gameplay was lauded by reviewers . Craig Harris of IGN appreciated Fuse Games ' work on the game , praising the graphics , audio , and gameplay , along with its " pick @-@ up @-@ and @-@ play " element that made it easy for people with varying levels of skill to play . X @-@ Play felt the same way , noting that the simple controls and " short bursts of gameplay " make Metroid Prime Pinball a perfect handheld video game . In addition , they asserted that the game has great value because of the included wireless multiplayer mode , which allows up to eight players to play the game with just one game card . A few critics were negative about Metroid Prime Pinball . The reviewer from the Electronic Gaming Monthly video game magazine found it hard to see the pinball while playing the game , especially when it was in the area between the top and bottom Nintendo DS screens . With a limited selection of game modes , GamePro 's Rice Burner was disappointed with the game , and concluded that because every game mode features the same tabletops , Metroid Prime Pinball lacked variety , which Game Informer 's reviewer agreed with , noting that he would have had more fun with the game if he " had access to a little more content " . The minigames were criticized by Game Revolution , which claimed that there were too many minigames that were only of average quality . Furthermore , it asked the game 's developer , Fuse Games , to spend more time making a great pinball game rather than several minor minigames , requesting " a character @-@ based game that 's great at pinball rather than a fence @-@ riding jack of all trades that is master of none " . Eurogamer had a different experience , finding that the minigames provided more entertainment than the main game , which they remarked was a " cardinal sin in pinball " . They also criticized the tilt feature for being unintuitive and difficult to use . The reviewer for GamesMaster felt that Metroid Prime Pinball was directed more towards Metroid fans than pinball aficionados , calling it a " flashy but insipid " game . = Halkett boat = A Halkett boat is a type of lightweight inflatable boat designed by Lt Peter Halkett ( 1820 – 1885 ) during the 1840s . Halkett had long been interested in the difficulties of travelling in the Canadian Arctic , and the problems involved in designing boats light enough to be carried over arduous terrain , but robust enough to be used in extreme weather conditions . Halkett 's first design was a collapsible and inflatable boat made of rubber @-@ impregnated cloth . When deflated , the hull of the boat could be worn as a cloak , the oar used as a walking stick , and the sail as an umbrella . This was followed by a two @-@ man craft that was small enough to fit into a knapsack , and when deflated served as a waterproof blanket . Although widely praised by Canadian explorers , Halkett 's designs had a limited market , and he was unable to persuade the Royal Navy that they would serve any useful purpose in general naval service . Efforts to market them as platforms for fishing and duck shooting failed , and they were commercially unsuccessful . Only two Halkett boats , that of Orcadian explorer John Rae , and one held in the Hudson 's Bay Company Museum Collection at the Manitoba Museum are known to survive today . = = Peter Halkett = = Peter Halkett was a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy in the 1840s . The son of John Halkett , a director of the Hudson 's Bay Company who for many years had lived in Canada before returning to England , Peter Halkett had long held an interest in the exploration of the Canadian Arctic . He had a particular interest in John Franklin 's disastrous Coppermine Expedition of 1819 – 1822 . Franklin 's three @-@ year exploration of the northern coast of Canada in search of the Northwest Passage had ended in disaster amid accusations of murder and cannibalism , with 11 of the 20 members of the group killed and the survivors reduced to eating lichen , their own boots , and the remains of rotten carcasses abandoned by wolves . The party had become stranded on the wrong side of the Coppermine River after their boats had been destroyed in a storm ; John Richardson had attempted to swim to safety and suffered severe hypothermia . A single member of the party had fashioned a small canoe from canvas and willow , and the survivors had been obliged to cross the river one at a time using the makeshift canoe . Halkett was an amateur inventor , and during his spare time whilst serving in the navy he worked on solving the problem of how to design a boat that would be small and light enough to transport easily on foot through wilderness , but robust enough to carry people in safety across wide bodies of water . His solution was to design a boat in which all components would double as items of clothing , or accessories that Halkett assumed the user would be carrying in any event . = = Boat @-@ cloak = = Halkett designed a waterproof cloak made from an early form of Macintosh cloth , cotton impregnated with India rubber by using naphtha as a solvent . The lining of the cloak contained an airtight and watertight inflatable ovoid , split into four separate airtight compartments in case of puncture , and a pocket containing a paddle blade and a small bellows . The wearer of the cloak would carry a walking stick , which would double as the shaft of the paddle , and a large umbrella to serve as a sail . The cloak weighed around 7 1 ⁄ 2 pounds ( 3 @.@ 4 kg ) in total , and took three to four minutes to inflate ; once inflated , it could support the weight of six to eight people . In early 1844 , Halkett successfully tested a prototype boat @-@ cloak on the River Thames , paddling it 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) without taking on any water , despite , in his words , being " met by — passed by — and almost run down by — various Metropolitan Steamers plying to and fro in their several vocations , and causing no little commotion in the troubled waters of the River " . Buoyed by this success , he took the prototype boat @-@ cloak with him while on naval service , using it whenever the opportunity arose to test it under various sea conditions . In November 1844 , Halkett hoped to test the boat @-@ cloak in bad weather conditions , in the rough seas of the Bay of Biscay , but the weather was unusually calm . He was forced to take down his umbrella , and paddle , recalling later that " the winds that day were too civil by half , and the sleepless bay almost quite dormant " . The boat @-@ cloak was positively received by explorers ; John Richardson ( who had almost died during the 1819 – 1822 Coppermine expedition ) wrote that " Had we been possessed of such a contrivance in our first expedition , I have little doubt of our having brought the whole party in safely " . = = Halkett 's boats in the Canadian Arctic = = Spurred on by the successful testing of the boat @-@ cloak , Halkett designed a larger version that folded into a knapsack . When inflated , it could carry two men , operating a paddle on each side , and when deflated served as a waterproof blanket to allow the users to camp on wet ground . The Admiralty was sceptical about potential uses for Halkett 's designs ; on 8 May 1845 Lord Herbert , First Secretary to the Admiralty wrote to Halkett that " My Lords are of an opinion that your invention is extremely clever and ingenious , and that it might be useful in Exploring and Surveying Expeditions , but they do not consider that it would be made applicable for general purposes in the Naval Service " . Although the Admiralty saw no use to which Halkett 's designs could be put in general naval service , this larger design was extremely well received by explorers . John Franklin bought one to take on the ill @-@ fated 1845 expedition in which the entire expedition party of 129 men and two ships vanished . Franklin saw Halkett boats as so essential to travel in Canada that he gave the boat intended for his expedition to Sir George Simpson , Governor @-@ in @-@ Chief of Rupert 's Land , for use in his travels in the region . He ordered a replacement boat from Halkett , who delivered it in time for him to take possession before setting out on his last expedition . Orkneyman John Rae , known by the Inuit as ᐊᒡᓘᑲ ( Aglooka , " He who takes long strides " ) , was a Hudson 's Bay Company surgeon who became a surveyor of the Canadian Arctic . Unlike most Europeans of the period , Rae believed that the local inhabitants knew best how to cope with extreme weather conditions . He travelled Inuit @-@ style , using sledges and snowshoes and sleeping in snow igloos . Rae took a Halkett boat on his first expedition in 1846 , reporting that it was " most useful in crossing and recrossing the river at Repulse Bay " , and that " although in constant use for upwards of six weeks on a rocky coast it never required the slightest repair " and " ought to form part of the equipment of every expedition " . Keen to find out what had become of the ships and men of Franklin 's expedition , in 1848 the Royal Navy sent a search party led by John Richardson and John Rae , and equipped with a Halkett boat provided by the government , to search for the lost expedition . The party was unable to locate Franklin , but found the Halkett boat invaluable , on one occasion using the single boat to ferry their entire party across a river in 14 trips . Rae noted that although the rubber of the boat became stiff from the cold , there was no difficulty in warming it to soften the material when necessary . Halkett boats were likewise taken on the subsequent HMS Enterprise expedition that was sent to search for Franklin , during which they were successfully used for fishing . In 1851 French explorer Joseph René Bellot mounted another expedition to find Franklin , sponsored by Franklin 's wife . Bellot took a Halkett boat @-@ cloak on the journey , noting in his journal that it was " of immense value in a country where the want of wood renders it impossible to form any sort of raft " . Bellot 's expedition was unable to locate Franklin , and it was not until 1853 that an expedition led by Rae ( equipped with " two beautiful Halkett boats " ) located a group of Inuit who recounted seeing men dragging a boat four years earlier , and later finding their bodies . = = Commercial failure = = Despite being promoted as ideal for lake @-@ fishing and duck @-@ shooting , and being exhibited in the Great Exhibition of 1851 , Halkett 's boat designs were not commercially successful and never entered general use outside the specialised field of Canadian exploration . Later promoted to Captain , Halkett died on 23 March 1885 , aged 65 , and the manufacture of his boat designs was abandoned . John Rae gave his boat from the 1853 expedition to a Miss Peace of Kirkwall , and it lay forgotten on the rafters of a Kirkwall woodyard . It was identified and recovered many years later , and is now displayed in the Stromness Museum at Orkney . A second surviving example is held in the Hudson 's Bay Company Museum Collection at the Manitoba Museum . = We Don 't Need to Whisper = We Don 't Need to Whisper is the debut studio album by the American rock band Angels & Airwaves . Recorded at Neverpants Ranch in San Diego , California and produced by guitarist / vocalist Tom DeLonge , the album was released on May 23 , 2006 through Geffen Records . In February 2005 , DeLonge ( who desired to spend more time with his family ) departed from his former band Blink @-@ 182 after months of heated exchanges and increasing tension within the trio and spent the following three weeks in complete isolation , contemplating his life , career , and future in music . We Don 't Need to Whisper is the band 's only album to bear the Parental Advisory label , though subsequent albums also contain explicit language . Inspired by personal crises and global events , We Don 't Need to Whisper was conceptualized as DeLonge taught himself to play instruments and created his own home studio . He recruited his longtime friend and guitarist David Kennedy of Box Car Racer , as well as drummer Atom Willard and bassist Ryan Sinn to form Angels & Airwaves , who were primarily inspired by arena rock groups such as U2 and The Police . DeLonge 's later public statements regarding the band 's music prompted media interest and concern from his relatives and family . We Don 't Need to Whisper peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 and has since sold nearly 800 @,@ 000 copies . Three of the four singles released in promotion of the album reached the top 20 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart , with " The Adventure " peaking at number five . It received largely mixed reviews from music critics , many who celebrated the album 's obvious musical influences but found its contents rather pretentious . A documentary film based on the recording process of the album and early history of the band , Start the Machine , was released in 2008 . = = Background = = Blink @-@ 182 consisted of guitarist Tom DeLonge , bassist Mark Hoppus and drummer Travis Barker , and by 2004 had been regarded as the most successful pop punk act of the time since the releases of Enema of the State ( 1999 ) and Take Off Your Pants and Jacket ( 2001 ) . During its brief hiatus in 2002 , DeLonge suffered a herniated disc in his back and collected several darker musical ideas he viewed unsuitable for the band ; the ideas were used in supergroup Box Car Racer 's self @-@ titled album , recorded with assistance from Hazen Street guitarist and longtime friend David Kennedy . Box Car Racer was intended as a one @-@ time experimental project but evolved into a full @-@ fledged band involving Barker . The side project would cause personal conflicts between DeLonge and Hoppus , the latter was not a member of the supergroup and felt betrayed . The moody subject matter on Box Car Racer was incorporated into the sound of Blink @-@ 182 , who explored experimentalist elements on their eponymous fifth studio album ( 2003 ) . After the success of Box Car Racer , DeLonge declined a solo recording deal offered by Geffen Records because he believed it would cast negative light on Blink @-@ 182 , but it loomed over the band in addition to growing internal tension . While the trio embarked on a European tour the following fall , DeLonge felt increasingly quarreled both about his creative freedom within the group and the toll touring impacted his personal life . He eventually expressed his desire to take a half @-@ year respite from touring to spend more time with family matters , a decision that Hoppus and Barker asserted was an lengthy interruption . DeLonge did not blame his bandmates for disappointment with his requests , but was dismayed that they apparently could not understand them . He protested Meet the Barkers , a reality television series starring Barker which was produced for a 2005 premiere , and disliked surveillance cameras , feeling his personal privacy was invaded . Blink @-@ 182 agreed to perform at Music for Relief 's Concert for South Asia , a benefit show to aid victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , but further arguments that ensued during rehearsals rooted in the band members ' increasing paranoia and bitterness toward each other . DeLonge judged the band 's priorities to be " mad , mad different " and claimed that they had simply grew apart as they aged . This communication breakdown led to heated exchanges resulting in his departure from the group , which Geffen announced on February 22 , 2005 would be going on an " indefinite hiatus " , and he would not speak to Barker or Hoppus for several years , although he called the latter his greatest friend . DeLonge underwent a complete reassessment of his prime concerns in the aftermath of the band 's break @-@ up — a move " bearing the hallmarks of a nervous breakdown " — and went on a three @-@ week " spiritual journey " in complete isolation away from his family , contemplating his life , career , and future in music . DeLonge was psychologically hurt by the band 's dissolution , likening it to a divorce and calling it a " traumatic experience " and a " disaster . " He had been known for his role in the Blink @-@ 182 as " the low @-@ brow prankster " and wanted to restart his career without worrying whether fans would find him funny . The background of Angels & Airwaves was based on DeLonge 's endorsement of John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election , travelling the political circuit with the Democratic Party candidate ; DeLonge was inspired by Kerry 's need for widespread reform and likened his presidential campaign to a drug , remarking later that it " really changed [ me ] . " He rediscovered the epiphany developed during his tour with Kerry and applied it to the philosophy of Angels & Airwaves , while he redefined himself as he learned to play piano and self @-@ produce and formed his own home studio . = = Recording and production = = DeLonge had to assemble Angels & Airwaves after recording several demos in his home studio . Following Blink @-@ 182 's disestablishment , he declined offers from highly prolific musicians to collaborate on their developing material and recruited longtime friend and Box Car Racer guitarist David Kennedy . Atom Willard and Ryan Sinn soon followed , but the latter dropped out and was reluctant to join another band soon after the collapse of his previous group , The Distillers . Kennedy found him in a similar situation with his band Hazen Street , and found the new environment refreshing . Uncertain on joining the band , DeLonge offered Sinn a job at Macbeth Footwear 's warehouse , where he worked until he permanently committed to the band in August . The band members put forth several sayings and rules including " Friends and family first ; band second . " We Don 't Need to Whisper was inspired by a mix of both personal developments and global events . During production , DeLonge studied World War II , which he considered the " last great war clearly a battle between good and evil . " He saw America enter a post @-@ war period of prosperity , and perceived it as an analogy for possibilities in his life . The album was encouraged by other personal crises as well , such as DeLonge 's father 's diagnosis of leukemia and his brother 's deployment to Iraq ; DeLonge criticized the Iraq War as unnecessary . Although the band deemed the project lightly progressive rock @-@ influenced , the album lacks guitar solos the genre is commonly known for in place of melodies inspired by 1970s rock bands , such as Pink Floyd , Rush and Led Zeppelin . DeLonge was influenced by and listened to Peter Gabriel , U2 , The Police and The Cure , all who were artists that achieved massive success and inspired DeLonge 's desire to reach the widest audience possible . = = Composition = = The overlying message the band intended for We Don 't Need to Whisper is that the future could become a utopia . Opening track " Valkyrie Missile " opens We Don 't Need to Whisper with a cinematic organ melody , 1980s @-@ influenced guitars and a quote from an astronaut : " Anybody out there ? " . " Distraction " follows and is filled with hand claps and a keyboard melody over verses lamenting death and destruction . " Do It for Me Now " originated from a beat DeLonge created in 2004 for rapper Talib Kweli , who turned the opportunity down ; the Morse code beat was later adapted by the band and stimulated DeLonge 's vision of the song being the soundtrack to " young lovers watching the sunrise . " " The Adventure " is an " exhilarating ode to a beckoning future with a huge guitar sound reminiscent of The Cure . " The song was motivated by a friend whose marriage was falling apart when his wife committed adultery . The situation had a deep impact on DeLonge in that he spent a night up crying for him when he wrote the track . " A Little 's Enough " was inspired by a religious concept in which a God came to bring positive change on Earth when it faces terrorism , war or famine . " The War " , an anthem about the Iraq War and its death toll , is succeeded by " It Hurts " , a track about a friend of DeLonge with a cheating girlfriend . " It 's a terrible situation where my friend is being crushed from the inside out by all the manipulative stuff she 's doing and this song 's about that . " During development , DeLonge often took his daughter Ava to an ice cream shop in San Diego , and on one occasion they wandered into a next door toy store and DeLonge was enchanted by the sound of a pink toy piano , which he would eventually purchase . He placed the piano in his shower and recorded " Start the Machine " , which attempts to illustrate the state of " being on a boat as you 're leaving a city in flames , " only to find a tropical island and a more alluring place ahead . DeLonge considered it a reference to his time with Blink @-@ 182 and central to Angels & Airwaves ' theme that " something special [ can come ] out of destruction . " = = Promotion = = In September 2005 , after spending months avoiding publicity , DeLonge announced his new Angels & Airwaves project and promised " the greatest rock and roll revolution for this generation . " His statements — containing predictions that the album would usher in an " entire new culture of the youth " and lead to the band 's dominance — were regarded as highly grandiose in the press and mocked and set sources in his belief that his album would become a recording critics would refer to two decades on as the album of the 2000s , or the sole successor to what he considered the most recent " important " album , Nirvana 's Nevermind ( 1991 ) . He also contended he began writing Whisper immediately following the release of Blink @-@ 182 , seeing it as a " force to be reckoned with " that he " knew [ he ] had to beat " and while wishing to take the project to " that Police level , that Joshua Tree level , " he observed in interviews that prior to Blink @-@ 182 's hiatus , he thought Angels & Airwaves would become a highly important band . The other band members did not refute DeLonge 's press statements , viewing them as tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek and offering little substance . Thoroughly utilized by the band , DeLonge often discussed minor details and plans for accompanying films and other promotional matter , and his managers approached him having an " intervention " in which they disquietingly questioned his frame of mind . His ambitious beliefs were intensified by his addiction to Vicodin , a drug which he used due to his back problem and did not try out again when he was unable to obtain it for a week , hallucinating and deep in withdrawal . = = Reception = = We Don 't Need to Whisper received largely mixed reviews from contemporary music critics at the time of its release . Alternative Press was generally the most enthusiastic of the positive reviews , considering it influential to rock bands in 2006 . The publication found the album to not be abounding or thought @-@ provoking and commented : " While the lyrics might be DeLonge at his most soul @-@ searching , the music is built for nothing smaller than football stadiums . " IGN was also very positive in their assessment of the record , writing , " This album is like a post @-@ millennial concept record that beckons to be listened to with the lights dimmed and the headphones clamped tightly around your aural receptors . [ ... ] It may not be your cup of tea , but kudos to the quartet for not merely re @-@ treading the blink market with more mature lyrics . " Entertainment Weekly journalist Leah Greenblatt gave the album a B- rating , commending its obvious influences while also criticizing DeLonge 's vocals . It stated that his vocals might improve to resemble those of Robert Smith heard on tracks like " It Hurts " , but likened it to a high school student with a job at Del Taco communicating with a drive @-@ through microphone . Rolling Stone writer Christian Hoard summarized the record and the mixed reviews simply as " DeLonge yanks heartstrings with so @-@ so results " and saw the atmospheric elements as excessive . Spin had a similar sentiment : " Here , his three sidemen elevate [ DeLonge 's ] emo tendencies to something grander and more timelessly romantic — though somewhat less exciting . Blender scrunitized the composition of the album as it contains the " duller " aspects of Blink @-@ 182 accompanied with U2 @-@ influenced guitar chimes.Many critics arraigned the album to be pretentious and contrasted Angels & Airwaves with Blink @-@ 182 . The A.V. Club journalist Kyle Ryan described his experience with We Don 't Need to Whisper as 50 minutes of DeLonge demonstrating his musical skills . English magazine Uncut discerned his departure from Blink @-@ 182 and the album 's serious tone . Allmusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the differences in musical style between both bands , but remained polarized about the album and commented that " It may not make for a successful record , but it does make for an interesting one , particularly in how DeLonge 's desire to be taken seriously has led him to use the serious music of his adolescence as a signifier that he 's serious now , but We Don 't Need to Whisper is too doggedly dour and amorphous to be more than a curiosity . " The album sold 127 @,@ 000 copies its first week , and was certified Gold by the RIAA . It was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in a Video , Best Special Effects in a Video and Best Editing in a Video for " The Adventure , " as well as Best Band of 2006 for We Don 't Need to Whisper . = = Track listing = = All lyrics written by Tom DeLonge , all music composed by Angels & Airwaves . = = Personnel = = = = Release history = = = = Charts = = = = Artwork = = Shilo = USS Colhoun ( DD @-@ 85 ) = USS Colhoun ( DD @-@ 85 / APD @-@ 2 ) was a Wickes @-@ class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and later redesignated APD @-@ 2 in World War II . She was the first Navy ship named for Edmund Colhoun . Launched in 1918 , she remained on convoy duty for the final few months of World War I , and she then operated out of the Atlantic for several years until being decommissioned in 1922 . Returning to service in 1940 as a high @-@ speed troop transport , Colhoun was dispatched to support the Guadalcanal campaign early in World War II . While unloading supplies to the island on 31 August 1942 , she was attacked by aircraft of the Empire of Japan , and sunk with the loss of 50 men . = = Design and construction = = Colhoun was one of 111 Wickes @-@ class destroyers built by the United States Navy between 1917 and 1919 . She , along with 25 of her sisters , were constructed at Fore River Shipyard shipyards in Quincy , Massachusetts using specifications and detail designs drawn up by Bethlehem Steel . She had a standard displacement of 1 @,@ 060 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 040 long tons ; 1 @,@ 170 short tons ) an overall length of 315 feet 5 inches ( 96 @.@ 14 m ) , a beam of 31 feet 9 inches ( 9 @.@ 68 m ) and a draught of 9 feet 2 inches ( 2 @.@ 79 m ) . On trials , Harding reached a speed of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) . She was armed with four 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) / 50 caliber guns and twelve 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes . She had a regular crew complement of 100 officers and enlisted men . She was driven by two Curtis steam turbines powered by four Yarrow boilers . Specifics on Colhoun 's performance are not known , but she was one of the group of Wickes @-@ class destroyers designed by Bethlehem Steel , built from a different design than the ' Liberty type ' destroyers constructed from detail designs drawn up by Bath Iron Works , which used Parsons or Westinghouse turbines . The non- ' Liberty ' type destroyers deteriorated badly in service , and in 1929 all 60 of this group were retired by the Navy . Actual performance of these ships was far below intended specifications especially in fuel economy , with most only able to make 2 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 600 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) instead of the design standard of 3 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 700 km ; 3 @,@ 600 mi ) at 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . The class also suffered problems with turning and weight . Colhoun was the first commissioned in the U.S. Navy named for Edmund Colhoun . The second Colhoun was a Fletcher @-@ class destroyer commissioned in 1944 . = = Service history = = Colhoun was launched on 21 February 1918 from Fore River Shipyard and sponsored by Helen A. Colhoun , the daughter of Edmund Ross Colhoun . She was commissioned on 13 June 1918 under the command of Commander B. B. Wygant . Reporting to the United States Atlantic Fleet , she was assigned as a convoy escort between New York City and ports in Europe , escorting ships carrying troops and supplies supporting World War I from 30 June and 14 September 1918 . On 18 November 1918 , she reported to New London , Connecticut to assist in tests of sound equipment which was under development at the time . On 1 January 1919 , she was rushed to assist the troop transport Northern Pacific which had run aground off Fire Island , New York . Colhoun assisted in transporting 194 of the troops off of the ship , who had been returning from Europe , to their destination port in Hoboken , New Jersey . On 1 December 1919 , she was placed in reduced commission at Philadelphia Navy Yard , and then underwent an overhaul at Norfolk Navy Yard . Between 1919 and 1922 , Colhoun remained assigned to the Atlantic Fleet on reserve status , based out of Charleston , South Carolina . She took part in sporadic fleet exercises and large maneuvers , as well as taking several midshipman cruises through the Caribbean and along the east coast . In mid @-@ 1922 , she returned to Philadelphia Naval Yard and was decommissioned on 28 June . Colhoun was towed to Norfolk Navy Yard on 5 June 1940 , and began conversion to a high @-@ speed transport . She was recommissioned into the fleet on 11 December 1940 , and received the hull classification symbol of APD @-@ 2 . Following this , she underwent a year of training exercises between Norfolk and the Caribbean , where she was during the attack on Pearl Harbor , and the entry of the U.S. into World War II . = = = World War II = = = With the war underway , she sailed for the Pacific to join the U.S. Pacific Fleet . There , she joined Transport Squadron 12 based out of Pearl Harbor , and began conducting anti @-@ submarine warfare exercises there for a time . She arrived in Nouméa , New Caledonia on 21 July 1942 . With a shortage of combat ships at the beginning of the war , Colhoun served a dual role as both a high @-@ speed transport and an anti @-@ submarine warfare vessel . In this role , she began preparations for the invasion of the Solomon Islands . On 7 August 1942 , she carried units of the 1st Marine Raider Battalion in the initial assault landings which began the Guadalcanal Campaign and continued to serve as both transport and antisubmarine vessel in support of the invasion . On the morning of 30 August 1942 , Colhoun ported at Kukum Point and unloaded stores for the U.S. Marine Corps garrison on Guadalcanal , and then exited the harbor to undertake anti @-@ submarine patrols . Just before 12 : 00 , an air raid siren was issued and Colhoun moved out to sea . A second alert was received at 14 : 00 . Shortly thereafter , a lookout spotted a formation of Japanese aircraft approaching using the sun as cover . The Japanese aircraft , using clouds as cover , dove and released three bombs against Colhoun , two splashing nearby and one striking the after searchlight platform and a nearby boat . The bomb blew the after davits down and forward , blocking the after engine room hatches , and starting a fire from the diesel oil spilled by the boat . Colhoun attempted to return fire with her anti @-@ aircraft batteries , but the Japanese aircraft remained obscured by clouds . A second dive launched five or six bombs on her starboard side , knocking down the foremast and blowing two 20 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) and one 4 inches ( 100 mm ) gun off the ship . A lubrication oil cooler pump in the after engine room was blown through the bulkhead into the forward engine room . Another two bombs scored direct hits on the after deck house , killing all of the men there . An order was given to abandon ship , and several tank lighters arrived quickly from Guadalcanal to assist in taking in survivors . Colhoun sank at 09 ° 24 ′ S 160 ° 01 ′ E. Fifty @-@ one men were killed and 18 wounded in her sinking . She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 11 September 1942 . She received one battle star for her service in World War II . = North Staffordshire Regiment = The North Staffordshire Regiment ( Prince of Wales 's ) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army , which was in existence between 1881 and 1959 . The 64th ( 2nd Staffordshire ) Regiment of Foot was created on 21 April 1758 from the 2nd Battalion of the 11th Regiment of Foot . In 1881 , under the Childers Reforms , the 64th Regiment of Foot was merged with the 98th ( Prince of Wales 's ) Regiment of Foot ( originally raised in 1824 ) to form the Prince of Wales 's ( North Staffordshire Regiment ) . In 1921 the regimental title was altered to the North Staffordshire Regiment ( Prince of Wales 's ) . Formed at a time when the British Empire was reaching its peak , the regiment served all over the Empire , in times of both peace and war , and in many theatres of war outside the Empire . It fought with distinction in World War I and World War II , as well as in other smaller conflicts around the world . These other wars included the Second Sudanese War , the Second Boer War , the Anglo @-@ Irish War and the Third Anglo @-@ Afghan War . In 1959 , as part of a defence review , the North Staffordshire Regiment , by now reduced to only a single regular battalion , was amalgamated with the South Staffordshire Regiment to form the Staffordshire Regiment ( Prince of Wales 's ) which was , in 2006 , amalgamated with the Cheshire Regiment and the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment ( 29th / 45th Foot ) to form the Mercian Regiment . Today the traditions of the North Staffordshire Regiment are continued by the Mercian Regiment . = = Formation history = = The Prince of Wales 's ( North Staffordshire ) Regiment was formed under the Childers Reforms on 1 July 1881 , by the amalgamation of the 64th ( 2nd Staffordshire ) Regiment of Foot and 98th ( Prince of Wales 's ) Regiment of Foot . These two regular regiments became , respectively , the 1st and 2nd battalions of the new regiment . The Militia and Rifle Volunteers forces of North Staffordshire were also incorporated into this new regiment , and a permanent depot was established at Whittington Barracks , Lichfield , which also housed the newly formed South Staffordshire Regiment . The 64th Regiment of Foot was originally raised in 1756 as the 2nd Battalion of the 11th ( Devonshire ) Foot , and was renumbered the 64th in 1758 . It had a long history of overseas service with much less time spent in Europe . It had served in the West Indies during the Seven Years ' War , America during the American War of Independence , South America , the West Indies and Canada during the Napoleonic Wars . Subsequent long periods were spent in Ireland and the West Indies before action was seen in India during the Indian Mutiny . At the time of the forming of the amalgamation with the 98th Foot , the 64th was based in Ireland . The 98th Regiment of Foot , raised in 1824 in Chichester , had a much shorter history , but like the 64th had spent the majority of its time overseas spending a long time in South Africa before seeing action in China in the First Anglo @-@ Chinese ( or Opium ) War and India on the North West Frontier . It was based in Afghanistan when the amalgamation occurred . The battalions that constituted the regiment in 1881 were as follows : 1st Battalion : the 64th ( 2nd Staffordshire ) Regiment of Foot ; 2nd Battalion : the 98th ( Prince of Wales 's ) Regiment of Foot ; 3rd ( Militia ) Battalion : The King 's Own ( 2nd Staffordshire ) Light Infantry Militia , based in Stafford ; 4th ( Militia ) Battalion : The King 's Own ( 3rd Staffordshire ) Rifles Militia , based in Newcastle @-@ under @-@ Lyme ; 1st Volunteer Battalion : 2nd Staffordshire ( Staffordshire Rangers ) Rifle Volunteer Corps , based in Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent ; 2nd Volunteer Battalion : 5th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps , based in Lichfield but later moved to Burton @-@ on @-@ Trent . = = Volunteers and Territorials = = The 2nd and 5th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps were designated the 1st and 2nd Volunteer battalions , North Staffordshire Regiment , in 1883 . Together with the Volunteer battalions of the South Staffordshire Regiment , they formed the Staffordshire Volunteer Infantry Brigade in 1888 . This brigade was intended to assemble at Wolverhampton in time of war , while in peacetime it acted as a focus for collective training of the Volunteers . On the formation of the Territorial Force in 1908 , the two Volunteer battalions were renumbered as the 5th and 6th battalions of the North Staffordshire Regiment , forming part of the Staffordshire Brigade in the North Midland Division . The reserve battalions of the regiment were also reorganised in 1908 by the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 , with the two militia battalions being re @-@ designated the 3rd ( Special ) and 4th ( Special Reserve ) battalions , and the volunteer battalions being re @-@ designated as Territorial Force and renumbered as the 5th and 6th battalions ( TF ) . = = Early service ( 1881 – 1914 ) = = = = = Garrison duties and the Mahdist War = = = The 1st Battalion was stationed in Ireland at the time of the amalgamation . It moved to England in 1883 , and the following year to the West Indies , based mainly in Barbados , but with detachments on other islands . It moved to Natal in 1887 , to Mauritius in 1890 , to Malta in 1893 and to Egypt in 1895 . From there the 1st Battalion took part in operations in the Second Sudanese War under Lord Kitchener . During the campaign , the 1st Battalion were based initially at Wadi Halfa but moved to Gemai to avoid a cholera outbreak . In September the battalion took part in the action against the Dervish Army at Hafir , which was decisive in ending the campaign . As a result , the North Staffordshire Regiment received the unique " Hafir " battle honour , given to no other British regiment . = = = Second Boer War = = = The 2nd Battalion was stationed in India in 1881 when the North Staffordshire Regiment was formed , and remained there until 1886 . During this time period , it took part in an expedition to the Zhob Valley in 1884 , thus making it the first battalion in the regiment to see active service . In 1886 , it returned to England via Aden , and then deployed to Ireland in 1893 . In 1899 , 2nd Battalion mobilised and moved to South Africa , where it took part in the Second Boer War . Forming part of 15th Brigade in the 7th Division , the majority of the battalion saw little action throughout the conflict , being mostly occupied in garrison duties in Johannesburg in 1900 . In 1901 , the battalion was part of a mobile column under Brigadier @-@ General Dartnell in the Eastern Transvaal which carried out a scorched earth campaign . More action was seen by the mounted infantry company of the regiment that had been formed on arrival in South Africa . In January 1900 Lord Roberts , commander of the British forces in South Africa , ordered that every infantry battalion in South Africa was to raise a company of mounted infantry . These companies were to be detached from their parent units and operate as part of eight independent mounted infantry battalions . The North Staffords company thus formed became part of the 8th Battalion , Mounted Infantry . This unit was involved in the pursuit of Koos de la Rey and was present when he was captured at Wildfontein . The militia and volunteer battalions also saw service in the Second Boer War . The 4th Battalion was deployed in the Cape Colony and later the Bechuanaland Protectorate before being replaced by the 3rd Battalion . Additionally , the two volunteer companies which formed from the 1st and 2nd Volunteer battalions served alongside the 2nd Battalion at various times . As a result of these contributions and those of the two regular battalions , the regiment was awarded the " South Africa 1900 – 1902 " battle honour . At the war 's end in 1902 , the battalion returned briefly to England . In the following year , it returned to India , remaining there until 1919 . = = = Meeting in India = = = The 1st Battalion was subsequently stationed in India from 1897 until 1903 . Here , the 1st and 2nd Battalions met for the first time , and no fewer than 590 men from the 1st Battalion were transferred to the 2nd Battalion . Thus 1st Battalion was reduced to a small cadre , which served for nine years upon its return to Lichfield and other stations in England , before moving to Buttevant in Ireland in 1912 . = = First World War ( 1914 – 1918 ) = = The North Staffordshire Regiment was heavily committed to the fighting during the First World War , and over the course of the conflict , was expanded to 18 battalions , some by duplication of the Territorial Force battalions and others , labelled " service " battalions raised as part of Field Marshal Kitchener 's New Army . These battalions saw service in a number of theatres including on the Western Front , at Gallipoli , in the Middle East , and India . The following list details the involvement of these battalions : 1st Battalion – served in France from September 1914 until November 1918 ; 2nd Battalion – served in India throughout the war ; 3rd ( Reserve ) Battalion – operated as a training battalion in the United Kingdom throughout the war ; 4th ( Extra Reserve ) Battalion – garrison battalion in Guernsey 1914 – 1916 . Returned to United Kingdom in 1916 . Served in France 1917 – 1918 ; 1 / 5th Battalion Territorial Force ( TF ) – mobilised in 1914 , and served in France from 1915 to 1918 ; 1 / 6th Battalion TF – mobilised in 1914 , served in France from 1915 to 1918 ; 2 / 5th Battalion TF – formed in 1914 , moved to Ireland in 1916 where it was involved in the Easter Rising , served in France 1917 – 1918 . Merged with 1 / 5th Battalion in February 1918 ; 2 / 6th Battalion TF – formed in 1914 , moved to Ireland in 1916 where it was involved in the Easter Rising , served in France 1917 – 1918 . Merged with 1 / 6th Battalion in July 1918 ; 3 / 5th Battalion TF – formed in 1915 . Renamed 5th ( Reserve ) Battalion in April 1916 . Served as a training battalion in England 1915 – 1918 ; 3 / 6th Battalion TF – formed in 1915 . Renamed 6th ( Reserve ) Battalion in April 1916 . Merged with 5th ( Reserve ) Battalion in September 1916 ; 7th ( Service ) Battalion – formed in 1914 . Took part in Gallipoli Campaign July 1915 – January 1916 . Evacuated to Egypt . Served in Mesopotamia from February 1916 . From July 1918 were part of North Persia Force ( Dunsterforce ) and ended the war in Baku , Azerbaijan . 8th ( Service ) Battalion – formed in 1914 . Served in France 1915 – 1918 ; 9th ( Service ) Battalion ( Pioneers ) – formed as a service battalion in 1914 . Became a pioneer battalion in 1915 . Served in France and Belgium 1915 – 1919 ; 10th ( Reserve ) Battalion – formed as a service battalion in 1914 . Became a reserve battalion in 1915 . Renamed as 3rd Training Reserve Battalion of 1st Reserve Brigade in 1916 ; 11th ( Reserve ) Battalion – formed as a service battalion in 1914 . Became a reserve battalion in 1915 . Renamed as 4th Training Reserve Battalion of 1st Reserve Brigade in 1916 ; 12th ( Service ) Battalion – formed 1918 in France from 11th Garrison Guard Battalion . Renamed as a service battalion and continued to serve in France ; 1st ( Garrison ) Battalion – formed in 1916 . Served in France 1916 – 1918 . Renamed 13th ( Garrison ) Battalion in July 1918 ; 2nd ( Home Service Garrison ) Battalion – formed in 1916 . Became 17th Battalion Royal Defence Corps in 1917 . The numbering of the Territorial Force battalions was laid down by War Office instructions issued in 1914 and 1915 . On joining the Territorial Force men were asked if they would serve overseas ( foreign service ) or just volunteered for service in the United Kingdom ( home service ) and their service records amended accordingly . At the declaration of war all Territorial battalions were mobilised and on 15 August 1914 the War Office issued instructions for those men who had volunteered for foreign service to be separated out into what were called first line battalions . Home service men were placed in second line battalions . Thus there would now be a first line 5th Battalion and a second line 5th Battalion . On 24 November 1914 , as the first line battalions began to go overseas , additional instructions were issued allowing the raising of a third line battalion once the first line battalion was on foreign service . In January 1915 these designations were simplified and the battalions called the 1 / 5th , 2 / 5th and 3 / 5th battalions respectively . The battalions that served in France took part in many of the major actions of the war including the 1915 Battle of Neuve Chapelle , the 1915 Battle of Loos , the Battle of the Somme in 1916 , the Third Battle of Ypres in 1917 and the Battle of Amiens in 1918 . = = = Military service = = = 1st Battalion The 1st Battalion went to France in September 1914 as part of 17th Brigade in 6th Division . It took part in the First Battle of Ypres being based in the Armentières sector on the southern flank of the battle . In December 1914 it was in trenches in the Rue @-@ du @-@ Bois area ( near Fleurbaix ) , and participated in the Christmas truce , where British and German soldiers fraternised in no man 's land . In March 1915 it carried out a successful action in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle , capturing the village of L 'Epinette . In October 1915 17th Brigade was exchanged with 71st Brigade of 24th Division , as part of an official policy of mixing Regular with New Army units . Immediately on joining 24th Division , the battalion was moved to 72nd Brigade within the division . It was to remain part of this formation until the end of the war . In April and June 1916 the battalion suffered casualties of well over 500 in two serious gas attacks , on both occasions when in trenches north of Wulverghem ( near Messines ) . In August – September 1916 , the 24th Division participated in the Battle of the Somme . The 1st Battalion was engaged in the fighting around Guillemont and later the defence of Delville Wood , suffering a total of more than 350 casualties . In June 1917 , the battalion was involved ( and suffered over 150 casualties ) in the assault on Messines Ridge , one of the most successful British offensives of the war . This battle formed a prelude to the Third Battle of Ypres , when the battalion took part in the initial assault on 31 July 1917 . Its objectives were to capture the German frontline trench called Jehovah trench , the second line trench called Jordan trench and the remains of Bulgar Wood . These three objectives were 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) , 1 @,@ 500 yards ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) and 1 @,@ 750 yards ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) from the British front line . The battalion managed to capture both the trenches and a platoon reached Bulgar Wood before events around them forced a retreat from Bulgar Wood and Jordan trench . The battalion dug in on the Jehovah trench line having lost 11 officers and 258 other ranks as casualties , almost 50 % of the battalion strength . After the war , the anniversary of this attack became the main Regimental Day . On 21 March 1918 , the 1st Battalion was in front @-@ line trenches near St. Quentin when the German Army launched Operation Michael , the opening attack in their Spring Offensive . The battalion was virtually wiped out , losing 19 officers and 662 men in the attack itself and the withdrawal which followed . The battalion was subsequently re @-@ formed , and in the last weeks of the war in October 1918 took part in the Battle of the Selle , in which it suffered nearly 200 casualties . 2nd Battalion The 2nd Battalion was one of only eight Regular battalions of the British Army to remain in India throughout the war . It took part in operations on the North West Frontier in 1915 , as a result of which the regiment was awarded the battle honour " North West Frontier , India , 1915 " . Amusingly , the commanding officer at this time was Major Fox and the adjutant Captain Squirell . Although it was a Regular Army battalion , it received very few replacements during the war . From a pre @-@ war establishment strength of a HQ plus eight companies , after the 1915 North West Frontier campaign the battalion comprised only a HQ company and four rifle companies . This cannot be attributed to war casualties as the battalion suffered less than 100 casualties throughout the entire war . 1 / 5th and 1 / 6th Battalions The 1 / 5th and 1 / 6th battalions arrived in France in February 1915 as part of 137th ( Staffordshire ) Brigade of 46th ( North Midland ) Division . Among the first Territorial Force units to go to France , these two battalions took part in the 1915 Battle of Loos , especially the battles around the Hohenzollern Redoubt in 1915 , and at Gommecourt on the northern flank of the Battle of the Somme . By September 1918 the 1 / 5th Battalion had been reduced to a cadre and had been transferred away from 46th Division . The 1 / 6th remained and with the rest of 137th Brigade took part in the storming of the St Quentin Canal . It was a company of the 1 / 6th Battalion , led by acting Captain A. H. Charlton , that seized the Riqueval Bridge over the St Quentin Canal on 29 September before the Germans could fire the explosive charges , an action for which Charlton was decorated with the Distinguished Service Order . 12th Battalion The 12th Battalion formed part of 40th Division and served in France on the River Lys during the advance in Flanders ( 18 August to 6 September 1918 ) and the Fifth Battle of Ypres , and in France and Belgium during the final weeks of the war . = = = Awards and decorations = = = Altogether , the regiment was awarded 52 battle honours , but it was ruled that only ten could be carried on the colours . = = = = Victoria Crosses = = = = Four Victoria Crosses were awarded to men of the North Staffordshire Regiment during World War I : Sergeant John Carmichael , 9th Battalion ; for gallantry on 8 September 1917 during the Third Battle of Ypres ; Lance @-@ Corporal William Harold Coltman , 1 / 6th Battalion ; for gallantry on the nights of 3 & 4 October 1918 near Sequehart , France ; Acting Lieutenant Colonel Edward Elers Delaval Henderson , 7th Battalion ( attached 9th Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment ) ; for gallantry on 25 January 1917 in Mesopotamia . This award was made posthumously ; Lance @-@ Corporal John Thomas , 2 / 5th Battalion for gallantry on 30 November 1917 during the Battle of Cambrai . = = = Reputation for profanity = = = Even by the standards of the British Army , the Regiment ( and the 1st Battalion in particular ) seems to have gained a reputation during the First World War for profane language . When the 1st Battalion was relieved in the front line following its defence of Delville Wood in September 1916 , one of the advanced posts was missed out by mistake . The Lance @-@ Corporal in command , suspecting something was amiss , sent a man back to the front @-@ line trench to investigate . The soldier realised he was at some risk of being shot by his own side , and so " when he had crawled within shouting distance he enquired politely but firmly what — — bastards were holding that — — trench . The 9th East Surreys , who were the troops thus addressed , recognised the North Stafford idiom and let him in unhurt " . Bernard Martin , who served as a 2nd Lieutenant with the 1st Battalion , records another incident which probably took place in 1917 , when ( very unusually ) the battalion was addressed at a church parade by a general , who railed against " the disgusting word many of you utter every time you speak . ... I tell you again this indecent word is not to be used any longer . It is so common amongst you that it has become the shameful nickname by which your battalion is known throughout my Division " . As the parade ended , one soldier was heard to ask , " What was that bugger gassing about ? " ; to which another replied , " Buggered if I know , I was having a kip . Where 's the old bugger gone now ? " . = = Interwar years ( 1918 – 1939 ) = = The 1st Battalion was posted to the Curragh , Ireland after the armistice , becoming involved in the Irish War of Independence until 1922 , when it moved to Gibraltar . In the following year it was moved to Thrace , where it played a peace @-@ keeping role in the conflict between Greek and Turkish forces . In 1923 it moved to India and remained in the Far East until 1948 . The 2nd Battalion was stationed in India in 1919 when Afghan forces crossed the border and occupied some Indian territory , sparking the brief Third Anglo @-@ Afghan War . During this conflict , the battalion was involved very early on , firstly in the investing of Peshawar City , where Afghan sympathisers were mooting a holy war and on 11 May 1919 when they were involved in a bayonet charge on the Afghan forces at Bagh , near Landi Kotal . For their involvement , the regiment received the battle honour " Afghanistan NWF 1919 " . The battalion returned to England via Egypt and the Sudan in 1921 , and was quickly redeployed to Ireland . On the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 , it returned to the regimental depot at Lichfield . Until 1939 , it spent time in " home stations " . Apart from England , this included service in Gibraltar from 1930 to 1932 and a year in Palestine in 1936 – 7 . The 3rd and 4th ( Special Reserve ) Battalions were placed in suspended animation in 1921 , finally being disbanded in 1953 . The Territorial Force was reconstituted as the Territorial Army in 1920 , and the 5th and 6th battalions were reformed , still with the 137th ( Staffordshire ) Brigade of 46th ( North Midland ) Division . In 1936 , the 5th Battalion was converted to an anti @-@ aircraft searchlight unit of the Royal Engineers as 41st ( North Staffordshire Regiment ) Anti @-@ Aircraft Battalion while remaining ' part of the corps of the North Staffordshire Regiment ' . It was transferred to the Royal Artillery in August 1940 as the 41st ( 5th North Staffordshire ) Searchlight Regiment TA . In the same year the remaining 6th Battalion was transferred to 166th Infantry Brigade , 55th ( West Lancashire ) Infantry Division after the HQ of the 46th Division became 2nd Anti @-@ Aircraft Division . Throughout the spring and summer of 1939 , due to the increasing threat posed by Nazi Germany , the size of the Territorial Army was doubled , and the 6th Battalion formed a duplicate 7th Battalion . In 1921 , the regimental title was altered to The North Staffordshire Regiment ( The Prince of Wales 's ) . In 1937 , the black facings formerly worn by the 64th Foot were restored , replacing the white colour that had been imposed on all non @-@ royal English regiments in 1881 . The London , Midland and Scottish Railway renamed one of their Royal Scot class locomotives , number 6141 ( formerly Caledonian ) , after the regiment . = = Second World War ( 1939 – 1945 ) = = In September 1939 , the North Staffordshire Regiment consisted of two Regular and two Territorial battalions – the 1st and 2nd Regular and the 6th and 7th Territorials . Following the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939 , the regiment was expanded as it had been during the First World War . This expansion , however , was limited this time only to the addition of two more battalions – the 8th and 9th battalions , of which both were raised in 1940 but later converted to other roles . The roles of the two regular battalions were reversed this time , with the 1st Battalion serving in India and Burma throughout the war , while the 2nd Battalion remained in Italy and North Africa . The North Staffordshire Regiment was awarded 22 battle honours for the Second World War but , as at the end of the First World War , only 10 could be displayed on the colours . = = = Regular Army = = = The 1st Battalion was in British India on the outbreak of the Second World War and saw no action until 1942 , when one company that was stationed on the Andaman Islands were involved in the defence of the islands during the Japanese invasion . In 1943 , the battalion served for six months in Burma , with the 36th Indian Infantry Brigade , part of the 26th Indian Infantry Division , before being withdrawn to India again . For the rest of the war , the battalion was employed mainly on internal security duties and saw no further action . The 2nd Battalion was sent to France shortly after the outbreak of war in September 1939 as part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade ( alongside the 1st Loyal Regiment and 1st Gordon Highlanders ) , 1st Infantry Division and was part of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , and was involved in the battles of France and Belgium before eventually being evacuated from Dunkirk on 1 June 1940 . Following that , the 2nd Battalion spent years on home defence in the United Kingdom preparing for a possible German invasion of England which never arrived . The battalion remained in the United Kingdom until 1943 when , still as part of 1st Infantry Division , it sailed to North Africa and took part in the campaign in Tunisia , British First Army . The battalion did not participate in the invasion of Sicily or the initial invasion of Italy but was one of the lead units in the Anzio landings in January 1944 , under command of US Fifth Army , where they suffered extremely heavy casualties . On 7 February the battalion suffered 323 casualties attempting to capture Buonriposo Ridge which they captured but were forced to surrender the ridge after expending their ammunition . By May , following Operation Diadem , the battalion had absorbed eight drafts of replacements . Now fighting as part of the British Eighth Army , the 2nd Battalion continued to serve in Italy , fighting around the Gothic Line , until January 1945 when the battalion and the rest of 1st Infantry Division were transferred to Palestine . = = = Territorial Army = = = The 41st ( 5th North Staffordshire Regiment ) Searchlight Regiment , Royal Engineers , previously the 5th North Staffords , served in Anti @-@ Aircraft Command as part of the air defence of the Midlands from 1939 to 1944 . The regiment became the first complete searchlight regiment to land in Normandy after the D @-@ Day landings of 6 June 1944 . It served with 21st Army Group , as part of 31st ( North Midland ) Anti @-@ Aircraft Brigade , until the end of the war in Europe and then undertook garrison duty in Lower Saxony . The two Territorial battalions formed part of 176th Infantry Brigade ( which included both the 6th and 7th North Staffords and the 7th South Staffords ) of 59th ( Staffordshire ) Infantry Division . The division trained in the United Kingdom for many years until it landed in Normandy in June 1944 as part of Operation Overlord where they fought in the Battle for Caen and gained an excellent reputation during Operation Charnwood and the Second Battle of the Odon . However , only the 6th Battalion landed in France as the 7th Battalion had been transferred elsewhere in 1942 , being replaced in the 176th Brigade by the 7th Royal Norfolks . The 6th Battalion had been in France for less than two months when , in August 1944 , along with other infantry units of 59th Division , it was broken up to supply replacements to other British units , due to a severe shortage of infantry replacements throughout the Army at the time . The 7th Battalion , upon leaving 59th Division , served with the 207th and 228th Infantry brigades in the Orkney and Shetland islands in 1943 – 1945 , and later the 25th Brigade , before being transferred in 1945 as an administrative unit in the 183rd Brigade within the 61st Infantry Division and , in 1945 after the war in Europe was over , was preparing for a move to the Far East to fight the Japanese but they surrendered before the division arrived . The battalion was disbanded after the war in 1947 . = = = Hostilities @-@ only = = = The 8th Battalion was initially raised as a training battalion in 1940 and was assigned to the 205th Independent Infantry Brigade ( Home ) and was mainly concerned in home defence duties . The 8th Battalion was transferred to the Royal Artillery in March 1942 and converted to the 180th Field Regiment . The regiment served with the 48th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division in a training role until it was disbanded in August 1944 . The 9th Battalion was , like the 8th Battalion , also initially raised as a training battalion , and was assigned to the 224th Independent Infantry Brigade ( Home ) . The 9th Battalion was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps in December 1941 , becoming 154th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps , retaining their North Staffords cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps , as did all other infantry units converted in this way . The regiment was assigned to 36th Army Tank Brigade alongside RAC regiments converted from infantry battalions . However , the regiment was disbanded in July 1943 . = = Postwar service ( 1945 – 1959 ) = = Following the independence of India in 1947 , all infantry regiments in the British Army were reduced to a single regular battalion . Accordingly , the 1st Battalion left India to take part in a ceremony officially amalgamating with the 2nd Battalion in Egypt in 1948 . The new 1st Battalion remained in Egypt until 1950 , when it returned to the depot in Staffordshire . A year later , the battalion was posted to the disputed port city of Trieste . In 1953 , the battalion was transferred to Korea , where they were stationed on garrison duties as part of the United Nations force established at the end of the Korean War . In 1954 , it moved to Hong Kong , where the regiment 's 200th anniversary was celebrated in 1956 . = = Amalgamation = = In July 1957 , a defence review was announced , which resulted in the amalgamation of the North Staffordshire Regiment with the South Staffordshire Regiment , with the new regiment becoming part of the new administrative Mercian Brigade . The amalgamation of the 1st Battalions of the two regiments took place on 31 January 1959 at Minden , Germany , to form the 1st Battalion , Staffordshire Regiment ( The Prince of Wales 's ) . In 1947 , 41 Searchlight Regiment was reformed in the Territorial Army as 576 ( 5th Bn , The North Staffordshire Regiment ) Searchlight Regiment RA ( TA ) , later becoming 576 Light Anti @-@ Aircraft / Searchlight Regiment ( 576 LAA / SL ) . When AA Command was disbanded in 1955 and the number of air defence units reduced , 576 LAA / SL Regiment was amalgamated with 349 ( Lancashire Yeomanry ) LAA and 493 Heavy Anti @-@ Aircraft Regiments as 441 LAA / SL Regiment . The 6th Battalion continued as a Territorial unit of the new regiment without a change of title . In 1961 , it merged with the 441st Light Anti Aircraft Regiment , Royal Artillery , the successor to the 5th North Staffords , to become the 5th / 6th Battalion . The combined battalion was abolished in 1967 on the creation of the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967 . The Staffordshire Regiment only had a separate existence from 1959 – 2007 . As part of the reforms proposed in the 2003 Defence White Paper , Delivering Security in a Changing World , the regiment was merged with the Cheshire Regiment and the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment to form the Mercian Regiment . The amalgamation took place on 1 September 2007 when the Staffordshire Regiment became the 3rd Battalion , the Mercian Regiment . Subsequently , in 2014 , The Mercian Regiment reduced its number of regular battalions from three to two , with the 3rd Battalion being disbanded and the personnel being redeployed into the 1st and 2nd Battalions . = = Battle honours = = The following lists all battle honours awarded to the Regiment or inherited by the regiment from the 64th Foot and 98th Foot . Prior to 1914 all battle honours awarded to a unit were displayed upon the colours . However the number of battle honours awarded during the First World War was such that it was ordered that no more than 24 honours were to be carried on the colours , of which no more than 10 were to be honours relating to the First World War . Similarly , following the Second World War it was ordered that up to 10 honours relating to that conflict could be displayed on the colours , in addition to honours already carried . The choice of the honours to be displayed were at the discretion of regimental committees . The honours chosen by the North Staffordshire Regiment to be carried on the colours are shown in capitals in the following list . = = = Honours awarded to the 64th Foot = = = GUADALOUPE 1759 MARTINIQUE 1794 ST LUCIA 1803 SURINAM RESHIRE BUSHIRE KOOSH @-@ AB PERSIA LUCKNOW = = = Honours awarded to the 98th Foot = = = The DRAGON superscribed CHINA PUNJAUB = = = 1881 – 1914 = = = HAFIR SOUTH AFRICA 1900 – 1902 = = = 1914 – 1919 = = = = = = 1939 – 1945 = = = = = Football = = The 2nd Battalion 's football team was a member of the Irish Football League for three seasons , 1896 – 99 , while the battalion was stationed at the Victoria Barracks , Belfast . = 2009 Royal Mail industrial disputes = The 2009 Royal Mail industrial disputes is an industrial dispute in the United Kingdom involving Royal Mail and members of the Communication Workers Union ( CWU ) , which began in the summer of 2009 . It was the country 's first industrial action involving postal workers since 2007 and came about after the Communication Workers Union accused Royal Mail of refusing to enter into dialogue regarding how the implementation of modernisation plans would affect the job security of postal workers . The strike action began on a local level after postal workers at Royal Mail offices in London and Edinburgh accused their bosses of cutting jobs and services , which they claimed broke the 2007 Pay and Modernisation Agreement , the agreement that was struck to end the 2007 strikes , and accused Royal Mail of threatening modernisation of the service . After a series of localised walkouts over the summer months , and after failing to reach an agreement , the CWU opened a national ballot for industrial action in September 2009 . On 8 October , it was announced that postal workers had voted three to one in favour of taking strike action over job security and working conditions . It was later announced that a national strike would be held on Thursday 22 October and Friday 23 October . After further talks failed , more strikes were announced to take place on Thursday 29 October , Friday 30 October and Saturday 31 October . Discussions continued throughout the second wave of strikes with proposals being put to both sides , but these were overshadowed by the announcement of a third walkout on Friday 6 November and Monday 9 November . However , on 5 November it was announced that strikes had been called off until the New Year to allow time for fresh talks to take place . A resolution to the dispute was finally reached following lengthy discussions on 8 March 2010 , and on 27 April it was reported that postal workers voted to accept the deal . = = Background = = Central to the 2009 dispute was the agreement that ended the 2007 round of strikes . The 2007 Pay and Modernisation Agreement saw the parties involved agree to a four @-@ phase plan , which would be implemented with dialogue between both sides at each stage of the process . However , the Communication Workers Union said that although Royal Mail had carried out three of the phases in this way , it had refused to discuss the final phase , which concerned the government 's plans for modernisation , and how these would affect the job security of Royal Mail employees . One of the key aspects of Royal Mail 's modernisation drive involved the introduction of the walk sequencing machine that organises mail into the order the postman will deliver them on his round . The union feared that a national introduction of this equipment would lead to thousands of full @-@ time workers being made redundant and a significant increase in the number of part @-@ time staff . The Communication Workers Union argued that although it had signed up to this part of the agreement in 2007 and that the plans would make it necessary for some jobs to be lost , it had not understood the exact nature of Royal Mail 's plan . Furthermore , the union said that when Royal Mail stopped talking to staff about the long @-@ term effects of job security , there had been no choice other than to threaten a strike to restart discussions . Royal Mail , on the other hand , said that it had not stopped talking to the union and continued to involve it in its modernisation strategy . = = Localised strike action = = Localised strike action began in June 2009 when workers at Royal Mail offices in London and Edinburgh staged a 24 @-@ hour strike on 19 June over concerns about the impact that modernisation would have on postal workers . This was followed the next day by a similar walkout in parts of Scotland . Speaking about the situation at the time Dave Ward , the CWU 's deputy general secretary said , " We are now seeing cuts but not modernisation in the postal industry and there 's only so long before this is going have a major impact on services . The CWU does not and has not blocked change . Once again we are seeing Royal Mail working against the union and failing to engage the workforce . " Ward also said that his union would offer Royal Mail and the government a three @-@ month no @-@ strike deal if Royal Mail fulfilled its part of the 2007 agreement . However , talks between the Communication Workers Union and Royal Mail failed to broker a deal . The CWU criticised Royal Mail 's business policy as " chaos management " and in August and September the localised strike intensified . By September it was estimated that there was a backlog of 20 million undelivered letters . On 10 September the CWU announced plans to hold a national ballot on strike action , the results of which were expected to be announced on 30 September during the Labour Party Conference . Royal Mail responded to the announcement by saying that the decision to go ahead with the ballot was " wholly irresponsible " as talks were still ongoing . = = Strike ballot and national action = = Ballot papers proposing a national strike were sent out to union members on 17 September . On 8 October it was announced that postal workers had voted three to one in favour of taking strike action over job security and working conditions . The first round of strikes were later scheduled for Thursday 22 October and Friday 23 October . These would consist of two 24 @-@ hour stoppages , with mail centre staff and drivers striking on 22 October and delivery and collection staff doing likewise the following day . Talks between Royal Mail and the CWU continued , but relations were strained by the emergence of a leaked document suggesting that Royal Mail would achieve its reforms " with or without union engagement " . CWU general secretary Billy Hayes called the document 's contents " an organised attempt to sideline the union " and expressed his concern that Business Secretary Peter Mandelson appeared to be familiar with it . Furthermore , following the first round of strikes , it emerged that both sides had been " tantalisingly close " to brokering a deal on the evening of 20 October , but that Royal Mail had backed away from this the following morning . Consequently , the strikes went ahead as planned . New talks were announced on 24 October , which would be brokered by the TUC and chaired by its general secretary Brendan Barber . Peter Mandelson welcomed the talks , describing them as " an opportunity to break the deadlock " . Further strikes were also announced for the last three days of October , which would involve mail centre staff on 29 and 30 October and delivery staff on 31 October . Three days of negotiations aimed at ending the dispute began on 26 October , but although they were described by Barber as having been useful , they ended without agreement and the second wave of strikes went ahead . Royal Mail later blamed a hard core element of London postal union leaders for refusing to endorse a proposal that both sides had agreed to . Discussions were held during the second wave of strikes , when Brendan Barber announced on the afternoon of Friday 30 October that proposals had been put to both Royal Mail and the CWU for them to consider over the weekend . Talks resumed on the Monday , however this news was overshadowed by the announcement that a further two days of strikes would be held on Friday 6 November and Monday 9 November . It was also announced that these would be all out strikes with everybody walking out at the same time rather than the rolling strike action that had been adopted previously , thus leading to a complete stoppage throughout the course of the action . These were later called off in order for further talks to take place . = = = Effects = = = The strike action led to a backlog of tens of millions of items of undelivered mail , with an estimated 30 million letters and parcels affected after the first wave of walkouts , and rising to in excess of 50 million following the second . Businesses in London were forced to lay off staff , or defer paying them , generally because they were unable to dispatch goods or couldn 't receive payment for them . However , the strikes had less of an impact outside the capital . On Tuesday 3 November a YouGov poll conducted for The Daily Telegraph appeared to show that public support for the industrial action had dropped in comparison to a similar poll conducted two weeks earlier . However , Richard O 'Hagan of the Daily Mail argued that there was little support for the strikes due to the economic climate of Britain at the time . It was also reported that the CWU had started a fighting fund to help support postal workers who were experiencing financial difficulties as a result of the strike . Postmen lose a day 's pay for each day they strike , and although most workers had lost just two days pay so far , many in the London area who had taken part in previous industrial action earlier in the year had lost as much as 18 days of wages . There was also speculation that the CWU lacked the funds for a lengthy dispute and donations to the union 's fighting fund were pledged by other unions , including UNISON and Unite . = = Suspension of strike action = = On 5 November , the eve of the first planned all out strike it was announced that strike action had been called off until at least the New Year to allow for what Brendan Barber described as " a period of calm " in which both Royal Mail and the CWU could reach a long term agreement . But he added that although the postal service would be free from disruption over the Christmas period , a long term deal was still some distance away . The CWU also announced on the same day that it would not press ahead with a legal challenge to Royal Mail 's employment of temporary workers to clear the backlog , which had been due to begin at the High Court the following day . = = Resolution = = Following lengthy discussions between Royal Mail managers and union representatives a deal to settle the dispute was finally agreed to on 8 March 2010 . This would see Royal Mail workers receiving a 6 @.@ 9 % pay rise over three years ( worth 2 % in 2010 , 1 @.@ 4 % in 2011 and 3 @.@ 5 % in 2012 ) , while extra payments worth up to £ 1 @,@ 400 would be made to full @-@ time workers once all the agreed changes have been made . These will take the form of a £ 400 payment following the agreement of union members and a further £ 1 @,@ 000 to be paid once the planned changes have been implemented . In addition the Royal Mail agreed to keep 75 % of the workforce as full @-@ time , rather than part @-@ time staff , and to reduce working hours from 40 to 39 hours a week . In exchange , the CWU agreed to Royal Mail 's modernisation strategy which include plans to introduce the automated walk sequencing machinery . Welcoming the deal , the deputy general secretary of the Communication Workers Union , Dave Ward said , " It 's been a long time coming , but this deal delivers on the major issues that postal workers have fought for . There 's a balance of pay and operational changes that will help to offset job losses and ensure our members are fairly rewarded for change . " Royal Mail 's outgoing chief executive , Adam Crozier said that the resolution was " a good deal for our customers as it ensures stability over the next three years , " and allowed Royal Mail to proceed with modernisation . On 27 April the Communication Workers Union announced that its members had voted two to one in favour of the deal , thus ending the dispute . = Burrow Mump = Burrow Mump is a hill and historic site overlooking Southlake Moor in the village of Burrowbridge within the English county of Somerset . It is a scheduled monument , with the ruined church on top of the hill a Grade II listed building . The hill stands at a strategic location overlooking the point where the River Tone and the old course of the River Cary join the River Parrett . Although there is some evidence of Roman visitation , the first fortification of the site was the construction of a Norman motte . It has been called King Alfred 's Fort , however there is no proof of use by Alfred the Great . A medieval church was built on the hill in the 15th century . The current ruined church on top of the hill was built in 1793 . The land and ruin were donated to the National Trust in 1946 as a war memorial . = = Geology = = The hill is 24 metres ( 79 ft ) high , and stands at a strategic point where the River Tone and the old course of the River Cary join the River Parrett , above the surrounding low lying land of the Somerset Levels . It is made of Triassic sandstone capped by Keuper marl ascribed to the Mercia Mudstone Group . = = Early use = = Burrow Mump is also known as St Michael 's Borough or Tutteyate . Both words ' burrow ' and ' mump ' mean hill . Archaeological surveys have shown some Roman material including a piece of pottery and coins found nearby which , possibly linked to its situation at a river junction , may indicate its use for trade . Square pits , one of which may have been a well and post holes from the Middle Ages have been identified during excavations , these may have been from an adulterine castle . It is likely that it was a Norman motte with a terraced track that spirals around the hill to reach it . The plateau at the top is 45 metres ( 150 ft ) by 25 metres ( 80 ft ) and along with the scarped top of the slope formed the motte , which may have been formed during The Anarchy between 1135 and 1153 . The site has been called King Alfred 's Fort , but there is no evidence of it being a fort or having any link with Alfred the Great , apart from its ownership by the nearby Athelney Abbey which he established and was linked to Burrow Mump by a causeway . It may have served as a natural outwork to the defended royal island of Athelney at the end of the 9th century . Excavations have shown evidence of a 12th @-@ century masonry building on the top of the hill , which may be from the probable adulterine castle . The side of the mound may have been terraced for agricultural use due to much of the surrounding land flooded on a regular basis during the medieval period . The first recorded writing mentioning this site is from William Worcester in about 1480 when he referred to it as Myghell @-@ borough . A medieval church dedicated to St Michael , belonging to the Athelney Abbey , dates from at least the mid @-@ 15th century . This formed a sanctuary for royalist troops in 1642 and 1645 during the English Civil War , and a detachment of the king 's army occupied it in 1685 during the course of the Monmouth Rebellion . = = 18th century rebuilding = = In 1793 , the church was rebuilt with a west tower , 3 @-@ bay nave and south porch , in squared and coursed lias with red brick and Hamstone dressings . The attempt at total rebuilding ended in failure to collect enough money , despite donations from William Pitt the Younger and Admiral Hood , and a church for the community was built instead at the foot of the hill ( Burrowbridge ) in 1838 . In the mid 20th century the ruin on Burrow Mump underwent some repairs to the north west corner . The ruined church is one of the churches dedicated to St. Michael that falls on a ley line proposed by John Michell . Other connected St. Michaels on the ley line include churches built at Othery and Glastonbury Tor . = = Memorial = = The site of 3 @.@ 573 hectares ( 8 @.@ 83 acres ) including the hill and ruined church were presented , in 1946 , by Major Alexander Gould Barrett , to the National Trust and serve as a memorial to the 11 @,@ 281 Somerset men who lost their lives during the first and second world wars . The National Trust was taken to court for nuisance after soil from Burrow Mump slipped onto a neighbouring farmers land . The ruin was classified as a Grade II listed building in 1963 . It has been a Scheduled monument since 1949 . = Getty Center = The Getty Center , in Los Angeles , California , is a campus of the Getty Museum and other programs of the Getty Trust . The $ 1 @.@ 3 billion Center opened to the public on December 16 , 1997 and is well known for its architecture , gardens , and views overlooking Los Angeles . The Center sits atop a hill connected to a visitors ' parking garage at the bottom of the hill by a three @-@ car , cable @-@ pulled hovertrain funicular . Located in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles , the Center is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum and draws 1 @.@ 3 million visitors annually . ( The other location is the Getty Villa in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . ) The Center branch of the Museum features pre @-@ 20th @-@ century European paintings , drawings , illuminated manuscripts , sculpture , and decorative arts ; and 19th- and 20th @-@ century American , Asian , and European photographs . In addition , the Museum ’ s collection at the Center includes outdoor sculpture displayed on terraces and in gardens and the large Central Garden designed by Robert Irwin . Among the artworks on display is the Vincent Van Gogh painting Irises . Designed by architect Richard Meier , the campus also houses the Getty Research Institute ( GRI ) , the Getty Conservation Institute , the Getty Foundation , and the J. Paul Getty Trust . The Center 's design included special provisions to address concerns regarding earthquakes and fires . = = Location and history = = Originally , the Getty Museum started in J. Paul Getty 's house located in Pacific Palisades in 1954 . He expanded the house with a museum wing . In the 1970s , Getty built a replica of an Italian villa on his home 's property to better house his collection , which opened in 1974 . After Getty 's death in 1976 , the entire property was turned over to the Getty Trust for museum purposes . However , the collection outgrew the site , which has since been renamed the Getty Villa , and management sought a location more accessible to Los Angeles . The purchase of the land upon which the Center is located , a campus of 24 acres ( 9 @.@ 7 ha ) on a 110 @-@ acre ( 45 ha ) site in the Santa Monica Mountains above Interstate 405 , surrounded by 600 acres ( 240 ha ) kept in a natural state , was announced in 1983 . The site cost $ 25 million . The top of the hill is 900 feet ( 270 m ) above I @-@ 405 , high enough that on a clear day it is possible to see not only the Los Angeles skyline but also the San Bernardino Mountains , and San Gabriel Mountains to the east as well as the Pacific Ocean to the west . In 1984 , Richard Meier was chosen to be the architect of the Center . After an extensive conditional @-@ use permit process , construction by the Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company began in August 1989 . The construction was significantly delayed , with the planned completion date moved from 1988 to 1995 ( as of 1990 ) . By 1995 , however , the campus was described as only " more than halfway complete " . The Center ultimately opened to the public on December 16 , 1997 . Although the total project cost was estimated to be $ 350 million as of 1990 , it was later estimated to be $ 1 @.@ 3 billion . After the Center opened , the villa closed for extensive renovations and reopened on January 28 , 2006 , to focus on the arts and cultures of ancient Greece , Rome , and Etruria . Currently , the Museum displays collections at both the Getty Center and the Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades . In 2005 , after a series of articles in the Los Angeles Times about the spending practices of the Getty Trust and its then @-@ president Dr. Barry Munitz , the California Attorney General conducted an investigation of the Getty Trust and found that no laws had been broken . The trust agreed to appoint an outside monitor to review future expenditures . The Getty Trust experienced financial difficulties in 2008 and 2009 and cut 205 of 1 @,@ 487 budgeted staff positions to reduce expenses . Although the Getty Trust endowment reached $ 6 @.@ 4 billion in 2007 , it dropped to $ 4 @.@ 5 billion in 2009 . The endowment rebounded to $ 6 @.@ 2 billion by 2013 . = = Architecture = = Meier has exploited the two naturally @-@ occurring ridges ( which diverge at a 22 @.@ 5 degree angle ) by overlaying two grids along these axes . These grids serve to define the space of the campus while dividing the import of the buildings on it . Along one axis lie the galleries and along the other axis lie the administrative buildings . Meier emphasized the two competing grids by constructing strong view lines through the campus . The main north @-@ south axis starts with the helipad , then includes a narrow walkway between the auditorium and north buildings , continues past the elevator kiosk to the tram station , through the rotunda , past the walls and support columns of the exhibitions pavilion , and finally the ramp besides the west pavilion and the central garden . Its corresponding east @-@ west visual axis starts with the edge of the scholar 's wing of the Getty Research Institute ( GRI ) , the walkway between the central garden and the GRI , the overlook to the azalea pool in the central garden , the walkway between the central garden and the west pavilion , and finally the north wall of the west pavilion and the courtyard between the south and east pavilions . The main axes of the museum grid that is offset by 22 @.@ 5 degrees begins with the arrival plaza , carries through the edge of the stairs up to the main entrance , aligns with the columns supporting the rotunda as well as the center point of the rotunda , aligns with travertine benches in the courtyard between the pavilions , includes a narrow walkway between the west and south pavilions , a staircase down to the catus garden and ends in the garden . The corresponding cross axis starts with the center point of the circle forming the GRI library garden , then passing to the center of the entrance rotunda , and aligning with the south wall of the rotunda building . Although all of the Museum is aligned on these alternative axes , portions of the exhibitions pavilion and the east pavilion are aligned on the true north @-@ south axis as a reminder that both grids are present in the campus . The primary grid structure is a 30 @-@ inch ( 760 mm ) square ; most wall and floor elements are 30 @-@ inch ( 760 mm ) squares or some derivative thereof . The buildings at the Getty Center are made from concrete and steel with either travertine or aluminium cladding . Around 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 square feet ( 110 @,@ 000 m2 ) of travertine was used to build the Center . Throughout the campus , numerous fountains provide white noise as a background . The initial design has remained intact ; however benches and fences have been installed around the plaza fountains to discourage visitors from wading into the pools . Some additional revisions have been made in deference to the Americans with Disabilities Act . The north promontory is anchored by a circular grass area , which serves as a heliport in case of emergencies , and the south promontory is anchored by a succulent plant and cactus garden . The complex is also encircled by access roads that lead to loading docks and staff parking garages on both the west and east sides of the buildings . The hillside around the complex has been planted with California Live Oak ( Quercus agrifolia ) trees . The Museum has a seven @-@ story deep underground parking garage with over 1 @,@ 200 parking spaces . Its roof has an outdoor sculpture garden . An automated three @-@ car , cable @-@ pulled hovertrain funicular takes passengers between the parking garage at the bottom of the hill and the Museum at the top of the hill . = = Arrival court and central rotunda = = Visitors typically arrive at a tram station in the arrival plaza located between the administrative buildings and the Museum entrance . A large set of steps leads to the main doors of the rotunda building . The rotunda building houses information desks , two orientation theatres and Museum shops . It also holds a grand staircase that starts a path toward the paintings located on the second floor of each art pavilion . The rotunda opens to the south to a terrace that links all five of the Museum pavilions . A separate building to the west of the arrival plaza and stairs holds a cafeteria and restaurant . Next to the restaurant is a stone arch , which separates the Museum from the GRI . Stairs from the terrace connecting the GRI and the restaurant lead down to the central garden . = = Museum = = The J. Paul Getty Museum 's estimated 1 @.@ 3 million visitors annually make it one of the most visited museums in the United States . The collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum on display at the Getty Center includes " pre @-@ 20th @-@ century European paintings , drawings , illuminated manuscripts , sculpture , and decorative arts ; and 19th- and 20th @-@ century American and European photographs " . The paintings include : Arii Matamoe ( The Royal End ) by Paul Gauguin ( 1892 ) . The Museum 's director , Michael Brand , stated that the purchase of the painting was " one of the key moments in the history of our collection . " The literal translation of the Tahitian words of the title are " noble " and " sleeping eyes " , which implies " death " . Irises by Vincent van Gogh ( 1889 ) . The Museum purchased the painting in 1990 ; it had sold for $ 53 @.@ 9 million in 1987 . Portrait of a Halberdier by Pontormo ( 1528 – 1530 ) . When the Museum bought the painting for $ 35 @.@ 2 million at an auction in 1989 , " the price more than tripled the previous record at auction for an Old Master painting " . A copy of Portrait of Louis XIV , which measures 114 x 62 @-@ 5 / 8 inches , by the workshop of Hyacinthe Rigaud ( after 1701 ) . Getty 's extensive photograph collection is located on the lower level of the west pavilion . The Museum building consists of a three @-@ level base building that is closed to the public and provides staff workspace and storage areas . Five public , two @-@ story towers on the base are called the North , East , South , West and the Exhibitions Pavilions . The Exhibitions Pavilion acts as the temporary residence for traveling art collections and the Foundation 's artwork for which the permanent pavilions have no room . The permanent collection is displayed throughout the other four pavilions chronologically : the north houses the oldest art while the west houses the newest . The first @-@ floor galleries in each pavilion house light @-@ sensitive art , such as illuminated manuscripts , furniture , or photography . Computer @-@ controlled skylights on the second @-@ floor galleries allow paintings to be displayed in natural light . The second floors are connected by a series of glass @-@ enclosed bridges and open terraces , both of which offer views of the surrounding hillsides and central plaza . Sculpture is also on display at various points outside the buildings , including on various terraces and balconies . The lower level ( the highest of the floors in the base ) includes a public cafeteria , the terrace cafe , and the photography galleries . = = Central Garden = = The 134 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 12 @,@ 400 m2 ) Central Garden at the Getty Center is the work of artist Robert Irwin . Planning for the garden began in 1992 , construction started in 1996 , and the garden was completed in December 1997 . Irwin was quoted as saying that the Central Garden " is a sculpture in the form of a garden , which aims to be art . " Water plays a major role in the garden . A fountain near the restaurant flows toward the garden and appears to fall into a grotto on the north garden wall . The resulting stream then flows down the hillside into the azalea pool . The designers placed rocks and boulders of varying size in the stream bed to vary the sounds from the flowing water . A tree @-@ lined stream descends to a plaza , while the walkway criss @-@ crosses the stream , which continues through the plaza , and goes over a stone waterfall into a round pool . A maze of azaleas floats in the pool , around which is a series of specialty gardens . More than 500 varieties of plant material are used for the Central Garden , but the selection is " always changing , never twice the same " . After the original design , an outdoor sculpture garden , called the " Lower Terrace Garden " was added in 2007 on the west side of the central garden just below the scholar 's wing of the GRI building . = = Getty Research Institute ( GRI ) = = The Getty Research Institute ( GRI ) is " dedicated to furthering knowledge and advancing understanding of the visual arts . " Among other holdings , GRI 's research library contains over 900 @,@ 000 volumes of books , periodicals , and auction catalogs ; special collections ; and two million photographs of art and architecture . GRI 's other activities include exhibitions , publications , and a residential scholars program . At the Getty Center , GRI is located to the west of the Museum . The round building encircles a landscaped garden and is located to the west of the central garden . The main entrance of GRI is connected by a terrace to the main arrival court of the Museum , with outdoor sculptures placed along the route . GRI has one art gallery on its entrance level that is open to the public . = = Other offices = = Meier also designed three other buildings located next to the north promontory and offset at a 22 @.@ 5 degree angle from the main axis of the Museum pavilions . The north @-@ most building is an auditorium . Next to it is the North Building , with the East Building sitting between the North Building and the rotunda . The main entrance to the East Building is flanked by two round silos that hold its elevators . A bridge over a sunken courtyard links the main entrance of the East Building to the main walkway that connects the auditorium and North Buildings to the rotunda . These buildings house the Getty Conservation Institute ( GCI ) , the J. Paul Getty Trust and the Getty Foundation . These buildings are generally closed to the public except for special events held in the auditorium . They are linked to the Museum both by landscaped terraces and by an enclosed glass walkway that leads from the main rotunda . GCI , which is headquartered at the Getty Center but also has facilities at the Getty Villa , commenced operation in 1985 . It " serves the conservation community through scientific research , education and training , model field projects , and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field " and " adheres to the principles that guide the work of the Getty Trust : service , philanthropy , teaching , and access " . GCI has activities in both art conservation and architectural conservation . The Getty Foundation awards grants for " the understanding and preservation of the visual arts " . In addition , it runs the Getty Leadership Institute for " current and future museum leaders " . Its offices are north of the Museum . The foundation offices are located in the two administrative buildings that are north of the Museum . The J. Paul Getty Trust , which oversees the Getty Conservation Institute , Getty Foundation , Getty Research Institute , and J. Paul Getty Museum , also has offices there . = = Preparation for natural disasters = = = = = Earthquakes = = = Although the Center 's site was thought to have little motion during earthquakes , which are frequent in the Los Angeles area , in 1994 , as the Center was being constructed , the Northridge earthquake struck . It caused " disturbing hairline cracks ... in the welds and plated joints of the steel framework . " As a result , the steelwork through the site was retrofitted . The Center 's buildings are thought to be able to survive an earthquake of 7 @.@ 5 magnitude on the Richter scale . = = = Fires = = = In the 16 electrical transformers at the Center , silicone fluid is used as a coolant " with less risk of ignition " than hydrocarbon coolant . The native flammable chaparral was removed and fire @-@ resistant poverty weed was added to the slopes around the Center . Each year , a herd of goats is rented to clear brush on the surrounding hills . At the north end of the Center , a tank with 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 US gal ( 3 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 l ) of water , together with a grass @-@ covered helipad , allow helicopters to collect water . The access ramp from the entry plaza to the Museum was constructed to allow a fire truck to pass over it . Inside the Museum , the sprinkler system is designed to balance " between the potential damage of a fire and the risk of water damage to valuable artwork " . = = Panoramic view looking south = = = My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy = My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy is the fifth studio album by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West , released on November 22 , 2010 , by Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records . Following a period of public and legal controversy , West retreated to a " self @-@ imposed exile " in Hawaii in 2009 . There , he worked on the album in a communal recording environment that involved numerous contributing musicians and producers . The album features guest appearances from Bon Iver , Jay Z , Pusha T , Rick Ross , Kid Cudi , Nicki Minaj , John Legend and more . Production is led by West himself , alongside a variety of high @-@ profile record producers including Mike Dean , No I.D. , Jeff Bhasker , RZA , S1 , Bink and DJ Frank E. Noted by critics for its maximalist aesthetic , opulent production quality , and dichotomous themes , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy incorporates aspects of West 's previous works , including soul , baroque , electro , and symphonic styles . The album deals with themes of excess and celebrity , and explores such issues as consumer culture , race , and the idealism of the American Dream . To promote My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , West released free songs through his GOOD Fridays series and four singles : the Billboard hits " Power " , " Monster " , and " Runaway " , and the international hit " All of the Lights " . It was also promoted with a short film set to the record 's music , Runaway . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and had sold 1 @,@ 032 @,@ 000 copies in the US by 2013 . My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy received widespread critical acclaim and was also named the best record of 2010 in numerous critics ' polls and year @-@ end lists . = = Background = = The album was conceived during West 's self @-@ imposed exile in Oahu , Hawaii , following a period of legal and public image controversy amid an overworked mental state . West later said that his fatigue from overworking led to his controversial outburst at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , his disgust with its ensuing media response , and his hiatus from recording . Amid negative response to the incident , his scheduled tour with recording artist Lady Gaga in promotion of his previous album , 808s & Heartbreak , was cancelled on October 1 , 2009 , without citing a reason . It was formerly known as Good Ass Job and tentatively Dark Twisted Fantasy . GOOD Music artist Big Sean was the second to announce the title of the album as Good Ass Job . On July 24 , 2010 , on Kanye West 's blog , a banner appeared reading " My Dark Twisted Fantasy Trailer " . On July 28 , 2010 , West announced via his new official Twitter account that " The album is no longer called ' Good Ass Job ' I 'm bouncing a couple of titles around now . " The official title , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , was announced on October 5 , 2010 . = = Recording and production = = Recording sessions took place primarily at Avex Recording Studio in Honolulu , Hawaii , with additional recording at Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank , California , and at Electric Lady Studios and Platinum Sound Recording Studios in New York City . It was reported that West spent over $ 3 million in expenses from his record label Def Jam on the recording . He later explained the initial recording process to Noah Callahan @-@ Bever , Complex editor @-@ in @-@ chief and West 's confidant at the time , who said that " he 'd holed up in Hawaii and was importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording . Rap Camp ! " Artists who were reported to have participated in the sessions for My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy included Raekwon , RZA , Pusha T , Rick Ross , Charlie Wilson , Big Sean , Cyhi the Prynce , Swizz Beatz , Dwele , Nicki Minaj , T.I. , Drake , Teyana Taylor , Common , Jay @-@ Z , Eminem , Lil Wayne , John Legend , Fergie , Rihanna , The @-@ Dream , Ryan Leslie , Elton John , M.I.A. , Justin Vernon , Seal , Beyoncé Knowles , Kid Cudi , Mos Def , Santigold , Alicia Keys , Elly Jackson , and Tony Williams . Record producers who participated in the sessions with West included Q @-@ Tip , RZA , DJ Premier , Madlib , and Pete Rock . Madlib said he made five beats for the album , while DJ Premier said his beats were ultimately discarded . West , who had previously recorded at Avex for 808s & Heartbreak , block @-@ booked the studio 's three session rooms indefinitely to work on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . According to Noah Callahan @-@ Bever , who visited West during the recording sessions , " when he hits a creative wall ... he heads to another studio room to make progress on another song " . He often worked through the night and napped in the studio , and recording engineers were present behind the mixing board 24 hours a day . Before recording in the afternoon , West and most of his crew played games of 21 against locals at the Honolulu YMCA for leisure . Kid Cudi smoked marijuana in preparation and worked out on a treadmill , while RZA worked out in the weight room . West held breakfast each morning at his Diamond Head residence for his crew . Throughout the album 's development , West elicited other producers and musicians to weigh in on its music with conversations and contributions at the studio . In observing discussions among them during his visit , Callahan @-@ Bever noted : " Despite the heavyweights assembled , the egos rarely clash ; talks are sprawling , enlightening , and productive ... we are here to contribute , challenge , and inspire " . In an interview with Callahan @-@ Bever , Q @-@ Tip described the process as " music by committee " and elaborated on its significance to the sessions and West 's work ethic : He 'll go , ‘ Check this out , tell me what you think . ’ Which speaks volumes about who he is and how he sees and views people . Every person has a voice and an idea , so he 's sincerely looking to hear what you have to say — good , bad , or whatever ... When he has his beats or his rhymes , he offers them to the committee and we 're all invited to dissect , strip , or add on to what he 's already started . By the end of the sessions , you see how he integrates and transforms everyone 's contributions , so the whole is greater than the sum of its parts . He 's a real wizard at it . What he does is alchemy , really . Pete Rock said of his studio experience with West , " He 's definitely hip @-@ hop , his roots , I was testing him on joints ... He takes it to another level which is dope . He had these musicians and this song , they played around my little raggedy beat and made it real . I love the way he works — he goes from one room , writing rhymes then goes to another beat and goes to another room and does something else — I love what he 's done " . Rapper Pusha T characterized the album as " a collage of sounds " and found West 's methods unorthodox when recording , saying that " We could easily be working on one song , thinking we 're in a mode , and he 'll hear a sound from someone like [ producer ] Jeff Bhasker and immediately turn his whole attention to that sound and go through his mental Rolodex to where that sound belongs on his album , and then it goes straight to that song , immediately " . DJ Premier said of the production in comparison to West 's previous work , " Well , first of all , if you look at all of Kanye West 's output , he actually did a lot to bring back sampling and make it cool again , even though he 's more of a mainstream artist ... but his new album is strictly hard beats and rhyme . He 's totally done with electro . You 're gonna be surprised what you hear " . In late 2010 , just hours before the album had to be turned in , West called Teyana Taylor to the studio to look at some fashion pieces . Taylor had struck up a friendship with West and the GOOD Music family before , first meeting West on his Glow in the Dark Tour , with Pharrell Williams ' band N.E.R.D. & Rihanna . While in the studio , Taylor was determined to make an appearance on West 's album . She purposefully hummed along with the tracks he played for her , to get his attention . He eventually asked her to put vocals on a few tracks , notably " Dark Fantasy " and " Hell of a Life . " Upon recalling the experience of recording " Dark Fantasy , " Taylor stated that " at the time it was pretty empty , just verses . " She remembers that West " put [ her ] in another room by [ herself ] and said , ' Go ' . " Taylor came back with the " intro and chorus , " and " did all the scratches and the cuts [ herself ] . " She admitted that she was " nervous " upon letting West hear her contributions to the tracks , trying to cover her nervousness by stating that she " hadn ’ t been in the studio for so long . " To prevent any of the material from leaking onto the Internet , West made the recording of the album as secretive as he could ; he instituted a " No tweeting , no talking , no e @-@ mailing " rule for others at the sessions to abide by . Pusha T recalled West 's attitude in an interview for Rolling Stone , saying that " then there happened to be a leak , and I remember Kanye ranting and raving , like , ' Fuck this ! We 're not going to ever work there again ! We 're going to work in hotel rooms ! ' " West subsequently recorded in hotel rooms for Watch the Throne , his 2011 album with Jay @-@ Z. = = Music and lyrics = = My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy 's music has been noted by writers for incorporating elements from West 's previous four albums . Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson perceives that such elements " all recur at various points " , namely " the luxurious soul of 2004 's The College Dropout , the symphonic pomp of Late Registration , the gloss of 200	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
slates . Between Triscombe and West Quantoxhead is a layer of the Triscombe Beds which is around 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) thick and is made up of green sandstone and mudstones . The uppermost division is the Hodders Combe Beds of sandstone and conglomerate and is approximately 300 metres ( 980 ft ) thick . Further south there are newer Middle and Late Devonian rocks , known as Ilfracombe beds and Morte Slates . These include sandstone and limestone , which have been quarried near Aisholt . At Great Holwell , south of Aisholt , is the only limestone cave in the Devonian limestone of North Devon and West Somerset . The lower fringes around the hills are composed of younger New Red Sandstone rocks of the Triassic period . These rocks were laid down in a shallow sea and often contain irregular masses or veins of gypsum , which was mined on the foreshore at Watchet . Several areas have outcrops of slates . Younger rocks of the Jurassic period can be found between St Audries and Kilve . This area falls within the Blue Anchor to Lilstock Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) and is considered to be of international geological importance . Kilve has the remains of a red @-@ brick retort built in 1924 after the shale in the cliffs was found to be rich in oil . Along this coast , the cliffs are layered with compressed strata of oil @-@ bearing shale and blue , yellow and brown Lias embedded with fossils . The Shaline Company was founded in 1924 to exploit these strata but was unable to raise sufficient capital . The company 's retort house is thought to be the first structure erected here for the conversion of shale to oil and is all that remains of the anticipated Somerset oil boom . At Blue Anchor the coloured alabaster found in the cliffs gave rise to the name of the colour " Watchet Blue " . The village has the only updraught brick kiln known to have survived in Somerset . It was built around 1830 and was supplied by small vessels carrying limestone to the small landing jetty . Now used as a garage , the kiln is thought to have operated until the 1870s , when the large @-@ scale production of bricks in Bridgwater rendered small brickyards uneconomic . Cockercombe tuff is a greenish @-@ grey , hard pyroclastic rock formed by the compression of volcanic ash and is found almost exclusively in the south @-@ eastern end of the Quantock Hills . = = Climate = = Along with the rest of South West England , the Quantock Hills has a temperate climate that is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England . The mean temperature is approximately 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) and shows a seasonal and a diurnal variation , but because of the modifying effect of the sea the range is less than in most other parts of the United Kingdom ( UK ) . January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) and 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . July and August are the warmest months , with mean daily maxima around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . December is normally the most cloudy month and June the sunniest . High pressure over the Azores often brings clear skies to south @-@ west England , particularly in summer . Cloud often forms inland especially near hills , and acts to reduce sunshine . The average annual sunshine totals around 1 @,@ 600 hours . Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection . In summer , convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds , and a large proportion of rain falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year . Average rainfall is around 31 to 35 inches ( 790 to 890 mm ) . About 8 to 15 days of snowfall is typical . From November to March , mean wind speeds are highest ; winds are lightest from June to August . The predominant wind direction is from the south @-@ west . = = Ecology = = In 1970 an area of 6 @,@ 194 @.@ 5 acres ( 2 @,@ 506 @.@ 8 ha ) in the Quantocks was designated as a Biological Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) . This a conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom , selected by Natural England , for areas with particular landscape and ecological characteristics . It provides some protection from development , from other damage , and ( since 2000 ) also from neglect , under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 . The streams and open water such as Hawkridge Reservoir and Ashford Reservoir on Cannington Brook also provide habitats for a range of species . = = = Flora = = = The hilltops are covered in heathland of gorse , heather , bracken and thorn with plantations of conifer . The western side of the Quantocks are steep scarp slopes of pasture , woods and parkland . Deep stream @-@ cut combes to the north @-@ east contain extensive oak @-@ woods with small flower @-@ rich bogs above them . The areas where there is limited drainage are dominated by heather ( Calluna vulgaris ) , with significant populations of cross @-@ leaved heath ( Erica tetralix ) , purple moor @-@ grass ( Molinia caerulea ) , bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ) and wavy hair @-@ grass ( Deschampsia flexuosa ) . Drier areas are covered with bell heather ( Erica cinerea ) , western gorse ( Ulex gallii ) and bristle bent ( Agrostis curtisii ) , while bracken ( Pteridium aquilinum ) is common on well @-@ drained deeper soils . The springs and streams provide a specialist environment that supports bog pimpernel ( Anagallis tenella ) . The woodland is generally birch / sessile oak woodland , valley alder woodland and ash / wych elm woodland , which support a rich lichen flora . Alfoxton Wood is one of only three British locations where the lichen Tomasellia lectea is present . = = = Fauna = = = The various habitats , together with the wide range of slopes and aspects , provide ideal conditions for a rich fauna . Amphibians such as the palmate newt ( Triturus helveticus ) , common frog ( Rana temporaris ) , and common toad ( Bufo bufo ) are represented in the damper environments . Reptiles present include adder ( Vipera berus ) , grass snake ( Natrix natrix ) , slow worm ( Angula fragilis ) and common lizard ( Lacerta vivipara ) . Many bird species breed on the Quantocks , including the grasshopper warbler ( Locustella naevia ) , nightjar ( Caprimulgus europaeus ) , raven ( Corvus corax ) and the European pied flycatcher ( Ficedula hypoleuca ) . The Quantocks are also an important site for red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) . Invertebrates of note include the silver @-@ washed fritillary butterfly ( Argynnis paphia ) , and three nationally rare dead @-@ wood beetles : Thymalus limbatus , Orchesia undulata and Rhinosimus ruficollis . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = Evidence of activity in the Quantocks from prehistoric times includes finds of Mesolithic flints at North Petherton and Broomfield and many Bronze Age round barrows ( marked on maps as tumulus , plural tumuli ) , such as Thorncombe Barrow above Bicknoller . Several ancient stones can be seen , such as the Triscombe Stone and the Long Stone above Holford . Many of the tracks along ridges of the Quantocks probably originated as ancient ridgeways . A Bronze Age hill fort , Norton Camp , was built to the south at Norton Fitzwarren , close to the centre of bronze making in Taunton . Iron Age sites in the Quantocks include major hill forts at Dowsborough and Ruborough , as well as several smaller earthwork enclosures , such as Trendle Ring and Plainsfield Camp . Ruborough near Broomfield is on an easterly spur from the main Quantock ridge , with steep natural slopes to the north and south east . The fort is triangular in shape , with a single rampart and ditch ( univallate ) , enclosing 4 acres ( 1 @.@ 6 ha ) . A linear outer work about 131 yards ( 120 m ) away , parallel to the westerly rampart , encloses another 4 acres ( 16 @,@ 000 m2 ) . The name Ruborough comes from Rugan beorh or Ruwan @-@ beorge meaning Rough Hill . The Dowsborough fort has an oval shape , with a single rampart and ditch ( univallate ) following the contours of the hill top , enclosing an area of 7 acres ( 2 @.@ 8 ha ) . The main entrance is to the east , towards Nether Stowey , with a simpler opening to the north west , aligned with a ridgeway leading down to Holford . A col to the south connects the hill to the main Stowey ridge , where a linear earthwork known as Dead Woman 's Ditch cuts across the spur . Little evidence exists of Roman influence on the Quantock region beyond isolated finds and hints of transient forts . A Roman port was at Combwich , and it is possible that a Roman road ran from there to the Quantocks , because the names Nether Stowey and Over Stowey come from the Old English stan wey , meaning stone way . In October 2001 the West Bagborough Hoard of 4th @-@ century Roman silver was discovered in West Bagborough . The 681 coins included two denarii from the early 2nd century , and eight miliarense and 671 siliqua dating to 337 – 367 AD . The majority were struck in the reigns of emperors Constantius II and Julian and derive from a range of mints including Arles and Lyons in France , Trier in Germany and Rome . = = = Dark Ages and Anglo @-@ Saxon = = = The area remained under Romano @-@ British Celtic control until 681 – 685 AD , when Centwine of Wessex pushed west from the River Parrett , conquered the Welsh King Cadwaladr , and occupied the rest of Somerset north to the Bristol Channel . Saxon rule was later consolidated under King Ine , who established a fort at Taunton in about 700 AD . The first documentary evidence of the village of Crowcombe is by Æthelwulf of Wessex in 854 , where it was spelt ' Cerawicombe ' . At that time the manor belonged to Glastonbury Abbey . In the later Saxon period , King Alfred led the resistance to Viking invasion from Athelney , south @-@ east of the Quantocks . According to the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , the early port at Watchet was plundered by Danes in 987 and 997 . Alfred established a series of forts and lookout posts linked by a military road , or herepath , so his army could cover Viking movements at sea . The herepath has a characteristic form that is familiar on the Quantocks : a regulation 66 @-@ foot ( 20 m ) wide track between avenues of trees growing from hedge laying embankments . The herepath ran from the ford on the River Parrett at Combwich , past Cannington hill fort to Over Stowey , where it climbed the Quantocks along the line of the current Stowey road , to Crowcombe Park Gate . Then it went south along the ridge , to Triscombe Stone . One branch may have led past Lydeard Hill and Buncombe Hill , back to Alfred 's base at Athelney . The main branch descended the hills at Triscombe , then along the avenue to Red Post Cross , and west to the Brendon Hills and Exmoor . There is some evidence that an area of the hills known as Quantock Common may have been a Saxon Royal Forest . = = = Medieval = = = After the Norman conquest of England in 1066 William de Moyon was given land at Dunster , Broomfield and West Quantoxhead , his son becoming William de Mohun of Dunster , 1st Earl of Somerset , while William Malet received Enmore . East Quantoxhead was given to the Luttrells ( previously spelled de Luterel ) , who passed the manor down through descendants into the 20th century . A Luttell also became the Earl of Carhampton and acquired Dunster Castle in 1376 , holding it until it became a National Trust property in 1976 . Stowey Castle at Nether Stowey was built in the 11th century . The castle is sited on a small isolated knoll , about 390 ft ( 119 m ) high . It consisted of a square keep ( which may have been stone , or a wooden superstructure on stone foundations ) and its defences and an outer and an inner bailey . The mount is 29 ft ( 9 m ) above the 6 ft ( 2 m ) wide ditch which itself is 7 ft ( 2 m ) deep . The motte has a flat top with two large and two small mounds , which may be sites of towers , at the edge . The blue lias rubble walling is the only visible structural remains of the castle , which stand on a conical earthwork with a ditch approximately 820 ft ( 250 m ) in circumference . The castle was destroyed in the 15th century , which may have been as a penalty for the local Lord Audley 's involvement in the Second Cornish Uprising of 1497 led by Perkin Warbeck against the taxes of Henry VII . Some of the stone was used in the building of Stowey Court in the village . = = = Modern = = = There was very little action on the Quantocks during the English Civil War . Sir John Stawell of Cothelstone was a leading Royalist . When Taunton fell to parliamentary troops and was held by Robert Blake , he attacked Stawell at Bishops Lydeard and imprisoned him . After the restoration Charles II conferred the title of Baron Stawell on Blake 's son Ralph . A group of Clubmen met at Triscombe in 1645 and petitioned parliament calling for peace through negotiation . At the end of the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685 , ( also known as the Pitchfork Rebellion ) , many participants were executed in the Quantocks . The rebellion was an attempt to overthrow the King of England , James II , who became king when his elder brother , Charles II , died on 6 February 1685 . James II was unpopular because he was Roman Catholic , and many people were opposed to a " papist " king . James Scott , 1st Duke of Monmouth , claimed to be rightful heir to the throne and attempted to displace James II . The rebellion ended with the defeat of Monmouth 's forces at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685 . Monmouth was executed for treason on 15 July , and many of his supporters were executed , including some by hanging at Nether Stowey and Cothelstone , or transported in the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffreys . Dodington was the site of the Buckingham Mine where copper was extracted . The mine was established before 1725 and followed earlier exploration at Perry Hill , East Quantoxhead . It was financed by the Marquis of Buckingham until 1801 when it was closed , until various attempts were made to reopen it during the 19th century . In 1724 the 14th century spire of the Church of the Holy Ghost in Crowcombe was damaged by a lightning strike . The top section of the spire was removed and is now planted in the churchyard , and stone from the spire was used in the flooring of the church . Inside the church , carved bench @-@ ends dating from 1534 depict such pagan subjects as the Green Man and the legend of the men of Crowcombe fighting a two @-@ headed dragon . Norton Fitzwarren was the site of a boat lift on the now unused section of the Grand Western Canal from 1839 to 1867 . A 300 @-@ person prisoner of war camp built here during World War II housed Italian prisoners from the Western Desert Campaign and German prisoners from the Battle of Normandy . = = Walking Routes = = Poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge lived in Nether Stowey in the Quantocks from 1797 to 1799 . In his memory a footpath , The Coleridge Way , was set up by the Exmoor park authorities . The 36 @-@ mile ( 58 km ) route begins in Nether Stowey and crosses the Quantocks , the Brendon Hills and Exmoor before finishing in Porlock . The Quantock Greenway is a footpath that opened in 2001 . The route of the path follows a figure of eight centred on Triscombe . The northern loop , taking in Crowcombe and Holford , is 19 miles ( 31 km ) long , and the southern loop to Broomfield extends for 18 miles ( 29 km ) . The path travels through many types of landscape , including deciduous and coniferous woodland , private parkland , grazed pasture and cropped fields . The Macmillan Way West follows the Quantocks ridge for several miles . = = Governance = = The Quantock Hills were designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) in 1956 , the first such designation in England under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 . Notice of the intention to create the AONB under The Quantock Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( Designation ) Order , 1956 was published in the London Gazette on 7 February 1956 . Since responsibility for the Quantock AONB is shared between the County Council and three District Councils The Quantock Hills Joint Advisory Committee was set up in 1973 and is responsible for drawing up management plans for the Quantocks . The charity Friends of Quantock is both a Quantock landowner and a conservation pressure group . Many of the villages on the Quantocks have their own parish councils , which have some responsibility for local issues . They also elect councillors to Somerset County Council and one of the three District Councils which cover the area , Taunton Deane , West Somerset or Sedgemoor . = = Ownership = = There is no single owner of the open land on the Quantocks . Major landowners include the Forestry Commission , The National Trust , the Fairfield Estate , Somerset County Council and Friends of Quantock . = = Cultural references = = = = = Film = = = The film Pandaemonium ( 2000 ) , based on the lives of Wordsworth and Coleridge , much of it filmed on the hills . = = = Literature = = = The poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge lived here for three years from 1797 , while he wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( written in 1797 – 98 and published in 1798 ) , part of Christabel ( the first part was reputedly written in 1797 , and the second in 1800 ) , Frost at Midnight , and Kubla Khan ( completed in 1797 and published in 1816 ) . Poet William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy lived at Alfoxton House in Holford between July 1797 and June 1798 , during the time of their friendship with Coleridge . In 1913 , the poet Edward Thomas wrote a prose account of a bicycle journey to the Quantocks , published in 1914 as " In Pursuit of Spring " . The poet Henry Newbolt lived in Aisholt in the 1920s . Virginia and Leonard Woolf spent a few days of their honeymoon at The Plough Inn , Holford , before continuing to the continent in 1912 . They returned about a year later to try to help Virginia recover from one of her recurring nervous breakdowns . Charles Williams visited Aisholt and wrote a poem there . The opening of John le Carré 's novel Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy ( 1974 ) is set in the Quantocks . Anne Ridler visited Aisholt many times and wrote a poem titled ′ Aisholt Revisited ′ . In the 1980s and 1990s , English novelist Ruth Elwin Harris wrote her Quantock Quartet , a set of novels centred on four sisters growing up around the Quantock Hills during the early 20th century . = = = Art = = = A number of artists spent time on the Quantocks in the 1860s , many of them lodging at Halsway Manor . They are sometimes referred to as the Idyllists . They include John William North , George John Pinwell and Frederick Walker . A more recent Painter of the Quantocks was Paul Johnson who was a resident artist . = = = Music = = = The video to the Bryan Adams hit " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " was filmed in the landscape of Holford and Kilve . Bibio 's album Hand Cranked ( 2006 ) features a track titled " Quantock " . " Checking out the Quantocks " , is a line from Half Man Half Biscuit 's song " Joy Division Oven Gloves " , from their album Achtung Bono . = = = Television = = = The Doctor Who episode " Shada " ( 1980 ) makes a sidelong reference to this region – the Fourth Doctor ( played by Tom Baker ) claims that walking through the Time Vortex " is a little trick I learned from a space @-@ time mystic in the Quantocks " . The Quantocks are the setting for the final episodes of the third and eighth series ( 2006 and 2012 ) of Peep Show . = = Places of interest = = Coleridge Cottage is a cottage situated in Nether Stowey . It was constructed in the 17th century as a building containing a parlour , kitchen and service room on the ground floor and three corresponding bed chambers above . It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II * listed building . Having served for many years as Moore 's Coleridge Cottage Inn , the building was acquired for the nation in 1908 , and the following year it was handed over to the National Trust . On 23 May 1998 , following a £ 25 @,@ 000 appeal by the Friends of Coleridge and the National Trust , two further rooms on the first floor were opened . At Aley is Quantock Lodge , a green @-@ grey 19th @-@ century mansion built from cockercombe tuff . It was the family home of Henry Labouchere , 1st Baron Taunton , until the 1960s when it was converted into a school . In 2000 , it became a centre for recreation and banqueting and summer camps for youths . Broomfield is home to Fyne Court . Once the home of pioneer 19th century electrician , Andrew Crosse . Since 1972 it has been owned by the National Trust . It has been leased from the National Trust since 1974 by the Somerset Wildlife Trust ( Formally Somerset Trust for Nature Conservation ) and is run as a nature reserve and visitor centre . The Quantock Hills AONB Service have their headquarters at Fyne Court . The Church of St Mary in Kingston St Mary dates from the 13th century , but the tower is from the early 16th century and was re @-@ roofed in 1952 , with further restoration from 1976 to 1978 . It is a three @-@ stage crenellated tower , with crocketed pinnacles , bracketed pinnacles set at angles , decorative pierced merlons , and set @-@ back buttresses crowned with pinnacles . The decorative " hunky @-@ punks " are perched high on the corners . These may be so named because the carvings are hunkering ( squatting ) and are " punch " ( short and thick ) . They serve no function , unlike gargoyles that carry off water . The churchyard includes tombs of the Warre family who owned nearby Hestercombe House , a historic country house in Cheddon Fitzpaine visited by about 70 @,@ 000 people per year . The site includes a 0 @.@ 2 @-@ acre ( 810 m2 ) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest notified in 2000 . The site is used for roosting by Lesser horseshoe bats , and has been designated as a Special Area of Conservation ( SAC ) . The house was used as the headquarters of the British 8th Corps during the Second World War , and has been owned by Somerset County Council since 1951 . It is used as an administrative centre and a base for the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service . The Norman Church of St Giles in Thurloxton dates from the 14th century but is predominantly from the 15th century with 19th century restoration , including the addition of the north aisle in 1868 . It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II * listed building . From October 1763 to January 1764 the vicar was the diarist James Woodforde . The West Somerset Railway ( WSR ) is a heritage railway that runs along the edge of the Quantock Hills between Bishops Lydeard and Watchet . The line then turns inland to Washford , and returns to the coast for the run to Minehead . At 23 miles ( 37 km ) , it is the longest privately owned passenger rail line in the UK . Halsway Manor in Halsway , is now used as England 's National Centre for Traditional Music , Dance and Song . It is the only residential folk centre in the UK . The eastern end of the building dates from the 15th century and the western end was a 19th @-@ century addition . The manor , which is mentioned in the Domesday Book , was at one time used by Cardinal Beaufort as a hunting lodge and thereafter as a family home until the mid @-@ 1960s when it became the folk music centre . It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II * listed building . Halswell House in Goathurst has Tudor origins but was purchased by the Tynte family and rebuilt in 1689 . The surrounding park and 17 acres ( 6 @.@ 9 ha ) pleasure garden was developed between 1745 and 1785 . The grounds contain many fish ponds , cascades , bridges and fanciful buildings , including the Temple of Harmony , which stands in Mill Wood and has now been fully restored . = RAF Coastal Command during World War II = RAF Coastal Command was a formation within the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . Founded in 1936 , it was to act as the RAF maritime arm , after the Fleet Air Arm became part of the Royal Navy in 1937 . Naval aviation was neglected in the inter @-@ war period , 1919 – 1939 , and as a consequence the service did not receive the resources it needed to develop properly or efficiently . This continued until the outbreak of the Second World War , during which it came to prominence . Owing to the Air Ministry 's concentration on RAF Fighter Command and RAF Bomber Command , Coastal Command was often referred to as the " Cinderella Service " , a phrase first used by the First Lord of the Admiralty at the time A V Alexander . Its primary task was to protect convoys from the German Kriegsmarine 's U @-@ boat force . It also protected Allied shipping from the aerial threat posed by the Luftwaffe . The main operations of Coastal Command were defensive , defending supplies lines in the various theatres of war , most notably the Mediterranean , Middle East and African theatres and the battle of the Atlantic . It also served in an offensive capacity . In the Mediterranean theatre and the Baltic sea it carried out attacks on German shipping moving war materials from Italy to North Africa and from Scandinavia to Germany . By 1943 Coastal Command finally received the recognition it needed and its operations proved decisive in the victory over the U @-@ boats . The service saw action from the first day of hostilities until the last day of the Second World War . It flew over one million flying hours , 240 @,@ 000 operations and destroyed 212 U @-@ boats . Coastal Command 's casualties amounted to 2 @,@ 060 aircraft to all causes and some 5 @,@ 866 personnel killed in action . During 1940 – 1945 Coastal Command sank 366 German transport vessels and damaged 134 . The total tonnage sunk was 512 @,@ 330 tons and another 513 @,@ 454 tons damaged . A total of 10 @,@ 663 persons were rescued by the Command , including 5 @,@ 721 Allied crews , 277 enemy personnel , and 4 @,@ 665 non @-@ aircrews . = = Equipment = = = = = Aircraft = = = On the outbreak of war in 1939 Coastal Command had forces of ten Avro Anson , including four auxiliaries , two Vickers Vildebeest , two Short Sunderland , three Saro London and one Supermarine Stranraer squadrons . The Vildebeest and London were all obsolescent . The Ansons made up half of this force , but with insufficient range to undertake deep ocean reconnaissance it was left to the flying @-@ boat squadrons , of which four out of six had obsolescent machines . This left three squadrons with suitable aircraft , the Lockheed Hudson and Sunderland that could operate effectively . Anson engines were in limited supply in 1939 . Moreover , the Sunderland and Hudson airframes were also limited , the later being delivered at a rate of just two per month . To fill the gap in production capacity , the Air Ministry dispatched several missions to the United States to buy more Hudson airframes . Not only was the supply of available aircraft poor , by the then Director of Organisation at the Air Ministry Charles Portal recognised there would be a future problem in procurement of aircraft . Coastal Command 's operational nature would make twenty @-@ four hour operations a basic requirement . Suitable aircraft for take @-@ off and landing , in particular flying @-@ boats , in all weather was vital for the safety of crews and the effectiveness of the Command . The new twin @-@ engine Saro Lerwick had been touted as the ideal aircraft . It only came into service in April 1939 and was then found to be unsuitable . There was a need for long @-@ range machines to cover the South @-@ Western Approaches . In December 1939 to August 1940 the following reinforcements were sent : No. 10 Squadron RAAF received Sunderlands , No. 235 Squadron RAF , No. 236 Squadron RAF , No. 248 Squadron RAF and No. 254 Squadron RAF equipped with Bristol Blenheims from RAF Fighter Command in February 1940 ; in June 1940 No. 53 Squadron RAF and No. 59 Squadron RAFs with Blenheim on loan from RAF Bomber Command , and in August 1940 , No. 98 Squadron RAF 's Fairey Battles , also on loan from the Bomber Service and based in Iceland . By 15 June a further 15 squadrons were to have been handed over to Coastal Command , this was only achieved by the loan of seven squadrons from other commands , despite express agreement by the Air Ministry and Admiralty . The daily operational strength of Coastal Command amounted to 298 aircraft , most unsuitable for maritime operations . Within a month , that had risen to 39 squadrons and 612 aircraft . However they were made of 11 different types , causing training and conversion problems . By 1 December 1941 the situation was improving . Some 18 Consolidated Catalinas , nine Sunderlands , 20 Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and 170 American Hudsons . The Command 's strike aircraft consisted of 60 Bristol Beaufort and 40 Bristol Beaufighters and 60 Blenheim fighter versions for a total of 397 aircraft in 18 squadrons . By June 1942 this figure increased 496 aircraft . Philip Joubert de la Ferté was not satisfied . He believed the command was short of three land @-@ based and ten flying @-@ boat squadrons . He refuted the Air Ministry 's assertions that Coastal Command , in terms of suitable aircraft , was " comparatively well off " . After Arthur Harris ' appointment as GOC Bomber Command , the situation declined . Harris , since his days as a group captain at the Air Ministry 's strategic planning division , had attacked the use of resources in maritime aviation , suggesting that bombing enemy shipyards and port facilities would solve the threat to trade defence . By November 1942 , 259 Hudsons were available , but were shared by other services . The Whitley and Hampden were too vulnerable to operate near enemy coastlines without heavy fighter escort . Beaufort squadrons were sent to the Middle East to operate over the Balkans and North Africa . The highly successful de Havilland Mosquito was sought @-@ after , but priority was given to the other two air commands . By February 1943 , GOC Coastal Command John Slessor , had some 850 aircraft . But in respect of quality he was not impressed . Slessor continually wrote to the Air Ministry , complaining that Mosquitoes were being used as reconnaissance machines , while over 200 were being used by the RAF tactical air forces supporting the army , and merchant shipping was suffering high losses in the Atlantic . His successor Sholto Douglas ' written records indicate the desire to upgrade , rather than produce new aircraft . By his tenure , January 1944 , ten squadrons of Consolidated Liberators , five Vickers Wellingtons squadrons equipped with the Leigh light , and two Handley Page Halifax , Hudson , and Boeing Fortress squadrons were available . Among other technological developments , these long @-@ range aircraft helped defeat the U @-@ boats in May 1943 . = = = Official requirements = = = Until the fall of France in 1940 , the function of Coastal Command and its aircraft was to cover the English Channel , North Sea and Western Approaches . But the fall of Western Europe and Norway resulted in a vast hostile coastline from the North Cape to the Bay of Biscay . The entry of Italy into the war extended that threat to the Mediterranean . The Irish Sea covering the British western ports required a further three flying @-@ boat squadrons . In total , a further 200 long @-@ range aircraft were needed . The Blackburn Botha was unsuitable and the Anson and Hudson were expected to act as interim solutions . The Anson in particular had limited range and did not possess the capacity to carry heavy weaponry needed to sink a submarine . Towards the autumn of 1941 , U @-@ boats began operating further into the Atlantic . Coastal Command 's requirement programme was 150 Catalinas and 76 Sunderlands for 26 flying @-@ boat units ; 32 Liberators and 32 Wellingtons or Whitleys to equip four long @-@ range GR squadrons ; 64 Mosquitoes and 180 GR Hudsons for 15 medium to long @-@ range units ; 128 Beauforts for eight torpedo @-@ bomber squadrons ; and 160 Beaufighters for 10 long @-@ range fighter squadrons . However , four flying @-@ boats and two GR short @-@ range squadrons were to be sent to West Africa , and another three flying @-@ boat squadrons were for Gibraltar . By December 1941 operational requirements necessitated aircraft with an extra @-@ long @-@ range of 2 @,@ 000 miles as U @-@ boats were operating 700 miles from the British Isles . If patrols were deployed 350 – 600 miles covering port approaches , the enemy would move to the 600 – 700 mile area and out of range . By then ASV ( air @-@ to @-@ surface @-@ vessel ) radar homing had been developed , and aircraft were being developed with all @-@ weather and short @-@ take off capabilities . First priority went to Coastal Command Anti @-@ submarine warfare , units by this time . ( Anti @-@ submarine warfare was then denoted " A / S " but since been denoted " ASW " ) In January 1942 it was decided that the limit of long @-@ range aircraft endurance should be the crew ’ s limits , ( due to extreme aircrew fatigue seriously effecting efficiency ) not the fuel supply of the aircraft . De la Ferté decided , on 7 January , sorties should not exceed 14 hours , which reduced flying hours by four per mission . This was despite the entry of the very long @-@ range Liberators in June 1941 . The Liberator Mk I had a stated Air Ministry range of 2 @,@ 720 miles , but crew endurance methods now meant it would be airborne for just 2 @,@ 240 . De la Ferté wrote to the Ministry arguing the Liberator should be used for reconnaissance work , rather than bomb load for the solitary squadron being accepted at that time . The Liberator would assist in closing the ' Mid @-@ Atlantic Gap ' which U @-@ boats could operate in without worrying about air interdiction . After replacing Bowhill in 1941 , de la Ferté had issued a directive on 12 June 1941 to use Wellingtons and Whitleys as an interim solution to unrestricted submarine warfare now practised by the Germans . Their uneconomical operational cost meant immediate replacement of these medium @-@ range machines was pressing . Some Avro Lancasters and Halifaxes , with some difficulty , were seconded from Bomber Command . The Lancaster was denied as a large @-@ scale or long @-@ term replacement . The Chief of the Air Staff , Portal , argued it was the only aircraft capable of carrying an 8 @,@ 000 lb bomb to Berlin and could not be spared . As a result , the RAF 's official history does not include the Lancaster as a Coastal Command aircraft . With a range of 2 @,@ 350 miles it could have been invaluable . The Boeing Fortress was given to the service only because the Air Ministry considered it unfit as a heavy bomber . It issued a directive on 27 January 1942 stating all Fortresses were to given over to Coastal Command for A / S operations . No. 59 Squadron RAF , No. 206 Squadron RAF and No. 220 Squadron RAF all used the Fortress as successful reconnaissance aircraft . However , the bulk of the force by early 1942 was still medium @-@ range aircraft , which could now reach only 600 miles into the Atlantic . U @-@ boats were now operating at 700 miles plus . De la Ferté pushed his case hard to Portal to get the resources needed for the spring , 1942 . Portal had accepted that production of Sunderlands was " disappointing " and it had only just met wastage of the existing five squadrons . Portal also admitted a complete " lack of interest on the part of all concerned " . Portal insisted he would emphasis the Command 's case . But by February 1942 , the expected rate of new Catalina aircraft , which the command expected at a rate of three per week , with a final six to complete a batch of 30 before May , were offset by the move of three Catalina squadrons overseas ( No. 209 , 240 and 413 squadrons ) . The situation continued in the same way throughout 1942 . By March , the few suitable aircraft in operational service were nokt serviceable most of the time . By 15 January 1942 , de la Ferté knew just one @-@ fifth of his aircraft were operational . The situation slowly improved throughout the year despite mounting convoy losses and resistance from Bomber Command . By the time John Slessor succeeded de la Ferté as AOC @-@ in @-@ C , he identified 60 squadrons with a total of 850 aircraft , of which 34 were A / S squadrons , operating 450 machines . Slessor felt the Catalina was too vulnerable to U @-@ boat flak and the " prima donnas " , namely the Liberator with its long range , were not available in sufficient numbers . On 18 June 1942 the War Cabinet was told that Coastal Command had only 39 Liberators . When it became obvious that the losses to U @-@ boats were becoming unacceptable in March 1943 , Coastal Command was finally given sufficient resources it needed . = = = Anti @-@ Submarine Bomb = = = In September 1939 , as with most other aspects of A / S , no clear plan existed for the armament of Coastal Command 's aircraft . While operational control was given to the Admiralty , the faith of both services in ASDIC proved ill @-@ founded . It ruled out the submarine threat , and caused a refocusing on surface attacks . In addition , no A / S weapons had been developed properly in the inter @-@ war period . Most of the munitions were left over from the First World War , due in part to a wish to economise and the fact no order had been given to dispose of them . The primary weapon against the U @-@ boats in a future conflict was to be the 100 lb ( 45 kg ) anti @-@ submarine bomb ( ASB ) . It was developed in 1926 following a 1925 Admiralty request . Trials were undertaken in 1927 . Inexplicably , although the weapon was introduced and ready for testing in 1931 , not a single test was carried out against any submarines or to determine the bomb 's behaviour under water . The Air Ministry preferred 250 lb ( 110 kg ) and 500 lb ( 230 kg ) bombs , which were unacceptable to the Admiralty , due to corrosion issues in salt water , possible due to the ammonium nitrate fillings . Nevertheless , a trial order of 50 was placed in May 1939 . The 100 lb ( 45 kg ) A / S bomb proved useless . The aircraft available could only carry two , and even if they scored direct hits , little damage was done . = = = Depth Charges = = = Depth charges ( DCs ) were more promising . Only flying boats were able to carry the 450 lb ( 200 kg ) DC in service in 1939 . It could be dropped from low altitude which was an advantage considering no suitable bomb sight was available . On 16 August 1940 Captain Ruck @-@ Keene suggested DCs should be standard armament for A / S aircraft which the Admiralty accepted . Captain D. V. Peyton @-@ Ward suggested on 8 September all convoy escorting aircraft should be armed with DCs . The 450 lb ( 200 kg ) DC was modified for use with nose and tail fairings for safe usage , in case the aircraft had to ditch , the DC would not explode . It had a hydrostatic pistol which meant it would explode at 50 ft ( 15 m ) or more . ( This was later found to be too deep . ) Other weapons , such as the 250 lb ( 110 kg ) depth bomb , exploded on contact and was likely to porpoise . 450 lb ( 200 kg ) DCs were standard until September 1941 but were dangerous for use with aircraft that could not confirm accurate heights . At night , 250 lb ( 110 kg ) DCs were used instead . The 250 lb ( 110 kg ) weapon was cleared for use on 23 January 1941 and by May tests revealed the tail fin had improved the accuracy of the charge when dropped from any height up to 250 ft ( 76 m ) . The fins made less impact when dropped above this height . According to some claims , the 250 lb ( 110 kg ) DC had to be within 9 – 33 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 – 10 @.@ 1 m ) to be lethal ; operational records show the lethal radius was 19 ft ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) . The depth setting and detonation problems were solved by June 1942 and the 250 lb ( 110 kg ) DC proved a formidable A / S weapon . The pistols with a 32 ft ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) setting were available and Torpex @-@ filled weapons were now in circulation . In January 1945 , depth charges were further improved and settings of 16 – 24 ft ( 4 @.@ 9 – 7 @.@ 3 m ) , with a mean depth of 19 ft ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) , were achieved . Operational research by Peyton @-@ Ward improved weaponry . Interviewing crews he was responsible for implementing the Type 13 pistol which offered depth settings as shallow as 26 – 30 ft ( 7 @.@ 9 – 9 @.@ 1 m ) . Ward also developed the ' total release ' tactic , dropping the entire load at once , to ensure maximum chance of a kill . On 31 March 1942 , de la Ferté advised the Anti @-@ submarine Committee using both 500 lb ( 230 kg ) and 250 lb ( 110 kg ) DCs was not satisfactory . It was more efficient to release a large stick of 250 lb ( 110 kg ) DCs as the required lethal stick was four times the bombing error in range . The 250 lb ( 110 kg ) Mark VIII was not cleared for heights above 150 ft ( 46 m ) or speeds of 150 kn ( 280 km / h ; 170 mph ) , and de la Ferté hoped for a DC filled with Torpex that could be dropped at 200 kn ( 370 km / h ; 230 mph ) from 5 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) . The Director of Operational Research Office came up with a 600 lb ( 270 kg ) DC that could be dropped from 5 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) , but the Army and Navy received priority . By 5 June 1943 , the new type was in service , and developments continued in exploder technology from August 1943 to December 1944 . It was found it could be released at any height between 12 @,@ 000 – 5 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 700 – 1 @,@ 500 m ) , at any speed , with spacings greater than 80 ft ( 24 m ) . However , it came too late to effect A / S operations , and the 250 lb ( 110 kg ) DC remained the standard type . The 250 lb ( 110 kg ) Mark IX DC with Torpex filling dropped in sticks of four to eight , anywhere from " point @-@ blank altitude " and within 150 ft ( 46 m ) of the target , proved decisive . Despite the 25 lb ( 11 kg ) solid @-@ head rockets , the 600 lb ( 270 kg ) ASB , and the 40mm cannon , none , in the opinion of Slessor , compared with the Mark XI depth charge . = = = Machine guns and cannon = = = In March the first British @-@ made Browning machine guns were delivered to coastal aircraft units . The Browning and Vickers Gas Operated ( VGO ) .303 in ( 7 @.@ 7 mm ) machine guns became the standard weapon . The VGO fired at a rate of 900 rounds per minute , the Browning at 1 @,@ 030 . The Vickers was pan fed , and could jam , but the belt @-@ fed Browning was trouble free . Gun armament had to be reviewed as its weight curtailed range . On 21 October 1942 , two forward @-@ firing .303 in ( 7 @.@ 7 mm ) guns with enough ammunition for a 15 @-@ second burst weighed 400 lb ( 180 kg ) . Single .50 in ( 13 mm ) machine guns were considered , but dropped ; two guns increased the weight to 690 lb ( 310 kg ) . Enemy submarines and aircraft typically fired 20mm cannon and ranged up to 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 910 m ) , while .303 in ( 7 @.@ 7 mm ) machine guns had a range of only 400 yd ( 370 m ) . Some Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) units used .50 in ( 13 mm ) guns and increased the number on Sunderlands from seven to 18 to ward off air attack and suppress U @-@ boat flak . In 1937 , experiments on Hispano @-@ Suiza HS.404 cannons took place . Cannons were used for defence in the rear of the aircraft but were not successful in the Hudson . 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) cannons were tested in 1939 — most likely by Vickers S prototypes . Operational research documents explain that the weight , ammunition loads , and the fact the weapon fired too few rounds before components were worn out , contributed to the abandonment of its use . Instead , the cannons were given to anti @-@ shipping wings , such as the Beaufighters which proved successful. de Havilland Mosquitos fitted with a Molins " 6 @-@ pounder Class M " cannon , a modification of the QF 6 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank gun proved a hugely successful maritime strike aircraft . = = = Torpedoes = = = Torpedo capability was always considered paramount . The lack of suitable aircraft and shortage of the weapon itself resulted in the strike arm of Coastal Command being severely handicapped . As late as 10 December 1941 the torpedo resources were given to the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) which would receive 75 percent of all torpedoes . Torpedoes were sensitive and highly costly in production terms . The weather conditions off enemy coasts made their use more complicated and the depth of the water was considered too shallow . It was also uneconomical to use the weapon against low @-@ tonnage shipping , Coastal Command 's main target . Aside from that , the Beaufort torpedo @-@ bomber was being posted overseas from August 1941 onwards . On 11 June 1942 , a report from the ORS stated that maritime strike sorties should carry bombs rather than torpedoes as their main weapon . It was believed they were more effective , particularly if the new Mark XIV bombsight was available . A similar conclusion was made about the buoyant bomb which could not be used properly without the Mark XIV bombsight . The need for intensive training , a lack of aircraft , priority being given to the Navy , and production limitations for low @-@ level bomb sights ; all these factors influenced the policy on torpedo usage . During July , August and September 1941 trials were undertaken with Catalinas using Mark I and Mark II torpedoes of the British 18 inch torpedo series . It was suggested that a Mark XII could be used , although the speed of flight had to be reduced to 103 mph ( 166 km / h ; 90 kn ) at 35 feet . Without reliable altimeter to give the correct altitude , this was dangerous work as it made the Catalina an easy target for enemy flak . The Mark 24 Mine ( FIDO ) was an acoustic homing torpedo to be used after the dropping of DC loads . The first success with this weapon was soon after its introduction , when it was used in the sinking of U @-@ 388 on 20 June 1943 . A few days later , another was sunk . Publicity was lacking . Even the pilot was unable to see the weapons with their own eyes such was the secrecy surrounding them . = = = Rockets = = = Rocket projectiles were developed during the Second World War . In the case of Coastal Command , they were to be used in A / S and as maritime strike weapons . For aircraft use there were two different types of head : a 60 lb one with high explosive and a 25 lb armour @-@ piercing head of steel – known as the ' Rocket Spear ' . Groups of four rockets were arranged on under @-@ wing racks . Trials began in November 1942 and ended in February 1943 in respect of A / S. The firing range against U @-@ boats was considered to be 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 910 m ) or less and could be fired in pairs or salvos . The first recorded success was No. 48 Squadron RAFs sinking of U @-@ 594 on 4 June 1943 . The rockets tended to follow the line of flight of the aircraft rather than the line of sight . Tests indicated a 30 percent hit rate . However , just one hit was lethal to a U @-@ boat . Though effective against U @-@ boats , the later DCs were favoured . = = = Bombsights = = = Following the production of the 600 lb depth bomb , a Mark III angular @-@ velocity , low @-@ level bombsight was developed . At the eighth meeting of the Anti @-@ Submarine Committee , chaired by de la Ferté , on 16 December 1942 at H.Q. Coastal Command , they examined ORU reports of the results with the device . No. 59 Squadron RAF had been given the task of testing the sight and were operating the Liberator MkIII during the period that the results were gathered . AOC Wing Commander G.C.C Bartlett AFC & P / O H.R. Longmuir ( Bomber Leader ) presented the following report to the committee : Thirty @-@ four bombs were dropped by three aimers ( P / O H.R. Longmuir , F / O G.W. LaForme & F / O F.W.W. Cole ) at a stationary target , and later on a target towed at 8 knots [ 9.2mph ] . For [ a total of ] forty @-@ two bombs the average range error was 18yd [ yards ] . However it was considered the low @-@ level sight 's chief advantages would be demonstrated under operational conditions . The sight was considered a great advancement on any previous method of low @-@ level bombing , either by eye or with a bombsight . The best figures from No. 59 Squadron 's trials were 6 yd range error with release from 800 ft , and 5 yd error when approaching at 100 ft , but releasing from 400 ft with the aircraft 's nose slightly up . Some academics in the ORS stated a 20 yd error range existed but maintained the Mark III was promising . Some crews did not trust the device , which was the case when asked to use equipment of which they had little experience . Instead , many continued relying on their own trusted eyesight . A continued lack of resources meant there was no widespread use of the sights . In later months , the aircrew changed tactics and with new weapons , they decided that it would take too long to zero @-@ in on a target using the device . Pilots and crew often opted to use their own judgement by direct sighting with considerable success . = = = Sensors = = = Magnetic Airborne Detection ( MAD ) was used to detect submerged U @-@ boats . It consisted of a sensitive magnetometer installed in the cone of the aircraft ( mostly Catalinas ) that could detect anomalies in the Earth 's magnetic field within a range of 400 feet and was sensitive to detect a submarine to within a few feet . The mine was used in conjunction with a 65 @.@ 5 lb retro bomb . It was filled with 25 lb of Torpex and the weapon was rocket propelled backwards to the line of flight at a speed that counteracted the aircraft 's forward motion . It was released rearwards from rails on the wings of the aircraft . Thus , with the aircraft 's forward motion cancelled @-@ out by the rocket motor , the device fell directly onto the target . It possessed two advantages over the use of DCs ; no pre @-@ setting of depth was required , and the enemy was unaware of the attack if no hits were made . In July 1942 the U @-@ boats became aware of Coastal Command aircraft using another innovation – sonobuoys , which were thought of as the air equivalent of the Navy 's ASDIC . A U @-@ boat reported them on 29 July being dropped in the north transit area , and they were thought by the enemy to be devices for preventing U @-@ boats from travelling on the surface . They were , in fact , for detecting submerged U @-@ boats , and were used by No. 210 Squadron RAF , operating Sunderlands . In operational records they were coded High Tea . Most crews were unaware of their existence . The devices stayed in use until 1998 , when some wartime crews saw them for the first time . Until then the RAF had kept them secret . Even by May 1943 Mark II ASV ( Air @-@ to @-@ surface @-@ vessel ) was still being used . By then the German Metox receivers could detect the 1.5m radiations . A variable condenser was installed as an interim solution to reduce the strength of the signal . This gave U @-@ boats the impression the aircraft was moving away from it . There was a radical change in 1943 with radar equipment when the ASV Mark III was becoming available . Based on RAF Bomber Command 's H2S , it transmitted a much shorter wavelength of 9 @.@ 1 cm instead of 1.5m as with Mark Is and IIs and could not be detected by Metox receivers in U @-@ boats . Instead of fixed aerials there was a rotary scanner , and thus the return signals gave a visual trace through 360 degrees on a CRT known as the Plan Position Indicator ( PPI ) . The Mark II would only cover a forward arc , unlike the Mark III . The Mark III would indicate surface vessels via a dot on the screen while the coast would be given in the shape of an outline . Targets remained visible on the screen to within a quarter of a mile . The Mark III also suffered much less from ' sea return ' obscuring targets at short range . = = Training = = = = = Early years = = = During the 1920s and 1930s the only fully trained crews were pilots , other crew members being volunteers from skilled ground trades who underwent short courses in gunnery and bomb aiming . Pilots were responsible for navigation , and when accurate navigation was essential , a second pilot was carried . Early in 1936 the Air Navigation School had been formed at RAF Manston to take over this training for all pilots destined for Coastal and Bomber Commands . Conversion training for Flying Boats was also given there . From the start of the war to mid @-@ 1941 , Coastal Command had only one functioning Operational Training Unit ( OTU ) . Officially it had to provide training for 17 units . The pressure on the OTU was such that it offered little more than a conversion programme for pilots and crews hoping to man land @-@ based aircraft . In 1940 , Bomber Command was asked to support Coastal forces , even though at that time in the war it overstretched itself . Requests to the Air Ministry to meet outstanding OTU requirements were largely ignored . The single landplane OTU was established to train 1 @.@ 1 crews per month . This figure , on the outbreak of war , proved grossly inadequate . OTU squadrons , according to GOC Bowhill , should have been prepared to deliver an output of three crews per month for torpedo and fighter squadrons and two for General Reconnaissance units . Only at this point did the Air Ministry revise its policy . They did so , however , in a manner which indicated it still did not appreciate the problems of the Command . Bomber Command had received several months of ' working up ' and breathing space from the declaration of war to the German invasion of Western Europe , but Coastal Command had not . Furthermore , Bomber Command was given permission to merge several new squadrons into OTUs . It seemed as if Bomber Command was still receiving better treatment . For torpedo training it was even more difficult . Shallow water was needed to recover training duds . Torpedoes usually sank by 20 to 50 feet before making their run . Thorney Island was selected but then quickly ruled out as a useful site . It was later used , but at the time , its location near Portsmouth was considered too near the English Channel and as a result Turnberry in south @-@ west Scotland was selected instead with Fighter Command giving up the site to Coastal Command . These Torpedo Training Units ( TTU ) were formed in January 1943 . Training in this regard enabled the Command to cope with increasing demands for trained aircrews . The Air Ministry was unsympathetic to Coastal Command and the lack of any suitable place for aerodromes made improvements difficult to implement . OTU airfields required a number of features not available in all locations . The main requirement was a quiet area so that OTU flights would not interfere with stations that were already operational . To prevent losses to enemy air attacks , it was also necessary to keep OTUs as far away from enemy airspace as possible , while the sensitive airspace over convoy routes and near Scapa Flow were also inappropriate places to launch OTUs . By late 1940 there were severe shortages of pilots and wireless operators / gunners , with 100 pilots and 200 other personnel required . In the short term the OTU course was reduced to get the crews out to operational commands faster . It now took no longer than a month compared with the six to eight weeks considered necessary . This reduced the number of fit pilots , and the quality of pilots overall . The number of unfit pilots was recorded at 374 . To cope with the shortening of training , it had to have a well @-@ stocked general training programme . Coastal Command did not possess such an administration . Only 24 pupils were graduating when the minimum requirement was 64 . This was compensated by the removal of gunnery and bombing training and a reduction in night and formation flying . Still , Bomber Command received most of the 36 @,@ 000 aircrew between 1940 and 1942 . Entry requirements for crews were relaxed and the programmes found more recruits that way . Manpower was also supplemented by the Commonwealth with Canada providing some of the 6 @,@ 500 personnel sought by the Air Ministry . By the end of 1941 , the operational strength of Coastal Command increased by seven squadrons . In 1942 Coastal Command 's problems did not abate . Experienced crews were siphoned off to Malta , to undertake ASO against German and Italian shipping in the Mediterranean . Hudson , Blenheim and Beaufighter squadrons had shortfalls of 69 , 28 and 20 aircrews by January 1942 . The leftover crews , some 75 percent , were far off the 200 operational hours considered for a pilot to be experienced . Efficiency fell among squadrons . The mixing of experienced crews and the inexperienced damaged morale and accident rates increased . = = = Mid to late war = = = By late 1942 , training became sufficient in quality and the number of crews increased . For example , No. 17 Group RAF produced 238 trained crews in August 1943 , using the 1 @,@ 007 aircraft available . During that year , 1 @,@ 863 crews totalling some 11 @,@ 482 men , were trained on 14 different types of aircraft in 255 @,@ 800 hours . A combination of changed requirements and the formation of more specialist and advanced training overseas reduced the need for further expansion in 1944 . The figures in 1943 proved to be the highest annual out put of trained crews in wartime . With sufficient manpower now available , four OTUs were closed in 1944 . By July 1944 the 26 syllabuses increased to 38 and the course hours increased to 12 weeks and 87 hours . A / S training was soon set in two stages ; conversion training taking five to six weeks and 32 day and night flying training and then an operational phase , in which another 55 hours and 30 sorties were flown in five weeks . This phase included ten flights on radar and gunnery training . The specialised training was conducted from several schools . Anti @-@ submarine training was provided from the Combined Anti @-@ Submarine Training Centre at Maydown , beginning in May 1943 . Air @-@ Sea rescue schools were set up at Blackpool , equipped with Avro Ansons . Conversion units , such as No. 6 OTU , was detailed to provide conversion training for crews , who were to fly the Consolidated Liberator , Boeing Fortress and Handley Page Halifax . Training still remained below what was needed , owing to manpower requirements on the front line . It was not until October 1944 , that it became widely accepted to give crews refresher training on new types of aircraft , that this practice became policy . Even so , one conversion course was all that was afforded to any crew . Increasing the training hours from 72 to 87 helped in some respects . Also , by 1945 , it had become standard practice for Squadron Leaders to visit and help the OTUs keep pace with changes operational difficulties , by reporting back to the schools on how best the OTU establishment could serve the needs of Squadrons , through training or otherwise . Rather than introducing any revolutionary tactical doctrine , crews gradually became more experienced and increased their effectiveness that way , while specialist training was provided when it was required . Survival rates remained mediocre , owing to the nature of long @-@ range operations over water . However , with greater innovations , such as radar , better designed aircraft , and more potent weaponry , the crews built on their experiences and the service became an effective naval air service . = = Western Europe = = = = = Norwegian Campaign = = = On 16 February 1940 , No. 220 Squadron RAF Hudsons were sent on a mission to hunt down the Altmark , a German tanker responsible for the Altmark Incident . The tanker had several hundred British prisoners of war on board . No. 233 Squadron RAF aircraft spotted the ship entering Jøssingfjord , in neutral Norway . HMS Cossack was dispatched and recovered the men . On 9 April 1940 the Germans launched Operation Weserübung . Poor visibility enabled most of the German invasion fleet to evade detection until it was too late . Reconnaissance aircraft of Coastal Command had sighted and reported movements of the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau on 7 April . However , they were believed to be on exercise and not operations . They were sighted again the next day by No. 204 Squadron RAFs Sunderlands . Coastal Command was now ordered to carry out extensive reconnaissance operations in the North Sea and around the Norwegian Coast . It was the Command 's reconnaissance operations that located the German cruiser Königsberg in Bergen fjord . Blackburn Skuas of No. 800 and 803 Squadrons FAA sank the vessel . On 17 April a miscommunication between Coastal Command Blenheims resulted in the loss of air support for the cruiser HMS Suffolk . It came under intense attack and was badly damaged . It was beached and recovered at Scapa Flow . On 20 April 1940 No. 233 Squadron damaged the 1 @,@ 940 ton German ship Theodor in Grimstad fjord . Anti @-@ shipping missions and bombing attacks against enemy occupied airfields were carried out by No. 224 , 233 and 269 Squadrons without success . One aircraft was lost to flak . On 8 June , Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sank HMS Glorious and her two escorting destroyers . No. 22 , 233 , 224 , 269 and 42 Squadron and their Hudson , Skua , and Fairey Swordfish aircraft attempted to counter strike . Scharnhorst was repeatedly attacked but only hit twice along with an unnamed supply ship . Submarine HMS Clyde damaged Gneisenau . During the course of the attacks , eight Skuas were lost on one mission to a staffel ( Squadron ) of Messerschmitt Bf 110s . Another four Beauforts and at least one other unidentified British type was lost to enemy aircraft and flak . = = = Netherlands , Belgium and France = = = Coastal Command had begun scouting for German shipping near the Dutch coast in spring 1940 . Squadrons were working up on the Blenheim IV fighters at the time . However their preparation was short @-@ lived . The German assault on Western Europe on 10 May 1940 changed the tempo of events . On 11 May , No. 235 Squadron RAF was used to cover the landing of small British Army units near The Hague . Shortly after its capture , No. 22 Squadron RAF dropped ten 500 lb bombs on Waalhaven airport , Rotterdam . No. 206 Squadron conducted armed reconnaissance along the Dutch coast and after permission was received , No. 220 and 233 Squadrons bombed oil storage tanks at Hamburg and Bremen on 18 May . Five Beauforts made similar attacks on Rotterdam on 29 May , which caused extensive fires . The same day , No. 22 Squadron made the first daylight anti @-@ shipping attack on E @-@ boats in IJmuiden harbour . No. 40 and No. 500 Squadron conducted the same kind of strikes . During the Battle of Dunkirk the Command 's aircraft flew bombing missions against enemy ports and covered the evacuation effort . On 31 May 1940 , Pilot Officer P. Peters and his gunner LAC Pepper of No. 500 Squadron possibly shot down Coastal Command 's first air @-@ to @-@ air victories of the war by dispatching two Messerschmitt Bf 109s trying to intercept them . No. 220 Squadron shot down four Junkers Ju 87 Stukas on 1 June , while Hudsons of No. 206 managed to shoot down another two Bf 109s . However , air @-@ to @-@ air combat was rare for Coastal Command . No. 22 , 812 and 815 Squadrons engaged in mining operations off Denmark , the Netherlands and Belgium . By the end of the Dunkirk evacuation on 4 June 1940 , Coastal Command 's No. 16 Group RAF had flown 327 sorties in direct and indirect support of the Army and Navy . = = = Battle of Britain = = = The occupation of continental Europe and the Scandinavian North Sea coastline now meant tracking U @-@ boats and enemy warships making for the Atlantic was now more difficult with the thin resource pool available . Assets were needed for reconnaissance , air support for Sunderlands operating in the Atlantic approaches , and anti @-@ invasion patrol . However , any shipping of mainland Europe was likely to be hostile , which presented plenty of targets . No. 18 Group RAF continued offensive operations further north against German shipping near Norway . Its first success being the ' torching ' of a German freighter near Kristiansund on 22 June by a No. 220 Squadron crew . Priority was anti @-@ invasion operations . With the Battle of Britain underway , the Command was ordered to disrupt German preparations for Operation Sea Lion . In this respect , former RAF @-@ Army co @-@ operation squadrons , No. 53 and 59 , were handed to Coastal Command in July 1940 for these tasks . No. 254 Squadron was supplemented with No. 21 and 57 Squadron , Bomber Command , in attacking shipping off the Norwegian coast , as result of alerts that suggested a German amphibious assault from there . The Avro Ansons of No. 16 Group 's No. 500 Squadron was fitted out with extra armour plating and side mountings for defensive guns . A free mounted 20mm was installed in the lower fuselage to offer protection . Though no evidence exists to indicate it was a success , crews appreciated the extra security . The British Cannon Manufacturing Company , impressed with the innovation , built a specialised mount for it . They began operations along with Fairey Battles of No. 12 Squadron RAF and No. 142 Squadron RAF , Bomber Command , operating from Eastchurch . Some conversions were made ; No. 217 switched to Beauforts in May 1940 , but still operated some Anson aircraft , and No. 502 received the Whitley in October 1940 , a bitter disappointment for its crews . The Beaufort was too fast for the torpedoes available , so new tactics had to be developed and the aircraft was restricted to mine @-@ laying or bombing missions . It was soon grounded for other reasons . After No. 22 Squadron carried out more trials , it began operations on 31 August 1940 . On 11 September a torpedo attack succeeded in hitting a 6 @,@ 000 ton freighter . On 17 September No. 22 , 53 and 57 Squadron sank a 1 @,@ 600 ton freighter in Cherbourg harbour . An E @-@ boat was also destroyed and oil tanks were also set ablaze and burned uncontrollably for several days . The cost was a single Beaufort . Other notable actions included strikes on convoys by No. 42 Squadron RAF . On 10 October it attacked heavily defended convoys off Cherbourg , Dieppe and Le Havre . A 2 @,@ 500 ton German transport was sunk and one enemy fighter was destroyed , but the squadron lost 66 percent of its aircraft that embarked on the mission . No. 217 took part in attacks on Luftwaffe airfields in France , and Nos. 224 , 269 and 42 Squadrons made attacks on Norwegian rail targets late in the year . Anti @-@ barge operations were also carried out . These ships were to transport German Army units to Britain . On 13 September , they carried out another large raid on the Channel ports , sinking 80 large barges in the port of Ostend . Some 84 barges were sunk in Dunkirk after another raid on 17 September and by 19 September , almost 200 barges had been sunk . = = Battle of the Atlantic = = = = = State upon outbreak of war = = = Until late 1939 , A / S work had largely been ignored . In the opening months of the trade defence war , September 1939 to early 1940 , three main points arose in this respect . Firstly , the Germans were incapable of maintaining a sustained anti @-@ shipping campaign owing to a small number of U @-@ boats . Second , the Air Staff 's fear of massed air attacks on shipping did not take place and could be discarded . Thirdly , despite the first two points , losses to Allied shipping from U @-@ boat attack was enough for importance of A / S to increase . The Royal Navy 's belief in an ASDIC equipped surface fleet to effectively sweep the seas clear of U @-@ boats proved unfounded ( owing to the limitations of ASDIC and vulnerability of surface vessels ) . Coastal Command aircraft had proven best able to locate U @-@ boats , but the flawed anti @-@ submarine bombs ( ASBs ) meant that they could not inflict severe damage to enemy submarines . Losses in the North Atlantic had been just under 50 @,@ 000 tons from September 1939 to June 1940 . This was about to get worse , when France and the Low Countries fell in May to June 1940 . U @-@ boats could operate from French Atlantic ports , reducing their need to make the dangerous journey from ports in Norway or Germany around Scotland , and increasing their operational range in the ocean by several hundred miles . The Luftwaffe with its small , but valuable fleet of Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 200 Condors , could now operate from the same area . From June 1940 onwards , the Battle of the Atlantic began in earnest . = = = Versus the Commerce Raiders = = = While the British proclaimed the Battle of the Atlantic open on 6 March 1941 , attempts by the German Kriegsmarine to disrupt British trade routes had begun before the start of the war . The Graf Spee had slipped into the Atlantic in August 1939 , and had caused significant damage in the south Atlantic , before being eliminated as a threat in Montevideo harbour , in the aftermath of the Battle of the River Plate . Other operations were mounted by Admiral Scheer and Admiral Hipper into British waters in 1940 with various success . Although Coastal Command was tasked with shadowing German surface fleets , Coastal Command had not contributed to any effective engagements fought with German commerce raiders until 1941 . From 8 to 10 October 1939 , Gneisenau and Scharnhorst had been spotted by Coastal Command in the North Sea . However , they were incapable of inflicting damage to the ships . When Bomber Command arrived they could not locate the vessels as they had not been trained to locate enemy vessels at sea , or attack moving targets . Coastal Command also failed to detect the breakout of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau during Operation Berlin in 1941 . The German warships succeeded in sinking 22 merchant ships , although all were sailing independently . However , after their return to port , on 6 April , and being located by a reconnaissance Spitfire , Coastal Command 's No. 22 Squadron , from St. Eval in Cornwall launched a strike by six Beauforts . Only one , piloted by Flying Officer Kenneth Campbell succeeded in making a torpedo @-@ run . With 250 anti @-@ aircraft guns , flak ships and Gneisenau 's own guns , Campbell and his crew were shot down and killed , but not before the torpedo struck the ship on the stern below the waterline , putting it out of action for months . Campbell was awarded the Victoria Cross . The other members of his crew were Sergeants J.P Scott , W. Mullis , R.W Hillman . Not long afterwards , the Kriegsmarine launched Operation Rheinübung . The Bismarck and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen set out into the Atlantic from Norway . Their target was the Atlantic Convoys . During the later stage of the Bismarck operation , a Catalina of No. 209 Squadron RAF spotted the vessel , just 650 miles short of his destination port of Brest , France . It relayed the message to the British Fleet , enabling Fairey Swordfish aircraft to intercept . An 818 Naval Air Squadron FAA aircraft piloted by Sub @-@ Lieutenant John Moffat hit the Bismarck with a torpedo on its stern , jamming its rudder gears , which eventually led to its sinking . Prinz Eugen had been detached prior to Bismarck 's last battle . Despite her discovery by Coastal Command 's aircraft further south , she escaped to Brest on 1 June . Rheinübung was the last attempt by a Kriegsmarine surface ship to breakout into the Atlantic . One of Coastal Command 's notable failures was to prevent the German Operation Cerberus from being carried out . Scharnhorst , Gneisenau , and Prinz Eugen had escaped their base at Brest , in France , and sailed for Germany through the English Channel . They succeeded without suffering major damage . Coastal Command only had one complete and one half trained squadron of Beuaforts covering the area from Norway to the Bay of Biscay , or only three aircraft for every 100 mi ( 160 km ) . Intercept operations by the RAF , FAA , and Royal Navy failed , with heavy losses in aircraft . = = = Versus the Condors = = = Coastal Command was assigned to the mission of defending the Convoys from aerial assault also . It lacked the proper training , tactics and suitable aircraft to pose a serious threat to Luftwaffe operations until the beginning of 1942 . The Luftwaffe had also neglected naval aviation . Its only suitable weapon for use in the battle of the Atlantic was the Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 200 Condor . The Fw 200s began attacks in July 1940 from airfields in occupied France . At the time , Coastal Command had only 60 Avro Ansons , Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys , Short Sunderlands , and Lockheed Hudsons , all too slow and lightly armed to intercept the Fw 200 . Most were also short @-@ range . The Sunderland had the firepower and endurance , but was too slow to catch the Condor . Only one or two aircraft were sent to cover convoys as they approached Britain as a result air @-@ to @-@ air combat was rare . Only five recorded actions took place . The results were two RAF aircraft destroyed ( one Hudson and one Whitley ) for two Luftwaffe Condors destroyed and one damaged . Between August 1940 and February 1941 , Fw 200s sank 85 vessels for a claimed total of 363 @,@ 000 Grt . The entry of the Beaufighter meant Coastal Command had an aircraft capable of dealing with the Condors . Armed with four 20mm cannons in its nose and being 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) faster than the Fw 200 , it proved to be potent . On 6 April 1941 a Beaufighter shot down a Fw 200 . Two more Fw 200s were damaged in 1942 by the Beaufighters and five were shot down in 1943 despite Condors making an effort to stay away from Beaufighter @-@ escorted convoys . This became impossible as the numbers of the RAF aircraft rose . In December 1943 , de Havilland Mosquitos were used en masse in the Bay of Biscay , making Condor operations " suicidal " . = = = Versus the U @-@ boats , 1939 – 41 = = = A / S operations in 1939 were complicated by the inadequacy of effective armament more than by lack of long @-@ range aircraft . Until the modification of the DC to suit its use by aircraft , the Command was left with 100 and 250 lb ( 45 and 113 kg ) bombs , which were useless against U @-@ boats . Sinking of merchant vessels was immediate , and on 13 November 1939 , a directive effectively made all sorties A / S missions . This was essential , given the sinking of 73 ships in the first two months of war . However , squadrons lacked the weapons , aircraft , and means of detecting U @-@ boats . Convoys from Britain lacked the surface vessel escort after 13 ° W. Hudsons could only make sweeps up to 17 ° W but lacked endurance to stay there . From Gibraltar , the lack of flying boats meant a lack of air cover after 100 miles . Nevertheless , great efforts were made with limited resources to provide cover from first to last light , the time when U @-@ boats could use the rising and setting sun to see the silhouettes on the horizon . However , it was more difficult in practice . The French were still a vacillating ally until the spring / summer , 1940 , but the Command was still stretched by German naval forces operating from Germany , and then Norway . The Germans used surface vessels and U @-@ boats to breakout into the Atlantic by using periods of dark , in winter , and weather conditions unfavourable to aircraft that were still without radar . Tiger Moth biplanes were used , as were civil pilots , to compensate for the lack of Hudsons . These machines were also without armament to defend from enemy fighters . It could carry 250 lb DCs , but there was no sufficient stock . Only 100 lb bombs could be used by the Anson , and they were ineffective . Crew were also insufficiently trained . In January 1940 , the U @-@ boats opened another offensive . Some 21 Submarines sank 42 ships . All were east of 11 ° W , and thus within range of the Command ’ s aircraft . The situation worsened , although it was not disastrous until after the collapse of France . The need for long @-@ range aircraft was identified by the first success of Coastal Command . A No. 228 Squadron Sunderland sighted a U @-@ boat , German submarine U @-@ 55 ( 1939 ) , enable to submerge after sinking three ships . It directed Destroyers to engage it . U @-@ 5	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
5 was scuttled . Had it not been for the Sunderland , the submarine would have escaped . In May and June , at the very western end of the English Channel , U @-@ boats began operating effectively . Some 17 attacks were made by aircraft on the U @-@ boats , none successful . The ASB was ordered to be replaced with the DC . No specialised aerial DCs were available . A modified 450 lb Naval DC was used . No effective tactics were available to locate U @-@ boats . By 1940 , they attacked at night , and on the surface . ASDIC was useless against surfaced submarines , and flares could not be used at the low altitude required by aircraft to make an attack . To combat this , closer co @-@ operation by the Navy and Coastal Command was needed . Using the French ports , U @-@ boats targeted many of their victims just east of 20 ° W. The services set up the ACHQ ( Area Combined Headquarters ) for A / S operations in the Atlantic . Organisation and inter @-@ service was born , and became the ‘ nerve centre ’ of the Atlantic war . However , the units still required ASV , means of illuminating , and attacking targets , not mention aircraft with endurance . The Air Ministry refused . RAF Fighter Command was to receive the priority , to make good losses from the Battle of Britain . During 1 October to 1 December 1940 , 100 Allied ships were sunk . In the First Happy Time , May 1940 to 2 December 1940 , the U @-@ boats sank 298 ships for more than 1 @.@ 6 million tons , almost all in the Northwest Approaches . This included 37 tankers ( 27 British ) . Most of these kills were made by 18 U @-@ boats . This success was achieved without the help of the Luftwaffe , which had itself , failed to appreciate the importance of maritime aviation . Meaningful German convoy reconnaissance had been nonexistent . More effective tactics had to be used if there were to be no greater resources for the Command . Two major changes adopted by Coastal Command were sweeps over convoy routes and sweeps against U @-@ boat transit routes . According to German and Italian submarine logs , both were effective and denied them the chance of shadowing convoys on the surface . It also rapidly increased the chances of a kill . The transit tactic over the Bay of Biscay resulted in many air @-@ to @-@ air and air @-@ to @-@ submarine combats , reaching its peak in 1943 . As it was , in 1940 the Command was credited with just two sinkings with Navy vessels , one sunk unaided , and two damaged . The damaged ships could have been sunk had proper weapons been available . In 1941 the situation improved . From 1 January to 5 March 1941 , 79 ships were sunk . In return , just one U @-@ boat was damaged . But in August to December , three were sunk and another three damaged by air attack . With just 12 U @-@ boats at sea this was a considerable achievement . DCs were being circulated to squadrons and ASV was coming online , though some crews did not believe in its ability to detect submarines . Coastal Command issued tactical instructions to enact ' full release ' of DCs , spaced 60 feet apart , and set at a depth of 50 feet . Later , pistols achieved 25 – 32 feet depth . The spacing was later altered to 100 feet . The ' total release ' was questioned . A miss could mean the exhausting of ammunition for other sightings . Aircraft like the Wellington could carry ten 250 lb ( 110 kg ) DCs , one of which could sink a U @-@ boat if it hit within 13 ft ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) . Total release of 10 DCs would be wasteful . The aircraft were ordered to attack within 30 seconds of a sighting , as U @-@ boats could dive in that time . Some crews attacked below the 100 foot altitude stated and had to avoid striking the submarine . The modified naval 450 lb ( 200 kg ) DC could not be released at over 150 kn ( 170 mph ; 280 km / h ) , as it broke up . The 250 lb ( 110 kg ) DC could be dropped at speeds of 200 kn ( 230 mph ; 370 km / h ) and was very accurate . It became the standard weapon . Along with Ultra breakthroughs , ASV also helped contain the U @-@ boat threat in 1941 . Maximum range for contact with a U @-@ boat was 15 mi ( 24 km ) . Medium range was about 9 mi ( 14 km ) . Variable capacitors were introduced to reduce the strength of the ASV output signal to make it harder for U @-@ boats to detect searching aircraft . By July 1941 , improvements and intelligence drove U @-@ boats some 300 mi ( 480 km ) west , into the Atlantic , where there was less density of shipping and no air support . However , British air patrols were reduced as the enemy was now 500 miles from their bases . Aircraft density was reduced by 80 percent at 500 miles . At this time , the Command had to formulate a new strategy to combat the U @-@ boats . During the preceding months , the Command had contributed little to the U @-@ boat war . It contributed to the capture of U @-@ 570 , renamed Graph , and shared in three kills with naval forces . In addition , out of 245 air attacks on submarines , just 10 to 12 were damaged. de la Ferté , on taking office as AOC Coastal Command , demanded more focused effort on offensive operations against the U @-@ boats . What de la Ferté meant by " offensive operations " was interdiction of U @-@ boats in transit , from the U @-@ boat pens on the French Atlantic coast into the north Atlantic : The trunk of the Atlantic U @-@ Boat menace , the roots being in the Biscay ports and the branches spreading far and wide , to the North Atlantic convoys , to the Caribbean , to the eastern seaboard of the North America and to the sea @-@ lanes where the faster merchant ships sail without escort . The Bay of Biscay was the main transit point for U @-@ boats heading into the Atlantic . Five out of six U @-@ boats took this route , and passed within range of RAF air bases . Coastal Command resolved to interdict these routes , from June to November 1941 , and was known as the " First Bay Offensive " . The offensive was ineffective . In the period , 1 September to 30 November , 3 @,@ 600 flying hours were made , producing 31 sightings , 28 attacks , which possible heavily damaged only five U @-@ boats . The only kill came on the last day of the offensive , when U @-@ 206 was sunk by a Whitley of No. 502 Squadron RAF which was guided by ASR . = = = Versus the U @-@ boats , 1942 – 43 = = = In 1942 the Allies lost some 8 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 tons of shipping , and though they replaced 7 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 tons , U @-@ boats still managed to sink 1 @,@ 160 out of the 1 @,@ 664 Allied ships lost . Most of these sinkings took place in the mid @-@ Atlantic gap , well within range of long @-@ range Sunderlands and Liberators , only the Command lacked these aircraft in quantity . Following the entry of the United States of America into the war , German U @-@ boats had plenty of targets . Coastal Command found it difficult to maintain strength . Its units now operated from the United States , West Africa , the Mediterranean , Iceland , Russia , Gibraltar , North Africa and the Middle East . Squadrons were also sent to the Pacific Theatre of Operations . On the positive side , Coastal Command began increasing its AS efficiency . Rocket Projectiles , 250 lb DC with improved pistols for shallower depths and Leigh lights were introduced . ASV radar , despite the priority of Bomber Command , was also coming into use . On 6 July 1942 a U @-@ boat was sunk with the help of the Leigh light . This triggered some 42 sinkings with the help of the device . The Germans provided some respite from ASV radar with the French Metox radar warning receiver . The Allies responded by reducing the signal , making it more difficult for the Germans to detect them . Later , 9 @.@ 1 cm wavelength radar was introduced , overcoming U @-@ boat countermeasures . Coastal Command sank 27 U @-@ boats in 1942 and damaged 18 more . Some of these kills were shared with the Navy . Bomber Command , by contrast , whose priority garnered them greater resources at the expense of Coastal Command , failed to destroy a single completed U @-@ boat on the slip until April 1944 . Arthur Harris , GOC Bomber Command , deplored the use of aircraft for defensive purposes and insisted the threat would be checked by attacking production . An indication of the effectiveness of air tactics was the fact very few Allied ships were sunk within 600 miles of British waters by late 1942 . Between June 1942 to June 1943 , 71 enemy submarines were sunk by the command . In February 1943 , John Slessor took over as AOC . During this time , a debate was taking place in the RAF over how best to attack U @-@ boats and sink them in large numbers . Arthur Harris , AOC Bomber Command , and the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) , were in favour of knocking out their bases and attacking submarine construction yards . Partly this was a mark of the AOCs in the air forces , particularly Harris , who hated using ' his ' bombers in what he considered to be " defensive " roles . Slessor agreed with the need to take the war to the U @-@ boats . He preferred attacking the German vessels in the Bay of Biscay , in transit to the Atlantic . His operational tool was Air @-@ Vice Marshal G.R Bromet 's No. 19 Group . The offensive became collectively known as " The Second Bay Offensive " . Operation Gondola , lasting from 4 – 16 February . This operation included two B @-@ 24 squadrons with SCR 517 ( ASV III ) radar . A total of 300 sorties were managed , 19 sightings and 8 attacks were made . Only one U @-@ boat ( German submarine U @-@ 519 ( 2 ) ) was sunk by No. 2 Squadron . The US units were then abruptly moved to the Moroccan Sea Frontier , despite the protests of Slessor . While Slessor lost some units , his ASW capability was enhanced with the arrival of H2S radar , which was used in Coastal Command 's operations over the Bay and was undetectable to Metox . On the night of the 2 / 3 February , a Stirling bomber was shot down over Rotterdam , enabling the Germans to examine the radar and develop counter measures . They were shocked by the advanced nature of its design , which had proven their own research to be wide of the mark . Harris had won the majority of the resources for Bomber Command and used H2S . The radar was , however , used for ASW . No. 172 Squadron RAF and No. 407 Squadron RCAF had the device fitted to supplement their Leigh Lights . No. 172 attacked the first U @-@ boat , U @-@ 333 on 5 March , but was shot down . The submarine noted the lack of warning , and sent the warning to U @-@ boat command . However , Operation Enclose , 20 – 28 March 1943 achieved revenge . During this period , 41 U @-@ boats passed through the Bay , with 26 sightings and 15 attacks . Only U @-@ 665 was sunk , by a No. 172 Squadron Wellington . Operation Enclose II , on 6 to 13 April , sighted 11 and attacked four of the 25 submarines passing through , sinking one U @-@ boat ; U @-@ 376 , sunk by No. 172 Squadron . Operation Derange soon followed , and Bromet was able to deploy 70 ASV III equipped B @-@ 24s , Wellingtons , and Halifaxes . Only one U @-@ boat ( U @-@ 526 ) , was sunk , and it was dispatched by a mine . The offensive ended on 30 April 1943 . The results had been disappointing . The Command had flown 80 @,@ 443 hours , lost 170 aircraft , sunk 10 submarines , and damaged 24 . While the Bay Offensive had failed in the spring , in the mid @-@ Atlantic , a turn in fortunes was experienced by Coastal Command . In 1943 , the Command received the long @-@ range aircraft it needed . The Liberator and increased numbers of British types , including the Halifax and Lancaster bomber , in part , were diverted to Coastal Command to deal with the U @-@ boat threat in March . In May the Command sighted 202 U @-@ boats and attacked 128 . The Command lost heavily during this period , but it succeeded in inflicting a decisive defeat on the U @-@ boats . Moreover , German blockade runners were prevented from carrying their cargo to Germany @-@ held ports in France . During the year 1943 , U @-@ boat losses amounted to 258 to all causes . Of this total , 90 were sunk by Coastal Command , and 51 damaged . Up until that time , in May 1943 , Coastal Command had sighted submarines on 825 occasions , which resulted in 607 attacks . Only 27 were sunk , and three were shared destroyed . Another 120 were damaged . Against those figures , 233 aircraft , 116 of which were lost owing to weather conditions , were destroyed . Of this figure , 179 were from No. 19 Group RAF , attacking U @-@ boats over the Bay of Biscay . The defeat of the U @-@ boats in the mid @-@ Atlantic and their withdrawal , meant the Bay of Biscay became congested with German submarines seeking refuge . Thus , AOC Slessor revisited the interdiction strategy which had been tried , and failed in 1941 and 1943 . This time , there were crucial differences . Firstly , the improvement of radar had enhanced detection of submarines , submerged and surfaced , and intelligence breakthroughs , in which the British Ultra organisation had broken the naval Enigma codes and confirmed a major change in German strategy , enabled the British to focus on the Biscay . When renewed air operations began over the Bay , the Command found U @-@ boats not only adhering to a new strategy ( of avoidance ) , they discovered the Germans obeying new tactical instructions . The German crews were ordered to transit the Bay in groups , submerged , and at night , but on the surface in daylight , to concentrate their defensive fire . Later U @-@ boat designs had their firepower upgraded for this purpose . Also , the Luftwaffe provided Junkers Ju 88 night fighters to escort the submarines . The increased firepower and determination of German air and submarine crews to fight it out did not deter British crews . The Third Bay Offensive became the bloodiest in the aircraft @-@ submarine battle yet , which involved heavy losses . Despite efforts to defend themselves , by 17 June , air attacks had forced German submarines to make the trip submerged during daylight . The effects were not just indirect ; patrols also inflicted increasing losses on U @-@ boats . From 1 July to 2 August 1943 , 86 submarines passed through the Bay ; 55 were sighted and 16 sunk , in exchange for 14 aircraft . The Luftwaffe made a significant effort to defend the submarines . In August , 17 aircraft and six Allied fighters were lost in aerial combat over the Bay . Dornier Do 217 and Ju 88s , equipped with Henschel Hs 293 radio @-@ controlled glide bombs , were also used and forced Royal Navy units to abandon attacking submarines in the region . The German submarines were ordered to ' hug ' the Spanish coast , which was at the limit of Coastal Command 's range , and in neutral territory . ( Spain was Axis friendly , so unlikely to protest . ) This tactical move corrected Dönitz 's earlier mistakes of allowing transit within range of Allied air bases , and the Germans regained a measure of safety in the Bay . The successes won in July 1943 , had reached their peak , and would not be repeated . = = = Versus the U @-@ boats , 1944 – 45 = = = The defeat of the U @-@ boats in May 1943 did not signal the end of the Battle of the Atlantic . Some 60 vessels remained , and posed a threat to convoys . In later months , the Schnorchel , a device originated by the Dutch and later adopted by the Kriegsmarine after the Germans invaded the Netherlands were capable of allowing a U @-@ boat to replace its air supply and vent its diesel exhaust without surfacing became available . However , it was sensitive to the weather , and put immense pressure and strain on crews who had to remain submerged for long period in hostile waters . Further , Coastal 's Mark III radar could detect the mast . The smoke emitted was visible from 1 @,@ 000 feet . In some cases the mast itself could be seen , some one foot in diameter , projecting two feet and moving at 12 – 15 knots . The technological response was to use High Tea , a series of sonobuoys dropped by aircraft onto the surface of the sea to detect U @-@ boats . By late 1943 , the U @-@ bootwaffe was losing 20 percent of its strength per month . Some 70 percent that did return were seriously damaged . Despite the end of the third and final air offensive over the Bay of Biscay , patrols continued until the liberation of France . The Bay of Biscay patrol statistics for the period 1 May to 2 August 1943 , show Coastal Command had flown for 32 @,@ 343 hours and lost 57 aircraft to all causes , sinking 28 U @-@ boats and damaging 22 . From 3 August 1943 to 31 May 1944 , it flew 114 @,@ 290 hours , losing 123 aircraft to all causes , and sinking 12 U @-@ boats and damaging ten more . In 1944 and 1945 , U @-@ boats became less and less effective . They remained at sea to tie down as much Allied air and sea forces as possible , to relieve pressure on the other two services ( Heer and Luftwaffe ) . When the Allies launched Operation Overlord in June 1944 , U @-@ boats attempted to interdict shipping , but lost 24 of their number from 6 — 30 June . A further 12 submarines from Norway joined 35 from French ports for operations , only to suffer 50 attacks on the first day . Six returned due to damage . On 25 August 1944 , owing to the Allied advance toward U @-@ boat ports , all submarines were ordered to Norway . This evacuation from France was complete by 30 September . Between 6 June and 31 August 20 out of 30 Schnorchel boats were lost . For Coastal Command , the end of 1944 witnessed the interception of 47 percent of all sighted U @-@ boats , which resulted in a 20 percent of those attacked being sunk . The main Allied detector at this time was the Magnetic Airborne Detector ( MAD ) . MAD entered service in 1943 , only to find its targets had vanished from coastal waters . It was able to plot and recognise distortions in Earth 's magnetic field caused by submarines . It took some skill to use and only worked if it was directly above the target . It also was only effective at low altitudes . It had some success in the Gibraltar strait , but was ineffective in British waters owing to different conditions . The only recorded MAD victory in British waters was the sinking of U @-@ 1055 on 30 April 1945 off Ushant . Another invention was the American 3 @-@ cm radar and sonobuoy . These devices , along with the Mark 24 Mine ( Fido ) , was responsible for the destruction of U @-@ 905 and U @-@ 296 , sunk by No. 86 Squadron RAF and No. 120 Squadron RAF . However , as the last year of the war dawned , the Germans regained some ground in the technology battle . Grand Admiral Dönitz had not yet given up hope of achieving strategic effect in the U @-@ boat war . The Types XXI , XXII , and XXIII were becoming available , and in an attempt to impose some effect , he ordered operations in British home waters . These designs were faster , and more difficult to detect . German operations with five Type XXIIIs in British waters sank seven ships without loss , two of these on 7 May 1945 . By the end of April , 12 Type XXIs had completed trials and 99 more were on trials , but only one Type XXI became operational before the surrender . Their introduction came too late . The bulk of operations were continued by older , Type VII submarines . The type suffered heavy losses to Allied aircraft , losing 23 in British waters in the last five weeks of the war . Now experiencing a " Happy Time " in reverse , submarines in the Baltic Sea lost 50 of their number , and 83 in total to Allied aircraft . In response , German submarines flowed out of the Baltic to Norway through the mined coastal waters , close to the Swedish coast . Coastal Command 's No. 16 Group and No. 18 Group RAF had success against these submarines in April and May 1945 . German crews travelled on the surface , for fear of mines , exposing them to air attack . Mosquitoes and Beaufighters from the two groups sunk several vessels . The last kill took place on 7 May 1945 , when Flight Lieutenant K. Murray , flying a No. 210 Squadron RAF Catalina , crippled U @-@ 320 . The submarine foundered two days later with all hands . In the last three years of the war , Coastal Command sank more U @-@ boats than any other service and continued to hold the technological advantage from 1943 onwards . A brief threat , in the shape of the German Type XXI and Type XIII emerged , too late to alter the outcome . The Allies held the technological edge from 1943 onward . Official wartime operations ceased at midnight on 4 June 1945 . The last mission was flown by Wing Commander J. Barret DFC , GOC No. 201 Squadron RAF . By that time over 2 @,@ 000 decorations had been awarded . These included four Victoria Crosses , 17 George Medals , and 82 Distinguished Service Orders . = = Offensive operations , 1940 — 1945 = = = = = Early struggle = = = Up to the end of 1940 , Coastal Command 's Anti @-@ shipping Operations ( ASO ) campaign against German seaborne trade in north @-@ west European waters had claimed a direct attack on only six vessels , totalling 5 @,@ 561 tons , and 14 others badly damaged . In exchange , 158 aircraft were shot down or lost to other causes ; 26 for every enemy vessel . Human casualties amounted to 600 men including 46 to 50 POWs . Coastal Command 's performance contrasted heavily with the service ' joint mine @-@ laying effort with Bomber Command , that sank 86 enemy vessels in the same period , ( totalling 82 @,@ 983 tons ) and ten others damaged for the loss of just 31 aircraft . The performance of Coastal Command 's strike wings was down to poor intelligence and equipment , which it was refused , in favour of diverting them to other roles . As there was no defined anti @-@ shipping role in pre @-@ war plans , obtaining information on the enemy 's seaborne commercial traffic did not receive high priority , and once the war started , it was difficult to establish quickly the means of acquiring this information , especially after the fall of Norway and France in April and May 1940 . The extent of the intelligence vacuum at the start of Coastal Command 's campaign is demonstrated by the fact that Air Ministry planners were unaware of the heavy anti @-@ aircraft armament being fitted to enemy merchant vessels . Casualty rates , often in excess of 20 percent , clarified matters in 1940 . The failure of Coastal Command to acquire any tangible results prompted the Admiralty to complain to the Air Ministry on 5 November 1940 . In December it was agreed that 15 of the planned new 100 RAF squadrons be given to Coastal Command . These were to be operational by 1941 . In the interim , four aircraft were to be given to each of the squadrons to bolster their strength , while a further Beaufort fighter and Beaufort torpedo bomber squadron were also made available . In mid @-@ 1941 , just as ASO units were finding their feet , a large number of personnel and aircraft were sent to Malta ( and the Desert Air Force ) to interdict Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps supplies from Italy to North Africa . Adding to the problem was a shortage of materials and testing facilities . Restocking squadrons and re @-@ equipping them was slow . Not until 1942 did the ASO squadrons get the recognition needed , in the wake of the German Operation Cerberus . Maintenance was also poor . Each service was to maintain an operational ready rate of 70 to 75 percent . In Coastal Command it was 40 , and not much higher in others at that point . Greater emphasis was made and serviceability increased . The Operations Research Section ( ORS ) was also set up in light of the success of such programs in Fighter and Bomber Commands . Many scientists were appointed to the ORS Coastal Command . Some acted as advisors to Air Marshal Bowhill . Four sections were set up ; planned flying and maintenance , ASO , A / S , and weather and navigation . Resources were spread evenly . However , A / S received more attention . The rest did not receive close attention until 1943 , when the U @-@ boats had been contained and a certain degree of ascendancy achieved . In July 1941 , Blenheims from Bomber Command 's No. 2 Group joined the campaign . They claimed 104 vessels sunk and 72 damaged . Only 73 vessels totalling 178 @,@ 000 tons were credited destroyed and 62 vessels , totalling 96 @,@ 780 tons damaged . Intelligence in August 1941 saw this drop to 31 destroyed ( 73 @,@ 348 tons ) and 58 ( 148 @,@ 000 tons ) damaged . Post @-@ war assessments reveal even this was over stated . Final figures were seven sunk ( 9 @,@ 556 tons ) and six ( 13 @,@ 088 ) seriously damaged . The figures improved after the autumn 1941 . More resources , better training and equipment including more capable strike aircraft resulted in increasing kill numbers . By 1942 , increased numbers of better aircraft and armament enabled the offensive capabilities of the Command to increase dramatically . = = = Later years = = = The Bristol Beaufort solved medium @-@ range operational problems but long @-@ range strikes were beyond the type . No. 2 Group RAF from Bomber Command took on ASO from March to October but their Blenheims were not suitable . The answer lay with the Bristol Beaufighter . It offered a combination of speed , rugged endurance , and multi @-@ role capability with a variety of different armament . It became operational in early 1942 . It made an immediate impact . In September 1942 , 15 squadrons of these aircraft were to be created by April 1943 into special ASO units , or Strike Wings . The first came into operation in November 1942 , with No. 143 , 236 and 254 squadron based at North Coates . The inexperienced crews initially suffered heavy casualties for little return . But when withdrawn and intensively trained , the wing returned in April 1943 with success . In May 1943 the de Havilland Mosquito joined the wing and on 22 June they began operations with rockets . One of the first Mosquito @-@ equipped Coastal Units was No. 333 ( Norwegian ) squadron , on 10 May . In October FB VI Mosquitoes were used , and later the XVIII fitted with the 57mm Molins cannon was also used as the Mosquito ' Tsetse ' , and a planned larger @-@ gunned version of the ' Tsetse ' with a 3.7in anti @-@ aircraft artillery gun modified for use as an anti @-@ tank gun , the OQF 32 pdr , was tested in a similar manner in a single Mosquito , although this did not fly until after the war . Both rockets and the 57mm Molins cannon were effective , and the Command had the aircraft to begin large @-@ scale ASOs . By January 1944 , German construction was not keeping pace with losses . In the period , January to April 1944 , the Germans lost 38 @,@ 202 tons of shipping , directly to Coastal Command 's operations . In June to August , seven vessels were sunk in Norwegian waters . The Banff Wing sank 17 vessels , totalling 23 @,@ 582 tons in September to December 1944 . They shared in the destruction of two and damaged 10 , for a total of 10 @,@ 000 tons . During this time , the Mosquitoes main weapon was the 25 lb ( 11 kg ) rocket . The following ASO kill account was obtained by Coastal Command aircraft : = = Other theatres = = Coastal Command played a limited part in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations . No. 202 Squadron RAF and No. 233 Squadron RAF operated from Gibraltar . They were involved in the sinking of U @-@ 74 and U @-@ 447 on 2 May and 7 May 1943 , respectively as part of AHQ Gibraltar , under command of Air Commodore S.P. Simpson . = = Non @-@ combat operations = = = = = Meteorological Operations = = = The Meteorological Flight first came into being on 1 November 1924 . Its main priority was identifying temperature , pressure , humidity and general weather conditions being logged at sea level to 18 @,@ 000 feet . These flights were named THUM ( Temperature / Humidity ) . Changes in air conditions usually came in the Atlantic in the west . The Meteorological Office ( MET ) relied on reports from ships in this regard . The need for aircraft for operations was ignored in 1939 owing to lack of aircraft . However , in June 1940 , Bomber Command started to become anxious about base landing conditions and the accuracy of general forecasts . In response from strong support , No. 403 Squadron RAF , No. 404 Squadron RAF and No. 405 Squadron RAF were formed for this purpose . The routes requested by the MET usually involved distances of up to 1 @,@ 000 nm . Hudsons were ideal for this operation , but since none were available Bristol Blenheims filled the role . On 1 March 1941 Coastal Command assumed operational control of all the units . They were redesignated No. 1401 to 1406 flights . All were handed over to No. 18 Group RAF . In October 1940 , two more flights , 1407 and 1408 were sent to Iceland to begin operations from there . Several types of single engine aircraft were used ; Gloster Gladiators , Hawker Hurricanes and Supermarine Spitfires . Operations were conducted mostly up to 15 @,@ 000 feet in wartime as the aneroid capsule altimeter was not able to give accurate readings . A Mk . 14B ICAN altimeter was used . The aircraft had to be flown at the height measured for two minutes to allow the readings to settle or stabilise . Operation sorties from the summer , 1940 to March 1942 were high in number . No. 1405 flight flew 291 sorties from Tiree in Scotland covering the Atlantic Ocean west of the Faroe Islands gap . In 1943 long @-@ range Handley Page Halifax and de Havilland Mosquitos became available in increasing numbers . No. 521 Squadron RAF 's Mosquitoes joined the 8th Pathfinder Group as flight 1409 in March 1943 . Halifax of No. 518 Squadron RAF started to conduct deep operations into the central Atlantic from Tiree on 15 September 1943 . Readings on these operations were taken every 50 nm . Sea level pressure readings were taken every 100 nm . The usual flight patterns involved a climb to 18 @,@ 000 feet on the return leg . It was flown 500 nm , then a slow descent to sea level followed by a return to base at 1 @,@ 500 feet . Other flights were made from covering the Atlantic , Bay of Biscay , North Sea and Western Mediterranean Sea . Coastal Command covered 91 percent of the Allied MET flights between November 1943 and June 1944 . Sorties over the Atlantic on 4 June 1944 contributed to the decision to launch Operation Overlord on 6 June 1944 . No. 518 Squadron alone flew on 363 days of the year in 1944 in support of MET operations . = = = Rescue Operations = = = Prior to the Second World War , there was no British air @-@ sea rescue ( ASR ) organisation for rescuing aircrew from the sea . Instead , aircrew relied on the Royal National Lifeboat Institute ( RNLI ) , salvage tugs , vessels in the vicinity , or if in range , the High Speed Launches ( HSL ) established at flying boat bases . New HSL ’ s had been developed with a range of 500 mi ( 800 km ) by the mid @-@ 1930s , but only seven were in service by 1938 . On 14 January 1941 , the first air @-@ sea rescue was set up ( the Directorate of Air Sea Rescue Services ) . The service the aircraft used were diverse . Westland Lysanders were used to scouting the coastlines , while the Supermarine Walrus was planned to be used for long @-@ term use . By June 1941 rescue from the seas had increased to 35 percent . The Air Ministry decided the service could do better . It was merged with another Directorate , Aircraft Safety . On 23 September 1941 Air Marshal John Salmond took over the organisation . In October 1941 No. 275 Squadron RAF and No. 278 Squadron RAF were given to ASR work . This was supported by two squadrons from Coastal Command equipped with Hudsons . No. 16 Group was authorised to create No. 279 Squadron RAF on 24 October to act as a specialised ASR squadron . No. 280 Squadron RAF was created on 28 November 1941 and was given Anson aircraft in place of Hudsons , as they were desperately needed for A / S operations . By 1942 the Mark I Airborne Lifeboat and sailable dingy were in production ; these were usually jettisoned for crews in the water . Aircraft suitability once again came in for discussion during the war . Ansons and Boulton Paul Defiants were not suitable for ASR operations . The Vickers Warwick was earmarked for the main ASR aircraft . Four 20 @-@ aircraft squadrons with specialised ASR conversion were to be made available by the spring , 1943 . While development was slow . Nevertheless , the effort paid off . In May 1943 , 156 men of Bomber Command were rescued from the sea by No. 279 Squadron alone . By the end of 1943 Coastal Command had rescued 1 @,@ 684 aircrew out of 5 @,@ 466 presumed to have ditched in the sea . On D @-@ Day , 6 June 1944 , 163 aircrew and 60 other personnel were rescued . During the month , June 1944 , 355 were saved by ASR units of Coastal Command . In all , 10 @,@ 663 persons were rescued by Coastal Command in ASR operations . Of this total , 5 @,@ 721 were Allied aircrew , 277 enemy aircrew , and 4 @,@ 665 non @-@ aircrew . = = = Reconnaissance Operations = = = In 1936 , the British Secret Intelligence Service Chief of Air Intelligence , Wing Commander F. W. Winterbotham , developed aerial photograph techniques in collaboration with the French . The task was to gather a record of German targets . By the summer , 1939 , RAF Bomber Command 's No. 2 Group RAF was carrying out this role . However , various problems with standard equipment led to the formation of specialist formations for this duty . One of the first squadrons to act as a PR ( Photographic reconnaissance ) unit was No. 212 Squadron RAF , which saw service in the campaigns in Western Europe , in May and June 1940 under Fighter Command 's control . However , at the end of that campaign , the Admiralty pressed its case for the need for coastal and sea reconnaissance . With operations now over , owing to the evacuation of northern Europe by the Allies , these reconnaissance operations were given to Coastal Command on 18 June 1940 . This included the Interpretation Unit , which analysed photographic evidence . The organisation was called the PRU ( Photographic Reconnaissance Unit ) . It was administered by No. 16 Group RAF , but under the operational control of Coastal Command . The first operations in 1940 concerned Operation Sea Lion , the planned invasion of Britain by the Wehrmacht . The unit was to receive 30 PR Supermarine Spitfire aircraft , specialised and adapted for reconnaissance use . They would be capable of 1 @,@ 750 miles round trips . However , just 13 aircraft were available to the unit , and their range limited to 1 @,@ 300 miles . Eventually , an assortment of Vickers Wellington and Spitfire flights were established . In August 1940 , the first PR Spitfires arrived , but teething problems ensured that it would be a long time before standardisation was achieved with equipment . In August , Coastal Command flew 193 sorties over the suspected invasion ports in the Netherlands , Belgium and France . After the threat from invasion muted in 1941 , the Command 's attention turned to the Battle of the Atlantic . During this time , the Command used the Martin Maryland , which excelled in PR work . On 13 July 1941 , the first PR Mosquito arrived , though it was some time before the aircraft was operational . By September 1941 , the operational strength of the PRU 's first flight was 37 Spitfires , two Marylands and two Mosquitoes . The long @-@ range Spitfires and Mosquitoes could reach deep into German airspace , and photograph the Baltic Sea ports and monitor German surface ships . Flights of eight hours were not uncommon . One Spitfire reached Gdynia , searching for the German battleship Tirpitz . Tactics needed to vary to avoid Spitfires being intercepted by German patrols at heights of 30 @,@ 000 ft . Constant trips alerted the Germans to the British operations , but the Admiralty insisted in the volume of flights so they could keep tabs on German capital ships . With surprise lost , the only solution was to change the height and directions of approach . Over France , the losses became quite severe , particularly over the port of Brest , France . German defences were strong , owing to Operation Cerberus and Operation Donnerkeil , a joint Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe plan to enable the escape of Gneisenau , Scharnhorst and Prinz Eugen through the English Channel . Five Spitfires and a Mosquito were lost on PR operations in December 1941 . The failure to photograph and pin @-@ point the location of the ships , led to their successful move to Germany in February 1942 . It was not until the day of the German operation that a Coastal Command aircraft caught sight of the ships , and by then it was too late . Success was forthcoming in 1942 . Later , in February 1942 , Coastal Command identified the Luftwaffe Würzburg radar sets in France . Eager to evaluate them , the British Army carried out Operation Biting , a commando raid to capture , dismantle and transport an example of the mobile radar to Britain . The force increased to 70 aircraft in eight flights as the year progressed . Operations were carried out in the Atlantic , over Scandinavia , the North Sea , and the Baltic Sea . In November , PR units operated from Gibraltar in support of Operation Torch , the Allied landing in French North Africa . It was detailed to keep watch on the movements of the Vichy French Fleet at Toulon , France . One of the most active squadrons at this time operated Spitfires . No. 540 Squadron RAF was particularly busy in 1943 , over Norway . In June 1943 , decreased demand from the Admiralty meant the PRU supported RAF Bomber Command more frequently . In the Battle of the Ruhr , extensive use of PR Spitfires to identify and report the effects of air attacks . Spitfires of No. 542 Squadron RAF were used in this way to record the results of Operation Chastise . PRU was also instrumental in locating German missile testing sites on the Baltic Sea , near Peenemünde , allowing Bomber Command to attack them . In September 1943 , the Admiralty asked for the PRU 's help in Operation Source , to cripple German heavy units in Norway . No. 544 Squadron RAF contributed to the success of the operation . After this success , all PR units were standardised at strength of 20 aircraft . The identification of German missile sites by the PRU made Operation Crossbow possible in 1944 . Coastal Command continually identified German V @-@ 1 launch ramps , despite the German camouflage efforts . This enabled British aircraft to bomb them and reduce their effectiveness by one @-@ third . By June , 69 ramps had been located , although it was not until 26 February 1945 , when Squadron Leader J.E.S. White actually spotted a V @-@ 2 , on its launch pad , ready to fire , that it became clear how elusive a weapon of that size could be . In late 1944 , No. 540 Squadron RAF supported No. 5 Group RAFs bombing and sinking of the Tirpitz. it covered northern Germany and Scandinavia until the end of the war . No. 544 Squadron RAF , another Coastal Command veteran , flew missions during Operation Frugal , flying Top Secret mail to the Soviet Union , during the Fourth Moscow Conference , 9 to 20 October 1944 . The same operations were carried out during the Yalta Conference in February 1945 . At the end of the war in May 1945 , only No. 540 and 541 Squadrons were kept in being in the post @-@ war RAF . = = Casualties = = Coastal Command lost 2 @,@ 060 aircraft to all causes ; 741 during Anti @-@ submarine ( A / S ) sorties , 876 during anti @-@ shipping operations ( ASO ) , 42 Mine @-@ laying , 78 during air superiority missions , 129 during bombing raids against land targets , and 194 during photo reconnaissance operations . Some 5 @,@ 863 personnel were killed in action , 2 @,@ 317 were killed in accidents , 38 were killed by other causes . Some 986 were wounded , 23 died of natural causes , and 1 @,@ 100 were wounded by other means than enemy action . This totalled 10 @,@ 327 casualties in aircrews . Some 159 ground crews were killed in action , 535 were killed in accidents and 218 were killed by other causes . A further 49 were wounded while 224 died of natural causes . Some 466 were wounded by other means for a total of 1 @,@ 651 . = Aubrey Dawkins = Aubrey Lafell Dawkins ( born May 8 , 1995 ) is an American college basketball player for the UCF Knights who will sit out the season for the 2016 – 17 team . He transferred to UCF after he completed his sophomore season for the 2015 – 16 Michigan Wolverines . He is the son of Johnny Dawkins who became the UCF coach following the 2015 – 16 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . Dawkins was raised in North Carolina until spending his high school years in Northern California at St. Francis High School and Palo Alto High School and a post graduate year in New England at New Hampton Prep . As a collegiate freshman for the 2014 – 15 Wolverines , he began the season on the bench , but became a starter when injuries plagued the team in January 2015 . In his more prominent role later in the season , Dawkins led the 2014 – 15 Big Ten Conference in effective field goal percentage and true shooting percentage during conference play . = = Early life = = Dawkins was born in Durham , North Carolina , the youngest of the four children of Tracy and Johnny Dawkins . The elder Dawkins spent 11 years on Mike Krzyzewski 's coaching staff at Duke . The family moved to California in 2008 when his father became the Stanford Cardinal men 's basketball head coach . Dawkins was a freshman at St. Francis High School of Mountain View , California in 2009 . By the time he began his sophomore season he stood at 5 feet 8 inches ( 1 @.@ 73 m ) . As a junior , Dawkins transferred to Palo Alto High School in Palo Alto , California . That year he earned 2012 All @-@ San Jose Mercury News boys basketball third team recognition . As a senior , he stood at 6 feet 5 inches ( 1 @.@ 96 m ) , By January of his senior season he had not received any scholarship offers . That year he averaged 18 @.@ 8 points and 7 @.@ 0 rebounds and was on the 2013 All @-@ San Jose Mercury News boys basketball first team along with Aaron Gordon . After graduating , Dawkins did a post graduate year at the New Hampton School in New Hampton , New Hampshire where he averaged 12 @.@ 3 points and 3 @.@ 6 rebounds before receiving a late scholarship offer from Michigan . His grades were not sufficient to pursue a scholarship at Stanford and despite his relationship with Chris Collins , Northwestern was not interested in Dawkins given their commitments from wings Vic Law and Scottie Lindsey . While at New Hampton , he was being recruited by Steve Donahue of Boston College , but Donahue left Boston College in 2014 and recommended Dawkins to Beilein . Before Michigan stepped in , it appeared that he would have committed to Dayton , although he was also considering Utah State , Pepperdine as well as Montana , and Rhode Island was showing a strong interest . In fact , during the 2014 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament , Dawkins attended the Sweet 16 round to watch his father 's Stanford Cardinal play Dayton in the South Regional on March 27 . Dawkins accepted a recruiting visit to Michigan in early April 2014 when he received his scholarship offer . He made his verbal commitment on April 28 and signed his National Letter of Intent on May 9 . = = College = = = = = Freshman year = = = The 2013 – 14 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team had been outright champions of 2013 – 14 Big Ten Conference and reached the Elite Eight round of the 2014 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . However , they lost three players to the 2014 NBA draft : Nik Stauskas , Mitch McGary and Glenn Robinson III . Dawkins enrolled at the University of Michigan on June 20 , 2014 and became roommates with teammate Muhammad @-@ Ali Abdur @-@ Rahkman . Dawkins made his collegiate debut for Michigan against Hillsdale on November 15 , along with six other true freshmen and a redshirt freshman . He posted 3 points and 3 rebounds in 6 minutes of playing time . The 2014 – 15 team won its Big Ten Conference home opener against Illinois in overtime on December 30 , 2014 on the day it announced Jim Harbaugh would become the new Michigan Wolverines football head coach . Aubrey Dawkins , who had a career total of 15 points entering the game , scored a game @-@ high 20 @-@ points , including a 5 @-@ for @-@ 5 three @-@ point field goal effort . On January 17 Michigan defeated Northwestern , but lost leading scorer Caris LeVert for the season . The team defeated Rutgers on January 20 , with Dawkins in the starting lineup for the first time in LeVert 's place , as was expected upon news of the LeVert injury . On March 3 against Northwestern , Dawkins posted a career @-@ high 21 points in a 49 @-@ minute double overtime appearance . On March 7 , Michigan won its Big Ten Conference finale against Rutgers with a career @-@ high scoring effort by Dawkins ( 31 ) . The 31 points was the most by a Michigan freshman since Trey Burke posted 32 against Minnesota on March 9 , 2012 in the 2012 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament . The 31 @-@ point effort included eight three @-@ point field goals ( on 11 attempts ) , the second most ever by a Wolverine , the most by a Wolverine since Glen Rice posted 8 on March 23 , 1989 , vs. North Carolina in the 1989 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament and the most by a Big Ten player during the 2014 – 15 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season , earning Dawkins the final Big Ten Freshman of the Week honor for the 2014 – 15 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball season . At the time of the honor , Michigan head coach John Beilein noted that over the course of the season , he and his staff had worked with Dawkins to reconstruct the delivery of his jump shot : " He came in with an extremely high arch and a slow release ... He 's really done a great job of speeding up his delivery , lowering his arch ... " On March 12 , Dawkins continued his hot streak with a team @-@ high 18 points against Illinois in the second round of the 2015 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament to help Michigan extend its streak of opening round wins in the tournament to 9 . His performance included 8 consecutive points during Michigan 's 23 – 4 run to end the first half and two memorable dunks . For conference play of the 2014 – 15 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball season , Dawkins led the league in both Effective field goal percentage and True shooting percentage , but that season did not show strengths in other aspects of the game such as assists , rebounding , defense and drawing fouls . By the following July , Dawkins put on 15 pounds ( 6 @.@ 80 kg ) pounds . = = = Sophomore year = = = Dawkins began the season with 15 points on 6 – of – 7 shooting , including 2 – of – 3 3 @-@ point shooting and a highlight real one @-@ handed offensive rebound dunk as well as a career @-@ high and game @-@ high 6 rebounds as a starter against Northern Michigan . On November 20 against Xavier , Dawkins posted a career high of 6 rebounds . Dawkins finished the season 5th in the 2015 – 16 Big Ten Conference in three point shooting percentage ( 3rd in conference games ) . On April 6 , 2014 , he transferred to play for the UCF Knights , where his father had been named head coach two weeks prior . Dawkins left Michigan with a 43 @.@ 9 % three point shooting percentage and will have to sit out a full season due to NCAA eligibility rules . His playing time had declined during his sophomore season where he was battling Zak Irvin , Duncan Robinson and Kameron Chatman for playing time . = = = Statistics = = = = = Personal = = He is the son of former Duke Naismith College Player of the Year , National Basketball Association point guard and former Stanford head coach Johnny Dawkins . = Battle of Salamis = The Battle of Salamis ( / ˈsæləmɪs / ; Ancient Greek : Ναυμαχία τῆς Σαλαμῖνος , Naumachia tēs Salaminos ) was a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city @-@ states under Themistocles and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes in 480 BC which resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks . The battle was fought in the straits between the mainland and Salamis , an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens , and marked the high @-@ point of the second Persian invasion of Greece . To block the Persian advance , a small force of Greeks blocked the pass of Thermopylae , while an Athenian @-@ dominated Allied navy engaged the Persian fleet in the nearby straits of Artemisium . In the resulting Battle of Thermopylae , the rearguard of the Greek force was annihilated , whilst in the Battle of Artemisium the Greeks had heavy losses and retreated after the loss at Thermopylae . This allowed the Persians to conquer Boeotia and Attica . The Allies prepared to defend the Isthmus of Corinth whilst the fleet was withdrawn to nearby Salamis Island . Although heavily outnumbered , the Greek Allies were persuaded by the Athenian general Themistocles to bring the Persian fleet to battle again , in the hope that a victory would prevent naval operations against the Peloponessus . The Persian king Xerxes was also eager for a decisive battle . As a result of subterfuge on the part of Themistocles , the Persian navy sailed into the Straits of Salamis and tried to block both entrances . In the cramped conditions of the Straits , the great Persian numbers were an active hindrance , as ships struggled to maneuver and became disorganized . Seizing the opportunity , the Greek fleet formed in line and scored a decisive victory . Xerxes then retreated to Asia with much of his army , leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece . However , the following year , the remainder of the Persian army was decisively beaten at the Battle of Plataea and the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale . Afterwards , the Persians made no more attempts to conquer the Greek mainland . These battles of Salamis and Plataea thus mark a turning point in the course of the Greco @-@ Persian wars as a whole ; from then onward , the Greek poleis would take the offensive . A number of historians believe that a Persian victory would have hamstrung the development of Ancient Greece , and by extension western civilization , and this has led them to claim that Salamis is one of the most significant battles in human history . = = Background = = The Greek city @-@ states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499 @-@ 494 BC , led by the satrap of Miletus , Aristagoras . The Persian Empire was still relatively young , and prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples . Moreover , Darius was a usurper , and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule . The Ionian revolt threatened the integrity of his empire , and Darius thus vowed to punish those involved ( especially those not already part of the empire ) . Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece . A preliminary expedition under Mardonius , in 492 BC , to secure the land approaches to Greece ended with the re @-@ conquest of Thrace and forced Macedon to become a client kingdom of Persia . In 491 BC , Darius sent emissaries to all the Greek city @-@ states , asking for a gift of ' earth and water ' in token of their submission to him . Having had a demonstration of his power the previous year , the majority of Greek cities duly obliged . In Athens , however , the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed ; in Sparta , they were simply thrown down a well . This meant that Sparta was also now effectively at war with Persia . Darius thus put together an amphibious task force under Datis and Artaphernes in 490 BC , which attacked Naxos , before receiving the submission of the other Cycladic Islands . The task force then moved on Eretria , which it besieged and destroyed . Finally , it moved to attack Athens , landing at the bay of Marathon , where it was met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army . At the ensuing Battle of Marathon , the Athenians won a remarkable victory , which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia . Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition . Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt , and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt , and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece . Since this was to be a full @-@ scale invasion , it required long @-@ term planning , stock @-@ piling and conscription . Xerxes decided that the Hellespont would be bridged to allow his army to cross to Europe , and that a canal should be dug across the isthmus of Mount Athos ( rounding which headland , a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC ) . These were both feats of exceptional ambition , which would have been beyond any other contemporary state . By early 480 BC , the preparations were complete , and the army which Xerxes had mustered at Sardis marched towards Europe , crossing the Hellespont on two pontoon bridges . The Athenians had also been preparing for war with the Persians since the mid @-@ 480s BC , and in 482 BC the decision was taken , under the guidance of the Athenian politician Themistocles , to build a massive fleet of triremes that would be necessary for the Greeks to fight the Persians . However , the Athenians did not have the manpower to fight on land and sea ; and therefore combatting the Persians would require an alliance of Greek city states . In 481 BC , Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for earth and water , but made the very deliberate omission of Athens and Sparta . Support thus began to coalesce around these two leading states . A congress of city states met at Corinth in late autumn of 481 BC , and a confederate alliance of Greek city @-@ states was formed . It had the power to send envoys asking for assistance and to dispatch troops from the member states to defensive points after joint consultation . This was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world , especially since many of the city @-@ states in attendance were still technically at war with each other . Initially the ' congress ' agreed to defend the narrow Vale of Tempe , on the borders of Thessaly , and thereby block Xerxes 's advance . However , once there , they were warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale could be bypassed through the pass by the modern village of Sarantaporo , and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelming , the Greeks retreated . Shortly afterwards , they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont . A second strategy was therefore adopted by the allies . The route to southern Greece ( Boeotia , Attica and the Peloponnesus ) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the very narrow pass of Thermopylae . This could easily be blocked by the Greek hoplites , despite the overwhelming numbers of Persians . Furthermore , to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea , the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of Artemisium . This dual strategy was adopted by the congress . However , the Peloponnesian cities made fall @-@ back plans to defend the Isthmus of Corinth should it come to it , whilst the women and children of Athens had been evacuated en masse to the Peloponnesian city of Troezen . Famously , the much smaller Greek army held the pass of Thermopylae against the Persians for three days before being outflanked by a mountain path . Much of the Greek army retreated , before the Spartans and Thespians who had continued to block the pass were surrounded and killed . The simultaneous Battle of Artemisium was up to that point a stalemate ; however , when news of Thermopylae reached them , the Allied fleet also retreated , since holding the straits of Artemisium was now a moot point . = = Prelude = = The Allied fleet now sailed from Artemisium to Salamis to assist with the final evacuation of Athens . En route Themistocles left inscriptions addressed to the Ionian Greek crews of the Persian fleet on all springs of water that they might stop at , asking them to defect to the Allied cause . Following Thermopylae , the Persian army proceeded to burn and sack the Boeotian cities that had not surrendered , Plataea and Thespiae , before marching on the now evacuated city of Athens . The Allies ( mostly Peloponnesian ) prepared to defend the Isthmus of Corinth , demolishing the single road that led through it , and building a wall across it . This strategy was flawed , however , unless the Allied fleet was able to prevent the Persian fleet from transporting troops across the Saronic Gulf . In a council @-@ of @-@ war called once the evacuation of Athens was complete , the Corinthian naval commander Adeimantus argued that the fleet should assemble off the coast of the Isthmus in order to achieve such a blockade . However , Themistocles argued in favour of an offensive strategy , aimed at decisively destroying the Persians ' naval superiority . He drew on the lessons of Artemisium , pointing out that " battle in close conditions works to our advantage " . He eventually won through , and the Allied navy remained off the coast of Salamis . The time @-@ line for Salamis is difficult to establish with any certainty . Herodotus presents the battle as though it occurred directly after the capture of Athens , but nowhere explicitly states as much . If Thermopylae / Artemisium occurred in September , then this may be the case , but it is probably more likely that the Persians spent two or three weeks capturing Athens , refitting the fleet , and resupplying . Clearly though , at some point after capturing Athens , Xerxes held a council of war with the Persian fleet ; Herodotus says this occurred at Phalerum . Artemisia , queen of Halicarnassus and commander of its naval squadron in Xerxes 's fleet , tried to convince him to wait for the Allies to surrender believing that battle in the straits of Salamis was an unnecessary risk . Nevertheless , Xerxes and his chief advisor Mardonius pressed for an attack . It is difficult to explain exactly what eventually brought about the battle , assuming that neither side simply attacked without forethought . Clearly though , at some point just before the battle , new information began to reach Xerxes of rifts in the allied command ; the Peloponnesians wished to evacuate from Salamis while they still could . This alleged rift amongst the Allies may have simply been a ruse , in order to lure the Persians to battle . Alternatively , this change in attitude amongst the Allies ( who had waited patiently off the coast of Salamis for at least a week while Athens was captured ) may have been in response to Persian offensive maneuvers . Possibly , a Persian army had been sent to march against the Isthmus in order to test the nerve of the fleet . Either way , when Xerxes received this news , he ordered his fleet to go out on patrol off the coast Salamis , blocking the southern exit . Then , at dusk , he ordered them to withdraw , possibly in order to tempt the Allies into a hasty evacuation . That evening Themistocles now attempted what appears to have been a spectacularly successful use of disinformation . He sent a servant , Sicinnus , to Xerxes , with a message proclaiming that Themistocles was " on the king 's side and prefers that your affairs prevail , not the Hellenes " . Themistocles claimed that the Allied command was in @-@ fighting , that the Peloponnesians were planning to evacuate that very night , and that to gain victory all the Persians need to do was to block the straits . In performing this subterfuge , Themistocles seems to have been trying to bring about exactly the opposite ; to lure the Persian fleet into the Straits . This was exactly the kind of news that Xerxes wanted to hear ; that the Athenians might be willing to submit to him , and that he would be able to destroy the rest of the Allied fleet . Xerxes evidently took the bait , and the Persian fleet was sent out that evening to effect this block . Xerxes ordered a throne to be set up on the slopes of Mount Aigaleo ( overlooking the straits ) , in order to watch the battle from a clear vantage point , and so as to record the names of commanders who performed particularly well . According to Herodotus , the Allies spent the evening heatedly debating their course of action . The Peloponnesians were in favour of evacuating , and at this point Themistocles attempted his ruse with Xerxes . It was only when Aristides , the exiled Athenian general arrived that night , followed by some deserters from the Persians , with news of the deployment of the Persian fleet , that the Peloponnesians accepted that they could not escape , and so would fight . However , Peloponnesians may have been party to Themistocles 's stratagem , so serenely did they accept that they would now have to fight at Salamis . The Allied navy was thus able to prepare properly for battle the forthcoming day , whilst the Persians spent the night fruitlessly at sea , searching for the alleged Greek evacuation . The next morning , the Persians sailed into the straits to attack the Greek fleet ; it is not clear when , why or how this decision was made , but it is clear that they did take the battle to the Allies . = = The opposing forces = = = = = The Greek fleet = = = Herodotus reports that there were 378 triremes in the Allied fleet , and then breaks the numbers down by city state ( as indicated in the table ) . However , his numbers for the individual contingents only add up to 371 . He does not explicitly say that all 378 fought at Salamis ( " All of these came to the war providing triremes ... The total number of ships ... was three hundred and seventy @-@ eight " ) , and he also says that the Aeginetans " had other manned ships , but they guarded their own land with these and fought at Salamis with the thirty most seaworthy " . Thus it has been supposed that the difference between the numbers is accounted for a garrison of 12 ships left at Aegina . According to Herodotus , two more ships defected from the Persians to the Greeks , one before Artemisium and one before Salamis , so the total complement at Salamis would have been 373 ( or 380 ) . According to the Athenian playwright Aeschylus , who actually fought at Salamis , the Greek fleet numbered 310 triremes ( the difference being the number of Athenian ships ) . Ctesias claims that the Athenian fleet numbered only 110 triremes , which ties in with Aeschylus 's numbers . According to Hyperides , the Greek fleet numbered only 220 . The fleet was effectively under the command of Themistocles , but nominally led by the Spartan nobleman Eurybiades , as had been agreed at the congress in 481 BC . Although Themistocles had tried to claim leadership of the fleet , the other city states with navies objected , and so Sparta ( which had no naval tradition ) was given command of the fleet as a compromise . Plain numbers represent triremes ; those indicated in parentheses are penteconters ( fifty @-@ oared galleys ) = = = The Persian fleet = = = According to Herodotus , the Persian fleet initially numbered 1 @,@ 207 triremes . However , by his reckoning they lost approximately a third of these ships in a storm off the coast of Magnesia , 200 more in a storm off the coast of Euboea , and at least 50 ships to Allied action at the Battle of Artemisium . Herodotus claims that these losses were replaced in full , but only mentions 120 ships from the Greeks of Thrace and nearby islands as reinforcements . Aeschylus , who fought at Salamis , also claims that he faced 1 @,@ 207 warships there , of which 207 were " fast ships " . Diodorus and Lysias independently claim there were 1 @,@ 200 ships in the Persian fleet assembled at Doriskos in the spring of 480 BC . The number of 1 @,@ 207 ( for the outset only ) is also given by Ephorus , while his teacher Isocrates claims there were 1 @,@ 300 at Doriskos and 1 @,@ 200 at Salamis . Ctesias gives another number , 1 @,@ 000 ships , while Plato , speaking in general terms refers to 1 @,@ 000 ships and more . The number 1 @,@ 207 appears very early in the historical record ( 472 BC ) , and the Greeks appear to have genuinely believed they faced that many ships . Because of the consistency in the ancient sources , some modern historians are inclined to accept 1 @,@ 207 as the size of the initial Persian fleet ; others reject this number , with 1 @,@ 207 being seen as more of a reference to the combined Greek fleet in the Iliad , and generally claim that the Persians could have launched no more than around 600 warships into the Aegean . However , very few appear to accept that there were this many ships at Salamis : most favour a number in the range 600 @-@ 800 . This is also the range given by adding the approximate number of Persian ships after Artemisium ( ~ 550 ) to the reinforcements ( 120 ) quantified by Herodotus . = = Strategic and tactical considerations = = The overall Persian strategy for the invasion of 480 BC was to overwhelm the Greeks with a massive invasion force , and complete the conquest of Greece in a single campaigning season . Conversely , the Greeks sought to make the best use of their numbers by defending restricted locations and to keep the Persians in the field for as long as possible . Xerxes had obviously not anticipated such resistance , or he would have arrived earlier in the campaigning season ( and not waited 4 days at Thermopylae for the Greeks to disperse ) . Time was now of the essence for the Persians – the huge invasion force could not be reasonably supported indefinitely , nor probably did Xerxes wish to be at the fringe of his empire for so long . Thermopylae had shown that a frontal assault against a well defended Greek position was useless ; with the Allies now dug in across the Isthmus , there was little chance of conquering the rest of Greece by land . However , as equally demonstrated by Thermopylae , if the Greeks could be outflanked , their smaller numbers of troops could be destroyed . Such an outflanking of the Isthmus required the use of the Persian navy , and thus the destruction of the Allied navy . Therefore , if Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy , he would be in a strong position to force a Greek surrender ; this seemed the only hope of concluding the campaign in that season . Conversely by avoiding destruction , or as Themistocles hoped , by crippling the Persian fleet , the Greeks could effectively thwart the invasion . However , it was strategically not necessary for the Persians to actually fight this battle at Salamis . According to Herodotus , Queen Artemisia of Caria pointed this out to Xerxes in the run @-@ up to Salamis . Artemisia suggested that fighting at sea was an unnecessary risk , recommending instead : If you do not hurry to fight at sea , but keep your ships here and stay near land , or even advance into the Peloponnese , then , my lord , you will easily accomplish what you had in mind on coming here . The Hellenes are not able to hold out against you for a long time , but you will scatter them , and they will each flee to their own cities . The Persian fleet was still large enough to both bottle up the Allied navy in the straits of Salamis , and send ships to land troops in the Peloponnesus . However , in the final reckoning , both sides were prepared to stake everything on a naval battle , in the hope of decisively altering the course of the war . The Persians were at a significant tactical advantage , outnumbering the Allies , but also having " better sailing " ships . The " better sailing " that Herodotus mentions was probably due to the superior seamanship of the crews ; most of the Athenian ships ( and therefore the majority of the fleet ) were newly built as according to Themistocles ' request to the Athenians to build a fleet of 200 triremes in 483 BC , and had inexperienced crews . It is important to note that despite the inexperienced crew on part of the Athenians , these newly constructed triremes would ultimately prove crucial in the forthcoming conflict with Persia . The most common naval tactics in the Mediterranean area at the time were ramming ( triremes being equipped with a ram at the bows ) , or boarding by ship @-@ borne marines ( which essentially turned a sea battle into a land one ) . The Persians and Asiatic Greeks had by this time begun to use a manoeuver known as diekplous . It is not entirely clear what this was , but it probably involved sailing into gaps between enemy ships and then ramming them in the side . This maneuver would have required skilled sailing , and therefore the Persians would have been more likely to employ it ; the Allies however , developed tactics specifically to counter this . There has been much debate as to the nature of the Allied fleet compared to the Persian fleet . Much of this centres on the suggestion , from Herodotus , that the Allied ships were heavier , and by implication less maneuverable . The source of this heaviness is uncertain ; possibly the Allied ships were bulkier in construction , or that the ships were water @-@ logged since they had not been dried out in the winter ( though there is no real evidence for either suggestion ) . Another suggestion is that the heaviness was caused by the weight of fully armored hoplite marines ( 20 fully armored hoplites would have weighed 2 tons ) . This ' heaviness ' , whatever its cause , would further reduce the likelihood of them employing the diekplous . It is therefore probable that the Allies had extra marines on board if their ships were less maneuverable , since boarding would then be the main tactic available to them ( at the cost of making the ships even heavier ) . Indeed , Herodotus refers to the Greeks capturing ships at Artemisium , rather than sinking them . It has been suggested that the weight of the Allied ships may also have made them more stable in the winds off the coast of Salamis , and made them less susceptible to ramming ( or rather , less liable to sustain damage when rammed ) . Tactically speaking then , a battle in the open sea , where their superior seamanship and numbers could count was preferable for the Persians . For the Greeks , the only realistic hope of a decisive victory was to draw the Persians into a constricted area , where their numbers would count for little . The battle at Artemisium had seen attempts to negate the Persian advantage in numbers , but ultimately the Allies may have realised that they needed an even more constricted channel in order to defeat the Persians . Therefore , by sailing into the Straits of Salamis to attack the Greeks , the Persians were playing into the Allies ' hands . It seems probable that the Persians would not have attempted this unless the Persians were confident of the collapse of the Allied navy , and thus Themistocles 's subterfuge appears to have played a key role in tipping the balance in the favor of the Greeks . Salamis was , for the Persians , an unnecessary battle and a strategic mistake . = = The battle = = The actual battle of Salamis is not well described by the ancient sources , and it is unlikely that anyone ( other than perhaps Xerxes ) involved in the battle had a clear idea what was happening across the width of the straits . What follows is more of a discussion than a definitive account . = = = Dispositions = = = In the Allied fleet , the Athenians were on the left , and on the right were probably the Spartans ( although Diodorus says it was the Megareans and Aeginetians ) ; the other contingents were in the center . The Allied fleet probably formed into two ranks , since the straits would have been too narrow for a single line of ships . Herodotus has the Allied fleet in a line running north @-@ south , probably with the northern flank off the coast of modern @-@ day Saint George 's Islet ( Ayios Georgis ) , and the southern flank off the coast of Cape Vavari ( part of Salamis ) . Diodorus suggests the Allied fleet was aligned east @-@ west , spanning the straits between Salamis and Mount Aigaleo ; however , it was perhaps unlikely that the Allies would have rested one of their flanks against Persian occupied territory . It seems relatively certain that the Persian fleet was sent out to block the exit from the Straits the evening before the battle . Herodotus clearly believed that the Persian fleet actually entered the Straits at nightfall , planning to catch the Allies as they fled . However , modern historians have greatly debated this point , with some pointing out the difficulties of maneuvering in this confined space by night , and others accepting Herodotus 's version . There are thus two possibilities ; that during the night the Persians simply blocked the exit to the Straits , and then entered the straits in daylight ; or that they entered the straits and positioned themselves for battle during the night . Regardless of when they attempted it , it seems likely that the Persians pivoted their fleet off the tip of Cape Vavari , so that from an initial east @-@ west alignment ( blocking the exit ) , they came round to a north @-@ south alignment ( see diagram ) . The Persian fleet seems to have been formed into three ranks of ships ( according to Aeschylus ) ; with the powerful Phoenician fleet on the right flank next to Mount Aigaleo , the Ionian contingent on the left flank and the other contingents in the centre . Diodorus says that the Egyptian fleet was sent to circumnavigate Salamis , and block the northern exit from the Straits . If Xerxes wanted to trap the Allies completely , this maneuver would have made sense ( especially if he was not expecting the Allies to fight ) . However , Herodotus does not mention this ( and possibly alludes to the Egyptian presence in the main battle ) , leading some modern historians to dismiss it ; though again , others accept it as a possibility . Xerxes had also positioned around 400 troops on the island known as Psyttaleia , in the middle of the exit from the straits , in order to kill or capture any Greeks who ended up there ( as a result of shipwreck or grounding ) . = = = The opening phase = = = Regardless of what time they entered the straits , the Persians did not move to attack the Allies until daylight . Since they were not planning to flee after all , the Allies would have been able to spend the night preparing for battle , and after a speech by Themistocles , the marines boarded and the ships made ready to sail . According to Herodotus , this was dawn , and as the Allies " were putting out to sea the barbarians immediately attacked them " . If the Persians only entered the straits at dawn , then the Allies would have had the time to take up their station in a more orderly fashion . Aeschylus claims that as the Persians approached ( possibly implying that they were not already in the Straits at dawn ) , they heard the Greeks singing their battle hymn ( paean ) before they saw the Allied fleet : Herodotus recounts that , according to the Athenians , as the battle began the Corinthians hoisted their sails and began sailing away from the battle , northwards up the straits . However , he also says that other Greeks denied this story . If this did in fact occur , one possible interpretation is that these ships had been a decoy sent to reconnoitre the northern exit from the straits , in case the arrival of the encircling Egyptian detachment was imminent ( if indeed this also occurred ) . Another possibility ( not exclusive of the former ) is that the departure of the Corinthians triggered the final approach of the Persians , suggesting as it did that the Allied fleet was disintegrating . At any rate , if they indeed ever left , the Corinthians soon returned to the battle . Approaching the Allied fleet in the crowded Straits , the Persians appear to have become disorganised and cramped in the narrow waters . Moreover , it would have become apparent that , far from disintegrating , the Greek fleet was lined up , ready to attack them . However , rather than attacking immediately , the Allies initially appeared to back their ships away as if in fear . According to Plutarch , this was to gain better position , and also in order to gain time until the early morning wind . Herodotus recounts the legend that as the fleet had backed away , they had seen an apparition of a woman , asking them " Madmen , how far will ye yet back your ships ? " However , he more plausibly suggests that whilst the Allies were backing water , a single ship shot forward to ram the nearest Persian vessel . The Athenians would claim that this was the ship of the Athenian Ameinias of Pallene ; the Aeginetans would claim it as one of their ships . The whole Greek line then followed suit and made straight for the disordered Persian battle line . = = = The main battle = = = The details of the rest of the battle are generally sketchy , and no one involved would have had a view of the entire battlefield . Triremes were generally armed with a large ram at the front , with which it was possible to sink an enemy ship , or at least disable it by shearing off the banks of oars on one side . If the initial ramming was not successful , marines boarded the enemy ship and something similar to a land battle ensued . Both sides had marines on their ships for this eventuality ; the Greeks with fully armed hoplites ; the Persians probably with more lightly armed infantry . Across the battlefield , as the first line of Persian ships was pushed back by the Greeks , they became fouled in the advancing second and third lines of their own ships . On the Greek left , the Persian admiral Ariabignes ( a brother of Xerxes ) was killed early in the battle ; left disorganised and leaderless , the Phoenician squadrons appear to have been pushed back against the coast , many vessels running aground . In the centre , a wedge of Greek ships pushed through the Persians lines , splitting the fleet in two . According to Plutarch , Ariabignes was killed by Ameinias and Socles ( Greek : Σωκλής ) of Pallene . When Ariabignes attempted to board on their ship , they hit him with their spears , and thrust him into the sea . Plutarch also mention that it was Artemisia who recognized Ariabignes body floating among the shipwrecks and brought it back to Xerxes . Herodotus recounts that Artemisia , the Queen of Halicarnassus , and commander of the Carian contingent , found herself pursued by the ship of Ameinias of Pallene . In her desire to escape , she attacked and rammed another Persian vessel , thereby convincing the Athenian captain that the ship was an ally ; Ameinias accordingly abandoned the chase . However , Xerxes , looking on , thought that she had successfully attacked an Allied ship , and seeing the poor performance of his other captains commented that " My men have become women , and my women men " . The friendly ship she sank was a Calyndian ship and the king of the Calyndians , Damasithymos ( Greek : Δαμασίθυμος ) was on it.None of the crew of the Calyndian ship survived . The Persian fleet began to retreat towards Phalerum , but according to Herodotus , the Aeginetans ambushed them as they tried to leave the Straits . The remaining Persian ships limped back to the harbour of Phalerum and the shelter of the Persian army . The Athenian general Aristides then took a detachment of men across to Psyttaleia to slaughter the garrison that Xerxes had left there . The exact Persian casualties are not mentioned by Herodotus . However , he claims that the next year , the Persian fleet numbered 300 triremes . The number of losses then depends on the number of ships the Persian had to begin with ; something in the range of 200 – 300 seems likely , based on the above estimates for the size of the Persian fleet . According to Herodotus , the Persians suffered many more casualties than the Greeks because most Persians did not know how to swim . Xerxes , sitting on Mount Aigaleo on his throne , witnessed the carnage . Some ship @-@ wrecked Phoenician captains tried to blame the Ionians for cowardice before the end of the battle . Xerxes , in a foul mood , and having just witnessed an Ionian ship capture an Aeginetan ship , had the Phoenicians beheaded for slandering " more noble men " . According to Diodorus , Xerxes " put to death those Phoenicians who were chiefly responsible for beginning the flight , and threatened to visit upon the rest the punishment they deserved " , causing the Phoenicians to sail to Asia when night fell . = = Aftermath = = In the immediate aftermath of Salamis , Xerxes attempted to build a pontoon bridge or causeway across the straits , in order to use his army to attack the Athenians ; however , with the Greek fleet now confidently patrolling the straits , this proved futile . Herodotus tells us that Xerxes held a council of war , at which the Persian general Mardonius tried to make light of the defeat : Sire , be not grieved nor greatly distressed because of what has befallen us . It is not on things of wood that the issue hangs for us , but on men and horses ... If then you so desire , let us straightway attack the Peloponnese , or if it pleases you to wait , that also we can do ... It is best then that you should do as I have said , but if you have resolved to lead your army away , even then I have another plan . Do not , O king , make the Persians the laughing @-@ stock of the Greeks , for if you have suffered harm , it is by no fault of the Persians . Nor can you say that we have anywhere done less than brave men should , and if Phoenicians and Egyptians and Cyprians and Cilicians have so done , it is not the Persians who have any part in this disaster . Therefore , since the Persians are in no way to blame , be guided by me ; if you are resolved not to remain , march homewards with the greater part of your army . It is for me , however , to enslave and deliver Hellas to you with three hundred thousand of your host whom I will choose . Fearing that the Greeks might attack the bridges across the Hellespont and trap his army in Europe , Xerxes resolved to do this , taking the greater part of the army with him . Mardonius handpicked the troops who were to remain with him in Greece , taking the elite infantry units and cavalry , to complete the conquest of Greece . All of the Persian forces abandoned Attica , however , with Mardonius over @-@ wintering in Boeotia and Thessaly ; the Athenians were thus able to return to their burnt city for the winter . The following year , 479 BC , Mardonius recaptured Athens ( the Allied army still preferring to guard the Isthmus ) . However , the Allies , under Spartan leadership , eventually agreed to try to force Mardonius to battle , and marched on Attica . Mardonius retreated to Boeotia to lure the Greeks into open terrain and the two sides eventually met near the city of Plataea ( which had been razed the previous year ) . There , at the Battle of Plataea , the Greek army won a decisive victory , destroying much of the Persian army and ending the invasion of Greece ; whilst at the near @-@ simultaneous Battle of Mycale the Allied fleet destroyed much of the remaining Persian fleet . = = Significance = = The Battle of Salamis marked the turning point in the Greco @-@ Persian wars . After Salamis , the Peloponnesus , and by extension Greece as an entity , was safe from conquest ; and the Persians suffered a major blow to their prestige and morale ( as well as severe material losses ) . At the following battles of Plataea and Mycale , the threat of conquest was removed , and the Allies were able to go on the counter @-@ offensive . The Greek victory allowed Macedon to revolt against Persian rule ; and over the next 30 years , Thrace , the Aegean Islands and finally Ionia would be removed from Persian control by the Allies , or by the Athenian @-@ dominated successor , the Delian League . Salamis started a decisive swing in the balance of power toward the Greeks , which would culminate in an eventual Greek victory , severely reducing Persian power in the Aegean . Like the Battles of Marathon and Thermopylae , Salamis has gained something of a ' legendary ' status ( unlike , for instance , the more decisive Battle of Plataea ) , perhaps because of the desperate circumstances and the unlikely odds . A significant number of historians have stated that Salamis is one of the most significant battles in human history ( though the same is often stated of Marathon ) . In a more extreme form of this argument , some historians argue that if the Greeks had lost at Salamis , the ensuing conquest of Greece by the Persians would have effectively stifled the growth of Western Civilization as we know it . This view is based on the premise that much of modern Western society , such as philosophy , science , personal freedom and democracy are rooted in the legacy of Ancient Greece . Thus , this school of thought argues that , given the domination of much of modern history by Western Civilization , Persian domination of Greece might have changed the whole trajectory of human history . It is also worth mentioning that the celebrated blossoming of hugely influential Athenian culture occurred only after the Persian wars were won . Militarily , it is difficult to draw many lessons from Salamis , because of the uncertainty about what actually happened . Once again the Allies chose their ground well in order to negate Persian numbers , but this time ( unlike Thermopylae ) had to rely on the Persians launching an unnecessary attack for their position to count . Since it brought about that attack , perhaps the most important military lesson is to be found in the use of deception by Themistocles to bring about the desired response from the enemy . = = See Also = = Battle of Myeongnyang - a sea battle in which a small fleet of Korean ships defeated a far larger Japanese invasion fleet = = = Ancient sources = = = Herodotus , The Histories Perseus online version Aeschylus , extract from The Persians Ctesias , Persica ( excerpt in Photius 's epitome ) Diodorus Siculus , Bibliotheca Historica Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War Ephorus , Universal History Plutarch , Themistocles Cicero , On the Laws = = = Modern sources = = = Burn , A.R. ( 1985 ) . " Persia and the Greeks " in The Cambridge History of Iran , Volume 2 : The Median and Achaemenid Periods , Ilya Gershevitch , ed . Cambridge University Press . Fehling , D. ( 1989 ) . Herodotus and His " Sources " : Citation , Invention , and Narrative Art . Translated by J.G. Howie . Leeds : Francis Cairns . Finley , Moses ( 1972 ) . " Introduction " . Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War ( translated by Rex Warner ) . Penguin . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 044039 @-@ 9 . Green , Peter ( 1970 ) . The Year of Salamis , 480 – 479 BC . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson ( ISBN 0 @-@ 297 @-@ 00146 @-@ 9 ) . Green , Peter ( 1998 ) . The Greco @-@ Persian Wars . Berkeley : University of California Press ( hardcover , ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 20573 @-@ 1 ) ( paperback , ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 20313 @-@ 5 ) . Hanson , Victor Davis ( 2001 ) . Carnage and Culture : Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power . New York : DoubleDay , 2001 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 @-@ 385 @-@ 50052 @-@ 1 ) ; New York : Anchor Books ( paperback , ISBN 0 @-@ 385 @-@ 72038 @-@ 6 ) . Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( History of the Greek nation ) vol Β , Εκδοτική Αθηνών ( Editorial Athens ) 1971 . Holland , Tom ( 2005 ) . Persian Fire . London : Abacus ( ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 349 @-@ 11717 @-@ 1 ) . Köster , A.J. ( 1934 ) . Studien zur Geschichte des Antikes Seewesens . Klio Belheft 32 . Lazenby , JF . ( 1993 ) . The Defence of Greece 490 – 479 BC . Aris & Phillips Ltd . ( ISBN 0 @-@ 85668 @-@ 591 @-@ 7 ) . Lee , Felicia R. ( 2006 ) . A Layered Look Reveals Ancient Greek Texts The New York Times , 27 November 2006 . Pipes , David ( 1998 ) . " Herodotus : Father of History , Father of Lies " . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 @-@ 01 @-@ 18 . Strauss , Barry ( 2004 ) . The Battle of Salamis : The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece — and Western Civilization . New York : Simon and Schuster ( hardcover , ISBN 0 @-@ 7432 @-@ 4450 @-@ 8 ; paperback , ISBN 0 @-@ 7432 @-@ 4451 @-@ 6 ) . = Stanley Savige = Lieutenant General Sir Stanley George Savige , KBE , CB , DSO , MC , ED ( 26 June 1890 – 15 May 1954 ) was an Australian Army soldier and officer who served in the First World War and Second World War . In March 1915 , after the outbreak of the First World War , Savige enlisted in the First Australian Imperial Force . He served in the ranks during the Gallipoli Campaign , and received a commission . He later served on the Western Front , where he was twice recommended for the Military Cross for bravery . In 1918 , he joined Dunsterforce and served in the Caucasus Campaign , during which he was instrumental in protecting thousands of Assyrian refugees . He subsequently wrote a book , Stalky 's Forlorn Hope , about his experiences . After the war he played a key role in the establishment of Legacy Australia , the war widows and orphans benefit fund . During the early years of the Second World War , Savige commanded the 17th Infantry Brigade in the North African Campaign , the Battle of Greece and Syria – Lebanon Campaign . His outspoken criticism of professional soldiers earned him their rancour . He returned to Australia in early 1942 , and later commanded the 3rd Division in the Salamaua – Lae campaign . He ultimately rose to the rank of lieutenant general in the Australian Army , commanding the II Corps in the Bougainville Campaign . In later life , Savige was a director of Olympic Tyre & Rubber Ltd from 1946 to 1951 and chairman of Moran & Cato Ltd from 1950 to 1951 . He was also chairman of the Central War Gratuity Board from 1946 to 1951 , and a commissioner of the State Savings Bank of Victoria . = = Early life = = Stanley Savige was born on 26 June 1890 , in Morwell , Victoria , the eldest of eight children to Samuel Savige , a butcher , and his wife Ann Nora , née Walmsley . Stan Savige left Korumburra State School at the age of twelve to work as a blacksmith 's striker . While at Korumburra , he enlisted in the school junior cadets as a bugler . The family moved to Prahran , Victoria , in 1907 , where Savige worked at a variety of jobs and served in the Prahran senior cadets for 18 months , from 1907 to 1909 . He became a scoutmaster , forming the First Yarra Troop . Savige was an active member of the South Yarra Baptist Church , where he was a Sunday school teacher . Through his church activities , Savige met Lilian Stockton , to whom he became engaged on New Year 's Day , 1914 . = = First World War = = = = = Gallipoli = = = Savige enlisted in the First Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) on 6 March 1915 , and was posted to the 24th Infantry Battalion , which departed Melbourne for Egypt on the transport Euripides on 8 May 1915 . He was passed over for a commission due to his lack of education , but was promoted to corporal on 30 April and lance sergeant on 8 May . The 24th Infantry Battalion landed at Gallipoli on 5 September 1915 and took over part of the line at Lone Pine . Savige became company sergeant major on 20 September . There , he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 9 November 1915 . During the evacuation of Gallipoli in December 1915 , Savige was one of three officers chosen to serve with the battalion rearguard . = = = Western Front = = = After a brief period of rest and reorganisation in Egypt , the 2nd Division — of which the 24th Infantry Battalion was part — embarked for France on 21 March 1916 . Savige became commander of the battalion scout platoon and led a number of night patrols into no man 's land . On 12 April , he became battalion intelligence officer and he was promoted to lieutenant on 1 May . Coming to the attention of his brigade commander , Brigadier General John Gellibrand , Savige was attached to 6th Infantry Brigade headquarters as a trainee brigade intelligence officer . " We expected a lot of the new B. I. O. , " Gellibrand later recalled , " and we got it . " Savige served in operations at Pozières and Mouquet Farm in July and August 1916 . At one point he ran through heavy shellfire on an errand . The orderly who went into it with him was never seen again . Savige was promoted to captain on 15 September . On 8 November , he was wounded at Flers but remained on duty . However , on 20 December he was admitted to hospital , suffering from influenza . Savige rejoined the 24th Infantry Battalion on 5 January 1917 and was appointed adjutant on 3 February . In February 1917 , the German Army began a withdrawal from its positions in the Somme sector to the Hindenburg Line . Gellibrand was in temporary command of the 2nd Division , which at this time was opposite the village of Warlencourt . Patrols from the 6th Infantry Brigade found Warlencourt empty and occupied it unopposed . The 24th Infantry Battalion kept in contact with the Germans as they pulled back . On 13 March , the 24th Infantry battalion — now responsible for the entire brigade front — found Grévillers empty and occupied it . By 17 March 1917 , the trenches in front of Bapaume were empty and the 6th Infantry Brigade occupied its northern suburbs . In the Second Battle of Bullecourt during May 1917 , the 6th Infantry Brigade managed to penetrate the Hindenburg Line but its hold was precarious , as the 5th Infantry Brigade on its flank had not been able to manage the same feat . The brigade then faced strong German counter @-@ attacks . Savige was in the front trench , where he attempted to coordinate the 24th Infantry Battalion 's defence . The situation , Savige realised , was " somewhat serious " . Extraordinary tenacity and bravery was required to hold the position . " The 6th Brigade 's achievement on this day , " wrote Charles Bean , " had few parallels in the history of the AIF . In the whole line of battle from Vimy to near Quéant , theirs had been almost the only success . " Savige was mentioned in despatches for Bullecourt , and recommended for the Military Cross . His citation read : For conspicuous gallantry in action at the Hindenburg Line on 3rd May 1917 . After assisting to reorganise a party of broken infantry he acted as staff officer to the Senior Officer in the captured position . In this capacity he displayed most commendable coolness , energy and ability , in securing reliable information as to the progress of the action . Savige was ultimately awarded the Military Cross on 1 January 1918 , for both his " consistent good work and devotion to duty " in the period spanning 26 February to 17 March 1917 and his " coolness under fire and tenacity of purpose " during the Second Battle of Bullecourt from April – May 1917 . He was mentioned in despatches a second time for his role in the Battle of Passchendaele , although he was originally recommended for a bar to his Military Cross . His citation read : For conspicuous gallantry . On the night of the 3rd / 4th Oct. he assisted in laying out jumping @-@ off and direction tapes at Zonnebeke on which the attacking battalions formed up . He then checked their correctness — This was done under heavy fire . He then helped to guide the attackers to their positions . On the night 8th / 9th October. he did similar work on Broodseinde Ridge under particularly heavy fire and throughout the attack on the 9th October. he remained in the forward area gathering information and forwarding it to Brigade Headquarters . This Officer has been on many occasions conspicuous for his gallantry . Although Savige was informed that the citation had gone through , the medal was never gazetted . He became assistant brigade major of the 6th Infantry Brigade on 10 September and was acting brigade major from 22 November until 11 January 1918 . = = = Iran = = = Following the abdication of the Russian Tsar in 1917 , the Caucasus Front collapsed , leaving Central Asia open to the Turkish Army . The British War Office responded with a plan to send a force of hand @-@ picked British officers and NCOs to organise any remaining Russian forces or civilians who were ready to fight the Turkish forces . A request for Australian officers to participate was sent to the commander of the Australian Corps , General Sir William Birdwood . Some twenty officers , drawn from " the cream of the cream " of Australian leaders , were chosen , including Savige . This force became known as Dunsterforce after its commander , Major General Lionel Charles Dunsterville , the inspiration for the titular character of Rudyard Kipling 's novel Stalky & Co . Dunsterforce arrived in Baku in August 1918 . It was hoped that , from the Christian Georgian , Armenian and Assyrian people who had supported the Russians and historically feared the Turks , Dunsterforce could raise an army to contain the Turks but " the task proved superhuman " . Following the capture of Urmia by the Turks , Savige discovered tens of thousands of fleeing Assyrian refugees . He deployed a small group of volunteers from his own force , along with refugees , to form a rearguard to hold back the Persians and Kurds who were murdering the refugees and carrying off the young girls as slaves . Official Historian Charles Bean later wrote that : The stand made by Savige and his eight companions that evening and during half of the next day against hundreds of the enemy thirsting like wolves to get at the defenceless throng was as fine as any episode known to the present writer in the history of this war . Savige was subsequently decorated with the Distinguished Service Order for his efforts on this occasion . His citation read : For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty during the retirement of refugees from Sain Kelen to Tikkaa Tappah , 26 / 28th July , 1918 ; also at Chalkaman , 5 / 6th August . In command of a small party sent to protect the rear of the column of refugees , he by his resource and able dispositions kept off the enemy , who were in greatly superior numbers . He hung on to position after position until nearly surrounded , and on each occasion extricated his command most skilfully . His cool determination and fine example inspired his men , and put heart into the frightened refugees . For his services in Iran , Savige was also mentioned in despatches a third time . He later wrote a book about his experiences , entitled Stalky 's Forlorn Hope , which was published in Melbourne in 1920 . In November 1918 , he was evacuated to a hospital in Bombay , suffering an attack of malaria , and returned to Australia in January 1919 on the City of Exeter . = = Between the wars = = Savige married Lilian Stockton on 28 June 1919 at the South Yarra Baptist Church . Their marriage produced a daughter , Gwendolyn Lesley , who was born in 1920 . Savige also raised his two nephews , Stanley James and William , after his sister Hilda died in 1924 . Savige had to struggle to re @-@ establish himself in civilian life . He was unemployed for a time before finding work with a Melbourne wholesale firm . In 1923 he became sole agent for the Returned Soldiers ' Mill in Geelong . He was successful as a salesman and eventually became sole agent for all of Australia . In 1930 , he ran unsuccessfully for the Victorian Legislative Assembly Electoral district of Caulfield on the Nationalist Party of Australia ticket . In 1923 , Gellibrand founded the Remembrance Club in Hobart , with the aim of encouraging returned servicemen in business . Savige visited Gellibrand in Hobart during August 1923 , and Gellibrand urged him to set up a similar club in Melbourne . Soon after Savige 's return to Melbourne , a group of ex @-@ servicemen met to say farewell to one of their number who was about to go to England . Savige used this opportunity to bring up the idea of a club similar to Gellibrand 's Remembrance Club . After several informal meetings , the Melbourne club 's inaugural meeting was held in Anzac House , Melbourne . Legacy Australia was founded as an ex @-@ servicemen 's club , but soon became a charitable organisation focusing on war widows and orphans . For the next 26 years , due to his commitment , energy and enthusiasm , Savige 's name became inseparable from both the club and the movement . Savige joined the Militia on 19 February 1920 , with his AIF rank of captain . He served with Headquarters 3rd Division — then under Gellibrand — from July 1921 to November 1924 . He commanded the 37th Infantry Battalion from 1 December 1924 to 31 July 1928 , the 24th Infantry Battalion from 1 August 1928 to 31 May 1935 , and the 10th Infantry Brigade from 1 June 1935 to 12 October 1939 . Along the way , he was promoted to major on 1 July 1924 , lieutenant colonel on 1 July 1926 , colonel on 1 June 1935 , and brigadier on 1 May 1938 . His promotion , while neither meteoric nor exceptional , was still far faster than that enjoyed by regular officers like Frank Berryman , Horace Robertson , or George Alan Vasey , who had been majors in the AIF but remained at that rank for nearly twenty years , only to find themselves junior to Militia officers like Savige . For his part , Savige was a critic of the regulars . While commander of 10th Infantry Brigade , he insisted that Royal Military College , Duntroon graduates serve first as platoon commanders before assuming staff posts , so they could acquire an understanding of the men . He wrote to Gellibrand : [ Staff Corps ] men are taken in hand at an early age and trained only to be soldiers . In peace they are chiefly military clerks with an ability to repeat the contents of the little red books . Some of course get beyond that stage but they are few in number . = = Second World War = = = = = Libya = = = Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 , Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced the decision to form a Second Australian Imperial Force . He further directed that all commands in the new 6th Division would go to militiamen . Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Blamey — who was appointed commander of the 6th Division on 28 September — selected Savige to command its 17th Infantry Brigade , the brigade from Victoria . Savige was given the AIF serial number VX13 . He and Blamey had worked together when Blamey had commanded the 3rd Division from 1931 to 1937 , and Savige was " almost fanatically loyal to Blamey through bad as well as good times " . For regular officers , their exclusion from command positions was " the final straw " . Savige suspected — accurately in part — that Staff Corps officers were out to get him . A " general atmosphere of criticism and derogation " infected the force that would eventually sour relations between Blamey and some Staff Corps officers . Considering its inexperience , Savige 's 17th Infantry Brigade was given a complicated role in the Battle of Bardia . While the 2 / 6th Infantry Battalion made a demonstration on the right , the 2 / 5th Infantry Battalion , reinforced by part of the 2 / 7th Infantry Battalion , attempted to follow up the 16th Infantry Brigade 's attack , with the remainder of the 2 / 7th in reserve . The brigade had to move in four directions at once . The plan soon went wrong , as the 2 / 5th in particular suffered a series of mishaps . By nightfall , Colonel Frank Berryman , the divisional chief of staff , had reached the conclusion that the 17th Infantry Brigade had become too tired and disorganised for further effort . This was only partly due to enemy action ; the rest was attributable to Berryman 's own plan , which had dispersed the brigade and provided it with inadequate armoured and , in the final stages , artillery support . Savige also bore some of the blame , for failing to ensure that his subordinates understood and carried out the plan . At the Battle of Tobruk , Savige 's 17th Infantry Brigade was again split up and given a secondary role . However , in the advance on Derna , the brigade managed to beat Robertson 's 19th Infantry Brigade to Giovanni Berta . By late February , the campaign was over and Savige was tasked with holding a defensive line near El Agheila . He became convinced that German troops were moving into the area , but his concerns were dismissed by the Brigadier General Staff at I Corps , Brigadier Sydney Rowell . A month later , Savige was proven right when the Afrika Korps pounced on the British forces around El Agheila , but by then he and the 17th Infantry Brigade were in Egypt , preparing for the Battle of Greece . Although the campaign had raised doubts about his suitability for command — mostly resulting from his performance at Bardia , but also with regard to the running feud with Vasey , Berryman and Robertson — Savige was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire . His citation read : Brigadier Savige commanded the 17th Aust . Inf . Bde in the Battles of Bardia ( 3 – 5 Jan ) Tobruk ( 21 – 22 Jan ) , Derna ( 24 – 31 Jan ) , and the pursuit to Slonta . He showed fine control organisation and leadership throughout , culminating in an excellent example of initiative and drive which broke the enemy flank west of Derna thus accelerating the enemy retreat and final defeat . = = = Greece and Syria = = = The 17th Infantry Brigade was the last to land in Greece , arriving at Piraeus on 12 April . Savige was placed in charge of Savige Force , consisting of the 2 / 5th , 2 / 6th , 2 / 7th and 2 / 11th Infantry Battalions , with armour , artillery , engineer and other support . He was given the mission of covering the Allied flank around Kalabaka . On 17 April , Savige received orders to withdraw from Kalabaka , leaving only a rearguard behind . The road behind him , however , was packed with vehicles , and a crucial bridge on the only reasonably good road back had accidentally been demolished . Savige elected to disregard his orders and hold his position until the road was clear . He then managed to withdraw , although his driver 's foot was broken in an air raid . Savige arrived back in Palestine on 1 May 1941 and began the task of rebuilding his brigade . For the campaign in Greece , he received his fourth mention in despatches . In June 1941 , the 7th Division fought in the Syria – Lebanon Campaign . One of its problems was that it was trying to fight three battles with only two brigades , because the 18th Infantry Brigade that was normally part of the division was engaged in the Siege of Tobruk . Accordingly , Savige 's 17th Infantry Brigade headquarters was brought in to provide the 7th Division with a third brigade headquarters . Savige was given three battalions that had never worked together before — the 2 / 3rd and 2 / 5th Infantry Battalions and 2 / 2nd Pioneer Battalion . He scored a notable success in the Battle of Damour , which he rated as his most successful battle of the war , although his conduct was not above criticism by Berryman , who felt that Savige had located his headquarters too far back , resulting in failure to seize an important opportunity . Ultimately , though , this had no significant impact on the battle . By June 1941 , Blamey had become concerned about Savige 's health . A thorough medical examination in August declared that Savige had reached a stage of complete exhaustion . Blamey therefore decided to send Savige and Brigadier J. J. Murray back to Australia on a recruiting campaign as " a graceful way of retiring with honour two officers who have done useful work in the Middle East but seemed to him unequal to the severe physical demands of fast @-@ moving modern warfare " . Savige said goodbye to the three battalions of the 17th Brigade at a special parade at Edsaya in Syria on 15 December 1941 . At the time his next post was to have been Director of Recruiting and Propaganda in Australia . = = = Defence of Australia = = = Savige arrived in Australia on 5 January 1942 to find that his new appointment had been changed to commander of the 3rd Division , and he was promoted to the rank of major general two days later . The outbreak of war with Japan prompted a wholesale reorganisation of the forces in Australia and Savige was one of a number of officers with experience in the Middle East who was promoted and given	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
command of a Home Army formation . Savige threw himself into the task of preparing his command for the war , weeding out the physically unfit and incompetent . By May , he had removed some 60 officers . Replacing them was another matter . The division was at less than half strength when Savige assumed command and was filled with large numbers of 18 @-@ year @-@ old conscripts . One new arrival was especially welcome : Lieutenant Colonel John Wilton , who was posted as General Service Officer , First Grade ( GSO1 ) in August . Savige later recalled that " I never had a more competent staff , nor such a co @-@ operative team , than that staff after Wilton came along . " The 3rd Division moved to southern Queensland in July , where it came under Lieutenant General Edmund Herring 's II Corps . In October , Herring succeeded Rowell as commander of New Guinea Force , and Savige became acting corps commander . With his attention focused on the corps , Savige relied on Wilton to supervise the training of the 3rd Division . = = = Wau – Salamaua = = = The 3rd Division was alerted to move to New Guinea in February 1943 , but Blamey did not initially intend for Savige to command it , for he felt that " it 's very tough going up there " , and he still had doubts about Savige 's physical fitness . A thorough medical examination cleared the way , and Savige departed for Port Moresby in March 1943 . The successful conclusion of the Battle of Wau left the 17th Infantry Brigade — now under Brigadier Murray Moten — at Wau as the only troops in contact with the enemy in the South West Pacific Area . Herring , now in command of New Guinea Force , ordered Savige to threaten the Japanese position at Salamaua ; the result was the Salamaua – Lae campaign . Despite the rugged conditions , Savige led from the front . He visited forward positions and flew over frontline areas wearing his scarlet general 's cap band to let his men — and any Japanese sniper — know that the general was on the job . Once again , Savige would not escape controversy . In this case , difficulties arose from the fact that Herring failed to make it clear to Savige and Wilton exactly what was meant by " threaten " . What would end up being threatened by Savige 's very success was Blamey 's plan for the capture of Lae , which called for the Japanese defenders of Lae to be drawn away towards Salamaua . The campaign also included an acrimonious exchange between Savige and American commanders that threatened Allied harmony . This arose , ironically , because of Herring 's deliberately vague instructions , which he hoped would ensure Allied harmony . On 15 August , Blamey and Berryman , now a major general , arrived in Port Moresby . Berryman was sent forward to visit Savige and evaluate his performance , with a brief to pass judgement on Savige 's conduct of the campaign — and relieve him if necessary . Although " it was an open secret that Berryman had a very low opinion of Savige 's military competence " , after surveying the situation for himself , Berryman was forced to admit to Wilton that he " never thought that he would have to admit that Savige was right . " Berryman returned to Port Moresby and informed Blamey and Herring that they had misjudged Savige . Nonetheless , in deference to Herring 's wishes , Blamey relieved Savige anyway . On 23 August , Savige , bitterly disappointed that he would not see the final capture of Salamaua , handed over the Salamaua operation to the 5th Division under Major General Edward Milford . Savige was awarded a Companion of the Order of the Bath for his services in the Salamaua campaign . His citation read : Maj @-@ Gen. Savige had control of the Battle for Salamaua from 30 Jun. 43 till his relief on 26 Aug. 43 . The battle was finally won on 11 Sep. 43 — the credit for victory must rest with Maj @-@ Gen. Savige during whose period of command , the back of the enemy 's defence was broken . The nature of the country rendered great assistance to the defender , and careful planning alone enabled the defences to be overcome . The supplying of our forward troops was also a terrific problem . Maj @-@ Gen. Savige triumphed over all these difficulties , his men were kept supplied , they were encouraged to endure the most dreadful hardships , and to overcome great difficulties of terrain . Maj @-@ Gen. Savige 's plans were well conceived and he saw them carried through . The success achieved is of the greatest importance to the Allied cause , and Maj @-@ Gen. Savige by his fine leadership has made a very real contribution to the ultimate success of the United nations . The victories won over the enemy at the battles for Mubo and Komiatum were due to his well conceived plans and energetic execution . = = = New Guinea = = = In February 1944 , the appointment of Herring as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria led to a vacancy at I Corps , for which General Blamey nominated both Vasey and Savige , but , " having regard to their respective careers " , recommended the latter . Army Minister Frank Forde queried Blamey 's recommendation , and asked who was the senior officer . Blamey explained that Savige was senior to Vasey — although not as senior as Arthur " Tubby " Allen , James Cannan or Eric Plant . Blamey pointed out that seniority was not the paramount concern for promotion at such a level , and that he was not prepared to recommend these officers at this time , whereupon Forde dropped his objection . General Douglas MacArthur considered Vasey 's supersession " outrageous " . On 12 April 1944 , Savige 's I Corps headquarters moved up from Queensland to relieve that of Berryman ’ s II Corps at Finschhafen . The two staffs had hoped to exchange office equipment , thus saving on shipping , but Advanced LHQ ordered that each should move with all its stores . Instead , the designations of the two corps were exchanged , so that I Corps was still the corps in Australia and II Corps the one in New Guinea . On 20 April , II Corps was ordered to assume the designation and function of New Guinea Force and the existing headquarters of New Guinea Force in Port Moresby was broken up . Savige therefore assumed command of New Guinea Force , his new headquarters opening at Lae on 6 May . At this time , no major combat operations were taking place and activities were winding down in Australian New Guinea . New Guinea Force 's main role was rolling up the base installations and shipping units back to Australia . On 9 September 1944 , MacArthur discarded the task force organisation . Henceforth the US Sixth Army and Eighth Army and Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee ’ s First Army reported directly to him . First Army headquarters arrived at Lae on 1 October and assumed control of Australian troops in New Guinea . At midnight , New Guinea Force was discontinued , and Savige 's headquarters became II Corps once more . = = = Bougainville = = = Although geographically the largest of the Solomon Islands , Bougainville was politically part of Australian New Guinea and Prime Minister John Curtin desired that Australia should contribute to the garrison . Savige ’ s II Corps was ordered to " reduce enemy resistance on Bougainville Island as opportunity offers without committing major forces " . " To a commander like General Savige , who was not only deeply imbued with the doctrine of aggressiveness which was an AIF article of faith in both world wars but also burning to end his military career in a swirl of action , " " wrote correspondent John Hetherington , Savige 's orders " were invitingly flexible . " GHQ reckoned that there were no more than 12 @,@ 000 Japanese left on Bougainville , while LHQ estimated 25 @,@ 000 . Actually , more than 40 @,@ 000 Japanese were still alive on Bougainville in November 1944 . Savige 's sixth and last campaign of the war was free of controversy about his command . Once again , he had a talented regular officer as chief of staff , Brigadier Ragnar Garrett , with whom he had worked in Greece during 1941 and more recently in New Guinea . Moreover , as a corps commander , tactical details could be left to subordinates , although Savige still had to keep a close eye on them to ensure that they did not take unnecessary risks or incur needless casualties . Savige continued to tour the front lines wearing his scarlet cap band and flying his car flag . He also maintained his concern for , and rapport with , the ordinary soldiers under his command . The final campaign on Bougainville cost 516 Australian lives . Some 8 @,@ 500 Japanese were killed while 9 @,@ 800 died of other causes , leaving 23 @,@ 571 still alive when the war ended . On 8 September 1945 , Savige accepted their surrender at Torokina . = = After the war = = From October 1945 to May 1946 , Savige served as co @-@ ordinator of demobilisation and dispersal . He transferred to the Reserve of Officers on 6 June . Resuming his business interests , he was a director of Olympic Tyre & Rubber Ltd from 1946 to 1951 and chairman of Moran & Cato Ltd from 1950 to 1951 . He was also chairman of the Central War Gratuity Board from 1946 to 1951 and from 1951 a commissioner of the State Savings Bank of Victoria . He was a leader in Melbourne 's Anzac Day marches , a patron of a number of his former units ' associations , and honorary colonel of the 5th Battalion ( Victorian Scottish Regiment ) . Blamey recommended Savige for a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire for the Salamaua campaign in October 1944 . A year later , he recommended Savige for a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath for the campaign on Bougainville . Both recommendations were turned down by the Labor government . Following the election of the coalition government in the 1949 election , Blamey wrote to the newly elected Prime Minister , Robert Menzies , requesting honours for his generals . This time he was successful , and Savige was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( Military Division ) in the King 's Birthday Honours on 8 June 1950 . In 1953 , he travelled to London to represent Legacy at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . = = Death = = Savige died of coronary artery disease at his home in Kew , Victoria on 15 May 1954 . He was accorded a funeral with full military honours at St Paul 's Cathedral , Melbourne . The service was conducted by the Chaplain of Southern Command and Bishop of Geelong , the Right Reverend Dr J. D. McKie , who told the congregation that " Sir Stanley 's greatest virtue was humanity . He had great consideration for his troops . He thought that they were not there just to be used , but to be helped . " A crowd of 3 @,@ 000 mourners watched him laid to rest at Kew Cemetery . Savige left an estate valued at £ 66 @,@ 000 . He was survived by his daughter Gwendolyn and his nephew Stanley , his wife having died two months earlier . In his will , he directed that his papers be donated to the Australian War Memorial , where they remain . The War Memorial also holds his portrait by Alfred Cook . In August 2006 , Australian @-@ Assyrian community leaders from Sydney and Melbourne gathered to commemorate Savige 's role in saving Assyrian refugees in 1918 , and the mayor of Morwell , Lisa Price , unveiled a bronze bust of the general . = International Aerial Robotics Competition = The International Aerial Robotics Competition ( IARC ) began in 1991 on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology and is the longest running university @-@ based robotics competition in the world . Since 1991 , collegiate teams with the backing of industry and government have fielded autonomous flying robots in an attempt to perform missions requiring robotic behaviors never before exhibited by a flying machine . In 1990 , the term “ aerial robotics ” was coined by competition creator Robert Michelson to describe a new class of small highly intelligent flying machines . The successive years of competition saw these aerial robots grow in their capabilities from vehicles that could at first barely maintain themselves in the air , to the most recent automatons which are self @-@ stable , self @-@ navigating , and able to interact with their environment — especially objects on the ground . The primary goal of the competition has been to provide a reason for the state @-@ of @-@ the art in aerial robotics to move forward . Challenges set before the international collegiate community have been geared towards producing advances in the state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art at an increasingly aggressive pace . From 1991 through 2009 , a total of six missions have been proposed . Each of them involved fully autonomous robotic behavior that was undemonstrated at the time and impossible for any robotic system fielded anywhere in the world , even by the most sophisticated military robots belonging to the super powers . In October 2013 a new seventh mission was proposed . As with previous missions , the Mission 7 involves totally autonomous flying robots , but this is the first IARC mission to involve the interaction between multiple ground robots and even simultaneous competition between two aerial robots working against each other and against the clock to influence the behavior and trajectory of up to ten autonomous ground robots . In 2016 , the International Aerial Robotics Competition and its creator were officially recognized during the Georgia legislative session in the form of " Senate Resolution 1255 ” which recognized it as the longest running aerial robotics competition in the world and for having been responsible for moving forward the state of the art in aerial robotics on several occasions during the past quarter century . = = History = = = = = First mission = = = The initial mission to move a metallic disc from one side of an arena to another with a completely autonomous flying robot was seen by many as almost impossible . The college teams continued to improve their entries over the next two years when the competition saw its first autonomous takeoff , flight , and landing by a team from the Georgia Institute of Technology . Three years later in 1995 a team from Stanford University was able to acquire a single disk and move it from one side of the arena to the other in a fully autonomous flight — half a decade earlier than some pundits had predicted . = = = Second mission = = = The competition mission was then toughened and made a bit less abstract by requiring teams to search for a toxic waste dump , map the location of partially buried randomly oriented toxic waste drums , identify the contents of each drum from the hazard labels found somewhere on the outside of each drum , and bring a sample back from one of the drums — all without any human intervention whatsoever . In 1996 a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University , with backing from Draper Labs , created a small fully autonomous flying robot that repeatedly and correctly mapped the location of all five of the toxic waste drums , and correctly identified the contents of two from the air , thereby completing approximately seventy five percent of the mission . The following year , an aerial robot developed by a team from Carnegie Mellon University completed the entire mission . = = = Third mission = = = The third mission was begun in 1998 . It was a search and rescue mission requiring fully autonomous robots to take off , fly to a disaster area and search for survivors and the dead amid raging fires , broken water mains , clouds of toxic gas , and rubble from destroyed buildings . The scenario was recreated at the U.S. Department of Energy 's Hazardous Material Management and Emergency Response ( HAMMER ) training facility where the above hazards could be recreated . Because of the realism of the scenario , animatrons were used instead of human actors to simulate survivors incapable of extracting themselves from the disaster area . An aerial robot from Germany 's Technische Universität Berlin was able to detect and avoid all of the obstacles ( many of which could have destroyed the robot itself ) , identify all the dead on the ground and the survivors ( distinguishing between the two based on movement ) , and relay pictures of the survivors along with their locations back to first responders who would attempt a rescue . This mission was completed in 2000 . = = = Fourth mission = = = The fourth mission was initiated in 2001 . This fully autonomous mission involved three scenarios requiring the same autonomous behavior . The first scenario was a hostage rescue mission where a submarine 3 kilometers off the coast of a third world nation must send in an aerial robot to find a coastal city , identify the embassy where the hostages are being held , locate valid openings in the embassy building , enter ( or send in a sensor probe / subvehicle ) and relay pictures of the hostages back 3 km to the submarine prior to mounting an amphibious assault on the embassy to free the hostages . The second scenario revolved around the discovery of an ancient mausoleum by archaeologists . An ancient virus contained in the mausoleum has quickly killed all the archaeological team , but prior to their death they radioed that a very important and undocumented tapestry is hanging inside . The local government is planning to cleanse the area with a fuel @-@ air explosion in 15 minutes , so the scientists will send in an autonomous aerial robot to find the mausoleum , enter it ( or send in a sensor probe / subvehicle ) and relay pictures of the tapestry back prior to the destruction of the mausoleum and its contents . The third scenario involved an explosion at a nuclear reactor facility which shuts down two of three reactors . Everyone is killed in the disaster and scientists must send in an aerial robot to find the operating reactor building , enter the building ( or send in a sensor probe / subvehicle ) and relay pictures of the control panels to determine if a melt @-@ down is imminent . The scientists are forced to maintain a 3 kilometer stand @-@ off distance due to the extreme radiation hazard . All three missions involve the same elements : Rapid ingress over a 3 km path Location of a building complex Location of a specific building within the complex Identification of valid openings in that building Entry into the building by the aerial robot or a sensor @-@ carrying subvehicle Relay of pictures from within back to the launch point 3 km away Mission completion within 15 minutes Full autonomy throughout all aspects of the mission This fourth IARC mission was conducted at the U.S. Army 's Fort Benning Soldier Battle Lab using the McKenna MOUT ( Military Operations on Urban Terrain ) site , which replicates a complete German village created for war gaming when the main cold war threat was perceived to come through the Fulda Gap into Germany . The fourth mission was completed in 2008 with various teams having already demonstrated all of the required aerial robotic behaviors mandated by the fourth mission rules , except being able to demonstrate these behaviors seamlessly in under 15 minutes — a feat considered by the organizer and judges to be inevitable given a bit more time , and therefore no longer a significant challenge . Thus the fourth mission was terminated , $ 80 @,@ 000 in awards distributed , and the fifth mission established . = = = Fifth mission = = = The fifth mission picked up where the fourth mission left off by demonstrating the fully autonomous aerial robotic behaviors necessary to rapidly negotiate the confined internal spaces of a structure once it has been penetrated by an air vehicle . The nuclear reactor complex explosion scenario of the fourth mission was used as the backdrop for the fifth mission . The fifth mission required a fully autonomous aerial vehicle ( presupposed to have been launched from a " mothership " just outside the structure as demonstrated during the fourth mission ) to penetrate the structure and negotiate the more complex interior space containing hallways , small rooms , obstacles , and dead ends in order to search for a designated target without the aid of global @-@ positioning navigational aids , and relay pictures back to a monitoring station some distance from the structure . The First Symposium on Indoor Flight Issues was held in conjunction with this 2009 IARC event . = = = Sixth mission = = = The sixth mission began in 2010 as an extension of the fifth Mission theme of autonomous indoor flight behavior , however the sixth mission demanded more advanced behaviors than were currently possible by any aerial robot extant in 2010 . This espionage mission involved covertly stealing a flash drive from a particular room in a building , for which there was no a priori knowledge of the floor plan , and depositing an identical drive to avoid detection of the theft . The 2010 Symposium on Indoor Flight Issues was held concurrently at the University of Puerto Rico - Mayagüez during the 20th anniversary competition . The Official Rules for the current 6th Mission are available at the Competition web site . = = = Seventh mission = = = The seventh mission began in 2014 demanding more advanced behaviors than were currently possible by any aerial robot extant in 2014 . The mission involves autonomous aerial robots controlling autonomous ground robots tactually . The mission is divided into mission 7a and 7b . Mission 7a requires a single autonomous aerial robot to herd as many of the 10 autonomous ground robot targets as possible , across the green boundary line in under 10 minutes . The arena is 20m x 20m ( 65 @.@ 62 feet x 65 @.@ 62 feet ) and has a green boundary line at one end , a red boundary line at the opposite end , and white sidelines . The pattern on the floor of the arena is unknown to the aerial robot designers a priori , however it is known that there is a 1m x 1m ( 3 @.@ 28 feet x 3 @.@ 28 feet ) white square grid pattern overlaid upon the arena . Other than what is seen on the arena floor , there are neither walls for SLAM mapping nor GPS availability . Techniques such as optical flow or optical odometry are possible solutions to navigation within the arena . In addition to the 10 ground robot targets , there are 4 " tall " robot obstacles ( as much as 2m ( 6 @.@ 56 feet in height ) which circulate within the arena . Collisions with obstacle ground robots ends the run with no score . The ( non obstacle ) ground robot targets automatically reverse direction every 20 seconds and have up to 20 ° of noise applied to their trajectories at 5 second intervals . If an aerial robot touches the ground robot on top with a magnet , the ground robot will turn clockwise 45 ° . If the aerial robot blocks its forward motion by landing in front of it , the ground robot targets will reverse direction . Ground robot targets that feely escape the arena count against the aerial robot 's team score . The autonomous aerial robots must decide which ground robots are in imminent danger of crossing any boundary but the green one , and redirect them toward the green boundary . Five of the 10 ground robot targets are green and 5 are red . Mission 7b pits the best teams from 7a against each other , one on one , to get as many of its own green ground robots across the green boundary while misdirecting the opponent 's red ground robots . Similarly , the opponent is trying to get as many of its red ground robots across the red boundary while misdirecting the opponent 's green ground robots . The Official Rules for the current 7th Mission are available at the Competition web site . In addition , a video derived from the August 2014 events held at the American Venue ( the Georgia Institute of Technology 's McAmish Pavilion ) and Asia / Pacific Venue ( Yantai China ) , explains the details of mission 7 graphically . = = Participants = = Collegiate teams participating in the IARC have come primarily from the United States and the Peoples Republic of China , but also from Germany , England , Switzerland , Spain , Canada , Chile , Qatar , Iran , and India . Teams range in size from several students , up to twenty or more . Both undergraduate and graduate students populate the teams , but some teams have been composed entirely of undergraduates or postgraduates . Industry is not permitted to enter , but it may assist the student teams with funding and equipment . = = Aerial robots = = The aerial robots vary in design from fixed wing airplanes , to conventional helicopters , to ducted fans , to airships , and beyond to bizarre hybrid creations . Because the competition focuses on fully autonomous behavior , the air vehicle itself is of less importance . Teams choosing to develop new air vehicle types have never won , as they are disadvantaged in comparison to those which adapt existing , working , air vehicles , and can therefore concentrate on performing the mission rather than developing something that will fly at all . As a result , adaptations of conventional rotary wing and fixed wing entries have always been the overall winners , with airships and ducted fans a close second . Aerial robots must be unmanned and autonomous , and must compete based on their ability to sense the semi @-@ structured environment of the competition arena . They may be intelligent or preprogrammed , but they must not be controlled by a remote human operator . Computational power need not be carried on the air vehicle itself . Computers operating from standard commercial power may be set up outside the competition arena boundary and uni- or bi @-@ directional data may be transmitted to / from the vehicles in the arena . Size or weight constraints are normally placed on the aerial robots , which must be equipped with a method of manually activated remote override of the primary propulsion system . = = Venues = = The International Aerial Robotics Competition was first held on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology ( first mission , 1991 – 1995 ) . Walt Disney World 's EPCOT Center asked that the competition move to its location for the second mission , where it was held at the entrance to the park during 1996 and 1997 . The U.S. Department of Energy 's Hazardous Material Management and Emergency Response ( HAMMER ) training facility then brought the IARC to Richland WA from 1998 to 2000 for the conduct of the third mission . The fourth mission began in 2001 at the U.S. Navy 's Webster Field in Maryland , but was moved to the Canada Olympic Village ( Calgary , Canada ) the following year because Webster Field was unsuitable . Weather , difficulty in airspace management , and extreme electromagnetic interference drove the IARC to an ideal venue where these issues could be managed : the U.S. Army 's Fort Benning Soldier Battle Lab , McKenna MOUT site . For the fourth mission scenarios , the existence of the uninhabited McKenna village provides the perfect venue . Due to the nature of the challenge , the fifth mission took place in an indoor location at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez . The sixth mission was initiated in the coliseum on the campus of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez during August 2010 , however the sixth mission was moved to Grand Forks , North Dakota beginning in 2011 . A second venue was established in Beijing China beginning in 2012 . This " Asia / Pacific Venue " serves the Asian and Australian continents while the " American Venue " serves the American , European , and African continents . Teams are free to enter the competition at either venue . Beginning in August 2012 , the two venues conducted the sixth mission under the same set of rules . The new seventh mission was begun at the McAmish Pavilion on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology ( American Venue ) and in Yantai , Shandong Province , China ( Asia / Pacific Venue ) during August 2014 . = = Prizes = = IARC prizes have traditionally been " winner take all " , although during the competition 's early years monetary progress awards were given to further development of the best performers . With the fourth mission it was realized that there would be no quick winners , and that several years of development would be required by each of the teams . Therefore , an incremental " growing prize pot " was established , to which the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International Foundation adds another US $ 10 @,@ 000 each year . The 2008 prize level was set at a total of $ 80 @,@ 000 . Any team completing the fourth mission in under 15 minutes would receive the entire $ 80 @,@ 000 prize , otherwise the prize would be distributed based on 2008 competitor performance most closely approaching the 15 @-@ minute mission goal . By 2008 , Levels 1 through 3 of the fourth mission had been demonstrated , proving that all required aerial robotic behaviors were possible , but by the end of the 2008 event , no single team was able to sequentially and seamlessly demonstrate all behaviors in under 15 minutes . The $ 80 @,@ 000 was therefore divided between the ten finalists : ( Georgia Institute of Technology received $ 27 @,@ 700 ; Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University $ 17 @,@ 700 ; and Embry Riddle / DeVry Calgary $ 12 @,@ 200 , with the remainder shared between the other finalists based on merit ) . $ 10 @,@ 000 was awarded to a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2009 which , in addition to receiving the AUVSI @-@ sponsored prize award , also received their $ 1 @,@ 000 application fee back under the incentive program outlined in the Official IARC Rules for 2009 which stated that any team completing the fifth mission during the first year of the mission , would receive a full rebate of their application fee . In August 2013 , a team from Tsinghua University completed the entire sixth mission , thereby winning $ 40 @,@ 000 . = = Spin offs = = The competition creator , Robert Michelson , is past President of the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International ( AUVSI ) . The IARC was first established with seed money for logistics and a grand prize that was backed by the Association . After the initial success and tremendous media attention garnered by the IARC , the AUVSI launched the Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition a few years later in Detroit , MI . This was organized by AUVSI Board member , Jerry Lane who worked at the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command at the time . In 1998 , the underwater community was represented when AUVSI and the U.S. Office of Naval Research teamed up to offer the first International Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Competition which is held annually in the U.S. All of these competitions , land , sea , and air , have at their core , " full autonomy " as a distinctive characteristic . The Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International Foundation continues to support these competitions with logistics and prize money although there are numerous industry co @-@ sponsors as well . = = Selected IARC Reports and Publications = = Michelson , R.C. , “ Autonomous Aerial Robots , ” Unmanned Systems , Volume 29 - No. 10 , October 2011 , Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International , Washington , D.C. , pp 38 – 42 Howe , J. , Vogl , M. , Banik , J. , et al . , " Design and Development of South Dakota School of Mines and Technology ’ s Aerial Robotic Reconnaissance System " , 1994 Proceedings of the AUVSI . Chapuis , J. , Eck , C. , Geering , H.P. , Mudra , R. , " The Swiss Entry into the 1996 International Aerial Robotics Competition , " 1996 Proceedings of the AUVSI , July 1996 , Orlando , FL , pp. 947 – 953 Padgett , W.T. , " Teaching design through design competition , " Frontiers in Education Conference- Teaching and Learning in an Era of Chang , 27th Annual Conference Proceedings , 5 – 8 November 1997 , Vol.3 , pp. 1477 – 1480 Koo , T.J. , Shim , D.H. , Shakernia , O. , Sinopoli , B. , Ma , Y. , Hoffman , F. , Sastry , S. , " Hierarchical Hybrid System Design on Berkeley Unmanned Autonomous Aerial Vehicle , " 1998 Proceedings of the AUVSI , July 1998 Greer , D. , McKerrow , P. , Abrantes , J. , " Robots in Urban Search and Rescue Operations , " Proceedings of the 2002 Australasian Conference on Automation , Auckland , Australian Robotics and Automation Association , 27 – 29 November 2002 , pp. 25 – 30 Proctor , A.A. , Kannan , S.K. , Raabe , C. , Christophersen , H.B. , and Johnson , E.N. , “ Development of an Autonomous Aerial Reconnaissance System at Georgia Tech , ” Proceedings of the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International Unmanned Systems Symposium & Exhibition , 2003 . = Calogero Vizzini = Calogero Don Calò Vizzini ( July 24 , 1877 – July 10 , 1954 ) was a historical Mafia boss of Villalba in the Province of Caltanissetta , Sicily . Vizzini was considered to be one of the most influential and legendary Mafia bosses of Sicily after World War II until his death in 1954 . In the media he was often depicted as the " boss of bosses " – although such a position does not exist in the loose structure of Cosa Nostra . He was the archetype of the paternalistic " man of honour " of a rural Mafia that disappeared in the 1960s and 1970s . In those days a mafioso was seen by some as a social intermediary and a man standing for order and peace . In the first stage of his career he used violence to establish his position , but in the second phase he limited recourse to violence , turned to principally legal sources of income , and exercised his power in an open and legitimate manner . Vizzini is the central character in the history of direct Mafia support for the Allied Forces during the invasion of Sicily in 1943 . After World War II he became the personification of the reinstatement of Cosa Nostra during the Allied occupation and the subsequent restoration of democracy after the repression under Fascist rule . Initially he supported the separatist movement , but changed allegiance to the Christian Democrat party , when it became clear that Sicilian independence was unfeasible . When he died in 1954 , thousands of peasants dressed in black , and high @-@ ranking mafiosi , politicians and priests took part in his funeral . The funeral epitaph stated that " his ' mafia ' was not criminal , but stood for respect of the law , defense of all rights , greatness of character . It was love . " However , Don Calo 's rise to power and persistence in power was tied with extortion , violence and murder . Vizzini ’ s stature as an all powerful Mafia boss rose to mythical proportions , but more recently historians have moderated his magnitude . = = Early years in Villalba = = Vizzini was born in Villalba , a village in the Province of Caltanissetta , with a population of approximately 4 @,@ 000 people at the time . This area in the middle of Sicily , known as the " Vallone " , was a poor region where most people lived off subsistence agriculture . His father , Beniamino Vizzini , was a peasant , but managed to marry into a slightly more well @-@ off family that owned some land . A member of his mother ’ s family , Giuseppe Scarlata , had risen to high eminence in the Catholic Church . Calogero ’ s brothers , Giovanni and Giuseppe ( not to be confused with the bishop of Noto of the same name ) , both became priests in Villalba . Calogero Vizzini , however , was semi @-@ literate and did not finish elementary school . The Mafia of Villalba was of relatively recent origin , as it did not go back to the 1860s , considered to be the period when the Mafia emerged around Palermo . It started as a form of private protection and has little to do with large estates as was the case in many other rural areas where many mafiosi started as caretakers and lease @-@ holders ( gabelloto or bailiff ) for absentee landlords . In the 1890s some people – including the young Calogero Vizzini – decided to do something about the absence of peace and security in the countryside . The state police at the time was as much a danger as the brigands . The Villalba Mafia thus emerged as an alternative social regime centred on the membership in church @-@ sponsored associations that generated considerable social capital . It later transformed into a protection racket , victimizing villagers and landowners alike through violence , intimidation and omertà . Don Calò once explained how he saw the Mafia when he was interviewed by one of Italy ’ s most famous journalists , Indro Montanelli , for the Corriere della Sera ( October 30 , 1949 ) : " The fact is that in every society there has to be a category of people who straighten things out when situations get complicated . Usually they are functionaries of the state . Where the state is not present , or where it does not have sufficient force , this is done by private individuals . " At one time , Vizzini ’ s criminal dossier included 39 murders , six attempted murders , 13 acts of private violence , 36 robberies , 37 thefts and 63 extortions . = = Early career = = Vizzini became a cancia – an intermediary between the peasants who wanted their wheat milled into flour and the mills that were located near the coast . Mafiosi that did not tolerate any competition controlled the mills . In the case of Villalba the mills were some 80 kilometres away . To get the grain safely to the mills over roads infested by bandits was no easy task . He arranged protection with the bandit Francesco Paolo Varsallona whose hide @-@ out was in the Cammarata mountains . Varsallona , an alleged " man of honour " , also supplied manpower to noble landowners to repress farmers ' revolts . Vizzini enrolled in Varsallona ’ s band while conducting his cancia business . Both were arrested in 1902 when Varsallona ’ s band finally fell into a trap set up by the police . Vizzini stood trial with the rest of the band for " association to commit a crime " – but he was one of the few to be acquitted . The episode had few negative consequences . In 1908 Vizzini was able to acquire a substantial part of the Belici estate when he brokered a deal between the owner , the duke Francesco Thomas de Barberin who resided in Paris , and the local rural bank Cassa Rurale , whose president , the priest Scarlata , was Vizzini ’ s uncle . Vizzini held 290 hectares for himself and generously left the rest to the bank to lease out to Catholic peasants . = = World War I and after = = By 1914 , at the outbreak of World War I , Vizzini was the undisputed head of the Mafia in Villalba . The war provided the mafiosi with new opportunities for self @-@ enrichment when the Italian Army requisitioned horses and mules in Sicily for the cavalry and artillery . Vizzini came to an agreement with the Army Commission to delegate the responsibilities to him . He collected a poll tax on the animals whose owners wanted to avoid requisition . He was also the broker for animals that were rustled for the occasion , buying at a low price from the hustlers and selling at market prices to the Army . However , too many horses and mules died of diseases or old age before they even reached the battlefield and the army ordered an inquiry . In 1917 , Vizzini was sentenced to 20 years in first instance for fraud , corruption and murder , but he was absolved thanks to powerful friends who exonerated him . He made his fortune on the black market during World War I , and expanded his activities to the sulphur mines . As a representative of a consortium of sulphur mine operators , Vizzini participated in high @-@ level meetings in Rome and London concerning government subsidies and tariffs , next to such men as Guido Donegani of Montecatini chemical industries and Guido Jung , Finance minister during Benito Mussolini ’ s fascist regime . Don Calò further established his fortune in 1922 when he led disgruntled peasants who grabbed land from the aristocratic absentee landlords . Vizzini bought three estates in the Villalba region ; he divided them up and handed them over – allegedly without making a penny , according to some – to a cooperative he had founded . According to a local villager , although every peasant got a plot , Don Calò kept more than 12 @,@ 000 acres ( 49 km ² ) for himself . At the time , according to German sociologist Henner Hess , Vizzini could easily have had himself elected as a parliamentary deputy . Nevertheless , he preferred to remain in the background and instead advise voters and elected officials , playing the role of benevolent benefactor , strengthening his clientele and prestige . He was present at a dinner in July 1922 with the future ruler of Italy , Benito Mussolini , in Milan and supported the March on Rome by Mussolini in October 1922 , financing the column that marched from Sicily . The authorities , however , had him listed as a dangerous criminal . A 1926 police report described Vizzini as a " dangerous cattle rustler , the Mafia boss of the province linked with cattle rustlers and Mafiosi of other provinces . " With the rise of Mussolini and Fascist rule , Vizzini ’ s fortunes changed . Mussolini did not tolerate a rival power on Sicily . He appointed Cesare Mori as the prefect of Palermo and granted special powers to persecute the Mafia . Vizzini claimed to have been incarcerated by Mori , but there are no historical records . He most likely was sent into confinement on the Italian mainland , although the exact town is not sure . Despite the confinement he was seen regularly in Villalba and Caltanissetta . = = Alleged support for allied invasion of Sicily = = In July 1943 , Calogero Vizzini allegedly helped the American army during the invasion of Sicily during World War II ( Operation Husky ) . In the US , the Office of Naval Intelligence ( ONI ) had recruited mafia support to protect the New York City waterfront from Axis Powers sabotage since the US had entered the war in December 1941 . The ONI collaborated with Lucky Luciano and his partner Meyer Lansky , a Jewish mobster , in what was called Operation Underworld . The resulting Mafia contacts were also used by the US Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) – the wartime predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) – during the invasion of Sicily . Later , the alliance was maintained in order to check the growing strength of the Italian Communist party on the island . Popular myth has it that a US Army airplane had flown over Villalba on the day of the invasion and dropped a yellow silk foulard marked with a black L ( indicating Luciano ) . Two days later , three American tanks rolled into Villalba after driving thirty miles through enemy territory . Don Calogero climbed aboard and spent the next six days traveling through western Sicily organizing support for the advancing American troops . As General Patton 's Third Division moved onward the signs of its dependence on Mafia support were obvious to the local population . The Mafia protected the roads from snipers , arranged enthusiastic welcomes for the advancing troops , and provided guides through the confusing mountain terrain . While mafiosi supported the US Army , recent research has led most serious historians to dismiss the legend of Luciano 's foulard nowadays . Vizzini was unknown in other parts of Sicily at the time and had no overall power since prefect Mori ’ s operations had disconnected the network of the Mafia . According to historian Salvatore Lupo : " The story about the Mafia supporting the Anglo @-@ Americans with the invasion in Sicily is just a legend without any foundation , on the contrary there are British and American documents about the preparation of the invasion that refute this conjecture ; the military power of the Allies was such that they did not need to use such measures . " Historian Tim Newark unraveled the myth in his book Mafia Allies . A version that is probably closer to the truth is that Vizzini simply led a delegation of locals to meet an Allied patrol whose commander had asked to speak to whoever was in charge . He quotes local historian , Luigi Lumia , who described how a procession of people with Calogero Vizzini at the helm made its way towards the tanks chanting : ' Long Live America ' , ' Long Live the Mafia ' , ' Long Live Don Calo ' . Vizzini was taken to a command post outside Villalba and was interrogated about a recent firefight involving an American jeep on patrol . When Vizzini made it clear that the Italian soldiers had fled and the firefight had been caused by exploding ammunition , the frustrated US army official took his rage out in a stream of obscenities . Vizzini was utterly embarrassed by the incident and ordered his interpreter not to tell anybody what had happened . = = Mayor of Villalba = = The Mafia only became credible again after the end of the invasion . The Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories ( AMGOT ) , looking for anti @-@ fascist notables to replace fascist authorities , made Don Calogero Vizzini mayor of Villalba , as well as an Honorary Colonel of the US Army . In the chaos that followed the invasion of Sicily and the collapse of Fascism , the American army often relied on senior churchmen for advice on whom to trust . Don Calò was one of those recommended . He had a long record of involvement with Catholic social funds and there were several clergymen in his family . A witness at the time described the appointment of Vizzini : " When Don Calò Vizzini was made mayor of the town almost the entire population was assembled in the square . Speaking in poor Italian , this American lieutenant said , ' This is your master ' . " According to Vizzini ’ s own account he was carried shoulder high through Villalba on the day he took office as mayor . He claimed to have acted as a peacemaker ; only his intervention saved his Fascist predecessor from being lynched . Michele Pantaleone , who first reported the legend of Luciano ’ s foulard , observed the Mafia 's revival in his native village of Villalba . He described the consequences of AMGOT 's policies : " By the beginning of the Second World War , the Mafia was restricted to a few isolated and scattered groups and could have been completely wiped out if the social problems of the island had been dealt with ... the Allied occupation and the subsequent slow restoration of democracy reinstated the Mafia with its full powers , put it once more on the way to becoming a political force , and returned to the Onorata Societa the weapons which Fascism had snatched from it . " The Americans authorities apparently appreciated Vizzini , because he had opposed the Fascists and yielded substantial political power on the island . As far as Vizzini was concerned , he liked to boast about his excellent contacts with the Americans , and underlined their support for the separatist movement . Vizzini would become an important player in the midst of the separatist crisis later on . The Americans seem to have treated Vizzini as the Mafia ’ s overall boss . The OSS relied on the Mafia , and in particular on Vizzini , for its intelligence . His codename was ‘ Bull Frog ’ in secret communications . For a while , the chief of the OSS Palermo office , Joseph Russo , met him and other Mafia bosses ‘ at least once a month ’ . = = King of the black market = = Because of his excellent connections , Vizzini also became the ' king ' of the rampant post @-@ war black market and arranged to get Villalba 's overly inquisitive police chief killed . AMGOT relied on mafiosi who were considered staunch anti @-@ fascists because of the repression under Benito Mussolini . Many other mafiosi , such as Giuseppe Genco Russo , were appointed as mayors of their own hometowns . Coordinating the AMGOT effort was the former lieutenant @-@ governor of New York , Colonel Charles Poletti , whom Luciano once described as " one of our good friends . " A peasant told the social activist Danilo Dolci in the 1950s how the situation was in Villalba after the Americans had landed : the Mafia " robbed the storehouses of the agrarian Co @-@ op and the army ’ s storehouses ; sold food , clothes , cars and lorries in Palermo on the black market . In Villalba all power was in their hands : church , Mafia , agricultural banks , latifundia , all in the hands of the same family … One used to go and see him and ask ' Can you do me this favour ? ' even for a little affair one had with some other person . " ' Vizzini established one of the largest black market operations in southern Italy , together with the American gangster Vito Genovese , who had fled to Italy in 1937 after being accused of murder . Don Calogero sent truck caravans loaded with all the basic food commodities necessary for the Italian diet rolling northward to hungry Naples , where their cargoes were distributed by Genovese 's organization . All of the trucks were issued passes and export papers by the AMGOT administration in Naples and Sicily , and some corrupt American army officers even made contributions of gasoline and trucks to the operation . According to Luke Monzelli , a lieutenant in the Carabinieri assigned to follow Genovese during his time in Italy : “ Truckloads of food supplies were shipped from Vizzini to Genovese — all accompanied by the proper documents which had been certified by men in authority , Mafia members in the service of Vizzini and Genovese . ” = = Supporting the separatists = = Vizzini initially supported the separatist movement in Sicily . On December 6 , 1943 , Vizzini participated at the first clandestine regional convention of the Sicilian separatists movement of the Sicilian Independence Movement ( Movimento Indipendentista Siciliano - MIS ) in Catania . Other prominent Mafia bosses like Giuseppe Genco Russo , Gaetano Filippone , Michele Navarra and Francesco Paolo Bontade did not hide their sympathies for the separatists either . The separatists benefited from covert support of the OSS . As Italy experienced a leftward drift in 1943 @-@ 1944 , the American military became increasingly concerned about their future prospects in Italy . The island 's naval bases and strategic location in the Mediterranean provided a possible future counterbalance to a Communism on the Italian mainland . The Italian Communist Party 's membership had doubled and the largely left inspired resistance movement in the north was gathering strength . On December 9 , 1943 , the central committee of the separatist movement held a secret meeting in Palermo . Vizzini 's presence suggested the Mafia ’ s support for independence , and aided the conservative wing in their attempt to control the movement . Vizzini shared common views with baron Lucio Tasca – one of the more important leaders of the movement – and despite protests by the more progressive wing , Vizzini remained at the meeting representing the province of Caltanissetta . Later , Vizzini represented the Fronte Democratico d ’ Ordine Siciliano , a satellite political organization of the separatist movement . The Fronte Democratico demonstrated the Mafia 's hesitation to fully commit to the MIS . The Fronte was popular on the island and advocated independence of Sicily under American influence . Although the Americans strongly emphasized that the United States did not want Sicily as the 49th state , in late 1944 , some claimed that the Fronte 's ideas were the result of American propaganda that had encouraged separatism prior to the invasion . Fronte leaders spread rumours that they had the backing and protection of the United States . Many of its members were " lieutenants in the high Mafia " and Vizzini was considered its leader . Declassified secret dispatches from the US consul in Palermo , Alfred T. Nester , to the United States Department of State show Vizzini ’ s involvement in the separatist movement and covert support from Italian army officials . Nester had good ties with leading mafiosi . General Giuseppe Castellano – who negotiated the 1943 Armistice with Italy – and Vizzini met with Trapani politician Virgilio Nasi to offer him the leadership of a movement for Sicilian autonomy with the support of the Mafia . The plan was to stage Nasi as a candidate for High Commissioner for Sicily to oppose the favourite , the Christian Democrat Salvatore Aldisio . Castellano became convinced that the Mafia was the strongest political and social force on Sicily to be reckoned with . He started to establish cordial relations with Mafia leaders . The general believed that law and order could be restored if " the system formerly employed by the old and respected Maf ( f ) ia should return to the Sicilian scene . " Castellano made contacts with Mafia leaders and met with them several times . He gained the cooperation of Vizzini , who had supported separatism but was now prepared for a change in the island ’ s political situation in the direction of regional autonomy . = = Shifting to the Christian Democrats = = Most mafiosi soon changed sides , joining the Christian Democrat party ( Democrazia Cristiana – DC ) when it became clear that an independent Sicily was not feasible and the OSS quietly dropped support for the separatist movement in 1945 and turned to the DC . Bernardo Mattarella , one of the party ’ s leaders , approached Vizzini to abandon the separatists and join the Christian Democrats . He welcomed Vizzini 's joining the DC in an article in the Catholic newspaper Il Popolo in 1945 . Vizzini offered to meet with Aldisio – who had been appointed High Commissioner in August 1944 – to solve the island ’ s grain problem , implying he had the power to do so . There is no evidence that Aldisio and Vizzini ever met to discuss the issue . Aldiso did , however , invite Calogero Volpe , a fellow Christian Democrat and Mafia member befriended by Vizzini , to secret gatherings with Christian Democrats . The meetings were seen as a first step in a government alliance with the Mafia . Aldisio ’ s appointment was perceived by Mafia chieftains as a first indication of the government ’ s determination to subdue the separatist movement . They were now forced to reconsider their support . Vizzini ’ s support for the DC was not a secret . During the crucial 1948 elections that would decide on Italy ’ s post @-@ war future , Vizzini and Genco Russo sat at the same table with leading DC politicians , attending an electoral lunch . In the course of the start of the Cold War , the 1948 elections were a triumph for the Christian Democrats , who would govern Italy with up and downs for the next 45 years in different coalitions . One of its main aims was to keep the Italian Communist Party – the biggest communist party in a NATO member state – away from power . = = The Villalba incident = = Vizzini , a staunch anti @-@ Communist who opposed the fight for land of Sicilian peasants , organised his own peasant cooperatives in his area during both post @-@ war periods , through which he deflected the appeal of the left @-@ wing parties , maintained his hold over the peasants , and guaranteed his own continued access to the land . He was in a fierce dispute over the lease of the large estate Miccichè of the Trabia family in Palermo , with a peasant cooperative headed by Michele Pantaleone who had founded the Italian Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Italiano – PSI ) in Villalba . Vizzini had tried hard to persuade Pantaleone to marry his niece but failed . Pantaleone used his leverage with the left wing press . In return Don Calò arranged for the crops on Pantaleone family ’ s land to be vandalized . There was even a failed attempt on Pantaleone ’ s life . On September 16 , 1944 , leaders of the Blocco del popolo ( Popular Front ) in Sicily , the communist Girolamo Li Causi and Pantaleone , went to speak to the landless labourers at a rally in Villalba , challenging Don Calò in his own personal fiefdom . In the morning tensions rose when Christian Democrat mayor Beniamino Farina – a relative of Vizzini as well as his successor as mayor – angered local communists by ordering all hammer @-@ and @-@ sickle signs erased from buildings along the road on which Li Causi would travel into town . When his supporters protested , they were intimidated by separatists and thugs . The rally began in late afternoon . Vizzini had agreed to permit the meeting as long as land problems , the large estates , or the Mafia were not addressed . Both speakers who preceded Li Causi , among which was Pantaleone , followed Vizzini ’ s commands . Li Causi did not . He denounced the unjust exploitation by the Mafia , and when Li Causi started to talk about how the peasants were being deceived by ‘ a powerful leaseholder ’ – a thinly disguised reference to Vizzini – the Mafia boss hurled : It ’ s a lie . Pandemonium broke out . The rally ended in a shoot @-@ out which left 14 people wounded including Li Causi and Pantaleone . Six months later Vizzini acquired of the lease for the Miccichè estate . According to Vizzini ’ s own account , La Verità sui Fatti di Villalba ( The Truth About the Events in Villalba ) that appeared in separatist newspapers , it had been the Communist who had started the shooting . When Pantaleone and Li Causi had arrived in the town , they asked Vizzini if they were in hostile territory and whether their meeting might be disturbed . Vizzini “ assured them that they were free to hold their meeting without any fear of disturbance if they were careful enough not to speak on local matters . ” Vizzini admitted that he interrupted Li Causi , but denied that he had ignited the violence . The Carabinieri quickly restored order and arrested eight people , including the mayor . Several others , including Vizzini , evaded the police dragnet . Sixty persons were interrogated , but the investigation was doomed from the start . ( Don Calò and his bodyguard were accused of attempted manslaughter . The trial dragged on until 1958 , but by 1946 the evidence had already disappeared . Vizzini was never convicted because by the time of the verdict he was already dead . ) The Villalba attack inaugurated a long series of Mafia attacks in Sicily on political activists , trade union leaders and ordinary peasants resisting Mafia rule . In the following years many left @-@ wing leaders were killed or otherwise attacked , culminating in the killing of 11 people and the wounding of over thirty at a May 1 labour parade in Portella della Ginestra . The Portella della Ginestra massacre was attributed to the bandit and separatist leader Salvatore Giuliano . Nevertheless , the Mafia was suspected of involvement in the bloodbath and many other attacks on left @-@ wing organisations and leaders . = = Links to American gangsters = = In 1949 Vizzini and Italian @-@ American crime boss Lucky Luciano set up a candy factory in Palermo exporting all over Europe and to the US . Police suspected that it was a cover for heroin trafficking . The laboratory operated undisturbed until April 11 , 1954 , when the Roman daily Avanti ! published a photograph of the factory under the headline " Textiles and Sweets on the Drug Route . " That evening the factory was closed , and the laboratory 's chemists were reportedly smuggled out of the country . In 1950 , Lucky Luciano was photographed in front of the Hotel Sole in the centre of old Palermo – often the residence of Don Calò Vizzini – talking with Don Calò ’ s bodyguards . The photographer was beaten up , but he never reported the fact to the authorities after receiving an expensive new camera and cash . Vizzini ’ s network reached the United States where he knew the future family boss Angelo Annaloro of Philadelphia , known as Angelo Bruno , who was born in Villalba . = = Boss of bosses ? = = In the media Vizzini was often depicted as the " boss of bosses " – although such a position did not exist in the loose structure of Cosa Nostra , and later Mafia turncoats denied he ever was the boss of the Mafia in Sicily . According to the pentito Tommaso Buscetta the title capo dei capi or " boss of bosses " did not exist in Cosa Nostra . According to author John Dickie , " the question is if Vizzini was as dominant in the Mafia as he was famous outside it . " In the matter of Mafia support for the separatist movement , other Cosa Nostra bosses sidelined Vizzini , who was considered to be tainted by his association with radical separatist leaders Andrea Finocchiaro Aprile and Lucio Tasca . These bosses wanted nothing to do with either the island ’ s bandits or EVIS , to which Vizzini and Lucio Tasca were suspected to be connected . According to the pentito Antonio Calderone Vizzini never had been the boss of Cosa Nostra of Sicily . Nevertheless , Vizzini wielded considerable power . The Italian journalist Luigi Barzini , who claimed to know Vizzini well , described his stature and daily life in Villalba in his book The Italians : " From the shadows along the walls and narrow side streets emerged people who had arrived earlier , some from far away , and were waiting to talk to him . They were peasants , old women with black veils on their head , young mafiosi , middle class men . They all walked along with him in turn , explaining their problems . He listened , then called one of his henchmen , gave a few orders , and summoned the next petitioner . Many kissed his hand in gratitude as they left . " Vizzini ’ s generous and protective manner , the deferential greetings of passers @-@ by , the meekness of those approaching him , the smiles of gratefulness when he spoke to them , reminded Barzini of an primeval scene : a prince holding court and handing out justice publicly . However , Barzini also concluded , " [ o ] f course , the many victims of his reign were not visible , the many corpses found riddled with bullets in the countryside during more than half a century , the widows weeping , the fatherless orphans . " The former mayor of Villalba and local historian , Luigi Lumia , remembers Don Calò walking the streets of Villalba : " He was squat with skinny legs and a protruding stomach . He always wore tinted spectacles , as you can see on photographs . And behind these spectacles his eyes were half closed , as if he was slumbering . His mouth was always open , with his lower lip hanging out . He looked dim @-@ witted , for those who did not know him . " His power was not restricted to just his hometown , but reached the high offices on Sicily as well . According to Indro Montanelli , Vizzini could get through on the telephone without trouble to the regional president , the prefect , the cardinal @-@ archbishop of Palermo and any deputy or mayor of Sicily any time he wanted . Lumia maintains that Vizzini never explicitly ordered someone to kill somebody . " He always tried to ' accommodate ' matters and bring people to reason , that is to say , in the way he had decided how people and things should be . If someone remained headstrong nonetheless … with a gesture , a nod , he left it to his friends to take care of the problem . Every now and then he intervened : ' But who made him do it ? ' , ' Who knows what end he will find ' . " = = Death = = Don Calò Vizzini died on July 10 , 1954 , at the age of 76 , while entering Villalba in an ambulance that was transporting him home from a clinic in Palermo . Thousands of peasants dressed in black and politicians and priests took part in his funeral , including Mussomeli boss Giuseppe Genco Russo and the powerful boss Don Francesco Paolo Bontade from Palermo ( the father of future Mafia boss Stefano Bontade ) – who was one of the pallbearers . Even the New York Times reported the news of the death of this local Mafia chief . Villalba 's public offices and the Christian Democratic headquarters closed for a week in mourning . An elegy for Vizzini was pinned to the church door . It read : " Humble with the humble . Great with the great . He showed with words and deeds that his Mafia was not criminal . It stood for respect for the law , defence of all rights , greatness of character : it was love . " He left approximately two billion lire ( about USD 320 @,@ 000 at the exchange rate at the time ) worth of sulphur , land , houses and varied investments . According to other sources , he left a patrimony of a billion Italian lire ( about USD 160 @,@ 000 ) to his grandsons , the sons of his sister , including sulphur mines in Gessolungo , land holdings and a mansion in the centre of Villalba . Don Calo had remained unmarried after a love affair at the age of 20 with a local girl , Concettina . However , her parents lived in the United States and brought her over , and Vizzini did not want to leave his native Villalba . = = Legacy = = Although Vizzini throughout his lifetime acquired extensive land holdings , the Mafia historian Salvatore Lupo considers him to be the undertaker of the large feudal estates rather than the protector of that system . Vizzini also made sure that local peasants ( in particular the ones organised in catholic cooperatives ) got their share of land , once he had secured his cut . When land reform was finally enacted in 1950 , mafiosi like Vizzini were in a position to perform their traditional role of brokerage between the peasants , the landlords , and the state . They were able to exploit the intense land hunger of the peasants , gain concessions from the landlords in return for limiting the impact of the reform , and make substantial profits from their mediation in land sales . Vizzini was the archetype of the paternalistic " man of honour " of a bygone age , that of a rural and semi @-@ feudal Sicily that existed until the 1960s , where a mafioso was seen by some as a social intermediary and a man standing for order and peace . In the first stage of his career he used violence to establish his position , but in the second phase he limited recourse to violence , turned to principally legal sources of income , and exercised his power in an open and legitimate manner . He represented a Mafia that controlled power and did not let power control them , according to German sociologist Henner Hess . To make a good impression , or fare figura , is important : " they enjoy the respect shown them , they enjoy power , but they do not wish to give rise to its discussion . They know very well that behind the veil of modesty power is felt to be all the more uncanny . " Italian journalist Indro Montanelli quoted a typical remark by Don Calò : " A photograph of me ? Whatever for ? I 'm no one . I 'm just a citizen . … It is strange … People think that I don ’ t talk much from modesty . No . I don ’ t talk much because I don ’ t know much . I live in a village , I only rarely go to Palermo , I know few people … " " When I die , the Mafia dies , " Vizzini once told Montanelli . However , with the death of Vizzini his old @-@ fashioned traditional rural Mafia slowly passed away to be replaced with a more modern , often urban version of gangsterism involved in cigarette smuggling , drug trafficking and laundering their proceeds in construction and real @-@ estate development . While still alive and after his death Vizzini ’ s stature as an all powerful Mafia boss rose to mythical proportions . Since the 1990s historians have moderated his magnitude . = Mu wave = Mu waves , also known as mu rhythms , comb or wicket rhythms , arciform rhythms , or sensorimotor rhythms , are synchronized patterns of electrical activity involving large numbers of neurons , probably of the pyramidal type , in the part of the brain that controls voluntary movement . These patterns as measured by electroencephalography ( EEG ) , magnetoencephalography ( MEG ) , or electrocorticography ( ECoG ) , repeat at a frequency of 7 @.@ 5 – 12 @.@ 5 ( and primarily 9 – 11 ) Hz , and are most prominent when the body is physically at rest . Unlike the alpha wave , which occurs at a similar frequency over the resting visual cortex at the back of the scalp , the mu wave is found over the motor cortex , in a band approximately from ear to ear . A person suppresses mu wave patterns when he or she performs a motor action or , with practice , when he or she visualizes performing a motor action . This suppression is called desynchronization of the wave because EEG wave forms are caused by large numbers of neurons firing in synchrony . The mu wave is even suppressed when one observes another person performing a motor action or an abstract motion with biological characteristics . Researchers such as V. S. Ramachandran and colleagues have suggested that this is a sign that the mirror neuron system is involved in mu wave suppression , although others disagree . The mu wave is of interest to a variety of scholars . Scientists who study neural development are interested in the details of the development of the mu wave in infancy and childhood and its role in learning . Since a group of researchers believe that autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) is strongly influenced by an altered mirror neuron system and that mu wave suppression is a downstream indication of mirror neuron activity , many of these scientists have kindled a more popular interest in investigating the mu wave in people with ASD . Assorted investigators are also in the process of using mu waves to develop a new technology : the brain @-@ computer interface ( BCI ) . With the emergence of BCI systems , clinicians hope to give the severely physically disabled population new methods of communication and a means to manipulate and navigate their environments . = = Mirror neurons = = The mirror neuron system consists of a class of neurons that was first studied in the 1990s in macaque monkeys . Studies have found sets of neurons that fire when these monkeys perform simple tasks and also when the monkeys view others performing the same simple tasks . This suggests they play a role in mapping others ' movements into the brain without actually physically performing the movements . These sets of neurons are called mirror neurons and together make up the mirror neuron system . Mu waves are suppressed when these neurons fire , a phenomenon which allows researchers to study mirror neuron activity in humans . There is evidence that mirror neurons exist in humans as well as in non @-@ human animals . The right fusiform gyrus , left inferior parietal lobule , right anterior parietal cortex , and left inferior frontal gyrus are of particular interest . Some researchers believe that mu wave suppression can be a consequence of mirror neuron activity throughout the brain , and represents a higher @-@ level integrative processing of mirror neuron activity . Tests in both monkeys ( using invasive measuring techniques ) and humans ( using EEG and fMRI ) have found that these mirror neurons not only fire during basic motor tasks , but also have components that deal with intention . There is evidence of an important role for mirror neurons in humans , and mu waves may represent a high level coordination of those mirror neurons . = = Development = = A fruitful conceptualization of mu waves in pediatric use that is independent of their frequency is that mu wave suppression is a representation of activity going on in the world , and is detectable in the frontal and parietal networks . A resting oscillation becomes suppressed during the observation of sensory information such as sounds or sights , usually within the frontoparietal ( motor ) cortical region . Measured in this way , the mu wave is detectable during infancy as early as four to six months , when the peak frequency the wave reaches can be as low as 5 @.@ 4 Hz . There is a rapid increase in peak frequency in the first year of life , and by age two frequency typically reaches 7 @.@ 5 Hz . The peak frequency of the mu wave increases with age until maturation into adulthood , when it reaches its final and stable frequency of 8 – 13 Hz . These varying frequencies are measured as activity around the central sulcus , within the Rolandic cortex . Mu waves are thought to be indicative of an infant ’ s developing ability to imitate . This is important because the ability to imitate plays a vital role in the development of motor skills , tool use , and understanding causal information through social interaction . Mimicking is integral in the development of social skills and understanding nonverbal cues . Causal relationships can be made through social learning without requiring experience firsthand . In action execution , mu waves are present in both infants and adults before and after the execution of a motor task and its accompanying desynchronization . While executing a goal @-@ oriented action , however , infants exhibit a higher degree of desynchronization than do adults . Just as with an action execution , during action observation infants ’ mu waves not only show a desynchronization , but show a desynchronization greater in degree than the one evidenced in adults . This tendency for changes in degree of desynchronization , rather than actual changes in frequency , becomes the measure for mu wave development throughout adulthood , although the most changes take place during the first year of life . Understanding the mechanisms that are shared between action perception and execution in the earliest years of life has implications for language development . Learning and understanding through social interaction comes from imitating movements as well as vowel sounds . Sharing the experience of attending to an object or event with another person can be a powerful force in the development of language . = = = Autism = = = Autism is a disorder that is associated with social and communicative deficits . A single cause of autism has yet to be identified , but the mu wave and mirror neuron system have been studied specifically for their role in the disorder . In a typically developing individual , the mirror neuron system responds when he or she either watches someone perform a task or performs the task him- or herself . In individuals with autism , mirror neurons become active ( and consequently mu waves are suppressed ) only when the individual performs the task him- or herself . This finding has led some scientists , notably V. S. Ramachandran and colleagues , to view autism as disordered understanding of other individuals ' intentions and goals thanks to problems with the mirror neuron system . This deficiency would explain the difficulty people with autism have in communicating with and understanding others . While most studies of the mirror neuron system and mu waves in people with autism have focused on simple motor tasks , some scientists speculate that these tests can be expanded to show that problems with the mirror neuron system underlie overarching cognitive and social deficits . Based on findings correlating mirror neuron activity and mu wave suppression in individuals with autism as in typically developing individuals , studies have examined both the development of mirror neurons and therapeutic means for stimulating the system . A recent study has found that fMRI activation magnitudes in the inferior frontal gyrus increase with age in people with autism . This finding was not apparent in typically developing individuals . Furthermore , greater activation was associated with greater amounts of eye contact and better social functioning . Scientists believe the inferior frontal gyrus is one of the main neural correlates with the mirror neuron system in humans and is often related to deficits associated with autism . These findings suggest that the mirror neuron system may not be non @-@ functional in individuals with autism , but simply abnormal in its development . This information is significant to the present discussion because mu waves may be integrating different areas of mirror neuron activity in the brain . Other studies have assessed attempts to consciously stimulate the mirror neuron system and suppress mu waves using neurofeedback ( a type of biofeedback given through computers that analyze real time recordings of brain activity , in this case EEGs of mu waves ) . This type of therapy is still in its early phases of implementation for individuals with autism , and has conflicting forecasts for success . = = Brain @-@ computer interfaces = = Brain @-@ computer interfaces ( BCIs ) are a developing technology that clinicians hope will one day bring more independence and agency to the severely physically disabled . Those the technology has the potential to help include people with near @-@ total or total paralysis , such as those with tetraplegia ( quadriplegia ) or advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) ; BCIs are intended to help them to communicate or even move objects such as motorized wheelchairs , neuroprostheses , or robotic grasping tools . Few of these technologies are currently in regular use by people with disabilities , but a diverse array are in development at an experimental level . One type of BCI uses event @-@ related desynchronization ( ERD ) of the mu wave in order to control the computer . This method of monitoring brain activity takes advantage of the fact that when a group of neurons is at rest they tend to fire in synchrony with each other . When a participant is cued to imagine movement ( an " event " ) , the resulting desynchronization ( the group of neurons that was firing in synchronous waves now firing in complex and individualized patterns ) can be reliably detected and analyzed by a computer . Users of such an interface are trained in visualizing movements , typically of the foot , hand , and / or tongue , which are each in different locations on the cortical homunculus and thus distinguishable by an electroencephalograph ( EEG ) or electrocorticograph ( ECoG ) recording of electrical activity over the motor cortex . In this method , computers monitor for a typical pattern of mu wave ERD contralateral to the visualized movement combined with event @-@ related synchronization ( ERS ) in the surrounding tissue . This paired pattern intensifies with training , and the training increasingly takes the form of games , some of which utilize virtual reality . Some researchers have found that the feedback from virtual reality games is particularly effective in giving the user tools to improve control of his or her mu wave patterns . The ERD method can be combined with one or more other methods of monitoring the brain 's electrical activity to create hybrid BCIs , which often offer more flexibility than a BCI that uses any single monitoring method . = = History = = Mu waves have been studied since the 1930s , and are referred to as the wicket rhythm because the rounded EEG waves resemble croquet wickets . In 1950 , Henri Gastaut and his coworkers reported desynchronization of these waves not only during active movements of their subjects , but also while the subjects observed actions executed by someone else . These results were later confirmed by additional research groups , including a study using subdural electrode grids in epileptic patients . The latter study showed mu suppression while the patients observed moving body parts in somatic areas of the cortex that corresponded to the body part moved by the actor . Further studies have shown that the mu waves can also be desynchronized by imagining actions and by passively viewing point @-@ light biological motion . = = = Brain waves = = = Delta wave – ( 0 @.@ 1 – 3 Hz ) Theta wave – ( 4 – 7 Hz ) Alpha wave – ( 8 – 15 Hz ) Mu wave – ( 7 @.@ 5 – 12 @.@ 5 Hz ) SMR wave – ( 12 @.@ 5 – 15 @.@ 5 Hz ) Beta wave – ( 16 – 31 Hz ) Gamma wave – ( 32 – 100 Hz ) = Ms. Marvel ( Kamala Khan ) = Kamala Khan is a fictional superheroine appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by editors Sana Amanat and Stephen Wacker , writer G. Willow Wilson and artist Adrian Alphona , Khan is Marvel 's first Muslim character to headline her own comic book . Khan made her first appearance in Captain Marvel # 14 ( August 2013 ) before taking over the Ms. Marvel comic book series in February 2014 . Within the Marvel Universe , Khan is a teenage Pakistani American from New Jersey with shapeshifting abilities , who discovers that she has Inhuman genes in the aftermath of the " Inhumanity " storyline and assumes the codename Ms. Marvel from her idol Carol Danvers . Marvel 's announcement that a Muslim character would headline a comic book was met with widespread reaction and the first volume of Ms. Marvel won the Hugo Award for best graphic story in 2015 . = = Publication history = = In November 2013 , Marvel Comics announced that Kamala Khan , a teenage American Muslim from Jersey City , New Jersey , would take over the comic book series Ms. Marvel beginning in February 2014 . The series , written by G. Willow Wilson and drawn by Adrian Alphona , marks the first time a Muslim character has headlined a book at Marvel Comics . However , Noelene Clark of the Los Angeles Times noted that Khan is not the first Muslim character in comic books , which include Simon Baz , Dust and M. The conception of Kamala Khan came about during a conversation between Marvel editors Sana Amanat and Stephen Wacker . Amanat said , " I was telling him [ Wacker ] some crazy anecdote about my childhood , growing up as a Muslim @-@ American . He found it hilarious . " The pair then told Wilson about the concept and Wilson became eager to jump aboard the project . Amanat said that the series came from a " desire to explore the Muslim @-@ American diaspora from an authentic perspective . " Amanat stated that Khan 's costume was influenced by the shalwar kameez . They wanted the costume to represent her cultural identity , but did not want her to wear a hijab . Amanat also stated that they wanted the character to look " less like a sex siren " to appeal to a more vocal female readership . Marvel knew that they wanted a young Muslim girl , but stated that she could be from any place of origin and have any background . Wilson initially considered making her an Arab girl from Dearborn , Michigan but ultimately chose to create a Desi girl from Jersey City . Jersey City , which sits across the Hudson River from Manhattan , has been referred to as New York City 's " Sixth borough " . It therefore forms an important part of Khan 's identity and the narrative journey of her character since most of Marvel Comics ' stories are set in Manhattan . Wilson explains , " A huge aspect of Ms. Marvel is being a ' second string hero ' in the ' second string city ' and having to struggle out of the pathos and emotion that can give a person . " The series not only explores Khan 's conflicts with supervillains but also explores conflicts with Khan 's home and religious duties . Wilson , a convert to Islam , said " This is not evangelism . It was really important for me to portray Kamala as someone who is struggling with her faith . " Wilson continued , " Her brother is extremely conservative , her mom is paranoid that she 's going to touch a boy and get pregnant , and her father wants her to concentrate on her studies and become a doctor . " Amanat added , As much as Islam is a part of Kamala ’ s identity , this book isn 't preaching about religion or the Islamic faith in particular . It 's about what happens when you struggle with the labels imposed on you , and how that forms your sense of self . It 's a struggle we 've all faced in one form or another , and isn 't just particular to Kamala because she 's Muslim . Her religion is just one aspect of the many ways she defines herself . In the series , Khan takes the name Ms. Marvel from Carol Danvers , who now goes by the alias Captain Marvel . Captain Marvel writer Kelly Sue DeConnick revealed that Khan actually made a brief appearance in Captain Marvel # 14 ( August 2013 ) saying , " Kamala is in the background of a scene in Captain Marvel 14 ... She is very deliberately placed in a position where she sees Carol protecting civilians from Yon @-@ Rogg . " According to Wilson , Khan idolizes Carol so when Khan acquires superhuman abilities , she emulates Danvers . " Captain Marvel represents an ideal that Kamala pines for . She 's strong , beautiful and doesn 't have any of the baggage of being Pakistani and ' different , ' " Wilson explained . " Khan is a big comic book fan and after she discovers her superhuman power – being a polymorph and able to lengthen her arms and legs and change her shape – she takes on the name of Ms. Marvel , " Amanat elaborated . Khan is one of several characters who discover that they have Inhuman heritage following the " Inhumanity " storyline , in which the Terrigen Mists are released throughout the world and activate dormant Inhuman cells . In the series ' first story arc , Khan faces off against a new villain , Mr. Edison / the Inventor . Wilson created the Inventor to be Khan 's first arch rival in order to mirror Khan 's own complexity . Wilson characterizes The Inventor , and the overall visual look of the opening story arc as " kooky and almost Miyazaki @-@ esque at times " , owing to the art style of illustrator Adrian Alphona , which balances the drama of the threats which Khan faces with the humor of Alphona 's " tongue in cheek sight gags . " During the storyline , Khan also teams @-@ up with the X @-@ Man Wolverine against the Inventor . Because Wolverine is dealing with the loss of his healing factor during this time , Khan is placed in the position of having to shoulder much of the responsibilities , as Wilson felt this was a role reversal that would subvert reader expectations that Wolverine would take the lead in such a team @-@ up . At 2014 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , writer Dan Slott announced that Khan would team @-@ up with Spider @-@ Man beginning in The Amazing Spider @-@ Man # 7 ( October 2014 ) during the " Spider @-@ Verse " storyline . Slott characterized Khan " the closest character to classic Peter Parker , " explaining , " She 's a teenage superhero , juggling her life , making mistakes , trying to do everything right . " Beginning in June 2015 , Ms. Marvel tied into the " Secret Wars " crossover event with the " Last Days " storyline , which details Khan 's account of the end of the Marvel Universe . Wilson explained , " In the ' Last Days ' story arc , Kamala has to grapple with the end of everything she knows , and discover what it means to be a hero when your whole world is on the line . " In the storyline , Khan rushes to deal with the threat in Manhattan . However , Wilson revealed , " She will face a very personal enemy as the chaos in Manhattan spills over into Jersey City , and she will be forced to make some very difficult choices . There will also be a very special guest appearance by a superhero Kamala — and the fans — have been waiting to meet for a long time . " In March 2015 , Marvel announced that Khan will join the Avengers in All @-@ New All @-@ Different Avengers FCBD ( May 2015 ) by writer Mark Waid and artists Adam Kubert and Mahmud Asrar , which takes place in the aftermath of " Secret Wars " . A second volume of Ms. Marvel starring Khan by Wilson , Alphona and Takeshi Miyazawa is also scheduled to debut following " Secret Wars " as part of Marvel 's All @-@ New , All @-@ Different Marvel initiative . Amanat said , By the time this new launch comes around , it will have been almost two years since the premiere of Ms. Marvel — and boy , has Kamala Khan been through a lot since then . She 's been slowly coming into her own , dealing with the challenges of navigating adulthood and being a super hero . But her training is over now and it 's time for the big leagues ; the question is can she handle it ? ... As much as Kamala has a right to be there — it 's still a bit of a culture shock . Dreaming of being an Avenger and then suddenly being one is a lot to take on for someone of her age . So , she 'll be a little awestruck , a little overly ambitious . In March 2016 , Marvel announced that Ms. Marvel would tie into the " Civil War II " storyline by releasing a promotional image that teases a potential rift between Khan and Danvers . In July 2016 , Marvel announced that Khan will join the Champions , a team of teenage superheroes who split off from the Avengers following the conclusion of " Civil War II " . The team , featured in a series by writer Mark Waid and artist Humberto Ramos , consists of Khan , Spider @-@ Man ( Miles Morales ) , Nova ( Sam Alexander ) , Hulk ( Amadeus Cho ) , Viv Vision , and a teenage version of Cyclops . Waid said , " The first three are the kids who quit the Avengers proper . That was an easy get . Those three , in and of themselves , form a nice little subteam . Their dynamic is great . They all show up in each other 's books , and even though they have their arguments and stress points , clearly they 're good together . " = = Collected editions = = Paperback Hardcover = = Reception = = = = = Initial reaction = = = Marvel 's announcement was met with widespread reactions online . Fatemeh Fakhraie , founder of Muslimah Media Watch , a diversity advocacy group , told Al Jazeera America that " She is going to be a window into the American Muslim experience " and that she " normalizes this idea of the American experience as Muslim . " Brett White of Comic Book Resources said , " With Kamala Khan , the daughter of Pakistani immigrants living in Jersey City , Marvel Comics has shown yet again that it wants to include groups of the American population that have yet to be personally inspired by their heroes . " Hussein Rashid writing for CNN said , " The character of Kamala Khan has the opportunity to offer something new to pop @-@ culture portrayals of Muslims . She is born in the United States , appears to be part of the post @-@ 9 / 11 generation and is a teenager . " Muaaz Khan of The Guardian compared Kamala Khan to Malala Yousafzai and indicated that the rest of entertainment industry should follow Marvel 's example . However , Dr. Leon Moosavi of the University of Liverpool felt that the character 's family would reinforce the stereotype of restrictive Muslim parents and that her shape @-@ shifting ability resembled several anti @-@ Muslim stereotypes , especially taqiyya : a legal dispensation whereby a believing individual can deny his faith or commit otherwise illegal or blasphemous acts while they are at risk of significant persecution . Political satirist Stephen Colbert joked about Marvel 's decision to introduce a Muslim superhero on his television show . Comedian Conan O 'Brien also made a joke via Twitter , linking the character 's religion to polygamy , but later removed it due to public backlash . = = = Critical reaction = = = Meagan Damore of Comic Book Resources said , " There is nothing not to love about Ms. Marvel # 1 : every character is well formed and distinct ; the story , lovingly crafted ; the art , meticulously planned and — at times — downright funny . " Jen Aprahamian of Comic Vine said " Ms. Marvel makes a delightful debut , showing confidence and heart even before she puts on a mask . Kamala is not your average superheroine and her stories seem like they 're headed in an exciting direction . Kudos to Marvel for expanding its range ; amping up the diversity factor in a way that doesn 't feel token or temporary is a great move , and Ms. Marvel is launching with a solid first issue and a world — a universe , even — of story possibilities . " Joshua Yehl of IGN said , " Ms. Marvel introduces a vibrant and troubled character that you can 't help but love . " George Marston of Newsarama said , " Ms. Marvel is a solid debut issue , and that in itself should be a victory not just for G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona , but for Marvel Comics itself ... It 's not exactly edgy , and Kamala Khan is not exactly the first reluctant teen hero in Marvel 's long history , but Ms. Marvel is one of the strongest debuts for a new character that Marvel has had in a long time . " = = = Accolades = = = = = = Sales = = = Ms. Marvel Volume 1 : No Normal was the best @-@ selling graphic novel in October 2014 , and by November 2014 , it reached # 2 on The New York Times Best Seller list of paperback graphic books . In April 2015 , Ms. Marvel Volume 2 : Generation Why debuted at # 4 on The New York Times Best Seller list of paperback graphic books . In July 2015 , Ms. Marvel Volume 3 : Crushed debuted at # 3 on The New York Times Best Seller list of paperback graphic books . = = Cultural impact = = In January 2015 , images of Khan began appearing over anti @-@ Islamic advertisements on San Francisco city buses . The advertisements , purchased by the American Freedom Defense Initiative , equated Islam with	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Nazism . In response , street artists covered the ads with images of Khan alongside messages like " " Calling all Bigotry Busters , " " Stamp out Racism , " " Free speech isn 't a license to spread hate , " " Islamophobia hurts us all , " and " Racist . " About the response , Wilson tweeted , " Some amazing person has been painting over the anti @-@ Muslim bus ads in SF with Ms. Marvel graffiti ... To me , the graffiti is part of the back @-@ and @-@ forth of the free speech conversation . Call and response . Argument , counterargument . " In March 2016 , Sana Amanat introduced President Barack Obama at a reception for Women 's History Month in the White House . In his opening remarks Obama replied , " Ms. Marvel may be your comic book creation , but I think for a lot of young boys and girls , Sana 's a real superhero . " = = Other versions = = An older version of Khan appears in Inhumans : Attilan Rising by Charles Soule and John Timms as part of the 2015 " Secret Wars " storyline , which details Black Bolt 's rebellion against Queen Medusa of New Attilan . In her review of Inhumans : Attilan Rising # 2 , Emma Houxbois of The Rainbow Hub said , " While [ Khan has ] had a few chances to shine in the core Inhuman book , her reintroduction ( complete with character redesign by Dave Johnson and strong line work by John Timms ) packs a real punch . Soule 's evolution of her powers and costume will hopefully also coincide with further opportunities later in the story to learn more about her views on the resistance and reasons for supporting Attilan – solidifying this version of Kamala as a comparatively matured hero forced to make difficult moral choices . " = = In other media = = = = = Audio books = = = In August 2015 , GraphicAudio released Ms. Marvel : No Normal , which adapts the first @-@ five issues of the comic book series into audio format . Marvel and GraphicAudio have collaborated before in the past but Ms. Marvel : No Normal marks the first time that they have adapted an audiobook straight from a comic book . Jeff Reingold Marvel 's Manager of Licensed Publishing said , " The challenge here was conveying the comic visuals into a strictly audio form without the use of a third @-@ person narrator . " = = = Books = = = In March 2016 , Marvel Press announced that they would release a 128 @-@ page chapter @-@ book titled Ms. Marvel : Fists of Fury in October 2017 . According to the official synopsis , the story will focus on bullying due to Khan 's gender and background . = = = Television = = = Khan is scheduled to appear in the upcoming third season of the animated television series Avengers Assemble ( which has been retitled Avengers : Ultron Revolution ) . = = = Video games = = = Khan is featured in Marvel Puzzle Quest , a free @-@ to @-@ play match 3 adventure game , developed by D3 Publisher . Khan appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Ashley Burch . Khan appears as a playable character in the mobile game Marvel Avengers Academy , voiced by Priyanka Chopra . Khan appears as a playable character in the mobile game Marvel : Future Fight . Khan appears as a playable character in the mobile game Marvel : Contest of Champions . = Eustathios Argyros ( general under Leo VI ) = Eustathios Argyros ( Greek : Εὐστάθιος Ἀργυρός ; died ca . 910 ) was a Byzantine aristocrat and one of the most prominent generals under Emperor Leo VI the Wise ( r . 886 – 912 ) . The first member of the Argyros family to rise to high posts , he fought with distinction against the Arabs in the east , before being disgraced ca . 907 , possibly in connection with the flight of Andronikos Doukas to the Arabs . Rehabilitated soon after , he was appointed as strategos of Charsianon , from which post he oversaw the settlement of Armenian lords as march @-@ wardens along the Empire 's eastern frontier . Promoted to commander of the imperial bodyguard in late 908 , he again fell into disgrace shortly after and died of poison ( apparently a suicide ) on his way to his estates . = = Life = = Eustathios Argyros was the son of the tourmarches Leo Argyros , the founder of the noble Argyros family . Nothing is known of his life or prior to the turn of the 10th century , although he may have been in imperial service as early as 866 , when a man of the same name is recorded as protostrator of the Caesar Bardas in connection with the latter 's murder on 21 April . The Byzantine historians praise Eustathios Argyros as an intelligent , valiant , prudent and just man , and account him , along with Andronikos Doukas , as the best of Leo VI 's generals . The historians Jean @-@ Claude Cheynet and Jean @-@ François Vannier , experts on Byzantine prosopography , consider him " the true founder of the family 's glory " . His life is only known after 904 . At this time , evidently after a succession of — unknown — military commands , Eustathios had reached , according to Theophanes Continuatus , the rank of patrikios and hypostrategos of the Anatolic Theme . The significance of the term " hypostrategos " has been debated ; normally it would designate the second @-@ in @-@ command to the strategos or military governor of a theme , but Vannier suggested that on account of his high title of patrikios , Argyros was actually the strategos . Theophanes Continuatus further extols Argyros and mentions that he scored several successes against the Arabs in the east , most likely a reference to the great Byzantine victory over the Arabs of Tarsus and Mopsuestia at Germanikeia in December 904 , under the overall command of Andronikos Doukas . He then fell into disgrace and was exiled . Although no details or reasons are offered for his exile , this has been interpreted by modern scholars as being connected to the failed rebellion and flight of Andronikos Doukas to the Arabs in 906 – 907 . Eustathios was rehabilitated soon after ; if indeed his disgrace was related to the flight of Andronikos Doukas , this happened likely in 907 / 8 , when Andronikos Doukas ' son Constantine escaped from his Arab exile and returned to Constantinople , where he was pardoned by Emperor Leo . Eustathios was then appointed as strategos of the border theme of Charsianon , a position notably inferior in rank to that of the Anatolics that he had held previously . The Argyros family , however , had strong connections with Charsianon , from which it hailed . There he received the return to imperial service of a number of Armenian lords , Melias , the three brothers Baasakios , Krigorikios and Pazounes , and Ismael , who were established as march @-@ wardens along the Empire 's eastern border . Of them , Melias in particular would go on to become the founder of the theme of Lykandos and one of the main Byzantine leaders in the wars against the Arabs over the next 30 years . In late 908 Eustathios Argyros was promoted to the rank of magistros — the highest court dignity open to someone not a member of the imperial family — and the post of Drungary of the Watch , i.e. commander of the imperial bodyguard , and replaced as strategos of Charsianon by Constantine Doukas . About a year later , he fell again under Leo 's suspicion , and was ordered to return to his family 's estates at Charsianon . Again the reason is unknown ; perhaps , according to Cheynet and Vannier , it was a result of the unreliability of the Armenian lords he had welcomed into the Empire , who frequently went over to the Arabs . On the way , he died after taking poison by one of his servants , and was buried on Spynin , the summit of Mount Aran . While historian Romilly James Heald Jenkins has suggested that Argyros ' poisoning was done through an agent of the powerful and scheming court eunuch Samonas , it more likely was suicide . His two sons , Pothos and Leo , who served in the palace as manglabites ( personal bodyguards of the emperor ) , arranged to have their father 's body transferred for burial to the monastery of Saint Elizabeth in the Charsianon district , founded by Eustathios ' father . = = Family = = Eustathios ' sons Pothos and Leo would go on to hold senior military commands , including the post of Domestic of the Schools ( commander @-@ in @-@ chief ) . Another son , Romanos , is known only from his participation in the Battle of Achelous in 917 . Leo Argyros married a daughter of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos ( r . 920 – 944 ) , and was probably the grandfather or great @-@ grandfather of Emperor Romanos III Argyros ( r . 1028 – 1034 ) . = = Identity = = Some modern scholars like R. J. H. Jenkins ( The ' Flight ' of Samonas ) , R. H. Dolley ( The Lord High Admiral Eustathios Argyros and the betrayal of Taormina to the African Arabs in 902 ) and Ekkehard Eickhoff ( Seekrieg und Seepolitik zwischen Islam und Abendland ) consider Eustathios Argyros to have been identical with the contemporary admiral Eustathios , active in the years before 904 , mainly due to the reference by the 11th @-@ century historian John Skylitzes that Argyros pursued a career in the army as well as in the fleet . This identification is rejected by other scholars like J.-F. Vannier ( Familles byzantines : les Argyroi ( IXe – XIIe siècles ) ) and R. Guilland ( Recherches sur les institutions byzantines ) . Furthermore , the admiral is given the surname " Argyros " in some modern works that distinguish him from the general , while others reject the surname entirely . According to the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit , " a definitive decision can no longer be made " , and the main argument for the two being different persons is the incompatibility of their careers : the admiral Eustathios likewise experienced a tumultuous career with accusations of treason , rehabilitation , and renewed disgrace , and it is unlikely that such a man would again be entrusted with senior posts . = Americus ( horse ) = Americus , originally named Rey del Caredes and raced occasionally as Rey del Carreres ( foaled 1892 , died 1910 ) , was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who was exported to England . He had some success as a racehorse , but was more notable for his influence at stud . He was bred in California and won the 1895 Culver Stakes prior to his export . He continued to race in England , until he was nine years old , while also standing as a breeding stallion . He stood at stud in Italy , Ireland , Germany , and Belgium before dying in Germany in 1910 . Americus ' most famous descendant was his great @-@ granddaughter Mumtaz Mahal . = = Background = = Americus , a bay stallion , was foaled ( born ) in 1892 . He was bred in California by E. J. " Lucky " Baldwin . Americus was sired by Emperor of Norfolk and out of the mare Clara D who was sired by the imported stallion Glenelg . His maternal grandmother was a mare named The Nun , sired by Lexington . Americus was inbred to Lexington , as his sire was by Norfolk who was by Lexington . The Nun was a full sister to Norfolk , making Americus even more inbred . He was originally named Rey del Caredes , but occasionally raced under the name of Rey del Carreres . = = Racing career = = Americus raced as a three @-@ year @-@ old in America , winning a number of races . In May 1895 , he raced at Louisville under the ownership of the Santa Anita Stable , winning a race on May 14 at a distance of 5 / 8 of a mile . On May 20 , he finished second in the Schulte Stakes . By June , he was at Coney Island , where he came in second in a sweepstakes race on June 15 . On June 18 , he lost a sweepstakes to Domino , finishing third . On July 4 , he won a sweepstakes at a distance of 3 / 4 of a mile . As a three @-@ year @-@ old , Americus also won the Culver Stakes . While still a three @-@ year @-@ old , he was exported to England where he was registered in the General Stud Book . He was imported by Richard Croker , at a cost of about 8000 guineas . Americus ' importation to England occurred before the imposition of the Jersey Act , which allowed him and his offspring to be registered in the General Stud Book , something that would not have happened had he been imported into England after 1913 , due to the Jersey Act 's prohibition on registering horses tracing to Lexington in the General Stud Book . His new owner continued to race Americus , even though he was no longer in prime racing condition . In 1899 , as a seven @-@ year @-@ old , Americus was described as looking " as fat as a showyard bull " before he ran in the Stewards ' Cup at Goodwood , but belied his appearance by running well for five furlongs before fading into fourth place . A year later he finished second in the same race . Americus also stood at stud in between races , and raced until he was nine years old . Americus was a sprinter , specializing in short @-@ distance races . = = Stud record = = In 1905 Americus was standing at stud in Ireland , but spent the years 1906 and 1907 in Italy . He returned to Ireland in 1908 and 1909 , but in 1909 was sold and exported to Germany . It is unknown what happened to him after he went to Germany . At some point before his disappearance in Germany , he also stood at stud in Belgium . Americus died at the Trakehnen Stud in Germany in March 1910 . In his breeding career , Americus sired Americus Girl , the dam of Lady Josephine by Sundridge . Lady Josephine was in turn the dam of Mumtaz Mahal , later owned by the Aga Khan and a famous broodmare . = Domentziolus ( nephew of Phocas ) = Domentziolus ( Greek : Δομεντζίολος ) or Domnitziolus ( Greek : Δομνιτζίολος ) was a nephew of the Byzantine emperor Phocas ( r . 602 – 610 ) , appointed curopalates and general in the East during his uncle 's reign . He was one of the senior Byzantine military leaders during the opening stages of the Byzantine – Sassanid War of 602 – 628 . His defeats opened the way for the fall of Mesopotamia and Armenia and the invasion of Anatolia by the Persians . In 610 , Phocas was overthrown by Heraclius , and Domentziolus was captured but escaped serious harm . = = Biography = = = = = Background = = = The exact parentage of Domentziolus is unclear : Phocas had two known brothers , Comentiolus and another also named Domentziolus , who has sometimes been suggested as the younger Domentziolus 's father . Shortly after the accession of Phocas , in 603 , the younger Domentziolus was raised to the titles of vir gloriosissimus , patricius and curopalates . = = = General in the East = = = Domentziolus , however , is better known as a general in the Byzantine @-@ Sassanid War of 602 – 628 . Phocas 's elevation to the throne had been recognized by neither the Sassanid Persian shah Khosrau II , nor by Narses , the Byzantine governor of the province of Mesopotamia . The two had allied against Phocas , with Narses gathering his forces in Edessa , while waiting for Sassanid reinforcements . In 604 , Phocas appointed Domentziolus as magister militum per Orientem and sent him against the Persians . His predecessors Germanus and Leontius had both been defeated , the former killed in battle and the latter recalled and imprisoned by Phocas . According to the Life of St. Theodore of Syceon , Domentziolus fell into a Persian ambush but was able to escape . In 604 / 605 , he also surrounded Narses and his troops , and persuaded him to surrender on guarantees of his personal safety . Phocas , nonetheless , had Narses executed by burning him alive . At about the same time , Dara , an important Byzantine city in Mesopotamia , fell to the Persians . Khosrau was encouraged to cease simply raiding the Byzantine provinces , instead attempting to conquer them . In 607 , he launched concurrent invasions on Mesopotamia and Armenia . With the Byzantine forces at the Persian front having already suffered heavy casualties in previous confrontations , Domentziolus was unable to oppose the Sassanid raids during 605 . There was also little chance of further reinforcements . Phocas had concluded peace treaties with the Lombards and Avars in an attempt to secure control of his provinces in the Italian Peninsula and the Balkans . He had already stripped the Balkans of most of their military forces , reassigning them to the Persian front . But this policy had backfired with the undermanned Balkans facing a Slavic invasion , notably endangering Thessalonica . While one Persian force , under Shahrbaraz , was able to secure control of Amida , Domentziolus concentrated his efforts on a second one under Shahin Vahmanzadegan . He was heavily defeated in the vicinity of Theodosiopolis ( modern Erzurum ) , and the Persians were able to recover most of Persarmenia , which had been ceded to Byzantium in 591 . In 608 , Shahrbaraz and Shahin continued their respective efforts to conquer Mesopotamia and Armenia . By 609 , the Sassanid conquest of Mesopotamia and Armenia was mostly complete . Shahin next led an invasion of Cappadocia . Domentziolus 's forces were bypassed , while another kinsman of Phocas , called Sergius , attempted to face the invaders and was killed in combat . Sergius was possibly magister militum per Armeniam . Shahin managed to capture Caesarea Mazaca ( modern Kayseri ) , the main city of the area . His forces were then able to make raids " all the way to Chalcedon " in Bithynia , in the vicinity of Constantinople . = = = Downfall of the regime = = = Meanwhile , another front had opened . The Exarchate of Africa under Heraclius the Elder had revolted against Phocas . The situation in 609 – 610 was quickly becoming dire for Domentziolus and all Phocas loyalists . Their defense against the Sassanids had failed . There were Persian forces in Mesopotamia , Armenia , Syria and the Anatolian provinces . Rebel Byzantine forces held Africa and Egypt . Slavs were occupying northern Illyricum . In Thessalonica and various towns of Anatolia and Syria , the Blues and Greens were settling their differences with open conflict . In areas of Syria , the Jews were revolting and lynching Christians . Even in Constantinople , the crowds taunted Phocas for his love of liquor , implying alcoholism . In 610 , Shahrbaraz was approaching Antioch . But the Persian front was not the immediate threat : the rebels of Africa were . Having secured control of Egypt , they proceeded to invade Syria and Cyprus while a large fleet under Heraclius the Younger , a son of the exarch , set sail for Constantinople . Supporters from Sicily , Crete and Thessalonica were joining his campaign . The rebels reached Constantinople in October 610 . The only forces available to Phocas to defend the city were the Excubitors of his bodyguard and the irregular forces of the Blues and Greens , the city 's racing factions . Priscus , the commander of the Excubitors , chose the moment to reveal his allegiance to Heraclius , having apparently secretly conspired for some time . The Greens also changed sides . Constantinople fell with relative ease . Heraclius the Younger became the new Byzantine emperor . Phocas was executed , along with several of his kinsmen and loyalists . Domentziolus too was sentenced to death , but was pardoned and released after the intercession of Theodore of Syceon . Nothing further is known of him after that . = = = Family = = = According to the hagiography of Theodore of Syceon , Domentziolus was married to a lady named Irene , and had three sons . Elizabeth Dawes summarizes the tale given as following : " Domnitziolus , patrician and curopalates , asks Theodore to visit him in Arcadianae . His wife Eirene has no children : the saint blesses her and promises her three children - and they will be boys . All the male and female slaves of the household are brought to Theodore for his blessing . A slave girl had long been ill , troubled by a hidden demon . He beats on her breast and the demon declares itself . Then the Saint laying her on the ground Put his foot on her neck , turned his eyes to the east and uttered a silent prayer . At the end of his prayer he recited aloud the doxology of the Holy Trinity . For some time the slave girl remained speechless and then was completely cured . Later Eirene gave birth to three sons , as the Saint had prophesied . The conception of her first son immediately followed the Saint 's prayer . Emperor and Patriarch say farewell to Theodore and he returns to his monastery . " Since Theodore died by 613 , the tale would have to occur prior to this date . = I Am ... Sasha Fierce = I Am ... Sasha Fierce is the third studio album by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was released on November 15 , 2008 , by Music World Entertainment and Columbia Records . In its initial release , the album was formatted as a dual disc , intending to market Beyoncé 's contrasting facets of artistry . The first disc , I Am ... , contains slow and midtempo pop and R & B ballads , while the second , Sasha Fierce ( named after Beyoncé 's on @-@ stage alter ego ) , focuses on more uptempo beats that blend electropop and Europop genres . In composing the songs ' lyrics , Beyoncé worked with many writers , with each session accompanied by live orchestration . Beyoncé credited both her husband , rapper Jay Z , and jazz singer Etta James for inspiring her to push the limits of her songwriting and artistry . Musically , I Am ... drew inspiration from folk and alternative rock , while blending acoustic guitar elements into contemporary ballads . The tracks on the first disc were written and produced by Beyoncé , during collaborative efforts with Babyface , Tricky Stewart , The @-@ Dream and Ryan Tedder . Sasha Fierce boasted production from Darkchild and Sean Garrett . The album received generally lukewarm reviews from critics , many of whom felt that it does not properly differentiate the double @-@ discs ' contrasts and goals . I Am ... Sasha Fierce debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , with first @-@ week sales of 482 @,@ 000 units , earning Beyoncé her third consecutive US number @-@ one solo album . The album earned over thirty platinum and one diamond certifications in separate worldwide markets . As of 2015 , I Am ... Sasha Fierce has sold over 8 million copies worldwide and around 35 million songs . The album garnered seven Grammy Award nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards ceremony , winning five and eventually collecting a record setting six wins — the most awards won in one night by a female . To promote the album , Beyoncé made several award show and televised appearances across Europe and America and embarking on the worldwide I Am ... World Tour ( 2009 – 10 ) . The album spawned several singles ; some served as international and stateside releases , while others were purely for promotional purposes . The two lead singles from I Am ... Sasha Fierce , " If I Were a Boy " and " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " , both charted highly internationally . The former topped the charts in over eight countries and reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , with the latter becoming her fifth number one single on the Hot 100 chart . " Diva " and " Ego " were released as US @-@ only singles , while " Halo " and " Sweet Dreams " were promoted internationally as the third and fourth singles respectively . " Broken @-@ Hearted Girl " was released internationally as the fifth single , while " Video Phone " was released in September 2009 and " Why Don 't You Love Me " was released in July 2010 . = = Production and recording = = The recording of the album took place over an eight @-@ month period . Beyoncé recorded the album in sessions at Tree Sound Studios in Atlanta , Georgia ; Chung King Studios , Electric Lady Studios , Strawberrybee Productions in New York ; GAD Studios in Ibiza , Spain ; Mansfield Studios and The Campground in Los Angeles ; South Beat Studios in Miami Beach ; and The Boom Boom Room in Burbank , California . Beyoncé either co @-@ wrote or co @-@ produced all material on I Am ... Sasha Fierce . She collaborated with several record producers and songwriters , including Babyface , StarGate ( a production duo composed of Tor Erik Hermansen and Mikkel Storleer Eriksen ) , Tricky Stewart , The @-@ Dream , Darkchild , Sean Garrett , Solange Knowles , Jim Jonsin , Rico Love , Ryan Tedder , Bangladesh , Ian Dench , Dave McCracken , Wayne Wilkins and Blac Elvis . Beyoncé also collaborated with some musicians she had never worked with in the past , like Toby Gad and BC Jean on " If I Were a Boy " ; she also worked again with Amanda Ghost on " Disappear " . For the I Am ... disc , Beyoncé was influenced by folk and alternative rock genres , while incorporating other instruments she had not normally used previously , such as the acoustic guitar . Tedder specifically assisted Beyoncé with crafting the album 's balladry . The ballads were crafted in a way to combine " the best elements " of pop and soul music , while simultaneously " expanding the possibilities of both genres " . Beyoncé attempted something different as people had strong expectations from her ; she experimented with stronger lyrics . Beyoncé worked with Ghost to re @-@ write Franz Schubert 's " Ave Maria " after having co @-@ written " Disappear " in London . Ghost told The Daily Telegraph that they were both inspired by their then @-@ recent marriages and had walked down the aisle to " Ave Maria " . During the eight @-@ month period , Beyoncé recorded over 70 songs and decided during the editing process that she did not want to reconcile the two approaches into one disc . If a song was meaningless to her , she cut them off during the process of elimination for the final track @-@ listing . Making comparisons to a magazine , Beyoncé further elaborated that the record was a double album and that it had two covers . The black @-@ and @-@ white artworks for the standard , deluxe and platinum editions of I Am ... Sasha Fierce were all shot by German photographer Peter Lindbergh . = = Composition = = In an interview for Billboard magazine , Beyoncé described I Am ... Sasha Fierce as a double album . She said , " One side has songs that are more mainstream and another has my more traditional R & B songs for my fans who 've been there the whole time . Some of it sounds like Barbra Streisand , Karen Carpenter and The Beatles around the 1970s . " Music writer Andy Kellman of Allmusic viewed its first disc as , " essentially a small set of adult contemporary ballads . Acoustic guitars , pianos , strings , contemplative soul searching , and grand sweeping gestures fill it out , with more roots in ' [ 19 ] 70s soft rock than soul . " The second disc , Sasha Fierce , contains consistent electro influences , which are displayed in songs like " Radio " and " Sweet Dreams " . Kellman said in his review that " Diva " resembles B 'Day 's " Freakum Dress " or " Ring the Alarm " in terms of audacity . Despite being on the Sasha Fierce disc , " Ego " , " Why Don 't You Love Me " and " Scared of Lonely " were noted to be a meeting ground between the album 's halves . According to Jennifer Vineyard of MTV News , they resemble Sasha Fierce musically , but thematically and lyrically , they are vulnerable like Beyoncé on the I Am ... disc . The album formally introduces Beyoncé 's alter ego Sasha Fierce . She revealed that Sasha was born during the making of her 2003 hit single " Crazy in Love " . In an interview with Emmet Sullivan of People magazine , Beyoncé affirmed that her alter ego is strictly for the stage , with the editor describing Sasha Fierce as the singer 's sensual , aggressive alter ego . " If I Were a Boy " , the first single of I Am ... , stands as the only song on either disc that Beyoncé did not co @-@ write . BC Jean , who wrote most of the song 's lyrics , took inspiration from the product of a poor relationship . Beyoncé explained in Essence Magazine that " If I Were a Boy " is different from her previous songs in the sense that it is not a traditional R & B song . Music critics remarked that the song seemed to be a mixture of Beyoncé 's 2006 hit " Irreplaceable " , Fergie 's 2007 single " Big Girls Don 't Cry " , and Ciara 's 2007 single " Like a Boy " . Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times saw the song 's theme of female empowerment as an expansion on that of " Irreplaceable " . Musically , " Single Ladies " is an upbeat @-@ dance @-@ pop and R & B song , and features dancehall and bounce influences . According to Jonah Weiner of Blender , the song makes a clear reference to marriage while Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune felt that the lyrics had a connection with " post @-@ breakup " . " Halo " , composed by Ryan Tedder and Evan Bogart , was initially intended for Beyoncé but was almost recorded by Leona Lewis due to Beyoncé 's schedule . According to Christian Williams of Billboard , " Halo " has a mainstream pop sound , with subtle R & B undertones . Critics noted " Diva " as a variation on Lil Wayne 's " A Milli " and coined it as its female counterpart . " Diva " carries a stuttering beat . " Sweet Dreams " was critically acclaimed for its use of electronic bassline , which some critics compared to Michael Jackson 's " Beat It " , and for its electropop sound . " Sweet Dreams " is derived from contemporary R & B and incorporates influences from the classic 1980s funk . " Broken @-@ Hearted Girl " is a midtempo piano ballad . Its production and melody is backed by strings and a drum machine beat . According to Spence D. of IGN Music , " Hello " comes off like another ballad that " populate [ s ] the first part of the album . " It contains the Jerry Maguire line – " You had me at hello " – as part of its chorus . It essentially consists of " sweet guitar @-@ picking and delicate harmonies . " According to critics , " Video Phone " contains lyrics that are in reference to " a celebration of Skype sex and putting on a solo show , on camera , for a guy you just met at the club " . The remixed version featured both Beyoncé and Lady Gaga trading verses with one another . Musically the song consists of simple lyrics , with hidden innuendos , and is backed by thin @-@ spread beats ; Beyoncé and Gaga uttering gasps and groans while singing the song . " Disappear " consists of " sweet guitar @-@ picking and delicate harmonies " . " That 's Why You 're Beautiful " is a slow @-@ tempo soft rock and rock power ballad , which consists of a " grungy " guitar riff and stuterring drums . Critics compared the song with the materials by Alice in Chains and Jill Scott . The platinum edition of the album also included a cover version by Beyoncé of the 1979 Billy Joel song " Honesty " . = = Release = = The deluxe edition of the album was released simultaneously with the standard edition . Mathew Knowles , Beyoncé 's father and then manager , held a listening party for the album in New York on October 22 , 2008 . On June 16 , 2009 , Above and Beyoncé : Video Collection & Dance Mixes was released as a combined CD and DVD . The release included a CD of dance remixes to the singles of the album ( including the " Ego " remix with rapper Kanye West ) and the DVD features videos previously released for these singles . Finally , the platinum edition of I Am ... Sasha Fierce was released in a list of selected countries in November 2009 , featuring a CD and a DVD . The deluxe edition of the album was re @-@ issued in the United States on November 23 , 2009 , including all of the previously released songs in addition to the new songs " Poison " , " Why Don 't You Love Me " , and the remix of " Video Phone " with Lady Gaga . An EP titled I Am ... Sasha Fierce – The Bonus Tracks was released on November 23 , 2009 , in several countries featuring these new tracks . Beyoncé covered a version of the song " Honesty " ( a 1979 song by Billy Joel ) and included it as a bonus track for the platinum edition of the album . In February 2010 a bonus track from the album 's multiple re @-@ releases , " Why Don 't You Love Me " , which served as a promotional single , climbed up the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart , eventually taking the top spot and becoming Beyoncé 's thirteenth number @-@ one dance hit . On May 4 , 2010 , a full @-@ length music video appeared online after its release as a promotional single . = = Promotion = = Beyoncé promoted the album through various televised appearances and awards ceremonies by performing songs featured on I Am ... Sasha Fierce . Beyoncé first promoted " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " in a concert organized by the Power 105 @.@ 1 radio station on October 29 , 2008 . Beyoncé first performed " If I Were a Boy " on November 6 , 2008 , at the MTV Europe Music Awards . She later sang " Single Ladies " on November 9 , 2008 , at the 2008 World Music Awards in Monaco . She then took to the stage of The Oprah Winfrey Show to perform " If I Were a Boy " on November 13 , 2008 . She appeared on television show Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) on November 15 , 2008 , where she sang " Single Ladies " . On November 16 , 2008 , Beyoncé sang a medley of " If I Were a Boy " , " Single Ladies " , and " Crazy in Love " during the final episode of Total Request Live . " Single Ladies " was also performed by Beyoncé on November 18 , 2008 , at BET 's 106 & Park , at the 2008 American Music Awards on November 23 , 2008 , on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on November 25 , 2008 , on The Today Show the following day , and on The Tyra Banks Show with two male dancers , on January 9 , 2009 . Beyoncé 's first live performance of " Halo " was at the 2009 NAACP Awards on February 12 , 2009 . She later performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman after an interview on April 22 , 2009 . Beyoncé was due to perform " Sweet Dreams " at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards on September 13 ; however , she only performed the bridge from the song at the beginning of her performance , before switching to " Single Ladies " . She later performed " Sweet Dreams " at the MTV Europe Music Awards on November 5 , 2009 . She performed " If I Were a Boy " on January 31 , 2010 , at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony and also covered Alanis Morissette 's 1995 song " You Oughta Know " on the same event . = = = Tour = = = To promote the album , Beyoncé embarked on a worldwide tour with several performances . The I Am ... World Tour kicked off in Edmonton , Canada , on March 26 , 2009 , in support of the album . The European leg of the tour started on April 26 , 2009 , in Zagreb , Croatia , and ended on June 9 , 2009 , in London , England . On June 21 , 2009 , she began the third leg of the tour in the United States and finished in August with the I Am ... Yours 4 @-@ day revue at Encore Las Vegas on the Las Vegas Strip . Starting on September 15 , 2009 , the fourth leg began in Melbourne , Australia and finished on September 24 in Perth , Australia . Beyoncé then went on to perform in Asia , the Middle East , Europe , Africa , and the United Kingdom , before finishing the 2009 portion of the tour on November 24 in Belfast , Northern Ireland . The tour had its final leg in 2010 , visiting Latin America . Starting on February 4 , 2010 , in Florianópolis , Brazil , she visited five other places before ending in Trinidad on February 18 , 2010 . According to Pollstar , the tour earned $ 17 @.@ 2 million between January 1 – June 30 , 2010 , which added to her total of $ 86 million for her first 86 concerts in 2009 , bringing the tour total to $ 103 @.@ 2 million for the 97 shows . The I Am ... Yours residency at the Encore Theater in Las Vegas was recorded on August 2 , 2009 , and later released as a DVD , audio CD and television special in late November 2009 titled I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas . Various performances on the tour were filmed worldwide for a live DVD , I Am ... World Tour , which was released on November 30 , 2010 . = = = Singles = = = On October 8 , 2008 , Beyoncé premiered two lead singles from the album . " If I Were a Boy " peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 , topped eight charts worldwide and reached the top ten in many other charts . " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " was the second lead single and peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Beyoncé 's fifth number @-@ one single , and was also successful in other international markets , peaking in top @-@ ten listings around the world . The singles were certified 2 × platinum and 4 × platinum , respectively , by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . " Diva " was released as a US @-@ only single and peaked at number nineteen on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Beyoncé 's twelfth top @-@ twenty single , and at number three on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . It was certified gold by the RIAA . The next single , " Halo " , was released internationally and peaked at number five in the US Billboard Hot 100 , proving to be commercially successful and reaching top @-@ ten listings around the world . It was certified double @-@ platinum in early 2010 by the RIAA . Following announcements of the I Am ... World Tour two more singles were initially lined up , namely " Broken @-@ Hearted Girl " and " Sweet Dreams " — though they switched order to become the sixth and seventh singles respectively . " Sweet Dreams " reached the top @-@ ten in most countries , managing to top the New Zealand Singles chart , and was certified platinum in the United States . " Broken @-@ Hearted Girl " , the seventh single , reached the top @-@ forty in charts around the world , despite never being certified nor released in the United States . More than one year after the album 's release , " Video Phone " was released as the eighth single from I Am ... Sasha Fierce with a music video and digital download release , taking form as an extended remix featuring American recording artist , Lady Gaga . Like its predecessor , it reached the top @-@ forty in countries around the world , peaking at number sixty @-@ five in the US . It also became Beyoncé 's fourteenth number @-@ one on the US Dance Club Chart . As of July 2010 , the digital tracks from the album had sold a combined total of 12 @.@ 3 million units in the United States ; and according to Columbia Records the album has sold 15 million digital singles worldwide . = = Critical reception = = At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 62 , based on 24 reviews . Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani wrote that the album 's " strength " is " its individual songs ... a testament to Beyoncé as one of today 's most reliable singles artists " , but felt that " the real disparity is her inability to reconcile the adult @-@ contemporary schmaltz of I Am with the more modern , edgy sounds of Sasha Fierce . " Adam Mattera of The Observer felt that both discs lack depth , observing that the first is " too busy chasing radio formats to expose any genuine soul " , and criticizing the second disc 's " succession of independent woman anthems such as ' Single Ladies ' and ' Diva ' , which will no doubt inspire drag queens the world over but leave most others bemused . " Allmusic 's Andy Kellman called its double @-@ disc " gimmick " " flimsy " and favored its second disc 's " decent , if easily forgettable , upbeat pop . " He expressed that on the I Am ... disc , " Beyoncé feels each line to the fullest extent , which almost rescues the set 's staidness . " In his consumer guide for MSN Music , Robert Christgau named it the " dud of the month " with a " B " grade , indicating " a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought " . He found its " split @-@ personality bit " to be " deeply vapid " , only observing " three good songs on this 11 @-@ track artifact " . Jonah Weiner of Blender commented that " Beyoncé is still a beauty @-@ shop feminist , quick with the smack @-@ downs , and she still describes the rattling rush of love with preternatural poise " . Stacey Anderson of Spin commented that its first disc " meanders over [ ... ] down @-@ tempo cuts " and called ... Sasha " an intriguing but diluted direction " . The Village Voice 's Nana Ekua Brew @-@ Hammond felt that the I Am ... disc lacks cohesion , but complimented " Sasha Fierce as " brassy , big @-@ headed , confrontational , and witty , " and stated , " each incendiary track challenges you to leave your inhibitions at coat @-@ check . " Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone noted that its slow songs are " full of bland self @-@ affirmation and saggy lines " , but wrote that " the " Sasha " disc boasts Beyoncé 's most adventurous music yet " . Colin McGuire of PopMatters called the album " a little rough around the edges at times " and viewed its Sasha Fierce disc as " a far more compelling trip down dance @-@ lane " . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the album offers " two compelling sides " of Beyoncé and stated : " The collection might have been better served had she edited it down to one disc , rather than belabor what ultimately seems like a marketing gimmick . And while fans will surely speculate , there 's little in the lyrics that feels more revealing than previous emotional fire @-@ starters . " Sasha Frere @-@ Jones of The New Yorker found the album to be " something of a mess " , mostly because the alter ego " trips on the idea of redefinition " . = = Accolades = = Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly ranked I Am … Sasha Fierce at number two on her list of the 10 Best Albums of 2008 , stating that " ' If I Were a Boy ' and ' Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) ' are undoubtedly album highlights ; still , the surprise here is how consistently satisfying the rest of it is – even the less showy tracks blossom on repeated listening . " Mark Edward Nero of About.com ranked it at the ninth place on his list of the Best R & B Albums of 2008 . Christian Gerard of NBC Washington placed I Am ... Sasha Fierce on his list of " Honorable Mentions " while writing the list for the Best Albums of 2008 . Agence France @-@ Presse , as reported by ABS @-@ CBN News and Current Affairs , recognized the album as the twelfth best selling one of 2008 . On The Village Voice ' Pazz & Jop year @-@ end lists , I Am ... Sasha Fierce was ranked at numbers 333 and 580 in 2008 and 2009 respectively . The album was ranked number twelve on the list of Best Albums of the Decade in Rolling Stone 's Reader 's Poll . The writers of Entertainment Weekly ranked I Am ... Sasha Fierce at number eight on their list of The Best Albums of The 2000s . I Am ... Sasha Fierce won a 2009 Soul Train Award for Album of the Year . Beyoncé won the Favorite Female R & B Artist award at the 2009 American Music Awards , where the album also garnered a nomination in the category Favorite Album for Soul / R & B. Beyoncé also won Best R & B Artist at the 2009 BET Awards . However , she lost the same award to Alicia Keys at the 2010 BET Awards . Similarly , Beyoncé was nominated for Best International Female Solo Artist at the 2009 BRIT Awards , at the 2009 Meteor Awards ( Ireland ) , and at the 2010 International Dance Music Awards . In 2009 Beyoncé won the Best International Act accolade at the Music of Black Origin Awards ( United Kingdom ) , where I Am ... Sasha Fierce was also nominated for Best Album . At the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards , Beyoncé was recognized as the Best Female Artist and " Single Ladies " won Best Video accolade with " Halo " the winner in the Best Song category . I Am ... Sasha Fierce was nominated for the Outstanding Album award at the 2009 NAACP Image Award , and for International Album of the Year at the 2010 NRJ Music Award . At the 2010 OVMA World Awards , Beyoncé won Artist of the Year as well as Best R & B Artist , however , the album lost in the category Album of the Year . Beyoncé was also nominated for Favorite Female Artist and for Favorite R & B Artist at the 36th People 's Choice Awards as well as at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards , and in the categories World 's Best R & B Artist and World 's Best Pop Artist at the 2010 World Music Awards . I Am ... Sasha Fierce and its singles earned Beyoncé seven Grammy Award nominations , including Album of the Year . She won a record @-@ setting 6 Grammy awards out of the seven , plus an award for her rendition of the classic Etta James song " At Last " , from the Cadillac Records soundtrack . = = Commercial performance = = The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , selling 482 @,@ 000 units in its first week and giving Beyoncé her third consecutive number one album in the US . With this , Beyoncé became the third female artist of the 2000s decade to have her first three albums debut at the top spot of the US Billboard 200 albums chart . Having sold 1 @,@ 459 @,@ 000 copies in 6 weeks of release in 2008 alone , I Am ... Sasha Fierce emerged as the tenth best selling album of that year according to Billboard magazine . With this achievement , Beyoncé eventually equaled Garth Brooks , Mariah Carey , and Shania Twain for placing an album in Nielsen SoundScan 's year @-@ end top 10 for the fifth time . The album later emerged as the second best selling album of 2009 in the US itself . It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . As of January 2014 , I Am ... Sasha Fierce has sold 3 @.@ 12 million copies in the US . In the United Kingdom , the album debuted at number ten on November 29 , 2008 , becoming Beyoncé 's lowest @-@ debuting album despite having higher first week sales than her previous album , B 'Day . Following her performance at the 2008 The X Factor finale with winner Alexandra Burke , the album moved up to number nine on December 27 , 2008 . Due to the success of its singles in the United Kingdom , particularly " Sweet Dreams " , I Am ... Sasha Fierce rose from number five to its highest peak of number two in its thirty @-@ ninth week on the chart , which was the week of August 16 , 2009 . It is her best @-@ selling album in the UK , having sold over 1 @.@ 5 million copies . In Australia , I Am ... Sasha Fierce debuted at number nine in late November 2008 and peaked at number eight in early January 2009 . Following the success of singles " Sweet Dreams " and " Broken @-@ Hearted Girl " , the album rebounded to a new peak of three on two separate occasions in October 2009 and it was certified triple @-@ platinum on November 23 , 2009 . In New Zealand , the album debuted at number 16 in late November 2008 and initially peaked at number six in early March 2009 . After growing popularity of its singles , especially " Sweet Dreams " , the album upped to a new peak of three on September 21 , 2009 . The album was certified platinum on April 26 , 2009 , ( after twenty @-@ three weeks on the chart ) shipping over 15 @,@ 000 copies to retailers and was later certified double platinum . In Spain , the album debuted and peaked at number 7 on November 26 , 2008 , and was certified platinum for shipment of over 60 @,@ 000 copies on October 26 , 2009 . The album was also the best @-@ selling international album in Turkey in 2009 . As of December 2015 , the album has sold over 8 million copies worldwide . = = Formats and track listings = = = = = Platinum edition = = = In September 2009 , an enhanced two @-@ disc version of the album was released , its first disc featuring 16 tracks from the original version with four bonus audio tracks , and its second disc , the video collection from Above and Beyoncé , including seven music videos . = = = The Bonus Tracks EP = = = = = Personnel = = Credits are taken from the album 's liner notes . Managerial Performance credits Visuals and imagery Instruments Technical and production = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Erica Hahn = Erica Hahn , M.D. is a fictional character from the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actress Brooke Smith . Hahn was a recurring character through the show 's second and third seasons , and joined the main cast in the fourth season . Prior to assuming the role , Smith observed heart surgery being performed , and admitted to finding stressful the pressure of continually portraying a medical professional realistically . The character is presented as highly professional , to the point of being a " workaholic " . She is notably hard on Resident Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , admitting that Cristina reminds her of herself as a student . Despite her intentions to keep away from relationships , she becomes romantically involved with orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . The storyline was praised for its realistic portrayal of a developing same @-@ sex relationship between two women , although consultants from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation expressed some concerns over what they deemed the somewhat exploitative talk of a threesome between Hahn , Torres and Mark Sloan . Hahn was written out of Grey 's Anatomy in November 2008 , with Smith commenting that the decision originated with the ABC network rather than with series creator Shonda Rhimes . = = Storylines = = Upon her first appearance in the series it is established that Hahn is a long @-@ time rival of main character and fellow cardiothoracic surgeon Preston Burke , dating back to their days at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , where she graduated second after Burke . She is introduced as a cardiothoracic attending surgeon at Seattle Presbyterian Hospital when she and Burke fight over a donor heart . Hahn reappears in season three when she is contacted by George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) for a consult on his father 's valve replacement after George finds out about Burke 's hand tremors and Cristina helping him cover it up . Hahn transfers to Seattle Grace Hospital in the season four episode , " Haunt You Everyday " , after performing a successful heart transplant at the request of the Chief of Surgery , Richard Webber . She takes on the role previously held by Burke , Seattle Grace 's Head of Cardiothoracic Surgery . Hahn cultivates an antagonistic relationship with Burke 's former protégée Cristina Yang , refusing to let her scrub in on surgeries , and constantly criticizing her overly enthusiastic behavior . She later confesses to Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) that she is purposely hard on Cristina , as she reminds her of herself as a Resident . The character deflects the romantic attention of fellow attending Mark Sloan , admitting that she finds him attractive but wishes to keep her private life separate from her working life . She also develops a friendship with Callie Torres which becomes temporarily strained when Callie is led to believe Hahn has romantic designs on her . Although Hahn laughs off the notion , she goes on to kiss Callie in front of Sloan , to prove that he couldn 't handle a threesome with the two of them , leaving Callie stunned . In the season four finale , Callie initiates a second passionate kiss , which Hahn reciprocates . The two attempt a romantic relationship , but while Erica comes to terms with her sexuality quickly , Callie is not so sure of herself , and sleeps with Mark Sloan to " make sure " . Erica initially forgives her , but eventually decides that she does not want a relationship with Callie while she is still so unsure about her sexuality , and so leaves her post at Seattle Grace . = = Development = = = = = Casting and creation = = = Erica Hahn was initially conceived as a minor character , and occasional guest @-@ star rival of Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) . The character first appeared in three episodes of the show 's second season , followed by another two episodes of the show 's third season . Discussing whether she thought Hahn might become a main character after her season three appearance , Smith has stated that at the time : " I didn 't really think it was going to work out " , joking that " After every time I would hope that they would call and also hope not too – kind of like when I used to be single . " However , following Washington 's departure from the show , Hahn was brought back as a main character in the show 's fourth season , replacing Burke as Seattle Grace 's Head of Cardiothoracic Surgery . Smith has said that she was not expecting her character to be introduced to the show full @-@ time , as she " didn 't want to be disappointed if it didn 't happen . " She has stated that a deciding factor in her return was the opportunity it presented to explore the character in greater depth , explaining : " When I work on something that has a beginning , middle and end , I can create an arc . With Dr. Hahn , I need to figure out who she is " . Researching the role , Smith watched a heart surgery performed , and liaised with the surgical nurses employed by Grey 's Anatomy producers to maintain realism in the show 's operating room . She dubbed this research stressful , stating that " I got very neurotic about the fact that I didn ’ t go to medical school . I ’ m not actually a doctor " , explaining ; " I have no idea what it really is to be a surgeon and yet I have to act like I am really good at it . I have to look like I ’ ve been doing it a long time " . On November 3 , 2008 , it was reported by Entertainment Weekly 's Michael Ausiello that Erica would depart from Grey 's Anatomy on November 6 . Series creator Shonda Rhimes issued the statement that : E ! Online 's Kristin Dos Santos reported that Smith 's dismissal from the show was enforced by the ABC network , as part of an attempt to " de @-@ gay " Grey 's Anatomy . She revealed that as well as writing out the character Erica Hahn , Grey 's Anatomy newcomer Melissa George would no longer be playing a bisexual character as announced . Brooke Smith , interviewed by Michael Ausiello , stated that : Smith explained that the script for her final episode did not involve her character being written out , and that Erica 's final scene on the show is " just [ her ] heading to [ her ] car . " She agreed with the assessment that her dismissal originated from ABC and not Shonda Rhimes herself , stating : " it definitely seemed like [ Shonda 's ] hands were tied . " Rhimes also said : " We didn 't have a controversy with Dr. Hahn . The press created a whole thing that had nothing to do with reality . " = = = Characterization = = = Describing her character 's personality , Smith has stated : " Dr. Hahn is a workaholic and she 's very professional [ ... ] I think she feels that there should be professionalism at work , and when other people do things that aren 't professional she gets a little upset . " , adding : " She has little rules in her head about how you ’ re supposed to act at work . That doesn ’ t mean she can ’ t break the rules . But everyone else is supposed to follow them . " Stacy McKee , writer of season four episode " Kung Fu Fighting " , which saw the establishment of Hahn as a main character , has deemed her : " hardcore . [ ... ] a kick ass female surgeon " . Smith has explained that the show 's writers " didn ’ t want to rush to make [ Hahn ] likable , and hoped I didn ’ t mind . A lot of actors don ’ t want to be unlikable , even if they ’ re the bad guy . But I ’ m okay with that — I ’ m good with being unlikable . " Series creator Shonda Rhimes , discussing the rivalry between Hahn and her Resident Cristina Yang – which saw Hahn reprimanded by Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , Seattle Grace 's Chief of Surgery , for her lack of encouragement — has given the insight : " Hahn is a brilliant surgeon and is great with her patients but her teaching skills ? Well , let ’ s just say she can use a little more loving care with her students , particularly Cristina . [ ... ] I felt sorry for Hahn because Hahn grew up in a surgical world that included even fewer women than there is now ( so Hahn is accustomed to a “ dog eat dog ” kind of surgical world ) . " Trish Doolan , who consulted with the show 's producers on the developing lesbian storyline between Hahn and Callie Torres , said of the character : " She 's very strong , very good at what she does , and actually a lot of men are threatened by that . She 's very confident with what she does and who she is " . Initially upon her arrival at Seattle Grace , plastic surgeon Mark Sloan was seen to develop feelings for Hahn , only to be repeatedly rebuffed . The character explained that she kept her personal and professional lives separate , but as Smith has explained : " She came to the wrong hospital if she thought she wasn ’ t going to have a personal life ! " Smith has admitted to eavesdropping on a writers ’ meeting in an attempt to find out what was in store for her character romantically , as it was being closely guarded , even from her . She discussed with TV Guide editor Michael Ausiello early in her tenure as Hahn how she and Sandra Oh had pushed for a lesbian relationship between Hahn and Cristina , having previously played lovers in the play Stop Kiss . She agreed with Ausiello 's assessment that Hahn would make an " awesome lesbian " and that : " I 've certainly let [ the producers ] know I 'm open to it . [ ... ] They were like , " OK , duly noted ! " I think they wanted me to shut up already . " Equally , however , Smith has revealed that when she and Shonda Rhimes first discussed the possibility of Hahn being gay ; " " we felt it was too obvious that a strong , powerful woman would be a lesbian " . Despite this assessment , the end of the show 's fourth season saw Hahn grow closer to orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres , in a relationship dubbed " Eri @-@ Cal " and later " Callica " by Entertainment Weekly . Rhimes has stated that : " Callie and Erica have an undeniable chemistry . And watching the story unfold is something the writers are looking forward to . I wanted to illuminate their relationship in the same way we do all relationships on the show — it will be funny , sweet , honest , and a little bit dirty . " She has explained that in developing the relationship between the two : " we wanted it to be real – not some stunt to get people talking . We wanted to see what would happen if a woman suddenly had feelings for another woman . " The two characters shared a kiss at the end of season finale , with which After Ellen have noted : " Callie and Erica became the only regular lesbian / bisexual female characters currently on network television . This is also the first time that two regular characters on a network show have begun a lesbian romance , as opposed to one becoming involved with a new lesbian character introduced expressly for that relationship . " Before embarking on the storyline , the show 's producers consulted with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to ensure they maintained realism throughout . Trish Doolan , star of April 's Shower was invited to consult in the workshop sessions which took place , and surmised that ; " They were really wanting to be truthful to the two characters they 're focusing on in the woman @-@ woman relationship " , with Nikki Weiss , who also consulted , adding : " they didn 't want to stereotype anything , either , and write from a place where they didn 't understand it . [ ... ] I don 't think they did it as a stunt to get people back to watching after the strike . I really think that they wanted to develop these two characters , and that you could see a closeness with them way before they ever decided any kind of — I think they just have a chemistry together , as actresses , too . And you could tell that in the room . They definitely have a chemistry . " Discussing her own reaction to the storyline , Smith has commented ; " I was psyched . I thought it was a great idea . " She revealed that the writers have not fully divulged Hahn 's romantic backstory to her , explaining ; " a lot of it is still vague . I mean , there 's what the writers think and what I 've sort of thought , and in my mind . Maybe I had a crush in high school or in college or something — there was something , but I don 't think it 's ever — I think it might be her first time . " Continuing with this theme , Smith also spoke with Kristin Dos Santos for E ! about her character 's lack of definitive romantic history , jesting ; " I 'll look at the script next week and be like " Oh my God , I 've been a lesbian for years and I didn 't know . " She also discussed the meetings with GLAAD she and Ramirez attended , and their impact on her portrayal of the storyline , explaining : " It was actually very helpful because they did talk about their own personal lives , and how , I guess if you 're an open person , and life is change , then anything can happen . And it could really rock your world I imagine , if you all of a sudden thought that you might be in love with a woman and maybe you weren 't before . " Following the announcement that Erica was being written out of Grey 's Anatomy , Smith was asked whether she was happy with the direction the storyline had taken . She responded : " You know , I was starting to get there , yeah . I was personally a little impatient with the gay panic , but it was more Callie 's thing anyway . I think Dr. Hahn was sort of figuring it out . " She deemed the scene which saw Callie sleep with Mark as practice for sleeping with Erica " a little icky " , adding : " If you 're a woman , don 't you know how to please yourself ? " = = Reception = = Mary Macnamara of the Los Angeles Times has praised the character highly , writing : " Hahn is a terrific character , sassy and professional , with an appropriately acerbic view of the various romantic shenanigans . She also seems to be a carefully considered stand @-@ in for viewers choking on the soapy silt of last season , a way for the writers to move forward without messing with the hugely successful brand . ( Don ’ t get too nervous , Brooke , but the future of TV ’ s once highest @-@ rated drama may be in your hands . ) " Discussing the character in terms of her relationship with Callie Torres , AfterEllen.com were also largely positive , assessing that : " The story line offered both the drama Grey 's is known for and — despite some marginally exploitative threesome talk — a truthfulness network television has rarely achieved when it comes to lesbian relationships . " Trish Doolan and Nikki Weiss , invited by GLAAD to consult with Grey 's Anatomy producers on the storyline , praised the effort put into researching the issue by the writers and actors involved , though were more negative on the scene which saw Hahn kiss Callie in an elevator in front of Mark Sloan . Weiss commented : " I just felt like , if they really cared about each other , I don 't think they would do that as a stunt . That seemed a little , I don 't know , forced . [ ... ] [ It ] was more like a conquest , like he could have [ Erica ] too or something . " AfterEllen.com agreed with this view , criticizing the way the scene was edited so as to keep cutting to Mark 's point of view , as though " privileging the male gaze . " Smith , however , has refuted this interpretation , stating that ; " Frankly , when I played that scene , I played it as , " You think that if you walked in the room and we were together , we would just be on you , but we wouldn 't . " So that 's why I kissed her . In that moment , I swear to God , when I was playing it , that 's what I was thinking . You know there 's a bit of a competition between all the guys in the boys club and my character anyway , so when that happened it was sort of like , " Oh yeah , you wouldn 't be intimidated , uh huh . OK , well , check this out . " Following the announcement that the character had been written out of Grey 's Anatomy , Mary Macnamara wrote a critical LA Times editorial on the decision . She deemed Smith 's firing : " a grim reminder that certain prejudices are still ascendant in television " , writing that " most gay characters are allowed to have sex on network television only if they are part of a single @-@ episode story line , and all actively sexual lesbian characters must be sylphlike , gorgeous and preferably under 30 . " She went on to assess that : " Smith probably got the boot not because her character wasn 't interesting enough or sympathetic enough but because she , especially when paired with Ramirez , just didn 't fit the visual template of " Grey 's " or indeed , of most of network television . She is a character actress , not a tabloid star . In other words , and they are words I deeply regret , Ramirez , with all her lipglossed lusciousness , may be beautiful enough to be bi , but Smith is not beautiful enough to be gay . At least not on network TV . Some ground , it would appear , is too calcified to be broken . " After Ellen 's Dorothy Snarker was similarly critical of the decision , explaining that : " Smith ’ s dismissal means the loss of American broadcast TV ’ s only lesbian / bisexual couple in primetime . It was also the first significant gay relationship portrayed on the hit ABC series . The handful of remaining lesbian / bisexual relationships on TV are on cable , premium channels and daytime television . " Detailing the decision to also change a new character 's orientation from bisexual to heterosexual , Snarker added : " Besides striking a serious blow for queer women ’ s visibility on the small screen , the moves seem to signal a significant setback in the industry ’ s acceptance of mainstream gay and lesbian storylines . " She concluded that : " While Callie had fleeting moments of gay panic where she slept with friend and fellow surgeon Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , the interaction between the two women was both organic and romantic . Callie and Erica 's relationship stood out as one of the few bright spots for lesbian and bisexual characters on primetime TV . Now it seems all we ’ re left with is taillights . " = Harpy Tomb = The Harpy Tomb is a marble chamber from a pillar tomb that stands in the abandoned city of Xanthos , capital of ancient Lycia , a region of southwestern Anatolia in what is now Turkey . Dating to approximately 480 – 470 BC , the chamber topped a tall pillar and was decorated with marble panels carved in bas @-@ relief . It may be the tomb of Kybernis , a king of Xanthos . The marble chamber is carved in the Greek Archaic style . Along with much other material in Xanthos it is heavily influenced by Greek art , but there are also indications of non @-@ Greek influence in the carvings . The monument takes its name from the four carved female winged figures , resembling Harpies . The identities of the carved figures and the meaning of the scenes depicted are uncertain , but it is generally now agreed that the winged creatures are not Harpies . The Lycians absorbed much of Greek mythology into their own culture and the scenes may represent Greek deities , but it is also possible they are unknown Lycian deities . An alternative interpretation is that they represent scenes of judgement in the afterlife and scenes of supplication to Lycian rulers . The carvings were removed from the tomb in the 19th century by archaeologist Charles Fellows and taken to England . Fellows visited Lycia in 1838 and reported finding the remains of a culture that until then was virtually unknown to Europeans . After obtaining permission from the Turkish authorities to remove stone artefacts from the region , Fellows collected a large amount of material from Xanthos under commission from the British Museum in London , where the reliefs are now on display . = = Lycian culture = = Lycian culture was at one time viewed as a branch of Greek culture by scholars , especially from the Classical period onwards , when Lycian architecture and sculpture were very much in the Classical Greek style . But the Lycians had a distinct culture of their own , and their religious and funery rites can be distinguished from the Greek . The Lycian language , although it is Indo @-@ European , is related to Hittite and most probably directly descended from the related Luwian language . Several groups speaking Hittite @-@ related languages continued to exist in Asia Minor for many centuries after the Hittite Empire had passed into history . Lycia occupied a strategic position between Europe and the Near East . The Greek and Persian worlds met in Lycia , and the Lycians were heavily influenced by both . At one period Persian influence would dominate and at another , Greek , resulting in Lycian culture being an amalgam of both . Greek influence is found in Lycia from an early date . The Lycian alphabet is derived from Rhodian Greek , with borrowings from other alphabets , possibly Phoenician . The country was conquered by Harpagus in 540 BC , who was acting for the Persians . Lycia 's culture was influenced by its annexation into the Persian Empire , but also by its neighbours , the Ionian Greeks . The influence of Greek culture increased after Xerxes ' army was defeated at the Battle of Plataea by Greek forces in 479 BC . Kybernis , for whom the Harpy Tomb is thought to have been built , may have died as a consequence of wounds he received in the defeat of Xerxes , either at Plataea or the naval battle of Salamis . He was succeeded by Kuprlli , and then Kheriga , who took an Iranian name and appeared to be pro @-@ Persian . After Alexander the Great 's conquest of the country rapid Hellenisation took place in Lycia , and its culture became subsumed in the Greek . = = = Mythology = = = Lycia features heavily in Greek mythology . The Titan goddess Leto fled to Lycia after giving birth , or in order to give birth , to Apollo and Artemis . The Lycians play a part in the Iliad , under their leader Sarpedon , as allies of Troy . Bellerophon killed the fire @-@ breathing monster Chimaera which was ravaging Lycia . These stories may well not have originally been part of Lycian mythology , but may have been borrowed from the Greek . The Greek goddess Leto , for example , may have been equated with the Lycian mother goddess . Having incorporated Leto into their pantheon , the rest of the Greek stories followed naturally . Certainly , the temple to Leto was of some importance in Xanthos . It would appear that the Lycians actively encouraged this synthesis in order to promote themselves as part of the Greek family . Another story from Greek mythology concerns the origin of the name of the country . According to the myth , Lycia is named after Lycus , the son of Pandion , king of Athens . Prior to Lycus becoming their leader , the Lycians were known as Termilae . Lycus was later to help remove the usurper Metion from the throne of Athens . The real origin of the name , however , would appear to be a derivation of Lukka , the name of the country found in Hittite records . = = = Lycian sculpture = = = Lycian architecture and sculpture are on the same level as Greek , but to the Greeks , the Lycians , along with other non @-@ Greek peoples of S.W. Anatolia , were often viewed as barbarians . From c . 550 BC Greek pottery is found in quantity in Lycia ; the Lion Tomb , Pillar of the Wrestlers , and the pillars at Isinda and Trysa are all distinctly Greek in style with little eastern symbolism . Pillar tombs are the earliest form of tomb found in Lycia and go back to the sixth century BC , first appearing c . 540 BC . The pillar tombs appear to be reserved for leading dynasts . House tombs and sarcophagi appear from the mid @-@ 5th century BC onwards . Xanthos has 43 monumental tombs of which 17 are sculptured and 35 are pillar tombs , usually to a high standard of workmanship . The Harpy Tomb belongs to the Late Archaic Greek style . The Archaic Style introduced an element of realism that was developed to its fullest in the later Classical Style , but retained some of the formalism of the earlier Geometric Style in its rules of symmetry . Of the many tombs at Xanthos , the Harpy Tomb is unique in period and style . Other well @-@ known sculptures from Xanthos include the earlier Lion Tomb and the later Tomb of Payava and Nereid Monument . = = Tomb = = Xanthos lies in the Antalya Province of modern Turkey . The Harpy Tomb is in the Acropolis of Xanthos to the north of where the Roman theatre now stands and on its west side . It would have originally stood on the edge of the marketplace . The original pillar is still in place ; Fellows took only the sculptures , which have been replaced with cement casts of the originals . The tomb is the only Late Archaic tomb in Xanthos to have survived the extensive redevelopment of the acropolis in the Roman period , and was left standing as an isolated historical artefact . Many other Lycian tombs survive in Xanthos , but there are no others from this particular period . The space inside the tomb was later occupied by an early Christian hermit . Fellows noted that the backs of the reliefs still bore the remains of the hermit 's religious paintings and monograms . Fellows speculates that this man was a disciple of Simeon Stylites ( 390 – 459 AD ) , one of the eponymously named Christian ascetics known as stylites , who lived on the top of tall columns . = = = Construction = = = The tomb is a large square of carved marble panels . Each side is 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) in length and 3 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 0 m ) in height . It was originally set upon a large oblong stone pedestal , 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) high , making it an example of a pillar tomb . The top of the pillar has a hollowed out chamber creating a space inside the tomb 7 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) tall from the bottom of the hollow to the top of the reliefs . All four sides are carved with similar relief panels in one of which ( the south side ) is a small opening to allow a body to be placed in the tomb . This aperture may originally have been closed with a stele . The tomb is roofed with what appear to be three large slabs , one above the other . In fact , the capstone is one single piece , weighing 15 to 20 tons , carved to give the appearance of three layers . Each false slab overlaps the ones below to form an entablature . All the parts , except the sculptured reliefs , are made from local grey @-@ blue limestone . = = = Style = = = The tomb , along with many other artefacts from Lycia of the period , is in the Greek Archaic style . If the dating is accurate ( 480 – 470 BC ) the Archaic style continued in Lycia for some time after it had become unfashionable in Greece . The sculptures may have been carved by Ionian Greek craftsmen , if not they are heavily influenced by them . There are some features of the carvings that definitely suggest a non @-@ Greek origin . The female faces have a sensuous look with full lips and large eyes that are typically Lycian . = = Reliefs = = The reliefs show seated figures receiving gifts from standing figures . At the left and right edges on the north and south sides are winged female creatures with bird bodies ( the " Harpies " ) . The winged creatures are carrying away small childlike figures . Between the winged creatures on the north side is a seated figure receiving a helmet from a standing warrior ; under the chair is a bear . Under the winged creature on the right is a kneeling female supplicant . Between the winged creatures on the south side is a seated figure of uncertain sex receiving a dove from a standing female . The seated figure is holding a pomegranate in the left hand and an unidentified object ( possibly fruit or an egg ) in the right hand . On the west side are two females seated on thrones and facing each other . Their breasts are large and the nipples and areolae can be seen through their thin clothing . The one on the right holds in her right hand a flower and in her left a pomegranate . The one on the left holds in her right hand a phiale . The opening for insertion of the body is in front of this figure . Above the opening is a cow suckling its calf . This design is also seen on coins from the reign of Sppndaza ( 475 to 469 BC ) . On the right of the opening three female figures advance towards the seated figures . The second advancing female holds in her right hand a fruit and in her left a pomegranate flower . The third holds in her raised right hand an object , possibly an egg . On the east side is a male figure seated on a throne , holding in his right hand a pomegranate flower and being offered a cock by a smaller standing figure . Behind the small standing figure is a male holding in his left hand a staff and advancing with a dog . Behind the seated figure are two advancing females , the first holding in her left hand a pomegranate . It is thought the carvings on the monument were originally brightly painted . At the time of Fellows ' discovery of the monument , the remains of blue paint were found in the backgrounds of the reliefs . Traces of red paint have also been found on other parts . = = Interpretations = = The seated figures are thought to be Lycian gods or deified ancestors . Among the possible identities for the seated figures on the north and south sides are Harpagus , the Median general who became the founder of the Lycian dynasty , and Kybernis , a later king of Lycia . Kybernis is proposed as a possible identity of the occupant of the tomb . Another view is that they are generalised scenes of judgement in Hades rather than earthly rulers . Consistent with this view is the interpretation of the south figure as Persephone , the Queen of the Underworld . The figures to the left and right of the opening may be the goddesses Demeter and Persephone respectively . The repeated use of the pomegranate in the symbolism is not accidental . Not just in Lycia , but throughout Asia Minor , the Greek world , and Palestine , the pomegranate was widely recognised as a symbol of fructification and procreation . Conversely , it is also a symbol of change and death . This symbolism can be helpful in identifying the deities in the reliefs . The pomegranate is a suitable gift for a goddess of sexuality such as Aphrodite who herself planted the original pomegranate on Cyprus . It is not a suitable gift for an intellectual goddess such as Athena . The pomegranate can have an overtly sexual meaning ; Demeter complains that her daughter Persophone was " forced to eat the seed of a pomegranate " in the underworld , by which it is understood that she was raped . The winged creatures are likely not Harpies , but this misidentification has stuck in the name of the monument . A better match is to the Sirens but many sources doubt either of these claims . The small figures they are carrying away may represent the souls of the dead . Another suggestion for the small figures are that they are the daughters of the hero Pandareus who were carried away to become the Furies . = = Removal of the sculptures = = The sculpted reliefs were taken to England by Charles Fellows , who had been commissioned by the British Museum to bring back artefacts after they learned of his 1838 exploration of the region . Until then , Lycian culture was virtually unknown in Western Europe . The tomb was ( and still is , minus its reliefs ) located in the Acropolis of Xanthos . Fellows received permission in October 1841 from the Ottoman Sultan to remove stone artefacts from the region . A Royal Navy ship , HMS Beacon commanded by Captain Graves , was tasked with recovering and transporting the items identified by Fellows . The ship sailed from Malta on 30 October but did not arrive on site until 26 December , delayed largely by unanticipated and protracted negotiations with the Turkish authorities . Fellows ' documents did not give him the permissions he thought they did ( he had not had them translated ) , and some of the British Government 's requests were seen as unreasonable , such as removing stones from the walls of operational military fortresses . A further delay was caused by a disagreement with Graves . It transpired that the ship had not brought suitable tackle for lifting the heavier pieces . Fellows wanted Graves to return to Malta immediately to fetch the necessary equipment , but Graves requested further orders from his superiors before doing so , which took some time to arrive . The Beacon did not finally return until March 1842 . To remove the sculptures of the Harpy Tomb the capstone , which may have weighed as much as twenty tons and was resting on the sculptured sides , had to be lifted off , causing the sides of the tomb to fall in . Fellows , who had left the sailors to carry out this task in their own way , remarked " but the sculptured parts did not receive more injury than they probably would have done from a more scientific operation " . The sculptures of another monument at Xanthos , the Horse Tomb , were left in situ because they were so large that they could only be handled if first sawn into pieces . This Fellows would have done , but the stone @-@ sawyers arrived from Malta with Graves so late in the season that they immediately succumbed to malaria and the task was abandoned . Nevertheless , 80 tons of material were put on board . = A Thousand Splendid Suns = A Thousand Splendid Suns is a 2007 novel by Afghan @-@ American author Khaled Hosseini . It is his second , following his bestselling 2003 debut , The Kite Runner . Mariam is an illegitimate child , and suffers from both the stigma surrounding her birth along with the abuse she faces throughout her marriage . Laila , born a generation later , is comparatively privileged during her youth until their lives intersect and she is also forced to accept a marriage proposal from Rasheed , Mariam 's husband . Hosseini has remarked that he regards the novel as a " mother @-@ daughter story " in contrast to The Kite Runner , which he considers a " father @-@ son story " . It continues some of the themes used in his previous work , such as the familial aspects , but focuses primarily on female characters and their roles in Afghan society . A Thousand Splendid Suns was released on May 22 , 2007 , and received favorable prepublication reviews from Kirkus , Publishers Weekly , Library Journal , and Booklist , becoming a number one New York Times bestseller for fifteen weeks following its release . During its first week on the market , it sold over one million copies . Columbia Pictures purchased film rights in 2007 and confirmed intentions to create a movie adaption of the book . = = Creation = = = = = Title = = = The title of the book comes from a line in the Josephine Davis translation of the poem " Kabul " , by the 17th @-@ century Iranian poet Saib Tabrizi : " Every street of Kabul is enthralling to the eye Through the bazaars , caravans of Egypt pass One could not count the moons that shimmer on her roofs And the thousand splendid suns that hide behind her walls " In an interview , Khaled Hosseini explains , " I was searching for English translations of poems about Kabul , for use in a scene where a character bemoans leaving his beloved city , when I found this particular verse . I realized that I had found not only the right line for the scene , but also an evocative title in the phrase ' a thousand splendid suns , ' which appears in the next @-@ to @-@ last stanza . " = = = Inspiration = = = When asked what led him to write a novel centered on two Afghan women , Hosseini responded : " I had been entertaining the idea of writing a story of Afghan women for some time after I 'd finished writing The Kite Runner . That first novel was a male @-@ dominated story . All the major characters , except perhaps for Amir 's wife Soraya , were men . There was a whole facet of Afghan society which I hadn 't touched on in The Kite Runner , an entire landscape that I felt was fertile with story ideas ... In the spring of 2003 , I went to Kabul , and I recall seeing these burqa @-@ clad women sitting at street corners , with four , five , six children , begging for change . I remember watching them walking in pairs up the street , trailed by their children in ragged clothes , and wondering how life had brought them to that point ... I spoke to many of those women in Kabul . Their life stories were truly heartbreaking ... When I began writing A Thousand Splendid Suns , I found myself thinking about those resilient women over and over . Though no one woman that I met in Kabul inspired either Laila or Mariam , their voices , faces , and their incredible stories of survival were always with me , and a good part of my inspiration for this novel came from their collective spirit . " = = = Writing = = = Hosseini disclosed that in some ways , A Thousand Splendid Suns was more difficult to write than his first novel , The Kite Runner . This is partly because when he penned The Kite Runner , " no one was waiting for it . " He also found his second novel to be more " ambitious " than the first due to its larger number of characters , its dual focus on Mariam and Laila , and its covering of a multi @-@ generational @-@ period of nearly forty @-@ five @-@ years . However , he stated , " As I began to write , as the story picked up pace and I found myself immersed in the world of Mariam and Laila , these apprehensions vanished on their own . The developing story captured me and enabled me to tune out the background noise and get on with the business of inhabiting the world I was creating . " The characters " took on a life of their own " at this point and " became very real for [ him ] " . Similar to The Kite Runner , the manuscript had to be extensively revised ; Hosseini divulged that he ultimately wrote the book five times before it was complete . The novel 's anticipated release was first announced in October 2006 , when it was described as a story about " family , friendship , faith and the salvation to be found in love " . = = Summary = = The novel centers around two women , Mariam and Laila , how their lives become intertwined after a series of drastic events , and their subsequent friendship and support for each other in the backdrop of Kabul in the 20th and 21st century . It is split into four parts that focus on individual stories : Part one is about Mariam , part two is on Laila , part three is on the relationship between the two women , and Laila 's life with Tariq is in part four . The last section also happens to be the only part written in the present tense . Mariam lives in a kolba on the outskirts of Herat with her embittered mother . Jalil , her father , is a wealthy businessman who owns a cinema and lives in the town with three wives and nine children . Mariam is his illegitimate daughter , and she is prohibited to live with them , but Jalil visits her every Thursday . On her fifteenth birthday , Mariam wants her father to take her to see Pinocchio at his movie theater , against the pleas of her mother . When he does not show up , she hikes into town and goes to his house . He refuses to see her , and she ends up sleeping on the street . In the morning , Mariam returns home to find that her mother has committed suicide out of fear that her daughter had deserted her . Mariam is then taken to live in her father 's house . Jalil arranges for her to be married to Rasheed , a shoemaker from Kabul who is thirty @-@ years her senior . In Kabul , Mariam becomes pregnant seven successive times , but is never able to carry a child to term . This is a sad , disquieting reality for both Rasheed and Mariam . Ultimately Rasheed grows more and more despondent over his wife 's inability to have a child and particularly a son . As their marriage wears on Rasheed gradually becomes more and more abusive . Part Two introduces Laila . She is a girl growing up in Kabul who is close friends with Tariq , a boy living in her neighborhood . They eventually develop a romantic relationship despite being aware of the social boundaries between men and women in Afghan society . War comes to Afghanistan , and Kabul is bombarded by rocket attacks . Tariq 's family decides to leave the city , and the emotional farewell between Laila and Tariq culminates with them making love . Laila 's family also decides to leave Kabul , but as they are packing a rocket destroys the house , killing her parents and severely injuring Laila . Laila is subsequently taken in by Rasheed and Mariam . After recovering from her injuries , Laila discovers that she is pregnant with Tariq 's child . After being informed by Abdul Sharif that Tariq has died , she agrees to marry Rasheed , a man eager to have a young and attractive second wife in hopes of having a son with her . When Laila gives birth to a daughter , Aziza , Rasheed is displeased and suspicious . This results in him becoming abusive towards Laila . Mariam and Laila eventually become confidants and best friends . They plan to run away from Rasheed and leave Kabul but are caught at the bus station . Rasheed beats them and deprives them of water for several days , almost killing Aziza . A few years later , Laila gives birth to Zalmai , Rasheed 's son . The Taliban has risen to power and imposed harsh rules on the Afghan population , prohibiting women from appearing in public without a male relative . There is a drought , and living conditions in Kabul become poor . Rasheed 's workshop burns down , and he is forced to take jobs for which he is ill @-@ suited . He sends Aziza to an orphanage . Laila endures a number of beatings from the Taliban when caught alone on the streets in attempts to visit her daughter . Then one day Tariq appears outside the house , and he and Laila are reunited . Laila realizes that Rasheed had hired Abdul Sharif to inform her about Tariq 's fake death , so that he could marry her . When Rasheed returns home from work , Zalmai tells his father about the visitor . Rasheed starts to savagely beat Laila . He nearly strangles her , but Mariam intervenes and kills Rasheed with a shovel . Afterwards , Mariam confesses to killing Rasheed in order to draw attention away from Laila and Tariq . Mariam is publicly executed , allowing Laila and Tariq to leave for Pakistan with Aziza and Zalmai . They spend their days working at a guest house in Murree , a summer retreat . After the fall of the Taliban , Laila and Tariq return to Afghanistan . They stop in the village where Mariam was raised , and discover a package that Mariam 's father left behind for her : a videotape of Pinocchio , a small sack of money , and a letter . Laila reads the letter and discovers that Jalil had regretted sending Mariam away . Laila and Tariq return to Kabul and use the money to fix up the orphanage , where Laila starts working as a teacher . Laila is pregnant with her third child , and if it is a girl , Laila has already named her Mariam . = = Characters = = Mariam is an ethnic Tajik born in Herat , 1959 . She is the illegitimate child of Jalil and Nana . She suffers shame throughout her childhood because of the circumstances of her birth . Khaled Hosseini described her portrayal : " The key word with Mariam is that she is isolated in every sense of the word . She is a woman who is detached from the day @-@ to @-@ day norms of human existence . Really , she just wants connection with another human being . " Despite initially resenting Laila , she becomes a " friend and a doting alternative mother " to her through the " common hardship " of being married to the " abusive , psychologically imposing " Rasheed . Laila is an ethnic Tajik . Born in 1978 , to Hakim and Fariba , she is a beautiful and intelligent girl coming from a family in which the father is university @-@ educated and a teacher . Hosseini states that compared to Mariam , Laila " had a much more fulfilling relationship with her father , her girlfriends and her childhood friend , Tariq . She expected to finish school and is looking for personal fulfillment . These are two very different representations of women . " Her life becomes tied to Mariam 's when she becomes the second wife of Rasheed , Mariam 's husband . This originally draws resentment from Mariam , who " [ feels ] her territory infringed upon " . Despite this , " Laila becomes her daughter for all practical purposes " due to Mariam 's childlessness , struggles , and abuse they both face during the marriage . Towards the end of the novel she becomes a schoolteacher at the orphanage where Aziza had stayed . Rasheed is an ethnic Pashtun , a shoemaker , and the antagonist of the novel . He marries Mariam through an arrangement with Jalil , and later marries Laila as well . After suffering years of domestic abuse at his hands , Mariam bludgeons Rasheed to death with a shovel during a violent struggle . Hosseini stated that he hoped to create a multi @-@ layered character in Rasheed , saying , " Rasheed 's the embodiment of the patriarchal , tribal character . In writing him , I didn 't want to write him as an irredeemable villain . He is a reprehensible person , but there are moments of humanity , such as his love for his son . " He identified an encounter with an Afghan man four years earlier as the foundation for this character ; the man " had a very sweet , subservient wife " and had not yet informed her that he was planning to marry again . Tariq , an ethnic Pashtun born in 1976 , is a boy who grew up in Kabul with Laila . He lost a leg to a land mine at the age of five . They eventually evolve from best friends to lovers ; after a decade of separation they are married and expecting a child by the end of the novel . Nana is Mariam 's mother and a former servant of Jalil . Mariam 's birth is the result of an affair between Nana and Jalil . Jalil 's favoritism towards his wives and legitimate children leaves Nana bitter towards Jalil . She hangs herself when Mariam is fifteen after Mariam journeys to Jalil 's house on her birthday . Nana perceives this to be betrayal and regards as an act of desertion . Mullah Faizullah , a Sufi , is Mariam 's elderly Koran teacher and friend . He dies of natural causes in 1989 . Jalil is Mariam 's father , a wealthy man who had three wives before he fathered Mariam . He marries Mariam to Rasheed after Nana 's death , but later regrets sending her away . He dies in 1987 . Hakim is Laila 's father . He is a well @-@ educated and a progressive schoolteacher . He is killed in a rocket explosion along with Fariba . Fariba is Laila 's mother . In Part One , during her brief meeting with Mariam , she is depicted as cheerful , but her happy nature is disrupted when her two sons , Ahmad and Noor , leave home to go to war and are later killed . She spends nearly all of her time in bed mourning her sons until the Mujahideen are victorious , and is later killed in a rocket explosion along with Hakim . Aziza , born in the spring of 1993 , is the daughter of Laila and Tariq , conceived when Laila was fourteen . When the news of Tariq 's alleged death arrives , in order to hide the child 's illegitimacy and provide for herself , Laila decides to marry Rasheed . Aziza 's birth marks the beginning of Laila 's fall from favor with Rasheed and the friendship between Mariam and Laila . Zalmai , born in September 1997 , to Laila and Rasheed . He serves as a redeeming facet of Rasheed , idolizing him despite the abuse to his mother and Mariam . Zalmai remains unaware of the fact that Mariam killed Rasheed and continuously asks Laila about him , who lies by saying that he simply left for some time . After initially blaming Tariq for his father 's mysterious disappearance , he comes to accept Tariq as a father @-@ figure . = = Themes = = = = = Family = = = When asked about common themes in The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns , Khaled Hosseini replied : " Both novels are multigenerational , and so the relationship between parent and child , with all of its manifest complexities and contradictions , is a prominent theme . I did not intend this , but I am keenly interested , it appears , in the way parents and children love , disappoint , and in the end honor each other . In one way , the two novels are corollaries : The Kite Runner was a father @-@ son story , and A Thousand Splendid Suns can be seen as a mother @-@ daughter story . " He ultimately considers both novels to be " love stories " in that it is love that " draws characters out of their isolation , that gives them the strength to transcend their own limitations , to expose their vulnerabilities , and to perform devastating acts of self @-@ sacrifice " . = = = Women in Afghanistan = = = Hosseini visited Afghanistan in 2003 , and " heard so many stories about what happened to women , the tragedies that they had endured , the difficulties , the gender @-@ based violence that they had suffered , the discrimination , the being barred from active life during the Taliban , having their movement restricted , being banned essentially from practicing their legal , social rights , political rights " . This motivated him to write a novel centered on two Afghan women . Washington Post writer Jonathan Yardley suggests that " the central theme of A Thousand Splendid Suns is the place of women in Afghan society " , pointing to a passage in which Mariam 's mother states , " Learn this now and learn it well , my daughter : Like a compass needle that points north , a man 's accusing finger always finds a woman . Always . You remember that , Mariam . " In the book , both Mariam and Laila are forced into accepting a marriage to Rasheed , who requires them to wear a burqa before it is implemented by law under the Taliban . He later becomes increasingly abusive . A Riverhead Trades Weekly review states that the novel consistently shows the " patriarchal despotism where women are agonizingly dependent on fathers , husbands and especially sons , the bearing of male children being their sole path to social status . " = = Critical reception = = In the first week following its release , A Thousand Splendid Suns sold over one million copies , becoming a number @-@ one New York Times bestseller for fifteen weeks . Time magazine 's Lev Grossman placed it at number three in the Top 10 Fiction Books of 2007 , and praised it as a " dense , rich , pressure @-@ packed guide to enduring the unendurable . " Jonathan Yardley said in the Washington Post " Book World " , " Just in case you 're wondering whether Khaled Hosseini 's A Thousand Splendid Suns is as good as The Kite Runner , here 's the answer : No . It 's better . " A Thousand Splendid Suns received significant praise from reviewers , with Publishers Weekly calling it " a powerful , harrowing depiction of Afghanistan " and USA Today describing the prose as " achingly beautiful " . Lisa See of The New York Times attributed the book 's success to Hosseini " [ understanding ] the power of emotion as few other popular writers do " . Natasha Walter from The Guardian wrote , " Hosseini is skilled at telling a certain kind of story , in which events that may seem unbearable - violence , misery and abuse - are made readable . He doesn 't gloss over the horrors his characters live through , but something about his direct , explanatory style and the sense that you are moving towards a redemptive ending makes the whole narrative , for all its tragedies , slip down rather easily . " Cathleen Medwick gave the novel a highly positive review in O , the Oprah Magazine : " Love may not be the first thing that comes to mind when you consider the war @-@ ravaged landscape of Afghanistan . But that is the emotion — subterranean , powerful , beautiful , illicit , and infinitely patient — that suffuses the pages of Khaled Hosseini 's A Thousand Splendid Suns . As in his best @-@ selling first novel , The Kite Runner , Hosseini movingly examines the connections between unlikely friends , the fissures that open up between parents and children , the intransigence of quiet hearts . " The New York Times writer Michiko Kakutani wrote a more critical review , describing the opening as " heavy @-@ handed " and early events in the novel as " soap @-@ opera @-@ ish " . Despite these objections , she concluded , " Gradually , however , Mr. Hosseini 's instinctive storytelling skills take over , mowing down the reader 's objections through sheer momentum and will . He succeeds in making the emotional reality of Mariam and Laila 's lives tangible to us , and by conjuring their day @-@ to @-@ day routines , he is able to give us a sense of what daily life was like in Kabul — both before and during the harsh reign of the Taliban . " Similarly , Yvonne Zipp of The Christian Science Monitor concluded that A Thousand Splendid Suns was ultimately " a little shaky as a work of literature " . The depictions of the lead female characters , Mariam and Laila , were praised by several commentators . John Freeman from The Houston Chronicle found them " enormously winning " while Carol Memmott from USA Today further described them as " stunningly heroic characters whose spirits somehow grasp the dimmest rays of hope " . Medwick summed up the portrayals : " Mariam , branded as a harami , or bastard , and forced into an abusive marriage at the age of fifteen , and Laila , a beauty groomed for success but shrouded almost beyond recognition by repressive sharia law and the husband she and Mariam share . The story , epic in scope and spanning three decades , follows these two indomitable women whose fortunes mirror those of their beloved and battered country — ' nothing pretty to look at , but still standing ' — and who find in each other the strength they need to survive . " Jennifer Reese from Entertainment Weekly dubbed Rasheed " one of the most repulsive males in recent literature " . Lisa See said that , with the exception of Tariq , " the male characters seem either unrelentingly evil or pathetically weak " and opinionated , " If a woman wrote these things about her male characters , she would probably be labeled a man @-@ hater . " = = Film = = Columbia Pictures owns the movie rights to the novel . Steven Zaillian finished writing the first draft of the screenplay in 2009 and is also slated to direct ; Scott Rudin has signed on as a producer . In May 2013 , studios confirmed a tentative release date of 2015 . = Apple River Fort = Apple River Fort , today known as the Apple River Fort State Historic Site , was one of many frontier forts hastily completed by settlers in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin following the onset of the 1832 Black Hawk War . Located in present @-@ day Elizabeth , Illinois , United States , the fort at the Apple River settlement was built in less than a week . It was one of the few forts attacked during the war and the only one attacked by a band led by Black Hawk himself . At the Battle of Apple River Fort , a firefight of about an hour ensued , with Black Hawk 's forces eventually withdrawing . The fort suffered one militia man killed in action , and another wounded . After the war , the fort stood until 1847 , being occupied by squatters before being sold to a private property owner who dismantled the building . Today , a replica of the fort stands next to the site of the original Apple River Fort . Constructed between 1996 and 1997 by a non @-@ profit organization , the replica was based on earlier archaeological investigations of the site which revealed information about the layout and settlement at the fort . In 1997 the Apple River Fort Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and in 2001 the state of Illinois took over operations of the site and designated it the Apple River Fort State Historic Site . Apple River Fort was one of numerous Illinois historic sites slated to close October 1 , 2008 due to cuts in the Illinois budget by Governor Rod Blagojevich . After Blagojevich was impeached and removed from office , new Illinois Governor Pat Quinn reopened the site in May 2009 . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = The earliest settlers in the vicinity of Apple River Fort , probably miners , likely arrived more than a decade before the fort 's construction . The miners settled the site and built log cabins around and near the Kellogg 's Trail , a route from Galena to Dixon 's Ferry ; they obtained fresh water from a nearby spring . = = = Black Hawk War background = = = The fort 's construction was motivated by the Black Hawk War , which was a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the Governor of the Indiana Territory and a council of leaders from the Sauk and Fox Native American tribes . The treaty , regarding land settlement , ceded 50 million acres ( 200 @,@ 000 km2 ) of Sauk and Fox land to the United States for $ 2 @,@ 234 @.@ 50 and an annual annuity of $ 1 @,@ 000 . The treaty was controversial , Sauk Chief Black Hawk , and others disputed its validity because they said that the full tribal councils were not consulted and the council that negotiated the treaty did not have the authority to cede land . The treaty also allowed the Sauk and Fox to remain on their land until it was sold . After the discovery of lead in and around Galena , Illinois during the 1820s , miners began moving into the area ceded in the 1804 treaty . When the Sauk and Fox returned from the winter hunt in 1829 they found their land occupied by white settlers and were forced to return west of the Mississippi River . Angered by the loss of his birthplace , between 1830 – 31 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi , but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed . In April 1832 , encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British , he again moved his so @-@ called " British Band " of around 1 @,@ 000 warriors and non @-@ combatants crossed the river into Illinois . Finding no allies , he attempted to return to Iowa , but the undisciplined Illinois militia 's actions led to the Battle of Stillman 's Run . After the first clash at Stillman 's Run , construction at the Apple River Fort site advanced quickly . A number of other engagements followed , and the militias of Michigan Territory and Illinois were then mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk 's Band . = = = Construction = = = The Apple River Fort was constructed by the early settlers in the region in present @-@ day Elizabeth , Illinois for protection during the 1832 Black Hawk War . At the onset of the Black Hawk War , settlers in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois constructed a series of forts , stockades , and fortified homes ; Apple River Fort was one of the forts erected after the Illinois Militia 's defeat at Stillman 's Run on May 14 . The Galenian newspaper reported that the blockhouse was finished on May 22 , 1832 , with the stockade completed several days later . A militia company was formed from among the local families and single men and boys . This unit elected local surveyor and land @-@ owner Clack Stone , as cptain and commander of the settlement 's militia contingent . The Apple River settlement , at the time of the fort 's completion , was home to several families who had traveled long distances : the Crains , the Armstrongs , and others . Some families , like the Flacks , the Howards , and Lawhorns and others took up residence in nearby cabins . The Murdock family already resided in a homestead near the new fort . Relatively few contemporary descriptions of the fort exist . One of the more complete later descriptions — and the only one to mention the blockhouse in detail — is found in the 1878 post @-@ Black Hawk War text The History of Jo Daviess County : Trees were felled , and dragged to the area to be enclosed . A three foot trench was dug along the proposed stockade line. each post was raised into place and back @-@ filled to hold the timber erect and projecting about twelve feet high , One corner of the fort was formed by using two walls of an existing log house in which one of the settlers had lived . In the opposite corner , was built a " block house , " of two stories , with the upper story most likely constructed on top of an existing agricultural outbuilding . The second story projecting over the other about two feet , so that the Indians could not come up near to the building for the purpose of setting it on fire , without being exposed to the guns of the settlers , from above . On one side of the yard were two extant long cabins , for dwelling purposes , and in the two corners not occupied by houses , elevated benches were built into " bastions " or outward projections in the log wall . These were made to stand upon and reconnoitre . = = = Battle of Apple River Fort = = = The fort was attacked by Black Hawk on the afternoon of June 24 , 1832 by the Sac warrior Black Hawk and a 200 @-@ man war @-@ party . The fort was defended bu about thirty men and boys , along with about 40 women children and infants . One man , a courier named Edmund Welch , was wounded in the hip early in the action . Though a firefight lasting about an hour ensued , the Illinois Militia at Apple River Fort suffered just one fatality , George W. Harkleroad , and one man wounded , Josiah Nutting . During the battle , several women rose to the occasion to aid in the defence of the fort . Elizabeth Armstrong was singled out for her bravery as she motivated the fort 's settlers , especially the women , to support the defenders . The number of casualties absorbed by Black Hawk 's force is unknown . = = = After the war	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Italian submarine Comandante Faà di Bruno on 7 November 1940 . She was sunk by the German submarine U @-@ 91 on 14 September 1942 while escorting Convoy ON 127 . St. Laurent had her first victory on 27 December 1942 when she was credited with sinking U @-@ 356 while defending Convoy ON 154 . Together with the destroyer HMS Forester , and the frigates HMCS Owen Sound and HMCS Swansea , she sank U @-@ 845 . While escorting Convoy SC 94 on 3 August 1942 , Assiniboine rammed and sank U @-@ 210 . Restigouche never sank a submarine , but she and St. Laurent were transferred to the UK to protect the shipping mustering for Operation Overlord in May 1944 and Assiniboine followed in July . They saw some action against German patrol boats in the Bay of Biscay , but Restigouche and St. Laurent were in poor shape by this time and were sent back to Canada for lengthy refits in late 1944 . They remained in Canada after the completion of their refits in early 1945 , while Assiniboine remained in the UK until June . All three ships transported Canadian troops home after VE Day until they were decommissioned in late 1945 . All three were broken up in 1946 – 47 . Upon commissioning in 1932 – 33 , the D class formed the 1st Destroyer Flotilla assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet . The flotilla toured the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea in September – November 1933 . After refitting in the UK during 1934 , the flotilla was transferred to the China Station , arriving at Hong Kong in January 1935 and renumbered as the 8th Destroyer Flotilla . Most of the flotilla was sent to the Red Sea during the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 – 36 . They returned to the Hong Kong in mid @-@ 1936 and remained there until World War II began . Diamond was in the midst of a refit that lasted until November , but the rest of the flotilla was immediately transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet . Daring was kept in the Red Sea for escort duties until November , but the rest of the flotilla was used on contraband patrol duties upon arrival . They all needed repairs which were made before the end of the year . Duncan , Diana , Duchess , Delight and Daring were transferred to the Home Fleet in December 1939 , although Duchess was rammed and sunk on 10 December by the battleship Barham that she was escorting . Duncan was so badly damaged in a collision with a merchant ship in January 1940 that her repairs required six months to complete . Daring was sunk by the German submarine U @-@ 23 on 18 February while escorting a convoy from Norway . Diana and Delight were assigned to convoy escort duties in early 1940 , before participating in the Norwegian Campaign in April – June . While attempting to sail through the English Channel in daylight , contrary to orders , Delight was sunk by German aircraft on 29 July . After a brief refit in July – August , Diana was transferred to the RCN to replace HMCS Fraser which had been sunk in a collision by a Royal Navy cruiser . Recommissioned on 6 September and renamed HMCS Margaree , the ship was assigned to convoy escort duties in the North Atlantic . On 22 October , she was sunk in a collision with the freighter MV Port Fairy . The remaining four ships of the flotilla were briefly assigned to Freetown , West Africa in early 1940 to escort convoys passing through the area and to search for German commerce raiders . They were all recalled to the Mediterranean in April – May in anticipation of Italian entry into the war . Decoy , Defender , and Dainty sank two Italian submarines , Dainty sinking one more with the destroyer Ilex in June , before they participated in the Battle of Calabria early the following month . Diamond joined her sisters in late July and all four ships escorted convoys and the ships of the Mediterranean Fleet for the rest of the year . Duncan joined Force H at Gibraltar in October and participated in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento together with Diamond and Defender in November . Decoy had been damaged by aircraft earlier that month and was under repair until February 1941 . While patrolling the North African coast on 24 February with the destroyer Hasty , Dainty was sunk by German bombers . Duncan , Diamond and Defender continued to provide escorts as needed in early 1941 , although Duncan was transferred to Freetown in March . Decoy , Defender and Diamond evacuated Allied troops from Greece and Crete in April – May , although Diamond was sunk by German aircraft on 27 April while doing so . After Defender participated in the invasion of Vichy French @-@ controlled Syria and Lebanon in June , she joined Decoy in escorting convoys to Tobruk and was badly damaged when returning from one of these missions . The ship was attacked by a single German Junkers Ju 88 bomber on 11 July and had to be scuttled by her consort , the Australian destroyer Vendetta . Duncan rejoined Force H that same month and she escorted several major convoys to Malta before returning to the UK in October for a lengthy refit . Decoy was damaged in a collision in December and was repaired at Malta until February 1942 . Decoy was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in March and was escorting Force B when the Japanese carriers attacked Ceylon . The Japanese never spotted Force B , and the ship remained with the fleet until ordered home in September to convert to an escort destroyer . After Duncan 's refit was completed in January 1942 , she rejoined Force H and escorted several missions to fly off Royal Air Force fighters from aircraft carriers to Malta before she was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in April to support Operation Ironclad , the invasion of Diego Suarez , in early May . She , too , was recalled to the UK to be modified as an escort destroyer . Decoy was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy on 1 March 1943 during her conversion and was recommissioned on 12 April with the new name of HMCS Kootenay ( the ship was gifted to the Canadians on 15 June ) . After working up , she was assigned to Escort Group C5 for convoy escort duties in the North Atlantic . In April , Duncan joined Escort Group B @-@ 7 . While defending Convoy ON @-@ 207 on 23 October , Duncan , together with the destroyer Vidette and a Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberator of No. 224 Squadron RAF , sank U @-@ 274 . Later the same month , on 29 October , Duncan shared the sinking of U @-@ 282 with Vidette and the corvette Sunflower while protecting Convoy ON @-@ 208 . Both ships remained on escort duty until May 1944 when they were transferred to the UK in preparation for Operation Overlord . Duncan was assigned to the Western Approaches Command , conducting anti @-@ submarine operations , for the rest of the war . Kootenay was tasked to protect Allied shipping in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay and , together with other ships , she sank U @-@ 678 in the English Channel on 7 July 1944 , U @-@ 621 in the Bay of Biscay on 18 August , and , two days later , U @-@ 984 west of Brest . After a lengthy refit in Canada from October 1944 to February 1945 , Kootenay returned to the UK and was assigned to the Western Approaches Command until the end of the war . She then transported returning troops in Canada until paid off in October . She was sold for scrap in 1946 . Duncan was paid off in May and sold in July although she was not completely broken up until 1949 . = = See Also = = List of ships of the Second World War List of ship classes of the Second World War = Typhoon Ivan = Typhoon Ivan , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Narsing , was an intense tropical cyclone that existed simultaneously with another storm of the same intensity in October 1997 . Forming out of an area of disturbed weather on October 13 , Ivan gradually intensified into a typhoon as it tracked steadily to the west @-@ northwest . On October 15 , the storm underwent rapid intensification and reached an intensity corresponding to Category 5 status on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . Late on October 17 , Ivan reached its peak strength with winds of 295 km / h ( 185 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 905 hPa ( mbar ) . Shortly thereafter , the typhoon began to weaken as it approached the Philippines . Ivan eventually made landfall in northern Luzon with winds of 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) on October 20 before weakening to a tropical storm the next day . The storm then curved northeastward and became extratropical on October 25 and dissipating the following day . Although Ivan was a powerful storm at landfall , its effects were relatively minor compared to the storms ' intensity ; however , 14 people were killed during the storm and two others were listed as missing . Agricultural industries sustained the most severe damage , as thousands of animals drowned in the storm . Total damage was estimated at $ 9 @.@ 6 million ( 1997 USD ; $ 13 @.@ 1 million 2009 USD ) . A total of 1 @,@ 779 homes were destroyed , 13 @,@ 771 others were damaged and 4 @,@ 600 hectares of farmland were flooded by the storm . = = Meteorological history = = Typhoon Ivan originated from an area of disturbed weather near the equator during the first week of October 1997 . Two equatorial troughs , one in the Northern Hemisphere and one in the Southern Hemisphere developed from this system . Three resultant areas of low pressure formed ; one in the Southern Hemisphere developed into Tropical Cyclone Lusi on October 8 , and two north of the equator steadily tracked westward . The eastern low developed into Typhoon Joan , while the western cyclone became the system that would intensify into Typhoon Ivan . Situated in an environment without significant convective activity , this system initially struggled to become organized . However , the disturbance began to mature , and by October 11 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) discovered a low @-@ level circulation center , prompting the issuance of a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert the following day . The system quickly tracked toward the west @-@ northwest at a forward speed of 33 km / h ( 21 mph ) . The JTWC issued their first advisory on the storm early on October 13 , designating it Tropical Depression 27W . Around this time , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) also classified the cyclone as a tropical depression . Convective banding features developed late on October 13 . The JTWC upgraded the depression to a tropical storm and gave it the name Ivan . Early the next day , the JMA also upgraded Ivan to a tropical storm . Later on October 14 , Ivan passed roughly 100 km ( 65 mi ) south of Guam and subsequently intensified . Several hours afterwards , the JMA upgraded Ivan to a typhoon . During a 24 @-@ hour span , Ivan 's winds increased from 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) to 270 km / h ( 165 mph ) , making it a Category 5 super typhoon , the eighth of the season . Late on October 17 , Ivan attained its peak intensity with winds of 295 km / h ( 185 mph ) and an official barometric pressure of 905 hPa ( mbar ) . However , the JTWC reported an unofficial pressure of 872 hPa ( mbar ) , which would tie Ivan for the second strongest tropical cyclone worldwide with Typhoons Gay , Angela , Joan , Keith and Zeb . Due to the storm 's proximity to Typhoon Joan , forecast models anticipated Ivan to re @-@ curve before reaching the Philippines ; however , the storm maintained its track and did not take the northward turn until impacting the country . The typhoon began to slow and weaken , and on October 20 , its center made landfall in extreme northern Luzon with winds of 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) . After emerging into the Luzon Strait , Ivan turned to the north @-@ northeast and weakened to a tropical storm . On October 22 , the storm briefly re @-@ attained typhoon status before accelerating in forward speed . The system steadily weakened and the JTWC issued their final advisory on the storm on October 24 . The JMA continued to monitor Ivan as a tropical cyclone for another day before classifying it as extratropical . The remnants of the powerful typhoon eventually dissipated on October 26 . = = Preparations and impact = = Thousands of people evacuated from northern areas of the Philippines as Ivan approached . Power was shut off prior to the storm to reduce the risk of electrocution . Four flights were cancelled in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and the Philippines due to the storm . Residents in Taiwan were advised to take precautions for Typhoon Ivan , though autumn typhoons are rare in the island . Vessels were urged to stay at port due to rough seas throughout the Philippines . Disaster agencies were put on high alert ; relief supplies were then stockpiled , the navy was placed on standby , and military search and rescue vehicles were prepped . On October 20 , Ivan made landfall in the northern Philippines , producing torrential rains that triggered waist @-@ deep flooding in localized areas . Severe crop losses were reported throughout northern Luzon . One person drowned in floodwaters in Cagayan . Elsewhere in the country , two other people drowned in floodwaters . Numerous power lines and trees were downed throughout the region , rain @-@ triggered landslides blocked several roads . Throughout the country , a total of 14 people were killed and two others were listed as missing . Poultry farms and fisheries sustained significant damage ; an estimated $ 3 @.@ 6 million in losses resulted from lost stocks in the two businesses . Several thousand animals drowned during the storm . Total damage was estimated at $ 9 @.@ 6 million ( 1997 USD ; $ 13 @.@ 1 million 2009 USD ) . A total of 1 @,@ 779 homes were destroyed , 13 @,@ 771 others were damaged and 4 @,@ 600 hectares of croplands were inundated by Typhoon Ivan . Rainfall from the storm was considered to be helpful as the area impacted had been suffering from below average rainfall for several months . Minor damage was also reported in the Marshall Islands . The island of Tiyan recorded 5 @.@ 26 in ( 134 mm ) of precipitation , contributing to above @-@ average rainfall during the month of October . = Disney bomb = The Disney Bomb , also known as the Disney Swish , officially the 4500 lb Concrete Piercing / Rocket Assisted bomb was a rocket @-@ assisted bunker buster bomb developed during the Second World War by the British Royal Navy to penetrate hardened concrete targets , such as submarine pens , that could resist conventional free @-@ fall bombs . Devised by Royal Navy Captain Edward Terrell , the bomb was fitted with solid @-@ fuel rockets to accelerate its descent , giving it an impact speed of 990 miles per hour ( 1 @,@ 590 km / h ) — substantially beyond the 750 miles per hour ( 1 @,@ 210 km / h ) gravity @-@ propulsion impact velocity of the 5 tonne Tallboy munition for comparable purposes — and hence the ability to penetrate 16 ft ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) of solid concrete before detonating . The name is attributed to a propaganda film produced by the Walt Disney Studios , that provided the inspiration for the design . The Disney bomb saw limited use by the United States Army Air Forces in Europe from February to April 1945 . Although technically successful , it initially lacked the pinpoint accuracy required for bunker targets . It was deployed late in the war and had little effect on the Allied bombing campaign against Germany . = = Background = = During the Second World War , Barnes Wallis developed two large " earthquake " bombs for the Royal Air Force : the five @-@ tonne Tallboy and the ten @-@ tonne Grand Slam , for use against targets too heavily protected to be affected by conventional high explosive bombs . These enormous weapons were designed to strike close by their target , to penetrate deeply into the earth , and to cause major structural damages , making repair uneconomic , by the shock waves transmitted through the ground . In practice , they proved capable of penetrating a significant thickness of concrete if they scored a direct hit despite not being designed for that purpose by Wallis , who had to work within the accuracy limitations of current bombsights and the resulting low accuracy of the bombings . The Disney bomb , by contrast , was designed from the start to directly penetrate the thick concrete roofs of fortified bunkers . Whereas the earthquake bomb 's target was the bunker itself , the Disney bomb 's target was the bunker 's contents . To this end , the warhead was composed of an unusually thick steel shell , containing a comparatively small amount of explosive . It was shaped to be much slimmer than was usual for aircraft @-@ dropped bombs and a cluster of booster rockets accelerated the weapon as it fell , so it struck the target with a velocity much greater than its free @-@ fall , terminal velocity . These features accord with Newton 's approximation for impact depth , and the empirical design equation known as Young 's equation that state that the deepest target penetration is achieved by a projectile that is dense , long and thin ( i.e. has a large sectional density ) , and strikes with a high velocity . = = Description = = The CP / RA Disney bombs were 16 ft 6 in ( 5 @.@ 03 m ) long and weighed 4 @,@ 500 pounds ( 2 @,@ 000 kg ) . The diameter of the body of the bomb was 11 in ( 280 mm ) , while the diameter at the tail was 17 in ( 430 mm ) . They were composed of three sections . The forward section was the warhead — an explosive charge of 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) of shellite , contained within an armour @-@ piercing casing of thick steel and fitted with two British No.58 MK I tail Pistol fuzes at the base ( i.e. furthest from the nose ) . The second section was made up of nineteen rocket motors from the 3 inches ( 76 mm ) Rocket Projectile - essentially metal tubes filled with cordite . In the third rear section , a tail cone contained the circuit that ignited the rockets . This was powered by a small generator with a vane spun by the airstream going past the falling bomb . Rocket ignition was controlled either by a time @-@ delay switch , or a barometric switch . There were six small fins at the rear of the bomb for its stabilisation . The bomb was suspended from the aircraft by two weight @-@ bearing lugs . Three arming wires also connected the bomb and the aircraft ; as the bomb dropped , a brief tug from the wires would arm the warhead fuzes and the rocket @-@ ignition circuit , and unlock the electrical generator , allowing it to spin freely . For accuracy , the bombs had to be dropped precisely from a pre @-@ determined height , usually 20 @,@ 000 feet ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) . They would free @-@ fall for around 30 seconds until , at 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) , the rockets were ignited , causing the tail section to be expelled . The rocket burn lasted for three seconds and added 300 feet per second ( 91 m / s ) to the bomb 's speed , giving a final impact speed of 1 @,@ 450 feet per second ( 440 m / s ) , equivalent to 990 miles per hour ( 1 @,@ 590 km / h ) or approximately Mach 1 @.@ 29 . Post @-@ war tests demonstrated the bombs were able to penetrate a 14 @-@ foot @-@ 8 @-@ inch ( 4 @.@ 47 m ) thick concrete roof , with the predicted ( but untested ) ability to penetrate 16 feet 8 inches ( 5 @.@ 08 m ) of concrete . = = Development and testing = = According to an anecdote , the idea arose after a group of Royal Navy officers saw a similar , but fictional , bomb depicted in the 1943 Walt Disney animated propaganda film Victory Through Air Power , and the name Disney was consequently given to the weapon . The Royal Navy developed the bomb even though the Fleet Air Arm operated no aircraft capable of carrying it . The navy 's interest in a concrete penetrating weapon can be explained by the German navy 's extensive use of fortified submarine pens to protect their U @-@ boats and E @-@ boats from air attack while docked . The Disney Bomb was devised by a British naval officer , Captain Edward Terrell of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve , who served in the Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development . Before the war , he had been a lawyer and the Recorder of Newbury . However , he was also an enthusiastic inventor and had filed several patents pre @-@ war , including ones for a vegetable peeling knife and a bottle for fountain pen ink . The bomb 's development began in September 1943 . Although there was support for the idea at the highest levels within the Admiralty , production of the weapon would have to come under the Ministry of Aircraft Production ( MAP ) . The Road Research Laboratory provided theoretical formula for penetration from US data on the performance of 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) shells against reinforced concrete and the Chief Engineer of Armament Development at Fort Halstead prepared a preliminary design to present to the MAP . In the face of opposition , the First Sea Lord prepared a memorandum for the Anti @-@ U @-@ Boat Committee of which Churchill was the Chairman . Terrell visited Churchill 's scientific adviser Lord Cherwell to convince him that it was feasible technically . Due to the Prime Minister 's absence through illness , it was not until January 1944 that Churchill expressed a desire that the bomb should be considered by the committee . Due to the number of departments involved there were meetings involving large numbers of technicians and scientists to confirm the technical feasibility . Through the Air Technical Section of the USAAC , Terrell received support and was able to show the Admiralty a mockup under the wing of a Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress . The Air Ministry was still opposed to its development on several technical grounds and it took a meeting of the War Cabinet in May ( which Terrell attended ) to decide in its favour giving it " P plus " priority . A side effect of the meeting was it focused attention on the issue of the U @-@ boat shelters and the RAF were directed to make attacks on them — dropping 26 Tallboys in August that year . Despite being a British weapon , Disneys were used only by the United States Army Air Force , with the bombs becoming a joint project between the American Eighth Air Force and the British Royal Navy ; they were never used by RAF Bomber Command . The 92nd Bombardment Group was initially tasked with their use . The bombs would also be dropped by the 305th Bombardment Group and 306th Bombardment Group . The 94th Bombardment Group prepared to use the bombs , but flew no operations with them before the war in Europe ended . The B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses operated by these units carried the bombs in pairs ; one was slung under each wing as they were too long to be carried in the B @-@ 17 's bomb bay . The Disneys were carried from the same external mounting that was used for the Aeronca GB @-@ 1 glide bomb . Cameras were also fitted to the aircraft so the bombs ' trajectory and effect could be recorded . Testing of the Disney bombs began in early 1945 . Bombs were initially dropped on a bombing range near Southampton to photographically record their trajectory and calibrate bombsights . This was necessary as the flight @-@ path of a rocket @-@ accelerated bomb differed considerably from that of a free – falling bomb . Test drops were then conducted on the Watten bunker , German codename Kraftwerk Nord West ( now known as the Blockhaus d 'Éperlecques ) , a large German concrete bunker near Watten in northern France . This was ideal for the purpose as the area had been captured by Allied forces in September 1944 , so damage to the structure could be inspected after bomb tests . Four bombs , carried by two B @-@ 17s , were used and two hits scored on the target . The resultant damage was considered satisfactory by Royal Navy observers on the ground . = = Combat = = The first Disney attack was against the port of IJmuiden , Netherlands . This was the site of two separate fortified pens used by the German navy to house their Schnellboote ( fast torpedo boats , known to the Allies as " E @-@ boats " ) and Biber midget submarines . The older structure , codename Schnellbootbunker AY ( SBB1 ) , was protected by a 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) thick concrete roof . The newer one , codename Schnellbootbunker BY ( SBB2 ) , had 10 – 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 7 m ) of concrete , with a further 2 – 4 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 61 – 1 @.@ 22 m ) layer separated by an air – gap . The E @-@ boats laid up in the shelters during the day , safe from air – attack , and put to sea under cover of night to attack Allied shipping . The pens were priority targets as the torpedo boats they protected were a considerable threat to the supply lines serving Allied forces in western Europe . Since August 1944 , the two bunkers had been attacked four times by No. 9 Squadron and No. 617 Squadron of the RAF , with a total of 53 of the five – ton , Tallboy earthquake bombs . There had been numerous other attacks from bombers carrying smaller , conventional bombs . Nine aircraft of the 92nd Bomb Group , carrying 18 Disneys , attacked Schnellbootbunker BY ( SBB2 ) on 10 February 1945 . Royal Navy intelligence learned the concrete had been penetrated , but the pens had been empty at the time of the attack . The 92nd therefore carried out an attack on the SBB1 pen , again with nine aircraft , on 14 March . On 30 March , 36 aircraft from the US Eighth Air Force , including 12 from the 92nd Bomb Group , attacked the Valentin submarine pens , a massive , bomb – hardened concrete shelter under construction at the small port of Farge , near Bremen in Germany ( location : 53 ° 13 ′ 00 ″ N 8 ° 30 ′ 15 ″ E ) with Disney bombs . The shelter was nearing completion and was to be a factory for the assembly of Type XXI U @-@ boats . Construction had been under way since 1943 , using the forced labour of 10 @,@ 000 concentration – camp prisoners , prisoners – of – war and foreign civilians ( Fremdarbeiter ) who suffered a high death rate because of the horrific conditions they worked under . Valentin 's 4 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 15 ft ) -thick roof had already been penetrated by two 10 @-@ ton Grand Slam bombs dropped by the RAF three days earlier , on 27 March . During the Eighth Air Force attack , more than sixty Disneys were launched but only one hit the target with little effect , although installations around the bunker received considerable damage . After the bombing , the Germans made limited attempts to carry out repairs before abandoning the complex ; the area was captured by the British Army four weeks later . On 4 April 1945 , 24 B @-@ 17s attacked fortified targets in Hamburg . The target was obscured by cloud so radar guidance was used to launch the bombs . A further mission in May 1945 was cancelled . A total of 158 bombs were dropped before the end of the war . No aircraft or aircrew were lost during the four Disney combat missions . = = Post @-@ war development = = In June 1945 , the Air Council wrote to the Lords of the Admiralty expressing " their appreciation " of the work that had been done on the " rocket bomb " . The RAF initiated bombing tests of the Disney in June 1945 , using the Watten bunker as a target . The actual bombing was carried by the US 8th Air Force on behalf of the RAF . However , Watten proved too small to be a satisfactory target , and the French objected to continued bombing of their territory in peace @-@ time . Further testing took place as part of Project Ruby . This was a 1946 , joint Anglo @-@ American programme to test a range of concrete penetrating bombs against a wartime German bunker on the small island of Heligoland and the Valentin submarine pens . Bombs tested included the Tallboy and the Grand Slam ( both British and US @-@ made versions ) , the American 22 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 10 @,@ 000 kg ) Amazon and 2 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 910 kg ) M103 SAP bombs , and the Disney . The bombs dropped on Valentin were inert , as the objective was not to observe the effects of bomb explosions , but rather to test concrete penetration and the strength of the bomb casings . Also , with the resumption of peace , the safety of civilians living around Valentin had become a consideration . Heligoland was uninhabited at the time as its small population had been evacuated during the war . It was the site of a U @-@ boat pen with a 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) thick roof . This was used to test bombs loaded with explosive ( but with inert detonators ) to make sure the explosives used were not shock sensitive and would not prematurely detonate upon impact with the target . This peace @-@ time testing of the bomb was far more extensive than could be carried out prior to its wartime deployment . A total of 76 Disneys were dropped on Heligoland , loaded with a variety of explosive charges , composed of shellite , RDX , TNT or Picratol . Thirty @-@ four Disneys were dropped on Valentin , 12 with the rockets inactivated and 22 with the rockets firing . A further four had been previously dropped on a bomb range at Orford Ness to test their accuracy , and to make sure none would land outside the safety exclusion zone that was set up around Valentin during the trials . The penetration performance ( 14 feet 8 inches ( 4 @.@ 47 m ) of concrete ) of the Disney was found to be satisfactory , with a predicted maximum penetration of 16 feet 8 inches ( 5 @.@ 08 m ) . One of the bombs penetrated both Valentin 's concrete roof , and its 3 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) thick concrete floor , coming to rest completely buried in the sand under structure 's foundations . However , there were problems with the bombs . The reliability of the rocket booster ignition was considered unsatisfactory , with a failure rate of around 37 % during the trials . Also , some bombs broke up on impact with the target due to flaws in the steel casing and bombs struck at an angle , increasing the effective thickness of concrete they had to penetrate . Furthermore , it was noted that the warhead of the bomb was comparatively small so a very large bunker complex , such as Valentin , would have required many penetrating hits to be sure of destroying all the contents . In comparison , the effective concrete penetration of the Tallboy and Grand Slams was similar to the Disney ( around 14 feet ) . However , these bombs directly penetrated only around seven feet of concrete , and the remaining thickness was blown in by the detonation of the bomb 's enormous explosive charge . The roof of Valentin had been penetrated by two Grand Slams before the war ended . But , as no detonation occurred inside the bunker , post @-@ war examination revealed little damage to the complex aside from the large holes in the roof ; installations inside the bunker remained comparatively unscathed . The conclusion of Project Ruby was that none of the bombs tested was completely suitable and the development of a new , concrete – penetrating bomb was recommended . However , the Disney 's rocket @-@ assist was viewed as a worthwhile feature that should be incorporated into any new bomb designs , as target penetration increases with strike velocity , but it was found this only increases marginally if a bomb is dropped from higher than 20 @,@ 000 feet ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) . On 27 January 2009 , the body of an inactive Disney bomb , with its 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) explosive charge , was extracted from the roof of Watten bunker ( by now a private museum ) , where it had embedded itself during one of the 1945 test @-@ drops . The bomb was transferred to the ammunition depot at La Geule d 'Ours – two kilometres from the centre of Vimy – where recovered chemical ammunition and equipment from the First World War is processed . = Elastic Love = " Elastic Love " is a song recorded by American recording artist Christina Aguilera , taken from her sixth studio album , Bionic ( 2010 ) . The song was written by Aguilera , M.I.A. , John Hill and Switch , while production was handled by the latter two . Originally , " Elastic Love " was recorded by M.I.A. , but later it was given to Aguilera . However , M.I.A. was disappointed when Aguilera didn 't want to do her " trademark warbling " in the studio . " Elastic Love " is an electro and electropop song with strong elements from 1980s new wave music . Lyrically , Aguilera compares her love to office supplies , from paperclips to rubber @-@ bands . Upon its release , " Elastic Love " received favorable reviews from music critics , who praised the track 's composition , its musical style and M.I.A. ' s appearance on the song . Most of them praised it as the stand @-@ out track on Bionic , while some of whom compared Aguilera 's vocals on " Elastic Love " to those of M.I.A. and Gwen Stefani . The track was listed as the twelfth best song of 2010 by Amazon.com. Following the release of Bionic , " Elastic Love " peaked on the Gaon International Digital Chart and the Gaon International Download Chart at number 78 and 59 on June 6 , 2010 , respectively . = = Background and development = = On the Asian leg of Aguilera 's Back to Basics Tour during the summer of 2007 , Aguilera revealed that her upcoming album would be " short , sweet and completely different " from her previous long @-@ play Back to Basics ( 2006 ) . After the birth of her son , Aguilera stated in an interview with Ryan Seacrest that her forthcoming album would include a totally new aspect of herself as an artist , because of the pregnancy with her son . During an interview with People in 2008 , Aguilera stated that she was going to start recording new material for her forthcoming album at her home in Beverly Hills . On the album , which was titled Bionic , Aguilera was inspired by electronica music , which she heard a lot during her pregnancy . British @-@ Tamil recording artist M.I.A. was one of the songwriters of " Elastic Love " . According to her , " Elastic Love " was the first track that she recorded , even before she started working on her debut album . She added , " It 's the one I made in @-@ between taking time out and having a baby and starting mine " . When was asked about why she agreed to work with Aguilera , M.I.A. revealed , " Other people were involved who I respect like Peaches and it was like a sea of women coming together to write this new thing . Christina had also had a baby , you know , so it was kind of an interesting situation " . Aguilera 's decision not to perform her " trademark warbling " while recording the song disappointed M.I.A. , as she detailed in an interview with MTV News UK : I really thought I was going to be able to go in there and get her vocals on to the next level and she didn 't want to do it . She was like ' You might think that 's great because it 's not what you do , but to me I 'm really bored of it ' . It 's interesting getting to work with people who can do things vocally that you can 't ... but yeah I only heard the song for the first time when everyone else did . = = Recording and composition = = " Elastic Love " was written by Christina Aguilera , M.I.A. , John Hill and Switch . Production of the song was handled by the two latter , who also played all musical instruments in it . The track was recorded at Dubsided in Los Angeles , California . Aguilera 's vocals were recorded at The Red Lips Room in Beverly Hills , California . " Elastic Love " lasts for a duration of 3 : 33 ( three minutes and 33 seconds ) . It is an electro and electropop song which incorporates strong elements from 1980s new wave music . Its rhymes was described as " swapping sing @-@ song @-@ y " with " playground " chants . The track features " pulsating synth ping @-@ backs " and an " 808 @-@ esque backbeat " and Aguilera 's " robotic " vocals . The melody of the track has been described as a " darker " tune and " unique " . Aguilera 's vocals on the track received comparisons to those of M.I.A. and Gwen Stefani . Lyrically , Aguilera compares her love to office equipment , from paperclips to rubber @-@ bands , as a metaphor for a relationship . The lyric " A rubber band is what I call your love for me , cause it comes and goes and pins me like a trampoline " was spoken by Aguilera at the beginning . The part " If I was a ruler I 'd try to set you straight , but your love is like a sharpener , it really grates " was praised by several critics , while the lines " A rubber band was an analogy , you can even say it 's a metaphor " were described by others as unnecessary , with Becky Bain for Idolator calling it " dumber @-@ than @-@ dumb " . Toward the closing moments , she sings , " Paper clips they couldn 't even hold us together ... when your love hits , it sticks me like a stapler . " = = Critical reception = = Upon its release , " Elastic Love " received positive reviews from most music critics . Becky Bain of Idolator provided a positive review , writing it " fresh " , " bouncy " and " interestingly bereft of Aguilera 's power notes " . Ray Roa for Consequence of Sound wrote that " it sounds like a something that could make the stiffest indie @-@ wallflowers bob their heads " , while labeling it as " another forbearer of what looks to be one of the summer 's best pop releases " . HitFix 's Melinda Newman wrote that the track is hypnotic with " adorably inane " lyrics , like " a nursery rhyme for adults set to the most infectious , trance track you can imagine " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine for AllMusic picked " Elastic Love " as one of the four best tracks on Bionic and commented that the song has a " glassy chill " . UK newspaper The Scotsman called it " eccentric " , while Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly named it a " squiggly , hypnotic banger " . Greg Kot from Chicago Tribune wrote that " Elastic Love " has the best moments of the album , with the electro beats and psychedelic arcade of sound effects . Richard Wink from Drowned in Sound deemed it a " wonderful " track , which " makes up for the poor beginning to the album " . He continued , " Aguilera dramatically simplifying her usual histrionic vocal delivery , which leads to some surprising results . The lyrics are throwaway , but clever like a dunce who has a happy knack of making a lucky guess " . The Village Voice editor Drew Hinshaw wrote that her and M.I.A. ' s lyrical chemistry acts as a " the real amorous game " , calling it " a fun duet , suggesting a two @-@ girls @-@ at @-@ play theme that doubles in size " . Alexis Petridis from The Guardian deemed it the best song from the album , praising M.I.A. ' s " incredible pop melody " and " off @-@ kilter backing of squelching electronics and sub @-@ bass " and observed how her instrumentation " has also uniquely managed to calm down Aguilera 's usual attention @-@ all @-@ shipping vocal approach into something weirder : dead @-@ eyed , thickly smeared with dubby echo " . At the end of 2010 , " Elastic Love " was listed at number 12 on the list of the year 's best songs by Amazon.com. = = Charts = = Upon the release of Bionic , " Elastic Love " debuted and peaked at number 78 on the Gaon International Digital Chart on the chart issue dated June 6 , 2010 , with a total of 303 @,@ 768 streams . It also peaked at number 59 on the Gaon International Download Chart during the same week . = = Credits and personnel = = Recording locations Recording – Dubsided , Los Angeles , California Vocals recording – The Red Lips Room , Beverly Hills , California . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Bionic , RCA Records . = Mason Raymond = Mason Evan Raymond ( born September 17 , 1985 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger , who currently plays for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Born in Cochrane , Alberta , but growing up in Calgary , Alberta , he played Junior A in the Alberta Junior Hockey League ( AJHL ) for two seasons , where he captured league and regional titles with the Camrose Kodiaks , while also being named league MVP in 2005 . He then joined the college ranks with the Minnesota @-@ Duluth Bulldogs of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) for a two @-@ year tenure there , as well . He earned WCHA All @-@ Rookie honours in 2006 , WCHA First Team All @-@ Star honours in 2007 , and was also named the Bulldogs ' most valuable player in 2007 . Raymond was drafted by the Canucks in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft in the second round , 51st overall . After spending parts of two seasons with their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Manitoba Moose , he joined the club full @-@ time in 2007 – 08 . He is known as a fast @-@ skating offensive player . = = Playing career = = = = = Junior and college = = = After playing AAA midget with the Strathmore Bisons of the Foothills Bisons Hockey Association , Raymond began a two @-@ year Junior A career with the Camrose Kodiaks of the AJHL in 2003 – 04 . Raymond had been hesitant about pursuing his career due to a lack of interest from major junior teams , but his friend Dan Bertram encouraged him to play with him in Camrose . Bertram also played midget with Raymond and went on to be a Chicago Blackhawks draft pick , three selections after him . Raymond posted a team @-@ high 27 goals and 62 points as a rookie , including six game winning goals . Following his first junior season , Raymond was recruited by the Minnesota @-@ Duluth Bulldogs of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) . Having earned an athletic scholarship , he had the choice of playing one more season with Camrose or to make the jump to the college ranks . He consulted with Kodiaks head coach Boris Rybalka and was challenged to improve at the Junior A level before moving to Minnesota @-@ Duluth . As a result , Raymond remained in Camrose , signing a letter of intent in November 2004 to join the Minnesota @-@ Duluth the following year for the 2005 – 06 season . Several other National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) schools had recruited Raymond as well , including the University of Denver , Western Michigan University and the University of Alaska @-@ Fairbanks . He chose the Bulldogs because he knew that , with 11 seniors leaving their team the following season , he would have the biggest role with that club . Raymond went on to lead the AJHL in scoring with 41 goals and was named league MVP in 2004 – 05 . He added 20 points in 15 post @-@ season games as the Kodiaks captured the Rogers Wireless Cup as league champions to advance to the 2005 Doyle Cup , Canada 's Pacific Junior A regional championship . During the competition , Raymond was hospitalized with fatigue and dehydration that decreased his weight to 150 pounds . Though he missed the final against the British Columbia Hockey League 's Surrey Eagles , the Kodiaks won without him and advanced to the 2005 Royal Bank Cup , Canada 's national Junior A tournament . Raymond returned to action as the Kodiaks advanced to the national level at the 2005 Royal Bank Cup . He led the tournament in scoring with 10 points ( 4 goals and 6 assists ) over 5 games as Camrose finished as runner @-@ up to the tournament host Weyburn Red Wings of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League . The Kodiaks later retired Raymond 's number 9 prior to their season @-@ opening game against the Okotoks Oilers on September 10 , 2010 . Raymond was selected in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Vancouver Canucks in the second round , 51st overall . He was draft @-@ eligible in 2004 , but opted out due to his low ranking at the time . He was scouted by Canucks general manager Dave Nonis as a fast skater with the puck who needed to work on his strength . Following his draft , he joined the Minnesota @-@ Duluth Bulldogs . Scoring 11 goals and 28 points over 40 games , he was named to the WCHA All @-@ Rookie Team for the 2005 – 06 season . In his sophomore campaign , Raymond led the Bulldogs in scoring with 14 goals , 32 assists and 46 points . Raymond 's points total was good for second in league scoring behind Jonathan Toews . He received WCHA Player of the Week honours twice and was awarded the Mike Seiler Award , as the Bulldogs ' Most Valuable Player . His college career ended after the Bulldogs were eliminated by the St. Cloud State Huskies in the second round of the WCHA playoffs . = = = Vancouver Canucks = = = Raymond chose to forgo his final two years of college eligibility to turn professional and signed an amateur tryout contract with the Canucks ' minor league affiliate , the Manitoba Moose of the AHL . He scored his first AHL goal in his debut with the Moose on March 23 , 2007 . The goal was the game winner against goaltender Stefan Liv with four minutes remaining in a 3 – 2 victory against the Grand Rapids Griffins . Following his second AHL game , the Canucks signed him to an NHL contract . He completed his 11 @-@ game regular season in the AHL with two goals and two assists . In the subsequent 2007 playoffs , he added an assist in 13 games , as the Moose were eliminated by the Hamilton Bulldogs in the second round . The following season , Raymond made the Canucks ' roster out of training camp and made his NHL debut on the team 's top line with Henrik and Daniel Sedin . He picked up his first NHL point , an assist , in the season @-@ opener against the San Jose Sharks on October 5 , 2007 . Soon thereafter , he was sent down to the Moose for a two @-@ day assignment after having been a healthy scratch . He returned to the Canucks on October 18 , 2007 , and was later returned to the Moose at the end of the month for a longer assignment . Succeeding at the AHL level , Raymond recorded a five @-@ point game with a hat trick and two assists during a match against the Rochester Americans on November 21 , 2007 . The Canucks recalled him the following month on December 11 following injuries to forwards Brendan Morrison and Brad Isbister . The next day , he scored his first NHL goal in his first game back against goaltender Jean @-@ Sébastien Giguère of the Anaheim Ducks . The goal came assisted on a one @-@ timer pass from Moose teammate Jason Jaffray , who had been called up from Manitoba the same day as Raymond . Later that game , he also assisted Jaffray 's first NHL goal in the third period . The Canucks went on to win the game , 3 – 2 . Known for his skating ability , Raymond won the fastest skater segment of the Canucks ' 2008 SuperSkills Competition with a time of 14 @.@ 283 seconds . A week later , he was reassigned to the Moose one last time on January 13 , 2008 , for three days , before remaining with the Canucks . On March 17 , 2008 , he suffered an injury after a knee @-@ on @-@ knee collision with defenceman Keith Ballard in a game against the Phoenix Coyotes , sidelining him for the final eight games of the season . He finished his rookie NHL campaign with 21 points in 49 games with the Canucks , while also recording seven goals and 17 points in 20 games with the Moose . Raymond had a quick start to his second season in 2008 – 09 , scoring 10 points in his first 13 games , but trailed off to add just 13 points for the remainder of the campaign . Midway through the season , he was named to the 2009 YoungStars Game in Montreal , helping the sophomores beat the rookie team 9 – 5 . He finished his second NHL season with 11 goals and 12 assists in 72 games . In the ensuing 2009 playoffs , where the Canucks entered as the third seed in the Western Conference , Raymond scored his first NHL post @-@ season goal in game three of the second round against the Chicago Blackhawks , a 3 – 1 win for the Canucks . Vancouver went on to be eliminated by the Blackhawks in six games . Raymond finished with two goals and an assist in 10 post @-@ season contests . Midway through the 2009 – 10 season , Raymond recorded his first NHL hat trick with the game 's final three goals in a 5 – 1 win against the Calgary Flames on December 27 , 2009 . Raymond enjoyed a breakout campaign in his third NHL season , playing regularly on the Canucks ' second line with centre Ryan Kesler and newly acquired winger Mikael Samuelsson . He finished with a career @-@ high 25 goals , 28 assists and 53 points . Prior to the final game of the regular season , he was voted by the Canucks ' booster club to receive the Fred J. Hume Award as the team 's " unsung hero " . The Canucks entered the 2010 playoffs as the third seed for the second consecutive year . Raymond contributed three goals and an assist over 12 post @-@ season games as Vancouver was eliminated once again in the second round by the Blackhawks . Becoming a restricted free agent on July 1 , 2010 , Raymond filed for salary arbitration after initially failing to come to terms with the Canucks . However , the two sides later agreed to a two @-@ year , $ 5 @.@ 1 million contract on July 26 , 2010 , before their arbitration hearing scheduled for the same day . The deal pays Raymond $ 2 @.@ 5 million in the first year and $ 2 @.@ 6 million in the second – a raise from his $ 760 @,@ 000 salary from the previous season . It was reported the Canucks had proposed an annual $ 2 @.@ 3 million salary , while Raymond had wanted $ 3 @.@ 6 million . Several months into the 2010 – 11 season , he suffered a broken thumb and missed 10 games in December 2010 . Raymond struggled in the first year of his new contract and he was often demoted off of the second line . As a result , he finished with diminished season totals of 15 goals , 24 assists and 39 points over 70 games . On a team basis , the Canucks won their first @-@ ever Presidents ' Trophy , having accomplished the best regular @-@ season record in the NHL that year . Entering the 2011 playoffs as the first seed in the West , they eliminated the Chicago Blackhawks , Nashville Predators and San Jose Sharks in the first three rounds to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in 17 years . During his first shift of Game 6 against the Boston Bruins , Raymond suffered a fractured vertebra after getting hit by opposing defenceman Johnny Boychuk . With Raymond 's body twisted to try to retrieve a loose puck , he was engaged by Boychuk , who proceeded to hit him into the boards after the puck had gone by . Bent over at the time of the hit , Raymond collided with the boards tailbone @-@ first . He was taken to the hospital after initially being helped off the ice . Raymond later described the injury as " the most pain [ he 's ] been in ever . " No penalty was called on the play nor did Boychuk receive any discipline from the league following the game , which drew public criticism from Canucks general manager Mike Gillis . Vancouver went on to lose Games 6 and 7 as Boston won the Stanley Cup . Raymond made an appearance in Rogers Arena prior to the final game of the series . Wearing a plastic corset to support his back , he waved to the crowd , who gave him a standing ovation . While the injury did not require surgery , Raymond retained the back brace for six weeks and was largely immobile for two months . In late July , he received a text message from Boychuk , explaining that his intention was not to injure with the hit . Unable to train on the ice or with weights , Raymond spent the 2011 off @-@ season largely inactive , with the exception of cardiovascular workouts . Five @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half months after sustaining his back injury , Raymond was set to return to the Canucks ' lineup for a game against the Predators on December 1 , 2011 . However , the team failed to file the proper paperwork to the NHL by the 5 p.m. deadline , delaying Raymond 's return until the following game . He recorded six points ( three goals and three assists ) in his first seven games back , but struggled to produce offensively for the remainder of the season . In March 2012 , he was made a healthy scratch for the first time in three years . On December 26 , 2012 , Swedish second @-@ league team Örebro HK presented Raymond on an 11 @-@ game contract , starting on January 3 , 2013 . He has as of January 6 , 2013 , made 1 point , the 1 – 0 goal against IK Oskarshamn on January 5 . = = = Toronto and Calgary = = = In September 2013 , Raymond signed a try @-@ out contract with the Toronto Maple Leafs then a one @-@ year contract with the club . He experienced a " bounce @-@ back season " in 2013 – 14 , scoring 19 goals and 45 points in 82 games , his best statistics since the 2009 – 10 season with the Vancouver Canucks . The Calgary Flames declined an opportunity to sign Raymond when he was a free agent in 2013 , but the departure of Michael Cammalleri in 2014 left the team in need of a veteran forward . Calgary signed Raymond to a three @-@ year contract worth $ 9 @.@ 5 million . In the second game of the 2014 – 15 season , Raymond scored the 100th goal of his NHL career as part of this third career hat trick to lead the Flames to a 5 – 2 victory over the Edmonton Oilers . On the eve of the 2015 – 16 season , Raymond was placed on waivers , for the purpose of being sent down to the AHL . He cleared the following day and was assigned to the Stockton Heat . During the season , Raymond appeared in 29 games with the Flames , contributing with 5 points . Despite producing at a point @-@ per @-@ game in the AHL with Stockton , at the conclusion of the year , Raymond was placed on waivers by the Calgary Flames on June 29 , 2016 , and was bought @-@ out from the final year of his contract the following day . = = = Anaheim Ducks = = = On July 4 , 2016 , Raymond signed a one @-@ year contract as a free agent with the Anaheim Ducks . = = International play = = Following his 2010 playoff run with the Canucks , Raymond was added to Team Canada 's roster for the 2010 IIHF World Championship in Germany , his first international tournament . Joining the team midway through the tournament during the qualification round , he recorded his lone point of the tournament , an assist , on a goal by Matt Duchene during a 3 – 2 loss to the Czech Republic . The following game , Canada was eliminated in the quarterfinal by Russia , losing the game 5 – 2 . = = Personal life = = Raymond was born in Cochrane , Alberta , a town west of Calgary , to parents Carol and Terry Raymond . He began skating when he was four on his family 's backyard rink . Growing up , he was a Calgary Flames fan . He left home as a teenager for the 2003 – 04 season to play Junior A with the Camrose Kodiaks in Camrose , Alberta . Raymond married Megan ( née Murray ) in the summer of 2008 . Megan gave birth to their son , Max , on April 8 , 2012 . The Raymonds welcomed a second child , a daughter named Grace , on February 28th 2015 . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards = = = = = AJHL = = = = = = NCAA = = = = = = University of Minnesota @-@ Duluth team awards = = = = = = Vancouver Canucks team awards = = = = Banksia ilicifolia = Banksia ilicifolia , commonly known as holly @-@ leaved banksia , is a tree in the family Proteaceae . Endemic to southwest Western Australia , it belongs to Banksia subg . Isostylis , a subgenus of three closely related Banksia species with inflorescences that are dome @-@ shaped heads rather than characteristic Banksia flower spikes . It is generally a tree up to 10 metres ( 33 ft ) tall with a columnar or irregular habit . Both the scientific and common names arise from the similarity of its foliage to that of the English holly Ilex aquifolium ; the glossy green leaves generally have very prickly serrated margins , although some plants lack toothed leaves . The inflorescences are initially yellow but become red @-@ tinged with maturity ; this acts as a signal to alert birds that the flowers have opened and nectar is available . Robert Brown described Banksia ilicifolia in 1810 . Although Banksia ilicifolia is variable in growth form , with low coastal shrubby forms on the south coast near Albany , there are no recognised varieties as such . Distributed broadly , the species is restricted to sandy soils . Unlike its close relatives which are killed by fire and repopulate from seed , Banksia ilicifolia regenerates after bushfire by regrowing from epicormic buds under its bark . It is rarely cultivated . = = Description = = Banksia ilicifolia is a variable species . It usually grows as an erect tree up to 10 metres ( 33 ft ) in height , but some populations along the south coast consist of small trees or even spreading shrubs . It is generally a 5 metres ( 16 ft ) high small tree in the Margaret River region . The leaves arising from many short branchlets make a dense foliage close to the trunk and branches . Banksia ilicifolia has a stout trunk up to 50 cm ( 19 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter , and rough , fibrous , grey bark which is up to 2 cm ( 1 in ) thick . New growth takes place mainly in summer . Young branchlets are covered in hair which they lose after two or three years . Leaves grow on stems less than two years of age , and are arranged in a scattered pattern along the stems although crowded at the apices ( branchlet tips ) . Resembling those of holly , its leaves are a dark shiny green colour , and variously obovate ( egg @-@ shaped ) , elliptic , truncate or undulate ( wavy ) in shape , and 3 – 10 cm ( 1 – 4 in ) long . Generally serrated , the leaf edges have up to 14 prickly " teeth " separated by broad v- to u @-@ shaped sinuses along each side , although some leaves have margins lacking teeth . The leaves sit atop petioles 0 @.@ 3 – 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 39 in ) in length . The upper and undersurface of the leaves are initially covered in fine hairs but become smooth with maturity . Flowering takes place from late winter to early summer . The inflorescences are dome @-@ shaped flower heads rather than spikes as many other banksias , and arise from stems that are around a year old . No lateral branchlets grow outwards from the node where the flower head arises . The flower heads measure 7 – 9 cm ( 3 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter , and bear 60 to 100 individual flowers . The inflorescences pass through three colour phases , being initially yellow , then pink , then finally red , before falling away from the head . One to three follicles develop from fertilised flowers , and remain embedded in the woody base of the flower head . Each follicle bears one or two seeds . The cotyledon leaves are a dull green with no visible nerves or markings . Transversely elliptic in shape , they measure 8 to 13 mm long by 12 to 18 mm wide and range from convex to concave . The pointed spreading auricles are 1 @.@ 5 mm long . The cotyledon leaves sit atop the stout hypocotyl , which is green and smooth . The seedling leaves are crowded above the cotyledons . Resembling those of B. coccinea , they are lined with triangular lobes or " teeth " ( with a u- or v @-@ shaped sinus ) and obovate to broadly lanceolate in shape . The first set of leaves measure 1 to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 98 in ) in length and around 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) in width , with three or four lobes in each margin . Both upper and lower seedling leaf surfaces are covered in spreading hairs , as is the seedling stem . Juvenile leaves are obovate to truncate or mucronate with triangular lobes and measure 4 to 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 to 4 in ) long by 1 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 59 to 1 @.@ 38 in ) wide . These lobes are smaller toward the petiole and apex of the leaf . In the Margaret River region , Banksia ilicifolia has been confused with Banksia sessilis var. cordata as both have prickly foliage and domed flowerheads . However , the former grows on deep sand while the latter grows on grey sand over limestone ridges . The embedded follicles of B. ilicifolia compared with the loose ones of B. sessilis are another distinguishing feature . = = Taxonomy = = Specimens of B. ilicifolia were first collected by Scottish surgeon Archibald Menzies during the visit of the Vancouver Expedition to King George Sound in September and October 1791 , but this collection did not result in the description of the species . It was next collected by Robert Brown in December 1801 , during the visit of HMS Investigator to King George Sound . The species was also drawn by the expedition 's botanical artist Ferdinand Bauer . Like nearly all of Bauer 's field drawings of Proteaceae , the original field sketch of B. ilicifolia was destroyed in a Hofburg fire in 1945 . A painting based on the drawing survives , however , at the Natural History Museum in London . Brown eventually published the species in his 1810 work On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae . The specific name is derived from the Latin words ilex " holly " and folium " leaf " , hence " holly @-@ leaved " . In 1810 , Brown published Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen in which he arranged the genus into two unranked groups . B. ilicifolia was placed alone in Isostylis because of its unusual dome @-@ shaped inflorescences . All other species were placed in Banksia verae , the " true banksias " , because they have the elongate flower spike then considered characteristic of Banksia . The shrubby , coastal ecotype was published as a separate species Banksia aquifolium by John Lindley in his 1840 A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony , but this is now regarded as a taxonomic synonym of B. ilicifolia . A specimen collected by Ludwig Preiss on 13 April 1839 from coastal sands in Perth was described as Banksia ilicifolia var integrifolia in Bentham 's Flora Australiensis in 1870 , but has not been recognised since . B. ilicifolia is variable in form , although the variations are not consistent enough to warrant recognising infraspecific taxa . Adult leaf margins can be entire or serrate ( like holly ) , and can both be present on the one plant . Populations from the south coast have larger flowers and leaves , but some trees in the north of the range also have large flowers and leaves . Otto Kuntze challenged Banksia L.f. on the grounds that Banksia J.R.Forst & G. Forst had been published before it , and transferred all Banksia taxa to the new name Sirmuellera . Thus , B. ilicifolia became Sirmuellera ilicifolia ( R.Br. ) Kuntze . Kuntze 's challenge did not gain wide acceptance , and Banksia L.f. was formally conserved against future challenges in 1940 . = = = Infrageneric placement = = = The unranked group Isostylis , with its one species , was reclassified as a section in the 1856 arrangement of Carl Meissner , and 1870 arrangement of George Bentham . In his 1981 revision of the genus , Alex George reclassified the group as a subgenus — Banksia subg . Isostylis — defined by the dome @-@ shaped flower heads , with B. ilicifolia joined by newly described species B. cuneata and later B. oligantha . Banksia ilicifolia is the only common member of that subgenus ; the two other species are rare and threatened , and are protected under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 . Relationships between B. ilicifolia and the other members of B. subg . Isostylis still remain unclear . Although DNA studies found B. cuneata to be the most basal of the three species , a 2004 study of genetic divergence within the subgenus yielded both other possibilities : some analyses suggested B. ilicifolia as basal , while others suggested B. oligantha . Biogeographical factors suggest that B. ilicifolia would be the most basal of the three species : it occurs in the High Rainfall Zone where relictual species are most common , whereas the others are restricted to the Transitional Rainfall Zone , where more recently evolved species are most common . A 1996 cladistic analysis of the genus by botanists Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges assumed the status B. subg . Isostylis as a subgenus and earliest offshoot within Banksia , so George 's placement of B. ilicifolia was retained in their arrangement . The placement of B. ilicifolia was unchanged in George 's 1999 arrangement , and can be summarised as follows : Banksia B. subg . Banksia ( 3 sections , 11 series , 73 species , 11 subspecies , 14 varieties ) B. subg . Isostylis B. ilicifolia B. oligantha B. cuneata Since 1998 , American botanist Austin Mast and co @-@ authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia and Dryandra . Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George 's taxonomic arrangement . Banksia ilicifolia and B. oligantha form a clade , that is they are each other 's closest relative , with Banksia cuneata resolving as the next closest relative , suggesting a monophyletic B. subg . Isostylis ; but the clade appears fairly derived ( that it , it evolved relatively recently ) , suggesting that B. subg . Isostylis may not merit subgeneric rank . Early in 2007 , Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it , and published B. subg . Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons ; thus B. subg . Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , then B. ilicifolia is placed in B. subg . Banksia . = = Distribution and habitat = = A relatively common species , the holly @-@ leaved banksia is widely distributed within south west Western Australia . It occurs within 70 km ( 43 mi ) of the coast , from Mount Lesueur to Augusta , and then east to the Cordinup River east of Albany . In the Margaret River region , it grows on yellow sand plains behind the Leeuwin @-@ Naturaliste Ridge . Almost all occurrences are to the west ( seaward ) side of the Darling Scarp , although there are two outlying populations - one near Collie east of Bunbury and the other in the Tonbridge @-@ Lake Muir area near Manjimup . Along the south coast , there is one inland population at Sheepwash Nature Reserve near Narrikup northwest of Albany . The annual rainfall over its distribution ranges from 600 to 1 @,@ 100 mm ( 24 to 43 in ) . Banksia ilicifolia grows exclusively on sandy soils ; its range ends where heavy soils are evident . It especially favours low @-@ lying areas . It generally grows in open woodland alongside such trees as jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ) , candlestick banksia ( Banksia attenuata ) , firewood banksia ( B. menziesii ) and Western Australian Christmas tree ( Nuytsia floribunda ) . Along the south coast , it grows in heath , sometimes forming stands with bull banksia ( B. grandis ) . The holly @-@ leaved banksia gives its name to the Banksia ilicifolia woodlands ( ' community type 22 ' ) , a possibly threatened ecological community found in the Bassendean and Spearwood systems in the central Swan Coastal Plain north of Rockingham . These are low @-@ lying areas which are seasonally waterlogged . The habitat is open woodland and with an open understorey , and such trees as B. ilicifolia , B. attenuata and stout paperbark ( Melaleuca preissiana ) . Banksia ilicifolia is a component of the critically endangered Assemblage of Tumulus Springs ( organic mound springs ) of the Swan Coastal Plain community north of Perth , which is characterised by a permanently moist peaty soil . The dominant trees include M. preissiana , swamp banksia ( B. littoralis ) and flooded gum ( Eucalyptus rudis ) , with understorey ferns such as bracken ( Pteridium esculentum ) and Cyclosorus interruptus , and shrubs swamp peppermint ( Taxandria linearifolia ) and Astartea fascicularis . = = Ecology = = Banksia ilicifolia has been recorded as a source of nectar for the honey possum ( Tarsipes rostratus ) in winter to early summer ( May to December ) , from field studies in the Scott National Park , replaced by Adenanthos meisneri in the summer . Several honeyeater species visit and pollinate Banksia ilicifolia . The western spinebill ( Acanthorhynchus superciliosus ) in particular prefers this species over other banksias . A field study carried out at Jandakot Airport south of Perth and published in 1988 found that birds and insects overwhelmingly preferred visiting yellow @-@ coloured flowerheads . The species recorded include several species of honeyeater , including the red wattlebird ( Anthochaera carunculata ) , western wattlebird ( A. lunulata ) , western spinebill , brown honeyeater ( Lichmera indistincta ) , New Holland honeyeater ( Phylidonyris novaehollandiae ) , white @-@ cheeked honeyeater ( P. nigra ) , singing honeyeater , ( Lichenostomus virescens ) , as well as the twenty @-@ eight parrot ( Barnardius zonarius semitorquatus ) two species of native bee of the genus Leioproctus , a beetle of the genus Liparetrus , and ant species Iridomyrmex conifer . The yellow flowerheads are also the ones that bear the most nectar . An analysis of the invertebrate population in the canopy of Banksia woodland found that mites and ticks ( Acari ) , beetles ( Coleoptera ) and ants , bees and wasps ( Hymenoptera ) predominated overall , with the three orders also common on B. ilicifolia , although outnumbered by thrips ( Thysanoptera ) . More arthropods on B. ilicifolia might be related to a higher nutrient ( potassium ) level in the leaves . Lower overall numbers of invertebrates on Banksia species were thought to be related to the presence of insectivorous birds . Hand @-@ pollination experiments on wild populations near Perth showed that Banksia ilicifolia is self @-@ compatible , although progeny produced have less vigour and seed production is reduced . Further experiments show that seedlings of outcrossing with plants greater than 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) apart are more vigorous and adaptable , suggesting that plants breeding within small fragmented populations are subject to reduced vigour and genetic inbreeding . Banksia ilicifolia regenerates after bushfire by regrowing from epicormic shoots under its bark . Follicles open and release seeds after several years . It is weakly serotinous , like eight other Banksia species , all of which tend to occur in Western Australia 's southwestern corner . The other two species of the subgenus Isostylis are killed by fire and regenerate by seed . All banksias have developed proteoid or cluster roots in response to the nutrient @-@ poor conditions of Australian soils ( particularly lacking in phosphorus ) . The plant develops masses of fine lateral roots which form a mat @-@ like structure underneath the soil surface . These enable it to extract nutrients as efficiently possible out of the soil . A study of three co @-@ occurring species in Banksia woodland in southwestern Australia — Banksia menziesii , B. attenuata and B. ilicifolia — found that all three develop fresh roots in September after winter rainfall , and that the bacteria populations associated with the root systems of B. menziesii differ from the other two , and that they also change depending on the age of the roots . Along with its shallow lateral roots , Banksia ilicifolia sinks one or more deep taproots seeking the water table . It is an obligate phreatophyte , that is , it is reliant upon accessing groundwater for its survival ; it is more closely tied to the water table than the co @-@ occurring B. menziesii and B. attenuata , and must remain in areas where the depth of the water table is less than 8 m ( 26 ft ) below the surface . Recent falls of the water table on the Swan Coastal Plain from use of the Gnangara Mound aquifer for Perth 's water supply combined with years of below average rainfall have seen the population and vigour or Banksia ilicifolia fall considerably ( more so than other banksia species ) since the mid @-@ 1960s . Like many Western Australian banksias , Banksia ilicifolia has been shown to be highly sensitive to dieback from the soil @-@ borne water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi . A study of Banksia attenuata woodland 400 km ( 250 mi ) southeast of Perth across 16 years and following a wave of P. cinnamomi infestation showed that B. ilicifolia populations were present but significantly reduced in diseased areas . Specimens in coastal dune vegetation were reported killed by Armillaria luteobubalina , with mycelial sheaths of the fungus beneath the bark of the root collar . = = Cultivation = = Rarely cultivated , Banksia ilicifolia requires a sunny position and sandy well @-@ drained soil to do well . A slow @-@ growing plant , it takes up to ten years to flower from seed . The glossy green foliage and long flowering period , combined with prominently displayed flowers give it horticultural potential , although its prickly foliage makes fallen leaves a problem if planted near lawns or walkways . Seeds do not require any treatment , and take 22 to 41 days to germinate . Difficulties in collection and low seed set make seed relatively expensive . Seeds are often eaten by insects before they can be collected . = Battle of the Buffet = The " Battle of the Buffet " is a name used by the British press to refer to a Premier League match played between Manchester United and Arsenal at Old Trafford , Manchester , on 24 October 2004 . The match saw a series of unprofessional fouls that were overlooked by referee Mike Riley , such as Rio Ferdinand on Fredrik Ljungberg in the 19th minute and striker Ruud van Nistelrooy 's studs @-@ up challenge on Ashley Cole . Arsenal dictated much of the play and created several openings , but as the game progressed Manchester United threatened . The home team were awarded a controversial penalty in the 73rd minute , as Wayne Rooney tumbled over Sol Campbell 's outstretched leg . Van Nistelrooy converted the penalty kick and late in the game Rooney scored for 2 – 0 . The result ended Arsenal 's record @-@ breaking 49 @-@ match unbeaten run . In the tunnel after the match tempers boiled over between staff of both clubs . It was alleged that pizza had been thrown at Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson by an unidentified Arsenal player ; speculation later arose that it was Cesc Fàbregas , but this has never been confirmed . Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger was furious in his post @-@ match briefing , criticising Riley for his performance and describing Van Nistelrooy as a cheat . His comments were investigated by The Football Association , who later fined him £ 15 @,@ 000 for improper conduct . Van Nistelrooy was retroactively banned for three matches as his challenge on Cole was missed by Riley . The result was pivotal in the league season and in the rivalry between the two clubs . Arsenal 's form suffered as a result ; having entered the match as league leaders they found themselves five points behind Chelsea in December . Manchester United struggled for consistency and finished behind Arsenal in third . Both clubs later met each other in the Football League Cup and were FA Cup finalists . Ferguson , following his retirement in 2013 , said that he considered the " Battle of the Buffet " to be a watershed moment for Wenger as it disorientated his management and put a strain on their relationship . = = Background = = The appointment of Arsène Wenger as manager of Arsenal in 1996 brought about a successful period for the club . In Wenger 's first full season , 1997 – 98 , Arsenal won the Premier League and FA Cup to complete a domestic double . Though the club failed to win another trophy in the next three seasons , they vied for domestic honours with Sir Alex Ferguson 's Manchester United . Arsenal won their second double in 2001 – 02 , before Manchester United regained the league the following season . In 2003 – 04 , Arsenal won the league without a single defeat – a record of 26 wins and 12 draws . Meetings between Arsenal and Manchester United were considered the pinnacle of English football during the 2000s ; journalist Paul Wilson wrote in his preview of the October 2004 match : " Their rivalry is not simply about winning trophies , it is an adornment to the wider game . " The matches were also popular amongst British viewers – a league game between the two in April 2003 was watched by 3 @.@ 4 million viewers in Britain , making it the top @-@ rated programme on multi @-@ channel television for that week . Sky Sports football summariser Andy Gray said of the encounters : " In some ways it 's maybe not surprising that our major clashes have been with United and Arsenal . They 've been the Premiership 's two dominant clubs and so the pressure is greatest on them . " The equivalent fixture a year earlier was a goalless draw , notable for Manchester United striker Ruud van Nistelrooy missing a last @-@ minute penalty . A confrontation involving the striker and several Arsenal players , in particular Martin Keown , immediately occurred . The ill feeling was originally sparked by an incident between Van Nistelrooy and Patrick Vieira . Having been fouled by Van Nistelrooy , Vieira aimed a kick in retaliation ; although the kick did not make contact , he was still sent off for a second bookable offence . Van Nistelrooy was accused by both Vieira and Wenger of feigning contact to get his opponent sent off , while Ferguson defended his player and denied he had dived . In the wake of the match , four Arsenal players received bans after the incident and were given fines totalling £ 275 @,@ 000 by The Football Association ( FA ) . Two Manchester United players were also fined for improper conduct , with a third warned about his future behaviour . The 2003 match was originally labelled the " Battle of Old Trafford " by the British press . = = Pre @-@ match = = Arsenal entered the match as league leaders , two points in front of second @-@ placed Chelsea . Their previous league outing was a 3 – 1 win against Aston Villa on 16 October 2004 . The victory extended Arsenal 's unbeaten league run to 49 matches , which set a new English football record . On the same day , Manchester United played out a 0 – 0 draw against Birmingham City . United sat in sixth position , 11 points behind their opponents . Their inconsistency was documented by several newspapers in the build @-@ up to the match ; David Lacey wrote in The Guardian of 23 October 2004 : " Manchester United , it is said , are in a period of transition but if by Christmas they have not begun to pick up , their critics will begin to wonder at what precise point does transition become decline . " The significance of the fixture for the two clubs was increased by the fact that , had Arsenal avoided defeat , they would have extended their unbeaten league run to 50 matches . Wenger told reporters at his press conference that he felt no increased pressure , though added the team 's midweek draw in the UEFA Champions League at Panathinaikos increased expectation . He admitted his team 's behaviour in the fixture last season was unacceptable , but pointed out " ... the best response we gave was to win the fair play table . That meant we took responsibility for what we did and we have improved our attitude . " Wenger believed United 's strengths lay in creativity , and did not want to set his team out to nullify , rather to " ... play our game based on speed and technique . " In the lead @-@ up to the match , Ferguson criticised Arsenal 's previous conduct at Old Trafford and likened their behaviour to that of a mob : " What Arsenal players did that day was the worst thing I 've seen in this sport . No wonder they were so delighted at the verdicts . " He described the game as must win given Arsenal 's points advantage , but highlighted it was still all to play for given the league leaders needed to play several top teams twice . Although Ferguson praised Arsenal 's unbeaten run , he disputed whether this heralded a shift of power in English football : " [ We ] are still the team every club wants to beat most of all – regardless of who is champions or unbeaten records . In that respect , our profile as the major club in the country is untouchable . That is obvious and will never change . " Mike Riley was selected as the referee for the match ; the Yorkshire @-@ based official and England 's representative referee at Euro 2004 had sent off five players in his last six games . Such was the concern another brawl would take place , Greater Manchester Police officers spoke to Riley to underline the need for players to behave themselves . The most recent meeting between the two teams was in the FA Community Shield on 8 August 2004 , when Arsenal won 3 – 1 . Manchester United beat Arsenal en route to winning the FA Cup the previous season and were undefeated against their league opponents in almost two years . = = Match = = = = = Team selection = = = Manchester United were predicted to line up in a 4 – 4 – 1 – 1 formation , with Wayne Rooney positioned just behind Van Nistelrooy . Club captain Roy Keane was doubtful as he was recuperating from a virus which prevented him from training all week . Quinton Fortune and Ole Gunnar Solskjær were both ruled out with knee injuries . Arsenal were expected to line up slightly different to Manchester United , with Thierry Henry and José Antonio Reyes as the two centre @-@ forwards in a traditional 4 – 4 – 2 formation . Vieira was expected to return to the starting XI ; earlier in the week Wenger rated his chances of playing as " 80 per cent " after he sprained his ankle against Aston Villa . Gilberto Silva , Jérémie Aliadière , Gaël Clichy and Manuel Almunia were all ruled out by injury for Arsenal . When the teamsheets were released , Wenger 's selection showed Dennis Bergkamp as the preferred striking partner to Henry ; Reyes was positioned on the left wing which meant Robert Pirès started the match on the substitutes ' bench . For Manchester United , there was no place for Keane in the squad , so Ferguson brought in Phil Neville to partner Paul Scholes in central midfield . = = = Summary = = = The match began as a scrappy affair , with plenty of challenges and little expansive football on show . The game 's first notable chance went to Rooney , but Kolo Touré intervened and blocked his effort . Rooney then played in Giggs , whose shot was closed down by Sol Campbell . It took a while before Arsenal gained composure and played their usual passing game , and a move involving Edu and Fredrik Ljungberg in the 19th minute resulted in Rio Ferdinand carelessly tackling the latter . Ferdinand was not shown a card for his challenge – the first controversial decision referee Riley made during the match , which surprised Arsenal as the defender made a professional foul to prevent Ljungberg running clear on goal . Bergkamp exchanged passes with Reyes to open up the United defence , but the Dutchman 's shot was saved by Roy Carroll . The United goalkeeper was on hand to save Henry 's low shot three minutes before the break , after the striker was put through by Edu . During the first half action , both Neville brothers ( Gary and Phil ) were booked for fouling Reyes . Ashley Cole also received a yellow card for his tackle on Rooney . The Arsenal defender was on the receiving end of a challenge by Van Nistelrooy minutes after , as he attempted to shield the ball and hold on to possession . Television replays showed Van Nistelrooy ran his studs down Cole 's shins , but the striker was not punished by Riley despite the action being in full view of his assistant at the touchline . Arsenal continued to dominate possession once the second half got underway , but struggled to use it to their advantage . Lauren 's cross from the right was cleared away by the United defence and Henry moments later miscued his effort aimed at goal . Moments later Ljungberg beat his marker and crossed the ball into the penalty area , only for Bergkamp to drag his shot wide . United threatened once the game reached the hour mark , winning duels and earning set @-@ pieces . Gabriel Heinze 's shot from about 20 yards tested Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann in the 65th minute . Five minutes later Wenger substituted Reyes off in place of Pirès . The most controversial decision of the match came in the 73rd minute as it led to the opening goal . Touré 's clearance presented United the chance to break in numbers and Rooney , at the heart of their attack , reached the penalty area only to go down under Campbell 's challenge . Riley awarded United a penalty , despite Campbell seeming to withdraw from the tackle and Rooney " ... already heading for the turf as the defender pulled his foot away , " wrote Kevin McCarra in his match report for The Guardian . Van Nistelrooy converted his penalty kick , sending Lehmann the wrong way to give United the lead . Arsenal responded hastily , but looked more susceptible to United 's counter @-@ attacks . Cole 's sliding tackle on Cristiano Ronaldo near the penalty area was deemed acceptable by Riley , as he waved away appeals for another penalty . The defender came close to equalising minutes before the end , but for his shot to go wide . In stoppage time , United added their second goal of the match as substitutes Louis Saha and Alan Smith combined to set up Rooney , who finished a counter @-@ attacking move with a tap @-@ in past Lehmann . = = = Details = = = = = = Statistics = = = = = Post @-@ match = = = = = Pizzagate = = = Campbell was seen refusing to shake Rooney 's hand at the final whistle and there were no customary shirt swaps between both sets of players ; it was alleged that the Arsenal players wore T @-@ shirts emblazoned with " 50 not out " , though this has never been proven . Tempers boiled over in the players ' tunnel in front of police officers . Several Arsenal players were held back , one of whom was Henry , incensed that Ferdinand claimed the man @-@ of @-@ the @-@ match award . The conflict sparked into life when Wenger confronted Van Nistelrooy as he was unhappy with the striker 's challenge on Cole . Ferguson intervened and told Wenger to leave his players alone , but the Arsenal manager faced him and said " What do you want to do about it ? " There were accusations that certain foodstuffs – usually reported as pizza , but occasionally reported as coffee , tomato soup or pea soup – had been thrown at Ferguson by an unknown Arsenal player . Ferguson changed into the club tracksuit in order to carry out his television duties . Speculation that the player who threw the pizza was Cesc Fàbregas arose when Cole hinted that the culprit was neither English nor French . In his autobiography , Ferguson said : " They say it was Cesc Fàbregas who threw the pizza at me but , to this day , I have no idea who the culprit is . " Manchester United refused to publicly criticise Arsenal 's behaviour , but the players and staff were said to be " shocked and disgusted . " Riley did not mention the tunnel fracas in his match report which was sent to the FA , but the governing body revealed their intention to shed light on the matter . An investigation however was made difficult given the fact that both clubs remained quiet over " Pizzagate " and no camera footage was made available . = = = Reaction = = = Wenger was highly critical of Riley 's performance , suggesting he " ... decided the game , like we know he can do at Old Trafford . " The Arsenal manager claimed that Rooney told his players that he felt no contact , but the referee made the decision to give Manchester United a penalty which he called the turning point of the match . Wenger used statistics to question Riley 's impartiality – of the referee 's last eight matches at Old Trafford , he awarded eight penalties to the home team . Wenger was not surprised at United 's rough treatment of Reyes – " That 's what they always try against us when they 're in a difficult situation " and accused Van Nistelrooy of being a cheat in his post @-@ match television interview . Vieira like his manager was disappointed in Riley 's handling of the match , but sought positives : " We 're still eight points clear of United and two points clear of Chelsea . We 're in a really good position and all the other teams would want to be in our position . " Ferguson described the win as an important victory , and hoped it would mark a turning point in their season . Ferguson said he did not see whether Campbell brought down Rooney and sympathised with the referee as he was put under pressure : " The referee had an impossible job . It seemed like Patrick Vieira was in charge for much of the match , he was at the ref 's side so much . " When asked if Manchester United could close the gap on Arsenal , the Manchester United manager quipped " Yes , of course we can . " The match attracted fervent debate amongst journalists , pundits and football players alike . Former referee Jeff Winter defended Riley 's performance and described fixtures between Manchester United and Arsenal as " impossible " to manage . Premier League refereeing chief Keith Hackett added : " We know this is one of the tough encounters of the season . Mike clearly had a game plan to try not to suppress the match . He wanted it to breathe and perhaps went in with the intention of getting through the game without having to dismiss any players . In the back of his mind was trying to get through a game without having a blow @-@ up and I think Mike did extremely well to keep a lid on things . " Everton manager David Moyes and Liverpool midfielder Steven Gerrard analysed the match on Sky Sports , and both agreed Ferdinand was fortunate to remain on the pitch . Although Moyes believed there was minimal contact between Rooney and Campbell in the lead @-@ up to United 's penalty award , he sympathised with the referee 's decision as Campbell stuck his leg out . He added : " If the referee hadn 't given the penalty he might have had to book Wayne . He chose to give the penalty . " Alan Hansen suggested Arsenal 's defeat was a great result for their rivals , but felt they were strong favourites to win the league . He praised Ferguson for getting his tactics right , and lauded the performances of defenders Ferdinand and Campbell . On Match of the Day 2 , Hansen was critical of Van Nistelrooy 's tackle on Cole , calling it " nasty and cynical . " Henry Winter writing for The Daily Telegraph gave a brief explanation as to why Arsenal did not perform – their striker Henry was " not at the races . " He was full of praise of United 's determination and summarised : " Yet though Arsenal had dominated possession , United had offered the more impressive individuals . " Matt Dickinson of The Times described the victory as huge for " Ferguson and his faltering squad , " regardless of the scoreline or indeed if Arsenal had played the better football in patches . The Guardian correspondent Kevin McCarra felt aggrieved in the manner Arsenal had ended their unbeaten run , but pointed out they were fortunate no action was taken when Cole fouled Ronaldo . He closed his piece with an illustration of how impressive Arsenal 's run was : " In those prior 49 games they had never even been behind in the closing 20 minutes . " Two days after the match Van Nistelrooy was charged with serious foul play after his challenge on Cole went unnoticed by the referee . He pleaded guilty to the offence and received a three @-@ match ban for his conduct during the match . Wenger was found guilty of an improper conduct charge and later fined £ 15 @,@ 000 by the FA for his post @-@ match comments about Van Nistelrooy . Ferguson accused Henry of " serious foul play " on Heinze , but the striker escaped an FA investigation and probable three @-@ match ban as the manager 's compliant was not submitted on time . = = Aftermath and legacy = = Arsenal struggled to regain the same level of consistency shown earlier in the season ; in the space of a month they fell five points behind leaders Chelsea , who went on to win the league . Manchester United remained inconsistent ; they lost to Portsmouth in their next game and ended the season in third place behind Arsenal , despite looking likely to finish runners @-@ up . In the League Cup , the clubs met in the quarter @-@ final stage at Old Trafford in December and even though both sides fielded weakened teams , the match was not short of drama . David Bellion gave Manchester United the lead in just 19 seconds but it was not until the start of the second half , when tempers began to flare . A fracas between Robin van Persie and Kieran Richardson , following a late tackle on Richardson by Van Persie resulted in clashes from both sets of players , which concluded with both protagonists getting booked by match official Mark Halsey . The game finished 1 – 0 . In January 2005 , both managers were embroiled in a new row over the events of " Pizzagate " . Ferguson said Wenger never apologised to his players for calling them cheats , or for his team 's behaviour , adding : " It 's a disgrace , but I don 't expect Wenger to ever apologise , he 's that type of person . " Wenger responded by claiming Ferguson was guilty of bringing the game into disrepute and telling reporters he would " never answer any questions any more about this man . " Under pressure from the police , the Sports Minister Richard Caborn and Premier League chairman Richard Scudamore , both managers later agreed to tone down their words . Manchester United captain Roy Keane infamously confronted Vieira in the players tunnel before the return fixture later in the season , which United won 4 – 2 at Highbury . This came about by an incident during the pre @-@ game warm up when Vieira had allegedly pushed Gary Neville after confronting the player about the challenges Pirès suffered at Old Trafford earlier in the season . Once Keane found out back in the United locker room , he unleashed a verbal tirade on Vieira including telling the Arsenal skipper " I 'll see you out there " . The match that followed was another ill @-@ spirited affair with both sides guilty of poor challenges , which also saw Mikaël Silvestre sent off after a clash with Ljungberg . United went on to win the game , coming from behind twice before holding onto the lead , despite being reduced to 10 men for the last third of the match . The teams then faced each other once more in the FA Cup Final at the end of the season . The match was largely uneventful as it finished 0 – 0 after normal and extra time thus taking it to a penalty shoot @-@ out , the first in cup final history . Scholes missed his penalty for Manchester United , and Vieira converted the decisive kick to win the cup for Arsenal . Reyes became the second player to be sent off in the Cup Final , after his second yellow card in the 120th minute . The " Battle of the Buffet " is regarded as a historic moment in the rivalry between Manchester United and Arsenal . Ferguson in his autobiography reflected it as the point where his relationship with Wenger started to breakdown , and it was not until United 's Champions League semi @-@ final victory over Arsenal in 2009 that they were on talking terms . He added : " It seemed to me that losing the game scrambled Arsene 's brain . " When asked to recollect his version of events of " Pizzagate " , Wenger admitted his team 's conduct was aggressive and said : " I think on that day , [ Riley ] had not his best day and that brought a lot of frustration on . " The emergence of Chelsea and transitions undergone by the two clubs during the mid @-@ 2000s meant the rivalry became insignificant . Manchester United continued to compete for major honours under Ferguson , while Wenger at Arsenal made the decision to displace experienced first @-@ teamers in favour of youth and encourage a more fluid , less direct style of football . = John Leverett = John Leverett ( baptized 7 July 1616 – 16 March 1678 / 9 ) was an English colonial magistrate , merchant , soldier and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Born in England , he came to Massachusetts as a teenager . He was a leading merchant in the colony , and served in its military . In the 1640s he went back to England to fight in the English Civil War . He was opposed to the strict Puritan religious orthodoxy in the colony . He also believed the colonial government was not within the power of the English crown and government , a politically hardline position that contributed to the eventual revocation of the colonial charter in 1684 . His business and military activities were sometimes intermingled , leading some in the colony to view him unfavorably . However , he was popular with his troops , and was repeatedly elected governor of the colony from 1673 until his death in 1679 . He oversaw the colonial actions in King Philip 's War , and expanded the colony 's territories by purchasing land claims in present @-@ day Maine . = = Early life = = John Leverett was baptized 7 July 1616 at St Botolph 's Church in Boston , Lincolnshire . His father , Thomas Leverett , was a close associate of John Cotton , the church 's Puritan pastor , and served as one of the church 's elders . Nothing is known of his mother , Anne Fisher , beyond that she bore her husband 16 children . Of John Leverett 's youth nothing is known prior to the family 's departure for the New World in 1633 . By the early 1630s Leverett 's father was an alderman in Boston , and had acquired , in partnership with John Beauchamp of the Plymouth Council for New England , a grant now known as the Waldo Patent for land in what is now the state of Maine . When the family arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony it settled in the capital , also called Boston . Leverett married Hannah Hudson in 1639 . She bore him a son , Hudson , in 1640 , and died in 1643 . In 1640 Leverett was made a freeman . In 1639 he joined the Artillery Company of Massachusetts . The Artillery Company was a focal point in the colony for people who disagreed with the orthodoxy of the colony 's Puritan leaders . Many of its leading members , Leverett among them , opposed the colonial crackdowns on religious dissenters . Its members also engaged in trade . Leverett frequently partnered with Edward Gibbons and Major General Robert Sedgwick in trading ventures . He was , for example , part owner with Gibbons of a ship lost off the Virginia coast . The mixture of military leadership and commercial enterprise sometimes led to conflicts of interest . In the 1640s , Gibbons convinced Governor John Winthrop to allow Massachusetts volunteers to assist French Acadian Governor Charles de la Tour in his dispute with Charles de Menou d 'Aulnay . Gibbons had negotiated exclusive trading privileges with la Tour in exchange for this help , and Leverett was also able to secure preferential trading privileges with the French . = = English Civil War = = In about 1644 Leverett went to England , where he fought in the Parliamentary cause for Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War . He had a military command in the cavalry of Thomas Rainsborough , where he supposedly served with distinction . He returned home in 1645 , but may have gone back to England in the following years . He married Robert Sedgwick 's daughter Sarah in 1645 . The couple had 12 children , of whom only six survived to adulthood . Leverett 's time in England brought him to a belief in the need for more religious tolerance . He would pursue the idea politically , often in the face of opposition from the conservative Puritan leadership of Massachusetts that opposed religious views that did not accord with their narrow views . He specifically opposed the Cambridge Platform describing New England church orthodoxy , and opposed punishments of nonconforming individuals when he sat as a deputy in the Massachusetts general court ( the colonial legislature ) . John Winthrop , in writing about the 1648 synod that adopted the platform , noted that those " who came lately from England " were strongly opposed to its resolutions . = = Massachusetts politics = = Leverett became active in local politics after becoming a freeman in 1640 . In 1642 Leverett and Edward Hutchinson were sent as diplomatic envoys to negotiate with the Narragansett chief Miantonomoh amid concerns that all of the local Indian tribes were conspiring to wage war on the English colonists . Miantonomoh came to Boston and convinced Governor Winthrop that the rumors they had heard were groundless . Leverett would be called on for diplomatic missions in future administrations as well . Following his return from England , he resumed his political activities . He was elected as one of Boston 's two representatives in the colony 's general court in 1651 , and served a brief stint as Speaker of the House . Throughout the 1650s and 1660s he served five terms on the general court . Leverett was a popular leader of the colonial militia , something that resulted in an unusual situation caused by the colony 's militia laws . The colony had voted to limit the size of its militia companies , and restricted their officers to hold only one post . In 1652 , when Leverett was captain of a Suffolk County company of horse , he was also elected as a captain of one of Boston infantry companies as well as captain of the Artillery Company of Massachusetts . The colonial magistrates refused to grant him an exemption from the rule , and he was required to give up the Boston post . He was , apparently , allowed to retain his captaincy of the Artillery Company as the company was exempt from regulations governing the militia . Governor John Endecott in 1652 sent a survey party to determine the colony 's northern boundary , which was specified by the charter to be 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) north of the Merrimack River . This survey party discovered ( incorrectly ) that the northern limit of the Merrimack was near what is now known as Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire . An east @-@ west boundary at this latitude was found to include a number small settlements in what is now southern Maine . Endecott sent Leverett as one of several commissioners to negotiate the inclusion of these settlements into the colonial government , which resulted in the eventual formation of York County , Massachusetts . Leverett became interested in developing more land in Maine as result of this and other official visits , and invested in a significant amount of land there , over and above the lands inherited from his father . In 1655 he was formally appointed as the Massachusetts colony 's agent in England . It is unclear , given the overlap with his governance in Acadia , when he actually went to England , but he served in this capacity until 1662 . During the 1650s when Cromwell was Lord Protector the colony benefited from the relationship he had cultivated with Cromwell during the civil war . In particular , Cromwell took no steps to enforce the 1651 Navigation Act against the colony 's merchants , and also overlooked complaints about the colony 's repressive tactics against religious nonconformists . The latter occurred despite Leverett 's personal opposition to the colony 's extreme stance on religion . A common claim that Leverett was knighted by Charles II lacks a solid foundation in the documentary record . = = Military rule of Acadia = = In 1651 England and the Netherlands went to war . Word of this arrived in the New World in 1652 , and rumors flew around the English colonies of New England that the Dutch in New Amsterdam were conspiring with all of the region 's Indians to make war against them . Leverett and Robert Sedgwick both saw a significant benefit for their trading operations if the Dutch could be eliminated as competitors , and lobbied for military action against New Amsterdam , although religious moderates like Simon Bradstreet were opposed to it . New Amsterdam 's Director @-@ General Peter Stuyvesant invited a delegation from New England colonies to New Amsterdam to discuss the matter . Leverett was one of the commissioners sent in 1653 ; he took careful note of the colony 's defenses while he was there . The New Haven Colony petitioned the Commonwealth government of Oliver Cromwell for assistance against the Dutch threat , a position supported by Leverett , who went to England with Sedgwick in 1653 to press the colonial case for war . Cromwell responded by giving Sedgwick a commission as military commander of the New England coast , and sent him and Leverett with several ships and some troops to make war on the Dutch . The fleet was to be augmented by a force of 500 New Englanders under Leverett 's command . By the time the New England force was raised in 1654 , peace had been made between the English and Dutch . Sedgwick took advantage of his commission to act instead against the French in neighboring Acadia , which was home to privateers who preyed on English shipping . He captured the principal Acadian ports of Port Royal and Fort Pentagouet in July 1654 . Sedgwick gave military command of the province to Leverett . Leverett governed Nova Scotia for three years , turning command over to Sir Thomas Temple in May 1657 . During this time he and Sedgwick enforced a virtual trade monopoly on French Acadia for their benefit , leading some in the colony to view Leverett as a predatory opportunist . Leverett funded much of the cost of the occupation himself , and then petitioned Cromwell 's government for reimbursement . Although Cromwell authorized payment , he made it contingent on the colony performing an audit of Leverett 's finances , which never took place . Leverett was consequently still petitioning for compensation after the Restoration ( 1660 ) . = = Military command and governorship = = From 1663 to 1673 he held the rank of major @-@ general of the Massachusetts militia , and was repeatedly elected as a deputy to the general court or to the council of assistants . During this time he oversaw the strengthening of Boston 's defenses . He was also again sent to the colonial settlements of New Hampshire and southern Maine , where some colonists had objected to Massachusetts rule and arrested colonial officials . Following the restoration of Charles II to the throne , all of England 's colonies came under his scrutiny . In 1665 Charles sent four commissioners to Massachusetts . They were instructed to gain the colony 's agreement to terms demanded by Charles in a letter he sent to the colonial government in 1662 , in which he instructed the colony to adopt more tolerant religious laws , and to enforce the Navigation Acts . The arrival of the commissioners was of some concern to the government , and Leverett was placed on a committee to draft a petition to the king demanding the commission 's recall . The document they drafted characterized the commissioners as " agents of evil sent to Massachusetts to subvert its charter and destroy its independence . " Leverett served as deputy governor under governor Richard Bellingham in 1671 – 1672 , and succeeded to his position after the governor 's death . His tenure as governor was chiefly notable because of King Philip 's War , and the rising threats to the colonial charter that culminated in its revocation in 1684 . The colony angered the king by purchasing the claims of Sir Ferdinando Gorges to portions of Maine in 1677 , a territory Charles had intended to acquire for his son , the Duke of Monmouth . Edward Randolph , sent by Charles to report on the New England colonies , reported in 1676 that Leverett believed the colony to be beyond the crown 's reach : " He freely declared to me that the laws made by your Majesty and your Parliament obligeth them in nothing but what consists with the interest of that colony " . Although Leverett favored religious tolerance , there were still many in the colony who did not . Baptists were able to openly begin worship in Boston during his tenure , but he has also been criticized by Quaker historians for harsh anti @-@ Quaker laws passed in 1677 . ( The Baptists ' time in Boston did not last — they were thrown out in 1680 after Simon Bradstreet became governor . ) = = Death and legacy = = Leverett died in office , reportedly from complications of kidney stones , on 16 March 1678 / 9 , and was interred at the King 's Chapel Burying Ground in Boston . His descendants include his grandson John , the seventh President of Harvard College , and Leverett Saltonstall , a 19th @-@ century governor of Massachusetts . Leverett , Massachusetts is named for his grandson . Cotton Mather wrote of Leverett that he was " one to whom the affections of the freemen were signalised his quick advances through the lesser stages of honor and office , unto the highest in the country ; and one whose courage had been as much recommended by martial actions abroad in his younger years , as his wisdom and justice were now at home in his elder . " = Ruth Norman = Ruth E. Norman ( born Ruth Nields ; August 18 , 1900 – July 12 , 1993 ) , also known as Uriel , was an American religious leader who co @-@ founded the Unarius Academy of Science , based in Southern California . Raised in California , Norman received little education and worked from an early age in a variety of jobs . In the 1940s , she developed an interest in psychic phenomena and past @-@ life regression . These pursuits led to her introduction to Ernest Norman , a self @-@ described psychic , in 1954 . He engaged in channeling , past @-@ life regression , and attempts at communication with extraterrestrials . She married Ernest , her fourth husband , in the mid @-@ 1950s . Together they published several books about his revelations and formed Unarius , an organization which later became known as the Unarius Academy of Science , to popularize his teachings . The couple discussed numerous details about their past lives and spiritual visits to other planets , forming a mythology from these accounts . After Ernest died in 1971 , Ruth succeeded him as their group 's leader and primary channeler . She subsequently began publishing accounts of her experiences and revelations . In early 1974 , she predicted that a space fleet of benevolent extraterrestrials , the Space Brothers , would land on Earth later that year , which led the Unarius Academy to purchase a property to serve as the landing site . After the extraterrestrials failed to appear , Norman said that trauma she had suffered in a past life had caused her to make an inaccurate prediction . Undaunted , she rented a building for Unarius ' meetings and sought publicity for the movement , claiming to have united the Earth with an interplanetary confederation . She revised the Space Brothers ' expected landing date several times , before finally settling on 2001 . Her health declined in the late 1980s , prompting her students to try to heal her with rituals of past @-@ life regression . Despite predicting that she would live to see the extraterrestrials land , Norman died in 1993 . Unarius has continued to operate after her death , and formed a board of directors . Since the 2000s , leaders have concentrated on individual transformation leading to spiritual change in humankind . = = Early life and marriages = = Ruth Nields was born in Indianapolis , Indiana , on August 18 , 1900 . Three years later , her family moved to Pasadena , California , where her father worked as an upholsterer . She and her five siblings were reared there , receiving little education and working from a young age . As a teenager , she labored as a fruit packer and a maid . Most of her income went to her father , whom she later described as abusive . In 1918 , she married a man named Frank ( his surname is unknown ) , and they had a daughter two years later . The couple divorced in the early 1920s ; Frank gained custody of their daughter , although Ruth had access as well . Little is definitively known about Ruth 's life from the mid @-@ 1920s to the 1940s , but she worked in a variety of jobs . She held positions in several restaurants and also worked as a model , real @-@ estate broker , resort manager , and nanny . In the 1940s , she enrolled at the Church of Religious Science , where she studied New Thought under Ernest Holmes , and was separately introduced to psychic healing in that decade . Over time , she also became interested in spiritualism , channeling , and past @-@ life regression . She married Benjamin Arnold in the 1940s ; the marriage lasted until his death in 1951 . Two years later , she remarried and settled in Lancaster , California . Her third husband , George Marian , owned a milk @-@ delivery business which Ruth helped him to manage . In the mid @-@ 1950s , she became interested in acting and earned the starring role in a local play . = = Marriage to Ernest Norman = = In 1954 , at a psychic event in California , Ruth was introduced to Ernest Norman , who told her that in a past life she had been the daughter of an Egyptian Pharaoh and had protected Moses . Members of the organization they later established , the Unarius Academy of Science , affirm that Ernest and Ruth married on the day they met , and the group celebrates their anniversary as February 14 , 1954 . However , Diana Tumminia of California State University , Sacramento , notes in her 2005 study of the group that Ruth was probably still married to George Marian in early 1954 and speculates that their divorce was a lengthy process ; Tumminia posits that Ernest and Ruth married in 1956 . Ernest believed he could communicate with both extraterrestrials and historical figures , channeling messages from them . In 1954 , seeking to popularize his channeling , Ernest and Ruth formed an organization known as Unarius , operating from their home in California . After their marriage , Ruth served as Ernest 's typist , later claiming to have learned the skill while sleeping . She recorded the information he channeled , writing books about psychic healing and trips into the solar system . In the 1950s and 1960s , they attracted several followers , including two students whom they later taught to channel . One early trainee was Charles Spiegel , who later led the group . Many converts had previous involvement with New Age or mystic groups , making it easy for the Normans to convert them . Converts were provided with elaborate details of Ernest and Ruth Norman 's purported spiritual visits to other planets . The couple believed that humans could learn from great teachers on these journeys ; Ernest said that this contact held the potential to educate and heal humanity . Ernest also spoke of the scientific advancements of other worlds . The couple also discussed revelations about their past lives , including Jesus and Mary of Bethany among their past identities . Ruth stated that she had lived about 50 lives over several million years ; she recalled being several well @-@ known and a few obscure people on Earth , as well as beings from other planets and an archangel . Their group developed a mythology from the accounts that Ernest and Ruth gave of these lives , including tales from their past incarnations in Atlantis and Lemuria . Some of their stories were similar to the plots of contemporary books and films , prompting Tumminia to cast their beliefs as a pastiche or bricolage of the surrounding culture . Ernest and Ruth promoted millennialist teachings , holding that higher beings were to transform the Earth and bring devotees to a new level of existence ; the couple held that this growth would allow people to travel through space . Zeller compares their millennialist doctrines to those of Christian dispensationalism , noting their shared utopian views . = = Leadership and death of Ernest = = Ernest died in 1971 ; thereafter , Ruth led their organization and served as its primary channeler . Spiegel moved to San Diego to assist her . After Ernest died , Spiegel affirmed Ruth 's nascent belief that she was an archangel named Uriel from the " fourth dimension " . In 1972 , Ruth Norman began publishing Tesla Speaks , a series of messages that she said were given to her by the American inventor and engineer Nikola Tesla from his dwelling in outer space ; she stated that he also relayed messages from scientists Albert Einstein and Louis Pasteur to her . Norman asserted that the Tesla Tower held secrets which were to be recovered by Unarius . The American journalist Alexander S. Heard argues that Tesla 's rumored interests in death rays and free energy drew the group to him . In 1973 , Norman recounted an experience in which she spiritually married the archangel Michiel at a lavishly decorated temple on another planet ; the event was said to have culminated with her being crowned the Queen of Archangels , Uriel , by the Archangel Raphiel . She and Spiegel envisioned the events of the ceremony over several days , and she published their recollections later that year . Her students subsequently referred to her as Uriel , an acronym of " universal , radiant , infinite , eternal light " . She and Spiegel re @-@ enacted the ceremony for her followers , and the group celebrated the anniversary of the event annually . After her spiritual marriage , Norman increased her channeling of historical figures , including Plato , Tesla , and John F. Kennedy . = = Prophecy and therapy = = = = = First extraterrestrial prophecy = = = In a volume published in March 1974 , Norman predicted that a spacefleet of an " Intergalactic Confederation " was to land on Earth before December 1974 . In November 1974 , assisted by some of her students , Norman purchased a 67 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 27 km2 ) property near Jamul , California , to serve as a landing site for extraterrestrials , whom she referred to as the " Space Brothers " . At some point in 1974 , Norman revised the date at which she expected extraterrestrials to land to September 1975 , citing ongoing Confederation efforts to prepare humanity for their landing as the reason for the delay . She predicted that a single flying saucer would bring extraterrestrials to persuade humans of their teachings , after which another 33 vessels would arrive . These beings were to restore the lost teachings of Atlantis to the Earth , and their revelations were to free humanity from crime and disease , ushering in an era of learning . She believed that this information would be imparted by a thousand extraterrestrial scientists , who would also bring advances in technology , among which she specified crystal computers , to Earth . Norman presumed that Confederation leaders were to take her on a world tour after their arrival , and she bought herself a new wardrobe in preparation . In addition , she arranged a large banner to welcome them , made arrangements for buses to the landing site , and informed the National Enquirer	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1921 report by the Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania described the topography of the watershed of Hunlock Creek as " rough and hilly " . The creek cuts through a mountain range in its lower reaches . Swamps and glacial lakes occur in the watershed . The channel of the creek is sinuous and cuts through rock formations consisting of sandstone and shale . = = Watershed = = The watershed of Hunlock Creek has an area of 32 @.@ 5 square miles ( 84 km2 ) . The creek 's mouth is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Nanticoke . However , its source is in the quadrangle of Harveys Lake . The watershed is in the northwestern part of Luzerne County . It is part of the Lower North Branch Susquehanna drainage basin . Hunlock Creek is described as a " good @-@ sized creek " in the 1909 book A History of Wilkes @-@ Barré , Luzerne County , Pennsylvania , from Its First Beginnings to the Present Time . = = History = = Hunlock Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2 , 1979 . Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1177599 . Johnathan Hunlock came to the vicinity of Hunlock Creek from Lower Smithfield Township in the early 1770s and constructed a plantation on the creek . On March 28 , 1780 , Asa Upman and John Rogers were ambushed by Indians while making sugar near the mouth of Hunlock Creek . Upman was killed and Rogers was captured . The 1893 book History of Luzerne County , Pennsylvania referred to this incident as " one of the bloody episodes in the days of Indian troubles " . William Koons constructed a furnace on Hunlock Creek in the 1800s . This furnace was capable of producing 75 tons of pig metal per week . In the early 1900s , major communities in the watershed of Hunlock Creek included Hunlock Creek , Sweet Valley , and Silkworth . In 1921 , their populations were 310 , 190 , and 24 , respectively . Around this time , the main industry in the creek 's watershed was agriculture . Two two @-@ span concrete tee beam bridges carrying State Route 4016 were built over Hunlock Creek in Hunlock Township in 1925 . The bridges are 65 @.@ 9 feet ( 20 @.@ 1 m ) and 58 @.@ 1 feet ( 17 @.@ 7 m ) long . Both bridges underwent repair work in 1983 . A concrete slab bridge carrying Pritchards Road was built over the creek in 1937 . This bridge is 23 @.@ 0 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) long . A masonry arch bridge carrying State Route 4005 / Cragle Road over the creek in Hunlock Township was built in 1938 and is 34 @.@ 1 feet ( 10 @.@ 4 m ) long . A concrete tee beam bridge carrying US Route 11 over Hunlock Creek was constructed in 1940 . It is 47 @.@ 9 feet ( 14 @.@ 6 m ) long . In 1974 , a prestressed box beam bridge was built over the creek near State Route 4003 . It is 35 @.@ 1 feet ( 10 @.@ 7 m ) long and carries Spring Hill Road . Hunlock Creek is also known as Hunlocks Creek . This name appears on Patton 's Philadelphia and Suburbs Street and Road Map from 1984 . The creek was known as Massacota by the Native Americans . = = Biology = = The entire drainage basin of Hunlock Creek is classified as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery in Chapter 93 @.@ 9 of the Pennsylvania Code . Wild trout naturally reproduce in the creek from T @-@ 534 downstream to its mouth . This stretch is 3 @.@ 9 miles ( 6 @.@ 3 km ) long . They also naturally reproduce in the tributary Roaring Brook and in the unofficially named tributary West Branch Hunlock Creek . The Shickshinny Mountain Slopes , which are listed as a Locally Significant Area in the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory , are located in the watershed of Hunlock Creek in Plymouth Township . These slopes are on the northern side of Shickshinny Mountain and contain second @-@ growth northern hardwood forests and some rock outcroppings with small seeps . The area contains a large number of wildflower species and some rare plants . The main tree species in this area include American basswood , sugar maple , white ash , white oak , black cherry , and eastern hemlock . = Murder of Julia Martha Thomas = The murder of Julia Martha Thomas , dubbed the " Barnes Mystery " or the " Richmond Murder " by the press , was one of the most notorious crimes in late 19th @-@ century Britain . Thomas , a widow in her 50s who lived in Richmond , Surrey , was murdered on 2 March 1879 by her maid Kate Webster , a 30 @-@ year @-@ old Irishwoman with a history of theft . Webster disposed of the body by dismembering it , boiling the flesh off the bones , and throwing most of the remains into the River Thames . It was alleged , although never proven , that she had offered the fat to neighbours and street children as dripping and lard . Part of Thomas ' remains were subsequently recovered from the river . Her severed head remained missing until October 2010 , when the skull was found during building works being carried out for Sir David Attenborough . After the murder , Webster posed as Thomas for two weeks , but was exposed and fled back to Ireland and her uncle 's home at Killanne near Enniscorthy , County Wexford . She was arrested there on 29 March and was returned to London , where she stood trial at the Old Bailey in July 1879 . At the end of a six @-@ day trial , she was convicted and sentenced to death after a jury of matrons rejected her last @-@ minute attempt to avoid the death penalty by pleading pregnancy . She finally confessed to the murder the night before she was hanged , on 29 July at Wandsworth Prison . The case attracted huge public interest and was widely covered by the press in Great Britain and Ireland . Webster 's behaviour after the crime and during the trial further increased the notoriety of the murder . = = Background = = Julia Martha Thomas was a former schoolteacher who had been twice widowed . Since the death of her second husband in 1873 , she had lived on her own at 2 Mayfield Cottages ( also known as 2 Vine Cottages ) in Park Road in Richmond . The house was a two @-@ storey semi @-@ detached villa built in grey stone with a garden at the front and back . The area was not heavily populated at the time , although her house was close to a public house called The Hole in the Wall . Thomas was described by her doctor George Henry Rudd as " a small , well @-@ dressed lady " who was about fifty @-@ four years old . Elliot O 'Donnell , summing up contemporary accounts in his introduction to a transcript of Webster 's trial , said that Thomas had an " excitable temperament " and was regarded by her neighbours as eccentric . She frequently travelled , leaving her friends and relatives unaware of her whereabouts for weeks or months at a time . She was a member of the lower middle class and as such was not wealthy , but she habitually dressed up and wore jewellery to give the impression of prosperity . Her desire to employ a live @-@ in domestic servant probably had as much to do with status as with practicality . However , she had a reputation for being a harsh employer and her irregular habits meant that she had difficulty finding and retaining servants . Before 1879 , she had only been able to keep one maid for any length of time . On 29 January 1879 , Thomas took on Kate Webster as her servant . Webster had been born as Kate Lawler in Killanne in County Wexford in about 1849 . She was later described by The Daily Telegraph as " a tall , strongly @-@ made woman of about 5 feet 5 inches ( 165 cm ) in height with sallow and much freckled complexion and large and prominent teeth . " The details of her early life are unclear , as many of her later autobiographical statements proved unreliable , but she claimed to have been married to a sea captain called Webster by whom she had four children . According to her account , all of the children died , as did her husband , within a short time of each other . She was imprisoned for larceny in Wexford in December 1864 , when she was only about 15 years old , and came to England in 1867 . In February 1868 , she was sentenced to four years of penal servitude for committing larceny in Liverpool . She was released from jail in January 1872 and , by 1873 , she had moved to Rose Gardens in Hammersmith , London where she became friends with a neighbouring family named Porter . On 18 April 1874 , she gave birth to a son whom she named John W. Webster in Kingston upon Thames . The identity of the father is unclear , as she named three different men at various times . One , a man named Strong , was her accomplice in further robberies and thefts . She later claimed to have been forced into crime , as she had been " forsaken by him , and committed crimes for the purpose of supporting myself and child " . She moved frequently around West London using various aliases , including Webb , Webster , Gibbs , Gibbons , and Lawler . While living in Teddington , she was arrested and convicted in May 1875 of 36 charges of larceny . She was sentenced to eighteen months in Wandsworth Prison . Not long after leaving prison , she was arrested again for larceny and was sentenced to another twelve months ' imprisonment in February 1877 . Her young son was cared for in her absence by Sarah Crease , a friend who worked as a charwoman for a Miss Loder in Richmond . In January 1879 , Sarah Crease fell ill and Webster stood in for her as a temporary replacement at Loder 's house . Loder knew Julia Martha Thomas as a friend and was aware of her wish to find a domestic servant . She recommended Webster on the basis of the latter 's temporary work for her . When Thomas met Webster , she engaged her on the spot , though she did not appear to have made any inquiries about Webster 's character or past . After Webster was taken on by Thomas , the relationship between the two women appears to have deteriorated rapidly . Thomas disliked the quality of Webster 's work and frequently criticised it . Webster later said : At first I thought her a nice old lady ... but I found her very trying , and she used to do many things to annoy me during my work . When I had finished my work in my rooms , she used to go over it again after me , and point out places where she said I did not clean , showing evidence of a nasty spirit towards me . Webster in turn became increasingly resentful of Thomas , to the point that Thomas attempted to persuade friends to stay with her as she did not like to be alone with Webster . It was arranged that Webster would leave Thomas ' service on 28 February . Thomas recorded her decision in her last diary entry : " Gave Katherine warning to leave " . = = Murder and the disposal of the body = = Webster persuaded Thomas to keep her on for a further three days until Sunday 2 March . She had Sunday afternoons off as a half @-@ day and was expected to return in time to help Thomas prepare for evening service at the local Presbyterian church . On this occasion , however , Webster visited the local alehouse and returned late , delaying Thomas ' departure . The two women quarrelled and several members of the congregation later reported that Thomas had appeared " very agitated " on arriving at the church . She told a fellow congregant that she had been delayed by " the neglect of her servant to return home at the proper time " , and said that Webster had " flown into a terrible passion " upon being rebuked . Thomas returned home from church early , about 9 pm , and confronted Webster . According to Webster 's eventual confession : Mrs. Thomas came in and went upstairs . I went up after her , and we had an argument , which ripened into a quarrel , and in the height of my anger and rage I threw her from the top of the stairs to the ground floor . She had a heavy fall , and I became agitated at what had occurred , lost all control of myself , and , to prevent her screaming and getting me into trouble , I caught her by the throat , and in the struggle she was choked , and I threw her on the floor . The neighbours , a woman named Ives ( who was Thomas ' landlady ) and her mother , heard a single thump like that of a chair falling over but paid no heed to it at the time . Next door , Webster began disposing of the body by dismembering it and boiling it in the laundry copper and burning the bones in the hearth . She later described her actions : I determined to do away with the body as best I could . I chopped the head from the body with the assistance of a razor which I used to cut through the flesh afterwards . I also used the meat saw and the carving knife to cut the body up with . I prepared the copper with water to boil the body to prevent identity ; and as soon as I had succeeded in cutting it up I placed it in the copper and boiled it . I opened the stomach with the carving knife , and burned up as much of the parts as I could . The neighbours noticed an unusual , unpleasant smell . Webster spoke later of how she was " greatly overcome , both from the horrible sight before me and the smell " . However , the activity at 2 Mayfield Cottages did not seem to be out of the ordinary , as it was customary in many households for the washing to begin early on Monday morning . Over the next couple of days , Webster continued to clean the house and Thomas ' clothes and put on a show of normality for people who called for orders . Behind the scenes , she was packing Thomas ' dismembered remains into a black Gladstone bag and a corded wooden bonnet @-@ box . She was unable to fit the murdered woman 's head and one of the feet into the containers and disposed of them separately , throwing the foot onto a rubbish heap in Twickenham . The head was buried under the Hole in the Wall pub 's stables a short distance from Thomas ' house , where it was found 131 years later . On 4 March , Webster travelled to Hammersmith to see her old neighbours the Porters , whom she had not seen for six years , wearing Thomas ' silk dress and carrying a Gladstone bag which she had filled with some of Thomas ' remains . Webster introduced herself to the Porters as " Mrs. Thomas " . She claimed that , since last meeting the Porters , she had married , had a child , been widowed , and had been left a house in Richmond by an aunt . She invited Porter and his son Robert to the Oxford and Cambridge Arms pub in Barnes . Along the way , she disposed of the bag that she was carrying , probably by dropping it into the River Thames , while the Porters were inside the pub drinking . It was never recovered . Webster then asked young Robert Porter if he could help her carry a heavy box from 2 Mayfield Cottages to the station . As they crossed Richmond Bridge , Webster dropped the box into the Thames . She was able to explain it away and did not arouse Robert 's suspicions . The following day , however , the box was found washed up in shallow water next to the river bank about a mile downstream . It was spotted by Henry Wheatley , a coal porter who was driving his cart past Barnes Railway Bridge shortly before seven in the morning . He initially thought that the box might contain the proceeds of a burglary . He recovered the box and opened it , finding that it contained what looked like body parts wrapped in brown paper . The discovery was immediately reported to the police and the remains were examined by a doctor , who found that they consisted of the trunk ( minus entrails ) and legs ( minus one foot ) of a woman . The head was missing and was later assumed to have been thrown into the river separately by Webster . Around the same time , a human foot and ankle were found in Twickenham . It was clear that all of the remains belonged to the same corpse , but there was nothing to connect them with Thomas and no means to identify the remains . The doctor who examined the body parts erroneously attributed them to " a young person with very dark hair " . An inquest on 10 – 11 March resulted in an open verdict on the cause of death , and the unidentified remains were laid to rest in Barnes Cemetery on 19 March . The newspapers dubbed the unexplained murder the " Barnes Mystery " , amid speculation that the body had been used for dissection and anatomical study . It was later alleged that Webster had offered two pots of lard to a neighbour , supposed to have been rendered from Thomas ' boiled fat . However , no evidence about this was offered at the subsequent trial and it seems likely that the story is merely a legend , particularly as several versions of the story appear to exist . The proprietress of a nearby pub claimed that Webster had visited her pub and tried to sell what she called " best dripping " there . Leonard Reginald Gribble , a writer on criminology , commented that " there is no acceptable evidence that such a repulsive sale was ever made , and it is more than possible that the episode belongs rightfully with the rest of the vast collection of apocryphal stories that has accumulated , not unnaturally , about the persons and deeds of famous criminals . " Webster continued to live at 2 Mayfield Cottages while posing as Thomas , wearing her late employer 's clothes and dealing with tradesmen under her newly assumed identity . On 9 March , she reached an agreement with John Church , a local publican , to sell Thomas ' furniture and other goods to furnish his pub , the Rising Sun . He agreed to pay her £ 68 with an interim payment of £ 18 in advance . By the time that the removal vans arrived on 18 March , the neighbours were becoming increasingly suspicious , as they had not seen Thomas for nearly two weeks . Her next @-@ door neighbour Miss Ives asked the deliverymen who had ordered the goods removed . They replied " Mrs. Thomas " and indicated Webster . Realising that she had been exposed , Webster fled immediately , catching a train to Liverpool and travelling from there to her family home at Enniscorthy . Meanwhile , Church realised that he had been deceived . When he went through Thomas ' clothes in the delivery van , he found a letter addressed to the real Thomas . The police were called in and searched 2 Mayfield Cottages . There they discovered blood stains , burned finger @-@ bones in the hearth , and fatty deposits behind the copper , as well as a letter left by Webster giving her home address in Ireland . They immediately put out a " wanted " notice giving a description of Webster and her son . Scotland Yard detectives soon discovered that Webster had fled back to Ireland aboard a coal steamer in the company of her young son . The head constable of the Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC ) in Wexford realised that the woman being sought by Scotland Yard was the same person whom his force had arrested 14 years previously for larceny . The RIC were able to trace her to her uncle 's farm at Killanne near Enniscorthy and arrested her there on 29 March . She was taken to Kingstown ( modern Dún Laoghaire ) and travelled from there back to Richmond via Holyhead , in the custody of the Scotland Yard men . On hearing of the crime for which she was charged , her uncle refused to give shelter to her son , and the authorities sent the boy to the local workhouse until such time as a place could be found for him in an industrial school . = = Webster 's trial and execution = = The murder caused a sensation on both sides of the Irish Sea . When the news broke , many people travelled to Richmond to look at Mayfield Cottages . The crime was just as notorious in Ireland ; as Webster travelled under arrest from Enniscorthy to Dublin , crowds gathered to gawk and jeer at her at nearly every station between the two locations . The pre @-@ trial magistrates ' hearings were attended by " many privileged and curious persons ... including not a few ladies " , according to the Manchester Guardian . The Times reported that Webster 's first appearance at Richmond Magistrates ' Court was greeted by " an immense crowd yesterday around the building ... and very great excitement prevailed . " Webster went on trial at the Central Criminal Court – the Old Bailey – on 2 July 1879 . In a sign of the great public interest aroused by the case , the prosecution was led by the Solicitor General , Sir Hardinge Giffard . Webster was defended by a prominent London barrister , Warner Sleigh , and the case was presided over by Mr. Justice Denman . The trial was just as well @-@ attended as the earlier hearings in Richmond and attracted intense interest from all levels of society ; on the fourth day of the trial , the Crown Prince of Sweden – the future King Gustaf V – turned up to watch the proceedings . Over the course of six days , the court heard a succession of witnesses piecing together the complicated story of how Thomas had met her death . Webster had attempted before the trial to implicate the publican John Church and her former neighbour Porter , but both men had solid alibis and were cleared of any involvement in the murder . She pleaded not guilty and her defence sought to emphasise the circumstantial nature of the evidence and highlighted her devotion to her son as a reason why she could not have been capable of the murder . However , Webster 's public unpopularity , impassive demeanour and scanty defence counted strongly against her . A particularly damning piece of evidence came from a bonnetmaker named Maria Durden who told the court that Webster had visited her a week before the murder and had said that she was going to Birmingham to sell some property , jewellery and a house that her aunt had left her . The jury interpreted this as a sign that Webster had premeditated the murder and convicted her after deliberating for about an hour and a quarter . Shortly after the jury returned its verdict and just before the judge was about to pass sentence , Webster was asked if there was any reason why sentence of death should not be passed upon her . She pleaded that she was pregnant in an apparent bid to avoid the death penalty . The Law Times reported that " [ u ] pon this a scene of uncertainty , if not of confusion , ensued , certainly not altogether in harmony with the solemnity of the occasion . " The judge commented that " after thirty @-@ two years in the profession , he was never at an inquiry of this sort . " Eventually the Clerk of Assize suggested using the archaic mechanism of a jury of matrons , constituted from a selection of the women attending the court , to rule upon the question of whether Webster was " with quick child " . Twelve women were sworn in along with a surgeon named Bond , and they accompanied Webster to a private room for an examination that only took a couple of minutes . They returned a verdict that Webster was not " quick with child " , though this did not necessarily mean that she was not pregnant – a distinction that led the president of the Obstetrical Society of London to protest at the use of " the obsolete medical assumption that the unborn child is not alive until the so @-@ called ' quickening . ' " A few days before Webster was due to be executed an appeal was submitted on her behalf to the Home Secretary , R. A. Cross . It was turned down with an official statement that after considering the arguments put forward , the Home Secretary had " failed to discover any sufficient ground to justify him in advising Her Majesty to interfere with the due course of the law . " Before she was executed , Webster made two statements confessing to the crime . In her first , she implicated Strong , the purported father of her child , who she said had participated in the murder and was responsible for leading her into a life of crime . She recanted on 28 July , the night before she was due to be executed , making a further statement in which she took sole responsibility and exonerated Church , Porter and Strong of any involvement . She was hanged the following day at Wandsworth Prison at 9 am , where the hangman , William Marwood , used his newly developed " long drop " technique to cause instantaneous death . After her death was certified , she was buried in an unmarked grave in one of the prison 's exercise yards . The crowd waiting outside cheered as a black flag was raised over the prison walls , signifying that the death sentence had been carried out . An auction of Thomas ' property was held at 2 Mayfield Cottages on the day after Webster 's execution . John Church , the publican , managed to obtain Thomas ' furniture after all , along with numerous other personal effects including her pocket @-@ watch and the knife with which Thomas had been dismembered . The copper in which Thomas ' body had been boiled was sold for five shillings . Other visitors contented themselves with taking small pebbles and twigs from the garden as souvenirs . The house itself remained unoccupied until 1897 , as nobody would live there after the murder . Even then , according to the occupant , servants were reluctant to work at such a notorious place . It was later rumoured that a " ghostly nun " could be seen hovering over the place where Thomas had been buried . To the surprise and disappointment of Elliott O 'Donnell , there was no sign that her house was haunted , and Guy Logan noted that the " neat and pretty " appearance of the property gave no hint of the crime that had been committed within : " anything less like the popular conception of a ' murder house ' it would be hard to imagine . " = = Social impact of the murder = = The murder had a considerable social impact on Victorian Britain and Ireland . It caused an immediate sensation and was widely reported in the press . Freeman 's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser of Dublin noted that what it called " one of the most sensational and awful chapters in the annals of human wickedness " had resulted in the press " teem [ ing ] with descriptions and details of the ghastly horrors of that crime " . Such was Webster 's notoriety that within only a few weeks of her arrest , and well before she had gone to trial , Madame Tussaud 's created a wax effigy of her and put it on display for those who wished to see the " Richmond Murderess " . It remained on display well into the twentieth century alongside other notorious killers such as Burke and Hare and Dr. Crippen . Within days of her execution an enterprising publisher on the Strand rushed into print a souvenir booklet for the price of a penny , " The Life , Trial and Execution of Kate Webster " , which was advertised as " compris [ ing ] Twenty Handsome Pages , containing her entire History , with Summing @-@ up , Verdict , and interesting particulars , together with her last words , and a FULL @-@ PAGE ENGRAVING of the EXECUTION – Portraits , Illustrations & c . " The Illustrated Police News published a souvenir cover depicting an artist 's impression of the day of the execution . It depicted " the prisoner visited by her friends " , " the process of pinioning " , the final rites being said , " hoisting the black flag " , and finally " filling up the coffin with lime " . The case was also commemorated , while it was still ongoing , by street ballads — musical narratives set to the tune of popular songs . H. Such , a printer and publisher in Southwark , issued a ballad entitled " Murder and Mutilation of an Old Lady near Barnes " shortly after Kate Webster had been arrested , set to the tune of " Just Before the Battle , Mother " , a popular song of the American Civil War . At the end of the trial Such issued another ballad , set to the tune of " Driven from Home " , announcing : Webster herself was characterised as malicious , reckless and wilfully evil . Commentators saw her crime as both gruesome and scandalous . Servants were expected to be deferential ; her act of extreme violence towards her employer was deeply disquieting . At the time , about 40 % of the female labour force was employed as domestic servants for a very wide range of society , from the wealthiest to respectable working @-@ class families . Servants and employers lived and worked in close proximity , and the honesty and orderliness of servants was a constant cause of concern . Servants were very poorly paid and larceny was an ever @-@ present temptation . Had Webster succeeded in completing the deal with John Church to sell Thomas ' furniture , she stood to gain the equivalent of two to three years ' worth of wages . Another cause of revulsion against Webster was her attempt to impersonate Thomas . She had managed to perpetrate the impersonation for two weeks , implying that middle @-@ class identity amounted to little more than cultivating the right demeanour and having the appropriate clothes and possessions , whether or not they had been earned . John Church , the publican whom Webster had attempted to implicate , was himself a former servant who had risen to lower middle @-@ class status and earned a measure of prosperity and effective management of his pub . His commitment to bettering himself through hard work was in keeping with the ethic of the time . Webster , in contrast , had simply stolen her briefly @-@ held middle @-@ class identity . Exacerbating the crime in the minds of many Vicorians was how Webster violated the expected norms of femininity by the standards of the Victorian era . Victorian ideals saw women as moral , passive and physically weak or restrained . Webster was seen as quite the opposite and was described in lurid ways that emphasised her lack of femininity . Elliott O 'Donnell , writing in his introduction to the trial transcript , described Webster as " not merely savage , savage and shocking ... but the grimmest of grim personalities , a character so uniquely sinister and barbaric as to be hardly human " . The newspapers described her as " gaunt , repellent , and trampish @-@ looking " , though the reporter for The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times commented that she was " not so ill @-@ favoured as she has been described . " Webster 's appearance and behaviour were seen as key signs of her inherently criminal nature . Crimes were thought to be committed by a social " residuum " at the bottom of society who occupied themselves as " habitual criminals " , choosing to live a life of drink and theft rather than improving themselves through thrift and hard work . Her strong build , partly a result of the hard physical labour that was her livelihood , ran counter to the largely middle @-@ class notion that women were meant to be physically frail . Some commentators saw her facial features as indicative of criminality ; O 'Donnell commented upon her " obliquely set eyes " , which he declared " are not infrequently found in homicides ... this peculiarity , which I consider was sufficient in itself , as one of nature 's danger signals , to have warned people to steer clear of her " . Webster 's behaviour in court and her sexual history also counted against her . She was widely described by reporters as " calm " and " stolid " in facing the court and only cried once during the trial , when her son was mentioned . This contradicted the expectation that " properly feminine " women should be penitent and emotional in such a situation . Her succession of male friends , one of whom had fathered her child outside wedlock , suggested promiscuous female sexuality — again , strongly counter to expected norms of behaviour . During her trial she attempted unsuccessfully to evoke sympathy by blaming Strong , the possible father of her child , for leading her astray : " I formed an intimate acquaintance with one who should have protected me and was led away by evil associates and bad companions . " This claim played on social expectations that women 's moral sense was inextricably linked with sexual chastity — " falling " sexually would lead to other forms of " ruin " — and that men who had sexual relations with women acquired social obligations that they were expected to fulfil . Webster 's attempt to implicate three innocent men also caused outrage ; O 'Donnell commented that " public opinion , as a whole , undoubtedly condemned Kate Webster , as much , perhaps , for her attempts to bring three innocent men to the scaffold as for the actual murder itself " . According to Shani D 'Cruze of the Feminist Crime Research Network , the fact that she was Irish was a significant factor in the widespread revulsion felt towards Webster in Great Britain . Many Irish people had emigrated to England since the Great Famine of 1849 , but met widespread prejudice and persistent associations with criminality and drunkenness . The Irish were at worst depicted as bestial and subhuman , and there were repeated episodes of violence between Irish and English workers as well as attacks by Fenians ( Irish nationalists ) in England . The demonisation of Webster as " hardly human " , as O 'Donnell put it , was of a piece with the public and judicial perceptions of the Irish as innately criminal . = = Discovery of Thomas ' skull = = In 1952 , the naturalist David Attenborough and his wife Jane bought a house situated between the former Mayfield Cottages ( which still stand today ) and the Hole in the Wall pub . The pub closed in 2007 and fell into dereliction but was bought by Attenborough in 2009 to be redeveloped . On 22 October 2010 , workmen carrying out excavation work at the rear of the old pub uncovered a " dark circular object " , which turned out to be a woman 's skull . It had been buried underneath foundations that had been in place for at least 40 years , on the site of the pub 's stables . It was immediately speculated that the skull was the missing head of Julia Martha Thomas , and the coroner asked Richmond police to carry out an investigation into the identity and circumstances of death of the skull 's owner . Carbon dating carried out at the University of Edinburgh dated the skull to between 1650 and 1880 , while the fact that it had been deposited on top of a layer of Victorian tiles suggested that it belonged to the end of this era . The skull had fracture marks consistent with Webster 's account of throwing Thomas down the stairs , and it was found to have low collagen levels , consistent with it being boiled . In July 2011 , the coroner concluded that the skull was indeed that of Thomas . DNA testing was not possible as she had died childless and no relatives could be traced ; in addition , there was no record of where the rest of her body had been buried . The coroner recorded a verdict of unlawful killing , superseding the open verdict recorded in 1879 . The cause of Thomas 's death was given as asphyxiation and a head injury . The police called the outcome " a good example of how good old @-@ fashioned detective work , historical records and technological advances came together to solve the ' Barnes Mystery ' . " = Gay bathhouse = Gay bathhouses , also known as gay saunas or steambaths , are commercial spaces for men to have sex with other men . In gay slang in some regions these venues are also known colloquially as " the baths " , " the sauna " or " the tubs " , but they should not be confused with public bathing . Gay baths are primarily for sex , not bathing . Not all men who visit gay bathhouses consider themselves gay , regardless of their sexual behavior . Bathhouses offering similar opportunities for sex for women are rare , though some men 's bathhouses occasionally have " lesbian " or " women only " nights . Bathhouses vary considerably in size and amenities – from small establishments with 10 or 20 rooms and a handful of lockers to multi @-@ story saunas with a variety of room styles or sizes and several steam baths , Jacuzzi tubs , and sometimes swimming pools . Most have a steam room ( or wet sauna ) , dry sauna , showers , lockers , and small private rooms . Many bathhouses are , for legal reasons , " membership only " , though membership is generally open to any adult who seeks it , usually after paying a small fee . Unlike brothels , customers pay only for the use of the facilities . Sexual activity , if it occurs , is not provided by staff of the establishment but is between customers , and no money is exchanged . Many gay bathhouses , for legal reasons , explicitly prohibit or discourage prostitution and ban known prostitutes . = = History = = Records of men meeting for sex with other men in bathhouses date back to the 15th century . A tradition of public baths dates back to the 6th century BC , and there are many ancient records of homosexual activity in Greece . In the West , gay men have been using bathhouses for sex since at least the late 19th and early 20th centuries , a time when homosexual acts were illegal in most Western countries and men who were caught engaging in homosexual acts were often arrested and publicly humiliated . Men began frequenting cruising areas such as bathhouses , public parks , alleys , train and bus stations , movie theaters , public lavatories ( cottages or tearooms ) , and gym changing rooms where they could meet other men for sex . Some bathhouse owners tried to prevent sex between patrons while others , mindful of profits or prepared to risk prosecution , overlooked discreet homosexual activity . = = = Early records = = = 1492 Florence In Florence , Italy , in 1492 there was a purge against the " vice of sodomy " . The places used for homosexual acts were to be taverns , baths , and casini ( sheds or houses used for illicit sex and gambling ) . The Eight of Watch ( the city 's leading criminal court ) issued several decrees associated with sodomy and on April 11 , 1492 they warned the managers of bathhouses to keep out " suspect boys " on penalty of a fine . In the short period from April 1492 to February 1494 they convicted 44 men for homosexual relations not involving violence or aggravating circumstances . 1876 Paris In France the first recorded police raid on a Parisian bathhouse was in 1876 in the Bains de Gymnase on the Rue du Faubourg @-@ Poissonnière . Six men aged 14 to 22 were prosecuted for an offense against public decency and the manager and two employees for facilitating pederasty . 1903 New York In the United States on February 21 , 1903 , New York police conducted the first recorded raid on a gay bathhouse , the Ariston Hotel Baths . 26 men were arrested and 12 brought to trial on sodomy charges ; 7 men received sentences ranging from 4 to 20 years in prison . = = = Early gay bathhouses = = = In New York City , the Everard ( nicknamed the Everhard ) was converted from a church to a bathhouse in 1888 and was patronized by gay men before the 1920s and by the 1930s had a reputation as the " classiest , safest , and best known of the baths " . It was damaged by fire on May 25 , 1977 , when nine men died and several others were seriously injured . The Everard closed in 1986 . Also popular in the 1910s were the Produce Exchange Baths and the Lafayette Baths ( 403 – 405 Lafayette Street , which from 1916 was managed by Ira & George Gershwin ) . American precisionist painter Charles Demuth used the Lafayette Baths as his favourite haunt . His 1918 homoerotic self @-@ portrait set in a Turkish bath is likely to have been inspired by it . The Penn Post Baths in a hotel basement ( The Penn Post Hotel , 304 West 31st Street ) was a popular gay location in the 1920s despite a seedy condition and the lack of private rooms . The American composer Charles Griffes ( 1884 – 1920 ) wrote in his diaries about visits to the New York bathhouses and the YMCA . His biography states : So great was his need to be with boys , that though his home contained two pianos , he chose to practice at an instrument at the Y , and his favorite time was when the players were coming and going from their games . When a friend with " little experience but great desire " confided his homosexual longings to Charles Griffes in 1916 , Griffes took him to the Lafayette so that he could meet other gay men and explore his sexual interests in a supportive environment : the friend was " astounded and fascinated " by what he saw there . The baths also encouraged more advanced forms of sexual experimentation . Griffes himself had had his first encounter with a man interested in sadomasochism at the Lafayette two years earlier ( he found the man " interesting " but the experience unappealing ) , and several men interviewed in the mid @-@ 1930s referred to experimenting in the baths and learning of new pleasures . In London , the Savoy Turkish Baths at 92 Jermyn Street became a favorite spot ( opening in 1910 and remaining open until September 1975 ) . The journalist A.J. Langguth wrote : ... [ The baths at Jermyn Street ] represented a twilight arena for elderly men who came to sweat poisons from their systems and youths who came to strike beguiling poses in Turkish towels ... although they were closely overseen by attendants , they provided a discreet place to inspect a young man before offering a cup of tea at Lyons . Regulars included Rock Hudson . In the 1950s the Bermondsey Turkish Baths were rated by Kenneth Williams as " quite fabulous " in his diaries . Steambaths in the 1930s : The steambaths that had been well known to me were those of East Ham , Greenwich and Bermondsey . In the first two it was frequently possible to indulge in what the Spartacus Guide coyly describes as ' action ' , but behaviour at all times had to be reasonably cautious . In the Grange Road baths in Bermondsey , however , all restraint could immediately be discarded with the small towels provided to cover your nakedness . = = = Modern gay bathhouses = = = In the 1950s exclusively gay bathhouses began to open in the United States . Though subject to vice raids , these bathhouses were " oasis of homosexual camaraderie " and were , as they remain today , " places where it was safe to be gay " , whether or not patrons themselves identified as homosexual . The gay baths offered a much safer alternative to sex in other public places . In the late 1960s and 1970s , gay bathhouses – now primarily gay @-@ owned and operated – became fully licensed gay establishments which soon became major gay institutions . These bathhouses served as informal gay meeting places , places where friends could meet and relax . Gay bathhouses frequently threw parties for Pride Day and were usually open , and busy , on public holidays such as Thanksgiving and Christmas , when some gay men , particularly those who had been rejected by their families due to their sexual orientation , had nowhere to go . The American writer Truman Capote was a regular at New York City baths in the 1970s , in particular the sauna at West 58th Street . Another service offered by the baths was voter registration . In the run @-@ up to the 1980 election , the New St. Mark 's Baths in New York City , with the assistance of the League of Women Voters , conducted a voter registration drive on its premises . In Australia , the first gay steam bath was opened in Sydney in 1967 . This was the Bondi Junction Steam Baths at 109 Oxford Street . From 1972 through 1977 the following gay steam baths opened : Ken 's Karate Klub ( nicknamed " KKK " ) , now called Ken 's at Kensington ; No. 253 ; King Steam ; Silhouette American Health Centre ; Colt 107 Recreation Centre ; Barefoot Boy ; and Roman Bath ( nicknamed " Roman Ruins " ) . In Melbourne the first gay bathhouse was Steamworks in La Trobe Street , which opened in 1979 and closed 13 October 2008 . Gay saunas , as they are more commonly known in Australia and New Zealand , were present in most large cities in those countries by the late 1980s . As homosexuality was decriminalised in New Zealand and most Australian states during the 1970s and 1980s , there was no criminal conduct occurring on the premises of such " sex on site venues " . In Britain gay saunas were routinely raided by police up until the end of the 1980s ( for example raids in May 1988 on Brownies in Streatham , the owner getting a six @-@ month jail sentence and a £ 5 @,@ 000 fine , and the Brooklyn House Hotel sauna in Manchester ) . By the 1990s , with increasing scrutiny of the costs of such operations ( charges of gross indecency in a sauna normally needing the expense of undercover officers ) , a reduced likelihood of successful prosecution , concerns of being perceived as homophobic , and little public interest in victimless crime , gay saunas became free to operate without the risk of being raided by police . Also , police attitudes meant that they were more willing to turn a blind eye because they preferred such activity to take place in a contained environment rather than outdoors even though users were still committing the homosexual sexual offence of gross indecency , until gross indecency was wiped from the statute books following the Sexual Offences Act 2003 . = = Bathhouses today = = Gay bathhouses today continue to fill a similar function as they did historically . The community aspect has lessened in some territories , particularly those where gay men increasingly tend to come out . Some men still use bathhouses as a convenient , safe place to meet other men for sex . In areas where homosexuality is more accepted , safety may no longer be a primary attraction . Many bathhouses are open twenty @-@ four hours a day , seven days a week . There is typically a single customer entrance and exit . After paying at the main entrance , the customer is buzzed through the main door . This system allows establishments to screen potential troublemakers ; many bathhouses refuse entry to those who are visibly intoxicated , as well as known prostitutes . In some areas , particularly where homosexuality is illegal , considered immoral , or viewed with hostility , this is a necessary safety precaution . Sexual encounters at bathhouses are frequently , but not always , anonymous . Some feel that the anonymity adds to the erotic excitement : that is what , for these patrons , one goes to the bathhouse for . Bathhouse encounters sometimes lead to relationships , but usually do not . Bathhouses are still used by men who have sex with men and do not identify as gay or bisexual , including those that are closeted or in heterosexual relationships . In many bathhouses the customer has a choice between renting a room or a locker , often for fixed periods of up to 12 hours . A room typically consists of a locker and a single bed ( though doubles are sometimes available ) with a thin vinyl mat supported on a simple wooden box or frame , an arrangement that facilitates easy cleaning between patrons . In many bathhouses ( particularly those outside the United States ) , some or all of the rooms are freely available to all patrons . Some bathhouses have areas designed to facilitate impersonal sex . These areas – rooms or hallways – are illuminated only by a ( dim ) red exit sign . It is possible to have sex , but not to see with whom . Other bathhouses , such as the Continental Baths in New York or the Club Baths in Washington , D.C. , have two or more bunkbeds in close proximity , in a public area . This provides a place to have sex for those who could afford only a locker , and facilitated exhibitionism and voyeurism for those so inclined . Baths often have a ( porn ) TV room or snack bar where patrons can recuperate between orgasms . Some men use the baths as a cheaper alternative to hotels , despite the limitations of being potentially crowded public venues with only rudimentary rooms and limited or non @-@ existent pass out privileges . These guys will actually call me at home or send me e @-@ mails and we will make a date and we will meet at the baths purely because the sling is there and it 's easier and we go for a beer afterwards . I use the bathhouse more as an ancient Greek , Roman social centre and also a fucking centre and a fisting centre as well , and there 's a lounge where I can sit and relax with a coffee and a cigarette . Bathhouses are not always identifiable as such from the outside . Some bathhouses are clearly marked and well lit , others have no marking other than a street address on the door . Bathhouses sometimes display the rainbow flag , which is commonly flown by businesses to identify themselves as gay @-@ run or gay @-@ friendly . Bathhouses commonly advertise widely in the gay press and sometimes advertise in mainstream newspapers and other media . In 2003 Australia began airing possibly the world 's first television advertisements for a gay bathhouse when advertisements on commercial television in Melbourne promoted Wet on Wellington , a sauna in Wellington Street , Collingwood . In many countries , being identified in such a sauna was still viewed by the press as scandalous . In Ireland in November 1994 , the Incognito sauna made mainstream press as the gay sauna where a priest had died of a heart attack and two other priests were on hand to help out . Scott Capurro is known for his deliberately provocative comedy material and often refers to gay sexual culture including gay bathhouses . = = Layout and typical amenities = = On being buzzed in , the customer receives a towel ( to wear , around the waist ) and the key for his room or locker . The customer undresses , storing his clothing in the locker provided , and is then free to wander throughout the public areas of the bathhouse , which typically include the amenities of a traditional bathhouse or steambath ( Picture from the movie Hamam ) . Many bathhouses also provide free condoms and lubricant . Some establishments require a piece of identification or an item of value to be left with the front desk on entry . Homosexualities emphasized the importance of the towel : Visiting a downtown gay bath was in many ways like revisiting a high @-@ school gym – everyone wearing the same towel , in the same color , on the same part of the body . There was no status consciousness in the social @-@ stratification sense ; the towel or loincloth created a sort of equal @-@ status social group . Bathhouses are designed with imagery and music to create surroundings that are arousing to the visitors . Bathhouses are usually dimly lit and play music , although an outdoors , enclosed rooftop or pool area is not uncommon . They are often laid out in a manner that allows or encourages customers to wander throughout the establishment ; a space laid out in this way is often referred to as a " maze " . Some bathhouses have a space where random , anonymous sex is all that can occur . These spaces – rooms , hallways , or mazes , sometimes with glory holes – have as their only illumination a ( dim ) red " Exit " sign , so one can have sex but one cannot see with whom . Other clubs , such as the Continental Baths or the Club Baths of Washington , D.C. , would have two or more bunk beds placed near each other , in a public area , thus providing a place to have sex for those who can afford only to rent a locker , and also maximizing the chances of being watched , for the exhibitionists so inclined . Rooms are usually grouped together , as are lockers . Bathhouses are frequently decorated with posters of nude or semi @-@ nude men , and sometimes explicit depictions of sex . It is not uncommon to see pornographic movies playing on wall @-@ mounted televisions throughout the bathhouse . Most men typically just wear the towel provided . According to bathhouse etiquette , it is perfectly acceptable , even friendly , to put one 's hand under someone else 's towel to feel his penis , which , if well received , is the first step in sexual intimacy . Some bathhouses permit and others not only permit but encourage total nudity . In some bathhouses nudity is forbidden in the common areas of the establishments . Some men may wear underwear or fetish @-@ wear , but it is unusual for customers to remain fully or even partially dressed in street clothes . Bare feet are customary , though some men prefer to wear flip flops or sandals , sometimes provided by the establishment , for foot protection . The room or locker key is usually suspended from an elastic band which can be worn around the wrist or ankle . Some bathhouses require customers to purchase yearly memberships and many offer special entry rates to members , students , military , or other groups . In some countries , bathhouses can restrict entrance to men of certain age ranges ( apart from the general requirement of being an adult ) or physical types , although in other places this would be considered illegal discrimination . Some bathhouses hold occasional " leather " , " underwear " , or other theme nights . In the 1970s bathhouses began to install " fantasy environments " which recreated erotic situations that were illegal or dangerous : Orgy rooms . . . encouraged group sex , while glory holes recreated ( public ) toilets , and mazes took the place of bushes and undergrowth ( in public parks ) . Steam rooms and gyms were reminiscent of the cruisy YMCAs , while video rooms recreated the balconies and back rows of movie theaters . A popular Chicago bathhouse called Man ‘ s Country provided a full @-@ size model of an Everlast truck where visitors could have sex in the cab or in the rear , which served as an orgy room . . . Man 's Country also offered a . . . fake prison cell made of rubber bars . Many bathhouses sell food and drinks , cigarettes , pornography , sex toys , lubricants , and toiletries . Some bathhouses also provide non @-@ sexual services such as massage and reflexology . Some bathhouses serve as venues where testing for sexually transmitted infections takes place , at regular pre @-@ announced times . = = Etiquette = = Customers typically divide their time between the showers / saunas / jacuzzis and the main areas of the establishment . Customers who have rented rooms have free access to their room . Customers who have rooms may leave their room doors open to signal that they are available for sex . An open door can also be an invitation for others to watch or join in sexual activity that is already occurring . When a room is occupied only by a single person , some men will position themselves to suggest what they might like from someone joining them in the room : those who would like to be penetrated anally ( " bottoms " ) will sometimes lie face down on the bed with the door open , while those who prefer to penetrate others ( " tops " ) or to receive fellatio might lie face up . In the past , the baths served as community spaces for gay men . Even now , some men choose to go to the baths with their friends ( even though they may not necessarily have sex with each other ) . While many men talk to each other at the baths , even forming long @-@ lasting friendships or relationships , many others do not , preferring , for various reasons , anonymity . But I ’ ve been to a sauna recently in New Zealand , where everyone just chatted away , which I found very strange . Um , but you know , that 's because I guess it was a smaller city and people generally knew each other . In this highly sexualized environment a look or nod is frequently enough to express interest . In darkened areas of the establishment including the mazes , video rooms , group sex areas , and the saunas or hot tubs ( but not generally in the showers , toilets , hallways , gyms , café areas , and lounges ) , men are usually free to touch other patrons ; it is expected , and often welcomed . A shake of the head , or pushing away the other 's hand , means that the attention is not welcomed . I normally find people with groping don ’ t go away . You really have to as they grope your crotch area grab their hand and push it away and there have been times when I ’ ve had to do that three , two or three or four times before they actually get the message . There 's also been times when I actually just had to say to them to fuck off . Some establishments allow or encourage sex in specific group sex areas . In some jurisdictions such activity is prohibited , and sex must be confined to private rooms . Some forbid sex in pools for hygiene reasons . In the United Kingdom , the requirement is often set by the local authority 's Environmental Health department . = = High @-@ risk behavior = = = = = Sexually transmitted diseases = = = From the mid @-@ 1980s onward there was lobbying against gay bathhouses blaming them for being a focus of infection encouraging the spread of sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) , in particular HIV , and this forced their closure in some jurisdictions ( see Legal issues , below ) . In some countries , fears about the spread of STDs have prompted the closing of bathhouses – with their private rooms – in favour of sex clubs , in which all sexual activity takes place in the open , and can be observed by monitors whose job it is to enforce safe @-@ sex practices . However , proponents of bathhouses point out that closing these facilities does not prevent people from engaging in unsafe sex . Neither the claim that bathhouses are responsible for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases , nor the claim that they are not , has been conclusively proved , but it is known that STDs are spread via unprotected sex , and as part of their membership agreement , or as a condition of entry , some bathhouses now require customers to affirm in writing that they will only practice safe sex on the premises , and venues frequently provide free condoms , latex gloves , and lubrication ( and / or have them available for purchase ) . In New Zealand and Australia , the New Zealand AIDS Foundation and constituent members of the Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations provide safe sex information for sex on site venue users . Some anti @-@ bathhouse activists argue that these measures are not enough , especially given that it is virtually impossible to monitor sexual activity in a bathhouse ; however , while they acknowledge that closing gay bathhouses may force some men into unsafe or illegal situations in public parks and lavatories , they point out that they may be less likely to engage in anal or multipartner sex – both of which put participants at risk for contracting STDs – in such situations . Others counter these claims by pointing out that bathhouses are a major source of safer sex information – they provide pamphlets and post safer sex posters prominently ( often on the walls of each room as well as in the common areas ) , provide free condoms and lubricants , and often require patrons to affirm that they will only have safer sex on the premises . In cities with larger gay populations , STD and HIV testing and counseling may be offered on @-@ site for no charge . = = = Drugs and alcohol = = = In some countries bathhouses are prohibited from selling alcohol . ( In Canada , where some bathhouses serve alcohol , a bathhouse holding a liquor license may be required to submit to liquor inspections , which activists claim are often a pretext for regulating gay sexual activity . ) Many bathhouses deny entry to those who are visibly intoxicated but do not – or cannot – regulate the consumption of drugs ( typically alcohol , marijuana , poppers , ecstasy , cocaine , and crystal meth ) by their patrons . The use of drugs and alcohol may make people more likely to engage in unsafe sex . Sex clubs with no private areas potentially find it easier to regulate consumption of drugs on their premises . The use of crystal meth is also known to lead to riskier sexual behaviour , but since gay crystal meth users tend to seek out other users to engage in sexual activity , they often prefer to make such arrangements via the internet . = = = Prostitution = = = In some countries straight and gay bathhouses are used by rent boys to find customers by offering massage services , the " complete service " is often used as a euphemism for sex . All interviewees were asked whether or not they used condoms , and all with the exception of Fabian , said they used them when having penetrative sex with clients . For fellatio , sometimes they used condoms and sometimes not ... For him ( Fabian ) , it was all the same whether he used a condom or not . He also talked about the drugs he had taken , pure alcohol , crack cocaine , and ‘ sometimes I inject , maybe 15 times I ’ ve injected , crystal , cocaine and sometimes heroin ’ . = = Legal issues = = = = = Canada = = = Toronto bathhouse raids of 1981 On February 5 , 1981 , 150 police raided four gay bathhouses in Toronto , Ontario : the Club Baths , the Romans II Health and Recreation Spa , the Richmond Street Health Emporium , and The Barracks . The Richmond Health Emporium was so badly damaged in the raid that it never reopened . Nicknamed Operation Soap , the raid resulted in the arrests of 268 men . There was an immediate and angry response from both the gay and lesbian community and over 3 @,@ 000 people gathered in protest . A second demonstration which took place on February 20 , included over 4 @,@ 000 people who gathered at Queen 's Park and marched to Metro Toronto Police 's 52 Division . Raid on Pussy Palace In 2000 , Toronto police raided a women 's night at a bathhouse called Club Toronto . Police , almost all of them male , entered the establishment and walked around , taking the names and addresses of some 10 women and " aggressively questioned " volunteers . A Pussy Palace organizer stated “ [ m ] any women at the event were deeply angered and traumatized ” . A judge of the Ontario Court of Justice held that the police had violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms by using male police officers in the raid , describing the police actions as analogous to a strip search . Raid on Goliath 's In December 2002 , Calgary police raided Goliath 's resulting in charges against 19 men . Fifteen men were arrested in the raid . Thirteen customers were charged as " found @-@ ins " ( found in a common bawdy house without a legal excuse ) and two staff members were charged with the more serious offense of keeping a common bawdy house . The customers faced up to two years in prison . In addition , the owners of the bathhouse and a third staff member were later charged with keeping a common bawdy house . On May 27 , 2004 , a judge ruled that the police had reasonable justification to raid Goliath 's . Defense lawyers countered that none of the anonymous information the police acted upon – for example that live sex shows were being staged and drugs sold on the premises – featured in the charges made against the seventeen men . They also pointed out that the police failed to call in the force 's gay community liaison officer . Goliath 's reopened a little more than a month after the raid . In November 2004 , the Crown stayed the found @-@ in charge against the last remaining patron , saying it was no longer in the public interest to pursue the case . The case against the owners and managers of Goliath 's , however , was expected to come to trial in February 2005 . Terry Haldane , the only " found @-@ in " patron who was actively fighting the charge against him , accused the Crown of dropping the charge because Haldane and his lawyers had given notice of their plan to challenge the bawdy house law all the way to the Supreme Court . In February 2005 , all remaining charges in the case were dropped . The court cited a lack of community support and evidence ( from a poll ) that the community supported the existence of gay bathhouses by a small margin . Raid on Hamilton 's Warehouse Spa On August 3 , 2004 , Hamilton 's Warehouse Spa and Bath was " inspected " by a task force of officers from the police , public health , the city 's building and licensing department , the fire department , and the alcohol and gaming commission . Two men were arrested and charged with committing indecent acts . = = = United States = = = In California the " Consenting Adult Sex Bill " , passed in January 1976 , made gay bathhouses and the sex that took place within them legal for the first time . During the 1970s , the two most popular gay bathhouses in San Francisco , both located in the SOMA neighborhood , were the Ritch Street Health Club at 330 Ritch St. , the interior of which was designed like a Minoan palace , and The Barracks , a BDSM bathhouse at 72 Hallam near Folsom in which each room was designed to accommodate a different BDSM sexual fantasy . In 1978 a group of police officers raided the Liberty Baths in the Polk Gulch neighborhood of San Francisco and arrested three patrons for " lewd conduct in a public place " , but the District Attorney 's office soon dropped the charges against them . In 1984 , however , fear of AIDS caused the San Francisco Health department , with the support of some gay activists such as Randy Shilts , and against the opposition of other gay activists , to ask the courts to close gay bathhouses in the city . The court , under Judge Roy Wonder , instead issued a court order that limited sexual practices and disallowed renting of private rooms in bathhouses , so that sexual activity could be monitored , as a public health measure . Some of the bathhouses tried to live within the strict rules of this court order , but many of them felt they could not easily do business under the new rules and closed . Eventually , the few remaining actual bathhouses succumbed to either economic pressures or the continuing legal pressures of the city and finally closed . Several sex clubs , which were not officially bathhouses , continued to operate indefinitely and operate to this day , though following strict rules under the court order and city regulations . Bathhouses themselves , however , operate just outside the city , thus outside of their laws , such as in Berkeley and San Jose . In 1985 , the New York City Health Department ordered that the city 's gay bathhouses be closed . As a result , heterosexual sex clubs such as Plato 's Retreat had to shut down as well because the city had just passed a gay rights ordinance , and allowing the heterosexual clubs to remain open while closing the gay establishments would have been a violation of that ordinance . Los Angeles , Chicago , Atlanta , Louisville , Seattle , Berkeley , San Jose , Cleveland , Portland , Reno , Las Vegas , Detroit , Indianapolis , Dallas , Houston , Denver , Tampa , Miami and Fort Lauderdale are some American cities that have bathhouses in operation . = = = China = = = In March 2008 a series of police raids in gay bathhouses and at gay meeting spots in Beijing have resulted in arrests and bathhouse closures . This included raids on two branches of the Oasis bathhouses , known to be the most popular in Beijing . In 2000 , police arrested 37 men in a Guangzhou gay spa on charges of prostitution . Homosexuality was decriminalized in China in 1997 . = = = Germany , Austria and Switzerland = = = The German @-@ speaking countries have a lot of gay bathhouses ( " Schwule Sauna " ) since homosexuality had been legalized in 1969 ( and later ) . The oldest ones are Vulcan @-@ Sauna in Hanover , another bathhouse in Cologne , Berlin and Kaiserbründl in Vienna . = = = Japan = = = See also Gay Bathhouse in Japan . In Japan , there were " Sunagawaya ( 砂川屋 ) " " Takenoya ( 竹の家 ) " " Seibuen ( 西武苑 ) " in the 1950s . " Oban ( 大番 ) " " 24 Kaikan ( 24会館 ) " " Jin @-@ ya ( 陣屋 ) " were built in the 1970s . = = Notable patrons = = Truman Capote Gay author Truman Capote ( 1924 @-@ 1984 ) wrote about his visits to the Everard Baths . Justin Fashanu The first openly gay British footballer Justin Fashanu ( 1961 – 1998 ) spent his last night in Chariots Roman Spa . His suicide was due to press reports that the US authorities were planning to extradite him and charge him with sexual assault ( there was in fact no warrant ) . His suicide note claimed that the sexual encounter had been consensual and that the youth contacted police only after Fashanu refused to pay him blackmail . Michel Foucault The influential 20th @-@ century French philosopher Michel Foucault ( 1926 – 1984 ) visited bathhouses in California in the 1970s and early 1980s , and the Mineshaft in New York . He died of AIDS @-@ related causes in 1984 . Jack Fritscher Gay erotic author and editor Jack Fritscher ( 1939 – ) made hundreds of visits to the Mineshaft ( a bathhouse without the bath ) . Charles Griffes Gay composer Charles Griffes ( 1884 – 1920 ) wrote of his bathhouse visits ; two quotations are given above . Mikhail Kuzmin Russian poet , novelist and composer Mikhail Kuzmin ( 1872 – 1936 ) is known to have patronized bathhouses . Some of the bathhouses in St. Petersburg at the time became known as friendly to gay men and provided " attendants " , who might provide sexual services for a fee . In his diary , Kuzmin writes of one bathhouse visit : the evening I had the urge to go to a bathhouse simply to be stylish , for the fun of it , for cleanliness . Harvey Milk The openly gay American politician Harvey Milk ( 1930 – 1978 ) vowed to stop visiting gay bathhouses when he ran for supervisor in 1975 . Rudolf Nureyev The Russian dancer Rudolf Nureyev ( 1938 – 1993 ) was known to frequent the baths in New York . He did not get past the door of the Mineshaft . Ned Rorem The composer Ned Rorem ( 1923 – ) wrote of his visits to the Everard Baths . Gore Vidal Bisexual author Gore Vidal ( 1925 @-@ 2012 ) is a documented patron of the Everard Baths . = = Celebrities and the Continental Baths = = Singer Bette Midler is well known for getting her start at the famous Continental Baths in New York City in the early 1970s , where she earned the nickname Bathhouse Betty . It was there , accompanied by pianist Barry Manilow ( who , like the bathhouse patrons , sometimes wore only a white towel , ) that she created her stage persona " the Divine Miss M. " On getting her start in bathhouses , Midler has remarked : Despite the way things turned out [ with the AIDS crisis ] , I 'm still proud of those days [ when I got my start singing at the gay bathhouses ] . I feel like I was at the forefront of the gay liberation movement , and I hope I did my part to help it move forward . So , I kind of wear the label of ' Bathhouse Betty ' with pride . Other famous performers who appeared at the Continental include Eleanor Steber , Melba Moore , Labelle , Peter Allen , Cab Calloway , The Manhattan Transfer , John Davidson , and Wayland Flowers . = 1915 Singapore Mutiny = The 1915 Singapore Mutiny , also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny , or Mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry was a mutiny involving up to half of 850 sepoys ( Indian soldiers ) against the British in Singapore during the First World War , linked with the 1915 Ghadar Conspiracy . The mutiny , on 15 February 1915 , lasted nearly seven days and resulted in the deaths of 47 British soldiers and local civilians , before it was finally quelled by British forces and Allied naval detachments . = = History = = The Ghadar party ( Ghadar is an Urdu , Hindi and Punjabi word for " mutiny " or " rebellion " ) was formed in the United States in 1913 by Har Dayal , with the aim of ousting the British from India , by armed revolution . The Ghadrites anticipated that Indian soldiers posted overseas would ally with them in their cause , and actively targeted them with propaganda , encouraging them to mutiny against the British . A few months after the outbreak of the First World War , the Ghadrites had attempted to incite elements of the 130th Baluchi Regiment at Bombay to mutiny , on 21 January 1915 . The authorities had become aware of the plan however , and had taken preventive action by reassigning the soldiers to other outposts . The Ghadrites then turned their attention to Singapore , whose regular garrison at this time consisted of only a single regiment of Indian soldiers plus a few British artillerymen and Royal Engineers , protecting British strategic interests . = = = Indian 5th Light Infantry = = = The 5th Light Infantry Regiment of the Indian Army arrived in Singapore from Madras in October 1914 . They had been sent to replace the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry , which had been ordered to France . The regiment was a long established one dating from 1803 . Unusually for 1914 – 15 it was an entirely Muslim unit . The 5th Light Infantry mainly comprised Ranghars ( Muslims of Rajput origin ) and Pathans , commanded by British and Indian officers . Poor communication between the sepoys and their officers , slack discipline and a weak leadership meant that the troops ' were disaffected , and propaganda from the Ghadar Party in India , campaigning for Indian independence from British rule , further disaffected the troops stationed in Singapore . The specifically military grievances which led to the mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry centred on the personality of the commanding officer at the time , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel E. V. Martin . He had been promoted from major in the regiment , although the previous colonel had reported that he was unpopular with his fellow officers and that he inspired little respect among the men . His appointment led to disunity amongst the British officers , which was in turn reflected by division amongst the Indian officers over the promotion to commissioned rank of a colour @-@ havildar . These issues , which might under ordinary circumstances have been of limited impact , were aggregated by the disruptive external influences of the Ghadar Party propaganda noted above and the entry of Turkey into the war . = = = Incitement = = = Mehmed V , the Sultan of Turkey , who sided with Germany after the First World War broke out , was widely regarded as the leader of the Muslim world . When Britain declared war on Turkey , the Muslims , including those in Singapore , were urged to oppose the British by a fatwa issued by the Sultan . A pro @-@ Turkey Gujarati coffee @-@ shop owner , Kassim Mansur , visited the sepoys and even invited them to his home . Together with Nur Alum Shah , a religious leader , Mansur instilled anti @-@ British feelings in the sepoys , and told them it was their religious duty to rise up against the British . = = = The mutiny = = = On 27 January 1915 , Colonel Martin announced that the 5th Light Infantry was to be transferred to Hong Kong for further garrison duties , replacing another Indian regiment . However , rumours were circulated among the sepoys that they might instead be sent to Europe or to Turkey to fight against their Muslim co @-@ religionists . Three Indian officers , Subedar Dunde Khan , Jemedar Christi Khan , and Jemedar Ali Khan , were later to be identified by a court of enquiry as key conspirators in this matter . When the final order to sail to Hong Kong aboard the Nile arrived in February 1915 , these and other ring @-@ leaders amongst the sepoys decided that it was time to rebel . On the morning of 15 February , the General Officer Commanding Singapore addressed a farewell parade of the regiment , complimenting the sepoys on their excellent turn @-@ out and referring to their departure the next day , without mentioning Hong Kong as the destination . At 3 : 30 pm on the afternoon of the same day , four Rajput companies of the eight companies making up the 5th Light Infantry and 100 men of the Malay States Guides Mule Battery mutinied . The mostly Pathan sepoys of the remaining four companies did not join the mutiny , but scattered in confusion . Two British officers of the regiment were killed as they attempted to restore order . The mutineers divided themselves into three groups . A party of 100 went to obtain ammunition from Tanglin Barracks , where 309 Germans , including crew members from the German light cruiser SMS Emden , had been interned by the British . The mutineers fired on the camp guards and officers without warning , killing ten British guards , three Johore troops present in the camp and one German internee . Amongst the dead were 2nd Lieutenant J. Love @-@ Montgomerie , Rifles ; Sergeant G. Wald , ( Reserve ) Engineers ; Corporal D. McGilvray , Rifles ; Corporal G.O. Lawson , Cyclist Scouts ; Lance Corporal J.G.E. Harper , Rifles ; Private B.C. Cameron , Rifles ; Private F.S. Drysdale , Rifles ; Private A.J.G. Holt , Rifles and Stoker 1c CF Anscombe , HMS Cadmus . Three British and one German were wounded , but survived the attack , as did eight Royal Army Medical Corps personnel in the camp hospital , including one who managed to escape under heavy fire to raise the alarm . The mutineers tried to persuade the Germans to join them , but many of the latter were shaken by the sudden violence and reluctant to do so . Some German sailors and reservists wanted to join with the mutineers , but the majority adopted a neutral stance , refusing to accept rifles from the Indians . Thirty @-@ five Germans escaped but the rest remained in the barracks . As it was the middle of the Chinese New Year , most of the Chinese Volunteers Corps were on leave , leaving Singapore almost defenceless against the mutiny . The British government was caught unprepared , and other mutineers went on a killing spree at Keppel Harbour and Pasir Panjang , killing 18 European and local civilians . Martial law was imposed and every available man from HMS Cadmus went ashore to join with British , Malay and Chinese Volunteer units and the small number of British regular troops forming part of the garrison . British Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Martyn Jerram sent a radio message requesting help from any allied warships nearby . A group of mutineers laid siege to the bungalow of the commanding officer of the 5th Light Infantry , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel E. V. Martin , which effectively blocked the route into Singapore Town . Martin and a detachment of the hastily mobilised Malay States Volunteer Rifles held out through the night of the 15th under sporadic fire . Loyal sepoys who tried to join them were ordered to " go to a safe place " to prevent their being confused in the dark with mutineers . With daylight , the defenders were successful in retaking the regimental barracks at the cost of one killed and five wounded . The mutineers scattered , and despite sniper fire , the general population stayed calm while the volunteers , sailors and marines fought sporadic skirmishes with the mutineers . = = = Allied forces = = = On 17 February , the French cruiser Montcalm , followed by the Russian auxiliary cruiser Orel , and the Japanese warships Otowa and Tsushima arrived . Seventy @-@ five Japanese sailors , twenty @-@ two Russians and 190 French marines were landed to round up mutineers who had taken refuge in the jungle to the north of Singapore . They were joined in this operation by sixty soldiers of the 36th Sikhs who were passing through Singapore , plus Singaporean police , British sailors and Malay States Volunteer Rifles . Lacking strong leadership , the mutiny had started to lose direction – a large number of the mutineers surrendered immediately , and the rest scattered in small groups into the jungles . Many tried to cross the Strait of Johore , but were quickly rounded up by the Sultan of Johore 's army . While local media spoke of serious battles there were in fact only minor skirmishes between the allied landing parties and the now demoralized mutineers . By the evening of the 17th 432 mutineers had been captured . On 20 February , companies of the 1st / 4th Battalion , King 's Shropshire Light Infantry ( Territorials ) arrived from Rangoon to relieve the sailors and the marines . They succeeded in quickly rounding up the last of the mutineers . = = Trial and public executions = = On 23 February 1915 , a court of inquiry was held , at first in secret , but then publicly , to ensure that a fair trial was seen to have been carried out in the crown colony . It lasted until 15 May 1915 . Although extensive discord amongst both officers and men of the 5th Light Infantry was identified , the cause of the mutiny was not conclusively established . However , the inquiry agreed that insidious agents had incited the mutineers , who were swayed either by nationalistic or religious sentiments , to band together to fight against their perceived injustice . More than 200 sepoys were tried by court @-@ martial , and 47 were executed , including Kassim Mansoor . Nur Alam Shah was not put on trial , although he was exposed as an active Indian nationalist with links to Ghadar . Instead , he was detained and deported , as the British did not want to stir up trouble among their Muslim subjects . Sixty @-@ four mutineers were transported for life , and 73 were given terms of imprisonment ranging from 7 to 20 years . The public executions by firing squad took place at Outram Prison , and were witnessed by an estimated 15 @,@ 000 people . The Straits Times reported : An enormous crowd , reliably estimated at more than 15 @,@ 000 people , was packed on the slopes of Sepoy Lines looking down on the scene . The square as before was composed of regulars , local volunteers and Shropshire under the command of Colonel Derrick of the Singapore Volunteer Corps ( SVC ) . The firing party consisted of men from the various companies of SVC under Captain Tongue and Lieutenant Blair and Hay . The remnants of the 5th Light Infantry , numbering 588 sepoys plus seven British and Indian officers , left Singapore on 3 July 1915 to see active service in the Cameroons and German East Africa . They were not accompanied by Colonel Martin , who was heavily criticised by a court of inquiry and then retired from the Army . In 1922 the 5th Light Infantry was disbanded . Much the same fate befell the Malay States Guides ; they were sent to Kelantan in Malaya to quell Tok Janggut 's uprising at Pasir Puteh in April 1915 . Afterwards the Guides were sent to fight in Africa and were disbanded in 1919 . = = Aftermath = = The episode persuaded much of the British community in Singapore that they could no longer depend on Indian soldiers to garrison the colony . Although Japanese , French and Russian sailors and marines had helped to suppress the mutiny there was increasing doubt as to whether reliance could be placed on Britain 's wartime allies for future help in the perpetuation of their empire . Subsequently , all Indian nationals in Singapore were required to register , causing ill @-@ feelings amongst a predominantly loyal community . To enhance Singapore 's internal security , the British passed the " Reserve Force and Civil Guard Ordinance " in August 1915 , requiring compulsory military service from all male subjects between 15 and 55 years of age who were not in the armed forces , volunteers or police . It has been argued that the mutiny was an event that not only caught the British off @-@ guard but also shook the foundation of British rule in Singapore . However the absence of involvement by the population of Singapore in an affair involving a battalion from India on temporary garrison duty in the colony makes this a doubtful contention . Sensing weakness in Britain 's handling of the mutiny , extreme Indian revolutionaries began to court overseas sepoys more aggressively , and cultivated a friendship with Japan for the overthrow of the British in India . Their plans bore fruit with the formation of the Indian National Army , led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose , during the Second World War Japanese occupation of Singapore . = = = Commemoration = = = To commemorate the event and those British soldiers and civilians killed during the mutiny , two memorial tablets were erected at the entrance of the Victoria Memorial Hall and four plaques in St Andrew 's Cathedral . In addition , two roads were later named in memory of two of the casualties as Harper Road and Holt Road , after Corporal J. Harper and Private A.J.G. Holt respectively . = Italian ironclad Ancona = Ancona was an ironclad warship , the last member of the Regina Maria Pia class built in French shipyards for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1860s . Ancona was laid down in August 1862 , was launched in October 1864 , and completed in April 1866 . She and her three sister ships were broadside ironclads , mounting a battery of four 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) and twenty @-@ two 164 mm ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) guns on the broadside . Ancona was quickly readied for combat when Italy declared war against the Austrian Empire in the Third Italian War of Independence in June 1866 . The following month , she joined the Italian fleet at the Battle of Lissa . She was stationed in the van of the Italian fleet , which became separated from the rest of the fleet . Ancona was damaged by Austrian shellfire , including one shell that started a fire . Her career was uneventful after the war , resulting from a combination of the emergence of more modern ironclads and a severe reduction in the Italian naval budget following their defeat at Lissa . She was rebuilt as a central battery ship some time after Lissa , and was eventually sold for scrapping in 1903 . = = Design = = Ancona was 81 @.@ 8 meters ( 268 ft ) long overall ; she had a beam of 15 @.@ 16 m ( 49 @.@ 7 ft ) and an average draft of 6 @.@ 35 m ( 20 @.@ 8 ft ) . She displaced 4 @,@ 157 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 091 long tons ; 4 @,@ 582 short tons ) normally and up to 4 @,@ 619 t ( 4 @,@ 546 long tons ; 5 @,@ 092 short tons ) at full load . She had a crew of 480 – 485 officers and men . Ancona was a broadside ironclad , and she was initially armed with a main battery of four 8 in ( 203 mm ) guns and twenty @-@ two 164 mm ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) guns , though her armament changed throughout her career . The ship was protected by iron belt armor that was 4 @.@ 3 in ( 109 mm ) thick and extended for the entire length of the hull at the waterline . The side armor extended up to the battery deck with the same thickness of iron plate . Her propulsion system consisted of one single @-@ expansion steam engine that drove a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight coal @-@ fired , rectangular boilers . Her engine produced a top speed of 13 @.@ 74 knots ( 25 @.@ 45 km / h ; 15 @.@ 81 mph ) from 2 @,@ 548 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 900 kW ) , making her the fastest member of her class . She could steam for 2 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ; 3 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship was initially schooner @-@ rigged to supplement the steam engine , though her masts were later reduced to a barque rig . Ultimately , she lost her sailing rig completely , having it replaced with a pair of military masts with fighting tops . = = Service history = = Ancona was laid down at the Arman Brothers shipyard in Bordeaux , France on 11 August 1862 , the last member of her class to begin construction . She was launched on 17 October 1864 and completed in April 1866 . Two months later , in June , Italy declared war on Austria , as part of the Third Italian War of Independence , which was fought concurrently with the Austro @-@ Prussian War . The Italian fleet commander , Admiral Carlo Pellion di Persano , initially adopted a cautious course of action ; he was unwilling to risk battle with the Austrian Navy , despite the fact that the Austrian fleet was much weaker than his own . Persano claimed he was simply waiting on the ironclad ram Affondatore , en route from Britain , but his inaction weakened morale in the fleet , with many of his subordinates openly accusing him of cowardice . Rear Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff brought the Austrian fleet to Ancona on June 27 , in attempt to draw out the Italians . At the time , many of the Italian ships were in disarray ; several ships did not have their entire armament , and several others had problems with their engines . Ancona , having entered service only two months before , was not yet ready for combat . Persano held a council of war aboard the ironclad Principe di Carignano to determine whether he should sortie to engage Tegetthoff , but by that time , the Austrians had withdrawn , making the decision moot . The Minister of the Navy , Agostino Depretis , urged Persano to act and suggested the island of Lissa , to restore Italian confidence after their defeat at the Battle of Custoza the previous month . On 7 July , Persano left Ancona and conducted a sweep into the Adriatic , but encountered no Austrian ships and returned on the 13th . = = = Battle of Lissa = = = On 16 July , Persano took the Italian fleet out of Ancona , bound for Lissa , where they arrived on the 18th . With them , they brought troop transports carrying 3 @,@ 000 soldiers ; the Italian warships began bombarding the Austrian forts on the island , with the intention of landing the soldiers once the fortresses had been silenced . In response , the Austrian Navy sent the fleet under Tegetthoff to attack the Italian ships . Ancona was at that time assigned to the 1st Division , commanded by Admiral Giovanni Vacca , along with the ironclads Castelfidardo and Principe di Carignano , the divisional flagship . After arriving off Lissa on the 18th , Persano ordered the 1st Division to bombard the Austrian fortresses protecting the island , but Vacca informed him that his ships ' guns could not elevate high enough to hit the high fortifications . Persano then sent Vacca 's division to Vis to force the harbor defenses , but by the time they arrived , night was approaching , and so he cancelled the attack . The next morning , Persano ordered the ironclad Formidabile to enter the harbor Vis and attack the Madonna battery , supported by Ancona and the rest of the 1st Division . Vacca found it impossible to employ his ships in the confined waters , and so he left Formidabile to handle the battery . With the day 's attacks again having yielded no results , Persano decided to make another attempt on the 20th . Vacca would take his three ships to patrol to the north @-@ east of the island while the rest of the fleet would again try to land the soldiers . Before the Italians could begin the attack , the dispatch boat Esploratore arrived , bringing news of Tegetthoff 's approach . Persano 's fleet was in disarray ; Vacca 's ships were three miles to the northeast from Persano 's main force , and three other ironclads were further away to the west . Persano immediately ordered his ships to form up with Vacca 's , first in line abreast formation , and then in line ahead formation . Ancona was the third ship in the Italian line . Shortly before the action began , Persano left his flagship , Re d 'Italia , and transferred to the turret ship Affondatore , though none of his subordinates on the other ships were aware of the change . They there thus left to fight as individuals without direction . More dangerously , by stopping Re d 'Italia , he allowed a significant gap to open up between Vacca 's three ships and the rest of the fleet . Tegetthoff took his fleet through the gap between Vacca 's and Persano 's ships , in an attempt to split the Italian line and initiate a melee . He failed to ram any Italian vessels on the first pass , so he turned back toward Persano 's ships , and took Re d 'Italia , San Martino , and Palestro under heavy fire . Vacca turned his division to port , taking them away from the Austrian ships hammering Persano 's division . He briefly attempted to engage the Austrian wooden ships under Anton von Petz in the rear , but was driven off by heavy fire from three steam frigates . By this time , Re d 'Italia had been badly damaged , and she attempted to close up with Ancona . While she reversed course to meet Ancona , the ship was rammed and sunk by the Austrian flagship , SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max . Ancona was set on fire by Austrian shells , but her crew quickly put them out . Ancona then rallied with the coastal defense ship Varese to make another attack on von Petz 's unarmored ships , but the two Italian vessels collided and became entangled . While their crews worked to free the ships , the Austrians were able to escape . Persano broke off the engagement to consolidate his forces , but his ships , low on coal and ammunition , and with badly demoralized crews , could not be rallied by Persano 's half @-@ hearted attempt to launch an attack . The Italian fleet began to withdraw , followed by the Austrians ; as night began to fall , the opposing fleets disengaged completely , heading for Ancona and Pola , respectively . In the course of the battle , Ancona had been hit many times , with several of her iron plates having been dislodged . An Austrian shell managed to enter one of her gun ports and explode inside . After the battle , Vacca replaced Persano ; he was ordered to attack the main Austrian naval base at Pola , but the war ended before the operation could be carried out . = = = Later career = = = For the rest of her long career , Ancona served in a variety of roles , both in the main fleet and in Italy 's colonial empire . After the end of the war , the government lost confidence in the fleet and drastically reduced the naval budget . The cuts were so severe that the fleet had great difficulty in mobilizing its ironclad squadron to attack the port of Civitavecchia in September 1870 , as part of the wars of Italian unification . Instead , the ships were laid up and the sailors conscripted to man them were sent home . Some time after 1866 , the ship was rebuilt as a central battery ship , with most of her guns located in a central , armored casemate . Two other guns were placed in the bow as chase guns , with a third mounted as a stern chaser . At around 1871 , her armament was also revised , to two 10 in ( 250 mm ) guns in the bow and eight 8 in guns , four on each broadside and the last in the stern . Later , her armament was changed again , to eight 6 in ( 150 mm ) guns , six 4 @.@ 7 in ( 120 mm ) guns , four 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) quick firing ( QF ) guns , and two 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss revolver cannons . Ancona was stricken from the naval register in 1903 and then broken up for scrap . = Raptor Red = Raptor Red is a 1995 American novel by paleontologist Robert T. Bakker . The book is a third @-@ person account of dinosaurs during the Cretaceous Period , told from the point of view of Raptor Red , a female Utahraptor . Raptor Red features many of Bakker 's theories regarding dinosaurs ' social habits , intelligence , and the world in which they lived . The book follows a year in Raptor Red 's life as she loses her mate , finds her family , and struggles to survive in a hostile environment . Bakker drew inspiration from Ernest Thompson Seton 's works that look at life through the eyes of predators , and said that he found it " fun " to write from a top predator 's perspective . Bakker based his portrayals of dinosaurs and other prehistoric wildlife on fossil evidence , as well as studies of modern animals . When released , Raptor Red was generally praised : Bakker 's anthropomorphism was seen as a unique and positive aspect of the book , and his writing was described as folksy and heartfelt . Criticisms of the novel included a perceived lack of characterization and average writing . Some scientists , such as paleontologist David B. Norman , took issue with the scientific theories portrayed in the novel , fearing that the public would accept them as fact , while Discovery Channel host Jay Ingram defended Bakker 's creative decisions in an editorial . = = Background = = Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker originally suggested the genus name Utahraptor for a new dinosaur specimen that had been found by an amateur bone @-@ hunter in Utah . Bakker was at the time consulting with the designers of the Jurassic Park film , whose largest portrayed Velociraptor — called the " big female " in the script — was coincidentally the same size as the newly discovered Utahraptor . Bakker was motivated to write the book by both his interest in dinosaur behavior and his desire to marry science and entertainment , saying that " nature is a drama . It is the most ripping yarn ever written . You 've got life and death and sex and betrayal and the best way to approach it is through individual animals . " According to Bakker , " It was fun to put myself in the mind of a raptor , especially since being a top predator is so challenging ... much harder than [ being ] a herbivore . " He credited the turn @-@ of @-@ the @-@ century naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton 's works that focused on life from the perspectives of grizzly bears and wolves as having inspired him to write the novel from the dinosaur 's point of view . Raptor Red was an attempt to introduce Utahraptor to the public , as well as explain some of Bakker 's theories regarding dinosaur behavior . Bakker 's raptors are shown as monogamous , relatively intelligent and social creatures , an assertion he defends , saying " the life of dinosaurian hunters was hard . Most skeletons we excavate have clear marks of old wounds . To survive and raise their young , the predators needed more than sharp teeth and strong claws . They needed social bonds . " Bakker also advances his controversial theory that an asteroid impact did not kill the dinosaurs in the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event , but rather a disease spread through migration . Another of the novel 's goals was to dispel the common perception of predators as evil and portray them as creatures to be admired and empathized with . " Being a top predator is difficult , " Bakker said , noting that fossils of big predators often show multiple broken and healed bones , as well as signs of serious infections , all evidence of a harsh lifestyle . He continued , " Most predators had some trauma , they had been beaten up — for a simple reason : Dinner fights back . " The behavior of the raptors and other animals featured in the novel was based on a combination of fossil evidence and observations of modern animals , such as chimpanzees and alligators . Bakker received a large advance for the novel from Bantam Books , rumored to be in the six @-@ figure range . The book was prominently featured at the American Booksellers ' Convention in Chicago , alongside Michael Crichton 's The Lost World . Coverage of the event noted that both novels were on the trailing end of the dinosaur fad fueled by Jurassic Park , as the new trend in American books was shifting toward politics in the aftermath of the 1994 US elections . Raptor Red was initially published as a mass @-@ market paperback and hardcover book , and was later released as an audiobook by Simon & Schuster Audio , read by Megan Gallagher . Bakker 's audiobook royalties — at least $ 34 @,@ 000 by November 1995 — were donated to the Tate Museum in Casper , Wyoming , where he was curator . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting and characters = = = Raptor Red takes place approximately 120 million years ago , in the Early Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic . At the time , a land bridge had formed between Asia and the Americas , this allowed groups of foreign dinosaurs to invade present @-@ day Utah ; one of these foreign species is Utahraptor . Raptor Red 's name comes from the symbols the dinosaur learns as a hatchling to self @-@ identify with . Bakker gives an individual view of each species of dinosaur or ancient creature in the same style as Red 's experiences ; these include a baby Gastonia who instinctively attacks what it does not understand with its clubbed tail , and a whip @-@ tailed diplodocid who enjoys beating up predators . Bakker prominently features the adventures of a " fur @-@ ball " ( mammal ) , Aegialodon ; according to the author , the emphasis was added because the Aegialodon is on the direct ancestral line to humans . Aegialodon , however , did not live in the same time and place as Utahraptor , hailing from England about 136 million years ago . Some of the other animals featured in the novel were closer in time and place to Utahraptor but not strictly contemporary . For example , fossils attributable to Acrocanthosaurus and Deinonychus are known from the same rock formation as Utahraptor ( the Cedar Mountain Formation ) , but from sediments about five million years younger . = = = Plot = = = In the book 's opening , the title character and her mate ambush a herd of Astrodon , which are large herbivorous sauropods . The Astrodon are surprised , thinking that their bulk deters smaller predators . Utahraptor , however , are much larger than any resident raptor , and proceed to take down an Astrodon with teamwork . When Red 's mate climbs onto the dead Astrodon , the corpse rolls in the mud , trapping the male under the bulk of the animal . Despite Red 's best efforts , her mate suffocates . Despondent , Red wanders around the floodplain , nearly starving since a Utahraptor cannot successfully hunt big game on its own . Red follows a familiar scent and is reunited with her sister , a single mother with three chicks . The two hunt together and bring food back to the nest for the young . A white pterosaur , one Red has seen since she hatched , helps the two by finding carrion and prey in exchange for a helping of meat . On one hunting expedition , when the two adult Utahraptor are stalking a herd of Iguanodon , Red spies a young male Utahraptor that is watching their prey . He begins a courtship dance for Red , but Red 's sister chases him off , hissing . Her growls agitate the Iguanodon , who stampede ; the male hastily leaves . After climbing into a tree to escape a flash flood , Red encounters the male raptor again , who performs a courtship dance while hanging onto the tree branches . Red 's sister begrudgingly allows the male to stay with them , provided he steers clear of her chicks . For a while , Red and her pack are happy , feeding off the plentiful carrion left by receding flood waters , but the pack 's way of life is upset by an invasion of large Acrocanthosaurus , huge meat @-@ eating dinosaurs . The added competition for food puts strain on the pack , as does the unexpected death of one of the chicks . A fight erupts between the male raptor and Red 's sister . Red , torn between a prospective mate and her kin , tries to defuse the situation . Two Acrocanthosaurus watch the commotion and take the opportunity to attack the Utahraptor . Meanwhile , a Kronosaurus ambushes one of the chicks on the beach . Seeing the danger , Red lures the female Acrocanthosaurus into deep water where the larger predator is dragged under by the Kronosaurus . Red saves her family , but at a price — her consort is forced away by Red 's sister . Facing continual threats from the Acrocanthosaurus , Red , her sister and the chicks are forced up into the mountains . They encounter ice and snow for the first time , and kill a segnosaur in a cave , turning the den into their nest . The older chick accompanies the two adults on hunting expeditions . One day the raptors encounter a strange creature they have never seen — a whip @-@ tailed diplodocid who inflicts wounds on Red and her sister ; the older chick is forced to set off alone and find the pack 's food . This calamity coincides with the arrival of a large pack of smaller raptors known as Deinonychus . Sensing the weakness of the Utahraptor pack , they surround the nest and wait for the wounded raptors to become weak enough to attack . Red 's sister dies , and Red is crippled and defenseless against the smaller dinosaurs . The Deinonychus close in and wait for Red to die , but are driven back by a sudden attack — the older Utahraptor chick returns with Red 's consort to defend the nest , driving back the Deinonychus . Some time later , the old white pterosaur circles over Red 's mountain stronghold , and finds the pack has grown considerably . Both Red and the older chick have found mates and have chicks , who are having fun rolling down a hill . The satisfied pterosaur leaves with a mate and offspring of his own . = = Reception = = Raptor Red was favorably received by critics and the mainstream press . Much praise was given to Bakker 's anthropomorphising of the dinosaurs ; a reviewer for the Toronto Star said that " Raptor Red does for dinosaurs what some nature writing does for creatures alive today : it turns data into stories . And stories are what all of us need to make these animals — even dinosaurs — come alive . " Mark Nichols of Maclean 's said that Bakker 's success lay in making the reader hope that the dinosaurs were indeed creatures as Bakker portrayed . In contrast to this positive reception , Entertainment Weekly felt that the anthropomorphising of the dinosaurs veered close to " a Disney cartoon . " Other criticisms from the press included a lack of character needed for truly engrossing fiction . Reviewers described Bakker 's work as " thoroughly heartfelt , " despite flaws such as inconsistent writing ; Men 's News Daily , a site which focuses on social values , suggested that Bakker 's raptors " possess a quaint , special appeal in today 's social climate " . Megan Gallagher 's narration of the audiobook , combined with continuous sound effects and dramatic music to create an " aural picture , " was also praised . Entertainment Weekly gave Raptor Red its " Best of Breed Award " for a " captivating novel about animal life " . Many critical reviews of the work came from scientists who objected to Bakker 's looseness with scientific fact . The paleontologist Thomas Holtz noted that Bakker combined fauna in ways not directly supported by the fossil record ; for example , several of the dinosaurs featured in the books lived millions of years after Utahraptor died out . Michael Taylor , curator of vertebrate paleontology at the National Museums of Scotland , panned the book , saying that " Raptor Red is an accurate portrayal only within the context of uncertainties over the reconstruction of fossil animals as living forms ... Bakker 's postscript never really admits these uncertainties . " David B. Norman criticized the book as " no more than a children 's adventure story — and a rather poorly written one at that ... The merging of science and fantasy is at its worst in books like Raptor Red because none but the experts can disentangle fact from fiction ; this type of nonsense turns an uninformed reader into a misinformed one . " Jay Ingram , from the Discovery Channel , published a rebuttal , saying , " The most important point is that Bakker 's portrayal of the dinosaurs in Raptor Red is vivid — vivid in a way few museum displays or factual accounts can be . And if it turns out in the long run that some of the speculation is unwarranted , who cares ? Bob Bakker has given us a unique window onto the era of dinosaurs . " According to Bakker , the novel 's success led to interest in a movie deal from Hollywood . According to Daily Variety in 1996 , producer Robert Halmi Sr. made deals with Jim Henson 's Creature Shop for film adaptations of Animal Farm and Raptor Red . No official project has been announced . = Sean Bennett = William Sean Bennett ( born November 9 , 1975 ) is a former professional American and Canadian football running back . He was drafted by the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft . He played college football for the Evansville Purple Aces , Illinois Fighting Illini and Northwestern Wildcats . Bennett began his collegiate career as a baseball and football player at the University of Illinois , but transferred to the University of Evansville after one year . At Evansville he was an All @-@ American two – times but had to transfer due to the school dropping football as a sport . Bennett then attended Northwestern University where he was a fullback and was mainly a blocker but did get a few rushing attempts . Since he was a senior after his single season at Northwestern , he elected to enter the 1999 NFL Draft and surprised many by being selected by the New York Giants in the fourth round . He played four seasons in New York but ended up injured each season and was released after 2002 . He then joined the New York Jets but was released before the season began . After his failed stints in New York he played for the Canadian Football League 's Ottawa Renegades and Toronto Argonauts ; and the Evansville BlueCats of the Indoor Football League . = = Early career = = Sean Bennett was born on November 9 , 1975 in Evansville , Indiana . In high school , Bennett played baseball and football and was hoping to become a professional baseball player . In football he played wide receiver and was named All – State and in baseball his batting average was .425 over four years . Following his senior season in high school , Bennett accepted a baseball and football scholarship at the University of Illinois . However at the end of his freshman year he decided to drop baseball and transfer to the University of Evansville . When asked why he dropped baseball , Bennett responded , " I couldn 't hit . " At Evansville , his hometown , Bennett converted to running back after mainly playing wide receiver before that . As a sophomore and junior , he was a two @-@ time All @-@ American and set school records in rushing and touchdowns . However , after his junior season the school decided to drop football forcing Bennett to transfer to Northwestern University . At Northwestern , Bennett became the starting fullback . In his only year he had 32 rushes and 160 yards . = = Professional career = = = = = 1999 – 2003 = = = On March 10 , 1999 , when some National Football League ( NFL ) scouts came to work out D 'Wayne Bates and Barry Gardner , Bennett decided to join the workout . When he ran the 40 yard dash in 4 @.@ 45 seconds , scouts were reportedly , " doing double @-@ takes " . Bennett was selected by the New York Giants in the fourth round of the 1999 National Football League Draft . As a rookie in 1999 , Bennett missed seven games due to a knee injury . After undergoing surgery on the knee , he missed all of the 2000 season . In 2001 , New York expected Bennett to work in tandem with Tiki Barber but after suffering a hamstring injury , he was released on September 3 , 2001 . After multiple injuries to their running backs , the Giants became interested in re @-@ signing Bennett but because of NFL rules they were unable to do so until January 2002 . During this time period , he was offered contracts by the Philadelphia Eagles and Miami Dolphins but rejected both hoping to return to the Giants . He re @-@ signed with the Giants on January 16 , 2002 . During the season , Bennett was returned to the wide receiver position he played in high school , due to multiple injuries suffered by the Giants players in that position . He was waived on December 4 , 2002 . On April 1 , 2003 , the New York Jets signed Bennett . He was released on August 23 , 2003 . = = = 2004 – 2007 = = = Bennett signed with the Ottawa Renegades on March 3 , 2004 . He was cut at the end of training camp . On June 16 , 2004 , after he was cut he signed with the Evansville BlueCats of the Indoor Football League . Bennett left the BlueCats and was re @-@ signed to the Renegades practice roster . On July 27 , he was activated and played in three games for Ottawa . In 2005 , he played in five games recording 76 yards on four catches . With Ottawa , Bennett returned to playing fullback which he played at Northwestern . After the season he re @-@ joined Evansville for one season . After Ottawa folded at the end of 2005 , he entered the CFL Dispersal Draft and was selected by the Toronto Argonauts . When he was drafted he was playing once again for the Evansville BlueCats , but left the team in favor of Toronto . During his only season in Toronto , Bennett suffered a finger injury that allowed him to play in only three games . The Argonauts won all three games Bennett played for them . After leaving the game of football in 2007 , Bennett became a trainer at Tri @-@ State Athletic Club in Evansville . = Fences and Windows = Fences and Windows : Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate is a 2002 book by Canadian journalist Naomi Klein and editor Debra Ann Levy . The book is a collection of newspaper articles , mostly from The Globe and Mail , with a few magazine articles from The Nation and speech transcripts . The articles and speeches were all written by Klein in the 30 months after the publication of her first book , No Logo ( 1999 ) , from December 1999 to March 2002 . The articles focus upon the anti @-@ globalization movement , including protest events and responses by law enforcement . The book was published in North America and the United Kingdom in October 2002 . The imagery of fences and windows appear throughout the work . The fences represent exclusion and barriers , while the windows are opportunities for expressing alternative ideas . The book garnered both positive and negative reviews . Two of the articles were singled out as exceptional by several reviewers : " America is not a Hamburger " discusses the US State Department 's attempt to re @-@ brand America 's image overseas ; " The Brutal Calculus of Suffering " discusses media portrayals of war . = = Background = = The unexpected success of her first book , No Logo ( 1999 ) , extended author and journalist Naomi Klein 's book tour beyond its original two @-@ week schedule . She spent the next 30 months traveling the world promoting the book as well as writing newspaper articles covering the anti @-@ globalization movement . Most of her articles were originally published in the Canadian national newspaper The Globe and Mail , while some were published by The Nation , The New York Times , and The Guardian . During this time she resisted her publisher 's urgings to write a new book , and the pressure to match No Logo 's success was bearing down upon her . She relented to the pressure for another publication by collecting the best of the articles and speeches she had written since No Logo . She did not intend this new book to be a sequel or follow @-@ up , but rather a stand alone collection of writing . = = Content = = The first section , entitled " Windows of Dissent " , begins with an article written for The New York Times , wherein she covers the 1999 Seattle protests , which she calls the coming @-@ out party of the anti @-@ globalization movement . The remaining five articles in the section come from The Globe and Mail , with one from The Nation ; they cover the World Bank , International Monetary Fund , and World Trade Organization ( WTO ) protests in Washington , D.C. , Prague , and Toronto from April to September 2000 . She describes the protesters as hundreds of decentralized groups with various independent interests , leaderless but organized , and searching for a strategy . The next section , " Fencing in Democracy " , consists of articles from The Globe and Mail and the transcript of a speech . The section is divided into two sub @-@ sections . The first explores some of the impacts that economic globalization has had on communities , focusing on Mexico and Argentina , and misconceptions that supporters of the WTO @-@ associated organizations have of the anti @-@ globalization movement . The second focuses on the co @-@ opting of the commons , such as genetics , culture , and public sector infrastructure , for private economic gains . The third section , " Fencing in the Movement " , chronicles the escalation of security tactics to counter protesters . Klein finds that police have been removing the distinction between civil disobedience and violence and purposefully normalizing violence so it is the expected outcome , not a rare event . She matches the decline of civil liberties and freedom of speech with the rise of free speech zones , indiscriminate use of tear gas and pepper spray , plain clothes officers , surveillance , and pre @-@ emptive arrests . The fourth section , " Capitalizing on Terror " , discusses opportunism that used the September 11 attacks to further political and economic objectives . In an editorial piece for the Los Angeles Times , Klein argues that the US has sold its image too well as the land of opportunity and plenty and that rising anti @-@ Americanism was the result of the US inability to share this . The final section , " Windows to Democracy " , contains two articles written for The Nation , two for The Globe and Mail and one for The Guardian . These articles examine potential directions for the movement to take , focusing upon the World Social Forum , Mexican Zapatistas , and political parties . The final article calls upon the movement to shift from attacking symbols of globalization at protests and use the decentralized local groups to provide alternatives : define themselves as fighting for , rather than against , something . Most of the book 's content is freely and legally available in the form of individual articles on Klein 's website . It should be noted , however , that the printed text has often been edited or reworked , in some cases very heavily . = = Style and themes = = The book takes the form of an anthology of news and magazine articles , along with the transcripts of several speeches , all written by Klein between December 1999 and March 2002 . With the help of Debra Ann Levy , the articles were edited to fit them better together in the book . A preface , with original writing , is used by Klein to introduce her background on how she came to write the articles , provide context for the content , and set up the themes . The two most predominant themes are the two title images , " fences " and " windows " . The fences represent exclusion and are portrayed , both literally and metaphorically , as the barriers that keep protesters away from the economic meetings , the walls between factories and neighbouring impoverished communities , and the restrictions on intellectual property or the commons . The windows are opportunities where dissenting or alternative voices and ideas can be expressed . = = Publication and reception = = Fences and Windows was published as a trade paperback by Picador in the US , Vintage Canada in Canada , and Flamingo in the UK . It was released in October 2002 with little promotion . The resulting sales were lower than expected . A portion of the book 's proceeds was given to a legal defense fund for activists and for education concerning global democracy . Just after the book 's release , a debate on the topic of globablization was held between Klein and The Economist journalist Sameena Ahmad in New York . Reception to the book was mixed . Reviewers found that the collection of re @-@ printed journalistic articles made the book sometimes repetitive , lacking details , historical context and analysis of its subjects . Some reviewers criticized the book 's silence on alternatives to globalization or the democracy that lead to globalization . The writing was variously described as choppy , colourful , engaging , and straightforward . Singled out as being exceptionally well done was Klein 's Los Angeles Times article " America is not a Hamburger " , which described the American attempt to re @-@ brand itself by believing that the escalating anti @-@ Americanism was a misunderstanding rather than a reaction to American policy directions . Klein 's October 2001 speech at a journalism conference in Stockholm was also singled out as being very well done . Entitled " The Brutal Calculus of Suffering " , it contrasted the media depictions of American versus non @-@ American deaths . The reviewer for the feminist magazine Herizons wrote , " Fences and Windows was written to be read and shared and talked about and carried around in your bag . It is a book that begs you to write in the margins , and highlight relevant quotes because it 's filled with stories , insights , shocking statistics , inspiring anecdotes and refreshing critiques . It 's small , it 's smart and it 's jammed with information and ideas that inspire hope and motivate action . " Similarly , reviewing for The Guardian , Stuart Christie wrote , " This is a book to be savoured and referred to every so often , even if just to recharge one 's moral batteries . " In The Globe and Mail , Stan Persky wrote , " What I like about Klein 's reflections on the nascent movement that she both participates in and analyzes is that she indulges in minimal rhetorical rah @-@ rah . Nor does she fudge the shortcomings and screwups of the fledgling activists . " The reviews in The Economist and Books in Canada , the latter written by Shane Neilson , were very negative . Neilson called the work " idiocy " , " intellectual sloppiness that approaches dishonesty " , maintaining that " the ideological failure of this book is total . " He argued that Klein assumed , rather than proved , that the international organizations which were being protested against were guilty of the protesters ' charges . The Economist 's review criticized Klein for ignoring the benefits of globalization , like " lifting people out of poverty " , and for failing to present a coherent alternative . The reviewer called Klein " an angry adolescent " and opined that her reporting was assisting " a cause that can only harm the people she claims to care most about " . = Hurricane Cindy ( 1963 ) = Hurricane Cindy was the first hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1960 . The third named storm of the 1963 Atlantic hurricane season , Cindy developed within a trough as a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico on 16 September . The disturbance swiftly intensified to hurricane strength , with a distinct eye becoming visible on satellite imagery as it drifted north @-@ northwestwards toward the Texas coastline . Despite favorable conditions , with high sea surface temperatures , the storm only intensified into a Category 1 hurricane . After peaking with 1 @-@ minute maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , it made landfall at High Island on the morning of 17 September as a slightly weaker system with an atmospheric pressure of 996 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 41 inHg ) . Cindy remained nearly stationary for almost a day , dropping copious rainfall over the Texas coastal plain , before finally turning west @-@ southwestward and dissipating west of Corpus Christi on 20 September . Hurricane watches and warnings were issued prior to Cindy 's landfall , hastening evacuations in coastal areas of Louisiana and Texas , with many refugees seeking safety in local shelters . Although tide and wind damage was minimal , extreme rainfall totaling upwards of 23 @.@ 50 in ( 597 mm ) resulted in severe flooding in many areas of the Texas coastal plain ; 4 @,@ 000 homes were inundated in Jefferson , Orange , and Newton counties , many of them after a levee ruptured in Port Acres . Dozens of residents were forced to flee in rising flood waters , and many streets and roadways became impassable as a result of Cindy 's flooding . Strong winds shattered glass windows , and schools throughout southeastern Texas were closed due to the hurricane . Widespread crop damage was observed , with rice , cotton , and pecan harvests suffering the worst . Overall , damage amounted to $ 12 @.@ 5 million ( 1963 USD ) , and three deaths were recorded . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Cindy can be traced to a low @-@ pressure area which formed within a trough positioned approximately 200 mi ( 320 km ) east @-@ northeast of Brownsville , Texas on 16 September , though inclement weather had been reported in the Gulf of Mexico the previous two days . The disturbance soon strengthened into a tropical storm , developing a well @-@ defined circulation near 1800 UTC . By the afternoon , it had become well @-@ organized enough to prompt the New Orleans Weather Bureau office to initiate advisories on the storm , christening it Cindy . A distinct eye was noted on radar around 2000 UTC , and around then a possibly inaccurate maritime report issued by the SS Sabine documented winds of hurricane intensity . The compact storm meandered northward at 8 mph ( 13 km / h ) throughout the rest of the day without any observable increase in wind speeds , despite being situated over an area of warm sea surface temperatures . As Cindy made its gradual approach towards Galveston that evening , only slightly heightened wind speeds were observed , peaking at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Despite its favorable environment , Cindy remained disorganized , featuring an asymmetric 20 mi ( 32 km ) -wide eye ; little further strengthening occurred over the course of the night . Upon Cindy 's landfall at High Island the following morning , its atmospheric pressure was measured at 996 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 41 inHg ) , and winds reached 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Soon after moving ashore , Cindy became nearly stationary for 18 hours , maintaining Category 1 intensity before weakening to first to a tropical storm at 0600 UTC on 18 September then a tropical depression six hours later . The remnants of Cindy gradually turned westward @-@ to @-@ southwestward and decreased in strength during 18 and 19 September . As a result of its abnormally slow movement and deterioration , extremely heavy rains were recorded over Texas and Louisiana , especially in the storm 's northeastern quadrant . Cindy finally dissipated on 20 September while situated west of Corpus Christi . It was the first hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1960 . = = Preparations and impact = = In advance of Cindy 's arrival , a hurricane watch was issued between Freeport , Texas and Grand Isle , Louisiana on 16 September . The New Orleans Weather Bureau office imposed a hurricane warning between Galveston , Texas and Vermilion Bay , Louisiana three hours later , and additionally replaced the earlier hurricane watch with a gale warning . After making landfall on the morning of 17 September , the hurricane warning for Cindy was discontinued , though flood warnings and small craft warnings remained in effect for coastal areas of southeastern Texas . Mandatory evacuations were ordered for low @-@ lying areas along a 300 mi ( 480 km ) arc , and five buses were sent to help in evacuation efforts in Sabine County , Texas . Meanwhile , the Texas civil defense and disaster relief agency and other related organizations prepared for the storm as governor of Texas John Connally declared a state of emergency . In Cameron Parish , Louisiana , approximately 5 @,@ 000 individuals left the area prior to the storm , while 6 @,@ 000 fled in the state as a whole ; in neighboring Texas , 3 @,@ 600 individuals living along the state 's shoreline heeded the Weather Bureau 's warnings , evacuating to higher ground . Emergency shelters opened along the Gulf Coast , with 1 @,@ 500 taking refuge in Port Arthur , Texas , 525 in Beaumont , 1 @,@ 078 in Galveston , 300 in Port Bolivar , and 475 total in Texas City , Hitchcock , and Lamarque . A state of emergency was declared in the city of Lake Charles , Louisiana , where officials prepared to feed up to 10 @,@ 000 refugees as the Salvation Army and other relief agencies ' volunteers were deployed to the region . One shrimp boat was initially reported missing and the tug Myra White transmitted a distress signal as its engines failed near an oil rig off of Galveston . High winds shattered glass windows at Port Arthur , Texas City , and Galveston , while schools were shut down in Galveston , Lamarque , Texas City , Alvin , and most of Galveston and Jefferson counties . Despite a brief power outage at	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Lamarque , electricity was quickly restored after the storm . Powerful gusts downed branches , electrical poles , and tore off shingles in Port Arthur and Galveston , but damage was minimal at High Island , where Cindy made landfall . The U.S. Coast Guard responded to four requests for assistance at Galveston , and nine vessels attempted to seek refuge at Port Arthur ; the Coast Guard eventually permitted six to enter , and the other three apparently traveled to Galveston . Meanwhile , to the northwest , the port of Houston was closed for the duration of the storm . Trucks and boats were dispatched by civil defense officials in Jefferson County after declaring a state of emergency following numerous requests for assistance by residents of flooded homes . Two children , initially unaccounted for , were later found safe under a bridge abutment . In Amelia , a suburb of Beaumont , officials helped residents in low @-@ lying neighborhoods to higher ground , and in Beaumont proper , flooding inundated streets , rendering some impassible . The hurricane partially defoliated palm trees , leaving palm fronds on streets and roadways , and several structures were toppled or damaged along the coast . Overall damage , however , was minimal . An 8 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) levee sheltering Port Acres ruptured , forcing residents to stack 11 @,@ 000 sandbags and dump sand to protect the suburb . There , storm waters inundated homes up to roof level , and after carp were swept into local farm fields , many locals fished for them with clubs ; nearby , industrial complexes in Jefferson and Orange counties endured severe damage as well . Boats were tossed into the streets of Beaumont , and numerous highways were unusable for travel due to high water ; the widespread flooding forced police to rescue 30 residents in the Beaumont area . The storm inundated rice , cotton , and pecan crops , with rice harvests suffering the worst impacts . Two men left stranded on a burning fishing boat 50 mi ( 80 km ) off of Morgan City , Louisiana were later rescued by the U.S. Coast Guard without issue . Tides and winds resulted in few problems , with flooding causing the majority of Cindy 's damage ; storm surge reached 3 to 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 to 1 @.@ 52 m ) above normal levels , enough to destroy only a few piers and damage several boats . The hurricane 's abnormally slow trajectory over the Texas coastal plain led to extremely high rainfall totals being measured in parts of Jefferson , Orange , and Newton counties in Texas , where storm waters inundated 4 @,@ 000 homes , and Calcasieu and Vermilion parishes in Louisiana . The most extreme rainfall totals were measured in Deweyville , Texas , where 23 @.@ 50 in ( 597 mm ) of precipitation fell over a three @-@ day period , with 20 @.@ 60 in ( 523 mm ) alone falling in 24 hours . Farther north , Cindy inundated 25 businesses and 35 homes in Guthrie , Oklahoma , where up to 2 @.@ 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) of water forced 300 residents to flee . Upwards of $ 11 @.@ 7 million ( 1963 USD ) in property damage was noted , and crop damage reached $ 500 @,@ 000 in Texas and $ 360 @,@ 000 in Louisiana ; one man drowned after falling overboard on a boat taking oil rig personnel back to land , while two others drowned under high waters at Port Acres . Overall , Cindy inflicted $ 12 @.@ 5 million in damage and three deaths . = Utah State Route 279 = State Route 279 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah . The highway was constructed in 1962 – 1963 to service the Cane Creek potash mine and processing plant southwest of Moab . The highway was named one of the most beautiful highways opened to traffic in 1963 . The entire length of SR @-@ 279 has been designated the Potash – Lower Colorado River Scenic Byway by the Utah State Legislature , however is known locally as Potash Road . This highway was intended to be part of a longer highway , State Route 278 , that was to scale the canyon walls between Moab and Dead Horse Point State Park . Only the connection to the potash mine was constructed before the project was cancelled . Although the highway was constructed to aid the mining industry of southeastern Utah , the road is popular with tourists and four wheel drive enthusiasts . The jeep trails beginning where SR @-@ 279 ends are used to access Canyonlands National Park and Dead Horse Point . = = Route description = = The highway begins just north of Moab at a junction with U.S. Route 191 near the southern boundary of Arches National Park . The road follows the north bank of the Colorado River to the potash mine . The road is legislatively designated north – south , but actually serpentines for most of its length . The highway loosely parallels a spur of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad built at the same time and for the same purpose of serving the potash mine . The route of the railroad features a 1 @.@ 59 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 56 km ) tunnel that bypasses most of the serpentine bends in the Colorado River between Moab and the potash plant . While in the Colorado River canyon , the highway passes by dinosaur footprints , Indian petroglyphs and jeep trails leading to Canyonlands National Park and Dead Horse Point State Park . The highway also passes by three named natural arches , Corona Arch , Bow Tie Arch , and Jug Handle Arch . = = History = = The State Road Commission approved a new State Route 279 in 1960 , connecting US @-@ 160 ( now US @-@ 191 ) northwest of Moab with Dead Horse Point State Park . The route would be mostly new construction , following the right ( northwest ) bank of the Colorado River to Day Canyon , where it would climb to the southwest onto the plateau containing the park . Within the park , an existing roadway , then its primary access road , would become part of SR @-@ 279 . The state legislature approved this highway in 1961 . Later that year , the commission added a second route — State Route 278 — that would continue south alongside the river from SR @-@ 279 to the Grand @-@ San Juan County line . However , when it approved the addition in 1963 , the legislature made it part of SR @-@ 279 , renumbering the spur to the park through Day Canyon as SR @-@ 278 . In addition , the south end of SR @-@ 279 was changed to Potash , a point north of the county line where the Texas Gulf Sulphur Company was building a potash plant . SR @-@ 279 was soon built , but the road through Day Canyon was never constructed . In 1975 , the legislature deleted SR @-@ 278 in favor of a new SR @-@ 313 , which followed the existing county road to Dead Horse Point through Sevenmile Canyon . In 1963 , Parade Magazine held the third of an annual competition for most scenic highway that opened to traffic that year . SR @-@ 279 was one of four finalists in the competition . The others finalists were I @-@ 93 between Windham and Londonderry in New Hampshire , I @-@ 84 near Southington , Connecticut and I @-@ 405 near Sepulveda Pass in Los Angeles , California . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Grand County . = Stanley plan = The Stanley plan was a package of 13 statutes adopted in September 1956 by the U.S. state of Virginia designed to ensure racial segregation in that state 's public schools despite the unanimous ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States in Brown v. Board of Education , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) that school segregation was unconstitutional . The legislative program was named for Governor Thomas B. Stanley , who proposed the program and successfully pushed for its enactment . The Stanley plan was a critical element in the policy of " massive resistance " to the Brown ruling advocated by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd , Sr. The plan also included measures designed to curb the Virginia state chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , which many Virginia segregationists believed was responsible for " stirring up " litigation to integrate the public schools . The plan was enacted by the Virginia Assembly on September 22 , 1956 , and signed into law by Governor Stanley on September 29 . A federal court struck down a portion of the Stanley plan as unconstitutional in January 1957 . By 1960 , nearly all of the major elements of the plan ( including the litigation curbs aimed at the NAACP ) had been struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal and state courts . The constitutional invalidity of the Stanley plan led new governor of Virginia , James Lindsay Almond , Jr . , to propose " passive resistance " to school integration in 1959 . The Supreme Court declared portions of " passive resistance " unconstitutional in 1964 and again in 1968 . = = Background = = On May 17 , 1954 , the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its ruling in Brown v. Board of Education , in which the unanimous court held that separate public schools for black and white students was unconstitutional . Although agitation for an end to racial segregation in schools ( and society at large ) had been building in the United States since the end of World War II , Brown sparked the modern American civil rights movement . The initial reaction of most Virginia politicians and newspapers to the Brown decision was restrained . From the 1920s to the late 1960s , Virginia politics had been dominated by the Byrd Organization , a political machine led by Senator Harry F. Byrd , Sr. ( who was also a former governor of Virginia ) . Top leaders in the Byrd Organization , such as Governor Thomas B. Stanley and then @-@ Attorney General James Lindsay Almond , Jr . , were also at first reserved in their reaction to the Brown ruling . However , this changed when James J. Kilpatrick , editor of The Richmond News Leader in Richmond , Virginia , quickly adopted a defiant and unyielding opposition to racial integration of public schools . Kilpatrick adopted the pre @-@ American Civil War constitutional theory of interposition , and began publicly pushing for the state of Virginia to actively oppose the Supreme Court . Kilpatrick 's hardening position , historian Joseph J. Thorndike has written , " likely ... helped stiffen the resolve of several key figures , especially Byrd . " On June 18 , 1954 , political leaders in Virginia 's Southside ( a collection of counties in the south @-@ central region of the state ) met and agreed to ask for vigorous state opposition to Brown . They began calling themselves the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Civil Liberties , and members included U.S. Congressmen William Munford Tuck and Watkins Abbitt as well as state senators Charles Moses and Garland Gray . They selected Farmville businessman Robert B. Crawford as their president . Stanley , himself from the Southside , was deeply influenced by the strong segregationist sentiments expressed at this meeting . Six days later , Governor Stanley announced he would " use every legal means at my command to continue segregated schools in Virginia . " = = = The Gray Commission = = = On August 30 , 1954 , Governor Stanley announced the appointment of a commission , chaired by State Senator Garland Gray , to recommend a legislative response to Brown . Officially titled the Virginia Public Education Commission , it was more popularly known as the Gray Commission . In October 1954 , a pro @-@ segregation group called the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties ( widely known as " the Defenders " ) formed . The Defenders not only demanded that state legislators pledge not to support racial integration , but in June 1955 called for legislation to be enacted which barred state funds from being spent on school desegregation . Although limited primarily to the Southside and numbering no more than 15 @,@ 000 members , the Defenders proved highly influential in state politics . The crisis over school desegregation worsened throughout 1955 . On May 31 , 1955 , the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( known as Brown II ) ordered that school desegregation occur with " all deliberate speed " . Two weeks later , Governor Stanley and the Virginia State Board of Education announced that state policy would be to continue to operate the state 's public schools on a segregated basis . Then , in a seemingly unrelated case , the Supreme Court of Virginia ruled on November 7 , 1955 , in Almond v. Day that providing state funds to private schools violated Article 141 of the state constitution . ( In 1954 , the Virginia General Assembly had enacted legislation providing educational vouchers to underage dependents of veterans who were wounded or had died in World War I. ) Kilpatrick and several Virginia political leaders had supported vouchers as a way of circumventing desegregation , and the Almond decision struck directly at this proposal . The Gray Commission issued its report just five days after the Virginia Supreme Court 's decision in Almond . The report , which wholeheartedly supported racial segregation in schools and denounced the Supreme Court 's 1954 Brown decision , made a number of recommendations . Two stood out . First , the Commission proposed that the state constitution be amended to permit education vouchers to be given to those parents who did not want their children attending integrated schools , or to those children who lived in counties where public schools had been abolished . Second , the Commission advised amending state education law to permit local school boards to assign students to schools on the basis of factors ( such as aptitude , availability of facilities , health , and transportation needs ) other than race . Stanley proposed enacting all the proposals recommended by the Gray Commission , with the exception of the pupil assignment provision . The governor also sought an amendment to state law authorizing and directing the governor to withhold state funding from any public school district when the " public interest , or safety , or welfare " required it . The plan would also permit a local school district to close its public schools ( in which case every child would get a tuition voucher to attend a private school ) or opt to not take state funding . = = = Legislative maneuvering and the rise of " massive resistance " = = = Governor Stanley called the General Assembly into special session on November 30 , 1955 , to consider adopting the Gray Commission 's report ( although not its actual recommendations ) . During what one newspaper called a " hasty , almost hysterical four @-@ day session " , the General Assembly " adopted " the Gray Commission 's recommendations — although it did not enact them into law . The legislature did approve a referendum for January 9 , 1956 , to call a state constitutional convention . A number of individuals and organizations came out against the Gray Commission 's proposals as too moderate , however . Among these were Representative ( and former Governor ) William M. Tuck , Virginia House Speaker E. Blackburn Moore ( a close friend of Byrd 's ) , the Defenders , Kilpatrick , and even Gray himself . For nearly three weeks in late November and early December , Kilpatrick wrote almost daily in the pages of the Richmond News Leader in favor of interposition . In near @-@ record numbers , Virginia voters turned out on January 9 to approve the call for a constitutional convention by a 2 @-@ to @-@ 1 margin . After the referendum , Kilpatrick and now Byrd , too , began pressing for an even stronger legislative response , based on the constitutional justification of interposition . The Virginia General Assembly opened its 60 @-@ day legislative session on January 11 , 1956 . Almost immediately , Byrd 's supporters in the legislature demanded that the Assembly support interposition , and a resolution to adopt the legal theory as state policy passed on February 1 , 1956 . On February 25 , Byrd called for " massive resistance " by Southern states against the Brown ruling . But a fracture in the pro @-@ segregation movement prevented much legislation from moving forward during the remainder of the regular legislative session . Hopes were initially high when , on March 6 , 1956 , the Virginia constitutional convention voted 39 @-@ to @-@ 1 to approve the constitutional amendment to permit educational vouchers . Five days later , 96 members of the United States Congress sponsored a resolution ( introduced by Senator Byrd ) called the " Southern Manifesto " , which denounced the Brown decision and encouraged states to " resist forced integration by any means . " But moderate segregationist forces ( which supported the Gray Commission plan ) opposed the more extreme segregationists ( who believed that public opinion was becoming more and more inflamed against Brown ) . Byrd cautioned Virginia state legislators to " go slow " ( a now @-@ famous political phrase ) . Byrd and the other extreme segregationists hoped that public opinion would continue to harden against Brown , allowing political leaders to adopt interposition rather than a more moderate response . But the moderate segregationists , too , had some early successes . A resolution declaring the Brown decision null and void was defeated by the state house on January 18 . As moderates battled extremists in the General Assembly and time wore on , many state legislators began to feel ( with school budgets due in just 60 days on May 30 ) that there was not enough time to pass the Gray Commission plan . The two sides began to fight over whether to delay a year before passing any new school legislation . Moderate segregationists began to worry that public education would be destroyed by tuition vouchers , and were not willing to implement such a plan even if it meant saving segregation . House Speaker Moore introduced a resolution which would require school districts to remain segregated for the coming 1956 @-@ 1957 school year while the legislature worked on a legislative end @-@ run of Brown . But state Attorney General Almond argued the bill left the state legally exposed , and advocated instead a special session of the legislature in the summer in order to meet the " good faith " requirement of the Brown II decision . The Moore resolution was defeated , as was the Gray Commission 's proposal to allow local school boards to assign students to schools on factors other than race . Three days before the legislature adjourned , Governor Stanley proposed a plan to deny state funds to any school district which integrated . But this plan was also defeated . The legislative session ended on March 12 , 1956 . = = The Stanley plan = = Although calls for a special session of the legislature had been made in February and March , Governor Stanley was not initially receptive to the idea at the beginning of April . In mid @-@ April , Virginia Lieutenant Governor Gi Stevens urged Stanley to call a special session of the General Assembly to reconsider the Gray Commission proposals . In May , at least one state delegate urged the General Assembly to call itself into special session . During the spring and into the summer , Stanley began meeting with Senator Byrd , State Senator Gray , and others to strategize about a course of action . Byrd was concerned that one or more local school districts might integrate , creating a domino effect that would lead to integration across the entire South . Preventing this from happening became the preeminent concern of Stanley , Byrd , and the others . Stanley called the Gray Commission back into session in late May 1956 , but the group was unable to immediately come up with any new recommendations . Attorney General Almond publicly urged Stanley to call a special session of the legislature on May 31 , but House Speaker Moore demanded to know what proposals Almond felt the legislature should pass before any special session was called . On June 4 , the Gray Commission again reported to the governor that it had not been able to improve on its November proposals , but it , too , advised the governor to call a special session of the legislature . The following day , Governor Stanley announced he would call the legislature into special session in late August . Governor Stanley 's reversal of position regarding the special session seemed inexplicable , especially in light of the lack of new legislative proposals , but events had transpired which had changed his mind . In part , Stanley himself had come around to the " massive resistance " viewpoint . Various court decisions of the previous spring had convinced him that the federal courts ( and the federal government ) would not compromise on the issue of segregation . Additionally , Stanley felt emboldened by a change in his status within the Byrd Organization . Initially , Senator Byrd had kept Stanley out of his inner circle 's legislative discussions . But by late spring Byrd began including Stanley in these talks . Byrd and his close political allies were pressing for extreme measures ( such as closing schools ) in response to integration , and Stanley realized that action had to be taken soon or integration would occur before these measures could be enacted . In this regard , Stanley was going against the Byrd Organization , which believed that public opinion would become even more extreme during the summer and give the organization greater political capital and freedom of movement . = = = Crafting the Stanley plan = = = There had also been changes in the legislative approach to be taken , changes which had occurred behind closed doors . The Gray Commission 's public claim on May 28 that it had nothing new to report was not truthful . In fact , a secret meeting of the Gray Commission 's executive committee had occurred on May 27 which Representative Howard W. Smith , Representative Watkins Moorman Abbitt , Representative Burr Harrison , Tuck , and other outsiders had attended . The group approved of Stanley 's March 9 proposal to cut off all state funds for any school district which integrated , and discussed a number of other proposals ( including a pupil assignment plan , whether to require local approval of integration or local approval of taxes to support integration , and repeal of state laws permitting school districts to be sued ) . Although the full Gray Commission met publicly the following day , they were secretly joined in executive session by Governor Stanley . Stanley announced that he was going to support a special session of the legislature , and that if the Gray Commission could not come up with any new proposals then he himself would craft bills for the General Assembly to consider . Although no plan was formally agreed upon , the Gray Commission asked its counsel David J. Mays to craft proposals along six lines : 1 ) Cutting off state funds to any school district which integrated ; 2 ) Allowing local referenda to veto the appropriation of local funds for integration ; 3 ) Repeal of state laws allowing school districts to be sued ; 4 ) Allowing the state to invoke its police power to prevent integration ( under the assumption that integration would lead to public unrest and disorder ) ; 5 ) Enacting a pupil assignment plan to be implemented solely by the governor ( under the assumption that no court would jail the governor ) ; and 6 ) Enacting a pupil assignment plan to be implemented solely by the General Assembly ( under the assumption that no court would jail the entire legislature ) . No action was taken on these proposals at the Gray Commission 's meeting on June 4 . With discussions on a legislative program at a standstill , on June 11 Gray called together the seven members of the Gray Commission most in favor of " massive resistance . " They agreed to support a legislative program in favor of " massive resistance " and met with Governor Stanley that night . Stanley said he was willing " to go to any extreme that may be necessary to prevent integration anywhere in Virginia . " The basic legislative proposals of the " Stanley plan , " the Washington Post reported , were worked out at a secret meeting on July 2 in the United States House Committee on Rules hearing room in the United States Capitol . At the meeting were Abbitt , Byrd , Gray , Smith , Tuck , Stanley , and seven Southside state legislators . The group agreed to a five @-@ point legislative program : 1 ) No public school integration would be tolerated in Virginia ; 2 ) School districts which integrated would lose state funding ; 3 ) The state law permitting school districts to be sued would be repealed ; 4 ) The power to assign students to schools would be taken away from local school boards and transferred to the governor ; and 5 ) The governor would have the power to close any school district which integrated . Despite the group 's many public statements supporting local control of schools , Tuck later remarked that the purpose of the plan was to prevent integration anywhere in Virginia : " If they [ other Virginia areas ] won 't stand with us then I say make ' em . We cannot compromise . ... If you ever let them integrate anywhere the whole state will be integrated in a short time . " Byrd in particular was a vocal supporter of the school closing proposal , and helped draft the other proposals in the plan . The Stanley plan had the support of the more extreme segregationists in Virginia as well . The first week of July , the Defenders promoted a plan that would withdraw the legal basis for lawsuits against school districts , permit state takeovers of school districts which integrated , and deny state funds to school districts which integrated . The Defenders opposed any pupil assignment plan as too moderate a response . Accommodating this extremist sentiment , the pupil assignment plan approved at the July 2 meeting was fairly weak . After the meeting , Gray independently asked Mays to draft a stronger pupil assignment proposal . Events soon polarized the state of Virginia on the school segregation issue . On July 12 , Judge John Paul , Jr . , of the Western District Court of Virginia ordered the racial integration of public schools in Charlottesville , Virginia . On July 31 , Eastern District Court of Virginia Judge Albert V. Bryan , Sr. , ordered the racial integration of public schools in Arlington County , Virginia . The rulings sparked additional lawsuits against segregated school districts across Virginia . The rulings also widened the split in the pro @-@ segregation forces , with the more extremist supporters now arguing that the Gray Commission proposals were no longer an option and that only " massive resistance " and a plan implementing interposition were supportable . Governor Stanley released his legislative proposal to implement " massive resistance " on July 23 , 1956 , and set August 27 , 1956 , as the start of the General Assembly 's special session . He made it clear that he would not permit desegregation . " There shall be no mixing of the races in the public schools , anywhere in Virginia , " he said on July 23 . = = = Drafting the legislation = = = The Stanley plan split the Executive Committee of the Gray Commission . Attorney General Almond ( not a Byrd Organization insider and privately already seeking the governorship ) drafted a substitute school closing bill on July 25 that limited the conditions under which the governor could close schools but which Almond thought was more likely to pass constitutional muster . On July 26 , Southside politicians attempted to force a vote through the Gray Commission which endorsed the Stanley plan ( as redrafted by Almond ) , but the vote failed . The commission did vote , however , to have Mays draft legislation to implement the proposals contained in the Gray Commission report as well as the governor 's recommendations . Mays spent most of July 31 drafting this legislation with four others : Almond ; Mays ' associate Henry T. Wickham ; Commission staffer John B. Boatwright , Jr . ; and George McIver " Mack " Lapsley ( Director of the Division of Statutory Research and Drafting for the General Assembly ) . They considered a number of different ways to implement the pupil assignment plan , and decided to bring the various alternatives before the Gray Commission . Wickham was given the task of putting into legislative language the decisions the group made . That same day , Judge Bryan ordered Arlington County public schools desegregated . Mays told the drafting group that Bryan 's decision invited a pupil assignment program and suggested it might pass constitutional muster . Almond agreed , and on August 1 told the press that Judge Bryan 's decision left open the possibility of implementing a pupil assignment plan that would be neutral on its face but which could keep schools segregated . Mays , Lapsley , Almond , Wickham , and Boatwright spent August 6 engaged in additional legislative drafting . That same day , Governor Stanley withdrew his school funding bill from consideration by the drafting committee and asked that Almond draft a stronger version which permitted a funding cut @-@ off whether a district integrated voluntarily or not . Kenneth Patty , Assistant Attorney General , ended up drafting the revised bill for the governor . After four days of work , Patty finished his draft of the funding cut @-@ off legislation on August 13 . On August 14 , Governor Stanley announced publicly that the main thrust of his legislative proposal would be to withhold funds from any local school district which integrated . In response , Gray called a meeting of the Gray Commission to consider the governor 's proposal . Stanley said he would not oppose the Gray Commission 's proposal to assign students on the basis of factors other than race ( which might lead to some integration ) . Stanley 's concession , the Washington Post reported , was made because it was widely assumed that the Gray Commission was assumed to be strongly in favor of the pupil assignment plan and the tuition grant proposal . There was intense pressure on Stanley to make good on his concession of August 14 . In a closed @-@ door meeting with Assembly delegates attending the 1956 Democratic National Convention , Stanley again insisted on the authority to withhold state funds from any school district which integrated . But Delegate Delamater Davis of Norfolk ( the state 's largest city ) said his city would likely operate its schools without state funds if ordered to integrate . By mid @-@ August , 18 local school districts had placed their budgets on a month @-@ to @-@ month basis so they could close schools on short notice if ordered to desegregate . But wealthy districts such as Arlington and Norfolk let it be known that they would defy state control and integrate . Outside of the Southside , there seemed little support for Stanley 's plan . This lack of support led to a shift in Stanley 's legislative proposals . Originally , the governor had sought discretionary authority to withhold funds from integrated school districts ; now the goal became automatic cut @-@ off . The revised Stanley plan was presented to the Gray Commission on August 22 . The Commission reconsidered its own proposals as well as the Stanley plan and those of other legislators ( such as the Boothe @-@ Dalton and McCue plans ; see below for descriptions ) . Before the vote , Governor Stanley said he would not insist on the provision in the funding cut @-@ off bill which would deny funds to all public schools statewide if a single local jurisdiction integrated . Also speaking before the group , Attorney General Almond said the McCue plan would not stop integration lawsuits and probably would violate the state constitution . At the end of its meeting , the Gray Commission voted 19 @-@ to @-@ 12 to abandon its original proposals and support the Stanley plan . The meeting and vote were contentious . According to local news media , " the Commission capitulated to tremendous pressure from state leaders to junk its own pupil assignment plan " . The Commission also approved a program to provide tuition grants to students in shuttered school districts so they could attend a nonsectarian school of their choice . ( The original Gray Commission plan awarded tuition grants only to parents in an integrated school system who did not want their child attending an integrated school , or to parents in localities which voluntarily closed their school system to avoid integration . ) Thirteen of the 15 Southside legislators on the Gray Commission voted for the Stanley plan . Of the 12 commissioners who voted against the Stanley plan , two were from Arlington County , two were from Richmond , and one was from Norfolk . At the end of the session , Arlington 's State Senator Charles Fenwick and delegate C. Harrison Mann proposed a series of bills designed to harass the Virginia NAACP , which Fenwick and others believed had instigated the desegregation lawsuits . After the meeting , Governor Stanley told the press that his plan would make Virginia school systems immune to any integrationist litigation . The onus of school closures , he said , would be on African Americans who " force themselves into a school of another race " . In the days before the start of the special session , it became clear that a major battle was brewing between the moderate segregationists and the extreme segregationists . Delegates from Northern Virginia openly opposed the Stanley plan as well as calls for even more radical legislation . Although most moderate segregationists had joined with the extremists in initially supporting the Gray Commission plan and the call for a constitutional convention , the moderates largely did not support interposition . The moderate segregationists also joined with many ( such as leading educators , urban leaders from Northern Virginia , former state superintendent of public schools Dabney Lancaster , several General Assembly delegates , and Gray Commission vice chairman Harry B. Davis ) who felt that the tuition voucher proposal would undermine public education . Many state legislators also seemed unsure about whether to support the Stanley plan . A press poll of the state House Appropriations Committee showed an 8 @-@ to @-@ 7 split against the plan , with two members undecided . Support for Stanley 's plan came almost exclusively from the Southside and counties around it , the Tidewater counties , and portions of Southwest Virginia . Much of the lack of support focused on whether the plan would actually pass court muster as well as halt desegregation . Delegate James McIlhany Thomson , an ardent segregationist , said he believed the Stanley plan would not pass without a pupil assignment program . But on August 24 , Garland Gray ( whose own position had moved rightward ) abandoned support for the pupil assignment plan because it permitted limited integration . Governor Stanley , however , was adamant that the Assembly enact his legislative program implementing " massive resistance . " " If we accept admission of one Negro child into a white school , it 's all over , " he said on August 24 . = = Enacting the Stanley plan = = = = = Other plans = = = The Stanley plan was not the only segregationist legislative package introduced at the special session of the Assembly . On July 31 , Charlottesville State Senator E.O. McCue offered his own proposal . The McCue plan would : 1 ) Place all public schools under the control of the Virginia Assembly ; 2 ) Authorize the Virginia State Board of Education to operate the schools in the name of the Assembly ; 3 ) Make all local and county school personnel employees of the Assembly ; 4 ) Bar lawsuits against local school districts unless initiated by the state Attorney General ; 5 ) Require that a school district be immediately taken over by the Assembly if any current school district or school board member is the subject of an integrationist lawsuit , until such time as the Assembly desires to reestablish the local school system ; 6 ) Vest all power to admit and / or assign students to schools in the hands of the Assembly ; and 7 ) Require the Assembly to assign pupils to the schools they currently attend , and require that the assignment of any new pupils or changes to assignments be approved by the Assembly . ( At the time , it was estimated that 125 @,@ 000 pupil assignments were made each year in the state . ) Another legislative package was introduced by State Senators Armistead Boothe and Ted Dalton . The Boothe @-@ Dalton plan was less ambitious in scope . It proposed a plan in which : 1 ) Student school assignments would be made on factors other than race ; 2 ) Parents unhappy with their child 's school assignment would have access to an administrative appeals system ; and 3 ) Teachers could transfer schools only as conditions warranted . The key element of the Boothe @-@ Dalton plan was in how it differed from the Gray Commission student assignment plan . The Gray Commission plan assigned students on the basis of student welfare , availability of facilities and transportation , health , and aptitude , whereas the Boothe @-@ Dalton plan expanded the list of factors to include school attendance areas , academic background , student personality , and student needs . Additionally , the Boothe @-@ Dalton plan provided for an administrative appeal process , which the Gray Commission plan did not . It also identified a very specific , time @-@ consuming process for assignment appeals ( to the local school board , the state board of education , state circuit courts , state supreme court , and eventually the U.S. Supreme Court ) . Finally , it contained a " local option " that would allow racial integration in public schools " where localities are ready " ( according to Boothe ) . The Mann @-@ Fenwick plan , sponsored by Arlington Delegate C. Harrison Mann and Senator Charles R. Fenwick , was a third major proposal . Their plan established a three @-@ member " School Assignment Board " in each school district whose members would be appointed by the governor . The plan adopted the assignment factors listed by the Gray Commission , but also borrowed language from Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education ( which some legislators felt would help the statute pass court scrutiny ) . The Mann @-@ Fenwick plan also permitted any parent to protest the assignment of a new pupil to their school ( a process designed to give white parents the legal right to protest the assignment of a black student to an all @-@ white school ) . = = = Opening of the special session = = = Governor Stanley opened the Assembly 's special session on August 27 by declaring that Virginia faced " the gravest problem since 1865 " . Stanley said his goal was to have the legislature declare that mixing of races in public schools posed a clear and present danger to the operation of an " efficient " public school system ( as required by the Virginia constitution ) . He also asserted that in order to protect the health and welfare of the people , integration must be opposed . He made it clear that he intended to stop all integration . He said he believed that if even one school integrated , integration would sweep over all of Virginia . The Stanley plan had two main aspects , the governor stated . The first was the funds withholding provision . But he pointed out that his plan ( which had now been modified even further since late August ) would cut off funds only to portions of school districts . ( For example , if an elementary school in a district integrated , the legislation would require funds to be cut off to all elementary schools in that district — but not to secondary schools . ) He also noted that this portion of his legislative program would expire on June 30 , 1958 . Stanley said the second major provision of his program was the tuition grant plan , offered to parents in districts where schools closed . ( Unpublicized by the governor was a provision in his tuition grant plan that would require school districts which lost state funds to provide tuition grants . ) All legislators should get behind this legislative program for massive resistance , Stanley concluded , because all Virginians of all races had concluded over the past eight months that there should be no mixing of the races anywhere in the state . Fifty @-@ eight bills about school desegregation were filed for consideration by the Virginia Assembly . The administration immediately entered into negotiations to amend the Stanley plan to allow parents to sue a school district to force it to accept state funds ( and resegregate ) . The Boothe @-@ Dalton and McCue plans were also filed . Backers of the Gray Commission plan filed 14 bills to implement the Commission 's proposals , but the Gray plan 's supporters said they would abandon their pupil assignment plan in favor of the Mann @-@ Fenwick pupil assignment plan . Delegate C.W. Cleaton introduced a bill to prohibit school districts from raising private money to operate integrated schools , Senator Eugene Snydor introduced a bill to allow residents to vote on whether integrated schools should be closed and whether closed schools should be reopened as segregated , and Delegate Griffith Purcell introduced a bill to require a statewide referendum in November 1956 on whether school segregation should be state policy . The Assembly recessed on August 28 for the Labor Day holiday , and did not come back into session until September 4 . The same day , Governor Stanley conferred with Rep. Smith , Delegate Gray , and House Speaker Moore . Their discussion focused on the Stanley plan 's lack of an appeals process for pupil assignments . Stanley agreed to a compromise that would allow an administrative appeal ( through an as @-@ yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ worked @-@ out process ) , followed by a required appeal to state courts and lower federal courts before any appeal could be taken to the U.S. Supreme Court . The Stanley plan seemed to suffer a serious blow the following day , however , when the Virginia State Board of Education voted not to endorse the plan . Four members strongly opposed withholding state funds from integrated schools , which led to the negative vote . The board also voted to publicly support the original Gray Commission plan . Meeting with the board after the vote , Governor Stanley discussed the possibility of merging his plan with some sort of pupil assignment plan , so that pupil assignment would be permitted but funds would still be withheld if assignment failed to segregate the schools . Another blow to the Stanley plan came when Colgate W. Darden , Jr . , the former governor of Virginia who was now president of the University of Virginia , announced he opposed the Stanley plan and supported the Gray Commission 's original proposals . = = = Post @-@ recess maneuvering = = = By the time the special session resumed on September 4 , the number of bills filed for consideration by the Assembly had risen to more than 70 . Stanley 's supporters led off the debate in both chambers of the Assembly , but Stanley 's political position had weakened and media observers felt that he was close to compromising even further on his program . On September 6 , Stanley 's backers introduced a new bill in the Assembly which would give the governor the power to make pupil assignments . The new bill expanded on the limited criteria previously proposed by the governor by declaring that pupil assignment would be made in order to ensure " efficient " ( e.g. , segegrated ) operation of the schools and to reduce a clear and present danger to the public safety of citizens in those districts which integrated . In an effort to strengthen the Stanley plan 's interposition elements , the bill also authorized circuit courts to file injunctions against any school district which violated the assignment decrees — which invited the prospect of pitting state courts against federal ones . Delegate Thomson introduced a bill to establish a seven @-@ member Assembly committee to investigate any group seeking to influence public opinion in the state , teacher quality , uniformity of courses and curriculum in the public schools , and the effects of integration on public education . From September 4 to 7 , the Assembly heard numerous witnesses testify for and against the various plans . State Senator Harry F. Byrd , Jr . ( son of U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd , Sr. ) endorsed the Stanley plan . He also said that if it were struck down , the Byrd Organization intended to keep enacting plans to thwart desegregation forever . Testifying against the various segregationist plans were members of the NAACP and several Northern Virginia legislators . As the hearings ended , Delegates Lucas Phillipps and Frank Moncure introduced a bill to bar the Virginia State Board of Education from denying accreditation to any private school because its building did not meet state standards . ( Many legislators believed that if the public schools closed , " white academies " would spring up to offer segregated private education . These schools , however , would be forced to occupy buildings which did not meet state educational codes , and the Phillipps @-@ Moncure bill was intended to solve this problem . ) By September 9 , however , it was clear that the Stanley plan was only holding onto a minority of legislative voters . = = = The anti @-@ NAACP bills = = = On September 10 , Delegate C. Harrison Mann introduced 16 bills aimed at curbing the NAACP in Virginia . Five of the bills expanded the state 's definitions of barratry , champerty , and maintenance . The eleven other bills collectively required the following groups to file a financial report and membership list annually with state : any group which promotes or opposes state legislation aimed at any race ; any organization attempting to influence public opinion on behalf of any race ; or any group raising funds to employ legal counsel in connection with racial litigation . = = = Compromise and passage = = = By September 13 , a bloc of 17 state senators had formed to oppose any segregationist plan which did not contain an option for local school districts to integrate . Faced with defeat in the Senate , Governor Stanley introduced a new version of his plan on September 12 that would : Make all local school district employees agents of the Assembly . Require that if a school official assigned a black pupil to a white school , that official would be suspended and the governor would become the agent of the Assembly . Give the governor the authority to investigate assignment of black pupils to white schools , and ask black students to return to their original all @-@ black school . Allow the closure of either a single classroom in a white school or the entire school itself , if integration occurred . Give the governor the authority to reassign students to new schools if a school was ordered to integrate or voluntarily integrated . Create tuition grants to encourage black students to leave white schools . Permit the governor to withhold state funds from any school district where segregation had failed . The new plan drew extensive criticism . Southside legislators feared that only all @-@ white schools would close . Stanley asserted that his plan would permit him to close black schools as well as white ones if an all @-@ white school was forced to integrate ( although no one seemed able to find this provision in his newly introduced bills ) . Attorney General Almond voiced his opinion that the new plan would not stop integrationist lawsuits , and that making the governor an agent of the legislature was clearly unconstitutional . When Speaker Moore later in the day proposed a pupil assignment plan that did not permit local integration , Stanley abandoned his new plan and supported Moore 's proposal . Stanley suffered a significant setback in the House Appropriations Committee on September 14 , when supporters of a local option won a narrow vote to amend the Stanley plan to permit local districts to integrate . The amended plan was reported to the House floor . Stanley immediately proposed yet another new plan which automatically cut off funds to any or all portions of a school district which integrated . Under the new Stanley plan , however , a school board could petition to have the schools reopened , although this would require that the Assembly take over the district , the governor to act as the Assembly 's agent , and the governor to implement a segregationist pupil assignment plan . The governor 's opponents , however , countered with their own plan in which each school board would retain the right to make pupil assignments ( although pupil assignments could now be appealed a three @-@ member " pupil assignment board " ) . Any parents with children in a school could challenge the assignment of a child to that school . Appeals would be required to go through the state court system after leaving the pupil assignment board ; in the meantime , the child would remain at their original school ( a process intended to delay the assignment of a black student to an all @-@ white school ) . To ensure that the plan was a " local option , " both the school board and the local pupil assignment board would need to adopt a pupil assignment plan , or state funds would be cut off . A cut @-@ off could be avoided if 10 percent of the school district 's voters signed a petition calling for a referendum , and voters approved implementation of a pupil assignment plan ( a process intended to allow voters to bypass an integrationist school board ) . Local communities were also permitted to drop the pupil assignment plan if 25 percent of school district voters signed a petition calling for a referendum on the issue and voters approved the referendum . Debate over the competing proposals in the House began on September 17 , and was highly contentious . The House subsequently passed the governor 's latest proposal . In the Senate , however , the governor 's proposal was amended to establish a statewide pupil assignment board appointed by the governor . A conference committee to reconcile the two different bills collapsed . A second conference committee won House members ' approval of the three @-@ member statewide pupil assignment committee , while Senate members agreed to allow appeals to go directly to the governor before heading to state courts . When the conference bill came onto the House and Senate floors , legislators from districts under court order to integrate and legislators from districts with small African American populations tried to amend the bill to include a local pupil assignment option but failed . The conference bill passed the Virginia House 62 @-@ to @-@ 37 . After three hours of debate late in the evening of September 21 , the Virginia Senate defeated the local option amendment 21 @-@ to @-@ 17 . The conference bill passed the Senate by a vote of 22 @-@ to @-@ 16 . ( Although the Virginia Senate has 40 seats , there were only 38 senators present at the time . One senator had recently died . One senator was ill but ready to leave the hospital and cast a deciding vote against the Stanley plan if needed . ) The final vote was not taken until 2 : 00 AM on September 22 , and the Virginia Assembly adjourned at 2 : 30 AM . Among the bills passed in the final hours of the session were six " legal business " bills designed to curb the NAACP . They were significantly amended in committee to meet the constitutional concerns of a number of legislators . The bills were merged so that only five were reported from the committee and passed by the Assembly . A final bill passed on the last day of the special session created a racial issues investigative committee . This legislation established a 10 @-@ member Assembly committee composed of six delegates and four senators . The committee was charged with investigating the effect of integration on public schools , racial matters in the state in general , and the effectiveness of racial legislation . The committee was to issue a report and make recommendations ( if any ) to the Assembly by November 1 , 1957 . Due to the number of last @-@ minute changes and the lateness of the hour during the final votes , the Assembly held a " cleaning up " day on Saturday , September 22 , to make technical clarifications to the final bills . After this session , the Assembly adjourned sine die . Governor Stanley signed the school segregation and legal business bills into law on September 29 , 1956 . The funding cut @-@ off bill and legal business bills went into effect immediately , while the remaining school segregation bills took effect 90 days later . = = Stanley Plan as enacted = = Much of the Stanley plan was designed so that the governor or the Assembly would be the focus of the courts , and not local school districts or school district officials and employees . The concept was that local officials felt powerless in the face of the federal courts and could not risk fines or jail . It was believed that federal courts would be reluctant to fine or jail the governor or Assembly , allowing the state to effectively " interpose " itself between the citizenry and federal government . The elements of the Stanley plan , as enacted , were : Pupil assignment to maintain racially segregated schools — Pupil assignment was no longer a local matter under the new legislation . Pupil assignment was now under the authority of a state @-@ level three @-@ member pupil assignment board , whose members were appointed by the governor . The state board made assignments on the basis of race as well as a wide range of other factors , including " sociological , psychological , and like intangible social scientific factors as will prevent , as nearly as possible , a condition of socio @-@ economic class consciousness among pupils . " Appeals of pupil assignment were made directly to the governor . Students and their parents were required to appeal the governor 's decision through the state courts before seeking to move the appeal to the federal courts . Automatic closure of public schools which racially integrate — The legislation required that any school which integrated ( voluntarily or not ) must be immediately and automatically closed . However , the governor was given the discretion to take over integrated school ( s ) and reopen the school ( s ) on a segregated basis rather than close the entire district . Integrated schools did not have to stay closed , however . A school district could petition the governor to take over one or more schools ( or the entire district ) that had closed and reopen them as segregated schools . Whether exercising his discretion or acting on a petition from the school district , the governor was authorized to act only as an agent of the Assembly . The governor was also required to try to persuade the African American child to return to his or her racially segregated school , so that the schools could reopen on a segregated basis . State reassignment and reopening of public schools — If the governor was unsuccessful in persuading African American children to return to their racially integrated school ( s ) , the governor was authorized to reassign the student to a racially segregated all @-@ black school . At any time , however , a school district could request that the governor stop administering the local public schools . However , if the schools reopened on an integrated basis , all state funding would be cut off . ( This constituted the local option . ) Funding cut @-@ off — The cut @-@ off of state funding occurred if a school district exercised the local option . The governor had no discretion in this area ; the Virginia constitution required that the state operate " efficient " public schools , and the legislature had defined " efficient " to mean segregated schools . The funds cut @-@ off was automatic , not discretionary . However , funds could be cut off only to integrated elementary or secondary schools or the entire school district ( as warranted ) . Tuition grants — School districts were required to offer tuition grants to all students in closed schools . Where schools were integrated , the school district was also required to offer a tuition grant to any pupil who objected to being educated in an integrated school . ( The amount of the grant was unclear . One bill passed in the final hours of the special session limited the grant to $ 350 a semester , while another required the grant to be the average amount each school district spent per pupil . ) Funds for the tuition grants were to come from any withheld state school funds , as well local funds . ( Oddly , there was no restriction on the use of the grants , other than that they be used for nonsectarian education . This meant a tuition grant could be used to attend an integrated school . ) = = Aftermath of the Stanley plan = = On December 25 , 1956 , Governor Stanley made his appointments to the state Pupil Assignment Board . The members were : Hugh White , superintendent of the Nansemond County public school system ; Beverly H. Randolph , Jr . , a Charles City County lawyer who later became a Richmond delegate ; and Andrew Farley , owner of the Danville Register & Bee in Danville , Virginia , and a local Democratic Party leader . All three men resided in the Southside . Just three days later , the Pupil Assignment Board delegated its powers to local school superintendents and local school boards , reserving the right to approve assignments and deal with special cases or appeals . The first legal blow to the Stanley plan came on January 11 , 1957 , when the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia held in Adkins et al. v. School Board of the City of Newport News , that the pupil assignment plan was unconstitutional . Numerous other federal courts also struck down the pupil assignment law over the next two years . The Pupil Assignment Board , however , continued to claim jurisdiction and legal authority over pupil assignments , leading to widespread confusion among Virginia 's school boards . In November 1957 , Almond was elected Governor of Virginia . Convinced that " massive resistance " was doomed to failure , Almond pushed to abolish the statewide pupil assignment board , and in April 1959 won passage of a new law which returned control over pupil assignment to local school districts . Angry about the new law , the three members of the assignment board quit on February 24 , 1960 . On June 28 , 1960 , the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed Adkins and ruled the state pupil assignment board was unconstitutional . During its three @-@ year existence , the state board made 450 @,@ 000 pupil assignments but had never permitted an African American child to attend school with whites . The school closure portion of the Stanley plan was not challenged until after it was invoked , and no school closures occurred until September 1958 . In August 1958 , federal courts were nearing decisions on the integration of school systems in Charlottesville , Norfolk , and Warren County . On September 4 , Governor Almond stripped all local school boards and school district superintendents throughout the state of their authority to assign pupils , and ordered the school boards of the three jurisdictions to refuse to assign any black students to white schools . A day later , a federal court ordered the immediate integration of Warren County public schools . On September 11 , invoking the Stanley plan 's school closure provisions , Governor Almond closed the Warren County public school system . Charlottesville schools were closed on September 17 , and Norfolk schools closed September 30 . Parents of African American students immediately sued to have the school closure laws invalidated . On January 18 , 1959 , the Supreme Court of Virginia held in Harrison v. Day , that the school closing law violated Section 129 of the Virginia constitution ( which required the state to " maintain an efficient system of public free schools throughout the State . " ) . The very same day , the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia held in James v. Almond , that the school closing statute violated the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . Faced with overwhelming court opposition to the Stanley plan , Almond announced a major policy shift . Almond had first signaled that he intended to abandon " massive resistance " in September 1958 after the first wave of school closings . But public opinion had yet to coalesce against " massive resistance . " By January , with even Virginia courts siding against the state and citizens increasingly angry that their children 's education was being sacrificed to maintain segregation , Almond concluded that the Stanley plan was no longer viable . On January 28 , 1959 , speaking before a special joint session of the Virginia Assembly , Governor Almond announced that Virginia was powerless to prevent school desegregation . Speaking slowly from a typewritten script and with obvious deep emotion , Almond declared " Virginia has not surrendered and does not surrender now " , but then said he would not use the police power of the state to try to force schools to stay segregated . ( This was an obvious reference to the incident in which Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out the Arkansas National Guard to bar nine African American students from enrolling at Little Rock Central High School in 1957 . The students were admitted only after President Dwight Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control , and had the students escorted into the high school by the United States Army 's 101st Airborne Division . ) Almond asked the legislature to repeal all aspects of the Stanley plan which had been overturned by the courts , repeal the state 's compulsory school attendance law , adopt a $ 3 million tuition grant program to allow students to attend segregated private schools of their choice , and strengthen the penalty for threatening to bomb a church , school , or other meeting place . Almond also announced a study of Section 129 of the Virginia Constitution , a political gesture that was never seriously pursued . Almond 's program became known by some as " passive resistance " and " freedom of choice " ( although it is also sometimes called " tokenism " or " containment " ) , a legislative approach intended to shift Virginia toward desegregation in the face of a hostile electorate . On February 2 , 1959 , Governor Almond refused to intervene as 17 African American students in Norfolk and four in Arlington County peacefully enrolled in formerly all @-@ white schools . Historians generally list this date as the end of " massive resistance . " Almond later said of his time as governor : " I lived in hell . " = = = " Passive resistance " and the end of legal segregation in Virginia = = = " Passive resistance " greatly slowed the pace of school desegregation in Virginia . Legislation enacted by the Assembly placed the burden on often @-@ poor African American parents to " prove " that their child should be enrolled in an all @-@ white school . ( For example , a black family had to prove that the all @-@ white school was physically closer than the all @-@ black school their child was enrolled in . An actual , physical measurement had to be submitted . ) By the time Almond left office in 1962 , only 1 percent of Virginia 's schools had integrated . By 1964 , it had risen to just 5 percent . The last vestiges of the Stanley plan were swept aside by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1964 . The case involved the Prince Edward County public school system . Prince Edward County was one of the Southside counties . In 1951 , the NAACP filed suit on behalf of African American children in Prince Edward County demanding racial integration of the public schools . The U.S. Supreme Court consolidated the case , Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County , with Brown v. Board of Education , and as part of its ruling in Brown ordered that the Prince Edward County public schools integrate . By 1959 , a second lawsuit was working its way through the federal court system in Virginia , and this suit seemed likely to force the county 's schools to integrate in time for the 1959 @-@ 1960 school term . On June 3 , 1959 , Prince Edward County officials voted to defund and close their public school system . It became the first school system in the nation to close rather than integrate . White parents subsequently contributed funds to establish an all @-@ white private school , the Prince Edward County Free School . Poor African American parents were unable ( and unwilling ) to establish a similar school , and sued to have the public schools reopened . On January 6 , 1964 , the U.S. Supreme Court finally agreed to hear their case . The United States Department of Justice , citing the " extraordinary history " of the Prince Edward County case , intervened to support the black parents . On May 25 , 1964 , the U.S. Supreme unanimously held in Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County , that Prince Edward County 's school closure violated the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and ordered the public schools reopened immediately . The high court also struck down the tuition grants program , concluding that providing the grants while schools were closed violated the 14th Amendment . On June 1 , the Supreme Court agreed to send its order to the district court in Richmond immediately , rather than through normal procedures ( which would have delayed action by three weeks ) . On June 2 , the federal district court in Richmond ordered the schools opened . Prince Edward County officials refused to obey the court 's orders , and on June 17 the district court threatened to have county officials imprisoned . Prince Edward County officials bowed to the court 's authority , and agreed to reopen the county 's public schools on June 23 , 1964 . The pace of desegregation in Virginia quickened significantly after the Supreme Court 's ruling in Griffin . Passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 also greatly assisted this process . On May 27 , 1968 , the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously held in Green v. County School Board of New Kent County , that Almond 's " freedom of choice " plan violated the 14th Amendment . The ruling led to the collapse of " passive resistance " and to the integration of nearly all public schools throughout the state . = = = The NAACP cases = = = The legal business statutes enacted as part of the Stanley plan did not survive either . The Virginia NAACP filed suit in federal court in 1956 to have the five barratry , champerty , and maintenance laws thrown out as an unconstitutional infringement of the 1st Amendment rights of freedom of speech and freedom of assembly . A three @-@ judge panel of a U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia agreed that three of the laws were unconstitutional , but reserved judgment on the other two laws pending interpretation by state courts ( which had not yet ruled on the laws ' legality ) . Both the state and the NAACP appealed . In Harrison v. NAACP , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6 @-@ to @-@ 3 that the district court should have withheld judgment until state courts had considered the issue first . The NAACP then brought suit challenging all five laws in state court . A state circuit court held three of the laws unconstitutional , but upheld the barratry law and the law prohibiting advocacy of lawsuits against the state . On appeal , the Virginia Supreme Court struck down the anti @-@ advocacy law as well , but upheld the barratry law . In a 6 @-@ to @-@ 3 ruling in 1963 that gave broad protection to public interest legal organizations , the U.S. Supreme Court in NAACP v. Button , held that all five of the barratry , champerty , and maintenance laws violated the 1st and 14th Amendments to the constitution . = = = Thomson committee = = = The Stanley plan also established a committee to investigate race relations and integration in Virginia . This committee was officially titled the Virginia Committee on Law Reform and Racial Activities , but was publicly known as the " Thomson Committee " after its chair , Delegate James McIlhany Thomson . In 1954 , David Scull ( a printer in Annandale , Virginia ) began publishing pro @-@ integration literature on behalf of a number of organizations in Virginia . The Fairfax Citizens ' Council , a group opposed to desegregation , publicized Scull 's role in the printing of the literature in 1957 . Scull was subpoenaed to appear before the Thomson Committee , and subjected to an aggressive series of questions ( many of which did not pertain to the committee 's legal charge ) . Scull refused to answer some of these questions , and the committee went to court to force him to answer . A state circuit court ruled against Scull and ordered him to answer the questions . He refused , and was convicted of contempt of court . Scull appealed his conviction to the U.S. Supreme Court . In a unanimous ruling in May 1959 , the high court held in Scull v. Virginia ex rel . Comm. on Law Reform and Racial Activities that the conviction violated Scull 's 14th Amendment rights to due process because the committee 's inquiry was so vague and so confusing that Scull could not tell what he was being asked . = The Beatles ( album ) = The Beatles , also known as the White Album , is the ninth studio album by English rock group the Beatles , released on 22 November 1968 . A double album , its plain white sleeve has no graphics or text other than the band 's name embossed , and was intended as a direct contrast to the vivid cover artwork of the band 's earlier Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Although no singles were issued from The Beatles in Britain and the United States , the songs " Hey Jude " and " Revolution " originated from the same recording sessions and were issued on a single in August 1968 . The album 's songs range in style from British blues and ska to tracks influenced by Chuck Berry and by Karlheinz Stockhausen . Most of the songs on the album were written during March and April 1968 at a Transcendental Meditation course in Rishikesh , India . The group returned to EMI Studios in May with recording lasting through to October . During these sessions , arguments broke out among the Beatles , and witnesses in the studio saw band members quarrel over creative differences . The feuds intensified when Lennon 's new partner , Yoko Ono , started attending the sessions . After a series of problems , including producer George Martin taking a sudden leave of absence and engineer Geoff Emerick quitting , Ringo Starr left the band briefly in August . The same tensions continued throughout the following year , leading to the eventual break @-@ up of the Beatles in April 1970 . On release , The Beatles received mixed reviews from music journalists . Most critics found its satirical songs unimportant and apolitical amid a turbulent political and social climate , although some praised Lennon and McCartney 's writing . The band and Martin have since debated whether the group should have released a single album instead . Nonetheless , The Beatles reached number one on the charts in both the United Kingdom and the United States and has since been viewed by some critics as one of the greatest albums of all time . = = Background = = By 1968 , the Beatles had achieved commercial and critical success . The group 's previous album , Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , was number one in the UK the previous year and charted for 27 weeks , selling 250 @,@ 000 copies in the first week after release . Time magazine had written in 1967 that Sgt. Pepper 's constituted a " historic departure in the progress of music – any music " while the American writer Timothy Leary thought that the band were prototypes of " evolutionary agents sent by God , endowed with mysterious powers to create a new human species . " The band received a negative critical response for the film Magical Mystery Tour , but fan response was nevertheless positive . Most of the songs for The Beatles were written during a Transcendental Meditation course with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Rishikesh , India , between February and April 1968 . The retreat involved long periods of meditation , conceived by the band as a spiritual respite from all worldly endeavours – a chance , in John Lennon 's words , to " get away from everything " . Both Lennon and Paul McCartney quickly re @-@ engaged themselves in songwriting , often meeting " clandestinely in the afternoons in each other 's rooms " to review their new work . " Regardless of what I was supposed to be doing , " Lennon would later recall , " I did write some of my best songs there . " Beatles author Ian MacDonald said Sgt Pepper was " shaped by LSD " , but the Beatles took no drugs with them to India aside from marijuana , and their clear minds helped the group with their songwriting . The stay in Rishikesh proved especially fruitful for George Harrison as a songwriter , coinciding with his re @-@ engagement with the guitar after two years studying the sitar . The musicologist Walter Everett likens Harrison 's development as a composer in 1968 to that of Lennon and McCartney five years before , although he notes that Harrison became " privately prolific " , given his customary junior status in the group . The Beatles left Rishikesh before the end of the course . Ringo Starr was the first to leave , as he could not stomach the food ; McCartney departed in mid @-@ March , while Harrison and Lennon were more interested in Indian religion and remained until April . According to the author Geoffrey Giuliano , Lennon left Rishikesh because he felt personally betrayed after hearing rumours that the Maharishi had behaved inappropriately towards women who accompanied the Beatles to India , though McCartney and Harrison later discovered this to be untrue and Lennon 's wife Cynthia reported there was " not a shred of evidence or justification " . Collectively , the group wrote around 40 new compositions in Rishikesh , 26 of which would be recorded in very rough form at Kinfauns , Harrison 's home in Esher , in May 1968 . Lennon wrote the bulk of the new material , contributing 14 songs . Lennon and McCartney brought home @-@ recorded demos to the session , and worked on them together . Some home demos and group sessions at Kinfauns were later released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 . = = Recording = = The Beatles was recorded between 30 May and 14 October 1968 , largely at Abbey Road Studios in London , with some sessions at Trident Studios . The group block @-@ booked time at Abbey Road through to July , and their times at Rishikesh were soon forgotten in the atmosphere of the studio , with sessions occurring at irregular hours . The group 's self @-@ belief that they could do anything led to the formation of a new multimedia business corporation Apple Corps , an enterprise that drained the group financially with a series of unsuccessful projects . The open @-@ ended studio time led to a new way of working out songs . Instead of tightly rehearsing a backing track , as had happened in previous sessions , the group would simply record all the rehearsals and jamming , then add overdubs to the best take . Harrison 's song " Not Guilty " was left off the album despite recording 102 takes . The sessions for The Beatles marked the first appearance in the studio of Lennon 's new domestic and artistic partner , Yoko Ono , who accompanied him to Abbey Road to work on " Revolution 1 " and who would thereafter be a more or less constant presence at all Beatles sessions . Ono 's presence was highly unorthodox , as prior to that point , the Beatles had generally worked in isolation . McCartney 's girlfriend at the time , Francie Schwartz , was also present at some sessions , as were the other two Beatles ' wives , Pattie Harrison and Maureen Starkey . During the The Beatles sessions , the band upgraded from 4 @-@ track recording to 8 @-@ track . As work began , Abbey Road Studios possessed , but had yet to install , an 8 @-@ track machine that had supposedly been sitting in a storage room for months . This was in accordance with EMI 's policy of testing and customising new gear extensively before putting it into use in the studios . The Beatles recorded " Hey Jude " and " Dear Prudence " at Trident because it had an 8 @-@ track recorder . When they learned that EMI also had one , they insisted on using it , and engineers Ken Scott and Dave Harries took the machine ( without authorisation from the studio chiefs ) into Abbey Road Studio 2 for the band 's use . The author Mark Lewisohn reports that the Beatles held their first and only 24 @-@ hour session at Abbey Road near the end of the creation of The Beatles , which occurred during the final mixing and sequencing for the album . The session was attended by Lennon , McCartney and producer George Martin . Unlike most LPs , there was no customary three @-@ second gap between tracks , and the master was edited so that songs segued together , via a straight edit , a crossfade , or an incidental piece of music . = = = Personal issues = = = The studio efforts on The Beatles captured the work of four increasingly individualised artists who frequently found themselves at odds . Lewisohn notes that several backing tracks do not feature the full group , and overdubs tended to be limited to whoever wrote the song . Sometimes McCartney would record in one studio for prolonged periods of time , while Lennon would record in another , each man using different engineers . Late in the sessions , Martin , whose influence over the band had waned , spontaneously left to go on holiday , leaving Chris Thomas in charge of production . Lennon 's devotion to Ono over the other Beatles , and the pair 's addiction to heroin , made working conditions difficult as he became prone to bouts of temper . The recording engineer Geoff Emerick , who had worked with the group since Revolver in 1966 , had become disillusioned with the sessions . At one point , while recording " Ob @-@ La @-@ Di , Ob @-@ La @-@ Da " , Emerick overheard Martin criticising McCartney 's lead vocal performance , to which McCartney replied , " Well you come down and sing it " . On 16 July , Emerick announced that he was no longer willing to work with them and left . Within the band , according to the author Peter Doggett , " the most essential line of communication ... between Lennon and McCartney " had been broken by Ono 's presence on the first day of recording . While echoing this view , Beatles biographer Philip Norman comments that , from the start , each of the group 's two principal songwriters shared a mutual disregard for the other 's new compositions : Lennon found McCartney 's songs " cloyingly sweet and bland " , while McCartney viewed Lennon 's as " harsh , unmelodious and deliberately provocative " . In a move that Lewisohn highlights as unprecedented in the Beatles ' recording career , Harrison and Starr chose to distance themselves part @-@ way through the project , flying to California on 7 June so that Harrison could film his scenes for the Ravi Shankar documentary Raga . Lennon , McCartney and Harrison 's involvement in individual musical projects outside the band during 1968 was further evidence of the group 's fragmentation . In Lennon 's case , the cover of his experimental collaboration with Ono , Two Virgins , featured the couple fully naked – a gesture that his bandmates found bewildering and unnecessary . On 20 August , Lennon and Starr , working on overdubs for " Yer Blues " in Studio 3 , visited McCartney in Studio 2 , where he was working on " Mother Nature 's Son " . The positive spirit of the session disappeared immediately , and the engineer Ken Scott later claimed : " you could cut the atmosphere with a knife " . On 22 August , during the session for " Back in the U.S.S.R. " , Starr abruptly left the studio , feeling that his role in the group was peripheral compared to the other members , and was upset at McCartney 's constant criticism of his drumming on the track . Abbey Road staff later commented that Starr frequently turned up to the sessions and sat waiting in the reception area for the others to turn up . In his absence , McCartney played the drums on " Dear Prudence " . Lewisohn also reports that , in the case of " Back in the U.S.S.R. " , the three remaining Beatles each made contributions on bass and drums , with the result that those parts may be composite tracks played by Lennon , McCartney or Harrison . Lennon , McCartney and Harrison pleaded with Starr to reconsider . He duly returned on 5 September to find his drum kit decorated with flowers , a welcome @-@ back gesture from Harrison . McCartney described the sessions for The Beatles as a turning point for the group , saying " there was a lot of friction during that album . We were just about to break up , and that was tense in itself " , while Lennon later said " the break @-@ up of the Beatles can be heard on that album " . Of the album 's 30 tracks , only 16 have all four band members performing . = = Songs = = The Beatles contains a wide range of musical styles , which the authors Barry Miles and Gillian Gaar each view as the most diverse of any of the group 's albums . These styles include rock and roll , blues , folk , country , reggae , avant @-@ garde , hard rock and music hall . The production aesthetic ensured that the album 's sound was scaled @-@ down and less reliant on studio innovation , relative to all the Beatles ' releases since Revolver . The author Nicholas Schaffner viewed this as reflective of a widespread departure from the LSD @-@ inspired psychedelia of 1967 , an approach that was initiated by Bob Dylan and the Beach Boys and similarly adopted in 1968 by artists such as the Rolling Stones and the Byrds . The only western instrument available to the group during their Indian visit was the acoustic guitar , and thus many of the songs on The Beatles were written and first performed on that instrument . Some of these songs remained acoustic on The Beatles and were recorded solo , or only by part of the group ( including " Wild Honey Pie " , " Blackbird " , " Julia " , " I Will " and " Mother Nature 's Son " ) . = = = Side one = = = McCartney wrote " Back in the U.S.S.R. " as a surreal parody of Chuck Berry 's song " Back in the U.S.A. " A field recording of an aeroplane taking off and landing was used at the start of the track , and intermittently throughout it , while the backing vocals were sung by Lennon and Harrison in the style of the Beach Boys at the request of Mike Love , who had accompanied the group to India . The track became widely bootlegged in the Soviet Union and became an underground hit . McCartney subsequently recorded a cover album the title of which , Снова в СССР , is Russian for " Back in the U.S.S.R. " " Dear Prudence " was one of the songs recorded at Trident . The style is typical of the acoustic songs written in Rishikesh , using guitar arpeggios . Lennon wrote the track about Mia Farrow 's sister Prudence , who rarely left her room during the stay in commitment to the meditation . " Glass Onion " was the first backing track recorded as a full band since Starr 's brief departure . MacDonald claimed Lennon deliberately wrote the lyrics to mock fans who claimed to find " hidden messages " in songs , and referenced other songs in the Beatles catalogue – " The Walrus was Paul " refers back to " I Am the Walrus " ( which itself refers to " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " ) . McCartney , in turn , overdubbed a recorder part after the line " I told you about the Fool on the Hill " , as a deliberate parody of the earlier song . A string section was added to the track in October . " Ob @-@ La @-@ Di , Ob @-@ La @-@ Da " was written by McCartney as a pastiche of ska music . The track took a surprising amount of time to complete , with McCartney demanding perfectionism that annoyed his colleagues . Jimmy Scott , a friend of McCartney , suggested the title and played bongos on the initial take . He demanded a cut of publishing when the song was released , but the song was credited to " Lennon @-@ McCartney " . After working for three days on the backing track , the work was scrapped and replaced with a new recording . Lennon hated the song , calling it " granny music shit " , while engineer Richard Lush recalled that Starr disliked having to record the same backing track repetitively , and pinpoints this session as a key indication that the Beatles were going to break up . McCartney attempted to remake the backing track for a third time , but this was abandoned after a few takes and the second version was used as the final mix . The group , save for McCartney , had lost interest in the track by the end of recording , and refused to release it as a single . Marmalade recorded a version that became a number one hit . In 2004 , an online poll by Mars ranked the song as the worst ever . McCartney recorded " Wild Honey Pie " on 20 August at the end of the session for " Mother Nature 's Son " . It is typical of the brief snippets of songs he recorded between takes during the album sessions . " The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill " was written by Lennon after an American visitor to Rishikesh left for a few weeks to hunt tigers . It was recorded as an audio vérité exercise , featuring vocal performances from almost everyone who happened to be in the studio at the time . Ono sings one line and co @-@ sings another , while Chris Thomas played the mellotron , including improvisations at the end of the track . The opening flamenco guitar flourish was a recording included in the Mellotron 's standard tape library . " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " was written by Harrison during a visit he made to his parents ' home in Cheshire . He first recorded the song as a solo performance , on acoustic guitar , on 25 July – a version that remained unreleased until Anthology 3 . He was unhappy with the group 's first attempt to record the track , and so invited his friend Eric Clapton to come and play on it . Clapton was unsure about guesting on a Beatles record , but Harrison said the decision was " nothing to do with them . It 's my song . " Clapton 's solo was treated with automatic double tracking to attain the desired effect ; he gave Harrison the guitar he used , which Harrison later named " Lucy " . " Happiness Is a Warm Gun " evolved out of song fragments that Lennon wrote in Rishikesh . According to MacDonald , this working method was inspired by the Incredible String Band 's songwriting . The basic backing track ran to 95 takes , due to the irregular time signatures and variations in style throughout the song . The final version consisted of the best half of two takes edited together . Lennon later described the song as one of his favourites , while the rest of the band found the recording rejuvenating , as it forced them to re @-@ hone their skills as a group playing together to get it right . Apple 's press officer Derek Taylor made an uncredited contribution to the song 's lyrics . = = = Side two = = = McCartney got the title of " Martha My Dear " from his sheepdog , but the lyrics are otherwise unrelated . The entire track is played by him backed with session musicians , and features no other Beatles . Martin composed a brass band arrangement for the track . " I 'm So Tired " was written in India when Lennon was having difficulty sleeping . It was recorded at the same session as " The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill " . The lyrics make reference to Walter Raleigh , calling him a " stupid get " for introducing tobacco to Europe ; while the track ends with Lennon mumbling " Monsieur , monsieur , how about another one ? " This became part of the Paul is Dead conspiracy theory , when fans claimed that when the track was reversed , they could hear " Paul is dead man , miss him miss him " . " Blackbird " features McCartney solo , accompanying himself on acoustic guitar . According to Lewisohn , the ticking in the background is a metronome , although Emerick recalls capturing the sound via a microphone placed beside McCartney 's shoes . The birdsong on the track was taken from the Abbey Road sound effects collection , and was recorded on one of the first EMI portable tape recorders . Harrison wrote " Piggies " as an attack on greed and materialism in modern society . His mother and Lennon helped him complete the lyrics . Thomas played harpsichord on the track , while Lennon supplied a tape loop of pigs grunting . " Rocky Raccoon " evolved from a jam session between Lennon and Donovan in Rishikesh . The song was taped in a single session , and was one of the tracks that Martin felt was " filler " and only put on because the album was a double . " Don 't Pass Me By " was Starr 's first solo composition for the band ; he had been toying with the idea of writing a self @-@ reflective song for some time , possibly as far back as 1963 . It went by the working titles of " Ringo 's Tune " and " This Is Some Friendly " . The basic track consisted of Starr drumming while McCartney played piano . Martin composed an orchestral introduction to the song but it was rejected as being " too bizarre " and left off the album . Instead , Jack Fallon played a bluegrass fiddle part . " Why Don 't We Do It in the Road ? " was written by McCartney in India after he saw two monkeys copulating in the street and wondered why humans were too civilised to do the same . He played all the instruments except drums , which were contributed by Starr . The simple lyric was very much in Lennon 's style , and Lennon was annoyed about not being asked to play on it . McCartney suggested it was " tit for tat " as he had not contributed to " Revolution 9 " . " I Will " was written and sung by McCartney , with Lennon and Starr accompanying on percussion . In between numerous takes , the three Beatles broke off to busk some other songs . A snippet of a track known as " Can You Take Me Back ? " was put between " Cry Baby Cry " and " Revolution 9 " , while recordings of Cilla Black 's hit " Step Inside Love " and a joke number , " Los Paranoias " , were released on Anthology 3 . " Julia " was the last track to be recorded for the album and features Lennon on solo acoustic guitar which he played in a style similar to McCartney 's on " Blackbird " . This is the only Beatles song on which Lennon performs alone and it was a tribute to his mother Julia Lennon , who was killed in 1958 in a road accident while Lennon was only seventeen , and the lyrics deal with the loss of his mother and his relationship with Ono , the " ocean child " referred to in the lyrics . Ono helped with the lyrics , but the song was still credited to Lennon @-@ McCartney as expected . = = = Side three = = = According to McCartney , the authorship of " Birthday " was " 50 – 50 John and me , made up on the spot and recorded all on the same evening " . He and Lennon were inspired to write the song after seeing the first UK showing of the rock 'n'roll film The Girl Can 't Help It on television , and sang the lead vocal in the style of the film 's musical star , Little Richard . After the Beatles had taped the track , Ono and Pattie Harrison added backing vocals . " Yer Blues " was written by Lennon in India . Despite meditating and the tranquil atmosphere , he still felt unhappy , which was reflected in the lyrics . The style was influenced by the British Blues Boom of 1968 , which included groups such as Fleetwood Mac and Chicken Shack . The backing track was recorded in a small room next to the Studio 2 control room at Abbey Road . Unusually for a Beatles recording , the four @-@ track source tape was edited directly , resulting in an abrupt cut @-@ off at 3 ' 17 " into the start of another take ( which ran into the fade out ) . McCartney wrote " Mother Nature 's Son " in India , and worked on it in isolation from the other members of the band . He performed the track solo alongside a Martin @-@ scored brass arrangement . " Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey " evolved from a jam session , and was originally untitled . The final mix was sped up by mixing the tape running at 43 hertz instead of the usual 50 . Harrison claimed the title came from one of the Maharishi 's sayings ( with " and my monkey " added later ) . " Sexy Sadie " was written as " Maharishi " by Lennon , shortly after he decided to leave Rishikesh . In a 1980 interview , Lennon acknowledged that the Maharishi was the inspiration for the song : " I just called him ' Sexy Sadie ' . " " Helter Skelter " was written by McCartney and was initially recorded in July as a blues number . The initial takes were performed by the band live and included long passages during which they jammed on their instruments . Because these takes were too long to practically fit on an LP , the song was shelved until September , when a new , shorter , version was made . By all accounts , the session was chaotic , but nobody dared suggest to any of the Beatles that they were out of control . Harrison reportedly ran around the studio while holding a flaming ashtray above his head , " doing an Arthur Brown " . The stereo version of the LP includes almost an extra minute of music compared to the mono , which culminates in Starr infamously shouting " I 've got blisters on my fingers ! " Charles Manson was unaware that helter skelter is the British name for a spiral slide found on a playground or funfair , and assumed the track had something to do with hell . This was one of the key tracks that led Manson to believe the album had coded messages referring to apocalyptic war , and led to his movement of the same name . The final song on side three is Harrison 's " Long , Long , Long " , part of the chord progression for which he took from Bob Dylan 's " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " . MacDonald describes the song as Harrison 's " touching token of exhausted , relieved reconciliation with God " and considered it to be his " finest moment on The Beatles " . The recording session for the basic track was one of the longest the Beatles ever undertook , running from the afternoon of 7 October through the night until 7 am the next day . McCartney played Hammond organ on the track , and an " eerie rattling " effect at the end was created by a note causing a wine bottle on top of the organ 's Leslie speaker to resonate . = = = Side four = = = " Revolution 1 " was the first track recorded for the album , with sessions for the backing track starting on 30 May . The initial takes were recorded with the aim of it being a possible single , but as the session progressed , the arrangement became slower , with more of a laid @-@ back groove . The group ended the chosen take with a six @-@ minute improvisation that had further overdubs added , before being cut to the length heard on the album . The brass arrangement was added later . " Honey Pie " was written by McCartney as a pastiche of the flapper dance style from the 1920s . The opening section of the track had the sound of an old 78 RPM record overdubbed while Martin arranged a saxophone and clarinet part in the same style . Lennon played the guitar solo on the track , but later said he hated the song , calling it " beyond redemption " . " Savoy Truffle " was named after one of the types of chocolate found in a box of Mackintosh 's Good News , which Clapton enjoyed eating . The track featured a saxophone sextet arranged by Thomas , who also played keyboards . Harrison later said that Derek Taylor helped him finish the lyrics . Lennon began writing " Cry Baby Cry " in late 1967 and the lyrics were partly derived from a tagline for an old television commercial . Martin played harmonium on the track . " Revolution 9 " evolved from the overdubs from the " Revolution 1 " coda . Lennon , Harrison and Ono added further tape collages and spoken word extracts , in the style of Karlheinz Stockhausen . The track opens with an extract from a Royal Schools of Music examination tape , and ends with Ono 's infamous comment , " you become naked " . Ono was heavily involved in the production , and advised Lennon on what tape loops to use . McCartney did not contribute to the track , and was reportedly unhappy on it being included , though he had led similar tape experiments such as " Carnival of Light " in January 1967 . The track has attracted both interest and disapproval from fans and music critics over the years . " Good Night " was a lullaby written by Lennon for his son Julian , and he specifically wanted Starr to sing it . The early takes featured just Lennon on acoustic guitar and Starr singing . Martin scored an orchestral and choral arrangement that replaced the guitar in the final mix , and also played the celesta . = = = Singles = = = " Hey Jude " was recorded at the end of July 1968 during the sessions for The Beatles , but was issued separately as a single nearly three months before the album 's release . ( It would , however , make its LP debut in the US two years later as the title cut of the compilation album Hey Jude ) The B @-@ side , " Revolution " , was a different version of the album 's " Revolution 1 " . Lennon had wanted the original version of " Revolution " to be released as a single , but the other three Beatles objected on the grounds that it was too slow . Instead , the single featured a new , faster version , with heavily distorted guitar and an electric piano solo from Nicky Hopkins . This was the first release on Apple Records and went on to be the band 's most successful single , with world sales of over 5 million by the end of 1968 and 7 @.@ 5 million by October 1972 . The convention amongst record companies in the 1960s was that singles and albums were distinct entities and should not duplicate songs . However , though no singles were taken from The Beatles in either Britain or America , " Ob @-@ La @-@ Di , Ob @-@ La @-@ Da " backed with " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " was a commercial success in several countries , including Australia ( where it spent five weeks at number one in the Go Set charts ) , Japan , Austria and Switzerland . = = = Unreleased material = = = Some songs that the Beatles were working on individually during this period were revisited for inclusion on the group 's subsequent albums , while others were eventually released on the band members ' solo albums . According to the bootlegged album of the demos made at Kinfauns , the latter of these two categories includes Lennon 's " Look at Me " and " Child of Nature " ( eventually reworked as " Jealous Guy " ) ; McCartney 's " Junk " ; and Harrison 's " Not Guilty " and " Circles " . In addition , Harrison gave " Sour Milk Sea " to the singer Jackie Lomax , whose recording , produced by Harrison , was released in August 1968 as Lomax 's debut single on Apple Records . Lennon 's " Mean Mr. Mustard " and " Polythene Pam " would be used for the medley on Abbey Road the following year . The Lennon @-@ written " What 's the New Mary Jane " was demoed at Kinfauns and recorded formally ( by Lennon , Harrison and Ono ) during the 1968 album sessions . McCartney taped demos of two compositions at Abbey Road – " Etcetera " and " The Long and Winding Road " – the last of which the Beatles recorded in 1969 for their album Let It Be . The White Album versions of " Not Guilty " and " What 's the New Mary Jane " , and a demo of " Junk " , were ultimately released on Anthology 3 . " Revolution ( Take 20 ) " , a previously uncirculated recording , surfaced in 2009 on a bootleg . This ten @-@ minute take was later edited and overdubbed to create two separate tracks : " Revolution 1 " and the avant @-@ garde " Revolution 9 " . = = Release = = The Beatles was issued on 22 November 1968 in Britain , with a US release following three days later . The album 's working title , A Doll 's House , had been changed when the English progressive rock band Family released the similarly titled Music in a Doll 's House earlier that year . Schaffner wrote in 1977 of the name that was adopted for the Beatles ' double album : " From the day of release , everybody referred to The Beatles as ' the White Album . ' " The Beatles was the third album to be released by Apple Records , following Harrison 's Wonderwall Music , and Two Virgins . Martin has said that he was against the idea of a double album at the time and suggested to the group that they reduce the number of songs to form a single album featuring their stronger work , but that the band decided against this . Interviewed for the Beatles Anthology television series in the 1990s , Starr said that he now felt that it should have been released as two separate albums ( that he nicknamed " The White Album " and " The Whiter Album " ) . Harrison felt on reflection that some tracks could have been released as B @-@ sides , but " there was a lot of ego in that band . " He also supported the idea of the double album , to clear out the backlog of songs that the group had at the time . By contrast , McCartney said that it was fine as it was , adding : " It 's the bloody Beatles ' White Album . Shut up ! " = = = Mono version = = = The Beatles was the last Beatles album to be mixed separately for stereo and mono , though the mono version was issued only in the UK and a few other countries . All but one track exist in official mono mixes ; the exception is " Revolution 9 " , which was a direct reduction of the stereo master . The Beatles had not been particularly interested in stereo until this album , but after receiving mail from fans stating they bought both stereo and mono mixes of earlier albums , they decided to make the two different . Several mixes have different track lengths ; the mono mix / edit of " Helter Skelter " eliminates the fade @-@ in at the end of the song ( and Starr 's ending scream ) , and the fade out of " Yer Blues " is 11 seconds longer on the mono mix . In the US , mono records were already being phased out ; the US release of The Beatles was the first Beatles LP to be issued in stereo only . In the UK , the following album , Yellow Submarine , was the last to be shipped in mono . The mono version of The Beatles was made available worldwide on 9 September 2009 , as part of The Beatles in Mono CD boxed set . A reissue of the original mono LP was released worldwide in September 2014 . = = = Packaging = = = The album 's sleeve was designed by pop artist Richard Hamilton , in collaboration with McCartney . Hamilton 's design was in stark contrast to Peter Blake 's vivid cover art for Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , and consisted of a plain white sleeve . The band 's name was discreetly embossed slightly below the middle of the album 's right side , and the cover also featured a unique stamped serial number , " to create " , in Hamilton 's words , " the ironic situation of a numbered edition of something like five million copies " . In 2008 , an original pressing of the album with serial number 0000005 sold for £ 19 @,@ 201 on eBay . In 2015 , Ringo Starr 's personal copy number 0000001 sold for world record $ 790 @,@ 000 on auction . Later vinyl record releases in the US showed the title in grey printed ( rather than embossed ) letters . The album included a poster comprising a montage of photographs , with the lyrics of the songs on the back , and a set of four photographic portraits taken by John Kelly during the autumn of 1968 that have themselves become iconic . The photographs for the poster were assembled by Hamilton and McCartney , and sorted them in a variety of ways over several days before arriving at the final result . Tape versions of the album did not feature a white cover . Instead , cassette and 8 @-@ track versions ( issued on two cassettes / cartridges in early 1969 ) contained cover artwork that featured high contrast black and white ( with no grey ) versions of the four Kelly photographs . These 2 @-@ tape cassettes were both contained in a black outer cardboard slipcase cover that stated " The Beatles " and an Apple logo in gold print . A reel @-@ to @-@ reel tape release of the album by Ampex ( in two separate volumes , and again using the Kelly cover artwork ) features edits on eight tracks . During 1978 and 1979 , for the album 's tenth anniversary , EMI reissued the album pressed on limited edition white vinyl in several countries . In 1981 , Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab ( MFSL ) issued a unique half @-@ speed master variation of the album using the sound from the original master recording . The discs were pressed on high @-@ quality virgin vinyl . The album was reissued , along with the rest of the Beatles catalogue , on compact disc in 1987 . It was reissued again on CD in 1998 as part of a 30th anniversary series for EMI , featuring a scaled @-@ down replication of the original artwork . This was part of a reissue series from EMI that included albums from other artists such as the Rolling Stones and Roxy Music . A painting of the band by John Byrne was at an earlier point under consideration to be used as the album 's cover . The piece was later used for the sleeve of the compilation album The Beatles ' Ballads , released in 1980 . In 2012 the original artwork was put up for auction . = = Critical reception = = = = = Contemporary reviews = = = On release , The Beatles gained highly favourable reviews from the majority of music critics . Others bemoaned its length or found that the music lacked the adventurous quality that had distinguished Sgt. Pepper . According to the author Ian Inglis : " Whether positive or negative , all assessments of The Beatles drew attention to its fragmentary style . However , while some complained about the lack of a coherent style , others recognized this as the album 's raison d 'être . " In The Observer , Tony Palmer wrote that " if there is still any doubt that Lennon and McCartney are the greatest songwriters since Schubert " , the album " should surely see the last vestiges of cultural snobbery and bourgeois prejudice swept away in a deluge of joyful music making " . Richard Goldstein of The New York Times considered the double album to be " a major success " and " far more imaginative " than Sgt. Pepper or Magical Mystery Tour , due to the band 's improved songwriting and their relying less on the studio tricks of those earlier works . In The Sunday Times , Derek Jewell hailed it as " the best thing in pop since Sgt. Pepper " and concluded : " Musically , there is beauty , horror , surprise , chaos , order . And that is the world ; and that is what The Beatles are on about . Created by , creating for , their age . " Although he dismissed " Revolution 9 " as a " pretentious " example of " idiot immaturity " , the NME 's Alan Smith declared " God Bless You , Beatles ! " to the majority of the album . Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone called it " the history and synthesis of Western music " , and the group 's best album yet . Wenner contended that they were allowed to appropriate other styles and traditions into rock music because their ability and identity were " so strong that they make it uniquely theirs , and uniquely the Beatles . They are so good that they not only expand the idiom , but they are also able to penetrate it and take it further . " Among the less favourable critiques , Time magazine 's reviewer wrote that The Beatles showcased the " best abilities and worst tendencies " of the Beatles , as it is skilfully performed and sophisticated , but lacks a " sense of taste and purpose " . William Mann of The Times opined that , in their over @-@ reliance on pastiche and " private jokes " , Lennon and McCartney had ceased to progress as songwriters , yet he deemed the release to be " The most important musical event of the year " and acknowledged : " these 30 tracks contain plenty to be studied , enjoyed and gradually appreciated more fully in the coming months . " In his review for The New York Times , Nik Cohn considered the album " boring beyond belief " and said that over half of its songs were " profound mediocrities " . In a 1971 column , Robert Christgau of The Village Voice described the album as both " their most consistent and probably their worst " , and referred to its songs as a " pastiche of musical exercises " . Nonetheless , he ranked it as the tenth best album of 1968 in his ballot for Jazz & Pop magazine 's annual critics poll . = = = Retrospective assessments = = = In a 2003 appraisal of the album , for Mojo magazine , Ian MacDonald wrote that The Beatles regularly appears among the top ten in critics ' " best albums of all time " lists , yet it was a work that he deemed " eccentric , highly diverse , and very variable [ in ] quality " . Rob Sheffield , writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , commented that its songs ranged from the Beatles ' " sturdiest tunes since Revolver " to " self @-@ indulgent filler " , and while he derided tracks such as " Revolution 9 " and " Helter Skelter " , he acknowledged that picking personal highlights was " part of the fun " for listeners . Writing for MusicHound in 1999 , Guitar World editor Christopher Scapelliti described the album as " self @-@ indulgent and at times unlistenable " but identified " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " , " Happiness Is a Warm Gun " and " Helter Skelter " as " fascinating standouts " that made it a worthwhile purchase . According to Slant Magazine 's Eric Henderson , The Beatles is a rarity among the band 's recorded works , in that it " resists reflexive canonisation , which , along with society 's continued fragmentation , keeps the album fresh and surprising " . In his review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that because of its wide variety of musical styles , the album can be " a frustratingly scattershot record or a singularly gripping musical experience , depending on your view " . He concludes : " None of it sounds like it was meant to share album space together , but somehow The Beatles creates its own style and sound through its mess . " Among reviews of the 2009 remastered album , Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph found that even its worst songs work within the context of such an eclectic and unconventional collection , which he rated " one of the greatest albums ever made " . Writing for Paste , Mark Kemp refuted the White Album 's reputation as " three solo works in one ( plus a Ringo song ) " ; instead , he said , it " benefits from each member 's wildly different ideas " and demonstrates Lennon and McCartney 's considerable versatility as composers , in addition to offering " two of Harrison 's finest moments " . In his review for The A.V. Club , Chuck Klosterman wrote that the album found the band at their best and rated it " almost beyond an A + " . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked The Beatles at number 10 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . On the 40th anniversary of the album 's release , Vatican newspaper L 'Osservatore Romano wrote that it " remains a type of magical musical anthology : 30 songs you can go through and listen to at will , certain of finding some pearls that even today remain unparalleled " . In 2011 , Kerrang ! placed the album at number 49 on a list of " The 50 Heaviest Albums Of All Time " . The magazine praised the guitar work in " Helter Skelter " . = = Cultural responses = = According to MacDonald , the counterculture of the 1960s analysed The Beatles above and beyond all of the band 's previous releases . The album 's lyrics progressed from being vague to open @-@ ended and prone to misinterpretation , such as " Glass Onion " ( e.g. , " the walrus was Paul " ) and " Piggies " ( " what they need 's a damn good whacking " ) . The release also coincided with public condemnation of Lennon 's treatment of Cynthia , and of his and Ono 's joint projects , particularly Two Virgins . The British authorities similarly displayed a less tolerant attitude towards the Beatles , when London Drug Squad officers arrested Lennon and Ono in October 1968 for marijuana possession , a charge that he claimed was false . In the case of " Back in the U.S.S.R. " , the words were interpreted by Christian evangelist David Noebel as further proof of the Beatles ' compliance in a Communist plot to brainwash American youth . Lennon 's lyrics on " Revolution 1 " were misinterpreted with messages he did not intend . In the album version , he advises those who " talk about destruction " to " count me out " . Lennon then follows the sung word " out " with the spoken word " in " . At the time of the album 's release – which followed , chronologically , the up @-@ tempo single version of the song , " Revolution " – that single word " in " was taken by the radical political left as Lennon 's endorsement of politically motivated violence , which followed the May 1968 Paris riots . However , the album version was recorded first . Further to the betrayal they had felt at Lennon 's non @-@ activist stance in " Revolution " , New Left commentators condemned The Beatles for its failure to offer a political agenda . The Beatles themselves were accused of using eclecticism and pastiche as a means of avoiding important issues in the turbulent political and social climate . Jon Landau , writing for the Liberation News Service , argued that , particularly in " Piggies " and " Rocky Racoon " , the band had adopted parody because they were " afraid of confronting reality " and " the urgencies of the moment " . Like Landau , many writers among the New Left considered the album outdated and irrelevant ; instead , they heralded the Rolling Stones ' concurrent release , Beggars Banquet , as what Lennon biographer Jon Wiener terms " the ' strong solution , ' a musical turning outward , toward the political and social battles of the day " . Charles Manson first heard the album not long after it was released . He had already claimed to find hidden meanings in songs from earlier Beatles albums , but in The Beatles he interpreted prophetic significance in several of the songs , including " Blackbird " , " Piggies " ( particularly the line " what they need 's a damn good whacking " ) , " Helter Skelter " , " Revolution 1 " and " Revolution 9 " , and interpreted the lyrics as a sign of imminent violence or war . He played the album repeatedly to his followers , the Manson family , and convinced them that it was an apocalyptic message predicting an uprising of oppressed races , drawing parallels with chapter 9 of the Book of Revelation . Sociologists Michael Katovich and Wesley Longhofer write that the album 's release created " a collective appreciation of it as a ' state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art ' rendition of the current pop , rock , and folk @-@ rock sounds " . The majority of music critics categorize the White Album as postmodern , emphasizing aesthetic and stylistic features of the album Other scholars situate all Beatles ' work within a modernist stance , based either on their " artificiality " or their ideological stance of progress through love and peace . Scapelliti cites it as the source of " the freeform nihilism echoed … in the punk and alternative music	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
e La Fleche ( 1889 – 1916 ) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare . After being sold for a world record price as a yearling in 1890 , she was undefeated as a two @-@ year @-@ old in 1891 , winning races against her own sex and defeating some of the year 's leading colts . She went on to become the dominant British three @-@ year @-@ old of 1892 , claiming the Fillies ’ Triple Crown by winning the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket , the Oaks at Epsom and the St Leger at Doncaster . Her only defeat of the year came when she was beaten when starting favourite for the Epsom Derby . La Fleche remained in training for a further two seasons , winning important races such as the 1893 Liverpool Autumn Cup , the 1894 Ascot Gold Cup , and the Champion Stakes on her final appearance . In all , she won sixteen times in twenty @-@ four racecourse appearances . After her retirement from racing she became a successful and influential broodmare . = = Background = = La Fleche ( French for The Arrow ) , a brown mare standing just under 16 hands high was bred by the Royal Studs at Hampton Court and was foaled on 10 March 1889 . She was an exceptionally well @-@ bred and " beautiful " filly and attracted much attention when she was sent to be auctioned as a yearling on 28 June 1890 at the Bushey Paddocks . She was bought by Lord Marcus Beresford on behalf of the financier Baron Maurice de Hirsch for a sum of 5 @,@ 500 guineas , outbidding the Duke of Portland and John Porter and breaking the record for a yearling sold at auction , which had stood since 1876 . Her sire , St. Simon was an unbeaten racehorse who was beginning to prove himself as an outstanding sire . By the time La Fleche was sold in 1890 he was on the way to the first of his nine sires ’ championships , having sired the first two of his ten Classic winners . Her dam , Quiver produced La Fleche ’ s full @-@ sister Memoir , who won the Epsom Oaks and the St Leger as well as the influential broodmares Maid Marian and Satchel . La Fleche was trained for her first two seasons by John Porter at Kingsclere . At the end of her three @-@ year @-@ old season she was moved to the Egerton House stable of Richard Marsh at Newmarket , Suffolk . Attempts by anglophone writers to spell her name resulted in variations including La Fléche , Lafleche , La Flèche ( the " correct " version ) , and La Flêche . = = Racing career = = = = = 1891 : two @-@ year @-@ old season = = = La Fleche won all four of her races as a two @-@ year @-@ old . She made her first appearance on July 16 at Newmarket in the Chesterfield Stakes , for which she started 6 / 4 favourite . Although she had not grown as much as might have been expected from her yearling days , she was reported to be deceptively powerful , being described by one observer as " all wire and whipcord . " Ridden by George Barrett , she led from the start and shook off he rivals " without an effort " to win by two lengths , in an impressive time of 1 : 04 @.@ 2 . The third placed finisher , a colt called Bonavista ( or Bona Vista ) , went on to win the following year 's 2000 Guineas . On 29 July , La Fleche was sent to Goodwood for the five furlong Lavant Stakes in which she met Priestess , another filly whose sale price ( £ 4 @,@ 000 ) had attracted comment . La Fleche tracked Priestess , who set a strong pace , before moving ahead in the final furlong to win " very cleverly " by a length . Two days later , she reappeared at the same course for the Molecomb Stakes and recorded another easy win , beating Adoration by one and a half lengths . At Doncaster in September she won the Champagne Stakes to take her earnings for the year to £ 3 @,@ 415 . La Fleche 's stable companion , Orme , was regarded as the best of the year 's two @-@ year @-@ old colts , and there was speculation as to which of the two was the better . It was also generally believed that La Fleche would have the Derby as her principal target for the following year . = = = 1892 : three @-@ year @-@ old season = = = = = = = Spring = = = = 1892 began with a scare for La Fleche 's owners as the filly slipped and injured her knees at her stable . Initial fears that her career could be over however , proved to be unfounded as the damage was superficial . Confidence in the filly grew steadily over the winter and early spring , and by late April she had supplanted Orme as Derby favourite . Her position at the head of the market was strengthened when Orme was poisoned – unsubstantiated rumours blamed the filly 's supporters – and ruled out for the first half of the season . On 6 May 1892 La Fleche started 1 / 2 favourite in a field of seven for the 1000 Guineas . Her price might have been even shorter but for fears that she too could have been " got at " . Ridden by George Barrett she raced in second place as Adoration set the pace before moving easily into the lead a furlong out . She won by a length from The Smew and Adoration in a time of 1 : 52 @.@ 4 , which was 1 @.@ 6 seconds faster than the time recorded by Bona Vista in winning the 2000 Guineas over the same course . = = = = Summer = = = = At Epsom on 1 June La Fleche started 11 / 10 favourite for the Derby on a " gloriously fine " day . She was saddled and paraded separately from the colts for reasons that correspondents chose not to particularise . The French @-@ trained colt Bucentaur led the field into the straight where he was overtaken by the 40 / 1 outsider Sir Hugo . La Fleche then produced her challenge but after a " splendid finish " in which she was cheered on by the crowd , she failed to overhaul the colt and finished second , beaten three quarters of a length . There were later claims that La Fleche ’ s defeat had been a fluke and Barrett was criticised for giving her a " most erratic ride " . This version of events is not supported by contemporary accounts , which state that the filly was in a " capital position " throughout the race . Two days after her defeat in the Derby , La Fleche ran against fillies in the Oaks . Although some regarded her as a certainty , her odds drifted from 2 / 5 to 8 / 11 before the start . In the race she tracked the leader Broad Corrie before taking the lead in the straight apparently poised for an easy victory . In the final furlong however , she was closely pressed by The Smew , a filly she had dealt with easily in the 1000 Guineas , and Barrett had to ride a vigorous finish to win the race by a short head . On 29 July at Goodwood , La Fleche won the Nassau Stakes in which , despite looking less than fully fit , she quickened impressively to bear Broad Corrie by a length and a half . = = = = Autumn = = = = On 7 September La Fleche ran in the St Leger on a wet day at Doncaster . Orme , who had returned from his problems to win the Eclipse Stakes started favourite , with La Fleche , ridden on this occasion by John Watts , strongly supported at 7 / 2 . Watts settled the filly in the early stages as Orme set off in front . Just after the turn into the straight , La Fleche , travelling strongly , moved alongside her stable companion and then pulled clear . She won easily by two lengths from the fast @-@ finishing Sir Hugo , with Orme fading into fifth . On 24 September , La Fleche ran against older and younger horses in the £ 10 @,@ 000 Lancashire Plate over one mile at Manchester Racecourse . Ridden by Barrett , she tracked the leaders until the straight , where she accelerated impressively to win by three lengths from Orvieto , with Sir Hugo unplaced . At Newmarket five days later she faced only one opponent , a colt called Dunure , in the Grand Duke Michael Stakes . She started at odds of 1 / 40 and won the £ 1 @,@ 000 prize in a predictable canter . In the Newmarket Oaks on October 11 she ran lazily but won very easily by a length from Golconda , to whom she was conceding nineteen pounds . She was then sent for the Cambridgeshire Handicap 26 October , for which she was assigned a weight of 122 pounds . La Fleche started 7 / 2 favourite in a field of thirty runners and was ridden by Barrett . The closing stages of the nine furlong race developed into a contest between La Fleche and Pensioner , a colt who was carrying only 88 pounds . The filly showed " fire and resolution " at the finish to pull away from the colt and win by one and a half lengths . The win took her earnings for the season to £ 23 @,@ 848 , all of which was donated to charity by Hirsch . At the end of the season La Fleche , and all of Maurice de Hirsch ’ s other horses were moved from the yard of John Porter to that of Richard Marsh . The move followed a disagreement between Hirsch 's racing manager , Marcus Beresford , and another of Porter 's important patrons , the Duke of Westminster = = = 1893 : four @-@ year @-@ old season = = = In early 1893 , La Fleche was reported to be wonderfully " fresh and well " although she showed no signs of having grown . She did not appear in public however , until 14 July , when she ran in the Eclipse Stakes at Sandown . She started evens favourite against five opponents , most notably Orme , who started on 2 / 1 . Barrett moved the filly up to challenge in the straight , but she soon came under pressure and although she ran on " gamely " she could finish only third behind Orme and Medicis . Two weeks later at Goodwood , Orme again proved superior , beating the filly by a neck in the Gordon Stakes , despite veering sharply left inside the last furlong . In Autumn La Fleche attempted to win a second Manchester Plate , but finished third to the three @-@ year @-@ colts Raeburn , and Isinglass . The race had been expected to lie between La Fleche and Isinglass , and their respective jockeys focused their attentions on each other , allowing Raeburn to emerge almost unseen to take the race in the closing stages . For this race , La Fleche carried a weight of 154 pounds . On 25 October she found a weight of 133 pound too much when finishing unplaced in the Cambridgeshire . She won the Lowther Stakes at Newmarket in October . On 10 November she ran in the Liverpool Autumn Cup , carrying a weight of 132 pounds and won in impressive style by one and a quarter lengths from The Prisoner . Later in November , she was beaten under 137 pounds in the Manchester November Handicap . = = = 1894 : five @-@ year @-@ old season = = = Before the start of the 1894 season , La Fleche was covered by the Gold Cup winner Morion , and raced in foal ( pregnant ) for the rest of the year . At Royal Ascot on 15 June she started 2 / 5 favourite for the two and a half mile Ascot Gold Cup , in which her biggest danger appeared to be the French colt Callistrate . Watts held the mare up at the back of the field before moving her up to challenge Callistrate entering the straight . She soon went clear and won " in splendid style " by three lengths . One day later she ran in the Hardwicke Stakes and started the 1 / 5 favourite . In the straight however , she was never able to get on terms with the colt Ravensbury , and finished second , beaten half a length . The Prince of Wales reportedly lost heavily on the race . On her final start of the year she met Ravensbury again in the Champion Stakes at Newmarket on 9 October . As the owners of Isinglass had turned down a challenge to run his horse against La Fleche , they were the only two runners and the mare , ridden by Watts started at odds of 1 / 3 . La Fleche opened up a clear lead in the early stages and was never in danger of defeat , winning " in a canter " by eight lengths . As the mare galloped up the hill with her ears pricked , she was given an enthusiastic reception from the Newmarket crowd who knew they were witnessing her final race . = = Assessment = = After her win in the St Leger , La Fleche was described as " one of the best fillies that ever raced in England . " Her earnings of £ 25 @,@ 635 were by far the highest for any horse in 1892 and by the end of her second season , she had already earned more in prize money than any other filly . On her retirement it was said that she had been " nothing short of an Idol " with the public . = = Stud career = = As noted above , La Fleche was already in foal when racing in 1894 and produced her first foal , a filly called La Veine in 1895 . In 1896 Maurice de Hirsch died and all his bloodstock , including La Fleche and La Veine were put up for auction . She was sold for £ 12 @,@ 600 to Marcus Beresford , acting on this occasion on behalf the Sykes family and was sent to their Sledmere Stud in Yorkshire . Sir Tatton Sykes , who was reportedly horrified by the price , initially refused to acknowledge the mare ’ s arrival , and left her in a railway box for two weeks before he was persuaded to accept the deal . La Fleche ’ s best runner was John O ’ Gaunt , who finished second in the Derby and sired Swynford . Her daughter Baroness La Fleche produced the 1000 Guineas winner Cinna and the successful stallion Beau Pere . La Fleche was retired from breeding in 1911 , and she died at Sledmere in late April 1916 at the age of twenty @-@ seven . = = Pedigree = = = Migraine = Migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe . Typically , the headaches affect one half of the head , are pulsating in nature , and last from two to 72 hours . Associated symptoms may include nausea , vomiting , and sensitivity to light , sound , or smell . The pain is generally made worse by physical activity . Up to one @-@ third of people have an aura : typically a short period of visual disturbance which signals that the headache will soon occur . Occasionally , an aura can occur with little or no headache following it . Migraines are believed to be due to a mixture of environmental and genetic factors . About two @-@ thirds of cases run in families . Changing hormone levels may also play a role , as migraines affect slightly more boys than girls before puberty and two to three times more women than men . The risk of migraines usually decreases during pregnancy . The underlying mechanisms are not fully known . It is , however , believed to involve the nerves and blood vessels of the brain . Initial recommended treatment is with simple pain medication such as ibuprofen and paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) for the headache , medication for the nausea , and the avoidance of triggers . Specific medications such as triptans or ergotamines may be used in those for whom simple pain medications are not effective . Caffeine may be added to the above . A number of medications are useful to prevent attacks including metoprolol , valproate , and topiramate . Globally , approximately 15 % of people are affected by migraines . It most often starts at puberty and is worst during middle age . In some women they become less common following menopause . An early description consistent with migraines is contained in the Ebers papyrus , written around 1500 BCE in ancient Egypt . The word " migraine " is from the Greek ἡμικρανία ( hemikrania ) , " pain on one side of the head " , from ἡμι- ( hemi- ) , " half " , and κρανίον ( kranion ) , " skull " . = = Signs and symptoms = = Migraines typically present with self @-@ limited , recurrent severe headache associated with autonomic symptoms . About 15 – 30 % of people with migraines experience migraines with an aura and those who have migraines with aura also frequently have migraines without aura . The severity of the pain , duration of the headache , and frequency of attacks are variable . A migraine lasting longer than 72 hours is termed status migrainosus . There are four possible phases to a migraine , although not all the phases are necessarily experienced : The prodrome , which occurs hours or days before the headache The aura , which immediately precedes the headache The pain phase , also known as headache phase The postdrome , the effects experienced following the end of a migraine attack = = = Prodrome phase = = = Prodromal or premonitory symptoms occur in about 60 % of those with migraines , with an onset that can range from two hours to two days before the start of pain or the aura . These symptoms may include a wide variety of phenomena , including altered mood , irritability , depression or euphoria , fatigue , craving for certain food ( s ) , stiff muscles ( especially in the neck ) , constipation or diarrhea , and sensitivity to smells or noise . This may occur in those with either migraine with aura or migraine without aura . = = = Aura phase = = = An aura is a transient focal neurological phenomenon that occurs before or during the headache . Auras appear gradually over a number of minutes and generally last less than 60 minutes . Symptoms can be visual , sensory or motor in nature and many people experience more than one . Visual effects occur most frequently ; they occur in up to 99 % of cases and in more than 50 % of cases are not accompanied by sensory or motor effects . Vision disturbances often consist of a scintillating scotoma ( an area of partial alteration in the field of vision which flickers and may interfere with a person 's ability to read or drive ) . These typically start near the center of vision and then spread out to the sides with zigzagging lines which have been described as looking like fortifications or walls of a castle . Usually the lines are in black and white but some people also see colored lines . Some people lose part of their field of vision known as hemianopsia while others experience blurring . Sensory aurae are the second most common type ; they occur in 30 – 40 % of people with auras . Often a feeling of pins @-@ and @-@ needles begins on one side in the hand and arm and spreads to the nose – mouth area on the same side . Numbness usually occurs after the tingling has passed with a loss of position sense . Other symptoms of the aura phase can include speech or language disturbances , world spinning , and less commonly motor problems . Motor symptoms indicate that this is a hemiplegic migraine , and weakness often lasts longer than one hour unlike other auras . Auditory hallucinations or delusions have also been described . = = = Pain phase = = = Classically the headache is unilateral , throbbing , and moderate to severe in intensity . It usually comes on gradually and is aggravated by physical activity . In more than 40 % of cases , however , the pain may be bilateral and neck pain is commonly associated with it . Bilateral pain is particularly common in those who have migraines without an aura . Less commonly pain may occur primarily in the back or top of the head . The pain usually lasts 4 to 72 hours in adults , however in young children frequently lasts less than 1 hour . The frequency of attacks is variable , from a few in a lifetime to several a week , with the average being about one a month . The pain is frequently accompanied by nausea , vomiting , sensitivity to light , sensitivity to sound , sensitivity to smells , fatigue and irritability . In a basilar migraine , a migraine with neurological symptoms related to the brain stem or with neurological symptoms on both sides of the body , common effects include a sense of the world spinning , light @-@ headedness , and confusion . Nausea occurs in almost 90 % of people , and vomiting occurs in about one @-@ third . Many thus seek a dark and quiet room . Other symptoms may include blurred vision , nasal stuffiness , diarrhea , frequent urination , pallor , or sweating . Swelling or tenderness of the scalp may occur as can neck stiffness . Associated symptoms are less common in the elderly . Rarely , an aura occurs without a subsequent headache . This is known as an acephalgic migraine or silent migraine ; however , it is difficult to assess the frequency of such cases because people who do not experience symptoms severe enough to seek treatment may not realize that anything unusual is happening to them and pass it off without reporting any problems . = = = Postdrome = = = The migraine postdrome could be defined as that constellation of symptoms occurring once the acute headache has settled . Many report a sore feeling in the area where the migraine was , and some report impaired thinking for a few days after the headache has passed . The person may feel tired or " hung over " and have head pain , cognitive difficulties , gastrointestinal symptoms , mood changes , and weakness . According to one summary , " Some people feel unusually refreshed or euphoric after an attack , whereas others note depression and malaise . " For some individuals this can vary each time . = = Cause = = The underlying causes of migraines are unknown . However , they are believed to be related to a mix of environmental and genetic factors . They run in families in about two @-@ thirds of cases and rarely occur due to a single gene defect . While migraines were once believed to be more common in those of high intelligence , this does not appear to be true . A number of psychological conditions are associated , including depression , anxiety , and bipolar disorder , as are many biological events or triggers . = = = Genetics = = = Studies of twins indicate a 34 % to 51 % genetic influence of likelihood to develop migraine headaches . This genetic relationship is stronger for migraines with aura than for migraines without aura . A number of specific variants of genes increase the risk by a small to moderate amount . Single gene disorders that result in migraines are rare . One of these is known as familial hemiplegic migraine , a type of migraine with aura , which is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion . Four genes have been shown to be involved in familial hemiplegic migraine . Three of these genes are involved in ion transport . The fourth is an axonal protein associated with the exocytosis complex . Another genetic disorder associated with migraine is CADASIL syndrome or cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy . = = = Triggers = = = Migraines may be induced by triggers , with some reporting it as an influence in a minority of cases and others the majority . Many things have been labeled as triggers , however the strength and significance of these relationships are uncertain . Most people with migraines report to experience triggers . A trigger may be encountered up to 24 hours prior to the onset of symptoms . = = = = Physiological aspects = = = = Common triggers quoted are stress , hunger , and fatigue ( these equally contribute to tension headaches ) . Psychological stress has been reported as a factor by 50 to 80 % of people . Migraines have also been associated with post @-@ traumatic stress disorder and abuse . Migraines are more likely to occur around menstruation . Other hormonal influences , such as menarche , oral contraceptive use , pregnancy , perimenopause , and menopause , also play a role . These hormonal influences seem to play a greater role in migraine without aura . Migraines typically do not occur during the second and third trimesters or following menopause . = = = = Dietary aspects = = = = Between 12 and 60 % of people report foods as triggers . Evidence for dietary triggers , however , mostly relies on self @-@ reports and is not rigorous enough to prove or disprove any particular triggers . A clear explanation for why food might trigger migraines is also lacking . Regarding specific agents there does not appear to be evidence for an effect of tyramine on migraine , and while monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) is frequently reported as a dietary trigger , evidence does not consistently support this . = = = = Environmental aspects = = = = A review on potential triggers in the indoor and outdoor environment concluded that there is insufficient evidence to confirm environmental factors as causing migraines . They nevertheless suggested that people with migraines take some preventive measures related to indoor air quality and lighting . = = Pathophysiology = = Migraines are believed to be a neurovascular disorder with evidence supporting its mechanisms starting within the brain and then spreading to the blood vessels . Some researchers believe neuronal mechanisms play a greater role , while others believe blood vessels play the key role . Others believe both are likely important . One theory is related to increased excitability of the cerebral cortex and abnormal control of pain neurons in the trigeminal nucleus of the brainstem . High levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin , also known as 5 @-@ hydroxytryptamine , are believed to be involved . = = = Aura = = = Cortical spreading depression , or spreading depression according to Leão , is bursts of neuronal activity followed by a period of inactivity , which is seen in those with migraines with an aura . There are a number of explanations for its occurrence including activation of NMDA receptors leading to calcium entering the cell . After the burst of activity the blood flow to the cerebral cortex in the area affected is decreased for two to six hours . It is believed that when depolarization travels down the underside of the brain , nerves that sense pain in the head and neck are triggered . = = = Pain = = = The exact mechanism of the head pain which occurs during a migraine is unknown . Some evidence supports a primary role for central nervous system structures ( such as the brainstem and diencephalon ) while other data support the role of peripheral activation ( such as via the sensory nerves that surround blood vessels of the head and neck ) . The potential candidate vessels include dural arteries , pial arteries and extracranial arteries such as those of the scalp . The role of vasodilatation of the extracranial arteries , in particular , is believed to be significant . = = Diagnosis = = The diagnosis of a migraine is based on signs and symptoms . Neuroimaging tests are not necessary to diagnose migraine , but may be used to find other causes of headaches in those whose examination and history do not confirm a migraine diagnosis . It is believed that a substantial number of people with the condition remain undiagnosed . The diagnosis of migraine without aura , according to the International Headache Society , can be made according to the following criteria , the " 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 criteria " : Five or more attacks — for migraine with aura , two attacks are sufficient for diagnosis . Four hours to three days in duration Two or more of the following : Unilateral ( affecting half the head ) ; Pulsating ; Moderate or severe pain intensity ; Worsened by or causing avoidance of routine physical activity One or more of the following : Nausea and / or vomiting ; Sensitivity to both light ( photophobia ) and sound ( phonophobia ) If someone experiences two of the following : photophobia , nausea , or inability to work or study for a day , the diagnosis is more likely . In those with four out of five of the following : pulsating headache , duration of 4 – 72 hours , pain on one side of the head , nausea , or symptoms that interfere with the person 's life , the probability that this is a migraine is 92 % . In those with fewer than three of these symptoms the probability is 17 % . = = = Classification = = = Migraines were first comprehensively classified in 1988 . The International Headache Society most recently updated their classification of headaches in 2004 . According to this classification migraines are primary headaches along with tension @-@ type headaches and cluster headaches , among others . Migraines are divided into seven subclasses ( some of which include further subdivisions ) : Migraine without aura , or " common migraine " , involves migraine headaches that are not accompanied by an aura . Migraine with aura , or " classic migraine " , usually involves migraine headaches accompanied by an aura . Less commonly , an aura can occur without a headache , or with a nonmigraine headache . Two other varieties are familial hemiplegic migraine and sporadic hemiplegic migraine , in which a person has migraines with aura and with accompanying motor weakness . If a close relative has had the same condition , it is called " familial " , otherwise it is called " sporadic " . Another variety is basilar @-@ type migraine , where a headache and aura are accompanied by difficulty speaking , world spinning , ringing in ears , or a number of other brainstem @-@ related symptoms , but not motor weakness . This type was initially believed to be due to spasms of the basilar artery , the artery that supplies the brainstem . Childhood periodic syndromes that are commonly precursors of migraine include cyclical vomiting ( occasional intense periods of vomiting ) , abdominal migraine ( abdominal pain , usually accompanied by nausea ) , and benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood ( occasional attacks of vertigo ) . Retinal migraine involves migraine headaches accompanied by visual disturbances or even temporary blindness in one eye . Complications of migraine describe migraine headaches and / or auras that are unusually long or unusually frequent , or associated with a seizure or brain lesion . Probable migraine describes conditions that have some characteristics of migraines , but where there is not enough evidence to diagnose it as a migraine with certainty ( in the presence of concurrent medication overuse ) . Chronic migraine is a complication of migraines , and is a headache that fulfills diagnostic criteria for migraine headache and occurs for a greater time interval . Specifically , greater or equal to 15 days / month for longer than 3 months . = = = Abdominal migraine = = = The diagnosis of abdominal migraines is controversial . Some evidence indicates that recurrent episodes of abdominal pain in the absence of a headache may be a type of migraine or are at least a precursor to migraines . These episodes of pain may or may not follow a migraine @-@ like prodrome and typically last minutes to hours . They often occur in those with either a personal or family history of typical migraines . Other syndromes that are believed to be precursors include cyclical vomiting syndrome and benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood . = = = Differential diagnosis = = = Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms to a migraine headache include temporal arteritis , cluster headaches , acute glaucoma , meningitis and subarachnoid hemorrhage . Temporal arteritis typically occurs in people over 50 years old and presents with tenderness over the temple , cluster headaches presents with one @-@ sided nose stuffiness , tears and severe pain around the orbits , acute glaucoma is associated with vision problems , meningitis with fevers , and subarachnoid hemorrhage with a very fast onset . Tension headaches typically occur on both sides , are not pounding , and are less disabling . Those with stable headaches which meet criteria for migraines should not receive neuroimaging to look for other intracranial disease . This requires that other concerning findings such as papilledema ( swelling of the optic disc ) are not present . People with migraines are not at an increased risk of having another cause for severe headaches . = = Prevention = = Preventive treatments of migraines include medications , nutritional supplements , lifestyle alterations , and surgery . Prevention is recommended in those who have headaches more than two days a week , cannot tolerate the medications used to treat acute attacks , or those with severe attacks that are not easily controlled . The goal is to reduce the frequency , painfulness , and / or duration of migraines , and to increase the effectiveness of abortive therapy . Another reason for prevention is to avoid medication overuse headache . This is a common problem and can result in chronic daily headache . = = = Medication = = = Preventive migraine medications are considered effective if they reduce the frequency or severity of the migraine attacks by at least 50 % . Guidelines are fairly consistent in rating topiramate , divalproex / sodium valproate , propranolol , and metoprolol as having the highest level of evidence for first @-@ line use . Recommendations regarding effectiveness varied however for gabapentin . Timolol is also effective for migraine prevention and in reducing migraine attack frequency and severity , while frovatriptan is effective for prevention of menstrual migraine . Amitriptyline and venlafaxine are probably also effective . Angiotensin inhibition by either an angiotensin @-@ converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor antagonist may reduce attacks . Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) has been found to be useful in those with chronic migraines but not those with episodic ones . = = = Alternative therapies = = = While acupuncture may be effective , " true " acupuncture is not more efficient than sham acupuncture , a practice where needles are placed randomly . Both have a possibility of being more effective than routine care , with fewer adverse effects than preventative medications . Chiropractic manipulation , physiotherapy , massage and relaxation might be as effective as propranolol or topiramate in the prevention of migraine headaches ; however , the research had some problems with methodology . The evidence to support spinal manipulation is poor and insufficient to support its use . Tentative evidence supports the use of stress reduction techniques such as cognitive behavioral therapy , biofeedback , and relaxation techniques . Of the alternative medicines , butterbur has the best evidence for its use . = = = Devices and surgery = = = Medical devices , such as biofeedback and neurostimulators , have some advantages in migraine prevention , mainly when common anti @-@ migraine medications are contraindicated or in case of medication overuse . Biofeedback helps people be conscious of some physiological parameters so as to control them and try to relax and may be efficient for migraine treatment . Neurostimulation uses implantable neurostimulators similar to pacemakers for the treatment of intractable chronic migraines with encouraging results for severe cases . A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device is approved in the United States for the prevention of migraines . Migraine surgery , which involves decompression of certain nerves around the head and neck , may be an option in certain people who do not improve with medications . = = Management = = There are three main aspects of treatment : trigger avoidance , acute symptomatic control , and pharmacological prevention . Medications are more effective if used earlier in an attack . The frequent use of medications may result in medication overuse headache , in which the headaches become more severe and more frequent . This may occur with triptans , ergotamines , and analgesics , especially narcotic analgesics . Due to these concerns simple analgesics are recommended to be used less than three days per week at most . = = = Analgesics = = = Recommended initial treatment for those with mild to moderate symptoms are simple analgesics such as non @-@ steroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) or the combination of paracetamol , aspirin , and caffeine . Several NSAIDs , including diclofenac and ibuprofen have evidence to support their use . Aspirin can relieve moderate to severe migraine pain , with an effectiveness similar to sumatriptan . Ketorolac is available in an intravenous formulation . Paracetamol ( also known as acetaminophen ) , either alone or in combination with metoclopramide , is another effective treatment with a low risk of adverse effects . Metoclopramide is also effective by itself . In pregnancy , paracetamol and metoclopramide are deemed safe as are NSAIDs until the third trimester . = = = Triptans = = = Triptans such as sumatriptan are effective for both pain and nausea in up to 75 % of people . When sumatriptan is taken with naproxen it works better . They are the initially recommended treatments for those with moderate to severe pain or those with milder symptoms who do not respond to simple analgesics . The different forms available include oral , injectable , nasal spray , and oral dissolving tablets . In general , all the triptans appear equally effective , with similar side effects . However , individuals may respond better to specific ones . Most side effects are mild , such as flushing ; however , rare cases of myocardial ischemia have occurred . They are thus not recommended for people with cardiovascular disease , who have had a stroke , or have migraines that are accompanied by neurological problems . In addition , triptans should be prescribed with caution for those with risk factors for vascular disease . While historically not recommended in those with basilar migraines there is no specific evidence of harm from their use in this population to support this caution . They are not addictive , but may cause medication overuse headaches if used more than 10 days per month . = = = Ergotamines = = = Ergotamine and dihydroergotamine are older medications still prescribed for migraines , the latter in nasal spray and injectable forms . They appear equally effective to the triptans , are less expensive , and experience adverse effects that typically are benign . In the most severe cases , such as those with status migrainosus , they appear to be the most effective treatment option . = = = Other = = = Intravenous metoclopramide or intranasal lidocaine are other potential options . Metoclopramide is the recommended treatment for those who present to the emergency department . Haloperidol may also be useful in this group . A single dose of intravenous dexamethasone , when added to standard treatment of a migraine attack , is associated with a 26 % decrease in headache recurrence in the following 72 hours . Spinal manipulation for treating an ongoing migraine headache is not supported by evidence . It is recommended that opioids and barbiturates not be used due to questionable efficacy and the risk of rebound headache . = = = Children = = = Ibuprofen improves pain in children with migraines . Paracetamol does not appear to be effective in providing pain relief . Triptans are effective , though there is a risk of causing minor side effects like taste disturbance , nasal symptoms , dizziness , fatigue , low energy , nausea , or vomiting . = = Prognosis = = Long term prognosis in people with migraines is variable . Most people with migraines have periods of lost productivity due to their disease ; however typically the condition is fairly benign and is not associated with an increased risk of death . There are four main patterns to the disease : symptoms can resolve completely , symptoms can continue but become gradually less with time , symptoms may continue at the same frequency and severity , or attacks may become worse and more frequent . Migraines with aura appear to be a risk factor for ischemic stroke doubling the risk . Being a young adult , being female , using hormonal birth control , and smoking further increases this risk . There also appears to be an association with cervical artery dissection . Migraines without aura do not appear to be a factor . The relationship with heart problems is inconclusive with a single study supporting an association . Overall however migraines do not appear to increase the risk of death from stroke or heart disease . Preventative therapy of migraines in those with migraines with auras may prevent associated strokes . People with migraines , particularly women , may develop higher than average numbers of white matter brain lesions of unclear significance . = = Epidemiology = = Worldwide , migraines affect nearly 15 % or approximately one billion people . It is more common in women at 19 % than men at 11 % . In the United States , about 6 % of men and 18 % of women get a migraine in a given year , with a lifetime risk of about 18 % and 43 % respectively . In Europe , migraines affect 12 – 28 % of people at some point in their lives with about 6 – 15 % of adult men and 14 – 35 % of adult women getting at least one yearly . Rates of migraines are slightly lower in Asia and Africa than in Western countries . Chronic migraines occur in approximately 1 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 2 % of the population . These figures vary substantially with age : migraines most commonly start between 15 and 24 years of age and occur most frequently in those 35 to 45 years of age . In children , about 1 @.@ 7 % of 7 year olds and 3 @.@ 9 % of those between 7 and 15 years have migraines , with the condition being slightly more common in boys before puberty . During adolescence migraines become more common among women and this persists for the rest of the lifespan , being two times more common among elderly females than males . In women migraines without aura are more common than migraines with aura , however in men the two types occur with similar frequency . During perimenopause symptoms often get worse before decreasing in severity . While symptoms resolve in about two thirds of the elderly , in between 3 and 10 % they persist . = = History = = An early description consistent with migraines is contained in the Ebers papyrus , written around 1500 BCE in ancient Egypt . In 200 BCE , writings from the Hippocratic school of medicine described the visual aura that can precede the headache and a partial relief occurring through vomiting . A second @-@ century description by Aretaeus of Cappadocia divided headaches into three types : cephalalgia , cephalea , and heterocrania . Galen of Pergamon used the term hemicrania ( half @-@ head ) , from which the word migraine was eventually derived . He also proposed that the pain arose from the meninges and blood vessels of the head . Migraines were first divided into the two now used types - migraine with aura ( migraine ophthalmique ) and migraine without aura ( migraine vulgaire ) in 1887 by Louis Hyacinthe Thomas , a French Librarian . Trepanation , the deliberate drilling of holes into a skull , was practiced as early as 7 @,@ 000 BCE . While sometimes people survived , many would have died from the procedure due to infection . It was believed to work via " letting evil spirits escape " . William Harvey recommended trepanation as a treatment for migraines in the 17th century . While many treatments for migraines have been attempted , it was not until 1868 that use of a substance which eventually turned out to be effective began . This substance was the fungus ergot from which ergotamine was isolated in 1918 . Methysergide was developed in 1959 and the first triptan , sumatriptan , was developed in 1988 . During the 20th century with better study design effective preventative measures were found and confirmed . = = Society and culture = = Migraines are a significant source of both medical costs and lost productivity . It has been estimated that they are the most costly neurological disorder in the European Community , costing more than € 27 billion per year . In the United States direct costs have been estimated at $ 17 billion . Nearly a tenth of this cost is due to the cost of triptans. including $ 15 billion in indirect costs , of which missed work is the greatest component . In those who do attend work with a migraine , effectiveness is decreased by around a third . Negative impacts also frequently occur for a person 's family . = = Research = = Calcitonin gene related peptides ( CGRPs ) have been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of the pain associated with migraine . CGRP receptor antagonists , such as olcegepant and telcagepant , have been investigated both in vitro and in clinical studies for the treatment of migraine . In 2011 , Merck stopped phase III clinical trials for their investigational drug telcagepant . Transcranial magnetic stimulation shows promise as has transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation . = CrimethInc . = CrimethInc . — also known as CWC , which stands for either " CrimethInc . Ex @-@ Workers Collective " or " CrimethInc Ex @-@ Workers Ex @-@ Collective " — is a decentralized anarchist collective of autonomous cells . CrimethInc. emerged in the mid @-@ 1990s , initially as the hardcore zine Inside Front , and began operating as a collective in 1996 . It has since published widely read articles and zines for the anarchist movement and distributed posters and books of its own publication . CrimethInc. cells have published books , released records , and organized national campaigns against globalization and representative democracy in favor of radical community organizing . Less public splinter groups have carried out direct action ( including arson and hacktivism ) , hosted international conventions and other events , maintained local chapters , sparked riots , and toured with multimedia performance art or hardcore anarcho @-@ punk musical ensembles . The collective has received national media and academic attention , as well as criticism and praise from other anarchists for its activities and philosophy . CrimethInc. has an association with the North American anarcho @-@ punk scene due to its relationship with artists in the genre and its publishing of Inside Front . It has since expanded into the contemporary anti @-@ capitalist movement . = = Activities = = Activities by CrimethInc. cells have included publishing radical literature and music , while less @-@ public splinter groups have carried out direct action , hosted international conventions and other events , maintained local chapters , sparked riots and toured with multimedia performance art and / or hardcore anarcho @-@ punk musical ensembles . In 2002 , a cell in Olympia , Washington staged a five @-@ day film festival with skill @-@ sharing workshops and screenings . Cells have also supported various large @-@ scale campaigns with publicity work , including the " Unabomber for President " and the " Don 't Just ( Not ) Vote " election campaigns as well as the protests against the Free Trade Area of the Americas of 2003 in Miami , Florida . Individuals adopting the CrimethInc. nom de guerre have included convicted ELF arsonists , as well as hacktivists who successfully attacked the websites of DARE , Republican National Committee and sites related to U.S. President George W. Bush 's 2004 re @-@ election campaign . These activities have earned the collective irregular attention from the mainstream news media . In 2010 , several CrimethInc. cells worked in collaboration with other anti @-@ capitalists and anarchists to launch international Steal Something From Work Day , which coincides with the United States Tax Day . = = = Publications = = = The creation of propaganda has been described as the collectives ' core function . Among their best @-@ known publications are the books Days of War , Nights of Love , Expect Resistance , Evasion , Recipes for Disaster : An Anarchist Cookbook the pamphlets To Change Everything : an anarchist appeal ( available in paper , PDF and video form ) and Fighting For Our Lives ( of which , to date , they claim to have printed 600 @,@ 000 copies ) , the hardcore punk / political zine Inside Front , and the music of hardcore punk bands . Several websites are maintained by individual cells , including Crimethinc.com , operated by the Far East Cell , which hosts propaganda , excerpts from available publications , and a blog of the activities of other cells . CrimethInc. is connected to publishing collectives / organizations with similar ideas , notably the Curious George Brigade , which has written a number of publications including Anarchy in the Age of Dinosaurs . In 2005 , they began publishing a half @-@ gloss journal , Rolling Thunder , with the byline " An Anarchist Journal of Dangerous Living " , which released its eighth issue in 2009 . CrimethInc. texts have received wide coverage in the anarchist media and in academic publications , and have been used as reading materials for university courses on anarchism . In 2011 numerous publications were released , including Jesus Sepulveda 's The Garden of Peculiarities , from its South African based cell . These publications formed part of a project entitled the Missing Shelf , in which otherwise regular book stores were able to stock DIY produced radical literature . = = = Convergences = = = Since the summer of 2002 , CrimethInc. has hosted annual conventions , termed " convergences " , open to anyone . Typically featuring the performances of traveling theatrical troupes , musicians , direct @-@ action and mutual @-@ aid workshops from individual participants , the few @-@ days @-@ long camping trips have attracted coverage in newspaper articles , initiated multiple Reclaim the Streets actions , mobilized large Critical Mass events , and catalyzed many other activities . The 2007 convergence in Athens , Ohio , saw an impromptu street party which resulted in arrests on minor charges . The Athens News characterized the convergence as " a sort of networking , resume @-@ swapping opportunity for would @-@ be radicals , free @-@ thinkers , Levellers , Diggers , Neo @-@ Luddites and other assorted malcontents . " It is typical of these gatherings to demand that all attendees have something to contribute to the momentum : whether it is bringing food or equipment to share , leading a discussion group , or providing materials with which to write to political prisoners . There has been a pattern of promoting convergences as festivals , reminiscent of barnstorming flying circuses and travelling sideshows . Harper 's journalist Matthew Power described the 2006 convergence in Winona , Minnesota as follows : Several hundred young anarchists from around the country had train @-@ hopped and hitchhiked there to attend the annual event known as the CrimethInc Convergence ... Grimy and feral @-@ looking , the CrimethInc kids squatted in small groups around a clearing .... [ they ] were in the middle of several days of self @-@ organized workshops , seminars , and discussions , ranging from the mutualist banking theories of the nineteenth @-@ century anarchist philosopher Pierre @-@ Joseph Proudhon , to an introductory practicum on lock @-@ picking , to a class on making one 's own menstrual pads .... CrimethInc 's adherents had come together there because they wanted to live their lives as some sort of solution . They saw ' the revolution ' not as a final product but as an ongoing process ; they wanted not just to destroy the capitalist system but to create something livable in its place . These convergences have been hosted by different groups within the collective each time , typically based on the initiative of local enthusiasts . Every year a different set of policy requests is released from locals in the field , typically encouraging a sober , consensus @-@ based space in which no financial transactions are made . The one firm rule has been " No police informants , " a regulation which has been ignored by the FBI . Information gathered by FBI informants at CrimethInc. convergences ( in 2004 , 2005 , and 2008 ) contributed to the convictions of Eric McDavid and his associates , as well as 2008 Republican National Convention protester Matthew DePalma . In 2010 , CrimethInc. announced the We Are Everywhere campaign of national tours and events in lieu of the traditional convergence . In 2015 , CrimethInc. embarked on the similar To Change Everything two @-@ month tour of the United States . = = Philosophy = = Crimethought is not any ideology or value system or lifestyle , but rather a way of challenging all ideologies and value systems and lifestyles — and , for the advanced agent , a way of making all ideologies , value systems , and lifestyles challenging . CrimethInc as a loose association represents a variety of political views ; the CrimethInc . FAQ asserts that it has " no platform or ideology except that which could be generalized from the similarities between the beliefs and goals of the individuals who choose to be involved — and that is constantly in flux . " " CrimethInc . " is an anonymous tag , a means of constructing dynamic networks of support and communication within the anarchist movement , and as such anyone can publish under the name or create a poster using the logo ; each agent or group of agents operate autonomously . As well as the traditional anarchist opposition to the state and capitalism , agents have , at times , advocated a straight edge lifestyle , the total supersession of gender roles , violent insurrection against the state , and the refusal of work . CrimethInc. is influenced by the Situationist International , and has been described by scholar Martin Puchner as " inheritors of the political avant @-@ garde " , Ken Knabb has criticized CrimethInc. for presenting simplistic and in some cases false accounts of history in their manifesto Days of War , Nights of Love , and for mythologizing themselves as " a pole of international subversion " . For their part , the authors of the book criticized the " exclusive , anti @-@ subjective " nature of history as " paralyzing " , advocating in its place a non @-@ superstitious myth . The collective has expressed a strident anti @-@ copyright stance and advocacy of the appropriation of texts and ideas of others , which has attracted criticism from academic philosopher George MacDonald Ross as an endorsement of plagiarism . The active participants of CrimethInc. characterize it as a mindset and a way of life first and foremost , rather than as an organization per se . Its main goal is to inspire people to take more active control of their own lives , becoming producers of culture and history instead of passive consumers . Those who ascribe to the CrimethInc. philosophy advocate radical ways of living one 's life to the end of eliminating the perceived inequities and tyrannies within society . Contributors to publications are generally not credited in respect of an anonymity asserted by participants to be one of the organization 's primary values . The name " CrimethInc . " itself is a satirical self @-@ criticism about the hypocrisy of revolutionary propaganda ( and other " margin @-@ walking between contradictions " ) and a direct reference to the concept of " thoughtcrime " developed in George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four . = = = Cells = = = CrimethInc.com — maintained by the Crimethinc . Far East cell CrimethInc . Great Lakes CrimethInc . West Coast CrimethInc . International IdeozloCin — based in Prague , Czech Republic Guerrilla Latina CrimethInc . Crimethinc in Spanish = = = Other = = = " Rethinking CrimethInc . " — pseudonymous critical consideration published by Anarkismo.net Interview with self @-@ identified CrimethInc. operative by Erika Ransom of the Bay Area Anarchist Bookfair French translations of some of CrimethInc 's writings on Bloom02 = Siege of Vyborg ( 1710 ) = The Siege of Viborg took place in the spring of 1710 during the Great Northern War ( 1700 – 1721 ) , as a second attempt by the Russians to capture the fortress town of Viborg after a failed attempt in 1706 . After the outbreak of the war , Swedish forces had fortified themselves in the port of Viborg . In order to assure safety for the newly founded city of Saint Petersburg , Peter the Great ordered the Swedish fort to be secured . A first unsuccessful attempt was made in 1706 . Later plans were put on hold because of other ongoing conflicts but , after the Russian success at the Battle of Poltava in June 1709 , the men and resources were available to capture the town . Thirteen thousand troops under General @-@ Admiral Fyodor Apraksin marched to Viborg and laid siege on 22 March 1710 . Magnus Stiernstråle , the Swedish commander at the fort , waited in vain for Swedish assistance , while a stalemate ensued because the Russians lacked sufficient artillery . In April , Peter the Great managed to bring through a fleet of 250 ships to deliver guns and supplies , and to help perform a final assault on Swedish positions . After these Russian attacks , the Swedish garrison surrendered on 12 June 1710 . = = Background = = After the victory at the Battle of Poltava , the Russian army was able to proceed with further offensive actions in the northwestern theater of operations . In 1710 , the Russian army undertook an offensive in two directions : on the Baltic coast ( where , in the fall in 1710 , Riga was besieged ) and in Finland , with attacks on Viborg and Kexholm . The selection of the command staff destined for the siege of Viborg led to the main authority being given to General @-@ Admiral Fyodor Apraksin , while his subordinates were Major @-@ Generals Robert Bruce and Wilhelm Bergholtz . Before the siege , Bruce and Bergholtz had operated mainly in defensive roles , chiefly in the defense of Saint Petersburg . They would later lead the offensive into Finland . They were chosen because , at that time , the commanders most experienced in siege warfare ( including Boris Sheremetev , Jacob Bruce , and Anikita Repnin ) were concentrated around Riga . Consequently , it was considered a possibility that Peter the Great himself would command forces at Viborg , so that he would not have to reassign the experienced generals and thus jeopardize the attacks on Riga . = = = Fortifications at Viborg = = = In 1709 , the main fort at Viborg consisted of five frontal bastions named Holtz , Neuport , Klein @-@ Platform , Wasserport and Eleonora , connected by the Viborg town wall , in the eastern section of the town . The western part of the town , connected to the main section , had three bastions named Valport , Pansarlax , and Europa . To the west of the wall between Pansarlax and Europa , there was a ravelin and two caponiers , and to the west of the wall between Evrop and Eleonora was another ravelin . Both ravelins were , apparently , earthen , but inside the main eastern fort , all structures were stone . Most of the structures in the western part of the fort were wooden , with the exception of the stone guard tower , named the Petersburg tower . Separate from these fortifications , on the small central island east of the town ( now the Zamochnyy Island ) , was Schloss ( Castle ) Viborg , which stands to this day . The fort had 151 guns at its defense . By this time , the fortifications had fallen into disrepair because the Swedish command did not pay much attention to these territories , and funds that were allotted for renovation were insignificant . In addition , the forts at Nöteborg and Nyenskans were considered sufficient to provide defense for the region . In 1702 , however , some repairs were completed under the supervision of Captain L. Stobecks . According to Yuri Moshnik , a modern historian , the garrison at Viborg in 1710 stood at 6000 men ; other modern historians B. Adamovich and A. I. Dubravin put the number at 4000 . Since 1702 , the commander there had been Zacharias Animoff , who was old and in poor health . For that reason , in February 1710 , Colonel Magnus Stiernstråle officially replaced him ; he had de facto headed the efforts to fortify the city . = = = Previous attempts = = = Russia had made a previous attempt to capture Viborg ; in October 1706 , a siege corps was sent there under the command of Robert ( Roman ) Bruce . On 22 October , mortars were placed and the bombardment began , which continued for four days and caused five fires in the fort at Viborg . After the bombardment , Russian forces retreated to Saint Petersburg after commanders realized that a siege could not be carried out without naval support and larger cannon . Also , autumn was not considered a suitable time for siege operations . The idea to reattempt a capture of Viborg was first proposed by Peter the Great in 1708 , but rejected by the military due to the recent Swedish offensive . = = Russian attack = = Peter 's plan for the second siege of Viborg involved a combination of land and sea forces , and the fort was to be taken by a prolonged siege . By February 1710 , a specialized siege corps had been assembled on Kotlin Island . This time , the Russian attack came in two stages . On 2 March 1710 , General Apraksin received orders to attack Viborg , and he planned to move out by 15 March . However , on 16 March , he was still on Kotlin Island , from where he wrote to Robert Bruce that he was departing on " the day of tomorrow " . In fact , he only set out on 21 March , arriving with the cavalry on that same day at Vyborg ; the infantry and cannon arrived the next day . = = = Russian forces arrive = = = When the siege corps arrived at Viborg on the 22nd , they occupied the town 's outskirts and countryside , forcing the Swedes to regroup behind the town 's inner stone wall . The Swedes had attempted to burn down the part of the town outside of the stone walls to prevent it from falling into Russian hands , but failed to do so before they were driven into their fortifications . On that same day , as Apraksin reported to the czar : " We neared the fort itself in approaches , which took a great effort , since at that time there was great cold , and in addition to that the situation around the fort is rocky , which caused significant upturn ; however , despite the difficulty , the approaches have brought us to the sea strait , which is right under the city itself , at the distance of a musket 's shot , with which bags full of fur were very helpful , where there were bare rocks . And for the other side ... to perform the approaches , Major @-@ General Bergholtz was sent out with six regiments , which were also nearing the city with approaches . " These advances took place under Swedish artillery fire . From 21 March until 29 March ( when , according to Aleksander Myshlayevsky , the Russians began firing their artillery ) , 66 bombs and 1 @,@ 200 round shots were released by Swedish artillery . Also , the Swedes attempted a ground assault , but were driven back into the fort . = = = = Number of artillery pieces = = = = Estimates of the number of artillery pieces taken to Viborg differ widely according to the various sources . In most sources , including Journal ... of Emperor Peter the Great from 1698 to the Treaty of Nystad , " Report on the capture of Vyborg " , " The Life and Affairs of the Great Sovereign " , and The Vyborg Fortress : Chronicles from 1710 to 1872 , it is said that there were ten 12 @-@ pounder guns and three mortars . N. G. Ustryalov believed that there were ten 12 @-@ pounders and five mortars , M. M. Borodkin counted 24 cannon and four mortars , and M. V. Vasiliev 12 cannon and four mortars , although none of these historians give their sources for their figures . A letter from Fyodor Apraksin to Peter the Great dated 2 April 1710 stated that " the enemy has constructed three batteries against us ; they shoot powerfully and accurately : one of our cannon , they have broken , another blew up from frequent firing ; we have , remaining , 10 cannon in our batteries . " ( This was the only recorded time during the siege when Swedish artillery managed to disable Russian equipment . ) Thus , Myshlaevsky concluded that there were originally 12 cannon brought to Viborg , but only ten of them were used in the siege , as two of them were disabled . There were probably three mortars , although there are no primary sources to validate this . In any case , there was not enough artillery , but new pieces could not be brought in . This was because it was very difficult to move them over land , and there was not enough ice to bring them over the sea . = = = Initial bombardment = = = It is not certain on what day the Russians began shelling the fort . Based on reports by Apraksin to Peter and on Peter the Great 's journal , Russian artillery opened fire on 1 April . However , Apraksin reported to the czar that he " began bombarding Viborg and the castle on 30 March , and on the first day 130 bombs were planted , and 90 on the second . " Furthermore , Aleksander Myshlayevsky published a " List of how many shots were fired from mortars and cannon at Viborg from 21 March to 9 April , and how many of them hit the city . " There , it claims that shelling began on 29 March , when 150 mortar shots and 60 cannon shots were fired . It continues , saying that during the next three days only the mortars were used , firing 100 shots per day . In total , during the first period of the siege , the attackers fired 2 @,@ 975 shots from mortars and 1 @,@ 531 from cannon , and the Swedes fired 399 mortar shots and 7 @,@ 464 cannon shots ; thus the Swedish fire outweighed the Russian fire . On 5 April , Apraksin noted that " our cannon are doing little to help us , for they are rather small and light ; when we begin firing , the opponent shoots one out of ten . " However , the mortars inflicted great damage upon Vyborg and the fort , forcing citizens to find cover in cellars . Despite this , soldiers had to remain positioned on the mounds , and suffered heavy casualties . Soon , Major @-@ Generals Bruce and Bergholtz turned to Apraksin with a proposal to assault the fort , not waiting for " the production of an opening " . Their reasoning was that they could end up losing more soldiers from injuries and disease than they would during an assault . Peter , having found out about this from a letter by Apraksin , decided it to be " very significant , but also very dangerous . " In the end he left the decision up to General Apraksin who , not wanting to bear the responsibility for a failure , decided to wait for reinforcements to arrive by sea once the ice had opened up . Small Swedish garrison placed their hopes on the support from the Royal Swedish Navy which was bound to arrive once the ice opened up . Russians on the other had were also running low on food and ammunition and with roads between Viborg and Saint Petersburg ruined by thaw only route for their support and supplies to arrive was also via sea route . With neither side able to make headway both sides waiting for their respective naval force . The side whose naval forces arrived first would have decisive advantage in the siege . = = = Reinforcements arrive = = = Meanwhile , in Saint Petersburg , preparations were already underway for an amphibious attack on Vyborg . The tools needed for the siege were taken from the Peter and Paul Fortress . On 4 April , Cyril Naryshkin , the first Commandant of Saint Petersburg , received orders for twenty 18 @-@ pounder guns to be sent to Viborg from Narva ( through Saint Petersburg ) , " by land or by sea , whichever path is more convenient , " and 9 @,@ 000 cannonballs along with them . However , Naryshkin could not gather the artillery fast enough , and only on 25 April did he send the cannon to Kotlin Island , where Captain Solovoy received them . Peter did not wait for the cannon and , on 30 April , set out with his fleet to sea . He could not postpone his sailing due to a shortage of ammunition and provisions at Viborg . Because the ice had not completely melted , the trip to Viborg was very difficult . When the ice was particularly thick , crews had to resort to " hauling a small cannon onto the bowsprit and dropping it onto the ice " to break it . Many provision transport ships were driven off course by winds or ice , and they were barely rescued . When Peter 's fleet finally arrived on 9 May , the Russian troops had only three days of provisions left . Russian forces also formed defenses to Trångsund ( ru : Vysotsk , fi : Uuras ) to blockade the town from sea . Swedish squadron consisting of seven ships of the line and three frigates and their assorted support ships under Admiral Gustav Wattrang had been delayed by the easterly winds arrived only after the Russian fleet had already left back for Saint Petersburg . Since they were unable to approach the town due to Russian defenses the Swedish squadron chose to arrange blockade of their own outside of Trångsund to trap the few Russian ships left behind . However due to the late arrival of the squadron the town had in effect already been lost and its surrender was only matter of time . Upon arriving at Viborg , Peter immediately inspected Swedish fortifications and devised " Instructions on preparations for an assault on Viborg " . In it were plans for constructing two cannon batteries and three mortar batteries , with a total of 60 cannon and 18 mortars directed toward the Viborg fort . It was also ordered that 140 light mortars be placed to knock enemy troops from walls during a final assault and to perform nighttime bombardments . Peter noted that that left 20 cannon , ten mortars and 50 light mortars in reserve , which could be used during a full barrage of the fort . He also proposed using fire ships from the sea , although they were never used . Construction on the batteries mentioned in Peter 's " Instructions " began on 17 May , and some of them were finished by 24 May . The Vyborg Fortress : Chronicles from 1710 to 1872 mentions that during the construction , a truce @-@ bearer was sent out from the Vyborg fort with a request to Russian forces to allow passage for a courier to deliver letters to the Swedish general Georg Lübecker , but the request was denied . There are also records that show a Swedish fleet arriving at Viborg and being beaten back by the Russians . However , other sources do not mention the truce @-@ bearer or the naval battle ; Fyodor Apraksin even wrote to the czar saying that he " could not imagine " how a Swedish fleet could be sent to Viborg , although he did take precautions . During this time , Ivan Botsis was sent out with a fleet of galleys to block access to the bay , thus completely blockading the town and fort of Vyborg . = = = Final barrage and Swedish surrender = = = In a letter on 29 May , Fyodor Apraksin noted that work on the artillery batteries on his side of Viborg were finished , and that there was still progress to be made toward completing the batteries on Bergholtz 's side ( although ten mortars were already in place ) , because of " great swamps and rocky [ soil ] " . He asked Peter whether to wait for Bergholtz to finish building his batteries or proceed in the barrage without him ; Apraksin himself was leaning toward the latter option , because he did not want to lose time and supplies , and because that side of the fortress was too heavily fortified for Bergholtz 's guns . The czar agreed that there was no reason to wait , and ordered that the bombardment start as soon as possible . However , this led to another problem : it was impossible to quietly transport artillery over the rocky soil . There was also more daylight by that time of the year , and due to Viborg 's location in the northern latitudes , the sun only set around 9 : 00 pm . This meant that twilight lasted almost all night , and Swedish defensive fire could continue for longer , inflicting further casualties . Nevertheless , the second barrage of the fort began on 1 June ; by then , Bergholtz had 13 additional cannon at his disposal . The barrage lasted until 6 June , as a result of which " there was made a great breach , that two battalions were lined up on either side to take the city " . During those six days , there were a total of 2 @,@ 975 mortar shots and 1 @,@ 539 from cannon . The Swedish fired 7 @,@ 464 shots from cannon and 394 from mortars . Both the first and second barrages had a similar number of shots fired , but the second barrage was a lot more devastating to the Swedish . This was due to several factors ; the shots fired during the second bombardment used higher @-@ caliber ammunition and did greater damage per round , and the rate of fire was much more intense . The first bombardment took a month , whereas the second only took six days . On 6 June , the decision was made to make a final assault on the fort . The next two days were spent in preparation , and those who would lead the " storm " were already chosen . However , on 9 June , the Swedish side sent out another truce @-@ bearer , who said they were ready to surrender . On 13 June , the garrison at Viborg officially surrendered before any direct assault took place . The surrendered Swedish garrison numbered 3 @,@ 880 men , including 156 officers and 3 @,@ 274 soldiers of lower rank . Swedish losses were estimated at around 2 @,@ 500 . Contrary to what had been agreed in surrender documents Russians took all the healthy men left in the garrison when it surrendered as prisoners while 877 wounded men as well as 169 women and group of children were transported to Helsinki aboard the ships of Admiral Wattrang . = = Aftermath = = In his letters announcing the capture of Viborg , Peter the Great wrote that from now on the " final security of Saint Petersburg has been achieved . " The czar said that Viborg should become a " firm cushion " to the new capital . By capturing Viborg , several important strategic goals were achieved . The Russian Empire now had vastly improved access to the Baltic Sea , from which they could launch further attacks against Finland , and a powerful fort that would defend the new capital of Saint Petersburg . The czar ordered the fort to be renovated with the help of a special army division and local peasants . Attempt to retake the town was made under the leadership of the new Swedish Governor @-@ General of Finland Carl Nieroth with 10 000 men strong army supported by naval squadron led by Admiral Olof Wernfelt consisting of 6 ships of the line , 3 frigates and 3 brigantines . Swedish light infantry had started the harassing operations already in the spring of 1711 and naval blockade had been place for most of the summer . Swedish manpower had been sapped by a plague which had struck Finland in late 1710 killing amongst others nearly a thousand in Helsinki alone - half the population at the time . Same plague had struck Karlskrona making it difficult for the Swedish to equip their naval squadron Finland and it took until late June before it was able to sail delaying all Swedish operations . Actual siege by land forces was started in the autumn . However as king refused to release more troops and supplies from Sweden for the besieging forces the siege was doomed to fail . On 2 December 1711 freezing waters and harsh weather forced the naval force to retire and by the Christmas also the land forces had to withdraw . Nieroth who had invigorated the whole of Finland perished suddenly on 25 January 1712 and was succeeded by weak Georg Henrik Lybecker . = = = Strategic significance = = = With the loss of Viborg , the Swedes lost an important naval and land base , and their activities in the Gulf of Finland were restricted . Russia 's occupation of Viborg allowed the creation of a base to supply troops and build ships , and expanded the zone of action of the Baltic Fleet . Viborg demonstrated this importance as a key military base from 1712 to 1714 , when full @-@ scale Russian land operations began in Finland . Thus , in effect , the capture of Viborg and Karelia served to determine the outcome of the Great Northern War by establishing a staging area for further military actions . During peace talks with Sweden , the " Viborg question " was debated , and Peter the Great told his representative , Andrey Osterman , to pressure Sweden to cede Viborg and Riga regardless of the situation . Thus , after the Treaty of Nystad , Viborg officially became incorporated into the Russian Empire as " Vyborg " . This began a new period in the city 's multinational history , where Russian influences would mix with the city 's Swedish , Finnish , and German culture . = 2005 FA Community Shield = The 2005 FA Community Shield was the 83rd staging of the FA Community Shield , an annual football match contested by the reigning champions of the Premier League and the holders of the FA Cup . It was held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 7 August 2005 . The game was played between Chelsea , champions of the 2004 – 05 Premier League and Arsenal , who beat Manchester United on penalties to win the 2005 FA Cup Final . Chelsea won the match 2 – 1 in front of a crowd of 58 @,@ 014 . This was Chelsea 's fifth Community Shield appearance to Arsenal 's 19th . Relations between the two clubs were hostile before the match , given Chelsea 's illicit attempts to sign Arsenal defender Ashley Cole . In the game Chelsea took the lead when striker Didier Drogba scored in the eighth minute . He scored again in the second half , before Cesc Fàbregas replied for Arsenal with a goal in the 64th minute . José Mourinho praised Chelsea in his post @-@ match interview and felt the team looked comfortable in defence . Opposing manager Arsène Wenger admitted Drogba had presented problems for Arsenal and likened his opponents to a long ball team , who on the day played " very direct " . = = Background and pre @-@ match = = Founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield , the FA Community Shield began as a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League , although in 1913 , it was played between an Amateurs XI and a Professionals XI . In 1921 , it was played by the league champions of the top division and FA Cup winners for the first time . Cardiff 's Millennium Stadium was hosting the Shield for the fifth time ; it took over as the venue for the event while Wembley Stadium underwent a six @-@ year renovation between 2001 and 2006 . Chelsea qualified for the 2005 FA Community Shield as winners of the 2004 – 05 FA Premier League . It was their first league title in 50 years , remembered for the records broken such as the most wins , fewest goals conceded in a league season and most points accumulated . The other Community Shield place went to Arsenal , who beat Manchester United on penalties to win the final of the 2004 – 05 FA Cup . Arsenal was making its 19th Community Shield appearance and held the Shield after beating Manchester United 3 – 1 a year previously . By contrast this was Chelsea 's fifth appearance , their first since 2000 . It was also the first meeting between both sides in the Shield . Chelsea manager José Mourinho described relations between the two clubs as " non @-@ existent " , given his club 's approach to sign ( tapping up ) Arsenal defender Ashley Cole . The player had met Mourinho and chief executive Peter Kenyon at a London hotel in January 2005 , without Arsenal 's consent . Chelsea , Mourinho and Cole were all later found guilty by an independent commission and fined accordingly ; the club was charged the most amount – £ 300 @,@ 000 . The ownership of Chelsea by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich also caused friction between both clubs . Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger said in May 2005 : " They are a financially doped club . They have enhancement of performances through financial resources which are unlimited . For me , it 's a kind of doping because it 's not in any way linked to their resources . It puts pressure on the market that is not very healthy . They can go to Steven Gerrard or Rio Ferdinand and ' say how much do you earn , we 'll give you twice as much . ' " Wenger admitted this put Arsenal at a disadvantage in the transfer market ; in the case of Shaun Wright @-@ Phillips , a long @-@ term target , Chelsea 's interest meant Arsenal needed to wait before making a bid . The player eventually joined Chelsea from Manchester City for £ 21 million . = = Match = = = = = Team selection = = = Chelsea fielded a full @-@ strength team , which lined up in a 4 – 3 – 3 formation ; an attacking three of Didier Drogba , Damien Duff and Arjen Robben . Asier Del Horno was named as left back , which meant William Gallas moved to central defence . Wright @-@ Phillips began the match on the substitute bench . Arsenal 's line up by contrast was relatively inexperienced in midfield – Gilberto Silva was on the bench and Mathieu Flamini partnered Cesc Fàbregas in the centre . Up front Dennis Bergkamp started alongside striker Thierry Henry . The team played in a 4 – 4 – 2 formation . = = = Summary = = = The stadium observed a period of silence in memory of the victims of the July bombings in London , and a mark of respect to Arsenal fan Anthony Walker , killed on Merseyside the previous week . Arsenal in their away strip of yellow kicked off the match ; they won a corner after four minutes , but their threat was averted by Chelsea . In the eighth minute Del Horno hit a long pass to the edge of Arsenal ’ s right area . Drogba controlled the ball with his chest and went beyond his marker Philippe Senderos . He shot the ball past goalkeeper Jens Lehmann in the Arsenal goal to give Chelsea a 1 – 0 lead . Arsenal began to dominate proceedings , but struggled to make use of their advantage . A slip by Senderos in the 20th minute invited Robben to make a run down the right side of the pitch , but the chance for Chelsea was brief as Senderos won the ball back . Four minutes later Fàbregas and Claude Makélélé were each shown a yellow card for clashing with one another . Arsenal in the 36th minute fashioned their best chance of the game through Kolo Touré , whose shot forced goalkeeper Petr Čech to save in an acrobatic manner . Six minutes before the interval Drogba was ruled offside , but continued to run in the direction of Arsenal ’ s goal . He went down on a challenge from Lauren and proceeded to roll around Arsenal ’ s penalty area once Lehmann got involved – the " farce " was brought to a close after words from the referee . Arsenal made a host of changes before the match restarted – Gilberto , Robin van Persie and Alexander Hleb were substituted on for Bergkamp , Robert Pirès and Flamini . Robben made a run down the right side of the pitch , but failed to get past Senderos in what was the first notable action of the second half . Moments after , Fredrik Ljungberg 's attempt on goal was cleared by the Chelsea defence following good play by Van Persie . In the 57th minute Chelsea increased their lead . A long pass found Drogba , who once more held off Senderos in pursuit of the ball . He was forced wide by Lehmann , but on the turn shot the ball through the net to score his second goal of the game . Drogba was then replaced by Hernán Crespo , and Tiago came on for Eiður Guðjohnsen . Arsenal scored in the 64th minute ; Ljungberg crossed the ball from the left and Fàbregas evaded the Chelsea defence to slot it past Čech in the goal . Both clubs made mass substitutions in the final third of the game , notably Wright @-@ Phillips coming on for his Chelsea debut in place of Robben . Arsenal continued to push for an equaliser the longer the match went on , which meant they were culpable to Chelsea countering . A free @-@ kick by Van Persie was saved by Čech and it was not until the 86th minute that Henry fashioned his first chance of the half – it too was dealt with by Čech . Chelsea continued to withstand Arsenal ’ s pressure in injury time and came close to scoring a third goal , but for Touré ’ s intervention . = = = Details = = = = = = Statistics = = = = = Post @-@ match and aftermath = = Mourinho believed his team deserved to win and said after scoring the first goal , " we looked comfortable and solid in the defence and good on the counter @-@ attack . " He did not believe the result would have any consequences for either team , but said " ... it is better to win than to lose and we can go home happy and with a smile on our faces . " John Terry described the victory as a " perfect start " , and added it gave Chelsea a psychological edge over Arsenal . Drogba felt the result was good for the team 's confidence , though confessed Chelsea did not play well – particularly in midfield . Reflecting on Arsenal 's defeat , Wenger felt that " [ it ] is not too important . We have won four Community Shields and no @-@ one regards it as a trophy so I do not mind anymore . " He felt Chelsea 's game plan was " very direct " and admitted Drogba gave his team " a hard time on the long balls " . Wenger absolved Senderos of any blame for the two goals – " it would be unfair " – and believed Fàbregas showed why he was a capable replacement for Patrick Vieira , who left in the summer : " He controlled the game and for me was outstanding . " When asked if he was worried about Chelsea , Wenger retorted : " Did you see the game today ? You can be worried if you are a Chelsea supporter , " an indirect reference to their style of football . Two weeks after the Community Shield match , both teams played each other in the league at Chelsea 's home ground , Stamford Bridge . Drogba scored the only goal of the game , which marked Arsenal 's first league defeat against their opponents in ten years . Chelsea also beat Arsenal away from home and went on to retain the Premier League . Whereas Arsenal 's league form was indifferent and the team finished fourth ( outside of the top two for the first time under Wenger ) , their performances in the UEFA Champions League were appreciable . They became the first London team to participate in a European Cup final , though lost 2 – 1 to Barcelona in the Stade de France , Paris . = Russian battleship Potemkin = The Russian battleship Potemkin ( Russian : Князь Потёмкин Таврический , Kniaz Potemkin Tavricheskiy , " Prince Potemkin of Tauris " ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy 's Black Sea Fleet . She became famous when the crew rebelled against the officers in June 1905 ( during that year 's revolution ) , now viewed as a first step towards the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The mutiny later formed the basis of Sergei Eisenstein 's 1925 silent propaganda film The Battleship Potemkin . After the mutineers sought asylum in Constanța , Romania , and the Russians recovered the ship , her name was changed to Panteleimon . She accidentally sank a Russian submarine in 1909 and was badly damaged when she ran aground in 1911 . During World War I , Panteleimon participated in the Battle of Cape Sarych in late 1914 . She covered several bombardments of the Bosphorus fortifications in early 1915 , including one where she was attacked by the Turkish battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim – Panteleimon and the other Russian pre @-@ dreadnoughts present drove her off before she could inflict any serious damage . The ship was relegated to secondary roles after the first dreadnought battleship entered service in late 1915 . She was by then obsolete and was reduced to reserve in 1918 in Sevastopol . Panteleimon was captured when the Germans took Sevastopol in May 1918 and was handed over to the Allies after the Armistice in November 1918 . Her engines were destroyed by the British in 1919 when they withdrew from Sevastopol to prevent the advancing Bolsheviks from using them against the White Russians . She was abandoned when the Whites evacuated the Crimea in 1920 and was finally scrapped by the Soviets in 1923 . = = Design and construction = = = = = Planning = = = Planning began in 1895 for a new battleship that would utilize a slipway slated to become available at the Nikolayev Admiralty Shipyard in 1896 . The Naval Staff and the commander of the Black Sea Fleet , Vice Admiral K. P. Pilkin , agreed on a copy of the Peresvet @-@ class battleship design , but they were overruled by General Admiral Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich . The General Admiral decided that the long range and less powerful 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) guns of the Peresvet class were inappropriate for the narrow confines of the Black Sea , and ordered the design of an improved version of the battleship Tri Sviatitelia instead . The improvements included a higher forecastle to improve the ship 's seakeeping qualities , Krupp cemented armour and Belleville boilers . The design process was complicated by numerous changes demanded by various departments of the Naval Technical Committee . The ship 's design was finally approved on 12 June 1897 , although design changes continued to be made that slowed the ship 's construction . = = = Construction and sea trials = = = Construction of Potemkin began on 27 December 1897 and she was laid down at the Nikolayev Admiralty Shipyard on 10 October 1898 . She was named in honour of Prince Grigory Potemkin , a Russian soldier and statesman . The ship was launched on 9 October 1900 and transferred to Sevastopol for fitting out on 4 July 1902 . She began sea trials in September 1903 and these continued , off and on , until early 1905 when her gun turrets were completed . = = Description = = Potemkin was 371 feet 5 inches ( 113 @.@ 2 m ) long at the waterline and 378 feet 6 inches ( 115 @.@ 4 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 73 feet ( 22 @.@ 3 m ) and a maximum draught of 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . She displaced 12 @,@ 900 long tons ( 13 @,@ 100 t ) , 420 long tons ( 430 t ) more than her designed displacement of 12 @,@ 480 long tons ( 12 @,@ 680 t ) . Potemkin 's crew consisted of 26 officers and 705 enlisted men . = = = Power = = = The ship had a pair of three @-@ cylinder vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each of which drove one propeller , that had a total designed output of 10 @,@ 600 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 900 kW ) . Twenty @-@ two Belleville boilers provided steam to the engines at a pressure of 15 atm ( 1 @,@ 520 kPa ; 220 psi ) . The eight boilers in the forward boiler room were oil @-@ fired and the remaining 14 were coal @-@ fired . During her sea trials on 31 October 1903 , she reached a top speed of 16 @.@ 5 knots ( 30 @.@ 6 km / h ; 19 @.@ 0 mph ) . Leaking oil caused a serious fire on 2 January 1904 that caused the navy to convert her boilers to coal firing at a cost of 20 @,@ 000 rubles . She carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 100 long tons ( 1 @,@ 100 t ) of coal at full load that provided a range of 3 @,@ 200 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 900 km ; 3 @,@ 700 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . = = = Armament = = = The main armament consisted of four 40 @-@ calibre 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns mounted in twin gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The electrically operated turrets were derived from the design of those used by the Petropavlovsk @-@ class battleships . These guns had a maximum elevation of + 15 ° and their rate of fire was very slow , only one round every four minutes during gunnery trials . They fired a 745 @-@ pound ( 337 @.@ 7 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 792 ft / s ( 851 m / s ) . At an elevation of + 10 ° the guns had a range of 13 @,@ 000 yards ( 12 @,@ 000 m ) . Potemkin carried 60 rounds for each gun . The sixteen 45 @-@ calibre , six @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) Canet Pattern 1891 quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns were mounted in casemates . Twelve of these were placed on the sides of the hull and the other four were positioned at the corners of the superstructure . They fired shells that weighed 91 @.@ 4 lb ( 41 @.@ 46 kg ) with a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ( 792 m / s ) . They had a maximum range of 12 @,@ 602 yards ( 11 @,@ 523 m ) when fired at an elevation of + 20 ° . The ship stowed 160 rounds per gun . Smaller guns were carried for close @-@ range defence against torpedo boats . These included fourteen 50 @-@ calibre Canet QF 75 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) guns : four in hull embrasures and the remaining 10 mounted on the superstructure . The ship carried 300 shells for each gun . They fired an 11 @-@ pound ( 4 @.@ 9 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 700 ft / s ( 820 m / s ) to a maximum range of 7 @,@ 005 yards ( 6 @,@ 405 m ) . She also mounted six 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns . Four of these were mounted in the fighting top and two on the superstructure . They fired a 2 @.@ 2 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 00 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 400 ft / s ( 430 m / s ) . Potemkin had five underwater 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes : one in the bow and two on each broadside . She carried three torpedoes for each tube . While the model of torpedo in use changed over time , the first torpedo that the ship would have been equipped with was the M1904 . It had a warhead weight of 150 pounds ( 70 kg ) and a speed of 33 knots ( 61 km / h ; 38 mph ) with a maximum range of 870 yards ( 800 m ) . In 1907 , telescopic sights were fitted for the 12 @-@ inch and 6 @-@ inch guns . Either later that year , or in 1908 , 2 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 8 ft 2 in ) rangefinders were installed . The bow torpedo tube was removed in 1910 – 11 as was the fighting top . The following year , the main gun turret machinery was upgraded and the guns were modified to improve their rate of fire to one round every 40 seconds . Two 57 @-@ millimetre ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns were mounted on the ship 's superstructure on 3 – 6 June 1915 and they were supplemented by two 75 mm AA guns , one on top of each turret , probably during 1916 . In February of that year , the ship 's four remaining torpedo tubes were removed . At some point during World War I , her 75 mm guns were also removed . = = = Protection = = = The maximum thickness of the Krupp cemented armour waterline belt was nine inches ( 229 mm ) which reduced to eight inches ( 203 mm ) abreast the magazines . It covered 237 feet ( 72 @.@ 2 m ) of the ship 's length and two @-@ inch ( 51 mm ) plates protected the waterline to the ends of the ship . The belt was 7 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) high , of which 5 feet ( 2 m ) was below the waterline , and tapered down to a thickness of five inches ( 127 mm ) at its bottom edge . The main part of the belt terminated in seven @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) transverse bulkheads . Above the belt was the upper strake of six @-@ inch armour that was 156 feet ( 47 @.@ 5 m ) long and closed off by six @-@ inch transverse bulkheads fore and aft . The upper casemate protected the six @-@ inch guns and was five inches thick on all sides . The sides of the turrets were ten inches ( 254 mm ) thick and they had a two @-@ inch roof . The conning tower 's sides were nine inches thick . The nickel @-@ steel armour deck was two inches thick on the flat amidships , but 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) thick on the slope connecting it to the armour belt . Fore and aft of the armoured citadel , the deck was three inches ( 76 mm ) to the bow and stern . In 1910 – 11 , additional one @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) armour plates were added fore and aft ; their exact location is unknown , but they were probably used to extend the height of the two @-@ inch armour strake at the ends of the ship . = = Service = = = = = The mutiny = = = During the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 , many of the Black Sea Fleet 's most experienced officers and enlisted men were transferred to the ships in the Pacific to replace losses . This left the fleet with primarily raw recruits and less capable officers . With the news of the disastrous Battle of Tsushima in May 1905 morale dropped to an all @-@ time low , and any minor incident could be enough to spark a major catastrophe . Taking advantage of the situation , plus the disruption caused by the ongoing riots and uprisings , the Central Committee of the Social Democratic Organization of the Black Sea Fleet , called " Tsentralka " , had started preparations for a simultaneous mutiny on all of the ships of the fleet , although the timing had not been decided . On 27 June 1905 , Potemkin was at gunnery practice near Tendra Island off the Ukrainian coast when many enlisted men refused to eat the borscht made from rotten meat partially infested with maggots . The uprising was triggered when Ippolit Giliarovsky , the ship 's second in command , allegedly threatened to shoot crew members for their refusal . He summoned the ship 's marine guards as well as a tarpaulin to protect the ship 's deck from any blood in an attempt to intimidate the crew . Giliarovsky was killed after he mortally wounded Grigory Vakulinchuk , one of the mutiny 's leaders . The mutineers killed seven of the Potemkin 's eighteen officers , including Captain Evgeny Golikov , and captured the torpedo boat Ismail ( No. 627 ) . They organized a ship 's committee of 25 sailors , led by Afanasi Matushenko , to run the battleship . The committee decided to head for Odessa flying a red flag and arrived there later that day at 22 : 00 . A general strike had been called in the city and there was some rioting as the police tried to quell the strikers . The following day the mutineers refused to land armed sailors to help the striking revolutionaries take over the city , preferring instead to await the arrival of the other battleships of the Black Sea Fleet . Later that day the mutineers aboard the Potemkin captured a military transport , Vekha , that had arrived in the city . The riots continued as much of the port area was destroyed by fire . On the afternoon of 29 June , Vakulinchuk 's funeral turned into a political demonstration and the army attempted to ambush the sailors who participated in the funeral . In retaliation , the ship fired two six @-@ inch shells at the theatre where a high @-@ level military meeting was scheduled to take place , but missed . The government issued an order to send two squadrons to Odessa either to force the Potemkin crew to give up or sink the battleship . Potemkin sortied on the morning of 30 June to meet the three battleships Tri Sviatitelia , Dvenadsat Apostolov , and Georgii Pobedonosets of the first squadron , but the loyal ships turned away . The second squadron arrived with the battleships Rostislav and Sinop later that morning , and Vice Admiral Aleksander Krieger , acting commander of the Black Sea Fleet , ordered the ships to proceed to Odessa . Potemkin sortied again and sailed through the combined squadrons as Krieger failed to order his ships to fire . Captain Kolands of Dvenadsat Apostolov attempted to ram Potemkin and then detonate his ship 's magazines , but he was thwarted by members of his crew . Krieger ordered his ships to fall back , but the crew of Georgii Pobedonosets mutinied and joined Potemkin . The following morning , loyalist members of Georgii Pobedonosets retook control of the ship and ran it aground in Odessa harbor . The crew of Potemkin , together with Ismail , decided to sail for Constanța later that day where they could restock food , water and coal . The Romanians refused to provide the supplies , backed by the presence of their small protected cruiser Elisabeta , so the ship 's committee decided to sail for the small , barely defended port of Theodosia in the Crimea where they hoped to resupply . The ship arrived on the morning of 5 July , but the city 's governor refused to give them anything other than food . The mutineers attempted to seize several barges of coal the following morning , but the port 's garrison ambushed them and killed or captured 22 of the 30 sailors involved . They decided to return to Constanța that afternoon . Potemkin reached its destination at 23 : 00 on 7 July and the Romanians agreed to give asylum to the crew if they would disarm themselves and surrender the battleship . Ismail 's crew decided the following morning to return to Sevastopol and turn themselves in , but Potemkin 's crew voted to accept the terms . Captain Negru , commander of the port , came aboard at noon and hoisted the Romanian flag and then allowed the ship to enter the inner harbor . Before the crew disembarked , Matushenko ordered that the Potemkin 's Kingston valves be opened so Potemkin would sink to the bottom . = = = Later service = = = When Rear Admiral Pisarevsky reached Constanța on the morning of 9 July , he found the Potemkin half sunk in the harbor and flying the Romanian flag . After several hours of negotiations with the Romanian Government , the battleship was handed over to the Russians . Later that day , the Saint Andrew 's flag was raised over the battleship . She was then easily refloated by the navy , but the salt water had damaged her engines and boilers . She left Constanța on 10 July , having to be towed back to Sevastopol , where she arrived on 14 July . The ship was renamed Panteleimon ( Russian : Пантелеймон ) , after Saint Pantaleon , on 12 October 1905 . Some members of Panteleimon 's crew joined a mutiny that began aboard the cruiser Ochakov in November , but it was easily suppressed as both ships had been earlier disarmed . Panteleimon received an experimental underwater communications set in February 1909 . Later that year , she accidentally rammed and sank the submarine Kambala at night on 11 June , killing the 16 crewmen aboard the submarine . While returning from a port visit to Constanța in 1911 , Panteleimon ran aground on 2 October . It took several days to refloat her and make temporary repairs , and the full extent of the damage to her bottom was not fully realized for several more months . The ship participated in training and gunnery exercises for the rest of the year ; a special watch was kept to ensure that no damaged seams were opened while firing . Permanent repairs , which involved replacing her boiler foundations , plating , and a large number of her hull frames , lasted from 10 January to 25 April 1912 . The navy took advantage of these repairs to overhaul her engines and boilers . = = = World War I = = = Panteleimon , flagship of the 1st Battleship Brigade , accompanied by the pre @-@ dreadnoughts Evstafi , Ioann Zlatoust , and Tri Sviatitelia , covered the pre @-@ dreadnought Rostislav while she bombarded Trebizond on the morning of 17 November 1914 . They	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
inated Chronicle clearly states that Ladislaus knew that " the right of law between him and [ Solomon ] was not on his side but only the force of fact " . After Ladislaus 's victories over the Pechenegs and the Cumans , the nomadic peoples of the Pontic steppes stopped invading Hungary until the Mongol invasion of 1241 . Kristó suggests that the Székely people — a community of Hungarian @-@ speaking warriors — started settling the easternmost borderlands under Ladislaus . The " historic association of the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia " , which ended in 1918 , began with Ladislaus 's conquest of Croatia . His conquest marked the beginning of a period of Hungarian expansion , which ensured that Hungary developed into a leading Central European power during the following centuries . It became a customary rite for a newly crowned Hungarian monarch to take a pilgrimage to Ladislaus 's shrine at Várad . Louis I of Hungary , who made many attempts to expand his territory in the Balkan Peninsula , showed a special respect for Ladislaus . Hungary had never had as great as king , so they repute And the land thereafter never bore that much and splendid fruit . = = = The Holy King = = = Gábor Klaniczay emphasizes that Ladislaus " seemed expressly designed to personify the knight @-@ king ideal " of his age . During the reign of Ladislaus 's successor , Coloman the Learned , Bishop Hartvik said that Ladislaus 's " character was distinguished by the respectability of morals and remarkable for the splendor of his virtues " . The so @-@ called Gesta Ladislai regis ( " The Deeds of King Ladislaus " ) , which are the texts about Ladislaus 's life and reign preserved in 14th @-@ century Hungarian chronicles , were written during Coloman 's rule . Five significant events of Ladislaus 's life , which were not included in his official legend , were only preserved in the Gesta . The most popular story describes Ladislaus 's fight with a " Cuman " warrior after the Battle of Kerlés ( at present @-@ day Chiraleș , Romania ) in 1068 . In the battle , the united armies of Solomon , Géza and Ladislaus routed a band of Pechenegs or Oghuz Turks who were plundering the eastern parts of the kingdom . According to the version recorded in the Illuminated Chronicle , Ladislaus spotted a pagan warrior fleeing from the battlefield with a captive Hungarian maiden . Ladislaus pursued the " Cuman " , but he could not stop him . On Ladislaus 's advice , the maiden pulled the warrior off his horse , allowing Ladislaus to kill the " Cuman " after a long fight on the ground . Archaeologist Gyula László says that murals depicting this legend in medieval churches preserved the elements of pagan myths , including a " struggle between forces of light and darkness " . [ The ] most blessed Duke Ladislaus saw one of the pagans who was carrying off on his horse a beautiful Hungarian girl . The saintly Duke Ladislaus thought that it was the daughter of the Bishop of Warad , and although he was seriously vounded , he swiftly pursued him on his horse , which he called by the name of Zug . When he caught up with him and wished to spear him , he could not do so , for neither could his own horse go any faster nor did the other 's horse yield any ground , but there remained the distance of a man 's arm between his spear and the Coman 's back . So the saintly Duke Ladislaus shouted to the girl and said : " Fair sister , take hold of the Coman by his belt and throw yourself to the ground . " Which she did ; and the saintly Duke Ladislaus was about to spear him as he lay upon the ground , for he wished to kill him . But the girl strongly pleaded with him not to kill him , but to let him go . Whence it is to be seen that there is no faith in women ; for it was probably because of strong carnal love that she wished him to go free . But after having fought for a long time with him and unmanned him , the saintly Duke killed him . But the girl was not the bishop 's daughter . During the reign of Stephen II of Hungary , Ladislaus 's shrine in the cathedral of Várad became a preferred venue for trials by ordeal . However , it cannot be determined whether Ladislaus became subject to veneration soon after his death , or if his cult emerged after he was canonized by Béla III of Hungary on 27 June 1192 . Béla had lived in the Byzantine court , where Ladislaus 's daughter , Empress Irene , was venerated as a saint . According to Thomas the Archdeacon , Pope Innocent III declared that Ladislaus " should be enrolled in the catalogue of saints " , but his report is unreliable , because Celestine III was Pope at the time . Celestine III 's bulls and charters make no reference to Ladislaus 's canonization , implying that Ladislaus was canonized without the Holy See 's authorization . The nearly contemporaneous Regestrum Varadinense says that a bondsman , named " Tekus , son of the craftsman Dénes " , opened Ladislaus 's tomb at the beginning of the ceremony , after which Tekus was granted freedom . Parts of Ladislaus 's head and right hand were severed so that they could be distributed as relics . The 15th @-@ century silver reliquary that contains Ladislaus 's head is displayed in the Győr Cathedral . Ladislaus 's official legend , which was compiled after 1204 , attributes a number of miracles to him . According to one of his legends , a pestilence spread throughout the kingdom during Ladislaus 's reign . Ladislaus prayed for a cure ; he then shot an arrow into the air at random , hitting a herb which cured the illness . This plant became known as " Saint Ladislaus 's herb " in Hungary . Ladislaus is a patron saint of Hungary , especially along the borders . In particular , soldiers and the Székely people venerate him . A late medieval legend says that Ladislaus appeared at the head of a Székely army fighting against and routing a plundering band of Tatars in 1345 . He is also called upon during times of pestilence . He is often depicted as a mature , bearded man wearing a royal crown and holding a long sword or banner . He is also shown on his knees before a deer , or in the company of two angels . = = = Gallery = = = = Evo Morales = Juan Evo Morales Ayma ( born October 26 , 1959 ) , popularly known as Evo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈeβo ] ) , is a Bolivian politician and cocalero activist who has served as President of Bolivia since 2006 . Widely regarded as the country 's first president to come from the indigenous population , his administration has focused on the implementation of leftist policies , poverty reduction , and combating the influence of the United States and multinational corporations in Bolivia . A democratic socialist , he is the head of the Movement for Socialism ( MAS ) party . Born to an Aymara family of subsistence farmers in Isallawi , Orinoca Canton , Morales undertook a basic education before mandatory military service , in 1978 moving to Chapare Province . Growing coca and becoming a trade unionist , he rose to prominence in the campesino ( " rural laborers " ) union , campaigning against U.S. and Bolivian attempts to eradicate coca as a part of the War on Drugs , which he denounced as an imperialist violation of indigenous Andean culture . He repeatedly engaged in anti @-@ government direct action protests , resulting in multiple arrests . Morales entered electoral politics in 1995 , became the leader of the MAS and was elected to Congress . His campaign focused on issues affecting indigenous and poor communities . He advocates land reform and redistribution of gas wealth and gained increased visibility through the Cochabamba protests and gas conflict . In 2002 he was expelled from Congress for encouraging protesters , although he came second in that year 's presidential election . Once elected in 2005 , Morales increased taxation on the hydrocarbon industry to bolster social spending , emphasising projects to combat illiteracy , poverty , racism , and sexism . Vocally criticizing neoliberalism and reducing dependence on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund , his administration oversaw strong economic growth while following a policy termed " Evonomics " which sought to move from a liberal economic approach to a mixed economy . Scaling back U.S. influence in the country , he built relationships with leftist governments in the Latin American pink tide and signed Bolivia into the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas . Attempting to moderate the left @-@ indigenous activist community , his administration also opposed the right @-@ wing autonomist demands of Bolivia 's eastern provinces . Winning a recall referendum in 2008 , he instituted a new constitution that established Bolivia as a plurinational state and was re @-@ elected in 2009 . His second term witnessed the continuation of leftist policies and Bolivia 's joining of the Bank of the South and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States . After becoming the world 's oldest professional footballer by signing to a Bolivian team , he was again reelected in the 2014 general election . Morales is a controversial world figure , lauded by his supporters as a champion of indigenous rights , anti @-@ imperialism , and environmentalism . Praised for seriously reducing poverty and illiteracy in Bolivia , he has been internationally decorated with various awards . He has been criticised from many perspectives on the political spectrum : right @-@ wing opponents have labelled his administration as authoritarian and radical , while leftist , indigenous , and environmentalist critics have accused him of failing to live up to many of his espoused values . = = Early life and activism = = = = = Childhood , education and military service : 1959 – 78 = = = Morales was born in the small rural village of Isallawi in Orinoca Canton , part of western Bolivia 's Oruro Department , on 26 October 1959 . One of seven children born to Dionisio Morales Choque and Maria Ayma , only he and two siblings , Esther and Hugo , survived past childhood . His mother almost died from a postpartum haemorrhage following his birth . Ethnically identifying as a member of the indigenous Aymara people , in keeping with Aymara custom , his father buried the placenta produced after his birth in a place specially chosen for the occasion . His childhood home was a traditional adobe house , and he grew up speaking the Aymara language , although later commentators would remark that by the time he had become president he was no longer an entirely fluent speaker . Morales 's family were farmers ; from an early age , he helped them to plant and harvest crops and guard their herd of llamas and sheep , taking a homemade soccer ball to amuse himself . As a toddler , he briefly attended Orinoca 's preparatory school , and at five began schooling at the single @-@ room primary school in Isallawi . Aged 6 , he spent six months in northern Argentina with his sister and father . There , Dionisio harvested sugar cane while Evo sold ice cream and briefly attended a Spanish @-@ language school . As a child , he regularly traveled on foot to Arani province in Cochabamba with his father and their llamas , a journey lasting up to two weeks , in order to exchange salt and potatoes for maize and coca . A big fan of soccer , at age 13 he organised a community soccer team with himself as team captain . Within two years , he was elected training coach for the whole region , and thus gained early experience in leadership . After finishing primary education , Morales attended the Agrarian Humanistic Technical Institute of Orinoca ( ITAHO ) , completing all but the final year . His parents then sent him to study for a degree in Oruro ; although he did poorly academically , he finished all of his courses and exams by 1977 , earning money on the side as a brick @-@ maker , day labourer , baker and a trumpet player for the Royal Imperial Band . The latter position allowed him to travel across Bolivia . At the end of his higher education he failed to collect his degree certificate . Although interested in studying journalism , he did not pursue it as a profession . Morales served his mandatory military service in the Honduran army from 1977 to 1978 . Initially signed up at the Centre for Instruction of Special Troops ( CITE ) in Cochabamba , he was sent into the Fourth Ingavi Cavalry Regiment and stationed at the army headquarters in the Bolivian capital La Paz . These two years were one of Bolivia 's politically most unstable periods , with five presidents and two military coups , led by General Juan Pereda and General David Padilla respectively ; under the latter 's regime , Morales was stationed as a guard at the Palacio Quemado ( Presidential Palace ) . = = = Early cocalero activism : 1978 – 83 = = = Following his military service , Evo returned to his family , who had escaped the agricultural devastation of 1980 's El Niño storm cycle by relocating to the Tropics of Cochabamba in the eastern lowlands . Setting up home in the town of Villa 14 de Septiembre , El Chapare , using a loan from Evo 's maternal uncle , the family cleared a plot of land in the forest to grow rice , oranges , grapefruit , papaya , bananas and later on coca . It was here that Morales learned to speak Quechua , the indigenous local language . The arrival of the Morales family was a part of a much wider migration to the region ; in 1981 El Chapare 's population was 40 @,@ 000 but by 1988 it had risen to 215 @,@ 000 . Many Bolivians hoped to set up farms where they could earn a living growing coca , which was experiencing a steady rise in price and which could be cultivated up to four times a year ; a traditional medicinal and ritual substance in Andean culture , it was also sold abroad as the key ingredient in cocaine . Evo joined the local soccer team , before founding his own team , New Horizon , which proved victorious at the August 2nd Central Tournament . The El Chapare region remained special to Morales for many years to come ; during his presidency he often talked of it in speeches and regularly visited . In El Chapare , Morales joined a trade union of cocaleros ( coca growers ) , being appointed local Secretary of Sports . Organizing soccer tournaments , among union members he earned the nickname of " the young ball player " because of his tendency to organize matches during meeting recesses . Influenced in joining the union by wider events , in 1980 the far @-@ right General Luis García Meza had seized power in a military coup , banning other political parties and declaring himself president ; for Morales , a " foundational event in his relationship with politics " occurred in 1981 , when a campesino ( coca grower ) was accused of cocaine trafficking by soldiers , beaten up , and burned to death . In 1982 the leftist Hernán Siles Zuazo and the Democratic and Popular Union ( Unidad Democrática y Popular – UDP ) took power in representative democratic elections , before implementing neoliberal capitalist reforms and privatizing much of the state sector with US support ; hyperinflation came under control , but unemployment rose to 25 % . Becoming increasingly active in the union , from 1982 to 1983 , Morales served as the General Secretary of his local San Francisco syndicate . However , in 1983 , Morales 's father Dionisio died , and although he missed the funeral he temporarily retreated from his union work to organize his father 's affairs . Fighting their War on Drugs , the U.S. government hoped to stem the cocaine trade by preventing the production of coca ; they pressured the Bolivian government to eradicate it , sending troops to Bolivia to aid the operation . Bolivian troops would burn coca crops and in many cases beat up coca growers who challenged them . Angered by this , Evo returned to cocalero campaigning ; like many comrades , he refused the US $ 2 @,@ 500 compensation offered by the government for each acre of coca he eradicated . Deeply embedded in Bolivian culture , the campesinos had an ancestral relationship with coca and did not want to lose their most profitable means of subsistence . For them , it was an issue of national sovereignty , with the U.S. viewed as imperalists ; activists regularly proclaimed " Long live coca ! Death to the Yankees ! " ( " Causachun coca ! Wañuchun yanquis ! " ) . = = = General Secretary of the Cocalero Union : 1984 – 94 = = = From 1984 to 1985 Morales served as Secretary of Records for the movement , and in 1985 he became General Secretary of the August Second Headquarters . From 1984 to 1991 the sindicatos embarked on a series of protests against the forced eradication of coca by occupying local government offices , setting up roadblocks , going on hunger strike , and organizing mass marches and demonstrations . Morales was personally involved in this direct activism and in 1984 was present at a roadblock where 3 campesinos were killed . In 1988 , Morales was elected to the position of Executive Secretary of the Federation of the Tropics . In 1989 he spoke at a one @-@ year commemoratory event of the Villa Tunari massacre in which 11 coca farmers had been killed by agents of the Rural Area Mobile Patrol Unit ( Unidad Móvil Policial para Áreas Rurales – UMOPAR ) . The following day , UMOPAR agents beat Morales up , leaving him in the mountains to die , but he was rescued by other union members . To combat this violence , Morales concluded that an armed cocalero militia could launch a guerrilla war against the government , but he was soon persuaded on an electoral path to change instead . In 1992 , he made various international trips to champion the cocalero cause , speaking at a conference in Cuba , and also traveling to Canada , during which he learned of his mother 's death . In his speeches , Morales presented the coca leaf as a symbol of Andean culture that was under threat from the imperialist oppression of the U.S. In his view , the U.S. should deal with their domestic cocaine abuse problems without interfering in Bolivia , arguing that they had no right trying to eliminate coca , a legitimate product with many uses which played a rich role in Andean culture . In a speech on this issue , Morales told reporters " I am not a drug trafficker . I am a coca grower . I cultivate coca leaf , which is a natural product . I do not refine ( it into ) cocaine , and neither cocaine nor drugs have ever been part of the Andean culture . " On another , he asserted that " We produce our coca , we bring it to the main markets , we sell it and that 's where our responsibility ends . " Morales presented the coca growers as victims of a wealthy , urban social elite who had bowed to U.S. pressure by implementing neoliberal economic reforms . He argued that these reforms were to the detriment of Bolivia 's majority , and thus the country 's representative democratic system of governance failed to reflect the true democratic will of the majority . This situation was exacerbated following the 1993 general election when the centrist Revolutionary Nationalist Movement ( Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario – MNR ) won the election and Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada became President . He adopted a policy of " shock therapy " , implementing economic liberalization and widescale privatization of state @-@ owned assets . Sánchez also agreed with the U.S. DEA to relaunch its offensive against the Bolivian coca growers , committing Bolivia to eradicating 12 @,@ 500 acres ( 5 @,@ 100 ha ) of coca by March 1994 in exchange for $ 20 million worth of US aid , something Morales claimed would be opposed by the cocalero movement . In August 1994 Morales was arrested ; reporters present at the scene witnessed him being beaten and accosted with racial slurs by civil agents . Accused of sedition , in jail he began a dry hunger strike to protest his arrest . The following day , 3000 campesinos began a 360 @-@ mile ( 580 km ) march from Villa Tunari to La Paz . Morales would be freed on September 7 , and soon joined the march , which arrived at its destination on 19 September , where they covered the city with political graffiti . He was again arrested in April 1995 during a sting operation that rounded up those at a meeting of the Andean Council of Coca Producers that he was chairing on the shores of Lake Titicaca . Accusing the group of plotting a coup with the aid of Colombia 's FARC and Peru 's Shining Path , a number of his comrades were tortured , although no evidence of a coup was brought forth and he was freed within a week . He proceeded to Argentina to attend a seminar on liberation struggles . = = Political rise = = = = = The ASP , IPSP and MAS : 1995 – 99 = = = Members of the sindicato social movement first suggested a move into the political arena in 1986 . This was controversial , with many fearing that politicians would co @-@ opt the movement for personal gain . Morales began supporting the formation of a political wing in 1989 , although a consensus in favor of its formation only emerged in 1993 . On March 27 , 1995 , at the 7th Congress of the Unique Confederation of Rural Laborers of Bolivia ( Confederación Sindical Única de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia – CSUTCB ) , a " political instrument " ( a term employed over " political party " ) was formed , named the Assembly for the Sovereignty of the Peoples ( Asamblea por la Sobernía de los Pueblos – ASP ) . At the ASP 's 1st Congress , the CSUTCB participated alongside three other Bolivian unions , representing miners , peasants and indigenous peoples . In 1996 , Morales was appointed chairman of the Committee of the Six Federations of the Tropics of Cochabamba , a position that he retained until 2006 . Bolivia 's National Electoral Court ( Corte Nacional Electoral – CNE ) refused to recognize the ASP , citing minor procedural infringements . The coca activists circumvented this problem by running under the banner of the United Left ( IU ) , a coalition of leftist parties headed by the Communist Party of Bolivia ( Partido Comunista Boliviano – PCB ) . They won landslide victories in those areas which were local strongholds of the movement , producing 11 mayors and 49 municipal councilors . Morales was elected to the National Congress as a representative for El Chapare , having secured 70 @.@ 1 % of the local vote . In the national elections of 1997 , the IU / ASP gained four seats in Congress , obtaining 3 @.@ 7 % of the national vote , with this rising to 17 @.@ 5 % in the department of Cochabamba . The election resulted in the establishment of a coalition government led by the right @-@ wing Nationalist Democratic Action ( Acción Democrática Nacionalista – ADN ) , with Hugo Banzer as President ; Morales lambasted him as " the worst politician in Bolivian history " . Rising electoral success was accompanied by factional in @-@ fighting , with a leadership contest emerging in the ASP between the incumbent Alejo Véliz and Morales , who had the electoral backing of the social movement 's bases . The conflict led to a schism , with Morales and his supporters splitting to form their own party , the Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples ( Instrumento Político por la Soberanía de los Pueblos – IPSP ) . The movement 's bases defected en masse to the IPSP , leaving the ASP to crumble and Véliz to join the centre @-@ right New Republican Force ( Nueva Fuerza Republicana – NFR ) , for which Morales denounced him as a traitor to the cocalero cause . Continuing his activism , in 1998 Morales led another cocalero march from El Chapare to la Paz , and came under increasing criticism from the government , who repeatedly accused him of being involved in the cocaine trade and mocked him for how he spoke and his lack of education . Morales came to an agreement with David Añez Pedraza , the leader of a defunct yet still registered party named the Movement for Socialism ( MAS ) ; under this agreement , Morales and the Six Federaciónes could take over the party name , with Pendraza stipulating the condition that they must maintain its own acronym , name and colors . Thus the defunct right wing MAS became the flourishing left wing vehicle for the coca activist movement known as the Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples . The MAS would come to be described as " an indigenous @-@ based political party that calls for the nationalization of industry , legalization of the coca leaf ... and fairer distribution of national resources . " The party lacked the finance available to the mainstream parties , and so relied largely on the work of volunteers in order to operate . It was not structured like other political parties , instead operating as the political wing of the social movement , with all tiers in the movement involved in decision making ; this form of organisation would continue until 2004 . In the December 1999 municipal elections , the MAS secured 79 municipal council seats and 10 mayoral positions , gaining 3 @.@ 27 % of the national vote , although 70 % of the vote in Cochabamba . = = = Cochabamba protests : 2000 – 02 = = = In 2000 , the Tunari Waters corporation doubled the price at which they sold water to Bolivian consumers , resulting in a backlash from leftist activist groups , including the cocaleros . Activists clashed with police and armed forces , in what was dubbed " the Water War " , resulting in 6 dead and 175 wounded . Responding to the violence , the government removed the contract from Tunari and placed the utility under cooperative control . In ensuing years further violent protests broke out over a range of issues , resulting in more deaths both among activists and law enforcement . Much of this unrest was connected with the widespread opposition to economic liberalization across Bolivian society , with a common perception that it only benefited a small minority . In the Andean High Plateau , a cocalero group launched a guerrilla uprising under the leadership of Felipe Quispe ; an ethnic separatist , he and Morales disliked each other , with Quispe considering Morales to be a traitor and an opportunist for his willingness to cooperate with White Bolivians . Morales had not taken a leading role in these protests , but did use them to get across his message that the MAS was not a single @-@ issue party , and that rather than simply fighting for the rights of the cocalero it was arguing for structural change to the political system and a redefinition of citizenship in Bolivia . In August 2001 , Banzer resigned due to terminal illness , and Jorge Quiroga took over as President . Under U.S. pressure , Quiroga sought to have Morales expelled from Congress . To do so , he claimed that Morales ' inflammatory language had caused the deaths of two police officers in Sacaba near Cochabamba , however was unable to provide any evidence of Morales ' culpability . 140 deputies voted for Morales ' expulsion , which came about in 2002 . Morales asserted that " This was a trial against Aymara and Quechas " , while MAS activists interpreted it as evidence of the pseudo @-@ democratic credentials of the political class . The MAS gained increasing popularity as a protest party , relying largely on widespread dissatisfaction with the existing mainstream political parties among Bolivians living in rural and poor urban areas . Morales recognized this , and much of his discourse focused on differentiating the MAS from the traditional political class . Their campaign was successful , and in the 2002 presidential election the MAS gained 20 @.@ 94 % of the national vote , becoming Bolivia 's second largest party , being only 1 @.@ 5 % behind the victorious MNR , whose candidate , Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada , became President . They won 8 seats in the Senate and 27 in the Chamber of Deputies . Now the leader of the political opposition , Morales focused on criticising government policies rather than outlining alternatives . He had several unconstructive meetings with Lozada , but also met with Venezuela 's democratic socialist President Hugo Chávez for the first time . Bolivia 's U.S. embassy had become publicly highly critical of Morales ; just prior to the election , the U.S. ambassador to Bolivia Manuel Rocha issued a statement declaring that U.S. aid to Bolivia would be cut if MAS won the election . However , exit polls revealed that Rocha 's comments had served to increase support for Morales . Following the election , the U.S. embassy maintained this critical stance , characterising Morales as a criminal and encouraging Bolivia 's traditional parties to sign a broad agreement to oppose the MAS ; Morales himself began alleging that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was plotting to assassinate him . = = = Rise to power : 2003 – 05 = = = In 2003 , the Bolivian gas conflict broke out as activists – including coca growers – protested against the privatization of the country 's natural gas supply and its sale to U.S. companies below the market value . Activists blocked off the road into La Paz , resulting in clashes with police . 80 were killed and 411 injured , among them officers , activists , and civilians , including children . Morales did not take an active role in the conflict , instead traveling to Libya and Switzerland , there describing the uprising as a " peaceful revolution in progress . " The government accused Morales and the MAS of using the protests to overthrow Bolivia 's parliamentary democracy with the aid of organised crime , FARC , and the far left governments of Venezuela , Cuba and Libya . Morales led calls for President Sánchez de Lozada to step down over the death toll , gaining widespread support from the MAS , other activist groups , and the middle classes ; with pressure building , Sánchez resigned and fled to Miami , Florida . He was replaced by Carlos Mesa , who tried to strike a balance between U.S. and cocalero demands , but whom Morales mistrusted . In November , Morales spent 24 hours with Cuban President Fidel Castro in Havana , and then met Argentinian President Nestor Kirchner . In the 2004 municipal election , the MAS became the country 's largest national party , with 28 @.@ 6 % of all councilors in Bolivia . However , they had failed to win the mayoralty in any big cities , reflecting their inability to gain widespread support among the urban middle @-@ classes . In Bolivia 's wealthy Santa Cruz region , a strong movement for autonomy had developed under the leadership of the Pro Santa Cruz Committee ( Comite Pro Santa Cruz ) . Favorable to neoliberal economics and strongly critical of the cocaleros , they considered armed insurrection to secede from Bolivia should MAS take power . In March 2005 , Mesa resigned , citing the pressure of Morales and the cocalero road blocks and riots . Amid fears of civil war , Eduardo Rodríguez became President of a transitional government , preparing Bolivia for a general election in December 2005 . Hiring the Peruvian Walter Chávez as its campaign manager , the MAS electoral campaign was based on Salvador Allende 's successful campaign in the Chilean presidential election , 1970 . Measures were implemented to institutionalize the party structure , giving it greater independence from the social movement ; this was done to allow Morales and other MAS leaders to respond quickly to new developments without the lengthy process of consulting the bases , and to present a more moderate image away from the bases ' radicalism . Although he had initially hoped for a female running mate , Morales eventually chose Marxist intellectual Álvaro García Linera as his Vice Presidential candidate , with some Bolivian press speculating as to a romantic relationship between the two . MAS ' primary opponent was Jorge Quiroga and his center @-@ right Social and Democratic Power , whose campaign was centered in Santa Cruz and which advocated continued neo @-@ liberal reform ; Quiroga accused Morales of promoting the legalization of cocaine and being a puppet for Venezuela . With a turnout of 84 @.@ 5 % , the election saw Morales gain 53 @.@ 7 % of the vote , while Quiroga came second with 28 @.@ 6 % ; Morales ' was the first victory with an absolute majority in Bolivia for 40 years . Given that he was the sixth self @-@ described leftist president to be elected in Latin America since 1998 , his victory was identified as part of the broader regional pink tide . Becoming president elect , Morales was widely described as Bolivia 's first indigenous leader , at a time when around 62 % of the population identified as indigenous ; political analysts therefore drew comparisons with the election of Nelson Mandela to the South African Presidency in 1994 . This resulted in widespread excitement among the approximately 40 million indigenous people in the Americas , particularly those of Bolivia . However , his election caused concern among the country 's wealthy and landowning classes , who feared state expropriation and nationalisation of their property , as well as far @-@ right groups , who claimed it would spark a race war . He traveled to Cuba to spend time with Castro , before going to Venezuela , and then on tour to Europe , China and South Africa ; he significantly avoided the U.S. In January 2006 , Morales attended an indigenous spiritual ceremony at Tiwanaku where he was crowned Apu Mallku ( Supreme Leader ) of the Aymara , receiving gifts from indigenous peoples across Latin America . He thanked the goddess Pachamama for his victory and proclaimed that " With the unity of the people , we 're going to end the colonial state and the neo @-@ liberal model . " = = Presidency = = = = = First presidential term : 2006 – 09 = = = Morales ' inauguration took place on January 22 in La Paz . It was attended by various heads of state , including Kirchner , Chávez , Brazil 's Lula da Silva , and Chile 's Ricardo Lagos . Morales wore an Andeanized suit designed by fashion designer Beatriz Canedo Patiño , and gave a speech that included a minute silence in memory of cocaleros and indigenous activists killed in the struggle . He condemned Bolivia 's former " colonial " regimes , likening them to South Africa under apartheid and stating that the MAS ' election would lead to a " refoundation " of the country , a term that the MAS consistently used over " revolution " . Morales repeated these views in his convocation of the Constituent Assembly . In taking office , Morales emphasized nationalism , anti @-@ imperialism , and anti @-@ neoliberalism , although did not initially refer to his administration as socialist . In what was widely termed a populist act , he immediately reduced both his own presidential wage and that of his ministers by 57 % to $ 1 @,@ 875 a month , also urging members of Congress to do the same . Morales gathered together a largely inexperienced cabinet made up of indigenous activists and leftist intellectuals , although over the first three years of government there was a rapid turnover in the cabinet as Morales replaced many of the indigenous members with trained middle @-@ class leftist politicians . This process would increase to the point in 2012 when only 3 of the 20 cabinet members identified as indigenous . = = = = Economic program = = = = Upon his election to the presidency , Bolivia was South America 's poorest nation . Morales ' government did not initiate any fundamental change in Bolivia 's economic structure , and in their National Development Plan ( PDN ) for 2006 – 10 , they adhered largely to the country 's previous liberal economic model . Bolivia 's economy was based largely on the extraction of natural resources , with the nation having South America 's second largest reserves of natural gas . As per his election pledge , Morales took increasing state control of this hydrocarbon industry with Supreme Decree 2870 ; previously , corporations paid 18 % of their profits to the state , but Morales symbolically reversed this , so that 82 % of profits went to the state and 18 % to the companies . The oil companies threatened to take the case to the international courts or cease operating in Bolivia , but ultimately relented . Thus , where Bolivia had received $ 173 million from hydrocarbon extraction in 2002 , by 2006 they received $ 1 @.@ 3 billion . Although not technically a form of nationalization , Morales and his government referred to it as such , resulting in criticism from sectors of the Bolivian left . However , in June 2006 , Morales announced his desire to nationalize mining , electricity , telephones , and railroads , and in February 2007 nationalized the Vinto metallurgy plant , refusing to compensate Glencore , whom the government asserted had obtained the contract illegally . Although the FSTMB miners ' federation called for the government to nationalise the mines , the government did not do so , instead stating that any transnational corporations operating in Bolivia legally would not be expropriated . Under Morales , Bolivia experienced unprecedented macroeconomic strength , resulting in the increase in value of its currency , the boliviano . His first year in office ended with no fiscal deficit ; the first time this had happened in Bolivia for 30 years , while during the global financial crisis of 2007 – 08 it maintained some of the world 's highest levels of economic growth . Such economic strength led to a nationwide boom in construction , and allowed the state to both build up strong financial reserves . Although the levels of social spending were increased , they remained relatively conservative , with a major priority being placed on constructing paved roads , as well as community spaces such as soccer fields and union buildings . In particular , the government focused on rural infrastructure improvement , to bring roads , running water , and electricity to areas that lacked them . Their stated intention was to reduce Bolivia 's most acute poverty levels from 35 % to 27 % of the population , and moderate poverty levels from 58 @.@ 9 % to 49 % over five years . Welfare provision was expanded , as characterized by the introduction of non @-@ contributory old @-@ age pensions and payments to mothers provided their babies are taken for health checks and that their children attend school . Hundreds of free tractors were also handed out . The prices of gas and many foodstuffs were controlled , and local food producers were made to sell in the local market rather than export . A new state @-@ owned body was also set up to distribute food at subsidized prices . All these measures helped to curb inflation , while the economy ( partly because of rising public spending ) grew strongly , accompanied by stronger public finances which brought economic stability . During Morales ' first term , Bolivia broke free of the domination of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) which had characterised previous regimes by refusing their financial aid and connected regulations . In May 2007 , it became the world 's first country to withdraw from the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes , with Morales asserting that the institution had consistently favored multinational corporations in its judgments ; Bolivia 's lead was followed by other Latin American nations . Despite being encouraged to do so by the U.S. , Bolivia refused to join the Free Trade Area of the Americas , deeming it a form of U.S. imperialism . In December 2015 a new Bolivian partnership with the World Bank , with which establishes medium term objectives to eradicate extreme poverty and translate growth into well @-@ being . A major dilemma faced by Morales ' administration was between the desire to expand extractive industries in order to fund social programs and provide employment , and to protect the country 's environment from the pollution caused by those industries . Although his government professed an environmentalist ethos , expanding environmental monitoring and becoming a leader in the voluntary Forest Stewardship Council , Bolivia continued to witness rapid deforestation for agriculture and illegal logging . Economists on both the left and right expressed concern over the government 's lack of economic diversification . Many Bolivians opined that Morales ' government had failed to bring about sufficient job creation . = = = = ALBA and international appearances = = = = Morales ' administration sought to build strong links with the hard left governments of Cuba and Venezuela . In April 2005 Morales traveled to Havana for knee surgery , there meeting with the two nations ' presidents , Castro and Chávez . In April 2006 , Bolivia agreed to join Cuba and Venezuela in founding the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas ( ALBA ) , with Morales attending ALBA 's conference in May , at which they initiated with a Peoples ' Trade Agreement ( PTA ) . Meanwhile , his administration became " the least US @-@ friendly government in Bolivian history " . In September Morales visited the U.S. for the first time to attend the UN General Assembly , where he gave a speech condemning U.S. President George W. Bush as a terrorist for launching the War in Afghanistan and Iraq War , and called for the UN Headquarters to be moved out of the country . In the U.S. , he met with former presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter and with Native American groups . Relations were further strained between the two nations when in December Morales issued a Supreme Decree requiring all U.S. citizens visiting Bolivia to have a compulsory visa . His government also refused to grant legal immunity to U.S. soldiers in Bolivia ; hence the U.S. cut back their military support to the country by 96 % . In December 2006 , he attended the first South @-@ South conference in Abuja , Nigeria , there meeting Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , whose government had recently awarded Morales the Al @-@ Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights . Morales proceeded straight to Havana for a conference celebrating Castro 's life , where he gave a speech arguing for stronger links between Latin America and the Middle East to combat U.S. imperialism . Under his administration , diplomatic relations were established with Iran , with Morales praising Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as a revolutionary comrade . In April 2007 he attended the first South American Energy Summit in Venezuela , arguing with many allies over the issue of biofuel , which he opposed . He had a particularly fierce argument with Brazilian President Lula over Morales ' desire to bring Bolivia 's refineries – which were largely owned by Brazil 's Petrobrás – under state control . In May , Bolivia purchased the refineries and transferred them to the Bolivian State Petroleum Company ( YPFB ) . = = = = Social reform = = = = Morales ' government sought to encourage a model of development based upon the premise of vivir bien , or " living well " . This entailed seeking social harmony , consensus , the elimination of discrimination , and wealth redistribution ; in doing so , it was rooted in communal rather than individual values and owed more to indigenous Andean forms of social organization than Western ones . Upon Morales ' election , Bolivia 's illiteracy rate was at 16 % , the highest in South America . Attempting to rectify this with the aid of far left allies , Bolivia launched a literacy campaign with Cuban assistance , while Venezuela invited 5000 Bolivian high school graduates to study in Venezuela for free . By 2009 , UNESCO declared Bolivia free from illiteracy , although the World Bank claimed that it had only declined by 5 % . Cuba also aided Bolivia in the development of its medical care , opening ophthalmological centres in the country to treat 100 @,@ 000 Bolivians for free per year , and offering 5000 free scholarships for Bolivian students to study medicine in Cuba . The government sought to expand state medical facilities , opening twenty hospitals by 2014 , and increasing basic medical coverage up to the age of 25 . Their approach sought to utilise and harmonise both mainstream Western medicine and Bolivia 's traditional medicine . The 2006 Bono Juancito Pinto program provided US $ 29 per month to poor families for every young child that they had , while 2008 's Renta Dignidad initiative provided around $ 344 per month to low @-@ income citizens over 60 . 2009 's Bono Juana Azurduy program offered cash transfers to uninsured mothers to improve their likelihood of seeking medical care . Conservative critics of Morales ' regime claimed that these measures were simply designed to buy off the poor and ensure continued support for the government . Morales announced that one of the top priorities of his government was to eliminate racism against the country 's indigenous population . To do this , he announced that all civil servants were required to learn one of Bolivia 's three indigenous languages , Quechua , Aymara , or Guaraní , within two years . His government encouraged the development of indigenous cultural projects , and sought to encourage more indigenous people to attend university ; by 2008 , it was estimated that half of the students enrolled in Bolivia 's 11 public universities were indigenous , while three indigenous @-@ specific universities had been established , offering subsidized education . In 2009 , a Vice Ministry for Decolonization was established , which proceeded to pass the 2010 Law against Racism and Discrimination banning the espousal of racist views in private or public institutions . Various commentators noted that there was a renewed sense of pride among the country 's indigenous population following Morales ' election . Conversely , the opposition accused Morales ' administration of aggravating racial tensions between indigenous , white , and mestizo populations , with some non @-@ indigenous Bolivians feeling that they were now experiencing racism . On International Workers ' Day 2006 , Morales issued a presidential decree undoing aspects of the informalization of labor which had been implemented by previous neoliberal governments ; this was seen as a highly symbolic act for labor rights in Bolivia . In 2009 his government put forward suggested reforms to the 1939 labor laws , although lengthy discussions with trade unions hampered the reforms ' progress . Morales ' government increased the legal minimum wage by 50 % , and reduced the pension age from 65 to 60 , and then in 2010 reduced it again to 58 . While policies were brought in to improve the living conditions of the working classes , conversely many middle @-@ class Bolivians felt that they had seen their social standing decline , with Morales personally mistrusting the middle @-@ classes , deeming them fickle . A 2006 law reallocated state @-@ owned lands , with this agrarian reform entailing distributing land to traditional communities rather than individuals . In 2010 , a law was introduced permitting the formation of recognised indigenous territories , although the implementation of this was hampered by bureaucracy and contesting claims over ownership . Morales ' regime also sought to improve women 's rights in Bolivia . In 2010 , it founded a Unit of Depatriarchalization to oversee this provess . Further seeking to provide legal recognition and support to LGBT rights , it declared June 28 to be Sexual Minority Rights Day in the country , and encouraged the establishment of a gay @-@ themed television show on the state channel . Adopting a policy known as " Coca Yes , Cocaine No " , Morales ' administration ensured the legality of coca growing , but also introduced measures to regulate the production and trade of the crop . In 2007 , they announced that they would permit the growing of 50 @,@ 000 acres of coca in the country , primarily for the purposes of domestic consumption , with each family being restricted to the growing of one cato ( 1600 metres squared ) of coca . A social control program was implemented whereby local unions took on responsibility for ensuring that this quota was not exceeded ; in doing so , they hoped to remove the need for military and police intervention , and thus stem the violence of previous decades . Measures were implemented to ensure the industrialization of coca production , with Morales inaugurating the first coca industrialization plant in Chulumani , which produced and packaged coca and trimate tea ; the project was primarily funded through a $ 125 @,@ 000 donation from Venezuela under the PTA scheme . However , these industrialization measures proved largely unsuccessful given that coca remained illegal in most nations outside Bolivia , thus depriving the growers of an international market . Campaigning against this , in 2012 Bolivia withdrew from the UN 1961 Convention which had called for global criminalisation of coca , and in 2013 successfully convinced the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to declassify coca as a narcotic . The U.S. State Department criticised Bolivia , asserting that it was regressing in its counter @-@ narcotics efforts , and dramatically reduced aid to Bolivia to $ 34 million to fight the narcotics trade in 2007 . Nevertheless , the number of cocaine seizures in Bolivia increased under Morales ' government , as they sought to encourage coca growers to report and oppose cocaine producers and traffickers . However , high levels of police corruption surrounding the illicit trade in cocaine remained a continuing problem for Bolivia . Morales ' government also introduced measures to tackle Bolivia 's endemic corruption ; in 2007 , he used a presidential decree to create the Ministry of Institutional Transparency and Fight Against Corruption . However , critics highlighted that MAS members were rarely prosecuted for the crime , the main exception being YPFB head Santos Ramírez , who was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment for corruption in 2008 . Conversely , a 2009 law that permitted the retroactive prosecution for corruption led to legal cases being brought against a number of opposition politicians for alleged corruption in the pre @-@ Morales period ; many fled abroad to avoid standing trial . = = = = Domestic unrest and the new constitution = = = = During his presidential campaign , Morales had supported calls for regional autonomy for Bolivia 's departments . As president , he changed his position , viewing the calls for autonomy – which came from Bolivia 's four eastern departments of Santa Cruz , Beni , Pando , and Tarija – as an attempt by the wealthy bourgeoisie living in these regions to preserve their economic position . He nevertheless agreed to a referendum on regional autonomy , held in July 2006 ; the four eastern departments voted in favor of autonomy , but Bolivia as a whole voted against it by 57 @.@ 6 % . In September , autonomy activists launched strikes and blockades across eastern Bolivia , resulting in violent clashes with MAS activists . In January 2007 , clashes in Cochabamba between activist groups led to fatalities , with Morales ' government sending in troops to maintain the peace . The left @-@ indigenous activists formed a Revolutionary Departmental Government , but Morales denounced it as illegal and continued to recognise the legitimacy of right @-@ wing departmental head Manfred Reyes Villa . In July 2006 , an election to form a Constitutional Assembly was held , which saw the highest ever electoral turnout in the nation 's history . MAS won 137 of its 255 seats , after which the Assembly was inaugurated in August . In November , the Assembly approved a new constitution , which converted the Republic of Bolivia into the Plurinational State of Bolivia , describing it as a " plurinational communal and social unified state " . The constitution emphasized Bolivian sovereignty of natural resources , separated church and state , forbade foreign military bases in the country , implemented a two @-@ term limit for the presidency , and permitted limited regional autonomy . It also enshrined every Bolivians ' right to water , food , free health care , education , and housing . In enshrining the concept of plurinationalism , one commentator noted that it suggested " a profound reconfiguration of the state itself " by recognising the rights to self @-@ determination of various nations within a single state . In May 2008 , the eastern departments pushed for greater autonomy , but Morales ' government rejected the legitimacy of their position . They called for a referendum on recalling Morales , which saw an 83 % turnout and in which Morales was ratified with 67 @.@ 4 % of the vote . Unified as the National Council for Democracy ( CONALDE ) , these groups – financed by the wealthy agro @-@ industrialist , petroleum , and financial elite – embarked on a series of destabalisation campaigns to unseat Morales ' government . Unrest then broke out across eastern Bolivia , as radicalized autonomist activists established blockades , occupied airports , clashing with pro @-@ government demonstrations , police , and armed forces . Some formed paramilitaries , bombing state companies , indigenous NGOs , and human rights organisations , also launching armed racist attacks on indigenous communities , culminating in the Pando Massacre of MAS activists . The autonomists gained support from some high @-@ ranking politicians ; Santa Cruz Governor Rubén Costas lambasted Morales and his supporters with racist epithets , accusing the president of being an Aymara fundamentalist and a totalitarian dictator responsible for state terrorism . Amid the unrest , foreign commentators began speculating on the possibility of civil war . After it was revealed that USAID 's Office of Transition Initiatives had supplied $ 4 @.@ 5 million to the pro @-@ autonomist departmental governments of the eastern provinces , in September 2008 Morales accused the U.S. ambassador to Bolivia , Philip Goldberg , of " conspiring against democracy " and encouraging the civil unrest , ordering him to leave the country . The U.S. government responded by expelling Bolivian ambassador to the U.S. , Gustavo Guzman . Bolivia subsequently expelled the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) from the country , while the U.S. responded by withdrawing their Peace Corps . Chávez stood in solidarity with Bolivia by ordering the U.S. ambassador Patrick Duddy out of his country and withdrawing the Venezuelan ambassador to the U.S. The Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR ) convened a special meeting to discuss the Bolivian situation , expressing full support for Morales ' government . Although unable to quell the autonomist violence , Morales ' government refused to declare a state of emergency , believing that the autonomists were attempting to provoke them into doing so . Instead , they decided to compromise , entering into talks with the parliamentary opposition . As a result , 100 of the 411 elements of the Constitution were changed , with both sides compromising on certain issues . Nevertheless , the governors of the eastern provinces rejected the changes , believing it gave them insufficient autonomy , while various Indianist and leftist members of MAS felt that the amendments conceded too much to the political right . The constitution was put to a referendum in January 2009 , in which it was approved by 61 @.@ 4 % of voters . Following the approval of the new Constitution , the 2009 general election was called . The opposition sought to delay the election by demanding a new biometric registry system , hoping that it would give them time to form a united front against MAS . Many MAS activists reacted violently against the demands , and attempting to prevent this , Morales went on a five @-@ day hunger strike in April 2009 to push the opposition to rescind their demands . He also agreed to allow for the introduction of a new voter registry , but insisted that it was rushed through so as not to delay the election . Morales and the MAS won with a landslide majority , polling 64 @.@ 2 % , while voter participation had reached an all @-@ time high of 90 % . His primary opponent , Reyes Villa , gained 27 % of the vote . The MAS won a two @-@ thirds majority in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate . Morales notably increased his support in the east of the country , with MAS gaining a majority in Tarija . In response to his victory , Morales proclaimed that he was " obligated to accelerate the pace of change and deepen socialism " in Bolivia , seeing his re @-@ election as a mandate to further his reforms . = = = Second presidential term : 2009 – 14 = = = During his second term , Morales began to speak openly of " communitarian socialism " as the ideology that he desired for Bolivia 's future . He assembled a new cabinet which was 50 % female , a first for Bolivia , although by 2012 , that had dropped to a third . In April 2010 , the departmental elections saw further gains for MAS . In 2013 , the government passed a law to combat domestic violence against women . In December 2009 , Morales attended the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen , Denmark , where he blamed climate change on capitalism and called for a financial transactions tax to fund climate change mitigation . Ultimately deeming the conference to have been a failure , he oversaw the World 's People Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth outside of Cochabamba in April 2010 . Following the victory of Barack Obama and the Democratic Party in the 2008 U.S. presidential election , relations between Bolivia and the U.S. improved slightly , and in November 2009 the countries entered negotiations to restore diplomatic relations . After the U.S. backed the 2011 military intervention in Libya by NATO forces , Morales condemned Obama , calling for his Nobel Peace Prize to be revoked . The two nations restored diplomatic relations in November 2011 , although Morales refused to allow the DEA back into the country . In October 2012 , the government passed a Law of Mother Earth that banned genetically modified organisms ( GMOs ) being grown in Bolivia ; although praised by environmentalists , it was criticised by the nation 's soya growers , who claimed that it would make them less competitive on the global market . On 2 July 2013 , Bolivia 's foreign minister said that the diversion of Morales 's presidential plane ( FAB @-@ 001 , a Dassault Falcon 900EX ) , when Portuguese , French , Spanish and Italian authorities denied access to their airspace due to suspicions that Edward Snowden was on board the aircraft , had put the president 's life at risk . Latin American leaders describe the incident as a " stunning violation of national sovereignty and disrespect for the region " . Morales himself described the incident as a " hostage " situation . France apologized for the incident the next day . The presidents of Argentina , Ecuador , Suriname , Uruguay and Venezuela , Morales 's political allies in the region , gathered to demand an explanation of the incident . In 2014 , Morales became the oldest active professional soccer player in the world after signing a contract for 200 dollars a month with Sport Boys Warnes . = = = = Domestic protests = = = = Morales ' second term was heavily affected by infighting and dissent from within his own support base , as indigenous and leftist activists came to oppose a number of the governments ' reforms . In May 2010 , Morales ' government announced a 5 % rise in the minimum wage . The Bolivian Workers ' Central ( COB ) felt this insufficient given the rise in the cost of living , and called a general strike . Protesters clashed with police , although the government refused to increase the rise , accusing protesters of being pawns of the right . In August 2010 , violent protests then broke out in southern Potosí over widespread unemployment and a lack of investment in infrastructure . In December 2010 , the government then decreed that it would cut government subsidies for gasoline and diesel fuels , which had proved to be a major area of social spending ; this resulted in a hike in prices of fuel and transport costs . Protests broke out across the country , and Morales soon agreed to nullify the decree , stating that he " ruled by obeying " . The following year , the government announced plans to construct a highway connecting Beni to Cochabamba , in order to better integrate the isolated departments of Beni and Pando with the rest of the country and to facilitate hydrocarbons exploration . The highway however would go straight through the Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory ( TIPNIS ) , and thus came under staunch criticism from environmentalists and members of the indigenous communities living in the park , who believed that it would encourage illegal settlement and deforestation and that it further violated both the constitution and United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples . In August 2011 , 800 protesters embarked on a protest march from Trinidad to La Paz , on the way facing violent conflict from police and those who supported the road , with many being injured . The controversy caused two government officials and various other high @-@ ranking officials to resign in protest , while Morales begged forgiveness but blamed the U.S. and Bolivia 's right @-@ wing for stirring up the unrest . In October 2011 , he passed Law 180 , prohibiting further road construction , although the government proceeded with a consultation , eventually gaining the consent of 55 of the 65 communities in TIPNIS to allow the highway to be built , albeit with a variety of concessions ; construction was scheduled to take place after the 2014 general election . In May 2013 , the government then announced that it would permit hydrocarbon exploration in the nation 's 22 national parks , to widespread condemnation from environmentalists . Further protests broke out in June 2012 , this time from the Bolivian police , who objected to government reforms designed to combat widespread corruption in the force . Police broke into their own offices to burn all disciplinary case records , and demanded salary increases . Morales ' government relented , cancelling many of the proposed reforms and agreeing to the salary increase . = = = Third presidential term : 2014 – present = = = In 2008 , Morales had vowed that he would not stand for re @-@ election in the 2014 general election . However , he successfully did so and after proclaiming victory in the election , Morales declared it " a triumph of the anti @-@ colonialists and anti @-@ imperialists " and dedicated his win to both Castro and Chávez . On the basis of this victory , the Financial Times remarked that Morales represented " one of the world 's most popular leaders " . On October 17 , 2015 , Morales surpassed Andrés de Santa Cruz 's nine years , eight months , and twenty @-@ four days in office and became Bolivia 's longest serving president . Writing in The Guardian , Ellie Mae O 'Hagan attributes his enduring popularity not to anti @-@ imperialist rhetoric but his " extraordinary socio @-@ economic reforms , " which resulted in poverty and extreme poverty declining by 25 % and 43 % respectively . In early February 2016 there were rumors that Morales had had a child with a woman , Gabriela Zapata Montaño , and had granted favors to the Chinese company for which she worked . Morales admitted that they had had a son ( who had died in infancy ) , but denied vehemently any granting of favors and said he had not been in contact with Zapata Montaño since 2007 . On February 21 , 2016 , a referendum was held on the question of whether Morales should be allowed to run for a fourth term when his third term would expire in 2020 which he narrowly lost . His approval rating had been damaged by the allegations concerning his relationship with Gabriela Zapata Montaño . = = Political ideology = = Figures in the Morales government have described the President 's approach to politics as " Evoism " or " Evismo " . From 2009 , Morales has advocated " communitarian socialism " , while political scientist Sven Harten characterized Morales 's ideology as " eclectic " , drawing ideas from " various ideological currents " . Harten noted that whilst Morales uses fierce anti @-@ imperialist and leftist rhetoric , he is neither " a hardcore anti @-@ globalist nor a Marxist , " not having argued for the violent and absolute overthrow of capitalism or U.S. involvement in Latin America . Economically , Morales ' policies have sometimes been termed " Evonomics " and have focused on creating a mixed economy . Morales ' presidential discourse has revolved around distinguishing between " the people " , of whom he sees himself as a representative , and the oppressive socio @-@ economic elite and the old political class , whom he believes have mistreated " the people " for centuries . Morales sought to make Bolivia 's representative democracy more direct and communitarian , through the introduction of referendums and a citizen @-@ led legislative initiative . George Philip and Francisco Panizza claimed that like his allies Correa and Chávez , Morales should be categorized as a populist , because he appealed " directly to the people against their countries ' political and economic order , divided the social field into antagonistic camps and promised redistribution and recognition in a newly founded political order . " Various far left commentators have argued against categorizing the Morales administration as socialist . Bolivia 's Marxist Vice President Álvaro García Linera asserts that Bolivia lacks the sufficiently large industrialized working class , or proletariat , to enable it to convert into a socialist society in the Marxist understanding of the word . Instead , he terms the government 's approach " Andean and Amazonian capitalism " . Marxist American sociologist James Petras has argued that Morales ' government is neither socialist nor anti @-@ imperialist , instead describing Morales as a " radical conservative " for utilizing socialist rhetoric while continuing to support foreign investment and the economic status of Bolivia 's capitalist class , while British Trotskyite academic Jeffery R. Webber asserted that Morales was no socialist but that his regime was " reconstituting neoliberalism " , thereby rejecting " neoliberal orthdoxy " but retaining a " core faith in the capitalist market as the principal engine of growth and industrialization . " Similarly , Aymara activist Felipe Quispe characterised Morales ' government as " neoliberalism with an Indian [ i.e. indigenous ] face " . = = Personal life = = Morales identifies as ethnically Aymara , and has been widely described as Bolivia 's first democratically @-@ elected President from the indigenous majority . Although Morales has sometimes been described as the first indigenous president to be democratically elected in Latin America , this description in fact goes to Benito Juárez , a Mexican of the Zapotec ethnic group , who was elected President of Mexico in 1858 . Biographer Martín Sivak described Morales as " incorruptible , charismatic , and combative " , also noting that he had a " friendly style " and could develop a good rapport with journalists and photographers , in part because he could " articulate his opinions with simplicity " . He places a great emphasis on trust , and relies on his intuition , sometimes acting on what he considers omens in his dreams . Harten noted that Morales " can be a forceful leader , one who instills great respect and , sometimes , a reluctance in others to contradict him , but he has also learnt to listen and learn from other people . " Farthing and Kohl characterised Morales as a " charismatic populist " of a kind common in Latin American history , who prioritized " a direct relationship " between the population and the leader . Morales is not married and upon becoming president selected his older sister , Esther Morales Ayma , to adopt the role of First Lady . He has three children from different mothers . They are Eva Liz Morales Alvarado ( born 1994 ) , Álvaro Morales Paredes ( born 1995 ) , and Ernesto Fidel Morales Zapata ( born 2007 and allegedly died in infancy ) . Politician Juan del Granado is Eva Liz 's godfather . Morales ' romantic relationship with Ernesto 's mother Gabriela Zapata Montaño , from 2005 to 2007 , remained unknown publicly until 2016 . Morales has commented that he is only a Roman Catholic in order " to go to weddings " , and when asked if he believed in God , responded that " I believe in the land . In my father and my mother . And in Cuchi @-@ Cuchi . " Morales is also an association football enthusiast and plays the game frequently , often with local teams . Morales 's unorthodox behavior contrasts with the usual manners of dignitaries and other political leaders in Latin America . During speeches he made use of personal stories and anecdotes , and used coca as " a potent political symbol " , wearing a coca leaf garland around his neck and a hat with coca leaves in it when speaking to crowds of supporters . Following his election , he wore striped jumpers rather than the suits typically worn by politicians . It became a symbol of Morales , with copies of it selling widely in Bolivia . = = Influence and legacy = = Morales has been described as " the most famous Bolivian ever " , whose personality has become " fixed in the global imagination " . Morales ' government has been seen as part of the pink tide of left @-@ leaning Latin American governments , becoming particularly associated with the hard left current of Venezuela and Cuba . It has been widely praised for its pro @-@ socialist stance among the international left , who have taken an interest in Bolivia under his leadership as a " political laboratory " or " a living workshop " for the development of an alternative to capitalism . Domestically , Morales ' support base has been among Bolivia 's poor and indigenous communities . For these communities , who have widely felt marginalized in Bolivian politics for decades , Morales " invokes a sense of dignity and destiny " in a way that no other contemporary politician has done . He has received the support of many democratic socialists and social democrats , as well as sectors of Bolivia 's liberal movement , who have been critical of Morales but favoured him over the right @-@ wing opposition . Opposition to Morales ' governance has centered in the wealthy eastern lowland province of Santa Cruz . His policies often antagonized middle @-@ class Bolivians , who deemed them too radical and argued that they threatened private property . Morales ' discourse of " the people " against the socio @-@ economic elites has brought a spotlight on the deep social polarization in Bolivia . His most vociferous critics have been from Bolivia 's conservative movement , although he has also received criticism from the country 's far left , who believe his reformist policies have been insufficiently radical or socialist . Critics , particularly in the U.S. government , have varyingly termed him " a left @-@ wing radical , a partner of narco @-@ traffickers and a terrorist " . His regime has also faced many of the same complaints directed at previous Bolivian administrations , revolving around such issues as " concentration of power , corruption , incompetent bureaucracies , and disrespect for civil liberties " . However , poverty and inequality have been greatly reduced since Morales was first elected . = Hurricane Frances = Hurricane Frances was the sixth named storm , the fourth hurricane , and the third major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season . The system crossed the open Atlantic during mid @-@ to @-@ late August , moving to the north of the Lesser Antilles while strengthening . Its outer bands affected Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands while passing north of the Caribbean sea . The storm 's maximum sustained wind speeds peaked at 145 miles per hour ( 233 km / h ) , achieving Category 4 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . As the system slowed down its forward motion , the eye passed over San Salvador Island and very close to Cat Island in the Bahamas . Frances was the first hurricane to impact the entire Bahamian archipelago since 1928 , and led to the nearly complete destruction of their agricultural economy . Frances then passed over the central sections of the state of Florida in the U.S. only three weeks after Hurricane Charley , causing significant damage to the state 's citrus crop , closing major airports , schools and canceling a collegiate football game . The storm then moved briefly offshore Florida into the northeast Gulf of Mexico and made a second U.S. landfall at the Florida Panhandle before accelerating northeast through the eastern United States near the Appalachians into Atlantic Canada while weakening . A significant tornado outbreak accompanied the storm across the eastern United States , nearly equaling the outbreak from Hurricane Beulah . Very heavy rains fell in association with this slow moving and relatively large hurricane , which led to floods in Florida and North Carolina . A total of 49 lives were lost from the cyclone . Damages totaled US $ 12 billion ( 2004 dollars ) . = = Meteorological history = = A strong tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on August 21 . Moving under the base of the subtropical ridge , it moved westward for several days , remaining disorganized despite favorable conditions . Thunderstorms associated with the wave finally began organizing early on August 24 , and the system became a tropical depression that evening . Good upper @-@ level outflow was observed in all but the eastern quadrants as the depression continued on its path , and the depression strengthened to tropical storm status on August 25 , approximately 1 @,@ 420 miles ( 2 @,@ 290 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . The tropical storm , now named Frances , further intensified on August 26 in an environment of low vertical wind shear as its track bent to the west @-@ northwest . Frances rapidly intensified , developing an eye and reaching hurricane strength late that afternoon . An approaching upper level trough caused Frances to move more northwesterly on August 27 . The cyclone reached its primary peak intensity of 135 miles per hour ( 217 km / h ) on August 28 . The hurricane turned back to its original westward motion on August 29 , as the upper trough moved away the region and the subtropical ridge strengthened to Frances ' north . Over the next day , the hurricane underwent an eyewall replacement cycle , during which the maximum sustained winds decreased to 115 miles per hour ( 185 km / h ) . This weakening trend was short lived , and the storm reintensified during the afternoon of August 30 , as vertical wind shear remained low . The storm continued strengthening as it turned west @-@ northwestward , reaching its peak intensity of 145 miles per hour ( 233 km / h ) on September 2 while 555 miles ( 893 km ) east @-@ southeast of West Palm Beach , Florida . On September 2 , Frances entered the Bahamas , passing directly over San Salvador Island and very close to Cat Island . The storm weakened to a Category 3 hurricane by 2 pm , which was initially attributed to inner core processes , but increasing westerly winds aloft , and the resultant vertical wind shear , was later determined to be the cause . On September 3 , Frances passed into the vicinity of Abaco Island and directly over Grand Bahama while continuing to slowly weaken . The storm regained Category 2 hurricane intensity prior to passing over Grand Bahama Island and also slowed in forward speed due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge to its north . Parts of South Florida began to be affected by squalls and the outer rainbands of the hurricane at this time . Gusts from 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) to as high as 87 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) were reported from Jupiter Inlet to Miami . Frances moved slowly , between 5 to 10 miles per hour ( 8 @.@ 0 to 16 @.@ 1 km / h ) , as it crossed the warm Gulf Stream between the Bahamas and Florida , leading to the concern that it could restrengthen . However , Frances remained stable at Category 2 intensity with 105 miles per hour ( 169 km / h ) maximum sustained winds while it battered the east coast of Florida between Fort Pierce and West Palm Beach for much of September 4 . At 11 pm , the western edge of Frances ' eyewall began moving onshore . Because of Frances ' large eye , which was roughly 80 miles ( 130 km ) across , and its slow forward motion , the center of circulation remained offshore for several more hours . At 1 am EDT on September 5 ( 0500 UTC ) , the center of the broad eye of Frances made landfall along the Florida coast , at the southern end of Hutchinson Island , near Sewall 's Point , Jensen Beach and Port Salerno , Florida . Late on September 5 , Frances picked up speed due to a strengthening high pressure system to its north and crossed the Florida Peninsula , emerging over the Gulf of Mexico near Tampa as a tropical storm . After a short trip over the Gulf of Mexico , Frances made a second landfall near St. Marks , Florida . Frances headed inland , weakening to a tropical depression and causing heavy rainfall over the southern and eastern United States . As Tropical Depression Frances turned northeast , United States meteorologists at the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center continued issuing advisories on the system until it crossed the Canada – United States border into Quebec , where heavy rainfall also fell . = = Preparations = = A tropical storm watch was issued for Frances for the Leeward Islands during the afternoon of August 29 , which was upgraded to a warning that night and expanded to include the islands of Anguilla , Antigua , Barbuda , Nevis , Saba , St. Kitts , St. Eustatius , and St. Maarten . A hurricane watch was issued during the night of August 29 for the northern British Virgin Islands , the northern United States Virgin Islands , Culebra , and Vieques . On the morning of August 30 , the hurricane watch for Vieques was downgraded to a tropical storm watch . That afternoon , hurricane watches were changed to tropical storm warnings across Puerto Rico , Culebra , Vieques , British Virgin Islands , and the northern U. S. Virgin Islands while a tropical storm watch was issued for St. Croix while all remaining hurricane watches were dropped . That night , tropical storm watches were issued for eastern portions of the northern coast of the Dominican Republic while a tropical storm warning was issued for Guadeloupe . Early on the morning of August 31 , tropical storm warnings were dropped for Antigua , Barbuda , Nevis , and St. Kitts while hurricane watches were issued for the southeast Bahamas as well as the Turks and Caicos Islands . Hurricane watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings later that morning . Toward noon , tropical storm warnings were issued for the remainder of the northern coast of the Dominican Republic , a hurricane watch was issued for the central Bahamas , while all watches and warnings were dropped for northeast portion of the Dominican Republic and portions of the Lesser Antilles south of the British Virgin Islands . That afternoon , tropical storm warnings were dropped from Puerto Rico eastward . On the morning of September 1 , a hurricane watch was issued for the northwest Bahamas while the watch for the central Bahamas was upgraded to a warning . That afternoon , warnings were dropped for the Dominican Republic . On the evening of September 1 , hurricane warnings were issued for the northwest Bahamas while hurricane watches were issued for the lower east coast of Florida and tropical storm watches were issued for the Florida Keys . There was the potential for catastrophic damage along Florida 's heavily populated east coast , with warnings that damages from Frances could exceed the insured losses of Hurricane Andrew . These damage estimates were in anticipation that Frances would strike Florida as a strong Category Four hurricane . Preparations for the storm were stepped up in Florida on September 1 . Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency , Kennedy Space Center closed down , and evacuations of 500 @,@ 000 people were initially ordered . Eventually 41 counties received evacuation orders , covering 2 @.@ 8 million residents , the largest evacuation in Florida 's history . The state education system also responded to the pending crisis . Many universities across Florida canceled classes . Both the University of Central Florida and the University of North Florida told all students to leave their dorms . Evacuation at the University of South Florida was performed on a dorm @-@ by @-@ dorm basis . Florida Atlantic University was closed for a week and a half . Most schools were shut down from southern Miami @-@ Dade County to just south of Melbourne two days before the hurricane . The annual Florida State University @-@ University of Miami college football game was rescheduled for the following week . Early during the morning of September 2 , hurricane watches were extended southward to Craig Key . Later that morning , hurricane watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings for the lower east coast of Florida while a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning was raised for most of the Florida Keys and Florida Bay . Hurricane warnings were dropped for the Turks and Caicos Islands late on the morning of September 1 and for the Southeast Bahamas late that night . Late on the morning of September 3 , hurricane watches were issued for the northeast coast of Florida , while early that afternoon tropical storm warnings were issued for the same area . Hurricane warnings were dropped for the central Bahamas that afternoon . That night , tropical storm warnings were issued for the southwest coast of the Florida peninsula with watches issued for the northwest Florida peninsula . On the morning of September 4 , tropical storm warnings were extended northward to Anna Maria Island and along the Georgia coast . Tropical storm watches were extended northward to St. Marks . That afternoon , hurricane watches were dropped for most of the northwest Bahamas while warnings were extended up the coast to St. Marks , Florida , and watches were extended westward to Panama City , Florida . Early on morning of September 5 , hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings south of Deerfield Beach , Florida while tropical storm warnings were extended westward through the western Florida Keys . Later that morning , hurricane warnings were issued for most of the northwest Florida coast while hurricane watches were lowered for northeast Florida and hurricane warnings were dropped for the remainder of the northwest Bahamas . That afternoon , all warnings were dropped for southeast Florida south of Jupiter Inlet , while the remaining hurricane warnings along the east Florida coast were downgraded to tropical storm warnings . Hurricane warnings along the coast of western Florida were extended southward to Anna Maria Island . Late that night , tropical storm warnings were dropped south of Bonita Beach including all the Florida Keys . Early on the morning of September 6 , all warnings were dropped in Florida south of Englewood and Cocoa Beach . Later that morning , hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings between Indian Pass and Destin as well as between Anna Maria Island and the Suwannee River while all remaining warnings were dropped south of Anna Maria Island , as well as the Florida east coast and the Georgia coast . That afternoon , all hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings , with all warnings dropped between west of St. Marks and south of the Suwannee river . On the night of September 6 , all remaining tropical cyclone warnings were dropped . = = Impact = = The economic effect was felt early , as the storm struck during Labor Day weekend , traditionally the final summer vacation weekend in the United States . Many hotel reservations from South Carolina to Florida were cancelled as people , seeing the destruction caused weeks earlier by Hurricane Charley , decided to avoid the coastal areas for safety . One death in the Bahamas , one in Ohio , and five in Florida were directly attributed to the storm . 42 more deaths - 32 in Florida , eight in Georgia , one in the Bahamas and one in Ohio , are indirectly attributed to Frances . The total civilian damage from Frances was determined to be approximately US $ 8 @,@ 830 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( 2004 dollars ) . Add in the estimated US $ 100 million damage ( 2004 dollars ) done to space and military facilities at Kennedy Space Center , Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , and Patrick Air Force Base , Florida and the total damage was estimated to be about US $ 9 billion ( 2004 dollars ) , making it the fourth costliest hurricane in United States history at that time , behind Hurricane Andrew of 1992 and Hurricanes Charley and Ivan of 2004 . At the time , adjusted for inflation , it became the seventh costliest hurricane for the lower 48 United States . Flooding was also reported in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Minor flooding happened along the banks of the three rivers and more damage was associated with river tributaries . = = = Bahamas = = = About 75 % of the island chain lost power for a few hours during the storm . Damage occurred to downed trees and wooden homes . Between 13 and 17 percent of the non @-@ native Australian pine on San Salvador Island experienced damage , primarily from snapping , though some browning from salt spray was noted . Several feet of water flooded the international airport at Freeport . In the Bahamas , insurers and reinsurers estimated industry insured losses at about $ 300 million ( 2004 dollars ) . All cool @-@ season vegetable plantings , and the entire banana crop , were lost during Frances . The pineapple crop was significantly impacted by wind damage in Eleuthera , while the entire fruit crop was lost for similar reasons . The corn crop in Long Island and Cat Island was completely lost . Significant poultry losses were experienced . = = = Florida = = = Near the point of its first landfall , few structures were destroyed and ocean overwash across the barrier island was limited , though the extent of the damage far exceeded that of Hurricane Charley . Wind damage to citrus groves led to a near total loss near the coast of east @-@ central Florida between West Palm Beach and Melbourne , with lesser damage farther to the west across the Kissimmee River basin . Between Hurricane Charley and Frances , citrus losses totaled $ 2 billion ( 2004 dollars ) . Significant tree damage was reported within golf courses along the Treasure Coast , with an average of 300 @-@ 500 trees experiencing damage per course . Some areas of Florida received over 13 inches ( 330 mm ) of rain as the system moved slowly through the state . Heavy rains caused a large sinkhole to develop on Interstate 95 in Palm Beach County , which closed the highway to traffic . Similar to Hurricane Charley earlier in the month , the Florida citrus crops took large amounts of damage . Frances caused heavy damage to the large Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center , ripping off over a thousand 4 @-@ by @-@ 10 foot aluminum panels used to clad the building . While Charley caused $ 700 @,@ 000 damage ( 2004 dollars ) , Frances damage was significantly greater . Two external fuel tanks for the space shuttle were in the building but seemed undamaged . The Space Shuttle Discovery 's hangar was without power . The total damage to space and military facilities around Cape Canaveral , Florida was reported at about $ 100 million ( 2004 dollars ) . Orlando , Florida 's theme parks closed Sunday — only the third time Walt Disney World closed for a hurricane , but the second time in a month . = = = Georgia = = = Frances dropped significant rain on Florida , Georgia , Alabama , and North and South Carolina . The passage of tropical depression Frances into Georgia dumped up to 5 inches ( 130 mm ) of rain onto the state and caused the closings of schools in 56 counties . Across Georgia , winds of 30 to 40 miles per hour ( 48 to 64 km / h ) , with gusts to 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) led to the downing of tree branches and power lines . At one point on September 7 , a total of 380 @,@ 000 residences were without power . Significant crop damage was seen , particularly to the cotton and the peanut crops . On average , 30 percent of the crops were lost during Frances . = = = Carolinas = = = Flooding was reported even in the mid @-@ Atlantic and Northeast states , particularly along the Appalachian Mountains . A strip of upslope @-@ induced rainfall along the Blue Ridge escarpment produced as much as 23 inches ( 580 mm ) of rain in some areas of western North Carolina as the warm tropical air surged up and over the mountains . The flooding from this along the Swannanoa River near Asheville , North Carolina caused a major break in the Asheville 's water distribution system , leaving the city without water for several days . Significant crop damage was seen into North Carolina , which reported $ 55 million in crop damage . Frances also spawned 101 tornadoes from Florida to as far north as Virginia , shy of the single storm tornado record set during Hurricane Beulah . Power outages affected up to six million people . Over 20 airports closed during the storm . = = = Canada = = = As an extratropical cyclone , Frances passed through southern Ontario . The storm dropped up to 5 @.@ 39 inches ( 137 mm ) , washing out roads and causing localized flooding in Quebec , New Brunswick , and Newfoundland . This rainfall smashed all @-@ time rainfall records in a 24 @-@ hour period ( most of the rain fell in a 6 to 8 hour @-@ period ) . Ottawa 's O @-@ Train Trillium Line was halted because of a landslide that obstructed the railroad corridor . Several major roads in Gatineau and Ottawa were under several inches of water , locally chest @-@ high . More than $ 45 million ( 2004 CAD ; $ 41 million USD ) in insured damage was reported in Ontario . = = Aftermath = = = = = Bahamas = = = Frances is the first hurricane to impact the entire archipelago since 1866 . On September 4 , teams from the Ministry of Works , the Department of Environmental Health Services , the Royal Bahamas Defence Force and the Royal Bahamas Police Force were used to clear roadways of tree debris while utilities attempted to restore power and water in New Providence . The Family Islands were surveyed on September 5 and 6 , when it was noted that major damage occurred within the island group . Telecommunications were restored to most of the island chain within 24 hours . As of September 21 , electricity had been restored to half of the Bahamians who had lost power . Western sections of Grand Bahama Island remained without power into Hurricane Jeanne , which was the most significantly impacted island . The onion crop was expected to be late in 2005 due to the loss of seedbeds and seedlings during the storm . = = = Florida = = = In the aftermath of the storm , many colleges and school districts across Florida remained closed . President George W. Bush declared all of Florida a federal disaster area . Kennedy Space Center did not restore its complete work force until September 13 due to relief operations , as well as a lack of gasoline , ice , and water in the area . A total of 8000 members of the National Guard helped out with recovery efforts soon after the storm left the Florida peninsula . Residents in the areas of impact after the storm were under a boil water order , because of the lack of electricity to area water systems . Churches prepared meals for those without power and food themselves . Federal employees were granted excused absences if they helped with law enforcement and the cleanup . Thousands of portable generators were sent to the state by Home Depot and Lowe 's home improvement stores . The United States Army Corps of Engineers installed blue tarpaulins on 41 @,@ 556 damaged roofs statewide . Damage to the Florida citrus crop caused orange futures to rise four cents a pound due to Frances . = = = Georgia and the Carolinas = = = On September 24 , the southern two @-@ thirds of Georgia was declared a disaster by President Bush . The state lost 50 percent of its pecan crop due to Frances , which led to a price rise in pecans by late October . Lost peach trees were expected to lower output during 2005 , and increase peach prices . A disaster declaration was made for the northeast section of South Carolina on October 7 . On September 10 , President Bush declared 34 counties within North Carolina a disaster area , making them eligible for US $ 6 @.@ 5 million ( 2004 dollars ) in public assistance . A Wildlife Commission removed its North Carolina Mountain State Fair exhibit due to Frances midway through the fair . Over 100 @,@ 000 trout were lost due to the storm in the Pisgah , Table Rock , Marion , and Armstrong state fish hatcheries . Red Cross volunteers distributed over 200 @,@ 000 gallons of water by its 600 volunteers in four days . After Frances and Hurricane Ivan , Asheville determined that it needed $ 14 million in order to buy out willing businesses and homes within the floodplain . = = = Retirement = = = Because of its effects in the United States , the name Frances was retired in the spring of 2005 by the World Meteorological Organization , and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane . It was replaced with Fiona for the 2010 season . Due to a request by France in the 2003 WMO Meeting , the name Frances was to be removed from the rotating cyclone lists after the 2004 hurricane season , even if Frances wasn 't as destructive , but the destruction caused by Frances in the United States was enough to warrant retirement on its own merit . = Elizabeth Campbell , Duchess of Argyll = Elizabeth Georgiana Campbell , Duchess of Argyll CI VA ( née Leveson @-@ Gower ; 30 May 1824 – 25 May 1878 ) was a British noblewoman and abolitionist . Born into the wealthy Sutherland @-@ Leveson @-@ Gower family , she was the eldest daughter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland by his wife , the political hostess Lady Harriet Howard . In 1844 Elizabeth married George Campbell , Marquess of Lorne , eldest son and heir to the 7th Duke of Argyll . She became the Duchess of Argyll in 1847 when her husband succeeded his father . Like her mother , the Duchess of Argyll was a prominent opponent of slavery . The pair helped write a letter titled An Affectionate and Christian Address of Many Thousands of Women of Great Britain and Ireland to Their Sisters , the Women of the United States of America , calling for an end of slavery ; it attracted signatures from 562 @,@ 848 British women . The two often hosted the American abolitionist and author Harriet Beecher Stowe when she visited England . Lady Campbell and Beecher Stowe were friends and maintained a correspondence . The Duchess of Argyll succeeded the Duchess of Wellington as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria , holding the position from 1868 to 1870 when she resigned due to ill health . Soon after being appointed a member of the newly created Order of the Crown of India , she died in 1878 whilst eating with William Ewart Gladstone in London . = = Family and early life = = Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Leveson @-@ Gower was raised amidst great wealth . Her paternal grandmother , the great heiress Elizabeth Gordon , was suo jure Countess of Sutherland , overseeing estates that spanned 800 @,@ 000 to one million acres of Scottish Highlands . The Sutherland lands were further augmented with Gordon 's 1785 marriage to George Leveson @-@ Gower ( later 1st Duke of Sutherland ) . In 1823 , their son George married Lady Harriet Howard , daughter of George Howard , 6th Earl of Carlisle . Lady Elizabeth Leveson @-@ Gower was born the following year as their eldest daughter , on 30 May 1824 . Three brothers and two sisters followed . With family estates in Scotland and England , Elizabeth 's upbringing involved much travel . Their main residence was the lavish Stafford House , London , which they acquired in 1827 ; they also resided on many country estates . The couple , especially Harriet , led vibrant social lives . She was a political hostess known for her friendship and position as Mistress of the Robes to the young Queen Victoria . In 1833 , the 1st Duke died and Elizabeth 's father succeeded as 2nd Duke of Sutherland , inheriting extensive property . The historian Eric Richards writes that the first half of the nineteenth century saw the height of the House of Sutherland 's social and economic influence , with its wealth being derived from rents , various stocks , and dividends from transportation firms . = = Marriage = = While accompanying Queen Victoria to Taymouth Castle in 1842 , Lady Elizabeth met George Douglas Campbell , Marquess of Lorne , the eldest son of the 7th Duke of Argyll . They married at the Leveson @-@ Gower estate Trentham Hall on 31 July 1844 . The Archbishop of York , Edward Venables @-@ Vernon @-@ Harcourt , presided over the wedding . The Argyll estate was in debt , so Elizabeth 's wealth was much needed . Their union resulted in the further joining of two of Scotland 's largest landowning families . The young couple was given Rosneath by his father at the time of their marriage . Deeply religious , Elizabeth had been raised in the Anglican faith but converted to the Church of Scotland upon her marriage , taking her first communion in the faith later that year . Like many of her predecessors , Elizabeth was a strong supporter of the Scottish Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Argyll and The Isles . The couple possessed similar interest in liberal politics . Elizabeth was dignified and cultured , and Lorne found in his new wife " more than all that had been told me by her numerous friends ... On some subjects , excepting philosophy and the natural sciences , she was more widely read than I was at the time . " = = Duchess of Argyll = = Lorne succeeded his father as 8th Duke of Argyll on 25 April 1847 , whereupon Elizabeth became Duchess of Argyll . The family 's primary estates included Argyll Lodge in London , the family seat of Inveraray Castle in Argyllshire , and Rosneath . Their first child , John , was born within a year of their marriage . They would have an additional four sons and seven daughters . The Argyll household was sober , proper , and driven by routine with prescribed times for prayer , breakfast , lunch , and dinner . The children were not expected to show emotion such as crying , except for " real causes " like the death of a family pet . The Scottish scholar John Stuart Blackie enjoyed the solemnity of the couple 's lifestyle and visited them often ; he dedicated his 1876 work Language and Literature of the Scottish Highlands to Elizabeth . The historian Anne Jordan writes that Lady Campbell was " old before her time , " having given birth to twelve children . She suffered from ill health , in part due to a 1868 stroke which left her partially incapacitated ; this forced much of the children 's upbringing to be overseen by her husband . Her third daughter Lady Victoria , who also suffered from ill health due to a contraction of poliomyelitis , nursed her mother . Once adults , the children 's marriage settlements were a drain on the family 's resources , with all but one eventually marrying . Their eldest son John married the Queen 's fourth daughter Princess Louise in 1871 , and became the Governor General of Canada in 1878 . Like her mother the Duchess of Sutherland , the Duchess of Argyll was a prominent supporter of the abolitionist movement . Elizabeth was one of many Englishwomen affected by the 1852 anti @-@ slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin . The following year at her mother 's house , the Duchess helped draft a letter titled An Affectionate and Christian Address of Many Thousands of Women of Great Britain and Ireland to Their Sisters , the Women of the United States of America . The letter , eventually signed by 562 @,@ 848 women , called for an end to slavery because the institution did not recognise slave marriages , led to parent @-@ children separations , and prevented slaves from receiving Christian educations . It was sent to the author of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , the American abolitionist author Harriet Beecher Stowe ; she and the Duchess of Argyll became friends , and maintained a correspondence . Harriet Beecher Stowe would often visit the duchesses of Sutherland and Argyll when she travelled to England and benefited from their connections to senior politicians . The Duke and Duchess of Argyll were also friends with American politician and anti @-@ slavery leader Charles Sumner , leading historian Amanda Foreman to write that the " relationship between [ the Duke of Argyll ] and Sumner would prove to be one of the most important friendships of the Civil War . " In December 1868 , Lady Campbell was appointed Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria , succeeding Elizabeth Wellesley , Duchess of Wellington as a member of William Ewart Gladstone 's first ministry . She resigned the position in 1870 due to ill health , and was succeeded by her sister @-@ in @-@ law Anne Sutherland @-@ Leveson @-@ Gower , Duchess of Sutherland . In December 1877 , Queen Victoria created the Order of the Crown of India and conferred it upon the Duchess of Argyll and dozens of other royal and noblewomen . She was also a member of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert , Second Class . The Duchess of Argyll died on 25 May 1878 , whilst eating with Gladstone in London . She is buried at Kilmun Parish Church . Three years later her widower remarried to Amelia Maria , daughter of Thomas Claughton , Bishop of St Albans . = = Issue = = The Duke and Duchess of Argyll had the following issue : John Campbell , 9th Duke of Argyll ( 6 August 1845 – 2 May 1914 ) ; married Princess Louise of the United Kingdom in 1871 Lord Archibald Campbell ( 18 December 1846 – March 29 , 1913 ) ; married Janey Callendar and had issue including Niall Campbell , 10th Duke of Argyll Lord Walter Campbell ( 30 July 1848 – 2 May 1889 ) ; married Olivia Clarkson Miln in 1874 , and was the grandfather of Ian Campbell , 11th Duke of Argyll Lady Edith Campbell ( 1849 – 1913 ) ; married Henry Percy , 7th Duke of Northumberland in 1868 Lord George Granville Campbell ( 25 December 1850 – ) ; married Sybil Alexander in 1879 Lady Elizabeth Campbell ( b . 1852 ) ; married Lt.-Col. Edward Harrison Clough @-@ Taylor in 1880 Lord Colin Campbell ( 1853 – 1895 ) ; married Gertrude Elizabeth Blood in 1881 Lady Victoria Campbell ( 22 May 1854 – 6 July 1910 ) Lady Evelyn Campbell ( b . 1855 ) ; married James Baillie @-@ Hamilton in 1886 Lady Frances Campbell ( 22 February 1858 – 25 February 1931 ) ; married the architect Eustace Balfour , brother of the Prime Minister Arthur Balfour Lady Mary Emma Campbell ( 1859 – 1947 ) ; married Edward Carr Glyn , Bishop of Peterborough Lady Constance Harriett Campbell ( 11 November 1864 – 9 February 1922 ) ; married Charles Emmott in 1891 = Rainbow / PUSH = Rainbow / PUSH is a non @-@ profit organization formed as a merger of two non @-@ profit organizations founded by Jesse Jackson — Operation PUSH ( People United to Save Humanity ) and the National Rainbow Coalition . The organizations pursue social justice , civil rights and political activism . In December 1971 , Jackson resigned from Operation Breadbasket after clashing with Rev. Ralph Abernathy and founded Operation PUSH . Jackson founded the National Rainbow Coalition in 1984 which merged with PUSH in 1996 . The combined organization keeps its national headquarters on the South Side of Chicago and has branches in Washington , D.C. , New York City , Los Angeles , Detroit , Houston , Atlanta , the Silicon Valley , and New Orleans and Boston . Operation PUSH was successful at raising public awareness to initiate corporate action and government sponsorship . The National Rainbow coalition became a prominent political organization that raised public awareness on numerous political issues and consolidated a large voting block . The merged entity has undertaken numerous social initiatives . = = PUSH = = Operation PUSH , an acronym for People United to Save ( later Serve ) Humanity , was an organization which advocated black self @-@ help and achieved a broad audience for its liberal stances on issues of social justice and civil rights . The origins of Operation PUSH can be traced to a factional split in Operation Breadbasket , an affiliate of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . In 1966 , Martin Luther King Jr . , the head of the SCLC , appointed Jackson to head the Chicago chapter of Operation Breadbasket , which became a coalition of black ministers and entrepreneurs . After 1968 , however , Jackson increasingly clashed with King 's successor at SCLC , Rev. Ralph Abernathy . The break became complete in December 1971 when Abernathy suspended Jackson for “ administrative improprieties and repeated acts of violation of organizational policy . ” Jackson resigned from Operation Breadbasket , called together his allies , and Operation PUSH was born . From its inception , Jackson referred to its membership as a " Rainbow Coalition . " The name " Rainbow Coalition " was originated in 1968 by Chicago Black Panther leader Fred Hampton to describe the multi @-@ ethnic revolutionary federation he founded . Jackson was not part of the Hampton Rainbow Coalition , and had a difficult relationship with the Panthers . Some former members of Hampton 's coalition are resentful of Jackson appropriating the name , partly because Jackson 's politics are reformist , and partly because Jackson copyrighted the name , preventing others from using it . Although money was a problem at first , initial backing came from Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton , Gary , Indiana Mayor Richard Hatcher , Aretha Franklin , Jim Brown , and Ossie Davis . The organizational meeting of PUSH was in the Chicago home of Dr. T.R.M. Howard , a prominent black doctor and community leader on the South Side . Before he moved to Chicago in 1956 , Howard had developed a national reputation as a Mississippi civil rights leader , surgeon , and entrepreneur . Howard served on PUSH 's board of directors and chaired the finance committee . Through PUSH Jackson was able to continue pursuit of the same economic objectives that Operation Breadbasket had pursued . In addition , his new organization was able to expand into areas of social and political development for blacks in Chicago and across the nation . The 1970s saw various tactics to pursue the organization 's objectives including direct action campaigns , weekly radio broadcasts , and awards through which Jackson protected black homeowners , workers , and businesses , and honored prominent blacks in the US and abroad . He also started a push campaign against the legalization of abortion after the Roe vs Wade decision in 1973 . The organization was concerned with minority youth reading , and it championed education through PUSH @-@ Excel , a spin @-@ off program that emphasized keeping inner @-@ city youths in school while assisting them with job placement . The program , which persuaded inner city youth to pledge in writing to study two hours per night and which involves parental monitoring , impressed Jimmy Carter whose administration became a large sponsor after Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare Joseph Califano and Secretary of Labor Ray Marshall courted Jackson . The organization was very successful at committing major corporations with large presences in the black community to adopt affirmative action programs in which they hired more black executives and supervisors and to buy from black suppliers , wholesalers , and distributors . The organization employed prayer vigils as a technique to call attention to issues . The organization opposed Ronald Reagan 's workfare initiative to compel that welfare recipients work for part of their benefits . The organization staged several boycotts including early 1980s boycotts of Anheuser Busch and Coca Cola as well as a 1986 boycott of CBS television affiliates . The boycotts became so well known that at one point David Duke supporters referred to a boycott of Nike , Inc. as if whites were being oppressed by blacks . Nike spokesperson , Michael Jordan , disavowed the Nike boycott . The boycotts of Budweiser , and Coke as well as one against Kentucky Fried Chicken were touted for having won minority job concessions from white businesses . = = National Rainbow Coalition = = The National Rainbow Coalition ( Rainbow Coalition for short ) was a political organization that grew out of Jesse Jackson 's 1984 presidential campaign . During the campaign , Jackson began speaking about a " Rainbow Coalition " , an idea created by Fred Hampton , regarding the disadvantaged and welcomed voters from a broad spectrum of races and creeds . The goals of the campaign were to demand social programs , voting rights , and affirmative action for all groups that had been neglected by Reaganomics . Jackson 's campaign blamed President Ronald Reagan 's policies for reduction of government domestic spending , causing new unemployment and encouraging economic investment outside of the inner cities , while they discouraged the rebuilding of urban industry . The industrial layoffs caused by these policies hit the black and other minority populations particularly hard . At the 1984 Democratic National Convention on July 18 , 1984 , in San Francisco , California , Jackson delivered an address entitled " The Rainbow Coalition " . The speech called for Arab Americans , Native Americans , Asian Americans , youth , disabled veterans , small farmers , lesbians and gays to join with African Americans and Jewish Americans for political purpose . Whereas the purpose of PUSH had been to fight for economic and educational opportunities , the Rainbow Coalition was created to address political empowerment and public policy issues . After his unsuccessful bid for the Democratic nomination in 1984 , Jackson attempted to build a broad base of support among groups that " were hurt by Reagan administration policies " - racial minorities , the poor , small farmers , working mothers , the unemployed , some labor union members , gays , and lesbians . = = Merger = = Jackson moved from Chicago to Washington , D.C. to serve as shadow senator from 1991 to 1996 . When he returned to Chicago in 1996 he merged his organizations . The merged entity advocates for African Americans , Hispanics , Native Americans , other minorities , and women . Its main economic goal is to have more minorities on the payrolls , in the boardrooms , and on the supplier lists of major corporations . The industries it most aggressively pursues are the financial sector on Wall Street , the telecommunications field and high @-@ tech firms in Silicon Valley . The Wall Street activities are organized under sub @-@ organization " The Wall Street Project " . The organization has been active in pursuit of increase minority representation in other industries , most notably the broadcast media , the entertainment industry , and the automobile industry . It has also sought increased representation by minority administrators in college and professional sports under the leadership of Jesse Jackson , Jr . For Hispanic issues the merged entity works closely with the League of United Latin American Citizens and the National Council of La Raza . In 1998 the organization admonished Freddie Mac for its lending and employment practices , which led to its pledge to earmark $ 1 billion in mortgage loans specifically for minorities , to donate more than $ 1 million directly to Rainbow / PUSH and to become a sponsor of Jackson 's annual Wall Street Project . In 2000 , the organization investigated the case of Raynard Johnson , who was found hanged by a belt from a tree in front of his home in Kokomo , Mississippi . Jackson labelled it a " lynching " , although two autopsies both concluded that the death was a suicide . In the early 2000s ( decade ) , Rainbow / PUSH worked with NASCAR to increase the number of minorities involved in auto racing , through direct financial support and projects to find talented African @-@ American racing drivers . This initiative was ended in 2003 , after the racing sanctioning body was criticized by conservative groups for the partnership . Among the smaller campaigns it has undertaken are the HIV / AIDS Initiative for funding for AIDS programs ; the National Field Department support of " constructive agitation to bring about societal change " ; and the Prison Outpost project , whose ultimate goal is " to eliminate the need for prisons . " Through his organization and its predecessors Jackson has advocated universal health care , a war on drugs , direct peace negotiations between Palestinians and Israelis , ending apartheid in South Africa and advancing democracy in Haiti . The following is the organization 's list of major issues : 1 % Student Loans Jobs and Economic Empowerment Employee Rights and Livable Wages Educational Access Fair and Decent Housing Voter Registration and Civic Education Election Law Reform Fairness in the Media , Sports , and Criminal Justice System Political Empowerment Trade and Foreign Policy Affirmative Action and Equal Rights Gender Equality Environmental Justice Former congressman Mel Reynolds , who served a sentence in prison for sexual assault and bank fraud , was hired by Rainbow / PUSH as its resident scholar on prison reform after his release in 2001 . The organization is a member of several anti @-@ war coalitions including Win Without War , United for Peace and Justice , and After Downing Street . = = Involvement in the Duke Lacrosse team controversy = = In 2006 , Jesse Jackson promised the Rainbow / Push Coalition would pay the college tuition for Crystal Mangum . Mangum made false rape allegations against members of Duke University 's men 's lacrosse team who had hired her as a stripper . Jackson said it would not matter if Mangum fabricated her story ; the tuition offer would still be good . = Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers = The Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers ( traditional Chinese : 議政王大臣會議 ; simplified Chinese : 议政王大臣会议 ; pinyin : yìzhèng wáng dàchén huìyì ) , also known as the Council of Princes and High Officials and Assembly of Princes and High Officials , or simply as the Deliberative Council ( traditional Chinese : 議政處 ; simplified Chinese : 议政处 ; pinyin : yìzhèng chù ) , was an advisory body for the emperors of the early Qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) . Derived from informal deliberative groups created by Nurhaci ( 1559 – 1626 ) in the 1610s and early 1620s , the Council was formally established by his son and successor Hong Taiji ( 1592 – 1643 ) in 1626 and expanded in 1637 . Staffed mainly by Manchu dignitaries , this aristocratic institution served as the chief source of advice on military matters for Hong Taiji and the Shunzhi ( r . 1643 – 1661 ) and Kangxi ( r . 1661 – 1722 ) emperors . It was particularly powerful during the regencies of Dorgon ( 1643 – 1650 ) and Oboi ( 1661 – 1669 ) , who used it to enhance their personal influence . After serving as the most influential policymaking body of the dynasty for more than a century , the Deliberative Council was displaced and then made obsolete by the more ethnically mixed Grand Council , which the Yongzheng Emperor ( r . 1722 – 1735 ) created in the late 1720s to circumvent the influence of the deliberative princes and ministers . The Deliberative Council was formally abolished in 1792 . = = Origins and formal establishment = = Historian Robert Oxnam has called the origin of the Council " a complicated and often confusing process . " The Council originated in informal institutions created by Nurhaci ( 1559 – 1626 ) to promote collegial rule among his sons . In 1601 , Nurhaci had organized Manchu society into four " Banners " that were doubled in number in 1615 to become the Eight Banners . In 1622 , he gave eight of his sons ( who were called " princes , " or beile ) control over one banner each and ordered them to meet to deliberate major policies , especially military matters . Nurhaci 's eight sons were known collectively as the " princes who deliberate on government " ( yizheng wang ) . Another precursor to the Council was a group of " five high officials " and " ten judges " ( jarguci ) , all Manchu , that Nurhaci put in charge of administrative and judicial tasks in 1615 or 1616 . Robert Oxnam claims that this group was then referred to as " high officials who deliberate on government " ( yizheng dachen ) and assisted the princes in discussing policy . Franz Michael , however , claims that they were mere " technical advisors " , a point of view supported by Silas Wu . In 1623 , " eight high officials " were also made deliberative officials , but their functions were chiefly censorial and their primary role was to let Nurhaci know of conspiracies among the princes . Nurhaci was succeeded by his son Hong Taiji ( r . 1626 – 1643 ) , who , instead of following his father 's wish for collegial rule , became a strong ruler who laid the institutional foundation of the Qing dynasty . In 1627 he placed the Eight Banners under the command of eight " high officials " ( Ma . : gusai ejen ; Ch . : dachen ) , who were also told to assist the princes in policy deliberations . Silas Wu identifies this reform as the bona fide origin of the Deliberative Council , which then became Hong Taiji 's main policymaking structure and was consulted on foreign and military matters . In 1637 , one year after he had declared himself emperor of the Qing dynasty , Hong Taiji officially excluded imperial princes from the Council . Instead , the Council was manned by eight lieutenant @-@ generals ( later called dutong 都統 in Chinese ) with two deputies ( fu dutong 副都統 ) each , who were put in charge of managing the Eight Manchu Banners . By limiting Council membership to Manchu military leaders from outside the imperial clan , Hung Taiji enhanced his personal power at the expense of the other princes . Nonetheless the Council remained a bastion of " collective aristocratic rule " within the Qing government . = = Central role in the early Qing = = When Hong Taiji died in 1643 , he was replaced by the young Shunzhi Emperor and two co @-@ regents : Dorgon and Jirgalang . In 1644 , under their leadership , the Qing dynasty defeated the weakened Ming dynasty and moved its capital to Beijing . The Deliberative Council of Ministers was Dorgon 's main policymaking body during his regency . Soon after moving to Beijing , he gave the Council control over both military and civil affairs , and expanded its membership to all lieutenant @-@ generals and deputy lieutenant @-@ generals in the Manchu and Mongol Banners , as well as to all Mongols and Manchus who held posts of Grand Secretary or Board president . Far from limiting Dorgon 's power , the Council served as his tool to denounce and arraign other princes who challenged his authority . In May 1644 , for instance , he had Hong Taiji 's son Hooge accused of seditious behavior and made Hooge 's enemies testify against him in front of the Council . He used the same method to purge Hooge for good in 1648 . After Dorgon 's death on the last day of 1650 , the Shunzhi Emperor started his personal rule : he ordered the members of the Council to memorialize to him directly on important matters of state . After Dorgon 's supporters had been purged from the court ( by March 1651 ) , his former co @-@ regent Jirgalang made a number of special appointments to the Council to foster loyalty among the Manchu elite . Between 1651 and 1653 , he added thirty new members who lacked official positions in the Banners or the metropolitan bureaucracy . Two of the new appointees were Chinese Bannermen Fan Wencheng 范文程 ( 1597 – 1666 ) and Ning Wanwo 寗完我 ( d . 1665 ) , two of only three Chinese who were ever appointed to the Council . All four of the future regents for the Kangxi Emperor ( Oboi , Suksaha , Ebilun , and Soni ) were also appointed to the Council at that time . In 1656 , the emperor issued an edict abolishing the automatic appointment to the Council of Manchu and Mongol Grand Secretaries , yet by the end of his reign in 1661 , the Council still counted more than fifty members . During the Shunzhi reign , the Council was often convened to investigate important officials who had been accused of corruption or malfeasance . The Shunzhi Emperor ( r . 1643 – 1661 ) was succeeded by four regents led by Oboi , who took care of state affairs during the minority of the Kangxi Emperor ( r . 1661 – 1722 ) . Under the Oboi regency ( 1661 – 1669 ) , the Deliberative Council became " the most prominent Manchu institution . " While keeping their own seats on the Council , the regents limited membership to lieutenant @-@ generals of the Manchu and Mongol Banners and to Manchu and Mongol presidents of the Six Ministries . They also decided to grant membership to the president of the Court of Colonial Affairs , whose independence the Shunzhi Emperor had compromised by subjugating it to the Board of Rites . By 1662 , the Deliberative Council had been reduced to 31 members , chiefly senior Manchu leaders who had significant experience in both military affairs and civil government . The Kangxi Emperor reverted many of the bureaucratic reforms of the Oboi faction after 1669 , but continued to rely on the Deliberative Council as a body of Manchu counselors whom he consulted on a wide variety of military and civil matters , especially those that were too sensitive or complex to handle through the regular bureaucracy . The emperor allowed the president of the Censorate to sit on the Council , then in 1683 , after the rebellion of the Three Feudatories had been suppressed and peace reestablished , he decided that the lieutenant @-@ generals of the Banners would no longer be automatic members . After that , the Deliberative Council became more oriented toward civil administration . Nonetheless during the First Oirat – Manchu War , fought from 1687 to 1697 between the Qing Empire and the Dzungar Khanate , the Kangxi Emperor often consulted the Council on how to deal with Galdan , the khan of the Dzungars , and with the Dzungars ' enemies the Khalkha Mongols . During his reign , the Council met on imperial request and transmitted the result of its deliberations to the emperor , who usually followed the Council 's advice . = = Replacement by the Grand Council = = The Yongzheng Emperor succeeded the Kangxi Emperor after a crisis that pitted many of the Kangxi Emperor 's sons against one another . Many Manchu nobles who had sided with the Yongzheng Emperor 's rivals during the succession struggle were still members of the Deliberative Council . To avoid alienating these grandees , the Yong	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
bird and other Old World thrushes , but they are not evolutionarily close , being related to the New World warblers and tanagers . The term is often limited to smaller species with mostly or entirely black plumage , at least in the breeding male , notably the cowbirds , the grackles , and for around 20 species with " blackbird " in the name , such as the red @-@ winged blackbird and the melodious blackbird . = = = Subspecies = = = As would be expected for a widespread passerine bird species , several geographical subspecies are recognised . The treatment of subspecies in this article follows Clement et al . ( 2000 ) . T. m. merula , the nominate subspecies , breeds commonly throughout much of Europe from Iceland , the Faroes and the British Isles east to the Ural Mountains and north to about 70 N , where it is fairly scarce . A small population breeds in the Nile Valley . Birds from the north of the range winter throughout Europe and around the Mediterranean including Cyprus and North Africa . The introduced birds in Australia and New Zealand are of the nominate race . T. m. azorensis is a small race which breeds in the Azores . The male is darker and glossier than merula . T. m. cabrerae , named for Ángel Cabrera , Spanish zoologist , resembles azorensis and breeds in Madeira and the western Canary Islands . T. m. mauretanicus , another small dark species with a glossy black male plumage , breeds in central and northern Morocco , coastal Algeria and northern Tunisia . T m. aterrimus breeds in Hungary , south and east to southern Greece , Crete northern Turkey and northern Iran . It winters in southern Turkey , northern Egypt , Iraq and southern Iran . It is smaller than merula with a duller male and paler female plumage . T. m. syriacus breeds on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey south to Jordan , Israel and the northern Sinai . It is mostly resident , but part of the population moves south west or west to winter in the Jordan Valley and in the Nile Delta of northern Egypt south to about Cairo . Both sexes of this subspecies are darker and greyer than the equivalent merula plumages . T. m. intermedius is an Asiatic race breeding from Central Russia to Tajikistan , western and north east Afghanistan , and eastern China . Many birds are resident but some are altitudinal migrants and occur in southern Afghanistan and southern Iraq in winter . This is a large subspecies , with a sooty @-@ black male and a blackish @-@ brown female . The Asian subspecies , the relatively large intermedius also differs in structure and voice , and may represent a distinct species . Alternatively , it has been suggested that they should be considered subspecies of T. maximus , but they differ in structure , voice and the appearance of the eye @-@ ring . = = = Similar species = = = In Europe , the common blackbird can be confused with the paler @-@ winged first @-@ winter ring ouzel ( Turdus torquatus ) or the superficially similar European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) . A number of similar Turdus thrushes exist far outside the range of the common blackbird , for example the South American Chiguanco thrush ( Turdus chiguanco ) . The Indian blackbird , the Tibetan blackbird , and the Chinese blackbird were formerly considered subspecies . = = Description = = The common blackbird of the nominate subspecies T. m. merula is 23 @.@ 5 to 29 centimetres ( 9 @.@ 25 to 11 @.@ 4 in ) in length , has a long tail , and weighs 80 – 125 grams ( 2 @.@ 8 to 4 @.@ 4 oz ) . The adult male has glossy black plumage , blackish @-@ brown legs , a yellow eye @-@ ring and an orange @-@ yellow bill . The bill darkens somewhat in winter . The adult female is sooty @-@ brown with a dull yellowish @-@ brownish bill , a brownish @-@ white throat and some weak mottling on the breast . The juvenile is similar to the female , but has pale spots on the upperparts , and the very young juvenile also has a speckled breast . Young birds vary in the shade of brown , with darker birds presumably males . The first year male resembles the adult male , but has a dark bill and weaker eye ring , and its folded wing is brown , rather than black like the body plumage . = = Distribution and habitat = = The common blackbird breeds in temperate Eurasia , North Africa , the Canary Islands , and South Asia . It has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand . Populations are sedentary in the south and west of the range , although northern birds migrate south as far as northern Africa and tropical Asia in winter . Urban males are more likely to overwinter in cooler climes than rural males , an adaptation made feasible by the warmer microclimate and relatively abundant food that allow the birds to establish territories and start reproducing earlier in the year . Common over most of its range in woodland , the common blackbird has a preference for deciduous trees with dense undergrowth . However , gardens provide the best breeding habitat with up to 7 @.@ 3 pairs per hectare ( nearly three pairs per acre ) , with woodland typically holding about a tenth of that density , and open and very built @-@ up habitats even less . They are often replaced by the related ring ouzel in areas of higher altitude . The common blackbird occurs up to 1000 metres ( 3300 ft ) in Europe , 2300 metres ( 7590 ft ) in North Africa , and at 900 – 1820 metres ( 3000 – 6000 ft ) in peninsular India and Sri Lanka , but the large Himalayan subspecies range much higher , with T. m. maximus breeding at 3200 – 4800 metres ( 10560 – 16000 ft ) and remaining above 2100 metres ( 6930 ft ) even in winter . This widespread species has occurred as a vagrant in many locations in Eurasia outside its normal range , but records from North America are normally considered to involve escapees , including , for example , the 1971 bird in Quebec . However , a 1994 record from Bonavista , Newfoundland , has been accepted as a genuine wild bird , and the species is therefore on the North American list . = = Behaviour and ecology = = The male common blackbird defends its breeding territory , chasing away other males or utilising a " bow and run " threat display . This consists of a short run , the head first being raised and then bowed with the tail dipped simultaneously . If a fight between male blackbirds does occur , it is usually short and the intruder is soon chased away . The female blackbird is also aggressive in the spring when it competes with other females for a good nesting territory , and although fights are less frequent , they tend to be more violent . The bill 's appearance is important in the interactions of the common blackbird . The territory @-@ holding male responds more aggressively towards models with orange bills than to those with yellow bills , and reacts least to the brown bill colour typical of the first @-@ year male . The female is , however , relatively indifferent to bill colour , but responds instead to shinier bills . As long as winter food is available , both the male and female will remain in the territory throughout the year , although occupying different areas . Migrants are more gregarious , travelling in small flocks and feeding in loose groups in the wintering grounds . The flight of migrating birds comprises bursts of rapid wing beats interspersed with level or diving movement , and differs from both the normal fast agile flight of this species and the more dipping action of larger thrushes . = = = Breeding = = = The male common blackbird attracts the female with a courtship display which consists of oblique runs combined with head @-@ bowing movements , an open beak , and a " strangled " low song . The female remains motionless until she raises her head and tail to permit copulation . This species is monogamous , and the established pair will usually stay together as long as they both survive . Pair separation rates of up to 20 % have been noted following poor breeding . Although the species is socially monogamous , there have been studies showing as much as 17 % extra @-@ pair paternity . Nominate T. merula may commence breeding in March , but eastern and Indian races are a month or more later , and the introduced New Zealand birds start nesting in August ( late winter ) . The breeding pair prospect for a suitable nest site in a creeper or bush , favouring evergreen or thorny species such as ivy , holly , hawthorn , honeysuckle or pyracantha . Sometimes the birds will nest in sheds or outbuildings where a ledge or cavity is used . The cup @-@ shaped nest is made with grasses , leaves and other vegetation , bound together with mud . It is built by the female alone . She lays three to five ( usually four ) bluish @-@ green eggs marked with reddish @-@ brown blotches , heaviest at the larger end ; the eggs of nominate T. merula are 2 @.@ 9 × 2 @.@ 1 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 14 × 0 @.@ 93 in ) in size and weigh 7 @.@ 2 grammes ( 0 @.@ 25 oz ) , of which 6 % is shell . Eggs of birds of the southern Indian races are paler than those from the northern subcontinent and Europe . The female incubates for 12 – 14 days before the altricial chicks are hatched naked and blind . Fledging takes another 10 – 19 ( average 13 @.@ 6 ) days , with both parents feeding the young and removing faecal sacs . The nest is often ill @-@ concealed compared with those of other species , and many breeding attempts fail due to predation . The young are fed by the parents for up to three weeks after leaving the nest , and will follow the adults begging for food . If the female starts another nest , the male alone will feed the fledged young . Second broods are common , with the female reusing the same nest if the brood was successful , and three broods may be raised in the south of the common blackbird 's range . A common blackbird has an average life expectancy of 2 @.@ 4 years , and , based on data from bird ringing , the oldest recorded age is 21 years and 10 months . = = = Songs and calls = = = Within its native Northern Hemisphere range , the first @-@ year male common blackbird of the nominate race may start singing as early as late January in fine weather in order to establish a territory , followed in late March by the adult male . The male 's song is a varied and melodious low @-@ pitched fluted warble , given from trees , rooftops or other elevated perches mainly in the period from March to June , sometimes into the beginning of July . It has a number of other calls , including an aggressive seee , a pook @-@ pook @-@ pook alarm for terrestrial predators like cats , and various chink and chook , chook vocalisations . The territorial male invariably gives chink @-@ chink calls in the evening in an ( usually unsuccessful ) attempt to deter other blackbirds from roosting in its territory overnight . During the northern winter , blackbirds can be heard quietly singing to themselves , so much so that September and October are the only months which the song cannot be heard . Like other passerine birds , it has a thin high seee alarm call for threats from birds of prey since the sound is rapidly attenuated in vegetation , making the source difficult to locate . At least two subspecies , T. m. merula and T. m. nigropileus , will mimic other species of birds , cats , humans or alarms , but this is usually quiet and hard to detect . = = = Feeding = = = The common blackbird is omnivorous , eating a wide range of insects , earthworms , seeds and berries . It feeds mainly on the ground , running and hopping with a start @-@ stop @-@ start progress . It pulls earthworms from the soil , usually finding them by sight , but sometimes by hearing , and roots through leaf litter for other invertebrates . Small amphibians and lizards are occasionally hunted . This species will also perch in bushes to take berries and collect caterpillars and other active insects . Animal prey predominates , and is particularly important during the breeding season , with windfall apples and berries taken more in the autumn and winter . The nature of the fruit taken depends on what is locally available , and frequently includes exotics in gardens . = = = Natural threats = = = Near human habitation the main predator of the common blackbird is the domestic cat , with newly fledged young especially vulnerable . Foxes and predatory birds , such as the sparrowhawk and other accipiters , also take this species when the opportunity arises . However , there is little direct evidence to show that either predation of the adult blackbirds or loss of the eggs and chicks to corvids , such as the European magpie or Eurasian jay , decrease population numbers . This species is occasionally a host of parasitic cuckoos , such as the common cuckoo ( Cuculus canorus ) , but this is minimal because the common blackbird recognizes the adult of the parasitic species and its non @-@ mimetic eggs . In the UK , only three nests of 59 @,@ 770 examined ( 0 @.@ 005 % ) contained cuckoo eggs . The introduced merula blackbird in New Zealand , where the cuckoo does not occur , has , over the past 130 years , lost the ability to recognize the adult common cuckoo but still rejects non @-@ mimetic eggs . As with other passerine birds , parasites are common . 88 % of common blackbirds were found to have intestinal parasites , most frequently Isospora and Capillaria species. and more than 80 % had haematozoan parasites ( Leucocytozoon , Plasmodium , Haemoproteus and Trypanosoma species ) . Common blackbirds spend much of their time looking for food on the ground where they can become infested with ticks , which are external parasites that most commonly attach to the head of a blackbird . In France , 74 % of rural blackbirds were found to be infested with Ixodes ticks , whereas , only 2 % of blackbirds living in urban habitats were infested . This is partly because it is more difficult for ticks to find another host on lawns and gardens in urban areas than in uncultivated rural areas , and partly because ticks are likely to be commoner in rural areas , where a variety of tick hosts , such as foxes , deer and boar , are more numerous . Although ixodid ticks can transmit pathogenic viruses and bacteria , and are known to transmit Borrelia bacteria to birds , there is no evidence that this affects the fitness of blackbirds except when they are exhausted and run down after migration . The common blackbird is one of a number of species which has unihemispheric slow @-@ wave sleep . One hemisphere of the brain is effectively asleep , while a low @-@ voltage EEG , characteristic of wakefulness , is present in the other . The benefit of this is that the bird can rest in areas of high predation or during long migratory flights , but still retain a degree of alertness . = = Status and conservation = = The common blackbird has an extensive range , estimated at 10 million square kilometres ( 3 @.@ 8 million square miles ) , and a large population , including an estimated 79 to 160 million individuals in Europe alone . The species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List ( i.e. , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) , and is therefore evaluated as Least Concern . In the western Palaearctic , populations are generally stable or increasing , but there have been local declines , especially on farmland , which may be due to agricultural policies that encouraged farmers to remove hedgerows ( which provide nesting places ) , and to drain damp grassland and increase the use of pesticides , both of which could have reduced the availability of invertebrate food . The common blackbird was introduced to Australia by a bird dealer visiting Melbourne in early 1857 , and its range has expanded from its initial foothold in Melbourne and Adelaide to include all of south @-@ eastern Australia , including Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands . The introduced population in Australia is considered a pest because it damages a variety of soft fruits in orchards , parks and gardens including berries , cherries , stone fruit and grapes . It is thought to spread weeds , such as blackberry , and may compete with native birds for food and nesting sites . The introduced common blackbird is , together with the native silvereye ( Zosterops lateralis ) , the most widely distributed avian seed disperser in New Zealand . Introduced there along with the song thrush ( Turdus philomelos ) in 1862 , it has spread throughout the country up to an elevation of 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 921 ft ) , as well as outlying islands such as the Campbell and Kermadecs . It eats a wide range of native and exotic fruit , and makes a major contribution to the development of communities of naturalised woody weeds . These communities provide fruit more suited to non @-@ endemic native birds and naturalised birds , than to endemic birds . = = In culture = = The common blackbird was seen as a sacred though destructive bird in Classical Greek folklore , and was said to die if it consumed pomegranate . Like many other small birds , it has in the past been trapped in rural areas at its night roosts as an easily available addition to the diet , and in medieval times the conceit of placing live birds under a pie crust just before serving may have been the origin of the familiar nursery rhyme : Sing a song of sixpence , A pocket full of rye ; Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie ! When the pie was opened the birds began to sing , Oh wasn 't that a dainty dish to set before the king ? The common blackbird 's melodious , distinctive song is mentioned in the poem Adlestrop by Edward Thomas ; And for that minute a blackbird sang Close by , and round him , mistier , Farther and farther , all the birds Of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire . In the English Christmas carol The Twelve Days of Christmas , the line commonly sung today as " four calling birds " is believed to have originally been written in the 18th century as " four colly birds " , an archaism meaning " black as coal " that was a popular English nickname for the common blackbird . The common blackbird , unlike many black creatures , is not normally seen as a symbol of bad luck , but R. S. Thomas wrote that there is " a suggestion of dark Places about it " , and it symbolised resignation in the 17th century tragic play The Duchess of Malfi ; an alternate connotation is vigilance , the bird 's clear cry warning of danger . The common blackbird is the national bird of Sweden , which has a breeding population of 1 – 2 million pairs , and was featured on a 30 öre Christmas postage stamp in 1970 ; it has also featured on a number of other stamps issued by European and Asian countries , including a 1966 4d British stamp and an 1998 Irish 30p stamp . This bird — arguably — also gives rise to the Serbian name for Kosovo , which is the possessive adjectival form of Serbian kos ( " blackbird " ) as in Kosovo Polje ( " Blackbird Field " ) . = = = Species information = = = " BBC Science & Nature – Blackbird , with song clip " . Retrieved 26 December 2007 . " Birds of Britain – Blackbird " . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . " Madeira Birds – Information on subspecies cabrerae " . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . " RSPB – Blackbird , including video and sound clips " . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Ageing and sexing ( PDF ; 5 @.@ 3 MB ) by Javier Blasco @-@ Zumeta & Gerd @-@ Michael Heinze Feathers of Common Blackbird ( Turdus merula ) = = = Sounds and videos = = = Audio recordings of Blackbird on Xeno @-@ canto . Blackbird videos , photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection . Retrieved on 2007 @-@ 12 @-@ 27 Other Blackbird songs on Sonatura Video of bird eating mealworms = = = Images = = = " ARKive – Blackbird still images " . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . = 2008 Mumbai attacks = The 2008 Mumbai attacks were a series of attacks that took place in November 2008 , when 10 members of Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Taiba , an Islamic militant organisation based in Pakistan , carried out a series of 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai . The attacks , which drew widespread global condemnation , began on Wednesday , 26 November and lasted until Saturday , 29 November 2008 , killing 164 people and wounding at least 308 . Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai : at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus , the Oberoi Trident , the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower , Leopold Cafe , Cama Hospital , the Nariman House Jewish community centre , the Metro Cinema , and in a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier 's College . There was also an explosion at Mazagaon , in Mumbai 's port area , and in a taxi at Vile Parle . By the early morning of 28 November , all sites except for the Taj Hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces . On 29 November , India 's National Security Guards ( NSG ) conducted ' Operation Black Tornado ' to flush out the remaining attackers ; it resulted in the deaths of the last remaining attackers at the Taj Hotel and ending all fighting in the attacks . Ajmal Kasab disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Taiba , among others . The Government of India said that the attackers came from Pakistan , and their controllers were in Pakistan . On 7 January 2009 , Pakistan confirmed the sole surviving perpetrator of the attacks was a Pakistani citizen . On 9 April 2015 , the foremost ringleader of the attacks , Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi , was granted bail against surety bonds of ₨ 200 @,@ 000 ( US $ 2 @,@ 000 ) . = = Background = = There have been many non @-@ state attacks in Mumbai since the 13 coordinated bomb explosions that killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993 . The 1993 attacks are believed to have been in retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition . On 6 December 2002 , a blast in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28 . The bombing occurred on the 10th anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya . A bicycle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai , killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003 , a day before the visit of the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee to the city . On 13 March 2003 , a day after the 10th anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings , a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the Mulund station , killing 10 people and injuring 70 . On 28 July 2003 , a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed 4 people and injured 32 . On 25 August 2003 , two bombs exploded in South Mumbai , one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi . At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured . On 11 July 2006 , seven bombs exploded within 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai , killing 209 people , including 22 foreigners and more than 700 injured . According to the Mumbai Police , the bombings were carried out by Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Taiba and Students Islamic Movement of India ( SIMI ) . = = = Training = = = A group of men , sometimes stated as 24 , at other times 26 , received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad . Part of the training was reported to have taken place on the Mangla Dam reservoir . The recruits went through the following stages of training , according to Indian and US media reports : Psychological : Indoctrination to Islamist ideas , including imagery of atrocities suffered by Muslims in India , Chechnya , Palestine and across the globe . Basic Combat : Lashkar 's basic combat training and methodology course , the Daura Aam . Advanced Training : Selected to undergo advanced combat training at a camp near Mansehra , a course the organisation calls the Daura Khaas . According to an unnamed source at the US Defense Department this includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by retired personnel of the Pakistan Army , along with survival training and further indoctrination . Commando Training : Finally , an even smaller group selected for specialised commando tactics training and marine navigation training given to the Fedayeen unit selected in order to target Mumbai . From the students , 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission . They also received training in swimming and sailing , besides the use of high @-@ end weapons and explosives under the supervision of LeT commanders . According to a media report citing an unnamed former Defence Department Official of the US , the intelligence agencies of the US had determined that former officers from Pakistan 's Army and Inter @-@ Services Intelligence agency assisted actively and continuously in training . They were given blueprints of all the four targets – Taj Mahal Palace & Tower , Oberoi Trident , Nariman House and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus . = = Attacks = = The first events were detailed around 20 : 00 Indian Standard Time ( IST ) on 26 November , when 10 men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba . They reportedly told local Marathi @-@ speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to " mind their own business " before they split up and headed two different ways . The fishermen 's subsequent report to police received little response and local police were helpless . = = = Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus = = = The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus ( CST ) was attacked by two gunmen . One of them , Ajmal Kasab , was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses . The attacks began around 21 : 30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire , using AK @-@ 47 rifles . The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others , their assault ending at about 22 : 45 . Security forces and emergency services arrived shortly afterwards . Announcements by a railway announcer , Vishnu Dattaram Zende , alerted passengers to leave the station and saved scores of lives . The two gunmen fled the scene and fired at pedestrians and police officers in the streets , killing eight police officers . The attackers passed a police station . Knowing that they were outgunned against the heavily armed terrorists , the police officers at the station , instead of confronting the terrorists , decided to switch off the lights and secure the gates . The attackers then headed towards Cama Hospital with an intention to kill patients , but the hospital staff locked all of the patient wards . A team of the Mumbai Anti @-@ Terrorist Squad led by police chief Hemant Karkare searched the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and then left in pursuit of Kasab and Khan . Kasab and Khan opened fire on the vehicle in a lane next to the hospital , and received return fire in response . Karkare , Vijay Salaskar , Ashok Kamte and one of their officers were killed . The only survivor , Constable Arun Jadhav , was severely wounded . Kasab and Khan seized the police vehicle but later abandoned it and seized a passenger car instead . They then ran into a police roadblock , which had been set up after Jadhav radioed for help . A gun battle then ensued in which Khan was killed and Kasab was wounded . After a physical struggle , Kasab was arrested . A police officer , Tukaram Omble was also killed when he ran in front of Kasab to shoot him . = = = Leopold Cafe = = = The Leopold Cafe , a popular restaurant and bar on Colaba Causeway in South Mumbai , was one of the first sites to be attacked . Two attackers opened fire on the cafe on the evening of 26 November , killing at least 10 people , ( including some foreigners ) , and injuring many more . = = = Bomb blasts in taxis = = = There were two explosions in taxis caused by timer bombs . The first one occurred at 22 : 40 at Vile Parle , killing the driver and a passenger . The second explosion took place at Wadi Bunder between 22 : 20 and 22 : 25 . Three people , including the driver of the taxi were killed , and about 15 others were injured . = = = Taj Mahal Hotel and Oberoi Trident = = = Two hotels , the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower and the Oberoi Trident , were among the four locations targeted . Six explosions were reported at the Taj hotel – one in the lobby , two in the elevators , three in the restaurant – and one at the Oberoi Trident . At the Taj Mahal , firefighters rescued 200 hostages from windows using ladders during the first night . CNN initially reported on the morning of 27 November 2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj had been resolved and quoted the police chief of Maharashtra stating that all hostages were freed ; however , it was learned later that day that there were still two attackers holding hostages , including foreigners , in the Taj Mahal hotel . A number of European Parliament Committee on International Trade delegates were staying in the Taj Mahal hotel when it was attacked , but none of them were injured . British Conservative Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) Sajjad Karim ( who was in the lobby when attackers initially opened fire there ) and German Social Democrat MEP Erika Mann were hiding in different parts of the building . Also reported present was Spanish MEP Ignasi Guardans , who was barricaded in a hotel room . Another British Conservative MEP , Syed Kamall , reported that he along with several other MEPs left the hotel and went to a nearby restaurant shortly before the attack . Kamall also reported that Polish MEP Jan Masiel was thought to have been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacks started , but eventually left the hotel safely . Kamall and Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEP 's assistant was shot . Also caught up in the shooting were the President of Madrid , Esperanza Aguirre , while checking in at the Oberoi Trident , and Indian MP N. N. Krishnadas of Kerala and Gulam Noon while having dinner at a restaurant in the Taj Hotel . = = = Nariman House = = = Nariman House , a Chabad Lubavitch Jewish centre in Colaba known as the Mumbai Chabad House , was taken over by two attackers and several residents were held hostage . Police evacuated adjacent buildings and exchanged fire with the attackers , wounding one . Local residents were told to stay inside . The attackers threw a grenade into a nearby lane , causing no casualties . NSG commandos arrived from Delhi , and a naval helicopter took an aerial survey . During the first day , 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor . The following day , the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast @-@ roping from helicopters onto the roof , covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings . After a long battle , one NSG commando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht and both perpetrators were killed . Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg , who was six months pregnant , were murdered with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers . According to radio transmissions picked up by Indian intelligence , the attackers " would be told by their handlers in Pakistan that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times those of non @-@ Jews . " Injuries on some of the bodies indicated that they may have been tortured . = = = NSG raid = = = During the attacks , both hotels were surrounded by Rapid Action Force personnel and Marine Commandos ( MARCOS ) and National Security Guards ( NSG ) commandos . When reports emerged that attackers were receiving television broadcasts , feeds to the hotels were blocked . Security forces stormed both hotels , and all nine attackers were killed by the morning of 29 November . Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan of the NSG was killed during the rescue of Commando Sunil Yadav , who was hit in the leg by a bullet during the rescue operations at Taj . 32 hostages were killed at the Oberoi Trident . NSG commandos then took on the Nariman house , and a Naval helicopter took an aerial survey . During the first day , 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor . The following day , the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast @-@ roping from helicopters onto the roof , covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings . NSG Commando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht , who was part of the team that fast @-@ roped onto Nariman House , died after a long battle in which both perpetrators were also killed . Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg , who was six months pregnant , were murdered with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers . By the morning of 27 November , the NSG had secured the Jewish outreach centre at Nariman House as well as the Oberoi Trident hotel . They also incorrectly believed that the Taj Mahal Palace and Towers had been cleared of attackers , and soldiers were leading hostages and holed @-@ up guests to safety , and removing bodies of those killed in the attacks . However , later news reports indicated that there were still two or three attackers in the Taj , with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged . Fires were also reported at the ground floor of the Taj with plumes of smoke arising from the first floor . The final operation at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08 : 00 on 29 November , killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion of the attacks . The NSG rescued 250 people from the Oberoi , 300 from the Taj and 60 people ( members of 12 different families ) from Nariman House . In addition , police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives anchored at Mazgaon dock off Mumbai harbour . = = Attribution = = The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed by Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Taiba militants inside Pakistan , and carried out by 10 young armed men trained and sent to Mumbai and directed from inside Pakistan via mobile phones and VoIP . In July 2009 Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps in Karachi and Thatta . In November 2009 , Pakistani authorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier , of planning and executing the assault . Mumbai police originally identified 37 suspects — including two army officers — for their alleged involvement in the plot . All but two of the suspects , many of whom are identified only through aliases , are Pakistani . Two more suspects arrested in the United States in October 2009 for other attacks were also found to have been involved in planning the Mumbai attacks . One of these men , Pakistani American David Headley , was found to have made several trips to India before the attacks and gathered video and GPS information on behalf of the plotters . In April 2011 , the United States issued arrest warrants for four Pakistani men as suspects in the attack . The men , Sajid Mir , Abu Qahafa , Mazhar Iqbal alias " Major Iqbal " , are believed to be members of Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Taiba and helped plan and train the attackers . = = = Negotiations with Pakistan = = = Pakistan initially denied that Pakistanis were responsible for the attacks , blaming plotters in Bangladesh and Indian criminals , a claim refuted by India , and saying they needed information from India on other bombings first . Pakistani authorities finally agreed that Ajmal Kasab was a Pakistani on 7 January 2009 , and registered a case against three other Pakistani nationals . The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan and other governments , in the form of interrogations , weapons , and call records of conversations during the attacks . In addition , Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani " agencies " , an accusation denied by Pakistan . Under US and UN pressure , Pakistan arrested a few members of Jamaat ud @-@ Dawa and briefly put its founder under house arrest , but he was found to be free a few days later . A year after the attacks , Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities were not co @-@ operating by providing information for their investigation . Meanwhile , journalists in Pakistan said security agencies were preventing them from interviewing people from Kasab 's village . Home Minister P. Chidambaram said the Pakistani authorities had not shared any information about American suspects Headley and Rana , but that the FBI had been more forthcoming . An Indian report , summarising intelligence gained from India 's interrogation of David Headley , was released in October 2010 . It alleged that Pakistan 's intelligence agency ( ISI ) had provided support for the attacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missions in Mumbai . The report included Headley 's claim that Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Taiba 's chief military commander , Zaki @-@ ur @-@ Rahman Lakhvi , had close ties to the ISI . He alleged that " every big action of LeT is done in close coordination with [ the ] ISI . " = = = Investigation = = = According to investigations , the attackers travelled by sea from Karachi , Pakistan , across the Arabian Sea , hijacked the Indian fishing trawler ' Kuber ' , killed the crew of four , then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai . After murdering the captain , the attackers entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy . The captain of ' Kuber ' , Amar Singh Solanki , had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters . The attackers stayed and were trained by the Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Taiba in a safehouse at Azizabad near Karachi before boarding a small boat for Mumbai . David Headley was a member of Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Taiba , and between 2002 and 2009 Headley travelled extensively as part of his work for LeT . Headley received training in small arms and countersurveillance from LeT , built a network of connections for the group , and was chief scout in scoping out targets for Mumbai attack having allegedly been given $ 25 @,@ 000 in cash in 2006 by an ISI officer known as Major Iqbal , The officer also helped him arrange a communications system for the attack , and oversaw a model of the Taj Mahal Hotel so that gunmen could know their way inside the target , according to Headley 's testimony to Indian authorities . Headley also helped ISI recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements , according to a US official . At the same time , Headley was also an informant for the US Drug Enforcement Administration , and Headley 's wives warned American officials of Headley 's involvement with LeT and his plotting attacks , warning specifically that the Taj Mahal Hotel may be their target . US officials believed that the Inter @-@ Services Intelligence ( I.S.I. ) officers provided support to Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Taiba militants who carried out the attacks . Disclosures made by former American intelligence contractor Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) had intercepted communications between the Lashkar boat and the LeT headquarters in Pakistan- occupied Kashmir ( PoK ) and passed the alert on to RAW on November 18 , eight days before the terrorists actually struck Mumbai . The arrest of Zabiuddin Ansari alias Abu Hamza in June 2012 provided further clarity on how the plot was hatched . According to Abu Hamza , the attacks were previously scheduled for 2006 , using Indian youth for the job . However , a huge cache of AK @-@ 47 's and RDX , which were to be used for the attacks , was recovered from Aurangabad in 2006 , thus leading to the dismantling of the original plot . Subsequently , Abu Hamza fled to Pakistan and along with Lashkar commanders , scouted for Pakistani youth to be used for the attacks . In September 2007 , 10 people were selected for the mission . In September 2008 , these people tried sailing to Mumbai from Karachi , but couldn 't complete their mission due to choppy waters . These men made a second attempt in November 2008 , and successfully managed to execute the final attacks . David Headley 's disclosures , that three Pakistani army officers were associated with the planning and execution of the attack were substantiated by Ansari 's revelations during his interrogation . After Ansari 's arrest , Pakistan 's Foreign Office claimed they had received information that up to 40 Indian nationals were involved in the attacks . = = = Method = = = The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough to vanish and reappear after security forces had left . Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents . The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh . There were also reports of a SIM card purchased in the US state New Jersey , if this is the case , then this would go back to Iraqi Intelligence Services and Al Qaeda from 9 – 11 and Lashkar or Jemmah Ismaliyah and Egyptian Islamic Jihad involvement through Pakistani ISI who had connections with Iraqi Intelligence from Saddam Hussein 's old network of militants . Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari , an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008 , had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks . Later , the police arrested two Indian suspects , Mikhtar Ahmad , who is from Srinagar in Kashmir , and Tausif Rehman , a resident of Kolkata . They supplied the SIM cards , one in Calcutta , and the other in New Delhi . The attackers used a satellite phone and cell phones to talk to each other as well as their handlers that were based in Pakistan . In transcripts intercepted by Indian authorities between the attackers and their handlers , the handlers provided the attackers with encouragement , tactical advice , and information gained from media coverage . The attackers used both personal cell phones and those obtained from their victims to communicate with each other and the news media . Although the attackers were encouraged to murder hostages , the attackers were in communication with the news media via cell phones to make demands in return for the release of hostages . This was believed to be done in order to further confuse Indian authorities that they were dealing with primarily a hostage situation . Type 86 Grenades made by China 's state @-@ owned Norinco were used in the attacks . There were also indications that the attackers had been taking steroids . The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks . There were 10 gunmen , nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces . Witnesses reported that they seemed to be in their early twenties , wore black T @-@ shirts and jeans , and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims . It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens , but the Indian government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this . Similarly , early reports of 12 gunmen were also later shown to be incorrect . On 9 December , the 10 attackers were identified by Mumbai police , along with their home towns in Pakistan : Ajmal Amir from Faridkot , Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan , Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan , Javed from Okara , Shoaib from Narowal , Nazih and Nasr from Faisalabad , Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla , and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka . Dera Ismail Khan is in the North @-@ West Frontier Province ; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab . On 6 April 2010 , the Home Minister of Maharashtra State , which includes Mumbai , informed the Assembly that the bodies of the nine killed Pakistani gunmen from the 2008 attack on Mumbai were buried in a secret location in January 2010 . The bodies had been in the mortuary of a Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city refused to let them be buried on their grounds . = = = Attackers = = = Only one of the 10 attackers , Ajmal Kasab , survived the attack . He was hanged in Yerwada jail in 2012 . Other nine attackers killed during the onslaught were Abdul Rehman Bada , Abdul Rahman Chhota , Abu Ali , Fahad Ullah , Ismail Khan , Babar Imran , Abu Umar , Abu Sohrab , and Shoaib alias Soheb . = = = Arrests = = = Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker arrested alive by police . Much of the information about the attackers ' preparation , travel , and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police . On 12 February 2009 Pakistan 's Interior Minister Rehman Malik said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal , who acquired VoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers , and Hamad Ameen Sadiq , who had facilitated money transfer for the attack , had been arrested . Two other men known as Khan and Riaz , but whose full names were not given , were also arrested . Two Pakistanis were arrested in Brescia , Italy ( East of Milan ) , on 21 November 2009 , after being accused of providing logistical support to the attacks and transferring more than US $ 200 to Internet accounts using a false ID . They had Red Corner Notices issued against them by Interpol for their suspected involvement and it was issued after the last year 's strikes . In October 2009 , two Chicago men were arrested and charged by the FBI for involvement in " terrorism " abroad , David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana . Headley , a Pakistani @-@ American , was charged in November 2009 with scouting locations for the 2008 Mumbai attacks . Headley is reported to have posed as an American Jew and is believed to have links with militant Islamist groups based in Bangladesh . On 18 March 2010 , Headley pleaded guilty to a dozen charges against him thereby avoiding going to trial . In December 2009 , the FBI charged Abdur Rehman Hashim Syed , a retired Major in the Pakistani army , for planning the attacks in association with Headley . On 15 January 2010 , in a successful snatch operation R & AW agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja , one of the handlers of the 26 / 11 attacks , chief of HuJI India operations and a most wanted suspect in India , from Colombo , Sri Lanka , and brought him over to Hyderabad , India for formal arrest . On 25 June 2012 , the Delhi Police arrested Zabiuddin Ansari alias Abu Hamza , one of the key suspects in the attack at the Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi . His arrest was touted as the most significant development in the case since Kasab 's arrest . Security agencies had been chasing him for three years in Delhi . Ansari is a Lashker @-@ e @-@ Taiba ultra and the Hindi tutor of the 10 attackers who were responsible for the Mumbai attacks in 2008 . He was apprehended , after he was arrested and deported to India by Saudi Intelligence officials as per official request by Indian authorities . After Ansari 's arrest , investigations revealed that in 2009 he allegedly stayed for a day in a room in Old Legislators 's Hostel , belonging to Fauzia Khan , a former MLA and minister in Maharashtra Government . The minister , however , denied having any links with him . Home Minister P. Chidambaram , asserted that Ansari was provided a safe place in Pakistan and was present in the control room , which could not have been established without active State support . Ansari 's interrogation further revealed that Sajid Mir and a Pakistani Army major visited India under fake names as cricket spectators to survey targets in Delhi and Mumbai for about a fortnight . = = = MHA officials on Holiday = = = A news story by TIMES NOW revealed that all the MHA top officials from the India were in Pakistan to attend a 5th Round Home Secretary level meeting in Islamabad on 25th , a day before the terrorists attacked . The Pakistan officials on 25th evening extended an invitation to Indian officials to visit a nearby hill station Murree and hold another level of talks . Murree is a remote location where even there are no mobile networks and on the day of attack all the 9 officers in the delegation from India were not reachable . The same was confirmed by RVS Mani the then Secretary for Internal Security . = = Casualties and compensation = = At least 164 victims ( civilians and security personnel ) and nine attackers were killed in the attacks . Among the dead were 28 foreign nationals from 10 countries . One attacker was captured . The bodies of many of the dead hostages showed signs of torture or disfigurement . A number of those killed were notable figures in business , media , and security services . According to Maharashtra chief minister Vilasrao Deshmukh , 15 policemen and two NSG commandos were killed , including the following officers : Assistant Police Sub @-@ Inspector Tukaram Omble , who succeeded in capturing a terrorist alive , with his bare hands . Joint Commissioner of Police Hemant Karkare , the Chief of the Mumbai Anti @-@ Terrorism Squad Additional Commissioner of Police : Ashok Kamte Encounter specialist Senior Inspector Vijay Salaskar Senior Inspector Shashank Shinde NSG Commando , Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan NSG Commando , Hawaldar Gajendra Singh Three railway officials of Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus had also been killed in the terror strikes . The casualties occurred in the following locations , The government of Maharashtra announced about ₹ 500 @,@ 000 ( US $ 7 @,@ 400 ) as compensation to the kin of each of those killed in the terror attacks and about ₹ 50 @,@ 000 ( US $ 740 ) to the seriously injured . In August 2009 , Indian Hotels Company and the Oberoi Group received about $ 28 million USD as part @-@ payment of the insurance claims , on account of the attacks on Taj Mahal and Trident , from General Insurance Corporation of India . = = Aftermath = = The attacks are sometimes referred to in India as " 26 / 11 " , after the date in 2008 that the attacks began , in similar style to the 9 / 11 attacks in the United States , the 11 @-@ M attack in Madrid , Spain , and the 7 / 7 bombings in London , United Kingdom . The Pradhan Inquiry Commission , appointed by the Maharashtra government , produced a report that was tabled before the legislative assembly more than a year after the events . The report said the " war @-@ like " attack was beyond the capacity to respond of any police force , but also found fault with the Mumbai Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor 's lack of leadership during the crisis . The Maharashtra government planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose . It also planned to create an anti @-@ terror force called " Force One " and upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai police currently have . Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on an all @-@ party conference declared that legal framework would be strengthened in the battle against " terrorism " and a federal anti @-@ terrorist intelligence and investigation agency , like the FBI , will be set up soon to co @-@ ordinate action against " terrorism . " The government strengthened anti @-@ terror laws with UAPA 2008 , and the federal National Investigation Agency was formed . The attacks further strained India 's slowly recovering relationship with Pakistan . India 's then External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee ( presently President of India ) declared that India may indulge in military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its territorial integrity . There were also after @-@ effects on the United States 's relationships with both countries , the US @-@ led NATO war in Afghanistan , and on the Global War on Terror . FBI chief Robert Mueller praised the " unprecedented cooperation " between American and Indian intelligence agencies over the Mumbai terror attack probe . However , Interpol secretary general Ronald Noble said that Indian intelligence agencies did not share any information with them ( Interpol ) . A new National Counter Terrorism Centre ( NCTC ) was proposed to be set up by the then @-@ Home Minister P. Chidambaram as an office to collect , collate , summarise , integrate , analyse , co @-@ ordinate and report all information and inputs received from various intelligence agencies , state police departments , and other ministries and their departments . = = = Movement of troops = = = Pakistan moved troops towards the border with India voicing concerns about the Indian government 's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil if it did not co @-@ operate . After days of talks , the Pakistan government , however , decided to start moving troops away from the border . = = = Reactions = = = Indians criticised their political leaders after the attacks , saying that their ineptness was partly responsible . The Times of India commented on its front page that " Our politicians fiddle as innocents die . " Political reactions in Mumbai and India included a range of resignations and political changes , including the resignations of Minister for Home Affairs Shivraj Patil , Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh and deputy chief minister R. R. Patil for controversial reactions to the attack including taking the former 's son and Bollywood director Ram Gopal Verma to tour the damaged Taj Hotel and the latters remarks that the attacks were not a big deal in such a large city . Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bollywood actor Aamir Khan appealed to their community members in the country to observe Eid al @-@ Adha as a day of mourning on 9 December . The business establishment also reacted , with changes to transport , and requests for an increase in self @-@ defence capabilities . The attacks also triggered a chain of citizens ' movements across India such as the India Today Group 's " War Against Terror " campaign . There were vigils held across all of India with candles and placards commemorating the victims of the attacks . The NSG commandos based in Delhi also met criticism for taking 10 hours to reach the 3 sites under attack . International reaction for the attacks was widespread , with many countries and international organisations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the civilian victims . Many important personalities around the world also condemned the attacks . Media coverage highlighted the use of social media and Internet social networking tools , including Twitter and Flickr , in spreading information about the attacks . In addition , many Indian bloggers and Wikipedia offered live textual coverage of the attacks . A map of the attacks was set up by a web journalist using Google Maps . The New York Times , in July 2009 , described the event as " what may be the most well @-@ documented terrorist attack anywhere . " In November 2010 , families of American victims of the attacks filed a lawsuit in Brooklyn , New York , naming Lt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha , chief of the I.S.I. , as being complicit in the Mumbai attacks . On 22 September 2011 , the attack on the American Embassy in Afghanistan , was attributed to Pakistan via cell phone records identical to the attacks in Mumbai , also linked to Pakistan . The investigation is on @-@ going . = = Trials = = = = = Kasab 's trial = = = Kasab 's trial was delayed due to legal issues , as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him . A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab . However , the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial . A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found , but was replaced due to a conflict of interest . On 25 February 2009 , Indian investigators filed an 11 @,@ 000 @-@ page chargesheet , formally charging Kasab with murder , conspiracy , and waging war against India among other charges . Kasab 's trial began on 6 May 2009 . He initially pleaded not guilty , but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009 . He initially apologised for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for his crimes , but later retracted these claims , saying that he had been tortured by police to force his confession , and that he had been arrested while roaming the beach . The court had accepted his plea , but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance , the judge had deemed that many of the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial continued . Kasab was convicted of all 86 charges on 3 May 2010 . He was found guilty of murder for directly killing seven people , conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of the 164 people killed in the three @-@ day terror siege , waging war against India , causing terror , and of conspiracy to murder two high @-@ ranking police officers . On 6 May 2010 , he was sentenced to death by hanging . However , he appealed his sentence at high court . On 21 February 2011 , the Bombay High Court upheld the death sentence of Kasab , dismissing his appeal . On 29 August 2012 , the Indian Supreme Court upheld the death sentence for Kasab . The court stated , " We are left with no option but to award death penalty . The primary and foremost offence committed by Kasab is waging war against the Government of India . ” The verdict followed 10 weeks of appeal hearings , and was decided by a two @-@ judge Supreme Court panel , which was led by Judge Aftab Alam . The panel rejected arguments that Kasab was denied a free and fair trial . Kasab filed a mercy petition with the President of India , which was rejected on 5 November . Kasab was hanged in Pune 's Yerwada jail in secret on 21 November 2012 at 7 : 30 am and naming the operation as operation ' X ' . The Indian mission in Islamabad informed the Pakistan government about Kasab 's hanging through letter . Pakistan refused to take the letter , which was then faxed to them . His family in Pakistan was sent news of his hanging via a courier . = = = In Pakistan = = = Indian and Pakistani police have exchanged DNA evidence , photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot . Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people , including Hammad Amin Sadiq , a homoeopathic pharmacist , who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies . Sadiq and six others begin their formal trial on 3 October 2009 in Pakistan , though Indian authorities say the prosecution stops well short of top Lashkar leaders . In November 2009 , Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that Pakistan has not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice . An eight @-@ member commission comprising defence lawyers , prosecutors and a court official was allowed to travel to India on 15 March 2013 to gather evidences for the prosecution of seven suspects linked to the 2008 Mumbai attacks . However , the defence lawyers were barred from cross @-@ examining the four prosecution witnesses in the case including Ajmal Kasab . On the eve of the first anniversary of 26 / 11 , a Pakistani anti @-@ terror court formally charged seven accused , including LeT operations commander Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi . However , the actual trial started on 5 May 2012 . The Pakistani court conducting trial of Mumbai attacks accused , reserved its judgement on the application filed by Lakhvi , challenging the report of the judicial panel , to 17 July 2012 . On 17 July 2012 , the court refused to take the findings of the Pakistani judicial commission as part of the evidence . It however , ruled that if a new agreement that allows panel 's examination of witnesses , is reached , the prosecution may move an application for sending the panel to Mumbai . The Indian Government upset over the court ruling , however , contended that evidence collected by the Pakistani judicial panel has evidential value to punish all those involved in the attack . On 21 @-@ September @-@ 2013 , a Pakistani judicial commission arrived in India to carry out the investigation and to cross examine the witnesses . This is the second such visit , the one in March 2012 was not a success as its report was rejected by an anti @-@ terrorism court in Pakistan due to lack of evidence . = = = In the United States = = = The LeT operative David Headley ( born Daood Sayed Gilani ) in his testimony before a Chicago federal court during co @-@ accused Tahawwur Rana 's trial revealed that Mumbai Chabad House was added to the list of targets for surveillance given by his Inter Services Intelligence handler Major Iqbal , though the Oberoi hotel , one of the sites attacked , was not originally on the list . On 10 June 2011 , Tahawwur Rana was acquitted of plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks , but was held guilty on two other charges . He was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison on 17 January 2013 . David Headley pleaded guilty to 12 counts related to the attacks , including conspiracy to commit murder in India and aiding and abetting in the murder of six Americans . On 23 January 2013 , he was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison . His plea that he not be extradited to India , Pakistan or Denmark was accepted . = = Memorials = = On the first anniversary of the event , the state paid homage to the victims of the attack . Force One — a new security force created by the Maharashtra government — staged a parade from Nariman Point to Chowpatty . Other memorials and candlelight vigils were also organised at the various locations where the attacks occurred . On the second anniversary of the event , homage was again paid to the victims . = Michel Ordener = Michel Ordener was a general of division and a commander in Napoleon 's elite Imperial Guard . Of plebeian origins , he was born 2 September 1755 in L 'Hôpital and enlisted as private at the age of 18 years in the Prince Conde 's Legion . He was promoted through the ranks ; as warrant officer of a regiment of Chasseurs à Cheval , he embraced the French Revolution in 1789 . He advanced quickly through the officer ranks during the French Revolutionary Wars . In 1804 , Ordener organized and led the controversial kidnapping of the Duke d 'Enghien . In 1805 , he commanded a regiment of the Imperial Guard cavalry at several important battles , including the Battle of Austerlitz ; although he led an energetic and opportune charge , Napoleon noted that Ordener seemed tired and predicted that the general would last only five or six years more . Ordener participated in one more campaign and then accepted a post in the Senate . Napoleon appointed him as Josephine Bonaparte 's equerry , supervising the care and maintenance of her horses . He followed this with the post as governor of the Emperor 's household in Compiegne , where Ordener died on 30 August 1811 . = = Career = = Although little is known of Ordener 's youth , he was the son of commoners and joined the legion of the Prince of Conde ( cousin to the king ) at the age of 18 ( 1776 ) . He was assigned as a private of the Boufflers Dragoons , part of this legion . In 1783 , he was appointed to the quartermaster corps and in 1787 , he was promoted to warrant officer . In the early days of the French Revolution , he adopted its principles with zeal and enthusiasm . Subsequently , Ordener took part in all the French Revolutionary Wars . In the War of the First Coalition , he served with distinction in the armies of the Moselle , the Rhine , the Danube and in northern Italy . He was promoted to lieutenant in the 10th Regiment Chasseurs à Cheval ( light horse ) on 25 January 1792 and captain the following year . In 1796 he was promoted to chef de brigade of the 10th Regiment . At the Battle of Lodi , in northern Italy , despite the ravaging fire of Austrian cannons , Ordener held the famous bridge until the arrival of Napoleon with the rest of the army . Ordener crossed the Adda river with a brigade to encircle and envelope the Austrians at the Battle of Pavia . Afterward , he helped to take Milan . At the onset of the War of the Second Coalition in 1799 , when the armies of the Danube and Helvetia were formed , he was assigned to the Army of the Danube under command of Jean Baptiste Jourdan . His 10th Regiment was part of Laurent de Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr 's III . Division , and held the far left flank at the Battle of Ostrach , 21 March 1799 , in southwestern Germany . Although he was wounded on 14 August 1799 in Switzerland , he participated in the Second Battle of Zurich in which his 10th Chasseurs à Cheval routed a division of Russians , a decisive moment in the French victory . Ordener was promoted to colonel of the regiment in 1801 and on 29 August 1803 , he was promoted to general of brigade . = = = Duke d 'Enghien affair = = = On Napoleon 's orders , Ordener entered into the most controversial action of his career , leading a raid into the sovereign Grand Duchy of Baden to arrest Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien , in 1803 . Napoleon 's orders were specific : Ordener and Armand Augustin Caulaincourt were to take 300 dragoons into the duchy , surround the village of Ettenheim , where the Duke lived , arrest the Duke and Charles Francois Dumouriez , who Napoleon believed was present , and bring both of the men back to France . Ordener and Caulaincourt were instructed also to take their own provisions and to inflict neither harm nor damage on any of the duchy 's inhabitants or their property . In the night of 14 – 15 March , the dragoons crossed the Rhine and surrounded the Duke 's lodgings . Dumouriez was not there , nor had he been , but they kidnapped the Duke and took him away to France . Within a few days , the Duke was spirited into the Chateau de Vincennes , on the outskirts of Paris . There he was tried for treason and executed immediately after the verdict . This action , which involved the invasion of a sovereign state , the kidnapping of a duke and a sham trial for treason followed by the man 's immediate execution , had political and diplomatic repercussions throughout Europe . = = = Campaigns in Austria and Prussia = = = In 1805 , Ordener participated in the campaign against Austria as commander of a regiment of horse grenadiers of the Imperial Guard . At the Battle of Austerlitz , he led a decisive and energetic charge . He executed this , upon order of Napoleon , with impetuosity ; this was the charge that pushed the Russians onto the ice and during which , French sources maintain , 40 @,@ 000 Russians drowned and another 30 @,@ 000 were taken prisoner . Although this charge garnered for Ordener his promotion to general of division , Napoleon commented that Ordener was worn out . He followed this observation with the frequently quoted prediction , " I think we have no more than five or six years left of him . " In the 1806 campaign against Prussia , Ordener commanded a division of the elite Imperial Guard cavalry . After this campaign , he became a senator and was appointed to first equerry to the Empress Josephine . In this responsibility , he supervised the care of the empress 's horses , and acted as her senior aid . Michel Ordener 's daughter , Josephine @-@ Eugenie Ordener , was one of Josephine Bonaparte 's ladies @-@ in @-@ waiting . He also received the Order of the Iron Crown . In December 1808 , Ordener was raised to Count of the Empire by Napoleon . The following year , Napoleon nominated him as governor for the imperial Château of Compiegne , where he died in 1811 of an attack of apoplexy . He is buried at the Panthéon . François Joseph Lefebvre , Duke of Danzig , another of Napoleon 's generals of plebeian origins and with whom Ordener had developed a long @-@ standing friendship , gave the eulogy : " It is not because of simple regrets and because of honorable mourning that we must recognize the services of a warrior who has dedicated his whole life to his fatherland and his prince . Let us give public testimony to his virtues , to his merit , to all the qualities that have made him esteemed by the Emperor and that have rendered him dear to his friends and to his family . Let us praise him today at least , because his modesty can no longer prevent us , and let us not fear to offend a virtue that he has loved so much during his life . " = = Family = = Michel Ordener married Madeleine @-@ Françoise Walter while he served in the quartermaster corps . They had two children , a daughter mentioned above , and a son . The son , also named Michel , was born in Huningue , on 2 ( or 3 ) April 1787 and attended the special military academy at Metz from which he graduated on 8 December 1803 with the grade of sous @-@ lieutenant ( second lieutenant ) and an assignment to the 24th Regiment of Dragoons . He also took part in the expedition to Spain and the subsequent invasion of Portugal in 1808 . He was promoted to colonel and chef de brigade of the 30th Regiment of Dragoons . The Dragoons received battle honors for their participation at the Battle of Borodino . He was wounded on 28 November 1812 in the withdrawal from Russia , at the Battle of Berezina , and again prior to Napoleon 's abdication , at the Battle of Montmartre . He later fought at the Battle of Waterloo . Despite his record in the Napoleonic wars and his father 's common origins , he remained at his rank of colonel at the Bourbon Restoration , was confirmed as the second Count Ordener , and was acknowledged as a Knight of the Order of Saint Louis . Michel Ordener , Jr . , married Marie @-@ Francoise @-@ Pauline Legouis in 1829 and died in 1875 . = Robert Clark ( businessman ) = Sir Robert Anthony " Bob " Clark DSC ( 6 January 1924 – 3 January 2013 ) was a British naval officer and businessman . Clark attended King 's College , Cambridge before leaving at the age of 18 to join the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during the Second World War . Discovered to be colour blind he was relegated to non @-@ seagoing posts , a prospect he found unappealing . He volunteered for service with the Special Operations Executive and saw active service in Italy , first on amphibious missions and later as a liaison officer with partisans in the Piedmont Mountains . Clark was captured by the Germans , and was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his gallantry . A chance meeting after the war led to a position at the law firm of Slaughter and May , where he was soon made a partner . He switched career to become a merchant banker with Hill Samuel , where he developed an expertise in company mergers and acquisitions . Clark acted as chairman or director for numerous firms and sat on many governments bodies and committees . Clark met Robert Maxwell in 1969 when Maxwell attempted to outbid Rupert Murdoch for the News of the World , starting a lifelong acquaintance . He led Hill Samuel through their takeover by TSB before Maxwell brought him on as a non @-@ executive director at his Mirror Group of media companies . Clark became embroiled in the scandal at the Mirror Group that unfolded after Maxwell 's death in 1991 . Clark claimed to be ignorant of Maxwell 's £ 492 million defrauding of the company and its pension scheme , and faced a non @-@ confidence vote by the shareholders . He survived to be made chairman of the group and to rebuild it after the scandal . = = Early life = = Bob Clark was born on 6 January 1924 in Finchley , London . His parents were Gladys and Jack Clark , his father being a mechanical engineer who was once apprenticed to Sir Charles Parsons . Clark attended Highgate School in London and was evacuated with the school to Westward Ho ! in Devon on the outbreak of the Second World War . Clark was a keen football player and was captain of the Highgate team as well as being head boy of the school . He went up to King 's College , Cambridge to study modern languages . Whilst there he gained a blue in football , the first from the college in 20 years , and played against their rivals at Oxford University . = = Navy career = = Clark left Cambridge at the age of 18 to join the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve as an officer . During initial training at HMS Collingwood , near Portsmouth , Clark discovered that he was colour blind and only passed the medical examination by persuading the man sitting behind him to whisper the answers to him . Clark served aboard HMS Fleetwood on convoy escort operations in the Atlantic and Mediterranean before attending HMS King Alfred at Hove . Whilst there his colour blindness was discovered and he was banned from seagoing postings . Frustrated at not being able to fight the enemy directly , Clark volunteered for service with the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) , an irregular warfare unit , in June 1943 , having claimed to have had experience working with small boats . He undertook commando training at Arisaig in the Scottish Highlands and further SOE training at Helford in Cornwall . After completing his training , Clark was dispatched to Algeria in September 1943 and thence to Monopoli in south @-@ east Italy in December . He was attached to the SOE 's No 1 Special Force and undertook amphibious sabotage , reconnaissance operations and running of agents into enemy @-@ held beaches by canoe . His wireless operator for these missions was Marjorie Lewis , his future wife , who had joined the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry ( FANY ; often used as a cover for women who joined SOE ) in 1943 . On 1 March 1944 Clark , who had previously only held the acting rank of sub @-@ lieutenant , was confirmed in a substantive ( though temporary ) rank . Clark volunteered for parachute training with SOE and was subsequently allocated to Operation Clarion , the designation for British assistance provided to anti @-@ German partisans in northern Italy . He parachuted into the Piedmont Mountains , south of Turin , in November 1944 with a radio operator , Petty Officer Edward Cauvain , to act as liaison officer to the partisans there . When Clark made his parachute jump he had Falla , his childhood teddy bear , inside his battledress for comfort and good luck . Despite this , he landed 50 miles ( 80 km ) off course and into a tree , breaking two ribs . Clark was rescued by a local partisan , Sergio Curetti of the 3rd Division of Italian partisans . Clark set about arming the resistance and training them in methods of warfare . He had been instructed to avoid arming the communists where possible , his superiors fearing for their actions after the war , but finding the communists to be the most organised and well @-@ motivated group in his area proceeded to arm them anyway . He arranged an air drop of arms and explosives , and led the partisans on several railway sabotage expeditions . Clark later recalled that " blowing up railway engines was very great fun " . For his work with the partisans he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross , the third @-@ highest award for gallantry in the Royal Navy . Clark was betrayed and captured by a German patrol in December 1944 whilst trying to hide in a haystack with four partisans . Clark managed to avoid summary execution at the hands of the Germans and was held in several Italian prisons where he was interrogated frequently . He was later transferred to the Marlag und Milag Nord prisoner of war camp near Bremen . Marjorie Lewis did not know that Clark was still alive until he sent her an uncoded message , strictly against standing SOE orders , reading " Bob sends love to Marjorie " . After the camp was liberated Clark returned to London , sending ahead a telegram to Marjorie , stating : " Arriving London from Germany . Meet me " . They met and the two shook hands ; they were later married in 1949 . Clark 's teddy bear Falla , which he had had since the age of two , had accompanied him throughout his time as a prisoner and is thought to be the only teddy bear to have parachuted behind enemy lines and survived as a prisoner of war . Clark served in the Pacific Theatre and was promoted to lieutenant on 1 March 1946 before he was demobilised later that year . = = Post @-@ war = = Clark intended to move to Sudan after the war but a chance meeting with his old commanding officer , Hilary Scott , in St James 's led to him being offered a position as a clerk at the law firm of Slaughter and May . Clark later said of the meeting : " I knew nothing about the law , but I accepted . And luck worked . " He proved to be skilled at arranging mergers of companies and within six years of joining the firm was made a partner , at the age of 29 years . At Slaughter and May , Clark worked exclusively for the firm 's merchant bank clients and was involved in the bitter takeover of Millspaugh by Hadfield . In 1957 Clark became a director of Marchwiel Holdings , better known as Alfred McAlpine the civil engineering firm , and would remain on their board until 1996 . Through his work Clark became acquainted with the partners of the Philip Hill , Higginson , Erlanders merchant bank ( later known as Hill Samuel ) , one of the two largest in the country . The three men were all over 6 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) tall , " frightfully clever " and looking for a fourth partner . Clark , a tall man himself , fitted their apparent criteria and in 1961 accepted the fourth partnership at the bank ; he retired from his partnership at Slaughter and May on 30 September 1961 . At Hill Samuel he headed the issues and mergers department and advised on some of the largest company mergers in British history . Clark handled the General Electric Company plc 's takeovers of Associated Electrical Industries and English Electric under Arnold Weinstock , and the expansions of Racal , Beecham Group and Courtaulds . He also worked to win the firm business abroad . In 1967 he acted for the Astor family in the sale of The Times newspaper to Lord Thomson of Fleet . With the parties deadlocked and the final price disputed by £ 50 @,@ 000 , Clark successfully reached an agreement by flipping a coin . He correctly called the fall and won the Astors the additional £ 50 @,@ 000 . Clark kept the half @-@ crown he had used as a memento and had it mounted on a silver stand . Clark helped to draft the 1968 City Takeover Code that remains in force and regulates how takeovers are carried out in British companies . He chaired the National Film Finance Corporation from 1969 to 1976 and sat on a committee to represent Rolls @-@ Royce 's creditors during the nationalisation process . Clark worked with Robert Maxwell when he attempted to purchase the News of the World in 1969 . Maxwell was beaten by his rival , Rupert Murdoch ( whom Clark sued for libel during the course of the bid ) , but became friends with Clark and retained him as banker to his British Printing Corporation . Clark chaired the government 's Industrial Development Advisory Board from 1973 to 1980 . In this position he found himself frustrated by Secretary of State for Industry Tony Benn 's decision to ignore the board 's advice and found workers ' co @-@ operative schemes at struggling firms Triumph Engineering and Fisher @-@ Bendix in the early 1970s . Clark decided not to resign but to stay on and try to restrain Benn in the future . Benn bore him no ill @-@ will for this and in 1974 asked him to join the government committee into the future of ailing car @-@ makers Austin and British Leyland . He agreed to take the chair of Leyland in 1976 as a stop @-@ gap measure but ended up holding the post for more than a year before the company , beset with strikes , nationalised and he handed the chair to Michael Edwardes . Clark remained a board member and in 1986 undertook discussions with General Motors in an attempt to get an increased bid for Leyland Vehicles , a bid later stopped by public outcry over the inclusion of the Land Rover name . Clark became chairman of Hill Samuel Bank in 1974 , a post he would hold until 1987 . He was knighted on 10 February 1976 , receiving the honour from the Queen at Buckingham Palace , and became a director of the Bank of England on 4 June , following the death of Sir John Norman Valette Duncan . He was subsequently reappointed director for the four @-@ year terms beginning 1 March 1977 and 1 March 1981 . Clark was appointed chief executive officer of the Hill Samuel holding group in 1976 and was chairman from 1980 to 1988 . Clark refused a takeover by Merrill Lynch , but after deregulation in 1986 he was convinced that Hill Samuel was not large enough to compete and , facing hostile takeovers from Kerry Packer and FAI Insurances , arranged takeover talks first with UBS and then with TSB . TSB acquired Hill Samuel in 1988 , and Clark became a director in 1987 and then deputy chairman in 1989 for two years . He was on the boards of many other companies , holding directorships at Eagle Star ( 1976 to 1987 ) Royal Dutch Shell ( 1982 to 1994 ) , Vodafone ( 1988 to 1998 ) , IMI ( 1981 to 1989 ) and Marley ( 1985 to 1989 ) – he later became the first non @-@ family chairman of the latter . He served on the Review Body on Doctors ' and Dentists ' Remuneration from 1979 to 1986 and was a trustee of the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School from 1981 to 1995 . In 1982 he received an honorary Doctorate of Science from the Cranfield Institute of Technology . Clark was appointed vice @-@ chairman of pharmaceutical firm SmithKline Beecham in 1987 , a post he held for eight years . He was also chairman of the United Drapery Stores , where he was responsible for refusing a takeover bid from Heron Foods before accepting one made by Hanson plc . = = Mirror Group = = Maxwell bought the Mirror Group in 1986 and floated it in May 1991 , appointing Clark to the board of directors . Maxwell claimed that the offer he made Clark would appeal to even a " one @-@ eyed Bulgarian peasant " . Clark claimed that he tried to make Maxwell follow conventional business practices and remained convinced that " until quite close to the end , he never did anything I asked him not to do " . It was only after Maxwell 's unusual death on 5 November 1991 that financial mismanagement of the Mirror Group came to light . There was evidence of 29 unusual payments of £ 230 million from Mirror to other Maxwell companies within one year in a fraud that eventually cost the company , and its pension fund , £ 492 million . Clark claimed that there had been no evidence for the directors to act on against Maxwell , telling the shareholders at an extraordinary general meeting ( EGM ) that " No system of internal control , however elaborate , can stop fraudulent collusion by a group of individuals holding authority and trust . None of us [ directors ] would have taken on the job had we thought Maxwell was a crook . How many can stand up and say : ' We said he was a crook a year ago ' ? " Clark 's position was disputed by the Department of Trade and Industry , which determined that the two non @-@ executive directors , Clark and Alan Clements , should have questioned the payments . At the EGM Clark almost lost his usual polite nature when he was accused of being a Maxwell " crony " by Rupert Allason and had to rule a no @-@ confidence vote as out of order . The liquidators of the Mirror asked him to stay on to clean up the company , and he was made chairman and Clements became deputy chairman . Clark brought in David Montgomery as chief executive officer and Lord Hollick as a director to rebuild the company . Hollick remained for just five months before he fell out with Clark , who said : " He mistook politeness for weakness . It is always a big mistake . " Clark eventually stabilised the company and left as chairman in 1998 . He co @-@ founded the RP & C International ( Rauscher Pierce & Clark ) investment bank in 1993 and remained a director until his death . He raised enough for a 25 % stake and partnered with a Texas bank to provide the rest . Clark was also deputy chairman of Fenchurch from 1992 to 1995 and remained on its board until 1998 . He chaired insurance broker Lownes Lambertin , formerly part of Hill Samuel , in 1995 . = = Personal life = = Clark and his family lived for almost 50 years at a house in Surrey , the former home of horticulturist Gertrude Jekyll , that had been designed by Edwin Lutyens and which Clark described as " the best investment I ever made " . Clark was a keen antiquarian , collecting old books and keeping a record of each one that he read . He maintained an interest in sport as well as the opera , having acted as director of the English National Opera from 1983 to 1987 . He collected teddy bears , having more than 300 in total ( including Falla ) , and was also interested in the life of Captain Cook , retracing one of his voyages himself . Clark was vice @-@ chairman of the Salisbury Cathedral spire appeal . He was contacted in 1991 by Curetti , the Italian partisan who first helped him out of a tree in the war , and the pair visited each other regularly thereafter . Clark died on 3 January 2013 . = Rødkleiva = Rødkleiva is a hill located in Nordmarka in Oslo , Norway . It was taken into use as a slalom hill in 1947 and was used for the combined event of the Holmenkollen Ski Festival eleven times between 1947 and 1963 . It hosted the slalom events for the 1952 Winter Olympics , which saw a crowd of at least 25 @,@ 000 spectators . The Olympic course was 422 @.@ 5 meters ( 1 @,@ 386 ft ) long and had a drop of 169 meters ( 554 ft ) . The course gradually fell into disrepair and was closed in 1988 . The hill has several times been launched as a potential location for a ski jumping hill . The first idea came in 1912 ; later options to replace Holmenkollbakken resurfaced during the 1930s and the 1970s , but were quickly rejected . With the closing of Midtstubakken , Oslo 's normal hill , in the late 1980s , Rødkleiva was again launched as a jumping hill . Vikersundbakken — Northern Europe 's only ski flying hill — was in the late 1990s proposed replaced by a new hill in Rødkleiva . The plans received support from the Norwegian Ski Federation , but the municipality and state were not interested in issuing grants and the proposal was finally laid to rest in 2006 . = = History = = = = = Slalom hill = = = The first proposal for using Rødkleiva for skiing was made by Fritz Huitfeldt in 1912 . At the time Holmenkollbakken allowed jumps to 30 meters ( 98 ft ) and Huitfeldt 's proposal to build an 80 @-@ meter ( 260 ft ) hill was not taken seriously . In the 1930s , the idea of building a ski jump at Rødkleiva was renewed . However , Rødkleiva was rejected by the board of the Association for the Promotion of Skiing and in 1938 Holmenkollbakken was instead upgraded with scaffolding . In 1939 , the Norwegian Ski Federation proposed that the Association for the Promotion of Skiing arrange slalom as part of the Holmenkollen Ski Festival , but the plans were interrupted by World War II . The slalom hill was inaugurated in 1947 , allowing Alpine skiing to be introduced in the Holmenkollen Ski Festival . Slalom took place at Rødkleiva while downhill the carried out at Norefjell Ski Resort in Krødsherad . The event was named Holmenkollen Kandahar and the races in Rødkleiva were organized by SFK Lyn . Permanent cables for telephone and timing were installed in 1949 . A series of upgrades were made to the hill ahead of the 1952 Winter Olympics . A start platform was constructed at the top of the hill to ensure better start conditions . A double pull @-@ hook ski lift was built on the north side of the hill . Floodlights were installed along the course to allow training and work during the evening . Ten loudspeakers and three microphones were installed as a transportable system . The hump at the top of the hill was leveled somewhat and the earthwork used to build out the bottom of the hill . The road from Lillevann Station on the Holmenkollen Line was upgraded and a tunnel laid under the course to allow spectators to gather on both sides . A 200 @-@ seat press stand , including work stations and telephone booths , was constructed on the south side of the bottom of the hill . Opposite a stand for official guests was built , with a capacity for 300 people . Boxes at the finish line were built for officials and time @-@ keepers . The upgrades to the venue cost 336 @,@ 000 Norwegian krone ( NOK ) . During the Olympics the hill was 422 @.@ 5 meters ( 1 @,@ 386 ft ) long and had a drop of 169 meters ( 554 ft ) , starting at 479 meters ( 1 @,@ 572 ft ) above mean sea level . The Young Men 's Christian Association built a cabin at Ruudshøgda , next to Rødkleiva , which was completed in 1961 . A new proposal to build a large ski jumping hill in Rødkleiva was launched during the early 1970s , but the Association for the Promotion of Skiing rejected the plans . From the 1970s , Association for the Promotion of Skiing worked with plans to renovate the hill , especially to fill in the lower section close to Lillevann . The proposal met little support from the municipality , who wanted to prioritize Wyllerløypa , which was much cheaper to upgrade . Thus Rødkleiva was degraded to a training course . On 2 October 1986 the city council changed their opinion and granted funds for upgrading the hill . The upgrade would have given sufficient standard to allow FIS Alpine Ski World Cup events in slalom to be held and was part of a municipal strategy to market Oslo as a winter sports destination . In 1987 , a proposal was made for the Holmenkollen area to become a national arena for freestyle skiing , with Rødkleiva to be made into a permanent mogul course . The hill was taken over by Tryvann Ski Resort in 1988 . Plans to build a new ski lift which would connect with the other slopes were launched in November of that year . Rødkleiva was planned as the main competition hill for slalom and would regain its Olympics size . Det Norske Veritas withdrew Rødkleiva 's approval in October 1988 , especially noting the poor condition of the ski lift . The necessary upgrades would cost " millions " . In 1989 the municipality proposed building a replacement for Midtstubakken at Rødkleiva , which would serve as Oslo 's new normal hill as a supplement to the large Holmenkollbakken . = = = Ski flying hill proposal = = = Vikersundbakken opened as Northern Europe 's only ski flying hill in March 1966 . The hill was later renovated and expanded ahead of the FIS Ski @-@ Flying World Championships 1977 and again ahead of the FIS Ski @-@ Flying World Championships 1990 . Holmenkollen National Arena and Holmenkollbakken were declared the national venue for Nordic skiing in 1997 , ahead of Granåsen in Trondheim and Lysgårdsbakken in Lillehammer . By then ideas had been launched to build a national ski flying hill in Rødkleiva . However , it was rejected both by Holmenkollen director Rolf Nyhus and ski jumping director Odd Hammernes , who stated that a new ski flying hill would be too expensive . In March 1998 , former president of the Norwegian Ski Federation Christian Mohn announced plans for a hill in Rødkleiva which would allow jumps to 230 meters ( 750 ft ) . The venue , estimated to cost between NOK 100 and 150 million , was financed entirely with private funding ; the costs would be covered by drawing between 50 @,@ 000 and 80 @,@ 000 spectators to an annual FIS Ski Jumping World Cup event . The plans scheduled completion in 2001 . The location was , in addition to the close proximity to Oslo , chosen because the venue would be built tightly to the ground , thus eliminating any wind issues , the main reason for ski jumping events to be canceled . Mohn stated that ski flying was the future in ski jumping and that there would be place for two ski flying hills in Norway . This was rejected by Vikersundbakken @-@ director Johan Kaggestad who stated that a new Rødkleiva hill would " kill " Vikersundbakken . By December 1998 , Mohn 's successor Jan Jensen was supporting granting Vikersundbakken national venue status in preparation for it hosting the FIS Ski @-@ Flying World Championships 2000 . By December , a limited company had been established to continue the planning and construction of the hill . In July 1999 , Vikersundbakken was granted a national venue status for ten years , which secured both state grants and the right to hold all World Cup ski flying events the following ten years . After the 2000 World Championships , Vikersundbakken 's Torstein Haugerud protested that Bertil Pålsrud , who was both managing director of Rødkleiva Skiflyging and a member of the Norwegian Ski Federation 's ski jumping committee , was using his position in the federation to promote the Rødkleiva project . In February 2003 , the Norwegian Ski Federation published an eighty @-@ page report which concluded that Vikersundbakken should be retired and replaced with Rødkleiva . The report estimated that a hill would cost NOK 200 million and would allow jumps to 250 metres ( 820 ft ) , 25 meters ( 82 ft ) longer than the then world record hill Letalnica Bratov Gorišek in Planica , Slovenia . Rødkleiva was regarded as more favorable because of the ease of transport , high population concentration , and that an all @-@ new hill would allow for better television pictures . The federation 's goal was for Norway to regain its status as the prime organizer of ski jumping competitions . President of the Norwegian Ski Federation Sverre Seeberg stated that they had offered the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) to use Vikersundbakken every year , but that FIS had prioritized Granåsen for the World Cup . Seeberg stated that Norway would therefore focus on making Granåsen the regular venue for the World Cup opening . Oslo announced in January 2004 that they , jointly with Lillehammer , planned to bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics . Deputy Mayor Svenn Kristiansen ( Progress Party ) speculated that normal hill ski jumping would be replaced with ski flying on the Olympic program and that it therefore would be necessary to build a ski flying hill in Oslo . In November 2004 , a Norwegian Ski Federation committee concluded that a new hill in Rødkleiva should be prioritized and that is would cost between NOK 300 and 400 million . The following month Minister of Culture Valgerd Svarstad Haugland ( Christian Democratic Party ) criticized the federation for allowing Bertil Pålsrud and Steinar Johannesen to hold key roles in the decision process , while both owned a 13 @.@ 3 @-@ percent stake in Rødkleiva Skiflyging . As part of Oslo 's bid to host the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 , it was necessary to build a normal hill , as Holmenkollbakken only consists of a large hill . Several proposals were made , including converting Holmenkollbakken to a normal hill and building a large hill in Rødkleiva , or building a new hill in Holmenkollen and building a small hill in Rødkleiva . Alternatively , a new small hill could be built at the location of the demolished Midtstubakken , next to Holmenkollbakken . City Councilor for Culture Anette Wiig Bryn ( Progress Party ) supported building a large hill in Rødkleiva and reducing Holmenkollbakken to a small hill . On 20 April 2005 , the Norwegian Ski Federation 's board supported , with 13 against 1 vote , to build both a normal and a large hill at Rødkleiva and to close Vikersundbakken . However , the following day Svarstad Haugland stated that the government supported keeping Vikersundbakken rather than building a new venue in Rødkleiva . Clas Brede Bråthen responded that the federation hoped to build the venue with grants from the private sector , such as naming rights , and used Color Line Stadion in Ålesund as an example of a venue that had generated significant funding from corporate sponsors . A majority of the county chapters supported Vikersundbakken , with only 4 of 19 chapters supporting Rødkleiva . The Norwegian Ski Federation 's national convention voted on 28 May with a large majority to place first a normal hill and then a ski flying hill at Rødkleiva . The decision was made despite that no political parties in Oslo supported constructing a ski flying hill and that neither the municipality nor the state were willing to issue grants . There were also concerns from environmental groups as Rødkleiva lies within a protected area . Two days after the convention decision , Vikersundbakken applied to host a World Cup event in 2007 . At a public meeting in August , politicians from all parties confirmed that they would not support Rødkleiva and City Council Chair Erling Lae declared the meeting as a funeral for the project . Yet the federation established a committee , led by Seeberg , to explore ways the venue could be financed and built . In December 2006 , Steinar Johannessen stated that he and the federation had given up having a ski jumping hill at Rødkleiva . = = Events = = Alpine skiing in the Holmenkollen Ski Festival was contested as a combined event , originally with slalom in Rødkleiva and downhill in Norefjell . Named the Holmenkollen Kandahar , it was inaugurated in 1947 . The event was held in Rødkleiva in 1947 – 48 , 1950 – 51 , 1953 , 1957 – 58 , and 1960 – 63 . From 1972 the slalom event was held at Kirkerudbakken in Bærum the years it was in the Oslo area and from 1977 it was held in Wyllerløypa when held in the Oslo area . The local sports club IF Ready was the main user of Rødkleiva for organized recreational sports . = = = 1952 Winter Olympics = = = During the 1952 Winter Olympics , Rødkleiva hosted the men 's slalom and the women 's slalom , with the other events taking place at Norefjell . The organizing committee had set up 15 @,@ 000 tickets for the men 's discipline on 19 February , but between 25 @,@ 000 and 30 @,@ 000 people attended the race , the surplus who did not pay for tickets . The large popularity was to see Norway 's favoured Stein Eriksen . Although leading after the first heat , he came out of balance in the second and finished second behind Austria 's Othmar Schneider . The women 's race held the following day was won by the American Andrea Mead @-@ Lawrence . = Here I Stand ( Usher album ) = Here I Stand is the fifth studio album by American singer Usher , released on May 13 , 2008 by LaFace Records . Inspired by love for his new wife — Tameka Foster — and son , Usher recorded many ballads for the album . Prior to the album 's recording , Usher split with his mother , Jonnetta Patton , as manager and hired Benny Medina . Usher 's estranged father died months before the release of Here I Stand ; this also influenced themes of the album . It was originally to be titled " Measure of a Man " , but Usher named it Here I Stand to mark " a new chapter in [ his ] life " . Usher promoted Here I Stand by performing on several television shows including Total Request Live , 106 & Park and Good Morning America . Among other concert appearances , he embarked on a One Night Stand : Ladies Only Tour , performing fifteen shows in November 2008 . Six singles were released from Here I Stand : " Love in This Club " , " Love in This Club Part II " , " Moving Mountains " , " What 's Your Name " , " Here I Stand " and " Trading Places " . " Love in This Club " , which features rapper Young Jeezy , topped the Billboard Hot 100 and New Zealand Singles Chart . Here I Stand received generally positive reviews from music critics , who viewed it as a sign of growth and maturity from Usher , although others were unimpressed by the change in style from his 2004 album Confessions . It debuted atop the Billboard 200 , and sold 433 @,@ 000 copies in the US in its first week of release , and has since sold 1 @.@ 3 million copies in that country . The album also reached number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , UK Albums Chart and Australian Albums Chart , and has sold five million units worldwide . Although it had sold two million copies by August 2008 , Here I Stand was seen as a commercial failure relative to Confessions , which had sold nineteen million copies . Tyler Lewis of PopMatters put the album 's limited success down to Usher 's and Foster 's marriage ; he believed that Usher 's fans disliked Foster . = = Background = = In 2004 , Usher 's fourth studio album , Confessions was released , becoming the most @-@ shipped album in the United States . Before the album 's release , he broke up with his girlfriend Chilli . In December 2005 , he became romantically involved with stylist Tameka Foster ; the two wed on August 3 , 2007 , although Usher 's mother and manager , Jonnetta Patton , did not attend . Foster gave birth to Usher Raymond V later that year . In May 2007 , Usher split with Patton as his manager . This prompted " gossip " that Usher had " fired " her because of his growing relationship with Foster . He denied the claims , saying , " I love my mother ... I decided not to fire , not get rid of , but to give [ my mother ] the ultimate compliment — to retire her to be a full @-@ time grandmother . " He continued by stating that the split was a mutual decision . It was speculated that Patton 's dismissal was due to his engagement with Foster ; Usher dismissed these claims on Total Request Live ( TRL ) in May 2008 . In what MTV News ' Shawn Adler called an " angry tirade " , Usher stated , " My wife had nothing to do with me firing my mother — nothing like that , that 's trash . I hear y 'all talking crazy out there . She 's a beautiful black woman . Stop . Stop talking . And I love her . Stop it . " The outbreak was compared to Mariah Carey 's unannounced 2001 appearance on TRL , when she handed out popsicles to the show 's audience and performed a " striptease " , while some fans noted Usher 's speech as evidence that Foster was being controlling of Usher . Usher hired Benny Medina as his new manager ; Medina said of Usher , " The thing that excited me most is the intense commitment to his art , his incredible professionalism and the fact that I feel as though he 's just hitting a stride . " In January 2008 , Usher 's father , Usher Raymond III , died . Both men regretted not spending more time in each other 's lives . " Prayer for You " , the seventh track on Here I Stand , is an interlude dedicated to Usher 's son , reflective on his relationship with his own father ; " No matter what happened , my father always prayed for me . The only difference is , I 'm gonna be there to be the father that my dad wished he was to me . " The first album name that artists and repertoire representative Mark Pitts conceived was " Measure of a Man " , but that title had already been used by Clay Aiken for his debut album , so Usher called it Here I Stand . Pitts said , " It was perfect because becoming a man is about going though pain , sorrow , and happiness . Usher 's done that ! From the love songs to the party joints , it 's exactly the story he wanted to tell . " Usher noted Here I Stand as beginning " a new chapter in my life " ; the album 's liner notes contain a verse from 1 Corinthians 13 : " When I was a child , I spoke as a child , I understood as a child , I thought as a child : but when I became a man , I put away childish things . " Here I Stand marked Usher 's growth from boyhood to manhood . In March 2007 , it was announced that work on the album had begun . Usher outlined the album 's concept : " A lot of what I plan to offer with this album is kinda standing in this spot ... The king 's back . I ain 't gonna say ' back , ' I never left . " The Rich Harrison @-@ produced track , titled " Dat Girl Right There " , was leaked on November 11 , 2007 . The song charted on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs at number 74 , due to high airplay . Featuring Ludacris — with whom Usher collaborated on " Yeah ! " in 2004 — the song was originally thought to be the lead single from Here I Stand ; however it was not included on the record . Other potential tracks cited before the album 's release were " All the Time " ( produced by T @-@ Pain ) and " The Realest " ( produced by Jermaine Dupri ) , although neither was included on the album . Here I Stand contains eighteen tracks ; James " JLack " Lackey , Polow da Don , Tricky Stewart , Jazze Pha , The @-@ Dream , Los da Mystro , will.i.am , Dupri , Manuel Seal , LRoc , Dre & Vidal , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , Stargate , Ne @-@ Yo , Danja , Soundz and J. R. Rotem all produced tunes on the album . On the iTunes Store deluxe edition , " Revolver " was included , which was produced by Alexander " Prettyboifresh " Parhm . = = Composition = = An R & B album , Josh Eells of Blender summed up much of the production of Here I Stand as " cocktail @-@ lounge crunk , full of splashy cymbals , jazzy electric guitar and tinkly pianos " . Many of its themes were inspired by Foster and Raymond V , resulting in a great number of ballads . Here I Stand opens with an " Intro " ( titled " Forever Young " on some copies ) , while the lead single " Love in This Club " follows , on which Young Jeezy appears . The mid @-@ tempo song features a shuddering synth beat and speaks of a lusting desire in a nightclub . " This Ain 't Sex " is a disco @-@ influenced song that " speaks of sex as a privileged act between two consenting adults " . " Trading Places " uses guitar instrumentation to host role reversal in both sexual and non @-@ sexual situations in a relationship . " Moving Mountains " is a ballad that draws on synth beats to relate a love struggle to an impossible task , such as moving mountains . The album 's sixth track is " What 's Your Name " , an electro song which features new wave @-@ influenced synths produced by will.i.am , who also contributes vocals to the song . The " Prayer for You " interlude follows , an ode to Usher 's son in which Raymond V cries . Usher prays for his son to be " better than me " . " Something Special " is a pop ballad that begins acoustically , and was inspired by Robin Thicke and John Mayer because of its honesty . Usher discussed the song : " It 's about the feeling when you 're in real love . It could be about my son or my wife . " According to Usher " Love You Gently " , a piano @-@ based classic rhythm and blues ballad , is " the one [ track ] you throw on with your significant other when it 's time to get to it . This is why my son 's here . It 's a baby @-@ maker . " Jay @-@ Z appears on the horn @-@ founded " Best Thing " , which is about transition to manhood . Usher outlines lifestyle changes since his wife 's arrival and turns away from his days as " a hustler and a player " in " Before I Met You " , which makes use of guitar and heavy drums . He is suspected of infidelity and compared to his girlfriend 's cheating ex @-@ partner on " His Mistakes " . The thirteenth track on Here I Stand is " Appetite " , which utilizes flutes and has Usher tempted to cheat on his wife . " What 's a Man to Do " opens with a Native Indian call , while " Lifetime " contains influences of 1990s R & B. " Love in This Club Part II " features vocals from Beyoncé Knowles and Lil Wayne and samples The Stylistics ' " You Are Everything " ( 1971 ) ; its lyrical content is similar to that of Part I , and Wayne 's voice is modified through the use of a vocoder . The album 's soul and pop jazz @-@ derived title track , " Here I Stand " , drew comparisons to Stevie Wonder . With a theme of commitment , it was played at Usher 's and Foster 's wedding . Here I Stand closes with " Will Work for Love " , although it was placed as a hidden track on some copies ; Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine called it " cute " . = = Release = = In November 2007 , Usher hoped to release his fifth album , titled Here I Stand , but " issues in his personal life " delayed the album . According to reports , Usher has to spend more time with his then @-@ pregnant wife . The expected November release date was booked to coincide with that of Usher 's fragrance line . Released on May 13 , 2008 . The continually changing release dates became frustrating for Usher ; Dupri said to Billboard , " The last couple [ of ] times I 've been around [ Usher ] , you could tell he 's got the bug to hurry up and put this record out . He wants to get back out here and give the people that . He 's got that itch . " Here I Stand was first released by LaFace Records in Mexico and several European countries on May 13 , 2008 ; releases in other countries followed . = = Promotion = = In 2008 , Usher promoted Here I Stand by appearing at Radio 1 's Big Weekend , where he performed " This Ain 't Sex " , " Moving Mountains " , " What 's Your Name " , " Here I Stand " and " Love in This Club " , as well as singles from his previous albums . On the day of the album 's release , Usher appeared on television shows TRL and 106 & Park , and performed on Good Morning America on May 30 , 2008 . Usher performed " Love in This Club " on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , as of June 2008 . Usher sang " Love in This Club " with Young Jeezy on The Hills ' third season finale ( May 12 , 2008 ) , and again , by himself , at the sixth season finale of Dancing with the Stars ( May 20 , 2008 ) . At the BET Awards , hosted on June 23 , 2008 , were opened by Usher performing the single . " Love in This Club " and " This Ain 't Sex " were sung by Usher on Saturday Night Live ( May 17 , 2008 ) . Usher performed a one @-@ off showcase concert for 1 @,@ 500 fans at indigO2 , London on May 22 , 2008 , for which the tickets were allocated by ballot . On September 4 , 2008 , Usher performed " Here I Stand " , " Trading Places " and " What 's Your Name " at the 2008 's National Football League Kickoff game at Columbus Circle , New York City . Natasha Bedingfield and Keith Urban also sang before the game , which saw the Washington Redskins play the New York Giants . = = Singles = = Five singles were released from Here I Stand . " Love in This Club " was leaked in early 2008 by its producer , Polow da Don , prior to its release on February 22 , 2008 . The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 , the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs and the New Zealand Singles Chart , while reaching the top ten of numerous other record charts . It was certified platinum in the United States and New Zealand . A sequel was created , titled " Love in This Club Part II " with Beyoncé & Lil Wayne , and was sent to radio as the album 's second single on April 28 , 2008 . While it did not have the commercial success of the original , it emerged on the Hot 100 , the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , the Canadian Hot 100 , and the ARIA Singles Chart , and received a gold certification from the RIAA . " Moving Mountains " was released on May 23 , 2008 . It appeared on multiple singles charts outside the top twenty . However , it peaked at number six on the New Zealand Singles Chart , and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand on March 29 , 2009 . The fourth single to be released from Here I Stand was " What 's Your Name " ; it impacted radio on August 18 , 2008 . " What 's Your Name " charted on the Canadian Hot 100 and the ARIA Singles Chart , where it peaked at numbers eighty @-@ four and ninety @-@ one , respectively . " Here I Stand " was released to urban adult contemporary radio on August 18 , 2008 , managing to peak at number 18 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . The album 's final single , " Trading Places " , was released on October 17 , 2008 and reached number forty @-@ five on the Hot 100 and number four on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . = = = Tour = = = Usher toured fourteen cities in North America , coining the trip One Night Stand : Ladies Only Tour . Mainly targeting women , the tour commenced on November 2 , 2008 and concluded on November 25 , 2008 . The tour 's female @-@ focused concept was inspired by other male recording artists who " did things special like this for their female fans " , such as Teddy Pendergrass , Marvin Gaye and Prince . Enjoying the challenge of a female @-@ only tour , Usher said , " There [ are ] only a few artists that can pull that off , I feel like I 've had such a connection with my audience . This album , I felt like , was definitely the type of one that was more intimate . So what better way to get up close and personal than to make it all women ? " Usher performed the tour with a Dsquared2 wardrobe . At each show , one fan was brought onstage " for an even more intimate experience with the singer " . This took place during " Superstar " ; a female fan was served champagne and strawberries by Usher while sitting on his lap as he sang to her . Among Usher 's own songs , the setlist also included portions of Stevie Wonder 's " Rocket Love " , Gaye 's " I Want You " and Prince 's " Do Me , Baby " . At the Detroit show he also gave T @-@ Baby 's " It 's So Cold in the D " . Usher was supported by a five @-@ piece band , three backing vocalists and four backup dancers . = = = = Setlist = = = = " Forever Young " " Love in this Club " " Follow Me " " U Remind Me " " This Ain 't Sex " " That 's What It 's Made For " " U Got It Bad " " Trading Places " " Do Me , Baby " / " Adore " " Seduction " " Nice & Slow " " Dot Com " " Rocket Love " " Superstar " " Bad Girl " " You Make Me Wanna ... " " I Don 't Know " " I Want You " " Confessions Part II " " Medley " ( " My Boo " / " Back in the Day " / " Think of You " / " I Need a Girl " / " Can U Get Wit It " / " Lovers & Friends " ) " That 's What It 's Made For " " Yeah ! " " Here I Stand " Encore : " Caught Up " Source : = = = = Dates and venues = = = = = = = = Reception = = = = Sun Media 's Jason MacNeil rated the Toronto show three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , praising Usher 's connection with the female audience . Lee Hildebrand of the San Francisco Chronicle commended Usher 's live vocal ability . Parimal M. Rohit from Buzzine stated in his positive review of the Los Angeles show that " everyone will be talking about the entertaining concert " . = = Critical reception = = Here I Stand received generally positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received a score of 65 out of 100 , based on fifteen reviews . Mark Edward Nero of About.com gave the album four out of five stars , and wrote that Usher 's marriage had a positive effect on his music . He called Here I Stand " as good - if not better " than Confessions . IGN critic Chad Grischow wrote that " Growing up may have taken toll on Usher 's personal life , but it has not altered the man 's ability to create refreshing music " ; Grischow rated the album 8 @.@ 1 out of 10 . USA Today praised the maturity of Usher 's lyrics on Here I Stand , while The A.V. Club 's Joshua Alston commended the album 's ballads . Although she disliked the album 's length and lyrics , Entertainment Weekly 's Leah Greenblatt wrote that " a good portion of [ Here I ] Stand 's tunes deserve a place in the dance @-@ floor pantheon " , and awarded it a B + grade . Andy Kellman from Allmusic scored the record three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five and stated that " the album leaves no doubt that the R & B male crown ... should not change hands " , referring to Usher 's King of R & B honorific nickname . Richard Cromelin of the Los Angeles Times did not appreciate the numerous ballads on the release , but compared it to Usher 's previous work and declared , " it 's a more accomplished version of Confessions , the hooks more effortless , the singing even better , the songwriting more consistent . " Jim DeRogatis from the Chicago Sun @-@ Times viewed it as proof that Usher has claimed the ' King of R & B ' title from R. Kelly . However , Dan Gennoe of Yahoo ! Music felt that the album lacked inspiration , and wrote , " nothing sticks , there 's no guts , no depth and no matter how much he protests to the contrary , nothing to believe " . Rolling Stone 's Melissa Maerz perceived that Usher had put little effort into the record and stated that " now that he 's got the American Dream , he sounds like he 's stopped trying . " Blender 's Josh Eells was let down by the large number of ballads and lack of sexual content . Clover Hope of The Village Voice described it as " pure grown @-@ man bidness " and " a little too sitting @-@ on @-@ the @-@ dock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ bay for Chris Breezy – trained earbuds " . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine scored Here I Stand two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , and considered the music " almost always just one notch above mediocrity . " The Observer 's Steve Yates panned the album as " gloop [ Usher ] wades through " . In his consumer guide for MSN Music , critic Robert Christgau cited the songs " Trading Places " and " Best Thing " as " choice cuts " , indicating " good song [ s ] on an album that isn 't worth your time or money " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote that " tension , not bliss , creates the album 's best songs " , referring to " Moving Mountains " , " His Mistakes " , " Appetite " and " What 's a Man To Do " . At the 51st Grammy Awards , the album 's title track was nominated for the Best Male R & B Vocal Performance award , but lost to Ne @-@ Yo 's " Miss Independent " from his 2008 album , Year of the Gentleman . = = Commercial performance = = Here I Stand had unweighted first @-@ day sales of 146 @,@ 000 in the US , and in its first three days of release sold an unweighted 267 @,@ 000 units . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart . Selling 433 @,@ 000 copies domestically in its first week of release , it was the second highest selling US debut of the year at the time , behind Mariah Carey 's E = MC2 . In its second week of release , it sold 145 @,@ 000 copies and dropped to number three on the Billboard 200 . As at May 2012 it had sold 1 @,@ 308 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , and it has received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Here I Stand also debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart , and spent eight weeks on the chart . On the UK Albums Chart , Here I Stand debuted at number one on the chart of June 7 , 2008 , selling 56 @,@ 897 copies . It was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , and lasted seventeen weeks in the chart before dropping out . The album peaked at number two on the Irish Albums Chart , remaining for fifteen weeks in the chart and was awarded a gold certification from the Irish Recorded Music Association ( IRMA ) . In mainland Europe , the album was received well ; it appeared at number three on the European Top 100 Albums , and reached the top ten in the Belgian Ultratop charts of both Flanders and Wallonia , as well as in the album charts of France , Germany , the Netherlands and Switzerland . In Oceania , Here I Stand attained a number @-@ one position on the Australian Albums Chart and reached number five on the New Zealand Albums Chart . It received a gold certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of 35 @,@ 000 copies in the country . Worldwide sales of the album stand at over five million . = = Impact = = Usher 's publicist , Patti Webster , resigned on August 1 , 2008 . Usher rehired Patton as his manager on August 6 , 2008 and " dissolved his management arrangement with Benny Medina " . At the time of the split from Medina , Here I Stand had sold two million copies worldwide compared to Confessions ' nineteen million copies ; some speculated that the disunion was because of the poorer album sales . Medina said that he and the singer " parted ways amicably " , and deflected comments that he was responsible for the lower album sales . He pointed out that Here I Stand and " Love in This Club " reached number one on the US charts , and that the music industry had changed since the release of Confessions . Due to the lower sales , Here I Stand was seen as a commercial failure . According to Tyler Lewis from PopMatters its failure was spurred by Usher 's marriage to Foster : " his fanbase hated his wife " . Usher filed for divorce from Foster in June 2009 , stating that their marriage was " irretrievably broken " . " Papers " , the first single from Usher 's next album Raymond v. Raymond ( 2010 ) , discussed the divorce process , although it was recorded before the couple split . = = Track listing = = Notes " Love in This Club Part II " contains a portion of the composition " You Are Everything " , written by Thomas Bell and Linda Creed . ^ [ a ] signifies a co @-@ producer . ^ [ b ] signifies a vocal producer . ^ [ c ] signifies an additional producer . = = Personnel = = Credits for Here I Stand adapted from Allmusic . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Xerochrysum bracteatum = Xerochrysum bracteatum , commonly known as the golden everlasting or strawflower , is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to Australia . Described by Étienne Pierre Ventenat in 1803 , it was known as Helichrysum bracteatum for many years before being transferred to a new genus Xerochrysum in 1990 . It grows as a woody or herbaceous perennial or annual shrub up to a metre ( 3 ft ) tall with green or grey leafy foliage . Golden yellow or white flower heads are produced from spring to autumn ; their distinctive feature is the papery bracts that resemble petals . The species is widespread , growing in a variety of habitats across the country , from rainforest margins to deserts and subalpine areas . The golden everlasting serves as food for various larvae of lepidopterans ( butterflies and moths ) , and adult butterflies , hoverflies , native bees , small beetles , and grasshoppers visit the flower heads . The golden everlasting has proven very adaptable to cultivation . It was propagated and developed in Germany in the 1850s , and annual cultivars in a host of colour forms from white to bronze to purple flowers became available . Many of these are still sold in mixed seed packs . In Australia , many cultivars are perennial shrubs , which have become popular garden plants . Sturdier , long @-@ stemmed forms are used commercially in the cut flower industry . = = Taxonomy = = French botanist Étienne Pierre Ventenat described the golden everlasting as Xeranthemum bracteatum in his 1803 work Jardin de Malmaison , a book commissioned by Napoleon 's first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais to catalogue rare plants that she had collected and grown at the Château de Malmaison . The Latin species name bracteatum refers to the papery bracts ( often mistakenly called petals ) of the flower heads . Henry Charles Andrews transferred it to the genus Helichrysum based on the morphology of its receptacle in 1805 , and it was known as Helichrysum bracteatum for many years . Leo Henckel von Donnersmarck described it as Helichrysum lucidum in 1806 , and Christiaan Hendrik Persoon as Helichrysum chrysanthum in 1807 . It was given the name Bracteantha bracteata in 1991 , when Arne Anderberg and Laurie Haegi placed the members that are known as strawflowers of the large genus Helichrysum into a new genus Bracteantha , and designated B. bracteata as the type species . However , they were unaware that Russian botanist Nikolai Tzvelev had already placed X. bracteatum in the new , and at the time monotypic , genus Xerochrysum the previous year . This name was derived from the Greek words xeros " dry " , and chrysum " golden " , likely relating to the nature of the distinctive bracts . Confusion existed for a decade , with Bracteantha appearing in literature and the horticultural trade until it was clarified in 2002 that the latter name took precedence . Strawflower is the popular name for X. bracteatum in Europe , while in Australia it is known as an everlasting or paper daisy . An alternate name in 19th @-@ century Europe was immortelle . X. bracteatum itself is very variable and may represent several cryptic species . Alternately , the Tasmanian species Xerochrysum bicolor may be combined with it in future taxonomic revisions . X. bracteatum and its relatives belong to the Gnaphalieae or paper daisies , a large tribe within the daisy family , Asteraceae . However , a 2002 molecular study of the Gnaphalieae has indicated the genus Xerochrysum is probably polyphyletic , as the two species sampled , X. bracteatum and X. viscosum , were not closely related to each other . X. bracteatum has been recorded hybridising with X. viscosum and X. papillosum in cultivation , and possibly also Coronidium elatum and C. boormanii . = = Description = = The plant is an erect perennial , or occasionally annual , herb that is simple or rarely branched at its base . It generally reaches 20 to 80 cm ( 8 to 31 @.@ 5 in ) in height , but can have a prostrate habit in exposed areas such as coastal cliffs . The green stems are rough and covered with fine hairs , and are robust compared with those of other members of the genus . The leaves are lanceolate , elliptic , or oblanceolate in shape and measure 1 @.@ 5 to 10 cm ( 0 @.@ 59 to 3 @.@ 94 in ) long and from 0 @.@ 5 to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 20 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) wide . They are also covered with cobwebby hairs . Sitting atop tall stems above the foliage , the flower heads range from 3 to 7 cm ( 1 to 3 in ) in diameter . Occasionally , multiple heads arise from the one stem . Like the flowers of all Asteraceae , they are composed of a central disc which contains a number of tiny individual flowers , known as florets ; these sit directly on an enlarged part of the stem known as the receptacle . Around the disc is an involucre of modified leaves , the bracts , which in Xerochrysum , as in most Gnaphalieae , are petal @-@ like , stiff , and papery . Arranged in rows , these bracts curl over and enclose the florets , shielding them before flowering . They create the impression of a shiny and yellow corolla around the disc . The intermediate bracts are sometimes white , while the outer ones are paler and often streaked reddish or brown ( a greater variety of colours are found in cultivars ) . These bracts are papery and dry , or ' scarious ' , with a low water content , unlike leaves or flower parts of other plants . They are made up of dead cells , which are unusual in that they have a thin primary and a thick secondary cell wall , a feature only found in sclerenchyma , or structural , cells , not cells of flowers or leaves . The individual florets are yellow . Those on the outer regions of the disc are female , while those in the centre are bisexual . Female flowers lack stamens and have only a very short , tube @-@ shaped corolla surrounding a pistil that splits to form two stigmas , while bisexual or hermaphrodite flowers have a longer corolla , and ( as in virtually all members of the family ) five stamens fused at the anthers , with the pistil emerging from the center . The yellow corolla and pistil are located above an ovary with a single ovule , and surrounded by the pappus , the highly modified calyx of Asteraceae . It comprises a number of bristles radiating around the florets . Yellow in colour , they persist and are thought to aid in the wind dispersal of the 0 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 12 in ) long fruit . The smooth brown fruit , known as a cypsela , is 2 to 3 mm long with the pappus radiating from one end . In the wild , X. bracteatum can be distinguished from X. bic	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
olor in Tasmania by its broader leaves and cobwebby hairs on the stems , and from X. macranthum in Western Australia by the flower head colour ; the latter species has white flower heads whereas those of X. bracteatum are golden yellow . Xerochrysum subundulatum from alpine and subalpine areas of New South Wales , Victoria , and Tasmania is rhizomatous , and has markedly pointed orange bracts . The eastern Australian species X. viscosum may be distinguished by its rough and sticky leaves . = = Distribution and habitat = = Xerochrysum bracteatum occurs in all Australian mainland states and territories , as well as Tasmania . Widespread , it is found from North Queensland across to Western Australia , and in all habitats excluding densely shaded areas . It grows as an annual in patches of red sand in Central Australia , responding rapidly to bouts of rainfall to complete its lifecycle . It is common among granite outcrops in southwest Western Australia , and is found on heavier and more fertile soils in the Sydney region , such as basalt- , shale- , or limestone @-@ based soils , generally in areas with a high water table . Associated species in the Sydney Basin include blackbutt ( Eucalyptus pilularis ) in open forest , and the shrubs Empodisma minus and Baloskion australe in swampy areas . It has been reported growing in disturbed soil , along roadsides and in fields in the New England region in the United States . = = Ecology = = The brightly coloured bracts act as petals to attract insects such as hoverflies , native bees , and small beetles that pollinate the florets . Grasshoppers also visit the flower heads . The caterpillars of Tebenna micalis have been recorded on this species , as have those of the Australian painted lady ( Vanessa kershawi ) . The tiny fruits are dispersed by wind , and germinate and grow after fire or on disturbed ground . Flower production is related to increasing day length , and in general , plants produced the most flowers from December to March . Varying planting times or artificially changing light levels might be ways to increase production of flowers outside these months . The water mould ( oomycete ) Bremia lactucae has infected commercial crops in Italy and California . In 2002 on the Ligurian coast , widespread infection of several cultivars , most severely ' Florabella Pink ' and to a lesser extent ' Florabella Gold ' and ' Florabella White ' , resulted in leaf blistering and the development of chlorotic lesions on the leaves , and white patches on the undersides , particularly in areas of poor ventilation . There was an outbreak of downy mildew in a cultivated crop of Xerochrysum bracteatum in San Mateo County , California in 2006 , in which the leaves developed large chlorotic lesions . A Phytoplasma infection damaged X. bracteatum crops in the Czech Republic between 1994 and 2001 , causing poor growth , bronzing of foliage , and malformation of flower heads . Genetically , the pathogen was indistinguishable from the agent of aster yellows . The root @-@ knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ) attacks and forms galls on the roots , which leads to the morbidity or death of the plant . = = Cultivation = = X. bracteatum had been introduced to cultivation in England by 1791 . German horticulturist Herren Ebritsch obtained material and developed it at his nursery in Arnstadt near Erfurt in Germany . He bred and sold cultivars of many colours from bronze to white to purple , which spread across Europe in the 1850s . The bracts of these early forms tended to remain cupped around the flower head rather than flatten out like the native Australian forms . These were also annual rather than perennial forms . Many were given cultivar names such as ' atrococcineum ' ( dark scarlet flower heads ) , ' atrosanguineum ' ( dark blood @-@ red flower heads ) , ' aureum ' ( golden yellow flower heads ) , ' bicolor ' ( red @-@ tipped yellow flower heads ) , ' compositum ' ( large multicoloured flower heads ) , ' macranthum ' ( large rose @-@ edged white flower heads ) , and ' monstrosum ' ( flower heads with many bracts ) , although today they are generally sold in mixed seed for growing as annuals . Some coloured forms of South African Helichrysum are thought to have been introduced to the breeding program , which resulted in the huge array of colours . X. bracteatum was one of several species that became popular with European royalty and nobility from the early 19th century , yet were little noticed in Australia until the 1860s , when they became more prominent in Australian gardens . Most of the cultivars brought into cultivation in Australia in the latter part of the 20th century are perennials . ' Dargan Hill Monarch ' was the first of these , and many more have followed . Profusely flowering , these grow in many colours including white , yellow , orange , bronze , pink , and red . Their commercial lifespans are generally around three years . Queensland @-@ based company Aussie Winners has a range of compact plants ranging from orange to white known as Sundaze . Plants of this series usually have larger leaves . This range won the Gran premio d 'oro at the Euroflora exposition in Geneva in 2001 , for the best new plant series in the previous three years . ' Florabella Gold ' , a member of the Florabella series , won the award for best new pot plant ( vegetative ) in the Society of American Florists ' competition of 1999 . The Wallaby cultivars are range of taller forms with narrow leaves and white , yellow or pink flowers . Other commercial ranges include the Nullarbor series , and Queensland Federation daisies , including ' Wanetta Sunshine ' and ' Golden Nuggets ' . X. bracteatum is easy to grow both from seeds and from cuttings , although named cultivars only grow true from cuttings . Plants benefit from pruning of old growth in winter to allow for new growth in spring . Dead @-@ heading , or pruning off old flower heads , promotes the production of more flowers . Fresh seeds germinate in 3 to 20 days and require no special treatment . Plants grow best in acid , well @-@ aerated soils of pH 5 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 3 , with low levels of phosphorus . They are sensitive to iron deficiency , which presents as yellowing ( chlorosis ) of the youngest leaves while the leaf veins remain green . X. bracteatum can be grown in large pots or window boxes , and is a good pioneer plant in the garden until other plants become more established . Lower @-@ growing cultivars are suitable for hanging baskets and border plantings . The flowers attract butterflies to the garden . Dried flowers are long lasting — up to some years — and are used in floral arrangements and the cut flower industry . More robust longer stemmed forms are used for commercial cut flowers . The main factor limiting lifespan of dried flowers is the wilting of stems , so flowers are sometimes wired into arrangements . Immersing flowers in glycerol or polyethylene glycol also lengthens lifespan . = = = Cultivars = = = Xerochrysum ' Dargan Hill Monarch ' was a natural form collected around 1 @.@ 6 km ( 0 @.@ 99 mi ) inland from Cunninghams Gap in southern Queensland in May 1961 , and registered in February 1977 . It is a low perennial shrub 60 to 80 cm ( 23 @.@ 5 to 31 @.@ 5 in ) high and 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) across . The foliage is grey and the large flowers are 7 – 9 cm in diameter and golden yellow in colour . It grows best in full sun and fair drainage . Cuttings strike readily , as does seed , although seedlings may differ from the parent . Xerochrysum ' Cockatoo ' arose as a spontaneous hybrid between ' Dargan Hill Monarch ' and a white @-@ flowered perennial form of X. bracteatum , in the garden of Victorian plantsman Doug McKenzie in Ocean Grove near Geelong in Victoria . He applied to the Australian Cultivar Registration Authority ( ACRA ) for registration , which was granted in 1980 . It is a dense perennial shrub which reaches around 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) high and wide . The oblanceolate leaves measure 6 to 12 cm ( 2 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 in ) long and are covered with fine hairs that give them a greyish cast . Fine hairs also cover the stems . The flower heads have light lemon @-@ yellow bracts and orange discs and average 7 cm ( 3 in ) in diameter . They are held on long stems around 12 – 15 cm ( 4 @.@ 5 – 6 in ) above the foliage . Like all forms , it prefers full sun . Although a perennial , it loses vigour after a few years , at which time it is best replaced . The name ' Cockatoo ' was chosen as the shape and colour of the ray florets are reminiscent of the wing feathers of the sulphur @-@ crested cockatoo . Xerochrysum ' Golden Bowerbird ' is a hybrid , bred by a deliberate backcross of ' Cockatoo ' to ' Dargan Hill Monarch ' by Doug McKenzie , who applied for registration with the ACRA in 1980 . ( It was granted in 1981 . ) It has much larger flower heads than both parents , yet is a smaller shrub , which reaches 40 cm ( 15 @.@ 5 in ) high by 70 cm ( 27 @.@ 5 in ) wide . Denser than that of other forms , the foliage is covered in fine grey hair . On stalks around 10 cm ( 4 in ) above the foliage , the flower heads measure up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter , although larger ones up to 10 cm are occasionally seen . They have around 300 bracts per flower head , compared with 80 for ' Dargan Hill Monarch ' and 200 in ' Cockatoo ' , giving them a " doubled " look . It is reported as producing fewer flower heads than ' Princess of Wales ' . Xerochrysum ' Princess of Wales ' is a spontaneous hybrid , arising from a cross between ' Dargan Hill Monarch ' and an annual form . Arising in the Australian National Botanic Gardens in Canberra , it was selected by employee Peter Ollerenshaw in summer 1983 . He applied to register the cultivar with ACRA in March 1985 . It was named in honour of a visit by Diana , Princess of Wales to the gardens in November 1985 , the same month registration was granted . With compact foliage , this form reaches 60 cm ( 23 @.@ 5 in ) high and wide . Unlike its parent ' Dargan Hill Monarch ' , its foliage has hair only on the midrib on the leaf underside . It flowers very profusely , and the large flower heads are borne on stalks 5 – 9 cm ( 2 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) above the foliage . Unlike other forms , the stems wither and die naturally after flowering , making way for more new growth and flowers . The flower heads are golden yellow and measure 6 cm ( 2 @.@ 5 in ) across . Xerochrysum ' Diamond Head ' was a natural form collected around Diamond Head in New South Wales , where it is quite common on bluffs and cliffs . John Wrigley , curator of the Australian National Botanic Gardens at the time , applied to the ACRA to have it registered , which it was in February 1977 . Found on an exposed headland in nature , it grows as a low mat @-@ like perennial shrub 8 cm ( 3 in ) high and 60 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 ft ) across . The foliage is green and rough and the flowers are 3 cm in diameter and yellow in colour with an orange disc . It makes an ideal plant for rockeries , and strikes easily from cuttings during the spring growing period . Xerochrysum ' Hastings Gold ' was a natural form from Hastings Point to the east of Murwillumbah on the New South Wales far north coast . It is a perennial herb with green bushy foliage reaching 25 cm ( 10 in ) high and 70 cm ( 27 @.@ 5 in ) wide . The golden yellow flower heads measure 5 cm ( 2 in ) across and are held on stalks 20 cm ( 8 in ) above the foliage . It is smaller than the similarly coloured ' Dargan Hill Monarch ' and larger than ' Diamond Head ' . Xerochrysum ' Nullarbor Flame ' was a selection introduced into cultivation in 1997 that produces abundant red flowers with yellow discs and a diameter of 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) . The plant grows to 50 – 70 cm ( 19 @.@ 5 – 27 @.@ 5 in ) tall and 50 – 80 cm ( 19 @.@ 5 – 31 @.@ 5 in ) wide . Xerochrysum ' Pink Sunrise ' was developed by Goldup Nurseries in Victoria in 1986 , of unknown origin , presumably a hybrid . It is a compact perennial that reaches 30 cm ( 12 in ) high and 60 cm ( 23 @.@ 5 in ) wide . The flower heads are pink in bud , before opening as cream with orange discs . Xerochrysum ' White Monarch ' was a spontaneous garden hybrid that resembles ' Dargan Hill Monarch ' but with white flower heads with orange discs measuring up to 8 cm ( 3 in ) in diameter . Xerochrysum ' Lemon Monarch ' resembles ' Cockatoo ' , but its lemon @-@ coloured flower heads have fewer bracts . It has bushy foliage . Xerochrysum ' Strawburst Yellow ' , patented as ' Stabur Yel ' , is a form with large bright yellow flower heads averaging around 6 @.@ 3 cm ( 2 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter . The result of a planned breeding program in Gilroy , California , it was bred by Jason Jandrew of Goldsmith Seeds from a lemon yellow @-@ flowered form crossed with a yellow @-@ flowered form in 2005 . The pollination occurred in May , the resultant seed was sown in September , and what was to become the clone was chosen in December for its large flower size , colour and compact foliage . Xerochrysum ' Lemon Princess ' is thought to be a hybrid between X. bracteatum and X. viscosum . = McConnell Island = McConnell Island is one of the San Juan Islands in San Juan County , Washington , United States . It is located less than 1 mile ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) from the southwest end of Orcas Island . The island was the former private reserve of Thomas Gordon Thompson . A portion of it is currently a nature preserve . = = Geography = = The island has a land area of 12 @.@ 83 ha ( 31 @.@ 7 acres ) with the southern part of the island rocky and elevated and the northern part covered by bigleaf maple and Western redcedar trees . It is the largest of the Wasp Island group , which includes Yellow Island , Reef Island , and others . = = History = = The island was originally known as Brown Island , named by Charles Wilkes for fourteen members of his United States Exploring Expedition crew who shared the same surname . It was later acquired by Victor McConnell , its first settler , who claimed squatters ' rights . McConnell Island was purchased at the end of World War II by Thomas Gordon Thompson , a University of Washington professor and U.S. Army chemical warfare researcher who was later the namesake of the USNS Thomas Thompson and R / V Thomas Thompson . Thompson financed the purchase of the island through the sale of his valuable stamp collection and later built a home on it from native stone and driftwood . During his proprietorship of the remote island , Thompson used it to entertain friends and guests from the nearby Friday Harbor Laboratories . In one summer alone he received more than 700 visitors . In 1997 a 3 @.@ 66 ha ( 9 @.@ 0 acres ) portion of the island was transferred to the San Juan Preservation Trust , a private conservation organization , to be used as a nature preserve . What is known as the Thompson Preserve includes 985 feet ( 300 m ) of protected shoreline as well as the original Thomas Thompson home . The rest of the island remains under private ownership . = Edgar Speyer = Sir Edgar Speyer , 1st Baronet ( 7 September 1862 – 16 February 1932 ) was an American @-@ born financier and philanthropist . He became a British subject in 1892 and was chairman of Speyer Brothers , the British branch of the Speyer family 's international finance house , and a partner in the German and American branches . He was chairman of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL , forerunner of the London Underground ) from 1906 to 1915 , a period during which the company opened three underground railway lines , electrified a fourth and took over two more . Speyer was a supporter of the musical arts and a friend of several leading composers , including Edward Elgar , Richard Strauss and Claude Debussy . He was chairman of the Classical Music Society for ten years , and he largely funded the Promenade Concerts between 1902 and 1914 . His non @-@ musical charitable activities included being honorary treasurer of the fund for Captain Scott 's Antarctic expedition . For his philanthropy he was made a baronet in 1906 and a Privy Counsellor in 1909 . After the start of the World War I , he became the subject of anti @-@ German attacks in the Press . In 1915 , Speyer offered to resign from the Privy Council and to relinquish his baronetcy , but the Prime Minister turned down the offer . He resigned as chairman of the UERL and went to the United States . In 1921 , the British government investigated accusations that Speyer had traded with the enemy during the war , and had participated in other wartime conduct incompatible with his status as a British subject . Speyer denied the charges , but his naturalisation was revoked and he was struck off the list of members of the Privy Council . = = Life to 1914 = = = = = Family = = = Speyer was born on 7 September 1862 in New York City , the second son of German Jewish parents , Gustav Speyer and Sophia Speyer ( née Rubino ) from Frankfurt . His father was an international banker with businesses in Frankfurt , New York and London . Speyer was educated at the Realgymnasium in Frankfurt . On 10 February 1902 , in Hamburg , Speyer married the American violinist Leonora von Stosch . They had met at a concert held by Maude Valerie White at which Leonora performed . They had three daughters : Pamela , Leonora , and Vivien . = = = Financier = = = In 1884 , Speyer became a partner in each of his father 's businesses . He headed the Frankfurt office before taking control of the London office , Speyer Brothers , in 1887 . His older brother , James , headed the New York company . The firm specialised in arbitrage with Europe and the United States , and the financing of railway projects . On 29 February 1892 , Speyer became a naturalised British citizen . Speyer Brothers ' involvement in railway finance brought Speyer into contact with American Charles Yerkes in 1900 . In Chicago , Yerkes had led the development of the city 's urban transport system , and he went to London to capitalise on the emerging opportunities for new deep @-@ level underground " tube " railways there . He and Speyer headed a consortium of international investors involved in the construction of three of London 's underground railways and the electrification of a fourth . With Yerkes as chairman , the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) was established in 1902 with a capitalisation of £ 5 million , the majority of shares sold to overseas investors . Further share issues followed , which , by 1903 , raised a total of £ 18 million ( £ 1 @.@ 74 billion today ) to be used across all of the UERL 's projects . Yerkes died in December 1905 , and Speyer took his place as chairman of the UERL . By 1907 , the three new railways had opened and the electrification works had been completed . Despite the UERL 's engineering success in carrying out the works in such a short time , the company was in a difficult financial position . The preliminary estimates of passenger numbers proved to be over optimistic and revenues were not covering operating costs . After bailing out the company , Speyer , with Managing Director Albert Stanley , struggled for a number of years to restore its finances . This was finally achieved with the purchase of the London General Omnibus Company in 1912 , as its profits could be used to offset losses elsewhere in the group . In November 1912 , Speyer further consolidated the UERL 's control of London 's underground railways when he negotiated the purchase of London 's two other main tube railways , the City and South London Railway and the Central London Railway . = = = Philanthropist and patron = = = As head of the London arm of the family businesses , Speyer became wealthy . He owned a pair of neighbouring houses at 44 and 46 Grosvenor Street , Mayfair , that he had rebuilt as a single residence at the cost of £ 150 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to £ 13 @.@ 8 million in 2015 ) . The rebuilding work was carried out by Detmar Blow and Fernand Billery in 1910 and 1911 ; the architects gave the house a " Beaux @-@ Arts " style portland stone façade and lavish interiors including 11 bedrooms and a large music room . Speyer also had a large country house built in 1908 , in the fashionable Edwardian resort of Overstrand on the Norfolk coast . The house was named " Sea Marge " ( meaning land that borders the sea ) and was designed in the Mock Tudor style , surrounded by gardens . To decorate his homes , Speyer collected works of art , furniture and decorative items from across Europe . He also commissioned art works , including his wife 's portrait , painted by John Singer Sargent in 1907 , and his own portrait , painted by William Orpen , which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1914 . Speyer was a music lover and patron of the arts , frequently holding concerts in his home . He was friends with composers Edward Elgar , Edvard Grieg , Richard Strauss , Claude Debussy and Percy Grainger , and with the German cellist and composer Hugo Becker . Speyer owned violins by Stradivarius and Giuseppe Guarneri , used by his wife in public and private performances . He was chairman of the Classical Concert Society until 1912 and ( following financial problems experienced by Robert Newman ) held the position of chairman of the Queen 's Hall Concert board from 1902 to 1914 , paying £ 2 @,@ 000 per year ( equivalent to £ 200 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) to underwrite the Promenade Concerts . Speyer increased rehearsal time for the Queen 's Hall Orchestra and was involved in the challenge to the deputy system then operating , stopping musicians from sending under @-@ prepared substitutes to perform in their places . He was described by Bird as " the sole monetary force which kept the Queen 's Hall Orchestra afloat " . Speyer 's control of the Queen 's Hall enabled him to attract musicians and composers to perform modern new works at his concerts including Strauss , whom he brought to London to conduct the first English performance of A Hero 's Life , and Arnold Schoenberg , whose Five Orchestral Pieces received its première in 1912 . Becker dedicated Three Pieces for Cello with Piano Accompaniment to Speyer in recognition of their friendship , and Strauss dedicated his opera Salome to him . Speyer also contributed £ 2 @,@ 500 to the foundation of Whitechapel Art Gallery where he was a trustee for 15 years . He was chairman of the Nervous Diseases Research Fund , president of Poplar Hospital , and sat on the board of the King Edward 's Hospital Fund , to which he donated £ 25 @,@ 000 in 1902 ( equivalent to £ 2 @.@ 45 million in 2015 ) . In December 1904 , having read of the loss in a newspaper article , Speyer donated £ 5 @,@ 700 to replace all of the funds lost by investors in the failure of a penny savings bank at Needham Market , Suffolk . From 1909 , Speyer was honorary treasurer of the fund raised to finance Robert Falcon Scott 's 1910 British Antarctic Expedition to which he donated £ 1 @,@ 000 of the £ 40 @,@ 000 that was required . Speyer was prepared to take personal responsibility for a share of the liabilities of the expedition , although the money raised from public donations was sufficient . Mount Speyer ( 78 ° 52 ′ 00 ″ S , 160 ° 42 ′ 00 ″ E ) in Antarctica is named in his honour . One of Scott 's last letters was written to Speyer . It was found when Scott 's body was recovered from his last camp after his unsuccessful return from the South Pole . On 14 July 1906 , Speyer was created a baronet . Politically , Speyer was a Liberal . He was a member of the Reform Club , and a friend of H. H. Asquith , by whose recommendation he was made a Privy Counsellor ( PC ) in 1909 . In 1911 , he was awarded the Order of the Crown , 2nd class by Kaiser Wilhelm II . = = Life after 1914 = = = = = Anti @-@ German pressure = = = The end of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century saw rising anti @-@ German sentiment in Britain . As the naval arms race between Britain and Germany escalated , distrust of Germans and those of German origin was stirred @-@ up by press warnings of the rising military threat from Germany . This was developed further in popular magazines such as the National Review and in novels such as Erskine Childers ' The Riddle of the Sands and invasion novels such as William Le Queux 's The Invasion of 1910 . Following the British declaration of war with Germany on 4 August 1914 , Speyer resigned as a partner of the Frankfurt branch of the bank . After a Royal Proclamation on 11 September 1914 requiring British subjects to have no links with companies doing business with Germany , Speyer resigned as a partner of the American bank . Nonetheless , suspicions regarding Speyer 's German parentage led to a hate campaign against him . Crowds gathered outside his home and jeered visitors . Accusations of his disloyalty and treachery appeared in the Press , and he was accused of signalling to German submarines from his Norfolk house . Lady Speyer was ostracised from societies and associations of which she had formerly been a member . Speyer was asked to resign from the board of the Poplar Hospital due to threats of substantial reductions in donations if he remained . The couple was asked to remove their children from school as other parents were threatening to remove theirs . Speyer ignored a call to write one of the " loyalty letters " that Sir Arthur Pinero proposed be provided by prominent naturalised citizens of German origin . Instead , on 17 May 1915 , Speyer wrote to Asquith , then Prime Minister , asking him to accept his resignation as a Privy Counsellor and to revoke his baronetcy , stating : Nothing is harder to bear than a sense of injustice that finds no vent in expression . For the last nine months I have kept silence and treated with disdain the charges of disloyalty and suggestions of treachery made against me in the Press and elsewhere . But I can keep silence no longer , for these charges and suggestion have now been repeated by public men who have not scrupled to use their position to inflame the overstrained feelings of the people . I am not a man who can be driven or drummed by threats or abuse into an attitude of justification . But I consider it due to my honour as a loyal British subject and my personal dignity as a man to retire all my public positions . I therefore write to ask you to accept my resignation as a Privy Councillor and to revoke my baronetcy . He resigned as chairman of the UERL and from the boards of the King Edward 's Hospital Fund , the Poplar Hospital and the Whitechapel Art Gallery . It is doubtful whether it was possible for Speyer to resign from the Privy Council or as a baronet , there being no normal mechanism to do so , but the Prime Minister 's response was supportive : " I have known you long , and well enough to estimate at their true value these baseless and malignant imputations upon your loyalty to the British Crown . The King is not prepared to take any step such as you suggest in regard to the marks of distinction which you have received in recognition of public services and philanthropic munificence . " On 26 May 1915 , Speyer and his family left for America . In June 1915 , Sir George Makgill , Secretary of the Anti @-@ German Union , applied for permission from the High Court to issue quo warranto writs against Speyer and Sir Ernest Cassel , a German @-@ born Privy Counsellor , requiring them to prove their right to hold that position . Makgill 's claim was that the Act of Settlement 1701 prevented a person born outside Britain or its dominions from being a Privy Counsellor . In December 1915 , Lord Chief Justice Lord Reading rejected the application on the grounds that the relevant sections of the Act of Settlement had been repealed by later legislation . = = = Revocation of naturalisation = = = On 2 August 1918 , in a House of Lords debate on the Denaturalisation Bill , the subject of Speyer 's membership of the Privy Council was brought up by Lord Lincolnshire , who condemned " the brutal and insolent German manner in which Sir Edgar Speyer had resigned his dignity . " Lord Curzon announced that the Home Office was examining his membership of the council . Speyer again offered the Prime Minister , then David Lloyd George , his resignation from the council , but received no response . Following an investigation into Speyer 's wartime conduct held in camera by the Home Office 's Certificates of Naturalisation ( Revocation ) Committee , Speyer 's naturalisation was revoked by an order dated 1 December 1921 . On 13 December 1921 an order was issued by King George V for Speyer to be struck off the list of the Privy Council . The next person to be struck off the list was Elliot Morley in 2011 , though others resigned in the intervening period . The committee decided that Speyer had " shown himself by act and speech to be disaffected and disloyal to His Majesty ; and [ had ] ... unlawfully communicated with subjects of an enemy State and associated with a business which was to his knowledge carried on in such manner as to assist the enemy in such war . " The committee 's final opinion was " that the continuance of Sir Edgar Speyer 's certificate is not conducive to the public good . " Lady Speyer and the couple 's children also lost their British nationality . The report of the committee was published on 7 January 1922 . The committee had considered nine issues in making its decision : Retirement from Speyer & Co . – it was decided that Speyer had been slow and reluctant to resign as a partner of the American bank of which he was still in partnership with his German brother @-@ in @-@ law , Edward Beit von Speyer . Association with enemy traffic – Speyer Brothers had continued to trade jointly with a Dutch firm , Teixeira de Mattos Brothers , between February and June 1915 . As they were based in a neutral country , Teixeira had continued to trade with German businesses . The committee calculated that Speyer Brothers had made £ 1 @,@ 000 by these trades , despite an inspection of the company 's accounts showing no trade with Germany . It concluded that " Sir Edgar Speyer seems to have preferred his private financial interests to the prompt discharge of his duty to the State . " Communication with enemy subjects – Speyer had continued to correspond with his German brother @-@ in @-@ law throughout the war . Evasion of the censorship – in his correspondence with his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Speyer had used various means including aliases and intermediaries to avoid the censor inspecting his letters . Proposed return to Berlin – the contents of intercepted letters from Edward Beit von Speyer suggested that Speyer had proposed living in Germany after the war . Speyer denied this and stated that the meaning of the letters had been misconstrued in the absence of his side of the correspondence being before the committee . Association with Muck – while living in America Speyer had become friendly with Karl Muck , the German conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra , who remained strongly pro @-@ German even after the United States entered the war . Unknown to Speyer , who stated that their friendship was based on a shared love of music , Muck was suspected of being a German agent . Association with Koren – in America , Speyer was friendly with John Koren , an American statistician who represented the United States on the International Prisons Commission . In 1916 , Speyer had funded a fact @-@ finding trip by Koren to Europe , during which Koren visited Germany and met Speyer 's sister and friends . Although the committee considered the trip strange , they drew no inference of disloyalty from the events . The Boston Journal – in April 1917 , on the advice of John Koren , Speyer had provided a loan to The Boston Journal newspaper to prevent it from going out of business . The newspaper had printed some articles of a pro @-@ German nature and the committee thought it imprudent but not disloyal of Speyer to have lent the money . Paying money to enemy subjects – some of Speyer 's friends had made claims at the Frankfurt bank for payment of sums due to them that were in the hands of Speyer in London . Speyer had authorised the payments , although this was not allowed by the wartime regulations . The committee commented that in similar circumstances it had shown leniency to others doing the same thing , and would not have attached great importance to the matter if it had stood alone . On 7 January 1922 , Speyer 's partners published a letter supporting Speyer and rejecting the implications of his correspondence with his German relatives , stating that he was " incapable of any act of treachery against the country of his adoption " . Two days later , Speyer also issued a statement responding to the report and rebutting the committee 's interpretation of the facts . He stated that he had been advised of the committee 's investigation in 1919 and , after considerable delay by the Home Office , had persuaded it to carry out an investigation in America into allegations made against his conduct there . These investigations , he stated , had demonstrated that the allegations were false , but , after he returned to Britain for the formal hearing in 1921 , a further series of allegations were presented regarding his business transactions . Speyer stated that the issues involved were of a trivial nature and were similar to those encountered by other British banks which had traded without censure . He stated that " the whole thing is neither more nor less than the culmination of years of political persecution . The Home Secretary simply dared not give me the vindication to which I was entitled . " He challenged the government to publish the evidence presented , and " to point to a strip of material evidence that would induce any fairminded man to support the monstrous conclusions of this report " . = = = Final years = = = In January 1920 , Speyer Brothers sold its shareholding in the UERL for approximately £ 1 million ( 36 @.@ 2 million today ) . A month later , Speyer put the Grosvenor Street house up for sale although it did not reach its reserve price at auction . On 1 April 1922 , Speyer and his remaining partner in the London bank , Henry William Brown , dissolved Speyer Brothers . The Grosvenor Street house was eventually sold in early 1923 and became the American Women 's club . Speyer rejoined the surviving American and German branches of the family bank and continued to live in New York . In 1929 , he lived in Washington Square . He died on 16 February 1932 in Berlin , after having travelled there for an operation on his nose . He was buried in Dahlem , Berlin . He had continued to hold his baronetcy , although it became extinct with his death as he had no male heirs . After his death , Speyer 's UK estate was assessed at £ 3 @,@ 362 19s 1d and his US estate at $ 245 @,@ 287 , equivalent to a net worth of approximately £ 210 @,@ 500 and $ 4 @.@ 34 million today . = = Legacy = = Speyer 's two principal legacies are the three deep @-@ level tube lines of the London Underground , and the Promenade Concerts . The former might not have been built without the finance he raised with Yerkes , and would have struggled without his chairmanship . The latter may have failed in the early 20th century without his financial support . The tube lines now form the central sections of the Underground 's Northern , Piccadilly and Bakerloo lines . After Speyer 's funding of the Promenade Concerts ended , they were taken over by music publishers Chappell & Co. and , in 1927 , by the BBC . The characters of Sir Hermann and Lady Aline Gurtner in E. F. Benson 's 1919 novel Robin Linnet were based on Sir Edgar and Lady Leonora . Leanne Langley suggests that the character of Appleton , a villainous stockbroker , in John Buchan 's The Thirty @-@ Nine Steps may have been based on Speyer . After the American Women 's club moved out , his London home served as the Japanese Embassy for some years and is now the offices of stockbrokers Killik & Co . It is a Grade II * listed building . The Sea Marge was sold after his death and became a hotel and , for many years , a well @-@ considered home for the elderly . It is currently operated as a hotel and is listed Grade II . After the Speyers returned to America , Lady Leonora began writing poetry and won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1927 . She died in 1956 . The Speyers ' three daughters returned to Britain . Pamela Speyer married Count Hugo Moy in 1926 , but was widowed shortly after when he was killed in a hunting accident . She died in Sussex in 1985 . Leonora was married for less than a year and then lived with concert pianist Maria Donska and died in Kent in 1987 . Vivien came to Britain as a member of the United States Women 's Army Auxiliary Corps and died in Norwalk , Connecticut , in 2001 . = Typhoon Higos ( 2002 ) = Typhoon Higos was considered the third strongest typhoon to affect Tokyo since World War II . The 21st named storm of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season , Higos developed on September 25 east of the Northern Marianas Islands . It tracked west @-@ northwestward for its first few days , steadily intensifying into a powerful typhoon by September 29 . Higos subsequently weakened and turned to the north @-@ northeast toward Japan , making landfall in that country 's Kanagawa Prefecture on October 1 . It weakened while crossing Honshu , and shortly after striking Hokkaidō , Higos became extratropical on October 2 . The remnants passed over Sakhalin and dissipated on October 4 . Before striking Japan , Higos produced strong winds in the Northern Marianas Islands while passing to their north . These winds damaged the food supply on two islands . Later , Higos moved across Japan with wind gusts as strong as 161 km / h ( 100 mph ) , including record gusts at several locations . A total of 608 @,@ 130 buildings in the country were left without power , and two people were electrocuted in the storm 's aftermath . The typhoon also dropped heavy rainfall that peaked at 346 mm ( 13 @.@ 6 in ) . The rains flooded houses across the country and caused mudslides . High waves washed 25 boats ashore and killed one person along the coast . Damage in the country totaled $ 2 @.@ 14 billion ( ¥ 261 billion 2002 JPY ) , and there were five deaths in the country . Later , the remnants of Higos affected the Russian Far East , killing seven people involved in two shipwrecks offshore Primorsky Krai . = = Meteorological history = = The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) first monitored an area of disturbed weather on September 25 . At the time , the system consisted of a weak circulation , but with good outflow and located in an area of low wind shear . The system moved to the west @-@ northwest , steered by a subtropical ridge to the east of Japan . On September 26 , a tropical depression developed about 925 km ( 575 mi ) east of the Northern Marianas Islands , and also to the south of the Japanese island of Minamitorishima . Later that day , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Higos , at the same time that the JTWC also upgraded to a tropical storm . By that time , the system had developed an organized area of convection . The storm gradually intensified while passing to the north of Saipan , and Higos attained typhoon status on September 27 . Shortly thereafter , it also passed just south of Pagan Island . A well @-@ defined eye ( cyclone ) 15 km ( 9 mi ) in diameter developed , and Higos rapidly intensified . At 1200 UTC on September 29 , Typhoon Higos reached its peak intensity . The JMA estimated 10 minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) , and the JTWC estimated 1 minute winds of 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) , which made Higos a super typhoon . After having moved west @-@ northwestward for several days , Higos slowed and began turning to the north while it was at peak strength . Its change in movement was due to an eastward @-@ moving trough creating a weakness in the ridge . The typhoon accelerated to the north @-@ northeast toward Japan and gradually weakened due to increasing wind shear . At around 1100 UTC on October 1 , Higos passed just east of the Miura Peninsula with winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) , about 30 minutes before making landfall in the eastern portion of Kanagawa Prefecture near Yokosuka . Higos passed very near Tokyo around 1200 UTC that day , becoming the third strongest typhoon to affect the city since World War II , according to the JTWC . The typhoon weakened into a tropical storm while crossing Honshu . Higos briefly emerged over waters , before making a second landfall on Tomakomai , Hokkaidō at 2100 UTC on October 1 . By that time , the storm was beginning to transition into an extratropical cyclone , and at 0600 UTC on October 2 Higos completed the transition . Simultaneously , the JTWC discontinued advisories . The storm continued to the north before crossing Sakhalin . The remnants dissipated on October 4 just west of the Kamchatka Peninsula . = = Preparations and impact = = Typhoon Higos first affected the Northern Marianas Islands , producing winds of 94 km / h ( 59 mph ) , with gusts to 183 km / h ( 114 mph ) on Pagan Island . The typhoon caused heavy crop damage in Agrigan and Alamagan , which led to food shortages on the islands . As a result , officials from Saipan sent a boat to the islands with food donated by the local Red Cross chapter . Before Higos struck Japan , officials canceled 300 airplane flights , and also canceled train lines and ferry service . Some baseball games were postponed , and businesses closed early . The typhoon affected outlying islands of Japan , causing power outages due to strong winds . Upon making landfall in Japan , Higos produced strong winds that peaked at 104 km / h ( 65 mph ) in Shizuoka . Winds in Tokyo reached 94 km / h ( 58 mph ) . Stronger wind gusts were reported in Hokkaido after Higos became extratropical , including a peak gust of 161 km / h ( 100 mph ) in Urakawa . Several stations across Japan reported record @-@ high wind gusts . The typhoon also dropped torrential rainfall that peaked at 346 mm ( 13 @.@ 6 in ) in Hakone , Kanagawa ; the same station reported a one @-@ hour total of 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 15 in ) . The typhoon washed 25 boats ashore , including a cargo ship on Izu @-@ Oshima Island . One woman was washed away by high surf . A total of 2 @,@ 254 houses were flooded in the country , forcing thousands of people to evacuate . Overall , 2 @,@ 694 houses were damaged , and another 12 were destroyed . Many houses lost their roofs , and high winds left 608 @,@ 130 buildings without power in Honshu , along with thousands of power on Hokkaido . Two people were electrocuted by downed power lines . High rainfall caused mudslides near Tokyo , which destroyed a few buildings , and caused the Tama River to reach above @-@ normal levels . Across Japan , the typhoon disrupted transportation by forcing highways to be closed . Storm debris injured several people , and a steel window frame struck and killed a man in Yokohama . A tree fell onto a car , injuring one person . Insured damage in Japan totaled $ 2 @.@ 14 billion ( ¥ 261 billion 2002 JPY ) . In Iwate Prefecture , there was about $ 73 million ( ¥ 8 billion 2002 JPY ) in damage , mostly from damaged roads and public buildings . Agriculture damage in the prefecture $ 18 @.@ 3 million ( ¥ 2 billion 2002 JPY ) for the first time since Typhoon Mireille in 1991 . There were five deaths , and 108 people were injured ; this included 55 people who were injured in Tokyo . After becoming extratropical , Higos affected the Kuril Islands and later Sakhalin . Power was cut in 22 towns , and ferry service was canceled . On Sakhalin , high winds downed many trees , some of which blocked roads . Six people were injured by fallen trees . The remnants of Higos capsized two ships offshore Primorye , killing seven people . = Gorilla ( Bruno Mars song ) = " Gorilla " is a song recorded by American recording artist Bruno Mars for his 2012 studio album Unorthodox Jukebox . The song was written by Mars , Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine , while production was handled by the former along with Emile Haynie , Jeff Bhasker and Mark Ronson , who had all previously co @-@ produced the single " Locked Out of Heaven " for the same album . Atlantic Records serviced the track to Contemporary hit radio in the United States on September 10 , 2012 , as the fourth single from Unorthodox Jukebox . The official remix ( G @-@ Mix ) of the song features American singers Pharrell Williams and R. Kelly , and was released in Canada and US on November 12 . " Gorilla " is a midtempo rock and soft rock song with a power pop hook , epic guitars and a synth / percussion combination resembling a Phil Collins @-@ esque . Its style has drawn comparisons towards Prince 's 1984 single " Purple Rain " . The single received mixed to positive reviews from critics , who praised its early 1980s arena rock tendencies , but was criticized for its explicit lyrical content , which addresses the subject of making love like wild animals . The song charted moderately worldwide ; it reached number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 62 on the UK Singles Chart , being unable to achieve the same success of the previous singles . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting digital downloads of over half a million copies in the US . Mars only performed " Gorilla " live at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , however the song was included on the set list of the 2013 Moonshine Jungle Tour as the final act , usually performed as an encore . = = Background = = " Gorilla " was the first song written for the album , setting " the tone for the entire project and it kind of became the mascot " . This was the reason behind the gorilla on the cover of the album , as Mars explained in an interview with MTV News . In another interview , this time for GQ magazine , Mars revealed the song 's conception , saying that " it was just painting a picture — some animalistic sex " . When asked about what the meaning is for " making love like a gorilla " ? , Mars replied aggressively " What does that sound like to you ? Come on ... What is this , 1933 ? We can 't talk about this ? " . Regarding the line " I got a body full of liquor with a cocaine kicker " , Mars said that his inspiration came " just because the room was dark " and he felt like Johnny Cash . On the same interview , he was asked if his perfect idea of encounter was the same as described in the track , one in which your partner is screaming to you , " Give it to me , baby , give it to me , motherfucker " and having attracted the attention of the cops due to the violent noises you are making with your partner outside while " trying to get in " . To this question Mars said " It definitely sounds awesome . Right ? Isn 't that what matters ? It 's an awesome song ! I don 't know how to tell you that more " . In another interview , this time for Rolling Stone , he explained that the track is about " good old animalistic sex " . When the interviewer asked if Mars was concerned with the verses " Got a body full of liquor with a cocaine kicker " due to his 2010 drug bust , he replied " To take that line out would dilute my art " , since the recording " needs a sense of danger . When I was a kid , pop could be dangerous but still massive . Michael Jackson would grab his crotch . Prince would rock assless chaps " . A demo of the song , only featuring the vocals and an acoustic guitar , was exclusively released as bonus track on the Target edition of the album , on December 11 , 2012 . Almost a year later , on November 5 , 2013 , the demo of the song was also included on the deluxe edition of the album , released worldwide . Upon the release of the remix of the song ( G @-@ Mix ) , on November 12 , 2013 , Mars commented that it featured " two of [ his ] favorite artist [ s ] " , Pharrell Williams and R.Kelly. = = Production and release = = " Gorilla " was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine , and produced by The Smeezingtons , Mark Ronson , Jeff Bhasker and Emile Haynie . The same producers have contributed to Mars 2012 hit single " Locked out of Heaven " for his second album Unorthodox Jukebox . " Gorilla " was recorded at at Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California and Avatar Studios in New York , New York . ALALAL , Levine and Ronson served as the song 's recording engineers , assisted by Bob Mallory and Tyler Hartman . The track 's engineering was done by Levine and assistant Charles Moniz at Levcon Studios . " Gorilla " was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood . David Kutch mastered the song . Steve Jordan played the drums , while Sharrod Barnes was responsible for the guitar and Bhasker handled the keyboards . Ronson was the performer of beats and Artie Smith was the technician of gear and served as a performer of vibes . On August 25 , 2013 at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , Mars unveiled the fourth single taken from Unorthodox Jukebox , " Gorilla " during the performance of the same . On September 10 , Atlantic Records serviced " Gorilla " to Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States . The song received airplay from Top 40 station , WHTF . It also impacted US rhythmic radios on September 17 . On September 24 , " Gorilla " impacted Contemporary hit radio in Italy . In the United Kingdom the song was sent to Contemporary hit radio on October 21 . Later , on November 12 , the official remix of the song was made available for purchase in the United States and Canada . It features American singers Pharrell Williams and R. Kelly . In both countries , two versions were made available ; a clean and an explicit one being released in the same day in both countries . Capital FM radio considered the single artwork one of the best of 2013 . = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = " Gorilla " has a length of four minutes and five seconds . The Observer magazine 's Kitty Empire characterized it as a soft rock , while Gail Mitchell , from Billboard 's magazine , called it a rock song . The track opens with a stark , insinuating beat and Mars ' bleating vocals . As it progresses , monstrous drums burst . A guitar , a piano , keyboards and a backbeat are also part of the instrumentation . The song features jungle noises in the background along with a pop hook . According to the digital sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing , the song was composed in common time and in the key of B minor with a tempo of 70 beats per minute . Mars ' vocals range spans from the low note of Bb3 to the high note of A5 . Billboard 's magazine reviewer , Jason Lipshutz , called the track " an ambitious arena @-@ rock sex jam " . It is often noted that " Gorilla " is a song rich of instruments that create a 1980s sound similar to Prince 's , with the drums and keyboards overwhelming the instrumental backbeat . About.com 's Bill Lamb and Slant Magazine 's Chan noticed the multiple high @-@ range falsettos performed by Mars during the whole song . Matt Dihel for Rolling Stone said that the recording features a " thundering , Def Leppard @-@ huge thump and risqué subject matter " . The song has gained attention due to its explicit lyrics . The song begins with the lyrics " I got a body full of liquor and a cocaine kicker " , during the song " a slew of f @-@ bombs " can be heard , and varied graphic descriptions such as : " You got your legs up in the sky with the devil in your eyes / Let me hear you say you want it all " and the chorus " You and me , baby , making love like gorillas ! " . Overall , the lyrics portray the subject of having a " romantic evening " of making love like wild animals ( gorillas ) , despite being high from cocaine and drunk from liquor . On September 11 , 2013 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Dannielle Miller , co @-@ founder of Enlighten Education , decided to appeal to mainstream radio in order to ban " Gorilla " , due to its sexual and violent lyrics towards women . = = Critical reception = = " Gorilla " received mixed reviews by most music critics . Some of them praised its musical structure , while others complained for its lack for lyrical depth . In a review of Unorthodox Jukebox , Slant Magazine 's Andrew Chan wrote that it is the album 's highlight being the most energetic track on the album and found it " most infectious bedroom anthem of the year . Likewise , Lauren Kreisler from the Official Charts Company , described the song as an apparent bedroom antics . About.com critic Bill Lamb rated the song 3 out of 5 stars , praising the musicality , since the singer recaptures " the musical spirit of Prince 's arena sized ballad " Purple Rain " and " the pounding keyboards and crunchy guitar will invite a live audience to sway along in time to the music " . On the other hand , the " erotic connection " is misguided because " the words about alcohol and cocaine fueled rough sex , it is difficult to see the song as truly erotic " , making the lyrics " tasteless " and lacking concept . Official Charts Company 's Lauren Kreisler found that the lyrics ' concept simply " baffled " anyone , while ultimately described the song as " intriguing ( and anthemic ) enough to make us listen again , and again , and again , to work it out . " Writing for The Washington Post , Allison Stewart opined that the track describes an eccentric night of romance , beginning with " a body full of liquor with a cocaine kicker " and ending with " you and me / Making love like gorillas " . She concluded , " for all its awfulness " the song is the " image shifter Mars needs " . Idolator 's Emily Tan commented " the libidinous lyrics are disguised with epic guitars and Phil Collins @-@ esque heavy drum combinations ... strong enough to soundtrack a scene in a drama series " . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine similarly felt that the " drums and keyboards are nicely overwhelming , but the overall concept floats too far away to make a dent on the listener " . Day Hyman of Spin thought that the lyrics on the album " desperately needed kick in the pants " mainly noticed on " Gorilla " . He also drew comparisons on the " Prince @-@ channeling " vibe . On the critical side , Amy Dawson of Metro described it as a " Phil Collins @-@ esque low point " in the album , " in which the button @-@ eyed singer makes plans to go at it in the same way as said giant ape , all over a Phil Collins @-@ esque synth / percussion combo backing … but by the time the jungle noises kick in , you think he surely must be in on the joke . " Kory Grow of Rolling Stone 's magazine reviewed the remix of the song , in the song " Pharrell opens the track with a salacious rap " , setting " the thematic pace for track " , in the end of his verse the original " steamy " verses of Mars begin . He further added that R. Kelly 's appearance makes the song a " sort of sex jam " and only him has " the hubris and swagger to shout " : " I 'm like an anaconda in your garden / Baby girl , I 'm explorin ' " in the song . Reviewing for Billboard 's column , Kevin Rutherford described the track as " raunchy " and if the original version was " dirty enough " , then " Mars and company have a treat in store for you " . Los Angeles Times 's Mikael Wood shared a similar opinion as the other reviewers , calling it a " little naughtier " than the original version thanks to Williams and Kelly . For Idolator , Mike Wass called the remix " X @-@ rated " , thanking the feature guests for that . = = Chart performance = = In the week ending of August 25 , 2013 , after the performance on the VMAs , the song was downloaded 20 @,@ 000 times , a jump of 1 @,@ 003 % from the previous week when it sold 2 @,@ 000 copies . In the following week , the song debuted at number 60 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , selling 55 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 copies , as most of the songs performed at the show were still earning from the performances , including " Gorilla " . The song eventually peaked at number 22 on the Hot 100 . On the Pop Songs chart , the single debuted at number 30 in the week of September 17 , 2013 and in the week of November 9 , 2013 , the song reached its peak at number 11 . The song ended two top 10 streaks , one on the Billboard Hot 100 and the other at the Pop Songs chart . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting digital downloads of 500 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . " Gorilla " reached the high position of 23 , on November 2 , 2013 , on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . The song has been certified Gold by Music Canada ( MC ) , denoting digital downloads of 40 @,@ 000 copies in Canada . In the United Kingdom , it debuted at number 97 on the Singles Chart . On the week of November 23 , 2013 the song peaked at number 62 , becoming his first single in the country to miss the Top 40 . It also made appearances in the Republic of Ireland , France and Austria , debuting and peaking at 74 in the latter . Its highest chart position in European countries was in Netherlands , where it reached a peak of 31 . The track was able to chart in the Belgium region , on their respective Tipparade , Ultratip Flanders reaching the peak of 11 and in the Ultratip Wallonia sitting at number 9 . After its release as a single , " Gorilla " entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 68 and peaked at number 41 on September 29 , 2013 . It was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for selling 35 @,@ 000 digital copies . = = Live performances and reception = = The first and only time Mars performed the song , aside from the tour , was on 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , where Mars recreated his provocative music video with Nicole “ The Pole ” Williams . In his performance there was a green color scheme with a neon sign pulsating in the background with the same color . The singer was standing high up on a platform , using aviator sunglasses . Whilst there was a screen with a giant gorilla face behind him and lasers firing through the stage . He kicked his mic stand over and over , while his band was jamming along . Meanwhile , some pyrotechnics " shooting off at the climax " and " blasts of fire erupted during the chorus " . His face face was " superimposed " over Nicole Williams dancing around a stripper pole with " acrobatic ease " and " breathtaking moves in time to the song " , during the performance . The song was the final act on both set lists of his second worldwide tour , The Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 @-@ 2015 ) . Billboard 's Brad Wete said : " There ’ s something to be said about simplicity when whatever ’ s simply being done is awesome . Bruno Mars never moved more than three steps in any direction during his performance . His voice soared and his passion was palpable as he performed " . He concluded , " when his time came , Mars left his mark " . Mathew Jacobs of The Huffington Post believes that " the jazzy new song marked one of the night 's tamer moments " . He praised Mars performance by saying he " offered a brand of artistry unmatched by the bulk of the telecast . " Grading the performances of the show , the staff from Entertainment Weekly gave Mars ' performance an A- , describing it as " The most elegantly designed and executed performance of the evening " . MTV News ' Brenna Ehrlich classified the performance as a " show that rivaled anything you 'd find in the city 's famous — and infamous — Red Light District " . The UK edition of The Huffington Post commented that despite Mars ' voice being on top form , it was the pole @-@ dancer performance who stole the show . Other performers , such as Ed Sheeran and Adam Lambert praised the interpretation by calling it an amazing performance and noticing Mars ' vocals , respectively . Hilary Duff called " Gorilla " a " straight baby making music " . Writing for Billboard magazine , Jason Lipshutz , while reviewing the tour felt that Gorilla was " an odd selection for a set closer " . He further added , that Mars " lost his mind while perched upon an elevated platform with pyrotechnics blasting off behind him " . = = Music video = = = = = Background and concept = = = Mars had been filming the music video for " Gorilla " as he announced on his Twitter account , on October 2 , 2013 . He said " Sorry i 've been M.I.A , I was shooting a music video . # WinkWink # FRIKIKIKIKI # BangBang Wait till you see this " . It was directed by Mars ' himself and regular collaborator Cameron Duddy . On October 10 , 2013 it was announced on Bruno Mars ' official website , leading up to the release of the video , the unveil of teasers every day via Mars ' Instagram account . The teasers included a car parked in front of a strip club , a reptile , and an angry boss played by Luis Guzmán . Duddy along with Mars sought to create " more than a standard strip @-@ club video " by researching and going into strip clubs to appreciate the architecture of the local . Nevertheless , the search for the ideal strip club was fruitless , so Mars and Duddy decided to build one : " a joint that seemed like it was lifted straight out of Havana , dark and sweaty and seemingly untouched by time . They painted the walls themselves , and went back and forth on just what color neon they should use " . When the time came to cast someone to play a stripper , the only name was Freida Pinto 's one . However , Duddy had some doubts her choice , since he considered her " safe " . To this , Mars replied " it 's important to use someone who hasn 't been seen in this light before " . All in all , Duddy confessed that he trusted Mars instincts regarding Pinto 's choice for the role . Duddy explained that some scenes recorded for the video were dangerous . Pinto could have harmed herself in the scene where " she sheds her clothes among a sea of sparks " , as well as Mars ' guitar player " He got dangerously close to having his head burned " . Muriel Villera starts as one of the jealous strippers . The official music video was set to premiere on October 14 , 2015 . Nevertheless , its release was delayed one day by Mars himself stating " I want it to be the best it can be . With that being said , I need one more day " . The video , finally arrived on October 15 , 2015 exclusively via Facebook . = = = Synopsis = = = The music video opens with a pair of jealous strippers applying lipstick and caddying back @-@ and @-@ forth between backstage , in a South of the Border strip zoo named " La Jungla " . Meanwhile , Mars ' " Money Make Her Smile " can be heard from the room , the two of them are talking about a new girl who has been " fooling around " with someone else 's man ( Mr. Mars ) . The scene ends with one of the two women saying , " Wait ' til I tell the boss what she 's sleeping with " . It is shown that the new girl , Isabella , has been listening to the conversation and it 's her time to dance as soon as the boss says so . The role of Isabella is portrayed by Indian actress Freida Pinto , who after an introduction by Guzmán , the zoo owner , starts to pull off " gravity @-@ defying spins on the pole " as Mars and his mates , who serve as the house band , perform the song . On the following scene , Isabella sheds her clothes with such rage that sparks fall from the ceiling while Mars stares at her intensely singing " You and me baby making love like gorillas " . As the second verse starts , intermittent shots of Mars and Isabella " heating up the backseat of a car " along with shots of her " grinding on customers " and banging on Mars ' chest as he sings the line " Bang Bang , Gorilla " . The former shots are shown throughout the video . As the video continues , Isabella is shown " to drop on her knees and lick " Mars ' guitar . She grabs it and pours tequila over the same , before using a lighter to set it on fire . Afterwards , the roof sprinklers come on and Isabella lets the water shower her while she stands on her underwear . The video ends in a chase scene in which Mars runs down trough a dimly lit aisle , and suddenly transforms into a giant gorilla , while Isabella is seen at the end of the pathway waiting for him . The video doesn 't contain any of the teasers Mars released days before the video , including the iguana shot , the outer car scene and the one with Luis Guzman listening to the intro for Isabella . = = = Reception = = = Upon its release , the video received positive response from critics . James Montgomery of MTV News said that the video " is undoubtedly indebted to the past few decades of pop @-@ cultural history ... yet , once again , he 's managed to create something entirely new , too " . He added that , " thanks to Pinto 's wattage , " Gorilla " goes to heights — and depths — Mars has never visited before " . Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz found Mars supporting " a more R @-@ rated side " in the video , calling the cameos by Freida Pinto and Luis Guzman unforgettable . Carl Williot of the website 's Idolator thought that the new video maintained the " sweaty nightclub vibe " style from the previous video " Locked Out of Heaven " . Additionally , she felt there is a story centered on Isabella , the new dancer , and Mars , which obviously upset " the club ’ s veteran strippers " . The Times of India newspaper considered the video one of the most controversial of 2013 because of " Freida Pinto strip act " . Ray Rahman of Entertainment Weekly opined that " Bruno Mars is getting real " since the video was set on a strip club and featured Freida Pinto striping , licking guitars and getting intimate with Mars . Lauren Kreisler of Official Charts Company praised the video concept and concluded that it was " racy as you might have expected " . The video for " Gorilla " broke the 1 million views mark in just over an hour in 2013 on the exclusive Facebook program premiere , " # NowPlaying " . = = Track listing = = Digital single " Gorilla " ( feat . R. Kelly and Pharrell ) [ G @-@ Mix ] – 4 : 25 = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California and Avatar Studios in New York , New York ; mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unorthodox Jukebox = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = = = Wimbledon and Sutton Railway = The Wimbledon and Sutton Railway ( W & SR ) was a railway company established by an Act of Parliament in 1910 to build a railway line in Surrey ( now south @-@ west London ) from Wimbledon to Sutton via Merton and Morden in the United Kingdom . The railway was promoted by local landowners hoping to increase the value of their land through its development for housing . It was initially planned that services on the railway would be operated by the London Underground 's District Railway ( DR ) by an extension of its existing service from Wimbledon . Delays in finding the funding , opposition from the two mainline companies that the line was intended to connect , and World War I , led to the start of construction work being delayed until 1927 . The line was completed and opened in January 1930 , although the planned extension of the DR was not implemented and the service was provided by the Southern Railway . The opening of the line stimulated residential development as planned , but competition from the London Underground 's City and South London Railway , which had its terminus at Morden , meant that the line did not achieve the hoped for passenger numbers . = = History = = = = = Background = = = During the second half of the 19th century , the Surrey villages of Wimbledon and Sutton experienced rapid residential growth stimulated by the railways running through their areas , with landowners in both areas profiting from the development of new suburban housing on their previously rural estates . Less accessible to the railways , the parishes of Merton and Morden which lay between Wimbledon and Sutton remained largely rural , and , starting in the 1880s , a series of railway schemes were proposed to bring a new line through the area and increase the value of the land . Unsuccessful private bills were presented to Parliament in 1884 , 1888 , 1890 and 1891 seeking permission to construct a new railway between the London and South Western Railway 's ( L & SWR 's ) line through Wimbledon station to the north and the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway 's ( LB & SCR 's ) Sutton station in the south . = = = Establishment = = = On 7 October 1908 , engineer H. D. Searles @-@ Wood and Sir George Smallman organised a meeting to consider a new plan for a Wimbledon to Sutton railway , and a committee was formed to promote the plan . A further meeting , held in 1909 , included landowner William Innes , nephew of John Innes , the developer of Merton Park . It was estimated that £ 350 @,@ 000 ( approximately £ 32 @.@ 2 million today ) of capital was required , only part of which was to be provided by the promoters . Some of the remainder was sought from the DR ( now the London Underground 's District line ) which the promoters hoped would operate the service over the line by extending its service from Wimbledon . On 16 November 1909 , notice of the intention to bring a private bill before Parliament was published . The bill proposed a 5 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) line with ten stations to be operated by electric trains which would provide a service taking 32 minutes to reach Waterloo from Sutton . The LB & SCR opposed the line on the grounds that it would compete with its own services from Sutton to central London , and claimed that its own planned electrification of its lines to Victoria and London Bridge would offer quicker journeys than the W & SR route.The LB & SCR also believed that a connection for the W & SR would give the DR service the chance to extend its service to Epsom and beyond . The L & SWR had concerns that its tracks from Putney to Wimbledon , over which the DR provided the service , were already at capacity and could not cope with the extended DR service to Sutton . Nonetheless , the Wimbledon and Sutton Railway Act , 1910 received Royal Assent on 26 July 1910 . The act approved the railway and allowed for the L & SWR connection at Wimbledon but did not allow for a connection to the LB & SCR at Sutton ; instead the W & SR was to build a separate station with a pedestrian connection to the LB & SCR 's station . Intermediate stations were approved for Elm Grove in Wimbledon , adjacent to the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club 's original grounds , Cannon Hill , Merton Park , Morden , Elm Farm , Sutton Common , Collingwood Road and Cheam . Power for the line was to be supplied by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) , owner of the DR , from its Lots Road Power Station . = = = Delays = = = From the beginning , the company encountered delays in implementing its plans . Neither of the two main line railway companies were interested in investing in the line , so the W & SR 's promoters approached the DR for assistance . In 1911 , Albert Stanley , managing director of the DR , agreed that it would finance the construction if the promoters would guarantee a return of £ 6 @,@ 000 per year for ten years . The DR was to cover any shortfall below 4 @.@ 5 per cent return on capital . To provide additional capacity for Sutton trains on the DR 's Wimbledon branch , the DR published a bill on 21 November 1911 seeking permission to construct additional tracks on the L & SWR owned section from Wimbledon to East Putney . The works were approved by the Metropolitan District Railway Act , 1912 , which received assent on 7 August 1912 . The L & SWR was to build the additional tracks with the DR covering the cost . On 22 November 1912 , both the W & SR and the DR published notices that further bills would be submitted to extend the time limit imposed by the 1910 Act for the compulsory purchase of the land needed for the railway , to enable the W & SR to raise additional capital , and to give the DR powers to take over the W & SR . The DR bill contained provisions to increase the capacity on the DR owned section of the Wimbledon branch by constructing further additional tracks from south of Parsons Green to south of Walham Green station ( now Fulham Broadway ) . The requested extension of time and other powers were granted by the Wimbledon and Sutton Railway Act , 1913 , given Royal Assent on 15 August 1913 . In December 1912 , the original promoters were replaced on the W & SR board by UERL nominees and the shares in the company were transferred to the UERL or its shareholders . In late 1913 , changes were made to the track layout at Wimbledon station , including a new platform for use by the W & SR line trains , and land for the junctions with the L & SWR mainline was purchased . On 16 November 1914 , after the outbreak of war , the DR gave notice of another bill which sought a further extension of time for land purchases . The DR was also to stand guarantor for the W & SR and to lease the W & SR 's undertakings , in effect taking over the W & SR . This was granted under the Metropolitan District Railway Act , 1915 on 24 June 1915 . War @-@ time restrictions prevented any construction and so extensions to the earlier acts were granted each year from 1918 to 1922 to give a final date of 26 July 1924 for completion of the compulsory purchase . = = = Revised plans = = = In November 1922 , notices of new bills to be placed before Parliament were published by the W & SR , and by the UERL 's subsidiaries the London Electric Railway ( LER ) and the City and South London Railway ( C & SLR , now part of the London Underground 's Northern line ) . Taken together , the bills brought significant changes to the plans for the Wimbledon to Sutton line . The C & SLR was an underground railway running in deep tunnels . In 1922 its line ran from Euston to Clapham Common . The C & SLR proposed to extend it for " 6 miles , 1 furlong and 7 @.@ 2 chains " ( 6 @.@ 215 miles or 10 @.@ 002 kilometres ) from Clapham Common through Balham , Tooting , Merton and Morden to connect to the route of the W & SR and then continue to Sutton . The LER , C & SLR , and DR would invest in the construction of the W & SR , for which the estimated cost had risen to £ 1 @.@ 7 million ( approximately £ 83 @.@ 7 million today ) . The DR would operate trains over the W & SR from Sutton to Wimbledon and thence to central London ; the C & SLR would operate trains over the southern end of the W & SR from Sutton to Morden then via the new C & SLR extension to Clapham Common and northwards . The plans also included the construction of a depot at Morden for use by DR and C & SLR trains . The Southern Railway ( SR ) , successor to both the L & SWR and the LB & SCR under the 1923 grouping of railways , objected to the plan to extend the C & SLR line to Sutton – Sir Herbert Walker , General Manager of the SR , described the proposals as an " invasion " of the SR 's territory allocated by the grouping agreement . Walker proposed a limited extension of the CS & LR as far as Tooting and offered to allow the C & SLR 's tube trains to run to Wimbledon via a connection to the SR 's Tooting to Wimbledon line . He also proposed that the SR should build the W & SR instead . The UERL rejected Walker 's plan , claiming that the entire extension to Morden was needed as that was the only place to build the necessary depot . Without the compromise arrangement , the House of Lords rejected the whole scheme but the House of Commons , which wanted the tube service to be extended from Clapham , encouraged further negotiations between the UERL and SR . In July 1923 , an agreement was made that the SR would withdraw its objection in exchange for a transfer of the UERL 's interests in the W & SR . The District railway would be allowed to operate to Sutton via the W & SR route , although this was not pursued further . The Wimbledon and Sutton Railway Act , 1923 , the London Electric Railway Act , 1923 and the City and South London Railway Act , 1923 all received Royal Assent on 2 August 1923 . The SR arranged for the take @-@ over and winding @-@ up of the W & SR . The C & SLR soon started construction of its southern extension which opened to a terminus at Morden on 13 September 1926 , with a depot south of the station and within 200 yards ( 183 m ) of the W & SR route , although no connection was made between the two lines . Without the extension of the District line to Sutton , the additional tracks between Wimbledon and Putney were not required and the work was not carried out . The additional tracks between Parsons Green and Fulham Broadway were constructed but have only been used as sidings . Once the tube line was opened , the Underground company established a network of bus routes to the south , using Morden station as their hub . These routes had a significant impact on the SR 's operations in the area , with the SR estimating in 1928 that it had lost approximately four million passengers per year . The UERL though was able to demonstrate that its passenger numbers on its buses to Sutton station were actually more than double those for Morden . = = = Construction = = = Construction of the line from Wimbledon to Sutton was slower . Work started at Wimbledon in October 1927 , but property purchases were not completed until the middle of 1928 and the contractor , Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons , did not begin work at Sutton until July 1928 . The landscape traversed by the line is undulating and rises from about 50 feet ( 15 m ) above sea @-@ level at Wimbledon to about 200 feet ( 61 m ) at Sutton . Designed for operation exclusively by the electric multiple unit , extensive embankments and cuttings were constructed and steep gradients up to 1 in 44 ( 2 @.@ 27 % ) and tight @-@ radius curves were employed . Only 35 chains ( 0 @.@ 438 mi or 0 @.@ 705 km ) of the route was built as level track and 24 bridges were required , the largest of which spans 120 feet ( 37 m ) over the A24 close to Morden Park . The station buildings at the two end stations , Wimbledon and Sutton , were rebuilt between 1927 and 1930 and six stations were constructed at Wimbledon Chase , South Merton , Morden South , St. Helier , Sutton Common and West Sutton . Fewer stations were built than planned in 1910 , but all were on sites proposed then , except St Helier station which was built to serve the London County Council 's new St. Helier housing estate , then under construction . With the exception of South Merton , which was built without , all stations had white stone or concrete faced buildings with access to the platforms by stairs up or down from street level . Provided with 520 @-@ foot ( 160 m ) long island platforms , the stations could accommodate trains eight coaches long . = = Opening and operation = = Work from Wimbledon to South Merton was completed quickly so that services could begin running as a single @-@ track operation on 7 July 1929 . The remainder of the line opened on 5 January 1930 , more than forty @-@ five years after the first Wimbledon to Sutton link was proposed . As hoped by the original promoters , the opening of the line stimulated the construction of new areas of private and public residential development throughout the 1930s , although large areas remain as parks and playing fields . The St. Helier estate was completed in 1936 . The opening of the Wimbledon to Sutton line and the C & SLR led the population of the parish of Morden , previously the most rural of the areas through which the lines passed , to increase from 1 @,@ 355 in 1921 to 12 @,@ 618 in 1931 and 35 @,@ 417 in 1951 . Ordinary ticket sales from Morden South station increased from 9 @,@ 840 in 1930 to 50 @,@ 817 in 1938 but , from the SR 's perspective , the line was not a great success . The service , originally operating from West Croydon to Holborn Viaduct station in central London , was slow and indirect and many of the potential passengers from the line 's catchment area continued to use the buses and tube route via Morden . Goods services operated on the line to a goods yard at St. Helier station until it was closed in 1963 , and to an Express Dairies bottling plant adjacent to Morden South station which opened in 1954 and closed in 1992 . The line is now called the St Helier Line , and forms part of the Sutton Loop , served by trains from Thameslink and Southern . = George S. Greene = George Sears Greene ( May 6 , 1801 – January 28 , 1899 ) was a civil engineer and a Union general during the American Civil War . He was part of the Greene family of Rhode Island , which had a record of distinguished military service to the United States . He first served in the Army from 1823 to 1836 after graduating second from his class at West Point . As a civilian , he was a founder of the American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects and was responsible for numerous railroads and aqueduct construction projects in the northeastern United States . After 25 years as a civilian , he rejoined the Army to fight in the American Civil War . Despite his age , he quickly rose up the ranks and was appointed a brigadier general in early 1862 . During the war , he took part in the Northern Virginia Campaign , the Battle of Antietam , and the Battle of Chancellorsville . His most notable contribution during the war was his defense of the Union right flank at Culp 's Hill during the Battle of Gettysburg . He returned to engineering work after the war until his death in 1899 . = = Early life = = Greene was born in Apponaug , Rhode Island , one of nine children of Caleb and Sarah Robinson ( Greene ) Greene . His family had roots in the founding of Rhode Island and in the American Revolutionary War , including General Nathanael Greene , George 's second cousin . Caleb was a financially shrewd ship owner and merchant , but the Embargo Act of 1807 , which prohibited U.S. vessels from carrying goods to other countries , and the War of 1812 left his family in financial difficulties . Young George attended Wrentham Academy and then a Latin grammar school in Providence and hoped to attend Brown University there , but his impoverished father could not afford it , so he moved to New York City and found work in a dry goods store on Pearl Street . In the New York store , Greene met Major Sylvanus Thayer , superintendent of the United States Military Academy , who recommended him to the Secretary of War for appointment to the academy . Greene entered West Point at age 18 and graduated second of 35 cadets in the class of 1823 . Classmates of Greene 's included future Union Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas , Joseph K. Mansfield , David Hunter , Dennis Hart Mahan , and Albert Sidney Johnston . Top graduates of the academy generally chose the Engineers as their branch , but Greene decided on the artillery and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery Regiment . However , due to his excellent academic performance , he stayed at the academy until 1827 as an assistant professor of mathematics and as a principal assistant professor of engineering . One of the students he taught during this period was Cadet Robert E. Lee . In the summer of 1828 Greene married Mary Elizabeth Vinton , sister of his best friend at West Point , David Vinton . Elizabeth gave birth to three children over the next four years : Mary Vinton , George Sears , and Francis Vinton Greene . While assigned to Fort Sullivan in Eastport , Maine in 1833 , tragedy struck Greene 's family : Elizabeth and all three of their children died within seven months , probably from tuberculosis . To ease the pain on his mind and to escape the isolation and loneliness of peacetime Army garrison duty , he immersed himself in study of both the law and medicine , coming close to professional certification in both by the time he resigned his commission in 1836 to become a civil engineer . Greene built railroads in six states and designed municipal sewage and water systems for Washington , D.C. , Detroit , and several other cities . In New York City , he designed the Croton Aqueduct reservoir in Central Park and the enlarged High Bridge over the Harlem River . He was one of twelve founders in New York City of the American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects . While on a trip to Maine for railroad surveying , he met Martha Barrett Dana , daughter of Samuel Dana , a prominent Massachusetts politician . They were married in Charlestown , Massachusetts , on February 21 , 1837 . They had six children together , including four sons ( three of them later served in the military ) , one daughter , and one son who died in infancy . = = Civil War = = Despite being over 60 years old and having been out of the Army for 25 years , the crisis of the Union compelled Greene to seek to rejoin the service . He was essentially apolitical and was not an abolitionist , but he was a firm believer in restoring the Union . He was appointed colonel of the 60th New York Volunteer Infantry on January 18 , 1862 . The regiment of upstate New Yorkers had been dissatisfied with their colonel and the company commanders had petitioned for his removal . Governor Edwin D. Morgan , although initially reluctant to appoint Greene because of his age , saw his 13 years of regular army experience as a solution to his political / military problem . During this period , Governor John A. Andrew of Massachusetts was also prepared to offer Greene a regiment , but Greene chose to serve New York . The officers of the 60th were dismayed when the elderly , gray @-@ haired man reported for duty . They had requested that their lieutenant colonel be promoted , which would have raised many of them in rank themselves . On April 28 , 1862 , Greene was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and served on the staff of Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks in the Shenandoah Valley campaign against Stonewall Jackson . At age 61 , Greene was one of the oldest generals in the Union army and his troops took to calling him " Old Man " or " Pap " Greene . ( There were actually 17 general officers in the Civil War older than Greene . ) However , his age did not keep him from being one of the most aggressive commanders in the army . He commanded the 3rd Brigade , 2nd Division , II Corps , of the Army of Virginia at the Battle of Cedar Mountain during the Northern Virginia Campaign . Attacked by a Confederate force three times the size of his own , Greene and his men refused to give ground , holding out until the neighboring Union units were forced to withdraw . His division commander , Brig. Gen. John W. Geary , received a severe wound during the action and Greene took command of the division temporarily . Greene was again temporarily elevated to command of his division , now designated part of the XII Corps of the Army of the Potomac , at the Battle of Antietam . His division 's three brigades were led by junior officers who had survived Cedar Mountain . Even though XII Corps commander Brig. Gen. Joseph K. Mansfield was killed shortly after the fighting began , Greene led a crushing attack against the Confederates near the Dunker Church , achieving the farthest penetration of Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson 's lines than any Union unit . Under immense pressure , Greene held his small division ( only 1 @,@ 727 men engaged at the start of the day ) in advance of the rest of the army for four hours , but eventually withdrew after suffering heavy losses . While the division was posted to Harpers Ferry , Greene took a three @-@ week sick leave . Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard speculated that Greene , like many of his fellow officers , was sickened by the stench of dead and wounded at Antietam . When he returned , there was a new division commander , Brig. Gen. Geary . Greene was disgruntled that Geary , with only a few days seniority over him , was selected for the post ; Geary had been wounded at Cedar Mountain and his combat record was not as good , but his political connections and a sentiment that a wounded officer should not be set back in his career unnecessarily , gave him the nod . Greene resumed command of the 3rd Brigade , which was involved in minor skirmishes in northern Virginia and not engaged at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December . At the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , his brigade was in the center of the line . When the Union right — the XI Corps — collapsed , Greene 's brigade was subjected to enfilade artillery fire and then infantry assaults . He had ordered his men to fortify their positions 200 yards ( 180 m ) to their front using abatis and trenches and they were able to hold out against several Confederate assaults , although losing 528 men of 2 @,@ 032 engaged . During part of the battle , Greene once again assumed temporary command of the division when Geary was wounded again . = = = Gettysburg = = = The Battle of Gettysburg was the highlight of Greene 's military career . On July 2 , 1863 , Maj. Gen. George G. Meade shifted almost the entire XII Corps from the Union right to strengthen the left flank , which was under heavy attack . Greene 's lone brigade of 1 @,@ 350 New Yorkers ( five regiments ) was left to defend a one @-@ half @-@ mile line on Culp 's Hill when an entire Confederate division attacked . Fortunately , Greene had previously demonstrated good sense ( as befits a civil engineer ) by insisting that his troops construct strong field fortifications , despite a lack of interest in doing so from his division commander , Geary , and corps commander , Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum . In Greene 's finest moment of the war , his preparations proved decisive and his brigade held off multiple attacks for hours . He was active the entire engagement rallying his men to defend their positions in the darkness . Brig. Gen. Alpheus Williams , acting corps commander on July 2 , commended Greene for his " skill and judgment " in this defense , especially in his using the " advantages " of his position . Late at night , the rest of the XII Corps returned to Culp 's Hill . The fighting resumed the next morning and raged for over seven hours , but the Union troops held Culp 's Hill . They regained some of the lost ground and thwarted renewed Confederate attacks . The battle for Culp 's Hill included the two oldest generals in each army , Greene at 62 and Brig. Gen. William " Extra Billy " Smith at 65 . The desperate fighting on the Union right flank was as important as the more famous defense of the Union left flank on July 2 , by Col. Strong Vincent 's brigade on Little Round Top . In fact , given that the Union line was only 400 yards ( 370 m ) from the vital Union supply line on the Baltimore Pike , it can be argued that it was more important . However , Greene 's contribution to this critical battle have never been widely heralded , principally because of a dispute between Meade and Slocum over the filing of their official reports . But a member of Greene 's brigade wrote : Had the breastworks not been built , and had there only been the thin line of our unprotected brigade , that line must have been swept away like leaves before the wind , by the oncoming of so heavy a mass of troops , and the [ Baltimore ] pike would have been reached by the enemy . = = = Western Theater = = = In the fall of 1863 , the XII Corps was transferred to the West to reinforce the Union forces besieged at Chattanooga . At the Battle of Wauhatchie , during a surprise night attack by the Confederate forces , Greene was wounded in the face , with his jaw crushed and some teeth carried away . Subsequent surgery was not able to correct his condition and he suffered from the effects of his wound for the rest of his life . After six weeks of medical leave , he was assigned to light court @-@ martial duty until January 1865 , when he was sent to join Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman 's army in North Carolina . Initially Greene voluntarily served on the staff of Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox participating in the battle at Kinston , where he had his horse shot out from under him . At the very end of the war Greene was in command of the 3rd Brigade in Absalom Baird 's 3rd Division , XIV Corps , and participated in the capture of Raleigh and the pursuit of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's army until its surrender . = = Postbellum career = = After the war , Greene served on court @-@ martial duty for a year and then returned to civil engineering in New York and Washington , D.C. From 1867 to 1871 he was the chief engineer commissioner of the Croton Aqueduct Department in New York . At the age of 86 , he inspected the entire 30 @-@ mile Croton Aqueduct structure on foot . He served as president of the American Society of Civil Engineers from 1875 to 1877 and president of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society . He was appointed to West Point 's Board of Visitors in 1881 . By 1892 , Greene was the oldest surviving Union general and the oldest living graduate of West Point . He petitioned the United States Congress for an engineer captain 's pension that would be of help to his family after his death . The best that Congress was willing to do was arranged by Congressman and Gettysburg veteran Daniel E. Sickles of New York , a first lieutenant 's pension , based on the highest rank Greene had achieved in the regular army . On August 18 , 1894 , Greene took the oath of office as a first lieutenant of artillery and became , at 93 , the oldest lieutenant in the U.S. Army for 48 hours . Veterans in the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States ( MOLLUS ) declared that he was the oldest lieutenant in world history . = = Legacy = = Greene died at age 97 in Morristown , New Jersey , and was buried in the Greene family cemetery in Warwick , Rhode Island , with a two @-@ ton boulder from Culp 's Hill placed above his grave . He is memorialized with a statue erected in 1906 by the State of New York on Culp 's Hill in Gettysburg National Military Park . Greene 's wife Martha died in 1883 at an age of 74 . Their oldest son , Lieutenant Samuel Dana Greene , was the executive officer on the ironclad ship USS Monitor during the Battle of Hampton Roads . Another of their sons , Francis V. Greene , commanded a brigade at the Battle of Manila during the Spanish – American War . A third , Charles Thurston Greene , was a lieutenant on his father 's staff at Culp 's Hill . Later in 1863 , Charles was wounded by an artillery shell and his leg was amputated , but he remained on active service until 1870 . George Sears Greene , Jr . , volunteered to serve but was not allowed to do so by his father so he could survive and carry on the family name . A memorial tablet honoring Greene was approved by the Rhode Island General Assembly in 1910 at a sum of 460 dollars . The bronze plaque hangs inside the south entrance of the Rhode Island State House . A description of George Sears Greene from Lt. George K. Collins of the 149th New York Infantry sums up the general : He was a West Point graduate , about 60 years old , thick set , five feet ten inches high , dark complexioned , iron gray hair , full gray beard and mustache , gruff in manner and stern in appearance , but with all an excellent officer and under a rough exterior possessing a kind heart . In the end the men learned to love and respect him as much as in the beginning they feared him , and this was saying a good deal on the subject . He knew how to drill , how to command , and in the hour of peril how to care for his command , and the men respected him accordingly . = The Castle Doctrine = The Castle Doctrine is a 2014 strategy video game developed and published by Jason Rohrer for Microsoft Windows , OS X , and Linux via Valve Corporation 's Steam platform . The game was released on January 29 , 2014 for all platforms and is available as public domain software on sourceforge . Set in the early 1990s , it pits players against one another as they invade others ' houses and attempt to steal money from their vaults , while also setting up traps and other obstacles to keep their own vaults safe . In creating the game , Rohrer was influenced by his childhood fear of his house being robbed , numerous publicized shootings , and his own political views regarding gun rights and home invasions . During development and beta testing , the game went through several changes that increased its difficulty . It received mixed reviews from critics , with some praising the design and creativity and others finding it hard to empathize with the game 's intended message . = = Gameplay = = The Castle Doctrine incorporates elements of puzzle , strategy , stealth , and roguelike games , viewed from a 2D perspective . It focuses on maintaining and protecting a vault of money stored in one 's house from intruders . These intruders are actually other players of the game ; likewise , the player can invade others ' houses and steal their money — presented in a list rather than found through exploration — in the same way . This list shows a pre @-@ determined three @-@ name pseudonym of each player , the number of dollars contained in their vault , how many others have tried to rob it , and how many have died in the process . All deaths in the game are permanent ; upon dying , the player must create a new character . The player can protect their vault in a number of ways , such as building walls , keeping guard dogs , setting up traps such as electrified floors and bottomless pits , and giving guns to the player 's family members so that they can defend the vault as well . The game does not punish the player for family members — by default , a wife and two children — being murdered by intruders ; the player can even view footage of the incident afterwards . Rather , protecting the money is the goal the game emphasizes . The player starts off with $ 2 @,@ 000 in cash and steals more from others ' vaults ; it can be used to purchase more objects to defend one 's own vault . Additionally , a house is not accessible by thieves when its owner is retooling it for defense . When invading another 's house , the player can attempt to deter these defenses in such ways as smashing windows , dismantling walls , short @-@ circuiting machines , and even drugging guard dogs with tainted meat , in addition to killing any residents that are armed . Reaching a vault is always possible with enough skill ; the game forces players to escape their own traps before other players can access them . Being caught in one 's own traps has the same consequence as any other trap in the game : permadeath . = = Development = = = = = Conception and design = = = The Castle Doctrine was created by indie developer Jason Rohrer ; its ideas were drawn from Rohrer 's childhood anxieties about his family 's house being burgled , and his adult sense of responsibility over protecting his family . The game 's central theme is the castle doctrine and includes the issue of gun rights ; Rohrer created it partially as an " artistic statement " on defending one 's family through violence . He summarized his goals with the game as creating something " that makes you feel violated and makes you want to protect stuff that ’ s yours , and puts you in the process of securing what ’ s yours . " However , he has remarked that the consequence of making players feel hypocritical — since they are invading others ' homes as well — was partially intentional and an " elegant " idea . Rohrer noted in an interview his aversion to creating a " ridiculous caricature of some post @-@ apocalyptic man ’ s world , where we ’ ll all just robbing each other , " and instead called his game pre @-@ apocalyptic in setting and style . In terms of aesthetics , Rohrer aimed for a " very clean , no frills , no fluff , no filler kind of design " that emphasized function in all of its objects . He has noted that some players have complained about not being able to decorate their houses non @-@ functionally , but is unsympathetic , saying that the game is not FarmVille . The game was , however , influenced by Minecraft , which — while heavily tied to cosmetic decoration — involves similar themes of protecting one 's creations from other players as in The Castle Doctrine . Rohrer thought of adding family members for the player 's character early in the game 's development , but scrapped it at first because of the extra complexity and not knowing how to make them more than inanimate objects . After a dream , however , he was inspired to see if there was a practical way to implement them that would further the game 's " moral dimension . " = = = Testing and releases = = = The Castle Doctrine was first released as a paid alpha and sold at half @-@ price from March 2013 until its official release on January 29 , 2014 . As was visible through its history of updates during beta testing , it went through several changes , primarily the increase of gameplay difficulty . One was the addition of dedicated " perma @-@ perma @-@ death " servers , where players could not even re @-@ create characters after dying , in contrast to the game 's generic " perma @-@ death " servers . Another was " blueprints , " which allow players to get a general sense of a house 's layout before entering and thus encourage setting up puzzle @-@ based — rather than luck @-@ based — vault defenses . Rohrer did not , however , want the game to be impossible , so he took the step of forcing players to evade their own traps before the houses would be accessible to others . The game has been placed in the public domain and is hosted on SourceForge . Upon release , the game 's 50 % discount was scaled back to 25 % for one week . It has not gone on sale since , as Rohrer believes that " sales screw your fans " as they discourage buying games one wants during non @-@ sale periods . Following the game 's release , Rohrer used $ 3 @,@ 000 USD of alpha release earnings to fund a competition in which players could win money , paintings , gift cards , and other prizes by having the highest worth in @-@ game houses . The highest prize awarded was $ 316 USD . = = Reception = = The Castle Doctrine received mixed reviews from critics , with a score on review aggregator Metacritic of 58 / 100 . Patrick Carlson of PC Gamer reviewed the game well , responding positively to the game rewarding experimentation and being easy to understand , describing it as thoughtfully designed . Game Informer 's Daniel Tack also rated the game well , commenting particularly on its creativity , stating though that he did not think the game was " deep enough to stay interesting for long . " Writing for Destructoid , Patrick Hancock shared Tack 's opinion that the game was a good experience , but said he would find it hard to recommend . Polygon 's Russ Pitts found the game a frustrating exercise , his experience determined by the arbitrary quality of player designed houses , and further obstructed by the harsh consequences of failure . Pitts felt the game valued its message over the player 's time and yet found the message hard to take seriously ; he would describe the game as the most disturbing he had ever played . Keza MacDonald , in her review at IGN , shared these frustrations , finding that tackling player @-@ constructed houses made the game over @-@ reliant on trial and error . She also found it hard to empathize with the small , pixelated characters , leading her to believe that the game failed in " communicating much of a message " . Nick Capozzoli of GameSpot also gave the game a largely negative review , criticising the nihilistic feel , and saying that it did not bring out the emotions it was aimed to . = 2010 – 11 Australian Baseball League season = The 2010 – 11 Australian Baseball League season was the inaugural Australian Baseball League ( ABL ) season , and was held from 6 November 2010 to 13 February 2011 . It came 12 years after the old Australian Baseball League ceased and is the successor of the mostly amateur Claxton Shield competition that has been played since 1934 . The season consisted of six teams competing in a 40 @-@ game schedule , followed by a three @-@ round finals series to determine the ABL champion . At the conclusion of the regular season , the Sydney Blue Sox , Perth Heat , Adelaide Bite and Melbourne Aces progressed to the finals series , while the Brisbane Bandits and Canberra Cavalry were only eliminated from contention on the final day of the season . Both Melbourne and Sydney were eliminated by Adelaide in the minor semi @-@ final series and the preliminary final series , respectively . Perth became the inaugural ABL champions when they defeated Adelaide two games to one in the championship series . = = Formation = = In June 2009 , it was announced that the rights to the Claxton Shield had been sold to a new Australian Baseball League , with ownership split between Major League Baseball 's 75 percent share and the 25 percent share owned by the Australian Baseball Federation . The 2010 Claxton Shield tournament was considered preparation for the inaugural ABL season . Although initial reports suggested that between eight and ten teams would contest the first season , including the possibility of a team based in New Zealand , six teams representing Adelaide , Brisbane , Canberra , Melbourne , Perth and Sydney were announced in November 2009 as the foundation clubs . Compared to the previous season 's Claxton Shield tournament , there were few structural changes to the competition . With the expansion from five to six teams , the need for teams to have a bye was eliminated , with all teams participating in games each round . The individual rounds were expanded from three to four games per round , resulting in an increase from 24 to 40 games per team for the season . The postseason was also expanded to include the top four teams , rather than only the top three . = = Teams = = = = = Rosters = = = During the season each team made use of a 22 @-@ man active roster , drawn from 35 @-@ man squads announced on 28 October 2010 . = = = Venues = = = Four of the six teams used their existing venues from the Claxton Shield : the Adelaide Bite , Perth Heat and Sydney Blue Sox all used the same grounds used in the 2010 Claxton Shield by the respective state teams , and the Canberra Cavalry used the same venue used by Australia Provincial when they last contested the Claxton Shield in 2008 : Narrabundah Ballpark . The Melbourne Aces played at the Melbourne Showgrounds , after the Victorian state government announced a A $ 300 @,@ 000 upgrade of the grounds . Similarly the Queensland state government announced a A $ 300 @,@ 000 upgrade of the Brisbane Exhibition Ground for use by the Brisbane Bandits as their home field . = = Regular season = = The season length was similar to the 2010 Claxton Shield by spreading ten rounds over twelve weeks , playing only the season 's first game in the first week and taking a week off for Christmas and Boxing Day . Six teams were involved , playing a four @-@ game series every week totaling two series against each team , one at home and one away . In total , the schedule allowed for 40 regular season games per team before a four @-@ team finals series . During the regular season , games were played Thursday to Sunday , varying depending on the series and team , with 18 games scheduled as doubleheaders on a Saturday . Doubleheaders were scheduled to have the first of the two games shortened to seven innings , with the second game using the full nine innings . One of the regular season games resulted in a tie , which is unusual in baseball given the provision in the rules of the game to play extra innings to determine a winner . The game between the Sydney Blue Sox and the Melbourne Aces at Blacktown Olympic Park was the second game of a makeup doubleheader as a result of rain earlier that weekend washing out two games , and so had been shortened to seven innings . A rain delay during the first game of the day forced the second game to a later start . Under a provision in the ABL rules that is modeled on the International Baseball Federation 's tiebreaker rule , in any extra inning that starts within an hour of the curfew time for the game — a time set to allow the visiting team time to meet travel schedules to return home at the end of a series — each team starts with runners at first and second base with nobody out . In addition , no new inning may start within 15 minutes of the curfew time . The game was scoreless at the end of the regulation seven innings , and was tied at 1 – 1 at the end of the eighth inning , which ended at the curfew time . Though the game was an official game , the result did not count towards the season standings . All but 4 of the scheduled 120 games were played . The four games that were not played were the series scheduled between the Brisbane Bandits and the Canberra Cavalry at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground for the ninth round . Flooding in Brisbane had resulted in the Exhibition Ground being used as an evacuation centre for affected residents . Initially the ABL postponed the series , leaving a decision as to whether the games would be re @-@ scheduled to a later time . Just prior to the final round of scheduled games , it was announced that the games would go ahead in the form of two doubleheaders , but that only games that would affect the playoffs would be played . When Brisbane lost the final game of their series against the Adelaide Bite , both they and Canberra were eliminated from contention for the playoffs ; hence , the makeup games were not played . The Perth Heat and Sydney Blue Sox were the first teams to clinch positions in the finals series when Perth defeated the Melbourne Aces in the final game of their series in round 9 . The Adelaide Bite were the next team to secure a place in the top four , after winning the third of an expanded six @-@ game series against Brisbane . It was only on the final day of the regular season that Melbourne was able to claim the fourth finals position , and that the makeup of the semi @-@ final series was decided : Sydney hosting Perth in the major semi @-@ final series , and Adelaide hosting Melbourne in the minor semi @-@ final series . = = = Statistical leaders = = = = = Postseason = = At the completion of the regular season , the top four teams progressed to the postseason . It was contested over three weeks , following the Page playoff system . Each stage was decided by a best – of – three game series . Unlike regular season games , which made use of a variation of the International Baseball Federation 's mercy rule after seven innings , no such rule was in place for postseason games ; all games went the full nine innings , with the only exception being two games that were tied after nine innings , therefore requiring extra innings . The Perth Heat and Adelaide Bite each swept their semi @-@ final series against the Sydney Blue Sox and Melbourne Aces respectively , resulting in the Heat qualifying for and hosting the championship series , and the Aces being eliminated . The Bite won the preliminary final series against the Blue Sox two games to one , to advance to the championship series . Though Adelaide won the first championship series game , the Perth Heat won the remaining two games to claim the title of ABL Champions . = = = Major semi @-@ final = = = = = = Minor semi @-@ final = = = = = = Preliminary final series = = = = = = Championship series = = = = = Awards = = = Finnish parliamentary election , 2011 = Parliamentary elections were held in Finland on 17 April 2011 after the termination of the previous parliamentary term . Advance voting , which included voting by Finnish expatriates , was held between 6 and 12 April with a turnout of 31 @.@ 2 % . The importance of the election was magnified due to Finland 's capacity to influence the European Union 's decision in regard to affecting a bailout for Portugal via the European Financial Stability Facility , as part of financial support systems for debt @-@ laden European countries , and the fall of the Portuguese government . Small differences in the opinion polls for the traditional three big parties ( the National Coalition Party , the Centre Party and the Social Democratic Party ) and the surprising rise in support for the True Finns also electrified the atmosphere ahead of the election . The election resulted in a breakthrough for the populist True Finns , which came head @-@ to @-@ head with the three big parties , while every other parliamentary party in mainland Finland , excluding Åland , lost popularity . The National Coalition Party ( NCP ) also ended up as the biggest party for the first time in its history . The total turnout rose to 70 @.@ 5 % from 67 @.@ 9 % in the previous election ; and corruption scandals also resulted in an anti @-@ incumbency vote . The incumbent , Centre Party @-@ led coalition , which included the NCP , Green League and Swedish People 's Party ( SPP ) , lost its majority by two seats and their Prime Minister Mari Kiviniemi of the Centre Party signaled that her party would then sit in opposition . The incumbent Minister of Finance Jyrki Katainen , as the leader of the biggest party in the new parliament , was tasked to form a new government . During government formation talks , the True Finns said they would withdraw if the government accepted the Portuguese bailout . Katainen then continued six @-@ party talks that included the NCP , the SDP , the Left Alliance , Green League , Christian Democrats and the SPP . However , these negotiations ran aground on 1 June as the Social Democrats and the Left Alliance walked out of the talks due to strong differences on economic policies . Negotiations were set to continue under Katainen 's proposed premiership , though the composition of the new government was not certain at the time . Due to the Green League 's opposition to forming a government with the NCP , the Centre Party and the Christian Democrats , Katainen — avoiding a resultant minority government — announced on 10 June that the same six parties would return to negotiations , describing it as the " only possible coalition . " On 17 June , the six parties came to an agreement on forming a coalition government , led by Katainen and consisting of 19 ministers . The ministerial portfolios were divided with the NCP and the SDP both having six ministers , while the Left Alliance , the Greens and the SPP would each have two and the Christian Democrats would have one . The six parties announced their ministers designate between 17 – 20 June . On 22 June the new parliament elected Jyrki Katainen as prime minister . = = Background = = In June 2010 , then @-@ Prime Minister of Finland and leader of the Centre Party Matti Vanhanen said that he would be stepping down from both positions . At a party conference held between 11 and 13 June , then @-@ Minister for Public Administration and Local Government Mari Kiviniemi was elected the new party leader . Vanhanen stepped down from the position of the Prime Minister a few days later and was replaced by Kiviniemi , who became the second female Prime Minister in Finland 's history . The incumbent government was considering proposals for a new constitution , including a controversial phrase in the first paragraph of the third clause that would have read " Finland is a member of the European Union . " It was speculated that the incumbent government could finalise a new constitution before the election but the changes to the constitution would require the support of the next parliament in order to pass . = = = Electoral method = = = The 200 members of the parliament are elected using the proportional D 'Hondt method through which voters cast their vote for a candidate of their choosing within a party list . Electoral alliances between parties were allowed but were less common for the parliamentary parties in this election as the parties were preparing for future electoral reform that would not provide for electoral alliances . The country is divided into 15 electoral districts . ( Åland is the only single member electoral district and it also has its own party system . ) The electoral districts are shown below . Following the problem @-@ ridden limited electronic voting experiment of the 2008 municipal elections , the Ministry of Justice announced in January 2010 that there would be no electronic voting at this time , but that the ministry would be monitoring the international arenas for development of online voting . = = = Campaign funding = = = This was the first election since the Act on a Candidate 's Election Funding came into force in May 2009 , along with the 2010 amendments to the Act on Political Parties . Both laws mandate the disclosure of the sources of campaign finance and expenses . Every candidate and party as a whole must disclose their source of funding . Campaign funding may start six months before the election day and end two weeks after the election regardless of when the costs are actually paid . The candidates must file a public report with the National Audit Office detailing their sources of all contributions of over € 1 @,@ 500 in value raised in support of the election campaign . The funds include expenses from the candidate 's own assets , loans taken out for the campaign , and contributions received by either the individual or by a group that supports the candidate . Candidates are barred from receiving anonymous contributions of over € 1 @,@ 500 in value . = = Retiring incumbents = = Former Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen began to work as the Chief Executive of Finnish Family Firms Association and did not participate in the election . The incumbent Speaker of Parliament Sauli Niinistö of the National Coalition Party did not run for parliament , despite receiving a record number of votes in the 2007 election . It was anticipated that he would be the National Coalition Party 's presidential candidate in 2012 ; which he won . Overall there were 38 MPs not seeking re @-@ election . = = Competing parties = = At the time of the election there were 17 registered parties ( a party has to collect signatures from at least 5 @,@ 000 eligible voters in order to be accepted on the official party register , which is maintained by the Ministry of Justice ) . Eight of the parties were represented in the current parliament : the Centre Party , National Coalition Party ( NCP ) , Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , Left Alliance , Green League , Swedish People 's Party ( SPP ) , Christian Democrats and True Finns . The MP representing Åland sits with the Swedish People 's Party in the parliament . Nine of the registered parties did not have representation in the parliament before or as a result of the elections : the Communist Party , Senior Citizens ' Party , Communist Workers ' Party – For Peace and Socialism , Workers Party , Independence Party , For the Poor , Pirate Party , Change 2011 , and Freedom Party . = = = Party conferences = = = The Centre Party , the National Coalition Party , the Social Democratic Party and the Green League held party conferences in May or June 2010 where they elected the party leadership for the election and approved their election manifestoes . The Left Alliance held its conference in 2009 , when they elected Paavo Arhinmäki chairman after the previous chairman resigned in 2009 due the party 's poor result in the European Parliament election . Mari Kiviniemi was elected the new leader of the Centre Party in its conference in Lahti on 12 June . The support for the Centre Party has been significantly higher in northern Finland than elsewhere : in the 2007 election the party received over 43 % of the votes in both Oulu and Lapland electoral districts , compared with its nationwide support of 23 @.@ 1 % , while in 2003 the party 's vote share in the two northernmost districts was even higher ) As the top spots of the party leadership went to members from southern Finland , many of their supporters in the northern part of the country felt disenchanted ; one local party chief even warned that many northern Centre Party supporters might switch sides to the True Finns . The National Coalition Party re @-@ elected incumbent Minister of Finance Jyrki Katainen the party leader on 12 June , amidst protests by Greenpeace activists . The Green League held its party conference between 22 and 23 May . The Greens emphasised the importance of the environment and set same @-@ sex marriage and increasing foreign aid as the party 's objectives . = = Campaign = = In what was seen to have promoted anti @-@ incumbency , a scandal regarding campaign finance followed allegation that the Centre Party 's Timo Kalli 's , who was also the head of the party 's parliamentary group , admission in early May 2009 that he violated the law on reporting electoral campaign financing by not disclosing financial contributions he received for his election campaign during the previous election in 2007 . When the media then delved further into the issue , stories started to emerge of common practice with a multitude of MPs not disclosing their financial benefactors , a practice which was not punishable under Finnish law . The media investigations focused on a group of entrepreneurs called Kehittyvien Maakuntien Suomi ( Finland of Developing Provinces ) who financed the electoral campaigns of numerous high @-@ profile government and opposition candidates . Further investigations revealed that a many of recipients of their financial support did not register or even mention the amounts they received from the group . Then Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen was at the core of the accusations after the investigations showed he had also been among the beneficiaries of the groups ' financing ; this was despite one of the members of the group who had planned to build the biggest shopping mall in the country received Vanhanen 's support for the plans against the grain of public opinion , thus eliciting accusations that he could have been influenced by the individual . Blame was also put on the Centre Party 's secretary Jarmo Korhonen . This was said to have helped the True Finns . The European sovereign debt crisis was another important issue in the election , even more so after Portugal applied for an EU bailout on 6 April , the first day of advance voting . According to an opinion poll nearly 60 % of Finns were against Finland 's participation in bailing out the crisis @-@ ridden countries . All four parties of the governing coalition ( Centre Party , National Coalition Party , Green League and the Swedish People 's Party ) support Finland 's participation in the bailout and all four opposition parties ( Social Democrats , Left Alliance , Christian Democrats and the True Finns ) oppose such measures . The issue helped Soini become the most visible opposition leader . Soini then also stated that his party would not join in any coalition that supports guarantees to the crisis @-@ ridden EU countries . He said that their crises are a consequence of the EU 's failure . Finance Minister Jyrki Katainen had commented that a bailout for Portugal should only happen if the Portuguese parliament passed even tougher austerity measures than the failed programme that led to an early Portuguese election : " The package must be really strict because otherwise it doesn 't make any sense . The package must be harder and more comprehensive than the one the parliament voted against . " Despite his comments , the National Coalition Party believed the bailout to be in Finland 's interests . It , along with the Centre Party , supported the bailout under the EU 's auspices , while the True Finns and the Social Democrats were opposed to it . The True Finns said that Finnish taxpayers were being unjustly burdened by " squanderers " within the eurozone and pointed out that no one aided Finland during its own financial crisis in the 1990s . Helsingin Sanomat read the affair as having added " confusion " and complexity to the electoral race . The effect of the Finnish election on a possible EU bailout caused concern amongst to international investors as " it is a very distinct possibility that the next government and parliament of Finland will not want to agree to the things that the current government has signed up for , namely supporting Portugal and agreeing to the permanent and temporary crisis mechanisms , " as there was said to be an " even chance " of Finland blocking a bailout for Portugal as its support was crucial because it would need the unanimous support of all national governments to pass . Finland 's participation was further thrown in doubt as it was the only eurozone country to require parliamentary approval of any such measure . Should a new Finnish administration opt out of the bailout , this could throw into doubt the eurozone 's capacity to maintain financial stability . Yet another important issue during the campaign was that of the languages in the country . The status of the Swedish and Russian languages was an hot @-@ button issue . A growing number of people believe that the Swedish language should be abolished as the country 's second official language , as only a small percentage of the country use Swedish as their first language and that a large number of government officials do not use Swedish . A report by the Council of Europe stated that the Swedish language 's status as Finland 's second official language was in danger of being eroded in the longer term because of the officials ' poor language skills and the lack of opportunities to study the language . However , the status of Russian was considered to be rising as several municipalities in eastern Finland sought to increase the role of the language at local schools . At the time , Swedish was spoken by 5 @.@ 42 % of the population as their mother tongue , with Russian spoken by 1 @.@ 01 % and the Sami languages spoken by 0 @.@ 03 % . Furthermore , despite changes to the campaign finance laws , there was no perceptible decrease in campaigning activity . One reason was a compensatory expansion of advertising by way of internet search engines such as Facebook and other social media which were relatively inexpensive . Helsingin Sanomat called election workers in all electoral districts , excluding the Åland Islands , to ask for their assessments of the electoral campaigns . They reported that while the NCP 's campaign was the most visible , the Centre Party and the Social Democrats also had high @-@ profile campaigns with some variations across districts . The NCP were also said to be spending more of their own money than in the past . = = = Party @-@ specific issues = = = = = = = Centre Party = = = = The Centre Party has been the traditional party of rural voters , but according to polls , it had been losing support to the True Finns in its traditional stronghold regions . The party has traditionally had both a liberal and a conservative wing , however , with the leadership reshuffling in 2010 , the central posts are now held by the liberal wing . The Centre Party has held the portfolio of the prime minister since 2003 . According to opinion polls , Kiviniemi 's personal support was higher than that of the party . She had also been campaigning as a staunch defender of Finland 's participation in guarantees to the crisis @-@ ridden EU countries . = = = = Christian Democrats = = = = The Christian Democrats , led by Päivi Räsänen , had announced that they would not support any governing coalition that plans on legalising same @-@ sex marriage . Räsänen has also said that Christian refugees ought to be favoured in Finland 's refugee policy on	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Quinn was the leading figure in Galveston 's vice market . Quinn 's partner Dutch Voight is often referred to as the " father " of organized gambling on the island because he established organized poker games in 1910 . Quinn 's main casino , the Deluxe Club , was an island landmark . It was at this time that the Maceo family became important to Galveston 's history . The family had immigrated from Palermo , Sicily , to Louisiana in 1901 . Two brothers , Rosario ( Rose ) and Salvatore ( Sam ) Maceo , trained as barbers and moved to Galveston shortly before World War I to start their business . As Prohibition took hold the brothers began to give their customers gifts of ( low @-@ quality ) wine that they were able to smuggle . As their customers became more interested in the liquor , the Maceos gradually became more serious bootleggers . They allied themselves with the Beach Gang , opened a " cold drink place " ( i.e. , speakeasy ) , and invested in the gang 's gambling operations . Eventually the Maceos , with Quinn , opened the Hollywood Dinner Club , at the time the most elegant night club on the Gulf Coast . The club featured crystal chandeliers , a massive dance floor , and even air conditioning ( a new technology at the time ; the Hollywood was the first club in the nation to use it ) . Because of Sam 's smooth personality he became the face of the nightclub . Guy Lombardo performed for the club 's opening , and Sam attracted a steady stream of celebrity performers thereafter . The club even hosted one of the nation 's first remote radio broadcasts , and featured Ben Bernie 's orchestra , which was introduced by a young Walter Cronkite . The club , the first venue in the nation to offer high @-@ class gaming , dining , and entertainment under one roof , was unique at the time . A crackdown by federal law enforcement led to the arrests of the leaders of the city 's gangs , which allowed the Maceo brothers to gain control of the island 's underworld . The Maceos gradually invested in numerous clubs and other entertainment ventures in the city involving gambling and bootlegging . Their other big venture , besides the Hollywood , was a club and casino called Maceo 's Grotto ( later renamed the Balinese Room ) which opened in 1929 . The Maceos soon controlled most of the gambling and liquor on the island . Their wealth and Sam 's ability to deal with influential figures allowed them to exert increasing influence over other businesses and the government of the island . They established strong relationships with respectable business leaders such as the Moodys , the Sealys , and the Kempners . The Maceos ' influence on the island lasted for nearly three decades . To compensate for the sometimes @-@ ineffectual police force and judicial system on the island , Rose organized a group of vigilantes known as the Night Riders to keep the peace . Area residents considered the island and their homes entirely safe in spite of rampant criminal activity ; the Maceos protected the citizens of the island in many ways , such as limiting how much locals were allowed to gamble at the casinos , donating heavily to local charities , and investing in community development . The Maceo empire soon extended beyond Galveston and gradually expanded throughout Galveston County . Investments in oil speculation helped to diversify the Maceos ' portfolio and add to their wealth . Law enforcement sources accused them of running the narcotics trade as far north as Dallas , though some sources claim that they were not involved in narcotics at all . = = Economy = = Like much of the country , and particularly Texas , Galveston boomed in the 1920s . Even the Great Depression did not stop Galveston 's run of prosperity . Despite the financial ruin that faced much of the country during the Depression , not a single Galveston bank failed and unemployment was almost unheard of . Key business sectors in Galveston during the Free State era were casinos and prostitution , in addition to many legitimate businesses . During much of the period , the vice industries provided the majority of employment . Two families held particular prominence on the island during this era : the Moodys controlled the largest legitimate interests , and the Maceos controlled the largest criminal enterprises . Both families were wealthy with business empires that extended beyond the island . = = = Legitimate businesses = = = As the island rebuilt from the 1900 storm , legitimate business interests attempted to expand the economy by rebuilding tourism and further diversifying from shipping . Important non @-@ entertainment businesses included insurance , hotels , banks , shipping , and commercial fishing . The medical and nursing schools , as well as the hospitals of the University of Texas Medical Branch were a stable sector on the island throughout the 20th century . The Moody family built one of the largest hotel empires in the U.S. , and their American National Insurance Company ( ANICO ) was so successful that it actually grew — tremendously — during the Depression . In the entertainment sector various ploys were used to attract tourists . In 1920 an annual beauty contest , named the Pageant of Pulchritude in 1926 , was started in Galveston by C.E. Barfield , manager of a local amusement park owned by the Maceos . The contest was part of Splash Day , the kick @-@ off of the summer tourist season each year , and became the first international beauty contest , attracting participants from England , Russia , Turkey , and many other nations until its demise in 1932 . This contest is said to have served as a model for the modern Miss America pageant and others . At its height the pageant tripled the island 's population the weekend it ran . Even after the international contest 's closing , Splash Day was revived in various forms and continued to attract tourists . Other annual events included an extravagant Mardi Gras celebration in spring . Much of Galveston 's success as a tourist destination was the result of E. Sid Holliday , who became the publicity and convention director of the Galveston Chamber of Commerce in 1925 and later became its head . The Chamber helped promote the legitimate face of Galveston 's tourism and business community ( though it cooperated heavily with the criminal enterprises ) . Legitimate amusements such as a Ferris wheel and a roller coaster , in addition to the beaches and up @-@ scale shopping districts ( notably the Strand ) drew visitors , including those less interested in the city 's illegal attractions . One of the most spectacular efforts by the Chamber , though not one of the city 's greatest successes , was the Pleasure Pier ( originally known as the Brantly Harris Recreational Pier ) . This huge pier ( later converted to the Flagship Hotel ) , built in the 1940s and used by the military until the end of the war , featured restaurants , rides , and an amphitheater . A significant contributor to the economy up through the 1940s was the military . Fort Crockett , the Army Air Base at Scholes Field , the Navy Section Base on Pelican Island , Camp Wallace and the blimp base at Hitchcock all helped pump money into the local economy , as did military shipments at the port and shipbuilding . The soldiers and sailors were a steady stream of customers for area businesses . = = = Vice businesses = = = Casinos offering illegal gambling and drinking were the largest tourist draws on the island . Though the Maceos operated the island 's biggest casinos , they generally were very tolerant of competing clubs and casinos , provided their owners understood and respected the Maceos ' authority . By the 1930s Seawall Boulevard was filled with lavish casinos ; other areas of town also had pockets of gambling . The red @-@ light district , centered on Postoffice Street and kept entirely separate from the nightclubs and other entertainment venues , was so successful that the island for a time had the highest concentration of prostitutes in the world . The financial success of these vice industries attracted mobsters such as New York 's Albert Anastasia and Chicago 's Al Capone , who tried to enter Galveston 's market without success . Capone 's enforcer Frank Nitti , in fact , had been a former partner of Galveston Downtown Gang leader Jack Nounes before the Maceo era . Galveston became a major port of entry for illegal liquor from Mexico and Canada , shipped through the Caribbean and distributed from the island throughout Texas and to other destinations . Galveston became the primary supplier for Houston , Dallas , Denver , St. Louis and Omaha . This traffic helped to offset the gradual loss of shipping traffic in the cotton and sulfur trade . The major legitimate businesses on the island , such as banking and hotels , were able to thrive in large part because of the illegal activities . Though many of these business leaders steered clear of direct involvement in the business affairs of the Maceos and the gangs , their relationships were hardly antagonistic . Some , such as financier , hotelier , and insurance executive William Lewis Moody , Jr . , actually welcomed illegal gambling because it brought tourists who filled up his hotels . He was even known to make loans to the Maceos ' syndicate . The Free State economy was not confined simply to the island but extended through much of Galveston County . Throughout the county there were substantial casino operations developed by the Fertitta , Salvato and Maceo families , including the casino districts in Kemah ( featuring the Chili Bowl and White House casinos among others ) and Dickinson ( featuring the Silver Moon and the Dickinson Social Club ) . Houstonians often humorously referred to the Galveston County line as the " Maceo @-@ Dickinson line " ( a pun referring to the Mason @-@ Dixon line ) . The vice activities on the island and in the county were not unique in Texas . San Antonio had perhaps the second most infamous red @-@ light district in the early 20th century and most major cities in the state had significant vice activities at least until mid @-@ century . During the Open Era Galveston 's vice industries dominated , while most other areas of the state were at times forced to crack down on vice due to public pressure . = = Culture = = = = = Society = = = The city 's permissive attitude was not confined to gangs , politicians and elite businessmen . The citizenry in general took pride in the traditional Galveston approach to freedom . A notable example of this occurred at a political rally where one candidate openly blasted the " hoodlums " running illegal activities . His opponent then addressed the crowd as " my fellow hoodlums " , which helped guarantee his victory in the election . Even decades later in 1993 when Vic C. Maceo , cousin of Sam and Rose , opened fire on a local who he believed owed him money , the incident was viewed by many in the community with nostalgia recalling the Free State era . Though other parts of Texas and the United States sometimes tolerated prostitution , gambling and violations of liquor laws ( e.g. Dallas is said to have had 27 casinos and numerous brothels during World War II ) , these communities usually at least made a pretense of trying to enforce vice laws . In Galveston , vice was conducted openly ; according to a 1993 Texas Monthly article by author Gary Cartwright , " Galveston 's red @-@ light district may have been the only one in the country that thrived with the blessings of both city hall and the Catholic church . " High society in the city regularly attracted some of the biggest names in the entertainment business , from Frank Sinatra to Phil Harris . The clubs were regularly visited by famous Houstonians such as Howard Hughes , Diamond Jim West , and Glenn McCarthy . Galveston 's attitudes toward race were at times unique in the region . The strict segregationalist attitudes prevalent in many parts of the U.S. were not always as stark in Galveston 's society as in some other parts of Texas . One of the most striking examples of this was the gradual establishment of biracial labor unions of waterfront workers beginning in the 19th century , although eventually this alliance fell victim to segregationist influence . Racist ideology was always an ever @-@ present factor in the city , however , as evinced by the name of the group which ran the Mardi Gras , the Kotton Karnival Kids ( KKK , the same initials as the Ku Klux Klan ) . = = = Arts = = = The city had numerous venues for the arts , including the State Theater ( today the Grand Opera House ) , which featured vaudeville acts in addition to motion pictures . Less formally , entertainment could be found at the Balinese Room , Hollywood Dinner Club , and other clubs featuring musical performances by major entertainers . Additionally for many years the city held free concerts on the beach by major orchestras and other performers . The entertainment venues regularly attracted some of the biggest names in the entertainment business , including Frank Sinatra , Sammy Davis Jr . , Guy Lombardo , Jack Benny , Gene Autry , Phil Silvers , Jane Russell , George Burns , Duke Ellington , and Bob Hope . = = Government and law enforcement = = After experimenting with a commission government following the 1900 hurricane , Galveston adopted the council @-@ manager system in the 1960 . At the beginning of Prohibition the city council originally opposed gambling and vice ; though the council members were tolerant of small @-@ scale activities which had always been a part of the city , they were more concerned about organized crime . As the Maceos reorganized vice in the city and made these businesses more respectable , the council became far more accepting of the criminal enterprises , particularly as they became linchpins of the local economy . Law enforcement at the county level , and to some degree at the state level , became notoriously tolerant of the illegal activities in Galveston , in no small part because of the prosperity they generated , and the bribery and influence peddled by the Maceos . The city police very early on became entirely complicit . Galveston County Sheriff Frank Biaggne served from 1933 to 1957 and was known for largely disregarding the mainstream illegal activities on the island . When a state committee investigating illegal activities on the island asked the sherriff about his reluctance to raid the Balinese Room , he replied only that it was a " private club " and he was not a " member " . The county attorney and the local police commissioner were similarly complicit ( Commissioner Johnston once bragged about being on the payroll of 46 brothels ) . According to a former Texas Ranger , a local justice of the peace would readily issue search warrants for local clubs to the Rangers , but would immediately telephone the owners to warn them . Law enforcement 's corrupt attitude generally was not at the expense of the people . Apart from the economic benefits provided by the Maceos , these bosses provided a high degree of protection to the island 's citizens . When serious crimes were committed the local police would sometimes contact the Maceos to have the matter dealt with . However , the island was not completely peaceful ; threats at the point of a gun were a common means for the Maceo gang to ensure control . Though the average citizen was relatively safe , gangland slayings of potential rivals did take place on occasion . = = End of an era = = = = = Maceos move on = = = The heyday of the Free State was over by the 1940s . Because of conflicts with the United States Treasury , the Hollywood Dinner Club was shut down in the late 1930s . The local clubs found it increasingly difficult to attract major entertainment figures . Gambling had been legalized in Nevada in 1931 and this distinct advantage over Galveston , and other illegal gambling centers , gradually lured mob figures such as New York City 's Bugsy Siegel to Las Vegas . The competition created by the up @-@ and @-@ coming entertainment center in the desert substantially challenged the island on the Gulf . Still , even during its later years , the Balinese Room was able to attract the likes of Tony Bennett and Peggy Lee , among others . And as late as 1950 the annual income of the Maceo empire was reportedly $ 3 @.@ 84 million ( $ 37 @.@ 7 million in today 's terms ) . By the late 1940s corruption in Texas at the state and county level was in decline , while pressure against vice across the state and across the nation was on the rise . Even San Antonio 's famed Sporting District , once one of the nation 's largest red @-@ light districts , was shut down in 1941 . As state investigations of the Maceos ' activities became more serious , Sam and Rose began plans to move their empire to Nevada . The Maceos became major investors in the Desert Inn , which was the largest and most elaborate casino resort on the Las Vegas Strip when it opened in 1950 . Moe Dalitz ( who opened the Desert Inn ) and Sam Maceo had long been allies and business partners . The Las Vegas project 's financing was largely facilitated by the Maceos and Moodys through ANICO ( which loaned millions to known mob figures ) . Sam and Rose Maceo transferred controlling interest of most of their Galveston empire to a new group dominated by the Fertitta family , with investments coming from business interests around the island . The Fertitta group never wielded the influence that the Maceos had . Sam Maceo died in 1951 and Rose in 1954 . = = = Free State ends = = = During the 1950s more dangerous criminal elements took advantage of Galveston 's lax law enforcement and the absence of the Maceo brothers ' influence . Non @-@ vice crime increased in the city . The New Orleans crime syndicate , headed by Carlos Marcello , ran guns to Cuba through the island . Fugitives such as suspected JFK plotter David Ferrie used Galveston as a safe haven . By the 1950s gambling and prostitution were being actively repressed in most parts of Texas . In 1953 , the police commissioner , Walter L. Johnston , under pressure from local citizens groups concerned about moral decline and high rates of venereal disease , shut down the red @-@ light district . However , the mayoral victory of George Roy Clough , a supporter of regulated vice , led to the district 's being re @-@ established in 1955 . That year Galveston was labeled by national anti @-@ prostitution groups as the " worst spot in the nation as far as prostitution is concerned " . Paul Hopkins won the 1956 election for sheriff and set about shutting down the island 's illegal activities once and for all . One of the first successful busts of the gambling industry was an undercover operation by Texas Ranger Clint Peoples at the Balinese Room . In 1957 State Attorney General Will Wilson and Department of Public Safety head Homer Garrison ( with help from former FBI special agent Jim Simpson ) began a massive campaign of raids that wrecked the gambling and prostitution industry on the island , along with liquor imports . Forty @-@ seven clubs , brothels , and other vice establishments were reportedly closed , and 2 @,@ 000 slot machines were destroyed . Though officials said they destroyed all of the city 's gaming equipment , some locals including R.S. Maceo , nephew of Sam and Rose , claimed that most of the equipment was shipped to Las Vegas before authorities ever discovered it . = = = Aftermath = = = As the vice industries crashed , so did tourism , and the rest of the Galveston economy declined with it . The economy stagnated during the 1950s , and after 1957 the Free State was effectively gone . Fort Crockett , which had been used as an Army recreation center following the war , was shut down in 1955 . Many of the island 's most important entertainment business leaders left the city and set up shop in Las Vegas . Neither the economy nor the culture of the city were the same afterward . Civic leaders made several failed attempts at new ventures , including the Oleander Bowl football tournament ( 1948 ) and the Pelican Island bridge ( 1956 ) for access to a new industrial park , which never materialized . The city 's television station , KGUL , moved to Houston in 1959 ; the telephone company headquarters and many other businesses relocated off the island as well . To make matters worse , some of the island 's attractions were destroyed by Hurricane Carla in 1961 and never rebuilt . The economy continued in muted form . The Splash Day celebrations restarted , drawing tourists to the coast . Many hotels , banks , and some insurance companies remained as did the medical and nursing schools , as well as the hospitals . Efforts at historical preservation ( notably including those of George P. Mitchell ) gradually helped to re @-@ establish the island 's tourism industry , though in a very different form from the past . Nonbinding referenda were put forward in the 1980s regarding legalization of casinos in the city but were defeated by the voters each time , demonstrating the changes in the city since the bygone era ( though an informal poll in 2008 indicated this sentiment may be changing ) . = = In popular culture = = Though this era in Galveston 's history has not received a great deal of attention in popular culture , there has been some popular fiction and true crime story @-@ telling centered on the era . Some notable examples include the novels Under the Skin by James Blake , No Greater Deception : A True Texas Story by Sydney Dotson , Galveston by Suzanne Morris , and Overlords by Matt Braun , as well as the anthology Lone Star Sleuths : An Anthology of Texas Crime Fiction by Bill Davis , et al . Galveston 's Balinese Room was also the subject of a 1975 song by rock band ZZ Top . Galveston , The Musical ! opened in 2003 at Galveston 's Strand Theatre and in 2011 at The Hobby Center in Houston ; the musical theater production centers on the arrival of the Maceo Brothers , who created their own empire that sustained Galveston during this period of the island 's history . = Carl Joachim Hambro ( philologist ) = Carl Joachim Hambro ( 7 June 1914 – 19 February 1985 ) was a Norwegian novelist , journalist , essayist , translator and Romance philologist . The son of the Conservative politician C. J. Hambro , he embarked on a philological career , graduating in 1939 . During the Second World War he taught at Oslo Commerce School and the Norwegian College in Uppsala . After the war , he taught Norwegian at Sorbonne , whilst also working as Paris correspondent for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and a few Norwegian daily newspapers . Born into a well @-@ read and educated family , Hambro developed a penchant for French literature , marking an incongruity to the literary taste of his parents — they had been readers of English literature in the Anglo @-@ American tradition . Making his debut in 1960 with the satirical novel De frafalnes klubb , Hambro published trilogies and other novels for the next two decades . He had a keen interest in linguistics ; in the 1969 book Ting , tanke , tale he problematized linguistic questions in a popular scientific way . A translator of French literature , he chaired the Norwegian Association of Literary Translators in the early 1960s . = = Personal life = = Hambro was born in Kristiania ( now Oslo ) , capital of Norway . He was the third of four sons born to Carl Joachim Hambro ( 1885 – 1964 ) , the President of Parliament and long @-@ time leader of the Conservative Party , and his first wife , Gudrun " Dudu " Grieg ( 1881 – 1943 ) . On his date of birth , 7 June 1914 , his father , for whom he was named , made a speech at the Jubilee Exhibition commemorating the 1814 constitution in the Frogner Park . The twins Edvard and Cato were his elder brothers ; his younger brother , Johan , biographised their father . Living in the Uranienborg neighbourhood of Western Oslo , the Hambro family belonged to the upper @-@ class society of early 20th @-@ century Norway , and was , according to the biographer Tormod Petter Svennevig , intellectually engaged ; its forebears included both businesspeople and women 's rights activists , of whom many were active in politics . On 15 July 1939 , Hambro married Wenche Rynning @-@ Koren ( born 1916 ) ; They had one son together . Upon his divorce from Rynning Koren , Hambro married Christine Holter ( born 1931 ) . They had two daughters , one of them Ellen Hambro , who would later become director of Norway 's Climate and Pollution Agency . Carl Joachim Hambro died on 20 February 1985 and was buried in Grefsen . = = Career = = Hambro finished his secondary education in 1932 when taking the examen artium at Fagerborg Upper Secondary School . He had attended the Latin class , together with writer Niels Christian Brøgger and future Nazi politician Kaare Martin , among others . Having made study trips to London and Paris in the mid @-@ 1930s , Hambro graduated from university with a cand.philol. degree in 1939 . At the outbreak of war , he was employed at the Oslo Commerce School , where he lectured until 1943 . Hambro spent the latter part of the war in Uppsala , Sweden , where he taught at the Norwegian College and chaired the local Norwegian Society ( 1943 – 1944 ) . After the war he returned to Oslo , teaching at the Commerce School until 1946 . He lectured in French literature at the Norwegian Library College in two spells , during and after the war : from 1940 to 1941 and from 1945 to 1946 . For the rest of the decade he taught Norwegian at Sorbonne , France . He also worked as a correspondent for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation ( 1946 – 1948 ) , Dagbladet ( 1946 – 1948 ) , Verdens Gang ( 1948 – 1949 ) and Arbeiderbladet ( 1949 – 1951 ) . From 1951 to 1952 he was a press worker for the Research Councils in Norway and for the Norwegian delegation to the United Nations . In that decade he mainly acted as cultural counsellor at the Norwegian embassy in London . Employed in 1952 , he acted in that position for seven years , whereupon he returned to Oslo . He was assistant teacher in French at the University of Oslo from 1963 to 1965 ; in that position he bemoaned the compentence of his students in their own mother tongue , maintaining that the Norwegian language should be used more in foreign @-@ language education . In 1958 , influenced by the country of his early adulthood , Hambro released a non @-@ fiction book titled Frankrike ( " France " ) . His love for France was not inherited from his parents : the elder Carl Joachim and Dudu were fervent anglophiles , the former having both written and translated English @-@ language works , and the latter having been a voracious reader of Anglo @-@ American novelists from Rudyard Kipling to Aldous Huxley . His debut novel , the satirical De frafalnes klubb ( " The Club of the Estranged " ) , was published in 1960 . It tells a story of some fatigued cynics in France who create a new philosophical and literary " -ism " , which gains worldwide popularity . According to Brikt Jensen , Hambro critiques " the modern human being [ which embraces ] the first philosophical system that comes to sight " . In his review for Verdens Gang , Jensen commended Hambro for his " un @-@ Norwegian " perspective , calling him a " distinct European " . The literary scholar Willy Dahl opined that the novel denotes Hambro 's declared scepticism towards " every sort of intellectual or political pigeonholing " , a scepticism that he shared with his father C. J. Hambro , whose disdain for radical and totalitarian ideologies was well known . The elder Hambro was also , according to the literary scholar Per Thomas Andersen , vital for the next literary work of the younger Hambro : he provided biographical content to a trilogy comprising the novels Frels oss fra det gode ( 1963 ) , Utfor stryket ( 1964 ) and Vi vil oss en drøm ( 1966 ) , which delineate the adolescence of a young man named Nico Dietmeyer in the West End of Oslo . The first of them was favourably reviewed by Brikt Jensen in Verdens Gang , who called it " a declaration of love for Oslo " ; reviewing for the same newspaper , Ragnhild Lorentzen gave the next novel a laudatory review , commending Hambro for having taken an important task upon his shoulders , whilst also criticising him for blurring the line between adolescence and adulthood . Dahl argues that these novels constitute an unpretentious , yet perspicacious criticism of the necessity of conformity in that milieu , whilst Andersen considers them to be stories about double standards and liberation from one 's father . In September 1966 Hambro delivered a vehement critique of the Norwegian education system in the pamphlet Er gymnasiaster mennesker ? . The last novel of his trilogy about Nico Dietmeyer was released in November of the same year ; Lorentzen considered the first part of the book to be somewhat verbose and anticipative , concluding her review by calling the novel an unoriginal yet well written book . Hambro continued with Bjørnen sover ( " The Bear Is Sleeping " ) in 1967 , a marriage novel that disappointed the critics , before releasing his semantic and psycholinguistic study Ting , tanke , tale in 1969 . The journalist Iver Tore Svenning recognizes this work as one of the very few successful attempts at a popular scientific treatment of structural linguistics , a view supported by Dahl . Hambro 's last novels were Nødhavn and Lekkasje , released in 1971 and 1974 . The former book is about a love affair between an erstwhile cultural radical and a young woman with aggressive political opinions . The affair makes , according to Dahl , the cultural radical think about his nonconformist past , yet he abandons it , and seeks safety in the bourgeoisie class . He nevertheless continued his writings , albeit in the non @-@ fiction genre : in the 1970s he penned numerous articles on political and literary topics for Norwegian newspapers and periodicals . He especially contributed to the periodicals Vinduet and Samtiden . In 1972 he resumed his endeavour to popularise linguistics : together with Erik Rudeng and Knut Svortdal he released Språket i funksjon ( " Language in Operation " ) , an introductory book to improve language comprehension and essay writing . Rudeng later recalled that it cited philosophers and linguists hitherto unknown in Norwegian public discourse , amongst them Michel Foucault ( 1926 – 1984 ) . Hambro 's obituarist Finn Jor describes him as a man fond of debate with a keen interest in societal issues , yet who was no front person in public dialogue , not possessing the eloquence of his father . In the latter part of his life he wrote books on the Norwegian authors Jens Bjørneboe and Arnulf Øverland . He was active in the Norwegian Authors ' Union , becoming known as " a man of compromises " after having calmed a linguistic debate in the union . A renowned translator of French prose , Hambro was awarded the Bastian Prize in 1963 for his translation of Claude Simon 's The Flanders Road . He chaired the Norwegian Association of Literary Translators from 1961 to 1965 . = HMS Warrior ( 1860 ) = HMS Warrior was a 40 @-@ gun steam @-@ powered armoured frigate built for the Royal Navy in 1859 – 61 . She was the name ship of the Warrior @-@ class ironclads . Warrior and her sister ship HMS Black Prince were the first armour @-@ plated , iron @-@ hulled warships , and were built in response to France 's launching in 1859 of the first ocean @-@ going ironclad warship , the wooden @-@ hulled Gloire . Warrior conducted a publicity tour of Great Britain in 1863 and spent her active career with the Channel Squadron . Obsolescent following the 1871 launching of the mastless and more capable HMS Devastation , she was placed in reserve in 1875 , and was " paid off " – that is , decommissioned – in 1883 . She subsequently served as a storeship and depot ship , and in 1904 was assigned to the Royal Navy 's torpedo training school . The ship was converted into an oil jetty in 1927 and remained in that role until 1979 , at which point she was donated by the Navy to the Maritime Trust for restoration . The restoration process took eight years , during which many of her features and fittings were either restored or recreated . When this was finished she returned to Portsmouth as a museum ship . Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet , Warrior has been based in Portsmouth since 1987 . = = Background = = The launching of the steam @-@ powered ship of the line Napoléon by France in 1850 began an arms race between France and Britain that lasted for a decade . The destruction of a wooden Ottoman fleet by a Russian fleet firing explosive shells in the Battle of Sinop , early in the Crimean War , followed by the destruction of Russian coastal fortifications during the Battle of Kinburn in the Crimean War by French armoured floating batteries , and tests against armour plates , showed the superiority of ironclads over unarmoured ships . France 's launching in 1859 of the first ocean @-@ going ironclad warship , the wooden @-@ hulled Gloire , upset the balance of power by neutralising the British investment in wooden ships of the line and started an invasion scare in Britain , as the Royal Navy lacked any ships that could counter Gloire and her two sisters . The situation was perceived to be so serious that Queen Victoria asked the Admiralty if the navy was adequate for the tasks that it would have to perform in wartime . Warrior and her sister were ordered in response . The Admiralty initially specified that the ship should be capable of 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) , and have a full set of sails for world @-@ wide cruising range . Iron construction was chosen as it gave the best trade @-@ off between speed and protection ; an iron hull was lighter than a wooden one of the same size and shape , giving more capacity for guns , armour and engines . = = Design and description = = = = = Overview = = = Chief Constructor of the Navy Isaac Watts and Chief Engineer Thomas Lloyd designed the ship . To minimise risk they copied the hull design of the large wooden frigate HMS Mersey , modifying it for iron construction and to accommodate an armoured box , or citadel , amidships along the single gun deck , which protected most of the ship 's guns . Ships with this configuration of guns and armour are classified as broadside ironclads . The Warrior @-@ class design used many well @-@ proven technologies that had been used in ocean @-@ going ships for years , including her iron hull , steam engine , and screw propeller ; only her wrought @-@ iron armour was a major technological advance . Naval architect and historian David K. Brown wrote , " What made [ Warrior ] truly novel was the way in which these individual aspects were blended together , making her the biggest and most powerful warship in the world . " Being faster , better armoured and harder to hit than her rivals , she was superior to any existing naval ship . The Admiralty immediately stopped the construction of all wooden ships of the line , and ordered another eleven ironclads over the next few years . Jacky Fisher , who was the ship 's gunnery lieutenant in 1863 – 64 , later wrote that in spite of this , most people did not realise at the time what a significant change it would bring about : " It certainly was not appreciated that this , our first armourclad ship of war , would cause a fundamental change in what had been in vogue for something like a thousand years . " Although built in response to Gloire , the Warriors had a very different operational concept from the French ship , which was meant to replace wooden ships of the line . The Warriors were designed by Watts as 40 @-@ gun armoured frigates and were not intended to stand in the line of battle , as the Admiralty was uncertain about their ability to withstand concentrated fire from wooden two- and three @-@ deck ships of the line . Unlike Gloire , they were planned to be fast enough to force battle on a fleeing enemy and to control the range at which a battle was fought to their own advantage . In contrast to Gloire 's square profile , Warrior has a clipper bow , but she is twice as long as a typical clipper ship . HMS Warrior is 380 feet 2 inches ( 115 @.@ 9 m ) long between perpendiculars and 420 feet ( 128 @.@ 0 m ) long overall . She has a beam of 58 feet 4 inches ( 17 @.@ 8 m ) and a draught of 26 feet 9 inches ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . The ship displaces 9 @,@ 137 long tons ( 9 @,@ 284 t ) and has a tonnage of 6 @,@ 109 tons burthen . The ship 's length made her relatively unmanoeuvrable , making it harder for her to use her strengthened stem for ramming , an ancient tactic that was coming back into use at the time . The ends of the hull are subdivided by watertight transverse bulkheads and decks into 92 compartments , and the hull has a double bottom underneath the engine and boiler rooms . = = = Armament = = = The armament of the Warrior @-@ class ships was originally intended to be forty smoothbore , muzzle @-@ loading 68 @-@ pounder guns , nineteen on each side on the main deck and one each fore and aft as chase guns on the upper deck . The 7 @.@ 9 @-@ inch ( 201 mm ) 68 @-@ pounder had a range of 3 @,@ 200 yards ( 2 @,@ 900 m ) with solid shot . During construction the armament was changed to include ten Armstrong 110 @-@ pounder guns , an early rifled breech loader ( RBL ) design , along with twenty @-@ six 68 @-@ pounders , and four RBL Armstrong 40 @-@ pounder guns with a calibre of 4 @.@ 75 inches ( 121 mm ) and a maximum range of 3 @,@ 800 yards ( 3 @,@ 500 m ) . It had been planned to replace all the 68 @-@ pounders with the innovative 110 @-@ pounder , whose 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) shell could reach 4 @,@ 000 yards ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) , but poor results in armour @-@ penetration tests halted this . During the first use in action of a 110 @-@ pounder aboard HMS Euryalus in 1863 , the gun was incorrectly loaded and the vent piece was blown out of the breech when fired . They were labour @-@ intensive to load and fire , and were henceforth only used with a reduced propellant charge , which left them ineffective against ironclad ships . All the guns could fire either solid shot or explosive shells . The 68 @-@ pounders could also fire hollow iron shells filled with molten iron , which was heated in a furnace between the two forward boilers . The 40 @-@ pounder Armstrong guns were replaced with a better design of the same calibre in 1863 . Warrior 's original armament was replaced during her 1864 – 67 refit with twenty @-@ four 7 @-@ inch and four 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) rifled muzzle @-@ loading ( RML ) guns . The ship also received four RBL Armstrong 20 @-@ pounders for use as saluting guns . The RML 8 @-@ inch gun could penetrate 9 @.@ 6 inches ( 244 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle , and the RML 7 @-@ inch gun could pierce 7 @.@ 7 inches ( 196 mm ) . = = = Armour = = = Warrior 's armour consisted of 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) of wrought iron backed by 18 inches ( 457 mm ) of teak . The iron armour was made up of 3 @-@ by @-@ 12 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 by 3 @.@ 66 m ) plates that interlocked via the tongue and groove method . It was bolted through the teak to the iron hull . The teak consisted of two 9 @-@ inch @-@ thick ( 229 mm ) layers laid at right angles to each other ; they strengthened the armour by damping the shock waves caused by the impact of shells that would otherwise break the bolts connecting the armour to the hull . Based on tests at Shoeburyness in October 1861 when the Warrior was launched , it " was practically invulnerable to the ordnance at the time in use " . The armour covered the middle 213 feet ( 64 @.@ 9 m ) of the ship and extended 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) above the waterline and 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) below it . The guns on the main deck were protected from raking fire by 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch transverse bulkheads . The ends of the ship were unprotected , but were subdivided into watertight compartments to minimise flooding . The lack of armour at the stern meant that the steering gear and rudder were vulnerable . = = = Crew = = = The ship 's crew comprised 50 officers and 656 ratings in 1863 . The majority of the crew had to do physically demanding tasks ; one such duty was the raising of the heaviest manually hauled anchors in maritime history . The day @-@ to @-@ day life of her crew differed little from those on the navy 's traditional wooden @-@ hulled vessels . The majority of the crew lived on the single gun deck of the Warrior ; these crewmen slept in hammocks slung from the sides and deck beams , with up to 18 men between each pair of guns . The officers berthed in the rear of the ship in small individual cabins ; the wardroom was also the officers ' mess . The captain had two spacious , well @-@ furnished cabins . Of the ratings , 122 were Royal Marines . As an experiment during the ship 's first commission , all of Warrior 's marines were from Royal Marine Artillery ; subsequently some marine infantrymen were assigned as was the usual naval practice . The marines manned the aft section of guns and slung their hammocks between the crew 's accommodation and the officers ' cabins . = = = Propulsion = = = Warrior had a two @-@ cylinder trunk steam engine , made by John Penn and Sons , driving a single propeller using steam provided by 10 rectangular boilers . The engine produced a total of 5 @,@ 772 indicated horsepower ( 4 @,@ 304 kW ) during Warrior 's sea trials on 1 April 1868 giving a speed of 14 @.@ 08 knots ( 26 @.@ 08 km / h ; 16 @.@ 20 mph ) under steam alone . The ship carried 853 long tons ( 867 t ) of coal , enough to steam 2 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 900 km ; 2 @,@ 400 mi ) at 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) . The ironclad was ship rigged and had a sail area of 48 @,@ 400 square feet ( 4 @,@ 497 m2 ) . Warrior reached 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) under sail alone , 2 knots ( 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 2 @.@ 3 mph ) faster than her sister ship Black Prince . She had the largest hoisting propeller ever made ; it weighed 26 long tons ( 26 t ) , and 600 men could raise it into the ship to reduce drag while under sail . To further reduce drag , both her funnels were telescopic and could be lowered . Under sail and steam together , the ship once reached 17 @.@ 5 knots ( 32 @.@ 4 km / h ; 20 @.@ 1 mph ) against the tide while running from Portsmouth to Plymouth . = = Construction and service = = Warrior was ordered on 11 May 1859 from Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company in Blackwall , London . The ship was laid down some time after 6 June 1859 on the West Ham side of Bow Creek when the P & O ocean liner Seine was launched , and the slipway was reinforced to support Warrior 's weight . Full @-@ scale production of the ship 's iron began in August , and the construction probably began in mid @-@ August . Indecision by the Admiralty and frequent design changes caused many delays and nearly drove her builders bankrupt before a grant of £ 50 @,@ 000 was awarded to keep them solvent . Her launching on 29 December 1860 was during the coldest winter for 50 years . She was frozen to her slipway and required the use of hydraulic rams , additional tugs , and dockworkers running from side to side on the upper deck to rock her free . Warrior was commissioned in August 1861 to conduct her sea trials ; she was completed on 24 October for £ 377 @,@ 292 , almost twice the cost of a contemporary wooden ship of the line . Between March and June 1862 , defects exposed during her trials were rectified , and damage repaired . Changes included the fitting of a lighter bowsprit and a shorter jib boom , along with the provision of extra heads amidships . The ship was initially assigned to the Channel Squadron under the command of Captain Arthur Cochrane . In March 1863 , Warrior escorted the royal yacht that brought Princess Alexandra of Denmark to Britain to marry the Prince of Wales . The princess appreciated the conduct of the ship 's crew , and requested Admiral Sir Michael Seymour to convey that " she was much pleased " to the ship . Cochrane had the message engraved on a brass plate and fitted to the ship 's wheel . Her descendant , Princess Alexandra of Kent , is now patron of the HMS Warrior 1860 Trust . In mid @-@ 1863 the Channel Fleet toured British ports for 12 weeks ; the ship received 300 @,@ 000 visitors , including as many as 13 @,@ 000 a day in port . Warrior began a refit in November 1864 during which the Armstrong guns , which had not proved successful in use , were removed and her armament was upgraded to the latest rifled muzzle @-@ loading guns . She was recommissioned in 1867 , under the command of Captain Julian Corbett , to relieve her sister as the guardship at Queenstown in Ireland , but instead both ships participated in the Fleet Review held on 17 July in honour of the visits made by the Khedive of Egypt and the Sultan of Turkey to Britain . After the review , the Admiralty paid off the ship on 24 July ; the following day Warrior was recommissioned with Captain Henry Boys in command . After working up at Spithead , she sailed to join the Channel Squadron on 24 September . At the end of the year she was deployed to Osborne Bay to guard Queen Victoria at Osborne House . The Fenian Rising was under way , and there was intelligence suggesting that the Queen might be in danger from Irish nationalists . While Warrior was performing this duty , she received an informal visit from the Queen . The ship was part of a squadron that escorted the royal yacht HMY Victoria and Albert II to Dublin in April 1868 for an official visit by the Prince of Wales , the future King Edward VII . In August , while cruising to Scotland , Warrior collided with HMS Royal Oak , losing her figurehead and jib boom and smashing Royal Oak 's cutter . Boys was court @-@ martialled and acquitted over the incident . From 4 to 28 July 1868 , Warrior , with Black Prince and the wooden paddle frigate HMS Terrible , towed a specially built floating drydock , large enough to accommodate ironclads , 2 @,@ 700 nmi ( 5 @,@ 000 km ; 3 @,@ 100 mi ) across the Atlantic from Madeira to Bermuda . Upon her return to England in late August , Boys was relieved by Captain Frederick Stirling . After a refit to clean her hull and replace the figurehead lost in the collision , Warrior rejoined the Channel Squadron . On 2 March 1870 , Captain Henry Glyn assumed command of the ship . While returning from a joint cruise with the Mediterranean Fleet , the ship was present when HMS Captain was lost during a severe storm on 7 September . Further cruises followed , including trips to Madeira and Gibraltar . Warrior narrowly missed colliding with HMS Agincourt when she was following her out of Gibraltar and Agincourt grounded on Pearl Rock . The rapid evolution of warship design , for which Warrior was partly responsible , meant that she started to become obsolete only ten years after she had been launched . In 1871 the Royal Navy commissioned its first mastless capital ship , HMS Devastation . In the absence of masts , the main armament could move from the broadside and traverse more freely from a higher position . In the same year , Warrior began a refit that lasted until 1875 ; it added a poop deck and steam capstan , a shorter bowsprit , and replacement boilers . In April 1875 , the ship was recommissioned , and assigned to the First Reserve , where she served as a guardship at Portland . In this role , she went on annual summer cruises to various ports . During the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1877 – 78 , she was mobilised due to concerns that the victorious Russians might be about to attack Constantinople , forcing Great Britain to intervene , but nothing transpired and Warrior cruised to Bantry Bay instead . In April 1881 she was transferred to the Clyde District , where she served as guardship until 31 May 1883 . Two of her masts were discovered to be rotten that month and with no replacements available , the ship was decommissioned and the masts removed . Warrior was reclassified as a " screw battle ship , third class , armoured " in 1887 and again in May 1892 as a first @-@ class armoured cruiser , although no changes were made to her . She was considered for modernization as late as 1894 , but this was rejected as uneconomical after at least one new boiler was installed . The ship was used as a storage hulk from May 1901 to July 1902 . In preparation for her service as a depot ship for a flotilla of destroyers , the ship had her engines and boilers removed and part of her upper deck roofed over . Warrior served in this role from 1902 to 31 March 1904 , and was then assigned to the Portsmouth @-@ based Vernon , the Royal Navy 's torpedo @-@ training school . Her name was changed to Vernon III that month and six new Belleville boilers and four electric generators were installed so that she could supply steam and electricity to the neighbouring hulks that made up Vernon . Most of the upper deck was roofed over to form classrooms for radio training , and her fore and mizzen masts were reinstalled . In October 1923 , the school was transferred to a newly built shore installation , rendering Warrior and her companion hulks redundant ; Warrior resumed her name on 1 October and the Royal Navy declared her redundant six months later . The mass scrapping of obsolete ships after World War I had caused a downturn in demand for scrap iron by the time the Navy decided to sell off Warrior on 2 April 1925 . There was no commercial interest in scrapping the old ship , and she remained at Portsmouth for another four years . She was modified into a mooring jetty beginning on 22 October 1927 . This entailed the removal of all of her equipment and masts other than her boilers and generators , and the installation of two diesel @-@ driven emergency pumps . The space under the poop was converted into accommodation for a shipkeeper and his family . The hulk was towed to her new home , Pembroke Dock in Wales , on 13 March 1929 where she served as a floating oil jetty . For the next fifty years , the ship lay just offshore from an oil depot at Llanion Cove . The Navy covered the ship 's upper deck with a thick layer of concrete during one of her maintenance dockings before World War II . In the war , she served as a base ship for coastal minesweepers and , on 27 August 1942 , was renamed as Oil Fuel Hulk C77 to release her name for use by a light aircraft carrier , HMS Warrior , then under construction . She refuelled 5 @,@ 000 ships during her service at Llanion Cove . = = Preservation = = Restoring Warrior was discussed in the early 1960s , but did not develop into a serious project . In 1967 , the Greater London Council proposed to restore the ship as an attraction in London , but Warrior was still required in Pembroke by the Royal Navy and the scheme went no further . In 1968 the Duke of Edinburgh chaired a meeting that discussed preserving and restoring Warrior and other historic vessels , and a year later The Maritime Trust was established to save the decrepit ironclad and other historic ships . The Maritime Trust and a major supporter , the Manifold Trust led by the Conservative MP John Smith , maintained an interest in Warrior . In 1976 the Royal Navy announced that the Llanion Oil Depot would close in 1978 , and the Manifold Trust began to seek funds to restore her . With the promise of financial support for restoration , the Royal Navy donated the ship to the trust in 1979 . The Ship 's Preservation Trust acquired ownership of the ship in 1983 ; it became the Warrior Preservation Trust in 1985 . = = = Restoration = = = In August 1979 Warrior began her 800 @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) journey to her temporary home in the Coal Dock at Hartlepool for restoration as a museum ship . She arrived on 2 September 1979 and began the £ 9 million restoration project , largely funded by the Manifold Trust . The Maritime Trust decided to restore Warrior to her 1862 condition with the aim that no further major work would be necessary for the next 20 years . The first two years of the restoration were generally devoted to safely removing material added after her first commission , like the poop deck and the 200 long tons ( 200 t ) of concrete decking . Intensive research was done to find detailed descriptions of the ship and her equipment as of 1862 to make the restoration as accurate as economically feasible . Sources included surviving official records , and the papers of those who had served on the ship during her active service . Bolt @-@ holes and ridges in the paint gave clues to the location of some fittings and fixtures , and the sketch plans of Midshipman Henry Murray , found in Captain Cochrane 's Letter Book , showed the locations of the armament , moveable fittings and stores . Work on carving a replacement for Warrior 's figurehead , which was destroyed in the 1960s , began in 1981 using photographs of the original as a guide . The 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) work @-@ in @-@ progress was displayed at the 1982 London International Boat Show with the carvers still at work ; it dominated coverage of the show . Before it was finished in mid @-@ 1983 , the figurehead appeared on the BBC children 's television programme Blue Peter . For much of 1984 it was displayed at the Main Gate of the Portsmouth Royal Dockyard . It was mounted on the ship on 6 February 1985 . Replacement of the ship 's 86 @-@ foot @-@ 3 @-@ inch ( 26 @.@ 3 m ) -tall , 42 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) -wide lower masts in wood was not feasible , so they were made of steel tube cut and welded to shape , with a ladder inside each mast to allow access to the platforms on the masts . The three masts and the bowsprit were stepped in place between September 1984 and February 1985 . Warrior 's engines , boilers and auxiliary machinery were considered too expensive to rebuild , so replicas were built from sheet steel with a few components made from cast iron to duplicate the look of the real equipment . The replica engines can rotate slowly , using electrical power , to allow visitors to imagine how they might have looked in operation . The Woolwich Rotunda Artillery Museum and the States of Jersey lent examples of Warrior 's original primary guns , the muzzle @-@ loading 68 @-@ pounder and the breech @-@ loading 110 @-@ pounder , which were used as moulds for fibreglass replicas . The Armstrong guns were built with working breeches ; they , and the muzzles of all the guns , had to be sealed to prevent people leaving rubbish in them . Little information was available on the wooden gun carriages despite extensive research , and a prototype had to be developed and tested before they could be built . = = = Museum ship = = = In 1985 a new berth beside Portsmouth Harbour railway station was dredged , and a new jetty constructed in preparation for Warrior 's arrival in Portsmouth . The ship left Hartlepool on 12 June 1987 under the command of Captain Collin Allen and was towed 390 miles ( 630 km ) to the Solent in four days . When she entered Portsmouth Harbour she was welcomed by thousands of people lining the town walls and shore , and by over 90 boats and ships . She opened as a museum on 27 July . The restored ironclad was renamed HMS Warrior ( 1860 ) to avoid confusion with the Northwood Headquarters , commissioned as HMS Warrior in 1963 , which was at the time the operational headquarters of the Royal Navy . Warrior is part of the National Historic Fleet , and is berthed in the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard complex , which is also the home of Nelson 's flagship HMS Victory and the Tudor warship Mary Rose . In 1995 she received over 280 @,@ 000 visitors , and the whole dockyard receives between 400 @,@ 000 and 500 @,@ 000 visitors annually . Warrior is still managed by the Warrior Preservation Trust and is used as a venue for weddings and functions to generate funds for her maintenance . The trust also has a collection of material related to the ship and an archive ; the latter is not yet open to the public . = Francis Marbury = Francis Marbury ( sometimes spelled Merbury ) ( 1555 – 1611 ) was a Cambridge @-@ educated English cleric , schoolmaster and playwright . He is best known for being the father of Anne Hutchinson , considered the most famous ( or infamous ) English woman in colonial America . Born in 1555 , Marbury was the son of William Marbury , a Member of Parliament from Lincolnshire , and Agnes Lenton . Young Marbury attended Christ 's College , Cambridge , but is not known to have graduated , though he was ordained as a deacon in the Church of England in January 1578 . He was given a ministry position in Northamptonshire and almost immediately came into conflict with the bishop . Taking a position commonly used by Puritans , he criticised the church leadership for staffing the parish churches with poorly trained clergy and for tolerating poorly trained bishops . After serving two short jail terms , he was ordered not to return to Northamptonshire , but disregarded the mandate and was subsequently brought before the Bishop of London , John Aylmer , for trial in November 1578 . During the examination , Aylmer called Marbury an ass , an idiot , and a fool , and sentenced him to Marshalsea prison for his impudence . After two years in prison Marbury was considered sufficiently reformed to preach again , and was sent to Alford in Lincolnshire , close to his ancestral home . Here he married and began a family , but again felt emboldened to speak out against the church leadership , and was put under house arrest . Following a time without employment , he became desperate , writing letters to prominent officials , and was eventually allowed to resume preaching . Making good on his promise to curb his tongue , he preached uneventfully in Alford , and with a growing prominence was rewarded with a position in London in 1605 . He was given a second parish in 1608 , which was exchanged for another closer to home a year later . He died unexpectedly in 1611 at the age of 55 . With two wives Marbury had 18 children , three of whom matriculated at Brasenose College , Oxford , and one of whom , Anne , became the famous puritan dissident in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who had a leading role in the colony 's Antinomian Controversy . = = Early life = = Francis Marbury , born in London and baptised there on 27 October 1555 , was one of six children of William Marbury ( 1524 – 1581 ) , and the youngest of three sons . His father , who possibly attended Pembroke College , Cambridge in 1544 , was a lawyer in Lincolnshire , a Member of Parliament and a member of the Middle Temple , where he was admitted " specially ... at the instance of Mr. Francis Barnades " in May 1551 , and still active until 1573 . His mother was Agnes , the daughter of John Lenton of Old Wynkill , Staffordshire according to historian John Champlin , but genealogist Meredith Colket suggests that Lenton was from Aldwinkle in Northamptonshire , which is much closer to where the Marburys lived . Marbury was likely schooled in London , perhaps at St Paul 's , and he became well grounded in Latin as well as learning some Greek . Though he was born and raised in London , his family maintained close ties with Lincolnshire . His older brother , Edward , was knighted there in 1603 , and died in 1605 as the High Sheriff of Lincoln . Marbury matriculated at Christ 's College , Cambridge in 1571 , but is not known to have graduated . From Cambridge he went to Northamptonshire where he was ordained deacon by Edmund Scambler , Bishop of Peterborough , on 7 January 1578 . Though he was young when he became a deacon , he was not ordained as priest until decades later , in 1605 . While Marbury was of the Anglican Church , he had decidedly Puritan views . Not all English subjects thought that the queen had gone far enough to cleanse the Anglican Church of Catholic rites and governance , or to ensure that its ministers were capable of saving souls through powerful preaching . The most vocal of these critics were the Puritans , and Marbury was among the most radical of the non @-@ conforming Puritans , the Presbyterians . These more extreme non @-@ conformists wanted to " abolish all the pomp and ceremony of the Church of England and remodel its government according to what they thought was the Bible 's simple , consensual pattern . " To do this , they would eliminate bishops appointed by the monarchs , and introduce sincere Christians to choose the church 's elders ( or governors ) . The church leadership would then consist of two ministers , one a teacher in charge of doctrine , and the other a pastor in charge of people 's souls , and also include a ruling lay leader . = = 1578 trial = = As a young man Marbury was considered to be a " hothead " and felt strongly that the clergy should be well educated , and clashed with his superiors on this issue . He spent time preaching at Northampton , but soon came into conflict with the bishop 's chancellor , Dr. James Ellis , who was on a mission to suppress any nonconforming clergy . After two short imprisonments , Marbury was directed to leave Northampton and not return . He disregarded this order , and was then brought to trial in the consistory of St. Paul 's in London before the high commission on 5 November 1578 . Here he was examined by the Bishop of London , John Aylmer , and by Sir Owen Hopton , Dr. Lewis , and Archdeacon John Mullins . Marbury made a transcript of this trial from memory and used it to educate and amuse his children , he being the hero , and the Bishop being portrayed as somewhat of a buffoon , and the transcript can be found in Benjamin Brook 's study of notable Puritans . Historian Lennam finds nothing in this transcript that is either " improbable or inconsistent with the Bishop 's testy reputation . " In the trial , Aylmer began the accusations of Marbury , saying " you had rattled the Bishop of Peterborough , " to which Marbury accused the bishop of placing poorly trained ministers in the parish churches , adding that the bishops were poorly supervised . Aylmer then retorted , " The Bishop of Peterborough was never more overseen in his life than when he admitted thee to be a preacher in Northampton . " Marbury warned that for every soul damned by the lack of adequate preaching , the guilt " is on the bishops ' hands . " To this Aylmer replied , " Thou takest upon thee to be a preacher , but there is nothing in thee . Thou art a very ass , an idiot , and a fool . " As the examination continued , Aylmer considered the ability of the Anglican Church to put trained ministers in every parish . He barked , " This fellow would have a preacher in every parish church ! " to which Marbury replied , " so would St. Paul . " Then Aylmer asked , " But where is the living for them ? " To this Marbury answered , " A man might cut a large thong out of your hide , and that of the other prelates , and it would never be missed . " Having lost his patience , the bishop retorted , " Thou are an overthwart , proud , puritan knave . " Marbury answered , " I am no puritan . I beseech you to be good to me . I have been twice in prison already , but I know not why . To this , Aylmer was unsympathetic , and he rendered the sentence , " Have him to the Marshalsea . There he shall cope with the papists . " Marbury then actually threatened divine retribution upon the bishop by warning him to beware the judgements of God . His daughter Anne would make a similar threat towards the magistrates and ministers at her civil trial before the Massachusetts Court , nearly 60 years later . = = Later life = = For his conviction of heresy , Marbury spent two years in Marshalsea Prison , on the south side of the River Thames , across from London . In 1580 , at the age of 25 , he was released and was considered sufficiently reformed to preach and teach , and moved to the remote market town of Alford in Lincolnshire , about 140 miles ( 230 km ) north of London , near his ancestral home . He was soon appointed curate ( deputy vicar ) of Saint Wilfrid 's , the local church in Alford . His father died in 1581 , leaving the resource @-@ poor Marbury with some welcome income as well as " lawe bookes and a ring of gold . " Sometime about 1582 he married his first wife , Elizabeth Moore , and in 1585 he became the schoolmaster at the Alford Free Grammar School , one of many such public schools , free to the poor , begun by Queen Elizabeth . Marbury is thought to have been the teacher or tutor of young John Smith , who later became famous as an early explorer and leader in the Jamestown Colony in Virginia . After bearing three daughters , Marbury 's first wife died about 1586 , and within a year of her death he married Bridget Dryden , about ten years younger than he , from a prominent Northampton family . Bridget was born in the Canons Ashby House in Northampton , the daughter of John Dryden and Elizabeth Cope . Her brother , Erasmus Dryden , was the grandfather of the famous playwright and Poet Laureate John Dryden . In 1590 Marbury once again felt emboldened to speak out against his superiors , denouncing the Church of England for selecting poorly educated bishops and poorly trained ministers . The Bishop of Lincoln , calling him an " impudent Puritan , " removed him from preaching and teaching , and put him under house arrest . On 15 October 1590 Marbury wrote a letter to the statesman William Cecil , Lord Burleigh , who was the uncle of Marbury 's acquaintance , Francis Bacon . In the letter he explained his religious creed and claimed that he was deprived of his preaching license " for causes unknown to him . " Without employment , he tended his gardens and tutored his children , reading to them from his own writings , the Bible , and John Foxe 's Book of Martyrs . Somehow the family was able to survive , perhaps from borrowing from the Drydens . While this suspension from preaching was thought to be short by historian Lennam , his daughter 's biographer , Eve LaPlante , wrote that it lasted nearly four years . Whichever the case , by 1594 he was once again preaching , and from this point forward , Marbury resolved to curb his tongue and not openly question those in positions of authority . Following this final suspension , both his fame and fortune rose , and at one point Marbury became lecturer at St Saviour , Southwark . In 1602 he was given the honour of delivering the " Spittle sermon " in London on Easter Tuesday , and again at St Paul 's Cross in London in June . The following year he had the distinction of delivering a special sermon on the accession of James I to the throne , and at this point several of his sermons were finding their way into print . With the support of Richard Vaughan , the Bishop of London , he was moved to London in 1605 , finding a residence in the heart of the city where he was given the position of vicar of the Church of Saint Martin 's in the Vintry . Here his Puritan views , though somewhat muffled , were nevertheless present and tolerated , since there was a shortage of pastors . London was a vibrant and cosmopolitan city , and active playwrights of the time were William Shakespeare , Christopher Marlowe , and Ben Jonson , whose plays were performed just across the river . The Marburys managed to avoid the bubonic plague that occasionally worked its way through the city . Marbury took on additional work in 1608 , preaching in the parish of Saint Pancras , several miles northwest of the city , travelling there by horseback twice a week . In 1610 he was able to replace that position with one much closer to home , and became rector of Saint Margaret 's , on New Fish Street , only a short walk from Saint Martin in the Vintry . While all seemed to be going well , Marbury died unexpectedly in February 1611 , at the age of 55 . He had written his will in January 1611 , and its brevity suggests that it was written in a hurry following a sudden and serious illness . The will mentions his wife by name and 12 living children , but only his daughter Susan , from his first marriage , is mentioned by name . His widow resided for a time at St Peter , Paul 's Wharf , London , but about December 1620 she married Reverend Thomas Newman of Berkhamsted , Hertfordshire , and died in 1645 . = = Works and legacy = = Marbury 's most noted work , The Contract of Marriage between Wit and Wisdom was written in 1579 while he was in prison . It was a moral interlude or " wit play " , following The Play of Wyt and Science by John Redford , and an adaptation of its sequel The Marriage of Wit and Science . The play had actually been performed , being noted in 1590 as one of the " current plays of the time . " Author T. N. S. Lennam described the work as a " lusty , occasionally very coarse , short interlude in which the morality material is dominated by rather imitative farcical episodes more elementally entertaining than didactic . " Marbury also helped write the preface to the works of other religious writers . One of these prefaces was written for Robert Rollock 's A Treatise on God 's Effectual Calling ( 1603 ) , and another was for Richard Rogers ' seminal work , Seven Treatises ( 1604 ) . In the latter , Marbury praised Rogers " for having delivered a crushing blow against the Catholics and thereby vindicating the Church of England . " This prefatory material summed up the puritan unitary vision for England : " one godly ruler , one godly church , and one godly path to heaven , with puritan ministers writing the guidebooks . " While Marbury was not considered one of the great Puritan ministers of his day , he was nevertheless well known . Sir Francis Bacon called him " The Preacher , " and recognised him as such in his 1624 work Apothegm . A leading minister of the time , Reverend Robert Bolton , expressed a considerable respect for Marbury 's teachings . One negative aspect of Marbury 's later career involved his time in Alford when he was the governor of the free grammar school there between 1595 and 1605 . A 1618 court case pointed to Marbury 's improper handling of the school 's endowments , and following an inquisition , the surviving executors to Marbury 's will were ordered to pay " certain sums unto the Governors " of the school as compensation . = = Family = = Marbury was said to have 20 children , but only 18 have been identified , three with his first wife , Elizabeth Moore , and 15 with his second wife , Bridget Dryden . The three children from his first marriage were all girls , Mary ( c . 1584 – 1585 ) , Susan ( baptised 12 September 1585 ; married a Mr. Twyford ) and Elizabeth ( c . 1587 – 1601 ) . His children with Bridget Dryden were Mary ( born c . 1588 ) , John ( baptised 15 February 1589 / 90 ) , Anne ( baptised 20 July 1591 ) , Bridget ( baptised 8 May 1593 ; buried 15 October 1598 ) , Francis ( baptised 20 October 1594 ) , Emme ( baptised 21 December 1595 ) , Erasmus ( baptised 15 February 1596 / 7 ) , Anthony ( baptised 11 September 1598 ; buried 9 April 1601 ) , Bridget ( baptised 25 November 1599 ) , Jeremuth ( or Jeremoth , baptised 31 March 1601 ) , Daniel ( baptised 14 September 1602 ) , Elizabeth ( baptised 20 January 1604 / 5 ) , Thomas ( born c . 1606 ? ) , Anthony ( born c . 1608 ) , and Katherine ( born c . 1610 ) . Three of Marbury 's sons , Erasmus , Jeremuth , and the second Anthony , all matriculated at Brasenose College , Oxford . His daughter Anne married William Hutchinson and sailed to New England in 1634 , becoming a dissident Puritan minister at the centre of the Antinomian Controversy , and was , according to historian Michael Winship , " the most famous , or infamous , English woman in colonial American history . " His only other child to emigrate was his youngest child , Katherine , who married Richard Scott and settled in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . Katherine and her husband were at times Puritans , Baptists , and Quakers , and Katherine was whipped in Boston for supporting her future son @-@ in @-@ law Christopher Holder who had his right ear cut off for his Quaker evangelism . Marbury 's sister , Catherine , married in 1583 Christopher Wentworth , and they became grandparents of William Wentworth who followed Reverend John Wheelwright to New England , and eventually settled in Dover , New Hampshire , becoming the ancestor of many men of prominence . = = = Ancestry = = = In 1914 , John Champlin published the bulk of the currently known ancestry of Francis Marbury , showing his descent from Charlemagne and Alfred the Great . Most of the material in the following ancestor chart is from Champlin , supplemented by genealogist Meredith Colket . The Williamson line was published in The American Genealogist by F. N. Craig in 1992 , while an online source , cited within , covers the Angevine line . An online source giving the ancestry of Agnes Lenton is incorrect based on Walter Davis ' research published in the New England Historic Genealogical Register in 1964 . = Australian Army during World War II = The Australian Army was the largest service in the Australian military during World War II . Prior to the outbreak of war the Australian Army was split into the small full @-@ time Permanent Military Forces ( PMF ) and the larger part @-@ time Militia . Following the outbreak of war , on 14 September 1939 Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced that 40 @,@ 000 members of the Militia would be called up for training and a 20 @,@ 000 @-@ strong expeditionary force , designated the Second Australian Imperial Force ( Second AIF ) , would be formed for overseas service . Meanwhile , conscription was introduced in October 1939 to keep the Militia at strength as its members volunteered for the AIF . The Australian Army subsequently made an important contribution to the Allied campaigns in the Mediterranean , the Middle East and North Africa fighting the Germans , Italians and Vichy French during 1940 and 1941 , and later in the jungles of the South West Pacific Area fighting the Japanese between late 1941 and 1945 . Following the Japanese surrender Australian Army units were deployed as occupation forces across the South West Pacific . Meanwhile , the Army contributed troops to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) in Japan from 1946 . The Army was considerably expanded in early 1942 in response to the Japanese threat to Australia . During this year the Army 's strength peaked at eleven infantry divisions and three armoured divisions , and in August 1942 the Army had a strength of 476 @,@ 000 men . This force was larger than Australia 's population and economy could sustain , and its strength was reduced in the second half of the year . Militia units were able to serve outside of Australian territory in the South West Pacific Area from January 1943 after the Defence ( Citizen Military Forces ) Act 1943 was passed , but few did so . The Army was further reduced by 100 @,@ 000 members from October 1943 to free up manpower for industry . At the end of 1943 the Army 's strength was set at six infantry divisions and two armoured brigades , although further reductions were ordered in August 1944 and June 1945 . The Australian Army generally had a long @-@ standing policy of using British @-@ designed equipment , but equipment from Australia , the United States and some other countries was introduced into service in the war 's later years . Pre @-@ war doctrine was focused on conventional warfare in a European environment and the Army did not have any doctrine for jungle warfare prior to 1943 . In early 1943 the Army developed a jungle warfare doctrine by adapting the pre @-@ war field service regulations to meet the conditions in the South West Pacific . The demands of combat during World War II led to changes in the composition of Army units . The success of German mechanised units during the invasions of Poland and France convinced Australian defence planners that the Army required armoured units , and these began to be raised in 1941 . These units were not suitable for jungle warfare , however , and most were disbanded during 1943 and 1944 . Conditions in the South West Pacific also led the Army to convert its six combat divisions to jungle divisions in early 1943 and 1944 with fewer heavy weapons and vehicles . This organisation proved only moderately successful , and the divisions were strengthened for their 1944 – 45 campaigns . The process of demobilisation began immediately after the end of hostilities in August 1945 and was finally completed on 15 February 1947 . A total of 730 @,@ 000 personnel enlisted in the Australian Army during the war , a figure which represented around 10 percent of the population . Nearly 400 @,@ 000 men ultimately served overseas , with 40 percent of the total force serving in front line areas . As a proportion of its population , the Australian Army was ultimately one of the largest Allied armies during World War II . Casualties included 11 @,@ 323 killed in action , 1 @,@ 794 who died of wounds , and 21 @,@ 853 wounded . Another 5 @,@ 558 were killed or died as prisoners of war ( POWs ) , while non @-@ battle casualties in operational areas were also significant and included 1 @,@ 088 killed and 33 @,@ 196 wounded or injured . In addition , the Army suffered a substantial number of casualties in non @-@ operational areas : 1 @,@ 795 soldiers killed and 121 @,@ 800 wounded or injured . = = Background = = Prior to the outbreak of war the Australian Army consisted of the small full @-@ time Permanent Military Forces ( PMF ) and the larger part @-@ time Militia . Throughout the inter @-@ war years , a combination of complacency and economic austerity had resulted in limited defence spending . In 1929 , following the election of the Scullin Labor government , conscription was abolished and in its place a new system was introduced whereby the Militia would be maintained on a part @-@ time , voluntary basis only . The size of the Army remained small up until 1938 and 1939 when the Militia was rapidly expanded as the threat of war grew . In 1938 , there had been only 35 @,@ 000 soldiers in the Militia , but by September 1939 this had been increased to 80 @,@ 000 , supported by a PMF of 2 @,@ 800 full @-@ time soldiers whose main responsibility was largely to administer and train the Militia . This expansion had little impact on improving the readiness of Australian forces upon the outbreak of the war , though , as the provisions of the Defence Act 1903 restricted the pre @-@ war Army to service in Australia and its territories including Papua and New Guinea . As a result , when Australia entered the war in 1939 , a new all @-@ volunteer force was required that could fight in Europe or elsewhere outside of Australia 's immediate region . ( Similarly , in World War I the all @-@ volunteer First Australian Imperial Force ( First AIF ) was raised and served with distinction at Gallipoli , in the Middle East and on the Western Front . ) From the 1920s Australia 's defence thinking was dominated by the " Singapore strategy " , which centred on the establishment of a major naval base at Singapore and the use of naval forces to respond to any future Japanese aggression in the region . As a maritime strategy , it resulted in a defence budget that was focused on building up the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) , in order to support the British Royal Navy . Between 1923 and 1929 , £ 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 was spent on the RAN , while the Australian Army and the munitions industry received only £ 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 and the fledgling Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) just £ 2 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 . The strategy met significant political opposition from sections of the regular Army , including several prominent officers such as Henry Wynter and John Lavarack . Wynter in particular argued that war was most likely to break out in the Pacific at a time when Britain was involved in a crisis in Europe and would be unable to send sufficient resources to Singapore . He contended that Singapore was vulnerable , especially to attack from the land and the air , and argued for a more balanced policy of building up the Army and RAAF rather than relying on the RAN . During the 1930s the Australian Army 's organisation , equipment and doctrine were similar to those of World War I. The Militia was organised into infantry and horse @-@ mounted cavalry divisions with fixed coastal fortifications positioned at strategic ports . While the Army recognised that there was a threat of war with Japan , little had been done to prepare for jungle warfare as pre @-@ war planning had conceptualised any such conflict as taking place in the main population centres of Australia 's eastern seaboard , along with isolated attacks against strategic points in Western Australia . The Army followed the trends in the British Army as it modernised in the late 1930s , but was unable to obtain the up @-@ to @-@ date equipment needed to properly implement the new British doctrines and organisations due to a lack of resources as a result of limited defence expenditures . Nevertheless , the Militia provided a pool of experienced officers and soldiers who could be used to expand the Army in the event of war , and indeed during the course of the war about 200 @,@ 000 Militia soldiers volunteered for overseas service . In 1942 the Army adopted the title Australian Military Forces ( AMF ) to encompass the various categories of service : AIF , Militia and Permanent Forces . Wartime exigencies required a rapid expansion of the Army and during the war 730 @,@ 000 personnel enlisted in either the Militia or the AIF , a figure which represented around 10 percent of Australia 's population of just seven million , one of the highest percentages of any of the Allied armies during World War II . It subsequently made an important contribution to the Allied campaigns in the Mediterranean , the Middle East and North Africa fighting the Germans , Italians and Vichy French during 1940 and 1941 as part of British Commonwealth forces , and later in the jungles of the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) fighting the Japanese between late 1941 and 1945 primarily in conjunction with forces from the United States . Nearly 400 @,@ 000 men served overseas , with 40 percent of the total force serving in front line areas . = = Organisation = = = = = Origin of the Second Australian Imperial Force = = = Australia entered World War II on 3 September 1939 . On 14 September Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced that 40 @,@ 000 members of the Militia would be called up for training and a 20 @,@ 000 @-@ strong expeditionary force , designated the Second Australian Imperial Force , would be formed for overseas service . Like its predecessor , the Second AIF was a volunteer force formed by establishing entirely new units . In many cases these units drew their recruits from the same geographical areas as First AIF units , and they were given the same numerical designations albeit with the prefix " 2 / " . In October 1939 , conscription was introduced to keep the Militia at strength as its members volunteered for the AIF . From January 1940 , all unmarried men turning 21 were required to report to be examined for potential service . While a substantial proportion of these men were granted exemptions on medical grounds or because they would suffer financial hardship if forced to enter the military , the remainder were liable for three months training followed by ongoing reserve service . A side effect of this arrangement was the creation of two different armies with different conditions of service , one the part @-@ volunteer part @-@ conscript Militia and the other the all @-@ volunteer AIF . This situation resulted in administrative and structural problems that existed throughout the war , as well as a sometimes bitter professional rivalry between the men of the two forces . Later , provision was made to allow Militia units to transfer to the AIF if sufficient numbers of personnel volunteered to serve under AIF terms of service . This required 65 percent of a unit 's war establishment — or 75 percent of its actual strength — to volunteer and allowed whole battalions to become part of the AIF . An early problem was whether to adopt the British or Australian organisation . In 1939 the British Army was in the process of re @-@ equipping with new weapons , and a new organisation was required . This new equipment was not available in Australia , so it was decided to organise the first unit to be raised — the 6th Division — with some elements of the old organisation and some of the new . Consequently , the 6th Division was raised as an infantry division of around 18 @,@ 000 personnel , and initially comprised twelve 900 @-@ man infantry battalions each consisting of four rifle companies , a battalion headquarters , regimental aid post and a headquarters company with various support platoons and sections including signals , mortars , carriers , pioneers , anti @-@ aircraft and administration . Artillery support was provided by three field regiments , each attached at brigade @-@ level , as well an anti @-@ tank regiment attached at divisional level and a divisional cavalry regiment which was equipped with armoured vehicles . Corps troops included a machine @-@ gun battalion , and various engineer , logistics and communication units . Three further AIF infantry divisions were formed during 1940 : the 7th Division in February 1940 , the 8th Division in May and the 9th Division in June . However , the establishment of these divisions was reduced to the new nine @-@ battalion organisation as the size of an Australian division was reduced to approximately 17 @,@ 000 men , and the three surplus battalions of the 6th Division became part of the 7th Division . Further changes included the addition of a light anti @-@ aircraft regiment at divisional level , and a reorganisation of the divisional artillery from three four @-@ battery regiments consisting of 16 guns to three two @-@ battery regiments of 12 guns . An AIF corps headquarters , designated I Corps , was formed in March 1940 along with various support units . The 1st Armoured Division , the final AIF division to be formed , was established in July 1941 , built around a core of two armoured brigades each consisting of three tank @-@ equipped armoured regiments , supported by motorised cavalry , armoured cars , engineers and artillery . Several units , such as Z and M Special Units , were also raised for irregular warfare as were 12 commando companies . Many corps , support and service units were also raised during the war to provide combat and logistical support . = = = Forces in Australia and the Pacific = = = The Army 's command and administrative arrangements at the start of the war were based on a system of military districts that had existed since Federation , albeit with a number of modifications . Australia was divided into six military districts each of which largely equated to a State or Territory , and reported to the Department of the Chief of the General Staff . Meanwhile , the Military Board was responsible for the administration of the Army , with regular members consisting of the Deputy Adjutant @-@ General , the Chief of Intelligence , the Chief of the General Staff , the Chief of Ordnance and a civilian Finance Member , in addition to a number of consultative members , under the overall control of the Minister of the Defence . The 1st Military District ( 1 MD ) encompassed Queensland , the 2nd included most of New South Wales , the 3rd was primarily based on Victoria , the 4th included South Australia , the 5th included Western Australia and the 6th encompassed forces in Tasmania . In 1939 the Northern Territory was designated the 7th Military District , while and the 8th Military District was later activated in Port Moresby to command forces in New Guinea . Following the outbreak of World War II a regional command structure was subsequently adopted , with 2 MD becoming Eastern Command , 5 MD redesignated Western Command , while 1 MD in Queensland became Northern Command and the three southern states of New South Wales , Victoria and Tasmania were amalgamated into Southern Command . In the early years of the war this structure proved effective for operations overseas ; however , as the threat of war with Japan grew the various commands and military districts came under greater pressure . The activation of the Militia for full @-@ time duty after Japan 's entry into the war in late 1941 compounded the situation . In response , the Army command structure was reorganised in early 1942 . While Western Australia remained unchanged , Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania and South Australia were redesignated as Lines of Communications Areas , 7 MD became Northern Territory Force and 8 MD was redesignated as New Guinea Force . In July 1942 the Military Board 's functions were assumed by the commander of the military forces , General Sir Thomas Blamey . The AIF 's requirements for manpower and equipment constrained the Militia during the early years of the war . At the outbreak of the Pacific War the main Army units in Australia were five Militia infantry divisions — the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th and 5th Divisions — two Militia cavalry divisions — the 1st and 2nd Cavalry Divisions — and the AIF 1st Armoured Division . The Volunteer Defence Corps ( VDC ) , which was a part @-@ time volunteer force of 100 @,@ 000 men based on the British Home Guard , was also available for local defence . In addition , by early 1942 there were 12 @,@ 000 garrison force personnel — mostly reservist veterans of World War I — organised into 13 garrison battalions for coastal defence and five battalions and two companies for internal security tasks , including guarding prisoner of war camps . Yet at this time only 30 percent of Militia units were on full @-@ time duty , with the remainder periodically undertaking three month @-@ long mobilisations . The Militia was also poorly armed , and there was insufficient equipment to be issued to all units if they were mobilised . In response to the Japanese threat following the outbreak of the Pacific War and the capture of the 8th Division in Malaya , the condition of the Militia became a pressing concern , after largely having been ignored since 1940 . Several middle @-@ ranking and senior officers of the AIF were subsequently posted to Militia units and formations to give them experience . Meanwhile , the Army was forced to move units between Militia divisions so that the most combat @-@ ready could be sent to areas believed to be under the greatest threat of attack . Some battalions were amalgamated , and although some were later separated and reformed , others were disbanded altogether . After the Defence ( Citizen Military Forces ) Act 1943 was passed Militia units were able to serve outside Australian territory in the South West Pacific Area from January 1943 , though the 11th Brigade was the only major formation to do so . The Army was considerably expanded in early 1942 in response to the Japanese threat to Australia . During this year the Army 's strength peaked at eleven infantry divisions — the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 9th , 10th , 11th and 12th Divisions — and three armoured divisions — the 1st , 2nd and 3rd — organised into the First and Second Armies , and I , II and III Corps , as well as many support and service units . In August 1942 , the Army had a strength of 476 @,@ 000 men . This force proved larger than what Australia 's population and industry could sustain ; by late 1942 the number of personnel who needed to be inducted each month to make good losses caused by sickness and combat was much larger than the numbers who were becoming eligible for service , and the allocation of a high proportion of Australia 's limited supply of manpower to the military was inhibiting the expansion of the munitions industry and other key sectors of the economy . The Army was also unbalanced as a large majority its personnel were employed in arms corps undertaking combat and combat support roles . Heavily reliant upon its allies for logistical support , it required more personnel in support arms such as ordnance and transport to be functional as a self @-@ sufficient organisation . This situation was most acute in 1942 ; at that time there were 137 @,@ 236 men serving arms corps such as infantry , cavalry and armour , while there were just 29 @,@ 079 in ordnance . This imbalance was slowly addressed after 1942 as the Army 's size was reduced . Most of the units that were disbanded were Militia arms corps units , and by September 1943 the AIF outnumbered the Militia , having 265 @,@ 000 members compared to just over 117 @,@ 000 . Further reductions came in October 1943 when the Army 's strength was further reduced by 100 @,@ 000 men to free up manpower to work in industry . At the end of 1943 the Army 's strength was set at six infantry divisions and two armoured brigades , although further reductions were ordered in August 1944 and June 1945 . By 1945 the support arms had grown considerably as a proportion of the total force and by August 1945 ordnance and the electrical and mechanical engineers totalled 42 @,@ 835 men , while the artillery had been reduced to half its previous strength . Infantry , cavalry and armoured corps personnel numbered just 62 @,@ 097 men , while engineers , signals and the medical services remained the same , albeit as part of a much smaller Army . Regardless , at the end of the war it remained one of the largest Allied armies as a proportion of population , being second only to the Soviet Union . The VDC was also reduced in size in May 1944 , and was finally disbanded on 24 August 1945 . If the conflict had continued past August 1945 , the size of the Army would have been further reduced to three divisions once Bougainville , New Guinea and New Britain had been secured . Two of these divisions would have been used on garrison duties , while a brigade group may have been made available for British @-@ led operations in South East Asia and the remaining division was to take part in the invasion of Japan . The demands of combat during World War II led to changes in the composition of Army units . The success of German mechanised units during the invasions of Poland and France convinced Australian defence planners that the Army required armoured units , and these began to be raised in 1941 when the 1st Armoured Division was formed . The two Militia cavalry divisions were first motorised and then converted into armoured divisions in 1942 and the 3rd Army Tank Brigade was formed to provide support to the infantry . These large armoured units were not suitable for jungle warfare , however , and most were disbanded during 1943 and 1944 . Conditions in the South West Pacific also led the Army to convert its six combat divisions to jungle divisions in early 1943 and 1944 , reducing the authorised strength of the division by about 4 @,@ 000 men . Each infantry battalion shed around 100 personnel as various support elements such as the anti @-@ aircraft and carrier platoons were removed and consolidated at divisional level . The amount of heavy weapons and vehicles was also reduced , but the conditions that the organisation was designed for did not recur and it proved only moderately successful . As a result , the divisions were strengthened for their 1944 – 45 campaigns by returning the artillery and anti @-@ tank units that had been removed . The creation of the jungle divisions represented the first time in the Australian Army 's history that it had adopted an organisation specifically for the conditions in which its forces would fight . Previously force structure had been heavily influenced by the British Army , and the decision to adopt an organisation to suit local conditions reflected a growing maturity and independence . Yet it also resulted in the adoption of a two @-@ tier force structure , as formations that were not designated for jungle warfare remained on the previous scales of equipment and manning . Ultimately , while their structure was better suited to operations in Australia , they were no longer able to be used against the Japanese . As a result , the burden of the fighting increasingly fell on those formations that had been re @-@ organised , while the remainder of the Army was relegated to garrison duties . The Army also raised many anti @-@ aircraft and coastal defence units during the war . The pre @-@ war coastal defences were greatly expanded from 1939 , and many new batteries were built near major ports in Australia and New Guinea in response to the threat of Japanese attack . Australia had a limited capacity to produce anti @-@ aircraft guns , and the bulk of equipment had to come from Britain . As such the development of such defences was initially hampered by a lack of available equipment . The coastal defence system reached its peak size during 1944 . The Army had few anti @-@ aircraft guns at the outbreak of war , and a high priority was given to expanding the air defences around major cities and important industrial and military facilities . By 1942 anti @-@ aircraft batteries were in place around all the major cities as well as the key towns in northern Australia . The expansion of the artillery in general , and coastal defence and anti @-@ aircraft units in particular , meant that by June 1942 some 80 @,@ 000 of the 406 @,@ 000 members of the Army were artillerymen . VDC units gradually took over responsibility for manning the fixed coastal and anti @-@ aircraft defences as the threat of attack against the Australian mainland receded . Traditionally the Australian Army had relied on its major allies to provide logistic support , primarily raising combat units rather than support arms during times of conflict . Consequently , these services were relatively underdeveloped , and they remained so during the first years of the war . While British units provided many logistic and line of communication services for the AIF in North Africa during the early campaigns in 1940 and 1941 , the Army needed to raise extensive support units to support its combat formations in the Pacific following the Japanese entry into the war . As a result , the growth of the support arms and ancillary services proved dramatic , including many capabilities which the Australian Army had only minimal or no previous experience in maintaining . These units included terminal formations and beach groups responsible for loading and unloading ships , food and petroleum storage and distribution units and several farm units which grew food for troops in remote areas . In addition , with Australia 's national support base located well to the rear , in the major cities in the south @-@ east of the country , significant expansion of the Army 's transport capabilities was required to move supplies and men to the field force based in northern Australia and New Guinea . Many road transport units were raised to move supplies around Australia , while the Royal Australian Engineers eventually operated a fleet of 1 @,@ 900 watercraft and three air maintenance companies were formed to load supply aircraft . = = = Women 's services = = = Prior to World War II the Australian Army Nursing Service ( AANS ) was the only female branch of the Army . A reserve formation that had served overseas during World War I , the AANS was mobilised following the outbreak of war in 1939 and its Matron in Chief , Grace Wilson , served on the staff of the Director @-@ General of Medical Services , Major General Rupert Downes . For most of the war , AANS nurses were the only Australian servicewomen permitted to serve overseas , and many volunteered for the AIF . These women served in all the major theatres in which the Army fought and a total of 71 were killed on active service . The majority of these died in early 1942 during the fighting in Malaya and Singapore where 41 nurses were killed . In March 1942 , the Volunteer Aid Detachments ( VADs ) also became a branch of the Army Medical Service . Consisting of volunteers originally coordinated by the Australian Red Cross and Order of Saint John , the VADs were redesignated the Australian Army Medical Women 's Service ( AAMWS ) in December 1942 , and were employed in military hospitals in Australia and overseas until after the end of the war , before returning to civilian control in 1948 . Shortages of manpower also led to the establishment of the Australian Women 's Army Service ( AWAS ) in August 1941 . AWAS members filled a wide range of roles to allow the Army to redeploy male soldiers to fighting units . While they mainly worked in clerical and administrative positions , and auxiliary roles such as drivers and signallers , many served in anti @-@ aircraft batteries , operating radars and searchlights but not the guns themselves . While Blamey sought to have members of the AWAS posted overseas from early 1941 onwards , the Australian Government did not agree to this until 1945 . As a result , only about 400 of the 24 @,@ 000 women who joined the AWAS served outside Australia . The AWAS was reduced in size following the war , and was finally disbanded on 30 June 1947 . Colonel Sybil Irving commanded the AWAS from September 1941 until 1947 . In total some 35 @,@ 000 women served in the Army , making up about 5 percent of the force . = = Campaigns = = = = = North Africa = = = During the first years of World War II , Australia 's military strategy was closely aligned with that of the United Kingdom 's imperial defence policy . The Singapore strategy , which seemingly negated the need for large @-@ scale land forces in the Pacific , was a key component of this policy and consequently most Australian military units that were deployed overseas in 1940 and 1941 were sent to the Mediterranean and Middle East where they formed an integral part of the Commonwealth forces in the area . The three AIF infantry divisions dispatched to the Middle East were subsequently heavily involved in the fighting that followed . In addition to the force which was sent to North Africa , two AIF brigades ( the 18th and 25th ) were stationed in Britain from June 1940 to January 1941 and formed part of the British mobile reserve which would have responded to any German landings . An Australian Army forestry group also served in Britain between 1940 and 1943 . The Australian Army first saw action in Operation Compass , the successful Commonwealth offensive in North Africa which was conducted between December 1940 and February 1941 . Although the 6th Division was not fully equipped , it had completed its training and on 14 December , it relieved the 4th Indian Division . Given the task of capturing Italian fortresses bypassed by the British 7th Armoured Division during its advance , on 3 January , the division went into action at Bardia . Although the fortress was manned by a larger force , the Australian infantry quickly penetrated the Italian defensive lines with the support of British tanks and artillery . The majority of the defenders surrendered on 5 January and the Australians took 40 @,@ 000 prisoners . The 6th Division followed up this success by assaulting the fortress of Tobruk on 21 January , securing it the next day and taking 25 @,@ 000 Italians prisoner . After this , the Australians pushed west along the coast road to Cyrenaica and captured Benghazi on 4 February . Later that month , the 6th Division was withdrawn for deployment to Greece and was replaced by the untested 9th Division , which took up garrison duties in Cyrenaica . In the last week of March 1941 , a German @-@ led force launched an offensive in Cyrenaica . The Allied forces in the area were rapidly forced to withdraw towards Egypt . The 9th Division formed the rear guard of this withdrawal , and on 6 April was ordered to defend the important port town of Tobruk for at least two months . Sustained by the Australian destroyers of the Mediterranean Fleet , during the ensuing siege the 9th Division , reinforced by the 7th Division 's 18th Brigade as well as British artillery and armoured regiments , used fortifications , aggressive patrolling and artillery to contain and defeat repeated German armoured and infantry attacks . In September and October 1941 , upon the request of the Australian Government , the 9th Division was relieved and the bulk withdrawn from Tobruk . The 2 / 13th Battalion , however , was forced to remain until the siege was lifted in December as the convoy evacuating it was attacked . The defence of Tobruk cost the Australian units involved 3 @,@ 009 casualties , including 832 killed and 941 taken prisoner . = = = Greece , Crete and Lebanon = = = In early 1941 the 6th Division and I Corps headquarters took part in the ill @-@ fated Allied expedition to defend Greece from a German invasion . The corps ' commander , Lieutenant General Thomas Blamey , and Prime Minister Menzies both regarded the operation as risky , but agreed to Australian involvement after the British Government provided them with briefings which deliberately understated the chance of defeat . The Allied force deployed to Greece was much smaller than the German force in the region and the defence of the country was compromised by inconsistencies between Greek and Allied plans . Australian troops arrived in Greece during March and manned defensive positions in the north of the country alongside British , New Zealand and Greek units . The outnumbered Allied force was not able to halt the Germans when they invaded on 6 April and was forced to retreat . The Australians and other Allied units conducted a fighting withdrawal from their initial positions and were evacuated from southern Greece between 24 April and 1 May . Australian warships also formed part of the force which protected the evacuation and embarked hundreds of soldiers from Greek ports . The 6th Division suffered heavy casualties in this campaign , with 320 men killed and 2 @,@ 030 captured . While most of the 6th Division returned to Egypt , the 19th Brigade Group and two provisional infantry battalions landed at Crete where they formed a key part of the island 's defences . The 19th Brigade was initially successful in holding its positions when German paratroopers landed on 20 May , but was gradually forced to retreat . After several key airfields were lost the Allies evacuated the island 's garrison . Approximately 3 @,@ 000 Australians , including the entire 2 / 7th Battalion , could not be evacuated , and were taken prisoner . As a result of its heavy casualties the 6th Division required substantial reinforcements and equipment before it was again ready for combat . The 7th Division , reinforced by the 6th Division 's 17th Brigade , formed a key part of the Allied ground forces during the Syria – Lebanon campaign which was fought against Vichy French forces in June and July 1941 . With close air support from the RAAF and the Royal Air Force , the Australian force entered Lebanon on 8 June and advanced along the coast road and Litani River valley . Although little resistance had been expected , the Vichy forces mounted a strong defence which made good use of the mountainous terrain . After the Allied attack became bogged down reinforcements were brought in and the Australian I Corps headquarters took command of the operation on 18 June . These changes enabled the Allies to overwhelm the French forces and the 7th Division entered Beirut on 12 July . The loss of Beirut and a British breakthrough in Syria led the Vichy commander to seek an armistice and the campaign ended on 13 July . = = = El Alamein = = = In the second half of 1941 the Australian I Corps was concentrated in Syria and Lebanon where it undertook garrison duties while its strength was rebuilt ahead of further operations in the Middle East . Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific most elements of the corps , including the 6th and 7th Divisions , returned to Australia in early 1942 to counter the perceived Japanese threat to Australia . The Australian Government agreed to requests from Britain and the United States to temporarily retain the 9th Division in the Middle East in exchange for the deployment of additional US troops to Australia and Britain 's support for a proposal to expand the RAAF to 73 squadrons . The Government did not intend that the 9th Division would play a major role in active fighting , and it was not sent any further reinforcements . In mid @-@ 1942 , the Axis forces defeated the Commonwealth force in Libya and advanced into north @-@ west Egypt . In June the British Eighth Army made a stand just over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) west of Alexandria , at the railway siding of El Alamein and the 9th Division was brought forward to reinforce this position . The lead elements of the division arrived at El Alamein on 6 July and it was assigned the most northerly section of the Commonwealth defensive line . From that position , the 9th Division subsequently played a significant role in the First Battle of El Alamein , helping to halt the Axis advance . Casualties were heavy , and the 2 / 28th Battalion was forced to surrender on 27 July when it was surrounded by German armour after capturing Ruin Ridge . Following this battle the division remained at the northern end of the El Alamein line and launched diversionary attacks during the Battle of Alam el Halfa in early September . In October 1942 , the 9th Division and the RAAF squadrons in the area took part in the Second Battle of El Alamein . After a lengthy period of preparation , the Eighth Army launched its major offensive on 23 October . The 9th Division was involved in some of the heaviest fighting of the battle , and its advance in the coast area succeeded in drawing away enough German forces for the heavily reinforced 2nd New Zealand Division to decisively break though the Axis lines on the night of 1 / 2 November . The 9th Division suffered a high number of casualties during this battle and did not take part in the pursuit of the retreating Axis forces . During the battle the Australian Government requested that the division be returned to Australia as it was not possible to provide enough reinforcements to sustain it , and this was agreed to by the British and US governments in late November . The 9th Division left Egypt for Australia in January 1943 , ending the AIF 's involvement in the war in North Africa . = = = Malaya and Singapore = = = Due to the emphasis placed on cooperation with Britain , relatively few Australian military units were stationed in Australia and the Asia @-@ Pacific region after 1940 . Measures were taken to improve Australia 's defences as war with Japan loomed in 1941 , but these proved inadequate . The 8th Division was subsequently dispatched to Singapore in February 1941 , while plans were made for a Militia battalion to be stationed between Port Moresby and Thursday Island . An AIF battalion was also allocated to garrison Rabaul , and another brigade would be dispersed piecemeal to Timor and Ambon . Meanwhile , in July 1941 the 1st Independent Company was deployed to Kavieng on New Britain in order to protect the airfield , while sections were sent to Namatanai in central New Ireland	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
were sent to Atherton for anti @-@ malaria treatment . The men then went on leave , after which they returned to Atherton where training was conducted before staging and departing again . In early 1943 the Army developed a jungle warfare doctrine by adapting the pre @-@ war field service regulations to meet the conditions in the South @-@ West Pacific . The Army 's front @-@ line combat formations were reorganised and trained in accordance with this doctrine during the year . A jungle warfare school was opened at Canungra , Queensland , in November 1942 , and all reinforcements for combat units subsequently passed through the school before joining their unit . Canungra consisted of a reinforcement training centre , an Independent Company training centre , and a tactical school . With the establishment of Canungra the Independent Company training centre on Wilsons Promontory was closed . Over time , training programs included greater cooperation between the Army 's combat arms and with the other services . A Combined Training Centre , also known as HMAS Assault , opened on 1 September 1942 at Nelson Bay , adjacent to Port Stephens , New South Wales , as a central establishment for the training staffs , beach parties and small boat crews . In July 1942 , a Combined Training School was established at Bribie Island , Queensland , and nearby Toorbul Point for Army units . During 1943 and 1944 , combined training with the RAAF and RAN was also carried out at Trinity Beach , near Cairns in preparation for amphibious operations in the South West Pacific as the Allies advanced . The Australian Army began training paratroops in December 1942 as an offshoot of the training of Independent Companies . The 1st Parachute Battalion was subsequently formed in March 1943 . It reached full strength by January 1944 , but , although it was warned for action a number of times , including the possible rescue of prisoners of war held at Sandakan in 1945 , it did not see any fighting . After the war it participated in the reoccupation of Singapore . By 1945 the Army possessed a comprehensive schools system , with 40 schools of various kinds . Between 1942 and 1945 96 @,@ 000 training courses were conducted . Soldiers who were selected to become officers were trained at various Officer Cadet Training Units around the country , and by the end of the war these units had produced 7 @,@ 887 officers . Meanwhile , regular officers of the PMF continued to be trained at the Royal Military College , Duntroon with a number of shortened courses of between six months and a years ' duration being run . Unlike the First AIF , newly commissioned lieutenants were not sent back to their original unit , but were posted to the first vacancy . Other schools included the School of Artillery , the Guerrilla Warfare School , the Cooking and Catering School , the School of Military Law and the School of Movement and Transport . Recruit training was now thorough and exacting , and for infantrymen culminated in a jungle training course at Canungra , where the Jungle Warfare School turned out 4 @,@ 000 reinforcements a month . In 1945 , the 29th Brigade received 1 @,@ 000 young reinforcements shortly before embarking for Torokina , but their commander later remarked that their training at Canungra had been so thorough that they " reacted with almost miraculous quickness to conditions of battle . " = = Prisoners of war = = Nearly 29 @,@ 000 Australians were taken prisoner by the Axis during the war , the bulk of them members of the Australian Army . During the fighting in the Middle East and Greece , 7 @,@ 116 Australian soldiers were taken prisoner by German and Italian forces . Of these men , 3 @,@ 109 were captured at Crete and 2 @,@ 065 on the mainland of Greece . Most of the other POWs were members of the 9th Division captured during the retreat from Cyrenaica in early 1941 , the siege of Tobruk or the fighting near El Alamein in mid @-@ 1942 . Like other western Allied POWs , the Australians were held in permanent camps in Italy and Germany and were generally treated in accordance with the Geneva Conventions . As the war neared its end the Germans moved many prisoners towards the interior of the country to prevent them from being liberated by the advancing Allied armies . These movements were often made through forced marches in harsh weather and resulted in many deaths . As the war drew to a close , a unit designated the AIF Reception Group ( United Kingdom ) was established near Eastbourne in England to provide accommodation and support for the POWs once they were released . By August 1945 all the former Australian POWs in Europe had embarked on ships bound for Australia . While Australian prisoners suffered a higher death rate in German and Italian captivity than their counterparts in World War I , it was much lower than the rate suffered under Japanese internment . More than 21 @,@ 000 members of the AIF were captured by the Japanese during the first months of 1942 . Most of these men were members of the 8th Division captured at Singapore , the NEI and Rabaul , but about 2 @,@ 000 members of the I Corps party sent to Java in early 1942 were taken prisoner there . Throughout captivity these POWs were treated harshly , resulting in a high death rate . Australians were held in camps across the Asia @-@ Pacific region and many endured long voyages in grossly overcrowded ships . While most of the Australian POWs who died in Japanese captivity were the victim of deliberate malnutrition and disease , hundreds were murdered by their guards . The Burma @-@ Thai Railway was the most notorious of the prisoner of war experiences , as 13 @,@ 000 Australians worked on it at various times during 1942 and 1943 alongside thousands of other Allied POWs and Asians conscripted by the Japanese ; nearly 2 @,@ 650 Australians died there . Thousands of Australian POWs were also sent to the Japanese home islands where they worked in factories and mines in generally harsh conditions . The POWs held in camps at Ambon and Borneo suffered the highest death rates ; 77 percent of those at Ambon died and few of the 2 @,@ 500 Australian and British prisoners in Borneo survived ; almost all were killed by overwork and a series of death marches in 1945 . Overall , only 14 @,@ 000 of the Australian prisoners taken by the Japanese survived captivity . The majority of these deaths were caused by malnutrition and disease . The treatment of the POWs prompted many Australians to remain hostile towards Japan after the war . Australian authorities investigated the abuses against Allied POWs in their country 's zone of responsibility after the war , and guards who were believed to have mistreated prisoners were among those tried by Australian @-@ administered war crimes trials . = = Demobilisation = = The process of demobilisation began immediately after the end of hostilities , although it had partially commenced as early as 1943 . At the end of the war the strength of the Australian Army was 398 @,@ 594 men , approximately half of which were serving overseas in the South West Pacific Area . The demobilisation plan was put into action on 16 August 1945 , the day after Japan surrendered . Undertaken in four phases , it was finally completed on 15 February 1947 by which time a total of 349 @,@ 964 soldiers had been discharged . Although the process largely proceeded smoothly , many soldiers felt it was too slow and there was widespread dissatisfaction among men continuing to serve in the South West Pacific after the war ended . The speed of demobilisation was hampered by the requirement to continue to maintain security in the areas still occupied , the lack of sufficient shipping , the administrative workload entailed , and limited facilities for use for the demobilisation process . Although the Second AIF was not disbanded until 30 June 1947 a temporary organisation known as the Interim Army was established at the end of the war and included all members of the Army on full @-@ time duty . Meanwhile , in a departure from previous defence policy the Australian government decided that a small peace @-@ time regular force was to be raised to provide a trained , full @-@ time force capable of being deployed either in Australia or overseas in a national emergency and the Australian Regular Army was subsequently established on 30 September 1947 . The Militia , under the guise of the Citizen Military Forces , was re @-@ established on 1 July 1948 to provide a part @-@ time volunteer force which would be able to provide the basis for expansion in wartime . = = Casualties = = In the course of the fighting the Australian Army sustained approximately 61 @,@ 000 battle casualties , the bulk of them from the Second AIF . This included 11 @,@ 323 killed in action , 1 @,@ 794 died of wounds , and 21 @,@ 853 wounded . 5 @,@ 558 were killed or died in captivity , while another 20 @,@ 920 survived as prisoners of war . Non @-@ battle casualties included 1 @,@ 088 killed and 33 @,@ 196 wounded / injured in operational areas , and another 1 @,@ 795 killed and 121 @,@ 800 wounded / injured in non @-@ operational areas . The large number of non @-@ battle casualties was significant , illustrating the toll that sickness and disease took upon the Army . = Feminist Improvising Group = The Feminist Improvising Group ( FIG ) were a five- to eight @-@ piece English free improvising avant @-@ garde jazz and experimental music ensemble formed in London in 1977 by Scottish vocalist Maggie Nicols and English bassoonist / composer Lindsay Cooper . Their debut performance was at a " Music for Socialism " festival at the Almost Free Theatre in London in October 1977 , and they toured Europe several times in the late 1970s and early 1980s . FIG were the first publicly performing women @-@ only group of improvisers and challenged the hitherto male @-@ dominated musical improvisation community . The group consisted of women from different backgrounds with different levels of musicianship , and their concerts were a combination of music and theatre that dealt with everyday women 's issues . FIG also integrated " lesbian sexuality " into their performances that , Canadian academic Julie Dawn Smith said , " queered " the improvisational space and " demanded queer listening " . FIG were generally not well received by male improvisers , who Nicols said criticised their technical ability and their " irreverent approach to technique and tradition " . Smith noted that FIG 's performances were also criticised by some feminists for being " too virtuosic and abstract " , but they generally received positive reactions from both women and men at concerts . A review in the improvised music magazine Musics said that FIG 's debut performance " was a welcome contrast to the previous performances [ of the evening ] which had been singularly humourless . " In 1983 FIG evolved into the European Women 's Improvising Group ( EWIG ) , bowing to pressure to tone down their name . FIG were influential on the second @-@ generation improvisation scene and spawned a number of women @-@ only improvising groups and events . FIG were also educational in that they exposed new audiences to improvisation and feminism . = = History = = The Feminist Improvising Group ( FIG ) was founded in London in 1977 by Scottish vocalist Maggie Nicols from Centipede and English bassoonist / composer Lindsay Cooper from Henry Cow . Nicols and Cooper first discussed the idea of an all @-@ women improvising group at a musician 's union meeting . Cooper said , " we agreed that improvisation had become very important and no women were doing it . And suddenly we thought , well let 's do it ! Let 's get women together and do it ourselves ! " While Nicols and Cooper had both performed frequently with men , they had little experience performing with other women , but their involvement in class politics as well as feminist and lesbian activism prompted them to pursue this project . The other members of the five @-@ piece ensemble were cellist / bassist Georgie Born , also from Henry Cow , vocalist / pianist Cathy Williams from the British duo Rag Doll , and trumpeter Corinne Liensol from British feminist rock band Jam Today . They had originally intended to call themselves the " Women 's Improvising Group " , but at their first engagement they discovered that the organisers had billed them as the " Feminist Improvising Group " . Nicols said that the " political statement of the band 's name never even came from us ! But we just thought , ' OK , they 've called us feminist , we 'll work with that ' " . FIG 's debut performance was at a " Music for Socialism " festival at the Almost Free Theatre in London in October 1977 . Their act was a combination of music and comedy , and focused on " women 's experience " and " mundane daily things " . Nicols described it as " quite anarchic . It had elements of theatre ; we had props , we were chopping onions , I was rushing around with perfume , it was completely improvised . " FIG became the first publicly performing women @-@ only improvising group , and they challenged the established improvising community with performances that were theatrical , with politics and farce supplementing their music . They staged parodies around the role of women in society and incorporated domestic " found objects " in their performances , including " vacuum cleaners , brooms , dustpans , pots and pans , and egg slicers " . Their performances often had some of the women cleaning the stage , while the others huddled in a group to " explore the sonic possibilities of household items . " They also broke down the barriers that traditionally existed between the performer and the audience by engaging in " antiphonal exchange [ s ] " with them , and promoting the notion that " anyone can do it " . FIG redefined free improvisation by introducing " social virtuosity " , the ability to communicate with the other musicians and the audience . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , FIG toured Europe several times , where they played at festivals at various venues , including Paris , Berlin , Rome , Copenhagen , Stockholm and Reykjavík . When Cooper and Born were performing with Henry Cow in Zürich in early 1978 , Cooper invited Swiss pianist Irène Schweizer to join FIG . English filmmaker Sally Potter , who played saxophone and sang , joined the group in April 1978 . Dutch trombonist Annemarie Roelofs , English singer Frankie Armstrong , Dutch woodwind player Angèle Veltmeijer , and French saxophonist and guitarist Françoise Dupety also played intermittently with the group . Some of FIG 's performances consisted of up to eight women . Nicols left FIG in 1980 to form another all @-@ women group called Contradictions . In 1983 , under the helm of Schweizer , FIG evolved into The European Women 's Improvising Group ( EWIG ) , bowing to pressure that their name was " too political " . EWIG included Schweizer , Cooper , Roelofs , French double bassist Joëlle Léandre , and French singer Annick Nozati . = = Analysis = = In the 1970s there was a view that the free improvisation music space was largely the domain of male heterosexuals , and that women were marginalized . Canadian academic Julie Dawn Smith wrote in her 2004 essay , " Playing Like a Girl : The Queer Laughter of the Feminist Improvising Group " , that " The opportunity for freedom in relation to sexual difference , gender , and sexuality for women improvisers was strangely absent from the discourses and practices of free jazz and free improvisation " . When the Feminist Improvising Group appeared in 1977 , they challenged the established male @-@ dominated musical improvising community . FIG were a mixture of white , black , lesbian , straight , working- and middle @-@ class women . Maggie Nicols wanted the group to be open to all women of different backgrounds and different levels of musicianship , even those who had not improvised before . She saw these differing abilities , which gave rise to unexpected results , as a strength and not a weakness . According to critic Dana Reason Myers , " The result was a music that had to be taken on its own terms , as music that decidedly and consciously included the politics of being women , musicians , improvisers , and members of a society . " While some of the members lacked conventional musical skills , they were " politically very right " and quickly adapted to improvising . Because of the nature of free improvisation , the women were able to perform together without concerns about competency . Georgie Born said that FIG functioned very differently from a mixed group : " when you are playing with men , there is an element of competition ; they tend to feel that there is a threat from women . In an all @-@ women band we are released from that kind of pressure . " Born added that without men , women are more honest and open with each other , and are more receptive to what each member of the group is doing . FIG integrated " lesbian sexuality " in their improvised performances : their stage acts often included " fights " and " hugs " that Smith described as " violating taboos of musical propriety and masculinist competition that prohibited musicians from touching one another " . According to Smith , " refus [ ing ] to ' pass ' as straight opened possibilities for the improvisation of female sexuality . In effect FIG queered space of improvisational practice . " Smith wrote that male heterosexual improvisers typically dismissed women in audiences as not important , seeing them as " either wives , girlfriends , or groupies " . She said FIG seized this opportunity to change the relationship between improvisers and female audiences . Using their " skills of social and technical virtuosity " , FIG improvised around issues important to women , and thereby " drew women into their music who might not otherwise be concerned with the concept of free improvisation . " Smith explained that even women not familiar with the technicalities of free improvisation still related to a group of women on stage " foreground [ ing ] their bodies and their sounds for the pleasure of other woman " . The Guardian described FIG 's music as often comprising " hard trombone chords , angular bursts , and restless scurryings made by every imaginable sound @-@ producing object " ; it sometimes drifts into " blues @-@ like dirge [ s ] " or tangos , but is different from the " unrelieved adventures into the abstract to be heard from some male improvising groups . " American academic David G. Pier said FIG used free jazz 's " extreme timbres " to enhance their live performances , which he described as " in @-@ your @-@ face queer sexuality and feminist shock politics . " Smith described performances by FIG as a " sonic negotiation of eroticism , resistance , liberation , joy , pleasure , power , and agency , a multilayered call and response between individual improvisers and a community of listeners " . She added that FIG were " instrumental in encouraging listeners / interpreters to negotiate the work from a queer perspective , opening a space for the listener who responds to the laughter of women with her own improvised laughter . " = = Reception = = Annemarie Roelofs recalled that critics of the Feminist Improvising Group were always either very positive , or very negative ; there was never any middle @-@ ground . Nicols and Roelofs said they received little support from male improvisers , who criticised their technical ability and referred to them as women , not musicians . FIG 's message that " anyone can do it " antagonised many who value " technical virtuosity " and " improvisational competence " . Nicols said they also complained about FIG 's " irreverent approach to technique and tradition " , while Smith suggested that they may have felt threatened by the " spectacle of so many unsupervised and unpredictable women on the stage " . Irène Schweizer recalled that FIG were invited to perform at the Total Music Meeting in Berlin in November 1979 because she had played at the festival before ( in all @-@ men groups ) . But after seeing FIG perform , the organiser asked Schweizer " how come you brought such a group , they can 't play , and they are not good enough . " Nicols said that avant @-@ garde musician Alexander von Schlippenbach also complained about FIG being there , saying that " we couldn 't play our instruments " and that he could have found " loads of men that would have played a lot better " . Recalling FIG 's appearance at the Total Music Meeting , guitarist Eugene Chadbourne said " The lack of support for FIG must obviously extend beyond the boundaries of that group into the entire area of women musicians ... I am sure the lack of men on stage made some men feel excluded . " Schweizer believed that many male improvisers felt threatened by FIG because of their use of humour , " We were not that serious , like men , [ ... ] they take [ improvising ] so seriously " . Georgie Born described FIG 's humour as " very iconoclastic and very surreal , or very silly . There were no big boys there standing judging . " On the issue of FIG being a women @-@ only group , Nicols remarked , " It 's amazing the number of men that were saying , ' Why are there no men ? ' And yet nobody had ever dreamed to think of asking why there were men only [ groups ] . " Some feminist audiences were also critical of FIG , saying that they were " too virtuosic and abstract " . At a Women 's Festival at The Drill Hall in London , many women in the audience were unfamiliar with " free music " and accused FIG of being " elitist " and " inaccessible " . This was frustrating for the members of the group who expected support from such quarters . But FIG also received positive reactions from both men and women at concerts . Nicols recalled the " dykes " in the audience who had come to see them at FIG 's first performance : they were into disco and soul and sat patiently through the other improvisers , but when FIG came on , " They laughed their heads off . " A review in the improvised music magazine Musics said that FIG 's set " was a welcome contrast to the previous performances [ of the evening ] which had been singularly humourless . " Lindsay Cooper recalled a comment made to her by a female artist working in film : " I don 't know what on earth you 're doing but I like it . " = = Influence = = The Feminist Improvising Group , and its successor , The European Women 's Improvising Group , spawned a number of women @-@ only improvising groups and events . In 1980 Contradictions was formed by Maggie Nicols , who modelled it on FIG . The founding members included Nicols , Jackie Lansley and Sylvia Hallett , with Irène Schweizer and Joëlle Léandre participating in their first concert . Contradictions went on to become a women 's workshop run by Nicols in which " anyone could participate " . Schweizer was one of the organisers of the Canaille festivals that staged the first International Women 's Jazz Festival for Improvised Music in 1986 in Frankfurt . In the early 1990s , Nicols , Schweizer and Léandre formed the " highly theatrical and often satirical " improvising trio , Les Diaboliques , who released three albums between 1994 and 1998 . Nicols said that FIG were " tremendously influential " on the second @-@ generation improvisation scene that developed in its wake . Léandre , after seeing FIG for the first time performing in Paris , said she had been " shocked [ ... ] to see only women onstage " . FIG were also educational in that they exposed free improvisation to women unfamiliar with the genre , and acquainted men with feminism . = = Discography = = Feminist Improvising Group ( 1979 ) Cassette tape release of extracts from live performances in Copenhagen ( 29 April 1978 ) , Stockholm ( 20 August 1978 ) and Reykjavík ( 18 – 19 November 1978 ) . Another Evening at Logos , 1974 / 79 / 81 ( 2015 ) Compilation album by various artists , including FIG , who contribute one track recorded live at the IXth International Multi Media Festival in Ghent , Belgium ( 22 February 1979 ) . = = Members = = Maggie Nicols – vocals Lindsay Cooper – bassoon , oboe , sopranino saxophone , piano Georgie Born – cello , bass guitar Corinne Liensol – trumpet Cathy Williams – keyboards , vocals Irène Schweizer – piano , drums Sally Potter – vocals , alto saxophone Annemarie Roelofs – trombone , violin Frankie Armstrong – vocals Angèle Veltmeijer – flute , tenor saxophone , soprano saxophone Françoise Dupety – alto saxophone , guitar Source : = SMS Gefion = SMS Gefion ( " His Majesty 's Ship Gefion " ) was an unprotected cruiser of the German Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) , the last ship of the type built in Germany . She was laid down in March 1892 , launched in March 1893 , and completed in June 1895 after lengthy trials and repairs . The cruiser was named after the earlier sail frigate Gefion , which had been named for the goddess Gefjon of Norse mythology . Intended for service in the German colonial empire and as a fleet scout , Gefion was armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns , had a top speed in excess of 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) , and could steam for 3 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 500 km ; 4 @,@ 000 mi ) , the longest range of any German warship at the time . Nevertheless , the conflicting requirements necessary for a fleet scout and an overseas cruiser produced an unsuccessful design , and Gefion was rapidly replaced in both roles by the newer Gazelle class of light cruisers . Gefion initially served with the main German fleet and frequently escorted Kaiser Wilhelm II 's yacht Hohenzollern on trips to other European countries , including a state visit to Russia in 1897 . In late 1897 , Gefion was reassigned to the East Asia Squadron ; she arrived there in May 1898 . The ship took part in the Battle of Taku Forts in June 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion in China . She returned to Germany in 1901 and was modernized , but she did not return to service after the work was finished in 1904 . She was to be mobilized after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but a crew could not be assembled due to shortages of personnel . Instead , she was used as a barracks ship in Danzig from 1916 to the end of the war . In 1920 , she was sold , converted into a freighter , and renamed Adolf Sommerfeld . She served in this capacity for only three years , and was broken up for scrap in Danzig in 1923 . = = Design = = Gefion was designed to serve as a colonial cruiser in the German colonial empire ; during peacetime she was to police German holdings and suppress native unrest , and in times of war she would act as a commerce raider . In addition , the new cruiser design was intended to be capable of serving as a fleet scout . This pair of roles was necessary because the German naval budget was too small to permit development of pure fleet scouts and colonial cruisers . Indeed , Gefion was essentially a smaller version of contemporary German protected cruisers such as Kaiserin Augusta . As a result of the competing design requirements — a high top speed necessary for a fleet scout , very long cruising radius for a commerce raider , and the firepower necessary in the colonies — the resulting design was unsatisfactory . Gefion , classified as a cruiser @-@ corvette , was authorized in the 1890 – 91 budget and named for the earlier sail frigate Gefion . The contract for her construction was awarded to Schichau @-@ Werke in late 1891 . She was the last unprotected cruiser built by the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) ; thereafter , the Germans built the Gazelle class of light cruisers to fill the need for small , overseas cruisers . = = = General characteristics and machinery = = = Gefion was 109 @.@ 2 meters ( 358 ft ) long at the waterline and 110 @.@ 4 m ( 362 ft ) long overall . She had a beam of 13 @.@ 2 m ( 43 ft ) and had a draft of 6 @.@ 47 m ( 21 @.@ 2 ft ) forward and 6 @.@ 27 m ( 20 @.@ 6 ft ) aft . She was designed to displace 3 @,@ 746 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 687 long tons ; 4 @,@ 129 short tons ) , but with a full ammunition , stores , and fuel load she displaced up to 4 @,@ 275 t ( 4 @,@ 207 long tons ; 4 @,@ 712 short tons ) . The hull was constructed from transverse and longitudinal steel frames , except for the lower stem and stern parts , which were made of bronze . The frames were covered with wood planking and a metal sheath that extended to 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) above the waterline to reduce fouling . She was fitted with a fore and main pole mast with spotting tops to aid her gunnery . The ship had a crew of 13 officers and 289 enlisted men . She carried a number of small boats , including one picket boat , one pinnace , two cutters , two yawls , and one dinghy . Gefion was crank , rolled badly , and made severe leeway , and her decks were wet in a head sea . She nevertheless maneuvered well and had a tight turning radius . She had a metacentric height of .55 m ( 1 ft 10 in ) . Steering was controlled by a single rudder . Gefion was powered by two vertical , 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines , which drove a pair of 3 @-@ bladed screw propellers that were 4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) in diameter . Steam was provided by six coal @-@ fired , transverse , cylindrical , double water @-@ tube boilers , which were trunked into three vertical funnels . The engines were designed to produce 9 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 700 kW ) for a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . On trials , her engines produced 9 @,@ 827 ihp ( 7 @,@ 328 kW ) and a speed of 20 @.@ 5 kn ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . The ship could store up to 860 t ( 850 long tons ; 950 short tons ) of coal , which enabled her to steam for 3 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 500 km ; 4 @,@ 000 mi ) at a cruising speed of 12 kn ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Electrical power was provided by three generators , which supplied a total output of 40 kilowatts ( 54 hp ) at 67 volts . = = = Armament and armor = = = Gefion was originally to be armed with 15 @-@ centimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns , but the main battery was revised to fifteen 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) SK L / 35 guns and finally to ten 10 @.@ 5 cm guns . These guns were supplied with a total of 807 rounds of ammunition , and they had a maximum range of 10 @,@ 800 m ( 35 @,@ 400 ft ) . She was also equipped with six 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) SK L / 40 guns , with 1 @,@ 500 rounds . They had a range of 6 @,@ 200 m ( 20 @,@ 300 ft ) . The ship was also fitted with two 45 cm ( 18 in ) deck @-@ mounted torpedo tubes with a total of five torpedoes . The ship was protected with a light armored deck consisting of steel . The deck was 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick , with 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick sloped sides . The coaming around the funnels was 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick . The engine rooms received much more significant protection , with coaming 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick on top of 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) of teak . = = Service history = = The keel for the new cruiser was laid down on 28 March 1892 at the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig , and the completed hull was launched on 31 March 1893 . Kaiser Wilhelm II attended her launching , and the speech was given by the director of the Kaiserliche Werft ( Imperial Shipyard ) in Danzig , Kapitän zur See ( Captain at Sea ) Graf Kurt von Haugwitz . Sea trials began on 27 June 1894 at Kiel and lasted until 2 October . Serious defects in her design , in particular poor ventilation , were revealed through the trials , which necessitated modifications at the Kaiserliche Werft in Kiel . She was accordingly placed in reserve after completing her trials . The work lasted until mid @-@ 1895 , and the ship was ready for commissioning on 5 June 1895 . That month , she was present for the celebration marking the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal . In July , she escorted Wilhelm II 's yacht Hohenzollern on a visit to the king of Sweden and a trip to the Cowes Regatta . The two ships thereafter visited Leith in the Firth of Forth . Following her return to Wilhelmshaven on 17 August , she participated in the annual autumn fleet maneuvers . During the maneuvers , Gefion , a pair of torpedo boats , and a salvage ship searched for the wrecked torpedo boat S 41 in Jammer Bay on 28 August . A second attempt was made on 24 September , but it too was unsuccessful . She thereafter resumed her duties as escort for Hohenzollern , and during this period she conducted further sea trials that confirmed her cruising radius , which was the highest of all German ships at the time . In February 1896 , she was assigned as the watch ship in Kiel . From 24 to 30 May , she joined maneuvers in the Baltic Sea with the II Division of the I Squadron ; these were the four Sachsen @-@ class ironclads . Gefion rejoined Hohenzollern as her escort for Wilhelm II 's voyage to Norway in July . While there , on 10 July , Gefion helped pull free the stranded French steamer SS Chanzy . From 9 August to 15 September , Gefion participated in the annual autumn fleet maneuvers in the Baltic and North Seas . By 17 September , she was back in Kiel to resume her duties as watch ship . From 2 to 14 December , she accompanied the II Division through the Kattegat and Skagerrak . She returned to Kiel in early 1897 and continued her watch ship duties until June . She took Admiral Hans von Koester on a trip to Sassnitz in April for celebrations to mark the opening of the first telegraph cable between Germany and Sweden . In June she began to serve as a training ship for stokers . During this period , she escorted Hohenzollern to a sailing regatta in the mouth of the Elbe , which was followed by another trip to Norway and Sweden in July . On 30 July , Gefion was back in Kiel , though she escorted Hohenzollern to Kronstadt from 4 to 13 August for Wilhelm II to have a meeting with Czar Nicholas II of Russia , along with the I and II Divisions of the Heimatflotte ( Home Fleet ) . Gefion thereafter joined the autumn maneuvers , which lasted until 22 September . She then returned to Kiel for periodic repairs . After this work was completed in December , Gefion was assigned to the newly formed II Division of the East Asia Squadron . The Division was commanded by Prince Heinrich , the brother of Wilhelm II , who flew his flag in the re @-@ built armored cruiser Deutschland . The protected cruiser Kaiserin Augusta was the third ship in the division . On 15 December , the three ships left Germany , Wilhelm II having instructed their crews , " Should anyone seek to hinder you in the proper exercise of our legitimate rights , go for them with a mailed fist . " The division was bound for the newly conquered base at Tsingtau in the Kiautschou Bay concession . They arrived on 5 May 1898 and met the rest of the squadron , which was commanded by Vizeadmiral ( Vice Admiral ) Otto von Diederichs . = = = Deployment to the China Station = = = Shortly before the arrival of the II Division , the US Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish – American War . Diederichs detached Gefion to investigate the situation in Manila in an attempt to maneuver Germany into a position to secure colonial possessions in the Philippines , or even to obtain a German prince on the Philippine throne outright . In late March 1899 , Gefion was sent to Kiaotschou in response to mistreatment of German missionaries there ; Kapitänleutnant ( Captain Lieutenant ) Franz Grapow went ashore with a landing party of 132 marines and artillerymen to punish the offenders . In April , Prince Heinrich replaced Diederichs as the squadron commander . That same month , Gefion had to leave the harbor at Wusong to assist Deutschland , which had suffered engine damage . At the end of the month , Gefion steamed up the Yangtze River as far as Hankou . She visited Japanese ports , including Nagasaki , starting in June and the Russian port of Vladivostok in August , before having to assist Deutschland once again , after the latter vessel struck a reef in Samsah Bay in Fujian . As a precautionary measure , she escorted Deutschland to Hong Kong for repairs . At the end of the year , Gefion met Deutschland in Bangkok ; the latter vessel was carrying Prince Heinrich back to Germany . In January 1900 , Vizeadmiral Felix von Bendemann arrived to take command of the East Asia Squadron , aboard his flagship , the protected cruiser Hertha . In the first half of the year , Gefion and the rest of the squadron cruised in the German central Pacific colonies . By the end of May 1900 , the unrest that sparked the Boxer Rebellion began to appear in the Shandong Peninsula , particularly around the German base at Tsingtau . After the outbreak of the rebellion , Gefion and the rest of the squadron joined ships from other European navies to launch a relief expedition under the command of Edward Hobart Seymour . The ships bombarded Chinese coastal defenses southeast of Tianjin and sent an expeditionary force — the Seymour Expedition — ashore at the Battle of Taku Forts on 16 – 17 June . The contingent from Gefion was commanded by Kapitänleutnant Otto Weniger ; these men participated in the storming of the Great Hsi @-@ Ku Arsenal in Tianjin . Starting in mid @-@ July , Gefion was stationed outside the mouth of the Yangtze to monitor traffic in the area . In November , she went to Hong Kong for an overhaul . In January 1901 , the ship 's commander was sent to temporarily govern Tsingtau on behalf of the ill governor . Between February and April , Gefion was in Nagasaki , and in June she was stationed at Shanghai . She stayed there until September , when the Admiralstab ( Admiralty Staff ) ordered her to return to Germany . On 22 September she departed Chinese waters and arrived back in Germany on 1 October . = = = Later service = = = She was decommissioned for a major reconstruction the day she returned to Germany . The work was done at the Kaiserliche Werft in Wilhelmshaven from December 1901 to 1904 . New , more powerful electrical generators were installed , the upper deck was enclosed , and the 10 @.@ 5 cm guns that had been located on the upper deck were moved to gun ports in the hull . The two 5 cm guns that were located abreast of the center funnel were moved further aft , to the third funnel . After completion of the work , Gefion was left out of service in reserve . Following the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , the Admiralstab ordered Gefion to be reactivated , and on 10 August Korvettenkapitän ( Corvette Captain ) Waldeyer was placed in command of the ship . A crew could not be assembled due to shortages in personnel , however , and so the ship could not be placed back into service . Waldeyer was therefore transferred to another ship on 21 August . Gefion was thereafter moved to Danzig in 1916 for use as a barracks ship for crews of warships being repaired at the Kaiserliche Werft there . She remained there for the duration of the war , and was stricken from the naval register on 5 November 1919 . She was thereafter sold to Norddeutsche Tiefbaugesellschaft , converted into a diesel @-@ powered freighter , and renamed Adolf Sommerfeld in 1920 . With her new diesel engines , which had come from the unfinished U @-@ boats U @-@ 115 and U @-@ 116 , she could steam at 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) and had a cargo capacity of 2 @,@ 600 t ( 2 @,@ 600 long tons ; 2 @,@ 900 short tons ) . The conversion was not particularly successful , and was only done due to a severe shortage of shipping in the aftermath of the war . As a result , Adolf Sommerfeld served only very briefly , and was broken up for scrap by Danziger Hoch- und Tiefbau in Danzig in 1923 . = The Transformers ( IDW Publishing ) = The Transformers is a comic book series by IDW Publishing , based upon Hasbro 's Transformers characters and toy line . Following Dreamwave Productions ' bankruptcy in 2005 , IDW picked up the rights and hired long @-@ time Transformers writer Simon Furman to craft a rebooted Generation 1 @-@ based continuity , similar to Ultimate Marvel . An issue # 0 was published in October 2005 , and the ongoing series began in January 2006 . For the first four years of its run , the series was marketed as various limited series for each story , in published order as The Transformers : Infiltration , Stormbringer , Escalation , Megatron Origin , Devastation , Revelation , All Hail Megatron and Maximum Dinobots . The series also had a sister title of ongoing one @-@ shots entitled The Transformers : Spotlight which began in September 2006 , each focusing on a particular character and affecting the storyline of the main title . Starting in November 2009 , an ongoing series of the Transformers was launched and ended in December 2011 . Concurrently , during this time , other mini @-@ series were also published : Last Stand of the Wreckers , Bumblebee , Ironhide , Drift , Infestation and Heart of Darkness , the latter of which led into the story arc Chaos . Following a one @-@ shot titled The Death of Optimus Prime , two new ongoing series started in January 2012 , Robots in Disguise and More Than Meets the Eye . A digital Transformers comic also became available titled Autocracy , consisting of 12 eight @-@ page issues . Two sequels to Autocracy titled Monstrosity and Primacy started publishing in March 2013 and August 2014 , respectively . In April and November 2014 , the Windblade and Drift - Empire of Stone mini @-@ series were also published . In addition , in November 2014 , The Transformers : Robots in Disguise changed its title to just The Transformers . A second ongoing series of Windblade started in March 2015 . = = Publication = = Dreamwave Productions shut down on January 4 , 2005 , and announced they would cease publication of all their comics , leaving Transformers : Generation One and its prequel series , Transformers : The War Within incomplete . Chris Ryall , editor @-@ in @-@ chief of IDW Publishing , leaped at the chance to bid on the property . On May 19 , 2005 , Hasbro announced they had awarded the licensing rights to IDW Publishing , with plans for an issue # 0 in October 2005 and an ongoing title entitled The Transformers : Infiltration to begin in January 2006 . Beforehand , Ryall met up with long @-@ time writer Simon Furman . Furman aimed for a contemporary version of the Generation 1 incarnation to appeal to new and old fans alike . They both cited a focus on the " Robots in Disguise " element of the characters , aiming to bring back their " myth and majesty " . Overall , Furman described it as , " This was , at last ( after 20 @-@ plus years ) MY take on Transformers . " Furman also aimed for a real time approach , using maps to help guide his stories . Infiltration 's issue # 0 sold 100 @,@ 000 copies in pre @-@ orders , a record for the company . Furman focused the story on Autobot medic Ratchet and broke new ground for G1 @-@ based storylines by excluding the Ark crash storyline , to give proper intent to the Transformers being on Earth , thus separating the fictional universe from the Beast Wars one . E. J. Su was hired as the artist , and was given free rein to re @-@ design characters slightly . Infiltration received mixed reviews . Furman 's decision to put leaders Optimus Prime and Megatron on the sidelines divided fans , as did the slow pace and the use of human characters . Furman and Ryall responded positively , promising to make both fans and critics happy after reading various message board comments . The Transformers : Stormbringer followed in July , set around the same time frame as Infiltration , and had art by Don Figueroa . The four issue tale was intended to be a weekly event , but Diamond Comic Distributors ' resistance meant it became monthly . Furman had planned to visit Cybertron later on , but the fans demanded a human @-@ less story , and Stormbringer was written . Most importantly , the story revealed Cybertron to be dead , giving the saga a darker feel and explaining the status quo of Autobots and Decepticons spread out and fighting pocket wars . Furman intentionally wanted a larger scale and " took Cybertron out of the equation " to shape the overall arc . The story also allowed him to reinvent Thunderwing and the Pretenders , which he felt was one of the sillier concepts . In September , the companion series , The Transformers : Spotlight was launched , set to last for five issues . Furman drew upon classic stories for Shockwave , re @-@ created the personalities of Hot Rod and Ultra Magnus , and wrote Sixshot for the first time . Nightbeat 's story laid a vital seed for future stories , as well as allowing him to re @-@ invent the Micromasters . In November The Transformers : Escalation began , a direct sequel to Infiltration . It put Optimus and Megatron center stage , and brought in characters from the Spotlights . The Spotlights expanded as IDW accepted Furman 's willingness to write for any character . This has even included Wheelie , a character he has personally voiced criticism of in the past . Furman took a break from the main storyline in June to allow Eric Holmes to write the prequel , The Transformers : Megatron Origin over four months . Holmes conceived the tale for his favorite character , Megatron , and to explore the beginnings of the Autobot @-@ Decepticon war , collaborating with Furman to further tie @-@ in the story into the existing continuity and taking historical inspiration from the decline of the Roman Empire . In addition , Furman allowed Nick Roche to write and draw a Spotlight for Kup , and Roche also wishes to create another one for Rumble . Furman returned for The Transformers : Devastation , which will be affected by Galvatron 's Spotlight ( itself spinning out of Nightbeat 's ) , before leading into The Transformers : Revelation . Galvatron was re @-@ invented as a separate character from Megatron , and Optimus Prime himself received a Spotlight , with both one @-@ shots including major revelations that will affect storylines beyond Revelation . Devastation had a faster pace and explored rebellion in the Decepticon ranks , similar to the early Marvel stories . With the conclusion of Devastation , Revelation began in June . However , this series had a different format to that seen previously , and consisted of four interrelated Spotlight issues that brought several of the elements of the storyline thus far , most notably the Dead Universe storyline , to a conclusion . The arc following Revelation was a twelve @-@ issue limited series , later expanded to sixteen issues , titled All Hail Megatron which began in July 2008 , taking place a year after the end of Devastation and focusing on an Earth conquered by the Decepticons without the Autobots around to stop them , this time written by Shane McCarthy . A planned storyline , Expansion , has now been canceled , although some of the themes the series would have dealt with may still appear . A new mini @-@ series by Furman , Maximum Dinobots , spun out of Spotlight : Grimlock and featured the Dinobots , Sunstreaker , and the Machination , beginning in December after the conclusion of Revelation , with art by Spotlight artist Nick Roche . For the future , Furman has completely ruled out Unicron , the Quintessons , ( this is no longer accurate , as the Quintessons appeared in a wall painting in Spotlight : Wheelie , as well as one named Pentius physically appearing in Monstrosity ) , and the Liege Maximo . Furman has also expressed interest in re @-@ inventing Japanese @-@ exclusive characters and female Transformers , exploring the challenge of rationalizing sex / gender in giant robots . Furman addressed the issue of gender in Transformers in a Spotlight issue on Arcee , rationalizing them as a failed attempt to introduce gender into the Transformer race by Jhiaxus . Elita One and a few other female Transformers later appeared in the Megatron Origin mini @-@ series . = = Plot = = = = = Creation = = = The origins of the Transformers as a race are as yet clouded in legend ; however , according to the personal beliefs of the relatively ancient Cybertronian Cyclonus , it happened like this : In the beginning , there was only Primus , the god of light and creation , who had been brought forth by Cybertron itself as the counterpart to another , unnamed being . Deeming that his power was too great to be contained by himself alone , he split his potency into five beings , including of course himself , and also Solomus , who possessed great wisdom ; Epistemus , who was a fount of knowledge ; Adaptus , who could alter his shape into an infinity of forms ; and Mortilus , the embodiment of death , the necessary end of life . For a time , these five entities , known as the Guiding Hand , led life on Cybertron to heights of harmony and creation , but eventually Mortilus tried to change the course of life so that the Cybertronians would become a Universe @-@ conquering army . What followed was a veritable war of the gods , which ended in tragedy and devastation . Mortilus himself perished , but not before dealing severe and irreversible damage to the other members of the Guiding Hand . On the verge of death , Primus withdrew into the planet itself , communicating from then on through the supercomputer Vector Sigma ; while the other three only survive as relics which are essential to the Cybertronian race . Solomus ' essence had been imprisoned by Mortilus in a crystal container , but he managed to change it into a vessel which would let those who were worthy partake of his undying wisdom . In this form he is known as the Matrix of Leadership , which also provides a link to Primus and thus to life itself . Epistemus and Adaptus had been shred down to their very cores , but now became the first blueprints for the two most basic components of all Cybertronians from then on , namely the brain module and the transformation cog . With the death of Mortilus himself , a Cybertronian 's life force would be immune to the ravages of time , rendering them effectively immortal . After their creators passed into the mists of time , but having been bestowed by them life itself , intelligence , knowledge , the ability to change their form and virtual immortality , the Transformers set out to create their own destiny ; a chivalrous order dedicated to defending peace and harmony with honor was formed , the so @-@ called Knights of Cybertron , and they travelled out into the Universe aboard vast , self @-@ aware vessels known as Metrotitans . To modern , rational Cybertronians , of course , this account is little more than a myth ; but some , like Omega Supreme , know which parts of it are fact . = = = Civil War = = = During the Golden Age of Cybertron , Nova Prime wishes to expand the influence of Cybertronians throughout the galaxy . His Chief Theoretical Strategist Jhiaxus experiments with six volunteers to combine them into a superior being , but the experiment fails , resulting in Monstructor . At some point he also experiments with gender in Transformers , creating Arcee , who grows deranged with hatred for her creator due to this . Sometime later , the Ark @-@ 1 is launched into space under the auspice of exploration , but in reality an attempt to expand Cybertron 's influence . The crew includes Nova Prime and Galvatron . When passing through a black hole , the ship enters a " Dead Universe " , altering the crew , and is presumed lost . With Nova Prime and Jhiaxus gone , Omega Supreme imprisons Monstructor . Later , hard times follow , with the Autobots becoming a corrupt galactic police force . While shutting down an Energon @-@ mining operation , they incite a riot by beating an outspoken miner to death . The riot is extinguished , resulting in the miners either dead or imprisoned . A surviving miner , Megatron , manages to take over a prison shuttle and hide it in Kaon , the seediest city on Cybertron . Megatron makes a name for himself in the underground gladiatorial matches , learning to enjoy the kill . He recruits the Seekers , Soundwave , and the future Cassetticons to perform acts of terrorism throughout Cybertron . Megatron rallies a large group of gladiators and proposes for them to unite under the same badge , but they are caught and arrested by Sentinel Prime 's police force . However , this is part of Megatron 's plan , as Starscream kills the Autobot Senate . Megatron kills Sentinel Prime , and the newly forged Decepticons take over the city @-@ state of Kaon , heralding the beginning of the war . The populace at large is distracted by mass sports race games , with racers like the arrogant but talented Blurr becoming celebrities . Early on during the war , both Autobot and Decepticon try to recruit Blurr to their cause , with a young Optimus talking Blurr into saving the life of Zeta Prime from Starscream 's assassination squad . A rookie Tracks is saved from the elite Predacons by special ops soldier Jazz . In later years , Tracks passes on the story of the lone Autobot to boost morale in times of crisis . Around this time , a third group of Cybertronians form who are opposed to the war and both sides of it . They leave Cybertron and are never seen again . The war eventually devastates the planet , and a Decepticon scientist named Thunderwing suggests to graft Transformers with protective organic shells , which Megatron rejects . Thunderwing experiments on himself , becoming a beast who devastates Cybertron . The Decepticons recover more quickly and stage a new offensive against the Autobots , who suffer the loss of the charismatic Blaster , the voice of the Autobot resistance : he is shot and set adrift in space by a traitor . With their home world dead , the Transformers continue their war on other planets . The Decepticons escalate tensions on planets by replacing important people with loyal clones called facsimiles , allowing the worlds to destroy themselves before they move in for the energy resources , and send Sixshot to finish off the planets . Nonetheless , the two sides agree to the Tyrest Accord , in which they will not supply weapons to less advanced cultures . Scorponok violates this treaty on Nebulos , creating " transformable men " with the help of Mo Zarak 's corporation , but an attack by Ultra Magnus forces him to flee . Badly damaged with only his decapitated head remaining , he arrives on Earth at some point and establishes the Machination , an organization dedicated to acquiring Transformer technology for their own ends . = = = Ore @-@ 13 / Super Energon = = = The Decepticon scientist Shockwave begins the secretive Operation : Regenesis — seeding Energon on various planets , including Earth . While stabilizing Earth 's seeding , the Dynobots attack Shockwave , and they are all buried in molten lava for thousands of years . Bludgeon is assigned by Megatron to investigate Operation : Regenesis and Soundwave is told to spy on him . In 1984 , Soundwave learns to his horror that Bludgeon intends to use the Ultra @-@ Energon on Earth to re @-@ animate Thunderwing , but is silenced and put into stasis @-@ lock in his cassette player mode . The following year , an organization named Skywatch find Laserbeak and Ravage 's bodies . Starscream and his unit later come to Earth , discover Shockwave 's Energon and mine it in Nebraska . When they exhaust this supply in 2006 , they move to Oregon , entering siege mode to protect their discovery . As part of their plan to acquire a Transformer , an agent working for the Machination takes a photo of a Decepticon transforming and locates the original Decepticon base . As a response he is targeted and killed by Thundercracker , Runabout and Runamuck . Before his death , his laptop with the photo is stolen by a girl named Verity Carlo and she is taken to the Autobots - inadvertently leading the Machination straight to them via a homing device in the laptop . In the meantime , Bludgeon returns to Cybertron and reawakens Thunderwing , believing that Thunderwing 's destruction of planets will appease and revitalize the spirit of Cybertron . After Nebulos is razed , Bludgeon is driven insane by a failed bonding attempt and Thunderwing is taken down by Optimus Prime . Thunderwing 's corpse is placed under guard . Prime sets a course for Earth as he learns vague details of Regenesis , heavily suspicious due to Ironhide 's call regarding Starscream breaking into siege mode . Megatron already takes action , exploring the Nebraska base . Having anticipated Megatron 's course of action , Starscream imbues himself with " ore @-@ 13 resin " and battles him . His super @-@ powered body is still no match for Megatron , and he is severely wounded . Optimus arrives on Earth to join Prowl 's unit , aware that Megatron 's presence on Earth has caused it to become the main battle front . The Machination also observes the Autobots entering their Lake Michigan base . = = = War on Earth = = = Prime decides to send Verity and her two friends Hunter and Jimmy home . Ironhide and Sunstreaker are given this task , but the Machination strikes and seemingly destroy Sunstreaker and Hunter . Ratchet realizes that Sunstreaker 's corpse is a fake and that he and Hunter have simply been kidnapped . Megatron uses the Ore @-@ 13 to give him the rare ability of mass @-@ displacement to transform into an earthen pistol , and decides to stay on Earth to escalate tensions , using a human facsimile to stir up a war between the United States and El Jira . The Autobots , with newly arrived allies , battle the Decepticons in the Russian breakaway state of Brasnya where the super @-@ powered Megatron beats Prime to near death . Prime manages to recover and puts Megatron to flight . However , the facsimile Georgi Koska arrives dead at the Autobot base . The Machination performs a successful surgery on Hunter , and Ironhide is seemingly killed in an explosion set up by them . They now begin to manufacture their own army of Sunstreaker bodies . Shockwave and the Dynobots are excavated up by archaeologists in Eureka , Nevada and Skywatch takes over the area . In Oregon , two young humans wonder whether to buy Soundwave , still trapped in cassette player mode . Megatron calls Sixshot to come and speed up Earth 's destruction , and the Reapers follow , eager to have Sixshot join their attempt to rid the universe of war @-@ like species . Elsewhere on Earth , Ramjet 's grandiose plans for a coup against Megatron fail when the Decepticon leader kills him in one @-@ on @-@ one combat . Elsewhere , Galvatron emerges from the Dead Universe , destroys an alien observatory and crushes Hound 's unit on Cybertron to retrieve the body of Thunderwing . While unconscious during his battle with Megatron , Prime encountered the presence of Nova Prime , and he meets with Nova 's once @-@ associate , Omega Supreme . Monstructor escapes his prison and seeks revenge against Omega . He finds Omega along with Prime , and after battling him , Prime leaves Monstructor to be tended by Jetfire . Elsewhere , Blaster 's body is recovered from space . After more assassination attempts he discovers the traitor is an unwilling Beachcomber , controlled by Soundwave and Bombshell 's cerebro shell . Angry , he vows to hunt down Soundwave . Back on Earth Nightbeat puzzles out the links between the Machination 's various actions . The returned Prime attempts to get proactive by moving the location of the Ark @-@ 19 , but it is shot down by Sixshot , though the crew survive . The subsequent battle between Prime and Sixshot exposes the Transformers to the world at large and forces the military to call in a carpet bombing strike . The Autobots escape , but Verity and Jimmy are seemingly killed . Elsewhere , Hot Rod and Wheeljack set out to recover Ironhide 's body , but are confronted by the Machination 's Headmaster army , only escaping due to Wheeljack 's gadgets . Hunter escapes his captors and discovers the decapitated but still living head of Sunstreaker . Sunstreaker reveals his mind is being used as the hub for the Machination 's army , and Hunter opts to fight back , becoming a Headmaster himself . The Reapers arrive at Earth , attacking the Decepticon base and forcing Megatron to recall Sixshot , while Nova Prime ( now known as Nemesis Prime ) , concerned at the pace of events , dispatches Galvatron to Earth . Elsewhere , the Autobot penal facility on Garrus @-@ 9 is attacked by the Combaticons , who escape with the Monstructor component Transformers , forcing a reluctant Fortress Maximus to dispatch Arcee to track them down . Learning of this , Prime pulls Prowl 's detachment away from Earth to help contain the problem , though Hot Rod elects to stay to learn Sunstreaker 's fate . Nightbeat also suspects someone has tampered with his memory . Elsewhere , Sixshot , having encountered and felt a kinship with the Reapers before , defects to their side , but is taken out by a returned Starscream ( revived by the other Decepticons to stand up to Megatron ) , leading to a full @-@ scale battle between the Decepticons and Reapers . The Decepticons win , with aid from Galvatron , who escapes with Sixshot 's body as the US military locates the Decepticons ' base . Scorponok merges with the human Dante into a new body , but is unable to prevent Hunter , now merged with Sunstreaker 's mind in a copy of his body , from escaping . In the Dead Universe Nemesis Prime , Jhiaxus , and Galvatron agree the endgame is about to begin . = = = Expansion = = = On Cybertron Cyclonus , dispatched from the Dead Universe on a mission to activate the Nega @-@ Core , inadvertently alerts the Autobots to his presence , but is still able to activate the Core , as well as its lethal guardian Thunderwing . On Garrus @-@ 9 Prime calls in the Wreckers to deal with the escalating situation as Nemesis Prime leads the forces of the Dead Universe from the Benzuli expanse . Meanwhile , Hardhead accompanies Nightbeat to Gorlam Prime in an attempt to find his missing memories . Attacked by Micromasters , Nightbeat is taken control of by Jhiaxus and Hardhead reluctantly eliminates him , before disappearing into the dimensional portal . A furious Nemesis Prime realizes he must do Nightbeat 's job of eliminating Optimus Prime personally . The Wrecker 's assault on Thunderwing proves futile , while Arcee teams up with Banzai @-@ Tron to track down the escaped Monstructor , and Jetfire prepares to use Thunderwing 's technology to enable other Autobots to survive the effects of the Benzuli expanse . Dealer 's attempt to retrieve the Magnificence for himself backfires when a suspicious Hot Rod uses it to confirm his doubts about Dealer , who is promptly killed . Hot Rod then uses the Magnificence to locate the other Nega @-@ Cores and their guardians , ( Sixshot and Monstructor ) , and passes the information on . Jetfire then formulates a plan to override Jhiaxus ' control of them via taking over their mental link . Nemesis Prime attacks Optimus on Garrus @-@ 9 personally , but is betrayed and killed by Galvatron , who is then tossed into a solar pool by Prime . Jetfire 's plan works , as Cloudburst 's team , now equipped with Thunderwing 's technology , is able to dispose of the Nega @-@ Cores in the Dead Universe , closing it off completely . Jhiaxus is hunted down on Gorlam Prime by Arcee and Hardhead ( now undead like the Dead Universe 's inhabitants ) , where his immortality means Arcee can kill him over and over . On Earth , Sideswipe , having beaten Straxus and Grindcore , decides he has proven himself and leaves without Sunstreaker . Over the following years , Gorlam Prime evolves into a new Cybertron , and its inhabitants evolve into beings like Transformers . But on Garrus @-@ 9 , Galvatron still lives within the solar pool . In the aftermath of this , the former Decepticon assassin Drift , his outlook changed by meeting the legendary third faction of Cybertronians , attempts to rescue Autobot captives from a Decepticon ship , and ends up crossing path with Kup and the Wreckers . An impressed Kup , believing everyone deserves a second chance , offers him a spot on his new commando squad . = = = Machination Empire = = = Skywatch , having lost control of Ravage and Laserbeak due to interference from Soundwave , reactivate Grimlock to use against the increasing Transformer activity . Due to Machination sabotage Grimlock escapes and is approached by Scorponok , who proposes an alliance . Grimlock refuses and is out gunned in the battle , but teleports to the Dynobot ship before Scorponok terminates him , still buried after the battle with Shockwave , vowing to bring the Machination down . Skywatch reactivate the other Dynobots , unaware the Machination are manipulating them into killing Grimlock . Finding the Skyfire , the Headmasters attack and manage to teleport Grimlock to Fallon , Nevada , in the midst of a pitched battle . Skywatch respond by moving in the other Dynobots as both Hot Rod and the combined form of Hunter and Sunstreaker locate the Machination . Hot Rod is almost killed by Scorponok , but kept alive as a witness to the Headmaster 's plans . The battle in Fallon devastates the town , but the Dynobots are able to reassert their personalities . Scorponok sends in his Headmaster army as Skywatch head agent Red , now suspicious of the repeated control failures on the Transformers , confers with Shockwave , fitting him with a bomb and directing him to eliminate the Dynobots , Ravage and Laserbeak . In Fallon , the infighting Dynobots manage to fight off the Headmasters with aid from Grimlock 's allies the Monsterbots . Hot Rod manages to escape as Sunstreaker and Hunter locate the main Machination facility , while Shockwave locates the stasis locked Soundwave , making a deal with him to deactivate the bomb in his head in return for freeing Soundwave from stasis lock . Sunstreaker saves Hot Rod ( who then sends a distress call ) but is blasted by Scorponok as the Dynobots and Monsterbots launch a full @-@ scale assault on the Machination . Outclassed by the sheer numbers of Headmasters , they are saved when a grieving Hunter pulls the plug on Sunstreaker 's original head , seemingly killing him and disabling the Machination forces . However , a vengeful Scorponok and the newly arrived Shockwave attack as Ultra Magnus , still searching for Scorponok , receives Hot Rod 's signal . Shockwave and Scorponok battle each other . The Headmaster loses but Grimlock , finally accepting responsibility for his actions , battles Shockwave , and the other Dinobots aid him . Scorponok is permanently taken out when Hot Rod and Swoop disable his original head . Grimlock brings down the Machination compound on top of him and Shockwave as Magnus arrives to clean up the situation . Grimlock is arrested along with Shockwave and Scorponok , but the other Dinobots are no longer under suspicion , and repair the Skyfire to leave . = = = Invasion = = = In the aftermath of the Machination 's attempted takeover , Sunstreaker and Hunter are successfully separated by Ratchet . Hunter has a happy reunion with Verity and Jimmy , but Sunstreaker , angry over what has been done to him , abandons his former partner . After the initial battles on Earth , the Decepticons lie low , experimenting with creating new life and eventually creating the Insecticons to take advantage of a now captured Hunter , as well as thousands of failed experiments eventually dubbed the Swarm . As the Autobots have reinforced their position on Earth , the Decepticons lure them into a trap by planting disinformation about a Decepticon trap with the help of Sunstreaker , who is convinced that he is in fact helping Starscream kill Megatron . His motives are darker than merely helping the Autobots win by disposing of Megatron - he asks the Decepticon to kill all the humans in revenge for what was done to him . Armed with the disillusioned Autobot 's knowledge , unified and with their new weapon - Devastator - the Decepticons decimate the Autobots . Planning to dispose of them through a portal to Cybertron , Prime manages to fight them off long enough for his troops to escape through the portal , though at great cost - Prime is heavily damaged and rendered comatose by the damage he takes , and the Autobots are marooned on Cybertron . With the Autobots gone , the Decepticons launch a full @-@ scale assault on New York City , randomly annihilating buildings and causing mayhem as part of a simultaneous galaxy @-@ wide assault . The initial human aerial counterattack is annihilated . Even opposed by Colonel Daniel Witwicky , the Decepticons decimate all further military assaults and destroy all bridges and tunnels leading into the city . The Decepticon assault moves to other cities in the country , including Los Angeles , San Francisco , and Washington , D.C. , as the Constructicons begin to build in what was once Manhattan . On Cybertron , the dispirited and beaten Autobots begin to fall apart as Ironhide clashes with Prowl over the traitor in their midst . Another group of Autobots under Kup 's command crashed on the planet after the Decepticons gained the access codes , where it is revealed that the situation is grave : Megatron has taken the Matrix . The humans attempt to send in a small commando team to assassinate Megatron , but the party is killed by Ratbat before even making across the river - all save their commander Spike . As the Decepticon assault spreads to other parts of Earth , the Decepticons begin to fall apart internally , with even Megatron worrying about the leadership challenges he will face now they have no enemy . The slaughter in Israel and Beijing worries other nations enough for them to contemplate using nuclear weapons on New York . On Cybertron the Swarm emerge , forcing the Autobots to flee once more . As the Autobots flee , the tensions within the group boil over , and Ironhide beats Mirage , whom he believes is the traitor , near to death . He is wrong , as Sunstreaker 's guilt finally overtakes him and he confesses everything to Ironhide , before sacrificing himself to halt the Swarm 's pursuit by destroying a vital bridge . On Earth Starscream again plans a coup , with help from the Insecticons , who have experimented on the real reason the Decepticons were able to access the Autobot codes and systems - a captured , dissected but still living Hunter . Spike links up with the remnants of the human resistance , aiming to kill Megatron with a prototype weapon made from Shockwave 's gun arm , killing Rumble in the process . His efforts are for naught , as the other world nations still aim to bomb New York . On Cybertron , Prime is revived , managing to quell the dissent amongst the other Autobots . They are almost overwhelmed by the Swarm , but are saved by the timely arrival of Omega Supreme , who transforms and takes the Autobots to Earth . On Earth Starscream begins a coup against Megatron , gathering the Insecticons and Constructicons to his side . Megatron battles back and avoids being killed by Devastator as the United Nations begin a determined aerial counterstrike . As Starscream realizes that Megatron has orchestrated his coup to weed out the weak in the Decepticons , the Autobots arrive and attack . In the midst of the battle , Megatron reveals his strategy . More of his troops are hidden , disguised , among the humans , including the carrier for the UN nuclear bomb . With this , Megatron intends to wipe out the humans . However , with the intervention of a disgruntled Thundercracker the European Union is prevented from nuking New York City , though he pays for his " betrayal " . Megatron is severely damaged by the combined efforts of Optimus Prime and Spike , but is saved by Starscream who determines that the only way he could become the leader of the Decepticons is by taking the leadership from Megatron and not for it to be offered to him . The Decepticons retreat from Earth leaving the Autobots amongst humans hostile toward any Cybertronians . Sideswipe discovers the captive Hunter , who had been tortured by Bombshell 's experiments , and euthanizes him . = = = Two years later = = = As the Decepticons retreated from Earth , with a critically injured Megatron , it created a void among the Decepticon ranks . Many of Megatron 's former generals take turns trying to gain power . Others go rouge , like Overlord as he takes control of the Garrus 9 penal facility and turns it into an extermination camp . A new team of Wreckers is sent by Prowl to retake the prison . They manage , however , at a heavy price with most members dead or critically wounded . Meanwhile , back on Earth , with their members running low on energon and slowly being captured by Skywatch , tension is high amongst the Autobots . After a rescue raid led by Hot Rod results in Ironhide 's death , Optimus Prime gives up his position as leader and surrenders to Skywatch , causing a schism between the Autobots , who split into two groups : one led by Hot Rod , who , taking the name " Rodimus " , joins forces with a group of Decepticons fronted by Swindle in an effort to build a ship and leave the planet , and a second who elect Bumblebee as their new leader , and are soon joined by Ultra Magnus , who determines to arrest Rodimus for treason . More Autobots , fearing they will be arrested by Magnus , also go AWOL , but most of them are captured by Skywatch and used as a bargaining tool by Spike Witwicky to force information out of Optimus Prime . Thundercracker , having been shot down by Skywarp three years previously , starts to develop admiration for Earth and its inhabitants . Although Bumblebee was elected as Autobot leader , he gets little respect , as Autobots strike out on their own or disrespect his authority . A rogue faction within Skywatch contacts the Autobots and sets up a meeting with Bumblebee to enlist the Autobots ' help in capturing Decepticons . Bumblebee agrees and the bots are fitted with special badges to cloak them from the main Skywatch force , but when the Colonel orders the capture of Blurr and resentment ensues , the Autobots learn that the badges also have the ability to immobilize them . Meanwhile , Magnus arrives at Hot Rod 's camp and attempts to capture Swindle , but is stopped by Hot Rod . He also fails in trying to get Hot Rod to disassemble the ship his party is building to get off Earth . In the battle that follows , Swindle betrays Rodimus and reveals his new creation , Menasor , but the day is saved thanks to Skywatch , with whom Optimus Prime has brokered an alliance , and some timely side @-@ switching from the disillusioned Thundercracker . The disgraced Rodimus flees Earth alone , and the Autobots rally under Bumblebee . Working with Skywatch , the Autobots begin helping them deal with Transformer @-@ related crises around Earth , finding themselves caught between the Combaticons , allied with North Korea , and the Predacons , working for China . Disenchanted Skywatch operative Sandra broadcasts footage of his battle to the world , exposing Skywatch 's secret alliance with the Autobots ; when Bumblebee tries to hold a press conference in response , he is grievously injured by a human agent of anti @-@ Transformer movement Earth 's Children , wielding Cybertronian weaponry surreptitiously supplied by the Decepticons . This heralds the return of the rebuilt Megatron , who launches a devastating attack on Skywatch and the Autobots but is eventually defeated by Optimus Prime and surrenders to his custody . Meanwhile , on his sojourn in space , Rodimus manages to recover the Matrix of Leadership from Starscream ( right before Megatron 's restoration and reclamation of the Decepticons ) . Gathering allies Wheelie and Garnak on the planet LV @-@ 117 and then heading to Cybertron itself , he adds Sunstreaker and a resurrected Ironhide to his team , Rodimus discovers that Galvatron has returned with an army and is planning something on the Transformers ' homeworld . Rodimus returns to Earth to pass on this news , and most of the Autobots then join Optimus Prime in taking off for Cybertron aboard Omega Supreme , with Megatron as their prisoner , to stop Galvatron 's scheme . A small contingent of Autobots remains behind on Earth to investigate allegations that Skywatch head Spike Witwicky illegally executed Scrapper , discovering that his crimes go far deeper , and that he has been trading weapons technology with Swindle . Spike goes on the run , and Jazz , already compromised after killing a human in the heat of battle , dissolves the Autobots ' alliance with Skywatch . Prime 's Autobots arrive on Cybertron and engage both Galvatron 's forces and the Decepticons who have followed them there , but when they are forcibly merged into the monstrous " Deceptigod " by the power of Galvatron 's dark master , D @-@ Void , Megatron joins the fight and triumphs over the hellish avatar . Galvatron , meanwhile , ventures into the planet 's depths , intending to use the Heart of Darkness with Vector Sigma to open a portal to the Dead Universe and release D @-@ Void , but is stopped by Optimus Prime , who opens the Matrix and drains its energies to stop the creature 's entry into the living universe . The interaction of the Matrix and Vector Sigma , however , prompts an incredible transformation for Cybertron itself ... = = = New era = = = Optimus awakens to find that three weeks have passed , and in that time Cybertron has been reformatted into a primordial state , Megatron is missing while the Decepticons that formed the Deceptigod have been fitted with explosive microchips to keep them under control , and many unaligned Cybertronians ( referred to as NAILs and led by former Autobot Metalhawk ) have returned and are demanding the exile of both the Autobots and Decepticons so that they can have the planet for themselves . With the Matrix now emptied of all its power , Optimus decides to go by his old name of Orion Pax , and agrees to leave Cybertron forever in exchange for the Autobots being allowed to stay . Rodimus , being given half of the Matrix , decides to lead a search for the fabled Knights of Cybertron in the hope that they can help restore order to Cybertron . Taking to the stars on board the ship called the Lost Light , Rodimus is joined by Ultra Magnus and Drift as his second @-@ and @-@ third @-@ in @-@ commands , Ratchet , Chromedome , Rewind , Swerve , Brainstorm , Rung , Whirl and a reformed Cyclonus , among several others . Following an unexpected quantum jump upon launch , the Lost Light is hurled off into the depths of space , where the crew is joined by Skids and contends with a stowaway Sparkeater . A visit to Delphi by Ratchet to help cure a plague introduces the threat of the Decepticon Justice Division , who then feature in a Decepticon @-@ dedicated story menacing a band of misfit Decepticons , and also brings the facility 's surviving patients and staff onto the ship — including Fortress Maximus , whose post @-@ traumatic stress causes him to snap and nearly kill Rung . Hoping to cure Rung 's damaged brain , Rewind gathers a small group together to recount a shared story from their past about Orion Pax foiling a Senate plot to discredit the burgeoning Decepticon movement in the days of Functionism . Chromedome is manipulated by Drift into carrying out a plan laid out by Prowl : using his mnemosurgery skills to tap the memories and learn the secrets of mass @-@ murdering Decepticon Overlord , secretly hidden on board the Lost Light . Unfortunately , Chromedome accidentally allows Overlord to escape , and Rewind has to sacrifice himself to jettison the monster from the ship before the section of the ship is blown up . Drift admits to responsibility for Overlord 's actions , resulting in his exile , even though Rodimus later reveals he was a part of the plot as well . Ultra Magnus is also fatally wounded in the battle , but when his body disappears from the ship 's Medibay , the crew track it to Luna 1 , where they discover and foil a twisted plot by Chief Justice Tyrest to wipe out all those Transformers he sees as tainted by original sin . Meanwhile , back on Cybertron , Bumblebee struggles to maintain control , particularly after Ratbat 's plots to have Skywarp assassinate him during a memorial for the Lost Light ( which was presumed destroyed during its launch ) . Prowl and Arcee foil the attempted murder thanks to Starscream , who sees no benefit to restarting the war , and begins to work with Bumblebee and Metalhawk to form a new united government for Cybertron . Though many Decepticons are provided with jobs and fall into line , Bombshell continues with mysterious experiments that result in Prowl , at the end of his tether and increasingly emotionally closed @-@ off , executing him . Fortunately , Ironhide is able to prevent chaos by successfully petitioning to have the I / D chips installed in the Decepticons turned off , restoring a sense of equality . Ironhide then recruits the Dinobots to join him in venturing into the wilderness to searching for the missing Aerialbots , only to go missing themselves . It is while they are being searched for by the other Autobots , Decepticons and NAILs that something else is discovered instead : a Metrotitan has returned to Cybertron , and it dubs Starscream the destined leader of the Transformer race . Before Starscream can exploit this new standing to any great extent , Megatron makes a surprising return and is taken into custody , causing the Decepticons to riot in the streets . It turns out that Megatron has secretly been working with a small team of Decepticons within Iacon to perfect the combination process , and he creates a new , more @-@ powerful Devastator out of the Constructicons and Prowl , who has been under the mind @-@ control of the still @-@ living Bombshell . Ironhide , the Dinobots and the Aerialbots — now Superion — make a triumphant return to take Devastator down , while Megatron himself is neutralized by a failsafe created by Wheeljack . In the chaos , however , Starscream kills Metalhawk and uses his death to secure his position as sole ruler of Iacon , casting the Autobots and Decepticons out into the wilderness . During this time , Orion Pax joins up with Hardhead , Garnak and Wheelie , and discover that Jhiaxus , Bludgeon and Monstructor are carrying out a plan of Shockwave 's that involves using the different ores of the Regenesis program to alter the future . = = = Dark Cybertron Event = = = With Megatron 's defeat on Cybertron , Shockwave turns all his attention to his part of this plan , and brings a Metrotitan that Jhiaxus and Waspinator tricked Orion into awakening to Cybertron , and combines his Regenesis ores of Regeneration and Death to transform the giant into a zombie " Necrotitan " . Through this he makes contact with Nova Prime and Galvatron in the Dead Universe and , requiring a space bridge to free the two ancient Cybertronians from the undead realm , Shockwave has the titan unleash a " death plague " upon Iacon ; in the chaos that follows , the reanimated Metalhawk is used to retrieve the captive Megatron so that Shockwave can employ the space bridge within his body . The united forces of Bumblebee 's Autobots and Soundwave 's Decepticons storm Shockwave 's Crystal City base and prevent Nova Prime 's emergence in the living universe , but Galvatron manages to make the crossing . Simultaneously , Gorlam Prime begins to collapse into a portal to the Dead Universe , and Pax and his team are only saved from being sucked inside by the timely arrival of the Lost Light . Conferring with Starscream and learning of events on Cybertron , Pax leads a team through the portal into the Dead Universe to try and stop Shockwave 's plot from the other side . They encounter and are tricked into a trap by Nova Prime 's mind @-@ controlled thrall Nightbeat , but are able to free him , along with Nova 's other captive , Kup ; Pax destroys Nova , retaking the name of Optimus Prime in the process . Meanwhile , the Lost Light , attempting to track down Jhiaxus , is pulled off @-@ course by a summons from the badly @-@ wounded Metroplex , via a severed portion of his thumb the ship had previously encountered . Finding the ancient Autobot , and his companions Windblade , Chromia and Nautica on the ocean planet Hydrophena , the crew defends him and themselves against an army of Shockwave 's Ammonite minions and use their ship 's engines to give him enough of a power boost to teleport them all back home to Cybertron . They return as the Necrotitan is in the middle of razing Iacon at Shockwave 's command ; Megatron , having fallen in with Bumblebee , uses his space bridge to teleport Metroplex 's thumb — revealed to contain another of Shockwave 's ores — from the Lost Light back into its owner 's hand , giving him the energy to defeat the Necrotitan and heal the plague . Unfortunately , all has transpired according to Shockwave 's plans : the Ammonites , Lost Light and Necrotitan were pupeteered to ensure that Metroplex would return to Cybertron and bring the last of the ores with him , while Optimus Prime was deliberately lured into the Dead Universe so that he could destroy Nova Prime and remove his control over it . Using all of his combined ores , fueled by the energy of the Dead Universe — channeled through an unwitting Galvatron — Shockwave intends to bend space and time to his will , collapsing all of reality into a singularity that will be used to feed Cybertron for eternity . As the majority of the Autobots and Decepticons battle the colossal Ammonite army Shockwave summons to the planet , a small team ventures into Crystal City to confront him , where they are soon rejoined by Optimus Prime 's team , who emerge through a portal within the unknowingly @-@ undead Brainstorm . Metalhawk sacrifices himself to unbalance the ore equation , destroying the Ammonites , while Bumblebee is killed by Shockwave ; inspired by the words and the sacrifice of his new friend , Megatron dons the Autobot symbol , an action that throws Shockwave into confusion . The scientist 's loss of focus causes him to lose control of his chronal drive , setting his mind adrift in time and resulting in the re @-@ emergence of his pre @-@ Shadowplay self . Horrified at what he has become , Shockwave allows Optimus and Megatron to kill him , destroying the drive and bringing an end to his plan . = = = Dawn of the Autobots = = = = = Chronological Comic Order = = This is a chronological listing of the comics in which the timeline of events developed . = = Collected editions = = The Transformers has been collected in eleven volumes roughly in chronological order . The first eight volumes , under the title Transformers : IDW Collection , collect most of the series in between Infiltration and Heart of Darkness , including Spotlights . Starting with the issue Death of Optimus Prime , the Transformers are collected under the title Transformers : IDW Collection Phase Two , of which three volumes have been published . The Autocracy series has also been collected in print form . = Schubert 's last sonatas = Franz Schubert 's last three piano sonatas , D 958 , 959 and 960 , are the composer 's last major compositions for the piano . They were written during the last months of his life , between the spring and autumn of 1828 , but were not published until about ten years after his death , in 1838 – 39 . Like the rest of Schubert 's piano sonatas , they were mostly neglected in the 19th century . By the late 20th century , however , public and critical opinion had changed , and these sonatas are now considered among the most important of the composer 's mature masterpieces . They are part of the core piano repertoire , appearing regularly on concert programs and recordings . One of the reasons for the long period of neglect of Schubert 's piano sonatas seems to be their dismissal as structurally and dramatically inferior to the sonatas of Beethoven . In fact , the last sonatas contain distinct allusions and similarities to works by Beethoven , a composer Schubert venerated . However , musicological analysis has shown that they maintain a mature , individual style . Schubert 's last sonatas are now praised for their mature style , manifested in unique features such as a cyclical formal and tonal design , chamber music textures , and a rare depth of emotional expression . The three sonatas are cyclically interconnected by diverse structural , harmonic and melodic elements tying together all movements in each sonata , as well as all three sonatas together ; consequently , they are often regarded as a trilogy . They also contain specific allusions and similarities to other Schubert compositions , such as his Winterreise song cycle ; these connections point to turbulent emotions expressed in the sonatas , often understood as highly personal and autobiographical . Indeed , some researchers have suggested specific psychological narratives for the sonatas , based on historical evidence concerning the composer 's life . = = Historical background = = The last year of Schubert 's life was marked by growing public acclaim for the composer 's works , but also by the gradual deterioration of his health . On March 26 , 1828 , together with other musicians in Vienna , Schubert gave a public concert of his own works , which was a great success and earned him a considerable profit . In addition , two new German publishers took an interest in his works , leading to a short period of financial well @-@ being . However , by the time the summer months arrived , Schubert was again short of money and had to cancel some journeys he had previously planned . Schubert had been struggling with syphilis since 1822 – 23 , and suffered from weakness , headaches and dizziness . However , he seems to have led a relatively normal life until September 1828 , when new symptoms such as effusions of blood appeared . At this stage he moved from the Vienna home of his friend Franz von Schober to his brother Ferdinand 's house in the suburbs , following the advice of his doctor ; unfortunately , this may have actually worsened his condition . However , up until the last weeks of his life in November 1828 , he continued to compose an extraordinary amount of music , including such masterpieces as the three last sonatas . Schubert probably began sketching the sonatas sometime around the spring months of 1828 ; the final versions were written in September . These months also saw the appearance of the Three Piano Pieces , D. 946 , the Mass in E @-@ flat major , D. 950 , the String Quintet , D. 956 , and the songs published posthumously as the Schwanengesang collection ( D. 957 and D. 965A ) , among others . The final sonata was completed on September 26 , and two days later , Schubert played from the sonata trilogy at an evening gathering in Vienna . In a letter to Probst ( one of his publishers ) , dated October 2 , 1828 , Schubert mentioned the sonatas amongst other works he had recently completed and wished to publish . However , Probst was not interested in the sonatas , and by November 19 , Schubert was dead . In the following year Schubert 's brother Ferdinand sold the sonatas ' autographs to another publisher , Anton Diabelli , who would only publish them about ten years later , in 1838 or 1839 . Schubert had intended the sonatas to be dedicated to Johann Nepomuk Hummel , whom he greatly admired . Hummel was a leading pianist , a pupil of Mozart , and a pioneering composer of the Romantic style ( like Schubert himself ) . However , by the time the sonatas were published in 1839 , Hummel was dead , and Diabelli , the new publisher , decided to dedicate them instead to composer Robert Schumann , who had praised many of Schubert 's works in his critical writings . = = Structure = = Schubert 's three last sonatas have many structural features in common . D. 958 can be considered the odd one of the group , with several differences from the remarkably similar structure of D. 959 and D. 960 . First , it is in a minor key , and this is the primary departure that determines its other differences from its companions . Accordingly , the major / minor scheme is alternated , with main material being minor , and digressions and the slow movement set in the major . Its opening Allegro is considerably more concise than those of the other two sonatas , and does not make use of the expansive time @-@ dilating modulatory quasi @-@ development passages that so strongly characterize the other two opening movements . Furthermore , its slow movement follows an ABABA form instead of the ABA form of the other two sonatas . Its third movement , instead of a scherzo , is a slightly less lively , more subdued minuet . Finally , the finale is in a sonata form rather than rondo @-@ sonata form . However , these differences are relative and are significant only in comparison to the extreme similarity of D. 959 and D. 960 . Those two are similar to the extent that they can be considered variations on an identical compositional template , having no major structural differences . All three sonatas , most importantly , share a common dramatic arc and make considerable and identical use of cyclic motives and tonal relationships to weave musical @-@ narrative ideas through the work . Each sonata consists of four movements , in the following order : First movement in moderate or fast tempo , and in sonata form . The exposition consists of two or three thematic and tonal areas and , as common in the Classical style , moves from tonic to dominant ( in major mode works ) or to the relative major ( in minor mode works ) . However , as often with Schubert , the harmonic scheme of the exposition involves additional , intermediate tonalities , which may be quite remote from the tonic @-@ dominant axis , and sometimes imbue certain expository passages with the character of a development section . The main themes of the exposition are often in ternary form , with their middle section digressing to a different tonality . The themes generally do not form symmetrical periods , and irregular phrase lengths are prominent . The exposition ends with a repeat sign . The development section opens with an abrupt turn into a new tonal area . A new theme , based on a melodic fragment from the second thematic group of the exposition , is presented in this section over recurrent rhythmic figuration , and then developed , undergoing successive transformations . The first thematic group returns in the recapitulation with different or additional harmonic digressions ; the second group returns unaltered , only transposed a fourth up . The short coda maintains the tonic key and mainly soft dynamics , achieving a resolution of the movement 's conflicts and ending pianissimo . Slow second movement , in a key different from the tonic , and in A – B – A ( ternary ) or A – B – A – B – A form . The main sections ( A and B ) are contrasted in key and character , A is slow and meditative ; B is more intense and animated . The movement begins and ends slowly and quietly . Third dance movement ( Scherzo or minuet ) in the tonic , in overall A – B – A ternary form , with a trio in either ternary or binary form , and in a conventionally related key ( relative major , subdominant , and parallel minor respectively ) . They are based on their sonata 's first movements , with a similar tonal scheme and / or motivic reference . The B section of each piece features tonalities serving important dramatic functions in previous movements . Each features animated , playful figurations for the right hand and abrupt changes in register . Finale in moderate or fast tempo , and in sonata or rondo @-@ sonata form . The themes of the finales are characterized by long passages of melody accompanied by relentless flowing rhythms . The exposition has no repeat written in . The development section is more ordinary in style than that of the first movement , with frequent modulations , sequences , and fragmentation of the exposition 's first theme ( or the main theme of the rondo ) . The recapitulation closely resembles the exposition , with the minimal harmonic changes needed to end the section in the tonic : the first theme returns in a shortened version ; the second theme returns unaltered , only transposed a fourth up . The coda is based on the exposition 's first theme . It is composed of two parts , the first quiet and attenuated , creating a sense of expectation , the second animated , dissipating the final tension in decisive , agitated motion and ending with fortissimo tonic chords and octaves . = = = Sonata in C minor , D. 958 = = = I. Allegro . The opening is dramatic , with a fully voiced forte C minor chord . The voice @-@ leading of this passage outlines a chromatic ascent to A @-@ flat – this will be the first instance of a remarkable degree of chromaticism in the sonata as a whole . The most salient feature of the first theme is the sudden modulatory digression to A @-@ flat major , established by a rushing downward scale initiated by the final achievement of this key in the ascending voice of the minor theme . The exposition shifts from the tonic to the relative major ( E @-@ flat major ) , touching midway upon its parallel minor ( E @-@ flat minor ) , all in accordance with Classical practice . This second theme , a hymn @-@ like E @-@ flat major melody in four @-@ part harmony , greatly contrasts with the first , though its melodic contour is prefigured in the sudden A @-@ flat major departure . Both themes progress somewhat in the style of variations , and are structured with irregular phrase lengths . The development section is highly chromatic , and is texturally and melodically distinct from the exposition . The recapitulation is once again traditional , staying in the tonic and stressing subdominant tonalities ( D @-@ flat , the lowered second degree – in the first theme ) . The coda returns to the material of the development section , but with stable tonality , dying out in a dark series of cadences in low register . II . Adagio in A @-@ flat major , A – B – A – B – A form . Nostalgic in its traditional classical character ( one of the few instrumental adagios Schubert wrote ) , the opening theme of this movement is an elegant , touching melody that eventually undergoes remarkable tonal and cadential treatment , undermining the peaceful setting . Charles Fisk has pointed out that the voice @-@ leading of the first phrase , 1 – 7 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 3 , is based on the initial A @-@ flat digression in the beginning of the Allegro . The unorthodox , chromatic harmonic structure of this movement is generated from a short progression that appears towards the end of the A section , leading to a plagal cadence in the subdominant key ( D @-@ flat ) , chromatically colored with its own minor subdominant chord ( G @-@ flat minor ) . The importance of this progression and of D @-@ flat in general is emphasized by its quotation in a climax of the finale 's exposition . This diversion of the main theme 's expected cadence leads to the haunted atmosphere of the B section , which is full of chromatic modulations and startling sforzandos . In the second appearance of the A and B sections , almost the entire music is shifted a semitone up , further cementing the importance of the ascending minor 2nd in the sonata as a whole . The focal plagal progression returns transformed at the end of the movement , with even subtler chromatic coloration and more distant modulations , touching on C major , before the piece finally ends in the tonic , the theme now weakened and given an illusory quality due to the evasion of cadences , free modulation , and tendency toward digression into troubled minor passages . III . Menuetto : Allegro – Trio . This is a somber movement , quite distinct from the typical atmosphere of dance movements . It is relatively conservative in its key scheme , moving to the relative major key and back to the tonic . In the B section , a sequence of hemiolas is interrupted by a dramatic interpolation in A @-@ flat major , referencing the departure to this key in the opening of the Allegro with the added minor 6th . The second A section is a transformation of the first , interrupted every four bars by a silent bar , creating a mysterious atmosphere . The trio is in A @-@ flat major , ternary form , with a B section beginning in E @-@ flat major colored by its own minor 6th , and modulating to G @-@ flat major via the parallel minor . IV . Allegro . This movement is written in 6 / 8 and in tarantella style , and is characterised by a relentless galloping rhythm calling on demanding pianistic effects with frequent hand @-@ crossing and leaps across registers . It employs the three @-@ key exposition , a recurrent element in Schubert 's style . The first theme shifts from C minor to C major – another Schubertian feature , and contains many allusions to D @-@ flat major , which finally becomes established in a climactic reference to the Adagio 's characteristic plagal cadence . The second theme , proceeding with the enharmonic parallel minor of this cadence ( C @-@ sharp minor ) , further develops the cadence in its alternation of tonic and subdominant tonalities . After a series of modulations , the exposition ends in the traditional relative major , E @-@ flat . The development section begins in C @-@ flat with a new theme , derived from the last bars of the exposition . Later on , additional material from the exposition is developed , gradually building up towards a climax . The recapitulation is also written in three keys ; the first theme is drastically shortened , and this time the second theme veers to B @-@ flat minor , the result being that the closing section appears in the traditional tonic . The coda begins with a long anticipatory passage which stresses A @-@ flat , the submediant , and then reintroduces the first theme , restoring the most of the music omitted from its reprise . This last passage is characterized by sweeping arpeggios with violent dynamic contrasts - a series of subito fortissimo decaying to piano , following the rise and fall of the melody . On the last iteration , the melody hits triple forte at the zenith of its register and then plunges four octaves in a descending arpeggio , poco a poco diminuendo al pianissimo . An emphatic cadence then concludes the piece . = = = Sonata in A major , D. 959 = = = I. Allegro . The sonata begins with a forte , heavily textured chordal fanfare emphasizing a low A pedal and duple @-@ meter stepwise diatonic ascent in thirds in the middle voices , followed immediately by quiet descending triplet arpeggios punctuated by light chords outlining a chromatic ascent . These highly contrasting phrases provide the motivic material for much of the sonata . The second theme is a lyrical melody written in four @-@ part harmony . The exposition follows standard classical practice by modulating from tonic ( A ) to dominant ( E ) for the second theme , even preparing the latter tonality with its own V – the only first movement to do so in the mature Schubert . Despite this traditional approach , both exposition themes are built in an innovative ternary form , and in each resulting ' B ' section a highly chromatic development @-@ like section based on the exposition 's second phrase modulates through the circle of fourths , only to return to the tonic . This novel structure creates a sense of harmonic movement without actually committing to a thematic modulation , and is one of the techniques Schubert uses to achieve a sense of scale in the movement . The development proper is based on a scalar variation of the second theme heard at the end of the exposition . Here , in contrast to the striking modulatory excursions nested in the exposition , the tonal plan is static , shifting constantly between C major and B major ( later B minor ) . After the development theme is finally stated in the tonic minor , the dramatic retransition has the unconventional role of only shifting to the major mode to prepare the recapitulation , rather than fully preparing the tonic key ( which in this case has already been established ) . The recapitulation is traditional – staying in the tonic , and emphasizing the tonic minor and the flat submediant ( F major ) as subdominant tonalities . The coda restates the first theme , this time in a much more ' hesitant ' manner , pianissimo and with further allusions to subdominant tonalities . The movement ends with serene arpeggios ; however , for the penultimate chord , Schubert chose a striking Italian sixth on ♭ II , instead of the more usual dominant or diminished seventh chords . This choice is not arbitrary – it is a final statement of the chromatically @-@ based ascending minor second motive that pervaded the movement , a motive that will be reversed into a descending minor second in the following movement . II . Andantino in F @-@ sharp minor , A – B – A form . The A section presents a sparse , lamenting , poignant melody , full of sighing gestures ( portrayed by descending seconds ) . This theme , despite its vastly different character , references the opening bars of the Allegro , an aforementioned source of much of the sonata 's material – the Andantino 's first measure shares with the fanfare a second @-@ beat bass note ' echo ' after the downbeat on A , creating an audible rhythmic affinity ; additionally , the quiet close of the A theme features the fanfare 's characteristic pattern of stepwise thirds in the middle voices enclosed between tonic octaves . The middle section is of an improvisatory , fantasia @-@ like character , with extremely harsh modulations and sonorities , culminating in C @-@ sharp minor with fortissimo chords . The chromaticism , triplet emphasis , and modulatory patterns of this section are all reminiscent of the developments nested within the Allegro 's exposition . After the C @-@ sharp minor climax ( according to Fisk , a key of great importance in the cycle due to its relation to Der Wanderer ) , a recitative section with startling sforzando outbursts emphasizing an ascending minor second leads to a serene phrase in the major mode ( C @-@ sharp major ) , which in turn leads ( as the dominant of F @-@ sharp minor ) back to the A section , here somewhat transformed , with new accompanimental figuration . The final bars of the movement feature rolled chords that prefigure the opening of the following Scherzo . III . Scherzo : Allegro vivace – Trio : Un poco più lento . The A section of the scherzo uses a playful leaping rolled chord figure that is rhythmically and harmonically reminiscent of the opening bars of the sonata . The B section is dominated by the juxtaposition of two distant tonal realms . It commences in C @-@ major for a rollicking theme that is abruptly interrupted by a downward @-@ rushing C @-@ sharp minor scale without any modulatory preparation , in a striking cyclic reference to the climax of the preceding movement 's middle section . Following this outburst , the B section quietly ends in C @-@ sharp minor a grace @-@ note melody identical in contour to a figure from the theme of the Andantino ( 2 – 1 – 7 – 1 – 3 – 1 ) , before modulating back to the movement 's tonic . C major returns in the concluding A section , this time more tonally integrated into its A @-@ major surroundings , by modulatory sequences . The ternary form trio in D major uses hand crossing to add melodic accompaniment to the chordal theme , and is rhythmically and harmonically based on the opening of the Allegro . IV . Rondo : Allegretto – Presto . This lyrical rondo movement consists of relentless flowing triplet movement and endless songful melody . Its form is a sonata @-@ rondo ( A – B – A – development – A – B – A – coda ) . The Rondo 's main and opening theme is taken from the slow movement of the sonata D. 537 of 1817 . Charles Fisk has pointed out that this theme would make musical sense as a response subsequent to the questioning leading tone that closes the Allegro 's opening fanfare ; in this capacity the Rondo 's lyricism is the dramatically delayed final goal of the sonata . The second thematic group is written in the traditional dominant key ; however , it is very long , modulating through many different subdominant tonalities . The development section , in contrast , culminates in a long passage in C @-@ sharp minor with a climax characterized by a tension @-@ building ambiguity between E major and C @-@ sharp minor and a greatly prolonged evasion of a cadence . This leads to a false recapitulation in F @-@ sharp major , which then modulates to begin again in the home key . In the coda , the main theme returns fragmented , with full bar pauses , which lead each time to unexpected changes of key . This is followed by an agitated presto section , based on the final bars of the main theme , and the sonata concludes with a bold evocation of its very opening measures , with an ascending arpeggio ( essentially an inversion of the descending figure from the Allegro 's second phrase ) , followed by a fortissimo full statement of the opening fanfare in retrograde . = = = Sonata in B @-@ flat major , D. 960 = = = I. Molto moderato . This movement employs a three @-@ key exposition . The first theme introduces a G @-@ flat trill that anticipates the following harmonic events – a shift to G @-@ flat major in the central section of the main theme , and , after a return to the tonic , an enharmonic shift to F @-@ sharp minor at the start of the second theme . After a colorful harmonic excursion , the third tonal area arrives in the traditional dominant key ( F major ) . In contrast to the previous sonatas , here the development section elaborates on several different themes from the exposition . It reaches a dramatic climax in D minor , in which the first theme is presented , fluctuating between D minor and the home key , in a manner similar to the parallel passage from the previous sonata ( see above ) . In the recapitulation , the bass line in the first theme rises to B @-@ flat instead of descending to F ( as in the exposition ) , and the second theme enters in B minor , instead of F @-@ sharp minor . The rest of the exposition is repeated without alterations , transposed a fourth up , meaning that it returns to the home key , B @-@ flat , for the third tonal area . The coda once again recalls the first theme , although only fragmentarily . II . Andante sostenuto . This movement is written in ternary form , and the key of C @-@ sharp minor – " the most tonally remote inner movement in Schubert 's mature instrumental works in sonata form " . In the main section , a somber melody is presented over a relentless rocking rhythm . The central section is written in A major , and presents a choral melody over an animated accompaniment ; it later touches upon B @-@ flat major , the sonata 's home key . The main section returns with a variant of the original accompanying rhythm . This time , the tonal scheme is more unusual : after a half cadence on the dominant , a sudden , mysterious harmonic shift introduces the remote key of C major . This eventually turns into E major , and proceeds as before . The coda shifts to the tonic major , but is still haunted by glimpses of the minor mode . III . Scherzo : Allegro vivace con delicatezza – Trio . The first part of the scherzo proper cadences not in the tonic or dominant , but in the subdominant . The second , B part , continues to modulate by ascending fourths , until it reaches the key of D @-@ flat major . In this key , a new theme is presented , emphasizing the local subdominant ( G @-@ flat major , a further fourth upward ) – first in the major mode , then in the minor , with an enharmonic shift to F @-@ sharp minor . This harmonic excursion eventually leads , through A major and a B diminished triad , back to the tonic and the opening section . The trio is in binary form and in B @-@ flat minor , the first presentation of the tonic minor in the sonata . IV . Allegro ma non troppo – Presto . The finale has the same structure as that of the previous sonata . Many elements of this movement imply large @-@ scale resolution of harmonic and thematic conflicts established earlier in this and even the two previous sonatas . The main rondo theme opens with an ' empty ' octave on G , which resolves to C minor , subsequently interpreted as ii of V in B @-@ flat major . Brendel asserts that this theme , beginning in the ambiguous G / Cm , functions as a resolution of the troubling G ♭ trill presented in the very beginning of the sonata , using G ♭ to resolve to F major as V of B @-@ flat . The second theme , in ternary form , is written in the traditional key of the dominant , with a central section in D major ; it consists of an extended , characteristically Schubertian stepwise melody played over an uninterrupted flow of semiquavers . This second theme uses the same melodic contour ( 5 @-@ 8 @-@ 7 @-@ 6 @-@ 6 @-@ 5- ( 5 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 3 ) ) of the remarkable C major modulation in the final A section of the second movement , implying further connotations of conflict resolution . After an abrupt end to the second theme and a pregnant pause , a minor dotted @-@ rhythm chordal theme in F @-@ minor suddenly enters fortissimo , elaborating and modulating before sublimating into a pianissimo version of itself in the parallel major . This third theme is highly similar in rhythm and melodic contour as well as left hand pattern to the tarantella of the C minor sonata , which may not be a coincidence when considering the overall high level of cyclic connection between the sonatas . This theme evolves into a rhythmic segue that leads seamlessly back to the main theme of the rondo . The development section , based entirely on the rhythmic pattern of the main rondo theme , is characterised by juxtaposed eighth notes and triplets , reaching a climax on C @-@ flat major , from which the bass descends in chromatic modulation eventually to G in an extended diminuendo to return to the main theme . In the coda , the main theme is fragmented in a manner also similar to the finale of the previous sonata ; in a highly chromatic and unstable progression , the octave on G here descends through G @-@ flat to F , in an extension of the G @-@ G ♭ -F resolution of the theme . After finally reaching this dominant preparation for the final time , the movement closes with an exceedingly triumphant and affirming presto section that totally resolves all dramatic conflicts in the sonata and the series . = = Compositional process = = The compositional process of the last sonatas can be studied owing to the almost complete survival of their manuscripts . According to these , the sonatas were written in two stages – a preliminary sketch ( the first draft ) and a full , mature final version ( the fair copy ) . The sketches were written during the spring and summer of 1828 , possibly even earlier . The inner movements were sketched up to the final bar , while the outer , sonata @-@ form movements were only sketched up to the beginning of the recapitulation and in the coda . In the sketches , passages from different movements ( or even different sonatas ) sometimes appear on the same leaf ; such evidence suggests that the last two sonatas were composed in parallel , at least in part . Furthermore , in the B @-@ flat Sonata , Schubert sketched the finale before completing the first movement , unlike his usual practice , in which finales were conceived at a later stage . The final versions of the sonatas convey the impression of a single unit , and were likely notated in close succession during September 1828 . The sonatas were labeled Sonate I , II , III , respectively , and Schubert wrote at the bottom of the last folio of the third sonata the date September 26 . As compared to the sketches , the final versions are written much more neatly and orderly , with full notation and greater care for small details . A thorough study of the emendations that Schubert edited into the final versions , in comparison with his sketches , reveals many insights . " Examination of Schubert 's sketches for the sonatas reveals him as highly self @-@ critical ; moreover , it shows that the ' heavenly lengths ' of the sonatas were actually a later addition , not conceived from the start . In his subsequent corrections , Schubert elaborated on his themes and expanded them , giving them more ' musical space ' " , in Alfred Brendel 's words . In the revision , Brendel continues , " proportions are rectified , details start to tell , fermatas suspend time . Rests clarify the structure , allowing breathing space , holding the breath or listening into silence " . The major emendations in the final versions can be summarized as follows : The most frequent modification is expansion of the original material . The expansions frequently repeat preceding measures or consist of rests or left @-@ hand figurations without the melody , providing a pause in the motion . This is especially noticeable in the Adagio , minuet and finale of the C minor Sonata , the middle section of the Andantino in the A major Sonata , and the first movement of the B @-@ flat Sonata . Changes in the tempo or meter indications , mainly in the opening movements : D.958 / I was originally marked Allegro moderato ; D.959 / I was originally in alla breve time ; D.959 / II was originally marked Andante ; and D.960 / I was originally marked Moderato . Some of the major cyclic elements in the sonatas were only added in the final version . This includes the final bars of the A major Sonata , which consist of a cancrizans of its opening ; and the arpeggiation at the end of the slow movement of the same work , which anticipates the opening of the scherzo . Classical @-@ type sonata @-@ form transitions , going from tonic to dominant , were also modified . In the opening movement of the A major Sonata , the transition was originally written a fourth higher ; as it appears , only after figuring out the recapitulation , did Schubert decide to transpose the transition in the exposition in accordance with the recapitulation 's harmonic scheme , thus creating the more Classical type transition that establishes V of V , found in no other opening movement in late Schubert . In the analogous place in the finale of the same sonata , Schubert started writing the transition but eventually discarded it and started again , once he realized he was still in the tonic , rather than establishing the dominant . These examples demonstrate the weakening of the tonic @-@ dominant axis in Schubert 's harmonic thinking , and his general " aversion to the dominant " . Two passages in the sonatas were radically modified : the development section in the finale of the A major Sonata , and the middle section in the slow movement of the B @-@ flat Sonata . In addition to the differences mentioned above , numerous other , local modifications of the structure , harmony or texture were applied to the original material . In these modifications , certain uniquely ' daring ' original progressions were occasionally toned down , whereas in other places , the new version was even bolder than its predecessor . = = Unifying elements and cyclicism = = Schubert composed his three last sonatas in close succession ; furthermore , he intended to publish them together as a set , as evident by the sonatas ' titles . In support of this view that the sonatas are a single unity , pianist and scholar Alfred Brendel has found profound musical links between the sonatas . He has argued that the sonatas complement each other in their different characters , and demonstrated that the entire	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
led to the creation of the New England Confederation in 1643 . This organization was a loose confederation of the Connecticut , Massachusetts Bay , New Haven , and Plymouth Colonies , principally established to coordinate defense against common threats . For Connecticut , the major threats came from Indians and from the Dutch of the New Netherlands to the west . In particular , the smaller colonies benefited from this confederation at the expense of the significantly more populous Massachusetts colony . During his terms in office , he was called upon to mediate disputes between local Indians and to negotiate with Dutch representatives of the New Netherlands , who claimed land south of Hartford on the Connecticut River . When one Dutch trader complained about the seizure by some Englishmen of land he claimed , Haynes responded that because the Dutchman had done nothing to develop the land , and that because " it was a sin to let such rich land ... lie uncultivated " , he had effectively forfeited his claim . This dispute resulted in minor military confrontations between the English and Dutch in the 1640s and was resolved temporarily in the 1650 Treaty of Hartford , in which the Dutch ceded their claims on the river . Some territorial disputes continued even after the English took New Netherlands from the Dutch in 1664 , and the territory described in the Duke of York 's charter overlapped that of Connecticut . = = Death and legacy = = Contrary to the engraved date on his tombstone in Hartford 's Ancient Burying Ground , Haynes did not die on March 1 , 1653 / 4 . A letter , written by John Winthrop , Jr. on January 9 , 1653 / 4 , mentions his recent death . The Connecticut General Court issued a statement on March 6 , calling for a " day of humiliation " following the " sudden death of our late Governor " . Haynes ' son , Hezekiah , a military officer who served in the English Civil War , noted that his father had invested between £ 7 @,@ 000 and £ 8 @,@ 000 in the colony " to the ruine of his famylye in Englande " ; his estate was valued at about £ 1 @,@ 500 . Haynes was a significant landowner in the Hartford area , and he and Edward Hopkins operated a mill in the town . Haynes ' daughter Ruth married Samuel Wyllys , the son of another Connecticut founder , George Wyllys . Their descendants have continued the legacy of political involvement in Connecticut and elsewhere . = National Assembly Building of Slovenia = The National Assembly Building ( Slovene : Zgradba Državnega zbora , also colloqually the Parliament ( Parlament ) in Ljubljana , the capital of Slovenia , is a modernist palace housing the legislature of Slovenia . Built between 1954 and 1959 by the architect Vinko Glanz , it is a three @-@ storey building with an area of 2 @,@ 200 m2 ( 24 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . It is located on the Republic Square in the center of Ljubljana . Annual visitor numbers are around 13 @,@ 000 . Despite its name , the building houses both the National Assembly ( lower house ) and the National Council ( upper house ) of the legislature . The building is an officially protected monument , led in records as the People 's Assembly Building of the Republic of Slovenia ( Skupščina Republike Slovenije ) . It was opened on 19 February 1959 as the Palace of the People 's Assembly ( Palača Ljudske skupščine ) , because it was built in the time when the Socialist Republic of Slovenia had a People 's Assembly . = = Construction = = The Cathedral of Freedom is an unrealised project of the Slovenian Parliament building , designed by the architect Jože Plečnik in 1949 . It featured a large cone @-@ shaped roof of 394 feet ( 120 m ) high but failed to result in any action . A new legislature building was thereafter planned by the architect Vinko Glanz , a much more conservative and modest design than either of the Plečnik concepts , being an austere modernist palace with no monumental elements or decorations save a large sculptural group of bronze figures framing its main portico . Work began in 1954 on construction of the building to Glanz 's plans , using Tehnika , a Ljubljana construction firm . Part of the ethos was that local building materials should be used , such as wood , stone and marble . 27 master craftsmen were also used for the metalwork and joinery . It was completed in 1959 . = = = Opening = = = The building , opened as the Palace of the People 's Assembly , hosted the first session of the People 's Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia on 19 February 1959 . For its first 32 years , the building held meetings of the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia . Following the independence of Slovenia in 1991 , it gave way to use by the Slovenian Parliament : both the National Assembly and the National Council . = = Design = = = = = Exterior architecture = = = The four @-@ storey building is externally austere . A freestanding cube , the main façade faces Republic Square and is inlaid with Karst marble , with green Oplotnica granite below each window . The only decorative element is the two storey main portal – four oak doors surrounded by statues by Zdenko Kalin and Karel Putrih which represent working people . = = = Interior = = = Inside , the building is furnished with paintings and frescoes by a selection of Slovenian artists . The largest , a 67 @.@ 4 by 1 @.@ 4 metres ( 221 @.@ 1 by 4 @.@ 6 ft ) wall painting by the 20th century mural artist Slavko Pengov , extends across the length of the entrance hall and illustrates the history of Slovenians . Created in 1958 and 1959 , the mural portrays events including the Revolutions of 1848 , the First World War and the 1918 creation of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , the Second World War and national liberation , and the creation of socialist Yugoslavia and homeland reconstruction . The walls of the first @-@ floor corridor are furnished with portraits of former Presidents of the National Assembly . Following the 1991 independence of Slovenia , the building 's interior has been refurbished several times to suit the desideratum of the new Slovenian Parliament . The center of the building is occupied by the 422 m2 ( 4 @,@ 540 sq ft ) , 150 seat Great Hall , where the National Assembly convenes . Formerly rectangular , it was renovated into an amphitheater in 2000 . Each seat has a microphone , an automatic voting system , plug socket and access to the National Assembly 's computer network . The chair facing the doors to the hall is for the President of the National Assembly . Behind it , a bronze relief of the coat of arms of Slovenia is positioned on the marble wall . The sculptor Marko Pogačnik created the work in 1991 to celebrate independence . There is also a 106 @-@ seat gallery for the public and guests to view the Great Hall . The National Council holds its meetings in the Small Hall , on the ground floor . The room is also used for public presentations and conferences . = = Incidents = = On 18 May 2010 , the front façade of the building , made of rare green tonalite , was severely damaged by students who threw granite rocks removed from a nearby pavement at the building 's main entrance . The incident happened during a large student protest against the proposed law on the introduction of mini jobs that would curb student work and changes to scholarship policy . Repairs to the building were estimated at 27 @,@ 000 euros . = 64th ( 2nd Staffordshire ) Regiment of Foot = The 64th ( 2nd Staffordshire ) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army . The regiment was created as the 2nd Battalion , 11th Regiment of Foot in 1756 , redesignated as the 64th Regiment of Foot in 1758 , and took a county title as the 64th ( 2nd Staffordshire ) Regiment of Foot in 1782 . Following the Cardwell Reforms the regiment amalgamated with the 98th ( Prince of Wales 's ) Regiment of Foot to become The Prince of Wales 's ( North Staffordshire Regiment ) in 1881 . In the new regiment the 64th Foot became the 1st Battalion due to its seniority over the 98th Foot . Although the 64th Foot fought in many of the major conflicts of the late 18th and early 19th centuries , it was normally in the more minor theatres of these conflicts . During the Seven Years ' War it served in the West Indies ; in the Napoleonic Wars , its role was limited , again , to the West Indies and South America . In the mid @-@ 19th century , it fought in the Anglo @-@ Persian War and the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , where one of its soldiers was awarded the Victoria Cross . = = Formation = = The formation of the 64th Foot was prompted by the expansion of the army as a result of the commencement of the Seven Years ' War . On 25 August 1756 it was ordered that a number of existing regiments should raise a second battalion , among those chosen was the 11th Foot . The 2nd Battalion of the 11th Foot was raised at Southampton in 1756 before moving to Newcastle upon Tyne . On 21 April 1758 the War Office ordered that the 2nd battalions raised two years previously should be become independent regiments in their own right and on that day the 2nd Battalion 11th Foot became the 64th Foot . Shortly after King George II ordered that the dates of seniority of the 64th Foot and the other regiments created on 21 April 1758 should be backdated to the date of their raising as 2nd battalions , therefore the date seniority of the 64th Foot became 1756 . The first colonel of the regiment was the Honourable John Barrington and it was he who decided that the facings of the 64th Foot should be black . = = Seven Years ' War = = Almost immediately after becoming the 64th Foot , the regiment was sent to the West Indies . Upon arrival , in 1759 , it took part in the unsuccessful attempt to take Martinique and then in the successful invasion of Guadeloupe . Participation in this action earned the regiment its first battle honour Guadaloupe 1759 , though this honour was not actually awarded until 1909 . The regiment returned to England in June 1759 severely reduced in numbers by men drafted to other units and by tropical disease . On arrival at Portsmouth only 137 other ranks out of an establishment strength of 790 were fit for duty , though officer strength was almost up to strength . Recovery took a long time and after a brief period in Suffolk the regiment spent three years in the Scottish Highlands and five years in Ireland before sailing for North America in 1768 . = = North America and the American War of Independence = = The first posting for the 64th in America was Boston , at the time a centre of discontent and an unhappy posting as a result . In 1770 the regiment moved to Halifax , Nova Scotia but in 1772 returned to Boston being stationed at Castle William . As unrest grew the 64th took place in an incident which lays a claim to the first blood of the American War of Independence being shed in Salem , Massachusetts . On 26 February 1775 a supply of weapons and ammunition was known to be in Salem . The 64th , under their commander Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Leslie , were ordered to seize the weapons . American patriots in Salem were forewarned and tried to prevent the 64th from carrying out their orders . In the scuffle that ensued a local Salem man , Joseph Whicher , was slightly injured by a British bayonet . Negotiations prevented any further bloodshed and the 64th withdrew to Boston , their mission a failure . On the outbreak of hostilities in April 1775 , the 64th was still stationed at Castle William and remained there as the garrison throughout the Siege of Boston . Consequently , the regiment did not take part in the Battle of Bunker Hill . When , in March 1776 , the British abandoned Boston , the 64th were the last regiment to depart for Halifax , giving them the distinction of being the last British unit to set foot in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts during the war . Following the reorganisation of the army the 64th , like most regiments , found itself without its flank ( grenadier and light infantry ) companies which had been detached to form part of the 2nd Grenadier and 2nd Light Infantry Battalions respectively . All three battalions took part in the 1776 capture of New York and the 64th was engaged in the later Battle of Ridgefield . In 1777 all three units participated in the Philadelphia campaign , taking part in the Battle of Brandywine , the Battle of Paoli and the Battle of Germantown . Remaining in Philadelphia over the winter and into 1778 , the 64th and 2nd Grenadier Battalion formed part of the rearguard when Lieutenant @-@ General Clinton evacuated the city in June 1778 . Returning to New York , the 64th took part in several small operations . The Light company took part in the skirmish that became known as the Baylor Massacre . November 1779 saw all the companies of the regiment being transferred to the Southern theatre of operations . In April 1780 the 64th was part of the covering force besieging Charleston , while the grenadier and light companies formed part of the main siege force . After the capture of Charleston , the grenadier and light companies were withdrawn to New York and as Major @-@ General Cornwallis began to advance on Virginia , the 64th remained in Carolina as guard troops . In 1781 the 64th were involved in the Battle of Eutaw Springs and a year later in one of the last actions of the war , the Battle of the Combahee River . The grenadier company was reunited with the 64th but the light company was among the units that surrendered with Cornwallis at Yorktown . In December 1782 the regiment left America for Jamaica . Back in England , a change occurred in army policy , to hopefully increase recruiting , infantry regiments were given additional territorial titles . The 64th became the 64th ( 2nd Staffordshire ) Foot and began its long association with the city of Lichfield as the depot companies moved there and soon after began to wear the Staffordshire Knot on its uniform . = = Napoleonic Wars = = Following the defeat in America , the 64th remained in Jamaica for two years , returning to England in 1783 . Four years later the regiment was stationed in Ireland , before sailing once more for the West Indies in 1793 at the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars . At the end of the Seven Years ' War both Martinique and Guadeloupe had been returned to France under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . From Barbados the 64th Foot took part in the invasion of Martinique in early 1794 . As before the flank companies were detached from the rest of the regiment but all three elements were involved in the actions in Martinique . This short but successful campaign earned the regiment its second battle honour , Martinique 1794 — although as with the earlier Guadeloupe honour , it was not actually awarded until 1909 . The light and grenadier companies were involved in the capture , shortly afterwards , of St Lucia and the recapture of Guadeloupe . A short period as garrison duty followed and then the regiment returned to England , severely weakened by both losses in battle and sickness , mostly yellow fever . Sir Charles Grey , commander of the British forces in the West Indies , estimated that he had lost 5 @,@ 000 out of 7 @,@ 000 troops in less than six months . The regiment returned to England in 1795 , before moving to Gibraltar and then Ireland , where it played a minor part in suppressing the 1798 rebellion . The 64th returned to England in 1800 . Within months the 64th had returned to the West Indies for a campaign of seizing islands held by , variously , France , The Netherlands and Denmark . The first island to fall was the Franco @-@ Dutch island of Saint Martin . This was followed by the Dutch island of St Eustatius and the Danish islands of Saint Thomas , Saint John and Saint Croix . With the signing of the Treaty of Amiens , which restored to France and its allies all territories conquered by the British , the 64th were withdrawn to Barbados . Peace did not last long and in 1803 war with France broke out again . The 64th was immediately in action being part of an expeditionary force that took St Lucia , earning the battle honour St Lucia 1803 — the award of this honour was more timely , it being awarded in 1818 . The expedition continued onto the South American mainland with the capture of Dutch held Surinam in 1804 . A fourth battle honour , Surinam , was awarded — again in 1818 . Garrison duties kept the 64th in Surinam for the next nine years meaning that the regiment played no further part in the Napoleonic Wars . A move to Halifax , Nova Scotia in 1813 found the 64th providing the funeral guard for James Lawrence , Captain of the USS Chesapeake after the capture of the Chesapeake . In 1815 the regiment returned to Europe to be sent to France as part of the Army of Occupation after the Battle of Waterloo . = = Years of peace = = It was to be 1856 before the regiment found itself on active service again . In the interim there had been a short spell in England , a long posting in Gibraltar , several years in Ireland , another six @-@ year tour in the West Indies — where once again fever caused much suffering . These were followed by a short three @-@ year tour in Canada which provided one item of note . On the voyage home two companies , under the command of Captain James Draper , and about 100 women and children were on board the barque Alert when the ship hit a reef about 100 miles out of Halifax . The ship was refloated but in a heavy sea was at risk of sinking and was taking on water . The master of the Alert decided that the only course of action was to beach the vessel but was worried that the ship was becoming top heavy as the troops and their families made for the upper deck . Captain Draper and the troops were persuaded to remain on the troop deck despite the rising water level . The ship was beached on an uninhabited island and all on board were later rescued . The Duke of Wellington Commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the British army directed that the story of Captain Draper 's detachment be read out to every regiment and corps in the army as an example of the rewards of steadiness and discipline . The two companies were reunited with the rest of the regiment in England , serving in England and Ireland until being posted to India . Based here until 1856 it saw no active service despite being mobilised as part of a Reserve Field Force in Sindh in 1852 . = = Anglo @-@ Persian War = = War between Britain and Persia broke out in 1856 and the 64th , together with the 20th Bombay Native Infantry , formed the 1st Brigade in the expeditionary force assembled for the campaign . Landing in Persia in late November , the regiment took place in battles at Reshire and Bushire . In 1857 the force advanced inland and defeated the Persian field army at Koosh @-@ Ab on 8 February 1857 while the flank companies were involved in action at Ahwaz . Although hostilities lasted for a little over three months , four battle honours were awarded ; Reshire , Bushire , Koosh @-@ Ab and Persia . The 64th were the only British regiment to be awarded all four . = = Indian Rebellion = = Following the Persian campaign the 64th returned to India arriving in Bombay only two weeks after the first unrest had occurred in Meerut . The regiment was immediately ordered to take part in the Cawnpore relief force under Major @-@ General Sir Henry Havelock . The relief force did not reach Cawnpore before the city fell under rebel control , a forced march was therefore ordered and the first clash with the rebel forces occurred at Fatehpur . From there a number of skirmishes took place until the force met with the rebels in a significant engagement at Ahwera on 16 July . It was for his actions in this battle that Lieutenant Henry Havelock of the 10th Foot was awarded the Victoria Cross . This award created considerable discontent within the 64th as the citation inferred that it was only due to Lt Havelock 's actions that the regiment advanced and achieved its objectives . The matter was referred to Sir Colin Campbell , Commander in Chief , India who upheld the complaint raised and voiced strong criticism of staff officers — Havelock was serving as Aide @-@ de @-@ camp to his father — interfering with regimental officers doing their duty . The relief force entered Cawnpore on 17 July 1857 . Subsequently elements of the regiment played a small part in the relief of Lucknow but the majority of the regiment remained in Cawnpore and it was here that , on 28 November 1857 , Drummer Thomas Flinn won the only Victoria Cross awarded to a member of the regiment for tackling two enemy artillerymen despite having been wounded himself . Subsequently the regiment moved to Fatehgarh and remained there for the rest of the campaign until June 1859 when it returned to Bombay . A single battle honour Lucknow was awarded to the regiment . = = Final years and amalgamation = = On return from India in 1861 , the regiment spent six years in England , moving to Malta in 1867 , then Ireland in 1872 . In 1874 , line infantry battalions were linked in pairs , and the 64th formed a joint depot with the 98th ( Prince of Wales 's ) Regiment of Foot at Limerick . The depot moved to Lichfield , Staffordshire in 1880 . Up to 1879 the 64th was stationed in various parts of the United Kingdom , often performing police duties . The regiment returned to Ireland in 1879 , based at Templemore , County Tipperary and it was based here when it was formally amalgamated with the 98th to become the Prince of Wales 's ( North Staffordshire ) Regiment on 1 July 1881 . The regiment was renamed The North Staffordshire ( The Prince of Wales 's ) Regiment in 1920 . In 1959 the North Staffordshire and South Staffordshire Regiments amalgamated to form The Staffordshire Regiment ( The Prince of Wales 's ) . In September 2007 The Staffordshire Regiment amalgamated with the Cheshire Regiment and the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment to form The Mercian Regiment , in which the Staffords became the 3rd ( Staffordshire ) Battalion . The black facings worn by the 64th Foot are today commemorated by the use of black backing to chevrons and rank insignia by all Warrant Officers and Non @-@ commissioned officers of the Mercian Regiment . = = Battle honours = = Battle honours awarded to the regiment were : Guadaloupe 1759 , Martinique 1794 ( both awarded 1909 ) St. Lucia 1803 , Surinam Anglo @-@ Persian War : Reshire , Bushire , Koosh @-@ Ab , Persia Indian Mutiny : Lucknow = = Colonels of the Regiment = = Colonels of the Regiment were : = = = 64th Regiment of Foot ( 1756 – 1782 ) = = = 1758 – 1759 : Maj @-@ Gen. Hon. John Barrington 1759 : F.M. George Townshend , 1st Marquess Townshend 1759 – 1766 : Gen. Hon. George Cary 1766 – 1790 : Lt @-@ Gen. John Pomeroy = = = 64th ( 2nd Staffordshire ) Regiment of Foot ( 1782 – 1881 ) = = = 1790 – 1808 : Gen. John Leland 1808 : Lt @-@ Gen. William Anne Vilettes 1808 – 1816 : Gen. Henry Wynyard 1816 – 1837 : Lt @-@ Gen. Sir William Henry Pringle , GCB 1837 – 1855 : Gen. Sir Richard Bourke , KCB 1855 – 1867 : Gen. Sir James Freeth , KCB , KH 1867 – 1870 : Lt @-@ Gen. Henry Keane Bloomfield 1870 – 1881 : Gen. Charles Algernon Lewis = The Wedding of River Song = " The Wedding of River Song " is the thirteenth and final episode in the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , and was first broadcast on BBC One on 1 October 2011 . It was written by lead writer and executive producer Steven Moffat and directed by Jeremy Webb . In the episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) attempts to escape his apparent death at the hands of the Silence . River Song ( Alex Kingston ) , whom the Silence had programmed to kill the Doctor , refuses , and they end up in an alternate timeline where all of time is running simultaneously and beginning to disintegrate . The Doctor tries to restore the universe with the help of River and the alternate universe versions of his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ) . It is revealed that he had already planned escape by posing as himself using the shape @-@ shifting Teselecta . " The Wedding of River Song " concludes the story arc of the series and reveals what really happened at the start of the season premiere , " The Impossible Astronaut " . The episode features many returning characters . It also pays tribute to the classic series character Brigadier Lethbridge @-@ Stewart following the death of the character 's actor Nicholas Courtney . One of the last episodes to be filmed for the series , production for " The Wedding of River Song " finished in April 2011 . The episode was watched by a total of 7 @.@ 67 million viewers in the UK , and received positive to mixed reviews from critics . While visual elements were praised , the characters and resolution of the episode received a mixed reception . = = Plot = = = = = Teaser = = = A prelude to the finale was released online 24 September 2011 after the previous episode , " Closing Time " . It shows Area 52 with the clock stuck at 5 : 02 p.m. , where Silence are kept in stasis and River Song is wearing an eye patch in the same fashion as Madame Kovarian . = = = Synopsis = = = The Doctor , aware of his imminent death at the fixed point of time on 22 April 2011 at Lake Silencio in Utah , attempts to track down the Silence to learn why he must die . He encounters the Teselecta shapeshifting robot and its miniaturised crew who are currently posing as one of the members of the Silence ; they offer him any help within their power as he faces his death . Through them , the Doctor is led to the living head of Dorium Maldovar , one of the Doctor 's allies taken by the Order of the Headless Monks ( " A Good Man Goes to War " ) . Dorium reveals that the Silence are dedicated to averting the Doctor 's future , warning him " On the fields of Trenzalore , at the fall of the Eleventh , when no living creature can speak falsely or fail to answer a question will be asked — one that must never be answered . And Silence must fall when the question is asked . " ( " The Time of the Doctor " ) The Doctor continues to refuse to go to Lake Silencio until he discovers his old friend Brigadier Lethbridge @-@ Stewart has died , at which point he accepts his fate . To avoid crossing his own time stream , he gives the Teselecta crew four invitations to Lake Silencio for Amy and Rory , River Song , Canton Everett Delaware III , and a younger version of himself . As shown in " The Impossible Astronaut " , the Doctor joins his friends at Lake Silencio and then approaches the astronaut , now known to be a younger version of River Song , Amy and Rory 's daughter , trained to kill the Doctor by the Silence and Madame Kovarian . River does not want to kill him but is unable to fight the suit 's control , and the Doctor says he forgives her and reminds her that the event is inevitable . River , despite his warning against interfering with a fixed point , surprises the Doctor by draining the astronaut suit 's weapons systems and averting his death . Time becomes " stuck " as a result and begins to disintegrate ; all of Earth 's history begins to run simultaneously at a fixed moment of 5 : 02 p.m. on 22 April 2011 . In London , Holy Roman Emperor Winston Churchill takes the Doctor , his " soothsayer " , out from his locked cell to ask him about the condition of time . The Doctor explains the preceding events , as tally marks begin appearing on his arms , indicating the presence of the Silence . After noticing a Silence nest overhead , they are rescued by Amy and a squad of soldiers under her command . Due to the effects of the crack in her bedroom , Amy is cognizant of the altered timeline , though she is unaware that her trusted captain is her husband Rory . Amy takes the Doctor to " Area 52 " , a hollowed @-@ out Giza pyramid , where they have captured over a hundred Silence and Madame Kovarian . River is also there , aware of the consequences of her actions she refuses to allow the Doctor to touch her , an event that would " unfreeze " time and allow it to resume . They all wear " eyedrives " , external memory eye patches which enable them to avoid the Silence 's effect of erasing themselves from memory . They realise that this was a trap arranged by Kovarian , as the Silence begin to escape confinement and overload the eyedrives , killing their users . The Doctor and River escape to the top of the pyramid while Amy and Rory fight off a wave of Silence and Amy realises who Rory is . Madame Kovarian dislodges her own eyedrive as it begins to overload , but Amy forces it back in place with the intention of killing her as revenge for Kovarian taking her child ( Melody Pond ) away . Amy and Rory regroup with River and the Doctor . River tries to convince the Doctor that this frozen timeline is acceptable and that he does not have to die , but the Doctor explains that all of reality will soon break down . River claims she 'll suffer more than anyone else in the universe if she has to kill the Doctor , despite his horror at the idea . To stop it , the Doctor marries River on the spot and whispers something in her ear , declaring that he had just told her his name . He then requests that River allow him to prevent the universe 's destruction . The two kiss , and reality begins to return to normal . Sometime later , Amy and Rory are visited by River , shortly after the events of " Flesh and Stone " in River 's timeline . When Amy explains that she had recently witnessed the Doctor 's death , River reveals that the Doctor lied when he said he told her his name ; instead he had said " Look into my eye " . The Doctor had asked the Teselecta to masquerade as him at Lake Silencio , and the Doctor and his TARDIS had been miniaturised within it . Elsewhere , the Doctor takes Dorium 's head back to where it was stored and explains that his perceived death will enable him to be forgotten as he had been getting " too big " and drawing too much attention . As the Doctor leaves , Dorium warns of the prophecies that still await him and the question which Dorium calls out after him : " Doctor who ? " = = = Continuity = = = The Doctor mentions the possibility of visiting Rose Tyler and Jack Harkness . He also says that Queen Elizabeth I is still waiting to elope with him as hinted in The End of Time ; this explains why she was so angry in " The Shakespeare Code " . Amy 's office contains the model of the TARDIS she made as a child ( " The Eleventh Hour " ) , along with drawings of various monsters and scenes from her adventures with the Doctor . River Song states that she used her hallucinogenic lipstick on President Kennedy , a possession of hers that was introduced in " The Time of Angels " . One of the Silence calls Rory " the man who dies and dies again " , a reference to the many times he appears to die . In " Forest of the Dead " , River whispers something in the Doctor 's ear that makes him trust her , which the Doctor states just before her death was " my name " and that " There 's only one reason I would ever tell anyone my name " . The episode 's main plot centres around the damage caused by River when she tries to re @-@ write a fixed point in time . The concept of " fixed points " in history which may not be altered , even by the Doctor or his companions , was introduced in The Aztecs ( 1964 ) and was named and explored in the new series with episodes such as " The Fires of Pompeii " and " The Waters of Mars " . When River meets Amy for a bottle of wine , she is wearing military fatigues and says that she " just climbed out of the Byzanthium " , and that she saw Amy there . This refers to events in " Time of Angels " and " Flesh and Stone " ( the " crash of the Byzanthium " first being mentioned in " Silence in the Library " . ) = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = " The Wedding of River Song " concludes the story arc of the Doctor 's apparent death which began in the series opener , " The Impossible Astronaut " and resolves more pieces of River Song 's timeline . Despite this , it leaves ambiguous whether the Doctor and River are legitimately married . Showrunner and episode writer Steven Moffat described it as " a big roller coaster ride of Doctor Who madness " . One of the " mad idea [ s ] " he included in the episode , " Live Chess " , came because Moffat wanted to make chess — which he called " one of the most boring games in the world " — into a dangerous spectator sport . Originally , the script did not include the brief scene with a Dalek ; Moffat had intended to rest the Doctor 's most famous adversary for the sixth series . Amy 's confrontation with Madame Kovarian , a scene which shows what she might have been like had she not met the Doctor , was also added into the script later . Following the death of actor Nicholas Courtney , the Doctor learns in the episode that Courtney 's character Brigadier Lethbridge @-@ Stewart has died peacefully in a nursing home . Moffat said of the reference , " In a story about the Doctor going to his death , it seemed right and proper to acknowledge one of the greatest losses Doctor Who has endured . " Moffat has confirmed that the eyedrives are also a tribute to Courtney , who wore an eye patch when playing an alternative version of the Brigadier in Inferno ( 1970 ) . Several characters reappear in the episode , including Charles Dickens ( Simon Callow ) from " The Unquiet Dead " , Winston Churchill ( Ian McNeice ) from " Victory of the Daleks " , the Silurian doctor Malohkeh ( Richard Hope ) from " The Hungry Earth " / " Cold Blood " , the Teselecta and Captain Carter ( Richard Dillane ) from " Let 's Kill Hitler " , and the Headless Monks and Dorium ( Simon Fisher @-@ Becker ) from " A Good Man Goes to War " . McNeice felt there was room for his character to return , as " Victory of the Daleks " had hinted that he and the Doctor knew each other well . = = = Filming and effects = = = " The Wedding of River Song " was one of the last episodes filmed for the series ; 29 April 2011 was the last day of filming . However , a scene from " Let 's Kill Hitler " was delayed and shot on 11 July 2011 , making that the last day of filming for the series . American television hostess Meredith Vieira recorded her report of Churchill 's return to the Buckingham Senate in front of a green screen while filming a segment for The Today Show 's " Anchors Abroad " segment in May 2011 . Mark Gatiss , who played Gantok , was credited in this episode under the pseudonym " Rondo Haxton " , a homage to the American horror actor Rondo Hatton on whom the character 's look was based ; Gatiss underwent prosthetics to play the part . Gatiss , who has written for Doctor Who , also played Professor Richard Lazarus in " The Lazarus Experiment " ( 2007 ) and provided the voice of Danny Boy in " Victory of the Daleks " . The cast found working with the eye patches strange as they had to act with one eye ; Kingston remarked that it made her " slightly dizzy " . Gillan was allowed to fire a specially @-@ made machine gun used for films . Churchill 's Roman Buckingham Palace was filmed in the Cardiff 's City Council building . The script called for an Indiana Jones style tunnel for the Headless Monks ' chamber , but as that kind of location was not available in Cardiff a set was built instead . The skulls were hand @-@ crafted and required a lot of preparation , so it was one of the first things started for the episode 's production . = = Broadcast and reception = = " The Wedding of River Song " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 1 October 2011 and on the same date in the United States on BBC America . Overnight ratings showed that the episode was watched by 6 @.@ 1 million viewers , the third most @-@ watched programme of the evening and an improvement upon preceding weeks of Doctor Who as well as the previous series finale . Final consolidated figures by the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board were 7 @.@ 67 million viewers , the seventh highest for BBC One and the second most @-@ watched programme for 1 October . It was given an Appreciation Index of 86 , placing it in the " excellent " category . However it was the lowest rated finale since the revival of Doctor Who , with the others scoring an AI of 88 to 91 . = = = Critical reception = = = The episode received positive to mixed reviews from critics , with some reservations over the resolution and character interactions . Dan Martin of The Guardian gave a positive review , believing that the episode " moves along the bigger , 50 @-@ year story and effectively reboots the show " . He particularly praised it for being simplistic , as well as the visuals of all history running together at once . Rachel Tarley , writing for Metro , praising the " gripping race " against time and noting that the script was " snappy and witty throughout , but the episode had its eerie and touching moments where necessary , too " . The A.V. Club 's Keith Phipps gave the episode an A , calling it " pretty close to a perfect season finale " for those not looking for all of the answers . Morgan Jeffery of Digital Spy wrote , " As a piece of Saturday night entertainment , it works — packed full of strong performances , stunning visuals and sharp dialogue . And as the resolution to a series @-@ long arc , it 's mostly satisfactory — though the episode poses as many questions as it answers . " Dave Golder of SFX gave the episode four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars , explaining that he was in conflict whether to rate it five or four stars and calling it " about nine tenths a great , great episode " . He referred to the many concepts of the episode as a " sumptuous confection made mostly out of the finest ingredients " and found the Teselecta resolution a " cool twist " at first but it meant " the whole episode is just an elaborate version of the classic Star Trek : Voyager alternate timeline shtick complete with reset button " . IGN 's Matt Risley rated " The Wedding of River Song " 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 , writing it " managed to tie together plot threads and character arcs without too much Deus Ex Maguffiny predictability and with a whole host of trademark sci @-@ fi spectacle to boot " . Though he thought the wedding " felt a little too rushed to leave any lingering emotional aftertaste " , he praised other emotional moments in the episode and the fact that everyone thinks the Doctor is dead will help the show explore a new angle . Gavin Fuller of The Daily Telegraph called it an " uneven ending " ; he praised it for being " visually clever " and liked the way the Silence were handled , but thought the Teselecta solution was " a bit of a cop @-@ out " . Neela Debnath of The Independent was displeased with the episode , calling it a " brainteaser " that " refused to tie up the loose ends neatly " , and that as a finale it was " underwhelming in terms of drama and overwhelming in terms of information " . However , she praised the fact that Moffat appears to be spreading storylines over several series , believing it " strengthens the show " . On the other hand , HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall thought that the resolutions from the wedding on were " excellent " , but felt it could have done without another alternate universe , as it was similar to the previous finale " The Big Bang " . Maureen Ryan of TV Squad criticised the episode for having too many " bells and whistles " which undermined the emotional moments , especially the wedding , which she did not believe showed that the Doctor was really in love with River . However , she did enjoy " callbacks " to previous episodes such as Churchill and Amy and Rory 's relationship . Charlie Jane Anders of io9 thought it was better than the previous finale , " The Big Bang " , as there were more answers , fun , and a satisfying resolution . However , she was critical of the reason River had to kill the Doctor as well as their relationship , and believed that Amy killing Madame Kovarian was " no substitute " for Amy dealing with what Kovarian had done to her child . = Imperial War Museum North = Imperial War Museum North ( sometimes referred to as IWM North ) is a museum in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester , England . One of five branches of the Imperial War Museum , it explores the impact of modern conflicts on people and society . It is the first branch of the Imperial War Museum to be located in the north of England . The museum occupies a site overlooking the Manchester Ship Canal in Trafford Park , an area which during the Second World War was a key industrial centre and consequently heavily bombed during the Manchester Blitz in 1940 . The area is now home to the Lowry cultural centre and the MediaCityUK development , which stand opposite the museum at Salford Quays . The museum building was designed by architect Daniel Libeskind and opened in July 2002 , receiving 470 @,@ 000 visitors in its first year of opening . It was recognised with awards or prize nominations for its architecture and is a prime example of Deconstructivist architecture . The museum features a permanent exhibition of chronological and thematic displays , supported by hourly audiovisual presentations which are projected throughout the gallery space . The museum also hosts a programme of temporary exhibitions in a separate gallery . Since opening , the museum has operated a successful volunteer programme , which since January 2007 has been run in partnership with Manchester Museum . As part of a national museum , Imperial War Museum North is financed by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport and by self @-@ generated income . Admission is free . = = Planning and construction = = During the 1990s , the Imperial War Museum sought to open a branch in the north of England . Seventy @-@ one sites were offered for consideration by 36 local councils . One such council was that of Hartlepool , in County Durham , for whom a new museum building was designed by architect Sir Norman Foster for a site on Hartlepool 's dockside . In 1992 the Teesside Development Corporation offered the museum , on behalf of Hartlepool council , a total of £ 14 @.@ 4 million towards construction and running costs . However , the National Audit Office later reported that the Corporation 's offer breached government rules and negotiations were abandoned . In January 1999 the then Culture Secretary Chris Smith launched a project to construct the new museum in Trafford , Greater Manchester . The Trafford Park area has strong associations with the Second World War on the British home front ; factories in the area produced Avro Lancaster heavy bombers , and Rolls @-@ Royce Merlin aero engines used by a number of Royal Air Force combat aircraft . By 1945 the area employed 75 @,@ 000 people . The area was consequently heavily bombed , particularly during the Manchester Blitz , when 684 people were killed in raids over two nights in December 1940 . By the time of Chris Smith 's announcement , the museum had already received outline planning permission ( in October 1997 ) , with full approval in April 1999 . = = = Architecture = = = An architectural competition for the new museum was held in 1997 , with the winning design being that of Berlin @-@ based architect Daniel Libeskind . Born in Łódź , Poland , in 1946 , Libeskind 's family had suffered during the Second World War and dozens of his relatives had died in the Holocaust . At the museum 's opening , Libeskind said that he sought to " create a building ... which emotionally moved the soul of the visitor toward a sometimes unexpected realization " ' . Libeskind envisaged a ' constellation composed of three interlocking shards ' with each shard being a remnant of an imagined globe shattered by conflict . These shards in turn represented air , earth and water , and each formed a functionally distinct part of the museum . The 55 m high air shard , provides the museum 's entranceway and a viewing balcony above the Manchester Ship Canal with views of the Manchester skyline . The construction of the tower leaves viewers exposed to the elements and one reviewer considered that it reflected " the aerial perspective of modern warfare and the precariousness of the life below " . The earth shard houses the museum 's exhibition spaces , while the water shard accommodates a cafe with views of the canal . Originally budgeted at £ 40 million , the museum was eventually completed for £ 28 @.@ 5 million after anticipated National Lottery funding was not forthcoming . The museum was funded by local , national and European development agencies . The European Union 's European Regional Development Fund contributed £ 8 @.@ 9 million , English Partnerships and the North West Development Agency £ 2 @.@ 7 million , and £ 2 @.@ 8 million was provided by Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council . Peel Holdings , a local transport and property company , contributed £ 12 @.@ 5 million ; this was reportedly the largest single sum ever given to a UK cultural project by a private enterprise . The reduction in budget forced a number of changes ; the substitution of metal for concrete in the construction of the shards , the removal of a planned auditorium , and a change of exhibition content . The site 's external landscaping also had to be reduced ; in 2009 , following an architectural design competition managed by RIBA Competitions , Berlin @-@ based company Topotek 1 were appointed to complete this landscaping . Despite these economies , the fundamental " shattered globe " concept remained intact . A final £ 3 million was raised by a fundraising campaign led by BBC News war correspondent Kate Adie . Construction of the museum , by structural engineers Arup and main contractor Sir Robert McAlpine , began on 5 January 2000 and the building was topped out in late September that year . Exhibition fitting started in November 2001 , and the museum opened to the public on 5 July 2002 , shortly before the 2002 Commonwealth Games which were hosted in Manchester that year . = = Exhibitions = = Permanent exhibitions are housed in the museum 's first @-@ floor main gallery space within the earth shard . These consist of a chronological display which runs around the gallery 's 200 @-@ metre ( 660 ft ) perimeter and six thematic displays in " silos " within the space . As part of the earth shard , the 3 @,@ 500 m2 floor of the gallery is curved , gradually dropping away like the curvature of the Earth from a nominal " North Pole " near the gallery 's entrance . Within this hall , described as cavernous and dramatic , a number of large artefacts are displayed ; they include a Russian T @-@ 34 tank , a United States Marine Corps AV @-@ 8B Harrier jet and a 13 @-@ pounder field gun which fired the British Army 's first shot of the First World War . Around the gallery , a number of vertical mechanical conveyors called " timestacks " display selections of smaller artefacts , some of which can be handled by visitors . In addition to the physical exhibits , the walls of the gallery space are used as screens for the projection of hourly audiovisual presentations called the Big Picture , which explore themes related to modern conflict . These presentations use up to 1 @,@ 500 images from the Imperial War Museum 's photograph archive and were originally projected from 60 synchronised slide projectors mounted throughout the space . In 2011 digital projectors were installed , allowing a greater degree of flexibility . The images are complemented by personal accounts from the museum 's oral history sound archive . The Big Picture was devised after the reduction in the museum 's budget forced the scrapping of the previous exhibition plan by designers DEGW and Amalgam . Also within the earth shard , a separate gallery accommodates a programme of temporary exhibitions . These have included the Witness series of art exhibitions from the museum 's collection , examining First and Second World War art , and the work of female war artists . The WaterWay , a passageway linking the earth and water shards , is used for smaller art or photographic exhibitions , such as Ghislaine Howard 's photojournalism @-@ inspired painting series 365 . Outside the museum building , an ex @-@ Iraqi Army T @-@ 55 tank was put on display at the main entrance in August 2008 . This vehicle was captured by the Royal Engineers during the opening stages of the Iraq War in 2003 . The spot had previously been occupied by an Iraqi ZSU @-@ 23 @-@ 4 Shilka anti @-@ aircraft gun . Captured by the Royal Artillery after the 1991 Gulf War , it was moved from Imperial War Museum Duxford and displayed to mark the museum 's fifth anniversary in July 2007 . = = Reception = = The museum enjoyed a successful first year , with an initial target of 300 @,@ 000 visitors surpassed after six months , with over 100 @,@ 000 visitors in the first six weeks ; by the museum 's first anniversary on 5 July 2003 some 470 @,@ 000 visitors had been received . The museum won the Building Award in the 2003 British Construction Industry Awards , and was shortlisted for the 2004 Stirling Prize . The museum received a largely positive critical reception , with reviewers remarking on the metaphorical power of the building , the complementary effects of the museum 's main exhibition with its internal architecture , and the economy with which the museum was built . In August 2005 Imperial War Museum North received its millionth visitor . The museum was , however , criticised in 2008 by The Guardian for poor energy efficiency , as part of a report into the carbon dioxide emissions of UK public buildings . = = Volunteer programme = = Supporting Imperial War Museum North 's educational goals , the museum has operated a volunteer programme since opening in 2002 . The programme seeks to engage local people at risk of social exclusion . Originally based on a National Vocational Qualification , the programme was revised and relaunched in 2004 , and consisted of a basic cultural heritage course , providing opportunities to develop academic skills and improve confidence , and to support individuals seeking to return to employment . In return volunteers work in the museum 's public spaces as part of the front of house teams . In January 2007 the museum launched the in Touch volunteer programme , in partnership with Manchester Museum and supported by £ 425 @,@ 000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund . The programme was recognised by the Department of Culture , Media and Sport as a case study of its kind , in the department 's Third Sector Strategy . = Run the World ( Girls ) = " Run the World ( Girls ) " is a song recorded by American recording artist Beyoncé , from her fourth studio album 4 ( 2011 ) , released as the lead single from the album on April 21 , 2011 . It was written by Terius " The @-@ Dream " Nash , Beyoncé , Nick " Afrojack " van de Wall , Wesley " Diplo " Pentz , David " Switch " Taylor , and Adidja Palmer . Production was handled by Switch , The @-@ Dream , Beyoncé , and Shea Taylor . The song 's development was motivated by the fact that Beyoncé wanted something different : a mixture of different cultures and eras , a new sound , and a message which would give women strength . An unedited demo of the song , then thought to be titled " Girls ( Who Run the World ) " , was leaked on the internet on April 18 , 2011 . " Run the World " premiered on US radio on April 21 , 2011 , and was digitally released the same day . " Run the World " is a electropop and R & B song that heavily samples " Pon de Floor " by Major Lazer . The song 's title and lyrics comprise an unapologetically aggressive message promoting female empowerment . " Run the World " initially divided critics ; some complimented the song 's sample , its musical direction , and Beyoncé 's aggressiveness , while others criticized the continuation of past themes and stated that they wanted to see Beyoncé covering new topics . Several critics compared " Run the World " to Beyoncé 's other singles with similar themes such as " Independent Women " ( 2000 ) – with Destiny 's Child , and " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " ( 2008 ) among others , stating that " Run the World " takes a more direct and assertive approach towards female empowerment . The single peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and reached the top 10 in Australia , Belgium , Japan , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Scotland and South Korea . " Run the World " was a top 20 hit in Canada , France , Ireland , Italy , and the United Kingdom . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and was filmed in California over a three @-@ day span . It received widespread critical acclaim , with critics affirming that Beyoncé started a dance revolution and favoring the heavily @-@ choreographed visuals . The video won Best Choreography at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards and Best Dance Performance at the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards . Beyoncé promoted " Run the World " with high @-@ profile live performances , notably at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards and on the French X Factor . Although her performance at the Billboard Music Awards was well received by critics , it ignited controversy surrounding the production due to visual similarities to a performance by Italian pop star Lorella Cuccarini in February 2010 at the 60th Sanremo Music Festival in Italy . " Run the World " was used to awaken the crew of the final mission of the US Space Shuttle Atlantis and was dedicated to Mission Specialist Sandra Magnus . Heather Morris covered " Run the World " for the American television show Glee episode " Asian F " . = = Background and development = = In an interview with The Capital FM Network in early March 2011 , Shea Taylor confirmed that 4 's lead single would premiere at the end of April . " Run the World " was written by Terius " The @-@ Dream " Nash , Beyoncé , Nick van de Wall , Thomas Wesley Pentz , Dave Taylor , and Adidja Palmer . It was produced by Switch , The @-@ Dream , Beyoncé and Taylor . " Run the World " was recorded by DJ Swivel and Pat Thrall at MSR Studios , New York City , and was mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios , Virginia Beach . Before release , the song 's title was rumored to be " Girls ( Who Run the World ) " . On April 14 , 2011 , two portions of the song leaked online while an unfinished demo of " Run the World ( Girls ) " was leaked online on April 18 , 2011 . In an interview with Billboard , Beyoncé described the song : It 's definitely riskier than something a bit more ... simple . I just heard the track and loved that it was so different : it felt a bit African , a bit electronic and futuristic . It reminded me of what I love , which is mixing different cultures and eras — things that typically don 't go together — to create a new sound . I can never be safe ; I always try and go against the grain . As soon as I accomplish one thing , I just set a higher goal . That 's how I 've gotten to where I am . Between June 16 and June 27 , 2011 , one song from 4 each day was available to listen to on Beyoncé 's official website , together with its accompanying photographs from the album packaging and a quote . On June 27 , 2011 , " Run the World ( Girls ) " was the twelfth song to be made available . In the accompanying quote , Beyoncé said : " I try to write songs that will bring out the best in all of us and keep us close together . I think about saying the things that women want to say but sometimes are not confident enough to say . I am going to continue to write those songs that give women strength . " = = Release and artwork = = After the single leaked on the internet , it was released early . " Run the World ( Girls ) " premiered on US radio on April 21 , 2011 , at 8 a.m. EST , and was made available for download on iTunes Stores worldwide the same day . According to Digital Spy , the single was available on iTunes , and podcast service Concrete Loop , without payment a few hours before its official release . " Run the World ( Girls ) " was released to mainstream , urban contemporary and urban adult contemporary radio on April 26 , 2011 . According to MTV News , " Run the World ( Girls ) " was well received by Beyoncé 's fans on Twitter . A Digital EP with three remixes of the song was released in Australia , New Zealand , Europe , and the UK , on September 2 , 2011 . The cover art for " Run the World ( Girls ) " was previewed on April 20 , 2011 . On the cover , Beyoncé strikes a bold pose while standing in sand . With her fist in the air covered in forearm protectors , Beyoncé wears a hip cut draping yellow Emilio Pucci dress and black stiletto boots . The Los Angeles Times wrote that the photograph points to a " ... post @-@ apocalyptic war zone , donning an elaborate gold headdress and holding a red flag emblazoned with a black ' B ' . " The photograph was taken on April 14 , 2011 . Tray Hova of Vibe magazine complimented the cover art of the single , stating that Beyoncé looks " resplendent as hell " on the cover and that " Nobody 's complaining about Bey season here . " Eleanor Young , in Marie Claire , described the cover art as " hideous " . Ray Rogers of Billboard stated that Beyoncé " clearly transmits her trademark message of female empowerment " . Becky Bain of Idolator described the cover as " pretty disappointing " , and that , with a " ballistic , over @-@ the @-@ top club banger " song like " Run the World ( Girls ) " , she expected something more than a body shot of Beyoncé , and criticized the cover for being confusing regarding the location of the photography . However , Bain complimented Beyoncé on her choice of stilettoes as " ... serious business " . = = Composition = = " Run the World " is an electropop and R & B song . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News described the song as a " club banger " and " female empowerment / girl power type of song " , like several of Beyoncé 's previous singles , including " Independent Women " ( 2000 ) — with Destiny 's Child — and " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " ( 2008 ) . Shea Taylor said that the track draws more from pop music than R & B , and is reminiscent of Michael Jackson 's prime work . " Run the World ( Girls ) " also incorporates dancehall influences in the tradition of " Get Me Bodied " ( 2007 ) . The " high energy " song contains elements of go @-@ go , and is set to a marching militaristic drumbeat sampled from the club song " Pon de Floor " by Major Lazer and Vybz Kartel . " Run the World " also consists of heavy synth pangs and African and marching percussion . A review in The Huffington Post , and Kevin O 'Donnell of Spin magazine , noted that " Run the World ( Girls ) " features shout vocals and raw chanting . In an interview with Ray Rogers of Billboard , Beyoncé stated that this was something she wanted to showcase in 4 , " I used a lot of the brassiness and grittiness in my voice that people hear in my live performances , but not necessarily on my records . " Kathy McCabe of Australian newspaper The Daily Telegraph likened " Run the World " to " Single Ladies " and " Diva " ( 2009 ) . Johnston Breihan of The Village Voice compared " Run the World ( Girls ) " to schoolyard chants , due to its " cheer @-@ team beats " and the repetitive use of the word " Girls " . Billboard magazine 's critic Jem Aswad described the song 's production , lyrics and Beyoncé 's vocals : " Run the World ( Girls ) " is a complex but catchy track that 's actually more reminiscent of M.I.A. and Santigold than Sasha Fierce . The song combines a dancefloor @-@ defying military drumbeat , a sample from Switch 's group Major Lazer , an unconventional song structure and some incongruously pretty , layered melodics that are basically chanted but still employ [ Knowles ' ] full vocal range . The lyrics , however , are just as female @-@ empowering as we 've come to expect . There 's much more to the song than first meets the ear — it confuses on first listen but coalesces beautifully with repeated plays . Rap @-@ Up stated that Beyoncé is dominant over men in " Run the World " . " Run the World " opens with a short piano solo and a heavy beat . Beyoncé chants , " Girls ! / We run this mutha / Girls ! / Who run the world . " It moves into smoother , more persuasive but still boastful lyrics , " I think I need a barber / None of these ho 's can fight me / I 'm so good with this / I remind you I 'm so ' hood with this . " She then delivers the repetitive hook and chorus lines . In the second verse , Beyoncé sings that education gives women strength and independence . Other lyrics of this theme include the line , " smart enough to make these millions , strong enough to bear the children , then get back to business . " Jocelyn Vena of MTV News said that Beyoncé sings in her signature staccato style on the second verse of the song . She repeats the chorus after the bridge lines and her vocals fade out as the song finishes . = = Critical reception = = Critics had mixed reactions towards the track . Amos Barshad writing for the New York magazine described " Run the World ( Girls ) " as " kind of a monster — aggressive and intense and totally committed " . He also called the song declarative and felt that as a lead single , it was " bluntly effective . " Matt Donnelly of The Los Angeles Times compared " Run the World ( Girls ) " to several of Beyoncé 's previous singles , stating that the song has a harder edge than " Independent Women Pt . 1 " , nevertheless , it does not contain " the gritty , futuristic chic " of " Diva " ( 2009 ) . Jenna Clarke of The Sydney Morning Herald called it an " infectious sounding track " having a catchy dance beat with empowering lyrics and added that the song showcases " a grittier sounding Beyoncé " , yet still following the " power footsteps " of her other chart topping hits such as " Single Ladies " and " Crazy In Love " ( 2003 ) . Kevin O 'Donnell of Spin magazine described the song as " a rousing girl power anthem " , which resembles " Single Ladies " and " If I Were a Boy " ( 2008 ) , and highlighted that " Run The World ( Girls ) " is " far rowdier " than any of those songs because of its synth squiggles and raw chanting . Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post considered " Run the World ( Girls ) " to be one of the most exciting tracks Beyoncé has ever released . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News called " Run the World ( Girls ) " a " sassy [ song with ] girl @-@ power lyrics paired with [ a ] club appeal " , further writing that the song is " loud and proud in its relentless message " , and that Beyoncé " is clearly rallying the troops to her side " . Nick Minichind of VH1 lauded the song for several pointed comments on empowerment which according to him , " are skillfully weaved into the lyrics , without feeling out of place . " He also wrote that " Run the World ( Girls ) " restores girls ' own subjectivity and that the bridge shows a " practically Cleopatra @-@ channeling Beyoncé . " Lewis Corner from Digital Spy described " Run the World ( Girls ) " as " yet another female @-@ empowerment revolution that is sure to dominate dancefloors this summer " . Robert Copsey , also writing for Digital Spy , awarded the song four stars out of five , complimenting the " earthy beats , hypnotising hooks and militant drums pound [ ing ] relentlessly as Queen B declares it 's ' GRLZ who run this mutha ' with more woman @-@ friendly conviction than Geri Halliwell at a Spice Girls convention circa 1998 . " Tom Breihan of Pitchfork Media wrote that " Run the World ( Girls ) " is " as devotedly pro @-@ female as the title would lead you to expect " , and is as dancefloor @-@ directed as Beyoncé gets , in the tradition of " Get Me Bodied " and " Single Ladies " . Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani wrote " [ Beyoncé ] misses the mark big time here " and called the song " plain daft " . He , however , praised the song 's bridge and Beyoncé " warm , gooey harmonies " . Maura Johnston of The Village Voice disapproved of the song 's lack of structure , calling it " a bit overstuffed , but fairly enjoyable " . Dallas Observer critic Shahryar Rizvi stated that the track " cribs a bit " from Major Lazer 's " Pon de Floor " and M.I.A. ' s track " Boyz " , but added that Beyoncé being a couple of years late in acquiring this sound was " a problem " . = = = Recognition = = = Digital Spy ranked " Run the World " at number 16 on its list of 25 Best Songs of 2011 . Jon Pareles of The New York Times placed the song in his list of Top Songs from 2011 . It received a Teen Choice Award for Choice R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Track at the 2011 Teen Choice Awards . " Run the World " was nominated for Best Single at the 2011 Virgin Media Music Awards . On The Village Voice 's 2011 year @-@ end Pazz & Jop singles list , " Run the World ( Girls ) " was ranked at number 137 . The song was nominated for Best R & B / Urban Dance Track at the 27th Annual International Dance Music Awards . In 2013 , John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E ! Online placed the song at number seven on their list of ten best Beyoncé 's songs , writing that it " had everyone , male and female , dancing " . The same year , the writers of Complex magazine put the song at number 25 on their list of Beyoncé 's 25 best songs , adding that her assertion " we run this mother " , " practically wills every woman who hears this song to aspire to bigger things " . = = Chart performance = = Three days after its release to digital download outlets , the single debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 18 on April 24 , 2011 . A week later it had risen to number 11 and debuted at number five on the UK R & B chart . The song descended the chart for five consecutive weeks to number 45 before rising again to number 23 on the singles chart and from number 12 to number 6 on the R & B chart on May 29 , 2011 when the music video was released . In Ireland , the single debuted at number 11 on April 28 , 2011 , the highest chart entry that week and in France , " Run the World ( Girls ) " debuted at number 33 with 2 @,@ 065 copies sold . It peaked at number 12 . On May 1 , 2011 , the song entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 12 , being the highest new entry that week , and at number six on its urban chart . One day later , " Run the World ( Girls ) " debuted at number 21 in New Zealand , where it was the highest new entry that week . " Run the World ( Girls ) " declined in the charts in Australia and New Zealand . However , after the release of its music video , the single rose from number 42 to number 15 on the ARIA Singles Chart and peaked at number 4 on its urban chart on May 30 , 2011 . The following week , it climbed to number 10 on the singles chart , where it peaked . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of over 70 @,@ 000 copies . The video release helped " Run the World ( Girls ) " re @-@ enter the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 26 on May 23 , 2011 and it peaked the following week at number nine . " Run the World ( Girls ) " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for sales of over 7 @,@ 500 copies . " Run the World ( Girls ) " debuted at number 40 on Canadian Hot 100 chart issue dated May 7 , 2011 . Paul Tuch of Nielsen SoundScan called the debut impressive as the song was released between digital and radio charts . It stands as Beyoncé 's highest entry as a solo artist on the chart . After declining in the chart for three consecutive weeks , " Run the World ( Girls ) " left the chart in the week ending May 28 , 2011 . For the week ending June 11 , 2011 , the single recovered from number 60 to number 16 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart , receiving the titles of the greatest chart mover and the greatest digital gainer . For the issue dated May 7 , 2011 , " Run the World ( Girls ) " debuted at number 23 on the US Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 77 @,@ 000 downloads sold. and at number 65 on the Radio Songs chart with 18 million listener impressions . It accordingly debuted at position 33 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and was the highest debut on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , opening at number 41 . Digital sales of the single declined by 39 % , amassing a total of a total of 47 @,@ 000 downloads ; it fell to number 39 on the Hot Digital Songs chart . " Run the World ( Girls ) " was the highest debut , starting at number 37 on the US Pop Songs chart issue dated May 21 , 2011 . For the same week ending , the song continued to descend the Hot 100 chart to number 65 . One week later , the single debuted at number 43 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart , becoming Beyoncé 's nineteenth solo entry on that chart . The same week , the single fell to number 76 on the Hot 100 chart . After descending the Hot 100 chart for four consecutive weeks , " Run the World ( Girls ) " recovered 26 places , moving from number 76 to number 50 for the week ending June 4 , 2011 , promoted by the song 's re @-@ entry on the Hot Digital Songs chart at number 44 after its music video 's release . The following week , the single escalated to number 29 on the Hot 100 chart , which was its peak , as it descended the Hot 100 chart in subsequent weeks . " Run the World ( Girls ) " peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart issue dated July 9 , 2011 . On July 29 , 2011 , it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . As of January 2016 the song has sold 1 @,@ 324 @,@ 000 digital copies . = = Music video = = = = = Background and release = = = The music video for " Run the World ( Girls ) " was directed by Francis Lawrence . Beyoncé worked with eight choreographers , including Frank Gatson and Sheryl Murakami . The executive producer was Missy Galanida . Filming took place in the Mojave Desert and Inglewood , California . Images from the Mojave shoot were leaked online on April 12 , 2011 , showing Beyoncé standing in a smoky , post @-@ apocalyptic war zone , wearing a gladiator outfit and a gold crown , and waving a red flag with a " B " logo . She was surrounded by dancers in brightly colored skirts , black military @-@ style jackets and peaked caps . Other images showed an army of women posing against a ravaged car with the word " Révolution " sprayed on it . Posters of Beyoncé 's face are seen behind the women . In an interview with MTV News on April 18 , 2011 , director Francis Lawrence , who had previously directed the video for Lady Gaga 's " Bad Romance " ( 2010 ) , discussed the music video : " I just shot a Beyoncé video at the beginning of this last week , Monday , Tuesday , Wednesday , which was fun , and I hadn 't done a video since 2009 . It 'll be big , it 'll probably be one of the bigger Beyoncé music videos ever done . And , I can say that I think the song is unbelievable . The Gaga thing took me by surprise , ' cause I 've done videos for probably 15 years , and I had forgotten what it felt like to have a video premiere and have it be anticipated and have it explode . And yeah I hope the same for Beyoncé , but I don 't know if that 's gonna happen . It is a fantastic song , so I really hope that song catches for her , and I think the video 's gonna be really fun and cool and different for her . " On May 4 , 2011 , another 20 @-@ second clip of the music video was released , showing a troupe of females in a rural location , however Beyoncé is not seen during the clip . A third teaser was released on May 10 , 2011 , showing Beyoncé standing in front of a burning car , riding a horse and assembling an army in a post @-@ apocalyptic clip . At a private listening party held on May 12 , 2011 for 4 , Beyoncé offered a small group of fans a preview of five songs from the album and the official video for " Run the World ( Girls ) " , which reportedly features a lion and Beyoncé writhing around in sand . The video was scheduled for release on May 13 , 2011 at 12 : 01 a.m , however Vevo confirmed that the release would be delayed because Beyoncé was " ... perfecting it " . The video premiered on American Idol on May 18 , 2011 . The director 's cut of the music video is included on the deluxe version of 4 . The video was released on July 1 , 2011 but was leaked on June 29 , 2011 . = = = Fashion = = = In the video for " Run the World ( Girls ) " , Beyoncé 's outfits include armor , a high priestess ' headdress , lingerie and runway couture Beyoncé is first seen wearing a red and gold embroidered dress with thigh @-@ high boots , both by Alexander McQueen from fall / winter 2010 . In the first dance scene of the video , she is wearing a Brian Lichtenberg patchwork fur vest . For a dance routine in sand , she wears a black fringed Norma Kamali outfit , followed by a Givenchy dress in a scene depicting Beyoncé with two larger @-@ than @-@ life hyenas . During a scene involving warriors , Beyoncé is wearing a black cut @-@ out dress shown at Jean Paul Gaultier 's spring couture show . A short Gareth Pugh dress with golden sequins and two gowns by Emilio Pucci – one yellow with a plunging neckline , the other emerald green with an asymmetrical cut – complete Beyoncé 's outfits . = = = Synopsis = = = The video begins with Beyoncé riding a black horse over an open , deserted plain . As the horse lifts off the ground , scenes of Beyoncé standing atop a ruined vehicle are shown , as she leads a large army of women . Additional scenery includes a large bull in the middle of the battleground and a large banner featuring an African themed drawing of Beyoncé . A woman seemingly nailed on a cross is later seen . As several scantily clad women are shown , a SWAT team of men charge towards the battlefield as a sample from Major Lazer 's " Pon de Floor " is played . As the male forces arrive , Beyoncé , is wearing a large golden helm and is surrounded by a lion , a large group of women prepared for battle and banners featuring Beyoncé insignia . As the song begins , Beyoncé removes her armor and confronts the male army , engaging in a series of shoulder @-@ thrusting dance routines . Beyoncé dances seductively towards the men as scenes of Beyoncé wearing several outfits are seen , the first of which is a white evening gown as she grasps the chains of two chained hyenas . As the confrontation escalates , Beyoncé appears next to several flaming vehicles , and she undergoes another costume change . Returning to the main plot , the video shows Beyoncé in front of a small group of her female army , wearing a yellow ensemble and black heeled @-@ boots . As the dancing commences , scenes of the two clashing armies are seen while Beyoncé writhes in sand . The females , now an even larger group , are shown dancing , using powerful and emphatic movements , in front of the male army with alternating costumes and several flags in the background . The video ends with the front line of females confronting the men face to face , raising their right arms and saluting to them as Beyoncé rips off the male general 's badge , placing it on herself . = = = Reception = = = The video received general acclaim from critics . On the night of the video 's premiere , Rap @-@ Up complimented Beyoncé on starting a " dance revolution " , her " heavily @-@ choreographed visuals " and " menagerie of wild animals , outrageous fashion , and epic dance sequences " . Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine wrote that Beyoncé comes off like " barely sentient " but added that she remains cohesive and rational as a human being in real life . He further wrote : " Her reserve of crazy is far from bottomless , and she seems to save it all for her music videos , and I love her for that [ ... ] [ The video is ] awesome in distressingly fragmented ways . " Gina Serpe of E ! Online wrote that " for anyone still laboring under the illusion that Beyoncé does not mean business , well , just watch this video . Described by B [ eyoncé ] herself as ' futuristic ' , ' electronic ' and ' African ' , the 29 @-@ year @-@ old fused all that and more into a still remarkably cohesive music video . " CBS News wrote the " smoking hot video [ was ] blowing up on the web " . The Huffington Post wrote that Beyoncé largely brings back the elements that made " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " ' s video a hit , citing women 's empowerment and a brand new dance . Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post complimented Beyoncé 's wardrobe and dancing in the video , and wrote that the choreography ensures the lyrics , " my persuasion can build a nation " . James Montgomery of MTV News wrote Beyoncé has returned " to claim her throne " and that the message in the video " hammers the point home with all the subtlety of a jackhammer " . He highlighted the " elaborate , hip @-@ displacing dance routines , haute @-@ couture costuming , wide @-@ screen cinematography and expensive @-@ looking sets " . Larry Fitzmaurice of Pitchfork Media wrote that " a thousand YouTube bedroom dancers flood [ ing ] the Internet with their own takes " were to come in the near future . Rolling Stone praised Beyoncé 's dance moves and wrote that it is the latest addition " to the canon of dance pop videos with over @-@ the @-@ top apocalyptic imagery " . Nick Neyland of Prefix Magazine wrote Beyoncé made the best music video of 2011 , commending its " big budget extravagance , full of preposterous costumes and ridiculously over the top dance routines " . Sarah Anne Hughes of The Washington Post wrote that Beyoncé uses " the non @-@ violent tactic of dance to fight off some bad guys in riot gear " and that Beyoncé 's alter ego Sasha Fierce " is out in full force as she uses an army of swiveling and shimmying women , her middle finger and two hyenas on leashes to keep control of a post @-@ apocalyptic society " . Billboard magazine wrote that Beyoncé made a triumphant return in the elaborate music video for " Run the World ( Girls ) " after creating classic clips for " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " , " Crazy in Love " , and " Ring the Alarm " . = = = Recognition and accolades = = = On July 20 , 2011 , the video received three nominations at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards in the categories Best Female Video , Best Choreography , and Best Cinematography . It won the Best Choreography category . The video was nominated for Best Video at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards . On November 27 , 2011 , the video won Best Dance Performance at the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards . It was nominated for Best Video at the 2011 Virgin Media Music Awards and Favorite Music Video at the 2012 People 's Choice Awards . The writers of Slant Magazine put the music video at number 12 on their list of The 25 Best Music Videos of 2011 . The Guardian included " Run the World ( Girls ) " on its list of the best pop videos of 2011 , praising its " glorious effect " and the heavy choreography , before concluding that it is " tiring just watching it " . On BET 's Notarized : Top 100 Videos of 2011 , " Run the World ( Girls ) " was ranked at number two . The video was nominated for Best Pop Video and Best Choreography at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan , and International Artist Video of the Year at the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards . It was nominated for World 's Best Video at the 2012 World Music Awards . In 2013 , John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E ! Online placed the video at number seven on their list of Beyoncé 's ten best music videos , comparing her dancing in the sand with Shakira 's . = = Live performances = = Beyoncé 's first live performance of " Run the World ( Girls ) " was on May 17 , 2011 on Surprise Oprah ! A Farewell Spectacular at the United Center in Chicago . The special aired on May 23 , 2011 . Beyoncé wore a tuxedo leotard with red heels and was accompanied by 40 female back @-@ up dancers . The show was organized to commemorate the 25th and final season of The Oprah Winfrey Show . Celebrities including Madonna , Tom Hanks , John Legend , Dakota Fanning , Tom Cruise and his wife Katie Holmes were present . Beyoncé altered the bridge 's lyrics , singing : " Oprah , your persuasion can build a nation . " The crowd held up blue lights in the arena as Beyoncé sang the song twice while Winfrey danced . According to the Chicago Tribune , Beyoncé received the loudest applause of the show . Beyoncé performed " Run the World ( Girls ) " live at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards ceremony at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas on May 22 , 2011 . The writers of Billboard magazine described the live performance as both " stunning " and " impressive " . Erika Ramirez of the same magazine put the performance at number one on her list of " Beyonce 's 5 Biggest TV Performances " saying that it " showcased the strength of her reign best " . It was also placed in the list of 15 Awesome Billboard Music Award Performances by the writers of the magazine . During her promotional tour of Europe , Beyoncé performed at several festivals and made only a limited amount of television appearances . Beyoncé performed the song at a private concert in Nice , France , on June 20 , 2011 . One week later , Beyoncé flew to the United Kingdom to serve as the closing act at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival on June 26 , 2011 , where " Run the World ( Girls ) " was featured as the second to last song on the 90 minute set list , before finishing with " Halo " . Beyoncé was also the solo female ever to headline the Pyramid stage in over twenty years . Beyoncé then returned to France , where she performed the song along with her live band on Le Grand Journal in June 2011 . " Run the World ( Girls ) " was sung live by Beyoncé on June 28 , 2011 on the French X Factor . On July 1 , 2011 , Beyoncé gave a free concert on Good Morning America as part of its Summer Concert Series on August 14 , 2011 and during her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé shows in Roseland Ballroom , New York City , to an audience of 3 @,@ 500 . Beyoncé wore a gold dress and performed with her all @-@ female band and backing singers , called the Mamas . During the ITV special A Night with Beyoncé which aired on December 4 in the United Kingdom , Beyoncé performed " Run the World ( Girls ) " to a selected crowd of fans . In May , 2012 , Beyoncé performed " Run the World " during her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live revue in Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States ' entertainment resort , hotel , casino and spa , Revel . The revue was also called " Back to Business " which was picked from a lyric of the song . A writer of Black Entertainment Television noted , " She dazzled fans with an assortment of high @-@ energy performances of her upbeat hits like ... ' Run the World ( Girls ) . ' " Caryn Ganz of Spin magazine praised the " swaggy " march , while Rebecca Thomas of MTV News wrote that Beyoncé 's choreography during the performance of " Run the World " , " is meant to do the same : a series of sensual quickstep moves that revolve around the hips and legs . " Ben Ratliff of The New York Times mentioned the song in the " almost continuous high point " of the concert . The song also acted as the opening number of her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . After a video intro of Beyoncé imitating Mary Antoinette , Beyoncé rises from beneath the stage along with sparks and flames , leading into the opening performance of " Run the World ( Girls ) " . The song was part of the set list of Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z 's co @-@ headlining On the Run Tour ( 2014 ) . = = = Controversy = = = Following her performance at the Billboard Music Awards , Beyoncé initially received widespread praise from fans , critics and celebrities . However , the following day , critics voiced concerns about similarities to a performance by Italian pop star Lorella Cuccarini in February 2010 at the 60th Sanremo Music Festival . Billy Johnson , Jr of Yahoo ! Music wrote : " Kenzo Digital , who spent a month creating Beyoncé 's interactive video , told Yahoo ! News that Lorella concert footage is only part of the inspiration for Beyoncé 's show : " [ The Cuccarini artists ] are awesome and do incredible work as well , but there are a lot of different inspirations for where our piece came from . " In a Yahoo ! Amplified interview with Daniel Kreps , Digital said : " It 's just a bare white screen . It 's a technique in video art since the [ 19 ] 80s in terms of frontal projection and interactive things . That 's really nothing new . It 's not even a new technology . It 's just an incredibly simple , awesome storytelling device , and with a performer like Beyoncé it becomes incredibly powerful . " Beyoncé later responded through an interview with AOL Music , saying she was inspired after finding Cuccarini 's performance online : " My makeup artist showed me the performance of Lorella Cuccarini a year ago , and it inspired me so much . I then met with the talented people who worked on it . The technology and concept were so genius . She was inspired after discovering Cuccarini 's performance online . Thank God for YouTube or I would have never been exposed to something so inspiring . I never worked so hard on anything in my life as that performance for the Billboard Awards . " = = Usage in media and cover versions = = Beyoncé pre @-@ recorded a message to the astronauts of the final mission of the US Space Shuttle Atlantis on July 16 , 2011 . With " Run the World ( Girls ) " playing in the background , Beyoncé said : " Good morning Atlantis . This is Beyoncé . Sandy , Chris , Doug , and Rex , you inspire all of us to dare to live our dreams — to know that we are smart enough and strong enough to achieve this . This song is especially for my girl Sandy and all the women who have taken us to space with them , and the girls who are our future explorers . " " Run the World ( Girls ) " was used in a commercial for Beyoncé 's fragrance , Pulse ( 2011 ) . Released on August 18 , 2011 , the 15 @-@ second advertisement , directed by Jake Nava , shows Beyoncé wearing a metallic gown and walking through lights an instrumental version of the song plays in the background . A dancer who had worked with Beyoncé , Heather Morris , covered " Run the World ( Girls ) " for the American television show Glee episode " Asian F " , which aired on October 4 , 2011 . Morris danced to the song wearing a leather cheerleading skirt . Amy Lee of The Huffington Post described Morris ' dance choreography as " amazing " and Kristen Dos Santos of E ! News called Morris ' performance " knockout " and added that it might be Glee 's best performance to date . Morris ' version debuted at number 91 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number 47 on the US Hot Digital Songs chart for the week ending October 22 , 2011 . On August 25 , 2013 , girl group Adira – Belle performed " Run the World ( Girls ) " during the fifth season of The X Factor Australia . Giles Hardie of The Sydney Morning Herald rated their performance six out of ten and wrote it was a " terrible song choice " . He also felt that it was " a bit early for Beyoncé for these girls perhaps as the song was bigger than them " . American Idol season 14 contestant Tyanna Jones sang the song as her farewell performance . The song was covered a cappella in the film Pitch Perfect 2 . Knowles performed the song live with actor Channing Tatum on a 2016 episode of Lip Sync Battle = = Format and track listing = = Digital download " Run the World ( Girls ) " [ Single Version ] – 3 : 56 UK digital remix single " Run the World ( Girls ) " [ Chris Lake Remix ] – 6 : 24 " Run the World ( Girls ) " [ Kito Remix ] – 3 : 37 " Run the World ( Girls ) " [ Billionaire Remix ] – 5 : 19 US digital remix single " Run the World ( Girls ) " [ Kaskade Club Remix ] – 5 : 02 " Run the World ( Girls ) " [ RedTop Club Remix ] – 6 : 02 " Run the World ( Girls ) " [ Jochen Simms Club Remix ] – 6 : 17 = = Credits and personnel = = Credits are taken from 4 liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Bill Haywood = William Dudley Haywood ( February 4 , 1869 – May 18 , 1928 ) , better known as " Big Bill " Haywood , was a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) and a member of the executive committee of the Socialist Party of America . During the first two decades of the 20th century , he was involved in several important labor battles , including the Colorado Labor Wars , the Lawrence Textile Strike , and other textile strikes in Massachusetts and New Jersey . Haywood was an advocate of industrial unionism , a labor philosophy that favors organizing all workers in an industry under one union , regardless of the specific trade or skill level ; this was in contrast to the craft unions that were prevalent at the time , such as the AFL . His belief that workers of all ethnicities should be united also clashed with many unions . His strong preference for direct action over political tactics alienated him from the Socialist Party and contributed to his recall from the party 's executive committee in 1913 . Never one to shy from violent conflicts , Haywood was frequently the target of prosecutors . His trial for the murder of Frank Steunenberg in 1907 ( of which he was acquitted ) drew national attention ; in 1918 , he was one of 101 IWW members convicted of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 during the First Red Scare . In 1921 , while out of prison during an appeal of his conviction , Haywood fled to Bolshevik Russia , where he spent the remaining years of his life . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = William D. Haywood was born in 1869 in Salt Lake City , Utah Territory . His father , a Pony Express rider , died of pneumonia when Haywood was three years old . His maternal grandfather was an Afrikaner born in the Orange Free State in 1820 . At age nine , he injured his right eye while whittling a slingshot with a knife , permanently blinding his right eye . Haywood never had his damaged eye replaced with a glass eye ; when photographed , he would turn his head to show his left profile . That same year , he began working in the mines , never having received much formal education . After brief stints as a cowboy and a homesteader , he returned to mining in 1896 . High @-@ profile events such as the gradual demise of the Molly Maguires , the Haymarket Massacre in 1886 and the Pullman Strike in 1894 fostered Haywood 's interest in the labor movement . = = = Western Federation of Miners involvement = = = In 1896 , Ed Boyce , president of the Western Federation of Miners , spoke at the Idaho silver mine where Haywood was working . Inspired by his speech , Haywood signed up as a WFM member , thus formally beginning his involvement in America 's labor movement . Haywood immediately became active in the WFM , and by 1900 he had become a member of the national union 's General Executive Board . In 1902 , he became secretary @-@ treasurer of the WFM , the number two position after President Charles Moyer . That year , the WFM became involved in the Colorado Labor Wars , a struggle centered in the Cripple Creek mining district that lasted for several years and took the lives of 33 union and non @-@ union workers . The WFM initiated a series of strikes designed to extend the benefits of the union to other workers , who suffered from brutal working conditions and starvation wages . The defeat of these strikes led to Haywood 's belief in " One Big Union " organized along industrial lines to bring broader working class support for labour struggles . = = = Foundation of the Industrial Workers of the World = = = Late in 1904 , several prominent labor radicals met in Chicago , Illinois to lay down plans for a new revolutionary union . A manifesto was written and sent around the country . Unionists who agreed with the manifesto were invited to attend a convention to found the new union which was to become the Industrial Workers of the World . At 10 a.m. on June 27 , 1905 , Haywood addressed the crowd assembled at Brand 's Hall in Chicago . In the audience were two hundred delegates from organizations all over the country representing socialists , anarchists , miners , industrial unionists and rebel workers . Haywood opened the First Convention of the Industrial Workers of the World with the following speech : Fellow Workers , this is the Continental Congress of the working @-@ class . We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working @-@ class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working @-@ class from the slave bondage of capitalism . The aims and objects of this organization shall be to put the working @-@ class in possession of the economic power , the means of life , in control of the machinery of production and distribution , without regard to capitalist masters . Other speakers at the convention included Eugene Debs , leader of the Socialist Party of America , and Mary Harris " Mother " Jones , an organizer for the United Mine Workers of America . After its foundation , the IWW would become aggressively involved in the labor movement . = = = Murder trial = = = On December 30 , 1905 , Frank Steunenberg was killed by an explosion in front of his Caldwell , Idaho home . A former governor of Idaho , Steunenberg had clashed with the WFM in previous strikes . Harry Orchard , a former WFM member who had once acted as WFM President Charles Moyer 's bodyguard was arrested for the crime , and evidence was found in his hotel room . Famed Pinkerton detective James McParland , who had infiltrated and helped to destroy the Molly Maguires , was placed in charge of the investigation . Before the trial , McParland ordered that Orchard be placed on death row in the Boise penitentiary , with restricted food rations and under constant surveillance . After McParland had prepared his investigation , he met with Orchard over a " sumptuous lunch " followed by cigars . The Pinkerton detective told Orchard that he could escape immediate hanging only if he implicated the leaders of the WFM . In addition to using the threat of hanging , McParland promised food , cigars , better treatment , possible freedom , and even a possible financial reward if Orchard cooperated . The detective obtained a 64 @-@ page confession from Orchard in which the suspect took responsibility for a string of crimes and at least seventeen murders . Writer Peter Carlson charged that McParland then used perjured extradition papers , which falsely stated that WFM leaders had been at the scene of the Steunenberg murder , to cross state lines into Denver , Colorado and arrest Haywood , Moyer , and George Pettibone . However , under Idaho law , conspirators were considered to be present at the scene of the crime . McParland arrived in Denver on Thursday , February 15 , and presented the extradition papers to Colorado Governor McDonald , who , by prior arrangement with the governor of Idaho , accepted them immediately . But they waited until Saturday evening to arrest Haywood , Pettigrew , and Moyer , then held the three overnight in the Denver Jail , and refused requests by the three to contact lawyers and family . Early Sunday morning the prisoners were put on a special train , and guarded by Colorado militia , were sped to Idaho . Writer Peter Carlson described it as a " kidnapping scheme , " to extradite them to Idaho before the courts in Denver could intervene . The events were so extraordinary that even American Federation of Labor president Samuel Gompers , who had little good to say about the WFM , directed his union to raise funds for the defense . The U.S. Supreme Court denied a habeas corpus appeal ( George Pettibone v. Jasper C Nichols ) , ruling that the arrest and extradition were legal , with only Justice Joseph McKenna dissenting . Haywood 's trial began on May 9 , 1907 , with famed Chicago defense attorney Clarence Darrow defending him . The government had only the testimony of Orchard , the confessed bomber , to implicate Haywood and the other defendants , and Orchard 's checkered past and admitted violent history were skillfully exploited by Darrow during the trial , though Darrow did not lead Orchard 's cross @-@ examination . / During the trial Orchard admitted that he had acted as a paid informant of the Mine Owners ' Association , in effect working for both sides . He admitted to accepting money from Pinkerton detectives , and had caused explosions during mining disputes before he had met Moyer or Haywood . After Darrow 's final summation ( which moved many in the courtroom to tears ) , the jury acquitted Haywood . During the subsequent trial of George Pettibone , Darrow conducted a powerful cross @-@ examination against Orchard , before falling ill and withdrawing from the trial , leaving Judge Hilton of Denver in charge of the defense . After a second jury acquitted Pettibone , the charges against Moyer were dropped . Despite his radical views , Haywood emerged from the trial with a national reputation . Eugene Debs called him " the Lincoln of Labor . " Along with his colorful background and appearance , he was known for his blunt statements about capitalism . " The capitalist has no heart , " he often said , " but harpoon him in the pocketbook and you will draw blood . " Another time , he began a speech by noting , " Tonight I am going to speak on the class struggle and I am going to make it so plain that even a lawyer can understand it . " Yet Haywood also had a flair for dangerous hyperbole that , when quoted in newspapers , was used to justify wholesale arrests of IWW strikers . " Confiscate ! That 's good ! " he often said . " I like that word . It suggests stripping the capitalist , taking something away from him . But there has got to be a good deal of force to this thing of taking . " When the WFM withdrew from the IWW in 1907 , Bill Haywood remained a member of both organizations . His murder trial had made Haywood a celebrity , and he was in demand as a speaker for the WFM . But his increasingly radical speeches became more at odds with the WFM , and in April 1908 , the WFM announced that the union had ended Haywood 's role as a union representative . Haywood left the WFM , and devoted all his time to organizing for the IWW . = = = Lawrence Textile Strike = = = Bill Haywood had left the WFM and was organizing for the IWW by the time the Lawrence Textile Strike in Lawrence , Massachusetts garnered national attention . On January 11 , 1912 , textile mill workers in Lawrence left their jobs in protest of lowered wages . Within a week , twenty thousand workers were on strike . The IWW already had a presence in Lawrence and assumed leadership of the strike . Authorities responded by calling out police , and the strike quickly escalated into violence . Local IWW leaders Joseph Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti were jailed on charges of murdering Anna LoPizzo , a striker whom nineteen witnesses later said was killed by police gunfire , and martial law was declared . In response , Haywood and other organizers arrived to take charge of the strike . Over the next several weeks , Haywood personally masterminded or approved many of the strike 's tactical innovations . Chief among these was his decision to send strikers ' hungry children to sympathetic families in New York and Vermont . After hearing from immigrants how European strikers had used this tactic during prolonged strikes , Haywood decided to take the gamble in Lawrence , a first in American Labor history . He and the IWW used announcements in socialist newspapers to solicit host families , then screened strikers to see who might be willing to send their children into the care of strangers . On February 10 , 1912 , the first group of " Lawrence Strike Children " bid tearful goodbyes to their parents and , with chaperones to guide them , boarded a train for New York . The children arrived safely in Manhattan that evening where they were taken to a Labor hall . They were soon lavished with food and clothes and would stay in New York another seven weeks . Despite their excellent treatment , officials in Lawrence and elsewhere were shocked by the move . " I could scarcely believe that the strike leaders would do such a thing as this , " Lawrence mayor Michael Scanlon said . " Lawrence could have very easily cared for these children . " Though also denounced in the press , the children 's exodus gained widespread publicity and made the city of Lawrence look bad . While police and the mayor allowed smaller contingents of children to leave on two more occasions , plans were made to crack down . On February 24 , when strikers attempted to send still more children away , police were ready . During a melee , women and children were forcibly separated , police lashed out with clubs , and dozens of strikers and their offspring were jailed . A national outrage resulted . The New York World wrote , " The Lawrence authorities must be blind and the mill owners mad . " The New York Tribune called the police response " as chuckle @-@ headed an exhibition of incompetence to deal with a strike situation as it is possible to recall . " The incident led to a congressional hearing and the attention of President William Howard Taft . Nationwide publicity pressured the mill owners into cooperating with the strikers ; on March 12 , the owners agreed to all the demands of the strikers , officially ending the strike . However , Haywood and the IWW were not yet finished in Lawrence ; despite the end of the strike , Ettor and Giovannitti remained in prison . Haywood threatened the authorities with another strike , saying " Open the jail gates or we will close the mill gates . " Legal efforts and a one @-@ day strike on September 30 did not prompt the authorities to drop the charges . Haywood was indicted in Lawrence for misuse of strike funds , a move that kept him from returning to the city and eventually led to his arrest on the Boston Common . However , on November 26 , Ettor and Giovannitti were acquitted , and upon their release were treated to a massive demonstration of public support . = = = Socialist Party of America involvement = = = For many years , Haywood was an active member of the Socialist Party of America . Haywood had always been largely Marxist in his political views , and campaigned for Eugene Debs during the 1908 presidential election , traveling by train with Debs around the country . Haywood also represented the Socialist Party as a delegate to the 1910 congress of the Second International , an organization working towards international socialism . In 1912 , he was elected to the Socialist Party National Executive Committee . However , the aggressive tactics of Haywood and the IWW , along with their call for abolition of the wage system and the overthrow of capitalism created tension with moderate electorally @-@ oriented members of the Socialist Party . Haywood and the IWW focused on direct action and strikes , which often led to violence , and were less concerned with political tactics . When Haywood was quoted speaking at public meetings in New York City to the effect that he had never advocated the use of the ballot by the workers but had instead favored the tactics of direct action , an initiative recalling Haywood from the NEC was launched by the State Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of New York . In February 1913 the recall of Haywood was approved by a margin of more than 2 @-@ to @-@ 1 . Following his defeat , Haywood left the ranks of the Socialist Party , joined by thousands of other IWW members and their sympathizers . = = = Other labor involvement = = = In 1913 , Haywood was involved in the Paterson silk strike . Haywood and approximately 1 @,@ 850 strikers were arrested during the course of the strike . Despite the long holdout and fundraising efforts , the strike ended in failure on July 28 , 1913 . Haywood again made headlines , however , when the IWW staged the Paterson Strike Pageant at Madison Square Garden , in which actual strikers appeared onstage as themselves re @-@ enacting the strike even as it was going on in Paterson . Haywood became a celebrity in progressive circles and began frequenting the intellectual salon of Mabel Dodge Luhan where , while often wearing his Stetson hat , he hobnobbed with writers and artists of the avant @-@ garde . = = = Espionage trial = = = Haywood and the IWW frequently clashed with the government during their labor actions . The onset of World War I gave the federal government the opportunity to take action against Haywood and the IWW . Using the newly passed Espionage Act of 1917 as justification , the Department of Justice raided forty @-@ eight IWW meeting halls on September 5 , 1917 . The Department of Justice , with the approval of President Woodrow Wilson , then proceeded to arrest 165 IWW members for " conspiring to hinder the draft , encourage desertion , and intimidate others in connection with labor disputes . " In April 1918 , Haywood and 100 of the arrested IWW members began their trial , presided over by Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis . The trial lasted five months , the longest criminal trial up to that time ; Haywood himself testified for three days . All 101 defendants were found guilty , and Haywood ( along with fourteen others ) was sentenced to twenty years in prison . Despite the efforts of his supporters , Haywood was unable to overturn the conviction . In 1921 , Haywood skipped bail while out on appeal and fled to Russia . IWW officials were taken by surprise that Haywood had jumped bail , with his own attorney declaring that " Haywood has committed hari @-@ kiri so far as the labor movement is concerned if he has really run away . He will be disowned by the IWW and all sympathizers . " A bond in the amount of $ 15 @,@ 000 posted by millionaire supporter William Bross Lloyd was forfeited as a result of Haywood 's flight . = = = Life in Soviet Russia = = = In Soviet Russia , Haywood became a labor advisor to Lenin 's Bolshevik government , and served in that position until 1923 . Haywood also participated in the founding of the Kuzbass Autonomous Industrial Colony . Various visitors to Haywood 's small Moscow apartment in later years recalled that he felt lonely and depressed , and expressed a desire to return to the United States . In 1926 he took a Russian wife , though the two had to communicate in sign language , as neither spoke the other 's language . = = = Death = = = On May 18 , 1928 , Haywood died in a Moscow hospital from a stroke brought on by alcoholism and diabetes . Half of his ashes were buried in the Kremlin wall ; an urn containing the other half of his ashes was sent to Chicago and buried near the Haymarket Martyrs ' Monument . = = Haywood 's labor philosophy = = = = = Industrial unionism = = = Even before Haywood first became an official with the Western Federation of Miners , he was convinced that the system under which working people toiled was unjust . He described the execution of the Haymarket leaders in 1887 as a turning point in his life , predisposing him toward membership in the largest organization of the day , the Knights of Labor . Haywood had watched men die in unsafe mine tunnels , and had marched with Kelly 's Army . He had suffered a serious hand injury in the mines , and found that his only support came from other miners . When Haywood listened to Ed Boyce of the WFM addressing a group of miners in 1896 , he discovered radical unionism and welcomed it . Haywood also shared Boyce 's skepticism of the role played by the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) . Haywood criticized labor officials who were , in his view , insufficiently supportive of Labor militants . For example , he recalled with disdain the opening remarks of Samuel Gompers when the AFL leader appeared before Illinois Governor Richard Oglesby on behalf of the Haymarket prisoners : I have differed all my life with the principles and methods of the condemned . Gompers was an advocate of craft unionism , the idea that workers should be separated into unions according to their skills . The AFL disdained to organize workers who were not skilled . Furthermore , in 1900 Gompers became the first vice @-@ president of the National Civic Federation , which was " dedicated to the fostering of harmony and collaboration between capital and organized labor . " But Haywood had become convinced by the experiences of striking railroad workers that a different union philosophy , some form of industrial unionism , was necessary for workers to obtain justice . This had become apparent in 1888 when the craft @-@ organized locomotive firemen kept their engines running , helping their employers to break a strike called by the railroad engineers . Eugene V. Debs had been head of the locomotive firemen 's union , but he resigned to create the American Railway Union ( ARU ) , organized industrially to include all railroad workers . In June 1894 , the ARU voted to join in solidarity with the ongoing Pullman strike . Railroad traffic throughout the nation was " largely paralyzed . The effectiveness of the industrial form of unionism was evident from the start . " The strike was eventually crushed by massive government intervention that included 2600 Deputy U.S. Marshals , and 14 @,@ 000 state and federal troops in Chicago alone . Debs attempted to seek help from the American Federation of Labor . He asked that AFL railroad brotherhood affiliates present the following proposition to the Railway Managers ' Association : ... that the strikers return to work at once as a body , upon the condition that they be restored to their former positions , or , in the event of failure , to call a general strike . Observing that the ARU was defenseless , AFL officials viewed the plight of the rival organization as an opportunity to bolster the railway brotherhoods , which the AFL was courting , and instructed all AFL affiliates to withhold help . In spite of what Haywood perceived as " treachery " and " double @-@ cross " by the AFL leadership — the ARU members had put their own organization at risk for others , but the AFL refused to even help them try to end the strike in a draw — the power of workers crossing their trade lines and jurisdictional boundaries to join together in a fight against capital greatly impressed him . He described the revelation of such power as " a great rift of light . " For Haywood , industrial union principles were later confirmed by the defeat of the Western Federation of Miners in the 1903 – 05 Cripple Creek strike due — he believed — to insufficient labor solidarity . The WFM miners had sought to extend the benefits of union to the mill workers who processed their ore . Since the government had crushed the ARU , the railroad workers were again organized along craft lines , similar to the AFL . Those same railroad unions continued to haul the ore from mines that were run by strike breakers , to mills that were run by strike breakers . " The railroaders form the connecting link in the proposition that is scabby at both ends , " Haywood complained . " This fight , which is entering its third year , could have been won in three weeks if it were not for the fact that the trade unions are lending assistance to the mine operators . " The obvious solution , it seemed to Haywood , was for all of the workers to join the same union , and to take collective action in concert against the employers . The militants of the WFM referred to the AFL as the " American Separation of Labor , " a criticism that was later echoed by the Industrial Workers of the World . = = = Haywood 's revolutionary imperative = = = Haywood 's industrial unionism was much broader than formulating a more effective method of conducting strikes . Haywood grew up a part of the working class , and his respect for working people was genuine . He was quickly angered by the arrogance of employers " who had never ... spoken to a workingman except to give orders . " Having met Debs during his WFM days , Haywood had also become interested in the former railway leader 's new passion , socialism . Haywood subscribed to the belief , and with Boyce , formulated as a new motto for the WFM , that : Labor produces all wealth ; all wealth belongs to the producer thereof . Haywood observed how the government frequently took the side of business to defeat the tactics and the aspirations of the miners . During an 1899 organizing drive in Coeur d 'Alene , with pay cuts as a motivating issue , the company hired spies and then fired organizers and pro @-@ union miners . Some frustrated miners responded with violence and when two men were killed , martial law was declared . As they had done in a strike in Coeur d 'Alene seven years earlier , soldiers acted as strike breakers . They rounded up hundreds of union members without formal charges and put them in a filthy , vermin @-@ infested warehouse without sanitation services for a year . They were so crowded that the soldiers locked the overflow of prisoners in boxcars . One local union leader was imprisoned for 17 years . Haywood considered the brutal conditions in Coeur d 'Alene a manifestation of class warfare . In 1901 the miners agreed at the WFM convention that a " complete revolution of social and economic conditions " was " the only salvation of the working classes . " In the WFM 's 1903 – 04 struggle in Colorado , with martial law once again in force , two declarations uttered by the National Guard and recorded for posterity further clarified the relationship of the mine operator 's enforcement army — provided courtesy of the Colorado governor — to the workers . When union attorneys asked the courts to free illegally imprisoned strikers , Adjutant General Sherman Bell declared , " Habeas corpus be damned , we 'll give ' em post mortems . " Reminded of the Constitution , one of Bell 's junior officers declared coolly , " To hell with the Constitution . We 're not going by the Constitution . " General Bell had been the manager of one of the coal mines in Cripple Creek where the strike was taking place . It wasn 't any surprise to Haywood that soldiers seemed to be working in the interests of the employers ; he had seen that situation before . But when the Colorado legislature acknowledged the complaints of organized labor and passed an eight hour law , the Colorado supreme court declared it unconstitutional . So the WFM took the issue to the voters , and 72 percent of the state 's voters approved the referendum . But the Colorado government ignored the results of the referendum . To members of the WFM , it became clear that government favored the companies , and only direct action by organized workers could secure the eight @-@ hour day for themselves . When miners in Idaho Springs and Telluride decided to strike for the eight @-@ hour day , they were rounded up at gunpoint by vigilante groups and expelled from their communities . Warrants were issued for the arrest of the law @-@ breaking vigilantes , but they were not acted upon . Haywood complained that John D. Rockefeller was " wielding more power with his golf sticks than could the people of Colorado with their ballots . " It appeared to Haywood that the deck was stacked , and no enduring gains could be won for the workers short of changing the rules of the game . Increasingly , his industrial unionism took on a revolutionary flavor . In 1905 Haywood joined the more left @-@ leaning socialists , labor anarchists in the Haymarket tradition , and other militant unionists to formulate the concept of revolutionary industrial unionism that animated the Industrial Workers of the World . Haywood called this philosophy " socialism with its working clothes on . " Haywood favored direct action . The socialist philosophy — which WFM supporter the Rev. Fr . Thomas J. Hagerty called " slowcialism " — did not seem hard @-@ nosed enough for Haywood 's labor instincts . After the Boise murder trial , he had come to believe , It is to the ignominy of the Socialist Party and the Socialist Labor Party that they have so seldom joined forces with the I.W.W. in these desperate political struggles . While Haywood continued to champion direct action , he advocated the political action favored by the socialists as just one more mechanism for change , and only when it seemed relevant . At an October 1913 meeting of the Socialist Party , Haywood stated : I advocate the industrial ballot alone when I address the workers in the textile industries of the East where a great majority are foreigners without political representation . But when I speak to American workingmen in the West I advocate both the industrial and the political ballot . The " industrial ballot " referred to the direct action methods ( strikes , slowdowns , etc . ) of the IWW . Haywood seemed most comfortable with a philosophy arrived at through the hard @-@ scrabble experiences of the workers . He had the ability to translate complex economic theories into simple ideas that resonated with working people . He distilled the voluminous work of Karl Marx into a simple observation , " If one man has a dollar he didn 't work for , some other man worked for a dollar he didn 't get . " While Haywood respected the work of Marx , he referred to it with irreverent humor . Acknowledging his scars from dangerous mining work , and from numerous fistfights with police and militia , he liked to say , " I 've never read Marx 's Capital , but I have the marks of capital all over me . " Haywood demonstrated his Marxist roots when , confronted by the Commission on Industrial Relations with an argument about the sanctity of private property , he responded that a capitalist 's property merely represented " unpaid labor , surplus value . " But the forum also gave Haywood an opportunity to compare the philosophy of the IWW with that of Marx and the socialist parties . Reminded by the Commission that socialists advocated ownership of the industries by the state , Haywood remembered in his autobiography that he had drawn a clear distinction . All of industry should be owned " by the workers , " he observed . = = = Racial unity in the labor movement = = = Much of Haywood 's philosophy relating to socialism , to the idea that industrial unionism was preferable to craft unionism , what he saw as the evils of the wage system , his attitude about corporations , militia , and politicians , seem to have been held in common with his mentor at the WFM , Ed Boyce . Boyce also called for legislation to forbid employment of aliens . Unlike Boyce and many other labor leaders and organizations of the time , Haywood believed that workers of all ethnicities should organize into the same union . According to Haywood , the IWW was " big enough to take in the black man , the white man ; big enough to take in all nationalities – an organization that will be strong enough to obliterate state boundaries ; to obliterate national boundaries . " In 1912 , Haywood spoke at a convention for The Brotherhood of Timber Workers in Louisiana ; at the time , interracial meetings in the state were illegal . Haywood insisted that the white workers invite the African American workers to their convention , declaring : You work in the same mills together . Sometimes a black man and a white man chop down the same tree together . You are meeting in a convention now to discuss the conditions under which you labor . Why not be sensible about this and call the Negroes into the Convention ? If it is against the law , this is one time when the law should be broken . Ignoring the law against interracial meetings , the convention invited the African American workers . The convention would eventually vote to affiliate with the IWW . = = Works = = Industrial Socialism With Frank Bohn . Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Co . , 1911 . " The General Strike . Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Co . , n.d. [ 1911 ] . Speech of March 16 , 1911 . Bill Haywood 's Book : The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood . New York : International Publishers , 1929 . Reissued as The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood . = Matrikas = Matrikas ( Matrika singular , Sanskrit : mātṝkā , मातृका " mother " ) , also called Matara ( Sanskrit : mātaraḥ plural , मातरः ) and Matri ( mātṛ , मातृ singular ) , is a group of Hindu goddesses who are always depicted together . Since they are usually depicted as a heptad , they are called Saptamatrika ( s ) ( Sanskrit : saptamātṝkāh , सप ् तमातृका : , " seven mothers " ) : Brahmani , Vaishnavi , Maheshvari , Indrani , Kaumari , Varahi , Chamunda and Narasimhi . However , they may sometimes be eight ( Ashtamatrika ( s ) : ashtamātṝkāh , अष ् टमातृका : , " eight mothers " ) . Whereas in South India , Saptamatrika worship is prevalent , the Ashtamatrika are venerated in Nepal . The Matrikas assume paramount significance in the goddess @-@ oriented sect of Hinduism , Tantrism . In Shaktism , they are " described as assisting the great Shakta Devi ( goddess ) in her fight with demons . " Some scholars consider them Shaiva goddesses . They are also connected with the worship of warrior god Skanda . In most early references , the Matrikas are described as having inauspicious qualities and often described as dangerous . They come to play a protective role in later mythology , although some of their inauspicious and wild characteristics still persist in these accounts . Thus , they represent the prodigiously fecund aspect of nature as well as its destructive force aspect . In the 6th century encyclopedia Brihat @-@ Samhita , Varahamihira says that " Mothers are to be made with cognizance of ( different major Hindu ) gods corresponding to their names . " They are associated with these gods as their spouses or their energies ( Shaktis ) . Originally believed to be a personification of the seven stars of the star cluster the Pleiades , they became quite popular by the seventh century and a standard feature of goddess temples from the ninth century onwards . = = Origins and development = = According to Jagdish Narain Tiwari and Dilip Chakravati , the Matrikas were existent as early as the Vedic period and the Indus Valley civilization . Seals with rows of seven feminine deities or priestesses are cited as evidence for the theory . A Hindu text known as the Rigveda ( IX 102 @.@ 4 ) speaks of a group of seven Mothers who control the preparation of Soma , but the earliest clear description appears in some layers of the epic Mahabharata ( dated to 1st century AD ) . Wangu believes that Matrika description in Mahabharata , is rooted in the group of seven females depicted on Indus valley seals . It was assumed that the people locally worshipped these goddesses , such an example is also described in Zimmer Heinrich book The Art Of Indian Asia , about the seven shrines of seven Mother Goddesses worshipped locally . By the fifth century , all these goddesses were incorporated in mainstream orthodox Hinduism as Tantric deities . David Kinsley proposes that the Matrikas may be non @-@ Aryan or at least non @-@ Brahmanical ( orthodox Hinduism ) , local village goddesses , who were being assimilated in the mainstream . He cites two reasons for his assertion : their description in Mahabharata as dark in colour , speaking foreign languages and living in " peripheral areas " and their association with non @-@ Brahmanical god Skanda and his father , Shiva , who though Vedic has non @-@ Brahmanical attributes . Sara L. Schastok suggests that Matrikas maybe inspired by the concept of Yakshas , who are associated with Skanda and Kubera – both are often portrayed with the Matrikas . In contrast to Indus valley origins theory , Bhattacharyya notes : [ The ] cult of the Female Principle was a major aspect of Dravidian religion , The concept of Shakti was an integral part of their religion [ ... ] The cult of the Sapta Matrika , or Seven Divine Mothers , which is an integral part of the Shakta religion , may be of Dravidian inspiration . The Sapta @-@ Matrikas were earlier connected with Skanda ( Kumara ) and in later times , associated with the sect of Shiva himself . During the Kushana period ( 1st to 3rd century ) , the sculptural images of the matrikas first appear in stone . The Kushana images merged from the belief in Balagraha ( lit " destroyers of children " ) worship related to conception , birth , diseases and protection of children . The Balagraha tradition included the worship of the infant Skanda with the Matrikas . The goddesses were considered as personifications of perils , related to children and thus , were pacified by worship . The Kushana images emphasize the maternal as well as destructive characteristics of the Matrikas through their emblems and weapons . They appear to be an undifferentiated sculptural group but develop in standard and complex iconographic representation during the following Gupta period . In the Gupta period ( 3rd to 6th century A.D. ) , folk images of Matrikas became important in villages . The diverse folk goddesses of the soldiers like Matrikas were acknowledged by the Gupta rulers and their images were carved on royal monuments in order to strengthen the loyalty and adherence of the armed forces . The Gupta kings Skandagupta and Kumaragupta I ( c. second half of fifth century ) made Skanda ( Kumara ) their model and elevated the position of Skanda 's foster mothers , the Matrikas from a cluster of folk goddesses to court goddesses . Since the fourth century , Parhari , Madhya Pradesh had a rock @-@ cut shrine been solely devoted to the Sapta Matrika . The Western Ganga Dynasty ( 350 – 1000 CE ) kings of Karnataka built many Hindu temples along with saptamatrika carvings and memorials , containing sculptural details of saptamatrikas . The evidence of Matrika sculptures is further pronounced in the Gurjara – Patiharas ( 8th to 10th century A.D. ) and Chandella period ( 8th to 12th century A.D. ) . The Chalukyas claimed to have been nursed by the Sapta Matrikas . It was a popular practice to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom in ancient times . During the Chalukya period ( 11th to 13th century ) , all Matrikas continued to figure among the deity sculptures of this period . The Kadambas and Early Chalukyas from the fifth century praise the Matrikas in their preambles , as giver of powers to defeat enemies . In most of the relevant texts , their exact number has not been specified , but gradually their number and names became increasingly crystallized and seven goddesses were identified as matrikas , albeit some references indicate eight or even sixteen Matrikas . Laura Kristine Chamberlain ( now Laura K. Amazzone ) cites : The inconsistency in the number of Matrikas found in the valley [ Indus ] today ( seven , eight , or nine ) possibly reflects the localization of goddesses [ . ] Although the Matrikas are mostly grouped as seven goddesses over the rest of the Indian Subcontinent , an eighth Matrikas has sometimes been added in Nepal to represent the eight cardinal directions . In Bhaktapur , a city in the Kathmandu Valley , a ninth Matrika is added to the set to represent the center . = = Iconography = = The iconographical features of the Matrikas have been described in Hindu scriptures such as Puranas and Agamas and the epic Mahabharata . Puranas like Varaha Purana , Agni Purana , Matsya Purana , Vishnudharmottara Purana and Devi Mahatmya , a part of Markandeya Purana as well as Agamas such as Amsumadbhedagama , Surabhedagama , Purvakarnagama and Rupamandana describe the Matrikas . The Ashta @-@ Matrika or Ashta @-@ Matara as described in Devi Mahatmya is given below . Brahmani ( Sanskrit : ब ् रह ् माणी , Brahmâṇī ) or Brahmi ( Sanskrit : ब ् राह ् मि , Brāhmī ) is the Shakti ( power ) of the creator god Brahma . She is depicted yellow in colour and with four heads . She may be depicted with four or six arms . Like Brahma , she holds a rosary or noose and kamandalu ( water pot ) or lotus stalk or a book or bell and is seated on a hamsa ( identified with a swan or goose ) as her vahana ( mount or vehicle ) . She is also shown seated on a lotus with the hamsa on her banner . She wears various ornaments and is distinguished by her basket @-@ shaped crown called karaṇḍa mukuṭa . Vaishnavi ( Sanskrit : वैष ् णवी , Vaiṣṇavī ) , the power of the preserver @-@ god Vishnu , is described as seated on the Garuda ( eagle @-@ man ) and having four or six arms . She holds Shankha ( conch ) , chakra ( Discus ) , mace and lotus and bow and sword or her two arms are in varada mudra ( Blessing hand gesture ) and abhaya mudra ( " No @-@ fear " hand gesture ) . Like Vishnu , she is heavily adorned with ornaments like necklaces , anklets , earrings , bangles etc. and a cylindrical crown called kiriṭa mukuṭa . 'Maheshvari ' ( Sanskrit : माहेस ् वरी , Māheśvarī ) is the power of god Shiva , also known as Maheshvara . Maheshvari is also known by the names Raudri , Rudrani and Maheshi , derived from Shiva 's names Rudra and Mahesh . Maheshvari is depicted seated on Nandi ( the bull ) and has four or six hands . The white complexioned , Trinetra ( three eyed ) goddess holds a Trishula ( trident ) , Damaru ( drum ) , Akshamala ( A garland of beads ) , Panapatra ( drinking vessel ) or axe or an antelope or a kapala ( skull @-@ bowl ) or a serpent and is adorned with serpent bracelets , the crescent moon and the jaṭā mukuṭa ( A headdress formed of piled , matted hair ) . Indrani ( Sanskrit : इन ् द ् राणी , Indrāṇī ) , also known as Aindri , ( Sanskrit : ऐन ् द ् री , Aindrī ) , Mahendri , Shakri , Shachi ' and Vajri , is the power of the Indra , the Lord of the heaven . Seated on a charging elephant , Aindri , is depicted dark @-@ skinned , with two or four or six arms . She is depicted as having two or three or like Indra , a thousand eyes . She is armed with the Vajra ( thunderbolt ) , goad , noose and lotus stalk . Adorned with variety of ornaments , she wears the kiriṭa mukuṭa . 'Kaumari ' ( Sanskrit : कौमारी , Kaumarī ) , also known as Kumari , Karttikeyani and Ambika is the power of Kumara ( Kartikeya or Skanda ) , the god of war . Kaumari rides a peacock and has four or twelve arms . She holds a spear , axe , a Shakti ( power ) or Tanka ( silver coins ) and bow . She is sometimes depicted six @-@ headed like Kumara and wears the cylindrical crown . Varahi ( Sanskrit : वाराही , Vārāhī ) or Vairali is described as the power of Varaha – the boar @-@ headed form of Vishnu or Yama – the god of death , has a boar head on a human body and rides a ram or a buffalo . She holds a Danda ( rod of punishment ) or plough , goad , a Vajra or a sword , and a Panapatra . Sometimes , she carries a bell , chakra , chamara ( a yak 's tail ) and a bow . She wears a crown called karaṇḍa mukuṭa with other ornaments . Chamunda ( Sanskrit : चामुण ् डा , Cāṃuṇḍā ) , also known as Chamundi and Charchika is the power of Devi ( Chandi ) . She is very often identified with Kali and is similar in her appearance and habit . The identification with Kali is explicit in Devi Mahatmya . The black coloured Chamunda is described as wearing a garland of severed heads or skulls ( Mundamala ) and holding a Damaru ( drum ) , trishula ( trident ) , sword and pānapātra ( drinking @-@ vessel ) . Riding a jackal or standing on a corpse of a man ( shava or preta ) , she is described as having three eyes , a terrifying face and a sunken belly . 'Narasimhi ' ( Sanskrit : नारसिंहीं , Nārasiṃhī ) , power of Narasimha ( lion @-@ man form of Vishnu ) , is a woman @-@ lion and throws the stars into disarray by shaking her lion mane . Though the first six are unanimously accepted by texts , the name and features of the seventh and eighth Matrika are disputed . In Devi @-@ Mahatmya , Chamunda is omitted after the Saptamatrika list , while in sculpture in shrines or caves and the Mahabharata , Narasimhi is omitted . The Varaha Purana names Yami – the Shakti of Yama , as the seventh and Yogishwari as the eighth Matrika , created by flames emerging from Shiva 's mouth . In Nepal , the eighth Matrika is called Maha @-@ Lakshmi or Lakshmi is added omitting Narasimhi . In lists of nine Matrikas , Devi @-@ Purana mentions Gananayika or Vinayaki – the Shakti of Ganesha , characterized by her elephant head and ability to remove obstacles like Ganesha and Mahabharavi omitting Narasimhi . = = Legends = = There are several Puranic texts related to the origin of Matrikas . Matsya Purana , Vamana Purana , Varaha Purana , Kurma Purana and the Suprabhedagama contain references to Matrikas , and this asserts their antiquity . According to the Shumbha @-@ Nishumbha story of Devi Mahatmya , Matrikas appear as Shaktis from the bodies of the gods – Brahma , Shiva , Skanda , Vishnu , Indra ; having form of each , approached Chandika ( identified with Devi ) with whatever form , ornaments and vehicle the god possessed . In that form , they slaughter the demon army . Thus , the Matrikas are goddesses of the battlefield . They are described as assistants of Durga having sinister as well as propitious characteristics . After the battle , the Matrikas dance drunk with their victim 's blood . This description is repeated with little variation in Devi Bhagavata Purana. and Vamana Purana . The Devi @-@ Bhagavata Purana mentions three other goddesses , Shaktis of other gods in addition to Saptamatrikas making a group of 10 Matrikas . According to latter episode of Devi Mahatmya , Durga created Matrikas from herself and with their help slaughtered the demon army . In this version , Kali is described as a Matrika , who sucked all the blood of demon Raktabija . Kali is given the epithet Chamunda in the text . When demon Shumbha challenges Durga to a single combat , she absorbs the Matrikas in herself and says that they are her different forms . In the Vamana Purana too , the Matrikas arise from different parts of Devi and not from male gods although they are described and named after the male deities . In Matsya Purana , Shiva had created seven Matrikas to combat the demon Andhaka , who had the ability to duplicate from each drop of his blood that falls from him when he is wounded . The Matrikas drink up his blood and help Shiva defeat the demon . After the battle , the Matrikas begin a rampage of destruction by starting to devour other gods , demons and peoples of the world . Nar	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
between March 14 – 16 . The skeleton tower was modified in 1927 , but there are no records about additional work or action with the light . In 1931 , an article in The Day noted that the skeleton tower was " in recent years " converted to automatic gas beacons . As of 2014 , the skeleton tower is known as Light 35 and features a green flashing light every 4 seconds . In the 1990s , the Deep River Historical Society of Deep River , Connecticut discovered a photo of the light and began to research its history . Joel Severance , chairman of the harbor commission , wanted to build a 28 @-@ foot ( 8 @.@ 5 meter ) tall replica that would primarily function as a daymark and their plan was endorsed by the Connecticut Department of Transportation in the United States Coast Guard and both the town of Deep River and Middlesex County , Connecticut , but it was expected to be denied by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection . In 2000 , the plan was rejected by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection . = Hull Castle = Hull Castle was an artillery fort in Kingston upon Hull in England . Together with two supporting blockhouses , it defended the eastern side of the River Hull , and was constructed by King Henry VIII to protect against attack from France as part of his Device programme in 1542 . The castle had two large , curved bastions and a rectangular keep at its centre ; the blockhouses to the north and south had three curved bastions supporting guns , and a curtain wall and moat linked the blockhouses and castle . The construction project used material from recently dissolved monasteries , and cost £ 21 @,@ 056 . The town took over responsibility for these defences in 1553 , leading to a long running dispute with the Crown as to whether the civic authorities were fulfilling their responsibilities to maintain them . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the defences were used to imprison Catholic recusants , who were often held in harsh conditions . The castle and blockhouses saw service during the sieges of the English Civil War in the 1640s , and remained in used during the interregnum . After the restoration of Charles II , the buildings were neglected until the King redeveloped the eastern defences of Hull in 1681 , creating a larger fortification called the Citadel . The castle and the South Blockhouse formed part of the new design , although the North Blockhouse was allowed to fall into ruins and finally demolished in 1801 . The former buildings remained in use , with various modifications , until the Citadel was demolished in 1864 to allow the construction of new docks . The foundations survived and have been the subject of archaeological investigations . = = History = = = = = 16th century = = = = = = = Background = = = = Hull Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to local lords and communities , only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications , and while France and the Empire remained in conflict , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Modest defences based around simple blockhouses and towers existed in the south @-@ west and along the Sussex coast , with a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were limited in scale . In 1533 , Henry broke with Pope Paul III over the annulment of his long @-@ standing marriage to Catherine of Aragon . Catherine was the aunt of Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor , who took the annulment as a personal insult . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . An invasion of England appeared certain . In response , Henry issued an order , called a " device " , in 1539 , giving instructions for the " defence of the realm in time of invasion " and the construction of forts along the English coastline . The immediate threat passed , but resurfaced in 1544 , with France threatening an invasion across the English Channel , backed by her allies in Scotland . Henry therefore issued another device to further improve the country 's defences . = = = = Construction = = = = Hull Castle was constructed to defend the east side of the town of Kingston upon Hull against a possible French attack ; it was also intended to ensure the loyalty of the population , who had taken part in a revolt against the King in 1536 . Henry had visited Hull in late 1541 and had observed that , although the town had strong walls to the north and west , it lacked adequate defences in the event of an attack from the east , while the harbour was only protected by a " little round brick tower " . Henry issued orders for the existing town defences to be repaired and renovated but , before the work could commence , he changed his mind and issued fresh instructions in early 1542 . John Roberts , a military engineer previously stationed in Guînes , was brought back to England to construct a major system of defences on the east bank of the River Humber , comprising a central castle linked to two large blockhouses . The design of the new defences was probably carried out by Rogers and resembled his earlier work near Calais , although the King probably also made some decisions on the project personally . Sir Richard Long and Michael Stanhope were instructed to oversee the construction of the defences , with Thomas Aldred acting as the project 's paymaster and William Reynolds in the role of master mason . Initial estimates suggested that 530 workers would be needed , including masons , carpenters and plumbers , but more may have been required in practice . Some of the building materials were taken from monastic institutions , which had recently dissolved by Henry ; stone and lead was taken from the nearby Meaux Abbey , further stone from the friaries in Hull and probably also from St Mary 's Church in Hull , which had recently collapsed . At least some of the bricks needed were made in a series of ten kilns beside the site itself . The land needed for the buildings had been seized during the dissolution of the monasteries . By December 1543 , £ 21 @,@ 056 had been spent on the project . The castle was rectangular , with brick and stone foundations and a brick superstructure . It had two large , curved bastions containing chambers on the west and east ends , and a three @-@ storey rectangular keep in the middle , 66 by 50 feet ( 20 by 15 m ) across , set within an inner courtyard . The outer wall was 19 feet ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) thick and contained a gallery and ports for hand @-@ guns , and supported two tiers of artillery . A moat ran around the outside of the castle . The two @-@ storey tall blockhouses were also built from brick and stone , and each had a square central tower and entrance at the rear , and three curved bastions to the front and sides . Their walls were 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) thick , sloped so as to deflect incoming fire , and supported two tiers of guns ; the interiors were partitioned , to reduce the risk of explosions damaging the entire fortification . The use of bastions adopted some features from the Italian @-@ style of defences then popular on the continent , but their design was imperfect and failed to provide flanking cover or interlink with the neighbouring defences . A crenellated curtain wall , approximately 900 metres ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) long and 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) high , linked the blockhouses and castle , with a wet moat on the eastward side . = = = = Operation = = = = After the construction , Sir Richard Long and Michael Stanhope were placed in command of the castle and blockhouses ; the initial garrison may have been substantial , costing around £ 1 @,@ 000 a year , but this was mostly demobilised at the end of 1542 . Nonetheless , the castle and blockhouses still proved expensive to maintain . As a result , in 1553 , an agreement was reached with the corporation of Hull , under which the town would take over responsibility for their maintenance , in exchange for an annual grant of £ 50 from various local manors . The town provided a bond of £ 2 @,@ 000 as a commitment that it would keep its commitments . The mayor of Hull also took over the role of the Governor of Hull , with " keepers " were appointed by the town to run each of the buildings ; the pasture land behind the fortifications was rented out to bring in income . Arguments soon broke out between the Crown and the corporation over the deal . The Crown argued that the corporation was not adequately maintaining the castle and blockhouses . The Earl of Sussex complained in 1569 that they were in need of repair , and a 1576 survey stated that their gun platforms were in poor condition and that the ditches had become clogged with earth , while coastal erosion had undermined the South Blockhouse . Queen Elizabeth I provided 300 trees to help the repair work and a new jetty was built to protect the southern end of the defences from the sea . The Crown gave 60 trees to the town to help with further repairs in 1581 . Fears of a Spanish invasion resulted in fresh repairs being carried out , and the threat of the Armada in 1588 resulted in proposals to build additional earthworks around the blockhouses , but nothing appear to have actually been carried out . The dispute over maintenance between the Crown and the town finally came to court in 1588 ; the corporation argued that green timber had been used in the original construction work and claimed that they had spent £ 2 @,@ 893 between 1552 and 1587 on the defences : the Crown 's case failed . A new bridge , North Bridge , was built over the River Hull in the 1540s , protected by artillery in the North Blockhouse . From 1577 onwards , the castle and blockhouses began to be used to contain Catholic recusants , with as many as 16 prisoners being known to have been detained at any one time . The ground @-@ floor of the South Blockhouse was often used for this purpose ; the conditions were particularly poor , with contemporary accounts noting that the quarters " have been overflowed with water at high tide , so that they walked , the earth was so raw and moist that their shoes would cleave to the ground " . Another Spanish invasion scare in 1597 led to the castle and blockhouses being put on alert , and the recusants were temporarily removed for security reasons . = = = 17th century = = = The arguments over the maintenance of the castle and blockhouses continued in early 1600s . The town of Hull argued that since the revenues of £ 50 granted in 1553 were insufficient to maintain these defences , they should be allowed to use royal customs duties to assist in the work , particularly in protecting the east bank of the river from erosion . As a result , another court case was brought by the Crown in 1601 . A commission was established to examine the defences and concluded that the position of the castle meant that it was militarily useless , and as a consequence it had not been garrisoned or maintained for many years , resulting in it falling into total disrepair . The commission 's report led to the town carrying repairs to the earthwork defences over the coming year . The Crown dropped its law case , but a third case was brought in 1634 , only to see the Crown pull out of the proceedings once again . By now , the corporation argued it had spent £ 11 @,@ 367 on the defences . Around 1627 , Robert Morton , the mayor of Hull , had an additional rectangular earthwork battery of four guns constructed around the south blockhouse to defend the estuary against a potential Spanish and French invasion threat . The South End Fort was built on the other side of the river from the South Blockhouse at the same time , provided supporting crossfire . In 1634 , a survey showed the North Blockhouse to be mounting 24 pieces of artillery , the castle 29 , and the South Blockhouse 24 guns . Catholic recusants continued to be detained in the castle and blockhouses , where they were ill @-@ treated by the keepers , typically men with strong Puritan sympathies . At the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 , Hull sided with Parliament against King Charles I. Hull was besieged by the Royalists in July 1642 , and the South Blockhouse may have been used to drive off a Royalist naval vessel approaching the estuary . In 1643 , the mayor , Thomas Raikes , and the Parliamentarians in Hull concluded that the governor , Sir John Hotham , was planning to seize the castle and the wider town for the King . In a pre @-@ emptive strike in June , Captain Moyer landed 100 troops from the Parliamentary warship the Hercules and took the castle and blockhouses , while Raikes seized the town itself . Hotham was later executed . A further siege followed in 1643 , during which the area to the east of the castle and blockhouses was deliberately flooded by the defenders to provide additional protection . In September , the south bastion of the North Blockhouse was accidentally blown up by one of the defenders , killing five men . The artillery exchanges during the sieges and the activities of the garrisons had caused considerable damage , and at the end of the conflict the military Governor of Hull ordered repairs . The North Blockhouse needed work costing £ 1 @,@ 500 , Hull Castle , £ 300 , and the South Blockhouse , £ 220 . During the interregnum , the fortifications were maintained , despite complaints from the town at the costs , and were used to hold both prisoners of war and political prisoners . Henry Slingsby , for example , was held at the castle before his trial in London . When Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660 , the interregnum army was demobilised ; a guard @-@ force remained in Hull to protect the arsenal there , being officially referred to as the " Hull Blockhouse " garrison . All three sites were garrisoned : surveys reported that the South Blockhouse was in a good condition and held 21 guns , the castle was in a poor condition and held only 8 light guns , and the North Blockhouse was in a " ruinous " condition and held 10 guns . An order was taken to strip the most ruined parts of the North Blockhouse of its timber , bricks and lead to help improve the remainder , supplemented by additional supplies of timber and bricks donated by the Crown , but the material was misappropriated and used , in part , for construction work on the houses of the Governor and his deputy . The defences were neglected for several decades , despite calls for improvements and when the military engineer Sir Martin Beckman visited the sites in 1681 , he concluded that they were " very much out of repair " : the North Blockhouse was " altogether dismantled " , the South Blockhouse needed extensive repairs and the moat had been left to entirely silt up . Recusants continued to be detained in the castle , which was regarded by the national authorities as a particularly suitable prison for this class of prisoner . The Crown decided to construct a new , triangular fortification called the Hull Citadel on the eastern side of the river , incorporating the castle and the South Blockhouse . Beckman was responsible for the design and the work took place between 1681 and 1690 at a cost of over £ 100 @,@ 000 . The South Blockhouse was repaired and strengthened with a water bastion , and formed the south @-@ west corner of the Citadel ; the castle was integrated into the north corner and protected by a new bastion . The intervening curtain wall was partially demolished to make way for the new works , while the last remains of the moat were filled in with clay . By 1699 , the castle itself no longer held any guns , although the South Bastion was equipped with three demi @-@ culverins and four sakers , all which were inoperable due to poor maintenance and the effect of the sea . The new fortifications were protected by a combination of soldiers from the regular Army , from Independent Companies under the control of the governor , and the " Castle Guard " of local soldiers . = = = 18th – 21st centuries = = = The castle and the South Blockhouse continued in use within the Citadel during the 18th and early 19th centuries . In 1746 , the South Blockhouse was redesigned with new embrasures , but the fortifications were largely neglected . During the Napoleonic Wars , the Citadel was extensively repaired ; the South Blockhouse was extensively altered to allow it to hold naval ordnance stores and the castle became an armoury , each wing able to hold 20 @,@ 000 stands of infantry weapons and 3 @,@ 000 cavalry arms . The North Blockhouse and the remnants of the curtain wall beyond the Citadel were in ruins by 1766 ; the blockhouse was let to private contractors , and then demolished altogether between 1801 and 1802 . By the 19th century , extensive docks had grown up around the Citadel and in 1802 the surrounding land was granted to the Hull Dock Company . The Citadel remained in military use until 1848 , by when developments in military technology had made the fortification obsolete . In 1858 there were proposals to turn the site into a public park , but instead the Citadel , including Hull Castle and the South Blockhouse , was demolished in 1864 to make way for an expansion of the docks . From 1969 onwards there have been a range of archaeological investigations around the area . The foundations of the Citadel , which had been too substantial to dismantle in the 19th century , were uncovered during urban regeneration works in 1987 , and archaeological digs have occurred on both the castle and the South Blockhouse sites . The foundations of these two buildings , along with the southern end of the Citadel remains , are protected under UK law as an Ancient Monument . During excavations in 1997 , an iron portpiece was discovered on the site of the South Blockhouse . The weapon , now known as " Henry 's Gun " , is one of only four such guns in the world to have survived from the period and is displayed at the Hull Museums . It was either made by Henry VIII 's gun @-@ maker or acquired from the Low Countries . By 1681 it would have been obsolete and was disposed of in 1681 during the construction of the Citadel . = Erich von Manstein = Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Lewinski , known as Erich von Manstein ( 24 November 1887 – 9 June 1973 ) , was a German commander of the Wehrmacht , Nazi Germany 's armed forces during the Second World War . He attained the rank of field marshal . Born into an aristocratic Prussian family with a long history of military service , Manstein joined the army at a young age and saw service on Western Front and Eastern Front during the First World War ( 1914 – 18 ) . He rose to the rank of captain by the end of the war and was active in the inter @-@ war period helping Germany rebuild her armed forces . In September 1939 , during the invasion of Poland at the beginning of the Second World War , he was serving as Chief of Staff to Gerd von Rundstedt 's Army Group South . Adolf Hitler chose Manstein 's strategy for the invasion of France of May 1940 , a plan later refined by Franz Halder and other members of the OKH . Anticipating a firm Allied reaction should the main thrust of the invasion take place through the Netherlands , Manstein devised an innovative tactic — later known as the Sichelschnitt ( " sickle cut " ) — that called for an attack through the woods of the Ardennes and a rapid drive to the English Channel , thus cutting off the French and Allied armies in Belgium and Flanders . Attaining the rank of general at the end of the campaign , he was active in the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Siege of Sevastopol ( 1941 – 1942 ) , and was promoted to field marshal on 1 July 1942 . He also participated in the Siege of Leningrad . Germany 's fortunes in the war began to take an unfavourable turn later in 1942 , especially in the catastrophic Battle of Stalingrad , where Manstein commanded a failed relief effort ( " Operation Winter Storm " ) in December . Later known as the " backhand blow " , Manstein 's counteroffensive in the Third Battle of Kharkov ( February – March 1943 ) regained substantial territory and resulted in the destruction of three Soviet armies and the retreat of three others . He was one of the primary commanders at the Battle of Kursk ( July – August 1943 ) , one of the largest tank battles in history . His ongoing disagreements with Hitler over the conduct of the war led to his dismissal in March 1944 . He never obtained another command and was taken prisoner by the British in August 1945 , several months after Germany 's defeat . Manstein gave testimony at the main Nuremberg trials of war criminals in August 1946 , and prepared a paper that , along with his later memoirs , helped contribute to the myth of a " clean Wehrmacht " — the myth that the German armed forces were not culpable for the atrocities of the Holocaust . In 1949 he was tried in Hamburg for war crimes and was convicted on nine of seventeen counts , including the poor treatment of prisoners of war and failing to protect civilian lives in his sphere of operations . His sentence of eighteen years in prison was later reduced to twelve , and he served only four years before being released in 1953 . As a military advisor to the West German government in the mid @-@ 1950s , he helped re @-@ establish the armed forces . His successful memoir , Verlorene Siege ( 1955 ) , translated into English as Lost Victories , was highly critical of Hitler 's leadership , and only dealt with the military aspects of the war , ignoring its political and ethical contexts . Manstein died in Munich in 1973 . = = Early life = = Manstein was born Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Lewinski in Berlin , the tenth son of a Prussian aristocrat and artillery general , Eduard von Lewinski ( 1829 – 1906 ) , and Helene von Sperling ( 1847 – 1910 ) . His father 's family had Kashubian ancestry and was entitled to use the Brochwicz coat of arms ( Brochwicz III ) . Hedwig von Sperling ( 1852 – 1925 ) , Helene 's younger sister , was married to Lieutenant General Georg von Manstein ( 1844 – 1913 ) ; the couple was unable to have children , so they adopted Erich . They had previously adopted Erich 's cousin Martha , the daughter of Helene 's and Hedwig 's deceased brother . Manstein 's biological and adoptive fathers were both Prussian generals , as were his mother 's brother and both his grandfathers ( one of them , Albrecht Gustav von Manstein , had led a corps in the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 ) . Sixteen relatives on each side of his family were military officers , many of whom rose to the rank of general . Paul von Hindenburg , the future Generalfeldmarschall and President of Germany , was his uncle ; Hindenburg 's wife , Gertrud , was the sister of Hedwig and Helene . Manstein attended the Imperial Lyzeum , a Catholic Gymnasium in Strasbourg , from 1894 to 1899 . In March 1906 , after six years in the cadet corps in Plön and Groß @-@ Lichterfelde , he was commissioned into the Third Foot Guards Regiment ( Garde zu Fuß ) as an ensign . He was promoted to lieutenant in January 1907 and in October 1913 began the three @-@ year officer training programme at the Prussian War Academy . However , Manstein only completed the first year of the programme , as when the First World War began in August 1914 all students of the Academy were ordered to report for active service . He never completed the remainder of his general staff officer training . = = Early military career = = = = = First World War = = = During the First World War , Manstein served on both the German Western and Eastern Fronts . At the beginning of the war he was promoted to lieutenant and participated in the invasion of Belgium with the 2nd Guard Reserve Infantry Regiment . In August 1914 he took part in the capture of Namur , the site of a massive citadel surrounded by outlying forts . In September , Manstein 's unit was one of two transferred to East Prussia and attached to the Eighth Army , commanded by Hindenburg . After seeing action in the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes , his unit was soon reassigned to the Ninth Army , which was in the process of advancing from Upper Silesia to Warsaw . Overstretched , the Ninth Army was forced to withdraw in the face of a Russian counterattack , and on 16 November Manstein was wounded during the retreat when he was among a detachment that stormed a Russian entrenchment . He was shot in the left shoulder and the left knee ; one bullet hit his sciatic nerve , causing the leg to be numb . Recovery took six months in hospital in Beuthen and Wiesbaden . After a period of home leave , on 17 June 1915 Manstein was reassigned as assistant general staff officer of operations to the Tenth Army , commanded by Max von Gallwitz . Soon promoted to captain , he learned first @-@ hand how to plan and conduct offensive operations as the Tenth Army undertook successful attacks on Poland , Lithuania , Montenegro , and Albania . During offensive operations at Verdun in early 1916 , Manstein was stationed with Gallwitz and his staff at a new headquarters near the action . He next served as a staff supply officer under General Fritz von Below and chief of staff Fritz von Lossberg at a command post near the River Somme ; the area was the scene of several battles over the course of the war . British and French operations from July to November 1916 forced a German withdrawal over the winter to the Hindenburg Line , a series of defensive positions between Verdun and Lens . Manstein continued to serve under Below until October 1917 , when he was transferred as chief of staff to the 4th Cavalry Division , serving in Riga during the German occupation of the area . As a result of the signing of the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk in March 1918 , Manstein 's unit was no longer needed on the Eastern Front ; he was reassigned to the 213th Infantry Division near Reims . The German Imperial Army saw some minor successes in the area but was beginning to lose the war . The armistice was signed on 11 November 1918 . = = = Inter @-@ war era = = = Manstein married Jutta Sibylle von Loesch , the daughter of a Silesian landowner , in 1920 . He proposed marriage after having known her for only three days . She died in 1966 . They had three children : a daughter , Gisela ( born 1921 ) , and two sons , Gero ( born 1922 ) and Rüdiger ( born 1929 ) . Gero died on the battlefield in the northern sector of the Eastern Front on 29 October 1942 while serving as a lieutenant in the Wehrmacht . Gisela was married to Major Edel @-@ Heinrich Zachariae @-@ Lingenthal , a highly decorated officer who commanded II . Panzer @-@ Regiment 15 during the Second World War . Manstein remained in the armed forces after the war ended . In 1918 he volunteered for a staff position with the Frontier Defence Force in Breslau ( now Wroclaw ) and served there until 1919 . As part of Gruppenkommando II , he participated in the restructuring of the German Imperial Army of 500 @,@ 000 men into the Reichswehr , the army of the Weimar Republic ( restricted to 100 @,@ 000 men by the Versailles Treaty ) . Recognised from an early age as a talented and intelligent commander , Manstein was chosen as one of only 4 @,@ 000 officers permitted under the treaty . In 1921 he was appointed company commander of the sixth company of the 5th Prussian Infantry Regiment and next served as a staff officer for Wehrkreiskommando II and IV , teaching military history and tactics until 1927 . That year he was promoted to major and served with the General Staff at the Reichswehr Ministry in Berlin , visiting other countries to learn about their military facilities and helping to draft mobilisation plans for the army . Promoted to lieutenant colonel , he was given command of the light infantry battalion of the 4th Infantry Regiment , serving with that unit until 1934 . In 1933 the Nazi Party seized power in Germany , thus ending the Weimar period . In violation of the Versailles treaty , the Reichswehr had been secretly re @-@ arming since the 1920s ; the new government formally renounced the Treaty and proceeded with large scale rearmament and expansion of the military . Manstein was moved back to Berlin as full colonel in February 1934 , serving as chief of staff of Wehrkreiskommando III . On 1 July 1935 he was appointed the Head of the Operations Branch of the Army General Staff ( Generalstab des Heeres ) , part of the Army High Command ( Oberkommando des Heeres – OKH ) . During his tenure there , Manstein was one of the people responsible for the development of Fall Rot ( Case Red ) , a defensive plan to protect Germany from attack by France . During this period Manstein came into contact with Heinz Guderian and Oswald Lutz , who advocated drastic changes in warfare , emphasising the role of the Panzer . However , officers like Ludwig Beck , Chief of the Army General Staff , were against such drastic changes , and therefore Manstein proposed an alternative : the development of Sturmgeschütze ( StuG ) , self @-@ propelled assault guns that would provide heavy direct @-@ fire support to infantry . In World War II , the resulting StuG vehicles proved to be among the most successful and cost @-@ effective German weapons . He was promoted to major general in October 1936 , becoming the Deputy Chief of Staff ( Oberquartiermeister I ) to General Beck . On 4 February 1938 Manstein was transferred to the command of the 18th Infantry Division in Liegnitz , Silesia , with the rank of Generalleutnant . The transfer meant that Manstein did not receive Beck 's post as Chief of the Army General Staff that August ( Beck had resigned , in spite of Manstein 's urgings not to do so , as he felt Hitler 's intended invasion of Czechoslovakia that October would be premature ) . The position was given to General Franz Halder , who had taken Manstein 's former post as Deputy Chief of Staff . The incident created a lasting hatred between the two men . On 20 April 1939 Manstein delivered a speech at the celebration of Hitler 's 50th birthday , in which he praised Hitler as a leader sent by God to save Germany . He warned the " hostile world " that if it kept erecting " ramparts around Germany to block the way of the German people towards their future " , then he would be quite happy to see the world plunged into another world war . Israeli historian Omer Bartov notes that the rise of officers such as Manstein was part of a tendency for technocratic officers , usually ardent National Socialists , to come to the fore ; his opinion is that the Wehrmacht was fully integrated into the Third Reich , not a separate apolitical organisation independent of the Nazi regime . = = Second World War = = = = = Poland = = = On 18 August 1939 , in preparation for Fall Weiss ( Case White ) — the German invasion of Poland — Manstein was appointed Chief of Staff to Gerd von Rundstedt 's Army Group South . Here he worked along with Rundstedt 's Chief of Operations , Colonel Günther Blumentritt , to develop the operational plan . Rundstedt accepted Manstein 's plan calling for the concentration of the majority of the army group 's armoured units into Walther von Reichenau 's 10th Army , with the objective of a decisive breakthrough which would lead to the encirclement of Polish forces west of the River Vistula . In Manstein 's plan , two other armies comprising Army Group South , Wilhelm List 's 14th Army and Johannes Blaskowitz 's 8th Army , would provide flank support for Reichenau 's armoured thrust towards Warsaw , the Polish capital . Privately , Manstein was lukewarm about the Polish campaign , thinking that it would be better to keep Poland as a buffer between Germany and the Soviet Union . He also worried about an Allied attack from the west once the Polish campaign was underway , which would draw Germany into a two @-@ front war . Manstein took part in a conference on 22 August 1939 where Hitler underlined to his commanders the need for the physical destruction of Poland as a nation . After the war , he would state in his memoirs that he did not recognise at the time of this meeting that Hitler was going to pursue a policy of extermination against the Poles . He did become aware of the policy later on , as he and other Wehrmacht generals received reports on the activities of the Einsatzgruppen , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) death squads tasked with following the army into Poland to kill intellectuals and other civilians . These squads were also assigned to round up Jews and others for relocation to ghettos and Nazi concentration camps . Manstein later faced three charges of war crimes relating to Jewish and civilian deaths in the sectors under his control , and the mistreatment and deaths of prisoners of war . Launched on 1 September 1939 , the invasion began successfully . In Army Group South 's area of responsibility under Rundstedt , the 8th , 10th and 14th Armies pursued the retreating Poles . The initial plan was for the 8th Army , the northernmost of the three , to advance towards Łódź . The 10th Army , with its motorised divisions , was to move quickly towards the Vistula , and the 14th Army was to advance and attempt to encircle the Polish troops in the Kraków area . These actions led to the encirclement and defeat of Polish forces in the Radom area on 8 – 14 September by six German corps . Meanwhile , the German Eighth Army was under attack from the north , so elements of the Fourth , Eighth and Tenth Armies were quickly redeployed with air support in an improvised attempt to cut off any Polish break @-@ out back towards Warsaw . The flexibility and agility of the German forces led to the defeat of nine Polish infantry divisions and other units in the resulting Battle of the Bzura ( 8 – 19 September ) , the largest engagement of the war thus far . The conquest of Poland was quickly over , with the last Polish military units surrendering on 6 October . = = = France = = = Fall Gelb ( " Case Yellow " ) , the initial plan for the invasion of France , was prepared by Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Army Colonel General ( Generaloberst ) Walther von Brauchitsch , Halder , and other members of the OKH in early October 1939 . Like the Schlieffen Plan of World War I , it called for an encirclement attack through the Netherlands and Belgium . Hitler was not satisfied , so revisions of the plan continued throughout October . Manstein was not satisfied with the plan either , as it focused heavily on the northern wing ; he felt an attack from this direction would lack the element of surprise and would expose the German forces to counterattacks from the south . The terrain in Belgium was not well @-@ suited as a base of operations for further attacks on France , so Manstein felt the operation would fail to wipe out the enemy — as it did in the First World War — leading to only partial success and trench warfare . By the end of October Manstein had prepared the outline of a different plan and submitted it to the OKH via his superior , Rundstedt , for whom he was now serving as chief of staff of Army Group A. Manstein 's plan , developed with the informal cooperation of Heinz Guderian , suggested that the Panzer divisions attack through the wooded hills of the Ardennes where no one would expect them , then establish bridgeheads on the River Meuse and rapidly drive to the English Channel . The Wehrmacht would thus cut off the French and Allied armies in Belgium and Flanders . This part of the plan later became known as the Sichelschnitt ( " sickle cut " ) . Manstein 's proposal also included a second thrust outflanking the Maginot Line , which would allow the Wehrmacht to force any future defensive line much further south . The OKH originally rejected the proposal ; Halder in particular said the plan was entirely without merit . However , on 11 November , Hitler ordered the reallocation of the forces needed to make a surprise thrust in Sedan , thus pushing the plan in the direction that Manstein had suggested . When documents outlining details of Fall Gelb fell into the hands of the Belgians on 10 January 1940 , Hitler became even more receptive to change . But Manstein 's superiors , Generals Halder and Brauchitsch , resented Manstein 's repeated insistence that his plan be implemented in place of theirs . Halder had Manstein removed from Rundstedt 's headquarters and sent to Stettin to command the XXXVIII Army Corps on 27 January . Hitler , still looking for a more aggressive plan , approved a modified version of Manstein 's ideas , today known as the Manstein Plan , after meeting with him on 17 February . Manstein and his corps played a minor role during the operations in France , serving under Günther von Kluge 's 4th Army . His corps helped achieve the first breakthrough east of Amiens during Fall Rot ( " Case Red " – the second phase of the invasion plan ) , and was the first to reach and cross the River Seine . The invasion of France was an outstanding military success ; Manstein was promoted to full general and awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . = = = Britain = = = Manstein was a proponent of the prospective German invasion of Great Britain , named Operation Seelöwe . He considered the operation risky but necessary . Early studies by various staff officers determined that air superiority was a prerequisite to the planned invasion . His corps was to be shipped across the English Channel from Boulogne to Bexhill as one of four units assigned to the first wave . But as the Luftwaffe failed to overcome the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain , Operation Seelöwe was postponed indefinitely on 12 October . For the rest of the year , Manstein , with little to do , spent time in Paris and at home . = = = Soviet Union = = = In early 1941 the German High Command commenced planning the invasion of the Soviet Union , codenamed Operation Barbarossa . On 15 March Manstein was appointed commander of the LVI Panzer Corps ; he was one of 250 commanders to be briefed for the upcoming major offensive , first seeing detailed plans of the offensive in May . His corps was part of the Fourth Panzer Group under the command of General Erich Hoepner in Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb 's Army Group North . The Army Group was tasked with thrusting through the Baltic States and then advancing on Leningrad . Manstein arrived at the front only six days prior to the launch of the offensive . Operation Barbarossa commenced on 22 June 1941 with a massive German attack along the whole front line . Manstein 's corps was to advance with Georg @-@ Hans Reinhardt 's XLI Panzer Corps to the Dvina River to secure the bridges near the town of Daugavpils . The Soviet forces mounted a number of counterattacks , but those were aimed against Reinhardt 's corps , leading to the Battle of Raseiniai . Manstein 's corps advanced rapidly , reaching the Dvina River , 315 kilometres ( 196 mi ) distant , in just 100 hours . Overextended and well ahead of the rest of the army group , he fended off a number of determined Soviet counterattacks . After Reinhardt 's corps closed in , the two corps were tasked with encircling the Soviet formations around Luga in a pincer movement . Again having penetrated deep into the Soviet lines with unprotected flanks , his corps was the target of a Soviet counteroffensive from 15 July at Soltsy by the Soviet 11th Army , commanded by Nikolai Vatutin . Manstein 's 8th Panzer Division was cut off . Although it was able to fight its way free , it was badly mauled , and the Red Army succeeded in halting Manstein 's advance at Luga . The corps regrouped at Dno . The 8th Panzers were sent on anti @-@ partisan duties and Manstein was given the 4th SS Polizei Division . The attack on Luga was repeatedly delayed . The assault on Luga was still underway when Manstein received orders on 10 August that his next task would be to begin the advance toward Leningrad . No sooner had he moved to his new headquarters at Lake Samro than he was told to send his men towards Staraya Russa to relieve the X Corps , which was in danger of being encircled . On 12 August the Red Army had launched an offensive with the 11th and 34th Armies against Army Group North , cutting off three divisions . Frustrated with the loss of the 8th Panzer and the missed opportunity to advance on Leningrad , Manstein returned to Dno . His counteroffensive led to a major Soviet defeat when his unit encircled five Soviet divisions , receiving air support for the first time on that front . They captured 12 @,@ 000 prisoners and 141 tanks . His opponent , General Kuzma M. Kachanov of the 34th Army , was subsequently court martialed and executed for the defeat . Manstein tried to obtain rest days for his men , who had been constantly fighting in poor terrain and increasingly poor weather since the start of the campaign , but to no avail . They were ordered to advance to the east on Demyansk . On 12 September , when he was near the city , he was informed that he would take over 11th Army of Army Group South in Ukraine . = = = Crimea and the Battle of Sevastopol = = = In September 1941 Manstein was appointed commander of the 11th Army after its previous commander , Colonel @-@ General Eugen Ritter von Schobert , perished when his plane landed in a Soviet minefield . The 11th Army was tasked with invading the Crimean Peninsula , capturing Sevastopol , and pursuing enemy forces on the flank of Army Group South during its advance into the Soviet Union . Hitler 's intention was to prevent the Red Army from using airbases there , and to cut off the Soviet supply of oil from the Caucasus . Manstein 's forces — mostly infantry — achieved a rapid breakthrough during the first days against heavy Soviet resistance . After most of the neck of the Perekop Isthmus had been taken , his forces were substantially reduced , leaving six German divisions and the Romanian Third Army . The rest of the Perekop Isthmus was captured slowly and with some difficulty ; Manstein complained of a lack of air support to contest Soviet air superiority in the region . He next created a mobile reconnaissance unit to press down the peninsula , cutting the road between Simferopol and Sevastopol on 31 October . Simferopol was captured the next day . The 11th Army had captured all of the Crimean Peninsula — except for Sevastopol — by 16 November . Meanwhile , the Red Army had evacuated 300 @,@ 000 personnel out of the city by sea . Manstein 's first attack on Sevastopol in November failed , and with insufficient forces left for an immediate assault , he ordered an investment of the heavily fortified city . By 17 December he launched another offensive , which also failed . On 26 December the Soviet troops landed on the Kerch Straits to retake Kerch and its peninsula , and on 30 December executed another landing near Feodosiya . Only a hurried withdrawal from the area , in contravention of Manstein 's orders , by the 46th Infantry Division under General Hans Graf von Sponeck prevented a collapse of the eastern part of the Crimea ; the division lost most of its heavy equipment . Manstein cancelled a planned resumption of the attack and sent most of his forces east to destroy the Soviet bridgehead . The Soviet forces were in a superior position regarding men and materiel as they were able to re @-@ supply by sea , and were therefore pushed by Stalin to conduct further offensives . However , the Soviet troops were unable to capture the critical rail and road access points which would have cut the German lines of supply . For the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula , launched on 8 May 1942 , Hitler finally assigned Manstein major air support . The 11th Army was outnumbered on the ground , so Manstein had them feint an attack in the north while the bulk of the force attacked to the south . The Soviet troops were soon fleeing . Manstein recorded in his memoirs the capture of " 170 @,@ 000 prisoners , 1 @,@ 133 guns and 258 tanks " . Kerch was captured on 16 May . The Wehrmacht lost only 8 @,@ 000 men . After a month 's delay , Manstein turned his attention once more to the capture of Sevastopol , a battle in which Germany used some of the largest guns ever built . Along with large numbers of regular artillery pieces , super @-@ heavy 600 mm ( 24 in ) Karl @-@ Gerät mortars and the 800 mm ( 31 in ) " Dora " railway gun were brought in for the assault . A furious barrage began on the morning of 2 June 1942 . All of the resources of the Luftwaffe 's Luftflotte 4 , commanded by Wolfram von Richthofen , were committed ; the barrage continued for five days before the ground assault began . The 11th Army gained ground during mid @-@ June , focusing their attention on the northern approaches to the city . Casualties were high on both sides as the month dragged on . Aware of the need to act before the German summer offensive of 1942 reduced the availability of reinforcements and supplies , Manstein ordered a surprise attack using amphibious landings across Severnaya Bay on 29 June . The operation was a success ; Soviet resistance crumbled . On 1 July German forces entered the city while the Soviet forces conducted a disorganised evacuation , and Hitler promoted Manstein to Generalfeldmarschall the same day . The entire city was in German hands by 4 July . During the Crimean campaign , Manstein was indirectly involved in atrocities against the Soviet population , especially those committed by Einsatzgruppe D , one of several Schutzstaffel ( SS ) groups that had been tasked with the elimination of the Jews of Europe . Einsatzgruppe D travelled in the wake of Manstein 's 11th Army , and were provided by Manstein 's command with vehicles , fuel , and drivers . Military police cordoned off areas where the Einsatzgruppe planned to shoot Jews to prevent anyone from escaping . Captain Ulrich Gunzert , shocked to have witnessed Einsatzgruppe D massacre a group of Jewish women and children , went to Manstein to ask him to do something to stop the killings . Gunzert states that Manstein told him to forget what he had seen and to concentrate on fighting the Red Army . Gunzert later called Manstein 's inaction " a flight from responsibility , a moral failure " . Eleven of the seventeen charges against Manstein at his later war crimes trial were related to Nazi maltreatment and killing of Jews and prisoners of war in the Crimea . = = = Leningrad = = = After the capture of Sevastopol , Hitler felt Manstein was the right man to command the forces at Leningrad , which had been under siege since September 1941 . With elements of the 11th Army , Manstein was transferred to the Leningrad front , arriving on 27 August 1942 . Manstein again lacked the proper forces to storm the city , so he planned Operation Nordlicht , a bold plan for a thrust to cut off Leningrad 's supply line at Lake Ladoga . However , on the day of his arrival , the Red Army launched the Sinyavin Offensive . Originally planned as spoiling attack against Georg Lindemann 's 18th Army in the narrow German salient west of Lake Ladoga , the offensive appeared able to break through the German lines , lifting the siege . Hitler , bypassing the usual chain of command , telephoned Manstein directly and ordered him to take offensive action in the area . After a series of heavy battles , he launched a counterattack on 21 September that cut off the two Soviet armies in the salient . Fighting continued throughout October . Although the Soviet offensive was fended off , the resulting attrition meant that the Wehrmacht could no longer execute a decisive assault on Leningrad , and Nordlicht was put on hold . The siege was finally lifted by the Soviet forces in January 1944 . = = = Stalingrad = = = In an attempt to resolve their persistent shortage of oil , the Wehrmacht had launched Fall Blau ( Case Blue ) , a massive offensive aimed against the Caucasian oilfields , in the summer of 1942 . After German air attacks , the 6th Army , led by Friedrich Paulus , was tasked with capturing Stalingrad , a key city on the River Volga . His troops , supported by 4th Panzer Army , entered the city on 12 September . Hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat and street fighting ensued . The Red Army launched a huge counteroffensive on 19 November , codenamed Operation Uranus , which was designed to encircle the German armies and trap them in the city ; this goal was accomplished on 23 November . Hitler , aware that if Stalingrad were lost it would likely never be retaken , appointed Manstein as commander of the newly created Army Group Don ( Heeresgruppe Don ) , tasked with mounting a relief operation named Unternehmen Wintergewitter ( Operation Winter Storm ) , to reinforce the German hold on the city . Manstein 's initial assessment on 24 November was that the 6th Army , given adequate air support , would be able to hold on . Launched on 12 December , Winter Storm achieved some initial success . Manstein 's three Panzer divisions ( comprising the 23rd , 6th , and 17th Panzer Divisions ) and supporting units of the LVII Panzer Corps advanced to within 48 km ( 30 mi ) of Stalingrad by 20 December at the Myshkova River , where they came under assault by Soviet tanks in blizzard conditions . Manstein made a request to Hitler on 18 December that 6th Army should attempt to break out . Hitler was against it , and both Manstein and Paulus were reluctant to openly disobey his orders . Conditions deteriorated inside the city ; the men suffered from lice , the cold weather , and inadequate supplies of food and ammunition . Reichsminister of Aviation Hermann Göring had assured Hitler that the trapped 6th Army could be adequately supplied by air , but due to poor weather , a lack of aircraft , and mechanical difficulties , this turned out not to be the case . On 24 January , Manstein urged Hitler to allow Paulus to surrender , but he refused . In spite of Hitler 's wishes , Paulus surrendered with his remaining 91 @,@ 000 soldiers on 31 January 1943 . Some 200 @,@ 000 German and Romanian soldiers died ; of those who surrendered , only 6 @,@ 000 survivors returned to Germany at the end of the war . Manstein believed he had done his best for the 6th Army . The encircled men saw it differently : His weakness was that he didn 't take a stronger stance against Hitler . One can resign . Or accept the death sentence . If you are totally convinced , and he was , that it was wrong to keep the army in Stalingrad . American historians Williamson Murray and Allan Millett wrote that Manstein 's message to Hitler on 24 November advising him that the 6th Army should not break out , along with Göring 's statements that the Luftwaffe could supply Stalingrad , " ... sealed the fate of Sixth Army " . Historians , including Gerhard Weinberg , have pointed out that Manstein 's version of the events at Stalingrad in his memoir is distorted and several events described there were probably made up . " Because of the sensitivity of the Stalingrad question in post @-@ war Germany , Manstein worked as hard to distort the record on this matter as on his massive involvement in the murder of Jews " , wrote Weinberg . Meanwhile , the Red Army launched an offensive of their own . Operation Saturn was intended to capture Rostov and thus cut off the German Army Group A. However , after the launch of Winter Storm , the Soviet army had to reallocate forces to prevent the relief of Stalingrad , so the operation was scaled down and redubbed " Little Saturn " . The offensive forced Manstein to divert forces to avoid the collapse of the entire front . The attack also prevented the XLVIII Panzer Corps ( comprising the 336th Infantry Division , the 3rd Luftwaffe Field Division , and the 11th Panzer Division ) , under the command of General Otto von Knobelsdorff , from joining up with the LVII Panzer Corps as planned to aid the relief effort . Instead , the XLVIII Panzer Corps held a line along the Chir River , beating off successive Soviet attacks . General Hermann Balck used the 11th Panzer Division to counterattack Soviet salients . On the verge of collapse , the German units were able to hold the line , but the Italian 8th Army on the flanks was overwhelmed and subsequently destroyed . Spurred on by this success , the Red Army planned a series of follow @-@ up offensives in January and February 1943 intended to decisively beat the German forces in southern Russia . After the destruction of the remaining Hungarian and Italian forces during the Ostrogozhsk – Rossosh Offensive , Operation Star and Operation Gallop were launched to recapture Kharkov and Kursk and to cut off all German forces east of Donetsk . Those operations succeeded in breaking through the German lines and threatened the whole southern part of the German front . To deal with this threat , Army Group Don , Army Group B , and parts of Army Group A were united as Army Group South ( Heeresgruppe Süd ) under Manstein 's command in early February . = = = Kharkov operation = = = During their offensives in February 1943 , the Red Army broke through the German lines , retaking Kursk on 9 February . As Army Groups B and Don were in danger of being surrounded , Manstein repeatedly called for reinforcements . Although Hitler called on 13 February for Kharkov to be held " at all costs " , SS @-@ Oberst @-@ Gruppenführer Paul Hausser , commander of the II SS Panzer Corps , ordered the city evacuated on 15 February . Hitler arrived at the front in person on 17 February , and over the course of three days of exhausting meetings , Manstein convinced him that offensive action was needed in the area to regain the initiative and prevent encirclement . Troops were reorganised and reinforcements were pulled into the zone from neighbouring armies . Manstein immediately began planning a counteroffensive , launched on 20 February , that later became known as the " backhand blow " ; Vatutin and the Soviet forces , believing that Manstein would retreat , were taken completely by surprise . By 2 March , the Wehrmacht had captured 615 tanks and had killed some 23 @,@ 000 Soviet soldiers . To reinforce the point that the recapture of Kharkov was important politically , Hitler returned to the front on 10 March . Manstein carefully assembled his available forces along a wide front to prevent their encirclement and recaptured Kharkov on 14 March , after bloody street fighting in the Third Battle of Kharkov . For this accomplishment , he received the Oak Leaves for the Knight 's Cross . Hausser 's II SS Panzer Corps captured Belgorod on 18 March . Manstein 's counteroffensive had not only prevented the disintegration of the entire front , it had regained substantial territory and resulted in the destruction of three Soviet armies and the retreat of three others . Soviet casualties for the preceding month in that sector had been 46 @,@ 000 dead and 14 @,@ 000 taken prisoner . Captured or destroyed were 600 tanks and 1 @,@ 200 pieces of artillery . The spring thaw began by 23 March , ending operations in the area for the time being . Planning was then undertaken to eliminate the enemy salient at Kursk . = = = Operation Zitadelle = = = Manstein favoured an immediate pincer attack on the Kursk salient after the battle at Kharkov , but Hitler was concerned that such a plan would draw forces away from the industrial region in the Donets Basin . In any event , the ground was still too muddy to move the tanks into position . In lieu of an immediate attack , the OKH prepared Operation Zitadelle ( Citadel ) , the launching of which would be delayed while more troops were gathered in the area and the mud solidified . Meanwhile , the Red Army , well aware of the danger of encirclement , also moved in large numbers of reinforcements , and their intelligence reports revealed the expected locations and timing of the German thrusts . Citadel was the last German strategic offensive on the Eastern Front , and one of the largest battles in history , involving more than four million men . By the time the Wehrmacht launched their initial assault on 5 July 1943 , the Soviet forces outnumbered them by nearly three to one . Walther Model was in command of the northern pincer , with the Ninth Army , while Manstein 's Army Group South formed the southern pincer . Both armies were slowed as the tanks were blown up in minefields and caught up in combat on a series of prepared Soviet defensive lines . After five days of fighting Model 's advance was stopped , with the Ninth Panzers suffering 25 @,@ 000 casualties . By 13 July Model 's forces were being drawn away towards Orel , where the Soviet army had launched Operation Kutuzov . Manstein 's forces were able to penetrate the Soviet lines , causing heavy casualties . He reached , but did not enter or capture , Prokhorovka , his first major objective , on 11 July , inflicting serious Soviet losses in the resulting Battle of Prokhorovka . However , on 13 July Hitler called off the failed Kursk offensive ; the Allies had landed in Sicily , so he issued the order for a withdrawal . Manstein protested ; he felt that the Soviet forces had exhausted all their reserves in the area , and he did not want to stop until all his own reserves had been committed . Hitler , however , insisted on calling off the operation . Although Soviet casualties were indeed heavy , modern historians discount the possibility of a successful German continuation of the offensive . = = = From Kursk to the Dnieper = = = Manstein regarded the Battle of Kursk as something of a German victory , as he believed that he had destroyed much of the Red Army 's offensive capacity for the rest of 1943 . This assessment turned out to be incorrect , as the Red Army was able to recover much more quickly than Manstein expected . Manstein moved his panzer reserves to the Mius River and the lower Dnieper , not realising the Soviet activities there were a diversion . A Soviet offensive that began on 3 August put Army Group South under heavy pressure . After two days of heavy fighting , the Soviet troops broke through the German lines and retook Belgorod , punching a 56 km ( 35 mi ) wide hole between Fourth Panzer Army and Armee Abteilung Kempf , tasked with holding Kharkov . In response to Manstein 's demands for reinforcements , Hitler sent the Großdeutschland , 7th Panzers , SS 2nd Das Reich , and SS 3rd Totenkopf Divisions . Construction began of defensive positions along the Dnieper , but Hitler refused requests to pull back , insisting that Kharkov be held . With reinforcements trickling in , Manstein waged a series of counterattacks and armoured battles near Bohodukhiv and Okhtyrka between 13 and 17 August , which resulted in heavy casualties as they ran into prepared Soviet lines . On 20 August he informed the OKH that his forces in the Donets river area were holding a too @-@ wide front with insufficient numbers , and that he needed to either withdraw to the Dnieper River or receive reinforcements . Continuous pressure from the Soviet forces had separated Army Group Centre from Army Group South and severely threatened Manstein 's northern flank . When the Red Army threw their main reserves behind a drive to retake Kharkov on 21 – 22 August , Manstein took advantage of this to close the gap between the 4th Panzer and 8th Armies and reestablish a defensive line . Hitler finally allowed Manstein to withdraw back across the Dnieper on 15 September . During the withdrawal , Manstein ordered scorched earth actions to be taken in a zone 20 to 30 kilometres ( 12 to 19 mi ) from the river , and later faced charges at his war crimes trial for issuing this order . Soviet losses in July and August included over 1 @.@ 6 million casualties , 10 @,@ 000 tanks and self @-@ propelled artillery pieces , and 4 @,@ 200 aircraft . German losses , while only one @-@ tenth that of the Soviet losses , were much more difficult to sustain , as there were no further reserves of men and materiel to draw on . In a series of four meetings that September , Manstein tried unsuccessfully to convince Hitler to reorganise the high command and let his generals make more of the military decisions . = = = Dnieper campaign = = = In September 1943 Manstein withdrew to the west bank of the Dnieper in an operation that for the most part was well @-@ ordered , but at times degenerated into a disorganised rout as his exhausted soldiers became " unglued " . Hundreds of thousands of Soviet civilians travelled west with them , many bringing livestock and personal property . Manstein correctly deduced that the next Soviet attack would be towards Kiev , but as had been the case throughout the campaign , the Red Army used maskirovka ( deception ) to disguise the timing and exact location of their intended offensive . Historians Williamson Murray and Allan Reed Millett wrote that many German generals ' " fanatical belief " in Nazi racial theories " ... made the idea that Slavs could manipulate German intelligence with such consistency utterly inconceivable " . The 1st Ukrainian Front , led by Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin , met the outnumbered Fourth Panzer Army near Kiev . Vatutin first made a thrust near Liutezh , just north of Kiev , and then attacked near Bukrin , to the south , on 1 November . The German troops , thinking Bukrin would be the location of the main attack , were taken completely by surprise when Vatutin captured the bridgehead at Liutezh and gained a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper . Kiev was liberated on 6 November . The 17th Army was cut off and isolated in the Crimea by the attacking 4th Ukrainian Front on 28 October . Under the guidance of General Hermann Balck , the cities of Zhytomyr and Korosten were retaken in mid @-@ November , but after receiving reinforcements Vatutin resumed the offensive on 24 December 1943 , and the Red Army continued its successful advance . Manstein 's repeated requests to Hitler for more reinforcements were turned down . On 4 January 1944 Manstein met with Hitler to tell him that the Dnieper line was untenable and that he needed to retreat in order to save his forces . Hitler refused , and Manstein again requested changes in the highest levels of the military leadership , but was turned down , as Hitler believed that he alone was capable of managing the wider strategy . In January Manstein was forced to retreat further west by the Soviet offensive . Without waiting for permission from Hitler , he ordered the German XI and XXXXII Corps ( consisting of 56 @,@ 000 men in six divisions ) of Army Group South to break out of the Korsun Pocket during the night of 16 – 17 February 1944 . By the beginning of March , the Soviet forces had driven the Wehrmacht well back of the river . Because of Hitler 's directive of 19 March that from that point forward all positions were to be defended to the last man , Manstein 's 1st Panzer Army became encircled on 21 March when permission to break out was not received from Hitler in time . Manstein flew to Hitler 's headquarters in Lvov to try to convince him to change his mind . Hitler eventually relented , but relieved Manstein of his command on 30 March 1944 . Manstein appeared on the cover of the 10 January 1944 issue of Time magazine , above the caption " Retreat may be masterly , but victory is in the opposite direction " . = = = Dismissal = = = Manstein received the Swords of the Knight 's Cross on 30 March 1944 and handed over control of Army Group South to Model on 2 April during a meeting at Hitler 's mountain retreat , the Berghof . Model 's adjutant , Günther Reichhelm , later described the scene and Manstein 's response : He must have paid him compliments about his strategic skills during the attack operations , but he also said , " I cannot use you in the South . Field Marshal Model will take over . " And Manstein replied , " My Führer ... please believe me when I say I will use all strategic means at my disposal to defend the soil in which my son lies buried . " While on medical leave after surgery to remove a cataract in his right eye , Manstein recovered at home in Liegnitz and in a medical facility in Dresden . He suffered from an infection and for a time was in danger of losing his sight . On the day of the failed 20 July plot , an assassination attempt on Hitler 's life that was part of a planned military coup d 'état , Manstein was at a seaside resort on the Baltic . Although he had met at various times with three of the main conspirators — Claus von Stauffenberg , Henning von Tresckow , and Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff — Manstein was not involved in the conspiracy ; he later said " Preussische Feldmarschälle meutern nicht " – " Prussian field marshals do not mutiny . " Still , the Gestapo placed Manstein 's house under surveillance . When it became obvious that Hitler would not be appointing him to a new post , Manstein bought an estate in East Pomerania in October 1944 , but was soon forced to abandon it as Soviet forces overran the area . His home at Liegnitz had to be evacuated on 22 January 1945 , and he and his family took refuge temporarily with friends in Berlin . While there , Manstein tried to get an audience with Hitler in the Führerbunker , but was turned away . He and his family continued to move further west into Germany until the war in Europe ended with a German defeat in May 1945 . Manstein suffered further complications in his right eye and was receiving treatment in a hospital in Heiligenhafen when he was arrested by the British and transferred to a prisoner of war camp near Lüneburg on 26 August . = = Post @-@ war = = = = = Trial = = = Manstein was moved to Nuremberg in October 1945 . He was held at the Palace of Justice , the location of the Nuremberg Trials of major Nazi war criminals and organisations . While there , Manstein helped prepare a 132 @-@ page document for the defence of the General Staff and the OKW , on trial at Nuremberg in August 1946 . The myth that the Wehrmacht was " clean " — not culpable for the events of the Holocaust — arose partly as a result of this document , written largely by Manstein , along with General of Cavalry Siegfried Westphal . He also gave oral testimony about the Einsatzgruppen , the treatment of prisoners of war , and the concept of military obedience , especially as related to the Commissar Order , an order issued by Hitler in 1941 , requiring all Soviet political commissars to be shot without trial . Manstein admitted that he received the order , but said he did not carry it out . Documents from 1941 presented at Nuremberg and at Manstein 's own later trial contradict this claim : He actually received regular reports throughout that summer regarding the execution of hundreds of political commissars . He denied any knowledge of the activities of the Einsatzgruppen , and testified that soldiers under his command were not involved in the murder of Jewish civilians . Otto Ohlendorf , commander of Einsatzgruppe D , contradicted this during his testimony , saying that not only was Manstein aware of what was happening but that the Eleventh Army was involved . In September 1946 , the General Staff and the OKW were declared to not be criminal organisations . After his testimony at Nuremberg , Manstein was interned by the British as a prisoner of war at Island Farm ( also known as Special Camp 11 ) in Bridgend , Wales , where he awaited the decision as to whether or not he would face a war crimes trial . He mostly kept apart from the other inmates , taking solitary walks , tending a small garden , and beginning work on the drafts of two books . British author B. H. Liddell Hart was in correspondence with Manstein and others at Island Farm and visited inmates of several camps around Britain while preparing his best @-@ selling 1947 book On the Other Side of the Hill . Liddell Hart was an admirer of the German generals ; he described Manstein as an operational genius . The two remained in contact , and Liddell Hart later helped Manstein arrange the publication of the English edition of his memoir , Verlorene Siege ( Lost Victories ) , in 1958 . The British cabinet , under pressure from the Soviet Union , finally decided in July 1948 to prosecute Manstein for war crimes . He and three other senior officers ( Walther von Brauchitsch , Gerd von Rundstedt and Adolf Strauss ) were transferred to Munsterlager to await trial . Brauchitsch died that October and Rundstedt and Strauss were released on medical grounds in March 1949 . Manstein 's trial was held in Hamburg from 23 August to 19 December 1949 . Manstein faced seventeen charges at the trial , three of which pertained to events in Poland and fourteen regarding events in the Soviet Union . Charges included maltreatment of prisoners of war , cooperation with the Einsatzgruppe D in killing Jewish residents of the Crimea and disregarding the welfare of civilians by using " scorched earth " tactics , while retreating from the Soviet Union . The prosecution , led by senior counsel Arthur Comyns Carr , used an order Manstein had signed on 20 November 1941 , based on the Severity Order that had been issued by Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau , to build their case , that Manstein had known about and was complicit with the genocide . The order called for the elimination of the " Jewish Bolshevik system " and the " harsh punishment of Jewry " . Manstein claimed that he remembered asking for a draft of such an order but had no recollection of signing it . American historians Ronald Smelser and Edward Davies wrote in 2008 , that Manstein agreed with Hitler 's idea that the war against the Soviet Union was a war to exterminate Judeo @-@ Bolshevism and that he committed perjury , when he claimed not to remember signing his version of the Severity Order . Manstein 's defence , led by the prominent lawyer Reginald Thomas Paget , argued that the order was justified because many partisans were Jews and so Manstein 's order calling for all Jews to be executed was justified , by his desire to protect his men from partisan attacks . He argued that Manstein was not compelled to disobey orders given by his sovereign government , even if such orders were illegal . Manstein , speaking in his defence , stated that he found the Nazi racial policy to be repugnant . Sixteen other witnesses testified that Manstein had no knowledge of or involvement in genocide . Paget called the " Russians " " savages " , arguing that Manstein showed restraint as a " decent German soldier " , in upholding the laws of war when fighting against the " Russians " , who displayed the most " appalling savagery " . Whether or not Manstein was responsible for the activities of Einsatzgruppe D , a unit not under his direct control but operating in his zone of command , became one of the key points of the trial , the prosecution claimed that it was Manstein 's duty to know about the activities of this unit and also his duty to put a stop to their genocidal operations . Recent scholars , including Benoît Lemay , are of the opinion that he almost certainly perjured himself at his trial and at Nuremberg . Manstein was found guilty on nine of the charges and was sentenced to eighteen years in prison . An uproar ensued among Manstein 's supporters in Britain and in Germany . Liddell Hart lobbied in the British press , and in Germany the sentence was seen as a political decision . The sentence was reduced to 12 years in February 1950 . Paget published a best @-@ selling book in 1951 about Manstein 's career and trial , which portrayed Manstein as an honourable soldier fighting heroically despite overwhelming odds on the Eastern Front and who had been convicted of crimes that he did not commit . The book helped to contribute to the growing cult surrounding Manstein 's name . His release on 7 May 1953 was partly a result of a recurrence of his eye problems but also the result of pressure by Winston Churchill , Konrad Adenauer , Liddell Hart , Paget and others . = = = Antisemitism = = = Antisemitism was common in Germany and throughout Europe during this period , and Manstein 's attitude towards the Jews had its roots in his exposure to and assimilation of these views . His actions were a reflection of his loyalty toward Hitler and the Nazi regime and of his grounding in a sense of duty based on traditional Prussian military values . His criticism of Hitler was based solely on their disagreements over the conduct of the war , not about the regime 's racial policies . Some historians , including Antony Beevor and Benoît Lemay , are of the opinion that Manstein had some Jewish and Slavic ancestry . Manstein was the only Reichswehr officer who opposed the introduction of the Aryan paragraph in 1934 . He sent a letter of protest to General Beck , commenting that anyone who had volunteered to serve in the armed forces had already proven their worth . Lemay speculated that Manstein may have been interested in protecting his two Mischlinge grandnephews who were already serving in the Reichswehr . He may have also been concerned about the possibility that he had distant Jewish ancestry . The SS carried out an investigation into Manstein 's ancestry but the report was not completed and the results remain unknown . On the other hand , Manstein believed that Bolshevism and Jews were inextricably linked , that there was a global conspiracy led by the Jews , and that in order to stop the spread of communism it was necessary to remove the Jews from European society . His order of 20 November 1941 , based on the Severity Order of Reichenau , reads in part : Jewish Bolshevik system must be wiped out once and for all and should never again be allowed to invade our European living space ... It is the same Jewish class of beings who have done so much damage to our own Fatherland by virtue of their activities against the nation and civilisation , and who promote anti @-@ German tendencies throughout the world , and who will be the harbingers of revenge . Their extermination is a dictate of our own survival . Manstein did nothing to prevent the killing of Jews and other civilians in the areas where his units were operating , and in which his Eleventh Army actively participated . That Manstein was well aware of the Einsatzgruppen massacres is demonstrated by a 1941 letter he sent to Otto Ohlendorf , in which Manstein demands Ohlendorf hand over the wristwatches of murdered Jews . Manstein felt his men deserved the watches , since they were doing so much to help Ohlendorf 's men with their work . Smelser and Davies note that this letter was the only time that Manstein ever complained about the activities of the Einsatzgruppen . Manstein later stated that he felt the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust was exaggerated . = = = Post @-@ war life and memoirs = = = Along with ten other former senior officers , Manstein was called on in 1955 by the Amt Blank to formulate plans for the re @-@ founding of the German army . On 20 June 1953 , he spoke to the Bundestag , giving his analysis of strategic power considerations and the country 's defence and spoke about whether the country should have a professional army or a conscripted army . His opinion was that the length of service for Bundeswehr conscripts should be at least 18 months , preferably 24 months . His idea to form a reserve force was later implemented . Manstein 's war memoir , Verlorene Siege ( Lost Victories ) , was published in West Germany in 1955 and translated into English in 1958 for worldwide distribution . The book was a highly acclaimed best @-@ seller , critical of Hitler and his leadership style . Historians such as Liddell Hart saw Manstein 's emphasis on the purely military aspects of the war , while ignoring the political and moral aspects , as a way for him to absolve himself and the high command of any responsibility for the events of the Holocaust . His favourable portrayal of himself had an impact on popular opinion ; he became the centre of a military cult which cast him not only as one of Germany 's greatest generals , but also one of the greatest in history . He has been described as a militärische Kult- und Leitfigur ( " military cult legend " ) , a general of legendary — almost mythical — ability , much honoured by both the public and historians . Biographers , including Benoît Lemay , feel that his narrow focus on military matters to the exclusion of moral issues cannot be considered ethical . In 1967 Lieutenant General Ernst Ferber of the Bundeswehr encouraged young German soldiers to eschew unconditional obedience to the head of state , and to serve the nation and the German people . Manstein and his wife moved several times after his release from prison , living in Essen and Bonn for a time before settling into a house near Munich in 1958 . The second volume of his memoirs , Aus einem Soldatenleben ( " A Soldier 's Life " ) , covering the period from 1887 to 1939 , was published in 1958 . His wife , Jutta Sibylle von Manstein , died in 1966 . Erich von Manstein died of a stroke on the night of 9 June 1973 at the age of 85 . As the last but one surviving German field marshal ( Ferdinand Schörner died 2 July 1973 ) , he was buried with full military honours , his funeral being attended by hundreds of soldiers of all ranks . His obituary in The Times states " His influence and effect came from powers of mind and depth of knowledge rather than by generating an electrifying current among the troops or ' putting over ' his personality . " Spiegel magazine was much harsher , saying " He assisted in the march to catastrophe — misled by a blind sense of duty . " = = Awards = = Iron Cross of 1914 , 1st and 2nd class Knight 's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords Knight 's Cross , First Class of the Friedrich Order with swords Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg Clasp to the Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd Class ( 16 September 1939 ) 1st Class ( 21 September 1939 ) Order of Michael the Brave , 2nd class ( Romania ) Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords Knight 's Cross on 19 July 1940 as General der Infanterie and commanding general of the XXXVIII . Armeekorps 209th Oak Leaves on 14 March 1943 as Generalfeldmarschall and commander @-@ in @-@ chief of Heeresgruppe Süd 59th Swords on 30 March 1944 as Generalfeldmarschall and commander @-@ in @-@ chief of Heeresgruppe Süd Eight mentions in the Wehrmachtbericht : 11 , 12 and 31 October 1941 ; 19 and 20 May 1942 ; 2 July 1942 ; 20 March 1943 ; 4 August 1943 = Battle of Pegae = The Battle of Pegae ( Bulgarian : битка при Пиги ) was fought between 11 and 18 March 921 in the outskirts of Constantinople between the forces of the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire during the Byzantine – Bulgarian war of 913 – 927 . The battle took place in a locality called Pegae ( i.e. " the spring " ) , named after the nearby Church of St. Mary of the Spring . The Byzantine lines collapsed at the very first Bulgarian attack and their commanders fled the battlefield . In the subsequent rout most Byzantine soldiers were killed by the sword , drowned or were captured . In 922 the Bulgarians continued their successful campaigns in Byzantine Thrace , capturing a number of towns and fortresses , including Adrianople , Thrace 's the most important city , and Bizye . In June 922 they engaged and defeated yet another Byzantine army at Constantinople , confirming the Bulgarian domination of the Balkans . However , Constantinople itself remained outside their reach , because Bulgaria lacked the naval power to launch a successful siege . The attempts of the Bulgarian emperor Simeon I to negotiate a joint Bulgarian – Arab assault on the city with the Fatimids were uncovered by the Byzantine and countered . The primary sources for the battle are Theophanes Continuatus , Leo the Grammarian 's Chronicle , the continuation of George Hamartolos ' Chronicle and John Skylitzes ' Synopsis of Histories . = = Origins of the conflict = = Although the Byzantine – Bulgarian conflict that began in 913 was provoked by the Byzantines , it was the Bulgarian monarch Simeon I ( r . 893 – 927 ) who was seeking pretext to wage war and fulfil his ambitions to claim an imperial title for himself and to assume the throne of Constantinople . Unable to confront the Bulgarians , the Byzantines reluctantly recognized Simeon I as Emperor of Bulgaria ( in Bulgarian , Tsar ) as early as July 913 but the decision was revoked after a palace coup in Constantinople in 914 . Three years later , in 917 , the main Byzantine forces were routed in the Battle of Achelous and the Bulgarians took the military initiative . In the four year that followed they launched a number of successful campaigns , reaching the walls of Constantinople and the Isthmus of Corinth . Simeon I planned to secure his position in Constantinople through a marriage between his daughter and the infant Emperor Constantine VII ( r . 913 – 959 ) , thus becoming basileopator ( father @-@ in @-@ law ) and guardian of Constantine VII . However , in 919 Admiral Romanos Lekapenos married his daughter to Constantine VII and in 920 proclaimed himself senior emperor , ruining Simeon I 's ambitions to ascend the throne by diplomatic means . Until his death , the Bulgarian monarch never recognized the legitimacy of Romanos ' accession to the throne . Thus , in the beginning of 921 Simeon I did not reply to a proposal of the Ecumenical Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos to betroth one of his daughters or sons to a progeny of Romanos I and sent his army into Byzantine Thrace , reaching Katasyrtai in the outskirts of Constantinople . Romanos I retaliated with a campaign under Pothos Argyros , who reached the town of Aquae Calidae , near modern Burgas , but part of his army was ambushed and destroyed by the Bulgarians . = = The battle = = The Byzantine campaign to Aquae Calidae and the threat in a letter by Nicholas Mystikos that numerous Byzantine troops were preparing to invade Bulgaria caused Simeon I to act quickly . He ordered a large army under kavhan ( i.e. first minister ) Theodore Sigritsa to head for Constantinople while Simeon I himself prepared another host to besiege the capital of the Theme of Thrace , Adrianople . Theodore Sigritsa marched swiftly through the Strandzha Mountains and reached the locality Pegae ( i.e. " the spring " ) at the outskirts of Constantinople in the beginning of March 921 . Romanos I was concerned that the Bulgarians would burn the palaces in Pegae and sent " sufficient troops " under the Domestic of the Schools Pothos Argyros , his brother Leo Argyros , the admiral Alexios Mosele and John the Rhaiktor . The Byzantine army was composed of troops of the tagmata , the Hetaireia ( i.e. the imperial guard ) and the navy . The two armies clashed at Pegae in the fifth week of the Great Lent , between 11 and 18 March 921 . The Byzantine commanders formed their battle lines in the lowlands near the springs , while the Bulgarians occupied the higher ground . The Bulgarians charged with dreadful battle cry . Their initial blow was irresistible and the Byzantine lines broke . John the Rhaiktor immediately fled and a certain Photinus , son of Platipodos , was killed along with many others while trying to protect him . John the Rhaiktor barely escaped aboard of a dromon . Alexios Mosele , who fled in full armour , drowned with his protomandator while attempting to board a ship . The brothers Pothos and Leo Argyros managed to find shelter in a nearby fortress . In the subsequent rout most of the Byzantine soldiers were killed by the sword , drowned or were captured by the Bulgarians . After the battle the Bulgarians burned the palaces in Pegae and looted the area north of the Golden Horn waterway on the opposite shore of the walls of Constantinople . = = Aftermath = = While the Bulgarian army operated successfully in the vicinity of Constantinople , Simeon I was preparing another major campaign in Thrace . Before leaving the capital , Preslav , Simeon I sent a letter to Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos in which he rebuffed the proposal for a dynastic marriage with the family of Romanos I. He insisted that peace was only possible on condition that Romanos I renounce the Byzantine throne in favour of himself . The Bulgarian monarch denied the accusations of Mystikos that he was responsible for the terrible war and instead blamed the eunuchs of Empress Zoe Karbonopsina , who had rebuffed his proposal to betroth his daughter to Constantine VII in 914 and had attacked Bulgaria in 917 . At the head of his army , Simeon I marched from Preslav through the Balkan Mountains and the valley of the river Tundzha and besieged Adrianople . While the bulk of the Bulgarian forces were concentrated in Thrace , the Byzantines bribed the Serbian prince Pavle Branović , who was a Bulgarian protégé , to switch sides . The Bulgarians answered with a successful intervention in Serbia , easily gained control of the country and placed in power another Bulgarian candidate , Zaharija Pribisavljević . The conflict in Serbia distracted the Bulgarian military operations against the Byzantine Empire for the rest of 921 . In 922 the Bulgarians renewed their offensive in Thrace to divert the Byzantines from the clandestine negotiations with the Fatimid Caliphate to form a Bulgarian – Arab alliance for a joint assault of Constantinople . Simeon I remained at the siege of Adrianople while another army was sent to the Byzantine capital . In June 922 the Bulgarians engaged and defeated yet another Byzantine army . A few weeks later Adrianople surrendered . In the meantime , the Byzantines captured the ship with the Bulgarian and Fatimid envoys on its way back to Bulgaria . Romanos I thus learned about the negotiations and outbid the Bulgarians . = Voalavo antsahabensis = Voalavo antsahabensis , also known as the eastern voalavo , is a rodent in the family Nesomyidae which occurs in the Anjozorobe forest of eastern Madagascar . Although surveys before 2002 failed to record the species , it is common in some places . However , it is threatened by habitat loss because of slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture . The species was formally described in 2005 and is most closely related to the only other species of Voalavo , Voalavo gymnocaudus from northern Madagascar . The two species of Voalavo are only subtly different in morphology . With a body mass of 20 @.@ 7 to 22 @.@ 6 g ( 0 @.@ 73 to 0 @.@ 8 oz ) , V. antsahabensis is a small rodent . It has a longer tail than V. gymnocaudus , as well as a longer rostrum ( front part of the skull ) and diastema ( gap between the incisors and molars ) , but shorter molar rows . The two species also differ in details of the configuration of the palate . = = Taxonomy = = Voalavo antsahabensis was first recorded in 2002 , when three individuals were captured in Madagascar 's Anjozorobe forest . In 2005 , the species was formally described by Steven Goodman and colleagues as Voalavo antsahabensis , the second species in the genus Voalavo . The only previously known species , Voalavo gymnocaudus , occurs further to the north , in the Northern Highlands . The sequences of the cytochrome b gene differ by about 10 % in these two species . The specific name , antsahabensis , derives from the name of the village of Antsahabe , which is near the place where the holotype was found . The common name " Eastern Voalavo " has been used for this species . = = Description = = Species of Voalavo are small rodents with a delicate skull and without a tuft at the tip of the tail ( as present in the closely related genus Eliurus ) . V. antsahabensis is similar to V. gymnocaudus and differs only in subtle characters . The tail is shorter in V. antsahabensis , but the head and body is slightly longer , as is the ear . However , the latter two apparent contrasts may be the result of differences in measurement technique . In both species , the final 25 to 30 mm ( 1 to 1 @.@ 2 in ) of the tail are covered with white hairs . In three specimens of V. antsahabensis , head and body length ranges from 88 to 91 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 6 in ) , tail length is 106 to 114 mm ( 4 @.@ 2 to 4 @.@ 5 in ) , hindfoot length 19 to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 75 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) , ear length 15 to 16 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 to 0 @.@ 63 in ) , and body mass 20 @.@ 7 to 22 @.@ 6 g ( 0 @.@ 73 to 0 @.@ 8 oz ) . In the skull , Voalavo antsahabensis has a significantly longer rostrum ( the front part of the skull ) and diastema ( the gap between the incisors and the molars ) . Furthermore , V. antsahabensis has shorter molar rows in both the upper and lower jaws . The back end of the incisive foramina ( openings in the front part of the palate ) , which is located in front of the first molars , is rounded in V. antsahabensis , but angular in V. gymnocaudus . The sutures of the maxillary and palatine bones ( the line where the two bones , part of the skull , join ) are straight and parallel to each other , the toothrows , and the midline of the skull in V. antsahabensis ; in V. gymnocaudus , in contrast , they are more curved . Statistical analysis of measurements of the skull and teeth clearly separates the two species of Voalavo . = = Distribution and ecology = = Voalavo antsahabensis is only known from the forests at Anjozorobe , on the eastern margin of Madagascar 's Central Highlands . Among the specimens found in 2002 , two were captured at 1425 m ( 4680 ft ) altitude on a Uapaca densifolia branch , about 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) over the ground , in moist montane forest , and a third was caught on the ground at 1275 m ( 4180 ft ) altitude . This last specimen , a male , had its testicles located in the scrotum , and therefore was reproductively mature , even though its skull bones were not completely fused , indicating it was not yet osteologically mature . Before it was collected in 2002 , the species was not recorded in earlier biological surveys of Anjozorobe , taking place in 1977 – 1986 and 1996 ; whether this is because the animal is difficult to collect , because its abundance varies from year to year , or because its distribution is patchy is unknown . Goodman and colleagues argued on the basis of this example that rapid surveys may not necessarily yield complete inventories of the fauna of an area . Later surveys in 2005 and 2006 did find it at several other sites in the region , at some of which it was abundant . Anjozorobe is about 450 km ( 280 mi ) from the nearest occurrence of V. gymnocaudus , and most of the intervening area contains montane forest . However , this forest zone is bisected by the low @-@ lying Mandritsara Window , which may serve as a barrier between the two species of Voalavo . = = Conservation status = = Voalavo antsahabensis is listed as " Endangered " on the IUCN Red List because of its small , vulnerable range ; the Anjozorobe forest is threatened by the practice of slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture ( tavy ) . However , its habitat has been designated as a protected area , the Couloir Forestier d 'Anjozorobe @-@ Angavo . = The Sontaran Stratagem = " The Sontaran Stratagem " is the fourth episode of the fourth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , which depicts the adventures of a time @-@ travelling humanoid alien known as the Doctor . The episode was broadcast on BBC One on 26 April 2008 . The episode and its sequel , " The Poison Sky " , were written by Helen Raynor , who previously wrote the linked episodes " Daleks in Manhattan " and " Evolution of the Daleks " in the third series . " The Sontaran Stratagem " features the first appearance of the alien Sontarans to the series since the 1985 Colin Baker story The Two Doctors , as well as former companion Martha Jones ( Freema Agyeman ) , last seen in " Last of the Time Lords " . The episode takes place on present @-@ day Earth , where Martha and UNIT summon the Doctor ( David Tennant ) for assistance concerning ATMOS ( Atmospheric Omission System ) , a revolutionary piece of green technology installed in 400 million cars worldwide . ATMOS is later revealed to be part of a Sontaran plot to poison the atmosphere . Show runner Russell T Davies had considered making the Sontarans return since the revival of the series and wanted to show changes in Martha 's personality after her departure . The episode was viewed by 7 @.@ 06 million viewers after its original broadcast , with an Appreciation Index of " 87 " . Critics gave generally positive reviews , praising the return of the Sontarans , Christopher Ryan 's portrayal as Staal , and Raynor 's writing ; some stated Raynor improved from her previous episodes . = = Plot = = Martha Jones , a former companion of the Doctor , calls him to ask for assistance during an investigation by UNIT ( Unified Intelligence Taskforce ) . Minutes after the Doctor 's craft , the TARDIS , materialises in contemporary Britain , Martha authorises the raid of an ATMOS factory . The Doctor introduces his companion Donna Noble ( Catherine Tate ) to Martha and UNIT ; Donna instantly befriends Martha , but is concerned about UNIT 's ethics and asks the Doctor why he is associated with them ; the Doctor ambiguously replies he used to work for them in the " 70s or 80s . " ATMOS is marketing a satellite navigation system developed by young prodigy Luke Rattigan ( Ryan Sampson ) . The system also reduces carbon dioxide emissions to zero ; UNIT requested the Doctor 's help because the technology is not contemporary and might be alien . UNIT are also concerned about fifty @-@ two simultaneous deaths occurring spontaneously several days earlier . The Doctor travels to Rattigan 's private school to investigate the system and discovers that the recent events have been plotted by an alien warrior race known as the Sontarans . The Sontarans are part of a battlegroup led by General Staal , " the undefeated " ( Christopher Ryan ) . Instead of an outright invasion , they are taking control with a combination of human clones , mind control , and ATMOS ; Martha is captured by two of the controlled humans and cloned to provide a mole within UNIT . Meanwhile , Donna returns home to warn her mother Sylvia ( Jacqueline King ) and grandfather Wilfred Mott ( Bernard Cribbins ) about the Doctor , having been advised to do so by Martha . Concerned about the implications of telling the truth , Donna decides against warning her mother . The Doctor investigates the ATMOS device attached to Donna 's car and discovers a secondary function : the device can emit a poisonous gas . Wilfred attempts to take the car off the road , but is trapped when Staal activates all 400 million ATMOS devices installed in cars worldwide . The episode 's cliffhanger depicts Donna shouting for help while the Doctor stares helplessly at a street full of cars emitting the gas , while on their ship orbiting the planet , the Sontarans prepare themselves for battle . = = Production = = = = = Conception = = = The episode features the return of the Sontarans , who last appeared in the 1985 serial The Two Doctors ; a central appearance by UNIT ; and Martha Jones , who had last appeared in " Last of the Time Lords " and made special guest appearances in the Torchwood episodes " Reset " , " Dead Man Walking " , and " A Day in the Death . " The brief that executive producer Russell T Davies gave to writer Helen Raynor included the terms " Sontarans " , " military " , and " Martha 's back " . This episode continues the pattern of having monsters from the classic series return in the new one . Davies commented that the Sontarans were " always on his list " of villains to resurrect . The time and location of the episode was chosen because every previous Sontaran story except for The Invasion of Time was set on Earth . = = = Writing = = = Martha 's departure allowed Davies to change the character 's personality . In her reappearance , she is more mature and equal to the Doctor , as opposed to the third series , in which she was in love with him . The writers debated several aspects of her character , her status and reaction to Donna in particular . Raynor elected to emphasise Martha 's medical career over her military career , and avoided a " handbags at dawn " scenario because she felt it would rehash Rose Tyler 's ( Billie Piper ) initial opinion of former companion Sarah Jane Smith ( Elisabeth Sladen ) from the second series episode " School Reunion " . The episode is the first major appearance of UNIT since the show 's revival . Their name has changed from United Nations Intelligence Taskforce to Unified Intelligence Taskforce at the request of the United Nations , who cited the political climate and potential " brand confusion " as reasons for disassociation . The new acronym was coined by Davies after several meetings among the scriptwriters . The UNIT privates Gray and Wilson were specifically written as " alien fodder " . The episode refers to inconsistencies in dating UNIT stories when the Doctor is unsure whether he worked for UNIT in the 1970s or 1980s . Raynor initially envisioned the poisonous gas would be emitted by factories , but changed it in later drafts to cars for several reasons : the episode would provide social commentary and the idea of an " evil satnav system " was " much more engageable " and " irresistible " . Davies thought the concept was " so very Doctor Who " . Because the series was produced out of order , the " ATMOS " subplot was seeded in the previous episode " Partners in Crime " . The " fifteenth broken moon " of the Medusa Cascade is also mentioned . The Medusa Cascade was previously mentioned in " Last of the Time Lords " , " Partners in Crime " , and in " The Fires of Pompeii " . In the episode , a system installed in a UNIT jeep undramatically explodes ; originally , Raynor wanted it to be a large explosion , but reduced the explosion to several sparks to reduce costs and to lampoon an action movie cliché . The episode , like " Aliens of London " and " The Lazarus Experiment " , properly introduces the lead companion 's family . Unlike the Tyler or Jones families , both Sylvia Noble and Wilfred Mott had met the Doctor before ( in " The Runaway Bride " and " Voyage of the Damned " , respectively ) , providing Raynor with an additional subplot . Expository dialogue explains Mott 's absence from " The Runaway Bride " by the character having had Spanish flu . Wilfred 's positive opinion of the Doctor is different from Sylvia 's , who , according to Tennant , joined " a long line of mothers that don 't quite get the Doctor " ; Davies had wanted a family member who trusted the Doctor since the show 's revival . = = = Filming = = = The opening scene , which depicts the system driving reporter Jo Nakashima into the canal , was filmed at Cardiff 's docks . The scene was the first time a car @-@ cannon had been used since 2005 , and was required to be completed in one shot . The car fired into the canal was removed immediately afterwards to clear the shipping route . Scenes at the Rattigan Academy were filmed at Margam Country Park , Port Talbot from 23 to 26 October 2007 . The London skyline and gas were added in post @-@ production by The Mill . When interviewed on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross , Catherine Tate stated that she had been filming alongside ten actors playing Sontarans for two weeks before she realised that there were actors inside the Sontaran costumes . She had assumed the Sontarans " ran on electricity " . It was not until an actor removed his helmet to reveal his real face that she realised her mistake . She stated she was " freaked out " by this and said she " nearly died " . Despite the Sontarans ' clone culture being asserted in the classic series , " The Sontaran Strategem " is the first episode to depict the cloning process . Originally , all of the factory workers were to be clones , but Raynor reduced this to only Martha to solve continuity problems with the second part . The template clone was portrayed by Ruari Mears , who wore a prosthetic mask that took longer to apply than any he had previously worn . The scenes involving the cloning tank were filmed in a Welsh shampoo factory and reused a prop from " The Fires of Pompeii " as the tank which contained the clone . Davies and Agyeman enjoyed the scenes set in the cloning room ; Agyeman liked playing an " evil companion " , who she and Davies felt made the real Martha " warmer " , and Davies thought Privates Gray and Harris discovering the tank in a darkened room was " classic Doctor Who " . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Broadcast and ratings = = = " The Sontaran Strategem " was the most @-@ watched programme in its timeslot , with 7 @.@ 06 million viewers . The episode was the second most @-@ watched programme of the day , beaten by Britain 's Got Talent , and was the seventeenth most @-@ watched programme of the week . The episode 's Appreciation Index was 87 ( considered " Excellent " ) , the highest figure recorded on its airdate . = = = Critical reception = = = Mark Wright of The Stage commented overall that the episode as " about as deliciously old @-@ fashioned as new Who gets , " stating that the script was " a deftly simple premise that makes you wonder why you didn 't think of it yourself " , and that Tate 's character moved away from the caricature in " The Runaway Bride " . Wright also praised Agyeman for " effortlessly " portraying Martha and her evil cloned counterpart . A fan of the Sontarans , Wright reacted positively to their return and redesign . Ben Rawson @-@ Jones of Digital Spy rated the episode four stars out of five . Rawson @-@ Jones felt the narrative was well plotted and paced , and felt Helen Raynor 's writing had improved from " Daleks in Manhattan " . Rawson @-@ Jones also praised the reintroductions of UNIT , Martha , Donna 's family and the Sontarans , the interaction between Donna and Martha , and Christopher Ryan 's portrayal of Staal , but felt Skorr 's voice was " distinctly lacklustre . " The episode 's direction by Douglas Mackinnon also received criticism , particularly the scenes in the clone room . In the end , Rawson @-@ Jones felt that the first part 's effectiveness lies on how much the viewers wish to tune in to see " The Poison Sky " . Matt Wales of IGN rated the episode a " good " 7 @.@ 9 out of 10 , stating that despite the episode 's premise , it came " perilously close to greatness , " and praised Raynor 's " crackling script which graciously walked the tightrope between balls @-@ out farce and affectionate sci @-@ fi pastiche " . Wales noted that Tennant and Tate " relished " the perpetual swings from " square @-@ jawed serious " to " faintly sadistic subversion " , to mess with audience expectations . Ryan 's performance as Staal was again praised , but Wales felt Agyeman still displayed " the charisma and range of a dead fish , despite Martha 's transformation from lovesick sap to Ripley @-@ esque super soldier . " Wales summed up that the episode " did pretty much everything a two @-@ part opener should – swiftly shifting the pieces into place for next week 's inevitably bombastic showdown . " Alan Stanley Bear of Airlock Alpha called " The Sontaran Strategem " an " exciting and nostalgic adventure " , and said that the episode lives up to the show 's reputation for transforming a normal object , in this case the car , to a " global killer " . Bear praised the episode for Donna and Martha 's introduction being opposite to Rose Tyler and Sarah Jane Smith 's in " School Reunion " , for providing a human element in the subplot where Donna visits her grandfather , and for the episode 's cliffhanger . However , Bear wrote that it took too long to " get to the point " , and criticized the " bland Sontaran dialogue and the cliched simplicity of mind control " , which he felt " reduced what could have been a fantastically intricate story piece into Saturday morning cartoon material . " John Beresford of TV Scoop thought the episode lived up to many of his expectations , with sharp dialogue and some humour , a well @-@ plotted story , and a good pace overall with a " heap of action " , despite the episode 's slow start . Beresford also praised the reintroduction of UNIT from the " old , tired UNIT " to a " newly revamped and spiffy UNIT with lots of cool gadgets " , the Doctor 's meeting with Rattigan , calling the scene " an inspired piece of writing " , and the episode 's cliffhanger , calling it " the best yet " . He also believed the ATMOS idea worked well . The only weak spot Beresford noted was that the Sontarans appeared to have been softened from their previous appearance , stating that Staal would " shoot first and ask questions later . " = = = Reviews = = = " The Sontaran Stratagem " / " The Poison Sky " reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide = Florida State Road 826 = State Road 826 ( SR 826 ) is a bypass route around the greater Miami area , extending approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) in a northeasterly arc from U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) in Pinecrest to its terminus at State Road A1A in Sunny Isles Beach . Between its southern terminus and the Golden Glades Interchange , State Road 826 is known as the Palmetto Expressway , a heavily traveled freeway with portions of the road carrying in excess of 250 @,@ 000 vehicles a day . Unlike many of the other expressways in Miami @-@ Dade County , the Palmetto Expressway is untolled . East of the interchange , State Road 826 is a surface road connecting North Miami and North Miami Beach to Sunny Isles Beach over the Intracoastal Waterway . = = Route description = = = = = Palmetto Expressway = = = State Road 826 begins at an interchange with US 1 in Pinecrest , just south of the Dadeland Mall , and heads north as the Palmetto Expressway into Kendall . The first interchange , less than a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of US 1 , is with Kendall Drive ( SR 94 ) , which provides access to the mall . SR 826 continues north , crossing under the Snapper Creek Expressway ( SR 878 ) without an interchange before meeting Sunset Drive ( SR 986 ) at a diamond interchange . It then leaves Kendall , continuing into Glenvar Heights with an interchange with Southwest 56th Street / Miller Drive , which provides access to the University of Miami . About half a mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) later , the Don Shula Expressway ( SR 874 ) merges with the Palmetto Expressway at its northern terminus , with a southbound exit and a northbound entrance point . Between this interchange and the next ( at Bird Road / SR 976 ) , SR 826 forms the border between Glenvar Heights and Olympia Heights ; past it , the expressway marks the boundary between Westchester and Coral Terrace . After an exit with Southwest 24th Street / Coral Way , the expressway meets the Tamiami Trail ( US 41 ) , providing access to Florida International University . This interchange also marks the Tamiami Trail 's entrance into incorporated Miami , the boundary of which lies on the eastern side of the expressway . North of the Tamiami Trail interchange , the Palmetto Expressway forms the eastern boundary of Fontainebleau as it continues north to an exit with Flagler Street ( SR 968 ) , the east @-@ west baseline for Miami @-@ Dade County roads . The freeway then has an interchange with the Dolphin Expressway ( SR 836 ) just south of Doral , creating access to Miami International Airport . This interchange is currently being improved due to the current configuration causing severe congestion . Now forming Doral 's eastern boundary , SR 826 continues north to Northwest 25th Street , which connects to the western end of the airport , followed by an exit with Doral Boulevard ( SR 948 ) that links to the Doral Golf Resort & Spa , and then an exit with Northwest 58th Street . After a brief crossing through unincorporated Miami @-@ Dade County , the expressway reaches an interchange with the Hialeah Expressway ( SR 934 ) in Medley adjacent to the Palmetto Metrorail station , followed by a diagonal interchange with US 27 at the southern end of Hialeah Gardens and Hialeah . It then enters Hialeah proper just after an interchange with Northwest 103rd Street ( SR 932 ) , which allows access to the Westland Mall . An exit with Northwest 122nd Street then follows . At the boundary between Hialeah and Miami Lakes , SR 826 reaches an interchange with the national southern terminus of Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) and the western termini of the Gratigny Parkway ( SR 924 ) and SR 916 . The Palmetto Expressway goes into Miami Lakes , interchanges with Northwest 154 Street , then turns through 90 degrees to the east at a point known as " The Big Curve " . The road then proceeds straight east , forming the boundary between Miami Lakes and Country Club , soon interchanging with Northwest 67th Avenue . At the next exit , Red Road ( SR 823 ) , the expressway forms the boundary between an unincorporated section of Miami @-@ Dade County and Miami Gardens , with the expressway entering the city proper at the next exit , Northwest 47th Avenue . The expressway then passes to the north of Florida Memorial University before the Northwest 37th Avenue exit , where it creates the northern border of St. Thomas University 's campus . Still in Miami Gardens , SR 826 then has exits with Northwest 27th Avenue ( SR 817 ) , Northwest 17th Avenue and Northwest 12th Avenue before reaching the Golden Glades Interchange . SR 826 takes a convoluted path through the Golden Glades Interchange . It first meets the connector ramps between Florida 's Turnpike and Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) , allowing access from northbound SR 826 to I @-@ 95 southbound as well as US 441 / SR 9 southbound , and from the Turnpike southbound and I @-@ 95 northbound to southbound SR 826 . After turning to the northeast , SR 826 moves off its mainline at the next exit onto the mainline of the Turnpike which passes over it ; SR 826 's former mainline , meanwhile , continues on as an at @-@ grade extension of Northwest 7th Avenue to US 441 northbound . Traffic moving from eastbound SR 826 to the northbound Turnpike must pass through an unsignalised intersection here . Headed back southeast , SR 826 first crosses over the former Seaboard Coast Line railroad , begins to form the northern boundary of Golden Glades , then passes under the I @-@ 95 's express lanes , meeting the onramp between I @-@ 95 southbound and the Turnpike northbound , and the onramp between southbound US 441 and eastbound SR 826 . It then passes over Interstate 95 proper , which lies between the southbound and northbound carriageways of US 441 , as it swings back to the northeast and then to the east once more . Here it meets its last three ramps , one which allows access from US 441 and I @-@ 95 northbound to eastbound SR 826 , another from westbound SR 826 to US 441 and I @-@ 95 southbound , and from westbound SR 826 to northbound US 441 . SR 826 resumes its east @-@ west orientation once more at a signalised intersection with Northwest 2nd Avenue , marking the end of SR 826 's expressway . = = = Non @-@ expressway section = = = State Road 826 heads east from the Golden Glades Interchange as Northwest 167th Street , a six @-@ laned surface road , along the boundary between Golden Glades and North Miami Beach . Through here , the road is also known as North Miami Beach Boulevard , lined with shops , offices , hotels and other commercial services . Two blocks after leaving the interchange , the road crosses North Miami Avenue , the longitudinal baseline for Miami @-@ Dade County ; thus , the road becomes Northeast 167th Street once it passes this point . Approximately 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) later , SR 826 intersects with Northeast 6th Avenue ( SR 915 ) . Two blocks later , at Northeast 8th Avenue , North Miami Beach Boulevard starts to swing to the southeast , leaving Northeast 167th Street 's orientation , reaching Northeast 163rd street approximately 0 @.@ 6 miles ( 0 @.@ 97 km ) later at Northeast 12th Avenue , and taking its eastbound orientation . It immediately passes the Mall at 163rd Street on its left , continuing on as a shopping strip for another 1 @.@ 25 miles ( 2 @.@ 01 km ) where it meets the northern terminus of SR 909 at the West Dixie Highway . One block later , after crossing the Florida East Coast Railway tracks , SR 826 meets US 1 once more at Biscayne Boulevard . To the east of US 1 , SR 826 's character changes as it passes through mangroves and crosses the Oleta River , having expanded to eight lanes . With North Miami Beach lying to the north and North Miami to the south of the road , SR 826 passes between more mangroves to its south and more businesses to the north as it approaches the Intracoastal Waterway . Here , the road splits into separate eastbound and westbound streets before it crosses the Waterway over a drawbridge in each direction , and enters Sunny Isles Beach . Apartment buildings line the outside of the two road @-@ halves , with some commercial services in the middle , as it continues on for another 0 @.@ 36 miles ( 0 @.@ 58 km ) to SR 826 's northern terminus at Collins Avenue ( SR A1A ) , one block shy of the Atlantic Ocean . A flyover allows traffic on northbound SR A1A to move onto westbound SR 826 without having to stop twice for eastbound SR 826 traffic and to cross SR A1A . = = = Traffic volume = = = The traffic volume along SR 826 's entire length is measured by the Florida Department of Transportation . The busiest sections of SR 826 are in the vicinity of the Miami International Airport and the nearby industrial area to its west , with over 200 @,@ 000 daily vehicle movements counted between the Dolphin Expressway at Fontainebleau and the Northwest 122nd Street / West 68th Street exit in Hialeah , peaking in the vicinity of SR 934 in Medley with over 250 @,@ 000 vehicle movements each day . Traffic volumes decrease to the south of the Dolphin Expressway , particularly south of the Don Shula Expressway merge ; however , unlike the rest of SR 826 ( including its surface road portion ) , much of its peak traffic flow is uni @-@ directional . Indeed , at the Palmetto Expressway 's southern end , between US 1 and Kendall Drive , traffic moves almost exclusively in the peak direction . Northwards , traffic volumes decrease after the interchange with I @-@ 75 and the Gratigny Parkway , with a reported drop of approximately 60 @,@ 000 daily vehicle movements north of the interchange . As the Palmetto Expressway rounds the Big Curve and heads eastwards , the traffic volume steadily increases to a maximum of 164 @,@ 000 daily vehicle movements just prior to the Golden Glades Interchange as it collects traffic from the north – south routes in the Miami Gardens area . East of the interchange , where SR 826 becomes a surface road , the traffic volumes are more than halved in comparison to SR 826 's expressway sections , with a recorded figure of 64 @,@ 500 daily vehicle movements . This figure steadily decreases eastwards along SR 826 , with only 46 @,@ 000 daily vehicle movements recorded	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
for Stardust , critic Ram Kamal Mukherjee asserted that the movie rested " wholly and solely " on Zinta 's " astounding performance " , further noting her for having " skillfully handled the hues of the complex character . " Derek Elley of Variety wrote , " Zinta , who 's been carving a growing following the past three years or so , has never been better , definitively moving from juve roles to a charismatic young woman with her sexy , assured Naina . " In 2004 she starred as TV journalist Romila Dutta in Farhan Akhtar 's war drama Lakshya , alongside Hrithik Roshan . The film was based on the historical events of the 1999 Kargil War ; Zinta 's character was modelled after TV journalist Barkha Dutt , the only female reporter who covered the conflict . The film was a critical success , yet her performance received mixed reviews ; Namarata Joshi of Outlook likened her to " a teenybopper trying to do a TV newsreading skit for her college fest " and Rediff.com concluded , " Zinta has quite a good role and a good deal of footage in the film , and she does a fairly decent job of it without ever being spectacular . " Later that year , Yash Chopra cast her opposite Shahrukh Khan as the female lead in the love saga Veer @-@ Zaara , the top @-@ grossing Hindi film of that year both in India and abroad , with revenues of over ₹ 940 million ( US $ 14 million ) worldwide . The film , which relates the love story of an Indian officer , Veer Pratap Singh , and a Pakistani woman , Zaara Haayat Khan , had a strong international release , including a screening at the Berlin Film Festival , and won several Best Movie awards at major Indian award functions . For her portrayal of Zaara , a role which required her to master the fine nuances of Urdu language , Zinta received her fourth Filmfare Best Actress nomination . Variety hailed her as " the most interesting young actress of her generation , " writing that she " is her usual lively self as the willful Zaara . " Veer @-@ Zaara was Zinta 's second highest @-@ grossing film and third major success in two consecutive years . It marked the beginning of her work with Yash Raj Films , one of the largest production houses in Bollywood . In 2005 , Zinta appeared in two films . Her first release was the folk comedy Khullam Khulla Pyaar Karen , co @-@ starring Govinda , a production that had been delayed since 2002 . The film garnered negative reviews and poor box office returns . Zinta 's role was small , and was not well received . She next starred opposite Saif Ali Khan in Siddharth Anand 's comedy @-@ drama Salaam Namaste . Produced by Yash Raj Films , it was the first Indian feature to be filmed entirely in Australia and went on to become the year 's highest @-@ grossing Bollywood production outside of India , earning ₹ 570 million ( US $ 8 @.@ 5 million ) internationally . The film tells the story of a contemporary cohabiting Indian couple and their subsequent struggle with an unexpected pregnancy . Zinta played the female protagonist Ambar Malhotra , a single modern young woman who leaves India to make her own life in Melbourne . Salaam Namaste received mostly positive reviews , and Zinta 's performance earned her nominations for Best Actress at a number of award ceremonies . Taran Adarsh referred to her as " terrific " and argued that she gave " her most accomplished performance to date " . The New York Times noted , " She is cheerleader @-@ homecoming queen @-@ fraternity sweetheart pretty , so even when her characters are being unkind it 's hard not to like her . " Zinta received further success in 2006 , starring in Karan Johar 's drama Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna with an ensemble cast including Amitabh Bachchan , Shahrukh Khan , Abhishek Bachchan , Rani Mukerji and Kirron Kher . The film became one of the biggest box @-@ office hits in India , earning ₹ 635 million ( US $ 9 @.@ 4 million ) , and grossed over ₹ 496 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 4 million ) abroad , the biggest Bollywood success of all @-@ time in the overseas market up until then . It was her fourth overseas top @-@ earner in four consecutive years . The film tells the story of two unhappily married couples in New York , and an ensuing extramarital affair . Zinta played the role of Rhea Saran , an ambitious fashion magazine editor . She described the role as an attempt to shed her vivacious public image . The Indian Express concurred that this was successful : " The lady has not just looked glamorous but she has walked with poise , sat with grace , smiled with composure and spoken with calmness . Who would have thought that the bubbly girl could so skilfully shed her age @-@ old tag and walk away as the don 't @-@ mess @-@ with @-@ me lass . So all those who are in search of the peppy Preity , well guys you 've dialed the wrong number this time . " Zinta 's next release of 2006 was Shirish Kunder 's romantic musical Jaan @-@ E @-@ Mann , a story set in the United States about two men , played by Salman Khan and Akshay Kumar , who love the same woman . The film opened to mixed reviews from critics and its eventual box @-@ office profit was poor . Zinta played the role of Piya , the cynosure of two men . She was mostly criticised for taking a role of minimal importance , though her performance was generally well received . Raja Sen labelled her role an " ornament throughout , " but further stated that she " comes vividly alive in the film 's last scene , a moment that makes you lament why filmmakers today don 't let the babyfaced actress have more fun instead of forcing her to sob copiously . She doesn 't have much to do in Jaan @-@ E @-@ Mann , but looks appropriately attractive . " Zinta said that the film was a great relief after the more emotionally intense Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna , as Jaan @-@ E @-@ Mann was " easy , happy and much more simple " . = = = New career moves , hiatus , and launch of PZNZ media ( 2007 – present ) = = = In 2007 , Zinta portrayed a British Pakistani woman , Alvira Khan , in her third project with Yash Raj Films , Shaad Ali 's comedy Jhoom Barabar Jhoom , alongside Abhishek Bachchan , Bobby Deol and Lara Dutta . The film was a critical and commercial failure in India , and several critics panned her performance ; The Times of India described her as " too plastic " and Rediff.com concluded , " From accent to emotion , Preity is plain and simple insufferable in this film . " Following the failure of two of her commercial releases , Zinta began working with art film directors , and turned towards neo @-@ realistic films , known in India as parallel cinema . She acted in her first English film , Rituparno Ghosh 's The Last Lear , as a struggling film actress opposite Amitabh Bachchan . The film premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival , and was received well . Later reviews in India were approving , with Rajeev Masand writing , " Preity Zinta gets through her scenes competently , never allowing her cute @-@ as @-@ a @-@ button image to take away from the impact she makes here as a conflicted , mature woman . " Initially dismissive of art films , Zinta eventually spoke of her first venture into the genre , confessing , " I did think with art films that they don 't pay you , they don 't feed you , but I was wrong , and I 'm so happy to be here . " Zinta next starred in Samir Karnik 's Heroes ( 2008 ) , a road movie about two final @-@ year film students who , as a part of their assignment , travel a thousand miles across North India to deliver three un @-@ posted letters written by army personnel who lost their lives during the 1999 Kargil war to their families . The story unfolds the journey of these students in three chapters and follows how they meet and are inspired by the families of the soldiers . Zinta is featured in the first chapter as Salman Khan 's war widow , Kuljeet Kaur , a woman who becomes the sole breadwinner of the family and single @-@ handedly raises her son . In preparation for the role , Zinta attended Anupam Kher 's acting school , " Actor Prepares " , to learn the dialect and mannerisms of a Punjabi woman . The film was released to a mixed critical reaction , but her performance received rave reviews ; Anand Singh of Hindustan Times wrote , " Karnik is merely interested in wringing tears the old @-@ fashioned way , and not in starting a debate . He succeeds — mainly because Preity Zinta brings to a role a gravitas and dignity that is seen on the faces of ordinary women — this may be her coming of age as an actress . " By April 2008 , Zinta had completed shooting for Jahnu Barua 's drama Har Pal . In the same year she played the leading role of Chand in Deepa Mehta 's Canadian film Heaven on Earth , a Punjabi language mystical drama based on the true story of a young Indian woman who , post an arranged marriage to a non @-@ resident Indian man from Canada , migrates to Toronto and becomes a victim of severe domestic abuse . Expressing her desire for " a new kind of acting challenge " , Zinta described Mehta as one director she was longing to work with in order to fulfill it . To prepare for the part , she read and watched several books and documentaries on domestic violence . As the film was to be shot entirely in Punjabi , a language that was totally alien to her , she learnt it in a crash course of fifty days . She was emotional during the making of the film : " I never knew a character would affect me so deeply . I 've become completely withdrawn and introspective ... I can 't snap out of the character . " She eventually called it her most challenging project , as it helped her " shed everything that Preity Zinta was about . " Heaven on Earth was first screened at several film festivals and , upon release , garnered career @-@ best reviews for Zinta . Her performance earned her the Silver Hugo Award for Best Actress at the 2008 Chicago International Film Festival , for " her strong yet subtle performance as a woman struggling to keep her dreams despite brutal realities . " Among other awards , she was acknowledged with Best Actress nominations at several award functions in Canada , including the Genie Award by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television , and the Vancouver Film Critics Circle . Following Heaven on Earth , Zinta took a two @-@ year sabbatical from films , later explaining that she had chosen to focus on her work with her cricket team . In 2011 she launched her own production company , PZNZ Media . Two years later and following numerous delays , she starred in her first film under the banner — the Prem Raj @-@ directed romantic comedy Ishkq in Paris , which she also co @-@ wrote . An Indo @-@ French collaboration , the film saw Zinta as a half @-@ Indian half @-@ French Parisian woman alongside Rhehan Malliek and Isabelle Adjani . Zinta 's role required her to learn French and follow a strict diet and fitness regime , for which she hired the services of celebrity trainer Tracy Anderson . Whilst the film bombed at the box office and received mostly negative reviews , Zinta 's performance attracted a mixed critical reception . Sonia Chopra of Sify called her " hugely likeable " , and added that she is a " good actress , astute producer and ... writer . " Shilpa Jamkhandikar from Deccan Herald , critical of both the film and Zinta 's work , concluded a scathing review by calling it " a mediocre film , one that was supposed to showcase one of our favourite leading ladies , but instead just shows us what a shadow of her past she ’ s become . " As of December 2015 , Zinta is currently filming for Neeraj Pathak 's action comedy Bhaiyyaji Superhitt . She will be seen opposite Sunny Deol in the role of an aggressive Varanasi @-@ based wife . = = Other work = = = = = Column writing = = = In 2004 , Zinta joined a group of South Asian commentators for BBC News Online . She expressed joy at participating in the project , saying , " I am pretty outspoken and have my own view on every subject . So it will be a good platform for me to air my views . " Her first column , " The changing face of Bollywood " , published in January 2004 , discussed the evolution of Bollywood in the past decade . The column became one of the site 's ten most read stories of the day . In her second column , " Odds stacked against Indian women " , Zinta analysed the eve teasing phenomenon in India , and criticised those who practice it . She wrote , " Incidences like these take away a woman 's dignity , her space and her freedom ... why the state is so helpless in protecting the women . Why should women feel unsafe in a country which had an internationally revered woman prime minister ? " The column caught the attention of readers worldwide , and she received thousands of e @-@ mails about it . It was applauded particularly by women for its stand against abuse of Indian women . Her third column , " The darkness that all actors fear " , was a more personal column and dealt with her stardom , fans , insecurity and fears as an actor . Her fourth and final column , titled " Facing death in Sri Lanka and Thailand " , described her two near @-@ death experiences in late 2004 . = = = Stage performances and television presenting = = = Zinta has taken part in several stage shows and world tours since 2001 . Her first world tour , a series of concerts called Craze 2001 , was performed across the U.S. alongside Anil Kapoor , Aamir Khan , Aishwarya Rai and Gracy Singh . The show faced early cancellation due to the 11 September 2001 attacks , and the team prepared to return to India as soon as possible . However , the shows continued successfully in Canada . In 2002 , she participated in the show From India With Love in the UK , along with Amitabh Bachchan , Aamir Khan , Shah Rukh Khan and Aishwarya Rai . It took place at two outdoor venues , Manchester 's Old Trafford and London 's Hyde Park , with over 100 @,@ 000 spectators . Zinta 's largest world tour was in 2004 , when she joined a group of stars ( Shah Rukh Khan , Rani Mukerji , Saif Ali Khan , Arjun Rampal and Priyanka Chopra ) in the Temptation 2004 tour . Showcased in over 22 countries across the world , it became Bollywood 's most prominent international concert . In 2006 , Zinta was part of the Heat 2006 world tour , along with Akshay Kumar , Saif Ali Khan , Sushmita Sen and Celina Jaitley . The Unforgettable Tour ( 2008 ) saw Zinta performing with the Bachchan family and Ritesh Deshmukh in a 40 @-@ day show staged in 11 cities across North America , Europe and the Caribbean . In December 2012 , Zinta returned to the stage with the Temptation Reloaded concert in Jakarta ( joined by Shah Rukh Khan , Rani Mukerji and Bipasha Basu ) . In 2011 , Zinta made her television debut as the host of the show Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega on Colors Channel . An Indian version of Guinness Book of World Records , the show premiered on 18 March to an audience measurement of 3 @.@ 3 rating points , which made it occupy the 7th position on the chart of celebrity @-@ driven reality shows on Hindi entertainment channels . In a four @-@ star review for Hindustan Times , critic Rachana Dubey wrote , " Preity is a riot . She ’ s vivacious and knows exactly when she needs to be serious and when she can crack jokes . " Later that year , Zinta started hosting the celebrity @-@ based chat show Up Close & Personal with PZ , shot at her own penthouse in Mumbai and broadcast on the newly launched channel UTV Stars . The first episode aired on 3 September . In 2015 , Zinta featured as a talent judge for the seventh season of the dance reality show Nach Baliye . = = = Humanitarian work = = = During her years in the film industry , Zinta has been involved with different charitable organisations and has particularly supported women 's causes in India , for instance protesting against female infanticide . She has also participated in AIDS awareness drives and campaigns to clean up Mumbai . In 2005 , along with other Bollywood stars , Zinta performed at the HELP ! Telethon Concert raising money for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . The following year , as an ambassador of the Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Movement , Zinta attended a blood donation camp organised by the Rotary Club of Delhi and the Godfrey Phillips Awards . She lent her support to the cause of women 's empowerment and promoted blood donation . She said , " Donating blood doesn 't kill one but goes on to save somebody 's life .... Once blood is donated it becomes universal and might be used by anyone in need , irrespective of community , caste or region . It binds people together . " In 2007 , Zinta visited Hisar , Haryana , where she spent a day at the army training base to boost the morale of the jawan troops . The visit was conducted for an NDTV show , Jai Jawan , on which entertainers and actors visit Indian troops . While there , she also met children with disabilities at a special school maintained by the army . In August , along with Mumbai @-@ based artist Gurcharan Singh , Zinta painted for the cause of street children for the non @-@ governmental organisation Khushi . In December , she joined the efforts of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) to curb human trafficking in India . She spoke on behalf of awareness against the practice , the need for protection and rehabilitation for those rescued from it , and punishment for perpetrators . In 2009 , on her 34th birthday , Zinta adopted 34 girls from the Mother Miracle orphanage in Rishikesh and took the responsibility of financially supporting their education , food and clothing . She expressed her excitement at doing so : " I 've adopted 34 girls . I 'll be looking after their entire upbringing from education to food , clothes etc . You 've no idea how wonderful it feels to hear the excited chatter of all these girls together . " In January 2010 , Zinta was appointed the brand ambassador of The Loomba Trust , an organisation that works for the welfare of widows and their children . She said , having lost her father at 13 , she could relate to the problems faced by widowed women . Later in the year , she joined the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) as their Goodwill Ambassador in India , to promote public awareness on HIV prevention , treatment and support , with emphasis on women and children , and combat discrimination against it . Speaking of her appointment , Zinta expressed hope to be " the voice for the voiceless " and bring about a " transformation in the minds of people " through collaborative work . In October 2010 , Zinta was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Arts from the University of East London . It was awarded in honour of both her cultural contribution and her humanitarian work , with the citation describing her as " an international actress , pioneering star of Hindi cinema and devoted humanitarian . Preity has carved a path for women to follow . " = = = Ownership of IPL cricket team = = = Along with Ness Wadia , Mohit Burman and others , Zinta acquired ownership rights in 2008 for the Mohali @-@ based Twenty20 cricket team of the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . The group paid $ 76 million to acquire the franchise , and had since named the team Kings XI Punjab . Until 2009 , Zinta was the only woman to own an IPL team , and was the league 's youngest owner . She has been involved with launching ticket sales and promoting the team . She said , " My involvement with the team is total . I am extremely passionate about our team and I do believe that I am the team 's good luck factor , so I want to be there for everything . " = = Personal life = = Zinta used to visit her native town Shimla when she was not busy shooting . In 2006 , she moved into her own home in Mumbai . She does not identify with any particular religion . In an interview with The Times of India , she comments , " I believe in good deeds , in karma , I don 't believe in going to temples . For me , religion is very personal . It 's all about having faith ... We have heard and read that all religions are equal . Now I am increasingly believing in this . " She narrowly escaped death twice in late 2004 : first after an explosion at a Temptation concert in Colombo , Sri Lanka ; and second during the Indian Ocean earthquake . Zinta has been the subject of several controversies . In 2003 , as a witness in the Bharat Shah case , she testified against the Indian mafia . Bharat Shah , the financer of one of her films , Chori Chori Chupke Chupke , was arrested in 2000 for having connections with Chhota Shakeel , a Mumbai underworld boss . Unlike several of her colleagues , Zinta repeated in court her earlier statement that she had received extortion threats from the mafia during the shooting of the film . After her testimony , she was given witness protection and was forced to stay out of the public eye for two months . Thirteen other witnesses before her , including celebrities Salman Khan and Shahrukh Khan , were witnesses in the case but later retracted their earlier statements . Zinta was the only witness who did not become hostile to the prosecution ; the nation responded positively to her actions . Consequently , she was the first recipient of Godfrey 's Mind of Steel Award at the annual Red and White Bravery Awards , given to her for the " courageous act " of standing against the Mumbai Underworld . On receiving the award , she said , " To be brave is not to be fearless . It is when you fear and you get over it , then you can be called brave . I am human . It is not that I fear nothing . But getting over a fear is a continuous process and I have been successful so far . " Since 2006 , Zinta has been the brand ambassador for the Godfrey Phillips Bravery awards . Tabloids have often linked Zinta romantically with other Bollywood stars , but she has strongly denied any such rumours . In 2000 , Zinta began dating model Marc Robinson . They separated the following year , and according to Zinta remained on good terms . Asked in Filmfare about their break @-@ up , she spoke of " Very , very fond memories of the times we were together and I 'd like to keep it to that " . Zinta dated the Bombay Dyeing heir , businessman Ness Wadia from February 2005 until May 2009 . Their relationship was often reported on by the media , with frequent speculation about an engagement or a break @-@ up . On June 13 , 2014 , Zinta filed a complaint to the Mumbai police against Ness Wadia alleging he had molested , threatened and abused her at an IPL match at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai on 30 May . Wadia has denied the allegations . On 29 February 2016 , Zinta married her long @-@ time American partner Gene Goodenough at a private ceremony in Los Angeles . Goodenough is Senior Vice President for Finance at NLine Energy , a US @-@ based hydroelectric power company . = = Media image and artistry = = Zinta is particularly known in the Indian media for her straightforward nature and for honestly expressing her forthright opinions in public , be it about her on @-@ screen or off @-@ screen life or raising a voice against social injustice . While she does not believe she is " as tough as people portray [ her ] to be , " she asserts having no qualms about speaking her mind , even if faced with surmounting opposition , as long as she stands " by what 's right . " These features were noted during the Bharat Shah Case , when she testified against the underworld ; following this incident she was often called by journalists " The only man in Bollywood " , a label she was unhappy with for its underlying anti @-@ feminist connotations . Film actor Amitabh Bachchan , describing her as " frank and painfully honest , " lauded her " drive and guts in a world that can be most cruel to a single girl . " Author and columnist Shobhaa De , while commending her for lodging a molestation complaint against Ness Wadia in 2014 , expressed concern regarding Zinta 's repeated quest for justice , believing it could eventually play against her : " India is not terribly kind to strong @-@ willed , outspoken women who are dubbed ' trouble makers ' if they dare to raise their voices , especially against men . Zinta is such a woman . " Her characteristic dimple has been cited by the media as her trademark . At the beginning of her career , she was often described by the press as having a vivacious personality and a bubbly , outgoing persona , an image she had confessed to disliking . According to film critic Sukanya Verma , Zinta 's energetic nature extends from her real @-@ life into her appearances in films and is an integral part of her technique . In an article discussing Hindi film actresses and their flair for comedy , Verma wrote , " What can you say about an actress who giggles non @-@ stop in a tone that is anything but prim and propah ? She is carefree . She is animated . She talks non @-@ stop . She laughs all the time . She has a chilled out sense of humour . And a tomboyish streak too . Preity Zinta is all that and more . All this greatly contributes to her style of acting . " Director Tanuja Chandra , while filming Sangharsh in 1998 , ascribed Zinta 's screen appeal to her lack of acting pretense , commenting , " She doesn 't act , she 's so real that you just can 't look away from her " . Reviewing Chori Chori Chupke Chupke for Hindustan Times , Vinayak Chakravorty noted that " there is an admirable zest that Preity pumps into every role she does " . Farhan Akhtar , who directed her in two movies , believes she is an actress who " can mould herself — the way she speaks , works and her body language — and adapt herself to roles , " while Vidhu Vinod Chopra ( director of Mission Kashmir ) credits her with the ability to " make the viewer believe even in the most convoluted situation . " In a review of Salaam Namaste , Australian film critic Jake Wilson observed , " While Preity Zinta isn 't the subtlest actress , she 's quite a comedienne — for a Hollywood equivalent to her combination of beauty , high @-@ strung emotion and facial gymnastics you might have to go back to Natalie Wood . " American critic Derek Elley considers her to be " one of Bollywood ’ s best pure actresses . " Following her portrayal of such characters as those in Sangharsh , Kya Kehna , Chori Chori Chupke Chupke , Salaam Namaste and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna , Zinta gained a reputation for playing roles that go against Indian traditional mores and was often recognised for her versatility . Critics attributed her roles in these films as to establishing a new image for leading actresses in Bollywood . Karan Johar cites her as " a new @-@ wave actress " who has the advantage of working at a time when " films portray a woman who knows her mind " . In the book Once Upon a Time in Bollywood , it is stated that Zinta " resists patriarchal constraints through her modern lifestyle and the controversial roles she chooses . " Zinta is one of the best @-@ known celebrities in India ; at her career peak she was one of Hindi cinema 's most celebrated and highest @-@ paid stars and was acknowledged for having managed a career without any traditional assistance or family relations in the film industry . In 2003 , Zinta appeared in the number one spot on Rediff 's " Top Bollywood Female Stars " . She was ranked second for the following three years . She has been featured frequently on other Rediff lists , including " Bollywood 's Most Beautiful Actresses " , " Bollywood 's Best Dressed Women " and " Women of Many Faces " . Between 2006 and 2008 Zinta made three consecutive appearances at the Cannes Film Festival . At first she attended the 2006 Film Festival along with filmmaker Karan Johar to represent the Hindi film industry and promote Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna , returning in later years as the brand ambassador of Chopard , the maker of luxury watches and jewellery . In September 2006 , the UK magazine Eastern Eye ranked her among " Asia 's Sexiest Women " . In 2010 , Time magazine selected her as one of the candidates for its list of the world 's 100 most influential people . She was the only Indian actress nominated for the poll and eventually did not make it to the final list , ranked at 144 . This was followed , however , by a marked period of decline in her popularity when she restricted her work in films , which was further decreased with the debacle of her self @-@ produced comeback vehicle . = = Filmography and awards = = = = = Selected filmography = = = = = = Awards and nominations = = = Among Zinta 's film awards are two Filmfare Awards — Best Female Debut for Dil Se .. and Soldier , and Best Actress for Kal Ho Naa Ho . = Waking Up the Neighbours = Waking Up the Neighbours is the sixth studio album by Canadian singer / songwriter Bryan Adams released in 1991 . The album was recorded at Battery Studios in London , and at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver , mixed at Mayfair Studios in London , and mastered by Bob Ludwig at Masterdisk in New York City . " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " was number one on the British charts for a record @-@ breaking 16 weeks . The album sold more than 16 million copies worldwide . The album was also notable in Canada for creating controversy concerning the system of Canadian content . Although Adams was one of Canada 's biggest recording stars at the time , the nature of his collaboration with the British – Zambian Mutt Lange , combined with the fact that the album was not primarily recorded in Canada , meant that , under the rules in force until 1991 , the Adams / Lange @-@ written songs on Waking Up the Neighbours did not qualify as Canadian content . As a result of Adams ' complaints , in September of that year , the Canadian Radio @-@ television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) announced that the Canadian content rules would be broadened . The regulations already accounted for collaborative writing between Canadians and non @-@ Canadians where the lyricist and musical composer worked separately . As of September 1991 , the regulations were tweaked to recognize partnerships where two ( or more ) collaborators each contributed equally to both the lyrics and to the music , as was the case with Adams and Lange . = = Music = = = = = Recording and production = = = The album was recorded at Battery Studios in England and the Warehouse Studios in Canada . Recording began in March 1990 , and along with mixing , finished in June 1991 . Robert John " Mutt " Lange , previously known for his work with AC / DC , Foreigner , and Def Leppard , was helping Adams ' writing the songs for his next album . Adams ' spent much of his time in Hindhead and London , England with Lange working on his sixth album . = = = Songs = = = " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " is a song co @-@ written and performed by Bryan Adams , featured on the soundtrack for the film Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves in 1991 . It was an enormous chart success internationally , spending seven weeks at number one in the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 , sixteen consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart ( the longest in British chart history ) , eleven weeks on the Dutch Top 40 and nine weeks at number one on the Canadian singles chart in Canada . The song won a Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television at the 1992 Grammy Awards , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song of 1991 . It was the most successful single off the album , and has become one of the most successful songs of all time . The song came about when Adams was approached to write something by the producers of the upcoming Kevin Costner film , Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves , and was asked to work on a theme song . He was provided a tape of orchestration written by the composer of the film score , Michael Kamen . With this , he and Lange used a section of Michael 's orchestration and created " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " , which was then placed deep into the closing credits of the film when it opened on June 14 , 1991 . The song went to number one the week before the film 's release and went on to top the charts in 16 countries and sold over 10 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the biggest selling singles of all time . The song was nominated for an Academy Award but won a Grammy Award for Best Song from a Motion Picture . Years later when the BBC asked Bryan ( about the recent acoustic live version from his Bare Bones CD ) , " Do you ever get bored of hearing your record @-@ breaking hit ' Everything I Do ' ? " Bryan said " Of course not . What a silly question . " Julien Temple directed the music video for " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " ; it was shot in Sheffield , England over May 17 – 18 , 1991 . " Can 't Stop This Thing We Started " was the second single from the album . A rock song in contrast to " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " , it peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 behind Prince 's " Cream " . " Can 't Stop This Thing We Started " received two nominations at the Grammy Awards of 1992 for Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance , Solo , winning none . " There Will Never Be Another Tonight " was the third single from the album . The title came from a fragment Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance wrote in late 1980s . The phrase was written into the song in the end of 1990 and released on Adams ' album in 1991 . " Thought I 'd Died and Gone to Heaven " was the fourth single released from Waking up the Neighbours . Written by Mutt Lange and Bryan Adams the song was the first song written for the album . " Thought I 'd Died and Gone to Heaven " reached # 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 14 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks . In the UK , it reached # 8 . " All I Want Is You " , " Do I Have to Say the Words ? " ( # 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) and " Touch the Hand " where also released as singles but didn 't get the heavy rotation as the first four singles released . = = Release and reception = = Waking Up the Neighbours co @-@ produced by Adams and Mutt Lange and peaked at number six on the Billboard 200 . The album was released in September 1991 and album and single topped the charts in many countries with " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " spending record @-@ breaking 16 weeks at number one on UK Singles Chart and topped the charts in 17 countries . It also made record @-@ breaking sales of 4 million copies in the US . Canadian content regulations were revised in 1991 to allow radio stations to credit airplay of this album towards their legal requirements to play Canadian music . The album has become Adams second best @-@ selling album worldwide . Adams won a Grammy Award in 1992 for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television for " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " . Waking Up the Neighbours included other hit singles including " Can 't Stop This Thing We Started " , " There Will Never Be Another Tonight " , " Thought I 'd Died and Gone to Heaven " , " All I Want Is You " , " Do I Have to Say the Words ? " and " Touch the Hand " and all had accompanying music videos . All of these songs including " Do I Have to Say the Words ? " placed on the Billboard Hot 100 . " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " was the most successful song from Waking Up the Neighbours on the rock charts , reaching number 10 on the Mainstream Rock Charts and number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " arguably became Adams ' most recognizable and popular song . Its music video received heavy airplay on music television . = = Canadian content = = The album caused controversy in Canada concerning the system of Canadian Content . Although Adams was one of Canada 's biggest recording stars at the time , the specific nature of his collaboration with non @-@ Canadians , coupled with his decision to primarily record the album outside Canada , meant that the album and all its songs were not considered Canadian content for purposes of Canadian radio airplay . Under the system then in place , to qualify as Canadian content , a piece of recorded music had to meet any two of the following four criteria : 1 ) the artist was Canadian 2 ) the track was completely recorded in Canada 3 ) the music was entirely written by a Canadian ( or Canadians ) 4 ) the lyrics were entirely written by a Canadian ( or Canadians ) As Adams co @-@ wrote both the music and the lyrics with non @-@ Canadian Mutt Lange , and he did not primarily record the album in Canada , he only fulfilled one of the criteria . As a result , under CRTC regulations none of the album 's songs were considered Canadian content , thereby limiting the amount of radio play it could receive in Canada . In protest , Adams briefly threatened to boycott Canada 's annual Juno Awards , where his album had been almost completely ignored by the awards committee . He did end up winning the Entertainer of the Year Award ( voted on by the public ) and Producer of the Year Award . Adams publicly criticised the CRTC policy , calling it " a disgrace , a shame ... stupidity " . He continued his attack with ; " You 'd never hear Elton John being declared un @-@ British ... It 's time to abolish the CRTC . Not everyone agrees . " It was also noted that if Adams had written all the lyrics , and Lange all the music ( or vice versa ) , the collaboration would have counted as Canadian content ( as long as it was recorded by a Canadian artist such as Adams , or had it been recorded in Canada ) . As a result of the controversy , in September of that year , the Canadian Radio @-@ television and Telecommunications Commission announced that Canadian content rules would be changed . The new regulation allows non @-@ Canadians to contribute up to 50 % of the finished content to each of both the music and the lyrics of a recorded piece , and still qualify for Canadian content status — provided the recording artist is Canadian , or the song is recorded in Canada . Accordingly , the Adams / Lange songs , and the Adams / Lange / Vallance songs on the album now count as Canadian content , as Jim Vallance is also Canadian . However , the Adams / Lange / Kamen co @-@ write " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " still does not count as Canadian content , as two of the three writers are non @-@ Canadians , and the track was not recorded in Canada . = = Waking Up the Nation tour = = Before releasing the album , Adams had already started a tour promoting it , and on June 8 , 1991 , he held large concerts in Europe co @-@ headlining with ZZ Top . Shortly after the tour started , " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " was released as the debut single for the album . The single became a worldwide hit . Adams further supported the new album with his tour Waking Up the World , which started in October 1991 and ran through May 1993 . On October 4 , 1991 , the world tour started in Belfast , Northern Ireland . On December 18 , 1991 , Adams played his two first @-@ ever shows in Reykjavík , Iceland . After his tour in Europe , as well as a concert at Wembley Stadium attended by more than 72 @,@ 000 people , Adams left for the United States , where he performed at the Ritz Theatre on January 10 . That concert sold out in less than 20 minutes . In attendance were Ben E. King and Nona Hendrix . The Canadian leg of the ' Waking Up the World ' Tour kicked off in Sydney , Nova Scotia on January 13 , 1992 , and wrapped up with a standing room only concert in Vancouver , British Columbia , on January 31 . In February 1992 , he toured New Zealand and Australia for 7 dates , kicking off with a press conference in Sydney . On February 21 the tour headed to Japan for close to a dozen shows in 6 cities . Bryan taped an interview with MuchMusic 's Terry Dave Mulligan in Calgary , Alberta and the air date was scheduled for mid @-@ March . The tour continued through several European countries in June 1992 , including Italy , Germany , the Netherlands and Scandinavia , and in July 1992 , Bryan performed for the first time in Hungary and Turkey . September through December 1993 saw the tour in the U.S. The Asian tour headed to Thailand , Singapore , Japan , and Hong Kong in February , 1993 , before returning to the U.S. during March through May . It is interesting to note that Adams ' visit to South Africa during his Waking Up the World tour , following the release of Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners from prison and the unbanning of black political parties , has been left relatively undocumented . Adams ' concert at Cape Town 's Green Point stadium during the tour was called one of his most emotional and memorable performances . Coca @-@ Cola became the official sponsor of the event and a commercial featured the song " House Arrest " with Adams and his band playing the song in a neighborhood . The commercial featured actress Neve Campbell . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Bryan Adams — rhythm guitar , vocals , co @-@ producer Keith Scott — lead guitar Tommy Mandel — Hammond organ Dave Taylor — bass Mickey Curry — drums + Larry Klein — bass Phil Nicholas — keyboards and programming Robbie King — Hammond organ Bill Payne — piano and Hammond organ Ed Shearmur — keyboards The Tuck Back Twins — background vocals Andrew Catlin — photography = = Chart positions = = = = = Album = = = = M @-@ 59 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 59 is an east – west state trunkline highway that crosses the northern part of Metropolitan Detroit in the US state of Michigan . It runs between Howell at Interstate 96 ( I @-@ 96 ) and I @-@ 94 on the Chesterfield – Harrison township line near the Selfridge Air National Guard Base . While primarily a multi @-@ lane surface highway , it is a full freeway from just east of the Pontiac downtown near Opdyke Road to just east of the Mound Road / Merrill Road exit in Utica . The various surface highway segments are named either Highland Road , Huron Street or Hall Road , with the latter known as an area for shopping and dining . The rural sections west of Pontiac pass through Oakland County lake country crossing through two state recreational areas . M @-@ 59 was first designated with the rest of the original state trunkline highway system by July 1 , 1919 between Pontiac and Mt . Clemens . Extensions on both ends brought the termini as far as Howell and New Baltimore before the current termini were established in the 1960s . M @-@ 59 was expanded into a freeway in the late 1960s and early 1970s , with additional expansions in the 1980s and 1990s to create the divided highway sections . = = Route description = = M @-@ 59 starts at I @-@ 96 in Howell Township as Highland Road near a large outlet mall . Highland Road carries M @-@ 59 concurrently with the westernmost section of Business Loop I @-@ 96 ( BL I @-@ 96 ) . Highland Road widens out into a boulevard south of the county airport before the roadway reaches Grand River Avenue . At this intersection , BL I @-@ 96 departs to the southwest . This section of Howell is mostly residential with tree @-@ lined streets . The boulevard section ends near Thompson Lake and M @-@ 59 continues east through rural Livingston County as a two @-@ lane highway crossing forested and residential areas . Halfway across Hartland Township , M @-@ 59 meets the US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) freeway near the Hartland Plaza Shopping Center , and Highland Road widens out to a boulevard divided highway again . The route passes several small lakes and continues east into Oakland County . Running through the Highland State Recreational Area , M @-@ 59 swings to the north through rural Oakland County 's lake country which comprises several lakes in dense forest lands and residential subdivisions that form the northern edge of the Metropolitan Detroit area . There is a brief gap in the Highland SRA where M @-@ 59 narrows back to two @-@ lane road . Near Brendel Lake and the Alpine Valley Ski Area , Highland Road narrows back to two lanes for the final time . The narrowed roadway continues east , crossing the southern edge of Pontiac Lake in the state recreational area of the same name . The next major landmark along M @-@ 59 is the Oakland County International Airport in Waterford Township . Highland Road begins to curve back to the south through denser suburbs as it approaches the outskirts of Pontiac . The Highland Road name gives way to Huron Street near Sylvan Lake , and M @-@ 59 crosses Telegraph Road , which carries US 24 and marks the boundary with Pontiac . Eastbound M @-@ 59 continues along Huron Street into downtown Pontiac where it crosses the northern end of Woodward Avenue , which is part of the two business loops that encircle the central business district while westbound M @-@ 59 bypasses downtown Pontiac as it follows the northern loop of Woodward . East of downtown Pontiac , M @-@ 59 widens out into a full freeway . This freeway provides access to the south side of the Pontiac Silverdome , former home of the Detroit Lions . To the east of the stadium in Auburn Hills is the cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 75 and the North American corporate headquarters of car maker Chrysler . Continuing east through the northern Detroit suburbs , the M @-@ 59 freeway curves back to the south and crosses into Macomb County at the Dequindre Road interchange . Trucks carrying explosive or flammable cargo are required to exit the M @-@ 59 freeway and use the parallel service drive through the Mound Road @-@ Merrill Road interchange just west of Utica . The M @-@ 59 freeway crosses the border between Sterling Heights and Shelby Township and ends at Van Dyke Avenue in Utica , where M @-@ 59 becomes a boulevard called Hall Road . The highway crosses the Clinton River and the southern end of the M @-@ 53 freeway . This section of the highway is somewhat of a " main street " in Macomb County , as it is home to a wide variety of shopping and dining including Lakeside Mall in Sterling Heights and The Mall at Partridge Creek in Clinton Township . Although it is neither officially designated nor commonly referred to as such , the Hall Road portion of M @-@ 59 is coextensive with " 20 Mile Road " in the Detroit Mile Road system . Near its eastern terminus , M @-@ 59 crosses both M @-@ 97 ( Groesbeck Highway ) and M @-@ 3 ( Gratiot Avenue ) . East of Gratiot , Hall Road is called the William P. Rosso Highway . M @-@ 59 ends at the freeway interchange with I @-@ 94 while Rosso Highway continues along the northern edge of Selfridge Air National Guard Base to Lake St. Clair . = = History = = M @-@ 59 was first designated by July 1 , 1919 between M @-@ 10 ( now Bus . US 24 ) in Pontiac and M @-@ 19 ( later US 25 and now M @-@ 3 ) in Mt . Clemens . It would be moved to follow Hall Road exclusively on the east end in 1932 . The west end was extended in 1936 to end at the Livingston – Oakland county line . The extension to US 23 in Hartland was finished by 1938 . The east end was extended again in 1939 along US 25 and over to M @-@ 29 in New Baltimore . The east end was rerouted again between Mt . Clemens and New Baltimore over another former alignment of M @-@ 29 in late 1947 or early 1948 . The eastern terminus was truncated to M @-@ 29 east of US 25 / Gratiot Avenue in 1961 . Another extension on the west end moved M @-@ 59 to end at US 16 in Howell by 1960 . The west end was extended with the new BL I @-@ 96 in Howell to end at the newly opened I @-@ 96 freeway in 1963 . The east end was rerouted to end at I @-@ 94 in 1964 . M @-@ 59 was converted into a freeway starting in 1966 with the first segment between Pontiac and Rochester . A second segment opened in 1972 east to Utica . Segments were converted to divided highway in Oakland County in 1984 through 1986 . The east end was reconstructed in 1995 – 97 and converted to a six- to eight @-@ lane divided highway . The freeway was extended east in 1998 to Van Dyke Avenue in Utica . In 2010 , MDOT started the process of expanding M @-@ 59 from two lanes to three in each direction between Crooks Road and Ryan Road , using funding from the Federal stimulus bill of 2009 . With this improvement , M @-@ 59 is now at least three lanes each way from I @-@ 75 to I @-@ 94 . = = Major intersections = = = Tara ( Ramayana ) = In the Hindu epic Ramayana , Tara ( Sanskrit : तारा , Tārā , literally " star " ; ) is the Queen of Kishkindha and wife of the monkey ( vanara ) King Vali . After being widowed , she becomes the Queen of Sugriva , Vali 's brother . Tara is described as the daughter of the monkey physician Sushena in the Ramayana , and in later sources , as an apsara ( celestial nymph ) who rises from the churning of the milky ocean . She marries Vali and bears him a son named Angada . After Vali is presumed dead in a battle with a demon , his brother Sugriva becomes king and appropriates Tara ; however , Vali returns and regains Tara and exiles his brother , accusing him of treachery . When Sugriva challenges Vali to a duel , Tara wisely advises Vali not to accept because of the former 's alliance with Rama — the hero of the Ramayana and an avatar of the god Vishnu — but Vali does not heed her , and dies from Rama 's arrow , shot at the behest of Sugriva . The Ramayana and its later adaptations emphasize Tara 's lamentation . While in most vernacular versions , Tara casts a curse on Rama by the power of her chastity , in some versions , Rama enlightens Tara . Sugriva returns to the throne , but spends his time carousing and fails to act on his promise to assist Rama in recovering his kidnapped wife , Sita . Tara — now Sugriva 's queen and chief diplomat — is then instrumental in reconciling Rama with Sugriva after pacifying Lakshmana , Rama 's brother , who was about to destroy Kishkinda in retribution for Sugriva 's perceived treachery . After this incident , Tara is only mentioned in passing references , as the mother of Angada and Queen of Sugriva , as the story moves from Kishkindha to the climatic battle in Lanka to retrieve Sita . Tara 's intelligence , presence of mind , courage , and devotion to her husband Vali is praised . She is extolled as one of the panchakanya ( " five ( revered ) women " ) , the recital of whose names is believed to dispel sin . = = Birth and early life = = In the Ramayana , Tara is addressed by Vali as the daughter of the vanara physician Sushena . Sometimes , verses are added in the Bala Kanda , the first book of the Ramayana , which describe principal monkeys created by various deities : Vali and Sugriva are described as sons of the king of the gods , Indra and the sun @-@ god Surya respectively ; while Tara is described as the daughter of Brihaspati , the guru of the gods . The 12th century Tamil Ramavataram and the Telugu Ranganatha Ramayanam state that Tara and Ruma rose , along with other apsaras , from the ocean of milk during its churning by the gods and the demons , to acquire the elixir of life ( amrita ) . In the Theyyam drama tradition of Kerala , the gods tire and request Vali to help in the churning . When Vali just starts churning , Tara rises from the ocean and thus is gifted to Vali . According to the Javanese wayang puppet tradition , Tara ( Dewi Tara ) is the apsara daughter of Indra and his wife Wiyati . Her siblings include a sister called Dewi Tari , the consort of the demon @-@ king of Lanka , Ravana ( Rahwana ) and brothers Citarata , Citragana , Jayantaka , Jayantara , and Harjunawangsa . While the Ramayana states that Tara first weds Vali , some Ramayana adaptations sometimes present a polyandrous relationship between Tara , Vali and Sugriva . The Ranganatha Ramayana states that Tara is given to Vali and Sugriva as a reward for helping the gods . A Tamil folk tale tells that after the amrita emerged , Tara rises and is given as a common wife to both Vali and Sugriva . In the Mahabharata , there is a reference to Vali and Sugriva fighting over an unnamed woman , who the mythologist Bhattacharya believes to be Tara . Some Ramayana retellings including some Mahabharata versions , the Narasimha Purana and the Mahanataka portray Tara as originally Sugriva 's wife that Vali snatched . The Thai Ramakien says that the gods give Vali and Sugriva a trident and Tara respectively , but Vali grabs Tara too and marries her . The Balinese dance Kebyar and the wayang tradition also tells that Tara was married to Sugriva ( Sugriwa ) initially , but appropriated by Vali ( Subali ) . In all versions , Angada is born from Tara 's marriage to Vali . In the Ramayana , Vali goes to fight the demon Mayavi in a cave and instructs Sugriva to close the door of the cave if blood flows out from the cave , implying that he has been killed , but if milk flows out , it indicates that Mayavi is dead . After a year of combat , the dying demon turns the colour of his milky blood to red by sorcery . Sugriva believes that Vali is dead and closes the only opening to the cave . Sugriva also appropriates — sometimes interpreted as marriage — Vali 's " widow " Tara . After Vali returns , rejecting Sugriva 's explanation , he exiles Sugriva and not only re @-@ acquires Tara , but also seizes Ruma , Sugriva 's wife , in retaliation . While Vali 's act of usurping Ruma when her husband is alive is universally criticized by Ramayana commentators , they excuse Sugriva 's taking of Tara , as his wife , as he believed she was widowed . In the wayang variant , Vali ( Subali ) goes to battle the demon brother @-@ rulers of Kishkinda , Jatasura and Lembusura , in the cave . Similar to the Ramayana , Sugriva ( Sugriwa ) presumes Vali dead . The gods crown Sugriva the king of Kishkinda and grant him Tara as a reward for aiding his " dead " brother . Vali returns and instigated by Ravana , seizes Tara and the kingdom . = = Death of Vali = = After his wife Sita is kidnapped by the demon @-@ king Ravana , Rama and his brother Lakshmana wander the forest searching for her . Upon meeting the monkey @-@ warrior Hanuman , they are taken to the exiled Sugriva . Rama forms an alliance with Sugriva , whom he will help ; in order to defeat Vali and regain his wife Ruma and his kingship . In return Sugriva will aid in the search for Sita . As agreed , Sugriva challenges Vali in the wrestling contest , but Rama is unable to distinguish between the two fighters and Sugriva loses the contest . Rama explains his predicament to Sugriva and tells him to re @-@ challenge Vali , but this time , Rama garlands Sugriva to differentiate him from Vali . = = = Tara 's warning = = = In the Kishkindha Kanda of the Ramayana , when Sugriva re @-@ challenges Vali for combat , Tara suggests that " appearances are deceptive " and normally , a combatant would not return so soon to a fight again after a decisive defeat . Having heard of the growing friendship between Sugriva and Rama , she cautions Vali . She urges him to forgive Sugriva , to anoint him as the crown prince , as a diplomatic move , and live peacefully with him , and also befriend the exalted Rama . Tara begs Vali to act on her advice , but acknowledging Tara 's love and devotion , Vali argues that a warrior like him cannot refuse a challenge ; despite this , he promises to not kill Sugriva , but just crush his pride . In the Mahabharata retelling , when Sugriva re @-@ challenges Vali , Tara dissuades Vali from going to the fight and points out that Sugriva may have found a protector . Tara , described as lustrous like the moon , is praised by Vali as one who understands the language of all creatures and is astute to clarify her statement . Tara warns him about Sugriva 's alliance with Rama and the plotting of Vali 's death at the hands of Sugriva and his advisers . Vali not only disregards Tara 's advice , but also suspects Tara of cheating on him with Sugriva . Vali leaves , speaking harshly to Tara . In Kamban 's Ramavataram , Tara warns about Rama 's plans to kill Vali . However , Vali dismisses her warning as unfounded , arguing that Rama , a man of dharma , would not shoot him when he and Sugriva are in a duel . Vali leaves , promising Tara that he will slay Sugriva . = = = Tara 's lamentation = = = In the Bala Kanda Book of the Ramayana , where the whole work is summarized , the lamentation of Tara is mentioned as a significant event . Ignoring Tara 's sound advice , Vali engages in combat with Sugriva . While fighting , Rama shoots an arrow at Vali from behind , fatally wounding him . The news of Vali 's death reaches Tara ; she rushes to him with Angada . She sees monkeys running in terror on the way . They advise her to go back to the palace and consecrate Angada as the king . Tara refuses and says that she needs to see her husband first , leading them back to Vali . Embracing the dying Vali , Tara laments his death while reproaching Sugriva and Rama . Tara accepts Vali 's death as punishment for seizing Ruma and exiling Sugriva . In North Indian manuscripts of the Ramayana , some interpolations elaborate Tara 's lament . Tara mentions the hardships of widowhood and prefers death to it . She blames Rama for unjustly killing Vali and tells him that if they had forged an alliance , Vali could have helped him recover Sita . Tara invokes the power of her chastity and curses Rama so that he will soon lose Sita after he regains her . She declares that Sita will return to the earth . The curse also appears in the North @-@ western Indian manuscripts . In several vernacular adaptations of the Ramayana like the Oriya Vilanka Ramayana by Sarala Dasa , Tara 's curse is reiterated . Apart from the usual curse to Rama of his separation from Sita , in the Bengali Krittivasi Ramayana , Tara additionally curses Rama that in his next birth , he will be killed by Vali . The Mahanataka and the Ananda Ramayana narrate that Vali is reborn as the hunter who kills Krishna , Rama 's next birth . Hanuman consoles Tara , telling her to look towards the future of her son , Angada . Hanuman suggests that Angada be consecrated as king , compensating her loss but Tara declares that since his uncle Sugriva is alive , it is inadvisable . With his last breath , Vali confesses his folly of abandoning Sugriva and urges Angada and Tara to support Sugriva . He declares that : " Tara is ... thoroughly knowledgeable about deciding subtle matters and about various portents . Whatever she says is right should be done without doubt , for nothing Tara believes turns out to be otherwise . " Vali requests Rama to take care that Tara is not insulted and advises Sugriva to unquestioningly follow her advice . Vali dies in the embraces of Tara , who mourns his death in a painful and rebuking speech . According to Lefeber , Tara 's lament has been significantly expanded , if not added completely , over the centuries . In South Indian manuscripts , some later interpolations elaborate Tara 's lament , in which Tara asks Rama to kill her and lead her to Vali . Rama consoles Tara , saying that she should accept the preordained destiny . Rama guarantees her that her rights and those of Angada will be protected and that she will enjoy " continued comfort " . He tells her that a wife of a hero should not hold personal sorrow . In the Adhyatma Ramayana , while Tara wails over the death of Vali , Rama preaches to her , saying that the body is ephemeral , while only the soul is eternal ; he tells her she should not grieve over the decay of Vali 's body . Tara questions him asking " if the body is destructible , why does one feel pleasure and pain " . Rama informs her that due to ahamkara ( egoism ) the mind is chained in bondage to desires . He declares that Tara will remain untouched by karma and be emancipated from the bondage of life . Having heard his sermon , and because she had been devoted to him in a previous birth , Tara thus becomes free of egoism and undergoes self @-@ realization . This discourse of Rama also appears in Tulsidas 's Ramacharitamanasa , but it is curtailed to just two verses and is possibly borrowed from the former text . Rama says that the body is perishable , but the soul is immortal and listening to this , the enlightened Tara bows to Rama and gains the boon of supreme devotion . A Ramayana version portrays her as trying to stabilize the kingdom after Vali 's death in her arms . She declares that " With his last breath , King Vali begs you , his faithful subjects , to follow his brother [ Sugriva ] as your rightful king . " Angada cremates Vali , aided in the funeral rites by Tara and Sugriva . = = Marriage to Sugriva = = After Vali 's death , Sugriva acquires Vali 's kingdom as well as Tara . The Ramayana does not record any formal marriage or any ritual purification — like the trial by fire Sita had to undergo when she is reacquired by Rama from Ravana — that Tara must undertake to marry Sugriva or return to Vali following his return from " the dead " . The lack of the description of formal marriage suggests , according to some critics , that Tara 's relationship to Sugriva is neither widow re @-@ marriage nor polyandry , but simply appropriation by Sugriva . In the references of the coronation of Sugriva as king , Angada is also described as the heir @-@ apparent crown prince , while Tara is mentioned as Sugriva 's wife . The Adhyatma Ramayana declares that Sugriva acquires Tara . While Vali 's acquisition of Ruma — the elder brother taking his younger sister @-@ in @-@ law as wife — is universally condemned ; however as in Tara 's case , the elder brother 's widow marrying her younger brother @-@ in @-@ law seems to be a social norm . Ramashraya Sharma considers that Rama 's silence on the marriage of Tara and Sugriva does not signal non @-@ acceptance of the act , but rather that he is not concerned with the issue of the sexual relations of the " loose " charactered vanaras , in which Tara and Ruma exchange hands between the brothers . The Ramayana mentions that Sugriva indulges in sexual pleasures of women , including Ruma and Tara , who " he coveted " . In the Ramayana however , Angada criticizes Sugriva for his lustful marriage to his elder sister @-@ in @-@ law Tara , who is like a mother to him . Though a political marriage , Tara serves Sugriva loyally . The commentaries of the Ramayana suggest that it would be right for Sugriva to marry the widowed Tara . The Amritakataka of Kataka Madhava Yogindra says that this was right as they were animals . The Tilaka by Nahesh Bhatt ( Ramavarma ) justifies Sugriva 's marriage to Tara since Sugriva was her dead husband 's brother . It further states that Tara should remarry , as she did not belong to the first three castes and was young . Tara 's action of taking Sugriva as her husband after Vali 's death is seen as her attempt to secure the futures of Angada and the kingdom . In some rare instances like in Ramavataram , Tara does not remarry . Sugriva treats her as a mother figure and salutes her . = = Tara pacifies Lakshamana = = The rainy season ensues and ends , and Rama in despair fears that Sugriva has forgotten his promise to help him trace and recover Sita . Rama sends Lakshmana to Kishkindha to remind the complacent monarch of his promise to help . Irritated that the city is barricaded , Lakshmana kicks down the city gate and threatens to destroy Sugriva and the monkey kingdom with his divine power . Lakshmana is unable to tolerate Sugriva breaking his vow to Rama , enjoying material and sensual pleasures , while Rama suffers alone . When the agitated Lakshamana — reaching the inner chambers of Sugriva and his harem — reproaches Sugriva for being ungrateful to Rama and forgetting his promise , the critical edition of the Ramayana states that Tara voluntarily intervenes to calm the wrath of Lakshamana . In some Ramayana adaptations and North @-@ western Indian manuscripts of Ramayana , it is Tara , not Ruma in whom Sugriva is engrossed when Lakshamna arrives . The South Indian manuscripts portray the drunk Sugriva , who is engrossed in lustful revel , as being ignorant of Lakshmana 's anger and sending Tara to pacify him , in some versions , even though she is drunk . Though intoxicated with " half @-@ closed eyes and unsteady gait " , Tara manages to disarm Lakshamana . The intoxication of Tara is also described in the original Ramayana , but in a different context . Tara is described as having made it a habit to visit Sugriva always in a tipsy state , before indulging in the " new pleasures of love " . The Ramayana narrates : Tara says that Sugriva is mindful that through Rama , Sugriva has gained the kingship , Ruma , and herself . She defends Sugriva saying that even the great sage Vishwamitra was tempted by pleasure , Sugriva — a mere forest dwelling monkey — is fatigued by his past hardships and is relaxing , but not partaking in carnal pleasures . Tara informs Sugriva that Vali told her that Ravana is a mighty king with several rakshasas in his service . She reminds Lakshamana that without an ally like Sugriva , Rama cannot defeat such a powerful foe . Tara informs him that Sugriva has summoned all monkey commanders and troops to the capital . The Adhyatma Ramayana also presents a similar description , where Tara , Angada , and Hanuman are sent by Sugriva to calm Lakshmana . In a condensed one @-@ verse description , the Ramacharitamanasa says that Tara and Hanuman were dispatched by Sugriva and were successful in appeasing Lakshmana by singing Rama 's praises . In the Ramavataram , though not Sugriva 's consort , Tara pacifies Lakshamana . The usual epithet of Tara , lustrous as the moon , in the Ramavataram signifies her white clothes , the sign of a widow . Lakshamana is reminded of his own widowed mother seeing Tara . Pacified by Tara and praised further by Sugriva , Lakshmana begs for Sugriva 's pardon for abusing him . It is only through the diplomatic intervention of Tara that the crisis is averted . = = Commentary = = Ahalya Draupadi Kunti Tara Mandodari tatha panchakanya smare nityam mahapataka nashanam Remembering ever the virgins five -Ahalya , Draupadi , Kunti , Tara and Mandodari Destroys the greatest of sins . Orthodox Hindus remember the Panchakanya : the five virgins or maidens , in this daily morning prayer ; though none of them is considered an ideal woman , who could be emulated . Tara , with Ahalya and Mandodari , belong to the Ramayana , while the rest are from the Mahabharata . V. R. Devika , author of Tara : Unsung heroine describes her as a woman " treated like an equal and her opinion mattered as if she were one of the lieutenants . " The Ramayana presents Tara as a woman , intensely loved and respected by Vali , her husband . Her regard is so great that her counsel to Vali sometimes have a commanding tone . Pradip Bhattacharya , author of the book Panchkanya : Women of Substance describes Tara as " a woman of unusual intelligence , foresight and confidence . " Tara 's devotion to her husband is also praised . = Crossroads to Crime = Crossroads to Crime is a 1960 British crime film , the first and only to be directed by television producer Gerry Anderson , and also the only feature @-@ length film to be made by his production company , AP Films . Known for Thunderbirds and his other " Supermarionation " TV series of the 1950s and 1960s , which were mostly science fiction and featured marionette puppet characters , Anderson accepted an offer from distributors Anglo @-@ Amalgamated to shoot a one @-@ hour , low @-@ budget B movie when no TV network could be found to distribute Supercar . The first of Anderson 's productions to use live actors , Crossroads to Crime is about the investigations of a police constable ( Anthony Oliver ) who , working alone , confronts and brings down a gang of vehicle hijackers . Filmed mainly on location in England between May and June 1960 , the film 's cast includes a number actors who would appear in later Anderson productions . The score was composed by Barry Gray , who – along with other members of the production staff , such as director of photography John Read and editor David Elliott – would also continue his association with Anderson . A box office disappointment , Crossroads to Crime has attracted mostly negative critical opinion since its release in November 1960 . Although praised by one source as a fair " cops and robbers " -style thriller , criticism has been directed at the quality of the writing , editing and set design , as well as its low budget . The film has been broadcast at least once on British TV since the end of its brief theatrical run and was released on DVD in 2013 . = = Plot = = While on foot patrol , Police Constable Don Ross ( Anthony Oliver ) chances upon a gang of lorry hijackers operating from the back of a transport café . After seeing Diamond ( George Murcell ) and Johnny ( David Graham ) drive off in a car with the manageress , Connie Williams ( Miriam Karlin ) , apparently being held hostage in the back seat , Ross jumps onto and clings to the vehicle 's side ; however , he is quickly thrown into the road , suffering a head injury . Pretending to have come across the disorientated officer purely by chance , Diamond and Johnny drop Ross off at his home . Later , Williams is brought before the hijackers ' wealthy ringleader , Miles ( Ferdy Mayne ) , who warns her not to betray the gang to the authorities . Despite strong evidence linking the gang to a spate of vehicle thefts along the A1 road , Ross is unable to persuade his superior , Sergeant Pearson ( Arthur Rigby ) , to investigate the café . He therefore pursues the matter on his own , confronting Diamond with his knowledge and forcing the gangster to bribe him in exchange for his silence . When Pearson learns of Ross ' private investigation , he threatens the officer 's job , causing tension between Ross and his wife Joan ( Patricia Heneghan ) . Ross continues to gather evidence while the hijackers capture a shipment of cigarettes worth £ 10 @,@ 000 . As the gang prepare to make one last raid – their target being a £ 20 @,@ 000 haul of nickel ingots – Ross himself joins the operation with the aim of exposing Miles . Having uncovered the truth behind Ross 's actions , Diamond pulls a gun on the officer and chases him through the cellars underneath the café . Wounding Ross with one of his bullets , Diamond eventually corners him , only to be shot dead by Johnny – an undercover detective who has successfully infiltrated the gang . Johnny informs Ross that the authorities are already aware of Miles ' location and that he and the rest of the gang will soon be apprehended . Ross returns to his former life as an ordinary beat constable . = = Production = = Following the success of Four Feather Falls , in 1960 Gerry Anderson approached Anglo @-@ Amalgamated for work after broadcaster Granada Television rejected his plans for a new Supermarionation television series , which would ultimately become Supercar . Known for distributing such films as the Carry On series , Anglo @-@ Amalgamated had helped to commission Four Feather Falls after responding positively to its pilot episode . It often produced low @-@ budget B movies with short running times to increase the amount of British @-@ made content in its output . Desperate for a project from Anglo @-@ Amalgamated 's founders Nat Cohen and Stuart Levy , and keen to establish himself as a film director , Anderson agreed to make such a title without a contract and on a low budget of £ 16 @,@ 250 ( equivalent to £ 337 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . Alun Falconer , writer of the Peter Sellers thriller Never Let Go and the crime drama The Unstoppable Man , wrote the script . As an in @-@ joke , Four Feather Falls is mentioned in the film 's dialogue when two young men consider a tune from the TV series ' soundtrack while searching for records to play on the transport café 's jukebox . = = = Casting = = = Impressed by his performance in a West End production of the Agatha Christie murder mystery The Mousetrap , Anderson cast actor Anthony Oliver in the leading role of Police Constable Don Ross . David Graham , who appears as undercover agent Johnny , had starred in a 1957 episode of the TV series Martin Kane , Private Investigator that Anderson had directed . A number of the cast contributed to later Anderson productions : George Murcell ( Diamond ) provided the voices of Professor Popkiss and Masterspy in the first series of Supercar , while Graham voiced various characters in Stingray and Thunderbirds . Anderson remembers that Ferdy Mayne ( Miles ) occasionally misinterpreted the script . A scene between Oliver and Miriam Karlin ( Connie Williams ) at the café was re @-@ mounted several times when Karlin repeatedly " upstaged " Oliver , changing the arrangement of the scene with the result that the other actor 's face was hidden from the camera . Terence Brook , who was cast based on his " tough @-@ guy " appearance in an advertisement for Strand cigarettes , was doubled by editor and second unit director David Elliott for a stunt sequence in which gang member Harry jumps off the back of a lorry . = = = Filming = = = Filming was conducted in and around Slough , Buckinghamshire and Maidenhead , Berkshire over five weeks between May and June 1960 . The Slough location shooting made use of the AP Films Studio itself ( doubling as the gang 's warehouse ) , a café on the other side of the road ( as the main hideout ) , the woods of Burnham Beeches and various points along the A4 road . Halliford Studios in Shepperton , Surrey was also used briefly for filming . On one occasion , when the production had fallen behind schedule and night filming inside the café had run into the morning , the crew attached black drapes to the windows to block out the dawn sunlight and allow the shoot to finish . A number of production staff – including Elliott and John Read , the director of photography – would continue to be employed by AP Films . Anderson 's future wife , Sylvia , performed the uncredited role of continuity supervisor under her maiden name , Thamm . After the filming was completed , Anderson and his first wife divorced and he was remarried to Sylvia . = = = Post @-@ production = = = Composer Barry Gray recorded his musical score in six hours on 21 June 1960 . The music accompanying the opening credits was recycled for the Supercar episode " The White Line " , the Fireball XL5 episode " The Robot Freighter Mystery " and the Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons episode " Manhunt " ; it was also released on the Fanderson soundtrack sampler International Concerto and Other Classic Themes in 2005 . In a biography of Gray , it is suggested that the instrumental character of the soundtrack is emulated by later Anderson TV series , such as Thunderbirds . To secure a family @-@ friendly U certificate from the British Board of Film Classification , Elliott dubbed over expletives such as " bloody " ( which was replaced with the milder " ruddy " ) . In addition , to make the film more accessible to American audiences , references to " quid " ( a British slang term for the pound sterling ) were also changed during post @-@ production . The BBFC certified the film U on 26 July 1960 . = = Distribution = = The tagline for the November 1960 theatrical release was " £ 20 @,@ 000 the Prize and Death the Price ! " During the 1960s , the film was incorporated into the Edgar Wallace Mysteries B @-@ movie series ( also distributed by Anglo @-@ Amalgamated ) and re @-@ edited with new opening credits . Crossroads to Crime has been transmitted at least once on British TV since the 1960s . A print of the film is owned by the British Film Institute , which screened it at the National Museum of Photography , Film and Television 's Pictureville Cinema , Bradford in 1997 to commemorate Anderson 's career in TV and film @-@ making . Crossroads to Crime was not released in any home video format until a Region 2 DVD was published by Network Distributing in 2013 . The DVD version of the film is introduced by the newer " Edgar Wallace Presents " credits , with the originals provided as an extra feature . Also included is a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes film , Remembering Crossroads to Crime , featuring interviews with the Andersons , editor David Elliott and actor David Graham . The BBFC has re @-@ classified the film PG for " moderate violence " . = = Reception = = On top of a poor commercial showing at the box office in 1960 , critical reception to Crossroads to Crime has remained consistently negative . Anderson once called it " possibly the worst film ever made " , while Elliott considers it " awful " . Cohen and Levy were similarly unimpressed and offered Anderson no further commissions for Anglo @-@ Amalgamated . During the promotional campaign for Thunderbirds Are Go , made by AP Films ' successor company Century 21 and released in 1966 , Sylvia Anderson said of the earlier film , " The less said about it , the better " ; she has since commented that it " hardly ranks as one of our best efforts " . A contemporary review in Monthly Film Bulletin was more positive : " Quick off the mark , this modest little thriller soon settles down into a routine ' cops and robbers ' format , efficient if not always too convincing . " Stronger praise came in the October 1960 issue of Kine Weekly , which commended Crossroads to Crime as being " refreshingly free from pretence " , adding : " The film 's moral is lofty , its tender domestic asides encourage feminine interest , and the climax is a corker . " Simon Archer and Marcus Hearn , writers of Anderson 's official biography , describe Mayne as the film 's " saving grace " . However , they consider Gray 's music overbearing and unsuited to the subject matter , commenting , " Its innovative combination of booming brass and twangy electric guitar was possibly intended to evoke the contemporary sounds of Stanley Black or John Barry , but fell wide of the mark on both counts . " Crossroads to Crime is summed up as " irredeemably compromised by its prosaic settings , convoluted screenplay and minuscule budget " . Stephen La Rivière , writer of Filmed in Supermarionation : A History of the Future , notes that it is " remembered with dread " , describing the " wafer @-@ thin " story is a " tedious affair " before criticising the editing for producing a finished version that is " more than a little rough around the edges " . He suggests that what little attention Crossroads to Crime receives is attributable to the fact that the Andersons would go on to produce the highly successful Thunderbirds . = BR Standard Class 6 = The Standard class 6 , otherwise known as the Clan Class , was a class of 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 Pacific tender steam locomotive designed by Robert Riddles for use by British Railways . Ten locomotives were constructed between 1951 and 1952 , with a further 15 planned for construction . However , due to acute steel shortages in Britain , the order was continually postponed until it was finally cancelled on the publication of the 1955 Modernisation Plan for the re @-@ equipment of British Railways . The Clan Class was based upon the Britannia Class design , incorporating a smaller boiler and various weight @-@ saving measures to increase the route availability of a Pacific @-@ type locomotive for its intended area of operations , the west of Scotland . The Clan Class received a mixed reception from crews , with those regularly operating the locomotives giving favourable reports as regards performance . However , trials in other areas of the British Railways network returned negative feedback , a common complaint being that difficulty in steaming the locomotive made it hard to adhere to timetables . Reports exist that suggest a degree of the disappointment with these locomotives was attributable to their being allocated to Class 7 work where they were only a Class 6 in reality ; a problem put down to their very similar appearance to the BR Standard Class 7 . Some of the Clan Class locomotives took their names from the Highland Railway Clan Class which was being withdrawn from service at the time , indicating further their intended area of operations . The class was ultimately deemed a failure by British Railways , and the last was withdrawn in 1966 . None survived into preservation , although a project to build the next locomotive in line , number 72010 Hengist , is progressing . The frame plates are presently at Riley & Son Ltd. at Bury awaiting further parts to commence assembly of the frame structure . = = Background = = Under the initial scheme for the creation of a series of British Railways standard locomotives , larger passenger and mixed traffic types were intended to be of the 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 Pacific wheel arrangement , the main advantage of which was that it could be fitted with a wide firebox capable of burning a range of coal types ( and qualities ) . The Pacifics were originally intended to be produced in four power groups : 8 , 7 , 6 , and 5 , according to the system of power ratings inherited from the L.M.S. constituent company . Power groups 7 , 6 & 5 were to be for mixed traffic ( MT ) service . The whole standardisation programme was launched with the building of the 7MT Britannia design in 1951 ; in the event , the 5MT proposal was dropped in favour of an updated version of the highly successful Stanier mixed traffic 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 . It was further appreciated that a Pacific of 6MT power could be built with a high enough route availability to fulfil all remaining requirements ; this had been amply demonstrated by Oliver Bulleid , Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway , who had developed a lighter version of his large 3 @-@ cylinder Merchant Navy Class in 1945 . H.A.V. Bulleid , Oliver Bulleid 's son , advocated that the resultant Light Pacifics had " almost 90 % " route availability on the Southern railway network . The advantages of such a locomotive for use on some of the heavily restricted main lines in Scotland , such as the Dumfries to Stranraer line , had been further demonstrated by the remarkable performance of Light Pacific number 34004 Yeovil on the ex Highland Railway line to Inverness during the British Railways 1948 Locomotive Exchange Trials . During these trials the locomotive showed that a Light Pacific had the potential to revolutionise the timetable over this difficult trunk route . As the general policy of the Railway Executive was to eliminate as far as possible the perceived complication of multi @-@ cylinder locomotives , an equivalent 2 @-@ cylinder Pacific was produced by mounting a smaller and lighter boiler on the standard 7MT chassis . = = Design details = = The arrangement consisted of a modified Standard Class 7 boiler , with smaller steel cylinders and other modifications to save weight and hence increase route availability . The wider firebox , designed for use with cheaper imported coal , was also utilised to spread its weight evenly over the axles , whilst the standard smokebox completed the boiler , which at 225 lbf / in ² was rated at a lower working pressure than that of the Britannias . A single chimney was incorporated into the design , although this was to create problems later on , due to its small diameter , which reduced the choke area that allowed the fierce exhaust blast to escape , reducing the overall efficiency of the locomotive . Similarities with the Britannias rested with the frames , tenders and running gear , allowing easy standardisation of parts common with other classes . The design was fitted with a standard set of two Walschaerts valve gear systems , and all members of the class were equipped with 4 @,@ 200 gallon BR 1 tenders . Following experience of occasional cracks appearing in the frame plates near the spring brackets , had the second batch of Class 6 Standard Pacifics been built , the chassis would have been rearranged to be similar to that used on the solitary Class 8 Pacific . This would have resulted in the locomotive riding on three cast steel Combined Frame Stretcher & Spring Brackets carrying the 10 front @-@ most spring brackets and lengthened spring brackets behind the rear driven axle . These Combined Frame Stretcher & Spring Brackets are often referred to as " sub @-@ frames " . ( Perhaps remarkably , the rearmost spring brackets were not to be integrated into a single cast combined sub @-@ frame / pony truck pivot stretcher . The pony truck pivot stretcher being a separate fabrication ) . Unlike the smaller BR Standards the exhaust steam manifold within the smokebox saddle ( along with the BR Standard Class 7 engines ) was a steel casting that was welded into the saddle . Other original drawings confirm the exhaust steam manifold was a steel fabrication in the smaller BR standards . = = Construction history = = Designed at the drawing offices of Derby Works , the new class was constructed at British Railways ' Crewe Works between 1951 and 1952 . The initial order was for 25 locomotives , but such was the immediacy of demand regarding a smaller version of the Britannias that a batch of 10 was rushed through construction before teething problems had been ironed out at the British Railways testing station at Rugby . No more were constructed due to the steel shortages of the 1950s , and onset of the British Railways Modernisation Plan from 1954 . = = = Initial modifications = = = After initial running @-@ in , E.S.Cox was quoted as discerning a distinct " woolliness " in their steaming , and although they missed their appointment at the Rugby Testing Station due to late completion , some modifications were carried out , most notably to the diameter of the blastpipe , resulting in better steaming and increased power . Initially , the return cranks on the main driving wheels were of LNER block @-@ type as seen on Arthur Peppercorn 's A1s and A2s , but this was changed to the simpler LMS four @-@ stud fitting . With time , enough information was gathered from operational feedback from crews to allow modifications to be applied to the further 15 locomotives on order in the second batch , had they been built . = = = Naming the locomotives = = = The choice of locomotive names came from engineer and future railway historian Ernest Stewart Cox 's desire to replicate the near extinct Ex @-@ Highland Railway 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 Clan Class , therefore representing Scotland in the new organisation . The first of the class , No. 72000 Clan Buchanan , was treated to a special ceremony at Glasgow Central station on 15 January 1952 at which the Lord Provost unveiled its nameplates . Five of these names had previously been used on Highland Railway locomotives . The first five of the planned second batch of 15 locomotives were intended for use on BR 's Southern Region ; these were allocated names Hengist , Horsa , Canute , Wildfire and Firebrand , which had all been previously used on locomotives in southern England . The following ten were to be allocated to Scotland and were allocated further " Clan " names , all of which were new . = = Operational details = = The Clan Class had a mixed reception when first introduced to British Railways locomotive crews because there were only 10 locomotives in a class that was mostly confined to the North West of the railway network . This was due to the fact the low number of class members prevented effective training of locomotive crews throughout the nationalised network , and a degree of partisanship amongst crews towards newer locomotives further ensured this . The entire class was also based predominantly at two depots throughout their working lives , these being Glasgow Polmadie and Carlisle Kingmoor , compounding their restricted circulation . However , factors such as these meant that they spent most of their short careers out of the limelight that the Britannias had , resulting in a relatively camera shy class of locomotive . Crews that used them on regular duties displayed their liking for the locomotives , and as such , could produce good work . However , the predominant number of crews who were unfamiliar with the Clans found them difficult to handle , leading to an undeservedly bad reputation . The poor steaming characteristics of the class had been the result of rushed production , which was another factor that led to the bad reputation of the Clan Class . Furthermore , they suffered from complaints regarding a lack of pulling power , although this can be attributed to indifferent handling and firing techniques , which certainly did not help the situation . However , had the Modernisation Plan been delayed , and the correct amount of investment made for undertaking the relevant modifications , such as streamlining of the steam passages and increased diameter blastpipe in a double @-@ chimney layout , the Clans would have been free @-@ steaming workhorses worthy of complementing the ' Britannias ' . Without modification , they were still capable machines when handled properly , as various feats testifying this included regular ascents of Shap and Beattock with 14 carriages without the assistance of a banking locomotive . Other arduous duties that the class frequently undertook were the regular turns on the Settle to Carlisle route , which has some of the steepest gradients and harshest working conditions of any British mainline . The Midland region was always short of top @-@ link motive power and the Clan Class proved to be a very welcome addition to the fleet . The engines also performed on Glasgow – Crewe , Manchester and Liverpool services , Edinburgh – Leeds services , Carlisle – Bradford services , and finally the Stranraer Boat Train workings . As more crews got used to them , the class could be found far from home territory at destinations as diverse as Aberdeen , Inverness , Port Talbot , Newcastle upon Tyne , Bristol , and even London . Clan number 72001 to this day remains the only Pacific locomotive to have worked over the West Highland Line , the result of a successful trial held in early 1956 to ascertain whether a Pacific type could traverse this steeply graded line . Having passed that test , a tribute to the versatility of the class , Clan Cameron was allowed to work special trains for the Clan Cameron gathering that took place in June of that year . In August 1958 , number 72009 was tested on the Eastern Region , being based at Stratford MPD , though a preference for the Britannias meant that this sojourn was short @-@ lived , lasting only a month . The locomotive was utilised on services from London Liverpool Street to Norwich , Clacton , and Harwich . At first they were mistakenly allocated Class 7 duties , in which the Clans , although capable , were not able to keep to their allotted timings . This was part of the trials for the West Highland Line services mentioned earlier , but the locomotive was rejected for such duties on the grounds that they were " no better than a good B1 " . The result	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
growing jealousy of Griet becomes apparent . As Griet deals with her growing fascination with Vermeer and his talent , she has to fend off Van Ruijven 's attempt to rape her . Soon afterwards , Catharina 's mother summons Griet , hands over her daughter 's pearl earrings , and instructs Griet to finish the painting while Catharina is away for the day . At the final painting session Vermeer pierces Griet 's earlobe so she can wear one of the pearl earrings for the portrait ; she then runs to Pieter to be consoled . They caress and make love in a barn . Afterwards , Pieter proposes marriage , but she shakes her head and leaves . She then returns the earrings to Catharina 's mother . Catharina discovers that Griet used her earrings , accuses her mother of complicity , and demands Vermeer show her the painting of Griet . Heartbroken that Vermeer does not consider her worthy of being painted because she " doesn 't understand , " Catharina tries but fails to destroy the painting , then banishes Griet from the house forever . Vermeer does not object , and Griet leaves the house in shock . Later , Griet is visited by the cook from the house , who comes bearing a gift : a sealed packet containing the blue headscarf she wore in the painting , wrapped around Catharina 's pearl earrings . = = Cast = = = = Production = = = = = Development = = = The production of Girl with a Pearl Earring began in 1999 , when screenwriter Olivia Hetreed gained access to the eponymous novel shortly before its publication in August . The novel had not yet become a best @-@ seller , but several groups were beginning to show interest . Hetreed loved the character of Griet and " ... her determination to be free in a world where that was almost impossible for a girl from her background . " Anand Tucker and Hetreed 's husband Andy Paterson – both producers with the small British studio Archer Street Films – approached the novel 's author , Tracy Chevalier , for a film adaptation . Chevalier agreed , believing that a British studio would help resist Hollywood 's urge " ... to sex up the film . " She stipulated that their adaptation avoid having the main characters consummate their relationship . Paterson and Tucker promised to " ... replicate the ' emotional truth ' of the story ... , " and Chevalier did not seek to retain control during the film 's creative process , though she briefly considered adapting it herself . Hetreed worked closely with Tucker and Webber to adapt the book , explaining that " ... working with them on drafts helped me to concentrate on what the film would be , rather than how beautifully I could make a line work . " Her first draft was closest to the source material and it slowly " ... developed its own character ... " through rewrites . She avoided using a voiceover , which was present in the novel , " ... partly because it would make it very literary . " Instead , she focused on conveying Griet 's thoughts visually – for example , in her adaptation Griet and Vermeer inspect the camera obscura together under his cloak amidst sexual tension ; whereas , in the novel Griet views it alone immediately after him and enjoys the lasting warmth and scent he leaves . The novel maximises the few known facts of Vermeer 's life , which Hetreed described as " ... little pillars sticking up out of the dust of history . " To learn more about the artist , the screenwriter researched Dutch society in the 17th @-@ century , talked to artist friends about painting , and interviewed a Victoria & Albert Museum art historian who had restored the original artwork . Hetreed stayed in close contact with Chevalier , and the two became so close near the end of the production that they presented a Master class together on screenwriting . = = = Casting = = = Originally , the American actress Kate Hudson was cast as Griet , having successfully pursued the role from the film 's producers . In September 2001 , however , Hudson pulled out four weeks before filming began , officially due to " creative differences " . Hudson 's decision scuppered the production and led to the loss of financial support from the production company Intermedia . It also resulted in the withdrawal of Mike Newell as director and Ralph Fiennes as Vermeer ; Fiennes left the project to work on his 2002 film Maid in Manhattan . Due to this incident , The Guardian reported that it " ... now seems unlikely that the film will ever be made . " Production commenced again later that year when the producers hired the relatively unknown British television director Peter Webber to helm the project , despite his not having directed a feature film before . Tucker and Paterson already knew Webber from several earlier projects ; the director discovered the project by accident after visiting their office , where he noticed a poster of Vermeer 's work and began discussing it . Webber read the script and described it as being " ... about creativity and the link between art and money and power and sex in some strange unholy mixture . " Characterising it as a " coming of age " story with a " fascinating dark undertow , " Webber deliberately did not read the book prior to filming , as he was concerned about being influenced by it , opting instead to rely on the script and the period . The casting of Griet was Webber 's first major step , and led to interviews with 150 girls before Webber chose the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old actress Scarlett Johansson . He felt that she " ... just stood out . She had something distinctive about her . " Johansson seemed very modern to Webber , but he believed this was a positive attribute , realising " ... that what would work was to take this intelligent , zippy girl and repress all that . " The actress finished filming Lost in Translation immediately before arriving on set in Luxembourg , and consequently prepared little for the role . She considered the script " beautifully written " and the character " very touching " , but did not read the book because she thought it would be better to approach the story with a " clean slate . " After the hiring of Johansson , other major casting decisions quickly followed , beginning with the addition of English actor Colin Firth as Vermeer . Firth and Webber , both of a similar age and background , spent significant time discussing Vermeer 's personality and lifestyle in the period leading up to the beginning of filming . While researching the role , Firth realised that Vermeer was " incredibly elusive as an artist . " As a result , unlike Webber and Johansson , Firth chose to read the book to gain a better grasp of a man of whom little information existed on his private life . Firth sought to " invent " the character and discover his motivations , and ultimately identified with the artist for having a private space in the midst of a bustling family . Firth also studied painting techniques and visited museums carrying Vermeer works . After Firth , Webber 's next casting decision was Tom Wilkinson as the patron Pieter van Ruijven , who was hired in late 2002 . He was soon joined by Judy Parfitt as Vermeer 's domineering mother @-@ in @-@ law , and Essie Davis , who portrayed Vermeer 's wife Catharina . The Australian daughter of an artist , Davis did not believe her character was the film 's " bad guy , " as " ... [ Catharina ] has a certain role to play in order for you to want Griet and Vermeer to be involved . " Cillian Murphy , known for his recent role in 28 Days Later , was hired as Pieter , Griet 's butcher love interest . Murphy , taking on his first period film role , was interested in serving as a foil to Firth 's Vermeer , and representing the " ordinary " world that Griet seeks to avoid upon her meeting the artist . Other cast members included Joanna Scanlan as the maid Tanneke , as well as the young actresses Alakina Mann and Anna Popplewell as Vermeer 's daughters , Cornelia and Maertge , respectively . = = = Filming = = = During preproduction , Webber and cinematographer Eduardo Serra studied the period 's artwork and discussed the different moods they wanted to create for each scene . The director was a lover of the Stanley Kubrick period drama Barry Lyndon , but knew that Girl With a Pearl Earring would be different ; unlike the former film 's " ... elaborate and expensive set pieces ... , " Webber 's production was to be " ... about the intimate relationships within a single household . " He was not seeking to create a historically accurate biographical film of Vermeer ; Webber sought to direct a period film that avoided being " overly slavish " to characteristics of the genre , desiring instead to " ... bring the film to life ... " and have viewers " ... be able almost to smell the meat in the market . " Webber employed little dialogue and drew inspiration from the " ... quiet , tense , mysterious , transcendent world ... " of Vermeer 's paintings . The director also made a conscious effort to slow the pace of the film , hoping that by " ... slowing things down [ we could ] create these moments in between the dialogue that were full of emotion . And the more silent the film became , the closer it seemed to be to the condition of those Vermeer paintings and the closer it seemed to capture some kind of truth . " The film was budgeted at £ 10 million . While it is set in Delft , the film was primarily shot in Amsterdam , Belgium , and Luxembourg . Chevalier later remarked that Webber and Serra " ... needed absolute control of the space and light they worked with – something they could never achieve by shutting down a busy Delft street for an hour or two . " Only a few exterior shots were filmed in Delft . Webber hired Ben van Os as his production designer because " ... he wasn 't intimidated by the period obligations . He was much more interested in story and character . " For inspiration in constructing the film 's sets , Webber and van Os studied the works of Vermeer and other artists of the period , such as Gerard ter Borch . Set designer Todd van Hulzen said the goal was to " ... reflect that quiet , sober , almost moralizing ethos that you see in Dutch paintings . " They built Vermeer 's house on one of Luxembourg 's largest film soundstages , a three @-@ story set where they designed rooms that were meant to convey a lack of privacy . According to van Os , the film was about " being observed , " so they intended Griet to always feel that she was being watched . In addition , they built two other interior sets to represent the homes of Griet and van Ruijven – Griet 's home possessed Calvinistic characteristics while van Ruijven 's contained mounted animals to reflect his " predatory nature . " The Mauritshuis museum made a high resolution photograph of the actual painting , which was then shot on a rostrum camera to be used in the film . According to Webber , Serra " ... was obsessed with reproducing the amazing use of light by the artists of that period , and most particularly Vermeer 's use of it . " To reflect the " magical luminosity " of Vermeer 's artwork , Serra employed diffused lighting and different film stock when filming scenes in the artist 's studio . Webber and Serra did not want to be too reliant on Vermeer 's aesthetic , however ; they wanted audiences to come away focusing their praise on its story , not its visuals . = = = Costume design and make @-@ up = = = In desiring to avoid stereotypes of the costume drama , Webber costumed his actors in simple outfits he termed " period Prada , " rather than use the ruffles and baggy costumes common for the era . The intent was to " ... take the real clothes from the period and reduce them to their essence . " Costume designer Dien van Straalen explored London and Holland markets in search for period fabrics , including curtains and slipcovers . For Griet , van Straalen employed " ... pale colors for Scarlett Johansson to give her the drab look of a poor servant girl . " Firth was also outfitted simply , as Vermeer was not rich . Van Straalen created more elaborate costumes for Wilkinson , as van Ruijven was to her " ... a peacock strutting around with his money . " Make @-@ up and hair designer Jenny Shircore desired that Griet appear without make @-@ up , so Johansson was given very little ; rather , Shircore focused on maintaining the actress ' skin as " ... milky , thick and creamy ... , " and bleached her eyebrows . They gave Davis as Catharina a " ... very simple Dutch hairstyle ... , " which they learned from studying drawings and prints of the period . = = = Music = = = The musical score for Girl with a Pearl Earring was written by the French composer Alexandre Desplat . Webber decided to hire Desplat after hearing a score he had composed for a Jacques Audiard film . Webber explained , " He had a sense of restraint and a sense of lyricism that I liked . I remember the first time I saw the cue where Griet opens the shutters . He was really describing what the light was doing , articulating that in a musical sphere . " Desplat was then known primarily for scoring films in his native language . The score employs strings , piano , and woodwinds , with a central theme featuring a variety of instrumental forms . Desplat created a melody that recurs throughout the film , stating in a later interview that " ... it evolves and it 's much more flowing with a very gentle theme that 's haunting . " The score , his career breakthrough , gained him international attention and garnered him further film projects . The soundtrack was released in 2004 ; it earned a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , helping increase Desplat 's name recognition in Hollywood . Desplat 's work also garnered positive reviews . The New York Times described it as a " ... gorgeous score ... " which " ... brushes in a haunted gloom that gives the picture life where none seems to exist ... , " whilst Boston.com said it " ... burbles with elegant baroque minimalism . " Empire magazine called his score " ... a supremely elegant work ... " that " ... creates a captivating atmosphere of cautious emotion and wonderment , the true highlight being ' Colour in the Clouds ' , so simply majestic that it really captures the heart of the story . " = = = Editing = = = In the interest of shortening the adaptation , approximately one @-@ third of the story was eventually edited out ; entire subplots and characters were removed . Before becoming a screenwriter Hetreed worked as an editor , and credits this experience for knowing " ... about structure and what you need to say and what you can leave out . I am a big enthusiast for leaving things out . " She focused the story on the relationship between Griet and Vermeer , deciding what other storylines were " ... distracting and had to be jettisoned . Before editing , there was great stuff there , but Peter was fantastically ruthless . " Changes from the novel did not bother Chevalier , who felt that as a result the film gained " ... a focused , driven plot and a sumptuous visual feast . " = = Themes and analysis = = According to Webber , Girl with a Pearl Earring is " ... more than just a quaint little film about art ... " but is concerned with themes of money , sex , repression , obsession , power , and the human heart . Laura M. Sager Eidt in her book , Writing and Filming the Painting : Ekphrasis in Literature and Film , asserts that the film deviates significantly from the source material and emphasises a " ... socio @-@ political dimension that is subtler in the novel . " Girl with a Pearl Earring , Sager Eidt says , " ... shifts its focus from a young girl 's evolving consciousness to the class and power relations in the story . " In his work , Film England : Culturally English Filmmaking Since the 1990s , author Andrew Higson notes that the film overcomes the novel 's " subjective narration " device by having the camera stay fixed on Griet for much of the film . But , Higson says , " ... no effort is made to actually render her point of view as the point of view of the film or the spectator . " Vermeer channels Griet 's sexual awakening into his painting , with the piercing of her ear and his directives to her posing being inherently sexual . In the opinion of psychologist Rosemary Rizq , the pearl Griet dons is a metaphor , something which normally would convey wealth and status . But , when worn by Griet the pearl is also a directive to the audience to look at the " ... psychological potential within ... " her erotic , unconsummated bond with Vermeer , unclear up to that point if it is real or not . The film incorporates seven of Vermeer 's paintings into its story . Thomas Leitch , in his book Film Adaptation and Its Discontents : From Gone with the Wind to The Passion of the Christ , writes that while Chevalier 's Griet describes ten Vermeer paintings ( without naming them ) , Webber 's film avoids " ... show [ ing ] an external world that looks like a series of Vermeer paintings ... , " as this would have been a trivialisation of the artist 's achievements . Leitch adds the director " ... compromises by showing far fewer actual Vermeer paintings than Chevalier 's Griet describes but lingering longer over the visual particulars of the studio in which he creates them . " = = Release = = = = = Box office = = = Girl With a Pearl Earring 's world premiere occurred at the Telluride Film Festival on 31 August 2003 . In North America it was distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment . The film was limited in release to seven cinemas on 12 December 2003 , landing in 32nd place for the week with $ 89 @,@ 472 . Lions Gate slowly increased its release to a peak of 402 cinemas by 6 February 2004 . Its total domestic gross was $ 11 @,@ 670 @,@ 971 . The film was released in the United Kingdom on 16 January 2004 by Pathé Films . In its opening week , the film finished in tenth place with a total of £ 384 @,@ 498 from 106 cinemas . In the UK and Ireland , the film finished in fourteenth place for the year with a total box office gross of £ 3 @.@ 84 million . It garnered a total worldwide gross of $ 31 @,@ 466 @,@ 789 . = = = Home media = = = In the US , the Girl With a Pearl Earring DVD was released on 4 May 2004 by Lions Gate . The Region 2 DVD 's release on 31 May 2004 included audio commentaries from Webber , Paterson , Hetreed , and Chevalier ; a featurette on " The Art of Filmmaking " ; and eight deleted scenes . = = Reception = = The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes calculated a 72 % approval rating based on reviews from 174 critics , with an average score of 6 @.@ 8 / 10 . The website reported the critical consensus as " ... visually arresting , but the story could be told with a bit more energy . " Critical reception of Girl With a Pearl Earring was mixed , with reviewers positively focusing on the film 's visuals and performances while questioning elements of its story . Historian Alex von Tunzelmann , writing for The Guardian , praised the film for its " ... sumptuous design and incredible Vermeerish appearance ... " but felt that " ... it 's a bit too much like watching paint dry . " In The Observer , Philip French referred to the film as " ... quiet , intelligent and well @-@ acted ... " and believed that " ... most people will be impressed by , and carry away in their mind 's eye , the film 's appearance ... [ Serra , van Os , and van Strallen ] have given the movie a self @-@ conscious beauty . " The BBC 's review , written by Susan Hodgetts , described the film as " ... a superior British costume drama that expertly mixes art history with romantic fiction ... , " which would appeal to " ... anyone who likes serious , intelligent drama and gentle erotic tension . " Hodgetts said that both Firth and Johansson gave " excellent " performances who did " ... a grand job of expressing feelings and emotions without the use of much dialogue , and the picture is the better for it . " Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times called the film an " ... earnest , obvious melodrama with no soul , filled with the longing silences that come after a sigh . " Mitchell did however laud its cinematography , production design , and musical score , as did the Film Journal International 's Erica Abeel . Despite praising its visuals , Abeel criticized Girl with a Pearl Earring for being " ... a chick flick dressed up in Old Master clothes ... " and for failing " ... to render Griet 's growing artistic sensibility dramatically credible . " She cited its melodramatic villains as another failing , but concluded that it was " ... to Johansson 's credit that she alone pulls something plausible out of her character . " Sandra Hall of The Sydney Morning Herald praised Webber 's ability to " ... build individual moments [ such as ] the crackle of a bedsheet which has grown an ice overcoat after being hung out to dry in the wintry air ... , " but opined that he failed to " ... invest these elegant reproductions of the art of the period with the emotional charge you 've been set up to expect . " Griet and Vermeer 's relationship , Hall wrote , lacked " ... the sense of two people breathing easily in one another 's company . " Owen Gleiberman , writing for Entertainment Weekly , remarked that Girl with a Pearl Earring " ... brings off something that few dramas about artists do . It gets you to see the world through new – which is to say , old – eyes . " Gleiberman added that while Johansson is silent for most of the film , " ... the interplay on her face of fear , ignorance , curiosity , and sex is intensely dramatic . " In Sight & Sound , David Jays wrote that " Johansson 's marvellous performance builds on the complex innocence of her screen presence ( Ghost World , Lost in Translation ) . " Jays concluded his review by praising Webber and Serra 's ability to " ... deftly deploy daylight , candle and shadow , denying our desire to see clearly just as Vermeer refuses to explicate the situations in his paintings . The film 's scenarios may be unsurprising , but Webber 's solemn evocation of art in a grey world gives his story an apt , unspoken gravity . " = = = Accolades = = = = ContactPoint = ContactPoint was a government database that held information on all children under 18 in England . It was created in response to the abuse and death of eight @-@ year @-@ old Victoria Climbié in 2000 in England . Various agencies involved in her care had failed to prevent her death . ContactPoint aimed to improve child protection by improving the way information about children was shared between services . It was designed by Capgemini and previously had the working titles of Information Sharing Index ( or IS Index or ISI ) and the Children 's Index . The database , created under the Children Act 2004 , cost £ 224m to set up and £ 41m a year to run . It operated in 150 local authorities , and was accessible to at least 330 @,@ 000 users . The database was heavily criticised by a wide range of groups , mainly for privacy , security and child protection reasons . On 12 May 2010 the new UK Coalition Government announced plans to scrap ContactPoint and on 6 August 2010 the database was shut down . From that date the Children Act 2004 Information Database ( England ) Regulations 2007 , as amended in 2010 , no longer applies . = = Development = = In April 1999 , Victoria Climbié ( born 2 November 1991 in Abobo , Côte d 'Ivoire , died 25 February 2000 at St. Mary 's Hospital , London ) and her great aunt Marie @-@ Thérèse Kouao arrived in London , sent by her parents for a chance of an education . A few months later , Kouao met Carl Manning on a bus which he was driving , and she and Victoria moved into his flat . It was here that she was abused , including being beaten with hammers , bike chains , and wires ; being forced to sleep in a bin liner in the bath ; and being tied up for periods of over 24 hours . In the period leading up to her death , the police , the social services of many local authorities , the NHS , the NSPCC , and local churches all had contact with her , and noted the signs of abuse . However , in what the judge in the trial following Victoria 's death described as ' blinding incompetence ' , all failed to properly investigate the abuse and little action was taken . On 24 February 2000 , Victoria was admitted into an accident @-@ and @-@ emergency department , semi @-@ unconscious and suffering from hypothermia , multiple organ failure and malnutrition . She died the next day , aged eight . On 20 November 2000 , her guardians , Marie Thérèse Kouao and Carl Manning , were charged with child cruelty and murder ; on 12 January 2001 , both were found guilty , and sentenced to life imprisonment . Victoria 's death led to a public inquiry , launched on 31 May 2001 and chaired by Herbert Laming , which investigated the role of the agencies involved in her care . The report , published on 28 January 2003 , found that the agencies involved in her care failed to protect her and that on at least 12 occasions , workers involved in her case could have prevented her death . The Laming report led to , amongst other things , the creation of the Every Child Matters programme , which consists of three green papers : Every Child Matters , published in September 2003 ; Every Child Matters : The Next Steps , published in early 2004 ; and Every Child Matters : Change for Children , published in November 2004 . The database proposals were announced in September 2003 , alongside the publication of Every Child Matters , and was being created under Section 12 of the Children Act 2004 . The idea of a child database , however , preceded the Laming report and was suggested in a report , Privacy and Data Sharing : The Way Forward for Public Services , by the Performance and Innovation Unit , published on 11 April 2002 – over a year before the Laming report – and was not related to child abuse . = = Implementation and discontinuation = = The pilot schemes ( designated as identification , referral and tracking ( IRT ) schemes ) began with Bolton council in 2003 and was used by eleven other local authorities . There were doubts as to the legality of Bolton council obtaining data of children from the local Primary Care Trust to put on the database , but the council was eventually advised that it was legal . The other pilot areas followed , in different ways . On 8 December 2005 , the Secretary of State for Education and Skills , Ruth Kelly , made the official announcement of the introduction of the database , confirmed by the Minister of State for Children , Young People and Families , Beverley Hughes . To allow the introduction of the database , the government required all local authorities to implement the Integrated Children 's System , a framework to help improve outcomes for children . The government set a deadline of 1 January 2007 , and 92 out of the 150 local authorities failed to achieve this . The government began a consultation on the 2007 draft regulations on 21 September 2006 which ended on 14 December 2006 . In October 2006 , the government selected Capgemini to design the database . On 15 February 2007 , the database was renamed from Information Sharing Index to ContactPoint , following research with stakeholder groups , including children and families , who decided that the name ContactPoint made clear what the purpose of the database was : to improve communication between those working with children . A consultation on a guide for database users was launched on 4 May 2007 and ended on 27 July 2007 . The database was expected to cost £ 224m to set up , spread over three years beginning December 2005 ( therefore costing £ 81m a year for the first three years ) , and £ 41m a year thereafter . The database , which would be operating in 150 local authorities and would be accessible by at least 330 @,@ 000 users , was expected to be fully operational by the end of 2008 ; however , following the 2007 UK child benefit data scandal , the deadline was pushed back for five months to allow a security review prior to implementation . Training for the workers had been planned begin in spring 2008 . Following the 2010 General Election the new government scrapped the database as one of their measures ' to reverse the substantial erosion of civil liberties under the Labour Government and roll back state intrusion . ' A YouGov poll found that there was no consensus over whether this was the correct or wrong decision . = = Use = = The government said the database was set up to improve child protection by improving the way information about children was shared between services . Only professionals whose job involves supporting children would be able to access the database , and they would be required to undergo enhanced Criminal Records Bureau checks and training . Each local authority would decide who may access the database provided their role was listed in the ContactPoint Regulations . Users would need to provide a reason for accessing a record , and an audit trail would be kept on access to the database to help detect misuse . Professionals who have completed a Common Assessment Framework , a tool used to identify the severity of a child 's situation , would be able to record on a child 's record that they had carried this out . No information discovered in this way would be held on ContactPoint . Under the Data Protection Act , all organisations supplying data to the database would have to inform children and guardians through fair @-@ processing notices . Subjects of the database could make access requests , in writing , to view any personal data that organisations hold on them on the database and to correct any mistakes . The government estimated that the benefit of reducing unproductive work time using the database was valued at more than £ 88m . = = Content = = The entries for each child were to consist of : The database would not hold case or assessment material or any subjective observations . The database could include information of a ' sensitive ' nature , defined as issues relating to sexual health , mental health and substance abuse , although consent from the child or the child ’ s guardians would have been needed , and it would not have appeared as such on the database ; it would only note that the child was receiving help from ' sensitive services ' and would not say what this was . Refusal of consent could be overridden if this could be justified . Margaret Hodge , then children ’ s minister , had said that drug or alcohol use by parents , relatives and neighbours , together with other aspects of their behaviour , may be recorded . Government guidelines reveal that other information recorded may have included ' family routines ' , evidence of a ' disorgan @-@ ised / chaotic lifestyle ' , ' ways in which the family ’ s income was used ' , signs of mental illness or alcohol misuse by relatives , and ' any serious difficulties in the parents ’ relationship ' . In August 2006 , the Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) announced that the database would include telephone numbers or addresses of celebrities ' children . Records of children who may be at risk could be ' shielded ' ; this would be determined on a case @-@ by @-@ case basis . The technical specification for ContactPoint did not include the capacity to store biometric data . = = Coverage = = The database would hold information on about 11 million children in England . Records would be kept until six years after the child turns 18 , or if they leave England and Wales with no intention of returning . The database could also apply to 18- to 25 @-@ year @-@ olds who were care leavers or had learning disabilities ( although the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child only applies to those under 18 in England and Wales ) , and their permission was needed . = = Criticism = = There were significant privacy concerns about the database . The Foundation for Information Policy Research produced a report in November 2006 , Children ’ s Databases – Privacy and Safety , saying the database guidelines ignored family values and privacy , and that the details on the database needs to be ' looked at carefully ' . The government responded by saying they had ' serious reservations about [ the ] report 's objectivity and evidence base ' . Terri Dowty , one of the report 's authors , replied , ' it 's an appalling aspersion to throw at some of the leading academics in this field . I 'm astonished they are challenging the evidence we used since much of the evidence in the report is from the Government itself . ' Action on Rights for Children said that the proposals invaded a child 's right to privacy given by the Convention on the Rights of the Child , while the Joint Committee on Human Rights said that the ' serious interference ' with the rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights – the right to respect for private life – seemed to be ' difficult to justify ' . Liberty , a civil liberties interest group , said governments should not interfere with family life , warning against complacency ' about the importance of privacy in a free society ' . The British Medical Association raised concerns that it may breach doctor – patient confidentiality . The phrase ' any cause for concern ' was criticised as being potential overly wide @-@ ranging and intrusive , and there were fears of function creep . A study by the Office of the Children 's Commissioner , ' I think it ’ s about trust ' : The views of young people on information sharing , found that children themselves were concerned about invasions of their privacy , and that they would be reluctant to use ' sensitive services ' if this would go on the database . Commentators expressed concern about the country 's increasing surveillance . In August 2004 , the information commissioner , Richard Thomas , drawing a parallel with the way that governments in Eastern Europe and Spain gained too much power and information in the 20th century , expressed concern over this and other national databases , including the Citizen Information Project , NHS National Programme for IT , and the introduction of identity cards , warning that there was a danger of the country ' sleepwalk [ ing ] into a surveillance society ' . On 18 April 2006 , Des Browne , the Secretary of State for Defence , said ' the Department for Education and Skills should also consider whether there is scope to realise further efficiency and effectiveness benefits through a child population register ' , and it is thought that the database may be used in conjunction with the National Identity Register and other databases . Phil Booth , national coordinator of NO2ID , a group opposing identity cards , said this was ' cradle @-@ to @-@ grave surveillance ' . Conservative Party member of parliament Oliver Heald said , ' there is already public concern at government plans for a compulsory identity card database , a nanny state children 's database and a property database for the council tax revaluation ' . Liz Davies of London Metropolitan University argued that ' ContactPoint , the new database for every child in the country , is in effect a population @-@ surveillance tool ' and that ' for five years , the system to prevent child abuse has been vanishing before our eyes ' . Fiona Nicholson of Education Otherwise , a home @-@ education support group , agreed with this assessment and said that ' frontline staff working to protect vulnerable children have also expressed disbelief that investing hundreds of millions in IT can be the best way to safeguard children ' . Laming , however , said that Davies ' assertion was a ' gross distortion of what is an intelligent application of technology aimed at ensuring every child benefits from the universal services ' . Privacy International awarded Hodge the 2004 Big Brother Award for ' Worst Public Servant ' , partly due to her backing of the database . Security concerns about the database were significant , and commentators said that there was a large risk of abuse of the system . Evidence presented in 2006 to the management board of the Leeds NHS Trust showed that in one month the 14 @,@ 000 staff logged 70 @,@ 000 incidents of inappropriate access . Sex offenders targeting children might have used the database to find vulnerable victims . The celebrity exclusions were attacked , with critics saying that it underlined fears about security , and that government ministers could have decided to exclude their own children from the database . The proposals might have broken data protection and human rights laws . Some had said that the database might lead to self @-@ fulfilling prophecies , where children from difficult backgrounds were treated as potential delinquents . The government was accused of using the public 's response to the death of Victoria Climbié to force through the unpopular proposal and to curb civil liberties . There were concerns that the database would undermine child protection and parents , weakening the power of parents to look after children , and would ' do more harm than good ' . The sheer size of the database could have meant that serious cases would be overlooked due to the abundance of minor incidents . There were doubts towards the government ’ s estimate of the cost of the database . The information commissioner estimates it at £ 1bn , which Hodge said was ' absurd ' , and others raised concerns over the cost , noting that government projects tend to go over @-@ budget . Some questioned children ’ s ability to give informed consent in their own right . Mary Marsh , chief executive of the NSPCC , wanted the database to cover the whole of the United Kingdom , not just England and Wales , saying ' the information held would be only partial and potentially worse than useless ' . On 27 June 2006 , a child protection conference , ' Children : Over Surveilled , Under Protected ' , held at the London School of Economics , reached the conclusion that the database would do nothing to prevent child abuse , and that it would undermine parents ' ability to look after their children . The government rejected most of the negative criticism . The DfES said that the database would only contain basic information and ' will certainly not be including any information on children 's diet or school attainment ' . Laming had said that information for every child needs to be kept so that they would not be at risk . The government denied any possibility of function creep . They rebutted the concerns over privacy , with a spokesman for the DfES saying ' we are conscious of the need to respect personal privacy ' . Hodge said that the database would be secure , that it would not undermine child protection and that it would help various agencies share information . Hughes said that the database would be secure and that ' we are confident we are doing all we could to ensure security ' . The government said that they were confident that the database complied with the Data Protection Act and the Human Rights Act . Paul Ennals , chief executive of the National Children 's Bureau , said , ' the index is a proportionate response to a continuing problem and any action that helps reduce the number of children who slip through the net must be welcome ' . With the publication of the accreditation procedures for organisations to access ContactPoint , it became clear that the vast majority of voluntary organisations would not have been able to access ContactPoint . This meant that the majority of organisations that work with children or young people e.g. sports groups , uniformed groups and faith groups , would not be able to register their involvement , representing a real challenge for practitioners who wanted to see who as working with a particular child or young person . = 1960 Texas tropical storm = The 1960 Texas tropical storm brought severe but localized flooding to southeastern Texas in June 1960 . The first tropical cyclone and first tropical storm of the annual season , this system developed from an area of showers and thunderstorms in the Bay of Campeche on June 22 . Initially a tropical depression , it strengthened and was estimated to have reached tropical storm status on June 23 . Early on the following day , the storm peaked with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . Later that day , it made landfall near Corpus Christi , Texas , at the same intensity . The storm weakened slowly and moved across the Central United States , before dissipating over Illinois on June 29 . In Texas , the storm dropped up to 29 @.@ 76 inches ( 756 mm ) of precipitation in Port Lavaca . Thus considerable flooding occurred in some areas of south and eastern Texas . Throughout the state , more than 150 houses sustained flood damage in several counties . In addition , numerous major highways were closed , including portions of U.S. Routes 59 , 87 , 90 , and then @-@ 185 , and Texas State Highways 35 and 71 . In Arkansas , a few buildings in Hot Springs were damaged from high winds . Flooding in that state resulted in three deaths from drowning . Light to moderate rainfall was recorded in at least 11 other states , though damage was minimal . The storm was the rainiest tropical cyclone on record in the state of Kentucky , dropping 11 @.@ 25 inches ( 286 mm ) in Dunmor . Overall , 18 fatalities were attributed to the storm and $ 3 @.@ 6 million ( 1960 USD ) in damage was reported . = = Meteorological history = = In late June 1960 , a large mass of deep convection developed in the Gulf of Mexico . A reconnaissance flight into the system on June 22 did not indicate a closed circulation . However , weather stations in Mexico reported a circulation and thus , it is estimated that the first tropical depression of the season developed at 0600 UTC on June 22 . Early on June 23 , barometric pressures in from Tampico , Tamaulipas to Brownsville , Texas had significantly decreased , which indicated that the tropical cyclone was moving generally northward . Shortly thereafter , another reconnaissance flight into the depression indicated winds of only 20 mph ( 30 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 006 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) . However , the plane may not have flown under the most intense convection . The depression gradually strengthened , and by 1200 UTC on June 23 , it reached tropical storm status . Over Texas , airborne radars and the Dow Chemical Company radar in Freeport indicated curved convective banding associated with the storm . Though no wall cloud was reported , the Kelly Air Force Base reported a cloud center . Late on June 23 , the storm intensified slightly further , and peaked with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . Early on June 24 , the tropical storm made landfall near Corpus Christi , Texas . After moving inland , the storm quickly weakened back to a tropical depression . Over the following 24 hours , the depression executed a small cyclonic loop over southern Texas . On July 26 , the depression accelerated to the north @-@ northeast , and eventually dissipated over northern Illinois on July 29 at 0000 UTC . = = Impact = = = = = Texas = = = Some towns in Texas considered it the worst disaster since a hurricane in 1945 . In Copano Bay , waves produced by the storm damaged three fishing piers ; a shrimp boat also capsized , killing three people . In addition , another ship was beached . However , the tides measured were only 3 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) above mean water levels . In Rockport , sustained winds reached 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) and gusts were up to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Padre Island Park also reported tropical storm force winds , with sustained winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) and gusts reaching 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Heavy rainfall was reported , peaking at 29 @.@ 76 inches ( 756 mm ) in Port Lavaca . As a result , water 6 to 12 inches ( 150 to 300 mm ) was reported in several homes and businesses in Port Lavaca . Two boys drowned in Port Lavaca after being swept by flood waters into the city harbor . Over 19 inches ( 480 mm ) fell in Bay City . It was reported by the Bay City Tribune that all of Matagorda County was " under water " . Due to large amounts of precipitation , portions of U.S. Routes 59 , 87 , 90 , and then @-@ 185 , and Texas State Highways 35 and 71 . Rainfall totals in the Houston area peaked at more than 17 inches ( 430 mm ) . At the height of the storm , about one @-@ fourth of the streets in Houston were flooded . Three subdivisions of the city were significantly affected by flooding : Alameda Plaza , Pleasantville , and Sunnyside . Many shingles were blown off the roof of a house , and then water caused the roof to collapse into the dining room and living room . However , no one was injured or killed . Several hundred people were evacuated from places with poor drainage or low @-@ lying areas . Between 150 and 200 houses were affected by flooding and damaged estimates reached $ 1 @.@ 5 million in Harris County alone . In addition , three people drowned in the flood waters in Houston . Following the storm , the town of Port Lavaca requested aid from the United States Navy and Fourth United States Army . Later , cots and blankets were sent by helicopters and trucks . Three schools were opened as shelters for flood refugees in Port Lavaca . The Texas Department of State Health Services sent water and sanitation teams to the areas affected by the storm , as well as 3 @,@ 000 shots of typhoid vaccine . In addition , Calhoun County was declared a disaster area . Overall , the storm caused $ 3 @.@ 6 million and 15 fatalities in the state of Texas . = = = Elsewhere = = = Elsewhere along the Gulf Coast of the United States , light to moderate rainfall was reported in the states of Mississippi and Louisiana . In both states , affects were minimal , and rainfall was generally less than 5 inches ( 130 mm ) . To the north of Texas in the state of Oklahoma , precipitation was also light , peaking at 4 @.@ 34 inches ( 110 mm ) in Kiamichi . The storm brought moderate to heavy rainfall throughout Arkansas . Much of the state reported at least 3 inches ( 76 mm ) , while precipitation in some areas was more than 10 inches ( 250 mm ) . The Ouachita River reached flood stage at Arkadelphia . Three children drowned near Redfield after the car they were occupying was swept off U.S. Route 65 and fell into a ditch . Near Hot Springs , high winds damaged a few buildings . In Tennessee , much of the state reported precipitation , though it was generally no more than 5 inches ( 130 mm ) . Heavy rainfall was reported in Kentucky , peaking at 11 @.@ 25 inches ( 286 mm ) in Dunmor , making it the wettest tropical cyclone in the history of that state . Light precipitation was reported in Illinois , Indiana , and Missouri ; none of those states experienced more than 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of rain . The storm dropped rainfall was far north as Michigan and Wisconsin . In those two states , precipitation was generally light , and did not exceed 3 inches ( 76 mm ) . Rainfall totals reached 2 @.@ 83 inches ( 72 mm ) and 2 @.@ 28 inches ( 58 mm ) in Wisconsin and Michigan , respectively . = Frank Sinatra Has a Cold = " Frank Sinatra Has a Cold " is a profile of Frank Sinatra written by Gay Talese for the April 1966 issue of Esquire . The article is one of the most famous pieces of magazine journalism ever written and is often considered not only the greatest profile of Frank Sinatra but one of the greatest celebrity profiles ever written . The profile is one of the seminal works of New Journalism and is still widely read , discussed and studied . In the 70th anniversary issue of Esquire in October 2003 , the editors declared the piece the " Best Story Esquire Ever Published . " Vanity Fair called it " the greatest literary @-@ nonfiction story of the 20th century . " = = Assignment = = Talese had spent the first ten years of his career at The New York Times . He felt restricted by the limitations of newspaper writing and began searching for jobs with magazines . In 1965 , he signed a one @-@ year and six @-@ story contract with Esquire magazine . His first assignment from Esquire editor Harold Hayes was to write a profile of Frank Sinatra . It was a difficult assignment ; Sinatra had turned down interview requests from Esquire for years . Sinatra was about to turn 50 and was heavily in the spotlight . Sinatra 's relationship with 20 @-@ year @-@ old Mia Farrow was constantly in the news . A CBS television documentary had upset Sinatra , who felt that his life was being pried into and was unhappy about speculation in the documentary about his connection to mafia leaders . He was also worried about his starring role in an upcoming NBC show named after his album , A Man and His Music and his various business ventures in real estate , his film company , his record label and an airline . At the time , Sinatra maintained a personal staff of 75 . Sinatra refused to be interviewed for the profile . Rather than give up , Talese spent the three months , beginning in November 1965 , following Sinatra and observing everything he could and interviewing any members of his entourage who were willing to speak . Esquire paid nearly $ 5 @,@ 000 in expenses over the duration of the story . Talese vacillated on whether the story could be finished but ultimately concluded , in a letter to Harold Hayes , that " I may not get the piece we 'd hoped for — the real Frank Sinatra but perhaps , by not getting it — and by getting rejected constantly and by seeing his flunkies protecting his flanks — we will be getting close to the truth about the man . " Without Talese ever receiving Sinatra 's cooperation , the story was published in April 1966 . = = Profile = = The profile begins with Sinatra in a sullen mood at a private Hollywood club . Stressed about all the events in his life Sinatra and many of his staff are in a poor mood because Sinatra is afflicted by the common cold , hampering his ability to sing . = = Influence on New Journalism = = The article was an instant sensation . The journalist Michael Kinsley has said , " It 's hard to imagine a magazine article today having the kind of impact that [ this ] article and others had in those days in terms of everyone talking about it purely on the basis of the writing and the style . " After Tom Wolfe popularized the term " New Journalism " in his 1973 anthology The New Journalism , Talese 's piece became widely studied and imitated . The piece is often contrasted to modern magazine profiles in which the writers spend little time with their subjects or when writers fabricate elements of their story , such as Jayson Blair , Stephen Glass , or Janet Cooke . Talese has come to reject the label of " New Journalism " for this reason . He told NPR : " The term new journalism became very fashionable on college campuses in the 1970s and some of its practitioners tended to be a little loose with the facts . And that 's where I wanted to part company . I came up with the New York Times as a copy boy and later on became a reporter and I so revered the traditions of the Times in being accurate . " The story continues to receive acclaim and is cited by Talese as one of his best works . The story , which continues to be widely read , has been republished in multiple anthologies . = Ewan McGregor = Ewan Gordon McGregor , OBE ( / ˌjuːən məˈɡrɛɡər / ; born 31 March 1971 ) is a Scottish actor . His first professional role was in 1993 , when he won a leading role in the Channel 4 series Lipstick on Your Collar . He is best known for his roles as heroin addict Mark Renton in the drama Trainspotting ( 1996 ) , the young Jedi Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 1999 – 2005 ) , poet Christian in the musical film Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) , and Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy @-@ drama Salmon Fishing in the Yemen ( 2011 ) . He received Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for both Moulin Rouge ! and Salmon Fishing in the Yemen . McGregor has also starred in theatre productions of Guys and Dolls ( 2005 – 07 ) and Othello ( 2007 – 08 ) . He was ranked No. 36 on Empire magazine 's " The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time " list in 1997 . In 2010 he won Best Actor for playing the title role in Roman Polanski 's film The Ghost Writer at the 23rd European Film Awards . = = Early life = = McGregor was born in Perth , Scotland and brought up in Crieff . His mother , Carol Diane ( née Lawson ) , is a retired teacher of Crieff High School and latterly deputy head teacher of Kingspark School in Dundee . His father , James Charles Stewart " Jim " McGregor , is a retired physical education teacher and careers master of Morrison 's Academy , Crieff . He has an older brother , Colin ( b . 1969 ) , who is a former Tornado GR4 pilot in the Royal Air Force . He is the nephew of actor Denis Lawson ( who also appeared in the Star Wars franchise , as Rebel Alliance pilot Wedge Antilles ) and actress Sheila Gish , and the step @-@ cousin of actress Lou Gish on his mother 's side of the family . McGregor attended the independent Morrison 's Academy in Crieff . After leaving school , at the age of 16 , he worked as a stagehand at Perth Repertory Theatre and studied a foundation course in drama at Kirkcaldy College of Technology , before moving to London to study drama at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama when he was 18 years old . = = Career = = = = = Film and television = = = In 1993 , six months prior to his graduation from Guildhall , McGregor won a leading role in Dennis Potter 's six @-@ part Channel 4 series Lipstick on Your Collar . The same year , he starred in the BBC adaptation of Scarlet and Black with a young Rachel Weisz , and made his film debut in Bill Forsyth 's Being Human . In 1994 , McGregor performed in the thriller Shallow Grave , for which he won an Empire Award , and which marked his first collaboration with director Danny Boyle . His international breakthrough followed in 1996 with the role of heroin addict Mark Renton in Boyle 's Trainspotting , an adaptation of Irvine Welsh 's novel of the same name . McGregor played the male romantic lead role in the 1998 British film Little Voice . In 1999 , McGregor starred in the blockbuster Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace as the young Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi , a role originally made famous by Sir Alec Guinness in the original Star Wars trilogy . His uncle , Denis Lawson , had played Wedge Antilles in the original trilogy . In 2001 , he starred in Moulin Rouge ! as the young poet Christian , who falls in love with the terminally @-@ ill courtesan Satine , played by Nicole Kidman . McGregor reprised his role of Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi for the subsequent prequel Star Wars : Episode II – Attack of the Clones in 2002 . In 2003 , he starred alongside Renée Zellweger in Down With Love . He also portrayed the younger Edward Bloom in the critically acclaimed film Big Fish alongside Albert Finney , Jessica Lange , Alison Lohman and Billy Crudup . During that year , he also received critical acclaim for his portrayal of an amoral drifter mixed up with murder in the drama Young Adam , which co @-@ starred Tilda Swinton . In 2005 , McGregor appeared for the final time as Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi in Star Wars : Episode III – Revenge of the Sith . He took very special care — especially in Revenge of the Sith — to ensure that his portrayal of Obi @-@ Wan 's mannerisms , speech timings and accents closely resembled Alec Guinness ' version . That same year , McGregor voiced two successful animated features ; he played the robot Rodney Copperbottom in Robots , which also featured the voices of Halle Berry and Robin Williams , and he voiced the lead character in Gary Chapman 's Valiant , alongside Jim Broadbent , John Cleese and Ricky Gervais . Also in 2005 , McGregor played two roles — one a clone of the other — opposite Scarlett Johansson in Michael Bay 's science fiction action thriller film The Island . He also headlined Marc Forster 's 2005 film Stay , a psychological thriller co @-@ starring Naomi Watts and Ryan Gosling . In 2006 , he narrated the Fulldome production Astronaut , created for the National Space Centre . That same year , he also narrated the STV show JetSet , a six @-@ part series following the lives of trainee pilots and navigators at RAF Lossiemouth as they undergo a gruelling six @-@ month course learning to fly the Tornado GR4 , the RAF 's primary attack aircraft . In 2007 , McGregor starred opposite Colin Farrell in the Woody Allen film Cassandra 's Dream . In 2009 , he co @-@ starred with Jim Carrey in I Love You Phillip Morris and appeared in Amelia alongside Hilary Swank . Also in 2009 , he portrayed Camerlengo Patrick McKenna in Angels & Demons , the film adaptation of Dan Brown 's novel of the same name . McGregor is scheduled to co @-@ star with Daniel Craig in Dan Harris ' upcoming film adaptation of Glen Duncan 's novel I , Lucifer . At the 2011 Seattle International Film Festival , he was awarded with the SIFF Golden Space Needle Award for Outstanding Achievement in Acting . In 2012 , he was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival . At the San Sebastián International Film Festival , he was awarded the Donostia Lifetime Achievement Award and became the youngest recipient of the award . In 2015 , he starred in the film Mortdecai , alongside Johnny Depp , Olivia Munn , and Paul Bettany . On 21 April 2015 , it was announced that McGregor would play Lumiere in the live @-@ action version of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , directed by Bill Condon . He joins a cast that includes Emma Watson ( Belle ) , Dan Stevens ( Beast / Prince ) , Luke Evans ( Gaston ) , Josh Gad ( Lefou ) , Ian McKellen ( Cogsworth ) , Emma Thompson ( Mrs. Potts ) , Kevin Kline ( Maurice ) and Audra McDonald ( Garderobe ) . Filming began in May 2015 at Shepperton Studios in London . The film is scheduled to be released in March 2017 . In 2017 , he will reprise his role as Mark Renton in T2 : Trainspotting 2 . = = = Theatre = = = From November 1998 to March 1999 , McGregor starred as Malcolm Scrawdyke in a production of David Halliwell 's Little Malcolm and His Struggles Against the Eunuchs , directed by his uncle , Denis Lawson . The play was first staged at the Hampstead Theatre before transferring to the Comedy Theatre in London 's West End . In November 2001 , McGregor made a cameo appearance in The Play What I Wrote . From June 2005 to April 2007 , McGregor starred alongside Jane Krakowski , Douglas Hodge and Jenna Russell in the original Donmar Warehouse production of Guys and Dolls at the Piccadilly Theatre in London . He played the leading role of Sky Masterson , made famous by Marlon Brando in the film of the same name . McGregor received the LastMinute.com award for Best Actor for his performance in 2005 , and he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2007 . From December 2007 to February 2008 , McGregor starred as Iago in Othello at the Donmar Warehouse alongside Chiwetel Ejiofor as Othello and Kelly Reilly as Desdemona . He reprised the role on BBC Radio 3 in May 2008 . = = Motorbike journeys = = A motorcyclist since his youth , McGregor undertook a marathon international motorbike trip with his best friend Charley Boorman and cameraman Claudio von Planta in 2004 . From mid @-@ April to the end of July , they travelled from London to New York via central Europe , Ukraine , Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Siberia , Canada and the United States on BMW R1150GS Adventure motorbikes , for a cumulative distance of 22 @,@ 345 miles ( 35 @,@ 960 km ) . The trip included visits to several UNICEF programs along the route , and formed the basis of a television series and a best @-@ selling book , both called Long Way Round . The Long Way Round team reunited in 2007 for another motorcycle trip from John o ' Groats in Scotland to Cape Town in South Africa . The journey , entitled Long Way Down , lasted from 12 May until 5 August 2007 . McGregor 's brother Colin joined the motorcycle team during the early stages of the Long Way Down journey , and his father Jim also rode on sections of both Long Way Round and Long Way Down . McGregor appeared in a two @-@ part BBC documentary in April 2012 entitled Ewan McGregor : Cold Chain Mission in which he travels by motorbike , boat , plane and foot to deliver vaccines to children in remote parts of India , Nepal and the Republic of Congo . The trip was part of his work as a UNICEF Ambassador . In a June 2015 interview , McGregor indicated that a long discussed South American trip with Boorman was still in the planning stages , but he expected that an excursion through Baja California Peninsula would take place first . = = Personal life = = McGregor has been married since 1995 to Eve Mavrakis , a French production designer , whom he met on the set of Kavanagh QC . They have four daughters : Clara Mathilde McGregor ( b . 1996 ) , Esther Rose McGregor ( b . 2001 ) , Jamyan McGregor ( b . 2001 ) , and Anouk McGregor ( b . 2011 ) . In 2006 , McGregor and his wife adopted Jamyan from Mongolia , where he spent time during the Long Way Round journey in 2004 . McGregor has a heart and dagger tattoo of the names of his wife and daughters on his right arm . The family currently resides in Los Angeles , California after moving from London . McGregor is involved in charity work , including with UNICEF and GO Campaign . During the Long Way Round journey in 2004 , McGregor and his travelling companions saw some of UNICEF 's work in Ukraine , Kazakhstan and Mongolia , and during the Long Way Down trip in 2007 , he and Charley Boorman did work for UNICEF in Africa . McGregor hosted the annual Hollywood gala for GO Campaign in 2009 and 2010 . He has also worked with the Children 's Hospice Association Scotland , as featured in Long Way Down . In 2012 , McGregor travelled with UNICEF immunisation workers to remote parts of India , Nepal and the Republic of Congo for a BBC2 documentary entitled Ewan McGregor : Cold Chain Mission . In June 2015 , McGregor read Hans Christian Andersen 's " The Little Match Girl " for the children 's fairytales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with Roger Moore , Stephen Fry , Joan Collins , Joanna Lumley , Michael Caine , David Walliams , Charlotte Rampling and Paul McKenna . In 2007 , on an episode of Parkinson , McGregor stated that he had given up alcohol after a period where he was arguably a functioning alcoholic , and that he had not had a drink in seven years . In 2008 , he had a cancerous mole removed from underneath his right eye . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = Theatre = = = = Awards and nominations = = McGregor was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to drama and charity . = = Discography = = " Choose Life " with PF Project , Trainspotting # 2 : Music from the Motion Picture , Vol . # 2 , 1997 . " TV Eye " with Wylde Ratttz , Velvet Goldmine : Music from the Original Motion Picture , 1999 . " Come What May " with Nicole Kidman , Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film , 2001 . " Elephant Love Medley " with Nicole Kidman , Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film , 2001 . " El Tango de Roxanne " with Jose Feliciano , Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film , 2001 . " Your Song " with Alessandro Safina , Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film , 2001 . " Here 's To Love " with Renée Zellweger , Down With Love : Music from and Included in the Motion Picture , 2003 . " The Sweetest Gift " , Unexpected Dreams – Songs From the Stars , 2006 . = Gilbert Foliot = Gilbert Foliot ( c . 1110 – 18 February 1187 ) was a medieval English monk and prelate , successively Abbot of Gloucester , Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London . Born to an ecclesiastical family , he became a monk at Cluny Abbey in France at about the age of twenty . After holding two posts as prior in the Cluniac order he was appointed Abbot of Gloucester Abbey in 1139 , a promotion influenced by his kinsman Miles of Gloucester . During his tenure as abbot he acquired additional land for the abbey , and may have helped to fabricate some charters — legal deeds attesting property ownership — to gain advantage in a dispute with the Archbishops of York . Although Foliot recognised Stephen as the King of England , he may have also sympathised with the Empress Matilda 's claim to the throne . He joined Matilda 's supporters after her forces captured Stephen , and continued to write letters in support of Matilda even after Stephen 's release . Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec , the Archbishop of Canterbury , to a papal council at Reims in 1148 . During his time there he was appointed to the Diocese of Hereford by Pope Eugene III . Despite a promise made in Reims not to recognise Stephen , Foliot on his return to England nevertheless swore fealty to the king , causing a temporary rift in his relationship with Henry of Anjou , Matilda 's son , who eventually became King Henry II of England in 1154 . When Theobald died in 1160 , it was widely assumed that he would be replaced by Foliot , but King Henry nominated his Chancellor , Thomas Becket , instead . Foliot later claimed to have opposed this appointment , and supported Henry during the king 's dispute with the new archbishop . Foliot was translated , or moved , to the Diocese of London in 1163 , perhaps as consolation for not receiving Canterbury . During the great dispute between Becket and the king , Foliot was reviled by Becket and his supporters . He acted as an envoy for the king on a number of diplomatic missions related to this dispute and wrote a number of letters against Becket which were circulated widely in Europe . Becket excommunicated Foliot on two occasions , the second of which precipitated the archbishop 's martyrdom . For a short period following Becket 's death the papacy kept Foliot excommunicate , but he was quickly absolved and allowed to resume his episcopal functions . In addition to his role in the Becket controversy , Foliot often served as a royal judge , and was an active administrator and bishop in his different dioceses . He was a prolific letter writer , and some of his correspondence was collected after his death . He also wrote sermons and biblical commentaries , two of which are extant . = = Early life = = Foliot was probably the son of Robert Foliot — steward to David , Earl of Huntingdon , heir to the Scottish throne — and Robert 's wife Agnes , sister of Robert de Chesney , Bishop of Lincoln . Whatever his parentage , Gilbert was certainly Robert de Chesney 's nephew ; another of his uncles , Reginald , was a monk of Gloucester Abbey and Abbot of Evesham Abbey . Other ecclesiastics in his family included Robert Foliot , a later Bishop of Hereford perhaps from an Oxford branch of the family , and two earlier Bishops of London , Richard de Beaumis the elder and Richard de Beaumis the younger , Gilbert also referred to Richard of Ilchester , later Bishop of Winchester , as a kinsman , but the exact relationship is unknown . William de Chesney , a partisan of Stephen 's and a leading Oxfordshire layman , was another of Foliot 's uncles , and Miles of Gloucester , Earl of Hereford , was a cousin . In about 1145 Foliot intervened to secure the release of a knight to whom he was related , Roger Foliot , but their precise relationship is unknown . Born about 1110 , Foliot became a monk of Cluny , probably in about 1130 . He became Prior of Cluny Abbey , then Prior of Abbeville , a Cluniac house . There are some indications that he studied law at Bologna , and he may have studied under Robert Pullen , the English theologian , either at Oxford or Exeter . He also acquired a knowledge of rhetoric as well as the liberal arts . The names of two of his early teachers are known , but nothing else of them . Foliot also learned biblical exegesis , probably from Pullen . Foliot attended the Second Lateran Council , called by Pope Innocent II . It opened on 4 April 1139 , and among other matters heard an appeal from the Empress Matilda concerning her claim to the throne of England . Matilda was the daughter and only surviving legitimate child of King Henry I , but following her father 's death in late 1135 her cousin Stephen , the son of Henry 's sister , had seized the crown . By 1139 Matilda had gathered supporters and was contesting Stephen 's right to the throne . In about 1143 Foliot wrote an account of the proceedings of the council in a letter to one of Matilda 's supporters . No action was taken on her claim , and no conclusion was reached as to its validity . The papacy continued to accept Stephen as king , and the pope ordered the English Church to make no changes to the status quo . According to Foliot 's letter the council 's deliberations centred on the legitimacy of the marriage between Matilda 's parents . Matilda 's mother , Edith @-@ Matilda , had been educated at a convent , and there was some uncertainty over whether she had taken vows before her marriage to Henry I. At the time of the council , the question caused some concern , although in time most were persuaded that the marriage was valid because Anselm of Canterbury had performed the ceremony . Foliot seems to have had some doubts in 1139 , but before writing his letter of 1143 he had come to believe that Matilda was indeed the legitimate heiress , and he supported the Angevin cause , as Matilda 's claim was known . = = Abbot = = In 1139 Foliot was elected Abbot of Gloucester , blessed by the diocesan bishop on 11 June 1139 . The appointment had been pushed through by Foliot 's relative , Miles of Gloucester , who was by then the Earl of Hereford . Foliot was well connected at court in other respects , for his probable father had been steward to David I , before David became King of Scotland . David was the uncle of both the Empress and Stephen 's wife . Following his elevation to abbot Foliot recognised Stephen as king , although he seems until then to have supported Matilda . King Stephen was captured by Matilda 's forces on 2 February 1141 , and Matilda called a council at Westminster to gather support for her assuming the throne . Foliot attended the council and was one of her main supporters in the following months as the Angevin cause tried to place her on the throne . It was during his time as abbot that Foliot wrote his reply to Brien FitzCount , one of Matilda 's earliest supporters , discussing the Second Council of the Lateran 's deliberations on Matilda 's cause . FitzCount , in a letter now lost , had presented his reasons for supporting Matilda , and Foliot 's reply set forth a defence of Matilda 's claim to the throne . Foliot also wrote that Stephen had " dishonoured the episcopate " with his behaviour in 1139 , when the king arrested Roger of Salisbury , the Bishop of Salisbury , and Roger 's nephew , Alexander , who was Bishop of Lincoln , as well as attempting to arrest another of Roger 's nephews , Nigel , Bishop of Ely . After the arrest Stephen forced the bishops to surrender their castles and secular government offices . Most historians see Foliot 's letter as firmly supporting Matilda 's cause , although one of King Stephen 's recent biographers , Donald Matthew , claims that Foliot 's support was lukewarm at best , motivated by the location of his abbey in one of Matilda 's strongholds . Matthew points out that Gloucester Abbey owed no military service in a feudal levy , which allowed Foliot to avoid choosing sides irrevocably . Matthew also points out that after 1141 Foliot is a signatory to just one of Matilda 's charters . Foliot did though address Robert of Gloucester 's defence of Matilda 's rights , buttressing it with arguments of his own . Robert had argued that the Bible supported female succession , and quoted from Numbers , chapter 36 , which allowed women to inherit , but prohibited them marrying outside their tribe . In his reply Foliot claimed that Robert had actually used Numbers , chapter 27 , which had no restrictions on the marriage of heiresses . During his time as abbot Foliot became friendly with Aelred of Rievaulx , a writer and later saint , who dedicated a book of sermons to him . Another friend and ally from his abbacy was Theobald of Bec , the Archbishop of Canterbury , who during Stephen 's reign was attempting to unite the English Church under his leadership . Foliot helped Theobald by forming a communication link to Matilda 's side . Foliot took an interest in the Dorset monastery of Cerne Abbey , which in 1145 received the Prior of Gloucester Abbey , Bernard , as abbot . Bernard was an active reformer , and Foliot supported Bernard 's efforts , but the monks objected to the new abbot , and drove him out of the monastery . Both abbot and monks appealed to the papacy , which supported the abbot . Although Matilda wrote to Foliot , and interceded on behalf of the monks , Foliot pointed out that he was unable to disobey a papal command . While abbot , Foliot supervised the acquisition of a dependent priory in the city of Hereford for the monastery . Most of the abbey buildings predate Foliot 's time as abbot , and there is no sure evidence of any buildings he added to the monastery . During his abbacy , a dispute that had dragged on between Gloucester and the Archdiocese of York over some manors was finally settled in Gloucester 's favour . This was done with a group of forged charters that Foliot may have helped to create . Forging charters was a common practice in English monasteries of the time . Foliot also had disputes with the Welsh bishop Uhtred , Bishop of Llandaff , over Goldcliff Priory and a church in Llancarfan , concerning tithes and new chapels that had been built without Gloucester Abbey 's permission . = = Bishop of Hereford = = In early 1148 , Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec to the Council of Reims , even though the archbishop had been forbidden to attend by King Stephen ; Foliot was presumably with Theobald when the archbishop used a small fishing boat in his escape from England to the continent . Robert de Bethune , the Bishop of Hereford , died at the Council of Reims , and Foliot was nominated by Pope Eugene III to fill the Diocese of Hereford , which was held by the Angevin cause . Theobald was behind the appointment , having urged it on the pope . It appears likely that before his consecration Foliot gave assurances that he would not swear fealty to Stephen . He was consecrated Bishop of Hereford on 5 September 1148 at Saint @-@ Omer by Archbishop Theobald . The other English bishops present at Reims — Hilary of Chichester and Josceline de Bohon — refused to help with the consecration , claiming it was contrary to custom for an English bishop to be consecrated outside England . Another of the bishops ' concerns was that the pope had infringed Stephen 's right to a say in the election . After his consecration Foliot swore fealty to Henry of Anjou , the son of the Empress and the new head of the Angevin party . Foliot switched his allegiance on his return to England and swore fealty to Stephen , angering the Angevins . Theobald managed to secure peace between the parties , saying that Foliot could not refuse to swear homage " to the prince approved by the papacy " . Foliot also attempted to hold Hereford in plurality , or at the same time , with the abbey of Gloucester , but the monks of Gloucester objected . Rather than accept a situation like that of Henry of Blois , who held the Diocese of Winchester as well as being Abbot of Glastonbury , the monks of Gloucester held an election three weeks after Foliot 's selection as bishop , and chose their prior as the new abbot . Foliot supported his uncle Robert de Chesney 's nomination to become Bishop of Lincoln , lobbying the pope on Robert 's behalf , and maintaining a long correspondence with Robert after his elevation . The letters to this uncle are full of warm sentiments , more than would be expected of a dutiful correspondence . Other episcopal correspondents and friends included Roger de Pont L 'Évêque , the Archbishop of York , Josceline de Bohon , the Bishop of Salisbury , and William de Turbeville , the Bishop of Norwich , who became a regular correspondent after Foliot was translated to London . During the later part of Stephen 's reign Foliot was active in judicial affairs , including a case in 1150 involving sanctuary and his kinsman Roger , the Earl of Hereford , which ended up in the court of Archbishop Theobald . Foliot 's participation in legal affairs led him in 1153 to employ a clerk specialising in Roman law . After Henry of Anjou 's accession to the throne of England as Henry II in 1154 , Foliot persuaded the Earl of Hereford to submit to the new king 's demand that he return the custody of certain royal castles to the king . In the summer of 1160 , Foliot wrote to Pope Alexander III , whom the king had just recognised as pope instead of Alexander 's rival , Victor IV , intimating that the canonisation of King Edward the Confessor , which had been delayed by Alexander 's predecessor Innocent II , might be warranted as a reward for Henry 's recognition of Alexander . The art historian Hans J. Böker claims that Foliot began the construction of the Bishop 's Chapel at Hereford Cathedral . Böker contends that the architectural style of the chapel ( which was destroyed in 1737 ) resembled that of the German imperial chapels , and was deliberately chosen by Foliot to demonstrate his loyalty to King Henry . However most sources credit Robert of Hereford , bishop from 1079 to 1095 , as the builder of the chapel . When Theobald died in 1160 , most observers believed that Foliot was the leading candidate to become archbishop of Canterbury . Traditionally , the see of Canterbury had been held by a monk , at least since the replacement of Stigand by Lanfranc in 1070 . Although Foliot was a Cluniac monk , they were a subset of the Benedictine Order and thus the cathedral chapter at Canterbury , which was Benedictine but not Cluniac , would have had no objections to him on that score . Foliot denied that he ever lobbied for the office , but John of Salisbury and Thomas Becket apparently believed that Foliot desired it . = = Bishop of London = = Foliot was Becket 's rival for the Archbishopric of Canterbury . He objected to the king 's choice on the grounds that Becket was too worldly , the only bishop or magnate known to have opposed the king 's choice . When the newly elected archbishop was presented to the court before his consecration , Foliot remarked that the king had performed a miracle by turning a layman and a knight into an archbishop . Soon after Becket 's consecration the king wrote to the pope asking for permission to make Foliot the royal confessor . This may have been a conciliatory move to appease Foliot after the loss of Canterbury , or it may have been that the king and the new archbishop were already having differences of opinion and the king wished Foliot to be a counter @-@ weight to Becket 's influence . After Becket 's election as archbishop , Foliot was nominated to the Diocese of London , to which he was translated on 6 March 1163 . His nomination had been put forward by the king , who wrote to the pope stating that Foliot would be more accessible as an adviser and confessor if he was in London , rather than in Hereford on the Welsh Marches . Becket wrote to Foliot urging him to accept the translation . His transfer was confirmed by Pope Alexander III on 19 March 1163 and Foliot was enthroned at London on 28 April 1163 . Papal confirmation was required because the movement of bishops from one see to another was still frowned on at this time . The medieval chronicler Ralph de Diceto , who was a canon at London , states that the cathedral chapter at St Paul 's Cathedral , London , the cathedral of the London diocese , approved of Foliot 's selection . Becket was unable to attend Foliot 's enthronement , and Foliot did not make a profession of obedience to the archbishop , arguing that he had already sworn an oath to Canterbury when he became Bishop of Hereford , and thus no further oath was required . The issue was sent to the papacy , but the pope refused to be pinned down to an answer . Foliot then attempted to make London independent of Canterbury by reviving Pope Gregory I 's old plan for an archbishopric at London . Foliot proposed either to have London raised to an archdiocese along with Canterbury , or to have London replace Canterbury as the archiepiscopal seat for the southern province . Foliot did though support Becket in the latter 's attempt to prevent the Archbishop of York having his archiepiscopal cross borne in procession before him when visiting the province of Canterbury . By 1166 , Foliot had been presented with a petition for annulment of the marriage of Aubrey de Vere , the Earl of Oxford , and Agnes of Essex . On the couple 's third appearance before the bishop in his episcopal court on 9 May 1166 , Countess Agnes appealed to the pope to affirm the validity of her marriage . Foliot enclosed her appeal in his own surviving letter setting out the salient features of the case . While the case was under papal consideration , Foliot reprimanded the earl for his treatment of his wife , reminding him that until the pope had ruled otherwise , Agnes was to be considered his wife in bed and board . When Pope Alexander III wrote to the bishop concerning the countess 's maltreatment , and requiring Foliot to threaten the earl with excommunication , he also chastised the bishop for his handling of the case . = = Henry 's conflict with Becket = = The king and Becket began quarrelling in July 1163 , at first over financial matters and then over the marriage of Henry 's younger brother to an heiress , which Becket forbade . The true spark to the quarrel was the matter of clergy who committed crimes , who the king wished to have prosecuted in secular courts ; the archbishop refused , arguing that all clergy must be tried in church courts , even if the crime was non @-@ ecclesiastical . At the Council of Westminster called by Henry in October 1163 to deal with the issue , Foliot at first sided with the other bishops , who supported Becket 's position and opposed the king . However , after the council was dismissed , Foliot became the leader of those bishops who changed sides in support of the king . In December , Becket capitulated to the king . In January 1164 the king summoned a council at Clarendon . The bishops were asked to approve the Constitutions of Clarendon , which proposed restrictions on the powers of the Church and limits to papal authority in England ; Becket 's refusal led to the great dispute between king and archbishop , into which Foliot and his fellow bishops were inevitably drawn . When Becket appeared before the court with his archiepiscopal cross borne before him , a studied insult to the king , Foliot told the archbishop that " If the king were to brandish his sword , as you now brandish yours , what hope can there be of peace between you ? " The king refused to see Becket , and negotiations between the two camps soon revealed that Becket had ordered the bishops to refuse to pass judgement on him and threatened them with suspension from ecclesiastical office if they did . Becket also threatened to appeal the case to the papacy . Both of these actions by the archbishop breached the Constitutions of Clarendon . During the subsequent back and forth between the bishops and the king , as well as the bishops and the archbishop , Foliot was asked by one of his fellow bishops to try and persuade Becket to modify his behaviour . Foliot replied that Becket " was always a fool and always will be " . After the bishops refused to pass judgment , the barons attempted to do so , but Becket refused to hear the court and left the council without the king 's permission . Soon afterward , Foliot , along with Hilary of Chichester , went to Becket and suggested a compromise , which Becket refused . Becket went into exile after this last attempt at a settlement , and arrived in Flanders on 2 November 1164 . Foliot was sent , along with Roger , the Archbishop of York , Hilary of Chichester , Bartholomew Iscanus , the Bishop of Exeter , Roger of Worcester , the Bishop of Worcester , William d 'Aubigny , the Earl of Arundel , and a group of royal clerks , to Thierry the Count of Flanders , Louis VII the King of France , and Pope Alexander III . Their mission was to prevent the archbishop from being given refuge , but despite their efforts Louis of France agreed to grant Becket refuge . Foliot 's delegation met with more success at the papal court ; although they did not succeed in securing a decision in the king 's favour , neither did the pope side with the archbishop . = = Becket 's exile = = During Becket 's exile Foliot collected and sent to Rome Peter 's Pence , the annual payment from England to the papacy . Foliot observed during the conflict that it was not a theological or moral dispute , merely one over church government . During Becket 's exile , the king confiscated the archbishop 's estates , and also confiscated the benefices of the clerks who had followed Becket into exile . Foliot was made custodian of those benefices in the diocese of Canterbury . Becket blamed both Foliot and Roger of York for the confiscations , but evidence appears to show that the confiscations were Henry 's decision , and that Foliot , at least , was a conscientious custodian who made sure that little profit went to the king , and most of the revenues from the benefices went to religious purposes . In early summer 1165 , Pope Alexander III wrote twice to Foliot , ordering him to intercede with the king and protest the royal injunction against appeals to the papacy . Foliot replied that the king respected the pope , heard his protests carefully , and that the archbishop had not been expelled , but had left of his own accord . Foliot wrote that the king had said Becket was free to return at any time , but would still have to answer to the charges he had faced at Northampton . Foliot then advised the pope not to impose any sentences of excommunication and to be patient and continue to negotiate . In 1166 , Foliot accused Becket of simony , or the purchase of church offices , basing this on the alleged purchase Becket had made of the chancellorship , although there is no evidence that Becket bought the office . By 1166 , the king had made Foliot the head of the English Church , in fact if not in law . The king and Foliot got along well , and it was probably Foliot 's influence that kept the king from more violent measures against Becket . On 10 June 1166 , Becket excommunicated a number of his opponents , some specifically by name , as well as any who opposed his cause . Henry 's response was to order the English bishops to appeal to the pope , which they did at a council that Foliot organised and led in London on 24 June . The appeal was written by Foliot , and a separate letter from the bishops , also written by Foliot , was sent to the archbishop . The bishops rested their case on the fact that those excommunicated had not been warned or allowed to defend themselves . They pointed out to the pope that the king had not escalated the conflict and had behaved reasonably to the last papal overtures in the summer of 1165 . Becket replied to these moves with a letter written to Foliot that was full of resentment and reproaches . Foliot 's reply , in a letter that is usually titled Multiplicem nobis , set forth his view of Becket 's abilities as archbishop as well as giving reasons why Becket was wrong . He then suggested that the archbishop compromise and exercise some humility in order to reach his goals . By the end of 1166 , Foliot managed to resign his custody of the confiscated Canterbury benefices , something he had been attempting to do for some time , thus removing one source of conflict between him and Becket . In November 1167 Foliot was summoned to Normandy , then ruled by Henry II , to meet with papal legates and the king . Roger of York , Hilary of Chichester , and Roger of Worcester were also summoned to attend . After some discussion and argument , Henry appears to have agreed that the legates could judge both the king 's case against Becket as well as the bishops ' case . Henry also offered a compromise on the subject of the Constitutions of Clarendon , that the legates accepted . However , when the legates met with Becket on 18 November , it quickly became apparent that Becket would not accept negotiations with the king nor accept the legates as judges of either case against him . As the legates had no mandate to compel Becket to accept them as judges , the negotiations came to an end with the king and bishops still appealing to the papacy . On 13 April 1169 , Becket excommunicated Foliot , along with Hugh , Earl of Norfolk , Josceline de Bohun , and seven royal officials . Becket did this even though none of them had been warned , and despite the fact that the pope had asked that Becket not make any such sentences until after a pending embassy to King Henry had ended . Becket also warned a number of others that unless they made amends to him , they too would be excommunicated on 29 May , Ascension Day . In his excommunication , Becket called Foliot " that wolf in sheep 's clothing " . Although Foliot tried to enlist the help of his fellow bishops in an appeal , they were less than helpful . Foliot then prepared to appeal his sentence to the pope in person , and travelled to Normandy in late June or early July , where he met the king , but proceeded no further towards Rome , as the papacy was attempting once more to secure a negotiated settlement . In late August and early September serious but ultimately fruitless negotiations took place between the king and the archbishop . Foliot then proceeded to Rome , but at Milan he received word that his envoy at the papal court had secured the right for him to be absolved by Rotrou , Archbishop of Rouen . Foliot then returned to Rouen , where he was absolved on 5 April and reinstated in his see on 1 May . The only requirement of this absolution was that Foliot accept a penance to be imposed by the pope . Much of Foliot 's objections to Becket 's excommunication stemmed from the lack of warning that Foliot and the others had received , contrary to the customary and normal procedures . Becket and his supporters pointed out that there were some situations in which it was possible to excommunicate without warning , but Foliot claimed that the present situation was not one of them . According to Foliot , Becket 's habit was " to condemn first , judge second " . Foliot 's example of appealing excommunications to the papacy was an important step in the setting up of an appeal process for excommunication during the 12th century . = = Death of Becket and aftermath = = On 14 June 1170 , Henry 's son , Henry the Young King , was crowned King of England by the Archbishop of York , which infringed on the right of Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown English monarchs . Although there is no definitive evidence that Foliot assisted in the coronation , it appears likely that he did so . The coronation drove the pope to allow Becket to lay an interdict , or decree prohibiting church rites , on England as punishment , and the threat of an interdict forced Henry to negotiate with Becket in July 1170 . Becket and the king came to terms on 22 July 1170 , allowing the archbishop to return to England , which he did in early December . However , shortly before he landed in England , he excommunicated Roger of York , Josceline of Salisbury , and Foliot . One possible reason for the excommunications was that the three ecclesiastics had electors from the various vacant bishoprics with them , and were escorting those electors to the king on the continent in order to reward a number of royal clerks with the long vacant bishoprics . Included among those royal clerks were some of Becket 's most bitter foes during his exile . Although Becket offered to absolve Josceline and Foliot , he argued that only the pope could absolve Roger , as he was an archbishop . Roger persuaded the other two to appeal to the king , then in Normandy . When they did so , the royal anger at the timing of the excommunications was such that it led to Henry uttering the question often attributed to him " Will no one rid me of the turbulent priest " . This inspired four knights to set off from the king 's court in Normandy to Canterbury , where on 29 December 1170 , they murdered Becket . After Becket 's death his sentences of excommunication were confirmed , as well as the suspensions from ecclesiastical office . The pope in his confirmation referred to Roger of York , Foliot , and Josceline of Salisbury , as the " Gilbertine trinity " . The excommunication was absolved for Foliot on 1 August 1171 , but he remained suspended from office . He secured his restoration to office on 1 May 1172 , after clearing himself of any involvement in Becket 's murder . The king performed a public act of penance on 12 July 1174 at Canterbury , when he publicly confessed his sins , and then allowed each bishop present , including Foliot , to give him five blows from a rod , then each of the 80 monks of Canterbury Cathedral gave the king three blows . The king then offered gifts to Becket 's shrine and spent a vigil at Becket 's tomb . Foliot and Becket seem to have been on amicable terms until 1163 , but their relationship seems to have soured after that date . Becket accused Foliot in 1167 with : " your aim has all along been to effect the downfall of the Church and ourself " . After the pope absolved Foliot 's excommunication in early 1170 , Becket exclaimed to a cardinal that " Satan is unloosed for the destruction of the Church " . A modern biographer of Becket , the historian Frank Barlow , feels that one reason for Becket 's change in behaviour after his election as archbishop was due to his need to " out @-@ bishop " the other bishops , and prevent Foliot from making any more jibes about his inadequacies as an ecclesiastic . Foliot was mainly a force for moderation in the quarrel between the king and the archbishop , urging restraint on Becket and curbing the king 's attempts to impose the Constitutions more rigorously . Foliot 's rhetoric against the archbishop was pointed and effective . Foliot also developed the novel legal filing of ad cautelam , which was an appeal to the papacy against any future action by the archbishop . Although Foliot 's tactic of ad cautelam was ridiculed by his opponents , the papacy did not challenge the technique . During his time as bishop Foliot served for many years as a papal judge @-@ delegate , especially in his later years . He was active in both of his dioceses in supporting his cathedral chapters and other religious houses of the dioceses . He kept in constant contact with his archdeacons and deans about the administration of the dioceses . He also gathered about himself a group of clerks who compiled a collection of decretals known as the Belvoir collection . This collection mainly relates to Foliot 's activities at London , and probably dates to before 1175 . = = Writings = = Foliot was well known as a letter writer , and his letters were later collected as a book . The main manuscript for this collection , now held at the Bodleian Library , is supposed to have originated in Foliot 's own writing office . About 250 to 300 examples of Foliot 's letters have survived , which together with his surviving charters gives a total of almost 500 items . The collection was printed in a modern edition edited by Adrian Morey and Christopher N. L. Brooke and published by the Cambridge University Press in 1967 , under the title of The Letters and Charters of Gilbert Foliot . Some of the letters have appeared in volumes five through eight of Materials for the History of Thomas Becket , from the Rolls Series , published from 1875 – 1885 . Older editions appeared in the Patres ecclesiae Anglicanae series from the 1840s , and in Migne 's Patrologica from 1854 . The letters cover most of the period of Foliot 's public life , and are one of the main sources for the history of that period . The historian David Knowles said of the collection that " owing to its wealth of personal and local detail [ it ] is of the greatest value for the church historian " . According to Knowles , Foliot 's letters paint a picture of an active bishop and ecclesiastical leader who supported the Gregorian church reforms but did not meddle in politics beyond those of the church . His letters are typical of the educated letter writer of his time , refined and polished to an art form . Foliot also wrote a number of sermons and commentaries on the Bible . Of the commentaries , only those on the Song of Songs and the Lord 's Prayer still survive . The commentary on the Song of Songs was first printed in 1638 , by Patrick Young , and again in the Patrologia Latina volume 202 . The commentary on the Lord 's Prayer was first published by David Bell in 1989 . The commentary on the Song of Songs has been printed three times , the last in the middle of the 20th century . About 60 of his acta , or decisions , as Bishop of Hereford still survive , and from his time at London a further 150 or so are extant . A contemporary , Peter , the prior of Holy Trinity Priory in Aldgate , London , heard Foliot preach a sermon at a synod , and praised the sermon as " adorned with flowers of words and sentences and supported by a copious array of authorities . It ran backwards and forwards on its path from its starting @-@ point back to the same starting point . " The sermon so inspired Peter that he wrote a work entitled Pantheologus , which dealt with the distinctio method of exegesis , which was developing around this time . All of Foliot 's surviving theological works are based on exegesis , and may include nine sermons on the subject of Saints Peter and Paul , which were dedicated to Aelred of Rivaulx . These sermons are dedicated to a " Gilbert , Bishop of London " , which could mean either Foliot or an earlier bishop , Gilbert Universalis . However , the historian Richard Sharpe feels that the fact that the sermons are paired with a group of Aelred 's sermons dedicated to Foliot makes their authorship by Foliot slightly more likely . These sermons survive in manuscript , now in the British Library as Royal 2 D.xxxii , but have not yet been printed . A further group of sermons which were dedicated to Haimo , the abbot of Bordesley , did not survive , but is known from the surviving dedication letter . The antiquarian John Bale in the 1550s listed six works of Foliot known to him , five of which were letters . The sixth work known to Bale was the commentary on the Song of Songs , which survived in a single manuscript , now in the Bodleian Library . Young also recorded a Lundinensis Ecclesiae as being by Foliot . The scholar John Pits gave much the same list in 1619 , adding one work , a Vitas aliquot sanctorum Angliae , Librum unun , but this work never appears in a medieval book catalogue and has not survived under this name so it is unclear if Foliot wrote such a work . The antiquary Thomas Tanner , writing in the early 18th century , listed Foliot as the author of the seven works given by Bale and Pits , adding an eighth , the Tractatus Gilberti , episcopi London : Super Istud " Sunt diuae olivae " , citing John Leland , the 16th @-@ century antiquary , as his source . This apparently is the collection of nine sermons on Saints Peter and Paul that has yet to be published and is still in manuscript at the Bodleian Library . Leland also listed another work by Foliot , the Omeliae Gileberti , episcopi Herefordensis , which he stated was held at Forde Abbey . This work , since lost , might have been the sermons mentioned above , or could have been a known collection of homilies , also lost . It is also possible that another Gilbert was the author . Lastly , Walter Map recorded that Foliot had begun work on a " the Old and the New Law " shortly before his death . = = Death and legacy = = Foliot died on 18 February 1187 . The medieval chronicler Walter Map praised him as " a man most accomplished in the three languages , Latin , French and English , and eloquent and clear in each of them " . The modern historian Frank Barlow says of him that " It was probably because he was so self @-@ righteous that it could be suggested that his behaviour was sometimes devious . " He went blind some time during the 1180s , but continued to work on his biblical writings . Foliot sent his nephew Richard Foliot and another clerk of his household to Bologna to study law in the 1160s , exemplifying the growing emphasis laid on Roman law among his countrymen . Another nephew was Ralph Foliot , Archdeacon of Hereford and a royal justice during the reign of Richard I. During his time at both dioceses , he did much to promote his relatives , and all of the archdeacons he appointed while at London were either nephews or other relatives . A member of his household at Hereford was the scholar Roger of Hereford , who dedicated his computus , or treatise on calculating dates , to Foliot . Another work , the Ysagoge in Theologiam , was dedicated to him by a writer named Odo while Foliot was still a prior in France . = Pseudocolus fusiformis = Pseudocolus fusiformis is a stinkhorn mushroom in the Phallaceae , a family well known for a remarkable range of fruit body types . It is the most widely distributed member of the genus Pseudocolus and has been found in the United States , Australia , Japan , Java , and the Philippines . It is commonly known as the stinky squid , because of its fetid odor , and its three or four upright " arms " which are connected at the top . The malodorous smell comes from the dark greenish slimy gleba covering the inside faces of the arms , and attracts insects that help to disperse the spores . = = Taxonomy = = The first appearance of this species in the literature was in 1890 , under the name Colus fusiformis , when Eduard Fischer wrote a description based on a painting he found in the Paris Museum of Natural History . In his 1944 monograph on the Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand , Gordon Herriot Cunningham considered this naming to be a nomen nudum — not published with an adequate description . However , it was valid under the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature . In 1899 Penzig described the species Colus javanicus based on a single specimen found on Java , and a year later Fischer amended the name of his original Colus fusiformis to Colus javanicus , as he was not satisfied with the quality of his original description . Despite his doubts on the validity of his description , his original naming is both legitimate and has priority over C. javanicus . In 1907 , Curtis Gates Lloyd described the new genus Pseudocolus , and reduced several species to synonyms of Pseudocolus fusiformis . The first North American description of this species ( as Colus schellenbergiae ) was in 1916 by David Ross Sumstine ; Johnson later ( 1929 ) transferred this to Pseudocollus schellenbergiae . Although Cunningham ( 1931 ) revised the genus Anthurus to include members of Pseudocolus , Dring in 1973 considered the genera to be distinct . Up until the appearance of an extensive study published in 1980 , 13 different binomials had been used in the literature to name the species . Index Fungorum lists the following synonyms of P. fusiformis : Colus fusiformis E.Fisch. ( 1891 ) Colus elegans Welw . ( 1842 ) Anthurus rothae ( Berk. ex E.Fisch. ) E.Fisch. ( 1893 ) Colus rothae Berk. ex E.Fisch. ( 1893 ) Pseudocolus rothae ( E.Fisch. ) Yasuda ( 1916 ) Colus javanicus Penz . ( 1899 ) Pseudocolus javanicus ( Penz . ) Lloyd ( 1907 ) Anthurus javanicus ( Penz . ) G.Cunn. ( 1931 ) Pseudocolus rothae Lloyd ( 1907 ) Colus rothae ( Lloyd ) Sacc . & Traverso ( 1910 ) Colus schellenbergiae Sumst . ( 1916 ) Pseudocolus schellenbergiae ( Sumst . ) M.M.Johnson ( 1929 ) = = Description = = Immature fruiting bodies resemble egg- or pear @-@ shaped puffballs , grayish @-@ brown to pale gray in color , with dimensions of 0 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) diameter ; the top surface is broken into small regions by cracks or crevices ( areolate ) . As the fungus matures , the fruiting body cracks open and forms a stalk with tapering arms , a volva , and a spore mass known as a gleba . The mature fruiting body is typically 3 to 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) in height , with arms that are 2 – 5 times the length of the stipe . The stipe itself does not extend past the volva , and is hollow , thin @-@ walled , chambered , wrinkled , and flares towards the upper end . The color of the stipe is white or grayish @-@ white ; it is 1 to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 4 in ) in height , and 0 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick at the widest diameter . The three or four arms extending from the stipe average 3 @.@ 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) in length ( ranging from 1 to 13 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 5 @.@ 1 in ) , and wrinkled on the side bearing the gleba . The arms , which are joined at the top , are shaped like a lance ( lanceolate ) , pointed towards the apex ; they are orange @-@ colored . The internal structure of the arms is made of chambers ; one large chamber towards the outside , and typically three smaller chambers on the inside of the arm . The gleba is commonly found on the upper two @-@ thirds of the inside surface of the arms , and is dark green and slimy . The fetid odor of the gleba , described by one author as comparable to " fresh pig manure " , attracts insects that help to disperse the spores . The spores are elliptical or ovoid , smooth , translucent ( hyaline ) , with dimensions of 4 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 5 by 2 – 2 @.@ 5 µm . The basidia , the spore @-@ bearing cells , are attached to 6 – 8 sessile spores . = = = Edibility = = = Although not considered poisonous , P. fusiformis is not recommended for consumption . Some related species such as Phallus impudicus or Mutinus caninus are considered to be edible ( or even delicacies ) in the immature egg stage ; however , the foul smell of stinkhorns at maturity would likely deter most individuals from eating them . = = = Similar species = = = The stinkhorn species Clathrus columnatus somewhat resembles P. fusiformis in that it has 3 or 4 arms that extend upwards and join at the top . However , unlike C. columnatus , the arms of P. fusiformis share a common stem , and the immature egg @-@ form is gray or grayish brown , rather than white . = = Habitat and distribution = = This species grows scattered or in groups on disturbed soil in coniferous or mixed forests . It is also found growing on wood chips used as mulch in gardens or for landscaping ; Blanton has also reported it growing in a garden " solitary and very large " . Pseudocolus fusiformis has been collected from a variety of locations worldwide , including Australia , Japan , Java , the Philippines , Reunion Island , the United States , and Turkey . In the continental United States , it was first collected in Pittsburgh in 1915 ; since then it has been found in Alabama , Connecticut , Georgia , ( South Carolina ) Louisiana , Florida , Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Rhode Island , and Tennessee ; it has also been found in Hawaii . It is thought to have been introduced to North America from southeast Asia . = December 14 , 1998 Albanian – Yugoslav border ambush = On December 14 , 1998 the Yugoslav Army ( VJ ) ambushed a group of 140 Kosovo Liberation Army ( KLA ) militants attempting to smuggle weapons and supplies from their base in Albania into the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . A five @-@ hour battle ensued , ending with the deaths of 36 militants and the capture of a further nine . Dozens more fled back to Albania , abandoning large quantities of weapons and supplies , which were subsequently seized by the Yugoslav authorities . The ambush was the most serious war @-@ related incident in Kosovo since a U.S.-negotiated truce took effect two months before . It came on the heels of increasing tensions in the province , where inter @-@ ethnic violence had been escalating steadily since early 1996 . Within hours , suspected KLA gunmen attacked a Serb @-@ owned café in Peć , killing six unarmed Serb youths . Western diplomats suspected the attack was carried out in retaliation for the ambush , though the KLA denied responsibility . Several days after , Yugoslav authorities handed over the bodies of all but three of the fallen militants to the KLA following mediation by the International Committee of the Red Cross . The militants were given heroes ' funerals in a rebel @-@ held area , in a ceremony attended by thousands of ethnic Albanians , including other KLA fighters . In January 1999 , the KLA abducted eight VJ personnel , who were later exchanged for the nine militants captured in the ambush . = = Background = = In 1989 , Belgrade abolished self @-@ rule in Serbia 's two autonomous provinces , Vojvodina and Kosovo . Kosovo , a province inhabited predominantly by ethnic Albanians , was of great historical and cultural significance to Serbs . Prior to the mid @-@ 19th century they had formed a majority in the province , but by 1990 represented only about 10 percent of the population . Alarmed by their dwindling numbers , the province 's Serbs began to fear that they were being " squeezed out " by the Albanians , with whom ethnic tensions had been brewing since the early 1980s . As soon as Kosovo 's autonomy was abolished , a minority government run by Serbs and Montenegrins was appointed by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević to oversee the province , enforced by thousands of heavily armed paramilitaries from Serbia @-@ proper . Albanian culture was systematically repressed and hundreds of thousands of Albanians working in state @-@ owned companies lost their jobs . In 1996 , a ragtag group of Albanian nationalists calling themselves the Kosovo Liberation Army ( KLA ) began attacking the Yugoslav Army ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Vojska Jugoslavije ; VJ ) and the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova ; MUP ) in Kosovo . Their goal was to separate the province from the rest of Yugoslavia , which following the secession of Slovenia , Croatia , Macedonia and Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina in 1991 – 92 , was just a rump federation consisting of Serbia and Montenegro . At first the KLA carried out hit @-@ and @-@ run attacks ( 31 in 1996 , 55 in 1997 , and 66 in January and February 1998 alone ) . The group quickly gained popularity among young Kosovo Albanians . Many of whom favoured an aggressive approach and rejected the idea of non @-@ violent resistance advocated by the politician Ibrahim Rugova . The organization received a significant boost in 1997 when an armed uprising in neighbouring Albania led to thousands of weapons from the Albanian Army 's depots being looted . Many of these weapons ended up in the hands of the KLA which already had substantial resources due its involvement in the trafficking of drugs , weapons and people , or through donations from the Albanian diaspora . The group 's popularity skyrocketed after the VJ and MUP attacked the compound of KLA leader Adem Jashari , in March 1998 , killing him , his closest associates and most of his family . The attack motivated thousands of young Kosovo Albanians to join the ranks of the KLA , fueling the Kosovar uprising that eventually erupted in the spring of 1998 . = = Timeline = = = = = Prelude = = = The Kosovo conflict escalated over the summer of 1998 . The KLA increasingly took to smuggling weapons and supplies from Albania across the border into Kosovo . In September , Yugoslav officials stated that 90 militants had been killed while attempting to illegally cross the border since January of that year . The Yugoslav Defense Ministry reported that 947 rifles , 161 light machine guns , 33 mortars , 55 mines , 3 @,@ 295 hand grenades , and almost 350 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition had been confiscated by the VJ and Yugoslav border guards in the same period . In October 1998 , Milošević and the U.S. envoy Richard Holbrooke reached an agreement to temporarily end the fighting , whereby Yugoslavia would halve the amount of troops and police personnel it had stationed in Kosovo . The agreement came after Holbrooke convinced the KLA to consider negotiations with Belgrade while making it clear to Milošević that failing to find a peaceful solution to the conflict would lead to a NATO bombing campaign against Serbia . The agreement stipulated that Yugoslavia had to let Kosovo Verification Mission ( KVM ) observers enter Kosovo to ensure that the Yugoslavs was abiding by their commitment to withdraw thousands of soldier and police officers from the province . Small @-@ scale clashes continued , and by December , over 1 @,@ 000 people had been killed and more than 300 @,@ 000 displaced in the fighting . = = = Clashes = = = At around 02 : 00 on the morning of Monday , December 14 , 1998 , 140 KLA militants tried to illegally cross the Albanian – Yugoslav border between the outposts of Gorožup and Liken , about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) west of Pristina . They were coming from a base inside Albania , where they had been training . The subsequent ambush occurred near the village of Kušnin , just west of Prizren . The militants had been trying to illegally smuggle weapons , ammunition and supplies to be used by KLA fighters in Kosovo . A member of the KVM told reporters that the militants encountered a Yugoslav sentry post and were attacked by the guards . One of the militants was killed instantly , and the column started retreating back into Albania . As the militants turned back , they were ambushed and another 25 were killed . The bodies of five other militants were soon discovered not far from the site of the ambush , raising the KLA casualty figure to 31 . Fighting between the militants and the border guards continued for about five hours . Gunfire and explosions could reportedly be heard in three nearby villages . By 07 : 00 , a total of 36 militants had been killed , twelve were wounded and a further nine were captured . The militants who were not killed or captured either managed to flee back to Albania or were hiding along the border , according to a KVM monitor . The Yugoslavs reported they had suffered no casualties , and stated that large quantities of " modern weapons " , ammunition and supplies had been seized . The VJ allowed a team of KVM observers to view the bodies and photograph and record the names of the prisoners . Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) observers were also escorted to the site , and reported seeing 31 bodies in camouflage uniforms with KLA insignia . They identified one woman among the dead , and the KVM stated that another woman was among those that had been captured . A KVM monitor told reporters : " Our initial feelings are that this was a normal military operation ... [ and ] not a set @-@ up . " The reported figure of 36 dead made the ambush the single deadliest war @-@ related incident in Kosovo since the truce took effect two months earlier . Eight KLA fighters had been killed near the site of the ambush just eleven days prior . = = Aftermath = = According to Albanian journalists , villages near the site of the ambush remained sealed off by Yugoslav forces for the remainder of the day . Within hours of the ambush , the KLA vowed revenge . That evening , suspected KLA gunmen entered a Serb @-@ owned café in Peć and opened fire on the patrons , killing six Serb youths . Western diplomats suspected that the attack was carried out by the KLA in retribution for the ambush . The KLA denied responsibility ; the journalist Tim Judah suggests that the attack may have been carried out by a rogue unit . The shooting appalled foreign emissaries , and at a meeting with Milošević the following day , Holbrooke condemned it as an act of terrorism and described the situation in Kosovo as " very grave " . Milošević issued a separate statement accusing the international community of failing to prevent attacks on Serb civilians , stating : " The terrorist gangs have not ceased attacking the army , the police , and inhabitants of Kosovo . " The VJ continued pursuing remnants of the rebel group for most of December 15 , and foreign reporters noted shelling near the site of the ambush through much of the day . After mediation by the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) , Yugoslav authorities handed the bodies of 33 militants over to the KLA for burial . The militants were given heroes ' funerals in the rebel @-@ held village of Poljance , on a field dubbed the " Tomb of Heroes " , about 61 kilometres ( 38 mi ) northwest of Pristina . The funerals were attended by several thousand Albanians , including about 500 militants . The KLA militants captured in the ambush were initially taken to a jail in Prizren , and later transported to a military prison in Niš . On January 8 , 1999 , the KLA ambushed a convoy carrying rations to VJ personnel stationed in Kosovska Mitrovica , taking eight Yugoslav soldiers hostage . U.S. officials negotiated the soldiers ' release five days later . In return , on January 23 , Yugoslav authorities freed the nine militants that had been captured in the ambush . Almost simultaneously , the KLA released five elderly Serb civilians that it had taken hostage two days earlier . Yugoslav officials insisted that the two events were not linked . Earlier , the KLA 's taking of civilian hostages had drawn condemnation from Western diplomats , including the head of the KVM , William Walker , who told reporters : " ... I think it was a very unwise and uncivilized thing for them to do to kidnap civilians . " Upon being released , the militants alleged that they were mistreated and beaten while in custody , and vowed to avenge the deaths of their fellow fighters	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
sufficient . More proposals were made in 2007 . Replacing the bridge would cost $ 7 – 8 million and take two years to complete . Rehabilitation would require bringing the bridge up to code so it could carry loads of up to 40 tons ( 36 tonnes ) . A preservation group formed to oppose a replacement . Its founder compared the bridge to the Dingmans Ferry Bridge on the Pennsylvania – New Jersey border , which carries similar traffic loads . One possibility is to replace the bridge , and move the antique structure elsewhere in Sullivan County , since it is a popular tourist attraction . In June 2008 , a compromise was made defining the possibility of a $ 12 million bridge to replace the 104 @-@ year @-@ old deteriorating structure . PennDOT has suggested that they will let anyone preserve the bridge by taking it somewhere else . However , there has been no response , and plans for the new bridge were initially scheduled to begin by 2010 . PennDOT has recently begun the Route 1011 @-@ Pond Eddy Bridge Replacement Project . Route 1011 is the internal designation for Flagstone Road , one of the two side roads in Pennsylvania along with the bridge . The state has proposed a four @-@ span bridge with three connecting bridge piers , with four side options : replacing the bridge upstream , buying out the 26 residences on the Pennsylvania side , rehabilitating the structure to handle weights of 16 @-@ 18 tons or maintain the bridge in its current form . Depending on which project is chosen , the estimated start would be in 2013 , when the structure reaches its 110th year in use . The entire project would cost $ 8 @.@ 5 @-@ 11 million . Opponents of demolishing the bridge hope that that they can find a place to move the bridge , which would cost $ 500 @,@ 000 , and have the new owners maintain it . On December 17 , 2010 , PennDOT 's District 4 downposted the bridge 's weight limit to four tons due to deterioration on the bridge . PennDOT will also front $ 350 @,@ 000 – $ 500 @,@ 000 to replace 70 planks on the bridge , which will then restore the weight back to seven tons . Signage has already adjusted for the demotion by both PennDOT and Sullivan County . Replacement began on April 18 , 2011 of 64 stringer beams and on May 25 , the project was completed , less than a month ahead of schedule . The seven @-@ ton weight limit was also restored as a result of the completed construction . The cost of the project totaled out to $ 493 @,@ 000 ( 2011 USD ) . Officials from the state of New York stopped the replacement project in 2012 due to concerns of the local preservationist group , Save the Pond Eddy Bridge , which complained that the $ 12 million ( 2012 USD ) project would only serve twelve families in Shohola Township and was a waste of taxpayer funding . The new bridge , which would have a weight limit of 40 tons and 32 feet ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) wide , caused New York State Department of Transportation to work with PennDOT to redesign the bridge . In May 2013 , a deal was reached between all agencies , developing a new bridge that would be 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) wide , with a single lane and sidewalk . The new bridge also got approval from the Federal Highway Administration despite the critics who thought it would be cheaper to build a road in Shohola Township side , which would be about 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) of new road . The new bridge would look similar to the original structure and would cost about $ 9 million ( 2013 USD ) to construct . The 15 @-@ month project however would require the Delaware River to have the waters below rerouted for the construction . On July 14 , 2014 , PennDOT announced that they were opening bids on selling the Pond Eddy Bridge for people who wish to reassemble to use it as a bridge within the next ten years . The agency also sent out invitations for all municipalities in Lackawanna , Luzerne , Pike , Susquehanna , Wayne and Wyoming counties . = Jack Coggins = Jack Banham Coggins ( July 10 , 1911 – January 30 , 2006 ) was an artist , author , and illustrator . He is known in the United States for his oil paintings , which focused predominantly on marine subjects . He is also known for his books on space travel , which were both authored and illustrated by Coggins . Besides his own works , Coggins also provided illustrations for advertisements and magazine covers and articles . During World War II , he served as an artist and correspondent for YANK magazine , capturing and conveying wartime scenes from the front lines . Over the course of his career , Coggins produced more than 1 @,@ 000 paintings and taught art classes for 45 years . He retired in May 2001 and died at his home in Pennsylvania in January 2006 . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Coggins was born in London , England on July 10 , 1911 , the only child of Ethel May ( née Dobby ) and Sydney George Coggins . Sydney Coggins was Regimental Corporal Major of the First Regiment of Life Guards , the part of the Household Cavalry responsible for guarding the British Monarch ; Jack Coggins was born in his father 's barracks . During World War I , Sydney Coggins served with , and was commissioned by the regiment . After the war , he was appointed regimental Riding Master , but he was retired when the 1st and 2nd Life Guards were amalgamated into a single regiment under the Geddes Axe . A fellow officer , married to an American steel heiress , offered Sydney work as a secretary to his wife , and the Coggins family emigrated to Long Island , New York in 1923 . = = = Education = = = While his father served with the Life Guards Regiment in France during World War I , Coggins and his mother lived with family in Folkestone , Kent . He attended the Imperial Service College , a public school preferred by army families . After moving to New York , Coggins enrolled at Roslyn High School in Roslyn Heights where he found difficulty in adjusting to the difference between military school in England and New York city public school . After graduation from Roslyn in 1928 at age 17 , he enrolled in the New York City Grand Central School of Art and studied under Edmund Greacen , George Pearse Ennis , and Wayman Adams . In the early years , he painted advertising signs to support himself . With a grounding in fine art techniques , Coggins graduated to the Art Students League of New York , where he studied from 1933 to 1934 under noted artist Frank DuMond . = = = Marriage and later life = = = While a member of the faculty of Hunter College in New York , Coggins met Alma Wood , a fashion and photographic model . They married in 1948 and moved to Pike Township , Berks County , Pennsylvania , where Coggins had bought an old farm . Alma named their home " Crestfield , " which , according to Jack , meant absolutely nothing . Coggins taught his wife to paint , and she had success as an artist in her own right under the name Alma Woods . The couple would hold annual joint exhibitions for many years . Alma Coggins assisted her husband in the planning , research and typing of many of his books , and he acknowledged her efforts with book dedications to her . Coggins taught art classes at the Wyomissing Institute of the Arts from 1957 until 2001 , despite being handicapped by the loss of his left eye due to infection after an operation . Coggins was a signature member and Master Pastelist of the Pastel Society of America , a Fellow of the American Society of Marine Artists , a member of the American Ordnance Association , the U.S. Naval Institute , and an adviser to the boards of the Philadelphia Maritime Museum and the Reading Public Museum . He died at his home in Berks County , Pennsylvania at the age of 94 and willed his body to medical science . Alma Wood @-@ Coggins died March 4 , 2007 . Jack and Alma Coggins had no children and were survived by several nieces and nephews . = = Illustrator , author and artist = = = = = Military illustrations of World War II = = = Coggins 's interest in sailing and maritime subjects began in London when he would sail model yachts on Round Pond in Kensington Gardens . This interest developed into a lifelong passion during his teens when he sailed small craft on Hempstead Harbor , near his new home on Long Island . During the early years of World War II , Coggins took a sampling of his war illustrations to Worthen Paxton , the art director of LIFE Magazine , who commissioned Coggins to produce a drawing of an imaginary coastal invasion of England . Coggins was paid $ 250 for that work , a large sum at the time , which paid his rent for five months . Appearing on July 15 , 1940 , this was the first of many war time illustrations for LIFE . Some of Coggins 's works are in the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection . During the early 1940s , Coggins obtained more work producing war pictures for other magazines , including a series of double @-@ page spreads for the controversial newspaper PM , and illustrations for The Saturday Evening Post . Throughout the war years , most of the output of many large corporations was reserved for materiel production ; however , management were keen to promote their connection to the war effort and keep their name before the buying public until they could resume peacetime sales . Coggins received advertising commissions from such corporations including Elco , Koppers , US Steel , and Westinghouse . He also received commissions from the U.S. War Department for aircraft recognition charts , and he was intrigued to later find these charts used during his army basic training . Because of the quality of his maritime illustrations , Coggins was invited by publisher Doubleday to provide artwork for a children 's book about the U.S. Navy ; the author being Fletcher Pratt , the well known military historian . Coggins was invited to participate in Pratt 's Naval Game , based on a wargame developed by Fred T. Jane involving dozens of tiny wooden ships , built on a scale of one inch to fifty feet . These were spread over the floor of Pratt 's apartment and their maneuvers were calculated via a complex mathematical formula . The result of Pratt and Coggins 's first collaboration , published in 1941 , was Fighting Ships of the U.S. Navy , a volume that described in text and illustrated in full color every class of ship in the Navy . Coggins was called up for Army service , and enlisted on April 8 , 1943 . He was pulled from basic training at Fort Eustis , Virginia before he could complete it to work as an illustrator for YANK magazine . He was originally introduced to the Commanding Officer and Editor of YANK , Colonel Franklin Forsberg , by Fletcher Pratt . On May 20 , 1943 , Coggins commenced work at the head office of YANK in New York , where he worked until his departure for Britain . Jack Coggins became a naturalized citizen of the United States on August 19 , 1943 . Coggins served as an artist for British YANK in London until August 2 , 1945 and was discharged from the U.S. Army on November 3 , 1945 . While in Britain , Coggins spent time on a Royal Navy convoy in the North Sea , witnessed the bombing of Saint @-@ Lô , and flew over Berlin in a Lancaster bomber . He also spent time on a U.S. PT boat patrolling the beaches and made a trip into Brittany with an armored column . Events from all of these sorties were illustrated in YANK magazine in double page spreads . During his time in Britain , Coggins wrote articles on war rockets and the German Navy which were also published in YANK . = = = Science and science @-@ fiction illustrations = = = During the late 1940s and early 1950s Coggins 's marine art was featured on covers of Yachting Magazine and other publications , as well as on advertising material , and his science @-@ fiction art illustrated covers for pulp science fiction magazines . These included Galaxy Science Fiction , The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and Thrilling Wonder Stories . Due to reduced interest in his pre @-@ war work , Coggins applied for a position teaching watercolor at Hunter College . He taught watercolor painting there from 1948 to 1952 . In New York , as a result of his friendship with Fletcher Pratt , Coggins was introduced to the members of the Hydra Club , where he met Judith Merril and L. Ron Hubbard . Coggins was also invited to join Pratt 's Trap Door Spiders club , where he became closely associated with L. Sprague de Camp and Isaac Asimov . The contact with such visionary thinkers complimented his exposure to the German V @-@ 2 rockets in Europe and served to strengthen his growing interest in space travel , rockets , and science fiction . In 1951 and 1952 , Coggins collaborated again with Fletcher Pratt on two classic books : Rockets , Jets , Guided Missiles & Space Ships , and By Space Ship to the Moon . The books were released amidst the great wave of interest in space travel sweeping the United States and the rest of the world in the 1950s , and they were published in several countries and translated into other languages . These books made the prospect of space exploration seem a practical possibility . National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) scientists used the books to demonstrate their ideas to Congressmen when seeking funding for the space program , and there are many NASA scientists today who retain fond memories of the influence the books had on their careers . = = = Books = = = Between 1941 and 1983 , Coggins wrote or illustrated 44 books on a wide range of marine , military , historical and educational themes . Among his more famous works is the 1962 authoring and illustration of Arms and Equipment of the Civil War . Dale E. Biever , registrar at the Civil War Library and Museum in Philadelphia , described the work as " not about generals or battles but about the things one should know before delving into those areas ... a welcome addition to any Civil War library . " It was republished several times , most recently in 2004 . In 1966 , Coggins wrote and illustrated The Horseman 's Bible , which sold over 500 @,@ 000 copies with a revised edition published in 1984 . In this book Coggins acknowledges his father " whose twenty five years in the cavalry and lifetime interest in horses made his advice invaluable . " Coggins 's last book was Marine Painter 's Guide , which was first published in 1983 . After the book was published , he decided to stop writing to concentrate more on painting . A new edition of Marine Painter 's Guide was published in 2005 by Dover Publications , the publisher of new editions for several of his books . = = = Other paintings and illustrations = = = Coggins relies on a realistic style that is executed in oils , for which he had a preference . However , he also painted works in water colors and other media . The majority of his paintings have a maritime theme , about which he wrote " It seems strange that with so much of the globe covered by water , so few artists know how to paint it . " His stated preference in art styles was " a direct splashy type of realistic painting " and he admired the New Hope school of Redfield and Garber , with " no liking for ' modern art ' " . A catalog listing over 1000 works has been posthumously compiled by his relatives . A retrospective exhibition and sale of artworks found in Coggins 's home after his death was held at the Wyomissing Institute of the Arts in late 2006 . This consisted of about 300 previously unseen oils , watercolors , and other printed materials . An annual " Jack Coggins award " to be given to a deserving local artist was financed from part of the proceeds from the sale of these works . As of 2001 his paintings are owned by the Philadelphia Maritime Museum , the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution , the U.S. Navy , and the United States Coast Guard , among many other institutions , corporations , and private collectors . His original manuscripts and illustrations are part of The University of Southern Mississippi 's Permanent Collection of outstanding authors and artists . = = = Recognition = = = Coggins 's work has been accepted for show by the American Watercolor Society , the Salmagundi Club , the American Artist Professional League , and the Pastel Society of America . Coggins received a number of awards and accolades during his career , including the American Revolution Round Table Award in 1969 , the Daniel Boone National Foundation 's Americanism Award in 1985 , the Mystic Maritime Gallery 's Purchase Award in 1989 , the International Maritime Exhibition 's Rudolph Shaeffer Award from 1987 to 1990 , and Berks Art Council 's Pagoda Award in 1995 . In 2000 , he was inducted to the International Association of Astronomical Artists Hall of Fame as a Living Legend and celebrated master of the genre of Space Art . = Cyclone Urmil ( 2006 ) = Tropical Cyclone Urmil ( RSMC Nadi designation : 06F , JTWC designation : 07P ) was a short lived storm of January 2006 that explosively intensified to reach its peak intensity as a high @-@ end Category 2 cyclone on the Australian Scale , just 12 hours after being named . Forming out of a tropical disturbance early on January 14 , Urmil quickly intensified before weakening just as quickly . The intensification was a result of the main convective banding feature wrapping around the center of circulation . However , the combination of high wind shear and the rapid movement of the cyclone caused convection to become separated from the center . By January 15 , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone shortly before dissipating . Urmil had only minor effects on land ; scattered vegetation damage was reported in Tonga . = = Meteorological history = = Tropical Cyclone Urmil originated from a weak tropical disturbance over the open waters of the south Pacific Ocean on January 13 . Around 1800 UTC , the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre ( RSMC ) in Nadi , Fiji classified the system as Tropical Disturbance 06F , while it was located about 370 km ( 230 mi ) west of Pago Pago , American Samoa . Forming in the wake of Tropical Cyclone Tam , the disturbance rapidly organized within an environment of favorable diffulence aloft , warm waters ( 29 ° C ; 84 @.@ 2 ° F ) , and moderate wind shear . Six hours later , RSMC Nadi upgraded 06F to a tropical cyclone and gave it the name Urmil while it was situated near Niuatoputapu , Tonga . Shortly after , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as the storm quickly traveled towards the south @-@ southeast . Around 0600 UTC on January 14 , the JTWC classified Urmil as Tropical Cyclone 07P . During the following six hours , Urmil underwent explosive deepening as the main feeder band wrapped around the center of circulation . After the brief period of intensification , the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) according to both the RSMC Nadi and the JTWC , making it a high @-@ end Category 2 cyclone on the Australian Scale . The highly favorable environment , in combination with the fast forward motion of the storm , allowed Urmil to rapidly reach its peak intensity , despite wind shear reaching 35 km / h ( 25 mph ) . However , as quickly as the storm strengthened , it began to weaken as convection weakened . With both wind shear and forward motion increasing , the cyclone quickly became disorganized . Around 0000 UTC on January 15 , the center of circulation was devoid of shower and thunderstorm activity . About six hours later , Urmil transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and was subsequently absorbed into the mid @-@ latitude westerlies . = = Preparations and impact = = Upon being designated Tropical Disturbance 06F , tropical cyclone alerts and strong wind warnings were issued for Niue , Tonga , the Cook Islands , and French Polynesia . A flood advisory and small craft advisory were issued for Samoa . Later that day , the strong wind warnings for the Cook Islands and French Polynesia were canceled , as Urmil no longer posed a threat to the islands . By January 15 , all of the warnings associated with Urmil were lifted . Early on January 14 , 06F passed close to Tafahi and Niuatoputapu , produced heavy rains and near gale @-@ force winds over the islands . The highest winds in Tonga were recorded on Niuatoputapu ; sustained winds reached 35 km / h ( 25 mph ) with gusts to 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . The winds caused minor damages , mainly limited to vegetation . Some fruit trees were damaged , mainly banana trees . The rains from Urmil exaggerated flooding produced by Cyclone Tam just a few days earlier . = Ruby ( Supernatural ) = Ruby is a fictional character on The CW Television Network 's Supernatural portrayed mainly by actresses Katie Cassidy and Genevieve Cortese . Created by the writers to expand on the characterization of demons within the series , she first appears in the third season , wherein she assists series protagonists Sam and Dean Winchester in fighting her fellow demons . By the fourth season , she has won Sam 's trust and begins training him to kill demons with his psychic powers , though Dean remains fearful of ulterior motives . The character departs the series at the end of the fourth season . Though the fans at first reacted negatively towards Cortese replacing Cassidy after the third season , Cortese and creator Eric Kripke felt that they became more accepting as the fourth season progressed . While fan response to the character was mixed overall , critical reception was generally negative . A common criticism was underwhelming performances by Cassidy and Cortese . = = Plot = = Debuting in the third season premiere " The Magnificent Seven " , Ruby ( Katie Cassidy ) trails Sam Winchester — a hunter of supernatural creatures — and eventually rescues him from a group of demons , whom she kills with her unique demon @-@ killing knife . She reveals her identity to Sam in " The Kids Are Alright " , but claims to be different from other demons and wants to help Sam fight them . In return for his cooperation , she promises to save his brother Dean from the Faustian deal he had made to resurrect Sam in the second season finale " All Hell Breaks Loose : Part 2 " . However , she refuses to tell Sam her motives . Though he distrusts her and Dean wants to kill her before she can harm them , Sam decides to let her continue to help him with both saving Dean and fighting the hundreds of other demons who — like Ruby — escaped Hell in the second season finale . Ruby 's credibility builds throughout Season 3 . In " Sin City " , she restores power to the Colt for the Winchesters to use in their war against demons . The episode " Malleus Maleficarum " provides her backstory , revealing that she had been a witch during the Plague who sold her soul to a demon . She confides in Dean that , unlike other demons , she still remembers what it is like to be human , citing this trait as the reason she is helping the brothers against other demons . She returns in " Jus in Bello " to save the brothers from an attacking horde of demons . Upon learning that they have lost the Colt , she decides to perform a spell that will destroy all the demons in the area , including herself . However , because the spell requires a human virgin 's heart , Dean does not allow her to perform it . Although the plan he comes up with instead saves himself and his brother , the people they leave behind get killed by demons pursuing Sam and Dean , which Ruby uses to rebuke the brothers for not listening to her . Contrary to her promise to Sam , Ruby tells Dean that she cannot actually save him from Hell and that she had lied to Sam to get him to listen to her . However , in the season finale " No Rest for the Wicked " , she tells Sam that she had lied to Dean and that she truly can help Sam save him . Her plan is to train Sam to harness his latent demonic abilities so that he can use them to kill Lilith , the demon who holds the contract for Dean 's soul . Believing that Ruby is trying to manipulate Sam into giving in to his dark side , Dean tricks her into a devil 's trap — a mystical symbol capable of rendering demons powerless — and leaves with Sam to face Lilith . Ruby frees herself and tracks the brothers down during their campaign , but gets expelled from her host body by Lilith and thus is not present at the confrontation between Lilith and the brothers , with her whereabouts at the time unclear . The fourth season episode " I Know What You Did Last Summer " states that she had been sent back to Hell . Eventually , Ruby returns and offers Sam her help in taking revenge on Lilith for Dean 's death in " No Rest for the Wicked " as well as in stopping Lilith 's apocalyptic plans . To appease Sam , who dislikes her using a living host against the host 's will , Ruby takes possession of a body recently declared to be dead ( Genevieve Cortese ) . They have sex together at least once , and she brings him out of his downward spiral towards self @-@ destruction . Consequently , Sam now trusts Ruby implicitly . Ruby begins training Sam in using his demonic abilities to exorcise ( and later , kill ) demons , and continues to do so in secret following Dean 's resurrection by the angel Castiel in the fourth season premiere . The episode " On the Head of a Pin " reveals that she is feeding Sam her demonic blood to boost his powers , and by " The Rapture " , he has become addicted to drinking her blood . In the following episode " When the Levee Breaks " , Sam and Dean have a heated confrontation over Sam 's trust in her and the negative influence she has on him , leading to a vicious fight which ends in Sam strangling Dean and Dean severing ties with Sam . In the season finale " Lucifer Rising " , Ruby insists that she and Sam must murder a demonically @-@ possessed woman despite the woman being alive and pleading for them to let her go , as Ruby argues that Sam needs to also drink the woman 's blood in order to be able to kill Lilith ; Sam eventually agrees . In the episode 's climax , Ruby keeps Dean from interfering while Sam succeeds in killing Lilith . Afterward , Ruby reveals that she is a double @-@ agent working for Lilith who has just tricked Sam into setting the demons ' revered god Lucifer free with Lilith 's death . With Sam 's help , she is killed by Dean with her own knife . = = Characterization = = Prior to Ruby 's introduction in the third season , series creator Eric Kripke summarized the character as " ruthless and a little crazy and rough around the edges " , calling her " [ a ] little unhinged " because she lacks the " moral conscience " that Sam and Dean have . Katie Cassidy , the actress who portrayed Ruby in the third season , described her as a " kick @-@ ass , bad @-@ ass " ally of Sam and Dean 's who " also likes to stir up a little trouble . " According to Cassidy , Ruby is " mysterious " , " manipulative " , and in control of her situation , being " always 10 steps ahead of everybody else " . On this , Cassidy proclaimed that Ruby " knows what she wants , and she 's out to get it " . Actress Genevieve Cortese , who played the character in the fourth season , deemed Cassidy 's incarnation " very tough " and " hard to get close to " . In taking over the role , Cortese felt " conflicted over where Ruby is now versus where she 's come from " and explained that her own portrayal of the character was a " total 180 from [ how she was ] last season " , being calmer and " more fear @-@ driven " ; after a discussion with Kripke on the character 's mindset , Cortese saw Ruby as being in a " lonely , desperate " situation . She tried to make Ruby seem " as innocent as possible " to make viewers question her true allegiance , and to " bring more of a humanity " to Ruby than Cassidy had . For example , taking from the third season finale in which Dean is sent to Hell , Cortese portrayed the character as having some guilt over his death , even though Ruby was not responsible for it . The actress also acknowledged that Ruby was likely manipulating Sam when she claimed to remember how it felt to be human , but suggested that there was also an element of truth to her character 's words . Cortese believed that Ruby fell in love with Sam over the course of the season , though she questioned whether this was " true love " or her being " in love with what he can do " . As Cortese noted , " He has something she can nurture . It 's almost like a mother bear and her cub [ in terms of ] how protective she is ... Sam 's all [ Ruby has ] , so it 's almost like giving birth , in a weird , messed @-@ up way . " She stated that the sex scene between her character and Sam was " about two people who are so broken and sad " and compared it to similar sex scenes from the film Monster 's Ball . Although Ruby eventually reveals herself as a traitor , Kripke wrote her final scene with the intention of depicting Ruby as " the opposite of evil " and to show that Ruby does care about Sam , despite her manipulation of him to free Lucifer ; Kripke explained that , in Ruby 's mind , she had to lead Sam down that path because " it was for his own good " . = = Development = = Ruby was described as a " demon hunter " in press releases prior to her debut so that her true demonic nature would surprise the audience . The writers created Ruby to change the perception of demons into more of a grey area , rather than the " black and white " , " They 're evil , we 're good " approach previously used in the series . However , the writers also planned for Ruby to impact the brothers negatively by facilitating the story arc of Sam falling into evil — which had been set up in the second season , but without follow @-@ through — and causing a fracture in their relationship . Knowing this , the writers were amused by fans questioning why they were " trying to make [ Ruby ] likable " . Despite Ruby 's overall betrayal of the brothers , writer Sera Gamble commented , " [ Ruby ] brought the idea that you can 't just dismiss demons as things that need to be killed right away . They could be useful , and while fundamentally untrustworthy , there might be cause to trust them in a given situation . " Fearing that introducing the character as an " [ accessory ] to the boys " would hinder their chances of successfully integrating her into the series , the writers intended that Ruby should be " a character in [ her ] own right " and deemed her an antagonist " with [ her ] own interests and [ her ] own motives " rather than a love interest to Sam or Dean , which they felt had been their mistake in their introduction of the widely disliked Jo Harvelle in the second season . While they were not planning on a romance between Ruby and either of the Winchesters in the third season , however , they were open to the possibility in the future , with Kripke saying , " If the chemistry is there , and we see the sparks , and we want it to happen , and the fans want it to happen , it 'll happen . " Due to " protective and occasionally nervous " fans , Kripke meant to introduce Ruby in " small doses " . Wanting fans to know the show would always be about Sam and Dean , and nothing else , he stated , " [ Ruby and Bela are ] there for important plot elements , but it 's not the Ruby and Bela show , nor is it about the four of them cruising around in the Impala together . It 's about the guys . " Cassidy originally auditioned for the role of Bela Talbot , but ultimately received the part of Ruby . As opposed to using traditional demonic abilities such as telekinesis , Ruby instead relies on conventional martial arts and her demon @-@ killing knife . Cassidy trained in kickboxing alongside Bela 's actress Lauren Cohan to be able to perform Ruby 's martial arts skills , prompting her to attempt as many of the fight scenes as she could rather than rely on her stunt double . Before filming for the third season began , she and Cohan decided to watch previous seasons together to catch up on the show . Cassidy also prepared by looking to Sharon Stone 's performance in the film Basic Instinct for inspiration due to Ruby 's manipulative ways . As Cassidy explained , " [ Stone 's character ] always has the power , and there 's this mystery about her . " Costume designer Diane Widas had Ruby dressed in dark colors so that she would blend into shadows , also giving her pleather jackets and narrow jeans to allow Cassidy to be more active . Because of Cassidy 's height difference with the lead actors — she is 5 ' 7 " while Sam 's actor , Jared Padalecki , is 6 ' 4 " — she had to wear tall , spiky high heels that at times made her lose balance . Kripke cited budgetary reasons for Cassidy 's departure after the third season . According to Cassidy , however , Warner Bros. ' s uncertainty about what direction to take Ruby in prompted her to leave when the opportunity to star in the series Harper 's Island arose . To " make the best out of a bad situation " , Kripke and the writers planned for Ruby to take on a new host every few episodes for the fourth season . They believed this would " keep [ viewers ] guessing " , and provide a " cool character that most shows don 't have the ability to do " . Auditions for an unnamed " love interest " were held to recast Ruby with a new actress , and Cortese was hired for the part . She was then informed that she would actually be playing Ruby . Before the first episode she was in aired , however , she was said to be playing " a small @-@ town waitress " named Kristy who had become " romantically involved " with Sam after Dean 's death . Cortese played the first of what was expected to be many incarnations of Ruby , but an impressed Kripke ultimately chose to keep her in the role because she " brought a lot of the different colors and vulnerabilities to Ruby that [ he ] was really looking for " . Although Cortese viewed DVDs of Cassidy 's portrayal , she tried to make the character her own at the producers ' request rather than emulate Cassidy . She was not as concerned with how Ruby was received by the audience — stating " if people don 't like her , they don 't like her " — as much as she was with using her performance to " answer questions " about Ruby and her relationship with the Winchester brothers , such as why Sam and Dean were continuing to work with Ruby in the fourth season . = = Reception = = BuddyTV staff columnist Don Williams felt the addition of Ruby was a " cheap ploy " to attract teen male viewers , that the character distracted viewers from the " brotherly bond that made the show so special in the first place " , and that Cassidy " was cast more for her looks than her acting prowess " . However , he later admitted Ruby " remains one of the more interesting and ambiguous evildoers on the series " . Although IGN 's Diana Steenbergen had looked forward to Ruby 's introduction , she ultimately found the third @-@ season incarnation a " wasted " character who did little to improve the series . Her main concerns consisted of Ruby 's " unlikable and manipulative " qualities and her tendency to make the Winchesters " look stupid " . Cassidy " never quite [ pulled off ] " the " tough chick " persona of Buffy the Vampire Slayer 's Faith or Battlestar Galactica 's Six . TV Guide 's Tina Charles , however , liked Ruby 's action @-@ packed introduction in " The Magnificent Seven " . She was " intrigued " by the character in " The Kids Are Alright " , and felt Cassidy was " doing a good job " . Ruby made a " plausible addition " to " Malleus Maleficarum " , with Charles finding it " cool " to learn Ruby 's backstory due to its implications for Dean 's storyline . Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune thought Cassidy " wasn 't awful " in " The Magnificent Seven " . Though " not great enough for Ackles to really play off of " in " Malleus Maleficarum " , the actress was " good enough to make her weaker acting chops kind of work for her " . While under the impression that Ruby had been killed off in " No Rest for the Wicked " , Peterson wrote that the character " got gone just as [ she was ] getting interesting " and deemed her a " decent traveling [ companion ] " . In her debut , Cortese impressed Peterson " even less than the old Ruby " . While Peterson was accepting of the sexual relationship between Ruby and Sam , she felt the " seduction came out of nowhere " in " I Know What You Did Last Summer " . Contributing to this problem was Cortese 's inability to " pull it off " , making the " whole thing [ feel ] gratuitous and clumsy " . Conversely , Peterson enjoyed the performances of actresses Anna Williams and Michelle Hewitt @-@ Williams as Ruby 's temporary hosts in the episode ; the former was " great " , while she found the latter " sassy " and " [ missed ] her already " . She " loved " Ruby 's death in the finale , describing it as " a beautiful thing " . Similar to Peterson , BuddyTV 's Williams considered Cortese 's acting " a bit distracting " , but noted she improved over time . Steenbergen considered Cortese an " acceptable Ruby " , but wrote that the actress ' portrayal was often " too girlish to connect with the previous incarnations of the character " . In contrast to Williams , Steenbergen felt that Cortese " seemed out of her depth in the acting department " towards the end of the season . Ruby 's seeming betrayal of Anna Milton in " Heaven and Hell " would " have added some welcome layers to her character " in Steenbergen 's opinion , but the character 's true intentions made the character development " less exciting " . However , Steenbergen deemed Ruby 's overall deceit of Sam a " great revelation " . Like BuddyTV 's Don Williams , fans were very wary at first of bringing in female characters to the male @-@ dominated show . To make matters worse , Kripke wrote a lackluster scene intended solely for the audition process . Fans quickly came across it on casting sites , and developed the feeling that the character " really [ looks like she sucks ] " . However , Kripke believed that fans would change their minds about Ruby after learning that she was a demon . By the middle of the third season , Kripke felt enough fans were " responding positively to vindicate the character " , and that most were " finally embracing her " by the third season finale , with Cassidy 's version of Ruby even being dubbed a " fan favorite " later on . When the character returns in the fourth season , she is much different than her third season counterpart . Cortese felt that while the drastic change made fans angry , the flashbacks provided in " I Know What You Did Last Summer " shed some light on Ruby 's new mindset and made fans more accepting of the character . However , the overall criticisms towards Cortese 's performance made her reluctant to return for an episode in the sixth season , although she eventually accepted when she learned she would be portraying herself . Despite the generally negative reception to Cortese in the role , fans voted her version of Ruby the 32nd sexiest female character in fantasy and science fiction film and television in a 2012 poll by SFX for the Top 200 Sexiest Characters In Sci @-@ Fi , making her the highest @-@ placing female Supernatural character in the list , beating out Jo Harvelle at number 53 and Ellen Harvelle at number 77 . = LatinoJustice PRLDEF = LatinoJustice PRLDEF , long known by its former name the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund , is a New York @-@ based national civil rights organization with the goal of changing discriminatory practices via advocacy and litigation . Privately funded , nonprofit and nonpartisan , it is part of the umbrella Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights . The Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund was founded in 1972 by three lawyers , one of whom , Cesar A. Perales , became the president of the group for much of its history . PRLDEF played a key role in the installation of bilingual education in New York City schools , and soon became the most important legal advocacy group for Puerto Ricans in the U.S. mainland . The group became known for the part it played in redistricting battles , for its opposition to civil service exams it thought discriminatory , and for its attempts to combat anti @-@ Latino sentiment especially as arising from the debate over immigration to the U.S. It changed its name to the current one in 2008 in order to reflect demographic shifts in the Latino population in New York and elsewhere . = = Origins and the 1970s = = The Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund was founded in 1972 as a non @-@ profit organization by three lawyers , Jorge Batista , Victor Marrero , and Cesar A. Perales , with Perales the fund 's first president . It was created as a privately funded , nonprofit and nonpartisan organization with the goal of changing discriminatory practices via advocacy and litigation . It was inspired in form and purpose by the high @-@ profile NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund , which Thurgood Marshall had established in 1957 . PRLDEF ( pronounced " pearl @-@ deaf " ) had $ 300 @,@ 000 of initial funding from foundations , government sources , and private corporations . U.S. House of Representatives member Herman Badillo was on its first Board of Directors , and at the fund 's initial press conference he said , " There is plenty of room for change in our society , and much can be done through the medium of class actions . " The organization soon grew to have a Litigation Division , a Pro Bono Cooperating Counsel Division , and an Education Division . A typical staffer was a young , idealistic attorney from a premier law school . The fund 's first lawsuit was filed on behalf of the Hispanic educational improvement organization ASPIRA in an action against the New York City Board of Education . It led to the August 1974 ASPIRA Consent Decree , which established the right of city public school students with limited English proficiency to receive bilingual education . The decree was a key factor in bilingual education spreading throughout the city school system . It also brought about the publication of some federal and state forms in Spanish as well as English . By the late 1970s , PRLDEF had become the nation 's most important legal advocacy group for Puerto Ricans in the mainland . = = 1980s and 1990s = = In 1981 , PRLDEF achieved its most visible early triumph when a federal court intervened to block a city Democratic Party primary election on the grounds that New York City Council boundaries diminished the power of minority voters . The council district lines were redrawn in consequence of the ruling . ( A similar action was taken in 1991 to forestall a planned redrawing , and subsequent negotiations with the U.S. Justice Department resulted in changes to the redistricting . ) Also in 1981 , the fund began activity in opposition to reinstatement of the death penalty in New York State , with its board saying that " capital punishment is associated with evident racism in our society . " The fund was also active in highlighting cases of police brutality . During the 1980s , PRLDEF changed its focus somewhat , moving beyond traditional civil rights cases to address more economically focused issues such as wage disparities . A major target became civil service exams , which the fund believed were unfair to Latinos and other minority groups . In 1984 , the fund sued the New York City Police Department , saying that its promotion exams discriminated against Latinos and African @-@ Americans . The case was settled when the department agreed to promote an additional 100 black officers and 60 Latino officers to sergeant rank . The fund also filed separate suits against the New York City Fire Department and the New York City Department of Sanitation . The fund actively opposed the 1987 Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination , " because of the threat he poses to the civil rights of the Latino community , " and worked on joining anti @-@ Bork coalitions . The same year , the fund teamed with community organizers ACORN on behalf of affordable housing for low @-@ income Puerto Rican families in East New York . It also met with editors of the New York Daily News to complain about " negative images of Puerto Ricans presented by the News ' staff , " especially those coming from popular columnist Jimmy Breslin . Future federal judge and U.S. Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor was an active member of the board of directors of PRLDEF from 1980 to 1992 . Board members were often chosen for their wealth or their political connections and have included U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach , Senator Jacob Javits , Ambassador William vanden Heuvel , Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau , New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams , and federal judge Jose Cabranes . Co @-@ founder Victor Marrero became a federal judge and returned to serve on the board as well . The extent to which the board 's Litigation Committee had control over which lawsuits went forward varied over time and was a subject of intermittent discussion . The group endured financial strain several times , and in 1984 , private contributions suffered due to a dispute between management and staff over control of the fund . Under president and general counsel Juan Figueroa , who joined the group in 1993 , PRLDEF forged a strategic plan that led to an alliance with the Institute for Puerto Rican Policy in 1998 . The Institute functioned as the Fund ’ s policy research arm . As a result , PRLDEF had an expanded role in the public policy community , a higher national profile , and an integrated program that effectively united grassroots advocacy , public policy and precedent @-@ setting litigation . PRLDEF cases included language rights , education , voting rights and environmental justice . = = 2000s and a new name = = By 2003 , the group was in severe financial crisis . Perales , who had since gone on to become a high @-@ ranking official at the city , state , and federal levels , was brought back to serve as president . In 2005 , the former Institute for Puerto Rican Policy split back off , renaming itself the National Institute for Latino Policy . PRLDEF itself was a member organization of the umbrella Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights . In the 2000s , PRLDEF collaborated with the New York Legal Assistance Group , suing the United States Government for delays in the processing of immigration applications . PRLDEF was also known to collaborate with the Hispanic National Bar Association . After the town of Hazleton , Pennsylvania passed an ordinance to punish landlords who rented to illegal immigrants and businesses who hired illegal immigrants , the American Civil Liberties Union and the PRLDEF sued Hazleton , saying the law was unconstitutional . Perales said , " What [ the ordinance ] is about is an anti @-@ Latino sentiment that has been growing in this country . " On July 26 , 2007 , a federal court agreed and struck down the Hazleton ordinance ; Hazleton 's mayor promised to appeal the decision . The Hazleton challenge became PRLDEF 's most visible work of that period . In July 2010 , the group co @-@ authored an amicus curiae brief filed by several Latino organizations that sought to block the highly controversial Arizona SB 1070 anti @-@ illegal immigration law . The following month , PRLDEF said that was ready to sue the state of Virginia if its governor allowed the Virginia State Police to ask about the immigration status of individuals they stop or arrest , stating that such a policy would result in racial profiling . In addition to its other efforts , the Education Division of PRLDEF encourages Latinos to become lawyers by offering LSAT prep courses , internships , and mentoring relationships . Those endeavors have assisted as many as 300 Latino and African @-@ Americans students a year and helped create a generation of minority lawyers . In October 2008 , the group changed its name to LatinoJustice PRLDEF . Perales said that " there is a coming together of identification in a common struggle , " especially in regards to immigration issues . But the change was also motivated by broad demographic shifts ; when the organization had first been formed , Puerto Ricans comprised about 63 percent of the overall New York Latino population . This figure had now fallen to about 34 percent , and the group 's clients were coming from Bolivia , Colombia , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Mexico , Peru , and the like . The move opened up additional fundraising opportunities , but also caused some Puerto Ricans to criticize the group for forsaking its heritage . The organization received new national attention in mid @-@ 2009 with the Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination , with Republicans saying Sotomayor had been involved in a radical organization while Democrats defended it as a mainstream civil rights operation . Perales said , " You have a reputable group that has stood up for the civil rights of Latinos for 37 years . To suddenly be accused of being something bad , and that anyone associated with it should not be allowed to serve on the Supreme Court , to me is shocking . " Mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg came to PRLDEF 's defense , saying " While we have not always agreed on every issue , the group has made countless important contributions to New York City . " In December 2008 , LatinoJustice PRLDEF filed an unusual international petition with the Inter @-@ American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States , charging that the United States was failing to protect Latinos living within its borders and was thus falling short of several human rights manifestos . In March 2010 , the group urged Governor of Puerto Rico Luis Fortuño to delay by at least six months the effective date of a new birth certificate law , which as of July 2010 would invalidate all previously issued birth certificates . PRLDEF was concerned that the new law , whose objective was to stop identity theft and fraud , would harm Stateside Puerto Ricans applying for a driver 's license or a job . ( The governor delayed the law by three months . ) In 2011 , Perales stepped down as president of the organization and was replaced by civil rights lawyer Juan Cartagena . Perales was subsequently named Secretary of State of New York . = New York State Route 308 = New York State Route 308 ( NY 308 ) is a short state highway , 6 @.@ 19 miles ( 9 @.@ 96 km ) in length , located entirely in northern Dutchess County , in the U.S. state of New York . It is a major collector road through mostly rural areas that serves primarily as a shortcut for traffic from the two main north – south routes in the area , U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) and NY 9G , to get to NY 199 and the Taconic State Parkway . The western end of NY 308 is located within the Rhinebeck Village Historic District , a 2 @.@ 6 @-@ square @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 7 km2 ) historic district comprising 272 historical structures . The highway passes near the Dutchess County Fairgrounds , several historical landmarks , and the Landsman Kill . Indicated by artifacts found near Lake Sepasco , a small lake along NY 308 , the highway began its history in about 1685 , when a group of Native Americans called the Sepasco built the Sepasco Trail ; this trail ran from the Hudson River , eastward through modern @-@ day Rhinebeck ( then Sepasco or Sepascoot ) , and ended at Lake Sepasco , following roughly Route 308 and its side roads . The trail remained until 1802 , when part of the Ulster and Delaware Turnpike — also known as the Salisbury Turnpike — was chartered over the trail and extended from Salisbury , Connecticut to the Susquehanna River at or near the Town of Jericho ( now Bainbridge ) . Route 308 was designated as part of the 1930 renumbering of New York state highways , incorporating a portion of the former Ulster and Delaware Turnpike . The route originally extended from Milan westward to Rhinecliff to serve a ferry landing on the Hudson River . It was truncated to US 9 in the 1960s but its former routing to Rhinecliff is still state @-@ maintained as an unsigned reference route . The highway was also intended to be part of the then @-@ new Kingston – Rhinecliff Bridge until plans were changed to involve other routes and the building site for the bridge was moved about 3 miles ( 5 km ) northward . = = Route description = = Part of NY 308 is located along the Rhinebeck Village Historic District , a 1 @,@ 670 @-@ acre ( 6 @.@ 8 km2 ) historic district that contains 272 buildings in a variety of architectural styles dating from over 200 years of the settlement 's history . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as a well @-@ preserved and cohesively built area of historic buildings . A notable attraction is the Beekman Arms Inn , which is located at the corner of NY 308 and US 9 . Founded in 1776 , it claims to be the oldest continuously @-@ operated inn located in the United States . Route 308 begins at US 9 in the Dutchess County village of Rhinebeck , at about 200 feet ( 61 m ) in elevation . To the south is the American Legion Park , a small lake , and the Rhinebeck Cemetery . In the center of the village is the Rhinebeck , New York U.S. Post Office , which is situated very close to the US 9 / NY 308 intersection . The Post Office was established in 1940 , and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . At this point , the Dutchess County Fairgrounds are located just to the north of Route 308 . The highway proceeds eastward on East Market Street , soon exiting Rhinebeck while it runs parallel to the Landsman Kill River , a minor tributary of the Hudson River , which is sometimes known as Landsman Kill or Landsmankill . The Landsman Kill has numerous spawning runs of smelt , alewife , and blueback herring . An intersection with County Route 101 ( CR 101 , known as Violet Hill Road ) soon follows , as NY 308 turns slightly to the north . It intersects with NY 9G via an interchange before crossing the stream and gradually turning to the east into a relatively rural area . Between US 9 and NY 9G , NY 308 carries an average of about 6 @,@ 400 vehicles per day . East of NY 9G , the traffic volume drops to about 3 @,@ 700 vehicles per day . Several small lakes surround NY 308 as it intersects CR 52 in the hamlet of Eighmyville and subsequently turns to the northeast , traveling within a large open field . NY 308 then travels west of Sepasco Lake before turning on an eastward route once again . The highway runs initially in a fairly flat area , although passes between two large hills of at least 400 feet ( 120 m ) . It passes just to the south of the Red Hook Golf Club before coming to an end at NY 199 in Rock City , a hamlet within the town of Milan that is situated just east of where the Milan , Red Hook , and Rhinebeck town lines converge . = = History = = = = = Native Americans and old roads = = = Indicated by artifacts recovered close to the road in Milan and in other areas along the Hudson River , the earliest inhabitants of the northern Dutchess County region were the Mohicans , a Native American nation , about 3 @,@ 000 years ago . The range of the Mohicans extended from northern Dutchess County to the southern tip of Lake Champlain , and from the Catskill Mountains to the Berkshires in Massachusetts . The total population of the Mohicans was estimated at 8 @,@ 000 during the time of first contact with the Europeans , although only 800 remained after the American Revolution . Artifacts were also recovered along the shore of Lake Sepasco — a small lake NY 308 passes near its ending terminus . Those artifacts recovered included ancient arrowheads , and are now on display at the Museum of Rhinebeck History . A group of these Native Americans were , in deeds and correspondence , known as the Sepasco Indians , a name specific to Native Americans in the Sepasco area ( modern @-@ day Rhinebeck ) . The word Sepasco probably originated from the tribe 's word for little river or stream , sepuus , which is believed to have referred to the Landsman Kill , a stream parallel to NY 308 . After the American Civil War , only a few of the Sepasco were left ; the last Sepasco died in a hut near Welch 's Cave and Lake Sepasco and was reported in the local newspaper in 1867 . By 1685 , a trail known as the Sepasco Trail was formed by them and was routed from the Hudson River , eastward through the present @-@ day Village of Rhinebeck , ending at Lake Sepasco . The trail from the Village of Rhinebeck to Lake Sepasco follows roughly modern @-@ day Route 308 , in some areas slightly to the south , where the highway 's side roads are curved in a pattern similar to that of the Sepasco Trail . It is possible that the trail as a whole existed as a spur of an ancient path that stretched from Rhinebeck to Cornwall , Connecticut . The trail remained intact until 1802 , when part of the Ulster and Delaware Turnpike was chartered over it " for improving and making a road from the west line of the Town of Salisbury in the State of Connecticut to the Susquehannah [ sic ] River at or near the Town of Jericho [ present @-@ day Bainbridge ] " . The portion of the Ulster and Delaware Turnpike east of the Hudson River was also commonly known as the Ulster and Salisbury Turnpike . The turnpike crossed the river by way of the Kingston – Rhinecliff Ferry and used modern Rhinecliff Road and West Market Street to the village center of Rhinecliff , then followed roughly modern NY 308 to the hamlet of Eighmyville . It continued east from there using part of CR 52 to eventually connect with NY 199 . A bronze plaque attached to a large boulder was erected in November 1922 by Chancellor Livingston Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution on the property of the Beekman Arms , that marked the crossing of the Kings Highway ( present @-@ day US 9 ) and the Ulster and Salisbury Turnpike . Still existent , it reads " This stone marks the crossing of the Kings Highway and the Sepasco Indian Trail , later named the Ulster and Salisbury Turnpike , over which traveled the Connecticut Pioneers to their new homes in western New York . " = = = Designation = = = The NY 308 designation was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of New York state highways . At the time , it extended from the Rhinecliff ferry landing to Rock City in the town of Milan . West of US 9 , NY 308 continued to follow the old turnpike alignment to Hutton Street , where it connected to the Kingston – Rhinecliff Ferry . In 1947 , the ferry was the only crossing of the Hudson River between Catskill ( the Rip Van Winkle Bridge ) and Poughkeepsie ( the Mid @-@ Hudson Bridge ) — a distance of 36 miles ( 58 km ) — and the only one serving the Kingston area . Initial plans for the Kingston – Rhinecliff Bridge , a structure that replaced the ferry between the two locations , called for the bridge to span the Hudson River between downtown Kingston ( at Kingston Point ) and the village of Rhinebeck along a corridor similar to that of NY 308 . Due to political and economic factors , the bridge site was moved 3 miles ( 5 km ) upstream ( northward ) . The bridge , then partially complete , opened to traffic on February 2 , 1957 , at which time the ferry service between Kingston and Rhinecliff was terminated . However , NY 308 continued to extend west to Rhinecliff up to the 1960s , when it was truncated to US 9 in the village of Rhinebeck . The section of former NY 308 west of US 9 is now designated as NY 982M , an unsigned reference route . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Dutchess County . = Central Flying School RAAF = Central Flying School ( CFS ) is a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) training unit , located at RAAF Base East Sale , Victoria . It operates the Pilatus PC @-@ 9 turboprop trainer . The school is responsible for training flight instructors , setting flying standards , and auditing flying practices . It is also home to the " Roulettes " aerobatic team . CFS was the first military aviation unit to be formed in Australia , in 1913 , when its role was to provide basic flying training . Its current form dates from World War II , when it was re @-@ established to train flying instructors for the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . CFS was inaugurated at Point Cook , Victoria , in March 1913 , and trained over 150 pilots of the Australian Flying Corps during World War I. It was disbanded in December 1919 , and the newly formed RAAF 's No. 1 Flying Training School took on its function in 1921 . Re @-@ formed under EATS at Point Cook in April 1940 , CFS relocated to New South Wales the following month , based first at Camden , then at Tamworth from April 1942 , and finally at Parkes from January 1944 . It returned to Point Cook in September 1944 . By the end of World War II , the school had produced more than 3 @,@ 600 instructors . It transferred to East Sale in November 1947 . Since 1962 , CFS has been responsible for three aerobatic display teams . The first , " The Red Sales " , flew De Havilland Vampire jet aircraft . A second team , " The Telstars " , was formed in 1963 , also flying Vampires . The Telstars disbanded in 1968 , just after taking delivery of new Macchi MB326H jets , when the RAAF curtailed display flying . The Roulettes formed in 1970 , flying the Macchi , and continued to operate the type until 1990 , when the team finished converting to the PC @-@ 9 . As well as the Roulettes , CFS is responsible for the display work of the Air Force Balloons . = = History = = = = = Origins and World War I = = = In December 1911 , the Australian Department of Defence advertised in the United Kingdom for " two competent mechanists and aviators " to establish a flying corps and school . The following year , Henry Petre , an Englishman , and Eric Harrison , an Australian , were selected and commissioned as lieutenants in the Australian Military Forces . Petre arrived in Australia in January 1913 ; his first job was to choose a site for the proposed Central Flying School ( CFS ) , which he was to command . Rejecting the government 's preferred location near the Royal Military College , Duntroon , in Canberra , he selected 297 hectares at Point Cook , Victoria , to become , as George Odgers described it , the " birthplace of Australian military aviation " . Petre and Harrison established CFS over the following year with four mechanics , three other staff , and five aircraft including two Deperdussin monoplanes , two Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 biplanes , and a Bristol Boxkite for initial training . Harrison made the unit 's first flight in the Boxkite on 1 March 1914 , while Petre , flying a Deperdussin later that day , registered its first accident when he crashed after snaring his tailplane in telephone wires . Its coterie of personnel by now referred to as the Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) , CFS commenced its first flying course on 17 August 1914 , two weeks after the outbreak of World War I. The four students included Captain Thomas White and Lieutenants Richard Williams , George Merz , and David Manwell . Williams , who became the first to graduate , recalled the school as a " ragtime show " consisting of a paddock , tents , and one large structure : a shed for the Boxkite . A further eleven courses were run during the war years , graduating 152 pilots to a basic flying standard . Many of these students would go on to play a prominent role in the future Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , including Bill Anderson , Harry Cobby , Adrian Cole , Frank McNamara , Lawrence Wackett , and Henry Wrigley . The AFC 's first unit to see active service , the Mesopotamian Half Flight , was raised under Petre 's command and departed for the Middle East in April 1915 ; Petre 's fellow pilots included CFS graduates White and Merz . Harrison took over the school 's leadership in Petre 's absence . The facilities were improved , and by the end of 1915 , according to Wackett , they boasted " a good engineering workshop " , " cottages for the married staff " and " a very comfortable officers mess " . A year later , three AFC squadrons had been formed at Point Cook for service in the Middle East and France : Nos. 1 , 3 and 4 Squadrons . In September 1918 the school , now made up of No. 1 Home Training Squadron , No. 1 Home Training Depot , and an aircraft repair section , became part of the Australian Imperial Force . Harrison was posted overseas in October and Major William Sheldon , former commanding officer of Nos. 2 and 4 Squadrons , was placed in charge of CFS . Little training took place in the year following the November 1918 Armistice ; staff mainly did " odd jobs " such as making survey flights and promoting government bonds . CFS 's units were disbanded in December 1919 and the school taken over by the short @-@ lived Australian Air Corps , formed on 1 January 1920 . In 1921 , CFS 's function was assumed by No. 1 Flying Training School ( No. 1 FTS ) , a unit of the newly formed RAAF . = = = World War II = = = RAAF flying training was heavily reorganised soon after the outbreak of World War II in response to Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . Elementary Flying Training Schools were formed , to provide basic flight instruction to cadets , while more advanced pilot instruction was to take place at Service Flying Training Schools . The most pressing need , however , was for flying instructors ; the RAAF had only sixteen , and at least 1 @,@ 000 were needed to meet Australia 's obligations under EATS . To train these instructors , the Instructors ' Training Squadron at No. 1 FTS was detached to form the nucleus of a new Central Flying School on 29 April 1940 . Described as the " nerve @-@ centre of the Empire Air Training Scheme in Australia " , it was commanded by Squadron Leader E.C. Bates , RAF , former chief flying instructor at No. 1 FTS . CFS relocated from Point Cook to RAAF Station Camden , New South Wales , on 14 May . Formerly the privately owned Macquarie Grove Aerodrome , Camden was a new air base , and the school 's facilities cost £ 53 @,@ 000 to construct . On establishment , its personnel numbered 470 officers and airmen , and its complement of aircraft included twenty @-@ three Tiger Moths , nine CAC Wirraways , and fourteen Avro Ansons . Among the staff were former civil pilots and instructors , as well as career Air Force officers . Graduates from Camden included Bill Newton , later awarded the Victoria Cross for bombing raids in New Guinea , and Jerry Pentland , a World War I fighter ace with twenty @-@ three victories , who went on to become perhaps the oldest RAAF pilot on active duty . The outbreak of the Pacific War led to an influx of United States Army Air Forces units to Australian bases , including Camden . To make way , CFS moved to Tamworth , New South Wales , during March and April 1942 . Tamworth was not considered a suitable airfield for the school 's Wirraways , Ansons and Airspeed Oxfords , and a further relocation was deemed necessary , this time to RAAF Station Parkes , New South Wales , on 18 January 1944 . Later that year , CFS moved once more , returning on 19 September to Point Cook . There it gained an aviation medicine section , which in 1956 was detached to form the RAAF School of Aviation Medicine ( later the RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine ) . CFS remained at Point Cook for the rest of the war , by which time it had graduated some 3 @,@ 600 instructors . = = = Post @-@ war era = = = The immediate aftermath of the Pacific War saw large @-@ sale demobilisation of RAAF personnel , along with the disposal of equipment and disbandment of units . CFS was allocated resources to ensure the maintenance of Air Force flying standards , but took on no new students . The school relocated from Point Cook to RAAF Station East Sale ( now RAAF Base East Sale ) , Victoria , during November and December 1947 ; its aircraft included seven Tiger Moths , nine Wirraways , three Oxfords , two C @-@ 47 Dakotas , one P @-@ 51 Mustang , and one Avro Lincoln . It then returned to the job of training instructors , graduating its first post @-@ war course in June 1948 . Newspapers reporting on its move to East Sale called CFS the RAAF 's " university of the air " . Official RAAF historian Alan Stephens described the school as " the Air Force 's most important peacetime unit " , going on to state that " CFS 's pre @-@ eminence derived from its role as the Air Force 's arbiter of pure flying standards , a responsibility it met by training instructors , examining and rating squadron instructors , conducting quality control tests at flying training schools , and auditing flying practices generally across the RAAF . Any fall in standards at CFS could in time be expected adversely to affect standards across the entire Air Force . " Conversely , Stephens continued , the professionalism inculcated at the school flowed through to all flying units . By 1951 , the average student taking the six @-@ month instructors ' course was reported as being a flight lieutenant aged twenty @-@ seven , with 1 @,@ 000 hours flying experience . Wing Commander Charles Read , who later became Chief of the Air Staff , served as commanding officer of CFS from August 1952 to May 1954 . In May 1953 , the school commenced jet instructor training with dual @-@ control De Havilland Vampires . The CAC Winjeel entered service in 1955 , to replace the Tiger Moth as the Air Force 's basic trainer , and began operating at CFS the following year . In March 1957 , the school took on the responsibility of training the RAAF 's air traffic controllers ; this continued until May 1981 , when the RAAF School of Air Traffic Control was formed as an autonomous unit at East Sale . CFS formed its first aerobatic team , called " The Red Sales " , in 1962 . The team consisted of four instructors flying Vampire trainers . On 15 August , they were practising a low @-@ level routine when they flew into a hill at 500 miles per hour ( 800 km / h ) , killing all four pilots and two passengers . Determined to overcome the shock of the accident , the commanding officer of CFS , Wing Commander H.C. Plenty , quickly formed a new aerobatic team called the " The Telstars " , led by himself . Also flying Vampires , the team made its first public display in February 1963 , six months after the Red Sales disaster . In 1965 , Plenty 's successor as commanding officer , Wing Commander T.J.T. Meldrum , joined an RAAF team charged with selecting a jet trainer to replace both the Winjeel and the Vampire . Led by Air Commodore Brian Eaton , the team chose the Italian Macchi MB @-@ 326H as it met all requirements , could be licence @-@ built by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation in Australia , and was relatively inexpensive . The Telstars began flying the Macchi in February 1968 , but the RAAF cut back on display flying shortly afterwards , and the team disbanded in April . A new aerobatic team flying Macchis , the " Roulettes " , was formed at CFS in August 1970 , in preparation for the RAAF 's fiftieth anniversary celebrations commencing in March 1971 . The introduction of the Macchi permitted a brief flirtation with " all @-@ through jet training " starting in 1969 , as it was expected to reduce the time necessary to turn out high @-@ quality pilots , and CFS had begun preparing to train instructors for this purpose in 1967 . All @-@ through jet training was dropped in 1971 , subsequently being labelled " an expensive way of finding out that some pupils lacked the aptitude to become military pilots " . Winjeels continued to operate at CFS until replaced by the CT @-@ 4 Airtrainer in August 1975 . For the next fifteen years , the main types used for instructor training were the CT @-@ 4 and the Macchi . CFS also flew Dakotas for twin @-@ engined instructor courses until March 1980 ; they were further used to train pilots of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force . The school was presented with the Queen 's Colour by Governor @-@ General Sir Zelman Cowen in September 1978 . In December 1987 , CFS took delivery of its first Pilatus PC @-@ 9 turboprop trainer , to replace the Macchi for advanced flying instructor training . The Roulettes converted to the PC @-@ 9 in 1989 – 90 . The CT @-@ 4 was phased out at the school in favour of the PC @-@ 9 in December 1991 . As of 2012 , CFS continued to operate the PC @-@ 9 for pilot instructor training at East Sale , under the control of the Air Force Training Group 's Air Training Wing , and to administer flying standards across the RAAF . Practising and performing with the Roulettes , which celebrated its fortieth anniversary in 2010 , remains a secondary task for team members after their instructional duties . As well as the Roulettes ' displays , the school is responsible for the training and public relations work of the Air Force Balloons , which are co @-@ located with No. 28 Squadron at HMAS Harman in Canberra . In their role supporting RAAF recruitment and public awareness , the two hot @-@ air balloons are often employed in rural areas as an economical alternative to displays by the Roulettes or other aircraft . = First Battle of Algeciras = The First Battle of Algeciras was a naval battle fought on 6 July 1801 ( 17 messidor an IX of the French Republican Calendar ) between a squadron of British Royal Navy ships of the line and a smaller French Navy squadron at anchor in the fortified Spanish port of Algeciras in the Strait of Gibraltar . The British outnumbered their opponents , but the French position was protected by Spanish gun batteries and the complicated shoals that obscured the entrance to Algeciras Bay . The French squadron , under Contre @-@ Admiral Charles Linois , had stopped at Algeciras en route to the major Spanish naval base at Cadiz , where they were to form a combined French and Spanish fleet for operations against Britain and its allies in the French Revolutionary Wars . The British , under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir James Saumarez , sought to eliminate the French squadron before it could reach Cadiz and form a force powerful enough to overwhelm Saumarez and launch attacks against British forces in the Mediterranean Sea . Sailing directly from his blockade station off Cadiz , Saumarez 's squadron consisted of six ships of the line , twice the number under Linois 's command . Discovering the French at anchor in Algeciras on the morning of 6 July , Saumarez launched an immediate attack on the anchorage through the complicated shoals of Algeciras Bay . Although the initial attack caused severe damage to the French ships , light winds and shallow water led to the British ship HMS Hannibal grounding under heavy fire while the French vessels were driven on shore to prevent their capture . With his intentions frustrated , Saumarez ordered his squadron to withdraw , five of his ships limping out of the bay while the batted Hannibal remained trapped . Isolated and unable to manoeuvre , Captain Solomon Ferris on Hannibal endured the enemy fire for another half an hour before surrendering his ship . Both sides had suffered severe damage and casualties , but both were also aware that the battle would inevitably be rejoined and so the aftermath of the British defeat was one of frenzied activity at Gibraltar , Algeciras and Cadiz . While the British and French squadrons conducted hasty repairs , the French and Spanish fleet at Cadiz was prepared for a rescue mission , a heavy squadron arriving at Algeciras on 12 July . As the squadron departed with Linois 's squadron , it was attacked again by Saumarez 's squadron at the Second Battle of Algeciras and caught at night by faster and more manoeuvrable ships , which resulted in the British inflicting heavy losses on the Spanish rearguard but failing to destroy the French squadron for a second time . = = Background = = On 1 August 1798 , the French Mediterranean Fleet was almost completely destroyed at the Battle of the Nile in Aboukir Bay off Egypt . As a result , the British Royal Navy became dominant in the Mediterranean Sea and imposed blockades on French and Spanish ports in the region , including the important naval bases of Toulon and Cadiz . By 1801 , the British were planning a large scale operation to invade and recapture Egypt from the French , and First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte made plans to restore the Mediterranean Fleet and reinforce the garrison before the invasion took place . To this end , a squadron was despatched to Egypt from the French Atlantic ports and an agreement was reached with the Spanish Navy to supply the French Navy with six ships of the line from their reserve at Cadiz . The squadron never reached Egypt , diverting to Toulon under British pressure and separating , the most seaworthy vessels making a vain attempt to Egypt later in the year while the remainder were left at Toulon . In June 1801 , a squadron of three ships of the line that had been detached from the Egyptian squadron departed Toulon for Cadiz under the command of Contre @-@ Admiral Charles Linois . The squadron 's orders instructed Linois to join with the French and Spanish fleet at Cadiz and take possession of the promised vessels . From there the combined fleet , bolstered by 1 @,@ 500 French soldiers under General Pierre Devaux on Linois 's ships , could launch major operations against British forces or those of their allies : attacks on Egypt and Lisbon were both suggested , although no firm plan had been drawn up for either . Able to leave Toulon without resistance in the absence of the British blockade squadron , Linois passed along the Spanish Mediterranean Coast without interception , passing the fortified British port of Gibraltar on 3 July . There Linois was informed by Captain Lord Cochrane , captured in his brig HMS Speedy on 4 July , that a powerful squadron of seven British ships of the line were stationed off Cadiz under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir James Saumarez . On hearing this news , Linois postponed the plan to reach the Spanish naval base and instead anchored at Algeciras , a well @-@ fortified coastal town in Algeciras Bay , within sight of Gibraltar . At Gibraltar , the only ship in harbour was the small sloop @-@ of @-@ war HMS Calpe under Captain George Dundas , who on sighting the French squadron immediately sent word to Saumarez off Cadiz . The message arrived on 5 July , delivered by Lieutenant Richard Janvrin in a small boat . The admiral , a veteran of the Battle of the Nile , immediately gathered his ships and sailed eastwards to investigate . He had only six ships of the line as one , HMS Superb under Captain Richard Goodwin Keats , was on detached duty at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River with the brig HMS Pasley . Saumarez sent messages in the frigate HMS Thames recalling Keats , who followed Saumarez towards Algeciras , and was in sight of the admiral 's ship on the horizon at dawn on 6 July . However , after hearing an inaccurate report from an American merchant ship that Linois had already sailed from Algeciras , Keats reasoned that the French would have turned eastwards for Toulon and thus he would be too late to catch them . He therefore resolved to return to his station observing the Spanish at Cadiz , retaining Pasley and Thames . As Saumarez sailed eastwards towards Algeciras against the wind , the already strong defences at Algeciras were augmented to meet him : Linois drew his ships up in a line of battle across the harbour , with the flagship Formidable at the northern edge , followed by Desaix and with Indomptable to the south , the ships each 500 yards ( 460 m ) apart . The frigate Muiron was stationed in shallower water to the south of Indomptable . The French position was strengthened by the presence of 11 large Spanish gunboats at the northern extremity of the harbour , which was also overlooked by fortifications at the Bateria de San Iago and the Torre de Almirante . The southern approach to the harbour was covered by three gunboats and batteries at Fort Santa Garcia and Torre de la Vila Vega on the shore and the fortified island of Isla Verda , which mounted seven heavy cannon , lay between Indomptable and Muiron . Further support was offered by more distant forts that could land shells in the anchorage and most importantly by the geography of the bay , which was scattered with complicated shoals and rocks that made navigation difficult for unfamiliar sailors . = = Battle = = = = = Saumarez 's attack = = = Delayed during 5 July by contrary winds , Saumarez 's squadron did not reach Algeciras until 07 : 00 on 6 July , the British admiral deciding to immediately descend on the French squadron and issuing orders for his ships to launch their small boats " in readiness to act when required . " Thousands of spectators lined both the Spanish and Gibraltan shoreline in anticipation of the battle to come . Orders had been given for HMS Venerable under Captain Samuel Hood to lead the attack as the officer with most experience in these waters , and his vessel was the first to enter the bay around Cabrita Point . Once in the bay however , the wind dropped and Hood was left becalmed . As a result , the first shots of the engagement were fired from a battery on Cabrita Point at HMS Pompee under Captain Charles Stirling , which entered the bay at 07 : 50 , followed closely by HMS Audacious under Captain Shuldham Peard . On sighting the British squadron , Linois gave orders for the French ships to warp into the shallower waters along the shoreline , and many sailors and soldiers aboard were despatched to assist the Spanish gun batteries around the bay . The French ships joined the fire as Pompee and Audacious came within range , first Murion and then the ships of the line attacking the approaching British vessels . Saumarez and remainder of the British squadron were 3 nautical miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) behind the leading ships but Stirling pressed ahead with the attack , passing close to the Isla Verda at 08 : 30 and engaging each of the French ships in turn until anchoring next to Formidable at 08 : 45 and opening fire from close range . Venerable and Audacious suffered from light winds further out in the bay and it was not until 08 : 50 that they were able to enter the action , Venerable firing on Desaix and Formidable and Audacious on Indomptable although , contrary to Saumarez 's orders , both were anchored at long range . The French and Spanish responded with a heavy cannonade against the anchored ships , the engagement lasting half an hour until Formidable temporarily ceased firing and began to slowly warp further inshore . Suddenly , Pompee was caught by a fresh current , which swung the ship so that its bow was facing Formidable 's broadside , although at some distance , allowing the French to rake the British ship which could only respond with a handful of the forward cannon . Assistance was provided by Dundas in Calpe , who took his small vessel inshore to engage the Spanish batteries firing on the British squadron , and also attacked Murion at close range , the undermanned frigate still powerful enough however to drive off its smaller opponent . At 09 : 15 the straggling rear of the British squadron began to arrive , led by the flagship HMS Caesar , which anchored ahead of Audacious and inshore of Venerable before opening fire on Desaix . At 09 : 20 , HMS Hannibal under Captain Solomon Ferris joined the action , anchoring ahead of Caesar . This left only HMS Spencer under Captain Henry Darby unengaged : Spencer had been left becalmed to the south of Isla Verda and came under heavy fire from the batteries and towers , some of which were firing shells hot shot designed to start fires in the ship 's timbers . Captain Jahleel Brenton on Caesar suggested to Saumarez that if he negotiated with the Spanish they might permit him to seize the French ships in exchange for a cessation of the action , but Saumarez dismissed the idea as premature . At 10 : 12 , with Formidable pulling into shallower waters away from the attacking British ships , Saumarez sent orders to Captain Ferris on Hannibal instructing him to manoeuvre his ship closer inshore to attack Formidable more effectively : specifically he was told to " go and rake the French admiral " . Ferris began by sailing slowly northwards , using the light winds to pull ahead of the combat before tacking back towards Formidable . The manoeuvre was initially successful , but at 11 : 00 , as he passed the Torre de Almirante , Hannibal grounded . From this position , Ferris was able to direct part of his broadside onto Formidable and the rest against the Spanish shore defences , but his ship was left very vulnerable to fire from the shore . Hannibal was now isolated at the northern end of the British line , under heavy fire from Formidable as well as the Spanish shore batteries and gunboats and unable to manoeuvre or effectively respond . Ferris attempted to notify Saumarez of his ship 's precarious position , but his signal halyards had been torn away by shot and it was sometime before assistance could be organised . The rest of the squadron was ordered to provide ship 's boats to attempt to tow Hannibal off the shoal but the attempt failed , Caesar 's pinnace sinking in the process after being struck by a cannonball . Ultimately , Hannibal was left stranded as the last of the seabreeze disappeared , preventing any of the other British ships from coming to Ferris ' assistance . There was however a light land breeze from the northwest that initially favoured the outnumbered and battered French squadron , Linois immediately ordering his ships to sever their anchor cables and use the breeze to manoeuvre slowly into stronger defensive positions closer inshore . His flagship Formidable successfully completed the manoeuvre , but neither Indomptable nor Desaix could be brought back under control in time , and both grounded , Desaix directly in front of Algeciras and Indomptable northeast of Isla Verda with her bow facing out to sea . Saumarez responded by cutting his the cables on Caesar and wearing past the becalmed Audacious and Venerable , taking up station off Indomptable 's vulnerable bows and repeatedly raking the stranded ship . Audacious followed the flagship at 12 : 00 , taking up a new station between Caesar and Indomptable and also opening fire on the beleaguered Indomptable . Both Caesar and Audacious were now directly exposed however to the heavy fire from Isla Verda , the batteries there and all around the bay now manned by French sailors who had evacuated the grounded ships of the line . Audacious had been becalmed with Desaix off the bow and out of the ship 's field of fire and it took considerable time and effort with the ship 's boats to affect the turn needed to engage the French ship . Spencer and Venerable , ordered to join the attack , were unable to take up their intended positions due to the absence of wind , Venerable losing its mizen @-@ topmast to French shot as Hood attempted to wear his ship around . Venerable 's masts and rigging had been so badly torn by this stage of the battle that Hood was no longer able to effectively manoeuvre in the fitful breeze , although he did eventually pull his ship within range . = = = Saumarez 's withdrawal = = = To the north of this engagement , the trapped Pompée and Hannibal were under heavy fire from the anchored Formidable and an array of Spanish batteries and gunboats , both ships taking severe damage without being able to effectively reply as their main broadsides now faced away from the enemy . On Hannibal the situation seemed hopeless : as casualties mounted , the main and mizen masts were shot away and the ship remained firmly and irretrievably grounded . Pompée was in a slightly better position : Sterling 's rigging was in tatters , but his masts held and his ship was at least afloat , although totally becalmed . At one stage , Pompée 's colours were shot away , leading to French claims that the ship had surrendered , although they were quickly replaced . At 11 : 30 , no longer able to contribute to the battle with rigging torn and more than 70 casualties , Saumarez ordered the remainder of the squadron to send their remaining boats to tow Pompée out of danger , the boats coming under heavy fire as they did so , with a number sunk . The diversion of the boats to Pompée prevented Saumarez from launching a planned amphibious assault against Isla Verda with the squadron 's Marines , and in the fitful breeze , both Caesar and Audacious were beginning to drift dangerously close to the shoals around the island : if they grounded , then they would share Hannibal 's fate directly in front of the island 's batteries . Observing the failure of his planned attack on the French squadron , Saumarez raised the signal at 13 : 35 for his ships to withdraw to Gibraltar . Pompée was already well on the way thanks to the towing boats , and Caesar and Audacious were able to cut their remaining anchors and limp out of the bay with the assistance of a sudden land breeze that carried them rapidly out of reach of the French and Spanish guns . They were joined by Venerable and Spencer as they left , the battered squadron retiring to Gibraltar leaving the almost dismasted hulk of Hannibal grounded in Algeciras harbour . On Hannibal , more than sixty men had been killed and Captain Ferris ordered the survivors below decks to escape the worst of the fire as the combined guns of the French and Spanish forces turned on the last remaining target , starting several fires . By 14 : 00 , seeing that continued resistance was futile , he had ordered the colours struck , and the Hannibal 's ensign came down . French and Spanish soldiers then stormed the ship , and Hannibal 's surgeon later reported that a number of wounded men were trampled to death as the boarding parties sought to extinguish the fires . It has not been established whether what followed was a misunderstanding aboard Hannibal or a deliberate ploy by the French , but Hannibal 's ensign was then rehoisted upside down , a recognised international signal of distress . Captain Dundas , who had watched the entire battle from Gibraltar , believed on seeing the flag that it meant that Ferris was still holding out on Hannibal and requesting either support to salvage his battered ship or for it to be evacuated before surrendering . Boats were sent from Gibraltar with carpenters from the dockyards there to effect repairs on Hannibal and Dundas took HMS Calpe back into the bay to provide assistance , coming under heavy fire before withdrawing when his error was realised , although not before several of the boats had been seized by the French as their crews boarded Hannibal . = = Aftermath = = Both sides had suffered heavy casualties and damage , the British losing 121 killed , 240 wounded and 11 missing , the missing thought to have drowned when their boats were sunk . As well as the loss of Hannibal , both Pompée and Caesar were heavily damaged , although both Venerable and Spencer had only suffered relatively lightly during the battle . Casualties were heavy throughout the squadron , Hannibal suffering more than 140 men killed and wounded and the rest made prisoner , Pompée more than 80 casualties and none of the other ships less than 30 . The French had suffered higher casualties , with 161 killed , including Captains Moncousu and Lalonde and 324 wounded , including Devaux . All three French ships of the line were damaged : Saumarez believed that the French ships " were unserviceable " following the battle , although he was soon proven incorrect . Indomptable and Desaix were particularly damaged , although the frigate Murion , which had remained in the shallow water of Algeciras harbour , was undamaged . The Spanish reportedly had 11 men killed and an unspecified number wounded , the casualties occurring in the battered forts and on the gunboats , five of which had been destroyed in the battle . The British crews had found during the engagement that their gunnery was affected by the lack of wind , much of their shot flying over the French ships and into the town of Algeciras , which was considerably damaged . The Spanish authorities later accused Saumarez of deliberately targeting the town in his frustration at being unable to capture the French squadron . On 7 July , Saumarez sent Captain Brenton into Algeciras with a flag of truce and negotiations were held with a view to returning Captain Ferris and his officers to British control under terms of parole . After a brief correspondence between Linois and Saumarez this was agreed , and Ferris , his officers , his wounded men and the officers taken from HMS Speedy were sent to Gibraltar . By August 1801 , Ferris and his officers were back in Britain , where a court @-@ martial , standard practice in the case of a ship lost to the enemy , was held . Rear @-@ Admiral John Holloway presided and the court found that Ferris ' conduct during the battle was exemplary and he was acquitted of any blame for the loss of his ship . On returning his sword , Holloway remarked that " I feel assured , if ever you have occasion to unsheathe it again , it will be used with the same gallantry which you so nobly displayed in defending his majesty 's ship Hannibal . " The immediate reaction in both Algeciras and Gibraltar was devoted to repairing and refitting the damaged warships : it was assumed by all involved that continuation of the action had merely been postponed rather than concluded . At Gibraltar , Saumarez decided to temporarily abandon Pompée and Caesar and reassign their crews to ensuring that the rest of the squadron was ready for battle . This decision was disputed by Captain Brenton of Caesar , and by working continuously for three days Caeasar 's crew successfully readied their ship in time for Saumarez to sail again . The haste was necessary because Linois , while strenuously repairing his own squadron and readying the captured Hannibal for sea with jury masts , had sent word to Cadiz urging Vice @-@ Admiral Jose de Mazzaredo to send reinforcements before Saumarez was ready to attack again . Urged by French Contre @-@ Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley , who was in Cadiz to take occupation of the promised six ships of the line , Mazzaredo ordered Vice @-@ Admiral Juan Joaquin de Moreno to sail with a formidable force which arrived off Algeciras Bay on 9 July . The Franco @-@ Spanish squadron was shadowed by Superb , which then joined Saumarez at Gibraltar . At Algeciras the Spanish squadron intended to collect Linois and convoy his battered squadron to Cadiz with five ships of the line , including two massive 112 @-@ gun first rate ships , as escorts . Hannibal proved too damaged for the journey and was anchored in Algeciras harbour , but the remainder of the French and Spanish squadrons sailed for Cadiz on 12 July and were caught that night by Saumarez 's repaired squadron in the Second Battle of Algeciras . The Spanish rearguard was overwhelmed , the 112 @-@ gun ships both sunk with more than 1 @,@ 700 lives and another ship was captured , but Linois 's force succeeded in reaching Cadiz the following morning . Hannibal was later removed from Algeciras by the French and commissioned as Annibal . In France , the victory was the cause of celebration , Le Moniteur Universel declaring that " the combat covers the French arms with glory and shows what they are capable of " . Linois was proclaimed a national hero and presented with a Sabre d 'honneur by Napoleon . The French victory over a significantly stronger British force was an unusual event in the war during which the Royal Navy had dominated at sea . Saumarez publicly represented the battle as a victory , declaring that he had " compleatly [ sic ] succeeded in disabling the Enemy 's ships " , although in private he acknowledged the defeat . Historian Richard Gardiner commented that " The well trained and led French had fought hard and skillfully and a combination of weather , luck and shore support had given them the victory against a superior force of which they had captured one . It is , however , also significant that this rare British setback occurred	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
two new tube tunnels , large enough for the Met rolling stock that would join the extension line at a junction north of Kilburn & Brondesbury station and run beneath Kilburn High Street , Maida Vale and Edgware Road to Baker Street . The plan included three new stations , at Quex Road , Kilburn Park Road and Clifton Road , but did not progress after Ministry of Transport revised its Requirements for Passenger Lines requiring a means of exit in an emergency at the ends of trains running in deep @-@ level tubes - compartment stock used north of Harrow did not comply with this requirement . However , Edgware Road station had been rebuilt with four platforms and had train destination indicators including stations such as Verney Junction and Uxbridge . In the 1920s , off @-@ peak there was a train every 4 – 5 minutes from Wembley Park to Baker Street . There were generally two services per hour from both Watford and Uxbridge that ran non @-@ stop from Wembley Park and stopping services started from Rayners Lane , Wembley Park , and Neasden , although most did not stop at Marlborough Road and St John 's Wood Road . Off @-@ peak , stations north of Moor Park were generally served by Marylebone trains . During the peak trains approached Baker Street every 2 @.@ 5 – 3 minutes , half running through to Moorgate , Liverpool Street or Aldgate . On the inner circle a train from Hammersmith ran through Baker Street every 6 minutes , and Kensington ( Addison Road ) services terminated at Edgware Road . Maintaining a frequency of ten trains an hour on the circle was proving difficult and the solution chosen was for the District to extend its Putney to Kensington High Street service around the circle to Edgware Road , using the new platforms , and the Met to provide all the inner circle trains at a frequency of eight trains an hour . Construction started in 1929 on a branch from Wembley Park to Stanmore to serve a new housing development at Canons Park , with stations at Kingsbury and Canons Park ( Edgware ) ( renamed Canons Park in 1933 ) . The government again guaranteed finance , this time under the Development Loans Guarantees & Grants Act , the project also quadrupling the tracks from Wembley Park to Harrow . The line was electrified with automatic colour light signals controlled from a signal box at Wembley Park and opened on 9 December 1932 . = = = London Passenger Transport Board , 1933 = = = Unlike the UERL , the Met profited directly from development of Metro @-@ land housing estates near its lines ; the Met had always paid a dividend to its shareholders . The early accounts are untrustworthy , but by the late 19th century it was paying a dividend of about 5 per cent . This dropped from 1900 onwards as electric trams and the Central London Railway attracted passengers away ; a low of 1 ⁄ 2 per cent was reached in 1907 – 8 . Dividends rose to 2 per cent in 1911 – 13 as passengers returned after electrification ; the outbreak of war in 1914 reduced the dividend to 1 per cent . By 1921 recovery was sufficient for a dividend of 2 1 ⁄ 4 per cent to be paid and then , during the post @-@ war housing boom , for the rate to steadily rise to 5 per cent in 1924 – 5 . The 1926 General Strike reduced this to 3 per cent ; by 1929 it was back to 4 per cent . In 1913 , the Met had refused a merger proposal made by the UERL and it remained stubbornly independent under the leadership of Robert Selbie . The Railways Act 1921 , which became law on 19 August 1921 , did not list any of London 's underground railways among the companies that were to be grouped , although at the draft stage the Met had been included . When proposals for integration of public transport in London were published in 1930 , the Met argued that it should have the same status as the four main @-@ line railways , and it was incompatible with the UERL because of its freight operations , although the government saw the Met in a similar way to the District as they jointly operated the inner circle . After the London Passenger Transport Bill , aimed primarily at co @-@ ordinating the small independent bus services , was published on 13 March 1931 , the Met spent £ 11 @,@ 000 opposing it . The bill survived a change in government in 1931 and the Met gave no response to a proposal made by the new administration that it could remain independent if it were to lose its running powers over the circle . The directors turned to negotiating compensation for its shareholders ; by then passenger numbers had fallen due to competition from buses and the depression . In 1932 , the last full year of operation , a 1 5 ⁄ 8 per cent dividend was declared . On 1 July 1933 , the London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) , was created as a public corporation and the Met was amalgamated with the other underground railways , tramway companies and bus operators . Met shareholders received £ 19 @.@ 7 million in LPTB stock . = = = Legacy = = = The Met became the Metropolitan line of London Transport , the Brill branch closing in 1935 , followed by the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936 . The LNER took over steam workings and freight . In 1936 , Metropolitan line services were extended from Whitechapel to Barking along the District line . The New Works Programme meant that in 1939 the Bakerloo line was extended from Baker Street in new twin tunnels and stations to Finchley Road before taking over the intermediate stations to Wembley Park and the Stanmore branch . The branch transferred to the Jubilee line when that line opened in 1979 . The Great Northern and City Railway remained isolated and was managed as a section of the Northern line until being taken over by British Railways in 1976 . Steam locomotives were used north of Rickmansworth until the early 1960s when they were replaced following the electrification to Amersham and the introduction of electric multiple units , London Transport withdrawing its service north of Amersham . In 1988 , the route from Hammersmith to Aldgate and Barking was branded as the Hammersmith & City line , and the route from the New Cross stations to Shoreditch became the East London line , leaving the Metropolitan line as the route from Aldgate to Baker Street and northwards to stations via Harrow . After amalgamation in 1933 the " Metro @-@ land " brand was rapidly dropped . In the mid @-@ 20th century , the spirit of Metro @-@ land was remembered in John Betjeman 's poems such as " The Metropolitan Railway " published in the A Few Late Chrysanthemums collection in 1954 and he later reached a wider audience with his television documentary Metro @-@ land , first broadcast on 26 February 1973 . The suburbia of Metro @-@ land is one locale of Julian Barnes ' Bildungsroman novel Metroland , first published in 1980 . A film based on the novel , also called Metroland , was released in 1997 . = = Accident = = On 18 June 1925 , electric locomotive No. 4 collided with a passenger train at Baker Street station when a signal was changed from green to red just as the locomotive was passing it . Six people were injured . = = Goods = = Until 1880 the Met ran no goods trains , but goods trains ran over its tracks from 20 February 1866 when the GNR began a service to the LC & DR via Farringdon Street , followed by a service from the Midland Railway from July 1868 . The GNR , the GWR and the Midland all opened goods depots in the Farringdon area , accessed from the City Widened Lines . However , goods traffic was to play an important part of Met traffic on the extension line out of Baker Street . In 1880 , the Met secured the coal traffic of the Harrow District Gas Co . , worked from an exchange siding with the Midland at Finchley Road to a coal yard at Harrow . Goods and coal depots were provided at most of the stations on the extension line as they were built . Goods for London were initially handled at Willesden , with delivery by road or by transfer to the Midland . The arrival of the GCR gave connections to the north at Quainton Road and south via Neasden , Acton and Kew . In 1909 , the Met opened Vine Street goods depot near Farringdon with two sidings each seven wagons long and a regular service from West Hampstead . Trains were electrically hauled with a maximum length of 14 wagons and restricted to 250 long tons ( 254 t ) inwards and 225 long tons ( 229 t ) on the return . In 1910 , the depot handled 11 @,@ 400 long tons ( 11 @,@ 600 t ) , which rose to 25 @,@ 100 long tons ( 25 @,@ 500 t ) in 1915 . In 1913 , the depot was reported above capacity , but after World War I motor road transport became an important competitor and by the late 1920s traffic had reduced to manageable levels . Coal for the steam locomotives , the power station at Neasden and local gasworks were brought in via Quainton Road . Milk was conveyed from Vale of Aylesbury to the London suburbs and foodstuffs from Vine Street to Uxbridge for Alfred Button & Son , wholesale grocers . Fish to Billingsgate Market via the Met and the District joint station at Monument caused some complaints , leaving the station approaches in an " indescribably filthy condition " . The District suggested a separate entrance for the fish , but nothing was done . The traffic reduced significantly when the GCR introduced road transport to Marylebone , but the problem remained until 1936 , being one reason the LPTB gave for abolishing the carrying of parcels on Inner Circle trains . Initially private contractors were used for road delivery , but from 1919 the Met employed its own hauliers . In 1932 , before it became part of London Underground , the company owned 544 goods vehicles and carried 162 @,@ 764 long tons ( 165 @,@ 376 t ) of coal , 2 @,@ 478 @,@ 212 long tons ( 2 @,@ 517 @,@ 980 t ) of materials and 1 @,@ 015 @,@ 501 long tons ( 1 @,@ 031 @,@ 797 t ) tons of goods . = = Rolling stock = = = = = Steam locomotives = = = Concern about smoke and steam in the tunnels led to new designs of steam locomotive . Before the line opened , in 1861 trials were made with the experimental " hot brick " locomotive nicknamed Fowler 's Ghost . This was unsuccessful and the first public trains were hauled by broad @-@ gauge GWR Metropolitan Class condensing 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tank locomotives designed by Daniel Gooch . They were followed by standard @-@ gauge GNR locomotives until the Met received its own 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tank locomotives , built by Beyer Peacock of Manchester . Their design is frequently attributed to the Met 's Engineer John Fowler , but the locomotive was a development of one Beyer had built for the Spanish Tudela to Bilbao Railway , Fowler specifying only the driving wheel diameter , axle weight and the ability to navigate sharp curves . Eighteen were ordered in 1864 , initially carrying names , and by 1870 40 had been built . To reduce smoke underground , at first coke was burnt , changed in 1869 to smokeless Welsh coal . From 1879 , more locomotives were needed , and the design was updated and 24 were delivered between 1879 and 1885 . Originally they were painted bright olive green lined in black and yellow , chimneys copper capped with the locomotive number in brass figures at the front and domes of polished brass . In 1885 , the colour changed to a dark red known as Midcared , and this was to remain the standard colour , taken up as the colour for the Metropolitan line by London Transport in 1933 . When in 1925 the Met classified its locomotives by letters of the alphabet , these were assigned A Class and B Class . When the M & SJWR was being built , it was considered that they would struggle on the gradients and five Worcester Engine 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 tank locomotives were delivered in 1868 . However , it was soon found that A and B Classes could manage trains without difficulty and the 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 0Ts were sold to the Taff Vale Railway in 1873 and 1875 . From 1891 , more locomotives were needed for work on the extension line from Baker Street into the country . Four C Class ( 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 ) locomotives , a development of South Eastern Railway 's ' Q ' Class , were received in 1891 . In 1894 , two D Class locomotives were bought to run between Aylesbury and Verney Junction . These were not fitted with the condensing equipment needed to work south of Finchley Road . Four more were delivered in 1895 with condensing equipment , although these were prohibited working south of Finchley Road . In 1896 , two E Class ( 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 ) locomotives were built at Neasden works , followed by one in 1898 to replace the original Class A No. 1 , damaged in an accident . Four more were built by Hawthorn Leslie & Co in 1900 and 1901 . To cope with the growing freight traffic on the extension line , the Met received four F Class ( 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 ) locomotives in 1901 , similar to the E Class except for the wheel arrangement and without steam heat . In 1897 and 1899 , the Met received two 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 saddle tank locomotives to a standard Peckett design . Unclassified by the Met , these were generally used for shunting at Neasden and Harrow . Many locomotives were made redundant by the electrification of the inner London lines in 1905 – 06 . By 1907 , 40 of the class A and B locomotives had been sold or scrapped and by 1914 only 13 locomotives of these classes had been retained for shunting , departmental work and working trains over the Brill Tramway . The need for more powerful locomotives for both passenger and freight services meant that , in 1915 , four G Class ( 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 4 ) locomotives arrived from Yorkshire Engine Co . Eight 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) capable H Class ( 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 ) locomotives were built in 1920 and 1921 and used mainly on express passenger services . To run longer , faster and less frequent freight services in 1925 six K Class ( 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 4 ) locomotives arrived , rebuilt from 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 locomotives manufactured at Woolwich Arsenal after World War I. These were not permitted south of Finchley Road . Two locomotives survive : A Class No. 23 ( LT L45 ) at the London Transport Museum , and E Class No. 1 ( LT L44 ) at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre . No.1 ran in steam as part of the Met 's 150th anniversary celebrations during 2013 . = = = Carriages = = = The Met opened with no stock of its own , with the GWR and then the GNR providing services . The GWR used eight @-@ wheeled compartment carriages constructed from teak . By 1864 , the Met had taken delivery of its own stock , made by the Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co . , based on the GWR design but standard gauge . Lighting was provided by gas — two jets in first class compartments and one in second and third class compartments , and from 1877 a pressurised oil gas system was used . Initially the carriages were braked with wooden blocks operated by hand from the guards ' compartments at the front and back of the train , giving off a distinctive smell . This was replaced in 1869 by a chain that operated brakes on all carriages . The operation of the chain brake could be abrupt , leading to some passenger injuries , and it was replaced by a non @-@ automatic vacuum brake by 1876 . In the 1890s , a mechanical ' next station ' indicator was tested in some carriages on the circle , triggered by a wooden flap between the tracks . It was considered unreliable and not approved for full installation . In 1870 , some close @-@ coupled rigid @-@ wheelbase four @-@ wheeled carriages were built by Oldbury . After some derailments in 1887 , a new design of 27 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 38 m ) long rigid @-@ wheelbase four @-@ wheelers known as Jubilee Stock was built by the Cravens Railway Carriage and Wagon Co. for the extension line . With the pressurised gas lighting system and non @-@ automatic vacuum brakes from new , steam heating was added later . More trains followed in 1892 , although all had been withdrawn by 1912 . By May 1893 , following an order by the Board of Trade , automatic vacuum brakes had been fitted to all carriages and locomotives . A Jubilee Stock first class carriage was restored to carry passengers during the Met 's 150th anniversary celebrations . Bogie stock was built by Ashbury in 1898 and by Cravens and at Neasden Works in 1900 . This gave a better ride quality , steam heating , automatic vacuum brakes , electric lighting and upholstered seating in all classes . The Bluebell Railway has four 1898 – 1900 Ashbury and Cravens carriages and a fifth , built at Neasden , is at the London Transport Museum . Competition with the GCR on outer suburban services on the extension line saw the introduction of more comfortable Dreadnought Stock carriages from 1910 . Ninety @-@ two of these wooden compartment carriages were built , fitted with pressurised gas lighting and steam heating . Electric lighting had replaced the gas by 1917 and electric heaters were added in 1922 to provide warmth when hauled by an electric locomotive . Later formed into rakes of five , six or seven coaches , conductor rail pick @-@ ups on the leading and trailing guard coaches were joined by a bus line and connected to the electric locomotive to help prevent gapping . Two rakes were formed with a Pullman coach that provided a buffet service for a supplementary fare . The Vintage Carriages Trust has three preserved Dreadnought carriages . From 1906 , some of the Ashbury bogie stock was converted into electric multiple units . Some Dreadnought carriages were used with electric motor cars , although two @-@ thirds remained in use as locomotive hauled stock on the extension line . = = = Electric locomotives = = = After electrification , the outer suburban routes were worked with carriage stock hauled from Baker Street by an electric locomotive that was exchanged for a steam locomotive en route . The Met ordered 20 electric locomotives from Metropolitan Amalgamated with two types of electrical equipment . The first ten , with Westinghouse equipment , entered service in 1906 . These ' camel @-@ back ' bogie locomotives had a central cab , weighed 50 tons , and had four 215 hp ( 160 kW ) traction motors The second type were built to a box car design with British Thomson @-@ Houston equipment , replaced with the Westinghouse type in 1919 . In the early 1920s , the Met placed an order with Metropolitan @-@ Vickers of Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness for rebuilding the 20 electric locomotives . When work started on the first locomotive , it was found to be impractical and uneconomical and the order was changed to building new locomotives using some equipment recovered from the originals . The new locomotives were built in 1922 – 23 and named after famous London residents . They had four 300 hp ( 220 kW ) motors , totalling 1 @,@ 200 hp ( 890 kW ) ( one @-@ hour rating ) , giving a top speed of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . No. 5 " John Hampden " is preserved as a static display at the London Transport Museum and No. 12 " Sarah Siddons " has been used for heritage events , and ran during the Met 's 150th anniversary celebrations . = = = Electric multiple units = = = The first order for electric multiple units was placed with Metropolitan Amalgamated in 1902 for 50 trailers and 20 motor cars with Westinghouse equipment , which ran as 6 @-@ car trains . First and third class accommodation was provided in open saloons , second class being withdrawn from the Met . Access was at the ends via open lattice gates and the units were modified so that they could run off @-@ peak as 3 @-@ car units . For the joint Hammersmith & City line service , the Met and the GWR purchased 20 × 6 @-@ cars trains with Thomson @-@ Houston equipment . In 1904 , a further order was placed by the Met for 36 motor cars and 62 trailers with an option for another 20 motor cars and 40 trailers . Problems with the Westinghouse equipment led to Thomson @-@ Houston equipment being specified when the option was taken up and more powerful motors being fitted . Before 1918 , the motor cars with the more powerful motors were used on the circle with three trailers . The open lattice gates were seen as a problem when working above ground and all of the cars had gates replaced with vestibules by 1907 . Having access only through the two end doors became a problem on the busy circle and centre sliding doors were fitted from 1911 . From 1906 , some of the Ashbury bogie stock was converted into multiple units by fitting cabs , control equipment and motors . In 1910 , two motor cars were modified with driving cabs at both ends . They started work on the Uxbridge @-@ South Harrow shuttle service , being transferred to the Addison Road shuttle in 1918 . From 1925 to 1934 these vehicles were used between Watford and Rickmansworth . In 1913 , an order was placed for 23 motor cars and 20 trailers , saloon cars with sliding doors at the end and the middle . These started work on the circle , including the new service to New Cross via the ELR . In 1921 , 20 motor cars , 33 trailers and six first @-@ class driving trailers were received with three pairs of double sliding doors on each side . These were introduced on the circle . Between 1927 and 1933 multiple unit compartment stock was built by the Metropolitan Carriage and Wagon and Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Co. for services from Baker Street and the City to Watford and Rickmansworth . The first order was only for motor cars ; half had Westinghouse brakes , Metro @-@ Vickers control systems and four MV153 motors ; they replaced the motor cars working with bogie stock trailers . The rest of the motor cars had the same motor equipment but used vacuum brakes , and worked with converted 1920 / 23 Dreadnought carriages to form ' MV ' units . In 1929 , ' MW ' stock was ordered , 30 motor coaches and 25 trailers similar to the ' MV ' units , but with Westinghouse brakes . A further batch of ' MW ' stock was ordered in 1931 , this time from the Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Co . This was to make seven 8 @-@ coach trains , and included additional trailers to increase the length of the previous ' MW ' batch trains to eight coaches . These had GEC WT545 motors , and although designed to work in multiple with the MV153 , this did not work well in practice . After the Met became part of London Underground , the MV stock was fitted with Westinghouse brakes and the cars with GEC motors were re @-@ geared to allow them to work in multiple with the MV153 @-@ motored cars . In 1938 , nine 8 @-@ coach and ten 6 @-@ coach MW units were re @-@ designated T Stock . A trailer coach built in 1904 / 5 is stored at London Transport Museum 's Acton Depot , although it has been badly damaged by fire , and the Spa Valley Railway is home to two T stock coaches . = = = Other publications = = = = For Your Eyes Only ( film ) = For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) is the twelfth spy film in the James Bond series , and the fifth to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . It marked the directorial debut of John Glen , who had worked as editor and second unit director in three other Bond films . The screenplay by Richard Maibaum and Michael G. Wilson takes its characters and combines elements from the plots from two short stories from Ian Fleming 's For Your Eyes Only collection : the title story and " Risico " . In the plot , Bond attempts to locate a missile command system while becoming tangled in a web of deception spun by rival Greek businessmen along with Melina Havelock , a woman seeking to avenge the murder of her parents . Some writing elements were inspired by the novels Live and Let Die , Goldfinger and On Her Majesty 's Secret Service . After the science fiction @-@ focused Moonraker , the producers wanted a conscious return to the style of the early Bond films and the works of 007 creator Fleming . For Your Eyes Only followed a grittier , more realistic approach and a narrative theme of revenge and its consequences . Filming locations included Greece , Italy and England , while underwater footage was shot in The Bahamas . For Your Eyes Only was released on 24 June 1981 to a mixed critical reception ; the film was a financial success , generating $ 195 @.@ 3 million worldwide . This was the final Bond film to be distributed solely by United Artists ; the studio merged with Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer soon after this film 's release . = = Plot = = The British spy boat St Georges , which holds the Automatic Targeting Attack Communicator ( ATAC ) , the system used by the Ministry of Defence to communicate with and co @-@ ordinate the Royal Navy 's fleet of Polaris submarines , is sunk after accidentally trawling an old naval mine in the Ionian Sea . MI6 agent James Bond , code name " 007 " , is ordered by the Minister of Defence , Sir Frederick Gray and MI6 Chief of Staff , Bill Tanner , to retrieve the ATAC before the Soviets , as the transmitter could order attacks by the submarines ' Polaris ballistic missiles . The head of the KGB , General Gogol has also learnt of the fate of the St Georges and already notified his contact in Greece . A marine archaeologist , Sir Timothy Havelock , who had been asked by the British to secretly locate the St Georges , is murdered with his wife by a Cuban hitman , Hector Gonzales . Bond goes to Spain to find out who hired Gonzales . While spying on Gonzales ' villa , Bond is captured by his men , but manages to escape as Gonzales is killed by an arrow . Outside , he finds the assassin was Melina Havelock , the daughter of Sir Timothy , and the two escape . With the help of Q , Bond identifies the man he saw paying off Gonzales as Emile Leopold Locque , and then goes to Locque 's possible base in Italy . There Bond meets his contact , Luigi Ferrara , and a well @-@ connected Greek businessman and intelligence informant , Aris Kristatos , who tells Bond that Locque is employed by Milos Columbo , known as " the Dove " in the Greek underworld , Kristatos ' former resistance partner during the Second World War . After Bond goes with Kristatos ' protégée , figure skater Bibi Dahl , to a biathlon course , a group of three men , which includes East German biathlete Eric Kriegler , chases Bond , trying to kill him . Bond escapes , and then goes with Ferrara to bid Bibi farewell in an ice rink , where he fends off another attempt on his life by men in ice hockey gear . Ferrara is killed in his car , with a dove pin in his hand . Bond then travels to Corfu in pursuit of Columbo . There , at the casino , Bond meets with Kristatos and asks how to meet Columbo , not knowing that Columbo 's men are secretly recording their conversation . After Columbo and his mistress , Countess Lisl von Schlaf , argue , Bond offers to escort her home with Kristatos ' car and driver . The two then spend the night together . In the morning Lisl and Bond are ambushed by Locque and Lisl is killed . Bond is captured by Columbo 's men before Locque can kill him ; Columbo then tells Bond that Locque was actually hired by Kristatos , who is working for the KGB to retrieve the ATAC . Bond accompanies Columbo and his crew on a raid on one of Kristatos ' opium @-@ processing warehouses in Albania , where Bond uncovers naval mines similar to the one that sank the St Georges , suggesting it was not an accident . After the base is destroyed , Bond chases Locque and kills him . Afterwards , Bond meets with Melina , and they recover the ATAC from the wreckage of the St Georges , but Kristatos is waiting for them when they surface and he takes the ATAC . After the two escape an assassination attempt , they discover Kristatos ' rendezvous point when Melina 's parrot repeats the phrase " ATAC to St Cyril 's " . With the help of Columbo and his men , Bond and Melina break into St Cyril 's , an abandoned mountaintop monastery . As Columbo confronts Kristatos , Bond kills the biathlete Kriegler . Bond retrieves the ATAC system and stops Melina from killing Kristatos after he surrenders . Kristatos tries to kill Bond with a hidden flick knife , but is killed by a knife thrown by Columbo ; Gogol arrives by helicopter to collect the ATAC , but Bond destroys it first . Bond and Melina later spend a romantic evening aboard her father 's yacht . = = Cast = = Roger Moore as James Bond : MI6 agent 007 , who is sent to retrieve a stolen " ATAC " system that could be misused for controlling British military submarines . Carole Bouquet as Melina Havelock : The daughter of marine archaeologists who are murdered while tracking down the ATAC 's whereabouts . Bouquet had auditioned for the role of Holly Goodhead in Moonraker , but was unsuccessful . Julian Glover as Aristotle Kristatos : Initially shown as an ally , later as the main villain . A smuggler planning to expand his fortune by selling the ATAC to the KGB . Glover had been shortlisted as a possible Bond for Live and Let Die , eventually losing out to Moore . Chaim Topol ( credited as " Topol " ) as Milos Columbo : Kristatos ' former smuggling partner who assists Bond in his mission . Named after Gioacchino Colombo , the Ferrari engine designer , specifically Ferrari 125 , which Fleming admired . Topol suggested the pistachios as a trademark of the character , which are used in a scene to orient Columbo 's men on where to shoot . Lynn @-@ Holly Johnson as Bibi Dahl : An ice @-@ skating prodigy who is training with the financial support of Kristatos . Johnson was an ice skater before turning to acting , and achieved second place at the novice level of the 1974 United States Figure Skating Championships . Michael Gothard as Emile Leopold Locque : A Belgian hired killer and associate of Kristatos . Cassandra Harris as Countess Lisl von Schlaf : Columbo 's mistress . At the time of filming Harris was married to future Bond actor Pierce Brosnan , and the couple lunched with the film 's producer Albert R. Broccoli during filming . John Wyman as Erich Kriegler : An East German Olympic class athlete and Kristatos ' henchman / KGB contact . The academic Jeremy Black said that he resembles Hans of You Only Live Twice and Stamper of Tomorrow Never Dies . Desmond Llewelyn as Q , the head of MI6 's technical department . Jill Bennett as Jacoba Brink : Bibi 's skating coach . Jack Hedley as Sir Timothy Havelock : A marine archaeologist hired by the British Secret Service to secretly locate the wreck of St. Georges . Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny , M 's secretary . Geoffrey Keen as Sir Frederick Gray : The British Minister of Defence , a minister in the British government . The role , along with Bill Tanner as Chief of Staff , was used to brief Bond in place of M , following the death of Bernard Lee . James Villiers as MI6 Chief of Staff Bill Tanner . The role of Tanner first appeared on film in The Man with the Golden Gun , although in an un @-@ credited capacity . Villiers presumed he would play the role of M in subsequent films and was disappointed not to be asked ; the producers thought him too young for the role and wanted an actor in his 70s . John Moreno as Luigi Ferrara : 007 's MI6 contact in northern Italy . Walter Gotell as General Gogol : Head of the KGB . Toby Robins as Iona Havelock : Melina 's mother and wife of Sir Timothy . Jack Klaff as Apostis : One of Kristatos 's henchmen and chauffeur . Stefan Kalipha as Hector Gonzales : A Cuban hitman hired by Kristatos to kill the Havelocks . Charles Dance as Claus , an associate of Locque . The role was early in Dance 's career ; in 1989 he would play Ian Fleming in Anglia Television 's Goldeneye : The Secret Life of Ian Fleming , a dramatised portrayal of the life of Ian Fleming . Janet Brown as the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , who appears in the closing scene alongside John Wells as Denis . John Hollis as the " bald villain in wheelchair " , voiced by Robert Rietti . The character appears in the pre @-@ credits sequence and is both unnamed and uncredited . The character contains a number of characteristics of Ernst Stavro Blofeld , but could not be identified as such because of the legal reasons surrounding the Thunderball controversy with Kevin McClory claiming sole rights to the Blofeld character , a claim disputed by Eon . Bob Simmons , who previously portrayed Bond in the gun barrel sequences in the first three films and SPECTRE agent Colonel Jacques Bouvar in Thunderball , cameos as another villain as Gonzales ' henchman who falls victim to Bond 's exploding Lotus . = = Production = = For Your Eyes Only marked a change in the make up of the production crew : John Glen was promoted from his duties as a film editor to director , a position he would occupy for four subsequent films . The transition in directors resulted in a harder @-@ edged directorial style , with less emphasis on gadgetry and large action sequences in huge arenas ( as was favoured by Lewis Gilbert ) . Emphasis was placed on tension , plot and character in addition to a return to Bond 's more serious roots , whilst For Your Eyes Only " showed a clear attempt to activate some lapsed and inactive parts of the Bond mythology . " The film was also a deliberate effort to bring the series more back to reality , following the success of Moonraker in 1979 . As co @-@ writer Michael G. Wilson pointed out , " If we went through the path of Moonraker things would just get more outlandish , so we needed to get back to basics " . To that end , the story that emerged was simpler , not one in which the world was at risk , but returning the series to that of a Cold War thriller ; Bond would also rely more on his wits than gadgets to survive . Glen decided to symbolically represent it with a scene where Bond 's Lotus blows itself up and forces 007 to rely on Melina 's more humble Citroën 2CV . Since Ken Adam was busy with Pennies from Heaven , Peter Lamont , who had worked in the art department since Goldfinger , was promoted to production designer . Following a suggestion of Glen , Lamont created realistic scenery , instead of the elaborate set pieces for which the series had been known . = = = Writing = = = Richard Maibaum was once again the scriptwriter for the story , assisted by Michael G. Wilson . According to Wilson , the ideas from stories could have come from anyone as the outlines were worked out in committee that could include Broccoli , Maibaum , Wilson and stunt coordinators . Much of the inspiration for the stories for the film came from two Ian Fleming short stories from the collection For Your Eyes Only : Risico and For Your Eyes Only . Another set @-@ piece from the novel of Live and Let Die – the keelhauling – which was unused in the film of the same name , was also inserted into the plot . Other ideas from Fleming were also used in For Your Eyes Only , such as the Identigraph which comes from the novel Goldfinger , where it was originally called the " Identicast " . These elements from Fleming 's stories were mixed with a Cold War story centred on the macguffin of the ATAC . An initial treatment for “ For Your Eyes Only ” was submitted by Ronald Hardy , an English novelist and screenwriter in 1979 . Hardy ’ s treatment included the involvement of a character named Julia Havelock whose parents were assassinated by a man named Gonzales . For Your Eyes Only is noted for its pre @-@ title sequence , described variously as either " out @-@ of place and disappointing " or " roaringly enjoyable " . The scene was shot to introduce a potential new Bond to audiences , thus linking the new actor to elements from previous Bond films ( see casting , below ) . The sequence begins with Bond laying flowers at the grave of his wife Tracy Bond , before a Universal Exports helicopter picks him up for an emergency . Control of the helicopter is taken over by remote control by a bald man in a grey Nehru jacket with a white cat . This character is unnamed in either the film or the credits , although he looks and sounds like Ernst Stavro Blofeld as played by Donald Pleasence or Telly Savalas . Director John Glen referred to the identity of the villain obliquely : " We just let people use their imaginations and draw their own conclusions ... It 's a legal thing " . The character is deliberately not named due to copyright restrictions with Kevin McClory , who owned the film rights to Thunderball , which supposedly includes the character Ernst Stavro Blofeld , the organisation SPECTRE , and other material associated with the development of Thunderball . Eon disputed McClory 's ownership of the Blofeld character , but decided not to use him again : the scene was " a deliberate statement by Broccoli of his lack of need to use the character . " = = = Casting = = = Roger Moore had originally signed a three @-@ film contract with Eon Productions , which covered his first three appearances up to The Spy Who Loved Me . Subsequent to this , the actor negotiated contracts on a film @-@ by @-@ film basis . Uncertainty surrounding his involvement in For Your Eyes Only led to other actors being considered to take over , including Lewis Collins , known in the UK for his portrayal of Bodie in The Professionals ; Michael Billington , who previously appeared in The Spy Who Loved Me as Agent XXX 's ill @-@ fated lover , ( Billington 's screen test for For Your Eyes Only was one of the five occasions he auditioned for the role of Bond ) and Michael Jayston , who had appeared as the eponymous spy in the British TV series of Quiller ( Jayston eventually played Bond in a BBC Radio production of You Only Live Twice in 1985 ) . Eventually , however , this came to nothing , as Moore signed on to play Bond once again . Bernard Lee died in January 1981 , after filming had started on For Your Eyes Only , but before he could film his scenes as M , the head of MI6 , as he had done in the previous eleven films of the series . Out of respect , no new actor was hired to assume the role and , instead , the script was re @-@ written so that the character is said to be on leave , letting Chief of Staff Bill Tanner take over the role as acting head of MI6 and briefing Bond alongside the Minister of Defence . Chaim Topol was cast following a suggestion by Broccoli 's wife Dana , while Julian Glover joined the cast as the producers felt he was stylish – Glover was even considered to play Bond at some point , but Michael G. Wilson stated that " when we first thought of him he was too young , and by the time of For Your Eyes Only he was too old " . Carole Bouquet was a suggestion of United Artists publicist Jerry Juroe , and after Glen and Broccoli saw her in That Obscure Object of Desire , they went to Rome to invite Bouquet for the role of Melina . = = = Filming = = = Production of For Your Eyes Only began on 2 September 1980 in the North Sea , with three days shooting exterior scenes with the St Georges . The interiors were shot later in Pinewood Studios , as well as the ship 's explosion , which was done with a miniature in Pinewood 's tank on the 007 Stage . On 15 September principal photography started on Corfu at the Villa Sylva at Kanoni , above Corfu Town , which acted as the location of the Spanish villa . Many of the local houses were painted white for scenographic reasons . Glen opted to use the local slopes and olive trees for the chase scene between Melina 's Citroën 2CV and Gonzales ' men driving Peugeot 504s . The scene was shot across twelve days , with stunt driver Rémy Julienne – who would remain in the series up until GoldenEye – driving the Citroën . Four 2CVs were used , with modifications for the stunts – all had more powerful flat @-@ four engines , and one received a special revolving plate on its roof so it could get turned upside down . In October filming moved to other Greek locations , including Metéora and the Achilleion . In November , the main unit moved to England , which included interior work in Pinewood , while the second unit shot underwater scenes in The Bahamas . On 1 January 1981 , production moved to Cortina D 'Ampezzo in Italy , where filming wrapped in February . Since it was not snowing in Cortina D 'Ampezzo by the time of filming , the producers had to pay for trucks to bring snow from nearby mountains , which was then dumped in the city 's streets . Many of the underwater scenes , especially involving close @-@ ups of Bond and Melina , were actually faked on a dry soundstage . A combination of lighting effects , slow @-@ motion photography , wind , and bubbles added in post @-@ production , gave the illusion of the actors being underwater . Actress Carole Bouquet reportedly had a pre @-@ existing health condition that prevented her from performing actual underwater stunt work . Actual aquatic scenes were done by a team lead by Al Giddings , who had previously worked on The Deep , and filmed in either Pinewood 's tank on the 007 Stage or an underwater set built in the Bahamas . Production designer Peter Lamont and his team developed two working props for the submarine Neptune , as well as a mock @-@ up with a fake bottom . Roger Moore was reluctant to film the scene of Bond kicking a car , with Locque inside , over the edge of a cliff , saying that it " was Bond @-@ like , but not Roger Moore Bond @-@ like . " Michael G. Wilson later said that Moore had to be persuaded to be more ruthless than he felt comfortable . Wilson also added that he and Richard Maibaum , along with John Glen , toyed with other ideas surrounding that scene , but ultimately everyone , even Moore , agreed to do the scene as originally written . For the Meteora shoots , a Greek bishop was paid to allow filming in the monasteries , but the uninformed Eastern Orthodox monks were mostly critical of production rolling in their installations . After a trial in the Greek Supreme Court , it was decided that the monks ' only property were the interiors – the exteriors and surrounding landscapes were from the local government . In protest , the monks remained shut inside the monasteries during the shooting , and tried to sabotage production as much as possible , hanging their washing out of their windows and covering the principal monastery with plastic bunting and flags to spoil the shots , and placing oil drums to prevent the film crew from landing helicopters . The production team solved the problem with back lighting , matte paintings , and building both a similar scenographic monastery on a nearby unoccupied rock , and a monastery set in Pinewood . Roger Moore said he had a great fear of heights , and to do the climbing in Greece , he resorted to moderate drinking to calm his nerves . Later in that same sequence , Rick Sylvester , a stuntman who had previously performed the pre @-@ credits ski jump in The Spy Who Loved Me , undertook the stunt of Bond falling off the side of the cliff . The stunt was dangerous , since the sudden rope jerk at the bottom could be fatal . Special effects supervisor Derek Meddings developed a system that would dampen the stop , but Sylvester recalled that his nerves nearly got the better of him : " From where we were [ shooting ] , you could see the local cemetery ; and the box [ to stop my fall ] looked like a casket . You didn 't need to be an English major to connect the dots . " The stunt went off without a problem . Bond veteran cameraman and professional skier Willy Bogner , Jr. was promoted to director of a second unit involving ski footage . Bogner designed the ski chase on the bobsleigh track of Cortina d 'Ampezzo hoping to surpass his work in both On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and The Spy Who Loved Me . To allow better filming , Bogner developed both a system where he was attached to a bobsleigh , allowing to film the vehicle or behind it , and a set of skis that allowed him to ski forwards and backwards to get the best shots . In February 1981 , on the final day of filming the bobsleigh chase , one of the stuntmen driving a sleigh , 23 @-@ year @-@ old Paolo Rigon , was killed when he became trapped under the bob . The pre @-@ credits sequence used a church in Stoke Poges as a cemetery , while the helicopter scenes were filmed at the abandoned Beckton Gas Works in London . The gas works were also the location for some of Stanley Kubrick 's 1987 film , Full Metal Jacket . Director John Glen got the idea for the remote @-@ controlled helicopter after seeing a child playing with an RC car . Since flying a helicopter through a warehouse was thought to be too dangerous , the scene was shot using forced perspective . A smaller mock @-@ up was built by Derek Meddings ' team closer to the camera that the stunt pilot Marc Wolff flew behind and this made it seem as if the helicopter was entering the warehouse . The footage inside the building was shot on location , though with a life @-@ sized helicopter model which stood over a rail . Stuntman Martin Grace stood as Bond when the agent is dangling outside the flying helicopter , while Roger Moore himself was used in the scenes inside the model . = = = Music = = = The score of For Your Eyes Only was written by Bill Conti , who retained a number of John Barry @-@ influenced brass elements in the score , but also added elements of dance and funk music . Whilst one reviewer observed that " Bill Conti 's score is a constant source of annoyance " , another claimed that " In the end , For Your Eyes Only stands as one of the best James Bond film scores of the 1980s . " The title song , written by Conti and Michael Leeson , was sung by Sheena Easton , who holds the distinction of being the first title song artist to appear on screen in a Bond film , as designer Maurice Binder liked Easton 's appearance and decided to add her to the opening credits . The producers of the film wanted Blondie to perform the title song : the band wrote a song titled " For Your Eyes Only " , but decided to decline the offer when they discovered the producers wanted a recording of Conti 's song instead . Blondie 's song can be found on their 1982 album , The Hunter . = = Release and reception = = For Your Eyes Only was premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 24 June 1981 , setting an all @-@ time opening @-@ day record for any film at any cinema in the UK with a gross of £ 14 @,@ 998 ( £ 51 @,@ 844 in 2016 pounds ) — ( $ 29 @,@ 696 ) . The film went on general release in the UK the same day . For Your Eyes Only had its North American premiere in the US and Canada on Friday , 26 June , at approximately 1 @,@ 100 cinemas . The film grossed $ 54 @.@ 8 million in the United States , ( equivalent to $ 101 @.@ 5 million at 2011 ticket prices or $ 143 million in 2016 dollars , adjusted for general inflation ) and $ 195 @.@ 3 million worldwide , becoming the second highest grossing Bond film after its predecessor , Moonraker . This was the last James Bond film to be solely released by United Artists . Following the MGM and United Artists merger , the films were released by " MGM / UA Distribution Co " . The promotional cinema poster for the film featured a woman holding a crossbow ; she was photographed from behind , and her outfit left the bottom half of her buttocks exposed . The effect was achieved by having the model wear a pair of bikini bottoms backwards , so that the part seen on her backside is actually the front of the suit . The poster caused some furore — largely in the US — with The Boston Globe and the Los Angeles Times considering the poster so unsuitable they edited out everything above the knee , whilst the Pittsburgh Press editors painted a pair of shorts over the legs . There was significant speculation as to the identity of the model before photographer Morgan Kane identified her as Joyce Bartle . A number of items of merchandising were issued to coincide with the film , including a 007 digital watch and a copy of Melina 's Citroën 2CV by Corgi Toys . Citroën itself produced a special " 007 " edition of the 2CV , which even had decorative bullet holes on the door . Marvel Comics also did a comic book adaptation ( see section below ) . = = = Contemporary reviews = = = Derek Malcolm in The Guardian disliked the film , saying it was " too long ... and pretty boring between the stunts " , although he admitted that the stunts were of a high quality . According to Malcolm , Bond " inhabits a fantasy @-@ land of more or less bloodless violence , groinless sex and naivety masked as superior sophistication " , with Moore playing him as if in a " nicely lubricated daze " . Although Malcolm tipped the film for international box office success , he observed that he " can 't quite see why the series has lasted so long and so strong in people 's affections . " Writing in The Observer , Philip French commented that " not for the first time the pre @-@ credits sequence is the best thing about the film . " French was dismissive of Moore 's Bond , saying that Bond was " impersonated by Moore " and referred to Moore 's advancing years . Ian Christie , writing in the Daily Express , said that it was not " much of a plot , but it has a touch of credibility which is a welcome change from some of its predecessors . " Overall , Christie thought , For Your Eyes Only was " one of the better Bonds , with a nice balance between humour and excitement and the usual bevy of beautiful girls . " Christie 's colleague in the Sunday Express , Richard Barkley praised the film , saying that For Your Eyes Only " is one of the most exciting yet " . Barkley describes Moore 's Bond as having an " accustomed debonair calm and quiet authority " . All told , Barkley thought " this Bond movie is smashing entertainment . " David Robinson , writing in The Times bemoaned the fact that the " dramatic bits between the set pieces don 't count for much . " Like other critics at the time his praise was more directed towards the stunt crews ; they were " better than ever in this one . " The film critic for the magazine Time Out was brief and pithy : " no plot and poor dialogue , and Moore really is old enough to be the uncle of those girls . " For the US press , Gary Arnold in The Washington Post thought the film was " undeniably easy on the eyes " , and further added " maybe too easy to prevent the mind from wandering and the lids from drooping . " Arnold was also critical of the large set pieces , calling them " more ponderous than sensational " and that there was " no equivalent of the classic action highlights that can be recalled readily from " From Russia , With Love " or " You Only Live Twice " or " The Spy Who Loved Me " or " Moonraker . " This is a Bond waiting for something inspired to push it over the top . " The New York Times critic Vincent Canby said that " For Your Eyes Only is not the best of the series by a long shot " although he does say that the film is " slick entertainment " with a tone that is " consistently comic even when the material is not . " Jack Kroll in Newsweek dismissed the film , saying it was " an anthology of action episodes held together by the thinnest of plot lines " , although he does concede that these set pieces are " terrific in their exhilaratingly absurd energy . " For Time magazine , Richard Corliss concentrated on the stunts , saying the team " have devised some splendid optional features for For Your Eyes Only " whilst also commenting on Roger Moore , saying that his " mannequin good looks and waxed @-@ fruit insouciance " show him to be " the best @-@ oiled cog in this perpetual motion machine . " Jay Scott of The Globe and Mail included it on his list of the year 's worst films , calling it " repellant " and " ambitiously bad " . French filmmaker Robert Bresson admired the film . " It filled me with wonder because of its cinematographic writing ... if I could have seen it twice in a row and again the next day , I would have done . " Elsewhere Bresson said he also loved the film 's ski chase . = = = Reflective reviews = = = Opinion on For Your Eyes Only has not changed with the passing of time and the reviews are still mixed : as of October 2015 , the film holds a 74 % ' fresh ' rating from Rotten Tomatoes , being ranked twelfth among the 22 Bond films . Ian Nathan of Empire gives the film only two of a possible five stars , observing that the film " still ranks as one of the most forgettable Bonds on record . " In 2006 , IGN chose For Your Eyes Only as the sixth best Bond film , claiming it is " a good old @-@ fashioned espionage tale " , a placement shared by Norman Wilner of MSN , who considered it " the one Moore film that seems to reach back to Connery 's heyday " , and Entertainment Weekly chose it as the tenth best in 2008 , saying it was a " return to low @-@ tech , low @-@ key Bond [ with ] ... some of the best stunts since the early days " . In October 2008 Time Out re @-@ issued a review of For Your Eyes Only and observed that the film is " admirable in intent " but that it " feels a little spare " , largely because the plot has been " divested of the bells and whistles that hallmark the franchise " . James Berardinelli wrote that the film was " a solid adventure , although it could have been better " , while Danny Peary thought " There are exciting moments , but most of it is standard Bond fare , " going on to describe For Your Eyes Only as " an attempt to mix spectacle with [ the ] tough , believable storylines of early Bond films ... [ it ] is enjoyable while you 're watching it . Afterward , it 's one of the most forgettable of the Bond series . " Raymond Benson , the author of nine Bond novels , thought For Your Eyes Only was Roger Moore 's best Bond film . Although Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly ranks Carole Bouquet playing Melina as the " worst babe " of the seven Roger Moore James Bond films , his colleague , Joshua Rich disagreed , putting her tenth in the overall 10 Best Bond Girls listing from the 21 films released up to that point . Entertainment Weekly also ranked Lynn @-@ Holly Johnson as Bibi Dahl as ninth on their list of the 10 worst Bond girls from the 21 films that had been released . After 20 films had been released , IGN ranked Bouquet as fifth in their ' top 10 Bond Babes ' list , and The Times thought she was sixth on their list of the Top 10 most fashionable Bond girls after 21 films had been released . = = = Accolades = = = The song " For Your Eyes Only " was nominated for a Best Original Song at the 39th Golden Globe Awards and Best Original Song at the 1981 Academy Awards , losing out at both ceremonies to " Arthur 's Theme " from the film Arthur . However , the 1981 Academy Awards ceremony did see the presenting of the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award to producer Albert R. Broccoli . The Writers Guild of America nominated the script by Michael G. Wilson and Richard Maibaum for Best Adapted Screenplay – Comedy or Musical Picture . = = Comic book adaptation = = As part of the merchandising of For Your Eyes Only , Marvel Comics published a two @-@ issue comic book adaptation of the film . The first issue was released in October 1981 and was soon followed by the second issue in November of the same year . Both issues of the adaptation were written by Larry Hama , pencilled by Howard Chaykin , inked by Vincent Colletta and edited by Dennis O 'Neil . It was the second film in the series to have a comic book tie @-@ in , following a Dr. No comic in 1962 . Marvel Comics would go on to publish an Octopussy comic book adaptation in 1983 . = Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System = The Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System ( TAPS ) includes the trans @-@ Alaska crude @-@ oil pipeline , 12 pump stations , several hundred miles of feeder pipelines , and the Valdez Marine Terminal . TAPS is one of the world 's largest pipeline systems . It is commonly called the Alaska pipeline , trans @-@ Alaska pipeline , or Alyeska pipeline , ( or the pipeline as referred to in Alaska ) , but those terms technically apply only to the 800 miles ( 1 @,@ 287 km ) of the pipeline with the diameter of 48 inches ( 122 cm ) that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay , to Valdez , Alaska . The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company . The pipeline was built between 1974 and 1977 after the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States . This rise made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible . Environmental , legal , and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968 , and the pipeline was built only after the oil crisis provoked the passage of legislation designed to remove legal challenges to the project . The task of building the pipeline had to address a wide range of difficulties , stemming mainly from the extreme cold and the difficult , isolated terrain . The construction of the pipeline was one of the first large @-@ scale projects to deal with problems caused by permafrost , and special construction techniques had to be developed to cope with the frozen ground . The project attracted tens of thousands of workers to Alaska , causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez , Fairbanks , and Anchorage . The first barrel of oil traveled through the pipeline in 1977 , and full @-@ scale production began by the end of the year . Several notable incidents of oil leakage have occurred since , including those caused by sabotage , maintenance failures , and bullet holes . As of 2010 , the pipeline has shipped almost 16 billion barrels ( 2 @.@ 5 × 109 m3 ) of oil . = = Origins = = Iñupiat people on the North Slope of Alaska had mined oil @-@ saturated peat for possibly thousands of years , using it as fuel for heat and light . Whalers who stayed at Point Barrow saw the substance the Iñupiat called pitch and recognized it as petroleum . Charles Brower , a whaler who settled at Barrow and operated trading posts along the arctic coast , directed geologist Alfred Hulse Brooks to oil seepages at Cape Simpson and Fish Creek in the far north of Alaska , east of the village of Barrow . Brooks ' report confirmed the observations of Thomas Simpson , an officer of the Hudson 's Bay Company who first observed the seepages in 1836 . Similar seepages were found at the Canning River in 1919 by Ernest de Koven Leffingwell . Following the First World War , as the United States Navy converted its ships from coal to fuel oil , the importance of securing a stable supply of oil became important to the U.S. government . Accordingly , President Warren G. Harding established by executive order a series of Naval Petroleum Reserves ( NPR @-@ 1 through -4 ) across the United States . These reserves were areas thought to be rich in oil and set aside for future drilling by the U.S. Navy . Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 was sited in Alaska 's far north , just south of Barrow , and encompassed 23 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 93 @,@ 078 km2 ) . Other Naval Petroleum Reserves were embroiled in controversy over government corruption in the Teapot Dome Scandal . The first explorations of NPR @-@ 4 were undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1923 to 1925 and focused on mapping , identifying and characterizing coal resources in the western portion of the reserve and petroleum exploration in the eastern and northern portions of the reserve . These surveys were primarily pedestrian in nature ; no drilling or remote sensing techniques were available at the time . These surveys named many of the geographic features of the areas explored , including the Philip Smith Mountains and quadrangle . These efforts are summarized in . The petroleum reserve lay dormant until the Second World War provided an impetus to explore new oil prospects . The first renewed efforts to identify strategic oil assets were a two pronged survey using bush aircraft , local Inupiat guides , and personnel from multiple agencies to locate reported seeps . Ebbley and Joesting reported on these initial forays in 1943 Starting in 1944 , the U.S. Navy funded oil exploration near Umiat Mountain , on the Colville River in the foothills of the Brooks Range . Surveyors from the U.S. Geological Survey spread across the petroleum reserve and worked to determine its extent until 1953 , when the Navy suspended funding for the project . The USGS found several oil fields , most notably the Alpine and Umiat Oil Field , but none were cost @-@ effective to develop . Four years after the Navy suspended its survey , Richfield Oil Corporation ( later Atlantic Richfield and ARCO ) drilled an enormously successful oil well near the Swanson River in southern Alaska , near Kenai . The resulting Swanson River Oil Field was Alaska 's first major commercially producing oil field , and it spurred the exploration and development of many others . By 1965 , five oil and 11 natural gas fields had been developed . This success and the previous Navy exploration of its petroleum reserve led petroleum engineers to the conclusion that the area of Alaska north of the Brooks Range surely held large amounts of oil and gas . The problems came from the area 's remoteness and harsh climate . It was estimated that between 200 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 barrels ( 32 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) and 500 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 barrels ( 79 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) of oil would have to be recovered to make a North Slope oil field commercially viable . In 1967 , Atlantic Richfield ( ARCO ) began detailed survey work in the Prudhoe Bay area . By January 1968 , reports began circulating that natural gas had been discovered by a discovery well . On March 12 , 1968 , an Atlantic Richfield drilling crew hit paydirt . A discovery well began flowing at the rate of 1 @,@ 152 barrels ( 183 @.@ 2 m3 ) of oil per day . On June 25 , ARCO announced that a second discovery well likewise was producing oil at a similar rate . Together , the two wells confirmed the existence of the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field . The new field contained more than 25 billion barrels ( 4 @.@ 0 × 10 ^ 9 m3 ) of oil , making it the largest in North America and the 18th largest in the world . The problem soon became how to develop the oil field and ship product to U.S. markets . Pipeline systems represent a high initial cost but lower operating costs , but no pipeline of the length needed had yet been constructed . Several other solutions were offered . Boeing proposed a series of gigantic 12 @-@ engine tanker aircraft to transport oil from the field , the Boeing RC @-@ 1 . General Dynamics proposed a line of tanker submarines for travel beneath the Arctic ice cap , and another group proposed extending the Alaska Railroad to Prudhoe Bay . Ice breaking oil tankers were proposed to transport the oil directly from Prudhoe Bay . In 1969 , Humble Oil and Refining Company sent a specially fitted oil tanker , the SS Manhattan , to test the feasibility of transporting oil via ice @-@ breaking tankers to market . The Manhattan was fitted with an ice @-@ breaking bow , powerful engines , and hardened propellers before successfully traveling the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Beaufort Sea . During the voyage , the ship suffered damage to several of its cargo holds , which flooded with seawater . Wind @-@ blown ice forced the Manhattan to change its intended route from the M 'Clure Strait to the smaller Prince of Wales Strait . It was escorted back through the Northwest Passage by a Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker , the CCGS John A. Macdonald . Although the Manhattan successfully transited the Northwest Passage again in the summer of 1970 , the concept was considered too risky . A pipeline was thus the only viable system for transporting the oil to the nearest port free of pack @-@ ice , almost 800 miles ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) away at Valdez . = = Forming Alyeska = = In February 1969 , before the SS Manhattan had even sailed from its East Coast starting point , the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System ( TAPS ) , an unincorporated joint group created by ARCO , British Petroleum , and Humble Oil in October 1968 , asked for permission from the United States Department of the Interior to begin geological and engineering studies of a proposed oil pipeline route from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez , across Alaska . Even before the first feasibility studies began , the oil companies had chosen the approximate route of the pipeline . Permission was given , and teams of engineers began drilling core samples and surveying in Alaska . Because TAPS hoped to begin laying pipe by September 1969 , substantial orders were placed for steel pipeline 48 inches ( 122 cm ) in diameter . No American company manufactured pipe of that specification , so three Japanese companies — Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd . , Nippon Steel Corporation , and Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha — received a $ 100 million contract for more than 800 miles ( 1280 km ) of pipeline . At the same time , TAPS placed a $ 30 million order for the first of the enormous pumps that would be needed to push the oil through the pipeline . In June 1969 , as the SS Manhattan traveled through the Northwest Passage , TAPS formally applied to the Interior Department for a permit to build an oil pipeline across 800 miles ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) of public land — from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez . The application was for a 100 @-@ foot ( 30 @.@ 5 m ) wide right of way to build a subterranean 48 @-@ inch ( 122 @-@ centimeter ) pipeline including 11 pumping stations . Another right of way was requested to build a construction and maintenance highway paralleling the pipeline . A document of just 20 pages contained all of the information TAPS had collected about the route up to that stage in its surveying . The Interior Department responded by sending personnel to analyze the proposed route and plan . Max Brewer , an arctic expert in charge of the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory at Barrow , concluded that the plan to bury most of the pipeline was completely unfeasible because of the abundance of permafrost along the route . In a report , Brewer said the hot oil conveyed by the pipeline would melt the underlying permafrost , causing the pipeline to fail as its support turned to mud . This report was passed along to the appropriate committees of the U.S. House and Senate , which had to approve the right @-@ of @-@ way proposal because it asked for more land than authorized in the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 and because it would break a development freeze imposed in 1966 by former Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall . Udall imposed the freeze on any projects involving land claimed by Alaska Natives in hopes that an overarching Native claims settlement would result . In the fall of 1969 , the Department of the Interior and TAPS set about bypassing the land freeze by obtaining waivers from the various native villages that had claims to a portion of the proposed right of way . By the end of September , all the relevant villages had waived their right @-@ of @-@ way claims , and Secretary of the Interior Wally Hickel asked Congress to lift the land freeze for the entire TAPS project . After several months of questioning by the House and Senate committees with oversight of the project , Hickel was given the authority to lift the land freeze and give the go @-@ ahead to TAPS . TAPS began issuing letters of intent to contractors for construction of the " haul road " , a highway running the length of the pipeline route to be used for construction . Heavy equipment was prepared , and crews prepared to go to work after Hickel gave permission and the snow melted . Before Hickel could act , however , several Alaska Native and conservation groups asked a judge in Washington , D.C. to issue an injunction against the project continuing . Several of the native villages that had waived claims on the right of way reneged because TAPS had not chosen any Native contractors for the project , and the contractors chosen were not likely to hire Native workers . On April 1 , 1970 , Judge George Luzerne Hart , Jr . , of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia , ordered the Interior Department to not issue a construction permit for a section of the project that crossed one of the claims . Less than two weeks later , Hart heard arguments from conservation groups that the TAPS project violated the Mineral Leasing Act and the National Environmental Policy Act , which had gone into effect at the start of the year . Hart issued an injunction against the project , preventing the Interior Department from issuing a construction permit and halting the project in its tracks . After the Department of the Interior was stopped from issuing a construction permit , the unincorporated TAPS consortium was reorganized into the new incorporated Alyeska Pipeline Service Company . Former Humble Oil manager Edward L. Patton was put in charge of the new company and began to lobby strongly in favor of an Alaska Native claims settlement to resolve the disputes over the pipeline right of way . = = Opposition = = Opposition to construction of the pipeline primarily came from two sources : Alaska Native groups and conservationists . Alaska Natives were upset that the pipeline would cross the land traditionally claimed by a variety of native groups , but no economic benefits would accrue to them directly . Conservationists were angry at what they saw as an incursion into America 's last wilderness . Both opposition movements launched legal campaigns to halt the pipeline and were successful in preventing construction from 1970 to 1973 . = = = Conservation objections = = = Although conservation groups and environmental organizations had voiced opposition to the pipeline project before 1970 , the introduction of the National Environmental Policy Act allowed them legal grounds to halt the project . Arctic engineers had raised concerns about the way plans for a subterranean pipeline showed ignorance of Arctic engineering and permafrost in particular . A clause in NEPA requiring a study of alternatives and another clause requiring an environmental impact statement turned those concerns into tools used by the Wilderness Society , Friends of the Earth , and the Environmental Defense Fund in their spring 1970 lawsuit to stop the project . Due to the injunction against the project , Alyeska was forced to do further research throughout the summer of 1970 . The collected material was turned over to the Interior Department in October 1970 , and a draft environmental impact statement was published in January 1971 . The statement met with massive criticism from almost the moment it was released . The statement amounted to 294 pages but generated more than 12 @,@ 000 pages of testimony and evidence in Congressional debates by the end of March . Criticisms of the project included its effect on the Alaska tundra , possible pollution , harm to animals , geographic features , and the lack of much engineering information from Alyeska . One element of opposition the report quelled was the discussion of alternatives . All the proposed alternatives — extension of the Alaska Railroad , an alternative route through Canada , establishing a port at Prudhoe Bay , and more — were deemed to pose more environmental risks than construction of a pipeline directly across Alaska . Opposition also was directed at the building of the construction and maintenance highway parallel to the pipeline . Although a clause in Alyeska 's pipeline proposal called for removal of the pipeline at a certain point , no such provision was made for removal of the road . Sydney Howe , president of the Conservation Foundation , warned : " The oil might last for fifty years . A road would remain forever . " This argument relied upon the slow growth of plants and animals in far northern Alaska due to the harsh conditions and short growing season . In testimony , an environmentalist argued that arctic trees , though only a few feet tall , had been seedlings " when George Washington was inaugurated " . The portion of the environmental debate with the biggest symbolic impact took place when discussing the pipeline 's impact on caribou herds . Environmentalists proposed that the pipeline would have an effect on caribou similar to the effect of the U.S. transcontinental railroad on the American Bison population of North America . Pipeline critics said the pipeline would block traditional migration routes , making caribou populations smaller and making them easier to hunt . This idea was exploited in anti @-@ pipeline advertising , most notably when a picture of a forklift carrying several legally shot caribou was emblazoned with the slogan , " There is more than one way to get caribou across the Alaska Pipeline " . The use of caribou as an example of the pipeline 's environmental effects reached a peak in the spring of 1971 , when the draft environmental statement was being debated . = = = Native objections = = = In 1902 , the United States Department of Agriculture set aside 16 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 64 @,@ 750 km2 ) of Southeast Alaska as the Tongass National Forest . Tlingit natives who lived in the area protested that the land was theirs and had been unfairly taken . In 1935 , Congress passed a law allowing the Tlingits to sue for recompense , and the resulting case dragged on until 1968 , when a $ 7 @.@ 5 million settlement was reached . Following the Native lawsuit to halt work on the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline , this precedent was frequently mentioned in debate , causing pressure to resolve the situation more quickly than the 33 years it had taken for the Tlingits to be satisfied . Between 1968 and 1971 , a succession of bills were introduced into the U.S. Congress to compensate statewide Native claims . The earliest bill offered $ 7 million , but this was flatly rejected . The Alaska Federation of Natives , which had been created in 1966 , hired former United States Supreme Court justice Arthur Goldberg , who suggested that a settlement should include 40 million acres ( 160 @,@ 000 km2 ) of land and a payment of $ 500 million . The issue remained at a standstill until Alyeska began lobbying in favor of a Native claims act in Congress in order to lift the legal injunction against pipeline construction . In October 1971 , President Richard Nixon signed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ( ANCSA ) . Under the act , Native groups would renounce their land claims in exchange for $ 962 @.@ 5 million and 148 @.@ 5 million acres ( 601 @,@ 000 km2 ) in federal land . The money and land were split up among village and regional corporations , which then distributed shares of stock to Natives in the region or village . The shares paid dividends based on both the settlement and corporation profits . To pipeline developers , the most important aspect of ANCSA was the clause dictating that no Native allotments could be selected in the path of the pipeline . = = Legal issues and politics = = Alyeska and the oil companies fought objections to the pipeline 's construction in both the courts and in Congress , where debates about the pipeline 's environmental impact statement continued through 1971 . Objections about the caribou herds were countered by observations of Davidson Ditch , a water pipeline with the same diameter of the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline , which caribou were able to jump over . To those who argued that the pipeline would irrevocably alter Alaska wilderness , proponents pointed to the overgrown remnants of the Fairbanks Gold Rush , most of which had been erased 70 years later . Some pipeline opponents were satisfied by Alyeska 's preliminary design , which incorporated underground and raised crossings for caribou and other big game , gravel and styrofoam insulation to prevent permafrost melting , automatic leak detection and shutoff , and other techniques . Other opponents , including fishermen who feared tanker leaks south of Valdez , maintained their disagreement with the plan . All the arguments both for and against the pipeline were incorporated into the 3 @,@ 500 @-@ page , 9 @-@ volume final environmental impact statement , which was released on March 20 , 1972 . Although Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens felt the statement " was not written by a proponent , " it maintained the general approval for pipeline construction that was demonstrated in the draft statement . U.S. Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton allowed 45 – days of comment after the release , and conservationists created a 1 @,@ 300 @-@ page document opposing the impact statement . This document failed to sway Judge Hart , who lifted the injunction on the project on August 15 , 1972 . The environmental groups that had filed the injunction appealed the decision , and on October 6 , 1972 , the U.S. District Court of Appeals in Washington , D.C. partially reversed Hart 's decision . The appeals court said that although the impact statement followed the guidelines set by the National Environmental Policy Act , it did not follow the Minerals Leasing Act , which allowed for a smaller pipeline right of way than was required for the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline . The oil companies and Alyeska appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court , but in April 1973 , the court declined to hear the case . = = = Congressional issues = = = With the appeals court having decided that the Minerals Leasing Act did not cover the pipeline 's requirements , Alyeska and the oil companies began lobbying Congress to either amend the act or create a new law that would permit a larger right @-@ of @-@ way . The Senate Interior Committee began the first hearings on a series of bills to that effect on March 9 , 1973 . Environmental opposition switched from contesting the pipeline on NEPA grounds to fighting an amendment to the leasing act or a new bill . By the spring and summer of 1973 , these opposition groups attempted to persuade Congress to endorse a Trans @-@ Canada oil pipeline or a railroad . They believed the " leave it in the ground " argument was doomed to fail , and the best way to oppose the pipeline would be to propose an ineffective alternative which could be easily defeated . The problem with this approach was that any such alternative would cover more ground and be more damaging environmentally than the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline . Hearings in both the U.S. Senate and the House continued through the summer of 1973 on both new bills and amendments to the Mineral Leasing Act . On July 13 , an amendment calling for more study of the project — the Mondale @-@ Bayh Amendment — was defeated . This was followed by another victory for pipeline proponents when an amendment by Alaska Sen. Mike Gravel was passed by the Senate . The amendment declared that the pipeline project fulfilled all aspects of NEPA and modified the Mineral Leasing Act to allow the larger right @-@ of @-@ way for the Alaska pipeline . Upon reconsideration , the vote was tied at 49 – 49 and required the vote of vice president Spiro Agnew , who supported the amendment . A similar amendment was passed in the House on August 2 . = = = Oil crisis and authorization act = = = On October 17 , 1973 , the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries announced an oil embargo against the United States in retaliation for its support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War . Because the United States imported approximately 35 percent of its oil from foreign sources , the embargo had a major effect . The price of gasoline shot upward , gasoline shortages were common , and rationing was considered . Most Americans began demanding a solution to the problem , and President Richard Nixon began lobbying for the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline as at least a part of the answer . Nixon supported the pipeline project even before the oil crisis . On September 10 , 1973 , he released a message stating that the pipeline was his priority for the remainder of the Congressional session that year . On November 8 , after the embargo had been in place for three weeks , he reaffirmed that statement . Members of Congress , under pressure from their constituents , created the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act , which removed all legal barriers from construction of the pipeline , provided financial incentives , and granted a right @-@ of @-@ way for its construction . The act was drafted , rushed through committee , and approved by the House on November 12 , 1973 , by a vote of 361 – 14 – 60 . The next day , the Senate passed it , 80 – 5 – 15 . Nixon signed it into law on November 16 , and a federal right @-@ of @-@ way for the pipeline and transportation highway was granted on January 3 , 1974 . The deal was signed by the oil companies on January 23 , allowing work to start . = = Construction = = Although the legal right @-@ of @-@ way was cleared by January 1974 , cold weather , the need to hire workers , and construction of the Dalton Highway meant work on the pipeline itself did not begin until March . Between 1974 and July 22 , 1977 , when the first barrel of oil reached Valdez , tens of thousands of people worked on the pipeline . Thousands of workers came to Alaska , attracted by the prospect of high @-@ paying jobs at a time when most of the rest of the United States was undergoing a recession . Construction workers endured long hours , cold temperatures , and brutal conditions . Difficult terrain , particularly in Atigun Pass , Keystone Canyon , and near the Sagavanirktok River forced workers to come up with solutions for unforeseen problems . Faulty welds and accusations of poor quality control caused a Congressional investigation that ultimately revealed little . More than $ 8 billion was spent to build the 800 miles ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) of pipeline , the Valdez Marine Terminal , and 12 pump stations . The construction effort also had a human toll . Thirty @-@ two Alyeska and contract employees died from causes directly related to construction . That figure does not include common carrier casualties . = = Impact = = The construction of the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System and its completion in 1977 had an immense effect on Alaska , the United States , and the rest of the world . Its impact has included economic , physical , and social repercussions running the gamut from life in small towns to the global oil market . = = = Boomtowns = = = Construction of the pipeline caused a massive economic boom in towns up and down the pipeline route . Prior to construction , most residents in towns like Fairbanks — still recovering from the devastating 1967 Fairbanks Flood — strongly supported the pipeline . By 1976 , after the town 's residents had endured a spike in crime , overstressed public infrastructure , and an influx of people unfamiliar with Alaska customs , 56 percent said the pipeline had changed Fairbanks for the worse . The boom was even greater in Valdez , where the population jumped from 1 @,@ 350 in 1974 to 6 @,@ 512 by the summer of 1975 and 8 @,@ 253 in 1976 . This increase in population caused many adverse effects . Home prices skyrocketed — a home that sold for $ 40 @,@ 000 in 1974 was purchased for $ 80 @,@ 000 in 1975 . In Valdez , lots of land that sold for $ 400 in the late 1960s went for $ 4 @,@ 000 in 1973 , $ 8 @,@ 000 in 1974 , and $ 10 @,@ 000 in 1975 . Home and apartment rentals were correspondingly squeezed upward by the rising prices and the demand from pipeline workers . Two @-@ room log cabins with no plumbing rented for $ 500 per month . One two @-@ bedroom home in Fairbanks housed 45 pipeline workers who shared beds on a rotating schedule for $ 40 per week . In Valdez , an apartment that rented for $ 286 per month in December 1974 cost $ 520 per month in March 1975 and $ 1 @,@ 600 per month — plus two mandatory roommates — in April 1975 . Hotel rooms were sold out as far away as Glenallen , 115 miles ( 185 km ) north of Valdez . The skyrocketing prices were driven by the high salaries paid to pipeline workers , who were eager to spend their money . The high salaries caused a corresponding demand for higher wages among non @-@ pipeline workers in Alaska . Non @-@ pipeline businesses often could not keep up with the demand for higher wages , and job turnover was high . Yellow cab in Fairbanks had a turnover rate of 800 percent ; a nearby restaurant had a turnover rate of more than 1 @,@ 000 percent . Many positions were filled by high school students promoted above their experience level . To meet the demand , a Fairbanks high school ran in two shifts : one in the morning and the other in the afternoon in order to teach students who also worked eight hours per day . More wages and more people meant higher demand for goods and services . Waiting in line became a fact of life in Fairbanks , and the Fairbanks McDonalds became No. 2 in the world for sales — behind only the recently opened Stockholm store . Alyeska and its contractors bought in bulk from local stores , causing shortages of everything from cars to tractor parts , water softener salt , batteries and ladders . The large sums of money being made and spent caused an upsurge in crime and illicit activity in towns along the pipeline route . This was exacerbated by the fact that police officers and state troopers resigned in large groups to become pipeline security guards at wages far in excess of those available in public @-@ sector jobs . Fairbanks ' Second Avenue became a notorious hangout for prostitutes , and dozens of bars operated throughout town . In 1975 , the Fairbanks Police Department estimated between 40 and 175 prostitutes were working in the city of 15 @,@ 000 people . Prostitutes brought pimps , who then engaged in turf fights . In 1976 , police responded to a shootout between warring pimps who wielded automatic firearms . By and large , however , the biggest police issue was the number of drunken brawls and fighting . On the pipeline itself , thievery was a major problem . Poor accounting and record keeping allowed large numbers of tools and large amounts of equipment to be stolen . The Los Angeles Times reported in 1975 that as many as 200 of Alyeska 's 1 @,@ 200 yellow @-@ painted trucks were missing from Alaska and " scattered from Miami to Mexico City " . Alyeska denied the problem and said only 20 – 30 trucks were missing . The theft problem was typified by pipeliners ' practice of mailing empty boxes to pipeline camps . The boxes then would be filled with items and shipped out . After Alyeska ruled that all packages had to be sealed in the presence of a security guard , the number of packages being sent from camps dropped by 75 percent . = = = Economy of Alaska = = = Since the completion of the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System in 1977 , the government of the state of Alaska has been reliant on taxes paid by oil producers and shippers . Prior to 1976 , Alaska 's personal income tax rate was 14 @.@ 5 percent — the highest in the United States . The gross state product was $ 8 billion , and Alaskans earned $ 5 billion in personal income . Thirty years after the pipeline began operating , the state had no personal income tax , the gross state product was $ 39 billion , and Alaskans earned $ 25 billion in personal income . Alaska moved from the most heavily taxed state to the most tax @-@ free state . The difference was the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System and the taxes and revenue it brought to Alaska . Alyeska and the oil companies injected billions of dollars into the Alaska economy during the construction effort and the years afterward . In addition , the taxes paid by those companies altered the tax structure of the state . By 1982 , five years after the pipeline started transporting oil , 86 @.@ 5 percent of Alaska revenue came directly from the petroleum industry . The series of taxes levied on oil production in Alaska has changed several times since 1977 , but the overall form remains mostly the same . Alaska receives royalties from oil production on state land . The state also has a property tax on oil production structures and transportation ( pipeline ) property — the only state property tax in Alaska . There is a special corporate income tax on petroleum companies , and the state taxes the amount of petroleum produced . This production tax is levied on the cost of oil at Pump Station 1 . To calculate this tax , the state takes the market value of the oil , subtracts transportation costs ( tanker and pipeline tariffs ) , subtracts production costs , then multiplies the resulting amount per barrel of oil produced each month . The state then takes a percentage of the dollar figure produced . Under the latest taxation system , introduced by former governor Sarah Palin in 2007 and passed by the Alaska Legislature that year , the maximum tax rate on profits is 50 percent . The rate fluctuates based on the cost of oil , with lower prices incurring lower tax rates . The state also claims 12 @.@ 5 percent of all oil produced in the state . This " royalty oil " is not taxed but is sold back to the oil companies , generating additional revenue . At a local level , the pipeline owners pay property taxes on the portions of the pipeline and the pipeline facilities that lay within districts that impose a property tax . This property tax is based on the pipeline 's value ( as assessed by the state ) and the local property tax rate . In the Fairbanks North Star Borough , for example , pipeline owners paid $ 9 @.@ 2 million in property taxes — approximately 10 percent of all property taxes paid in the borough . The enormous amount of public revenue created by the pipeline provoked debates about what to do with the windfall . The record $ 900 million created by the Prudhoe Bay oil lease sale took place at a time when the entire state budget was less than $ 118 million , yet the entire amount created by the sale was used up by 1975 . Taxes on the pipeline and oil carried by it promised to bring even more money into state coffers . To ensure that oil revenue wasn 't spent as it came in , the Alaska Legislature and governor Jay Hammond proposed the creation of an Alaska Permanent Fund — a long @-@ term savings account for the state . This measure required a constitutional amendment , which was duly passed in November 1976 . The amendment requires at least 25 percent of mineral extraction revenue to be deposited in the Permanent Fund . On February 28 , 1977 , the first deposit — $ 734 @,@ 000 — was put into the Permanent Fund . That deposit and subsequent ones were invested entirely in bonds , but debates quickly arose about the style of investments and what they should be used for . In 1980 , the Alaska Legislature created the Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation to manage the investments of the Permanent Fund , and it passed the Permanent Fund Dividend program , which provided for annual payments to Alaskans from the interest earned by the fund . After two years of legal arguments about who should be eligible for payments , the first checks were distributed to Alaskans . After peaking at more than $ 40 billion in 2007 , the fund 's value declined to approximately $ 26 billion as of summer 2009 . In addition to the Permanent Fund , the state also maintains the Constitutional Budget Reserve , a separate savings account established in 1990 after a legal dispute over pipeline tariffs generated a one @-@ time payment of more than $ 1 @.@ 5 billion from the oil companies . The Constitutional Budget reserve is run similar to the Permanent Fund , but money from it can be withdrawn to pay for the state 's annual budget , unlike the Permanent Fund . = = = Oil prices = = = Although the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System began pumping oil in 1977 , it did not have a major immediate impact on global oil prices . This is partly because it took several years to reach full production and partly because U.S. production outside Alaska declined until the mid @-@ 1980s . The Iranian Revolution and OPEC price increases triggered the 1979 energy crisis despite TAPS production increases . Oil prices remained high until the late 1980s , when a stable international situation , the removal of price controls , and the peak of production at Prudhoe Bay contributed to the 1980s oil glut . In 1988 , TAPS was delivering 25 percent of all U.S. oil production . As North Slope oil production declined , so did TAPS ' share of U.S. production . Today , TAPS provides less than 17 percent of U.S. oil production . = = = Social impact = = = The pipeline attracts tens of thousands of visitors annually on pipeline tourism trips . Notable visitors have included Henry Kissinger , Jamie Farr , John Denver , President Gerald Ford , King Olav V of Norway , and Gladys Knight . Knight starred in one of two movies about the pipeline construction , Pipe Dreams . The other film was Joyride , and both were critically panned . Other films , such as On Deadly Ground and 30 Days of Night , refer to the pipeline or use it as a plot device . The pipeline has also inspired various forms of artwork . The most notable form of art unique to the pipeline are pipeline maps — portions of scrap pipe cut into the shape of Alaska with a piece of metal delineating the path of the pipeline through the map . Pipeline maps were frequently created by welders working on the pipeline , and the maps were frequently sold to tourists or given away as gifts . Other pipeline @-@ inspired pieces of art include objects containing crude oil that has been transported through the pipeline . = = Technical details = = Oil going into the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline comes from one of several oil fields on Alaska 's North Slope . The Prudhoe Bay Oil Field , the one most commonly associated with the pipeline , contributes oil , as do the Kuparuk , Alpine , Endicott , and Liberty oil fields , among others . Oil emerges from the ground at approximately 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) and cools to 111 ° F ( 44 ° C ) by the time it reaches Pump Station 1 through feeder pipelines that stretch across the North Slope . North Slope crude oil has a specific gravity of 29 @.@ 9 API at 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) . In 2008 , the pipeline carried approximately 700 thousand barrels per day ( 110 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) , less than its theoretical maximum capacity of 2 @.@ 14 million barrels per day ( 340 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) or its actual maximum of 2 @.@ 03 million barrels per day ( 323 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) in 1988 . From Pump Station 1 it takes an average of 11 @.@ 9 days for oil to travel the entire length of the pipeline to Valdez , a speed of 3 @.@ 7 miles per hour ( 6 @.@ 0 km / h ) . The minimum flow through the pipeline is not as clearly defined as its maximum . Operating at lower flows will extend the life of the pipeline as well as increasing profit for its owners . The 2012 flow of 600 @,@ 000 bbd is significantly less than what the pipeline was designed for . Low flowrates require that the oil move slower through the line , meaning that its temperature drops more than in high @-@ flow situations . A freeze in the line would block a pig in the line , which would force a shutdown and repairs . A 2011 engineering report by Alyeska stated that , to avoid freezing , heaters would need to be installed at several pump stations . This report noted that these improvements could bring flow as low as 350 @,@ 000 bbd , but it did not attempt to determine the absolute minimum . Other studies have suggested that the minimum is 70 @,@ 000 100 @,@ 000 bbd with the current pipeline . Alyeska could also replace the 48 " pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to Fairbanks with a 20 " pipeline and use rail the rest of the way , which would allow as little as 45 @,@ 000 bbd . Pumping stations maintain the momentum of the oil as it goes through the pipeline . Pump Station 1 is the northernmost of 11 pump stations spread across the length of the pipeline . The original design called for 12 pump stations with 4 pumps each , but Pump Station 11 was never built . Nevertheless , the pump stations retained their intended naming system . Eight stations were operating at startup , and this number increased to 11 by 1980 as throughput rose . As of December 2006 , only five stations were operating , with Pump Station 5 held in reserve . Pump Stations 2 and 7 have a capacity of moving 60 @,@ 000 gallons / minute ( 227 @,@ 125 l / min ) , while all other stations have a capacity of 20 @,@ 000 gal / min ( 75 @,@ 708 l / min ) . The pumps are natural @-@ gas or liquid @-@ fueled turbines . Because of meanders and thermal and seismic accommodations , the amount of 48 @-@ inch ( 1 @,@ 200 mm ) diameter welded steel pipeline between the pipe stations and the end of the line is 800 @.@ 3 miles ( 1 @,@ 288 @.@ 0 km ) , while the linear distance between the Prudhoe Bay and Valdez station endpoints is 639 @.@ 34 miles ( 1 @,@ 028 @.@ 92 km ) . The pipeline crosses 34 major streams or rivers and nearly 500 minor ones . Its highest point is at Atigun Pass , where the pipeline is 4 @,@ 739 feet ( 1 @,@ 444 m ) above sea level . The maximum grade of the pipeline is 145 % , at Thompson Pass in the Chugach Mountains . The pipeline was created in 40 and 60 @-@ foot ( 12 @.@ 2 and 18 @.@ 3 @-@ meter ) sections . Forty @-@ two thousand of these sections were welded together to make a double joint , which was laid in place on the line . Sixty @-@ six thousand " field girth welds " were needed to join the double joints into a continuous pipeline . The pipe is of two different thicknesses : 466 miles ( 750 km ) of it is 0 @.@ 462 inches ( 1 @.@ 17 cm ) thick , while the remaining 334 miles ( 538 km ) is 0 @.@ 562 inches ( 1 @.@ 43 cm ) thick . More than 78 @,@ 000 vertical support members hold up the aboveground sections of pipeline , and the pipeline contains 178 valves . At the end of the pipeline is the Valdez Marine Terminal , which can store 9 @.@ 18 million barrels ( 1 @,@ 460 @,@ 000 m3 ) of oil . Eighteen storage tanks provide this capacity . They are 63 @.@ 3 feet ( 19 @.@ 3 m ) tall and 250 feet ( 76 m ) in diameter . They average 85 % full at any given time — 7 @.@ 8 million barrels ( 1 @,@ 240 @,@ 000 m3 ) . Three power plants at the terminal generate 12 @.@ 5 megawatts each . Four tanker berths are available for mooring ships in addition to two loading berths , where oil pumping takes place . More than 19 @,@ 000 tankers have been filled by the marine terminal since 1977 . = = Maintenance = = The pipeline is surveyed several times per day , mostly by air . Foot and road patrols also take place to check for problems such as leaks or pipe settling or shifting . The pipeline can be surveyed in as little as two hours , but most surveys take longer to ensure thoroughness . These external inspections are only part of standard maintenance , however . The majority of pipeline maintenance is done by pipeline pigs — mechanical devices sent through the pipeline to perform a variety of functions . The most common pig is the scraper pig , which removes wax that precipitates out of the oil and collects on the walls of the pipeline . The colder the oil , the more wax buildup . This buildup can cause a variety of problems , so regular " piggings " are needed to keep the pipe clear . A second type of pig travels through the pipe and looks for corrosion . Corrosion @-@ detecting pigs use either magnetic or ultrasonic sensors . Magnetic sensors detect corrosion by analyzing variations in the magnetic field of the pipeline 's metal . Ultrasonic testing pigs detect corrosion by examining vibrations in the walls of the pipeline . Other types of pigs look for irregularities in the shape of the pipeline , such as if it is bending or buckling . " Smart " pigs , which contain a variety of sensors , can perform multiple tasks . Typically , these pigs are inserted at Prudhoe Bay and travel the length of the pipeline . In July 2009 , a pig launcher was installed at Pump Station 8 , near the midpoint of the pipeline . A third type of common maintenance is the installation and replacement of sacrificial anodes along the subterranean portions of pipeline . These anodes reduce the corrosion caused by electrochemical action that affect these interred sections of pipeline . Excavation and replacement of the anodes is required as they corrode . = = Incidents = = The pipeline has at times been damaged due to sabotage , human error , maintenance failures , and natural disasters . By law , Alyeska is required to report significant oil spills to regulatory authorities . The Exxon Valdez oil spill is the best @-@ known accident involving Alaska oil , but it did not involve the pipeline itself . Following the spill , Alyeska created a rapid response force that is paid for by the oil companies , including ExxonMobil , which was found liable for the spill . An explosion on July 8 , 1977 , Pump Station No. 8 , killed one worker , injured five others , and destroyed the pump station . A US House of Representatives Committee later announced the cause was workers not following the proper procedures , causing crude oil to flow into a pump under repair at the time . Since the startup of the Alaska pipeline on June 20 , 1977 , to August 15 , 1977 , seven incidents and accidents have caused the pipeline to be shut down periodically . The NTSB investigated the system , and made recommendations . The largest oil spill involving the main pipeline took place on February 15 , 1978 , when an unknown individual blew a 1 @-@ inch ( 2 @.@ 54 @-@ centimeter ) hole in it at Steele Creek , just east of Fairbanks . Approximately 16 @,@ 000 barrels ( 2 @,@ 500 m3 ) of oil leaked out of the hole before the pipeline was shut down . After more than 21 hours , it was restarted . The steel pipe is resistant to gunshots and has resisted them on several occasions , but on October 4 , 2001 , a drunken gunman named Daniel Carson Lewis shot a hole into a weld near Livengood , causing the second @-@ largest mainline oil spill in pipeline history . Approximately 6 @,@ 144 barrels ( 976 @.@ 8 m3 ) leaked from the pipeline ; 4 @,@ 238 barrels ( 673 @.@ 8 m3 ) were recovered and reinjected into the pipeline . Nearly 2 acres ( 8 @,@ 100 m2 ) of tundra were soiled and were removed in the cleanup . The pipeline was repaired and was restarted more than 60 hours later . Lewis was found guilty in December 2002 of criminal mischief , assault , drunken driving , oil pollution , and misconduct . The pipeline was built to withstand earthquakes , forest fires , and other natural disasters . The 2002 Denali earthquake damaged some of the pipeline sliders designed to absorb similar quakes , and it caused the pipeline to shut down for more than 66 hours as a precaution . In 2004 , wildfires overran portions of the pipeline , but it was not damaged and did not shut down . In May 2010 , as much as several thousands of barrels were spilled from a pump station near Fort Greely during a scheduled shutdown . A relief valve control circuit failed during a test of the fire control system , and oil poured into a tank and overflowed onto a secondary containment area . A leak was discovered on Jan 8 , 2011 , in the basement of the booster pump at Pump Station 1 . For more than 80 hours , pipeline flow was reduced to 5 percent of normal . An oil collection system was put in place , and full flow resumed until the pipeline was again shut down while a bypass was installed to avoid the leaking section . = = Future of the pipeline = = Decline in oil production has posed a serious problem for the pipeline . By 2015 , it is anticipated that daily oil throughput will approach 500 @,@ 000 barrels per day ( 79 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) , unless additional sources of oil are developed . As volumes decrease , Alyeska will begin closing pump stations . The company intends to close all but four stations , because the lower throughput will require less pumping to maintain its momentum . While some reports supporting drilling in the ANWR coastal plain maintain that the pipeline may reach its minimum operating level of 200 @,@ 000 barrels per day ( 32 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) by 2020 the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System Renewal Environmental Impact Statement estimated levels above this through at least 2032 due to ongoing exploration outside ANWR . Improvements that allow low flow @-@ rates could extend its lifespan as far as 2075 . By law , Alaska is required to remove all traces of the pipeline after oil extraction is complete . No date has been set for this removal , but plans for it are being updated continuously . = = Additional sources = = Allen , Lawrence J. The Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline . Vol 1 : The Beginning . Vol 2 : South to Valdez . Seattle ; Scribe Publishing Co . 1975 and 1976 . Alyeska Pipeline Service Co . Alyeska : A 30 @-@ Year Journey . Alyeska Pipeline Service Co . , 2007 . Baring @-@ Gould , Michael and Bennett , Marsha . Social Impact of the Trans @-@ Alaska Oil Pipeline Construction in Valdez , Alaska 1974 @-@ 1975 . Anchorage ; University of Alaska Anchorage , 1976 . Brown , Tom . Oil on Ice : Alaskan Wilderness at the Crossroads . Edited by Richard Pollack . San Francisco ; Sierra Club Battlebook , 1980 . Dixon , Mim . What Happened to Fairbanks ? The Effects of the Trans @-@ Alaska Oil Pipeline on the Community of Fairbanks , Alaska . Social Impact Assessment Series . Boulder , Colorado ; Westview Press , 1978 . Dobler , Bruce . The Last Rush North . Boston ; Little , Brown and Co . , 1976 . Fineberg , Richard A. A Pipeline in Peril : A Status Report on the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline . Ester , Alaska ; Alaska Forum for Environmental Responsibility , 1996 . Hanrahan , John and Gruenstein , Peter . Lost Frontier : The Marketing of Alaska . New York ; W.W. Norton , 1977 . Kruse , John A. Fairbanks Community Survey . Fairbanks ; Institute of Social and Economic Research , 1976 . LaRocca , Joe . Alaska Agonistes : The Age of Petroleum : How Big Oil Bought Alaska . Rare Books , Inc . 2003 . Lenzner , Terry F. The Management , Planning and Construction of the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System . Washington , D.C. ; Report to the Alaska Pipeline Commission . Manning , Harvey . Cry Crisis ! Rehearsal in Alaska ( A Case Study of What Government By Oil Did to Alaska and Does to the Earth ) . San Francisco ; Friends of the Earth , 1974 . McGinniss , Joe . Going to Extremes . New York ; Alfred A. Knopf , 1980 . McPhee , John . Coming Into the Country . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 1976 . Miller , John R. Little Did We Know : Financing the Trans Alaska Pipeline . Cleveland : Arbordale LLC , 2012 . Romer , John and Elizabeth . The Seven Wonders of the World : A History of the Modern Imagination . New York ; Henry Holt and Co . , 1995 . Simmons , Diane . Let the Bastards Freeze in the Dark . New York ; Wyndham Books , 1980 . Strohmeyer , John . Extreme Conditions : Big Oil and the Transformation of Alaska . New York ; Simon & Schuster , 1993 . Wolf , Donald E. Big Dams and Other Dreams : The Six Companies Story . Norman , Oklahoma . University of Oklahoma Press , 1996 . Yergin , Daniel . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money and Power . New York ; Simon & Schuster , 1991 . = = = Video = = = Armstrong , John . Pipeline Alaska . Pelican Films , 1977 . Davis , Mark . The American Experience : The Alaska Pipeline . PBS , Season 18 , Episode 11 . April 24 , 2006 . World 's Toughest Fixes : Alaska Oil Pipeline . National Geographic Channel . Season 2 , Episode 10 . August 20 , 2009 . = HMS Blanche ( H47 ) = HMS Blanche ( H47 ) was a B @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy around 1930 . During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 1939 , the ship spent considerable time in Spanish waters , enforcing the non @-@ intervention measures agreed by Britain and France . She was attacked , but not damaged , by Nationalist bombers in early 1938 and was subsequently transferred to the Home Fleet . Blanche was sunk by a mine in November 1939 , becoming the first British destroyer lost to enemy action in World War II . = = Description = = Blanche displaced 1 @,@ 360 long tons ( 1 @,@ 380 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 790 long tons ( 1 @,@ 820 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 32 feet 3 inches ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 3 inches ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 34 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 @-@ drum boilers . Blanche carried a maximum of 390 long tons ( 400 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 4 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 900 km ; 5 @,@ 500 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Advanced Mathematics ) ( 1849 ) . Holmboe was an influence on other mathematicians as well as Abel , including Ole Jacob Broch ( born 1818 ) . At the university , Holmboe again met Christopher Hansteen , who had become a professor there in 1816 . In 1835 , Hansteen published his own mathematics textbook for secondary schools . A reaction to Holmboe 's books and method of teaching , it was more practically oriented . Holmboe wrote a review of the book for the newspaper Morgenbladet , in which he advised schools not to use it . A public debate followed , with contributions from other mathematicians . It has been claimed that this was the first debate on the subject of school textbooks in Norway . Hansteen 's textbook was not reprinted . Holmboe also became involved in the field of insurance . From 1832 to 1848 he was a member of Tilsynskomiteen for private forsørgelses- og understøttelsesselskaper , the country 's first public committee for the supervision of insurance companies . On the other side of the table , from 1847 Holmboe was a member of the board of directors of the insurance company Gjensidige , founded by his former student Ole Jacob Broch . = = Legacy = = A Bernt Michael Holmboe Memorial Prize for teachers of mathematics was established in 2005 , and is awarded annually . The prize money , NOK 50 @,@ 000 , is taken from the Abel Found , which also cover the Abel Prize . The prize is administered by the board of the Norwegian Mathematical Society . The current board chairman is Tom Lindstrøm , professor at the University of Oslo . A street at Majorstuen in Oslo , Holmboes gate , has been named after Bernt Michael Holmboe . Before 1879 it was named Hansteens gate , after Christopher Hansteen . = = Marriage and children = = Holmboe married twice . His first wife , Nikoline Antonie Finkenhagen , born 1804 in Toten , died in 1839 after five years of marriage . They had three daughters , two of whom ( Fredrikke and Nikoline , Jr . ) reached adulthood , and one stillborn son . He married his second wife , Ingeborg Thorp in 1842 . She was born in 1812 in Voss . This marriage produced two sons , Christopher and Jens , and two daughters , Cathrine and Olava . Only Jens and Cathrine reached adulthood . Bernt Michael Holmboe died in 1850 , and his second wife outlived him by thirty @-@ three years . = Damien ( South Park ) = " Damien " is the tenth episode in the first season of the American animated television series South Park . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 4 , 1998 . In the episode , the boys ' class is joined by a new student named Damien , who has been sent by his father Satan to find Jesus and arrange a boxing match between the two . The majority of South Park 's residents bet on Satan to win the match due to his enormous size and muscular physique , but Satan ultimately throws the fight and reveals he bet on Jesus , thus winning everybody 's money . The episode was written by series co @-@ creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone , with additional dialogue by Dave Polsky , and directed by Parker . The episode serves as a satire on religion , faith and the nature of good and evil , as well as a commentary on commercialism , the cult of celebrity in America and the nature of children . It was originally conceptualized as a Christmas special , but the original broadcast was pushed forward when Parker and Stone decided instead to make " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " the season 's holiday episode . " Damien " received generally positive reviews and was viewed by 3 @.@ 2 million households when it was first broadcast , making it the highest rated cable program the week it aired . The episode marked the first appearance of Satan , who would become a recurring South Park character , as well as the character of Damien himself , who was inspired by the antagonist of the 1976 horror film The Omen . Parker and Stone also said the episode introduced several key characteristics of the Cartman character that have endured throughout the rest of the series . Michael Buffer , the boxing ring announcer best known for the catchphrase " Let 's get ready to rumble ! " , makes a guest appearance in " Damien " as himself . = = Plot = = Cartman is excited about his upcoming birthday party and lets everyone invited know what present he expects to receive from each . When they protest , he threatens to ban them from eating the food his mother makes , something that immediately convinces them . They encounter a new student named Damien , son of Satan . The other boys mock the " new kid " and , in response , Damien turns Kenny into a duck @-@ billed platypus . Damien informs Jesus that Satan will rise for a final battle with him of good versus evil . South Park residents immediately begin making bets on the fight . Cartman is angered to learn the event is scheduled for the same time as his party , and the children struggle to choose between the two events . The entire town bets on Jesus to win the fight , but begin to lose faith when Satan appears for the weigh @-@ in . He is huge and weighs a little over 320 pounds ( 150 kg ) , while Jesus weighs a mere 135 pounds ( 61 kg ) , and the citizens of South Park begin changing their bets . Jesus confronts the South Park residents about their changed betting slips after learning only one person is still betting on Jesus to win . Distraught , Jesus asks Stan , Kyle and Chef to help him train . Damien gets counseling from Mr. Mackey , who recommends he just try being nice no matter what the other children do , just like with unpopular British child Pip . Damien tries to apologize to the boys for setting fire to the playground and turning Kenny into a duck @-@ billed platypus , stating that he was " doing his father 's bidding " and he did not have a choice . The boys , however , still continue to act negatively towards Damien . Cartman 's birthday party begins , as does the fight . Damien and Pip arrive uninvited to the party , but the children finally accept Damien after he hurls Pip in the air and makes him explode in a shower of fireworks . However , a furious Cartman ends his party early after opening Kyle 's present to discover that it 's not what he had in mind . Meanwhile , Jesus is disheartened by the town 's lack of faith in him , and he does not retaliate to Satan 's attacks against him , despite Satan 's apparent taunting of " hit me " . Chef and the children make it for the end of the fight and offer Jesus some words of encouragement . Inspired , Jesus finally throws a single weak punch . However , Satan then takes a dive and goes down for the count . Afterward , Satan reveals that his plan had , in fact , been to bet on Jesus and then throw the fight , winning him a lot of money and real estate from the South Park residents . The townspeople are angered by this , until Stan reminds them that Jesus told them not to bet on Satan . The whole town then asks forgiveness of Jesus , who accepts the apology . Kenny dies when Jimbo identifies him as a rare duck @-@ billed platypus and shoots him . Damien bids goodbye to Stan and Kyle since his dad " is always on the move " he has to leave . Meanwhile , Cartman has continued his party even after kicking everyone out and having eaten all the food himself . = = Production = = " Damien " was written by series co @-@ creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone , with additional dialogue by Dave Polsky , and was directed by Parker . " Damien " first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 4 , 1998 . It was highly anticipated in part because it was the first new episode of South Park in about two months , since the extremely popular Christmas special " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " aired on December 17 , 1997 . Before " Damien " even ran , Mike Duffy of Detroit Free Press said the episode was " certain to become one of the show 's signature moments " . In fact , Parker and Stone originally intended for " Damien " to be the season 's Christmas episode . Although they had long planned to feature Mr. Hankey in the show , they did not decide to make him a Christmas character until halfway through the filming of " Damien " , during which time they decided to make " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " the holiday episode instead . Nevertheless , they decided to finish production of " Damien " first , even though it would not air until after the " Mr. Hankey " episode . Parker said he and Stone did not intend for " Damien " to be offensive to Christians or any other religion : " In South Park , Jesus is a great guy , he 's on our show , and in this episode he 's the hero . We 're not in the business of offending people . We 're in the business of making people laugh . " The mean way Damien is treated by his fellow students when he joins the school , as well as Damien 's reactions to the treatment , were inspired by Parker 's experience of the second grade , when he started at a Cheyenne , Wyoming elementary school in the last three weeks of the school year . Parker said , " It was brutal ... Everybody already had their little groups and the year was almost over , so I wasn 't going to fit into any of them , and I just wanted to destroy and kill , which was the inspiration for this show . " Michael Buffer , the boxing ring announcer best known for his catchphrase , " Let 's get ready to rumble ! " , made a guest appearance as himself in " Damien " . Parker and Stone originally planned to use the catchphrase without Buffer , but when they learned that Buffer had legally trademarked the phrase , they included him in the episode since getting the rights for the catchphrase cost nearly as much as hiring Buffer for a guest appearance . Parker and Stone both said Buffer was friendly and they enjoyed working with him . Voice actor Mike Judge , star of Beavis and Butt @-@ Head and King of the Hill , had originally been slated to provide the voice of the Damien character , and even recorded several lines for the part . However , since Judge lives in Austin , Texas , it proved too difficult to for him to come back and rerecord lines as the script and episode changed , so Stone instead provided the character 's voice . Judge later provided Kenny 's un @-@ muffled line when he removed his parka in South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . By the time " Damien " was animated , much of the drawing and animation responsibilities that had previously been handled by Parker and Stone were now being delegated to a team of animators . The duo were particularly proud of the animation during the boxing match between Jesus and Satan , which used elements of perspective and three @-@ dimension seldom used in the series before ; Parker said it was " definitely the most action [ oriented ] stuff we 'd done [ so far ] " . While animating Jesus , Parker and Stone deliberately left glitches in the animation that made it appear skin was showing beneath the beard on the left @-@ hand side of the character 's face . Parker said this was done because it was the way Jesus appeared in the crudely animated The Spirit of Christmas , a 1995 animated short film by Parker and Stone that served as a precursor to South Park , and they wanted to maintain that nuance for the character . Parker and Stone said a number of Cartman 's characteristics which have endured throughout the South Park series started in " Damien " . Specifically , his voice took on a higher @-@ pitch that was more nasally and whiney than in previous episodes ; Stone described it as a " self @-@ indulgent accent " . Some of his regular vocal mannerisms were also developed in the episode , including his use of the sound " Nyah " while saying the word " Here " , and the way he says " Hey you guuuuuuys " while talking to his friends . Parker , who provides the voice of Cartman , said the characteristics came about naturally while filming the episode : " This show for some reason , for whatever reason , maybe I just lost interest , but I was trying all these messed up things with him and all these things sort of stuck . " " Damien " included the first appearance of Satan , who would become a commonly recurring character throughout the series . Although Satan displays an evil and unscrupulous personality in " Damien " , he is portrayed in later episodes as a thoughtful , sensitive and often deeply conflicted character . " Damien " was the first episode Parker and Stone wrote that included school counselor Mr. Mackey and local religious leader Priest Maxi , but they were also included in " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " , which aired before " Damien " even though it was produced afterward . Although Jesus had been introduced as a South Park character in previous episodes , " Damien " marked the first time he interacted with the main characters outside of his public access talk show , Jesus and Pals . Parker said many viewers thought the character was a crazy person who falsely believed he was Jesus , and he and Stone wanted to show in this episode that he was supposed to be the actual Jesus . " Damien " is also the first episode to feature South Park 's bar , which is simply called " Bar " . Prior to the broadcast , Parker and Stone said " Damien " would be the first episode in which Kenny would not be killed ; ultimately , however , Kenny was shot by Jimbo at the end of the pay @-@ per @-@ view fight . Kenny is turned into a duck @-@ billed platypus in the episode , which Parker said was done because , " Duck billed platypuses are something I 've always been infatuated with . They 're just so bizarre . " In the original script , Pip , the unpopular British student inspired by the character of the same name in Charles Dickens 's Great Expectations , was originally supposed to be killed and permanently removed from the show after " Damien " , in which Damien projects Pip into the air and blows him up in a shower of fireworks . However , Parker and Stone decided they should not kill any student characters except for Kenny , so they decided not to kill Pip and to bring him back for future episodes . " Damien " was later released , along with eleven other episodes , in a three @-@ DVD set in November 1998 . It was included in the second volume , which also included the episodes " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " , " Death " and " Pinkeye " . The episode , along with the other twelve from the first season , was also included in the DVD release " South Park : The Complete First Season " , which was released on November 12 , 2002 . Parker and Stone recorded commentary tracks for each episode , but they were not included with the DVDs due to " standards " issues with some of the statements ; Parker and Stone refused to allow the tracks to be edited and censored , so they were released in a CD completely separately from the DVDs . = = Themes = = " Damien " has been described as a satire on religion , faith and the nature of good and evil , as well as a commentary on commercialism and the cult of celebrity in American culture . Parker said the writers sought to satirize the speed and ease at which the followers of Jesus lose faith in him and bet against him . Religious writer Michel Clasquin said the abandonment of Jesus demonstrates , " Like many people in the real world , the faith of the town 's people cannot withstand the hard times . " Parker said , " Everybody puts their trust in Satan and ends up getting screwed . There is a bigger message – all in all , a pretty wholesome message . That 's why South Park works . Sometimes we have a message . " Parker also said he and Stone purposely wrote the episode to present Jesus as the hero from a " humanist approach " ; Clasquin said this is demonstrated by the fact that Jesus becomes caught up in people 's expectations for the fight and becomes offended when people bet against him : " This satirical gesture beautifully draws attention to the sheer humanity of Jesus . He really is a man , just as we are men and women . He is open to fear and uncertainty . " Several writers said the episode also lampooned the way Americans can turn anything , even a religious situation , into a commercially hyped event . Matt Zoller Seitz of The Star @-@ Ledger said : " They aren 't making fun of organized religion ( though they have in the past ) . They 're making fun of those who would turn religion into entertainment and entertainment into a kind of religion . " Seitz said the episode mocks " morality cops who misbehave in private " like Priest Maxi , who secretly bets the parish against Jesus even as he admonished congregation members for siding with Satan . Religious writer Michel Clasquin said the episode also demonstrates the ease with which people blend their religious convictions with lessons from pop culture , particularly with Stan 's confusion of a Star Trek quote with a lesson from Jesus Christ . Additionally , Clasquin said the fact that even Priest Maxi recognizes Jesus as " that guy from the public access show " demonstrates that even the supposedly most religious people are not always the most open to genuine religious experiences . Clasquin also said elements of the Crucifixion of Jesus are alluded to in the boxing match with Satan . In addition to the religious themes , the cruel way in which Damien is treated by the other children is a satire on the tendency of schoolchildren to relentlessly pick on new students . Stone said of this aspect of the episode , " The whole basis of South Park was that kids are little shitheads and civilization and society controls them . Instead of what a lot of hippies and Democrats think , which is we 're born innocent and pure and society corrupts us . We believe the first way , that society controls you and makes you a better person , ultimately , because when you 're little , you 're just a little asshole . " = = Cultural references = = The voice for Satan , provided by Parker , was inspired by the voice of the Pinhead character at the ending of the 1988 horror film , Hellbound : Hellraiser II , when Pinhead emotionally recalls his old life , when he was a good person . The animators went through several sketch drafts for Satan because , in Parker 's words , " There 's so many ways to go with him and we couldn 't figure out the right one for a long time " . The large and muscular look of the character stemmed from the fact that the script called for Satan to massively outweigh Jesus , and that look has persisted for the character throughout the rest of the series . The character of Damien himself was also first featured in this episode ; although he appeared as a background character in a handful of future episodes , he seldom has a speaking role and is never again featured as prominently as he was in " Damien " . The character was inspired by Damien Thorn , the child antichrist character in the 1976 horror film The Omen . The music which plays in the episode whenever Damien performs magic is also directly inspired by the music from that film ; that same demonic chorus would later be reused in the twelfth season episode " Britney 's New Look " . ( The lyric " Rectus Dominus " repeatedly sung by the demonic chorus in the episode translates from Latin as " Ass Master " . ) The scene in which the boys tell Damien his mom is " a real dog " is also a reference to The Omen . In that film , the actual Antichrist 's mother was a jackal . In addition to Michael Buffer , the American boxing promoter Don King is featured prominently in " Damien " as Satan 's promoter . Parker said he and Stone decided to spoof King only because " it 's just sort of who annoyed us that week . It 's so random ... there is no point to who we 're ripping on . It 's definitely nothing personal . " Nancy Kerrigan , the Olympic figure skater attacked on orders of fellow skater Tonya Harding at the 1994 Winter Olympics , is referred to in a pep talk Stan gives Jesus . Stan wrongfully claims Kerrigan won the gold medal until Kyle reminds him she won the silver ; Parker said this was done because he felt the perception of Kerrigan was extremely high among Americans considering she only actually achieved second place . During that same pep talk , Stan tells Jesus , " You know , someone once said , ' Don 't try to be a great man , just be a man . ' " Although Stan says this was a quote from Jesus himself , it was actually a line from the 1996 film , Star Trek : First Contact . " Damien " also includes a reference to singer Nancy Sinatra , the daughter of legendary crooner Frank Sinatra . Mr. Garrison , while discussing great singers of the baroque period , goes on to say that " Nancy Sinatra was quite a choice piece of ass " . The Jesus Vs . Satan pay @-@ per @-@ view event " Boutin ' at the Mountain " is a parody of similarly advertised pay @-@ to @-@ watch boxing events featured on the premium cable channel HBO . Before Jimbo shoots Kenny in his platypus state , he screams , " It 's coming right for us ! " This is a reference to the previous South Park episode " Volcano " , in which Jimbo takes the children hunting and tells them to shout the phrase before shooting anything to get around restrictive hunting laws . Cartman insults Damien by asking if he got his haircut from Stevie Wonder , a blind soul and R & B singer . For his birthday , Cartman wants the complete line of a set of action figures called Mega Man . Although named Mega Man , the multi @-@ colored figures were actually inspired by the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , the 1993 children 's action series which was still popular at the time of the episode 's original broadcast . The script was originally written with direct references to the Power Rangers , but Comedy Central asked Parker and Stone to change the name due to copyright issues . Cartman receives Ants in the Pants , an actual children 's tabletop game , as a birthday present . Stone described Ants in the Pants as " the lamest game ever " , which is why Cartman responds so negatively to the gift in the episode . = = Reception = = " Damien " received a 6 @.@ 4 Nielsen rating , a record high for the show until it was broken two weeks later by the episode " Mecha @-@ Streisand " ( which received a 6 @.@ 9 rating , translating to 5 @.@ 4 million viewers in 3 @.@ 2 million households ) . It was the highest rated cable program the week it aired , with viewership among 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds being higher than the number of households . The network averages viewer ratings of 276 @,@ 000 households during prime time and , prior to South Park , the channel 's highest rating was from the second season premiere of Absolutely Fabulous , which was seen by 1 @.@ 24 million households . Parker said following the tremendous success of " Mr Hankey , the Christmas Poo " , much of the direct feedback he received for " Damien " was negative . Parker described it as the " first sort of backlash " he had experienced with South Park , with fans claiming the show was losing its edge and that Parker and Stone had " sold out " . Parker said , " We kept hearing that word so much . We were like , ' What does that mean , sold out ? What did we get and what did we do ? ' We just kept doing what we thought was funny , we didn 't go start making commercials or anything . But everybody was saying we sold out . " Nevertheless , the episode received generally positive reviews , and has been described as one of South Park 's " classic episodes " . Rolling Stone contributor Doug Pratt called it a " high point " of the first season . Kinney Littlefield of the Orange County Register said of the episode , " All this proves once again that animated series are great platforms for hot topics that live action shows don 't dare grab head on . South Park 's allegory of good and evil is more apt and knowing than anything seen on ' Christy ' or ' Touched by an Angel ' . Funnier too . " However , Littlefield also said some of the show 's graphic dialogue , like the phrase " poop on a stick " , was growing " pretty darn redundant " . Gary Budzak of The Columbus Dispatch described the " Damien " episode as perhaps " the most outrageous yet " . Virginia Rohan of The Record praised the episode , saying , " The episode is funny , and ultimately , good does conquer evil , albeit for all the wrong reasons . " Chicago Sun @-@ Times writer Lon Grahnke gave the episode three stars and called it simultaneously strange and funny . Eric Mink of the New York Daily News called the episode " awfully funny " and praised its satirical element , although he warned it was potentially very offensive to some viewers : " A scene in which the kids offer profane between @-@ rounds encouragement to Jesus could make even thick @-@ skinned viewers wince a bit . " Likewise , Star @-@ Ledger reporter Matt Zoller Seitz said , " Tonight 's episode is crazy , vulgar and borderline blasphemous ; it is also , if you 're in the right frame of mind , paralyzingly funny . " = The Riddler 's Revenge = The Riddler 's Revenge is a Bolliger & Mabillard stand @-@ up roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain . The ride is situated in The Movie Town area of the park and was the park 's eleventh roller coaster . It was also the park 's single biggest investment on an attraction , to date , costing US $ 14 million . Upon opening in 1998 , The Riddler 's Revenge set world records for this type of coaster in height , drop , speed , length and number of inversions . The previous record holder was Chang at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom . The Riddler 's Revenge stands 156 feet ( 48 m ) tall and features a top speed of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) . The 4 @,@ 370 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 330 m ) ride features six inversions and a duration of approximately three minutes . = = History = = The Riddler 's Revenge opened as Six Flags Magic Mountain 's eleventh roller coaster on April 4 , 1998 , setting world records for this type of coaster in height , drop , speed , length and number of inversions . The ride also broke the record for the world 's tallest vertical loop . The previous holder of all these records was Chang at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom , which was installed exactly one year prior . The opening of the ride was part of a redevelopment of the Monterey Landing themed area into the 4 @.@ 9 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 0 ha ) Movie Town themed area . As part of the expansion the park added new restaurants , retail outlets , and rethemed some existing rides . In March 2000 , The Riddler 's Revenge conceded the title of the world 's tallest vertical loop to Superman : Krypton Coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas . The floorless roller coaster featured a 145 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 44 m ) vertical loop , 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) taller than that of The Riddler 's Revenge . = = Characteristics = = = = = Statistics = = = The 4 @,@ 370 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 330 m ) Riddler 's Revenge stands 156 feet ( 48 m ) tall . With a top speed of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) , the ride features six inversions including a 124 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 38 m ) vertical loop , two dive loops , an inclined loop , and two corkscrews . The vertical loop featured on The Riddler 's Revenge wraps around the lift hill ; Kumba at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay and Banshee at Kings Island are the only other rides in the world to feature a loop of this kind . Riders of The Riddler 's Revenge experience up to 4 @.@ 2 times the force of gravity on the three @-@ minute ride . The Riddler 's Revenge cost US $ 14 million to build , making it the single biggest investment on an attraction at the park . The Riddler 's Revenge operates with three steel @-@ and @-@ fiberglass trains . Each train has eight cars with four seats in a single row , for a total of 32 riders . Riders are secured by an over @-@ the @-@ shoulder harness . Although The Riddler 's Revenge is a stand @-@ up roller coaster , there is a small bicycle seat on which riders can lean . This configuration of trains caters for a capacity of 1 @,@ 610 riders per hour . = = = Manufacturer = = = The Riddler 's Revenge is one of four Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters at Six Flags Magic Mountain , joining Batman : The Ride , Scream , and Tatsu . The coaster is the park 's second stand @-@ up coaster ; the first was a smaller coaster manufactured by Intamin , Shockwave , which operated from 1986 to 1988 . Shockwave was relocated to Six Flags Great Adventure , preceding the installation of Green Lantern ( Chang after being rethemed and relocated ) . = = = Theme = = = As its name suggests , The Riddler 's Revenge is themed for the DC Comics character Riddler . The track is painted green with black supports . As the Riddler was an archenemy of Batman , The Riddler 's Revenge is located appropriately adjacent to Batman : The Ride , in the back of the park . The Riddler 's signature question mark is featured on the coaster 's logo . The techno music that played on the loading platform is Ecuador ( Bruce Wayne Mix ) by Sash ! ( Bruce Wayne being the secret identity of Riddler 's nemesis , Batman ) . = = Ride experience = = The ride begins with a right turn out of the station . Once the train ascends the 156 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 48 m ) chain lift hill it goes through a small pre @-@ drop , before dropping 146 feet ( 45 m ) on a banked left turn . It then enters the 124 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 38 m ) vertical loop which wraps around the lift hill . Two dive loops follow , the second of which also wraps around the lift hill . An inclined loop is followed by two right turns that lead up and into the mid @-@ course brake run . After dropping out of the brake run , the train immediately enters a corkscrew to the left . A series of direction and elevation changes lead into a second corkscrew , the inverted part of which is just above a portion of the queue line . The track then turns to the right and enters the final brake run before returning to the station . = = Reception = = The Riddler 's Revenge has made four appearances on Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards top 50 steel roller coasters . It debuted on the poll in 2003 at position 41 , before peaking at 38 in 2006 . In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , The Riddler 's Revenge entered at position 31 in 1999 , before dropping to a low of 108 in 2012 . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below . = SMS Goeben = SMS Goeben was the second of two Moltke @-@ class battlecruisers of the Imperial German Navy , launched in 1911 and named after the German Franco @-@ Prussian War veteran General August Karl von Goeben . Along with her sister ship , Goeben was similar to the previous German battlecruiser design , Von der Tann , but larger , with increased armor protection and two more main guns in an additional turret . Goeben and Moltke were significantly larger and better armored than the comparable British Indefatigable class . Several months after her commissioning in 1912 , Goeben , with the light cruiser Breslau , formed the German Mediterranean Division and patrolled there during the Balkan Wars . After the outbreak of World War I on 28 July 1914 , Goeben and Breslau bombarded French positions in North Africa and then evaded British naval forces in the Mediterranean and reached Constantinople . The two ships were transferred to the Ottoman Empire on 16 August 1914 , and Goeben became the flagship of the Ottoman Navy as Yavuz Sultan Selim , usually shortened to Yavuz . By bombarding Russian facilities in the Black Sea , she brought Turkey into World War I on the German side . The ship operated primarily against Russian forces in the Black Sea during the war , including several inconclusive engagements with Russian battleships . She made a sortie into the Aegean in January 1918 that Battle of Imbros , where Yavuz sank a pair of British monitors but was herself badly damaged by mines . In 1936 she was officially renamed TCG Yavuz ( " Ship of the Turkish Republic Yavuz " ) ; she carried the remains of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk from Istanbul to İzmit in 1938 . Yavuz remained the flagship of the Turkish Navy until she was decommissioned in 1950 . She was scrapped in 1973 , after the West German government declined an invitation to buy her back from Turkey . She was the last surviving ship built by the Imperial German Navy , and the longest @-@ serving dreadnought @-@ type ship in any navy . = = Design = = Goeben was 186 @.@ 6 meters ( 612 ft 2 in ) long , 29 @.@ 4 m ( 96 ft ) wide , and had a draft of 9 @.@ 19 m ( 30 ft 2 in ) fully loaded . The ship displaced 22 @,@ 979 t ( 22 @,@ 616 long tons ) normally , and 25 @,@ 400 t ( 25 @,@ 000 long tons ) fully loaded . Goeben was powered by four @-@ shaft Parsons steam turbines in two sets and 24 coal @-@ fired Schulz @-@ Thornycroft water @-@ tube boilers , which provided a rated 51 @,@ 289 shp ( 38 @,@ 246 kW ) and a top speed of 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) . At 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) , the ship had a range of 4 @,@ 120 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 630 km ; 4 @,@ 740 mi ) . The ship was armed with a main battery of ten 28 cm SK L / 50 guns in five twin gun turrets . Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 15 cm SK L / 45 guns in casemates in the central portion of the ship and twelve 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 guns in the bow , in the stern , and around the forward conning tower . She was also equipped with four 50 cm ( 20 in ) submerged torpedo tubes . = = Service history = = The Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) ordered Goeben , the third German battlecruiser , on 8 April 1909 under the provisional name " H " from the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg , under construction number 201 . Her keel was laid on 19 August ; the hull was completed and the ship was launched on 28 March 1911 . Fitting @-@ out work followed , and she was commissioned into the German Navy on 2 July 1912 . When the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912 , the German General Staff determined that a naval Mediterranean Division ( Mittelmeer @-@ Division ) was needed to project German power in the Mediterranean , and thus dispatched Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau to Constantinople . The two ships left Kiel on 4 November and arrived on 15 November 1912 . Beginning in April 1913 , Goeben visited many Mediterranean ports including Venice , Pola , and Naples , before sailing into Albanian waters . Following this trip , Goeben returned to Pola and remained there from 21 August to 16 October for maintenance . On 29 June 1913 , the Second Balkan War broke out and the Mediterranean Division was retained in the area . On 23 October 1913 , Konteradmiral Souchon assumed command of the squadron . Goeben and Breslau continued their activities in the Mediterranean , and visited some 80 ports before the outbreak of World War I. The navy made plans to replace Goeben with her sister Moltke , but the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo , Bosnia , on 28 June 1914 and the subsequent rise in tensions between the Great Powers made this impossible . After the assassination , Admiral Souchon assessed that war was imminent between the Central Powers and the Triple Entente , and ordered his ships to make for Pola for repairs . Engineers came from Germany to work on the ship . Goeben had 4 @,@ 460 boiler tubes replaced , among other repairs . Upon completion , the ships departed for Messina . = = = World War I = = = = = = = Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau = = = = Kaiser Wilhelm II had ordered that in the event of war , Goeben and Breslau should either conduct raids in the western Mediterranean to prevent the return of French troops from North Africa to Europe , or break out into the Atlantic and attempt to return to German waters , on the squadron commander 's discretion . On 3 August 1914 , the two ships were en route to Algeria when Souchon received word of the declaration of war against France . Goeben bombarded Philippeville ( now Skikda , Algeria ) for about 10 minutes early on 3 August while Breslau shelled Bône ( now Annaba , on the site of the ancient city of Hippo ) in accordance with the Kaiser 's order . Admirals Alfred von Tirpitz and Hugo von Pohl then transmitted secret orders to Souchon instructing him to sail to Constantinople , in direct contravention of the Kaiser 's instructions and without his knowledge . Since Goeben could not reach Constantinople without coaling , Souchon headed for Messina . The Germans encountered the British battlecruisers HMS Indefatigable and Indomitable , but as Germany was not yet at war with Britain , no violence ensued . The British turned to follow Goeben and Breslau , but the German ships were able to outrun the British , and arrived in Messina by 5 August . Refueling in Messina was complicated by the declaration of Italian neutrality on 2 August . Under international law , combatant ships were permitted only 24 hours in a neutral port . Sympathetic Italian naval authorities in the port allowed Goeben and Breslau to remain in port for around 36 hours while the ships coaled from a German collier . Despite the additional time , Goeben 's fuel stocks were not sufficient to permit the voyage to Constantinople , so Souchon arranged to rendezvous with another collier in the Aegean Sea . The French fleet remained in the western Mediterranean , since the French naval commander in the Mediterranean , Admiral Lapeyrère , was convinced the Germans would either attempt to escape to the Atlantic or join the Austrians in Pola . Souchon 's two ships departed Messina early on 6 August through the southern entrance to the strait and headed for the eastern Mediterranean . The two British battlecruisers were 100 miles away , while a third , Inflexible , was coaling in Bizerta , Tunisia . The only British naval force in Souchon 's way was the 1st Cruiser Squadron , which consisted of the four armored cruisers Defence , Black Prince , Duke of Edinburgh and Warrior under the command of Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge . The Germans headed initially towards the Adriatic in a feint ; the move misled Troubridge , who sailed to intercept them in the mouth of the Adriatic . After realizing his mistake , Troubridge reversed course and ordered the light cruiser Dublin and two destroyers to launch a torpedo attack on the Germans . Breslau 's lookouts spotted the ships , and in the darkness , she and Goeben evaded their pursuers undetected . Troubridge broke off the chase early on 7 August , convinced that any attack by his four older armored cruisers against Goeben — armed with her larger 28 cm guns — would be suicidal . Souchon 's journey to Constantinople was now clear . Goeben refilled her coal bunkers off the island of Donoussa near Naxos . During the afternoon of 10 August , the two ships entered the Dardanelles . They were met by an Ottoman picket boat , which guided them through to the Sea of Marmara . To circumvent neutrality requirements , the Ottoman government proposed that the ships be transferred to its ownership " by means of a fictitious sale . " Before the Germans could approve this , the Ottomans announced on 11 August that they had purchased the ships for 80 million Marks . In a formal ceremony the two ships were commissioned in the Ottoman Navy on 16 August . On 23 September , Souchon accepted an offer to command the Turkish fleet . Goeben was renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim and Breslau was renamed Midilli ; their German crews donned Ottoman uniforms and fezzes . = = = = Black Sea operations = = = = = = = = = 1914 = = = = = On 29 October Yavuz bombarded Sevastopol in her first operation against Imperial Russia , though the Ottoman Empire was not yet at war with the Entente ; Souchon conducted the operation to force Turkey into the war on the side of Germany . A 25 @.@ 4 cm ( 10 in ) shell struck the ship in the after funnel , but it failed to detonate and did negligible damage . Two other hits inflicted minor damage . The ship and her escorts passed through an inactive Russian minefield during the bombardment . As she returned to Turkish waters , Yavuz came across the Russian minelayer Prut which scuttled herself with 700 mines on board . During the engagement the escorting Russian destroyer Lieutenant Pushkin was damaged by two of Yavuz 's secondary battery 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) shells . In response to the bombardment , Russia declared war on 1 November , thus forcing the Ottomans into the wider world war . France and Great Britain bombarded the Turkish fortresses guarding the Dardanelles on 3 November and formally declared war two days later . From this engagement , the Russians drew the conclusion that the entire Black Sea Fleet would have to remain consolidated so it could not be defeated in detail ( one ship at a time ) by Yavuz . Yavuz , escorted by Midilli , intercepted the Russian Black Sea Fleet 17 nautical miles ( 31 km ; 20 mi ) off the Crimean coastline on 18 November as it returned from a bombardment of Trebizond . Despite the noon hour the conditions were foggy and none of the capital ships were spotted initially . The Black Sea Fleet had experimented with concentrating fire from several ships under the control of one " master " ship before the war , and Evstafi held her fire until Ioann Zlatoust , the master ship , could see Yavuz . When the gunnery commands were finally received they showed a range over 4 @,@ 000 yards ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) in excess of Evstafi 's own estimate of 7 @,@ 700 yards ( 7 @,@ 000 m ) , so Evstafi opened fire using her own data before Yavuz turned to fire its broadside . She scored a hit with her first salvo as a 12 @-@ inch shell partially penetrated the armor casemate protecting one of Yavuz 's 15 @-@ centimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) secondary guns . It detonated some of the ready @-@ use ammunition , starting a fire that filled the casemate and killed the entire gun crew . A total of thirteen men were killed and three were wounded . Yavuz returned fire and hit Evstafi in the middle funnel ; the shell detonated after it passed through the funnel and destroyed the antennae for the fire @-@ control radio , so that Evstafi could not correct Ioann Zlatoust 's inaccurate range data . The other Russian ships either used Ioann Zlatoust 's incorrect data or never saw Yavuz and failed to register any hits . Yavuz hit Evstafi four more times , although one shell failed to detonate , before Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon decided to break contact after 14 minutes of combat . The four hits out of nineteen 28 cm ( 11 in ) shells fired killed 34 men and wounded 24 . The following month , on 5 – 6 December , Yavuz and Midilli provided protection for troop transports , and on 10 December , Yavuz bombarded Batum . On 23 December , Yavuz and Hamidiye escorted three transports to Trebizond . While returning from another transport escort operation on 26 December , Yavuz struck a mine that exploded beneath the conning tower , on the starboard side , about one nautical mile outside the Bosphorus . The explosion tore a 50 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 540 sq ft ) hole in the ship 's hull , but the torpedo bulkhead held . Two minutes later , Yavuz struck a second mine on the port side , just forward of the main battery wing barbette ; this tore open a 64 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 690 sq ft ) hole . The bulkhead bowed in 30 cm ( 12 in ) but retained watertight protection of the ship 's interior . However , some 600 tons of water flooded the ship . There was no dock in the Ottoman Empire large enough to service Yavuz , so temporary repairs were effected inside steel cofferdams , which were pumped out to create a dry work area around the damaged hull . The holes were patched with concrete , which held for several years before more permanent work was necessary . = = = = = 1915 = = = = = Still damaged , Yavuz sortied from the Bosphorus on 28 January and again on 7 February 1915 to help Midilli escape the Russian fleet ; she also covered the return of the protected cruiser Hamidiye . Yavuz then underwent repair work to the mine damage until May . On 1 April , with repairs incomplete , Yavuz left the Bosphorus in company with Midilli to cover the withdrawal of Hamidiye and the protected cruiser Mecidiye , which had been sent to bombard Odessa . Strong currents , however , forced the cruisers 15 miles ( 24 km ) east to the approaches of the Dnieper @-@ Bug Liman ( bay ) that led to Nikolayev . As they sailed west after a course correction , Mecidiye struck a mine and sank , so this attack had to be aborted . After Yavuz and Midilli appeared off Sevastopol and sank two cargo steamers , the Russian fleet chased them all day , and detached several destroyers after dusk to attempt a torpedo attack . Only one destroyer , Gnevny , was able to close the distance and launch an attack , which missed . Yavuz and Midilli returned to the Bosphorus unharmed . On 25 April , the same day the Allies landed at Gallipoli , Russian naval forces arrived off the Bosphorus and bombarded the forts guarding the strait . Two days later Yavuz Sultan Selim headed south to the Dardanelles to bombard Allied troops at Gallipoli , accompanied by the pre @-@ dreadnought battleship Turgut Reis . They were spotted at dawn from a kite balloon as they were getting into position . When the first 15 @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) round from the dreadnought Queen Elizabeth landed close by , Yavuz moved out of firing position , close to the cliffs , where Queen Elizabeth could not engage her . On 30 April Yavuz tried again , but was spotted from the pre @-@ dreadnought Lord Nelson which had moved into the Dardanelles to bombard the Turkish headquarters at Çanakkale . The British ship only managed to fire five rounds before Yavuz moved out of her line of sight . On 1 May , Yavuz sailed to the Bay of Beikos in the Bosphorus after the Russian fleet bombarded the fortifications at the mouth of the Bosphorus . Around 7 May , Yavuz sortied from the Bosphorus in search of Russian ships as far as Sevastopol , but found none . Running short on main gun ammunition , she did not bombard Sevastopol . While returning on the morning of 10 May , Yavuz 's lookouts spotted two Russian pre @-@ dreadnoughts , Tri Sviatitelia and Panteleimon , and she opened fire . Within the first 10 minutes she had been hit twice , although she was not seriously damaged . Admiral Souchon disengaged and headed for the Bosphorus , pursued by Russian light forces . Later that month two of the ship 's 15 cm guns were taken ashore for use there , and the four 8 @.@ 8 cm guns in the aft superstructure were removed at the same time . Four 8 @.@ 8 cm anti @-@ aircraft were installed on the aft superstructure by the end of 1915 . On 18 July , Midilli struck a mine ; the ship took on some 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of water and was no longer able to escort coal convoys from Zonguldak to the Bosphorus . Yavuz was assigned to the task , and on 10 August she escorted a convoy of five coal transports , along with Hamidiye and three torpedo boats . During transit , the convoy was attacked by the Russian submarine Tyulen , which sank one of the colliers . The following day , Tyulen and another submarine tried to attack Yavuz as well , though they were unable to reach a firing position . Two Russian destroyers , Bystry and Pronzitelni , attacked a Turkish convoy escorted by Hamidiye and two torpedo boats on 5 September . Hamidiye 's 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns broke down during combat , and the Turks summoned Yavuz , but she arrived too late : the Turkish colliers had already been beached to avoid capture by the Russian destroyers . On 21 September , Yavuz Sultan Selim was again sent out of the Bosphorus to drive off three Russian destroyers which had been attacking Turkish coal ships . Escort missions continued until 14 November , when the submarine Morzh nearly hit Yavuz with two torpedoes just outside the Bosphorus . Admiral Souchon decided the risk to the battlecruiser was too great , and suspended the convoy system . In its stead , only those ships fast enough to make the journey from Zonguldak to Constantinople in a single night were permitted ; outside the Bosphorus they would be met by torpedo boats to defend them against the lurking submarines . By the end of the summer , the completion of two new Russian dreadnought battleships , Imperatritsa Mariya and Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya , further curtailed Yavuz 's activities . = = = = = 1916 – 17 = = = = = Admiral Souchon sent Yavuz to Zonguldak on 8 January to protect an approaching empty collier from Russian destroyers in the area , but the Russians sank the transport ship before Yavuz arrived . On the return trip to the Bosphorus , Yavuz encountered Imperatritsa Ekaterina . The two ships engaged in a brief artillery duel , beginning at a range of 18 @,@ 500 meters . Yavuz turned to the southwest , and in the first four minutes of the engagement , fired five salvos from her main guns . Neither ship scored any hits , though shell splinters from near misses struck Yavuz . Though nominally much faster than Imperatritsa Ekaterina , the Turkish battlecruiser 's bottom was badly fouled and her propeller shafts were in poor condition . This made it difficult for Yavuz to escape from the powerful Russian battleship , which was reported to have reached 23 @.@ 5 kn ( 43 @.@ 5 km / h ; 27 @.@ 0 mph ) . Russian forces were making significant gains into Ottoman territory during the Caucasus Campaign . In an attempt to prevent further advances by the Russian army , Yavuz rushed 429 officers and men , a mountain artillery battery , machine gun and aviation units , 1 @,@ 000 rifles , and 300 cases of munitions to Trebizond on 4 February . On 4 March , the Russian navy landed a detachment of some 2 @,@ 100 men , along with mountain guns and horses , on either side of the port of Atina . The Turks were caught by surprise and forced to evacuate . Another landing took place at Kavata Bay , some 5 miles east of Trebizond , in June . In late June , the Turks counterattacked and penetrated around 20 miles into the Russian lines . Yavuz and Midilli conducted a series of coastal operations to support the Turkish attacks . On 4 July , Yavuz shelled the port of Tuapse , where she sank a steamer and a motor schooner . The Turkish ships sailed northward to circle back behind the Russians before the two Russian dreadnoughts left Sevastopol to try to attack them . They then returned to the Bosphorus , where Yavuz was docked for repairs to her propeller shafts until September . The coal shortage continued to worsen until Admiral Souchon was forced to suspend operations by Yavuz and Midilli through 1917 . After an armistice between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was signed in December 1917 following the Bolshevik revolution , formalized in the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk in March 1918 , coal started to arrive again from eastern Turkey . = = = = = 1918 = = = = = On 20 January 1918 , Yavuz and Midilli left the Dardanelles under the command of Vice Admiral Rebeur @-@ Paschwitz , who had replaced Souchon the previous September . Rebeur @-@ Paschwitz 's intention was to draw Allied naval forces away from Palestine in support of Turkish forces there . Outside the straits , in the course of what became known as the Battle of Imbros , Yavuz surprised and sank the monitors Raglan and M28 which were at anchor and unsupported by the pre @-@ dreadnoughts that should have been guarding them . Rebeur @-@ Paschwitz then decided to proceed to the port of Mudros ; there the British pre @-@ dreadnought battleship Agamemnon was raising steam to attack the Turkish ships . While en route , Midilli struck several mines and sank ; Yavuz hit three mines as well . Retreating to the Dardanelles and followed by the British destroyers HMS Lizard and Tigress , she was intentionally beached near Nagara Point just outside the Dardanelles . The British attacked Yavuz with bombers from No. 2 Wing of the Royal Naval Air Service while she was grounded and hit her twice , but the bombs from the light aircraft were not heavy enough to do any serious damage . The monitor M17 attempted to shell Yavuz on the evening of 24 January , but only managed to fire 10 rounds before withdrawing to escape the Turkish artillery fire . The submarine E14 was sent to destroy the damaged ship , but was too late ; the old ex @-@ German pre @-@ dreadnought Turgut Reis had towed Yavuz off and returned her to the safety of Constantinople . Yavuz was crippled by the extensive damage ; cofferdams were again built around the hull , and repairs lasted from 7 August to 19 October . Yavuz escorted the members of the Ottoman Armistice Commission to Odessa on 30 March 1918 , after the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk was signed . After returning to Constantinople she sailed in May to Sevastopol where she had her hull cleaned and some leaks repaired . Yavuz and several destroyers sailed for Novorossiysk on 28 June to intern the remaining Soviet warships , but they had already been scuttled when the Turkish ships arrived . The destroyers remained , but Yavuz returned to Sevastopol . On 14 July the ship was laid up for the rest of the war . While in Sevastopol , dockyard workers scraped fouling from the ship 's bottom . Yavuz subsequently returned to Constantinople , where from 7 August to 19 October a concrete cofferdam was installed to repair one of the three areas damaged by mines . The German navy formally transferred ownership of the vessel to the Turkish government on 2 November . According to the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres between the Ottoman Empire and the Western Allies , Yavuz was to have been handed over to the Royal Navy as war reparations . After the Turkish War of Independence , led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the Treaty of Sèvres was discarded , and the Treaty of Lausanne was signed in its place in 1923 . Under this treaty , the new Turkish republic regained possession of much its fleet , including Yavuz . = = = Post @-@ war service = = = During the 1920s , a commitment to refurbish Yavuz as the centerpiece of the new country 's fleet was the only constant element of the various naval policies which were put forward . The battlecruiser remained in İzmit until 1926 , in a neglected state : only two of her boilers worked , she could not steer or steam , and she still had two unrepaired scars from the mine damage in 1918 . Enough money was raised to allow the purchase of a new 26 @,@ 000 @-@ metric @-@ ton ( 26 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ) floating dock from Germany , as Yavuz could not be towed anywhere without risk of her sinking in rough seas . The French company Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire @-@ Penhöet was contracted in December 1926 to oversee the subsequent refit , which was carried out by the Gölcük Naval Shipyard . Work proceeded over three years ( 1927 – 1930 ) ; it was delayed when several compartments of the dock collapsed while being pumped out . Yavuz was slightly damaged before she could be refloated and the dock had to be repaired before the repair work could begin . The Minister of Marine , Ihsan Bey ( İhsan Eryavuz ) , was convicted of embezzlement in the resulting investigation . Other delays were caused by fraud charges which resulted in the abolition of the Ministry of Marine . The Turkish Military 's Chief of Staff , Marshal Fevzi , opposed naval construction and slowed down all naval building programs following the fraud charges . Intensive work on the battlecruiser only began after the Greek Navy conducted a large @-@ scale naval exercise off Turkey in September 1928 and the Turkish Government perceived a need to counter Greece 's naval superiority . The Turks also ordered four destroyers and two submarines from Italian shipyards . The Greek Government proposed a 10 @-@ year " holiday " from naval building modeled on the Washington Treaty when it learned that Yavuz was to be brought back into service , though it reserved the right to build two new cruisers . The Turkish Government rejected this proposal , and claimed that the ship was intended to counter the growing strength of the Soviet Navy in the Black Sea . Over the course of the refit , the mine damage was repaired , her displacement was increased to 23 @,@ 100 t ( 22 @,@ 700 long tons ) , and the hull was slightly reworked . She was reduced in length by a half meter but her beam increased by 10 cm ( 4 in ) . Yavuz was equipped with new boilers and a French fire control system for her main battery guns . Two of the 15 cm guns were removed from their casemate positions . Her armor protection was not upgraded to take the lessons of the Battle of Jutland into account , and she had only 2 inches ( 5 @.@ 1 cm ) of armor above her magazines . Yavuz was recommissioned in 1930 , resuming her role as flagship of the Turkish Navy , and performed better than expected in her speed trials ; her subsequent gunnery and fire control trials were also successful . The four destroyers , which were needed to protect the battlecruiser , entered service between 1931 and 1932 ; their performance never met the design specifications . In response to Yavuz 's return to service , the Soviet Union transferred the battleship Parizhskaya Kommuna and light cruiser Profintern from the Baltic in late 1929 to ensure that the Black Sea Fleet retained parity with the Turkish Navy . The Greek Government also responded by ordering two destroyers . In 1933 , she took Prime Minister İsmet İnönü from Varna to Istanbul and carried the Shah of Iran from Trebizond to Samsun the following year . Yavuz Sultan Selim had her name officially shortened to Yavuz Sultan in 1930 and then to Yavuz in 1936 . Another short refit was conducted in 1938 , and in November that year she carried the remains of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk from Istanbul to İzmit . She and the other ships of the navy were considered outdated by the British Naval Attache by 1937 , partly due to their substandard anti @-@ aircraft armament , but in 1938 the Turkish government began planning to expand the force . Under these plans the surface fleet was to comprise two 10 @,@ 000 ton cruisers and twelve destroyers . Yavuz would be retained until the second cruiser was commissioned in 1945 , and the navy expected to build a 23 @,@ 000 ton ship between 1950 and 1960 . The naval building program did not come about , as the foreign shipyards which were to build the ships concentrated on the needs of their own nations leading up to World War II . Yavuz remained in service throughout World War II . In November 1939 she and Parizhskaya Kommuna were the only capital ships in the Black Sea region , and Life magazine reported that Yavuz was superior to the Soviet ship because the latter was in poor condition . In 1941 , her anti @-@ aircraft battery was strengthened to four 88 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) guns , ten 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) guns , and four 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) guns . These were later increased to twenty @-@ two 40 mm guns and twenty @-@ four 20 mm guns . On 5 April 1946 , the American battleship USS Missouri , light cruiser Providence , and destroyer Power arrived in Istanbul to return the remains of Turkish ambassador Münir Ertegün . Yavuz greeted the ships in the Bosphorus , where she and Missouri exchanged 19 @-@ gun salutes . After 1948 , the ship was stationed in either İzmit or Gölcük . She was decommissioned from active service on 20 December 1950 and stricken from the Navy register on 14 November 1954 . When Turkey joined NATO in 1952 , the ship was assigned the hull number B70 . The Turkish government offered to sell the ship to the West German government in 1963 as a museum ship , but the offer was declined . Turkey sold the ship to M.K.E. Seyman in 1971 for scrapping . She was towed to the breakers on 7 June 1973 , and the work was completed in February 1976 . By the time of her disposal she was the last dreadnought in existence outside the United States . = Thriller ( viral video ) = Thriller is a viral video featuring the CPDRC Dancing Inmates of a high @-@ security penitentiary . In 2007 , the inmates of Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center ( CPDRC ) , a maximum security prison in Cebu , the Philippines , imitated the zombie dance featured in the music video of Michael Jackson 's " Thriller " . The footage , uploaded onto video @-@ sharing website YouTube , became a viral video . The idea behind the dance came from the prison 's chief , Byron F. Garcia . Garcia first conceived the idea of exercising as an enjoyable way of keeping the prisoners mentally and physically fit . Music was then added to provide additional motivation . The convicts marched and danced to several songs , including " In the Navy " and " Y.M.C.A. " by the Village People . Garcia posted the prisoners ' dance regimes onto the internet in April 2007 . The most popular of the presentations was their Thriller performance . The video showed over 1 @,@ 500 male inmates emulating Michael Jackson 's dance moves from the original Thriller short film . Jackson fan Crisanto Nierre played the role of the pop star , with the openly gay former pizza chef Wenjiel Resane playing his girlfriend . The video became one of the most viewed on the internet , receiving 300 @,@ 000 views per day at its peak . As of December 27 , 2014 , the Thriller viral video has received over 54 million reported views . The clip also garnered complaints , with one professor stating that the dancing does not rehabilitate CPDRC inmates . The prison and its officers faced allegations of prisoner abuse , claims which both the officers and inmates denied . The prisoners have performed numerous other songs , including " Radio Ga Ga " , " Together in Electric Dreams " , " Holding Out for a Hero " , and several songs from Sister Act . One of their performances involves the inmates holding portraits of figures such as the Dalai Lama , Pope John Paul II and Mahatma Gandhi . As a result of the prisoners ' internet fame , many visitors come to CPDRC to view the monthly performances held by the convicts . Their presentations are seen from viewing platforms surrounding the exercise yard . At the jail , visitors can have their pictures taken with the inmates . They can also buy souvenir prison shirts . = = Background = = I hope that all the people who see us will be happy in knowing that we , despite being prisoners , we were able to do this . Before the dancing , our problems were really heavy to bear . Dancing takes our minds away from our problems . Our bodies became more healthy . As for the judges , they may be impressed with us , seeing that we are being rehabilitated and this could help our case . We are being rehabilitated in a good way . — Crisanto Nierre , inmate who played Michael Jackson Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center is a maximum security prison in Cebu , in the Cebu Province of the Philippines . The center is run by Byron F. Garcia , and its inmates are either facing trial or are serving sentences for crimes ranging from shoplifting to murder and rape . In 2007 , more than 300 of the inmates were facing murder charges . Garcia initiated the idea of exercising as an enjoyable way of keeping the prisoners mentally and physically fit . " While the goal is to keep the body fit in order to keep the mind fit , such may not happen if it is done in a manner deemed unpleasurable " , Garcia said . Considering music to be " the language of the soul " , Garcia added it to the prisoner 's workout regime . Garcia also wanted the music workouts to be a way in which to break down gang factions amongst prison inmates . Melita Thomeczeck , the Philippine 's deputy consulate general in New York , suspected that the warden added the music in order to take detainee 's minds off of other matters . One of the first songs the prisoners worked with was Pink Floyd 's " Another Brick in the Wall " . Garcia had them march to the music as a bid to increase participation in exercise . Other early musical choices included " In the Navy " and " Y.M.C.A. " by the Village People . The Village People songs were chosen so that macho inmates " wouldn 't be offended by being asked to dance " . For Filipinos , music and dancing is said to be a way of life . Natives of the Philippines are reported to have a tendency to " sing and dance their way out of even the most complicated situations " . Thomeczeck stated , " The Filipinos love music and they love to sing and dance . Whatever they are in a natural way , they can continue that habit in prison . " Despite other colleagues ' enthusiasm about the dancing , chief administrator Patrick Rubio of the Directorate of Operations within the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was worried about the volume of inmates dancing , as CPDRC was undermanned . Despite inmate dancing not being prohibited by the center 's Operations Manual , Rubio thought of the dance as a disaster waiting to happen . " As a jail officer , I got worried when I saw it " , Rubio commented . The inmates were not fond of the idea either , pelting a visiting choreographer with slippers the first time he arrived at the prison . Prisoners eventually agreed to dance , but admitted that the routines took awhile to master . " It was difficult at first , but eventually we inmates got used to it " , inmate Mario Benito revealed . The program began as an experiment and , after six months , prison chiefs concluded that it was a successful one . = = Video and response = = In 2007 , Garcia posted several videos of his inmates ' performances on YouTube in hopes of inspiring other prisons to learn from the experience . The clips became some of the most talked about in cyberspace . The most popular of the videos was uploaded in April 2007 . It showed over 1 @,@ 500 male inmates imitating the zombie dance featured in the music video of Michael Jackson 's " Thriller " . The prisoners wore their orange jail @-@ issue jumpsuits during the performance in the jail 's exercise yard . The Los Angeles Times later commented that the dance moves were not lifted directly from the video , " but they are performed with such precision it somehow seems that they must have been " . Inmate Crisanto Nierre played the role of Michael Jackson . Nierre , who at the time was awaiting trial on drug charges , has been a fan of Jackson since he was in a dance troupe at high school . USA Today noted that his favorite Jackson tracks were " Bad " and " Smooth Criminal " . Former pizza chef Wenjiel Resane , who is gay , played the part of Jackson 's girlfriend . At the time , Resane had already been at the prison for three years , also awaiting trial on drug charges . Forty @-@ eight hours after being uploaded onto YouTube , the video had been viewed 266 @,@ 000 times . After a week , the number of hits had risen to over one million . Within two weeks of the Thriller video being uploaded , it had been viewed by some three million YouTube users . The following week , the number had almost doubled , coming close to six million hits . On average , the clip received 300 @,@ 000 views per day at its peak . The video generated mixed reviews , with some critics claiming that Garcia forced the inmates to perform , an accusation the prisoners refuted . Several of the inmates showed devotion towards their prison chief , with as many as 20 prisoners bearing tattoos with Garcia 's name . Garcia 's concept of having prisoners dance as part of a rehabilitation program has been copied by several prisons , including jails in Quezon province and Muntinlupa . Garcia commented that the movie showed that dancing is not a cruel or unusual punishment . He claimed that his prison showed that negative inmates could be turned into positive individuals , through the concept of a " revolutionized penology " . Following Garcia 's presentation of an inmate performance at the province 's Founding Day celebrations , a donation of $ 35 @,@ 000 was given to the prison . Each inmate received $ 22 of the gift , deposited into a prison passbook account . The remaining money went to the Cebu province and its employees , to defray the costs of incarceration . The prison inmates Thriller performance made it to the pages of Time — on the international magazine ’ s list of the most watchable Internet videos for 2007 . The inmates ' interpretation of the Thriller music video was ranked the fifth of 10 " most popular viral videos " of the year , or the " Web clips we couldn ’ t stop watching " . The list also included appearances by Hillary Clinton , Will Ferrell and Chris Crocker for his Leave Britney Alone ! clip . Time described the convicts as " orange @-@ jumpsuited accused murderers , rapists and drug dealers " , and noted that their performance was made in " homage " to Jackson 's Thriller . The magazine stated that the viral video had been downloaded more than nine million times . ( As of January 18 , 2008 , the reported views of the video have reached almost 15 million ) . Edward Latessa , professor and head of division of criminal justice at the University of Cincinnati , declared that the prisoners who are dancing are not being rehabilitated . Latessa stated that the prisoners may think that they are getting something out of the performances , when , in reality , they are not . He described it as having a potentially harmful effect . The professor insisted that more appropriate rehabilitation programs , like substance abuse or family reunification programs , should be implemented with as much coordination and vigor . The detention workers disagreed with the assessment , deeming the activities to be an integral part of rehabilitation . " It combines the need for physical exercise and their love to sing and dance " , Thomeczeck argued . " In more ways than one , it contributes to their rehabilitation and eventual reintegration . It 's a way to put themselves together physically and probably spiritually . That 's good , isn 't it ? " . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade , " best @-@ of " list , saying , " Now that 's a ' breakout ' hit : The clip of inmates at a high @-@ security prison in the Philippines performing an intricately choreographed dance to Michael Jackson 's " Thriller " has nabbed more than 42 million views since 2007 . " = = Aftermath = = In late 2007 , Pinoy Big Brother : Celebrity Edition 2 scheduled a visit from some of its celebrities to the provincial jail . The celebrities danced with 1 @,@ 600 CPDRC inmates to the tune of " Rico Mambo " as part of their weekly task , set by Big Brother . The request had been made by Maria Rowena Benitez , Pinoy Big Brother production manager . The housemates were not informed of their task , but were brought to the prison in blindfolds . They were then subsequently given back their sight , with the inmates surrounding them . Beforehand , it was also announced that the Big Brother celebrity housemates would perform a concert , with the proceeds being donated to CPDRC . The concert , held inside the Pinoy Big Brother house in Manila , was attended by 100 people , who each paid P1,000 . The CPDRC inmates have performed numerous other songs , including Queen 's " Radio Ga Ga " and several songs from Sister Act , with prisoners dressing as nuns in habits . 44 female inmates , held in a separate wing from the males , joined the men in a dance to " I Will Follow Him " . " Hail Holy Queen " , from Sister Act 2 , and the Algorithm March were also performed by the convicts and then upload onto YouTube . The inmates dance in order to help pass the time while serving their prison sentences or awaiting a trial . More than 900 of the inmates take part in the routines , with a small group of dancers at the core of each performance . Every prisoner at CPDRC , apart from the old and the infirm , has a part in the routine . Garcia directs and choreographs each of the dances . The inmates ' participation is said to be completely voluntary , with no prisoner being forced to dance . " It would be different if they are being forced to dance " , declared Rubio . " I 've never known any prisoners being forced to dance . It 's normal to dance . " The inmates have express pride at their performing success , and routinely query the viewing figures for their routines . By August 2007 , ten of the prisoners ' performances had been viewed over 100 @,@ 000 times each . In 2007 , the prisoners stated that they were to perform to Vanilla Ice 's " Ice Ice Baby " . At the time , they were also practicing Philip Oakey and Giorgio Moroder 's " Together in Electric Dreams " , a homage to the inmates ' fans . In January 2008 , Garcia requested that the prisoners perform their Thriller routine at the annual Sinulog festival , a popular street @-@ music festival organised by the Catholic Augustinian in celebration of baby Jesus . The nine @-@ day fiesta and party is preceded by a solemn religious procession . The mayor of Cebu , Tomas Osmena , refused to permit the request , stating that the inmates could dance all they wanted in jail . " I will not allow it even if Michael Jackson joins them " , he commented . Garcia had hoped that , by allowing the inmates to be a part of the Sinulog celebrations , Cebu would showcase the success of his rehabilitation programme . " By showing these highly disciplined inmates , perhaps we might just be giving hope that Cebu is not just about the mardi gras , but rather , Cebu is about leadership and good governance . " The CPDRC inmates were expected to be tough competition for the Lumad Basakonon , a group which has won the free interpretation category of the Sinulog festival for two consecutive years . As a result of the prisoners ' internet fame , many visitors come to CPDRC to view the monthly performances held by the convicts . Their presentations are seen from viewing platforms surrounding the exercise yard . At the jail , visitors can have their pictures taken with the inmates . They can also buy souvenir prison shirts . A research student from The Netherlands , Anne Yzerman , attended one of the two @-@ hour shows and praised the convicts . " They are so good at dancing all the time . I was really impressed . " The CPDRC inmates dance numbers include a rendition of Bonnie Tyler 's " Holding Out for a Hero " . The performance involves the inmates holding portraits of figures such as the Dalai Lama , Pope John Paul II and Mahatma Gandhi . After Michael Jackson 's death on June 25 , 2009 , Cebu prison officials announced that the prison inmates would be recreating the Thriller routine on the following Saturday , June 27 , 2009 . On June 27 , 2009 , the tribute video was uploaded with a dance routine for " Ben " , " I 'll Be There " , and " We Are the World " . In January 2010 , the prisoners performed " The Drill " and " They Don 't Care About Us " [ filmed on professional camera ] as another tribute to Jackson , and for the release of the Michael Jackson 's This Is It DVD and Blu @-@ ray disc . In 2011 , in the Glee episode " The Sue Sylvester Shuffle " , Glee club director Will Schuester made a reference about the " Thriller " viral video to motivate the children to do a " Thriller " performance much like from the Philippine prison . = Loham = Loham : The Yellow Metal is a 2015 Indian Malayalam language thriller film written and directed by Ranjith , and produced by Antony Perumbavoor for the production company Aashirvad Cinemas . The film , starring Mohanlal , Andrea Jeremiah , Siddique and Ajmal Ameer , is about an elusive smuggling operation and the mysterious disappearance of 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) of gold . Sreevalsan J. Menon and C. Rajamani composed the soundtrack and film score , respectively . Loham opened on 20 August 2015 in over 250 theatres across India . Its release in the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom followed on 28 August . The film was a commercial success at the box office , setting a record in 2015 for the highest opening day gross for a Malayalam film . Loham received mixed reactions from critics , who praised the lead actors ' performances and the film 's technical aspects but criticised the screenplay . Produced on a budget of ₹ 7 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 0 million ) , the film grossed ₹ 15 crore ( US $ 2 @.@ 2 million ) worldwide . = = Plot = = A casket containing the body of a deceased construction worker , Rafeeq ( Musthafa ) , is flown from Dubai to the Calicut International Airport in Kozhikode , then transported by ambulance to its destination . While en route , the ambulance is ambushed by criminals hired by Muhammed Unni ( Siddique ) to retrieve the 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) of gold that he and his co @-@ smugglers have hidden in the casket . When they open the casket , they discover the gold is missing . Around the same time , Jayanthi ( Andrea Jeremiah ) arrives in Kozhikode from Mumbai in search of her missing husband , Ramesh ( Ashvin A. Mathew ) , an Indian Revenue Service officer who frequently disappeared from home for various reasons , but is now a suspect in the gold smuggling . Jayanthi arranged for a taxi to drive her to various locations in her quest to find Ramesh . The taxi driver Raju ( Mohanlal ) appears to have an interest of his own in the circumstances surrounding Ramesh 's disappearance . At Jayanthi 's bidding , Raju drives her to the home of her mother @-@ in @-@ law ( KPAC Lalitha ) where he cooks for them and interacts in such a way to earn their trust . Jayanthi then asks Raju to drive her to Kochi to the office of her friend , Chandrasekharan ( Vijayaraghavan ) , assistant commissioner of police . Chandrasekharan promises Jayanthi he will investigate the disappearance of Ramesh . After leaving Chandrasekharan 's office , Raju drives Jayanthi to see Chandrasekhara 's wife , Advocate Rekha ( Muthumany ) , who is also her friend . During their chat , Jayanthi receives a surprise phone call from Ramesh . He explains that he is in Kovalam for an official meeting but will return home the next day , and insists that Jayanthi return home as well . Chandrasekhar later informs Jayanthi that the phone number Ramesh called from was actually in Kochi , not Kovalam . It is also revealed that Sudheer is involved in the smuggling operation . Meanwhile , Unni , Babu , Shaji , Shenoy , and MLA meet atop an apartment building to discuss the circumstances surrounding the gold they smuggled into Kozhikode and lost to an ambush while in transit from the airport . They suspect Ramesh is involved since he disappeared right after the incident . They devise a plan to kidnap Jayanthi in order to force Ramesh to return the gold . An unsuspecting Raju and Jayanthi become the targets of their surprise attack in which Jayanthi is rendered unconscious . Raju draws his concealed handgun and foils the kidnapping by shooting at his assailants . He collects the unconscious Jayanthi and transports her to a safe place . When she awakens , she finds herself surrounded by strangers . She also discovers that Raju is not just a taxi driver rather he is part of an investigation to find Ramesh and the missing gold . Raju explains to her that Ramesh was involved in the smuggling , and has since become the target of the criminals . Jayanthi returns to Rekha 's home for safety , and Chandrasekharan begins investigating Raju who , in a turn of events , has raised suspicion . Raju and his team , now disguised as Sabarimala pilgrims , rent a van hoping to catch Jayan . Raja 's teammate , Ameer Amanulla ( Abu Salim ) , pretends to be an informer for Arif Bahi ( Joy Mathew ) . He lures Jayan into a trap by telling him a gift from Arif is waiting for him in the van . Jayan is captured and interrogated by Raju who questions the 30 @,@ 000 Dirham Jayan received from Arif in Dubai , as well as the circumstances surrounding the death of Rafeeq . Jayan reveals that Rafeeq was purposely pushed off a building to his death as part of Arif 's master plan to transport the gold , thinking no one would suspect the gold was hidden in his casket . The trail leads Raju to the home of Ramesh 's parents where Ramesh has been hiding under the protection of his mother , who is also aware of the smuggling . Raju takes Ramesh into custody along with others involved in the crime but he lets Ramesh go . It is eventually revealed that co @-@ smuggler Azhagar Perumaal ( Ajmal Ameer ) , a young politician had deceived Unni and took the gold for himself . After Raju and his team retrieve the gold , they are detained by local police . Raju identifies himself as a RAW agent and his team as intelligence officers from various agencies of India . He discloses his real name as Rajeev Sathyamoorthy . The police release them so they can complete their investigation and allows them to go back to Mumbai . Near the end of the film , it is revealed that Raju and his team are the actual smugglers . = = Cast = = = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In 2013 , Ranjith announced plans to produce a film for Aashirvad Cinemas , starring Mohanlal and Manju Warrier , which was scheduled for a 2014 release coinciding with the annual Vishu festival held in Kerala , India . Production was slated to begin in December 2013 . The announcement of Loham received considerable media attention as it was Manju Warrier 's return to the screen after leaving the film industry to marry actor Dileep . The media coverage was further heightened when Prithviraj Sukumaran joined the cast . However , the film was shelved soon after its official announcement . Ranjith explained it was dropped because the film 's story resembled that of another film in the same language released during its pre @-@ production time . It was Prithviraj who noticed that the ending sequence of the planned script was similar to that of Thira ( 2013 ) . Later that year , the director planned another film with the same production company starring Mohanlal , which was titled G for Gold . Filming was scheduled to begin on 10 January 2014 in Kozhikode and Kasargode , but production did not begin on schedule due to Ranjith 's dissatisfaction with the screenplay . He revised the screenplay and re @-@ titled the film as Loham . Loham was announced in February 2015 . = = = Casting and crew = = = Loham is the fifth film directed by Ranjith in which Mohanlal was cast in the lead role . Ajmal Ameer and Andrea Jeremiah were confirmed during the pre @-@ production period . Gauri Nanda received boxing lessons to help her prepare for her role . Niranjana Anoop , a daughter of one of Ranjith 's family friends , made her acting debut in the film as Mythri , a badly behaved youngster . Loham is the second collaboration between Ameer and Mohanlal , following Madampi ( 2008 ) . Ajmal 's character 's looks were modelled after popular young politicians in the country , who are often spotted in the white kurta @-@ jacket outfit . In March 2015 , it was confirmed that Aju Varghese would play a guest role . Also Deepak Parambol who came to see Mohanlal in the filming location ended up in a guest role . In April , Srinda Ashab , Manikuttan and Parvathi Menon were also signed for guest appearances in a musical performance . The Hindu wedding song was shot in Kozhikode . Several media outlets reported Pearle Maaney was to perform an item number in the film but the report was determined to be incorrect after a selfie of Maaney dressed in a wedding outfit was leaked online . She appeared in a cameo role . Maaney 's scenes were filmed in three days . Salim grew a beard and shaved his head for his role . He said , " My getup in the movie is similar to that of Dwayne Johnson " . Kunjunni S. Kumar , son of cinematographer S. Kumar , was hired as Loham 's cinematographer . Kunjunni had first worked with Ranjith as an associate director during the production of Indian Rupee ( 2011 ) while his father worked behind the camera . Earlier , he was supposed to debut as a cinematographer on Ranjith 's Leela in 2012 , but the project was shelved ten days before production . In an interview with the Deccan Chronicle , Kunjunni said that after the script narration , Ranjith told him to avoid gimmicks in framing and shots in order to make it more realistic . Mythili , who was cast by Ranjith in her debut film , acted in and served as an assistant director for the film which was her debut behind the camera . She also sang a duet song in the film 's soundtrack . Sreevalsan J. Menon was selected by Ranjith to compose the film 's original music score . Renji Panicker suggested Menon to Ranjith during the film 's pre @-@ production stage . C. Rajamani composed the film score . = = = Filming and promotions = = = Principal photography began on 8 March 2015 , at the Calicut International Airport in Kozhikode . M. D. Sasidharan , managing director of Gold Coin Motion Pictures , performed the switch @-@ on , and K. R. Pramod , chief manager of Mathrubhumi , made the first clap . The film was shot in various locations including Kozhikode , Kochi , Delhi and Dubai . Production moved to Kochi after the shoot in Calicut . Willingdon Island and Fort Kochi were some of the shooting locations on the Kochi schedule . Filming wrapped in May 2015 . Loham 's production budget was estimated to be ₹ 7 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 0 million ) . On 18 March 2015 , the first image capture from the film was released , featuring Andrea , Ranjith and Mohanlal on location in Calicut . The first @-@ look poster featuring Mohanlal was released on 29 June 2015 . More detailed posters were released during the first week of August . The first poster showed an ensemble cast with Mohanlal in the centre ; their facial expressions indicative of the film 's thriller genre . Other posters showed Mohanlal wearing army @-@ style camouflage pants . The first teaser of the film was 44 seconds long and was released on 12 August 2015 . It received positive reviews in various media outlets with regard to Mohanlal 's acting , and for the film 's plot as a thriller . The teaser received over 200 @,@ 000 views within 24 hours on YouTube , and over 400 @,@ 000 views within three days . An official trailer 1 @.@ 37 minutes long was released on 18 August 2015 . = = Soundtrack = = The film 's music was composed by Sreevalsan J. Menon , and all lyrics were written by Rafeeq Ahammed , Manoj Kuroor and Rajeev Nair . The first song , " Kanaka Mayilanchi " , sung by Mythili , was released by Mathrubhumi Music on 13 August 2015 . Mythili also sang a duet with Shahabaz Aman . The Times of India called it " a melody that remind [ sic ] listeners of the golden era of Malayalam cinema " . The audio CD comprising three songs was released on 17 August during a function held at Kochi . = = Release = = Loham was initially scheduled to be released in July 2015 during Ramadan , but it had to be postponed until 20 August because of delays in post @-@ production . The film was then scheduled to open in India on 20 August 2015 as a festival release during the Onam season . The film was distributed to 250 theatres across India , resulting in approximately 1000 screenings daily . On 20 August 2015 , the film was released on 141 screens in Kerala , and to other theaters in India on 21 August 2015 . The film 's debut in the Middle East took place on 27 August 2015 . It also opened in theaters in the UAE and UK on 28 August 2015 . Rights for television broadcast was sold as a joint venture to Asianet and Kairali TV for ₹ 6 crore and ₹ 1 crore respectively . The film was released on DVD in India by Central Home Entertainment on 2 December 2015 . = = = Box office = = = The film grossed ₹ 3 @.@ 5 crore ( US $ 520 @,@ 000 ) on its opening day in India , with ₹ 2 @.@ 20 crore ( US $ 330 @,@ 000 ) from Kerala box office receipts alone . Loham created a new opening day record in Malayalam that surpassed the previous record set by Casanovva in 2012 . The national gross was ₹ 13 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 9 million ) within 22 days of the film 's initial release , with ₹ 11 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 6 million ) from Kerala . Special screenings were arranged by some of the major releasing centres of Kerala . By the end of the first weekend , distribution of the film was increased to include more cities . The film collected ₹ 12 @.@ 2 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 8 million ) from Kerala in its final run , generating ₹ 15 crore ( US $ 2 @.@ 2 million ) in box office revenue worldwide . = = = Critical reception = = = Loham received mixed reviews from critics . Rejath R.G of Kerala Kaumudi said , " Renjith has beautifully conceived the film " , and praised the technical aspects with special mention to Kunjunni 's camera work and the three " beautiful " songs composed by Sreevalsan . He summarized it as " a watchable good film that could have been much better if the director paid a little more attention to the screenplay . The problem is that it loses steam here and there particularly in the post @-@ interval sequences " . Deccan Chronicle rated the film 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 and said , " Any of [ Mohanlal 's ] fans , who are exposed to thrillers of Hollywood and Bollywood like Ocean 's 11 and Special 26 will lose the thrill soon . There is nothing commendable about the script or cinematography or music " , but he praised Mohanlal 's action sequences and car chasing scenes , Siddique and his companion 's performances , and Mythili and Musthafa 's " heart touching " moments . He called the message of the film " socially relevant " and " effective " . Akhila Menon of Filmibeat.com also gave the film 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . He praised the performances of Mohanlal and Siddique , but was less enthusiastic about the script , observing that " Ranjith 's craft as a filmmaker is visible throughout the movie . But what Loham lacks is his brilliance as a writer " . Pramod Thomas of The New Indian Express commented , " Mollywood has been in an experimental mode of late . Unfortunately , movies like Loham are many laps behind . . . . When Megalomaniac directors decide to live in the shadow of their past glory , films like Loham happen " . Veeyen of Nowrunning.com gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote " Loham has none of the shine or shimmer that was expected of it . At best it looks like an antique bronze piece that has taken some fine patina all over it " , but he praised Mohanlal and Siddique 's performances . Parech C. Palicha of Rediff.com commented , " Loham lacks lustre , and is not original at all " . Sify praised the performance of Mohanlal and the humour of Siddique and Soubin Saheer but criticized the script , saying , " Loham is about a topical subject , but it is far from engaging " . Raj Vikram of Metromatinee said that technically the film is slick with well shot sequences . " Mohanlal is the lifeblood of the movie , and he pulls off an easy role by his standards with characteristic panache . . . Loham is not among the best works of director Renjith but is far better than some of his forgettable duds . " = Post Oak Mall = Post Oak Mall is a regional shopping mall in College Station , Texas owned by CBL & Associates Properties . Construction on the mall began in summer 1979 and it opened February 17 , 1982 . It initially housed 80 stores with four anchors . A second phase , planned before the mall even opened , was completed in 1985 , adding more floor space and bringing the mall up to 125 stores and 6 anchor stores . As of 2015 , it also houses a small food court and two restaurants . The first mall to be opened in College Station , Post Oak is the largest mall within the Brazos Valley area . At its opening , it became the city 's largest employer , and nearly doubled its city sales tax revenues . Though the mall generated additional traffic and added to the demand on city services , it also generated $ 1 million in annual sales tax revenue , $ 120 @,@ 000 in property taxes , and a half @-@ million in taxes for the city school district . It is credited with creating the first major impetus for growing economic and commercial developments for College Station , which previously lacked a major retail community . The mall generates over 75 percent of the area 's retail sales through its approximately eleven million annual visitors . It remains the city 's largest taxpayer and its second largest employer . It is also the top employer of the students of nearby Texas A & M University . = = History = = = = = Beginnings = = = In the early 1980s , the demand for shopping opportunities and other businesses was growing with the populations of the side @-@ by @-@ side cities of Bryan and College Station . The city and developer CBL & Associates Properties began making plans for the opening of a large regional mall in the area , with the first choice of location being in Bryan near the intersection of Earl Rudder Freeway ( Texas State Highway 6 ) and Briarcrest Drive ( FM 1179 ) . However , the owner of the land refused to sell . With the city unable to procure the land , the mall project was shifted to College Station . Construction began on Post Oak Mall in the summer of 1979 at the intersection of Earl Rudder Freeway and Harvey Road . Developer CBL & Associates Properties hired Eugene " Buck " Schimpf to act as the project manager . More than 1 @,@ 000 workers were employed to help construct the mall , with the project " monopolizing the local ( construction ) trade " at the time . Post Oak Mall opened its doors on February 17 , 1982 . Spanning 800 @,@ 000 square feet ( 74 @,@ 000 m2 ) , the first phase of the mall contained approximately 80 stores , including four anchors : the area 's first Foley 's and Dillard 's department stores ; Sears , which relocated from its smaller Bryan location ; and H. J. Wilson Co . In addition to the stores , the mall contained a three – screen Plitt @-@ branded movie theater and a food court with fifteen small restaurants and a 300 @-@ person seating area . The mall walkways were decorated with a variety of small potted trees and plants in large atrium areas , with tiered glass ceilings above . A copper @-@ piping fountain that emitted water in a " dandelion bubble " dominated one end of the building . Plans were already underway for a second phase of construction that would expand the mall to hold up to 130 stores and push it up to 1 @,@ 020 @,@ 000 square feet ( 95 @,@ 000 m2 ) . At the time of its opening , it was the largest mall complex developed by CBL . In the first year , it was projected that the mall would employee 2 @,@ 500 employees — instantly making it the largest employer in the city ; this was expected to expand to 3 @,@ 500 with the completion of the second phase . It was hoped it would generate $ 80 million in sales . In addition to helping to retain local shoppers who might otherwise travel the 2 ½ hours southeast to Houston for mall shopping , CBL and city officials expected the mall would draw shoppers from around the Brazos Valley . Before its opening , the city did not have a highly developed retail community . With the planned additions , then College Station city manager North Bardell said it was expected to generate $ 1 million in annual sales tax revenue , nearly equal to what the city collected in the previous fiscal year from all other sales . It would bring in another $ 120 @,@ 000 in property taxes , a half @-@ million in taxes for College Station Independent School District , and $ 1 million in electric bills . The increase in jobs was seen as good for the community , and the city hoped it would attract new civic groups to the area . Taking a year longer than originally planned , the expansion was completed in 1985 . The mall also added new burdens to city services , with building inspectors having to work overtime to inspect each store area as it was completed . While mall security was issued citation books so they could issue parking tickets directly , the city police still had to work double shifts to cover the traffic during the mall 's opening weekend . Overall , the mall increased traffic on the Earl Rudder Freeway , and city traffic engineers noted it would cause more traffic backup . Traffic signals were added to the mall 's main entrance , while long @-@ term plans were made to both expand the freeway and add additional interchanges along Harvey . Traffic studies were implemented to study the traffic after the mall 's opening to developed additional plans to mitigate issues . There were concerns that the mall would be the final blow to the downtown area of neighboring city Bryan , Texas , which was already suffering reduced business after the opening of smaller Manor East Mall and the Townshire shopping center , both within Bryan . Bryan city officials noted an immediate decrease in revenue due to Sears moving from Bryan to College Station , taking $ 50 – 100 @,@ 000 of sales taxes with it . However , as a whole the city was hopeful that the mall would have benefits to the city in the form of increased city growth as a whole . The city planners felt it would only be a passing fad for local rural and lower @-@ income families , who would still return to downtown Bryan due to its proximity . = = = Renovations = = = On February 1 , 2004 , a short in an electrical box sparked a small fire at the Journey 's shoe store . The sprinklers helped contain the flames , but eight stores and six kiosks in the area of the store suffered from smoke damage , as well as water damage after water from the sprinklers flowed out of the store and into the middle of the mall walkway . The affected stores had to be closed for two days while repairs were made . In 2006 , Anuncio Digital Media , a locally started digital advertising firm , installed its first mall @-@ based digital signage network , which consists of a series of twenty plasma screen televisions around the main concourse and in the food court that display six @-@ second sound @-@ free advertisements . Post Oak Mall was the first of four CBL @-@ owned malls to receive this network , with four other CBL malls scheduled to follow . The advertising displays were activated on September 1 , 2006 . David Gwin , the economic development director for College Station , is working with the mall on a possible $ 8 @.@ 5 million renovation project to give the mall a further boost . As of 2008 , details about what the renovations would entail have not been released . In February 2009 , the city noted that plans had been designed to renovate both the interior and exterior of the mall . On January 19 , 2012 , CBL Properties announced , among others , that Post Oak Mall would receive major renovations sometime during 2012 . In CBL 's press release , they announced that " The renovation at Post Oak Mall will involve modern updates including new flooring and paint as well as all new amenities such as soft seating areas and décor , updated entrances , and lighting . In addition , the food courts at Cross Creek Mall , Turtle Creek Mall and Post Oak Mall will receive completely new designs , including new tables and chairs . " Renovations were completed in November 2012 with a grand reopening held the weekend of November 9 , 2012 . = = Stores = = While the bulk of Post Oak Mall 's 125 stores are clothing and accessory shops , as of 2009 it is home to several hair salons and cosmetic stores , two video game stores , two optical shops , a Dallas Cowboys Pro Shop , a store featuring Texas A & M merchandise ( Aggieland Outfitters ) , and a pet store that primarily sells puppies imported from Canada . In addition to six food vendors in the central food court , the mall houses full @-@ size Casa Olé and Chuck E. Cheese 's restaurants , and kiosk versions of Auntie Anne 's and Dippin ' Dots . There is a small indoor children 's play area located in the food court , a night club , and recruitment centers for the United States Air Force , Army , Navy , and Marines . When it opened , the mall contained a three @-@ screen movie theater owned by Cineplex Odeon , which was later bought out the Plitt chain . The Post Oak Mall theater location was eventually sold to Carmike Cinemas before closing for good by 1999 . The empty space was replaced with a full @-@ service restaurant and an entertainment section . = = = Anchors = = = The first four anchor stores in the mall were Sears , Dillard 's , Wilson 's , and Foley 's . Bealls , became the fifth anchor when it opened a second location in Post Oak a few weeks after the mall 's opening . The sixth anchor was added in 1985 , when J.C. Penney moved into the newly expanded mall from its Bryan Manor East Mall location . In 1985 , the H.J. Wilson Company , owner of Wilson 's , was taken over by Service Merchandise . After Service Merchandise went bankrupt in 1999 , the Wilson 's location closed and the empty anchor location became a second Dillard 's location , housing their specialty Mens & Housewares store . Both Dillard 's locations , Foley 's , J.C. Penney , and Sears were all independently owned , separate from mall ownership , and considered " stand @-@ alone " buildings for tax purposes . After May Department Stores , the parent company of Foley 's , merged with Federated Department Stores , the Foley 's location was temporarily closed while it was converted to a Macy 's department store . The new Macy 's officially opened on September 9 , 2006 . With the opening of its 30 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 800 m2 ) location on August 5 , 2005 , Steve & Barry 's became the mall 's only anchor store to have no exterior exit . In September 2008 , after Steve & Barry 's declared bankruptcy , the Post Oak store was closed as part of the parent 's company attempt to save its business , but it went out of business altogether less than three months later . = = = Food court = = = Post Oak Mall 's food court contains seven food stall vendors . In addition to the more " traditional " mall offerings , including a Raising Cane 's location , a burger place , an Asian restaurant , and a pizza stall , the food court houses the locally operated Taste of the Tropics , a maker of pure fruit smoothies , and a Nestlé Toll House Café . The stalls arranged around half of a semi @-@ round area , with seating and the children 's playground in the center , retail stores along the other half , and openings to the mall concourse on both ends . A McDonald 's was located in the mall for fifteen years , but left in 2002 as part of regional owner Ron Blatchley 's overall renovation plans . It was quickly replaced by the Brazos Valley seventh Sonic Drive @-@ In location , the only in the area with neither a drive @-@ in nor drive through option . The Sonic closed in late 2012 . = = Economic impact = = Post Oak Mall was the first mall in the city of College Station , and as of 2008 , it is the largest mall in the Brazos Valley . There were concerns that the mall would hurt existing area businesses , but CBL was certain the mall would have a " trickle @-@ down " effect that would result in the Harvey Road area to be " fully developed with smaller strip shopping centers . " Before the mall opened , plans were already underway for one such center , Post Oak Village , which began constructed to the west of the mall along Harvey Road . Farther west , zoning was approved for new office complexes and commercial developments . Immediately south of the mall , an additional commercial zone was approved , along with 36 acres ( 15 ha ) along the freeway . The mall 's opening helped create the impetus for growing economic and commercial developments for College Station . Before its opening , the city did not have a highly developed retail community . It is now the largest taxpayer in College Station , and the second largest in the Brazos Valley , even though the anchor stores are freestanding units that are privately owned and taxed separate from the mall proper . Over 75 percent of retail sales in the Brazos Valley coming from sales at the mall 's stores and it continues to be one if the area 's largest employers as well as being the largest employer for Texas A & M students . As predicted , the Harvey Road / Earl Rudder Freeway intersection became a major entry point into College Station , with Harvey Road now boasting a long stretch of retail businesses and restaurants . It is considered an " area of bustling activity " by the city . According to Joan Ghani , the marketing director of the mall , the mall sees eleven million visitors walk through its door annually . While the large college population from Texas A & M University boosts the mall 's revenue , the average mall shopper is in their 30s and come from both within the Brazos County and the twelve surrounding counties . = Suillus lakei = Suillus lakei , commonly known as the matte Jack , Lake 's bolete , or the western painted Suillus , is a species of fungus in the Suillaceae family . It is characterized by the distinctive reddish @-@ brown tufted fibers or small scales on the cap , and the presence of a woolly veil on the stem . The caps can reach diameters of up to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) , while the stems are between 6 to 12 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) long and usually 1 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick . On the underside of the cap is a layer of spongy yellow to yellow @-@ brown angular pores ; these pores are covered with a whitish partial veil when young . A mycorrhizal fungus , S. lakei grows in association with Douglas fir , and can be found where this tree occurs . It is native to northwestern North America , but has been introduced to Europe , South America , and New Zealand . The mushroom is edible , but opinions vary considerably as to its quality . = = Taxonomy and naming = = American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill originally named the species Boletinus lakei after mycologist E.R. Lake of Oregon Agricultural college ( now Oregon State University ) . Lake collected the type specimen from Corvallis , Oregon , in late November , 1907 . Rolf Singer later transferred the species to the genera Ixocomus and Boletinus in 1940 and 1945 , respectively . In their 1964 monograph on North American Suillus species , Alexander H. Smith and Harry Delbert Thiers transferred the species to Suillus . Simultaneously , they described the S. lakei variety pseudopictus that they said had been misidentified by collectors as Suillus pictus ( now called Suillus spraguei ) because of its reddish and scaly cap . Singer considered Suillus amabilis to be the same species as S. lakei , but Smith and Thiers later examined the type material of both , and concluded that they were distinct species . Engel and colleagues described a variety in 1996 , S. lakei var. landkammeri , based on Boletinus tridentinus subsp. landkammeri described by Czech mycologists Albert Pilát and Mirko Svrček in 1949 . The nomenclatural databases Index Fungorum and MycoBank consider this synonymous with S. lakei . The mushroom is commonly known as the " western painted Suillus " , the " matte Jack " , or " Lake 's slippery cap " . = = Description = = The cap of S. lakei is up to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) in diameter and initially convex , but flattens out somewhat in maturity . The cap is fleshy , dry , yellowish to reddish @-@ brown but fades with age . It is covered with pressed @-@ down hairs or minute tufted scales in the center , with the yellowish flesh visible between the scales . Heavy rain can wash the fibrils off the cap surface , leaving a sticky , glutinous layer behind . Older specimens may be nearly smooth in age . Remnants of the partial veil sometimes hang from the edge of the cap . The cap margin is initially curved or rolled inwards , but unrolls as it grows and in maturity may be curled upward . The tubes that comprise the pore surface on the underside of the cap are 5 – 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 5 in ) deep ; the angular pores are up to 2 @.@ 5 mm wide and radially arranged . The pores range in color from yellow to brownish @-@ yellow to ochre , and stain brownish or reddish @-@ brown when bruised . They are covered by a partial veil in young specimens . The flesh is thick , yellow , and either unchanged in color when bruised or broken , or turns pinkish @-@ red . The stem is 6 to 12 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) long and usually 1 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick , yellow sometimes with reddish streaks , and solid and yellow within . The species usually lacks the glandular dots on the stem that are characteristic of some Suillus species . The stem is either equal in width throughout its length , or tapered downwards . The tissue of the stem base may weakly stain bluish @-@ green when cut , although this reaction is not usually apparent in mature specimens . The ring is delicate and floccose ( resembling woolly tufts ) , and soon disappears or leaves a thin	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
cher of Mokotow Prison " by the inmates ) . During Pilecki 's last conversation with his wife he told her : " I cannot live . They killed me . Because Oświęcim [ Auschwitz ] compared with them was just a trifle . " His final words before his execution were " Long live free Poland " . Pilecki 's place of burial has never been found but is thought to be somewhere within Warsaw 's Powązki Cemetery . After the fall of communism in Poland a symbolic gravestone was erected in his memory at Ostrowa Mazowiecka Cemetery . In 2012 , Powązki Cemetery was partially excavated in an effort to find Pilecki 's remains . Pilecki 's show trial and execution was part of a wider campaign of repression against former Home Army members and others connected with the Polish Government @-@ in @-@ Exile in London . In 2003 , the prosecutor , Czesław Łapiński , and several others involved in the trial were charged with complicity in Pilecki 's murder . Józef Cyrankiewicz , the chief prosecution witness , was already dead , and Łapiński died in 2004 , before the trial was concluded . Witold Pilecki and all others sentenced in the show trial were rehabilitated on 1 October 1990 . In 1995 , he was posthumously awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta and in 2006 he received the Order of the White Eagle , the highest Polish decoration . On 6 September 2013 , he was posthumously promoted by the Minister of National Defence to the rank of Colonel . Films about Pilecki include a made @-@ for @-@ TV movie , Śmierć rotmistrza Pileckiego ( The Death of Captain Pilecki ) , starring Polish actor Marek Probosz ; and the documentaries Against the Odds : Resistance in Nazi Concentration Camps ; and Heroes of War : Poland produced by Sky Vision for the History Channel UK . A number of books have been written about Pilecki . In addition , Pilecki 's comprehensive 1945 report on his undercover mission at Auschwitz was published in English for the first time in 2012 , under the title The Auschwitz Volunteer : Beyond Bravery , and was hailed by The New York Times as " a historical document of the greatest importance . " = = Polish Army career summary = = Second Lieutenant ( podporucznik ) from 1926 First Lieutenant ( porucznik ) from 11 November 1941 ( promoted while at Auschwitz ) Captain ( cavalry rotmistrz ) from 11 November 1943 Colonel ( pułkownik ) from 6 September 2013 ( posthumously ) . = = Awards , decorations and citations = = Knight of the Order of the White Eagle ( posthumously , 2007 ) Commander 's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta – ( posthumously , 1995 ) Cross of Valour , awarded twice Silver Cross of Merit ( 1938 ) Army of Central Lithuania Cross of Merit War Medal 1918 – 1921 Decade of Independence Regained Auschwitz Cross Warsaw Uprising Cross Order of the Star of Perseverance ( posthumously ) = Operation Paula = Unternehmen Paula ( Undertaking or Operation Paula ) is the German codename given for the Second World War Luftwaffe offensive operation to destroy the remaining units of the Armée de l 'Air ( ALA ) , or French Air Force during the Battle of France in 1940 . On 10 May the German armed forces ( Wehrmacht ) began its invasion of Western Europe . By 3 June , the British Army had withdrawn from Dunkirk and the continent in Operation Dynamo , the Netherlands and Belgium had surrendered and most of the formations of the French Army were disbanded or destroyed . To complete the defeat of France , the Germans undertook a second phase operation , Fall Rot ( Case Red ) , to conquer the remaining regions . In order to do this , air supremacy was required . The Luftwaffe was ordered to destroy the French Air Forces , while still providing support to the German Army . For the operation , the Germans committed five Air Corps to the attack , comprising 1 @,@ 100 aircraft . The operation was launched on 3 June 1940 . However , British intelligence had warned the French of the impending attack and the ensuing operation failed to achieve the strategic results desired by the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe ( High Command of the Air Force ) . Fortunately for the Luftwaffe , the plight of the French ground and air forces at this stage meant the failure of the operation would not impede the defeat of France . = = Background = = After the declaration of war on Nazi Germany by the United Kingdom and France , in the aftermath of the German invasion of Poland , nine months of stalemate took place along the Western Front named the Phoney War . The only military action was the French Army 's Saar Offensive which was terminated in controversial circumstances . After the Polish Campaign , in October 1939 , the planners of the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe ( Luftwaffe High Command ) and the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( Supreme Command of the Armed Forces ) turned their attentions to Western Europe . The Western Allies had surrendered the initiative and the Germans would take the offensive in 1940 . Several plans were toyed with by the German General Staff . General Franz Halder , the chief of staff of the Army , presented the first plan for Fall Gelb ( " Case Yellow " ) on 19 October 1939 . The plan 's German code was Aufmarschanweisung N ° 1 , Fall Gelb , or " Deployment Instruction No. 1 , Case Yellow " . The operation was a limited operation in which Luxembourg and the Low Countries were to be conquered in order to provide a base for further operations against France at a later date and amounted to a less ambitious re @-@ run of the infamous Schlieffen Plan which failed during the First World War in 1914 . It was rejected by Adolf Hitler and at the turn of the year , Heinz Guderian 's chief of staff , Erich von Manstein secured Hitler 's attention with a modified version . An ambitious thrust through the Ardennes was suggested by von Manstein . This main attack would use up the majority of the motorised and tank divisions ( Panzer Divisions ) in a drive to the English Channel . A diversion operation in Belgium and the Netherlands would precede this thrust , to lure the Allied Armies , including the British Expeditionary Force , into a trap . Launched on 10 May 1940 , the revised version of Unternehmen Gelb ( Operation Yellow ) , also known as the Manstein Plan , succeeded . Unfortunately for the Germans , the British Army escaped during the Battle of Dunkirk . Nevertheless , the Belgian Army , Dutch Army and most of the elite French forces were destroyed in the encirclement . This left just second rate French units to combat the entire German Army . The Luftwaffe had played an integral part in disrupting Allied operations in this early phase . The Luftwaffe 's participation was particularly crucial during the Battle of Sedan which enabled the German Army to carry out Operation Yellow . By early June the Dunkirk siege was over , and on 3 June , the Germans began preparations for the conquest of the rest of France under the codename Fall Rot , ( Case Red ) . For this to be as successful , air superiority would be required first , as it had been during Operation Yellow . = = Luftwaffe plans = = Hugo Sperrle had long planned attacks upon Paris and on 22 May he ordered Fliegerkorps II ( Air Corps II ) and Fliegerkorps V ( Air Corps V ) with Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Bomber Wing 77 ) and Generaloberst ( General Colonel ) Ulrich Grauert 's I Fliegerdivision , III . / Kampfgeschwader 28 ( Bomber Wing 28 ) to bomb Paris . Bad weather had prevented the operation . However , determined to continue with his plans , Sperrle ordered Otto Hoffmann von Waldau and Helmuth von Hoffman , Gruppenkommandeur ( Group Commander ) of III . / KG 28 , to plan out an operation named Paula the following day , on 23 May 1940 . The objectives of the operation was broad in its scope . Among the elimination of French airfields and aircraft factories around Paris , in von Waldau 's words , the bombing was to " achieve a desirable influence on the morale of the capital " . German reconnaissance aircraft reported 1 @,@ 244 aircraft on airfields in and around Paris , including 550 – 650 single engine aircraft . This force of French air power was to be destroyed along with the aviation factories in the area . French anti aircraft artillery ( AAA ) defences were mapped from the tactical to operational level and intelligence of French ground defences was therefore good . The operation was due to be carried out on 30 May , but again , bad weather prevented it . The operation was compromised by poor staff work and excessive confidence in the " invulnerable " Enigma machine . The British intelligence , namely Ultra , who had been reading the German codes , forewarned the French . On 30 May ULTRA intercepted a message sent by Grauert discussing the arrangements he was making for his Corps . Adding to this leak , the units involved received incomplete orders for the assault . Oberst Johann @-@ Volkmar Fisser , Geschwaderkommodore ( Wing Commander ) of KG 77 , was given incomplete orders about the target and complained . He asked the Headquarters of VIII Fliegerkorps only to be told it was " Paris " . Sperrle responded to his request by removing KG 77 from the order of battle . The British intercepted Frisser 's request to VIII Fliegerkorps , who then passed it to the French . The French had intercepted similar messages and in response they doubled their aircraft strength to 120 fighters . = = Forces involved = = = = = German = = = Units from both Luftflotte 2 and Luftflotte 3 ( Air Fleet 1 and 2 ) were made available for the operation . Kampfgeschwader ( Bomber Wings ) and Jagdgeschwader ( Fighter Wings ) with aircraft from Lehrgeschwader 1 , ( LG 1 ) , Kampfgeschwader 1 ( KG 1 ) , Kampfgeschwader 2 ( KG 2 ) , Kampfgeschwader 3 ( KG 3 ) , Kampfgeschwader 4 ( KG 4 ) , Kampfgeschwader 54 ( KG 54 ) and Kampfgeschwader 55 ( KG 55 ) , escorted by fighter aircraft from Jagdgeschwader 2 ( JG 2 ) , Jagdgeschwader 26 ( JG 26 ) , Jagdgeschwader 27 ( JG 27 ) , Jagdgeschwader 53 ( JG 53 ) , Zerstörergeschwader 2 ( ZG 2 ) and Zerstörergeschwader 76 ( ZG 76 ) were to carry out the attack . KG 1 , ZG 76 and LG 1 were under the command of I. Fliegerkorps . ZG 2 , KG 3 and II . / KG 2 were under the command of II . Fliegerkorps . KG 55 and III . / KG 54 were under IV . Fliegerkorps . KG 51 served under V. Fliegerkorps . KG 4 and JG 26 were under the command of the IX . Fliegerdivision . JG 2 and JG 27 were under the command of VIII . Fliegerkorps . Jagdfliegerführer 3 lent JG 53 for the operation . Stab. and I. / KG 2 moved to Trier @-@ Euren for assault . I. / KG 2 operated from Wengerohr , III . / KG 2 meanwhile was to operate from Kirchenburg . Stab . KG 55 operated from Schwabisch . I. , II . , III . / KG 55 operated from Reims , Heilbronn and Eutingen respectively . KG 3 's , I. , II . , and III . , Gruppe were based at Aschaffenburg , Schweinfurt and Würzburg . These units were based at unknown French bases by the 3 June . KG 4 and its units were based at Gütersloh , Fassberg and Delmenhorst . It is likely that some of KG 3 's units moved to bases near Lille , for the attack . KG 1 's I. , II . , III . , Gruppe were based at Giessen , Kirtorf and Ettinghausen . It likely that some of these units moved into captured French airfields by the 3 June . It is possible they were based at Rosières @-@ en @-@ Santerre . Only I. / KG 54 took part in the raid from the Geschwader ( Wing ) . KG 54 was probably located in somewhere in northern France on 3 June . It was originally based at Köln @-@ Ostheim . The fighter units were based at the following airfields : Abbeville ( ZG 76 ) ; Darmstadt , Neufchâteau , Freiburg ( ZG 2 ) ; Le Touquet , La Capelle , Étaples ( JG 26 ) ; Couvron , Oulchy @-@ le @-@ Château , ( JG 2 ) ; Guise ( JG 27 ) ; Épernay , Douzy , Charleville @-@ Mézières , La Selve ( JG 53 ) . KG 2 put up 99 bombers for the raid and KG 55 committed 66 bombers from their three Gruppen . Altogether the Luftwaffe fielded 640 bombers 460 fighters in total from the above units . = = = French = = = Tasked with the defence of the greater Paris area , the Zone d 'Opérations Aériennes Nord or Z.O.A.N ( Northern Zone of Air Operations ) . Groupe de Chasse I / 145 ( Polish ) armed with Caudron C.714 fighters were based at Dreux . G.C. I / 1 with Bloch MB.152s were based at Chantilly @-@ Les Aigles . G.C. II / 1 Bloch 152s were deployed to Brétigny @-@ sur @-@ Orge airfield . G.C. II / 10 Bloch 152s were located at Bernay @-@ en @-@ Ponthieu , while G.C. III / 10 Bloch 152s were based at Deauville . More fighter units operating the Dewoitine D.520 are also listed on the order of battle : G.C. I / 3 at Meaux – Esbly , G.C. II / 3 at La Ferté @-@ sur @-@ Chiers – Gaucher , G.C. III / 3 with the D.520 and Morane @-@ Saulnier M.S.406 at Illiers @-@ l 'Évêque . Further units were located along the line . G.C. I / 4 with Curtiss H @-@ 75s at Évreux @-@ Fauville , G.C. II / 4 Curtiss H @-@ 75 at Orconte , G.C. I / 6 Morane 406s at Lognes – Émerainville , G.C. III / 7 ( Morane 406s ) at Coulommiers , G.C. I / 8 Bloch 152s at Claye @-@ Souilly , and G.C. II / 9 Bloch 152s at Connantre . These units were supported by night fighter units , ( Groupement de Chasse de Nuit , Night Hunting Group ) , E.C.M.J. 1 / 16 , E.C.N. 1 / 13 , 2 / 13 , 3 / 13 and 4 / 13 equipped with the Potez 631 . All in all , these groups totalled 240 aircraft . Only 120 fighters were made available to counter German attacks . = = The battle = = On 3 June , the French units were warned an hour before the German bombers took off , but owing to equally poor staff work , few French squadrons heard the scramble signal when it was radioed from the Eiffel Tower and some were caught on the ground . In the end , only 80 took off to intercept the incoming German formations . German progress was monitored by shadowing Potez 631s , one of which was shot down . The Germans would copy this tactic when intercepting United States Army Air Force ( USAAF ) heavy bombers during the Defence of the Reich campaign . Along with French AAA defences , the fighters shot down 10 German aircraft , including four bombers . One of these machines was piloted by Geschwaderkommodore of KG 51 , Josef Kammhuber , who was wounded in action and then taken as a prisoner of war . Kammhuber would be released after the French surrender . He was replaced as Geschwaderkommodore of KG 51 by Fisser , commander of KG 77 . Fisser was killed two months later leading KG 51 during the Battle of Britain , inadvertently saving Kammhuber 's life . Jagdfliegerführer 3 ( Fighter Flying Leader 3 ) Oberst Gerd von Massow was also shot down . He was replaced by Oberst Werner Junck , until the former 's release by German forces on 12 June 1940 . German formations attacked 28 railways and marshalling yard centres . All damage inflicted was light . None were out of action for more than 24 hours . Most of the German bombers had passed over and had an altitude advantage over French fighters trying to gain height to intercept . Skirmishes were few and far between , but some French units suffered heavy losses . For the attack , the Germans had used the new C @-@ 250 Flammbombe ( Flame Bomb ) which had only been cleared for use 24 hours earlier . The incendiary bomb did some damage to hangars and parked aircraft . = = Aftermath = = The Germans believed they had struck a mortal blow against the ALA . German post @-@ operation analysis indicated a resounding success . It suggested a long list of wrecked French factories and destroyed aircraft on the ground and in the air . The Germans claimed to have destroyed 75 French aircraft in the air and 400 on the ground . Such was the perceived success , the Luftwaffe concentrated against ports on the northern French coast thereafter . The damage inflicted by the Luftwaffe was far less than the Germans thought . Only 20 French aircraft ( 16 of them fighters ) were destroyed on the ground and 15 of their fighters were shot down in aerial combat , a loss rate of 19 percent , suggesting German over claiming of over 4 : 1 in the air and 16 : 1 on the ground . Six of the 16 airfields hit reported serious damage , while 15 factories reported slight damage . French casualties on the ground were heavy . French casualties included 254 dead and 652 injured . The French shot down 10 German aircraft , including four bombers . They claimed 16 , suggesting mutual over claiming . A further 21 vehicles were destroyed . All the French airfields were back in operation 48 hours later . Although the operation failed to achieve its goals , the first phase of the German invasion , Operation Yellow , had stripped the French Army of its finest formations . The French forces holding the Somme line were mostly reserve divisions of poorer quality and unsupported by heavy artillery , tanks or motorised infantry . The failure of the German air operation did not prevent the German Army from defeating the French in June 1940 , or the Luftwaffe in gaining air supremacy at the beginning of Fall Rot . The main reason for German superiority in the air was the poor state of French air units ' operational readiness . The Luftwaffe had a smaller margin of numerical superiority over the ALA at the start of Fall Rot as the French aviation industry was starting to reach full potential in production . Some 2 @,@ 000 French aircraft were available despite the loss of 787 aircraft ( 473 fighters , 120 bombers and 194 reconnaissance aircraft ) . The French had 2 @,@ 086 machines available on 5 June 1940 , the first day of Fall Rot . Unfortunately component production did not match the production of airframes . It was slow and poor , and as a result only 599 aircraft ( 340 fighters and 170 bombers ) were serviceable ; a rate of just 29 percent . After the opening of the offensive , the Luftwaffe " ran riot " over French air space . Such was the superiority of the Luftwaffe at that point , some units were sent home to Germany to refit . The French collapsed altogether just 22 days later , and on 25 June France capitulated . = New Labour = New Labour refers to a period in the history of the British Labour Party from the mid @-@ 1990s to the early 2010s , under leaders Tony Blair and Gordon Brown . The name dates from a conference slogan first used by the party in 1994 which was later seen in a draft manifesto published in 1996 , called New Labour , New Life For Britain . It was presented as the brand of a newly reformed party that had altered Clause IV and endorsed market economics . The branding was extensively used while the party was in government , between 1997 and 2010 . New Labour won landslide election victories in 1997 and 2001 , and won again in 2005 . In 2007 , Blair resigned as the party 's leader and was succeeded by Gordon Brown . Labour lost the 2010 general election , which resulted in a hung parliament and led to the creation of a Conservative – Liberal Democrat coalition government ; Gordon Brown resigned as Prime Minister , and as Labour leader shortly thereafter . He was succeeded by Ed Miliband after that year 's leadership election . The " New Labour " brand was developed to regain trust from the electorate and to portray a departure from " Old Labour " , which was criticised for its breaking of election promises and its links between trade unions and the state . The " New Labour " brand was used to communicate the party 's modernisation to the public . It was coordinated by Alastair Campbell , who centralised the party 's communications and used his experience in journalism to achieve positive media relations . In 2002 , following criticism from Philip Gould , Blair announced the need to reinvent the brand based on a unified domestic policy and greater assertion in foreign affairs . Following the leadership of Neil Kinnock and John Smith , the party under the New Labour brand attempted to widen its electoral appeal and , by the 1997 general election , had made significant gains in the upper and middle classes . Labour maintained this wider support in the 2001 and 2005 elections . The brand was retired in 2010 . New Labour has been influenced by the political thinking of Anthony Crosland , the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown , and Peter Mandelson and Alastair Campbell 's media campaigning . The political philosophy of New Labour was influenced by the party 's development of Anthony Giddens ' " Third Way " , which attempted to provide a synthesis between capitalism and socialism . The party emphasised the importance of social justice , rather than equality , emphasising the need for equality of opportunity , and believed in the use of free markets to deliver economic efficiency and social justice . In 2002 , Giddens named spin as New Labour 's biggest failure , but commended the party 's success in certain policy areas and at marginalising the Conservative Party . = = History = = First elected to parliament as Member of Parliament for Sedgefield , County Durham , at the 1983 general election , Tony Blair became the leader of the Labour Party in 1994 , after winning 57 % of the vote in that year 's leadership election , defeating John Prescott and Margaret Beckett . His first shadow cabinet role came in November 1988 , when Neil Kinnock appointed him as Shadow Secretary of State for Energy , and in July 1992 he was promoted to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on the election of John Smith as Labour Party leader . Gordon Brown , who went on to hold senior positions in Blair 's Labour government before succeeding him as Prime Minister in June 2007 , was not a candidate in the 1994 leadership election because of an agreement between the two made in 1994 , in which Brown promised not to run for election . The media has since speculated that Blair agreed to stand down and allow Brown the premiership in the future , though Blair 's supporters have contended that such a deal never took place . The term ' New Labour ' was coined by Blair in his October 1994 Labour Party Conference speech , as part of the slogan " New Labour , New Britain " . During this speech , Blair announced the modification of Clause IV of the party 's constitution , which abandoned Labour 's attachment to nationalisation and embraced market economics . The new version of the clause committed Labour to a balance of market and public ownership , and to balance creation of wealth with social justice . In 1997 , after 18 years of a Conservative government , New Labour won a landslide victory at the general election , winning a total of 418 seats in the House of Commons — the largest victory in the party 's history . The party was also victorious in 2001 and 2005 , making Blair Labour 's longest @-@ serving Prime Minister , and the first to win three consecutive general elections . Indeed , he was the first Labour leader to win a general election since Harold Wilson in 1974 . In the months following Labour 's 1997 election victory , referendums were held in Scotland and Wales regarding devolution . There was a clear majority supporting devolution in Scotland and a narrower majority in Wales ; Scotland received a stronger degree of devolution than Wales . The Labour government passed laws in 1998 to establish a Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly , the first elections for these were held in 1999 . Blair attempted to continue peace negotiations in Northern Ireland by offering the creation of a regional parliament and government . In 1998 , the Good Friday Agreement was made , which allowed for a 108 @-@ member elected assembly and a power @-@ sharing arrangement between nationalists and unionists . Blair was personally involved in these negotiations . After the US strikes on Afghanistan and Sudan in 1998 , Blair released a statement supporting the actions ; he lent military support to America 's 2001 invasion of Afghanistan . In March 2003 , the Labour government , fearing Saddam Hussein 's supposed access to weapons of mass destruction , participated in the American @-@ led invasion of Iraq . British intervention in Iraq promoted public protest . Crowds numbering 400 @,@ 000 and more demonstrated in October 2002 , and again the following spring . On 15 February 2003 , over 1 million people demonstrated against the war in Iraq , and 60 @,@ 000 marched in Manchester before the Labour Party Conference , with the demonstrators ' issues including British occupation of Afghanistan and the forthcoming invasion of Iraq . In June 2007 , Blair resigned as the leader of the Labour Party and Gordon Brown , previously the Chancellor of the Exchequer , succeeded him after the 2007 party conference . Three years earlier , Blair had announced that he would not be contesting a fourth successive general election as Labour Party leader if he won the 2005 general election . Brown initially had strong public support and plans for a quick general election were widely publicised , though never officially announced . On 18 February 2008 , Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling announced that the failing bank , Northern Rock , would be nationalised , supporting it with loans and guarantees of £ 50 billion . The bank had been destabilised by the US subprime mortgage crisis the previous year , and a private buyer of the bank could not be found . The 2010 general election ended in a hung parliament , in which Labour won 258 seats , 91 fewer than in 2005 . Following failures to achieve a coalition deal with the Liberal Democrats , Gordon Brown announced his intention to resign as the leader of the party on 10 May , and resigned as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom the following day . Shortly thereafter , David Cameron and Nick Clegg announced the formation of a coalition between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats ; David Cameron became the Prime Minister and Nick Clegg the Deputy Prime Minister of a cabinet that contained eighteen Conservative ministers and five Liberal Democrat ministers . In announcing his intention to run for the leadership , David Miliband declared that the New Labour era was over , and following the publication of Tony ' Blair 's memoirs on 1 September 2010 , Ed Miliband said " I think it is time to move on from Tony Blair and Gordon Brown and Peter Mandelson and to move on from the New Labour establishment and that is the candidate that I am at this election who can best turn the page . I think frankly most members of the public will want us to turn the page . " The leadership election was won by Ed Miliband , who was able to mobilise support from the trade union electorate . In a July 2011 speech , Blair stated that New Labour died when he left office and Gordon Brown assumed the party leadership , claiming that from 2007 , the party " lost the driving rhythm " . = = Political branding = = Once New Labour was established , it was developed as a brand , portrayed as a departure from ' Old Labour ' , the party of pre @-@ 1994 , which had been criticised for regularly betraying its election promises and was linked with trade unionism , the state , and benefit claimants . The previous two party leaders , Neil Kinnock and John Smith , had begun efforts to modernise the party as a strategy for electoral success , before Smith died in 1994 . However , Smith 's approach , which was dubbed ( sometimes pejoratively ) " one more heave " was perceived as too timid by modernisers like Blair , Brown and Mandelson . They felt that his cautious approach , which sought to avoid controversy and win the next election by capitalising on the unpopularity of the Conservative government , was not sufficient . New Labour also used the party 's brand to continue this modernisation , and it was used to communicate the modernisation of the party to the public ; the party also began to use focus groups to test whether their policy ideas were attractive to swing voters . Its purpose was to reassure the public that the party would provide a new kind of governance and mitigate fears that a Labour government would return to the labour unrest that had characterised its past . While the party was in power , press secretary Alastair Campbell installed a centralised organisation to co @-@ ordinate government communication and impose a united message to be delivered by ministers . Charlie Whelan , Gordon Brown 's press officer , was often in conflict with Campbell because of the former 's attempts to brief the press by his own initiatives ; this continued until his resignation in 1999 . Campbell followed a professional approach to media relations to ensure that a clear message was presented , and the party planned stories in advance to ensure a positive media reaction . Campbell used his own experience in journalism ; he was known for his attention to detail and effective use of sound bites . Campbell developed a relationship with News International , providing their newspapers with early information in return for positive media coverage . In 2002 , Philip Gould , a policy advisor to the Labour Party , wrote to the party 's leadership that the brand had become contaminated and an object of criticism and ridicule , undermined by an apparent lack of conviction and integrity . The brand was weakened by internal disputes and the apparent failure to deal with issues . This assessment was supported by Tony Blair , who argued that the government needed to spend more time working on domestic affairs , develop a unifying strategy , and create " eye @-@ catching initiatives " . Blair also announced the need to be more assertive in foreign affairs . = = Electoral support = = Under Neil Kinnock , Labour attempted to widen its electoral support from narrow class divisions . After Blair took the leadership , the party made significant gains in higher social classes and won 39 % support from managers and administrators in the 1997 election , more than in previous elections that the party had lost . Labour won greater support among younger voters than older , but there was no significant gender difference . During the 1980s , much of Labour 's support had retreated into industrial areas of the north ; in 1997 , Labour performed much better in the south of England . In the elections of 2001 and 2005 , Labour maintained much of the middle @-@ class support that it had won in 1997 . In 2005 , Labour 's support was much lower than in the previous two elections , which David Rubinstein has attributed to anger at the war in Iraq and towards Blair himself . Professors Geoffrey Evans , John Curtice and Pippa Norris of Strathclyde University published a paper considering the incidence of tactical voting in the 1997 general election . Their studies showed that tactical voting increased in 1997 ; there was a strong increase in anti @-@ Conservative voting and a decrease in anti @-@ Labour tactical voting . Political commentators Neal Lawson and Joe Cox wrote that tactical voting helped to provide New Labour with its majorities in 1997 , 2001 and 2005 and argued that , the party won because of public opposition to the Conservative Party . The Party declared after its victory that it " won as New Labour and would govern as New Labour " , but Cox and Lawson challenged this view , suggesting that the party won on account of public opposition to the Conservative Party . = = Key figures = = = = = Anthony Crosland = = = The basic principles of New Labour existed in the post @-@ war socialist revisionism of Anthony Crosland . Crosland emphasised that Labour should not just focus on nationalisation and social welfare , but attempt to reform education , resolve wealth inequality , and pursue better industrial relations . His work The Future of Socialism stressed the idea that socialism is moral and should pursue liberty , fellowship , social justice , and equality . This required the redistribution of wealth through a progressive tax system , rendering public ownership of the means of production , enshrined in Clause IV of Labour 's constitution , unnecessary . Crosland also proposed that education reform allow greater egalitarianism , proposing the abolition of the eleven plus exam . = = = Tony Blair = = = Tony Blair became the leader of the Labour Party after 1994 's leadership election , and coined the term " New Labour " in that October 's party conference . Blair pursued a " Third Way " philosophy that sought to use the public and private sectors to stimulate economic growth and abandon Labour 's commitment to nationalisation . Blair 's approach to government included a greater reliance on the media , using that to set the national policy agenda , rather than Westminster . He spent considerable resources maintaining a good public image , which sometimes took priority over the cabinet . Blair adopted a centrist political agenda in which cabinet ministers took managerial roles in their departments ; strategic vision was to be addressed by the Prime Minister . Ideologically , Blair believed that individuals could only flourish in a strong society , and this was not possible in the midst of unemployment . = = = Gordon Brown = = = Gordon Brown was an important figure in Blair 's Labour government and played a key role in developing the party 's philosophy . Brown served as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1992 to 1997 and was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer following Labour 's election victory in 1997 . He attempted to control public spending and sought to increase the funding for education and healthcare . His economic strategy was market @-@ based , attempting to reform the welfare state through a tax credit scheme for poorer working families , and he assigned the Bank of England to set interest rates . = = = Peter Mandelson = = = In 1985 , Peter Mandelson was appointed as the Labour Party 's director of communication ; previously , he had worked in television broadcasting . He helped the party become increasingly effective at communication and more concerned with its media image , especially with non @-@ partisans . Mandelson headed the Campaigns and Communications Directorate , established in 1985 , and initiated the Shadow Communications Agency . He oversaw Labour 's relationship with the media and believed in the importance of the agenda @-@ setting role of the press . He felt that the agenda of the press ( broadsheets in particular ) would influence important political broadcasters . In government , Mandelson was appointed minister without portfolio to co @-@ ordinate the various government departments . In 1998 , accused of financial impropriety , he resigned as a cabinet minister . = = = Alastair Campbell = = = Alastair Campbell was the Labour Party 's Press Secretary and led a strategy to neutralise the influence of the press ( which had weakened former Labour leader Neil Kinnock ) and create allies for the party . While in government , Campbell established a Strategic Communications Unit , a central body whose role was to co @-@ ordinate the party 's media relations and ensure that a unified image was presented to the press . Because of his background in tabloid journalism , Campbell understood how different parts of the media would cover stories . He was a valued news source for journalists because he was close to Blair – he was the first press secretary to regularly attend cabinet meetings . = = Political philosophy = = New Labour developed and subscribed to the " Third Way " , a centrist platform designed to offer an alternative to both complete capitalism and absolute socialism . The ideology was developed to make the party progressive and attract voters from across the political spectrum . New Labour offered a middle way between the neo @-@ liberal free market economics of the New Right , which it saw as economically efficient , and the ethical reformism of post @-@ 1945 Labour , which shared New Labour 's concern for social justice . New Labour 's ideology departed with its traditional beliefs in achieving social justice on behalf of the working class through mass collectivism ; Blair was influenced by ethical and Christian forms of socialism and used these to cast a modern form of socialism . = = = Social justice = = = New Labour tended to emphasise social justice , rather than the equality which was the focus of previous Labour governments , and challenged the view that social justice and economic efficiency are mutually exclusive . The party 's traditional attachment to equality was reduced : Minimum standards and equality of opportunity were promoted over the equality of outcome . The Commission on Social Justice , set up by John Smith , reported in 1994 that the values of social justice were : equal worth of citizens , equal rights to be able to meet their basic needs , the requirement to spread opportunities as much as possible , and the need to remove unjustified inequalities . The party viewed social justice primarily as the requirement to give citizens equal political and economic liberty and also as the need for social citizenship . It encompasses the need for equal distribution of opportunity , with the caveat that things should not be taken from successful people to give to the unsuccessful . = = = Economics = = = New Labour accepted the economic efficiency of free markets and believed that they could be detached from capitalism to achieve the aims of socialism , while maintaining the efficiency of capitalism . Markets were also useful for giving power to consumers and allowing citizens to make their own decisions and act responsibly . New Labour embraced market economics because they believed they could be used for their social aims , as well as economic efficiency . The party did not believe that public ownership was efficient or desirable ; ensuring that they were not seen to be ideologically pursuing centralised public ownership was important to the party . In government , the party relied on public @-@ private partnerships and private finance initiatives to raise funds and mitigate fears of a ' tax and spend ' policy or excessive borrowing . = = = Welfare = = = Welfare reforms proposed by New Labour in their 2001 manifesto included Working Families Tax Credit , the National Childcare Strategy , and the National Minimum Wage . Writing in Capital & Class , Dr. Chris Grover argued that these policies were aimed at promoting work , and that this position dominated New Labour 's position on welfare . He considered the view that New Labour 's welfare reforms were " workfarist " and argued that , in this context , it must refer to social policy being put in line with free market economic growth . Gower proposed that , under New Labour , this position was consolidated through schemes to encourage work . = = = Crime = = = Parts of New Labour 's political philosophy linked crime with social exclusion and pursued policies to encourage partnerships between social and police authorities to lower crime rates . Other areas of New Labour 's policy maintained a traditional approach to crime ; the prison population in 2005 rose to over 76 @,@ 000 , mostly owing to the increasing length of sentences . Following the September 11 attacks , the Labour government attempted to emphasise counter @-@ terrorism measures . From 2002 , the government followed policies aimed at reducing anti @-@ social behaviour ; in the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act , Labour introduced Anti @-@ Social Behaviour Orders ( ASBOs ) . = = Reception = = Trade union activist and journalist Jimmy Reid wrote in The Scotsman in 2002 criticising New Labour for failing to promote or deliver equality . He argued that Labour 's pursuit of a " dynamic market economy " was a way of continuing the operation of a free market economy , which prevented governments from interfering to achieve social justice . Reid argued that the social agenda of Clement Attlee 's government was abandoned by Thatcher and not revived by New Labour . He criticised the party for not preventing inequality from widening , and argued that New Labour 's ambition to win elections had moved the party towards the right . In 2002 , Anthony Giddens , a key figure in the development of the " Third Way " , listed problems facing the New Labour government , naming spin as the biggest failure because its damage to the party 's image was difficult to rebound from . He also challenged the failure of the Millennium Dome project and Labour 's inability to deal with irresponsible businesses . Giddens saw Labour 's ability to marginalise the Conservative Party as a success , as well its economic policy , welfare reform and certain aspects of education . Giddens criticised what he called Labour 's " half @-@ way houses " , including the National Health Service , and environmental and constitutional reform . = Utah State Route 313 = State Route 313 ( SR @-@ 313 ) is a Utah state highway in San Juan and Grand Counties . The highway has been designated the Dead Horse Point Mesa Scenic Byway . The highway is an access road for both the Island in the Sky district of Canyonlands National Park and Dead Horse Point State Park . The highway is a toll road in Dead Horse Point State Park . Westbound traffic is charged a state park entrance fee at the park boundary . The route was assigned north of Moab in the 1975 in place of SR @-@ 278 , a proposed but never constructed access to Dead Horse Point . The original alignment of the highway featured steep grades and blind corners . The highway was completely rebuilt in the 1980s after sustaining damage while crews rebuilt the access road to Canyonlands National Park . = = Route description = = The highway begins at the overlook in Dead Horse Point State Park 's parking lot ( 22 miles south of Moab ) . Gaining its scenic byway designation , SR @-@ 313 heads northward , along the ridges of Dead Horse Point . The highway climbs in elevation , reaching a height of 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) . Soon after , all drivers exit the park and have to pay a toll . After the high peak at 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) , SR @-@ 313 heads slowly downward , continuing along the ridges in the park . There is an intersection with a local road , and the highway begins to turn to the northwest . The elevation along SR @-@ 313 fluctuates for several miles , until intersecting with Long Canyon Road . Long Canyon Road is a connector that heads through Long Canyon and intersects with SR @-@ 279 . The route continues in a stretch of area known as the Big Flat , where it intersects the entrance to Canyonlands National Park . Soon after the westward turn , SR @-@ 313 intersects with Island in the Sky Road , a local road that heads southward from the main highway . The Knoll , a nearby mountain , is visible as the highway makes a turn to the north . The route has left Dead Horse Point State Park by now , and progresses northward through Grand County . At the intersection with Little Canyon Road , SR @-@ 313 turns to the northwest once again . However , this pattern straightens out to a northward one . At Gemini Bridges Road , the route turns to the opposite direction , heading to the northweast . The highway continues along in this direction for some time , passing Mineral Bottom Road , and drops down in elevation . The route makes a hairpin turn in the mountains , entering the South Fork of the Sevenmile Canyon . While traversing the canyon there are several view areas along the highway overlooking both Sevenmile canyon , Dead Horse Point , and two rock formations called the Monitor and the Merrimack , both named after warships in the American Civil War . Running along the canyon , SR @-@ 313 terminates at an intersection with U.S. Route 191 about 9 miles ( 14 km ) north of Moab . = = History = = With highways in and near Moab back in the 1960s limited to just two state @-@ maintained highways , there was no state route built to access Dead Horse Point . The only two highways in the area were U.S. Route 160 ( now U.S. Route 191 ) and State Route 128 . There were two routes assigned in the direction of Dead Horse Point in the 1960s , SR @-@ 278 and SR @-@ 279 . The route that SR @-@ 313 runs along was mapped by 1969 , stretching all the way to Dead Horse Point as an unmarked county highway . Though SR @-@ 279 was completed in 1962 , SR @-@ 278 was never constructed . In 1975 , the proposal for SR @-@ 278 was cancelled . In its place , the Utah Department of Transportation assigned SR @-@ 313 , assuming maintenance for what was local roads . The original roadbed featured blind switchbacks and an 11 % grade on the descent into Seven Mile canyon . The access road to Canyonlands National Park was rebuilt 1988 , and the construction crews severely damaged SR @-@ 313 in the process . The highway was completely rebuilt , starting in 1989 , to its modern form . The reconstruction reduced the maximum grade from 11 % to 8 % and re @-@ graded the switchbacks to be on level ground to eliminate the blind corners . = = Major intersections = = = NuScale Power = NuScale Power is a private limited liability company headquartered in Tigard , Oregon that designs and markets small modular reactors ( SMRs ) . As of 2014 , the Department of Energy projected its technology would be commercially available around the year 2025 . NuScale was founded based on research funded by the Department of Energy from 2000 to 2003 . After funding was cut , scientists with the program obtained related patents in 2007 and started NuScale to commercialize the technology . In 2011 , the company 's largest investor had its assets frozen due to an investigation by the Securities Exchange Commission . The company experienced financial hardship until new funding was obtained from Fluor Corporation and later from the Department of Energy . NuScale is currently planning the first NuScale power plant in Idaho . NuScale 's SMR designs are for 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) by 65 feet ( 20 m ) reactor vessels that use conventional light water cooling methods . Each module is intended to be kept in an underground pool and is expected to produce about 50 megawatts of electricity . It uses passive water @-@ circulation that can operate without powered pumps or circulatory equipment . = = Corporate history = = = = = Early history = = = NuScale was founded based on research funded by the US Department of Energy and conducted by Oregon State University , the Idaho National Laboratory , and other colleges beginning in 2000 . At the time , Oregon State 's nuclear department had been developing passive water @-@ circulation techniques for cooling in nuclear plants . The research grant ended in 2003 , but a group of scientists at Oregon State University continued the work . They built a test lab at one @-@ third the actual scale of the technology and inherited related patents from the university in 2007 , in exchange for a small equity in the company . NuScale was founded that same year . Its first funding round was in January 2008 for an undisclosed sum . It began seeking certification with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in February 2008 . By 2011 , NuScale had raised $ 35 million in financing and had 100 employees in three cities : Tigard , Oregon ; Richland , Washington ; and Corvallis , Oregon . NuScale was the first to submit plans for small reactors to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and was widely expected to be the first to get government approval . It was also being evaluated by a consortium of utility companies called Energy Northwest . = = = Funding difficulties and rebound = = = In January 2011 , NuScale 's largest investor , Kenwood Group , was investigated by the Securities Exchange Commission and later plead guilty to operating a Ponzi scheme . The SEC investigation was not related to any of Kenwood 's dealings with NuScale , but Kenwood 's assets were frozen just as NuScale was expecting additional funding . The company started making staffing and pay cuts as executives looked for new funding sources and most of the company 's employees were laid off within a few months . That September , NuScale obtained a loan to re @-@ hire 60 employees . In October , Fluor acquired a majority interest in the company for $ 3 @.@ 5 million and promised almost $ 30 million in working capital . According to The Energy Daily , Fluor 's investment saved the company , which had been " financially marooned " by its prior investor . A separate agreement also gave Fluor the rights to construct NuScale @-@ based power plants . In August 2012 , Rolls @-@ Royce Holdings said it would support NuScale 's commercialization efforts and help it obtain funding from the Department of Energy 's Funding Opportunity Announcement , which is intended to provide funding to help bring SMRs to market . It was not awarded any funding in the first round . In the Department of Energy 's ( DOE ) second round of funding in December 2013 , NuScale won up to $ 226 million in " cost @-@ sharing " funding to share the expense of pursuing government approval , through the SMR Licensing Technical Support program . This was followed by an agreement in May 2014 for up to $ 217 million in funding over a five @-@ year period , whereby the Department of Energy would match private funding . In December 2012 , co @-@ founder and CEO Paul G. Lorenzini was succeeded by current CEO John Hopkins . = = = Early deployments = = = In March 2012 , NuScale signed an agreement with the Department of Energy , allowing NuScale and two partners to build and operate a NuScale @-@ based nuclear power plant at the Savannah River Site . The following month Energy Northwest said it didn 't have any immediate plans to construct a nuclear power plant , but had evaluated all the available SMR technologies and identified NuScale as the best available option at the time . In July 2013 , NuScale announced an effort to study and demonstrate NuScale reactors in the western United States , called Program WIN ( Western Initiative for Nuclear ) , with plans to build the first NuScale @-@ based power plant in the western United States by 2024 . In November 2014 , NuScale announced it was building what is expected to be the first SMR in the US in Idaho . The plant is for the Carbon Free Power Project with Utah Associated Municipal Power Systems . It is expected to be completed in 2023 . = = Reactors = = NuScale designs and markets small modular nuclear reactors that the Department of Energy expects to be commercially available around 2025 . Its designs use the light water approach to cooling and power generation that is common in conventional nuclear plants . Water is heated by the nuclear core at the base of the reactor vessel . Heated water flows upwards inside the riser , then down over steam generators . As heat is transferred to steam generators , the water becomes cooler and denser , sinking back to the bottom of the device , where the cycle is repeated . Heat transferred to the steam generators is used to create steam that turns a turbine , which drives an electrical generator . Each NuScale reactor vessel is expected to be 9 feet by 65 feet and weigh 650 tons ( 590 metric tons ) . The modules would be pre @-@ fabricated , delivered by railcar , barge or special trucks and assembled on @-@ site . The units are designed to produce 50 megawatts. of electricity each and require refueling with standard 4 @.@ 95 percent enriched Uranium @-@ 235 fuel every two years . NuScale 's design does not rely on powered water pumps or circulatory equipment . The company claims it can shut down and continue cooling itself indefinitely in the event of a catastrophe . The devices are intended to be kept in a below @-@ ground pool , to absorb the shock of earthquakes , with a concrete lid over the pool . In the event that AC power is lost for normal cooling systems , the pool water begins to absorb heat and boil . = = = Comparisons = = = NuScale is expected to be the first SMR to market , because its cooling is similar to the systems used in conventional power plants . However , alternative cooling systems using molten metals are expected to operate at higher , more efficient temperatures once approved . The company estimates a twelve @-@ unit NuScale plant would cost $ 5 @,@ 000 per kilowatt . In comparison , the Energy Information Administration in 2011 estimated costs to be $ 4 @,@ 700 per kilowatt for conventional nuclear power , $ 4 @,@ 600 for a carbon sequestrationcoal plant and $ 931 at a gas @-@ fired plant or in excess of $ 1 @,@ 800 for a gas @-@ fired plant with carbon sequestration . David Mohre , executive director of NRECA 's Energy and Power Division , said SMR 's like NuScale 's are ideal for rural towns that need small power plants and do not have access to natural gas . NuScale power plants are also expected to take less time , materials and space to construct than other power sources and can be expanded incrementally to meet changing power needs . = = Operations = = NuScale has offices in Tigard , Oregon ( near Portland ) ; Corvallis , Oregon ; Charlotte , North Carolina ; and Rockville , Maryland . Its headquarters are in Tigard and its production facility is located in Corvallis . It maintains a test facility at Oregon State University , as well as two additional test facilities in Italy . = Kingdom of Mysore = The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom of southern India , traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore . The kingdom , which was ruled by the Wodeyar family , initially served as a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire . With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire ( c . 1565 ) , the kingdom became independent . The 17th century saw a steady expansion of its territory and during the rule of Narasaraja Wodeyar I and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar , the kingdom annexed large expanses of what is now southern Karnataka and parts of Tamil Nadu to become a powerful state in the southern Deccan . The kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto ruler Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan . During this time , it came into conflict with the Marathas , the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Kingdom of Travancore and the British which culminated in the four Anglo @-@ Mysore Wars . Success in the first two Anglo @-@ Mysore wars was followed by defeat in the third and fourth . Following Tipu 's death in the fourth war of 1799 , large parts of his kingdom were annexed by the British , which signalled the end of a period of Mysorean hegemony over southern Deccan . The British restored the Wodeyars to their throne by way of a subsidiary alliance and the diminished Mysore was transformed into a Princely state . The Wodeyars continued to rule the state until Indian independence in 1947 , when Mysore acceded to the Union of India . Even as a princely state , Mysore came to be counted among the more modern and urbanized regions of India . This period ( 1799 – 1947 ) also saw Mysore emerge as one of the important centers of art and culture in India . The Mysore kings were not only accomplished exponents of the fine arts and men of letters , they were enthusiastic patrons as well , and their legacies continue to influence music and art even today . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = Sources for the history of the kingdom include numerous extant lithic and copper plate inscriptions , records from the Mysore palace and contemporary literary sources in Kannada , Persian and other languages . According to traditional accounts , the kingdom originated as a small state based in the modern city of Mysore and was founded by two brothers , Yaduraya ( also known as Vijaya ) and Krishnaraya . Their origins are mired in legend and are still a matter of debate ; while some historians posit a northern origin at Dwaraka , others locate it in Karnataka . Yaduraya is said to have married Chikkadevarasi , the local princess and assumed the feudal title " Wodeyar " ( lit , " Lord " ) , which the ensuing dynasty retained . The first unambiguous mention of the Wodeyar family is in 16th century Kannada literature from the reign of the Vijayanagara king Achyuta Deva Raya ( 1529 – 1542 ) ; the earliest available inscription , issued by the Wodeyars themselves , dates to the rule of the petty chief Timmaraja II in 1551 . = = = Autonomy : advances and reversals = = = The kings who followed ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara empire until the decline of the latter in 1565 . By this time , the kingdom had expanded to thirty @-@ three villages protected by a force of 300 soldiers . King Timmaraja II conquered some surrounding chiefdoms , and King Bola Chamaraja IV ( lit , " Bald " ) , the first ruler of any political significance among them , withheld tribute to the nominal Vijayanagara monarch Aravidu Ramaraya . After the death of Aravidu Ramaraya , the Wodeyars began to assert themselves further and King Raja Wodeyar I wrested control of Srirangapatna from the Vijayanagara governor ( Mahamandaleshvara ) Aravidu Tirumalla – a development which elicited , if only ex post facto , the tacit approval of Venkatapati Raya , the incumbent king of the diminished Vijayanagar empire ruling from Chandragiri . Raja Wodeyar I 's reign also saw territorial expansion with the annexation of Channapatna to the north from Jaggadeva Raya – a development which made Mysore a regional political factor to reckon with . Consequently , by 1612 – 13 , the Wodeyars exercised a great deal of autonomy and even though they acknowledged the nominal overlordship of the Aravidus , tributes and transfers of revenue to Chandragiri stopped . This was in marked contrast to the major chiefs ( Nayakas ) of Tamil country who continued to pay off Chandragiri well into the 1630s . Chamaraja VI and Kanthirava Narasaraja I attempted to expand further northward but were thwarted by the Bijapur Sultanate and its Maratha subordinates , though the Bijapur armies under Ranadullah Khan were effectively repelled in their 1638 siege of Srirangapatna . Expansionist ambitions then turned southward into Tamil country where Narasaraja Wodeyar acquired Satyamangalam ( in modern northern Coimbatore district ) while his successor Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar expanded further to capture western Tamil regions of Erode and Dharmapuri , after successfully repulsing the chiefs of Madurai . The invasion of the Keladi Nayakas of Malnad was also dealt with successfully . This period was followed by one of complex geo @-@ political changes , when in the 1670s , the Marathas and the Mughals pressed into the Deccan . Chikka Devaraja ( r . 1672 – 1704 ) , the most notable of Mysore 's early kings , who ruled during much of this period , managed to not only survive the exigencies but further expanded territory . He achieved this by forging strategic alliances with the Marathas and the Mughals . The kingdom soon grew to include Salem and Bangalore to the east , Hassan to the west , Chikkamagaluru and Tumkur to the north and the rest of Coimbatore to the south . Despite this expansion , the kingdom , which now accounted for a fair share of land in the southern Indian heartland , extending from the Western Ghats to the western boundaries of the Coromandel plain , remained landlocked without direct coastal access . Chikka Devaraja 's attempts to remedy this brought Mysore into conflict with the Nayaka chiefs of Ikkeri and the kings ( Rajas ) of Kodagu ( modern Coorg ) ; who between them controlled the Kanara coast ( coastal areas of modern Karnataka ) and the intervening hill region respectively . The conflict brought mixed results with Mysore annexing Periyapatna but suffering a reversal at Palupare . Nevertheless , from around 1704 , when the kingdom passed on to " Muteking " ( Mukarasu ) Kanthirava Narasaraja II , the survival and expansion of the kingdom was achieved by playing a delicate game of alliance , negotiation , subordination on occasion , and annexation of territory in all directions . According to historians Sanjay Subrahmanyam and Sethu Madhava Rao , Mysore was now formally a tributary of the Mughal empire . Mughul records claim a regular tribute ( peshkash ) was paid by Mysore . However , historian Suryanath U. Kamath feels the Mughals may have considered Mysore an ally , a situation brought about by Mughal – Maratha competition for supremacy in southern India . By the 1720s , with the Mughal empire in decline , further complications arose with the Mughal residents at both Arcot and Sira claiming tribute . The years that followed saw Krishnaraja Wodeyar I tread cautiously on the matter while keeping the Kodagu chiefs and the Marathas at bay . He was followed by Chamaraja Wodeyar VII during whose reign power fell into the hands of prime minister ( Dalwai or Dalavoy ) Nanjarajiah ( or Nanjaraja ) and chief minister ( Sarvadhikari ) Devarajiah ( or Devaraja ) , the influential brothers from Kalale town near Nanjangud who would rule for the next three decades with the Wodeyars relegated to being the titular heads . The latter part of the rule of Krishnaraja II saw the Deccan Sultanates being eclipsed by the Mughals and in the confusion that ensued , Haider Ali , a captain in the army , rose to prominence . His victory against the Marathas at Bangalore in 1758 , resulting in the annexation of their territory , made him an iconic figure . In honour of his achievements , the king gave him the title " Nawab Haider Ali Khan Bahadur " . = = = Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan = = = Though illiterate , Haider Ali has earned an important place in the history of Karnataka for his fighting skills and administrative acumen . The rise of Haidar came at a time of important political developments in the sub @-@ continent . While the European powers were busy transforming themselves from trading companies to political powers , the Nizam as the subedar of the Mughals pursued his ambitions in the Deccan , and the Marathas , following their defeat at Panipat , sought safe havens in the south . The period also saw the French vie with the British for control of the Carnatic – a contest in which the British would eventually prevail as British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French under the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 , a watershed in Indian history as it cemented British supremacy in South Asia . Though the Wodeyars remained the nominal heads of Mysore during this period , real power lay in the hands of Haider Ali and his son Tipu . By 1761 , the Maratha menace had diminished and by 1763 , Haider Ali had captured the Keladi kingdom , defeated the rulers of Bilgi , Bednur and Gutti , invaded the Malabar in the south and conquered the Zamorin 's capital Calicut with ease in 1766 and extended the Mysore kingdom up to Dharwad and Bellary in the north . Mysore was now a major political power in the subcontinent and Haider 's meteoric rise from relative obscurity and his defiance formed one of the last remaining challenges to complete British hegemony over the Indian subcontinent – a challenge which would take them more than three decades to overcome . In a bid to stem Haidar 's rise , the British formed an alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam of Golconda , culminating in the First Anglo @-@ Mysore War in 1767 . Despite numerical superiority Haider Ali suffered defeats at the battles of Chengham and Tiruvannamalai . The British ignored his overtures for peace until Haider Ali had strategically moved his armies to within five miles of Madras ( modern Chennai ) and was able to successfully sue for peace . In 1770 , when the Maratha armies of Madhavrao Peshwa invaded Mysore ( three wars were fought between 1764 and 1772 by Madhavrao against Haider , in which Haider lost ) , Haider expected British support as per the 1769 treaty but they betrayed him by staying out of the conflict . The British betrayal and Haider 's subsequent defeat reinforced Haider 's deep distrust of the British — a sentiment that would be shared by his son and one which would inform Anglo @-@ Mysore rivalries of the next three decades . In 1777 , Haider Ali recovered the previously lost territories of Coorg and Malabar from the Marathas . Haider Ali 's army advanced towards the Marathas and fought them at the Battle of Saunshi and came out victorious during the same year . By 1779 , Haider Ali had captured parts of modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala in the south , extending the Kingdom 's area to about 80 @,@ 000 mi ² ( 205 @,@ 000 km ² ) . In 1780 , he befriended the French and made peace with the Marathas and the Nizam . However , Haider Ali was betrayed by the Marathas and the Nizam , who made treaties with the British as well . In July 1779 Haider Ali headed an army of 80 @,@ 000 , mostly cavalry , descending through the passes of the Ghats amid burning villages , before laying siege to British forts in northern Arcot starting the Second Anglo @-@ Mysore War . Haider Ali had some initial successes against the British notably at Pollilur , the worst defeat the British suffered in India until Chillianwala , and Arcot , until the arrival of Sir Eyre Coote , when the fortunes of the British began to change . On 1 June 1781 Sir Eyre Coote struck the first heavy blow against Haider Ali in the decisive Battle of Porto Novo . The battle was won by Sir Eyre Coote against odds of five to one , and is regarded as one of the greatest feats of the British in India . It was followed up by another hard @-@ fought battle at Pollilur ( the scene of an earlier triumph of Haider Ali over a British force ) on 27 August , in which the British won another success , and by the rout of the Mysore troops at Sholinghur a month later . Haider Ali died on 7 December 1782 , even as fighting continued with the British . He was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan who continued hostilities against the British by recapturing Baidanur and Mangalore . By 1783 neither the British nor Mysore were able to obtain a clear overall victory . The French withdrew their support of Mysore following the peace settlement in Europe . Undaunted , Tipu , popularly known as the " Tiger of Mysore " , continued the war against the British but lost some regions in modern coastal Karnataka to them . The Maratha @-@ Mysore War occurred between 1785 and 1787 and consisted of a series of conflicts between the Sultanate of Mysore and the Maratha Empire . Following Tipu Sultan 's victory against the Marathas at the Siege of Bahadur Benda , a peace agreement was signed between the two kingdoms with mutual gains and losses . Similarly , the treaty of Mangalore was signed in 1784 bringing hostilities with the British to a temporary and uneasy halt and restored the others ' lands to the status quo ante bellum . The treaty is an important document in the history of India , because it was the last occasion when an Indian power dictated terms to the British , who were made to play the role of humble supplicants for peace . A start of fresh hostilities between the British and French in Europe would have been sufficient reason for Tipu to abrogate his treaty and further his ambition of striking at the British . His attempts to lure the Nizam , the Marathas , the French and the King of Turkey failed to bring direct military aid . Tipu 's successful attacks in 1790 on the Kingdom of Travancore , a British ally , was an effective victory for him , however it resulted in greater hostilities with the British which resulted in the Third Anglo @-@ Mysore War . In the beginning , the British made gains , taking the Coimbatore district , but Tipu 's counterattack reversed many of these gains . By 1792 , with aid from the Marathas who attacked from the north @-@ west and the Nizam who moved in from the north @-@ east , the British under Lord Cornwallis successfully besieged Srirangapatna , resulting in Tipu 's defeat and the Treaty of Srirangapatna . Half of Mysore was distributed among the allies , and two of his sons were held to ransom . A humiliated but indomitable Tipu went about re @-@ building his economic and military power . He attempted to covertly win over support from Revolutionary France , the Amir of Afghanistan , the Ottoman Empire and Arabia . However , these attempts to involve the French soon became known to the British , who were at the time fighting the French in Egypt , were backed by the Marathas and the Nizam . In 1799 , Tipu died defending Srirangapatna in the Fourth Anglo @-@ Mysore War , heralding the end of the Kingdom 's independence . Modern Indian historians consider Tipu Sultan an inveterate enemy of the British , an able administrator and an innovator . = = = Princely state = = = Following Tipu 's fall , a part of the kingdom of Mysore was annexed and divided between the Madras Presidency and the Nizam . The remaining territory was transformed into a Princely State ; the five @-@ year @-@ old scion of the Wodeyar family , Krishnaraja III , was installed on the throne with chief minister ( Diwan ) Purnaiah , who had earlier served under Tipu , handling the reins as regent and Lt. Col. Barry Close taking charge as the British Resident . The British then took control of Mysore 's foreign policy and also exacted an annual tribute and a subsidy for maintaining a standing British army at Mysore . As Diwan , Purnaiah distinguished himself with his progressive and innovative administration until he retired from service in 1811 ( and died shortly thereafter ) following the 16th birthday of the boy king . The years that followed witnessed cordial relations between Mysore and the British until things began to sour in the 1820s . Even though the Governor of Madras , Thomas Munro , determined after a personal investigation in 1825 that there was no substance to the allegations of financial impropriety made by A. H. Cole , the incumbent Resident of Mysore , the Nagar rebellion ( a civil insurrection ) which broke out towards the end of the decade changed things considerably . In 1831 , close on the heels of the insurrection and citing mal @-@ administration , the British took direct control of the princely state . For the next fifty years , Mysore passed under the rule of successive British Commissioners ; Sir Mark Cubbon , renowned for his statesmanship , served from 1834 until 1861 and put into place an efficient and successful administrative system which left Mysore a well @-@ developed state . In 1876 – 77 , however , towards the end of the period of direct British rule , Mysore was struck by a devastating famine with estimated mortality figures ranging between 700 @,@ 000 and 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 , or nearly a fifth of the population . Shortly thereafter , Maharaja Chamaraja X , educated in the British system , took over the rule of Mysore in 1881 , following the success of a lobby set up by the Wodeyar dynasty that was in favour of rendition . Accordingly , a resident British officer was appointed at the Mysore court and a Diwan to handle the Maharaja 's administration . From then onwards , until Indian independence in 1947 , Mysore remained a Princely State within the British Indian Empire , with the Wodeyars continuing their rule . After the demise of Maharaja Chamaraja X , Krishnaraja IV , still a boy of eleven , ascended the throne in 1895 . His mother Maharani Kemparajammanniyavaru ruled as regent until Krishnaraja took over the reins on 8 February 1902 . Under his rule , with Sir M. Vishweshwariah as his Diwan , the Maharaja set about transforming Mysore into a progressive and modern state , particularly in industry , education , agriculture and art . Such were the strides that Mysore made that Mahatma Gandhi called the Maharaja a " saintly king " ( Rajarishi ) . Paul Brunton , the British philosopher and orientalist , John Gunther , the American author , and British statesman Lord Samuel praised the ruler 's efforts . Much of the pioneering work in educational infrastructure that took place during this period would serve Karnataka invaluably in the coming decades . The Maharaja was an accomplished musician , and like his predecessors , avidly patronised the development of the fine arts . He was followed by his nephew Jayachamaraja whose rule came to an end when he signed the instrument of accession and Mysore joined the Indian Union on 9 August 1947 . = = Administration = = There are no records relating to the administration of the Mysore territory during the Vijayanagara Empire 's reign ( 1399 – 1565 ) . Signs of a well @-@ organised and independent administration appear from the time of Raja Wodeyar I who is believed to have been sympathetic towards peasants ( raiyats ) who were exempted from any increases in taxation during his time . The first sign that the kingdom had established itself in the area was the issuing of gold coins ( Kanthirayi phanam ) resembling those of the erstwhile Vijayanagara Empire during Narasaraja Wodeyar 's rule . The rule of Chikka Devaraja saw several reforms were effected . Internal administration was remodeled to suit the kingdom 's growing needs and became more efficient . A postal system came into being . Far reaching financial reforms were also introduced . A number of petty taxes were imposed in place of direct taxes , as a result of which the peasants were compelled to pay more by way of land tax . The king is said to have taken a personal interest in the regular collection of revenues the treasury burgeoned to 90 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 Pagoda ( a unit of currency ) – earning him the epithet " Nine crore Narayana " ( Navakoti Narayana ) . In 1700 , he sent an embassy to Aurangazeb 's court who bestowed upon him the title Jug Deo Raja and awarded permission to sit on the ivory throne . Following this , he founded the district offices ( Attara Kacheri ) , the central secretariat comprising eighteen departments , and his administration was modeled on Mughal lines . During Haider Ali 's rule , the kingdom was divided into five provinces ( Asofis ) of unequal size , comprising 171 taluks ( Paraganas ) in total . When Tipu Sultan became the de facto ruler , the kingdom , which encompassed 160 @,@ 000 km2 ( 61 @,@ 776 sq mi ) ( 62 @,@ 000 mi ² ) , was divided into 37 provinces and a total of 124 taluks ( Amil ) . Each province had a governor ( Asof ) , and one deputy governor . Each taluk had a headman called Amildar and a group of villages were in charge of a Patel . The central administration comprised six departments headed by ministers , each aided by an advisory council of up to four members . When the princely state came under direct British rule in 1831 , early commissioners Lushington , Briggs and Morrison were followed by Mark Cubbon , who took charge in 1834 . He made Bangalore the capital and divided the princely state into four divisions , each under a British superintendent . The state was further divided into 120 taluks with 85 taluk courts , with all lower level administration in the Kannada language . The office of the commissioner had eight departments ; revenue , post , police , cavalry , public works , medical , animal husbandry , judiciary and education . The judiciary was hierarchical with the commissioners ' court at the apex , followed by the Huzur Adalat , four superintending courts and eight Sadar Munsiff courts at the lowest level . Lewin Bowring became the chief commissioner in 1862 and held the position until 1870 . During his tenure , the property " Registration Act " , the " Indian Penal code " and " Code of Criminal Procedure " came into effect and the judiciary was separated from the executive branch of the administration . The state was divided into eight districts – Bangalore , Chitraldroog , Hassan , Kadur , Kolar , Mysore , Shimoga , and Tumkur . After rendition , C. V. Rungacharlu , was made the Diwan . Under him , the first Representative Assembly of British India , with 144 members , was formed in 1881 . He was followed by K. Seshadri Iyer in 1883 during whose tenure gold mining at the Kolar Gold Fields began , the Shivanasamudra hydroelectric project was initiated in 1899 ( the first such major attempt in India ) and electricity and drinking water ( the latter through pipes ) was supplied to Bangalore . Seshadri Iyer was followed by P. N. Krishnamurti , who founded The Secretariat Manual to maintain records and the Co @-@ operative Department in 1905 , V. P. Madhava Rao who focussed on conservation of forests and T. Ananda Rao , who finalised the Kannambadi Dam project . Sir M. Visvesvaraya , popularly known as the " Maker of Modern Mysore " , holds a key place in the history of Karnataka . An engineer by education , he became the Diwan in 1909 . Under his tenure , membership of the Mysore Legislative Assembly was increased from 18 to 24 , and it was given the power to discuss the state budget . The Mysore Economic Conference was expanded into three committees ; industry and commerce , education , and agriculture , with publications in English and Kannada . Important projects commissioned during his time included the construction of the Kannambadi Dam , the founding of the Mysore Iron Works at Bhadravathi , founding of the Mysore University in 1916 , the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering in Bangalore , establishment of the Mysore state railway department and numerous industries in Mysore . In 1955 , he was awarded the Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian honor . Sir Mirza Ismail took office as Diwan in 1926 and built on the foundation laid by his predecessor . Amongst his contributions were the expansion of the Bhadravathi Iron Works , the founding of a cement and paper factory in Bhadravathi and the launch of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited . A man with a penchant for gardens , he founded the Brindavan Gardens ( Krishnaraja Sagar ) and built the Kaveri River high @-@ level canal to irrigate 120 @,@ 000 acres ( 490 km2 ) in modern Mandya district . In 1939 Mandya District was carved out of Mysore District , bringing the number of districts in the state to nine . = = Economy = = The vast majority of the people lived in villages and agriculture was their main occupation . The economy of the kingdom was based on agriculture . Grains , pulses , vegetables and flowers were cultivated . Commercial crops included sugarcane and cotton . The agrarian population consisted of landlords ( gavunda , zamindar , heggadde ) who tilled the land by employing a number of landless labourers , usually paying them in grain . Minor cultivators were also willing to hire themselves out as labourers if the need arose . It was due to the availability of these landless labourers that kings and landlords were able to execute major projects such as palaces , temples , mosques , anicuts ( dams ) and tanks . Because land was abundant and the population relatively sparse , no rent was charged on land ownership . Instead , landowners paid tax for cultivation , which amounted to up to one @-@ half of all harvested produce . Tipu Sultan is credited to have founded state trading depots in various locations of his kingdom . In addition , he founded depots in foreign locations such as Karachi , Jeddah and Muscat , where Mysore products were sold . During Tipu 's rule French technology was used for the first time in carpentry and smithy , Chinese technology was used for sugar production , and technology from Bengal helped improve the sericulture industry . State factories were established in Kanakapura and Taramandelpeth for producing cannons and gunpowder respectively . The state held the monopoly in the production of essentials such as sugar , salt , iron , pepper , cardamom , betel nut , tobacco and sandalwood , as well as the extraction of incense oil from sandalwood and the mining of silver , gold and precious stones . Sandalwood was exported to China and the Persian Gulf countries and sericulture was developed in twenty @-@ one centres within the kingdom . This system changed under the British , when tax payments were made in cash , and were used for the maintenance of the army , police and other civil and public establishments . A portion of the tax was transferred to England as the " Indian tribute " . Unhappy with the loss of their traditional revenue system and the problems they faced , peasants rose in rebellion in many parts of south India . After 1800 , the Cornwallis land reforms came into effect . Reade , Munro , Graham and Thackeray were some administrators who improved the economic conditions of the masses . However , the homespun textile industry suffered during British rule , with the exception of the producers of the finest cloth and the coarse cloth which was popular with the rural masses . This was due to the manufacturing mills of Manchester , Liverpool and Scotland being more than a match for the traditional handweaving industry , especially in spinning and weaving . The economic revolution in England and the tariff policies of the British also caused massive de @-@ industrialization in other sectors throughout India and Mysore . For example , the gunny bag weaving business had been a monopoly of the Goniga people , which they lost when the British began ruling the area . The import of a chemical substitute for saltpetre ( potassium nitrate ) affected the Uppar community , the traditional makers of saltpetre for use in gunpowder . The import of kerosene affected the Ganiga community which supplied oils . Foreign enamel and crockery industries affected the native pottery business , and mill @-@ made blankets replaced the country @-@ made blankets called kambli . This economic fallout led to the formation of community @-@ based social welfare organisations to help those within the community to cope better with their new economic situation , including youth hostels for students seeking education and shelter . However , the British economic policies created a class structure consisting of a newly established middle class comprising various blue and white @-@ collared occupational groups , including agents , brokers , lawyers , teachers , civil servants and physicians . Due to a more flexible caste hierarchy , the middle class contained a heterogeneous mix of people from different castes . = = Culture = = = = = Religion = = = The early kings of the Wodeyar dynasty worshipped the Hindu god Shiva . The later kings , starting from the 17th century , took to Vaishnavism , the worship of the Hindu god Vishnu . According to musicologist Meera Rajaram Pranesh , King Raja Wodeyar I was a devotee of the god Vishnu , King Dodda Devaraja was honoured with the title " Protector of Brahmins " ( Deva Brahmana Paripalaka ) for his support to Brahmins , and Maharaja Krishnaraja III was devoted to the goddess Chamundeshwari ( a form of Hindu goddess Durga ) . Wilks ( " History of Mysore " , 1800 ) wrote about a Jangama ( Veerashaiva saint @-@ devotee of Shiva ) uprising , related to excessive taxation , which was put down firmly by Chikka Devaraja . Historian D.R. Nagaraj claims that four hundred Jangamas were murdered in the process but clarifies that Veerashiava literature itself is silent about the issue . Historian Suryanath Kamath claims King Chikka Devaraja was a Srivaishnava ( follower of Sri Vaishnavism , a sect of Vaishnavism ) but was not anti @-@ Veerashaiva . Historian Aiyangar concurs that some of the kings including the celebrated Narasaraja I and Chikka Devaraja were Vaishnavas , but suggests this may not have been the case with all Wodeyar rulers . The rise of the modern day Mysore city as a centre of south Indian culture has been traced from the period of their sovereignty . Raja Wodeyar I initiated the celebration of the Dasara festival in Mysore , a proud tradition of the erstwhile Vijayanagara royal family . Jainism , though in decline during the late medieval period , also enjoyed the patronage of the Mysore kings , who made munificent endowments to the Jain monastic order at the town of Shravanabelagola . Records indicate that some Wodeyar kings not only presided over the Mahamastakabhisheka ceremony , an important Jain religious event at Shravanabelagola , but also personally offered prayers ( puja ) during the years 1659 , 1677 , 1800 , 1825 , 1910 , 1925 , 1940 , and 1953 . The contact between South India and Islam goes back to the 7th century , when trade between Hindu kingdoms and Islamic caliphates thrived . These Muslim traders settled on the Malabar Coast and married local Hindu women , and their descendants came to be known as Mappillas . By the 14th century , Muslims had become a significant minority in the south , though the advent of Portuguese missionaries checked their growth . Haider Ali , though a devout Muslim , did not allow his faith to interfere with the administration of the predominantly Hindu kingdom . Historians are , however , divided on the intentions of Haider Ali 's son , Tipu Sultan . It has been claimed that Tipu raised Hindus to prominent positions in his administration , made generous grants to Hindu temples and brahmins , and generally respected other faiths , and that any religious conversions that Tipu undertook were as punishment to those who rebelled against his authority . However , this has been countered by other historians who claim that Tipu Sultan treated the non @-@ Muslims of Mysore far better than those of the Malabar , Raichur and Kodagu regions . They opine that Tipu was responsible for mass conversions of Christians and Hindus in these regions , either by force or by offering them tax incentives and revenue benefits to convert . = = = Society = = = Prior to the 18th century , the society of the kingdom followed age @-@ old and deeply established norms of social interaction between people . Accounts by contemporaneous travellers indicate the widespread practice of the Hindu caste system and of animal sacrifices during the nine @-@ day celebrations ( called Mahanavami ) . Later , fundamental changes occurred due to the struggle between native and foreign powers . Though wars between the Hindu kingdoms and the Sultanates continued , the battles between native rulers ( including Muslims ) and the newly arrived British took centre stage . The spread of English education , the introduction of the printing press and the criticism of the prevailing social system by Christian missionaries helped make the society more open and flexible . The rise of modern nationalism throughout India also affected Mysore . With the advent of British power , English education gained prominence in addition to traditional education in local languages . These changes were orchestrated by Lord Elphinstone , the governor of the Madras Presidency . His plan became the constitution of the central collegiate institution or University Board in 1841 . Accordingly , a high school department of the university was established . For imparting education in the interior regions , schools were raised in principal towns which eventually were elevated to college level , with each college becoming central to many local schools ( zilla schools ) . The earliest English @-@ medium schools appeared in 1833 in Mysore and spread across the region . In 1858 , the department of education was founded in Mysore and by 1881 , there were an estimated 2 @,@ 087 English @-@ medium schools in the state of Mysore . Higher education became available with the formation of Bangalore Central College in Bangalore ( 1870 ) , Maharaja 's College ( 1879 ) , Maharani 's College ( 1901 ) and the Mysore University ( 1916 ) in Mysore and the St. Agnes College in Mangalore ( 1921 ) . Social reforms aimed at removing practices such as sati and social discrimination based upon untouchability , as well as demands for the emancipation of the lower classes , swept across India and influenced Mysore territory . In 1894 , the kingdom passed laws to abolish the marriage of girls below the age of eight . Remarriage of widowed women and marriage of destitute women was encouraged , and in 1923 , some women were granted the permission to exercise their franchise in elections . There were , however , uprisings against British authority in the Mysore territory , notably the Kodagu uprising in 1835 ( after the British dethroned the local ruler Chikkaviraraja ) and the Kanara uprising of 1837 . The era of printing heralded by Christian missionaries , notably Hermann Mögling , resulted in the founding of printing presses across the kingdom . The publication of ancient and contemporary Kannada books ( such as the Pampa Bharata and the Jaimini Bharata ) , a Kannada @-@ language Bible , a bilingual dictionary and a Kannada newspaper called Kannada Samachara began in the early 19th century . Aluru Venkata Rao published a consolidated Kannada history glorifying the achievements of Kannadigas in his book Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava . Classical English and Sanskrit drama , and native Yakshagana musical theater influenced the Kannada stage and produced famous dramatists like Gubbi Veeranna . The public began to enjoy Carnatic music through its broadcast via public address systems set up on the palace grounds . Mysore paintings , which were inspired by the Bengal Renaissance , were created by artists such as Sundarayya , Ala Singarayya , and B. Venkatappa . = = = Literature = = = The era of the Kingdom of Mysore is considered a golden age in the development of Kannada literature . Not only was the Mysore court adorned by famous Brahmin and Veerashaiva writers and composers , the kings themselves were accomplished in the fine arts and made important contributions . While conventional literature in philosophy and religion remained popular , writings in new genres such as chronicle , biography , history , encyclopedia , novel , drama , and musical treatise became popular . A native form of folk literature with dramatic representation called Yakshagana gained popularity . A remarkable development of the later period was the influence of English literature and classical Sanskrit literature on Kannada . Govinda Vaidya , a native of Srirangapatna , wrote Kanthirava Narasaraja Vijaya , a eulogy of his patron King Narasaraja I. Written in sangatya metre ( a composition meant to be rendered to the accompaniment of a musical instrument ) , the book describes the king 's court , popular music and the types of musical compositions of the age in twenty @-@ six chapters . King Chikka Devaraja was the earliest composer of the dynasty . To him is ascribed the famous treatise on music called Geetha Gopala . Though inspired by Jayadeva 's Sanskrit writing Geetha Govinda , it had an originality of its own and was written in saptapadi metre . Contemporary poets who left their mark on the entire Kannada @-@ speaking region include the brahmin poet Lakshmisa and the itinerant Veerashaiva poet Sarvajna . Female poets also played a role in literary developments , with Cheluvambe ( the queen of Krishnaraja Wodeyar I ) , Helavanakatte Giriyamma , Sri Rangamma ( 1685 ) and Sanchi Honnamma ( Hadibadeya Dharma , late 17th century ) writing notable works . A polyglot , King Narasaraja II authored fourteen Yakshaganas in various languages , though all are written in Kannada script . Maharaja Krishnaraja III was a prolific writer in Kannada for which he earned the honorific Abhinava Bhoja ( a comparison to the medieval King Bhoja ) . Over forty writings are attributed to him , of which the musical treatise Sri Tatwanidhi and a poetical romance called Saugandika Parinaya written in two versions , a sangatya and a drama , are most well known . Under the patronage of the Maharaja , Kannada literature began its slow and gradual change towards modernity . Kempu Narayana 's Mudramanjusha ( " The Seal Casket " , 1823 ) is the earliest work that has touches of modern prose . However , the turning point came with the historically important Adbhuta Ramayana ( 1895 ) and Ramaswamedham ( 1898 ) by Muddanna , whom the Kannada scholar Narasimha Murthy considers " a Janus like figure " of modern Kannada literature . Muddanna has deftly handled an ancient epic from an entirely modern viewpoint . Basavappa Shastry , a native of Mysore and a luminary in the court of Maharaja Krishnaraja III and Maharaja Chamaraja X , is known as the " Father of Kannada theatre " ( Kannada Nataka Pitamaha ) . He authored dramas in Kannada and translated William Shakespeare 's " Othello " to Shurasena Charite . His well @-@ known translations from Sanskrit to Kannada are many and include Kalidasa and Abhignyana Shakuntala . = = = Music = = = Under Maharaja Krishnaraja III and his successors – Chamaraja X , Krishnaraja IV and the last ruler , Jayachamaraja , the Mysore court came to be the largest and most renowned patron of music . While the Tanjore and Travancore courts also extended great patronage and emphasised preservation of the art , the unique combination of royal patronage of individual musicians , founding of music schools to kindle public interest and a patronage of European music publishers and producers set Mysore apart . Maharaja Krishnaraja III , himself a musician and musicologist of merit , composed a number of javalis ( light lyrics ) and devotional songs in Kannada under the title Anubhava pancharatna . His compositions bear the nom de plume ( mudra ) " Chamundi ' " or ' " Chamundeshwari ' " , in honour of the Wodeyar family deity . His successor Chamaraja X founded the Oriental Library in 1891 to house music books and also commissioned phonograph recordings of several musicians for the palace library . Under Krishnaraja IV , art received further patronage . A distinct school of music which gave importance to raga and bhava evolved . The Royal School of Music founded at the palace helped institutionalise teaching of the art . Carnatic compositions were printed and the European staff notation came to be employed by royal musicians . Western music was also encouraged – Margaret Cousins ' piano concerto with the Palace Orchestra marked the celebrations of Beethoven 's centenary in Bangalore . Maharaja Jayachamaraja , also a renowned composer of Carnatic kritis ( a musical composition ) , sponsored a series of recordings of Russian composer Nikolas Medtner and others . The court ensured that Carnatic music also kept up with the times . Gramophone recordings of the palace band were made and sold commercially . Attention was paid to " technology of the concert " . Lavish sums were spent on acquiring various instruments including the unconventional horn violin , theremin and calliaphone , a mechanical music player . The Mysore court was home to several renowned experts ( vidwan ) of the time . Veena Sheshanna , a court musician during the rule of Maharaja Chamaraja X , is considered one of the greatest exponents of the veena . His achievements in classical music won Mysore a premier place in the art of instrumental Carnatic music and he was given the honorific Vainika Shikhamani by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV . Mysore Vasudevacharya was a noted musician and composer in Sanskrit and Telugu from Mysore . He holds the unique distinction of being patronised by four generations of Mysore kings and rulers and for being court musician to three of them . H.L. Muthiah Bhagavatar was another musician @-@ composer who adorned the Mysore court . Considered one of the most important composers of the post @-@ Tyagaraja period , he is credited with about 400 compositions in Sanskrit , Kannada , Telugu and Tamil under the pen name " Harikesha " . Among violinists , T. Chowdiah emerged as one of the most accomplished exponents of the time . He is known to have mastered the seven @-@ stringed violin . Chowdiah was appointed court musician by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV in 1939 and received such titles as " Sangeeta Ratna " and " Sangeeta Kalanidhi " . He is credited with compositions in Kannada , Telugu and Sanskrit under the pen name " Trimakuta " . = = Architecture = = The architectural style of courtly and royal structures in the kingdom underwent profound changes during British rule – a mingling of European traditions with native elements . The Hindu temples in the kingdom were built in typical South Indian Dravidian style – a modest version of the Vijayanagara building idiom . When in power , Tipu Sultan constructed a palace and a mosque in Srirangapatna , his capital . However , it is the city of Mysore that is best known for its royal palaces , earning it the nickname " City of Palaces " . The city 's main palace , the Mysore Palace , is also known as the Amba Vilas Palace . The original complex was destroyed by fire and a new palace was commissioned by the Queen @-@ Regent and designed by the English architect Henry Irwin in 1897 . The overall design is a combination of Hindu , Islamic , Indo @-@ Saracenic and Moorish styles , which for the first time in India , used cast iron columns and roof frames . The striking feature of the exterior is the granite columns that support cusped arches on the portico , a tall tower whose finial is a gilded dome with an umbrella ( chattri ) on it , and groups of other domes around it . The interior is richly decorated with marbled walls and a teakwood ceiling on which are sculptures of Hindu deities . The Durbar hall leads to an inner private hall through silver doors . This opulent room has floor planels that are inlaid with semi @-@ precious stones , and a stained glass roof supported centrally by columns and arches . The marriage hall ( Kalyana mantapa ) in the palace complex is noted for its stained glass octagonal dome with peacock motifs . The Lalitha Mahal Palace was built in 1921 by E.W. Fritchley under the commission of Maharaja Krishnaraja IV . The architectural style is called " Renaissance " and exhibits concepts from English manor houses and Italian palazzos . The central dome is believed to be modelled on St. Paul 's Cathedral in London . Other important features are the Italian marble staircase , the polished wooden flooring in the banquet and dance halls , and the Belgian cut glass lamps . The Jaganmohan Palace was commissioned in 1861 and was completed in 1910 . The three @-@ storeyed building with attractive domes , finials and cupolas was the venue of many a royal celebration . It is now called the Chamarajendra Art Gallery and houses a rich collection of artifacts . The Mysore University campus , also called " Manasa Gangotri " , is home to several architecturally interesting buildings . Some of them are in European style and were completed in the late 19th century . They include the Jayalakshmi Vilas mansion , the Crawford Hall , the Oriental Research Institute ( built between 1887 and 1891 ) with its Ionic and Corinthian columns , and the district offices ( Athara Kutchery , 1887 ) . The Athara Kutchery , which initially served as the office of the British commissioner , has an octagonal dome and a finial that adds to its beauty . The maharaja 's summer palace , built in 1880 , is called the Lokaranjan Mahal , and initially served as a school for royalty . The Rajendra Vilas Palace , built in the Indo @-@ British style atop the Chamundi Hill , was commissioned in 1922 and completed in 1938 by Maharaja Krishnaraja IV . Other royal mansions built by the Mysore rulers were the Chittaranjan Mahal in Mysore and the Bangalore Palace in Bangalore , a structure built on the lines of England 's Windsor Castle . The Central Food Technical Research Institute ( Cheluvamba Mansion ) , built in baroque European renaissance style , was once the residence of princess Cheluvambaamani Avaru , a sister of Maharaja Krishnaraja IV . Its extensive pilaster work and mosaic flooring are noteworthy . Most famous among the many temples built by the Wodeyars is the Chamundeshwari Temple atop the Chamundi Hill . The earliest structure here was consecrated in the 12th century and was later patronised by the Mysore rulers . Maharaja Krishnaraja III added a Dravidian @-@ style gopuram in 1827 . The temple has silver @-@ plated doors with images of deities . Other images include those of the Hindu god Ganesha and of Maharaja Krishnaraja III with his three queens . Surrounding the main palace in Mysore and inside the fort are a group of temples , built in various periods . The Prasanna Krishnaswamy Temple ( 1829 ) , the Lakshmiramana Swamy Temple whose earliest structures date to 1499 , the Trinesvara Swamy Temple ( late 16th century ) , the Shweta Varaha Swamy Temple built by Purnaiah with a touch of Hoysala style of architecture , the Prasanna Venkataramana Swami Temple ( 1836 ) notable for 12 murals of the Wodeyar rulers . Well @-@ known temples outside Mysore city are the yali ( " mythical beast " ) pillared Venkataramana temple built in the late 17th century in the Bangalore fort , and the Ranganatha temple in Srirangapatna . Tipu Sultan built a wooden colonnaded palace called the Dariya Daulat Palace ( lit , " garden of the wealth of the sea " ) in Srirangapatna in 1784 . Built in the Indo @-@ Saracenic style , the palace is known for its intricate woodwork consisting of ornamental arches , striped columns and floral designs , and paintings . The west wall of the palace is covered with murals depicting Tipu Sultan 's victory over Colonel Baillie 's army at Pollilur , near Kanchipuram in 1780 . One mural shows Tipu enjoying the fragrance of a bouquet of flowers while the battle is in progress . In that painting , the French soldiers ' moustaches distinguish them from the cleanshaven British soldiers . Also in Srirangapatna is the Gumbaz mausoleum , built by Tipu Sultan in 1784 . It houses the graves of Tipu and Haider Ali . The granite base is capped with a dome built of brick and pilaster . = = Military technology = = The first iron @-@ cased and metal @-@ cylinder rocket artillery were developed by Tipu Sultan and his father Hyder Ali , in the 1780s . He successfully used these metal @-@ cylinder rockets against the larger forces of the British East India Company during the Anglo @-@ Mysore Wars . The Mysore rockets of this period were much more advanced than what the British had seen , chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant ; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile ( up to 2 km ( 1 mi ) range ) . After Tipu 's eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo @-@ Mysore War and the capture of the Mysore iron rockets , they were influential in British rocket development , inspiring the Congreve rocket , which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars . According to Stephen Oliver Fought and John F. Guilmartin , Jr. in Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2008 ) : Hyder Ali , prince of Mysore , developed war rockets with an important change : the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder . Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude , the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction . Thus a greater internal pressure was possible , with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet . The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick . Range was perhaps up to three @-@ quarters of a mile ( more than a kilometre ) . Although individually these rockets were not accurate , dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks . They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air , after lighting , or skimmed along the hard dry ground . Tipu Sultan , continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons , reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1 @,@ 200 to a corps of 5 @,@ 000 . In battles at Seringapatam in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British . " = Hurricane Olaf ( 2003 ) = Hurricane Olaf was a minimal hurricane that impacted Mexico in October 2003 . A tropical wave became better organized on October 2 to the south @-@ southeast of Acapulco and developed into a depression the next day . It strengthened into Tropical Storm Olaf six hours after forming . Continued intensification occurred , and Olaf reached its peak strength as a Category 1 hurricane with 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) winds on October 5 and developed a partial eyewall . The storm soon became disorganized and was only a hurricane for six hours , before re @-@ curving towards the Mexican coast . The cyclone made landfall near Manzanillo , Colima , on October 7 and soon dissipated overland . The storm caused severe flooding in the states of Jalisco and Guanajuato . However , no fatalities were reported . = = Meteorological history = = Olaf formed from a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on September 17 . Over the next two weeks it moved westbound into the East Pacific Ocean . Initially , the wave was not in an environment conductive for further development . However , on October 2 , a low @-@ level circulation was noted on satellite imagery . This circulation quickly became better defined over the next several hours while located 400 miles ( 645 km ) south of Acapulco , Mexico . The next day , Dvorak Classifications , a tool that estimates a tropical cyclone intensity , were placed at 1 @.@ 5 . This is equivalent to winds of around 30 mph ( 50 km / h ) . In addition , a ship nearby reported winds of 35 mph ( 45 km / h ) . Microwave imagery also indicated that the center was near the associated convection . Based on this , the system was upgraded into a tropical depression . Initially , wind shear from nearby Tropical Storm Nora was expect to weaken the system . However , the depression was soon upgraded into a tropical storm . Moving northwest , it steadily intensified into a moderate tropical storm late on October 3 . The next day , Olaf weakened slightly ; it soon intensified into a strong tropical storm roughly 24 hours later . At that time , it was noted that additional intensification was likely . On October 5 , radar imagery indicated a partial eyewall . Based on this , Olaf was upgraded into a minimal Category 1 hurricane . It reached it peak intensity at 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 987 millibars . Olaf was hurricane for only six hours , but operationally it was believed had been a hurricane for much longer . This is because that the center was initially believed to be further north , closer to the deep convection . Shortly after reaching its peak , Olaf became disorganized . Olaf weakened steadily while the storms motion slowed down . By early October 6 , Olaf was only a minimal tropical storm as the system recurved northwest . However , Olaf rapidly reorganized that afternoon and the National Hurricane Center re @-@ assessed the intensity at 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . Continued restrengthening occurred , and by October 8 Olaf made landfall wind winds of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) near Manzanillo , Mexico . Shortly thereafter , Olaf weakened rapidly over the high terrain of the coast . Within 24 hours , Olaf had dissipated inland . = = Preparations and impact = = While Olaf was at peak strength , a tropical storm warning issued for Punta San Telmo to Lazaro Cardenas and a hurricane warning was issued from Punta San Telmo to San Blas , including the Islas Marias . The next day , the tropical storm warning was extended to include Manzanillo . At that same time , a hurricane watch was issued from San Blas to Mazatlán . In addition , hurricane warning was extended to include areas from Manzanillo to San Blas including the Islas Marias . Thee hours later , when Olaf was revealed to be much weaker , the hurricane warnings and hurricane watches were canceled . However , the tropical storm warnings remained in effect until October 7 . A yellow alert was declared in the Mexican states of Michoacán , Colima , and Jalisco , and a green alert was declared in Baja California Sur , Sinaloa , Nayarit , and Guerrero . Local authorities also opened shelters . Olaf was a part of a rainy year in Mexico , producing more rain than Hurricane Nora . Although no deaths were reported , flooding caused serve damage to roadways and crops in the Mexican state of Jalisco . In the same state , more than 12 @,@ 000 homes were damaged . In the state of Guanajuato , an estimated total of 15 @,@ 000 people were impacted from the floods . In addition , two communities were isolated . After the hurricane , a program wanted donation from food to basic home supplies . Moisture from the remnants of Nora and Olaf interacted with an upper @-@ level low to produce heavy rainfall across Texas , producing flooding near Waco that forced a family to evacuate in McGregor . The floodwaters closed portions of Interstate 35 , U.S. Route 84 , and Texas State Highway 36 . It also spawned a tornado in Sugar Land that damaged four buildings , including a school . = South Park : The Stick of Truth = South Park : The Stick of Truth is a 2014 role @-@ playing video game developed by Obsidian Entertainment , in collaboration with South Park Digital Studios , and published by Ubisoft for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Microsoft Windows . Based on the American adult animated television series South Park , The Stick of Truth follows The New Kid , who has moved to the eponymous town and becomes involved in an epic role @-@ play fantasy war involving humans , wizards , and elves , who are fighting for control of the all @-@ powerful Stick of Truth . Their game quickly escalates out of control , bringing them into conflict with aliens , Nazi zombies , and gnomes , threatening the entire town with destruction . Development began in 2009 after South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone approached Obsidian about making a role @-@ playing game designed to look exactly like the television series . Parker and Stone were involved throughout the game 's production : they wrote its script , consulted on the design , and as in the television program they voiced many of the characters . The Stick of Truth 's production was turbulent ; its release date was postponed several times from its initial date in March 2013 to its eventual release in March 2014 . There was also a change of publisher following the bankruptcy of THQ , the original publisher . The game 's rights were purchased by Ubisoft in early 2013 . The Stick of Truth was subject to censorship in some regions because of its content , which includes abortions and Nazi imagery ; Parker and Stone replaced the scenes with detailed explanations of what occurs in each scene . The game was released to positive reviews , which praised the comedic script , visual style , and faithfulness to the source material . It received criticism for a lack of challenging combat and technical issues that slowed or impeded progress . A sequel , South Park : The Fractured but Whole , is scheduled for release in December 2016 , alongside a PlayStation 4 and Xbox One release of The Stick of Truth . = = Gameplay = = South Park : The Stick of Truth is a role @-@ playing video game that is viewed from a 2.5D , third @-@ person perspective . The player controls the New Kid as he explores the fictional Colorado town of South Park . The player can freely move around the town although some areas remain inaccessible until specific points in the story are reached . Notable characters from the series — including Cartman , Butters , Stan , and Kyle — join the New Kid 's party and accompany him on his quests , though only one character can be active at any time The game features a fast travel system , allowing the player to call on the character Timmy to quickly transport them to any other visited fast travel station . At the beginning of the game , the player selects one of four character archetypes ; the Fighter , Thief , Mage ( which represent standard fantasy types ) , and the Jew . The Jew class specializes in " Jew @-@ jitsu " and long @-@ range attacks . Each class has specific abilities ; armor and weapons are not limited by class , allowing a Mage to focus on melee attacks like a Fighter . The New Kid and his allies possess a variety of melee , ranged , and magic attacks . Experience points rewarded for completing tasks and winning battles allow the New Kid to level up , unlocking new abilities and upgrades such as increasing the number of enemies an attack hits or the amount of damage inflicted . Magic is represented by the characters ' ability to fart ; different farts are used to accomplish specific tasks . For example , the " Cup @-@ A @-@ Spell " allows the player to throw a fart to interact with a distant object , the " Nagasaki " destroys blockades , and the " Sneaky Squeaker " can be thrown to create a sound that distracts enemies . Attacks can be augmented with farts if the player has enough magical energy . The player has access to unlockable abilities that can open new paths of exploration , such as shrinking to access small areas like vents , teleportation which allows the player to reach otherwise unreachable platforms , and farts which trigger an explosion that defeats nearby enemies when combined with a naked flame . Actions committed against enemies outside of battle affects them in combat ; the player or opponent who strikes first to trigger a fight will have the first turn in battle . Combat takes place in a battle area separate from the open game world . Battles use turn @-@ based gameplay and each character takes a turn to attack or defend before yielding to the next character . During the player 's turn , a radial wheel listing the available options — class @-@ based basic melee attacks , special attacks , long @-@ ranged attacks , and support items — appears . Basic attacks are used to hit unarmored enemies and wear down shields ; heavy attacks weaken armored enemies . A flashing icon indicates that attacks or blocks can be enhanced to inflict more damage , or mitigate incoming attacks more effectively . Each special attack costs a set amount of " Power Points " or " PP " ( pronounced peepee ) to activate . Only one party member can join the player in battle . Certain characters , such as Tuong Lu Kim , Mr Hankey , Jesus , and Mr. Slave can be summoned during battle to deliver a powerful attack capable of defeating several enemies simultaneously ; Jesus sprays damaging gunfire , while Mr. Slave squeezes an enemy into his rectum , scaring his allies away . One support item can be used each turn , including items that restore health or provide beneficial status effects that improve the character 's abilities . Weapons and armor can be enhanced using optional " strap @-@ ons " , such as fake vampire teeth , bubble gum , or a Jewpacabra claw . These items can cause enemies to bleed and lose health , weaken enemy armor , boost player health or steal health from opponents , and disgust foes to make them " grossed out " and cause them to vomit . Additionally , the " strap @-@ ons " can set opponents on fire , electrocute them , or freeze them . Some enemies are immune to one or more of these effects . Enemies can deflect certain attacks entirely ; those in a riposte stance will deflect any melee attack , requiring the use of ranged weapons , while those in reflect stance will deflect ranged weapons . The player is encouraged to explore the wider game world to find Chinpokomon toys or new friends who are added to the character 's Facebook page . Collecting friends allows the player to unlock perks that permanently improve the New Kid 's statistics , providing extra damage or resistance to negative effects . The character 's Facebook page also serves as the game 's main menu , containing the inventory and a quest journal . The Stick of Truth features several mini @-@ games , including defecating by repeatedly tapping a button that rewards the player with feces that can be thrown at enemies to trigger the " grossed out " effect , performing an abortion , and using an anal probe . Some of these scenes are absent from some versions of the game because of censorship . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = South Park : The Stick of Truth is set in the fictional town South Park in the Colorado Rocky Mountains . The main character , whom the player controls , is the New Kid — nicknamed " Douchebag " — a silent protagonist who has recently moved to the town . Befriending the local boys , he becomes involved in an epic role @-@ playing fantasy game featuring wizards and warriors battling for control of the Stick of Truth , a twig that possesses limitless power . The humans , led by Wizard King Cartman , make their home in the Kingdom of Kupa Keep , a makeshift camp built in Cartman 's backyard ; among their number are paladin Butters , thief Craig , Clyde , cleric Token , Tweek , and Kenny — a young boy who dresses as a princess . The humans ' rivals are the drow elves , who live in the elven kingdom in the backyard of their leader , High Jew Elf Kyle ; they also include the warrior Stan and Jimmy the bard . The boys conduct their game throughout the town , the surrounding forest , and even into Canada ( represented as a pixelated overhead 16 @-@ bit RPG ) . Locations from the show , including South Park Elementary , South Park Mall , the Bijou Cinema , City Wok restaurant , and Tweek Bros. Coffeehouse , are featured in the game . The Stick of Truth features the following historical South Park characters : Stan 's father Randy Marsh , school teacher Mr. Garrison , Jesus , school counsellor Mr. Mackey , former United States Vice @-@ President Al Gore , the sadomasochism @-@ loving Mr. Slave , sentient turd Mr. Hankey , City Wok restaurant owner Tuong Lu Kim , Stan 's uncle Jimbo , Mayor McDaniels , Priest Maxi , Skeeter , Canadian celebrities Terrance and Phillip , the Underpants Gnomes , the Goth kids , the Ginger kids , the Crab People ; the Christmas Critters , and local boys Timmy , Scott Malkinson , and Kevin Stoley . = = = Plot = = = The New Kid has moved with his parents to South Park to escape his forgotten past . He quickly allies with Butters , Princess Kenny and their leader Cartman . Nicknamed " Douchebag " , the New Kid is introduced to the coveted Stick of Truth . Shortly thereafter , the elves attack Kupa Keep and take the Stick . With the help of Cartman 's best warriors , Douchebag recovers the Stick from Jimmy . Cartman banishes Clyde from the group for failing to defend the Stick from the elves . That night , Douchebag and several town residents are abducted by aliens . Douchebag escapes his confinement with the help of Stan 's father , Randy , and crashes the alien ship into the town 's mall . By morning , the UFO crash site has been sealed off by the government , who has put out a cover @-@ story that claims a Taco Bell is being built . Douchebag visits Kupa Keep and learns that the Stick has again been stolen by the elves . Cartman and Kyle task Douchebag with recruiting the Goth kids for their respective sides , each claiming that the other has the Stick . Randy agrees to help Douchebag recruit the Goths after Douchebag infiltrates the crash site and discovers that government agents are plotting to blow up the town in order to destroy an alien goo released from the ship . The goo turns living creatures into Nazi Zombies ; an infected person escapes government containment , unleashing the virus on South Park . That night , Cartman or Kyle ( dependent on which character the player chooses to follow ) leads his side against the other at the school . Here , the children learn that Clyde stole the Stick as revenge for his banishment . Clyde rallies defectors from the humans and elves , and uses the alien goo to create an army of Nazi Zombies . The humans and elves join together to oppose Clyde but there are too few to fight him . Later , Gnomes steal Douchebag 's underpants ; after defeating them , Douchebag gains the ability to change size at will . Out of desperation , Douchebag is told to invite the girls to play . They agree to join after Douchebag infiltrates an abortion clinic and travels across Canada to discover which of their friends is spreading gossip . Flanked by the girls , kindergarten pirates , and Star Trek role @-@ players , the humans and elves attack Clyde 's dark tower . Randy arrives and reveals that the government agents have planted a nuclear device in Mr. Slave 's anus to blow up South Park , forcing Douchebag to shrink and enter Mr. Slave to disarm the bomb . After exiting Mr. Slave , Douchebag finally confronts Clyde and is forced to fight a resurrected Nazi Zombie Chef ; Chef is defeated . Clyde decides he is not playing any more and Cartman kicks him from the tower . The government agents arrive , revealing that Douchebag went into hiding to escape them because of his ability to make friends on social networks such as Facebook , which the government wanted to use for its own ends . Learning of the Stick 's supposed power , the chief agent takes it and bargains with Douchebag to help him use it . Douchebag refuses but Princess Kenny betrays the group , uses the Stick to fight them and infects himself with the Nazi Zombie virus . Unable to defeat Nazi Zombie Princess Kenny , Cartman tells Douchebag to break their sacred rule by farting on Kenny 's balls , which he does . The resulting explosion defeats Kenny and cures the town of the Nazi Zombie virus . In the epilogue as South Park is rebuilt , the group retrieves the Stick of Truth ; they decide its power is too great for any person to hold and throw it into Stark 's Pond . = = Development = = Development of South Park : The Stick of Truth took four years , beginning in 2009 when South Park co @-@ creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone contacted Obsidian Entertainment to discuss their desire to make a South Park game . Parker , a fan of Obsidian games , including Fallout : New Vegas ( 2010 ) , wanted to create a role @-@ playing game , a genre which he and Stone had enjoyed since their childhoods . Parker and Stone insisted that the game must replicate the show 's visual style . Parker 's original concept was for a South Park version of the 2011 role @-@ playing fantasy game The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim , and he estimated the first script he produced to be 500 pages long . The South Park Digital Studios team animated a concept of the game 's opening scene to show what they wanted to accomplish with Obsidian in terms of appearance and gameplay mechanics . While the series had inspired several licensed games , such as South Park ( 1998 ) and South Park Rally ( 1999 ) , Parker and Stone were not involved in these games ' development and later criticized the titles ' quality . Negative reaction to those games made the pair protective of their property and led to their greater involvement on The Stick of Truth ; they refused several requests to license the series for new ventures . Stone and Parker worked closely with Obsidian on the project , sometimes having two @-@ to @-@ three hour meetings over four consecutive days . They worked with Obsidian until two weeks before the game was shipped . Their involvement extended beyond creative input ; their company initially financed the game , believing that a game based on the controversial television show would struggle to receive financial support from publishers without them placing restrictions on the content to make it more marketable . The initial funding was intended to allow Obsidian to develop enough of the game to show a more complete concept to potential publishers . In December 2011 , THQ announced that they would work with Obsidian on South Park : The Game , as it was then known . This partnership developed into a publishing arrangement after South Park owner Viacom , having grown wary of video games , cut its funding . Obsidian was aware when it signed with THQ that the latter was experiencing financial difficulties . In March 2012 , Microsoft canceled Obsidian 's upcoming Xbox One project codenamed " North Carolina " after seven months of development , resulting in the layoff of between 20 and 30 employees , including members of the Stick of Truth team . In May 2012 , the game 's final title was announced . In December 2012 , THQ filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy after suffering several product release failures . The Stick of Truth remained on schedule as THQ tried to use the bankruptcy period to restructure and return its business to profit , but the company failed to find a buyer and a Delaware court ordered that THQ was worth more if its assets were sold individually . The rights to The Stick of Truth were auctioned in late December 2012 ; Obsidian was not made aware of the sale until the auction was announced . South Park Digital Studios filed an objection to the auction , stating that THQ did not have the authority to sell the publishing rights and that THQ had been granted exclusive use of specific South Park trademarks and copyrights . South Park Digital also argued that even if the rights were sold , THQ would still owe them US $ 2 @.@ 27 million and that they held the option of reclaiming all elements of the game and South Park related creations . THQ requested that the court overrule South Park Digital , stating that their rights were exclusive and thus transferable . On January 24 , 2013 , the United States bankruptcy court approved the sale of THQ 's assets , including The Stick of Truth . The rights were bought by Ubisoft for US $ 3 @.@ 2 million . Within three weeks they had decided that the game required significant changes , pushing its release date back by six months to March 2014 . Parker and Stone , with input from a Ubisoft creative consultant , concluded that their original vision would take too long and would be too costly to produce . In a	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
said that it " felt like a sneak peek " of the game and if nothing else , was " good marketing " in light of the game 's numerous delays . = = = Censorship = = = Shortly before the game 's release , Ubisoft announced that it would voluntarily censor seven scenes , calling it a " market decision made by Ubisoft EMEA " and not a response to input from censors . PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were affected in European territories , the Middle East , Africa , and Russia , while the Microsoft Windows version remained uncensored . The censorship affected all formats in Australia , Singapore , Hong Kong , Germany , Austria , and Taiwan . The North American release was the only version that was uncensored on all formats . The German version was specifically censored because of the use of Nazi and Hitler @-@ related imagery , including swastikas and Nazi salutes , which are illegal in that country . A spokesman for the European video game content rating system Pan European Game Information ( PEGI ) confirmed that the uncensored version had been submitted and approved for release with an 18 rating , meaning the game would be acceptable for people over eighteen years of age . Ubisoft resubmitted the censored version without input from PEGI ; this version was passed with an 18 @-@ rating . The scenes Ubisoft removed depict anal probing by aliens and the player @-@ character performing an abortion . In their place , the game displays a still image of a statue holding its face in its hand , with an explicit description of events depicted in the scene . In Australia , the same scenes were removed because the Australian Classification Board refused to rate the game for release due to the depiction of sexual violence — specifically the child player @-@ character being subjected to anal probing and the interactive abortion scene . Like the European version , these scenes were replaced with a placeholder card with an explanation of what was removed on a background image of a koala crying . Discussing the situation , Stone said he had been told changes were required for the game to be released and that he and Parker inserted the placeholder images so the censorship would not be hidden . He called the censorship a double standard that the pair resisted , and said he felt it did not ruin the game and the cards allowed them to mock the changes . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = South Park : The Stick of Truth received positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review website Metacritic provides a score of 85 out of 100 from 48 critics for the Microsoft Windows version , 85 out of 100 from 31 critics for the PlayStation 3 version , and 82 out of 100 from 33 critics for the Xbox 360 version . The game was considered a successful adaptation of licensed material to a video game , with critics describing it as one of the most faithful video game adaptations ever , such that moving the player @-@ character was like walking on the set of the show . GamesRadar said that The Stick of Truth was to South Park as Batman : Arkham Asylum was to the Batman franchise in terms of reverence to the source material while breaking new ground in video games . They praised the " open @-@ world South Park to explore , with a solid 12 – 14 hours of inside jokes , obscure references , and humor that pulls from 17 TV seasons ' worth of social commentary and offensive humor . " Computer and Video Games said that the game contained so many references to the show 's history that it made Batman : Arkham City appear sparse . Destructoid said that the ability to walk around the detailed town provided a sense of wonderment similar to exploring The Simpsons ' home town in Virtual Springfield . The visual translation was highlighted as a significant component of game 's success , appearing indistinguishable from an episode of the show and providing a consistent aesthetic that remained faithful to the series while being original to gaming . Some reviewers said that the art style was occasionally detrimental , obscuring objects and prompts , and that repetitive use of animations grew stale over the course of the game . Computer and Video Games said that Obsidian had built a game world that seemed as though it had always existed . Reviewers consistently highlighted its comedic achievement . Game Informer said it is frequently hilarious , ranking it among the best comedic games ever released . IGN praised The Stick of Truth for its witty and intelligent satire of the role @-@ playing genre , while others said that as well as being consistently funny , the game was suitably boisterous , shocking , provocative , self @-@ effacing , and fearless in its desire to offend . Many reviewers agreed that much of the content was more appealing to South Park fans ; some jokes are lost on the uninitiated but others said that enough context was provided for most jokes to be funny regardless of players ' familiarity with the source material . IGN said that it is the game South Park fans have always wanted , but some reviewers said that without the South Park license , the game 's shallowness would be more obvious . Combat received a polarized response ; critics alternately called the battles deep and satisfying or shallow and repetitive . Reviewers considered the combat mechanics to be simplistic while allowing for complex tactics , and others said that the requirement to actively defend against enemy attacks and enhance offense kept fights engaging . Others also praised the combat but considered the mechanics to be robust and elaborate , presenting a solid role @-@ playing combat system concealed under the intentionally simplistic visuals . Some reviewers said that a lack of depth made combat gradually become repetitive ; they said that even when combat is funny and engaging , by the end of the game the battles can become routine . Joystiq stated that defense was more interesting than offense because it relied on time @-@ sensitive reactions to creative enemy attacks such as Al Gore giving a presentation . Destructoid said there are too few powers available for offense for the game to remain interesting for long . GameSpot found combat was too easy and lacking in challenge because of an abundance of supplement items such as health packs that were found more frequently than they were used , and powerful abilities that quickly subdued opponents . Others disagreed , stating that the variety offered in combat , such as character abilities , allies , weapons , armor , and upgrades , ensured it always felt fun . The effects of the enhancements were sometimes considered to be confusing , and typically relying on simply equipping the highest level item available . Joystiq said the special characters that can be summoned during battle were extreme in terms of power and entertainment value . IGN said that the difference between character classes such as Thief and Jew were disappointingly minimal , offering little variety or incentive to replay as another class . IGN also said some missions and side quests were tedious , and were elevated by their setting rather than their quality , while the reviewer thought the environmental puzzles were a clever option for avoiding combat and were rare enough to be enjoyable when available . However , GameSpot said the puzzles felt scripted and simple . Reviewers said that many of the gameplay functions and controls were poorly explained , making them difficult to activate ; others were critical of excessive loading times upon entering new locations and slow menus such as the Facebook panel . = = = Sales = = = During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , South Park : The Stick of Truth became the best @-@ selling game on all available formats ( In terms of boxed sales ) , replacing Thief . The Xbox 360 version accounted for 53 % of sales , followed by the PlayStation 3 ( 41 % ) , and Microsoft Windows ( 6 % ) . In its second week , sales fell 47 % and the game dropped to third place behind Titanfall and Dark Souls II . South Park : The Stick of Truth was the top @-@ selling game on the digital @-@ distribution platform Steam between March 2 and 15 , 2014 . It was the third best @-@ selling game of March 2014 , behind Titanfall and Thief , and the thirty @-@ first best @-@ selling physical game of 2014 . In North America , South Park : The Stick of Truth was the third best @-@ selling physical game of March 2014 , behind Titanfall and Infamous Second Son . Digital distribution accounted for 25 % of the game 's sales , making it Ubisoft 's most downloaded title at the time . It was the ninth best @-@ selling downloadable game of 2014 on the PlayStation Store . In May 2015 , Ubisoft confirmed that the game had sold 1 @.@ 6 million copies as of March 2015 . As of February 2016 , Ubisoft had shipped 5 million copies of the game . = = = Accolades = = = At the 2012 Game Critics Awards , The Stick of Truth was named the Best Role @-@ Playing Game . At the 2014 Golden Joystick Awards , The Stick of Truth received three nominations for Game of the Year , Best Storytelling , and Best Visual Design At the inaugural Game Awards event , Trey Parker won for Best Performance for his multiple roles , and the game received two nominations for Best Role @-@ Playing Game , and Best Narrative . At the 2015 South by Southwest festival , the game received the Excellence in Convergence award for achievements in adapting material from another entertainment medium . IGN listed it as the 50th @-@ best game of the contemporary console generation , and Giant Bomb named it the Best Surprise of 2014 for overcoming its development issues . Shacknews and Financial Post labeled it the seventh @-@ best game of 2014 , while The Guardian named it as the 12th @-@ best . Kotaku listed Dunlap 's score as one of the best of the year , saying that it was " a really good tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek Skyrim knockoff that captured South Park 's bright musicality . " = = Sequel = = In March 2014 , Stone said that he and Parker were open to making a sequel , depending on the reception for The Stick of Truth . A sequel , South Park : The Fractured but Whole , was announced in June 2015 . The game is being developed by Ubisoft San Francisco , replacing Obsidian Entertainment , for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows . In The Fractured but Whole , the player again controls the New Kid , joining the children of South Park as they role @-@ play superheroes . The game is scheduled for release on December 6 , 2016 . = Behind That Locked Door = " Behind That Locked Door " is a song by English musician George Harrison , released on his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass . Harrison wrote the song in August 1969 as a message of encouragement to Bob Dylan , who was making a highly publicised comeback to the concert stage , accompanied by the Band , with a headlining performance at the Isle of Wight Festival . " Behind That Locked Door " is a rare Harrison composition in the country music genre and the second song dealing with the friendship between himself and Dylan , after their 1968 collaboration " I 'd Have You Anytime " . Its lyrics address Dylan 's elusive nature , and reflect the high regard in which Harrison held the American singer 's work . The same reluctance on Dylan 's part to re @-@ engage with a concert audience led to him retreating again from live performance until August 1971 , when he responded to Harrison 's request to play at the Concert for Bangladesh . Harrison recorded " Behind That Locked Door " in London early in the summer of 1970 , shortly after taking part in a session for Dylan 's New Morning album in New York . Co @-@ produced by Phil Spector , the recording features a prominent contribution from Nashville pedal steel virtuoso Pete Drake , and twin keyboard parts from Gary Wright and Billy Preston in the tradition of the Band , whose sound influenced Harrison 's arrangement . With its understated performance , the track is a comparatively rare departure from the big production commonly associated with All Things Must Pass . On release , Alan Smith of the NME described the song as " a tremendous piece of country @-@ meets @-@ Hawaii " and recommended that it be sent to country singer Slim Whitman " without further delay " . An alternate take of " Behind That Locked Door " appears on the 2012 Harrison compilation Early Takes : Volume 1 . Olivia Newton @-@ John , Jim James , the Felice Brothers and Norah Jones are among the artists who have covered the song . = = Background = = In mid August 1969 , Bob Dylan had confounded the media 's expectations by shunning the Woodstock Festival , an event he had helped to inspire . Instead , after three years in virtual seclusion with his family , Dylan decided to make his comeback a fortnight after Woodstock , by headlining the Isle of Wight Festival at Wootton , just off the south coast of England . Now a popular act in their own right , the Band agreed to back Dylan for the performance , just as they had ( as the Hawks ) on his controversial 1966 world tour . In a repeat of his UK concerts from 1966 , leading figures in the English music scene began to gather on the island to show their support for Dylan , the singer widely considered " the minstrel to a generation " . Alone among the many celebrity guests , George Harrison had spent time with Dylan during his period away from the limelight , in Bearsville , near Woodstock . In between promoting Radha Krishna Temple ( London ) ' s debut single on Apple Records , his own production of " Hare Krishna Mantra " , Harrison and wife Pattie Boyd stayed with Dylan 's family at Forelands Farm , near Bembridge , during the week preceding the festival . The two musicians strengthened the bond they had established in upstate New York and were heard performing near @-@ perfect impersonations of the Everly Brothers in the farmhouse . In addition to a crowd estimated at 200 @,@ 000 , a group of 300 American journalists descended on the Isle of Wight , adding unwelcome pressure on Dylan . In the days leading up to his performance on Sunday , 31 August , the British press dubbed the event " D Day " , in reference to the Allies ' invasion of German @-@ occupied France in June 1944 ; in the words of music journalist John Harris , " Dylan 's show had by now been inflated into the gig of the decade . " As a further impediment to Dylan 's planned comeback , audiences in 1969 expected to hear the rock music associated with his and the Hawks ' 1965 – 66 tours , a style that he had abandoned with his recent country album , Nashville Skyline . This contrast was encouraged by the organisers ' promotional campaign for the event , particularly in the design for the official festival posters . Referring to Dylan 's more conservative 1969 image , author Clinton Heylin writes : " There was little doubt that this was a different Dylan , even if the graphic on the fluttering posters advertising the festival was a stark black @-@ and @-@ white shot of a beshaded Dylan in classic ' 66 pose . " The arrival of Harrison 's fellow Beatles John Lennon and Ringo Starr , on Saturday , 30 August , added to the heightened speculation that one or more members of the band might make a guest appearance with Dylan the following evening . Harrison gifted Dylan his vintage Gibson J @-@ 200 acoustic guitar before the show and was then taken aback that Dylan arranged for " Hare Krishna Mantra " to be played over the PA minutes before he and the Band went on stage . Mukunda Goswami , one of the six pioneer devotees who founded the Hare Krishna movement 's London temple and played on the recording , has identified this exposure as reflective of how the ancient Maha Mantra " penetrated British society " as a result of the Harrison @-@ produced single . Harrison watched Dylan 's performance from the VIP enclosure , an experience that informed the lyrics to a new composition , " Behind That Locked Door " . = = Composition = = John Harris describes " Behind That Locked Door " as a " sweet acknowledgement of Dylan 's shyness " . According to Harrison 's recollection in a December 2000 interview for Billboard magazine , he began writing the song the night before Dylan played . Further to the statement of friendship in their 1968 collaboration " I 'd Have You Anytime " – which Harrison began as a way of getting Dylan to let down his guard and " Let me in here " – in " Behind That Locked Door " , he urges Dylan to confide in a friend and " let out your heart " . Author Ian Inglis notes the Isle of Wight performance as having been a " hugely important and anxious occasion " for Dylan and views Harrison 's opening verse as a " personal plea " for him to " pull out of his depression , to face the world again , and to look to the future " . After asking " Why are you still crying ? " , Harrison assures Dylan that " The love you are blessed with / This world 's waiting for … " In the second verse , Harrison sings of how he values Dylan 's friendship , together with " the tales you have told me / From the things that you saw " . For much of his career , Harrison repeatedly identified Dylan as one of his biggest musical influences , along with Ravi Shankar . To Inglis , these verse @-@ two lines reflect the level of Harrison 's respect for his work , since " while millions of others may look to the Beatles for guidance , he looks to Dylan " . Harrison musical biographer Simon Leng observes that , in the " counseling " Harrison gives Dylan in " Behind That Locked Door " , he anticipates his own " slough of despond " during 1973 – 75 . This self @-@ styled " naughty period " of Harrison 's coincided with the failure of his marriage to Boyd and a fall from grace with music critics following his 1974 " Dark Horse Tour " – a tour on which , similar to Dylan in 1969 , Harrison defied public expectation and attempted to break from his Beatle past . In the final verse to " Behind That Locked Door " , he asks for Dylan 's support in such a scenario : And if ever my love goes If I 'm rich or I 'm poor Come and let out my heart , please , please From behind that locked door . Musically , the song is set in a slow , country @-@ waltz time signature with , as Leng observes , melody and lyrics working " in tandem " . Within each couplet , a rising musical figure presents the " problem " ( " Why are you still crying ? " ) , while the second line consists of a " falling melodic consolation " ( " Your pain is now through " ) . In his 1980 autobiography , Harrison offers little comment about " Behind That Locked Door " , aside from identifying the inspiration behind the song and admitting : " It was a good excuse to do a country tune with pedal steel guitar . " = = Aftermath to the Isle of Wight Festival = = Dylan 's set at the festival was roundly viewed as anticlimactic , if not a " Midnight Flop ! " , in the opinion of one British tabloid . Having recently told Rolling Stone editor Jann Wenner that he would return to touring that autumn , Dylan abandoned the idea and also cancelled the proposed live album from his Isle of Wight performance . Showing support for Dylan in the fallout from his comeback , in a late 1969 interview Harrison included the American singer in his personal list of essential contemporary rock artists , saying : " The Beatles , [ the ] Stones , Bob Dylan , Eric Clapton and Delaney & Bonnie , and that 's it . Who needs anything else ? " Inglis highlights " Behind That Locked Door " as an example of how Harrison 's songwriting reflects his " fondness " for family and close friends . Dylan 's reluctance to perform live again was only broken by his friendship with Harrison , when the latter persuaded him to play at the Concert for Bangladesh shows in New York in August 1971 . Although Dylan had been noncommittal about playing at that event until the last minute , a mutual friend of his and Harrison 's , journalist Al Aronowitz , had assured Boyd , " Bob wouldn 't let George down " ; another performer at the shows , drummer Jim Keltner , has said that Dylan felt a special closeness towards Harrison as a result of the Concert for Bangladesh . Four years later , while Harrison was dejected following what author Elliot Huntley terms the " tsunami of bile that the Dark Horse album had unleashed " , he spent considerable time with Dylan in Los Angeles . According to Mukunda Goswami , speaking in a 1982 interview with Harrison , Dylan became a regular visitor to the Los Angeles Radha Krishna temple and embraced the practice of chanting . = = Recording = = Following the Beatles ' break @-@ up in April 1970 , and shortly before beginning work on All Things Must Pass , Harrison participated in a recording session in New York for Dylan 's New Morning album . Among the many tracks they played were " Working on the Guru " , Dylan 's " gentle prod " at Harrison 's association with the Hare Krishna movement , Harris writes , and " If Not for You " , a new Dylan song that Harrison decided to cover on his own album . Dylan also supplied him with a phone number for Pete Drake , the Nashville @-@ based pedal @-@ steel guitarist and record producer whose work had graced " Lay Lady Lay " and other songs on Nashville Skyline . Harrison later praised Drake 's pedal steel playing as " the bagpipes of country & western music " . Working at Abbey Road Studios in London with co @-@ producer Phil Spector , Harrison recorded " Behind That Locked Door " during the first batch of sessions for All Things Must Pass , between late May and early June 1970 . Drake 's pedal steel features strongly on the recording , providing a commentary to Harrison 's vocal in the verses , as well as a mid @-@ song solo , supported by Hammond organ from Billy Preston , and Gary Wright on piano . The arrangement for " Behind That Locked Door " reflects the enduring influence of the Band 's sound on Harrison – through the use of two keyboard players , acoustic guitars , and a restrained backing from the rhythm section , comprising Klaus Voormann on bass and , in Huntley 's description , Alan White 's " shuffle beat " drums . For some years after the song 's release , rumours claimed that it was the Band themselves backing Harrison on the track . Leng credits all three acoustic guitar parts to Harrison , although other sources suggest that Peter Frampton may have participated at the session . Harrison also overdubbed all the backing vocals ( credited on the album to " the George O 'Hara @-@ Smith Singers " ) , a feat much admired by Spector , who has noted Harrison 's willingness to " experiment upon experiment " with his harmony singing on All Things Must Pass . = = Release and reception = = " Behind That Locked Door " was released as the third track on side two of Harrison 's All Things Must Pass triple album , in November 1970 . Ian Inglis writes of its position in the track order : " In the middle of an album whose songs sweep across the grand themes of history , religion , love , sex , and death , [ ' Behind That Locked Door ' ] is a surprising and touching gesture of simple friendship from one man to another . " The release followed speculation in the music press regarding the Dylan – Harrison joint session in May , and conversely , the critics ' lambasting of Dylan 's Self Portrait double album , released in June 1970 . In his review of All Things Must Pass , the NME 's Alan Smith declared " Behind That Locked Door " a " standout " and " a tremendous piece of country @-@ meets @-@ Hawaii , which should be sent to Slim Whitman without further delay " . Less impressed , Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone dismissed the song as " an inexplicable bit of C & W schlock " , although he conceded that it had a " lovely , lilting background vocal " . Later in the 1970s , Beatles Forever author Nicholas Schaffner highlighted " Behind That Locked Door " and the other Dylan @-@ influenced songs on All Things Must Pass as being " far more intimate , both musically and lyrically , than the rest of the album " . Reviewers and biographers in the 21st century invariably recognise its place among Bob Dylan 's work on his John Wesley Harding ( 1967 ) and Nashville Skyline albums . Writing in Goldmine magazine in 2002 , Dave Thompson remarked : " indeed , this tribute to Dylan 's famous reticence sounds so close to a lost Zim original that His Bobness ' own ' Baby , Stop Crying ' ( from 1978 's Street Legal ) is all but reduced to tributary status itself in comparison . " Alan Clayson approves of the more " understated production aesthetic " next to what he views as an at @-@ times " bloated " sound found elsewhere on All Things Must Pass . Simon Leng also acknowledges Harrison 's success in " temper [ ing ] Phil Spector 's taste for the extreme " and describes " Behind That Locked Door " as one of its composer 's " more attractive " songs , with a fine lead vocal . " [ It ] is refreshing to hear Harrison singing about another 's pain , " Leng adds , " suggesting that , unlike some of his contemporaries , he was able to displace himself as the center of his universe for a moment or two at least . " In his book Phil Spector : Out of His Head , Richard Williams identifies " Behind That Locked Door " as an example of " how sympathetic to the performer " Spector could be as a producer , in this case , by giving the recording a " mellow , autumnal mix " that " beautifully display [ s ] " Drake 's pedal steel . Elliot Huntley writes that the track provides a showcase for Harrison 's " melodic flair " , as well as a reason to wonder why the ex @-@ Beatle did not record more songs in the country @-@ music genre , since " certainly he seems perfectly at home in these comfortable surroundings " . Huntley speculates on the " interesting " possibility of a whole LP side of similar " ersatz country and western " tracks , as the Rolling Stones would do on their Exile on Main St. double album in 1972 . Harrison biographer Joshua Greene describes the song as a celebration of " love 's victory over pain " . = = Alternative version = = In November 2011 , an early take of " Behind That Locked Door " , featuring Harrison 's vocal backed by just two acoustic guitars and Drake 's pedal steel , was included in the British deluxe @-@ edition CD / DVD release of Martin Scorsese 's Living in the Material World documentary . This version appeared worldwide on the Early Takes : Volume 1 compilation in May 2012 . Giles Martin , who went through Harrison 's musical archive at Friar Park while compiling the album , notes the " folk @-@ tinged spoken word quality " of Harrison 's singing on this take , an example of " a kind of conversational intimacy " that he brought to his recordings . Rolling Stone critic David Fricke describes this version of the song as a " sweet Nashville reading " . The Independent 's album reviewer finds it a " [ p ] articularly engaging " inclusion on a compilation that allows " the sweeter side of George Harrison 's character to shine unencumbered by studio blandishments " . = = Cover versions = = Among the country artists who have covered the song , Olivia Newton @-@ John released a version on her Olivia album in 1972 . Drake himself recorded " Behind That Locked Door " , as well as Harrison 's " Isn 't It a Pity " and " Something " , although the recordings remained unissued until the release of the Pete Drake album , nine years after his death in July 1988 . Christian alt rock band the Choir covered the song on their 1989 album Wide @-@ Eyed Wonder . Following Harrison 's death in November 2001 , Jim James recorded " Behind That Locked Door " for what became a six @-@ song Harrison covers EP , released as Tribute To in August 2009 . Tying in with the release of Scorsese 's George Harrison : Living in the Material World , a version by the Felice Brothers appeared on the multi @-@ artist tribute Harrison Covered , a CD accompanying the November 2011 issue of Mojo magazine . Singer Norah Jones performed " Behind That Locked Door " on the TBS television show Conan on 25 September 2014 . Her appearance was part of the show 's " George Harrison Week " , celebrating the release of the Harrison box set The Apple Years 1968 – 75 . = = Personnel = = The musicians who performed on " Behind That Locked Door " are believed to be as follows : George Harrison – vocals , acoustic guitars , backing vocals Pete Drake – pedal steel Gary Wright – piano Billy Preston – organ Klaus Voormann – bass Alan White – drums = Russian monitor Lava = Lava ( Russian : Лава ) was an Uragan @-@ class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid @-@ 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic @-@ class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was struck from the Navy List in 1900 , converted into a barracks ship in 1902 and then into a storage hulk for mines in 1912 and renamed Blokshiv No. 1 . During World War I , she was converted into a hospital ship in 1916 and was then abandoned by the Soviets in Finland in 1918 ; the ship was probably later scrapped by the Finns around 1922 . = = Description = = Lava was 201 feet ( 61 @.@ 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 @.@ 0 m ) and a draft of 10 @.@ 16 – 10 @.@ 84 feet ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 3 m ) . She displaced 1 @,@ 500 – 1 @,@ 600 long tons ( 1 @,@ 524 – 1 @,@ 626 t ) , and her crew numbered eight officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 . The ship was fitted with a two @-@ cylinder , horizontal direct @-@ acting steam engine built by Carr and MacPherson of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 – 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 – 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Lava 's sea trials on 12 July 1865 , she reached a maximum speed of 6 @.@ 5 knots ( 12 @.@ 0 km / h ; 7 @.@ 5 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 193 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 @,@ 440 nmi ( 2 @,@ 670 km ; 1 @,@ 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) . Lava was designed to be armed with a pair of nine @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle @-@ loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine @-@ inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license @-@ built fifteen @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle @-@ loading Rodman guns in 1867 – 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine @-@ inch rifled guns . All of the wrought @-@ iron armor that was used in the Uragan @-@ class monitors was in 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic @-@ class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by a wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Lava 's deck was reinforced by the addition of 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) armor plates after completion . = = Career = = Construction of the ship began on 7 September 1863 at the Semiannikov & Poletika Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Lava was laid down on 15 December 1863 and she was launched on 8 June 1864 . She entered service on 1 September 1865 and cost a total of 1 @,@ 142 @,@ 700 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 @,@ 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July – August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . She was present when the American warships Miantonomoh and Augusta visited Kronstadt in July – August 1866 . Sometime after Lava was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward @-@ curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was assigned to the newly formed Artillery Training Detachment in March 1870 and she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . Lava was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . The ship was used as a floating barracks by the Third Destroyer Division from 1902 to 1908 and was then used as an observation post during gunnery training . Lava was converted into a mine storage hulk in 1912 and renamed Blokshiv No. 1 on 14 April of that year . She was converted into a floating hospital in 1916 and may have received her old name at that time . She was abandoned by the Soviets in Helsingfors ( Helsinki ) when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk , but she was later returned by the Finns in 1922 . The ship was supposedly broken up there around that time , but may have still been in existence in 1941 . = John Benjamin Murphy = John Benjamin Murphy , born John Murphy ( December 21 , 1857 in Appleton , Wisconsin – August 11 , 1916 Mackinac Island , Michigan ) , was an American physician and abdominal surgeon noted for advocating early surgical intervention in appendicitis appendectomy , and several eponyms : Murphy ’ s button , Murphy drip , Murphy ’ s punch , Murphy ’ s test , and Murphy @-@ Lane bone skid . He is best remembered for the eponymous clinical sign that is used in evaluating patients with acute cholecystitis . His career spanned general surgery , orthopedics , neurosurgery , and cardiothoracic surgery , which helped him to gain international prominence in the surgical profession . Mayo Clinic co @-@ founder William James Mayo called him " the surgical genius of our generation " . Over the course of his career he was renowned as a surgeon , a clinician , a teacher , an innovator , and an author . In addition to general surgical operations , such as appendectomy , cholecystostomy , bowel resection for intestinal obstruction , and mastectomy , he performed and described innovative procedures in neurosurgery , orthopedics , gynecology , urology , plastic surgery , thoracic surgery , and vascular surgery . He also ventured into techniques such as neurorrhaphy , arthroplasty , prostatectomy , nephrectomy , hysterectomy , bone grafting , and thoracoplasty . = = Life and death = = Murphy was born in a log cabin in Appleton , Wisconsin . His parents , Michael Murphy and Ann Grimes Murphy , were Irish immigrants who escaped from the potato famine and who later raised him on their own farm . He was a striking , mercurial figure : tall and strong with a red beard and mustache . Murphy died of heart disease in Mackinac Island , Michigan after having been ill for six months . He was staying at the Grand Hotel and was attended by his wife and Drs. L. L. MacArthur and James Keefe . After he suffered from angina pectoris for several years , his death was attributed to aortitis . Two days prior to his death he correctly predicted the findings of his own autopsy : " I think the necropsy will show plaques in my aorta . " = = Education and training = = Murphy attended public school in Appleton and graduated from Appleton High School in 1876 . He obtained a doctorate from Rush Medical College in 1879 and entered an eighteen @-@ month internship at Cook County Hospital . He then practiced there briefly . From 1882 – 1884 he performed practical work at universities and hospitals in Vienna , Munich , Berlin and Heidelberg . Most of this time was spent working in Vienna with Theodor Billroth , who introduced gastrectomy techniques that are still in use today . = = Academic career = = After his sojourn in Europe , he returned to Chicago to start a general practice . He was quickly recognized as a leader in abdominal surgery and was appointed lecturer in surgery at Rush Medical College at the end of 1884 . In 1890 he was elected Professor of Surgery . In 1892 , he was named Professor of Clinical Surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons ( currently University of Illinois College of Medicine ) . By 1899 , he had become acclaimed for bone surgery . From 1901 – 1905 he held a position at the Northwestern University Medical School . From 1905 – 1908 , he worked at Rush Medical College , and from 1908 – 1916 he returned to Northwestern University Medical School . Meanwhile , he also taught at the Graduate Medical School of Chicago , and from 1895 until his death in 1916 , he was the surgeon @-@ in @-@ chief at the Mercy Hospital . From 1908 on he also held a commission in the Army Reserve Medical Corps . While at Mercy , he developed a following for his " wet clinics " , in which he operated and lectured to an audience . Physicians from around the world attended these sessions . The only method for wider dissemination of these lectures and demonstrations was print publication . A secretary transcribed his words , and they were printed as " The Surgical Clinics of John B. Murphy , M.D. , at Mercy Hospital , Chicago " . This became ' The Surgical Clinics of Chicago " , and , subsequently , the " Surgical Clinics of North America " , which continue in publication in 2008 . = = Notable experiences = = Early in his career , on May 4 , 1886 , he was one of the doctors summoned to the scene of the Haymarket Affair in the Near West Side community area of Chicago . He dressed approximately 30 men while working until 3 : 30 AM . A bomb had been thrown at the Chicago Police officers leading to several deaths and a high profile trial , in which Murphy was called to testify . The labor unrest leading up to and surrounding the events led to the tradition of May Day labor rallies . After an October 14 , 1912 assassination attempt on former United States President Theodore Roosevelt in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Roosevelt was brought to Chicago 's Mercy Hospital . When he asked Roosevelt about any fears he might have about his bullet wound he said that Roosevelt responded , " I 've hunted long enough , Doctor , to know that you can 't kill a Bull Moose with a short gun . " = = Legacy = = Although his surgical prowess was not questioned , his approach to practice was considered pretentious by a segment of his professional colleagues in the U.S. , and his work was more highly regarded by his contemporaries in Europe than in Chicago . He was an early advocate of intervention via the removal of the appendix in all cases of appendicitis . His thoughts were controversial in a time of conservative management of appendicitis . Having been met with skepticism after his first presentation of appendectomy , he gathered evidence from 250 cases and presented his opinions again as an authority on the subject . He was known for the following eponyms : Murphy ’ s button ( a mechanical device used for intestinal anastomosis ) , Murphy ’ s punch ( a punch tenderness at the costo @-@ vertebral angle in cases of perinephric abscess ) , Murphy 's sign ( a sign of inflammation of the gallbladder ) , Murphy ’ s test ( a test for deep @-@ seated tenderness and muscular rigidity in cases of perinephric abscess ) , Murphy drip for administration of fluids by proctoclysis in patients with peritonitis , and Murphy @-@ Lane bone skid ( a common commercial steel instrument used for femoral head procedures ) . Murphy developed his eponymous anastomotic button for a sutureless anastomosis of the gallbladder to the duodenum ( his preferred treatment for acute cholecystitis ) , but it was equally suitable for intestinal anastomoses . He developed it in the experimental animal laboratory in a barn behind his house and first used it less than a week after developing it on a dog . The Murphy button can be credited as the forerunner of the modern end @-@ to @-@ end stapling instrument after having become the method of choice for operations at the Mayo Clinic and elsewhere in the United States for over twenty years . In 1896 , Murphy was the first person to successfully unite a femoral artery severed by a gunshot wound . In 1898 , Murphy was first in the United States to induce artificial immobilization and collapse of the lung ( pneumothorax ) in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis . He pioneered bone grafting techniques and made inroads in the management of ankylosis , especially with reconstruction . He was also considered an innovator for surgical intervention for prostate cancer , performance of end @-@ to @-@ end anastomosis of hollow viscera . In 1912 , he performed what was arguably the first biliary tract endoscopy . He was a founding member of the American College of Surgeons . = = Honors = = He was knighted with the Order of St. Gregory the Great at the direction of Pope Benedict XV by Archbishop George Mundelein on June 16 , 1916 . He was awarded Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame in 1902 , and a Doctor of Science by University of Sheffield , England in 1908 . Although Murphy 's flamboyant demeanour and consequent unpopularity among his colleagues kept him from early membership in several professional associations , he was eventually elected President of both the Chicago Medical Society and the American Medical Association ( AMA ) .The American Surgical Association realized their mistake and belatedly granted Murphy membership . There is a public elementary school named in his honor the John B. Murphy Public School located at 3539 West Grace Street in the Irving Park community area on the northwest side of Chicago , which opened in 1924 . = Zinfandel = Zinfandel ( also known as Primitivo ) is a variety of black @-@ skinned wine grape . The variety is grown in over 10 percent of California vineyards . DNA analysis has revealed that it is genetically equivalent to the Croatian grapes Crljenak Kaštelanski and Tribidrag , as well as to the Primitivo variety traditionally grown in Apulia ( the " heel " of Italy ) , where it was introduced in the 18th century . The grape found its way to the United States in the mid @-@ 19th century , where it became known by variations of the name " Zinfandel " , a name which is probably of Austrian origin . The grapes typically produce a robust red wine , although in the United States a semi @-@ sweet rosé ( blush @-@ style ) wine called White Zinfandel has six times as many sales as the red wine . The grape 's high sugar content can be fermented into levels of alcohol exceeding 15 percent . The taste of the red wine depends on the ripeness of the grapes from which it is made . Red berry fruit flavors like raspberry predominate in wines from cooler areas , whereas blackberry , anise and pepper notes are more common in wines made in warmer areas and in wines made from the earlier @-@ ripening Primitivo clone . = = History = = = = = Europe ( 6000 BCE – 1870 ) = = = Archaeological evidence indicates that domestication of Vitis vinifera occurred in the Caucasus region around 6000 BCE , and winemaking was discovered shortly after that . Cultivation of the vine subsequently spread to the Mediterranean and surrounding regions . Croatia once had several indigenous varieties related to Zinfandel , which formed the basis of its wine industry in the 19th century . This diversity suggests that the grapes have been grown in Croatia longer than anywhere else . However , these varieties were almost entirely wiped out by the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century , eventually reducing Zinfandel to just nine vines of locally @-@ known " Crljenak Kaštelanski " discovered in 2001 on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia . The first documented use of the term Primitivo appears in Italian governmental publications of the 1870s . The name derives from the terms primativus or primaticcio , which refer to the grape 's tendency to ripen earlier than other varieties . This name 's appearance , 40 years after the first documented use of the term Zinfandel , was previously thought to suggest that Primitivo was introduced to Italy from across the Atlantic ; however , this hypothesis has become unlikely since the discovery of the vine 's Croatian origin . Primitivo is now thought to have been introduced as a distinct clone into the Apulia region of Italy in the 18th century . Don Francesco Filippo Indellicati , the priest of the church at Gioia del Colle near Bari , selected an early ( " primo " ) ripening plant of the Zagarese variety and planted it in Liponti . This clone ripened at the end of August and became widespread throughout northern Apulia . Cuttings came to the other great Primitivo DOC ( denominazione di origine controllata or " denomination of controlled origin " ) as part of the dowry of the Countess Sabini of Altamura when she married Don Tommaso Schiavoni @-@ Tafuri of Manduria in the late 19th century . = = = United States east coast ( 1829 – 1850 ) = = = The arrival of Zinfandel in the United States may have been via the Imperial Nursery in Vienna , Austria , which probably obtained the vines during the Habsburg Monarchy 's rule over Croatia , which was expanded when Austria acquired the Dalmatian territories of the former Republic of Venice in 1797 . George Gibbs , a horticulturist on Long Island , received shipments of grapes from Schönbrunn and elsewhere in Europe between 1820 and 1829 . Sullivan suggests that the " Black Zinfardel of Hungary " mentioned by William Robert Prince in A Treatise on the Vine ( 1830 ) may have referred to one of Gibbs 's 1829 acquisitions . Webster suggests that the name is a modification of the Hungarian tzinifándli ( czirifandli ) , which derives from the German Zierfandler , a white grape ( Gruener Sylvaner ) from Austria 's Thermenregion . Gibbs visited Boston in 1830 , and Samuel Perkins of that city began selling " Zenfendal " soon afterward . In 1830 , Gibbs also supplied Prince with " Black St. Peters " , a similar variety that may have come from England , where many vines have " St. Peters " in their names . Little is known about this vine , except that the Black St. Peters that arrived in California in the 1850s was the same as what became known as Zinfandel by the 1870s . By 1835 Charles M. Hovey , Boston ’ s leading nurseryman , was recommending " Zinfindal " as a table grape , and it was soon widely grown in heated greenhouses for the production of table grapes as early as June . The first reference to making wine from " Zinfindal " appears in John Fisk Allen 's Practical Treatise in the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine ( 1847 ) . Meanwhile , the fad of hothouse cultivation faded in the 1850s as attention turned to the Concord and other grape varieties that could be grown outdoors in Boston . = = = California ( 1850 – 1933 ) = = = Prince and other nurserymen such as Frederick W. Macondray joined the California Gold Rush in the 1850s , and took Zinfandel with them . Prince 's notebook records that the grape dried " perfectly to Raisin " and that he believed his Zinfandel was the same as the " Black Sonora " he found in California . When the vine known as " Black St. Peters " arrived in California , it was initially regarded as a distinct variety , but by the 1870s it was recognized as the same grape as Zinfandel . Joseph W. Osborne may have made the first wine from Zinfandel in California . He planted Zinfandel from Macondray at his Oak Knoll vineyard just north of Napa , and his wine was much praised in 1857 . Planting of Zinfandel boomed soon after , and by the end of the 19th century it was the most widespread variety in California . These Zinfandel old vines are now treasured for the production of premium red wine , but many were ripped up in the 1920s , during the Prohibition years ( 1920 – 1933 ) , but not for the obvious reason . Even during the Prohibition , home winemaking remained effectively legal , and some vineyards embraced the sale of grapes for making wine at home . While Zinfandel grapes proved popular among home winemakers living near the vineyards , it was vulnerable to rot on the long journey to East Coast markets . The thick @-@ skinned Alicante Bouschet was less susceptible to rot , so this and similar varieties were widely planted for the home winemaking market . 3000 cars – about 38 @,@ 000 short tons ( 34 @,@ 000 t ) – of Zinfandel grapes were shipped in 1931 , compared to 6000 cars of Alicante Bouschet . = = = Rediscovery after Prohibition ( 1933 – present ) = = = By 1930 , the wine industry had weakened due to the Great Depression and Prohibition . Many vineyards that survived by supplying the home market were located in California 's Central Valley , a non @-@ optimal environment for growing quality Zinfandel . Thus , the end of Prohibition left a shortage of quality wine grapes , and Zinfandel sank into obscurity as most was blended into undistinguished fortified wines . However , some producers remained interested in making single varietal red wines . By the middle of the 20th century the origins of California Zinfandel had been forgotten . In 1972 , one British wine writer wrote , " there is a fascinating Californian grape , the zinfandel , said to have come from Hungary , but apparently a cépage now unknown there . " In 1974 and 1981 , American wine writers described it as " a California original , grown nowhere else " and " California 's own red grape " . In 1972 , Bob Trinchero of the Sutter Home Winery decided to try draining some juice from the vats in order to impart more tannins and color to his Deaver Vineyard Zinfandel . He vinified this juice as a dry wine , and tried to sell it under the name of Oeil de Perdrix , a Swiss wine made by this saignée method . The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms insisted on an English translation , so he added " White Zinfandel " to the name , and sold 220 cases . At the time , demand for white wine exceeded the availability of white wine grapes , encouraging other California producers to make " white " wine from red grapes , with minimal skin contact . However , in 1975 , Trinchero 's wine experienced a stuck fermentation , a problem in which the yeast dies off before all the sugar is converted to alcohol . He put the wine aside for two weeks , then tasted it and decided to sell this pinker , sugary wine . Just as Mateus Rosé had become a huge success in Europe after World War II , this medium sweet White Zinfandel became immensely popular . White Zinfandel still accounts for 9 @.@ 9 % of U.S. wine sales by volume ( 6 @.@ 3 % by value ) , six times the sales of red Zinfandel . Most white Zinfandel is made from grapes grown for that purpose in California 's Central Valley . Wine critics considered white Zinfandel to be insipid and uninteresting in the 1970s and 1980s , although modern white Zinfandels have more fruit and less cloying sweetness . Nevertheless , the success of this blush wine saved many old vines in premium areas , which came into their own at the end of the 20th century as red Zinfandel wines came back into fashion . Although the two wines taste dramatically different , both are made from the same ( red ) grapes , processed in a different way . = = Relationship to Primitivo , Crljenak Kaštelanski and Tribidrag = = Zinfandel was long considered " America 's vine and wine " , but when University of California , Davis ( UCD ) professor Austin Goheen visited Italy in 1967 , he noticed how wine made from Primitivo reminded him of Zinfandel . Others also made the connection about that time . Primitivo was brought to California in 1968 , and ampelographers declared it identical to Zinfandel in 1972 . The first wine made from these California vines in 1975 also seemed identical to Zinfandel . In 1975 , PhD student Wade Wolfe showed that the two varieties had identical isozyme fingerprints . Dr. Lamberti of Bari had suggested to Goheen in 1976 that Primitivo might be the Croatian variety Plavac Mali . By 1982 Goheen had confirmed that they were similar but not identical , probably by isozyme analysis . Some Croatians , however , became convinced that Plavac Mali was the same as Zinfandel , among them Croatian @-@ born winemaker Mike Grgich . In 1991 Grgich and other producers came together as the Zinfandel Advocates and Producers ( ZAP ) with the objectives of promoting the varietal and wine , and supporting scientific research on Zinfandel . With this support , UCD professor Carole Meredith went to Croatia and collected over 150 samples of Plavac Mali throughout Dalmatia , in collaboration with the University of Zagreb . In 1993 , Meredith used a DNA fingerprinting technique to confirm that Primitivo and Zinfandel are clones of the same variety . Comparative field trials have found that " Primitivo selections were generally superior to those of Zinfandel , having earlier fruit maturity , similar or higher yield , and similar or lower bunch rot susceptibility . " This is consistent with the theory that Primitivo was selected as an early @-@ ripening clone of a Croatian grape . By 1998 , Meredith 's team realized that Plavac Mali was not Zinfandel but rather that one was the parent of the other . In 2000 they discovered that Primitivo / Zinfandel was one parent of Plavac Mali . The other parent of Plavac Mali was determined by Ivan Pejić and Edi Maletić ( University of Zagreb ) to be Dobričić , an ancient variety from the Adriatic island of Šolta . This discovery narrowed down the search to the central Dalmatian coastal strip and its offshore islands . Eventually a matching DNA fingerprint was found among the samples . The match came from a vine sampled in 2001 in the vineyard of Ivica Radunić in Kaštel Novi . This Crljenak Kaštelanski ( " Kaštela Red " ) appears to represent Primitivo / Zinfandel in its original home , although some genetic divergence may have occurred since their separation . Meredith now refers to the variety as " ZPC " – Zinfandel / Primitivo / Crljenak Kaštelanski . This Croatian vineyard contained just nine Crljenak Kaštelanski vines mixed with thousands of other vines . In 2002 , additional vines known locally as Pribidrag were found in the Dalmatian coastal town of Omiš . Both clones are being propagated in California under the aegis of Ridge Vineyards , although virus infections have delayed their release . The first Croatian ZPC wine was made by Edi Maletić in 2005 . Meanwhile , plantings of Primitivo have increased in California , where it seems to grow somewhat less vigorously than its sibling . Its wines are reputed to have more blackberry and spice flavors . In the 2012 book Wine Grapes Masters of wine Jancis Robinson and Julia Harding and Swiss grape geneticist Dr. José Vouillamoz detail the search for Zinfandel 's origins . After years of research and DNA testing of vines from vineyards across the globe , a single 90 @-@ year @-@ old grape vine from the garden of an elderly lady in Split , Croatia , provided the evidence to show that Zinfandel was a Croatian grape that has been known as Tribidrag since at least the 15th century . = = = Legal issues = = = Local wine @-@ labeling regulations are slowly catching up with the DNA evidence , a process that has been slowed by trade disputes . The European Union recognized Zinfandel as a synonym for Primitivo in January 1999 , meaning that Italian Primitivos can be labelled as Zinfandel in the United States and any other country that recognises EU labelling laws . Italian winemakers have taken advantage of these rules and shipped Primitivo wines to the United States labelled as Zinfandels , with the approval of the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) . As of December 2007 , the TTB lists both Zinfandel and Primitivo as approved grape varieties for American wines , but they are not listed as synonyms . U.S. producers , therefore , must label a wine according to whether it is Zinfandel or Primitivo . The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) proposed in 2002 that they be recognised as synonyms , but no decision on this proposal ( RIN 1513 – AA32 , formerly RIN 1512 @-@ AC65 ) has been made . = = Distribution and wines = = = = = United States = = = Zinfandel is grown across the continental United States , although California grows the largest proportion . U.S. producers make wine in styles that range from late harvest dessert wines , rosés ( White Zinfandel ) and Beaujolais @-@ style light reds to big hearty reds and fortified wine in the style of port . The quality and character of American Zinfandel wines largely depend on the climate , location , and age of the vineyard in which they are grown , as well as the technology employed by the winemaker . Historically , California Zinfandel vines were planted as a field blend interspersed with Durif ( Petite Sirah ) , Carignan , Grenache , Mourvèdre , Mission and Muscat . While most vineyards are now fully segregated , California winemakers continue to use other grapes ( particularly Petite Sirah ) in their Zinfandel wines . Zinfandel is grown on approximately 11 % of California 's vineyard land area . Around 400 @,@ 000 short tons ( 350 @,@ 000 tonnes ) are crushed each year , depending on the harvest , placing Zinfandel third behind Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon and just ahead of Merlot . = = = = California regions = = = = In California , 20 % of the Zinfandel @-@ growing counties hold 80 % of the Zinfandel growing area ; however , major producing areas such as San Joaquin County , Stanislaus County , and Madera County produce Zinfandel primarily for blends or jug wine . Certain California regions are regarded as " exceptional " for Zinfandel , each with identifiable flavor characteristics : Amador has a reputation for big , full @-@ bodied Zinfandel . These extra @-@ ripe wines have been called jammy , briary , and brambly , having aromas of sweet berries . Although the Santa Cruz Mountains AVA in Santa Clara Valley produces Zinfandel from just 9 acres ( 3 @.@ 6 ha ) , the Zinfandel from that region is known for its complexity and depth . Sonoma county has a Zinfandel @-@ producing land area second only to that of San Joaquin County . The county contains the warm Dry Creek Valley AVA , known for its juicy Zinfandel with bright fruit , balanced acidity and notes of blackberry , anise and pepper . Dry Creek Valley produces Zinfandel in a variety of styles ranging from the high @-@ alcohol Amador style to balanced , spicy wines . San Luis Obispo , particularly the Paso Robles AVA with its hot days and cool maritime evenings , produces Zinfandel known for being soft and round . While the Napa Valley AVA is known primarily for its Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot , and Syrah , Napa also produces Zinfandel wines described as plummy and intense , tasting of red berry fruits with cedar and vanilla . Zinfandel in Napa tends to be made in a claret style like red Bordeaux . The Russian River Valley generally produces well during warm vintages . Otherwise , the grapes do not fully ripen , leaving the wines with excessive acidity . The area has mostly " old vine " Zinfandel , characterized as spicy and somewhat lower in alcohol than Zinfandel from other regions . Mendocino County Zinfandel wines have been considered high quality , but they are less known because they are not heavily marketed . Lodi has some of the oldest Zinfandel vines in California . While often used for White Zinfandel production , in the red style , Lodi Zinfandels have a reputation for being juicy and approachable . = = = Italy = = = Most Primitivo is grown in Apulia , a coastal region known as the " heel " of Italy , and it is estimated to be the country 's 12th most widely planted grape variety . The main three DOC areas are Primitivo di Manduria , Gioia del Colle Primitivo ( Riserva ) and Falerno del Massico Primitivo ( Riserva o Vecchio ) . The Manduria DOC covers still red wine as well as sweet ( Dolce Naturale ) and fortified ( Liquoroso Dolce Naturale , Liquoroso Secco ) wine . Falerno requires a minimum of 85 % Primitivo ; the others are 100 % Primitivo . Gioia del Colle Rosso and Rosato contain 50 @-@ 60 % Primitivo , and Cilento Rosso / Rosato contains around 15 % . Historically , the grape was fermented and shipped north to Tuscany and Piedmont , where it was used as a blending grape to enhance the body of thin red wines produced in those areas . When the link between Primitivo and Zinfandel began to emerge , plantings in the region and production of non @-@ blended varietal increased . Today most Italian Primitivo is made as a rustic , highly alcoholic red wine with up to 16 % alcohol by volume ( ABV ) . Some Italian winemakers age the wines in new American oak to imitate American @-@ style Zinfandel . = = = Other locations = = = The Croatian form Crljenak Kaštelanski was not bottled in Croatia as a varietal in its own right before the link to Zinfandel was revealed . UCD has since sent clones of both Zinfandel and Primitivo to Professor Maletić in Croatia , which he planted on the island of Hvar . He made his first ZPC wines in Croatia in 2005 . There is high demand for red grapes in the country , and the government has been supportive of ongoing research . Figures from the department of viticulture and enology at the University of Zagreb claim that from only 22 vines of Crljenak Kaštelanski in Croatia in 2001 , there were about 2 @,@ 000 vines in 2008 . Old vine Zinfandel plantings dating from the 1930s have been found in Baja California , Mexico . There are also small Zinfandel plantings in Western Australia , Mudgee in New South Wales and the McLaren Vale area of South Australia . South Africa has a small production of Zinfandel , including one estate rated among the country 's Zinfandel producers and winner of an international prize . = = Viticulture and winemaking = = Zinfandel vines are quite vigorous and grow best in climates that are warm but not too hot , because grapes may shrivel in hot weather . Zinfandel 's thin @-@ skinned grapes grow in large , tight bunches that are sometimes prone to bunch rot . The fruit ripen fairly early and produce juice with high sugar content . If weather conditions permit , the grapes may be late @-@ harvested to make dessert wine . Zinfandel is often praised for its ability to reflect both its terroir and its winemaker 's style and skill . The grapes exhibit an uneven pattern of ripening : a single bunch may contain both raisin @-@ like , over @-@ ripe grapes and green , unripened grapes . Some winemakers choose to vinify the bunches with these varying levels of ripeness , while others hand @-@ harvest the bunches , even by single berries , in multiple passes through the vineyards over several weeks . This extensively laborious practice is one component in the high cost of some Zinfandels . Red Zinfandel wines have been criticized for being too " hot " ( too alcoholic ) , although modern winemaking techniques have helped make them more approachable . On the other hand , Zinfandel producers such as Joel Peterson of Ravenswood believe that alcohol @-@ removing technologies , such as reverse osmosis and spinning cones , remove a sense of terroir from the wine . If a wine has the tannins and other components to balance 15 % alcohol , Peterson argues , it should be accepted on its own terms . Factors that affect the wine 's flavors include length of fermentation , length of the maceration period with skin contact , the level of oak aging , and the degrees Brix of the harvested grapes . White Zinfandel is normally harvested early at 20 ° Bx when the grapes have yet to develop much varietal character , though some examples can develop hints of tobacco and apple skin . At 23 ° Bx ( the degree that most red wine is considered " ripe " ) , strawberry flavors develop . Cherry flavors appear at 24 ° Bx followed by blackberry notes at 25 ° Bx . = = Synonyms = = Crljenak Kaštelanski , Gioia Del Colle , Locale , Morellone , Plavac Veliki , Primaticcio , Primativo , Primitivo , Primitivo Di Gioia , Primitivo Nero , Uva Della Pergola , Uva Di Corato , Zin ( informal ) , ZPC , Black St. Peters , Zenfendal , Zinfardel , Zinfindal , Taranto , Zeinfandall , Zinfardell , Zinfindel , Zinfandal . = Troude 's expedition to the Caribbean = Troude 's expedition to the Caribbean was a naval operation by a French force under Commodore Amable @-@ Gilles Troude during the Napoleonic Wars . The French squadron departed from Lorient in February 1809 in an attempt to reach and resupply the island colony of Martinique in the Caribbean Sea , then under invasion from a British expeditionary force . The force arrived much too late to affect the outcome of the successful invasion and took shelter from a British squadron in the Îles des Saintes , where they were blockaded by part of the British invasion fleet , led by Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane . Two weeks after the French ships arrived , British troops invaded and captured the Saintes , constructing mortar batteries to bombard the French squadron . With his position unsustainable , Commodore Troude decided to break out . Attempting to escape under cover of darkness on 14 April , the French squadron was spotted by a number of small British ships stationed close inshore . These ships raised the alarm and the main British squadron followed in pursuit . The rearmost French ship of the line , Hautpoult , was closely followed by the small brig HMS Recruit , which succeeded in delaying Hautpoult long enough that the main British squadron was able to attack and overwhelm her in a running battle that lasted three days and ended off the coast of Puerto Rico . The British suffered 45 casualties , the French nearly 100 . The remainder of the French squadron escaped , with the two surviving ships of the line sailing directly for France , eventually reaching Cherbourg in May . The French expedition 's two frigates , both only partially armed , were detached during the action and took shelter in harbour at Guadeloupe . In June , heavily laden with trade goods , they attempted to escape to Europe , but were pursued by elements of the British blockade force . Félicité was overrun after four days of manoeuvre , submitting to the more powerful British frigate HMS Latona without a fight . Furieuse was able to escape immediate pursuit , but was subsequently discovered on 3 July by the smaller British ship HMS Bonne Citoyenne . In a fierce engagement two days later , the small British ship was able to defeat and capture the French vessel , which was later commissioned into the Royal Navy . = = Background = = During the Napoleonic Wars , the French Navy suffered a series of defeats at the hands of the British Royal Navy , culminating in the destruction of much of their Mediterranean Fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 . Unable to compete at sea , the French were increasingly confined to their principal naval bases , especially Brest on the Biscay coast and Toulon in the Mediterranean . With British squadrons patrolling the entrances to these ports , the French found it difficult not only to conduct regular overseas trade , but also to supply and reinforce their overseas colonies . As a result , the colonies faced financial collapse and the constant threat of attack by British forces , especially in the Caribbean , where by 1809 their island colonies of Martinique and Guadeloupe were surrounded by British held islands and blockaded by a strong British fleet under Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane . During the summer of 1808 , messages arrived in France from Martinique , outlining the desperate situation of their supplies , morale and economy . It was determined that reinforcements and food supplies would be sent and the frigate Thétis was despatched in November 1808 . Within days , Thétis had been captured at the Action of 10 November 1808 , and subsequent operations had mixed success : the frigate Amphitrite reached Martinique , but a number of smaller ships were intercepted and defeated , both in Europe and the West Indies . In desperation , a major operation was planned , intended to transport substantial supplies and sufficient troops to resist the inevitable British invasion on Martinique . To this end , Commodore Amable @-@ Gilles Troude was provided with the ships of the line Courageux , Polonais and Hautpoult , with the frigates Félicité and Furieuse en flûte as armed storeships , carrying the bulk of the supplies . On 21 February 1809 , a large French fleet under Admiral Jean @-@ Baptiste Willaumez attempted to escape Brest and was chased by the blockade squadron and driven to shelter under the Ile d 'Aix . Shortly afterwards , three French frigates attempted to break out of Lorient , but were challenged and destroyed at the Action of 24 February 1809 . These operations were the preliminaries to the Battle of Basque Roads in April , but also provided the cover required for Troude 's force to escape Lorient while the British were engaged elsewhere . Travelling rapidly across the Atlantic , the French encountered no British warships but were able to seize a number of lone British merchant ships , from whom Troude learned that the invasion of Martinique was already underway . While Troude 's expedition had been preparing at Lorient , Cochrane had been preparing his own operation to Martinique , following the interception of the same despatches warning of the island 's low morale and preparedness in the summer of 1808 . Amassing an expeditionary force of 44 ships and 10 @,@ 000 men at Carlisle Bay , Barbados , Cochrane began the invasion on 30 January 1809 and his troops rapidly overran the French defences , despite stiff resistance in the central highlands . By 10 February , the only remaining point in French hands was Fort Desaix , which held out until the magazine was breached on 24 February , at which point Governor Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse surrendered unconditionally . = = Îles des Saintes = = Troude was wary on his arrival in the Leeward Islands on 29 March , refusing to approach Martinique and instead anchoring near the Îles des Saintes until the situation in the islands could be established . Before he could make contact with nearby Guadeloupe , he was discovered by patrolling British warships and a warning sent to Cochrane , who was on his flagship HMS Neptune off Martinique . Within hours Neptune was cruising off the Saintes , joined by the ships of the line HMS Pompee , HMS York , HMS Belleisle , HMS Captain , HMS Polyphemus and a number of smaller warships that could operate closer inshore . Blockading the Saintes was a difficult task : the French had three channels through which they could escape , too many to be effectively blocked by the forces at Cochrane 's disposal . In addition , the Troude 's force could not be attacked directly , the width of the channels making it impossible for the British ships to attack in full strength . For two weeks the British and French squadrons watched one another , the British unable to attack and the French unable to escape . In an effort to break the deadlock , Cochrane sent to Martinique for a body of 3 @,@ 000 men under Major @-@ General Frederick Maitland . With this force he launched a surprise invasion of the islands on 14 April , the amphibious operation commanded by Captain Philip Beaver in HMS Acasta and executed successfully with only minor casualties . Parties of seamen went ashore in the wake of the soldiers , working rapidly to establish a battery of two 8 @-@ inch howitzers on Morne @-@ Russell . These guns began firing during the afternoon and by 20 : 00 Troude had given orders for his squadron to sail through the western channel during the night . In their efforts to monitor the French , Cochrane 's squadron had become divided , so that Neptune and Pompee were the only ships within reach of Troude 's squadron when they passed through the channel . Neither ship was well placed to fight the larger French force and both were taken by surprise , only alerted to the French escape by the brig HMS Hazard under Captain Hugh Cameron shortly before 22 : 00 . Pompee was closest to the French , and Captain William Charles Fahie managed to fire two broadsides into the rearmost ship , Hautpoult before the Troude 's squadron pulled away from her . Neptune , Pompee and the small brig HMS Recruit took up the chase , the fast Recruit annoying the French with persistent minor attacks , while Neptune came too close to Hautpoult and was fired on , losing one man killed and four wounded . The French escape , while necessitated by the British battery , was actually a feint : the frigates Félicité and Furieuse had remained hidden off the Saintes during the night and at 09 : 00 on 15 April , with the main combat continuing to the west , slipped away into Basse @-@ Terre on Guadeloupe , chased in vain by HMS Intrepid under Captain Warwick Lake . French batteries drove off the British pursuit and the frigates were anchored in harbour and their stores successfully unloaded . = = Battle = = During the night of 14 – 15 April 1809 , contact was maintained with the French squadron by Recruit , Captain Charles John Napier firing on the rearmost ship Hautpoult and coming under fire from the French stern @-@ chasers , guns situated in the rear of a ship to fire on pursuers . Shortly after 04 : 00 , Pompee came within range and began to fire her bow @-@ chasers , the chase continuing westwards into the Caribbean Sea . Frustrated by her inability to escape Recruit , Hautpoult eventually turned and fired a broadside at 10 : 45 , causing severe damage but failing to dissuade Napier , who immediately counter @-@ attacked . Hautpoult 's manoeuvre caused her to lose ground to her pursuers and throughout the day the squadrons exchanged shots , neither causing significant damage but the French being driven deeper into British held waters and unable to drive off their opponents . At 20 : 00 , Troude ordered Hautpoult to steer to the northwest while he took Courageux and Polonais southwest in an effort to divide the pursuit . Pompee and Recruit kept with Hautpoult , while Neptune , accompanied by the brig HMS Hawk continued to follow Troude 's main force . During the night however Troude outdistanced Neptune , and on the morning of 16 April Cochrane ordered all available ships to converge on Hautpoult . The lone French ship of the line had finally forced the damaged Recruit to retire , but could see Pompee and Neptune to the southeast and the newly arrived frigates HMS Latona under Captain Hugh Pigot and HMS Castor under Captain William Roberts to the northeast , with the Spanish coast of Puerto Rico directly north . During the day the chase continued , Neptune falling behind but Pompee remaining in sight and the frigates gaining on Hautpoult . At 17 : 00 , Puerto Rico appeared on the horizon , the French forced to follow the coastline westwards . During the night , the British pursuers were confused by the overcast sky , which helped Hautpoult to partially obscure herself among the lights from shore . At 02 : 45 on 17 April , Castor closed within range of Hautpoult and opened fire , exchanging broadsides with the much larger French ship for 75 minutes and slowing her sufficiently for Pompee to come within range . Sailing between Castor and the French ship , Fahie closed within 50 yards ( 46 m ) and opened fire with his broadside . Within 15 minutes Hautpoult attempted to escape by pulling forward and engaging with Castor again , but the damage done to her sails and rigging hindered the manoeuvre and Pompee pulled across her stern , threatening to rake her . With defeat inevitable , the French captain surrendered , Neptune , York , Captain , Hazard , Hawk , Recruit , Polyphemus , HMS Ethalion and HMS Ringdove all coming within sight as dawn broke , joining Pompee , Castor and Latona . = = = Aftermath = = = Hautpoult had fought hard during the engagement and was badly damaged , suffering between 80 and 90 casualties . Pompee was also badly damaged , losing nine killed and 30 wounded , including Fahie wounded . Other casualties were suffered on Castor , with one killed and five wounded ; Neptune one killed and four wounded and Recruit one wounded . In total , British losses were 11 killed and 40 wounded . Cochrane ordered Pompee and the newly captured French ship back to port , promoting Napier to command the ship of the line for his service on Recruit and despatching York and Captain to hunt for Troude 's remaining squadron . Despite their efforts , Troude evaded pursuit and eventually reached Cherbourg in May . In addition to Napier there were further promotions and awards and Hautpoult was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS Abercromby . Four decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 . = = Félicité and Furieuse = = During May 1809 , the frigates Félicité and Furieuse remained at Guadeloupe , taking on stores and preparing for their eventual return journey to France . Although they were both large frigates , they had been largely disarmed in France to create space for cargo : Furieuse was provided with only 20 cannon ( including 12 carronades ) and a crew of just 200 , while Félicité had even fewer defences , carrying just 14 cannon and 174 men . Watching these ships was a small British blockade force led by Hugh Pigot in Latona with a few brigs and sloops , Cochrane 's invasion fleet having been dispersed . = = = Félicité = = = On 14 June under the cover of darkness , the French frigates set sail , laden with colonial merchandise for sale in France . They were immediately spotted leaving Basse @-@ Terre by the blockade squadron , but although the brig HMS Haughty managed to fire a few shots before they pulled away , only Latona and Cherub under Captain Thomas Tudor Tucker were able to maintain contact . Throughout 15 , 16 and most of 17 June the chase continued , until the frigates separated : Furieuse led Cherub away from Latona and then outdistanced her , disappearing into the Atlantic . Félicité was unable to escape Latona however , and on 18 June was overrun . Outgunned by his larger opponent , Félicité 's captain surrendered immediately . An old and worn ship , she was not deemed worthy of purchase into the Royal Navy and was instead sold to Haiti , reappearing in 1812 as the Améthyste under the control of a privateer commissioned by Haitian rebels . Captain Yeo quickly attacked and captured her during the Action of 3 February 1812 . = = = Furieuse = = = Although Furieuse had escaped Cherub 's pursuit , she still had to cross the Atlantic . Passing up the Eastern Seaboard of the United States , her commander , Lieutenant Gabriel @-@ Etienne @-@ Louis Le Marant Kerdaniel , raided British merchant shipping and was consequently delayed . At 15 : 00 on 5 July , the 20 @-@ gun sloop HMS Bonne Citoyenne under Captain William Mounsey , on passage from Halifax , Nova Scotia to Quebec , spotted Furieuse to the southwest taking possession of a British merchant ship . As Bonne Citoyenne approached , Kerdaniel abandoned the merchant ship and sailed northwards , Mounsey giving chase but trailing 5 nautical miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ) behind throughout the day . As darkness fell , Furieuse disappeared ahead , Mounsey pursuing in the hope of rediscovering his opponent during the night . At 03 : 00 on 6 July , the British lookouts spotted the French ship in the distance and the chase began again , Bonne Citoyenne proving much faster than the French ship as the wind strengthened . At 09 : 10 it became clear to Kerdaniel that he could not escape his opponent and instead turned to meet her , opening fire five minutes later as Bonne Citoyenne came within range . Mounsey replied immediately , the two ships exchanging fire at close range for nearly seven hours , the smaller and more manoeuvrable Bonne Citoyenne successfully turning several times to vary her broadsides and prevent her guns overheating . In the exchange , the British ship fired 129 broadsides , while Furieuse only managed 70 : Bonne Citoyenne lost three cannon to fractures caused by the intense heat generated by repeated firing . With his ammunition spent , Mounsey swung towards Furieuse at 18 : 16 to board and capture her , at which point Kerdaniel , whose ship was battered and unmanoeuvrable , surrendered . Due to her small size and high speed , Bonne Citoyenne suffered minimal casualties of one man killed and five wounded , although the ship itself was badly damaged . French losses were far more severe , with 35 killed , 37 seriously wounded including her captain , and 20 lightly wounded . Furieuse , built as a 40 @-@ gun frigate , had proven unable to match the speed an agility of the smaller ship and as a result her reduced armament had proven inadequate when faced with Mounsey 's determined opposition . It was not until 01 : 30 on 7 July that temporary repairs were complete and the two ships began the long , slow journey to Halifax , Nova Scotia . The following day however , two of the Furieuse 's masts collapsed and Mounsey was forced to take her in tow , both ships in constant danger of foundering . After 25 days in tow , Furieuse arrived in Halifax . Mounsey and his officers were widely praised for their success and Mounsey was given command of the repaired and newly purchased HMS Furieuse several months later as a reward . His first lieutenant was also promoted and the whole crew benefitted from the award of prize money . As with the April engagement , the capture of Furieuse was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal . = = Subsequent operations = = The failure of Troude 's squadron to escape the British pursuit highlights the dominance of the Royal Navy in the Atlantic by 1809 . With Martinique gone , and French Guiana and San Domingo falling the same year , Guadeloupe was the only remaining French possession in the West Indies . Despite the supplies carried by Troude 's ships , the situation there was desperate : food shortages and financial crisis causing a collapse in the island 's morale . When a further effort to resupply the island was defeated in December 1809 , the French losing two more frigates , the inhabitants had no alternative but to wait for the inevitable British invasion . In January 1810 , Cochrane ordered an amphibious landing on Guadeloupe , which rapidly overwhelmed the weakened defenders and eliminated the last remaining French colony in the Caribbean Sea . = 20th Battalion ( New Zealand ) = The 20th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the New Zealand Military Forces , which served during the Second World War as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division . During the war it was converted to an armoured regiment . The 20th Battalion was formed in New Zealand in 1939 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Howard Kippenberger . After a period of training it embarked for the Middle East and then onto Greece in 1941 as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division . It participated in the Battles of Greece and later in Crete . Evacuated from Crete , it then fought in the North African Campaign . It suffered heavy losses during Operation Crusader , when it was effectively destroyed by the 15th Panzer Division . Brought back up to strength , the battalion played a key role in the breakout of the 2nd New Zealand Division from Minqar Qaim in June 1942 , where it had been encircled by the 21st Panzer Division . The following month , the battalion suffered heavy casualties during the First Battle of El Alamein . In October 1943 , the battalion was converted to an armoured unit and designated 20th Armoured Regiment . To replace men lost at El Alamein , personnel were drawn from a tank brigade being formed in New Zealand . The regiment spent a year in Egypt training with Sherman tanks , before embarking for Italy in October 1943 to join the Eighth Army . It participated in the Italian Campaign , fighting in actions at Orsogna and later at Cassino . The regiment finished the war in Trieste and remained there for several weeks until the large numbers of Yugoslav partisans also present in the city withdrew . Not required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations , the regiment was disestablished in late 1945 . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = Following the outbreak of the Second World War , the New Zealand government authorised the formation of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( 2NZEF ) , for service at home and abroad . Following consultation with the British Government , it was decided that the main New Zealand contribution to the war effort would be in the form of an infantry division , the 2nd New Zealand Division , which would require nine battalions of infantry . Consequently , several infantry battalions were formed from 1939 to 1940 with New Zealand volunteers . The 20th Battalion was formed in Christchurch at Burnham Military Camp in early October under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Howard Kippenberger . After a period of training , it departed for the Middle East on 5 January 1940 as part of the 4th Infantry Brigade , 2nd New Zealand Division . The battalion arrived at its base in Maadi , Egypt on 14 February , and was involved in training and garrison duty at Baggush for most of the next 12 months . = = = Greece and Crete = = = The British Government anticipated an invasion of Greece by the Germans in 1941 and decided to send troops to support the Greeks , who were already engaged against the Italians in Albania . The 2nd New Zealand Division was one of a number of Allied units dispatched to Greece in early March . The 4th Infantry Brigade was tasked with the defence of the Aliakmon Line in northern Greece , with the 20th Battalion preparing and manning the defences along the western end of the line . On 6 April , the Germans invaded Greece and their advance was so rapid that it quickly threatened the Florina Gap . The 4th Infantry Brigade was withdrawn to the Servia Pass where it manned defences that were superior to its previous positions . On 14 April German forces reached the Servia Pass and the brigade defended its positions for three days before being withdrawn . The battalion was the rearguard of the brigade for most of its withdrawal until it was evacuated to Crete on 28 April . On Crete , the 20th Battalion was detached from the 4th Infantry Brigade to form part of a new ad hoc 10th Infantry Brigade , under the command of Kippenberger . The battalion 's second @-@ in @-@ command , Lieutenant Colonel James Thomas Burrows , was in command for most of the Battle of Crete . On the opening day of the invasion of Crete , the battalion was positioned to the east of the town of Galatas . On 22 May , it was used in a counterattack on Maleme airfield , which had been allowed to be occupied by the Germans the previous day . The delayed arrival of its relief meant the battalion was late to its starting position . The attack was unsuccessful and resulted in heavy casualties , although not as high as the Germans ' own losses . When Galatas fell to the Germans on 25 May , the 20th Battalion was in danger of being cut off . It successfully regrouped and assisted in the recapture of the town . The battalion withdrew on 26 May , which marked the beginning a retreat to Hora Sfakion , on the southwest coast of Crete . Kippenberger rejoined the battalion after his previous command , the 10th Brigade , was disestablished after the capture of Galatas . On arrival at the evacuation beaches , it was found that there was insufficient room on the Australian destroyers that were the designated transport for all of the battalion 's personnel . The bulk of the battalion was evacuated on 30 May although Kippenberger was forced to select 40 men to stay behind and form a rearguard under the command of Burrows . After manning defensive positions to prevent Germans infiltrating the cordon around the evacuation beaches , the rearguard was evacuated the following day . = = = North Africa = = = The 20th Battalion was evacuated to Egypt , having lost over half its original complement of personnel during the Greece and Crete campaigns . After a short period of rest , Kippenberger set about bringing the battalion back up to strength . Nearly 400 replacements joined the battalion and stragglers , separated from the battalion for various reasons during the previous two months while in Greece and Crete , continued to arrive for several weeks as they made their way across the Mediterranean by various means , including small sailboats . By mid @-@ June , the battalion was at full strength and several weeks were spent at the battalion 's previous positions at Baggush , engaged in intensive desert training . = = = = Operation Crusader = = = = In November 1941 , the battalion participated in Operation Crusader as part of the British Eighth Army and was engaged in offensive operations towards the Sidi Azeiz area . On the night of 25 November , along with the 18th Battalion , it was tasked with the night @-@ time capture of Belhamed , a hill adjacent to Sidi Rezegh . As the units moved to their positions , Kippenberger made a navigational error which resulted in his headquarters company becoming separated from the other companies of the battalion . It took him until daylight for him to reestablish contact with the remainder of the battalion which , when he located it , was in its expected position having taken the hill with few losses . Shortly after his arrival Kippenberger was wounded by machine gun fire and evacuated . The battalion held the hill for three days before it was destroyed by elements of the 15th Panzer Division in a counterattack . Only one man managed to escape capture . = = = = Rebuilding = = = = A number of the 20th Battalion 's personnel had not been involved in the battle , most of whom were unfit , recovering from injuries , on leave or attending training courses . These men , numbering about 137 , formed the nucleus of the reformed battalion at Baggush in early December . Other personnel who had been temporarily deployed elsewhere also returned to the battalion during December . By the end of the month , the battalion , now under the command of Burrows ( Kippenberger had been promoted to brigadier and given command of the 5th Infantry Brigade ) , was brought back up to strength with 600 reinforcements . For the next two months , Burrows oversaw training of his new command while it was based at Baggush and then later at Maadi . In February 1942 , the battalion was on the move , with the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Division , to Syria to defend against a possible attack through Turkey on the Middle East oilfields by the Germans . In Syria , the battalion prepared defences in its assigned sector around Djedeide Fortress , digging weapons pits as well as undergoing further training . Following the attack on the Eighth Army 's Gazala Line by Panzer Army Africa , the 2nd New Zealand Division was recalled to Libya . On 17 June , the battalion left for Mersa Matruh , a 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) journey that took four days to complete . After a period of indecision as to where the division was to be best used , it moved to Minqar Qaim with the 20th Battalion remaining behind at Matruh for two days to act as security for engineers laying minefields before joining up with the division . At Minqar Qaim , the division was to hold and delay the advance of the Panzer Army Africa for as long as it could while remaining intact . By the middle of the afternoon of 27 June , the division had been encircled by the 21st Panzer Division . Panzer units approached a number of the 2nd New Zealand Division 's positions , including the 20th Battalion 's sector on the northern side of the Minqar Qaim escarpment , and were successfully beaten off . The New Zealanders broke out that evening with the 4th Brigade breaching the German lines and the 20th Battalion on the northern flank of the chosen withdrawal route . During the action at Minqar Qaim and the subsequent breakout , the battalion 's casualties were light , with thirteen men killed and it reached the El Alamein line by 28 June . = = = = El Alamein = = = = On 14 and 15 July 1942 , during the First Battle of El Alamein , the battalion was engaged in what would be known as the Battle of Ruweisat Ridge . Ruweisat Ridge was held by the enemy and was in the centre of the El Alamein line , dominating the surrounding area . The 4th Brigade was to take the western end of the ridge , with Kippenberger 's 5th Brigade tasked with the capture of the centre of the ridge . The 5th Indian Brigade was allocated to deal with the eastern end . British tanks , in the form of two armoured brigades , were to protect the flanks and be in support to deal with the expected counterattack . However , little thought was given to communication and liaison between the infantry and armoured brigades , nor was a clear chain of command established . This would have implications for the outcome of the battle . After a night @-@ time advance , the 20th Battalion was positioned on the ridge in reserve behind the 18th and 19th Battalions . On daybreak , it was discovered that the advance had bypassed numerous strong points , leaving the German line in front of the ridge largely intact . The supporting British armour was nowhere to be seen and the supporting artillery and anti @-@ tank units were unable to break through , leaving the two New Zealand brigades in position on the exposed ridge . Kippenberger had difficulty with his radio communications and made a dash through enemy lines to make contact with the British armour . On reaching one of the British brigades , its commanding officer resisted Kippenberger 's entreaties to advance and it was not until a passing British general authorised the move that the British mounted up . By the time the armoured support arrived , the flanking battalion of the 5th Brigade had been overrun , leaving the battalions of the 4th Brigade even more exposed and receiving fire from the enemy . A counterattack by elements of the 15th Panzer Division was launched in the afternoon of 15 July . The limited number of anti @-@ tank guns present were exposed and quickly immobilised or forced to withdraw . This left the infantry to be surrounded and large numbers were forced to surrender . Some soldiers made it to the positions of 19th Battalion , but it too became surrounded . By nightfall , the brigade had been overrun . Only the 18th Battalion managed to escape largely intact . Of the 20th Battalion , nearly 200 men were taken prisoner . = = = Conversion to armour = = = About half of the 20th Battalion had been wounded , killed or captured during the Battle of Ruweisat Ridge and it was withdrawn to Maadi to be brought back up to strength . It had previously been decided to form an armoured brigade to provide tank support to the 2nd New Zealand Division and as a result , the 1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade was formed . This brigade was still undergoing training in New Zealand in September when it was decided to convert the 4th Brigade to armour instead . Personnel were transferred from the tank brigade in New Zealand to bring the 4th Brigade back up to strength . As one of the constituent units of the brigade , the 20th Battalion was officially re @-@ designated the 20th Armoured Regiment on 5 October 1942 . The regiment , with three squadrons of tanks , would spend the next year in training , learning to use the signalling equipment and guns of the tanks it was expected to use . One squadron was to be equipped with Crusaders with the other two squadrons operating Shermans . However , the mechanically unreliable Crusaders were later replaced with Shermans . Burrows initially oversaw the transition to armour until he returned to New Zealand on furlough in May 1943 and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel J. W. McKergow . With the close of the North African campaign in May 1943 , attention then turned to the European theater of operations . Despite a preference amongst some sections of the New Zealand government for the 2nd New Zealand Division to be redeployed in the Pacific theater , it was decided that the division , having served with the Eighth Army throughout the desert campaign , would remain in Europe . Accordingly , in October , the division moved to join the Eighth Army in Italy . = = = Italy = = = The 20th Armoured Regiment disembarked at Taranto on 22 October 1943 and gradually travelled up Italy towards the Sangro River , which it duly crossed on 3 December . In the following weeks , the regiment was involved in a supporting role in the 5th and 6th Brigades ' attack on Orsogna , as part of the Moro River Campaign . Although the infantry made some gains , the German defences were too strong and the attack soon faded into a stalemate , with a number of back and forth actions . The regiment lost a number of tanks during the fighting but generally acquitted itself well and was withdrawn from the line the following month . McKergow had been wounded at Orsogna , and Lieutenant Colonel H. A. Purcell took over command of the regiment . Following its withdrawal from the area around Orsogna , the 2nd New Zealand Division was one of a number of divisions that was transferred from the Eighth Army to the Fifth Army , then engaged on the western side of the Apennines . This was part of an overall strategy to breach the Gustav Line and break an otherwise deadlocked Italian front . Together with the 4th Indian Division and supporting British and American artillery , the division formed the New Zealand Corps , under the command of the New Zealand divisional commander , Major General Bernard Freyberg . The corps moved to Cassino , the defenders of which had resisted American forces for several weeks . As at Orsogna , the 20th Armoured Regiment was to play a supporting role in the forthcoming Cassino attack , with the infantry of the 5th and 6th Brigades bearing the brunt of the battle . When the attack began on 15 March , the regiment was initially held as a reserve , ready to exploit any breakthrough by the infantry but this did not eventuate . The infantry struggled to make progress in the face of determined resistance . Over the next week , some of the squadrons of the regiment became involved in small scale raid actions . On 24 March , the regiment moved into the area of Cassino controlled by the New Zealand infantry , and essentially became mobile pillboxes . The tanks were vulnerable to artillery and German patrols and the troops of the various squadrons of the regiment were rotated in and out of the town in two day shifts . While the New Zealand infantry had been relieved by the Guards Brigade in the early April , the 20th Armoured Regiment stayed in the line until the end of the month . After the New Zealand Corps was disbanded , a period of rest and training in the Volturno Valley followed for the 20th Armoured Regiment before it returned to action in May . It was temporarily split from the 4th Brigade and its various squadrons detached in support of separate operations being conducted by 5th and 6th Brigades in advances to Avezzano . Following the Normandy landings , the Italian campaign was reduced to a sideshow , although one which still had considerable value in tying down German forces that could otherwise be used elsewhere . The regiment , now rejoined with 4th Brigade , supported the infantry brigades as they advanced to Florence , and entered the city in August . The 2nd New Zealand Division was transferred to the I Canadian Corps , then on the Adriatic Coast , and advanced up to Rimini . Here the B Squadron of the regiment supported an attack by a Greek mountain brigade towards Rimini on 14 September . On 19 and 20 October , the 4th Armoured Brigade was involved in its first action as a brigade in an attack towards the Savio River , with the 20th Armoured Regiment on the left flank . This was primarily a tank action , in contrast to previous battles in which the armour supported the infantry . Having advanced seven miles to complete its objectives , the regiment supported the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade in making its own attack across the river on the evening of 21 October . The regiment 's Shermans fired an hour @-@ long barrage of high explosive shells along their front to create a diversion , under the cover of which the Canadians made their own landings on the far bank of the Savio . In late 1944 , the 20th Armoured Regiment crossed the Lamone River and its squadrons supported the infantry battalions of the 6th Brigade in attacks in and around the town of Faenza in December . The regiment then wintered along the Senio River . It would be involved in supporting infantry on the front lines until early February 1945 . The regimental chaplain was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) after his efforts in organising and evacuating wounded infantry during this phase of the war . = = = Trieste and disbandment = = = After a period of rest , the 20th Armoured Regiment returned to the front lines in early April . It made a series of advances against the retreating German rearguard . On 2 May , the regiment 's A Company was the leading element of the 2nd New Zealand Division and entered Trieste . While most of the German garrison quickly surrendered , it was necessary to deal with some diehard elements who refused to surrender to either the New Zealanders or the Yugoslav partisans also present in the city . In fact , the partisans were reluctant to allow Germans to surrender to the New Zealanders at all . The regiment , along with the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Division , remained in and around Trieste for several weeks to counter the presence of the partisans , who had laid claim to the city . It was not until mid @-@ June that the partisans withdrew from the city . It would be several more weeks before it was determined by the New Zealand government that the division would not be required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations . However , the longest serving men of the regiment had been steadily returning to New Zealand on furlough since early 1944 , and most were not required to come back to active service . By the end of August , the last elements of the regiment had withdrawn from Trieste to wintering positions near Florence . In mid @-@ September , it was decided to send the latest reinforcement drafts , then assembling in New Zealand , to Japan to serve as an occupation force ( Jayforce ) and that the men of 20th Armoured Regiment would not be required . This accelerated the demobilisation process and accordingly the regiment was officially disbanded on 2 December 1945 . During the war , the 20th Battalion and its successor , the 20th Armoured Regiment , lost 366 officers and men either killed in action or who later died of their wounds , including 30 men who died as prisoners of war . Nearly 750 personnel were made prisoners of war . = = Honours = = Some of the personnel of the 20th Battalion were highly decorated , including two members , both of C Company , that were awarded the Victoria Cross ( VC ) . Sergeant Jack Hinton was awarded a VC for his actions during the Battle of Greece . Captain Charles Upham was awarded a VC for his actions during the Battle of Crete , and later won a bar to his VC for his actions during the Battle of Ruweisat Ridge on 15 July 1942 . Six members of the battalion , including some of its commanders , were awarded the Distinguished Service Order while four members were appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire . Several other awards for gallantry were also made . The 20th Battalion and its successor , the 20th Armoured Regiment , was awarded the following battle honours : Mount Olympus , Servia Pass , Olympus Pass , Molos , Greece 1941 , Crete , Maleme , Galatas , 42nd Street , Withdrawal to Sphakia , Middle East 1941 – 44 , Tobruk 1941 , Sidi Rezegh 1941 , Sidi Azeiz , Belhamed , Zemla , Alam Hamza , Mersa Matruh , Minqar Qaim , Defence of Alamein Line , Ruweisat Ridge , El Mreir , Alam el Halfa , North Africa 1940 – 42 , Orsogna , Cassino I , Advance to Florence , San Michele , Paula Line , Faenza Pocket , Rio Fontanaccia , St. Angelo in Salute , Pisciatello , The Senio , Santerno Crossing , Bologna , Sillaro Crossing , Idice Bridgehead , Italy 1943 – 45 . = = Commanding officers = = The following officers served as commanding officer of the 20th Battalion : Lieutenant Colonel H. K. Kippenberger ( September 1939 – April 1941 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel J. T. Burrows ( April – May 1941 ; December 1941 – July 1942 ; August 1942 – June 1943 ) ; Major I. O. Manson ( July 1942 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel D. J. Fountaine ( July – August 1942 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel J. W. McKergow ( September 1942 ; November 1942 ; June – December 1943 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel H. A. Purcell ( December 1943 – January 1944 ; May – December 1944 ; January – March 1945 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel J. B. Ferguson ( January – May 1944 ) ; Major P. A. Barton ( December 1944 – January 1945 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel H. A. Robinson ( March – October 1945 ) ; Major W. H. Ryan ( October – December 1945 ) . = Spotted green pigeon = The spotted green pigeon or Liverpool pigeon ( Caloenas maculata ) is a species of pigeon of unknown provenance which is most likely extinct . It was first mentioned and described in 1783 by John Latham , who claimed to have seen two specimens and a drawing depicting the bird . The taxonomic relationships of the bird were long obscure , and early writers suggested many different possibilities , though the idea that it was related to the Nicobar pigeon ( C. nicobarica ) prevailed , and it was therefore placed in the same genus , Caloenas . Today , the species is only known from a specimen kept in World Museum , Liverpool . Overlooked for much of the 20th century , it was only recognised as a valid extinct species by the IUCN Red List in 2008 . In 2014 a genetic study confirmed it as a distinct species related to the Nicobar pigeon , and showed that the two were the closest relatives of the extinct dodo and Rodrigues solitaire . The surviving specimen is 32 cm ( 12 @.@ 5 in ) long , and has very dark , brownish plumage with a green gloss . The neck @-@ feathers are elongated , and most of the feathers on the upperparts and wings have a yellowish spot on their tips . It has a black bill with a yellow tip , and the end of the tail has a pale band . It has relatively short legs and long wings . It has been suggested it had a knob on its bill , but there is no evidence for this . Unlike the Nicobar pigeon , which is mainly terrestrial , the physical features of the spotted green pigeon suggest it was mainly arboreal , and fed on fruits . It may have been native to an island somewhere in the South Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean , and it has been suggested that a bird referred to in 1928 as titi by Tahitian islanders was this bird . The spotted green pigeon may have been close to extinction by the time Europeans arrived in its native area , and may have disappeared due to over @-@ hunting and predation by introduced animals . = = Taxonomy = = The spotted green pigeon was first mentioned and described by the English ornithologist John Latham in his 1783 work A General Synopsis of Birds . Latham stated that he had seen two specimens , in the collections of the British major Thomas Davies and the naturalist Joseph Banks , but it is uncertain how these ended up in the respective collections , and their provenance is unknown . Though Banks received many specimens from the British explorer James Cook , and Davis received specimens from contacts in New South Wales , implying a location in the South Pacific Ocean , there are no records of spotted green pigeons having been sent from these sources . After Davies ' death , his specimen was bought by Edward Smith @-@ Stanley , the 13th Earl of Derby in 1812 , who kept it in Knowsley Hall . Smith @-@ Stanley 's collection was transferred to the Derby Museum in 1851 , where the specimen was prepared from the original posed mount ( which had perhaps been taxidermised by Davies himself ) into a study skin . This museum later became World Museum , Liverpool , where the specimen is housed today ( numbered WML 3538 ) , but Banks ' specimen is now lost . Latham also mentioned a drawing of a spotted green pigeon in the collection of Ashton Lever , but it is unknown which specimen this was based on ; it could have been either , or a third individual . Latham included an illustration of the spotted green pigeon in his 1823 work A General History of Birds , and though it is unknown what he based his illustration on , it differs from Davies ' specimen in some details . It is possible that it was based on the drawing in the Leverian collection , since Latham stated that this drawing showed the end of the tail as " deep ferruginous " ( rust @-@ coloured ) , a feature also depicted in his own illustration . The spotted green pigeon was scientifically named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789 , based on Latham 's description . The original binomial name Columba maculata means " spotted pigeon " in Latin . Latham himself accepted this name , and used it in his 1790 work Index ornithologicus . Since Latham appears to have based his 1783 description on Davies ' specimen , this can therefore be considered the holotype specimen of the species . Subsequent writers were uncertain about the validity and relationships of the species ; James Francis Stephens suggested that it belonged in the fruit pigeon genus Ptilinopus in 1826 , and Johann Georg Wagler instead suggested that it was a juvenile Nicobar pigeon ( Caloenas nicobarica ) in 1827 . Tommaso Salvadori listed the bird in an appendix about " doubtful species of pigeons , which have not yet been identified " in 1893 . In 1898 , Henry Ogg Forbes supported the validity of the species , after examining Nicobar pigeon specimens and concluding that none resembled the spotted green pigeon at any stage of development . He therefore considered it a distinct species of the same genus as the Nicobar pigeon , Caloenas . In 1901 , Walter Rothschild and Ernst Hartert agreed that the pigeon belonged to Caloenas , but suggested that it was probably an " abnormity " , though more than one specimen had been recorded . The spotted green pigeon was only sporadically mentioned in the literature throughout the 20th century ; little new information was published , and the bird remained an enigma . In 2001 , Errol Fuller suggested that the bird had been historically overlooked because Rothschild ( an avid collector of rare birds ) dismissed it as an aberration , perhaps because he did not own the surviving specimen himself . Fuller considered it a valid , extinct species , and also coined an alternative common name for the bird : the Liverpool pigeon . On the basis of Fuller 's endorsement , BirdLife International listed the spotted green pigeon as " Extinct " on the IUCN Red List in 2008 ; it was previously " Not Recognized " . In 2001 , the ornithologist David Gibbs stated that the spotted green pigeon was only superficially similar to the Nicobar pigeon , and possibly distinct enough to warrant its own genus ( related to Ptilinopus , Ducula , or Gymnophaps ) . He also hypothesised that the bird might have inhabited a Pacific island , based on stories told by Tahitian islanders in 1928 about a green and white speckled bird called titi . The palaeontologist David Steadman disputed the latter claim in a book review , noting that titi is an onomatopoeic word ( resembling the sound of the bird ) used especially for shearwaters ( members of Procellariidae ) in east Polynesia . The ornithologists Julian P. Hume and Michael Walters , writing in 2012 , agreed with Gibbs that the bird warranted generic status . = = = Evolution = = = In 2014 , an ancient DNA analysis by the geneticist Tim H. Heupink and colleagues compared the genes of the only spotted green pigeon specimen with that of other pigeons , based on samples extracted from two of its feathers . One of the resulting phylogenetic trees ( or cladograms ) is shown below : The spotted green pigeon was shown to be closest to the Nicobar pigeon . The genetic distance between the two was more than is seen within other pigeon species , but similar to the distance between different species within the same genus . This confirmed that the two were distinct species in the same genus , and that the spotted green pigeon was a unique , extinct taxon . The Caloenas genus was placed in a wider clade in which most members showed a mixture of arboreal ( tree @-@ dwelling ) and terrestrial ( ground @-@ dwelling ) traits . That Caloenas was placed in such a morphologically diverse clade may explain why many different relationships have previously been proposed for the members of the genus . A third species in the genus Caloenas , the Kanaka pigeon ( C. canacorum ) , is only known from subfossils discovered in New Caledonia and Tonga . This species was larger than the two other members of the genus , so it is unlikely that it represents the same species as the spotted green pigeon . The possibility that the spotted green pigeon was a hybrid between other species can also be disregarded based on the genetic results . The distribution of the Nicobar pigeon and the Kanaka pigeon ( which does not appear to have had diminished flight abilities ) suggests dispersal through island hopping and an origin for the spotted green pigeon in Oceania or southeast Asia . The fact that the closest relatives of Caloenas were the extinct subfamily Raphinae ( first demonstrated in a 2002 study ) , which consists of the dodo from Mauritius and the Rodrigues solitaire from Rodrigues , indicates that the spotted green pigeon could also have originated somewhere in the Indian Ocean . In any case , it seems most likely that the bird inhabited an island location , like its relatives . That the Caloenas pigeons were grouped in a clade at the base of the lineage leading to Raphinae indicates that the ancestors of the flightless dodo and Rodrigues solitaire were able to fly , and reached the Mascarene islands by island hopping from south Asia . = = Description = = Latham 's 1823 description of the spotted green pigeon from A General History of Birds ( expanded from the one in A General Synopsis of Birds ) reads as follows : Length twelve inches . Bill black , tipped with pale yellow ; round the eye somewhat naked ; general colour of the plumage dark green , and glossy ; the head and neck are darker than the rest , and of one plain colour ; the feathers of the neck long and narrow , like the hackles of a Cock ; every feather of the wings and scapulars tipped with a spot of very pale cinereous white , with a point running upwards , somewhat triangular : quills and tail black ; the feathers of the first tipped with cinereous white , those of the last with ferruginous white , and even at the end : belly , thighs , and vent , dusky black : the legs are brown , and the shins covered half way with downy feathers ; claws black . We have only seen two specimens ; one in the collection of Gen. Davies , the other in possession of Sir Joseph Banks . In a drawing of one at Sir Ashton Lever 's , the end of the tail is deep ferruginous . Most literature addressing the spotted green pigeon simply repeated Latham 's descriptions , adding little new information , until Gibbs published a more detailed description in 2001 , followed by the museum curator Hein van Grouw in 2014 . The surviving specimen measures 32 cm ( 12 @.@ 5 in ) in length , though study specimens are often stretched or compressed during taxidermy , and may therefore not reflect the length of a living bird . The weight has not been recorded . The spotted green pigeon appears to have been smaller and slenderer than the Nicobar pigeon , which reaches 40 cm ( 15 @.@ 7 in ) , and the Kanaka pigeon appears to have been 25 % larger than the latter . At 126 mm ( 5 in ) in length , the tail is longer than that of the Nicobar pigeon , but the head is smaller in relation . The bill is 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 7 in ) , and the tarsus measures 33 mm ( 1 @.@ 3 in ) . Though the wings of the specimen appear to be short and rounded , and have been described as being 175 mm ( 6 @.@ 8 in ) long , van Grouw discovered that the five outer primary feathers have been pulled out of each wing , and suggested that the wings would therefore had been about 50 mm ( 2 in ) longer in life , around 225 mm ( 8 @.@ 8 in ) in total . This is in accordance with Latham 's 1823 illustration , which shows a bird with longer wings . The bill of the specimen is black with a yellowish tip , and the cere is also black , with feathers on the upper side , almost to the nostrils . The lores are naked , and the upper part of the head is sooty black . The rest of the head is mostly brownish @-@ black . The feathers of the nape and the neck are slightly bifurcated and have a dark green gloss , the latter with coppery reflections . The feathers of the neck are elongated ( sometimes referred to as hackles ) , and some of those on the sides and lower part have paler spots near the tips . Most of the feathers on the upperparts and wings are dark brown or brownish @-@ black with a dark green gloss . Almost all of these feathers have a triangular , yellowish @-@ buff spot at their tips . The spots are almost whitish on some of the scapular feathers , vague and dark on the primary feathers . The underside of the wings is black with browner flight feathers , which have a pale spot or band at the tips . The breast is brownish @-@ black with a faint green sheen . The tail is blackish with a dark green sheen , brownish @-@ black on the underside , with a narrow , cinnamon @-@ coloured band at the end . This differs from the rust @-@ coloured tail @-@ tip apparently shown in the drawing owned by Lever , and Latham 's own illustration . The legs are small and slender , have long toes , large claws , and a comparatively short tarsus , whereas the Nicobar pigeon has shorter claws and a longer tarsus . When examining the specimen , van Grouw noticed that the legs had at one point been detached and are now attached opposite their natural positions . The short feathering of the legs would therefore have been attached to the inner side of the upper tarsus in life , not the outer . The plate accompanying Forbes ' 1898 article shows the feathers on the outer side , and depicts the legs as pinkish , whereas they are yellow in the skin . The spotted green pigeon has at times been described as having a knob at the base of its bill , similar to that of the Nicobar pigeon . This idea seems to have originated with Forbes , who had the bird depicted with this feature , perhaps due to his conviction that it was a species of Caloenas ; it was depicted with a knob as late as 2002 . This is despite the fact that the surviving specimen does not possess a knob , and Latham did not mention or depict this feature , so such depictions are probably incorrect . The artificial eyes of the specimen were removed when it was prepared into a study skin , but red paint around the right eye @-@ socket suggests that it was originally intended to have red eyes . It is unknown whether this represents the natural eye colour of the bird , yet the eyes were also depicted as red in Latham 's illustration , which does not appear to have been based on the existing specimen . Forbes had the iris depicted as orange and the skin around the eye as green , though this was probably guesswork . The triangular spots of the spotted green pigeon are not unique among pigeons , but are also seen in the spot @-@ winged pigeon ( Columba maculosa ) and the speckled pigeon ( C. guinea ) , and are the result of lack of melanin deposition during development . The yellow @-@ buff coloured spots are very worn , while less worn feathers have white tips ; this indicates that the former were stained during life or represent a different stage of plumage , and that the latter were fresher . The plumage of the spotted green pigeon was distinct in being very soft compared to that of other pigeons , perhaps due to the body feathers being proportionally long . The hackles were not as elongated as those of the Nicobar pigeon , and the feathers did not differ from those of other pigeons in their microstructure . The plumage was also distinct in being very pigmented , except for the tips of the feathers , and even the down was dark , unlike that of most other birds ( a feature otherwise seen in aberrant plumage ) . Though the plumage of the spotted green pigeon resembles that of the Nicobar pigeon in some respects , it is also similar to that of species in the imperial pigeon genus Ducula . The metallic @-@ green colouration is commonly found among them , and similar hackles can be seen in the goliath imperial pigeon ( D. goliath ) . The Polynesian imperial pigeon ( D. aurorae ) has similar soft feathers , and immature individuals of this species and the Pacific imperial pigeon ( D. pacifica ) have plumage different from that of juvenile and adult birds until they moult . Therefore , van Grouw found it possible that the dull , brownish @-@ black underparts of the surviving spotted green pigeon specimen represents the plumage of an immature bird , as the adults of similar birds have stronger and more glossy iridescence . He suggested that the brighter bird with paler underparts and whiter wing tips seen in Latham 's illustration may represent the adult plumage . = = Behaviour and ecology = = The behaviour of the spotted green pigeon was not recorded , but theories have been proposed based on its physical features . Gibbs found the delicate , part @-@ feathered legs and long tail indicative of at least partially arboreal habits . After noting that the wings were not short after all , van Grouw stated that the bird would not have been terrestrial , unlike the related Nicobar pigeon . He pointed out that the overall proportions and shape of the bird ( longer tail , shorter legs , primary feathers probably reaching the middle of the tail ) was more similar to the pigeons of the genus Ducula . It may therefore have been ecologically similar to those birds , have likewise been strongly arboreal , and kept to the dense canopy of forests . By contrast , the mainly terrestrial Nicobar pigeon forages on the forest floor . The dark eyes of the Nicobar pigeon are typical of species that forage on forest floors , whereas the coloured bill and presumably coloured eyes of the spotted green pigeon are similar to those of frugivorous ( fruit @-@ eating ) pigeons . The feet of the spotted green pigeon are also similar to those of pigeons that forage in trees . The slender bill indicates that it fed on soft fruits . Believing that the wings were short and round , Gibbs thought the bird was not a strong flyer , and therefore not nomadic ( periodically moving from place to place ) . In spite of the evidently longer wings which might have made it a strong flyer , van Grouw also thought it would have been a sedentary ( mostly staying at the same location ) bird , that preferred not to fly across open water , similar to species in Ducula . It may have had a limited distribution on a small , remote island , which may explain why its provenance remains unknown . = = Extinction = = The spotted green pigeon is most likely extinct , and may already have been close to extinction by the time Europeans arrived in its native area . The species may have disappeared due to being over @-@ hunted and being preyed upon by introduced animals . Hume suggested that the bird may have survived until the 1820s . = Early life of L. Ron Hubbard = L. Ron Hubbard was the inventor of Dianetics and founder of Scientology . Born in Tilden , Nebraska in March 1911 , Hubbard grew up with his family in Helena , Montana . He was unusually well @-@ traveled for a young man of his time due to his father 's frequent relocations in connection with his service in the United States Navy . He lived in a number of locations in the United States and traveled to Guam , the Philippines , China , and Japan . He enrolled at George Washington University in 1930 to study civil engineering , but dropped out in his second year . While at GWU , he organized an expedition to the Caribbean for fellow students which looms large in his official biography but was a flop according to contemporary accounts . He subsequently spent time in Puerto Rico panning for gold , before returning to the United States , marrying his pregnant girlfriend , and embarking on a career as a " penny @-@ a @-@ word " writer . The Church of Scientology depicts Hubbard in hagiographic terms and draws on his legacy as its ultimate source of doctrine and legitimacy . The Danish historian of religions Dorthe Refslund Christensen notes that many aspects of the official version of Hubbard 's early life parallel more conventional religious narratives , notably the life of Jesus . Many details of Hubbard 's early life remain disputed ; critics of Scientology cast doubt on whether he had the educational and personal background claimed by the Church . = = Family and ancestry = = Lafayette Ronald Hubbard was born on March 13 , 1911 , in Tilden , Nebraska . He was the only child of Harry Ross Hubbard , a former United States Navy sailor who worked as a newspaper employee at the time of his son 's birth , and Ledora May Waterbury , a housewife who had originally trained as a teacher . L. Ron was named after his maternal grandfather , Lafayette " Lafe " O. Waterbury . After moving to Kalispell , Montana , the family settled in 1913 in the state capital , Helena . Hubbard 's father worked as a manager and bookkeeper , first for a local theater and later for a coal company owned by his father @-@ in @-@ law . The elder Hubbard re @-@ enlisted in the Navy when the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , while his mother Ledora May worked as a clerk for the state government . Some early Scientology biographies present a fictitious family heritage for Hubbard . According to an account published in the Church of Scientology 's Ability magazine in 1959 , Hubbard was " descended from Count de Loup who entered England with the Norman invasion and became the founder of the English de Wolfe family which emigrated to America in the 17th century . On his father 's side , from the English Hubbards , who came to America in the 19th century . " The story went that Count de Loup ( or de Loupe ) was a French courtier who saved the King of France from an attack by a wolf ; the grateful monarch bestowed the title of Count de Loupe , which was eventually anglicized to " De Wolf " , the name of Hubbard 's maternal grandfather . No records exist to substantiate this story . Harry Ross Hubbard was an orphan , born Henry August Wilson in August 1886 , who had been adopted by an Iowa farming couple by the name of Hubbard . The couple changed his given names to Harry Ross . A biographical profile published by the Church of Scientology in 1973 states that the young Hubbard "	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
since lost ... a mystery remains " . A 1998 article in The Catholic Herald suggested that DNA profiling might resolve the mystery . The enigma has launched numerous retellings of the story in book and film , including the short story Tom Castro , the Implausible Imposter from Jorge Luis Borges 's Universal History of Infamy , and David Yates 's 1998 film The Tichborne Claimant . Thus , Woodruff concludes , " the man who lost himself still walks in history , with no other name than that which the common voice of his day accorded him : the Claimant " . = Battle of Cobleskill = The Battle of Cobleskill ( also known as the Cobleskill massacre ) was an American Revolutionary War raid on the frontier settlement of Cobleskill , New York on May 30 , 1778 . The battle , having taken place in the modern @-@ day village of Warnerville , NY near Cobleskill @-@ Richmondville High School , marked the beginning of a phase in which Loyalists and Iroquois , encouraged and supplied by British authorities in the Province of Quebec , raided and destroyed numerous villages on what was then the United States western frontier of New York and Pennsylvania . A small party of Iroquois entered Cobleskill and drew the local defenders into a trap set by a much larger party of Iroquois and Loyalists under the command of Joseph Brant . After killing a number of the militia and driving off the remainder , Brant 's forces destroyed much of the settlement . New York 's defenders retaliated against Brant 's actions against Cobleskill and other communities by destroying Iroquois villages later in the year , and Continental Army forces destroyed more Iroquois villages in the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 . = = Background = = With the failure of British General John Burgoyne 's campaign to the Hudson after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , the American Revolutionary War in upstate New York became a frontier war . British leaders in the Province of Quebec supported Loyalist and Native American partisan fighters with supplies and armaments . During the winter of 1777 – 78 Brant and other British @-@ allied Indians developed plans to attack frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania . In February 1778 Brant established a base of operations at Onaquaga ( present @-@ day Windsor , New York ) . He recruited a mix of Iroquois and Loyalists estimated to number between two and three hundred by the time he began his campaign in May . One of his objectives was to acquire provisions for his forces and those of John Butler , who was planning operations in the Susquehanna River valley . In 1778 the settlement of Cobleskill , New York consisted of twenty families living on farms spread out along Cobleskill Creek . It was part of the Schoharie Creek area which was a significant source of food for the Patriot war effort . Its principal defense was the small local militia under Captain Christian Brown . When attacks by the Iroquois were rumored to be coming in the spring of 1778 , the militia appealed for additional defenses . Continental Army Colonel Ichabod Alden sent a company of thirty to forty men from his 7th Massachusetts Regiment under Captain William Patrick to reinforce the militia . = = Battle = = On the morning of May 30 Brant laid a trap for Cobleskill 's defenders . He sent forward a small number of natives as a lure . Captain Patrick 's force and the local militia spotted them near the southern edge of the settlement . Despite Captain Brown 's warning that the Indians might be setting a trap , Patrick pressed forward as the natives withdrew , engaging them in a running battle . After about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) Brant sprung his trap , and Patrick 's company was engulfed by Brant 's larger force . Both Patrick and his second in command were killed in the battle , as was about half of their force . Brown organized the remaining forces into a fighting retreat back into the settlement . Five men took refuge in the house of George Warner which the attackers set on fire , killing all five men . A total of 22 settlers were killed , eight were wounded , and five captured by Brant 's men , while Brant 's force suffered an estimated 25 casualties . = = Aftermath = = Brant and his men burned ten houses and associated outbuildings before withdrawing , killing any cattle they could not take . Brant took five [ seven ] prisoners , [ which the Indians prepared to burn at the stake as retribution for a previous group of captives effecting an escape from the Indians , killing several Indians to do so . This group of seven prisoners were made to gather wood for their own funeral pryer , and the fire was actually lit , before one of the captives , Lt. Maynard , a freemason , gave the mason signal of distress . Chief Brant noticed this , and stopped the execution . All of the seven captives were then made to march 40 days , first to Montreal , then to Quebec , obtaining only the sustenance they were able to gather while on the forced march . On the journey the Indians forced these seven captives to repeatedly " run the gauntlet " and forced them at times to keep their fingertips pushed into hot glowing pipe bowls for the Indians ' amusement . They were never given a choice of their future or lives by the Indians , or Chief Brant at any time . At Quebec these seven were ransomed by the Iroquois to the British authorities , and were kept at Quebec as prisoners of war until the treaty of 1783 . The account of Lt. Maynard is related in " 1000 Famous Freemasons " along with stories of an additional five masons , other revolutionary patriots , who were likewise saved by Brant . The groups capture and journey is chronicled in " Forests and Clearings by BF Hubbard , Montreal , 1874 pp. 62 – 63 @-@ 64 . ] Brant continued to build his forces and raid frontier communities in the Mohawk valley . He considered following up the attack on Cobleskill with one on Cherry Valley , but because the militia was on high alert , he instead withdrew back to Iroquois territory . Cherry Valley was the scene of a massacre the following November by forces led in part by Brant . New York Governor George Clinton , who had been considering operations against Onaquaga , enlarged those plans after the raid on Cobleskill and Brant 's attack on German Flatts in September . In October 1778 Continental and militia forces destroyed Onaquaga and Unadilla , another Indian village that supported Brant and Butler . The settlers of Cobleskill who were rendered destitute by the action received £ 200 in compensation for their troubles . Settlers from many area communities began withdrawing to larger , better fortified communities like Cherry Valley ( which began construction of a fort after the raid ) and Schenectady . This action and later ones by Brant and Butler contributed to the decision by the Continental Congress to authorize a major Continental Army expedition into Iroquois territory . Commanded by Generals John Sullivan and James Clinton , the 1779 expedition systematically destroyed the villages of Iroquois tribes fighting for the British , but did little to stop the frontier war . = Taman Sari ( Yogyakarta ) = Taman Sari also known as Taman Sari Water Castle is a site of a former royal garden of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta . It is located about 2 km south within the grounds of the Kraton , Yogyakarta , Indonesia . Built in mid 18th century , the Taman Sari had multiple functions , such as a resting area , a workshop , a meditation area , a defense area , and a hiding place . Taman Sari consisted of four distinct areas : a large artificial lake with islands and pavilions located in the west , a bathing complex in the centre , a complex of pavilions and pools in the south , and a smaller lake in the east . Today only the central bathing complex is well preserved , while the other areas have been largely occupied by the Kampung Taman settlement . Since 1995 the Yogyakarta Palace Complex including Taman Sari is listed as a tentative World Heritage Site . = = Etymology = = The name Taman Sari comes from the Javanese words taman , meaning a " garden " or " park " and sari , which means " beautiful " or " flowers " . Hence , the name Taman Sari means an area of a beautiful garden adorned with flowers . An old article described it as a " water castle " ( Dutch : waterkasteel ) ; as by shutting the watergates , the complex would be completely immersed in water , leaving tall structures standing out . = = History = = The building of Taman Sari commenced during the reign of Sultan Hamengkubuwono I ( 1755 – 1792 ) , the first sultan of the Yogyakarta Sultanate , and was completed by the time of Sultan Hamengkubuwono II . The building site , however , had already been known as a bathing place called Pacethokan Spring since Sunan Amangkurat IV ’ s reign ( 1719 – 1726 ) . According to Kitab Mamana in Yogyakarta Kraton , the project leader for the construction of Taman Sari was Tumenggung Mangundipura . He had travelled twice to Batavia to learn about European architecture , which is the reason why the architecture of Taman Sari has marks of European style . The Regent of Madiun , Raden Rangga Prawirasentika , participated in funding the construction of Taman Sari . Prawirasentika also beseeched the Sultan to be relieved of Madiun 's tax obligation . He offered other alternative ways of payment . The Sultan accepted his proposal . In 1758 , the Sultan commanded the Regent to supervise the making of bricks and various complements , which would be used to build a beautiful garden . The sultan wanted a place where he could spend some time to relax after many years of wars that he had just experienced . Raden Tumenggung Mangundipura , under supervision of Raden Arya Natakusuma ( who later became Sri Pakualam II ) , was responsible for the construction . The building was started in 1684 Javanese year ( 1758 AD ) . After finding out how large the complex was , Raden Rangga Prawirasentika realized that the cost would have been greater than the taxes . He resigned from the project and was replaced by Prince Natakusuma who continued the project to completion . Taman Sari was built three years after the Giyanti Agreement as a resting place for Sultan Hamengkubuwono I. The complex consists of about 59 buildings including a mosque , meditation chambers , swimming pools , and a series of 18 water gardens and pavilions surrounded by artificial lakes . The complex was effectively used between 1765 – 1812 . The British invasion of the Yogyakarta Kraton saw considerable parts of the complex destroyed in 1812 . The building of Taman Sari ended upon the completion of the gates and the walls . A sengkalan memet ( a Javanese chronogram ) on the western gate ( Gedhong Gapura Hageng ) marks the year with the Javanese words Lajering Kembang Sinesep Peksi , denoting the Javanese year of 1691 or about 1765 : lajering , " core " for 1 ; kembang , " flower " for 9 ; sinerep , " suck " or " drink " for 6 ; peksi , " bird " for 1 ; the sentence can be read as " birds gathering pollen of the flower " . The relief around this sengkalan memet shows birds siphoning honey from flowery trees . The maintenance of Taman Sari was abandoned shortly after Hamengkubuwono I died , partly because the elaborate hydraulic works were so difficult to maintain . The gardens were neglected and the buildings suffered some damage during the Java War of 1825 – 1830 . The palace complex fell out of use following an earthquake in 1867 , which destroyed several buildings and drained the water features . Over time , squatters began to inhabit the site , surrounding the ruins of the deserted pavilions and filling the empty lakebeds . In early 1970s , effort at restoration was made . Only the bathing complex has been completely restored . = = = Demang Tegis = = = The manuscript of Serat Rerenggan mentions the story of Demang Tegis , a Portuguese man said to be one of the architect of Taman Sari . According to the manuscript , a strange man suddenly appeared in Mancingan Village ( a locality name on the south coast of Java near Parangtritis ) . With long nose , white complexion , and a foreign language , the villagers suspected that the person was some kind of spirit or forest fairy . They presented him to the current sultan , Hamengkubuwono II . Apparently the sultan found interest in the person and took the strange man as his servant . Some years had passed and the man had finally learned to talk in Javanese . According to him , he was a Portuguese ( or in Javanese , Portegis ) who was stranded from a shipwreck . He also claimed to have been a housebuilder , so the sultan ordered him to erect a fortress . Satisfied by the man ’ s work , the sultan gave him the title " demang . " From then on that person was known as Demang Portegis or Demang Tegis . There is a controversy whether Demang Tegis was actually the architect of Taman Sari , as the design resembles a hybrid of Javanese and Dutch styles , rather than Portuguese . P.J. Veth , in Java – Book III , page 631 wrote , " Local research says that [ Taman Sari ’ s architecture ] was designed by either a Spanish or Portuguese engineer , who was stranded off his sunken ship at the southern beach . However , [ the architecture ] that strongly shows Javanese character contradicts this . " The evidence about Demang Tegis remains an inconclusive , yet the architecture of Taman Sari moved a number of Portuguese experts on architecture and cultural heritage to examine the Taman Sari in 2001 . The widespread assumption of European influence in the design of Taman Sari has been also challenged by the research of Hélène Njoto @-@ Feillard from the University of Pantheon @-@ Sorbonne , presented in a 2003 conference paper . Analysing the historic context and architectural style of the complex , the conclusion is that the creators are most likely local Javanese . The absence of any mention of European involvement in the construction of Taman Sari in Dutch historic descriptions is presented as further evidence in support of this hypothesis . = = Buildings = = Taman Sari can be divided into four areas . The first area is the artificial lake Segaran located in the west . The second area is a bathing complex in the south of the Segaran lake , called the Umbul Binangun bathing complex . The third area , now completely gone , is the Pasarean Ledok Sari and Garjitawati Pool , located in the south of the bathing complex . The fourth area is the east side of the first and second area , which extend far to the east and to the southeast complex of Magangan . = = = The Segaran lake area = = = The Segaran lake area was the main complex of the Taman Sari during its era . This complex consisted of a man @-@ made lake called Segaran ( " artificial sea " ) with some buildings located on artificial islands in the middle of a lake . The buildings are connected by an underwater tunnel . It was used as the starting point for the royal family to reach the Taman Sari pools via a vessel . Today , the Segaran lake cannot be seen any longer as the water had been drained and the lake bed is now filled with human settlements . The underwater tunnel , which is now underground after the water had gone , still exist and can be accessed . In the middle of Segaran was an artificial island known as Kenongo Island ( Javanese Pulo Kenongo ) . It was named after the cananga trees which once covered the island . On this island is a one @-@ storeyed structure called the Kenongo building ( Javanese Gedhong Kenongo ) , now in ruins . On the south side of Kenongo Island is a row of small buildings called the Tajug . These buildings were originally used as air vents for the tunnel located below the lake . This underground tunnel , constructed in 1761 , was an alternative way to reach the Kenongo Island other than by a vessel . Also on the south side of the Kenongo Island is another artificial island called Cemethi Island ( Javanese Pulo Cemethi ) or Panembung Island ( Javanese Pulo Panembung ) . It is a one @-@ storeyed structure for the Sultan to meditate , or some said , a hiding place for the royal family during an attack . Another name for this island is Sumur Gumantung , because on the south side of this island is a well that hangs above the ground . This place could only be reached via the underwater tunnel . The building of Cemethi Island is now also in ruin . A legend says that there is a secret tunnel that connects the palace with the south sea ( Indian Ocean ) where Nyai Roro Kidul or the Queen of the South has her palace . The supernatural Queen becomes the spiritual wife of Yogyakarta Sultan for many generations . On the west side of Kenongo Island is another one @-@ storeyed circular structure that forms another artificial island in the past called Gumuling Well ( Sumur Gumuling ) . These one @-@ storeyed building can only be entered via the underwater tunnel . The building was used as a mosque . A niche in the wall of this building was used as a mihrab . The central area of this building is an elevated platform where four staircases meet , and then from the platform , one staircase reach the first floor . On the ground level of this platform is a small pool that was used for Muslim ritual ablution . = = = The bathing complex = = = The second area is located on the south of the former artificial lake of Segaran . Even though this area was not the focal point of Taman Sari , it is the best preserved area in the complex and is currently the most popular tourist attraction . The area is accessed via two gates on the east and the west side , each of these gates leads to the center of the complex , first to an inner octagonal @-@ shaped courtyard on the east and the west , and then each of these courtyards leads to a central bathing complex in the center . = = = = The gates = = = = There are two gates that lead to the bathing complex , the western one called Gedhong Gapura Hageng and the eastern one called Gedhong Gapura Panggung . Both gates are decorated with ornaments of stylized birds and flowering foliages . The west entrance , the Gedhong Gapura Hageng was formerly used as the main entrance to the bathing complex . The east facade of the gate is still visible today , but the west facade is blocked by settlements . The construction of this gate was finished in 1691 Javanese Year ( about 1765 AD ) . The east entrance , the Gedhong Gapura Panggung is still functioning as a gate and is now the main entrance for tourists . The east entrance is a building with four staircases , two on the west side and two on the eastside . Four nagas once decorated this gate , now there are only two nagas left . The building was finished in 1684 Javanese calendar ( about 1758 AD ) . = = = = The octagonal courtyards = = = = Each of the gates leads to an octagonal @-@ shaped courtyard . The western gate leads to a western octagonal @-@ shaped enclosed courtyard . In the past , a building stood in the center of this courtyard , which was called the Lopak @-@ lopak building ( Javanese Gedhong Lopak @-@ lopak ) . The eastern gate leads to an octagonal @-@ shaped enclosed courtyard as well . It has a similar layout with the Gedhong Lopak @-@ lopak courtyard , but within it , there are four pavilions known as Gedhong Sekawan . These pavilions were used as the resting place for the royal family . The eastern and the western octagonal courtyards lead to the central bathing complex . = = = = Umbul Pasiraman bathing complex = = = = Umbul Pasiraman , also known as Umbul Binangun or Umbul Winangun , is a bathing complex for the royal family . The bathing complex is an enclosed space surrounded by tall structures . It consists of three pools decorated with mushroom @-@ shaped springs and large flower pots . There are two buildings in the bathing complex . The northernmost building was used as the resting place and changing room for the daughters and concubines of the sultan . On the south side of this building is a pool known as Umbul Muncar . The pool is divided into two by a central pathway ( known as Blumbang Kuras ) that runs east @-@ west . The next building on the south is a building with a tower in its center . The right wing of the building was used as the sultan 's changing room , the east wing was used as his resting place . The central tower was used by the sultan to observe his daughters and concubines bathing in the pool . On the south of this building is the third pool that was used only by the sultan and his concubines . During its era , only females and the sultan were allowed to enter this bathing complex . = = = = Gedhong Temanten = = = = On the southeast and northeast of the Gedhong Gapuro Panggung are two buildings known as Gedhong Temanten . The buildings were formerly used by the castle guard . According to archeological study , on the south side of this building was another building and a garden whose remain cannot be seen anymore and is filled with settlements . = = = The third area = = = This area that is located south of the bathing complex , but no visible remains are left . According to a reconstruction of the site , this complex consisted of the complex of Pasarean Dalem Ledok Sari and the pool complex of Garjitawati with several pavilions and a garden . Pasarean Dalem Ledok Sari is the only part of the complex that is still protected . Pasarean Dalem Ledok Sari was probably used as a meditation place for the sultan , or some said as the meeting place for the sultan and his concubines . In the middle of the building was also a sleeping room for the sultan with water flowing beneath it . There was also a kitchen , a looming room , a storage , two pools for the servants , and a garden . = = = The fourth area = = = The fourth complex is the part of the Taman Sari complex that is practically has no visible remains , except for a former hanging bridge and remains of a pier . The description of this area is retrieved from a reconstruction made from the 1812 English army sketch of the Yogyakarta kraton . This area extends about 600 meters to the east of the Segaran lake area . This area consisted of another artificial lake on the southeast of the Magangan complex toward the northeast of Siti Hinggil Kidul complex . In the middle of this artificial lake is another artificial island called Kinupeng Island ( Javanese Pulo Kinupeng ) . A building , known as Gading building ( Javanese Gedhong Gading ) stood in the middle of the island . This artificial lake is connected to the east side of the Segaran Lake via a 380 meter long canal that runs east to west . The canal was about 20 meter wide and there are two bottlenecks that are thought to be the place where a hanging bridge once stood . One of the bridge is now located in the street that connects the kraton complex of Magangan with the Kamandhungan Kidul . The layout of the bridge can still be recognized , although the bridge itself has gone . On the west side of the hanging bridge is a pier that was used by the sultan as his starting point for his journey to the Taman Sari pool on his royal vessel . The canal is bounded on the south and north with a garden , now located on the west side of the kraton complex of Kamanghungan Kidul and Siti Hinggil Kidul . Today , all of these canals , bridges , lakes , and gardens have been filled with local settlements ; the garden becomes the Kampung Ngadisuryan , the lake becomes the kampung Segaran . = = Around Taman Sari = = Today , the area around the Taman Sari castle complex is occupied by a settlement called Kampung Taman with 2 @,@ 700 residents . The community is known for their batik and traditional painting craft traditions . Also located in this area is the Ngasem Traditional Market ( Pasar Ngasem ) , which hosted the biggest bird market in Yogyakarta for a long time ( until the bird market was relocated to PASTY on Jl . Bantul in 2010 ) , and the Sokotunggal mosque , a unique mosque built in the early 20th century with a single pillar that is different from the usual Javanese traditional architecture . = Vanilla production in French Polynesia = Vanilla production contributes to the local economy of French Polynesia . Although it was a major export crop after its introduction by the French in 1848 , vanilla is no longer a significant export product . Vanilla was first introduced to French Polynesia by French colonizers as an export crop . Later , it became an important cash crop in the development of the island 's economy . In the early 20th century , production was much greater than it is today , with 150 @-@ 200 tons produced annually and plantations employing a sizable percentage of the population . Over the years , its production has been influenced by several factors and has declined from a high of 200 tons to a 2013 yield of 60 tons . The largest concentration of the vanilla variety Vanilla tahitensis ( Tahitian vanilla ) is situated in the Society Islands . The island of Taha 'a , known as the " Vanilla Island " because of its pervasive aroma of vanilla , produces about 80 % of all French Polynesia 's vanilla . = = Background = = Vanilla tahitensis ( Tahitian vanilla ) , which is a cross @-@ strain of Vanilla planifola ( Mexican vanilla and Bourbon vanilla ) and Vanilla odorata ( Inflated Vanilla ) , is produced in French Polynesia , especially in Tahiti , and also Hawaii . Its pods have fewer seeds than Vanilla planifolia , which is not a direct competitor . Mexican vanilla is used almost exclusively as the base of vanilla extract , due to higher vanillin levels . Tahitian vanilla is used primarily in perfume because of its coumarin @-@ like scent . Other Tahitian vanilla products include vanilla green tea , vanilla oil , vanilla powder , vanilla rum , and vinegar @-@ based vanilla . = = History = = Vanilla , originally a crop endemic to South America , was introduced in French Polynesia in 1848 by Admiral Ferdinand @-@ Alphonse Hamelin , a French commander in the Pacific . The admiral delivered several dozen specimens of the plant to the Tahitian Governor 's garden in Papeete . A new variety of vanilla was subsequently developed in the area and came to be popularly known as Tahitian vanilla . This has special characteristics compared to the varieties such as Vanilla planifolia grown in other parts of the world , particularly in respect to taste and scent . It has resulted in greater demand for the Tahitian variety . The introduction occurred only one year after France made French Polynesia its protectorate , and over the next 40 years it became a major export to the United States , France , and Britain . Initially the vanilla plantations were owned by French mainland transplants ; later , the local Tahitians learned the processes and became major producers of the crop , with native families involved in its growth from " seed to pod . " However , in the 20th century , the Chinese , who came initially as labor for the plantations , became the primary actors in processing the crop for , marketing to , and making the crop available to the international market , though still some farms are owned by people of French and native origins . = = Production = = Vanilla is grown on small patches of land both as a single crop as well as an inter crop . As it needs lot of water for growth , it is largely grown on the rainier windward side of the island . Initially , vanilla is planted next to small trees until its vines grow to some height , at which point it is cut down closer to the soil so that it spreads across the ground . It starts to flower when about three years old ; the flowering period is from July to August . Production , initially for export , reached a high of 200 tons in 1939 . But it decreased to about 125 tons ( metric ) due to the onset of World War II in 1945 . Exports gradually increased after the war to 300 tons by 1949 but then started to decline with about four tons of export in 1985 as it became ineffective to produce vanilla due to as international competition , the costs of transportation of processed vanilla , exchange rates , state protectionism , plant pathology , varying global economics , and availability of cheaper varieties all affected the economics of vanilla production in the area . The Centre d ’ Experimentation du Pacifique ( CEP ) was established with the goal of reviving the economy . It was launched in 1962 to overcome the drawbacks faced by the economy at large , with vanilla production being the economy 's cornerstone at the time . In an effort to spark innovation and new growing techniques , emphasis was shifted to " shade house cultivation " , with less @-@ intensive labour required ( due to the controlled indoor climate ) , and reduction in chemicals necessary for outdoor farming . Controlled growth resulted in an export record or 12 tons in 2010 . In the present day , the production is largely locally utilized in view of Tahitian vanilla becoming a " status symbol of cultural identity and pride in Polynesia . " Promotional actions instituted by the government to act upon this pride and boost vanilla production are many ; even a dessert served by an airline in the on @-@ board meal is infused with Tahitian vanilla . As of 2013 , vanilla production ( FAO records for 2013 ) in French Polynesia ( specifically Tahiti ) accounted to only about 0 @.@ 07 % of the total world production ; it was 60 tons from an area of 7 hectares ( 17 acres ) with an yield of 13 hectograms per ha , comparative to the 3 @,@ 500 tons yielded by plantations in Madagascar , and 3 @,@ 400 tons yielded in Indonesia . Some plantations are open to tourists ; Maison de la Vanille for instance , near Haamene , permits visitors to view the vanilla preparation and drying processes . The island of Tahaa offers a tour , conducted by a private outfit , that takes visitors to one of the older and more voluminous plantations , situated on Hurepiti Bay . = E.B.E. = " E.B.E. " ( short for extraterrestrial biological entity ) is the seventeenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on February 18 , 1994 . It was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by William Graham . The episode introduced the recurring characters of The Lone Gunmen , played by Bruce Harwood , Dean Haglund and Tom Braidwood ; and saw Jerry Hardin reprise his role as Deep Throat . The episode helped explore the series ' overarching mythology . " E.B.E. " earned a Nielsen household rating of 6 @.@ 2 , being watched by 5 @.@ 8 million households in its initial broadcast ; and received positive reviews from critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . When Mulder and Scully investigate the possible smuggling of a crashed UFO and its inhabitant across America , they find themselves being spied on and face doubts over the motives of a secretive informant . Inspired by the movie All the President 's Men , " E.B.E. " was the first mythology @-@ centred episode written for the show by writers Glen Morgan and James Wong . The episode also introduced the characters of The Lone Gunmen — conspiracy theorists John Fitzgerald Byers ( Bruce Harwood ) , Richard Langly ( Dean Haglund ) and Melvin Frohike ( Tom Braidwood ) . The characters , who were used to help Mulder appear more credible , later became recurring characters and eventually gained their own spin @-@ off series , The Lone Gunmen . = = Plot = = In the skies over Iraq 's border with Turkey , an Iraqi fighter pilot shoots down a UFO . Later , in Lexington , Tennessee , a truck driver named Ranheim shoots something in the dark as another UFO flies overhead . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) investigate the sighting the next day , but Ranheim is quickly let go by the uncooperative local authorities . In a seemingly inconsequential event , a woman briefly borrows Scully 's pen before they leave Tennessee . Back in Washington , D.C. , Mulder introduces Scully to the Lone Gunmen , a trio of eccentric conspiracy theorists with whom he collaborates . After returning to FBI headquarters , Scully discovers a surveillance device within her pen . Mulder meets with Deep Throat , who provides him with documentation of an intercepted Iraqi transmission regarding the downed UFO . Scully continues to investigate the Tennessee incident , learning that two thousand pounds of extra weight had been added to Ranheim 's truck . She also learns Ranheim 's true identity as Frank Druce . Mulder intends to track Druce 's truck , which is on its way to Colorado . However , before he leaves , Deep Throat approaches Mulder at his apartment , offering the photo of a purported UFO at Fort Benning , Georgia . Mulder initially believes that Druce 's truck is a decoy meant to distract him from the UFO , but discovers that Deep Throat 's photo is a fake . When Mulder confronts Deep Throat , he admits his deception and confirms that the earlier transmission was genuine . He also divulges that the truck is being used to transport an extraterrestrial biological entity , or E.B.E. , that was recovered from the Iraqi crash site . Mulder and Scully escape their pursuers and head towards Las Vegas , the last known location of the truck . Mulder and Scully catch up with the truck , and while pursuing it encounter strange weather . The truck stalls , but when they head inside it they find both Druce and the E.B.E. have vanished . When they investigate the truck and the area , Mulder concludes that the encounter was a constructed hoax , intended to convince the duo to cease further pursuit . With help from MUFON and NICAP , Mulder tracks Druce and the E.B.E. to a power plant in Mattawa , Washington . With assistance from the Lone Gunmen , the agents are able to enter the plant with fake identification . Their unfamiliarity soon gives them away , but Mulder flees from the guards through a restricted area and is about to approach the room where the creature is held when armed guards stop him . Deep Throat appears and calls off the guards , telling Mulder the E.B.E. is dead . He reveals an agreement made between multiple countries after Roswell that any living E.B.E. found would be killed , and that he is one of three men to have executed an E.B.E. Mulder looks through the window into the creature 's holding cell , but it is empty . Afterwards , Deep Throat lets Mulder and Scully go free . = = Production = = This episode was the first mythology @-@ centred episode written for the show by writers Glen Morgan and James Wong . Morgan claims that the tone of the episode was inspired by the movie All the President 's Men . Some of the scenes were inspired by photographs sent to Morgan and Wong by location scouts of a BC Hydro power station , which was used as a shooting location in the episode . The empty " lab " area that had held the episode 's eponymous entity in the final scene was , in fact , a research facility used for testing electric current events . The episode also introduced the characters of The Lone Gunmen — conspiracy theorists John Fitzgerald Byers ( Bruce Harwood ) , Richard Langly ( Dean Haglund ) and Melvin Frohike ( Tom Braidwood ) . The characters , who were used to help Mulder appear more credible , were originally meant to only appear in this episode , but due to their popularity on the internet , they returned in the second season episode " Blood " and became recurring characters . The inspiration for the Lone Gunmen came from a group of men that writers Glen Morgan and Marilyn Osborn met at a UFO convention in June 1993 . The trio would eventually feature in the spin @-@ off series The Lone Gunmen . Tom Braidwood , who plays Lone Gunman Melvin Frohike , was the first assistant director for the series , and became Frohike after passing by the office where the producers were casting the roles of the Gunmen . Braidwood 's name had been used in several episodes , including this one , as an in @-@ joke due to his assistant director role . = = Broadcast and reception = = " E.B.E. " premiered on the Fox network on February 18 , 1994 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on January 19 , 1995 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 6 @.@ 2 with a 9 share , meaning that roughly 6 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 9 percent of households watching TV , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 5 @.@ 8 million households watched this episode during its original airing . Writer James Wong was disappointed with the episode , feeling that he " didn 't do a great job on the script . We wanted to do a show that 's all about paranoia and a conspiracy theory , but at the end I felt like we didn 't really gain a lot of new ground or learn a lot of new things . I think we played a lot of texture instead of substance . " Series creator Chris Carter on the other hand claimed the episode was one of the most popular first season episodes and thought the teaser and the scene with Mulder meeting Deep Throat at a shark tank were memorable . He also praised Jerry Hardin 's performance in the episode , finding that he lent the show the " believability " that it needed . In a retrospective of the first season in Entertainment Weekly , the episode was rated an A , being called " dense , dazzling , and dark " , with the introduction of The Lone Gunmen being praised . Zack Handlen , writing for The A.V. Club , described it as " occasionally clunky but generally fun " , finding the revelations of Deep Throat 's motivation to be a highlight . Matt Haigh , writing for Den of Geek , felt that the episode was a good example of the series refusing " to show its hand too early " , saying that it would even have worked well as a season finale . The plot for " E.B.E. " was also adapted as a novel for young adults in 1996 by Les Martin . = Bottle pool = Bottle pool , also known as bottle @-@ billiards and bottle pocket billiards , is a hybrid billiards game combining aspects of both carom billiards and pocket billiards . Played on a standard pool table , the game uses just two object balls , a cue ball , and a 6 ¾ inch ( 171 mm ) tall , narrow @-@ necked bottle called a shake bottle or tally bottle , traditionally made from leather , that is placed on the table and used as a target for caroms . Those unfamiliar with the game sometimes mistakenly use its name as a synonym for the very different game of kelly pool . Bottle pool has been described as combining " elements of billiards , straight pool and chess under a set of rules that lavishly rewards strategic shot making and punishes mistakes with Sisyphean point reversals . " Although bottle pool 's origins remain obscure , tournament records and newspaper articles confirm that the game has been played since at least the late 19th century . A mention appears in an 1894 New York Times newspaper article announcing a 64 player tournament to be played at a certain Hanover Clubhouse in Brooklyn , New York . The game was more well known in the early @-@ to @-@ mid @-@ 20th century , during which references to it appear in numerous books and publications including Sinclair Lewis 's Main Street . It is also known to have been played by some notable individuals , such as world @-@ renowned quantum chemist and biochemist Linus Pauling . Over time bottle pool developed an elitist image , its active play more commonly the province of gentlemen 's clubs and select groups than patrons of billiard parlors . For instance , bottle pool is known to have had a dedicated following with faculty at the University of Michigan from 1911 until approximately 1999 , and is the billiard game of choice at exclusive New York City enclaves such as the Racquet and Tennis Club and the Union Club . Despite being one of a short group of non @-@ championship games still detailed in the Official Rules and Records Book of the Billiard Congress of America , as of 2006 , bottle pool was known only to be the billiard sport of general choice at a few New York City social clubs such as the two mentioned previously . A veteran member of both those clubs opined in 2006 that there were then fewer than 1 @,@ 000 dedicated bottle pool players nationwide . = = General rules ( Billiard Congress of America ) = = = = = Set up = = = At the start of bottle pool , the shake bottle is placed inverted ( neck down ) on the center spot at the geographic center of the bed of a pool table . The two object balls used are the 1 ball and the 2 ball . Viewed from the racker 's vantage point , the 1 ball is frozen to the diamond on the foot rail immediately adjacent to the right corner pocket , and the 2 ball to the diamond on the foot rail immediately adjacent to the left corner pocket . The player breaking starts with cue ball in hand from the kitchen ( behind the head string ) and must contact either of the two object balls in order to complete a legal break . The object of the game is to score exactly 31 points before any opponents , with a draconian penalty for overshooting that benchmark . = = = Scoring = = = Points are scored in bottle pool in the following ways : Pocketing the 1 ball scores 1 point ; Pocketing the 2 ball scores 2 points ; Caroming the cue ball off both object balls scores 1 point ; Caroming the cue ball off one or both object balls and then into the bottle knocking it onto its side scores 5 points ; Caroming the cue ball off one or both object balls and then into the bottle knocking onto its base results in an automatic win . All of the above scoring possibilities can be combined , meaning the maximum number of points available on a single stroke is nine , accomplished by caroming into and pocketing both object balls combined with knocking over the bottle with the cue ball . The winning shot in the game ( other than one which rights the shake bottle ) must bring a player 's score to exactly 31 . If a player overshoots that benchmark , known as a " burst " in the game 's terminology , the amount of points 31 is overshot by becomes the player 's new score . This means , for example , that if a player has 30 points and then scores 5 points ( instead of the requisite 1 point ) by caroming the cue ball off an object ball and into the bottle knocking it on its side , the player 's score resets to four points . When a player reaches exactly 31 points , he must announce this feat to all participants before the next player shoots a shot in order to be victorious . If this is not done , the player may not again invoke his winning score until his turn comes up again in rotation . If another player in the interim successfully scores exactly 31 , and properly announces it , that player wins the game . = = = Illegal shots and fouls = = = Any legally made scoring shot entitles a player to continue shooting . The penalty for a foul in the game is a loss of turn , any point scoring acts made on the same stroke are not counted , and 1 point is deducted from the player 's total score . The incoming player after a foul accepts the table in position except if the cue ball is jumped off the table or a scratch occurs , in which case the incoming player has ball @-@ in @-@ hand from the kitchen . Three consecutive fouls in bottle pool results in a loss of game . In addition to standard fouls defined in the General Rules for Pocket Billiards , such as scratches , push shots , double hits and others , the following are specifically defined fouls peculiar to bottle pool : the cue ball fails to touch an object ball ; the cue ball touches the bottle before contacting an object ball ; the bottle is knocked over by an object ball ; and an object ball is pocketed on the same stroke as an illegal shot . Illegal shots which are not fouls unless a ball is pocketed on the same stroke ( thus resulting in a loss of turn , no score , but not a loss of points ) , include : causing an object ball to touch the bottle at all before the cue ball touches it ( without knocking it over ) ; and causing the bottle to go into a pocket or off the table as a result of action by the cue ball , after it has caromed off an object ball . = = = Bottle and ball spotting rules = = = Whenever the shake bottle is knocked over it is immediately stood up open end down as close as possible to the position on the table at which it came to rest after being upset , as judged from the mouth of the bottle . When the shake bottle is knocked into a pocket , off the table , or where the open end of the bottle intrudes over a pocket opening such that it is impossible to replace it to its upset resting position , the shake bottle is replaced to the table 's center spot . If the center spot is occupied by any ball , then it is placed on the head spot . If both the center and head spots are occupied , then it is placed on the foot spot . If none of the listed spots are available then it remains off the table until such time as the center spot becomes unobstructed . As in the games of snooker , English billiards , cowboy pool and others , pocketed balls are immediately respotted to their starting position . Where the second object ball , the cue ball or the bottle makes spotting the ball there impossible , it is spotted to the center spot . If the center spot is occupied , the ball is spotted to the head spot . Where both object balls have been potted on a shot , they are spotted with the same dictates for just one ball , first spotting the 1 ball , followed by the 2 ball . Thus , if the starting positions for the two object balls are each occupied , respectively by the cue ball and shake bottle , the 1 ball would be placed on the center spot and the 2 ball on the head spot . = = Variations = = The game is sometimes played with the larger and heavier ( and unnumbered ) carom billiard balls instead of pocket billiard balls . Such is the case at the Union Club and was also at the University of Michigan Billiards & Games Room , where the faculty devoted most of their time to bottle pool . Not incidentally three @-@ cushion billiards , which uses these larger balls , was also a mainstay in that room and touring three @-@ cushion professional Carl Conlon was a fixture there until his death in 1997 . In this variation , a solid @-@ yellow ( or dotted ) second cue ball is used in place of the 1 ball , and the red ball , known traditionally as the carombola , is used in place of the 2 ball . The use of such balls makes scoring by caroms easier , but makes pocketing balls ( and scratching ) more difficult because the larger balls must still be made in the ordinarily @-@ sized pool pockets . The rules promulgated by the Manhattan Athletic Club in the 1890s diverge in a number of ways from the modern rules published by the BCA ( though they do use the numbered 1 and 2 balls , rather than carom billiards balls ) . Those house rules provide that when a player bursts , his score is set to zero rather than to the number of points 31 is overshot ; pocketed object balls are replaced on the " red @-@ ball spot " ( the foot spot ) , or if occupied , frozen to the foot rail in the original position of the 1 ball and if occupied , of the 2 ball ; and no foul rules whatever are preferred . One further variation places a 6 @-@ sided die ( although other sided die could also be used ) on top of the bottle . If the bottle is knocked over and the die knocked onto the table , the player is awarded points equal to whatever side of the die lies facing upward when the die comes to a stop . This adds a random effect to hitting the bottle and in practice often results in players only striking the bottle in combination with other point @-@ scoring shots . = War of the League of Cambrai = The War of the League of Cambrai , sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names , was a major conflict in the Italian Wars . The main participants of the war , fought from 1508 to 1516 , were France , the Papal States and the Republic of Venice ; they were joined , at various times , by nearly every significant power in Western Europe , including Spain , the Holy Roman Empire , England , Scotland , the Duchy of Milan , Florence , the Duchy of Ferrara and Swiss mercenaries . Pope Julius II , intending to curb Venetian influence in northern Italy , had created the League of Cambrai , an anti @-@ Venetian alliance of himself , Louis XII of France , Ferdinand II of Aragon and Maximilian I , the Holy Roman Emperor . Although the League was initially successful , friction between Julius and Louis caused it to collapse by 1510 ; Julius then allied himself with Venice against France . The Veneto – Papal alliance eventually expanded into the Holy League , which drove the French from Italy in 1512 ; disagreements about the division of the spoils , however , led Venice to abandon the alliance in favor of one with France . Under the leadership of Francis I , who had succeeded Louis to the throne , the French and Venetians would , through victory at Marignano in 1515 , regain the territory they had lost ; the treaties of Noyon and Brussels , which ended the war the next year , would essentially return the map of Italy to the status quo of 1508 . = = Prelude = = In the aftermath of the First Italian War , Pope Alexander VI had , with French assistance , moved to consolidate Papal control over central Italy by seizing the Romagna . Cesare Borgia , acting as Gonfalonier of the Papal armies , had expelled the Bentivoglio family from Bologna , which they had ruled as a fief , and was well on his way towards establishing a permanent Borgia state in the region when Alexander died on 18 August 1503 . Although Cesare managed to seize the remnants of the Papal treasury for his own use , he was unable to secure Rome itself , as French and Spanish armies converged on the city in an attempt to influence the Papal conclave ; the election of Pius III ( who soon died , to be replaced by Julius II ) stripped Cesare of his titles and relegated him to commanding a company of men @-@ at @-@ arms . Sensing Cesare 's weakness , the dispossessed lords of the Romagna offered to submit to the Republic of Venice in exchange for aid in regaining their dominions ; the Venetian Senate accepted and had taken possession of Rimini , Faenza and a number of other cities by the end of 1503 . Julius II , having secured his own control of the Papal armies by arresting and imprisoning Cesare , first in Rome and later in Madrid , quickly moved to re @-@ establish Papal control over the Romagna by demanding that Venice return the cities she had seized . The Republic of Venice , although willing to acknowledge Papal sovereignty over these port cities along the Apulian coast and willing to pay Julius II an annual tribute , refused to surrender the cities themselves . In response , Julius concluded an alliance with France and the Holy Roman Empire against Venice ; the death of Isabella I of Castile and the resulting collapse of relations between the parties soon dissolved the alliance , but not before Venice had been induced to abandon several of the cities . Julius , although unsatisfied with his gains , did not himself possess sufficient forces to fight the Republic ; for the next two years he instead occupied himself with the reconquest of Bologna and Perugia , which , located between Papal and Venetian territory , had in the meantime assumed a status of quasi @-@ independence . In 1507 , Julius returned to the question of the cities in Venetian hands ; once again rebuffed by the Senate , he encouraged Emperor Maximilian I to attack the Republic . Maximilian , using his journey to Rome for the Imperial coronation as a pretext , entered Venetian territory with a large army in February 1508 and advanced on Vicenza , but was defeated by a Venetian army under Bartolomeo d 'Alviano . A second assault by a Tyrolean force several weeks later was an even greater failure ; Alviano not only routed the Imperial army but also seized Trieste and Fiume , forcing Maximilian to conclude a truce with Venice . = = League of Cambrai = = Julius , humiliated by the failure of the Imperial invasion , turned to Louis XII of France ( who , having been left in possession of Milan after the Second Italian War , was interested in further expansion into Italy ) with an offer of alliance . In mid @-@ March , the Republic provided a pretext for an attack on itself by appointing her own candidate to the vacant bishopric of Vicenza ( an act in keeping with prevailing custom , though Julius considered it a personal provocation ) ; the Pope called for all Christian nations to join him in an expedition to subdue Venice . On 10 December 1508 , representatives of the Papacy , France , the Holy Roman Empire and Ferdinand I of Spain concluded the League of Cambrai against the Republic . The agreement provided for the complete dismemberment of Venice 's territory in Italy and for its partition among the signatories : Maximilian , in addition to regaining Istria , would receive Verona , Vicenza , Padua and the Friuli ; France would annex Brescia , Crema , Bergamo and Cremona to its Milanese possessions ; Ferdinand would seize Otranto ; and the remainder , including Rimini and Ravenna , would be added to the Papal States . On 15 April 1509 , Louis left Milan at the head of a French army and moved rapidly into Venetian territory . To oppose him , Venice had hired a condottiere army under the command of the Orsini cousins – Bartolomeo d 'Alviano and Nicolo di Pitigliano – but had failed to account for their disagreement on how best to stop the French advance . Consequently , when Louis crossed the Adda River in early May and Alviano advanced to meet him , Pitigliano , believing it best to avoid a pitched battle , moved away to the south . On 14 May , Alviano confronted the French at the Battle of Agnadello ; outnumbered , he sent requests for reinforcements to his cousin , who replied with orders to break off the battle and continued on his way . Alviano , disregarding the new orders , continued the engagement ; his army was eventually surrounded and destroyed . Pitigliano managed to avoid encountering Louis ; but his mercenary troops , hearing of Alviano 's defeat , had deserted in large numbers by the next morning , forcing him to retreat to Treviso with the remnants of the Venetian army . The Venetian collapse was complete . Louis proceeded to occupy Venetian territory as far east as Brescia without encountering any significant resistance ; the Venetians lost all the territory that they had accumulated in northern Italy during the previous century . The major cities that had not been occupied by the French — Padua , Verona and Vicenza — were left undefended by Pitigliano 's withdrawal , and quickly surrendered to Maximilian when Imperial emissaries arrived in the Veneto . Julius , having in the meantime issued an interdict against Venice that excommunicated every citizen of the Republic , invaded the Romagna and seized Ravenna with the assistance of Alfonso d 'Este , Duke of Ferrara . D 'Este , having joined the League and been appointed Gonfalonier on 19 April , seized the Polesine for himself . The newly arrived Imperial governors , however , quickly proved to be unpopular . In mid @-@ July , the citizens of Padua , aided by detachments of Venetian cavalry under the command of the proveditor Andrea Gritti , revolted . The landsknechts garrisoning the city were too few in number to mount effective resistance , and Padua was restored to Venetian control on 17 July 1509 . The success of the revolt finally pushed Maximilian into action . In early August , a massive Imperial army , accompanied by bodies of French and Spanish troops , set out from Trento into the Veneto . Because of a lack of horses , as well as general disorganization , Maximilian 's forces would not reach Padua until September , giving Pitigliano the time to concentrate such troops as were still available to him in the city . The Siege of Padua began on 15 September 1509 ; although French and Imperial artillery successfully breached Padua 's walls , the defenders managed to hold the city until Maximilian , growing impatient , lifted the siege on 30 September and withdrew to Tyrol with the main part of his army . In mid @-@ November , Pitigliano returned to the offensive ; Venetian troops easily defeated the remaining Imperial forces , capturing Vicenza , Este , Feltre and Belluno . Although a subsequent attack on Verona failed , Pitigliano destroyed a Papal army under Francesco II of Gonzaga in the process . The Battle of Polesella , a river attack on Ferrara by the Venetian galley fleet under Angelo Trevisan failed , however , when the Venetian ships anchored in the Po River were sunk by Ferrarese artillery . Francesco Guicciardini credited the decisive victory to Alfonso himself . A new French advance soon forced Pitigliano to withdraw to Padua once again . Faced with a shortage of both funds and men , the Senate decided to send an embassy to Julius in order to negotiate a settlement . The terms insisted on by the Pope were harsh : the Republic lost her traditional power to appoint clergy in her territory , as well as all jurisdiction over Papal subjects in Venice , the Romagnan cities that had prompted the war were to be returned to Julius , and reparations were to be paid to cover his expenses in capturing them . The Senate argued over the terms for two months , but finally accepted them on February 24 , 1510 . Even before the Venetian ambassadors had presented themselves to Julius for absolution , however , the Council of Ten had privately resolved that the terms had been accepted under duress and were therefore invalid , and that Venice should violate them at the earliest opportunity . This apparent reconciliation between Venice and the Pope did not stop the French from again invading the Veneto in March . Pitigliano 's death in January had left Andrea Gritti in command of the Venetian forces ; although Maximilian failed to reinforce Louis , the French army was nonetheless sufficient to drive the Venetians from Vicenza by May . Gritti garrisoned Padua for an expected attack by a combined Franco @-@ Imperial army , but Louis , more concerned by the death of his advisor , the Cardinal d 'Amboise , abandoned his plans for a siege . = = Veneto @-@ Papal alliance = = Julius , meanwhile , had become increasingly concerned by the growing French presence in Italy ; more significantly , alienated from Alfonso d 'Este by friction over a licence for a salt monopoly in the Papal states and Alfonso 's continued forays against Venetian forces to secure his recently reacquired Polesine , he had formulated plans to seize the Duchy of Ferrara , a French ally , and to add its territory to the Papal States . His own forces being inadequate for the venture , the Pope hired an army of Swiss mercenaries , ordering them to attack the French in Milan ; he also invited Venice to ally with him against Louis . The Republic , facing a renewed French onslaught , readily accepted the offer . By July 1510 , the new Veneto @-@ Papal alliance was on the offensive . An initial attack on French @-@ occupied Genoa failed , but Venetian troops under Lucio Malvezzo finally drove the French from Vicenza in early August ; and a joint force commanded by Francesco Maria della Rovere , the Duke of Urbino , captured Modena on 17 August . Julius now excommunicated Alfonso d 'Este , thus justifying an attack on the Duchy itself ; in anticipation of his coming victory , the Pope traveled to Bologna , so as to be nearby when Ferrara was taken . The French army , however , had been left unopposed by the Swiss ( who , having arrived in Lombardy , had been bribed into leaving by Louis ) and was free to march south into the heart of Italy . In early October , Charles II d 'Amboise advanced on Bologna , splitting the Papal forces ; by 18 October , he was only a few miles from the city . Julius now realized that the Bolognese were openly hostile to the Papacy and would not offer any resistance to the French ; left with only a detachment of Venetian cavalry , he resorted to excommunicating d 'Amboise , who had in the meantime been convinced by the English ambassador to avoid attacking the person of the Pope and had thus withdrawn to Ferrara . In December , a newly assembled Papal army conquered Concordia and , in December , besieged the fortress of Mirandola ; d 'Amboise , marching to relieve the latter , fell ill and died , briefly leaving the French in disarray . Mirandola fell in January 1511 , the pope having taken personal command of the assault ; but d 'Amboise had been replaced by Gian Giacomo Trivulzio , who took back Concordia and Castelfranco , while the Papal army retreated to Casalecchio . Alfonso d 'Este , meanwhile , confronted and destroyed the Venetian forces on the Po River , leaving Bologna isolated once more . Julius , afraid of being trapped by the French , departed the city for Ravenna . Cardinal Francesco Alidosi , whom he left behind to command the defense of the city , was no better liked by the Bolognese than Julius himself had been ; and when , on 23 May 1511 , a French army commanded by Trivulzio arrived at the gates , they quickly surrendered . Julius blamed this defeat on the Duke of Urbino , who , finding this quite unfair , proceeded to murder Alidosi in full view of the Papal guard . = = Holy League = = By June 1511 , most of the Romagna was in French hands ; the Papal army , disorganized and underpaid , was in no condition to prevent Trivulzio from advancing on Ravenna . In response to this debacle , Julius proclaimed a Holy League against France . The new alliance rapidly grew to include not only Spain and the Holy Roman Empire ( which abandoned any pretense of adhering to the League of Cambrai in hopes of seizing Navarre from Queen Catherine and Lombardy from Louis ) , but also Henry VIII of England who , having decided to use the occasion as an excuse to expand his holdings in northern France , concluded the Treaty of Westminster — a pledge of mutual aid against the French — with Ferdinand on 17 November 1511 . In February 1512 , Louis appointed his nephew , Gaston de Foix , to command the French forces in Italy . Foix proved more energetic than Amboise had been ; having checked the advance of Ramón de Cardona 's Spanish troops on Bologna , he returned to Lombardy to sack Brescia , which had rebelled against the French and garrisoned itself with Venetian troops . Aware that much of the French army would be diverted to deal with the impending English invasion , Foix and Alfonso d 'Este besieged Ravenna , the last Papal stronghold in the Romagna , in hopes of forcing the Holy League into a decisive engagement . Cardona marched to relieve the city in early April , and was decisively beaten in the resulting Battle of Ravenna , fought on Easter Sunday ; the death of Foix during the fighting , however , left the French under the command of Jacques de la Palice , who , unwilling to continue the campaign without direct orders from Louis , contented himself with thoroughly sacking Ravenna . By May 1512 , the French position had deteriorated considerably . Julius had hired another army of Swiss mercenaries ; they descended on Milan , bringing with them Maximilian Sforza , who was determined to regain control of the Duchy for his family . The French garrisons abandoned the Romagna ( where the Duke of Urbino quickly captured Bologna and Parma ) and retreated to Lombardy , attempting to intercept the invasion . By August , the Swiss had combined with the Venetian army and forced Trivulzio out of Milan , allowing Sforza to be proclaimed Duke with their support ; La Palice was then forced to withdraw across the Alps . In late August , the members of the League met at Mantua to discuss the situation in Italy ( particularly the partition of territory acquired from the French ) . They quickly came to an agreement regarding Florence , which had angered Julius by allowing Louis to convene the Council of Pisa in its territory . At the Pope 's request , Ramon de Cardona marched into Tuscany , smashed Florentine resistance , overthrew the Republic and installed Giuliano de ' Medici as ruler of the city . On the subject of territory , however , fundamental disagreements quickly arose . Julius and the Venetians insisted that Maximilian Sforza be permitted to keep the Duchy of Milan ; Emperor Maximilian and Ferdinand conspired instead to have one of their cousins installed as duke . The Pope demanded the immediate annexation of Ferrara to the Papal States ; Ferdinand objected to this arrangement , desiring the existence of an independent Ferrara to counter growing Papal power . Most problematic , however , was the attitude of Maximilian towards Venice . The Emperor refused to surrender any Imperial territory , which in his eyes included most of the Veneto , to the Republic ; to this end , he signed an agreement with the Pope to exclude Venice entirely from the final partition . When the Republic objected , Julius threatened to reform the League of Cambrai against her . In response , Venice turned to Louis ; on 23 March 1513 , a treaty pledging to divide all of northern Italy between France and the Republic was signed at Blois . = = Franco @-@ Venetian alliance = = In late May 1513 , a French army commanded by Louis de la Trémoille crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan ; at the same time , Bartolomeo d 'Alviano and the Venetian army marched west from Padua . The unpopularity of Maximilian Sforza , who was seen by the Milanese as a puppet of his Swiss mercenaries , enabled the French to move through Lombardy with little resistance ; Trémoille , having seized Milan , besieged the remaining Swiss in Novara . On 6 June , the French were attacked by a Swiss relief army at the Battle of Novara , and were routed despite having superior numbers . Detachments of the Swiss army pursued the fleeing French over the Alps and had reached Dijon before being bribed into withdrawing . The rout at Novara inaugurated a period of continuous defeats for the French alliance . English troops under Henry VIII besieged Thérouanne , defeated La Palice at the Battle of the Spurs , and captured Tournai . In Navarre , resistance to Ferdinand 's invasion collapsed ; he rapidly consolidated his hold over the entire region and moved to support another English offensive in the Guyenne . James IV of Scotland invaded England at the behest of Louis ; but he failed to draw Henry 's attention from France , and his death — and the Scots ' catastrophic defeat — at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513 , ended Scotland 's brief involvement in the war . Meanwhile , Alviano , unexpectedly left without French support , retreated into the Veneto , pursued closely by the Spanish army under Cardona . While the Spanish were unable to capture Padua in the face of determined Venetian resistance , they penetrated deep into Venetian territory and by late September were in sight of Venice itself . Cardona attempted a bombardment of the city that proved largely ineffective ; then , having no boats with which to cross the lagoon , turned back for Lombardy . Alviano , having been reinforced by hundreds of volunteers from the Venetian nobility , pursued Cardona and confronted him outside Vicenza on 7 October . In the resulting Battle of La Motta , the Venetian army was decisively defeated , with many prominent noblemen cut down outside the city walls as they attempted to flee . However , the Holy League failed to follow up on these victories . Cardona and Alviano continued to skirmish in the Friuli for the rest of 1513 and through 1514 , fighting several inconclusive battles , but Cardona was unable to make any real progress . Henry VIII , having failed to gain any significant territory , concluded a separate peace with France . Finally , the death of Julius left the League without a leader ; Julius ' successor to the Papacy , Leo X , was rather less concerned with military matters . The death of Louis XII on 1 January 1515 brought Francis I to the throne . Having assumed the title of Duke of Milan at his coronation , Francis immediately moved to reclaim his holdings in Italy . By July , Francis had assembled an army in the Dauphiné . A combined Swiss and Papal force moved north from Milan to block the Alpine passes against him , but Francis , following the advice of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio , avoided the main passes and marched instead through the valley of the Stura . The French vanguard surprised the Milanese cavalry at Villafranca , capturing Prospero Colonna ; meanwhile , Francis and the main body of the French confronted the Swiss at the Battle of Marignano on 13 September . The Swiss advance initially made headway ; however , Francis 's superiority in cavalry and artillery , together with the timely arrival of Alviano ( who had successfully avoided Cardona 's army at Verona ) on the morning of 14 September , led to a strategically decisive victory for Francis and the Venetians . = = Aftermath = = After the defeat at Marignano , the League no longer possessed the ability or the will to continue the war . Francis advanced on Milan , capturing the city on 4 October and removing Sforza from the throne . In December , he met with Leo at Bologna ; the pope , who had in the meantime been deserted by the remainder of his Swiss mercenaries , surrendered Parma and Piacenza to Francis and Modena to the Duke of Ferrara . In return , Leo received guarantees of French noninterference in his proposed attack on the Duchy of Urbino . Finally , the Treaty of Noyon , signed by Francis and Charles V in August 1516 , recognized French claims to Milan and Spanish claims to Naples , removing Spain from the war . Maximilian held out , making another attempt to invade Lombardy ; his army failed to reach Milan before turning back , and by December 1516 , he had entered into negotiations with Francis . The resulting Treaty of Brussels not only accepted French occupation of Milan , but also confirmed Venetian claims to the remainder of the Imperial possessions in Lombardy ( except for Cremona ) , effectively ending the war with a return to the status quo of 1508 . The peace , however , would last only four years ; the election of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 caused Francis , who had desired the position for himself , to begin the Italian War of 1521 – 26 . The Italian Wars , thus reignited , would then continue until 1530 without significant interruption . = Old Stone House ( Washington , D.C. ) = The Old Stone House is the oldest unchanged building in Washington , D.C. , United States . The house is also Washington 's last Pre @-@ Revolutionary Colonial building on its original foundation . Built in 1765 , Old Stone House is located at 3051 M Street , Northwest in the Georgetown neighborhood . Unlike many Colonial homes in the area , sentimental local folklore preserved the Old Stone House from being demolished . The Old Stone House was constructed in three phases during the 18th century and is an example of vernacular architecture . During its history , the house was started as a one @-@ story building and gradually became a used car dealership later . After a renovation by the National Park Service ( NPS ) in the 1950s , the Old Stone House was turned into a house museum . The Old Stone House stands among the neighborhood 's stores and restaurants as an example of local history for tourists , shoppers , and students . The building is part of the Rock Creek Parkway urban natural area and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . The Old Stone House is also a contributing property to the Georgetown Historic District , a National Historic Landmark . Today , the home is 85 % original to its 18th @-@ century construction . = = History = = In 1764 , Christopher and Rachel Layman bought Lot Three , a piece of land in Georgetown 's commercial district . They paid £ 1 10s. and financed the construction of a simple one @-@ room house the following year . The lot faced Bridge Street , now known as M Street , NW . The Laymans ' only possessions were Christopher 's tools , a stove , Bibles , and some furniture . When Christopher died unexpectedly in 1765 , Rachel remarried two years later and sold the house to another widow , Cassandra Chew . Chew was a member of the upper @-@ middle class and owned several properties in and around Georgetown . Because of her wealth , Chew was able to finance the construction of a rear kitchen in 1767 and a second floor between 1767 and 1775 . The third floor originated in a property line dispute during the 1790s : the original west wall had been constructed six feet beyond the property line and had to be dismantled . Chew used the opportunity to add the upper floor and was completed by 1790 . Following the American Revolutionary War , government officials had carved out land from Virginia and Maryland to use as the new nation 's capital . Pierre Charles L 'Enfant , appointed by President George Washington to design the city layout , arrived in Georgetown on March 9 , 1791 and began his work . Washington and L 'Enfant held their meetings at Suter 's Tavern , a former building owned by John Suter near 31st and K Streets , NW . At the time , John Suter Jr. was renting a room at the Old Stone House and for many years , locals believed that Washington and L 'Enfant had actually met at the Old Stone House instead . This folklore is the reason the house was never demolished , and for many years a sign hung over the front door which said , " George Washington 's Headquarters . " After some research done by the National Park Service , they found out that the folklore was not true . By that time they had they found that out , they already owned the House and the property . When Chew died in 1807 , she bequeathed Old Stone House to one of her daughters , Mary Smith Brumley , who became the first of many owners who operated businesses out of the house . Like her mother , Brumley was a businesswoman and ran a successful merchant 's shop inside the home . The house , then known as the Layman home , remained in the family until 1875 . Over the years , the house had been used as a shop for hats , tailors , locksmiths , clockmakers , house roofers and house painters . The Old Stone House was still privately owned in 1953 – serving as used car dealership that used the back yard as a parking lot – when the Federal government purchased the property for $ 90 @,@ 000 ( $ 796 @,@ 000 today ) and turned it over to the National Park Service . Between 1953 and 1960 the NPS removed the majority of 19th and 20th century intrusions to the home and the parking lot was turned into an English garden . After the renovation , the Old Stone House was opened to the public in 1960 . It became a part of the George Washington Memorial Parkway , but stewardship of the house was later transferred to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park . In the late 1980s stewardship of the Old Stone House was once again transferred , this time to the Rock Creek Park . = = Architecture = = Old Stone House is an example of vernacular architecture . The exterior of the house , constructed of blue granite and fieldstone , was quarried from a location two miles away near the Potomac River . The walls range from two to three feet thick . The oak used in the house was harvested from forests that were once predominant in Georgetown . On the first floor , the original roof and front door were constructed of solid oak and cut with a pit saw . Marks left by the large saw can be seen on the first floor . The kitchen walls and fireplace contain irregular stones that were stacked and affixed with a mortar consisting of sand , lime , ash , and water . The kitchen 's hearth is large enough to heat the entire house . The second floor architecture differs significantly from the first floor since Chew was able to afford higher quality building material . A second doorway and staircase were constructed for family members and guests . The original entrance was then reserved for workmen and deliveries . There are three rooms located on this floor , the dining room , a bedroom , and the parlor . The hallway between the dining room and two front rooms features a high ceiling for ventilation in Georgetown 's hot summers . The second floor walls were plastered and painted . Chair rails were added to prevent damage to the walls . In the dining room , a dumbwaiter concealed by recessed pine cabinetry delivered food from the kitchen below . A clock believed to have been made by John Suter Jr . , located in the dining room , is the only original piece of furniture left in the house . The clock dates back to the early 19th century . The bedroom features a carved wooden mantle that is believed to be of French origin . The third floor , constructed of brick , was a private space . It was completed around 1790 . It is much plainer than the second floor , with unfinished paneling and unpainted walls . There are three rooms on this floor , believed to be children 's bedrooms and a storage area . A closet is attached to the third @-@ floor bedroom , an unusual feature in 18th @-@ century colonial houses . Closets were considered to be rooms by the British monarchy and therefore were subject to a " closet tax " . Due to it being built after the Revolutionary War , the Old Stone House 's closet was not subject to the tax . The Colonial Revival garden , located behind the house and bordered by a white picket fence , is 399 feet ( 122 m ) deep and 76 feet ( 23 m ) wide . Roses , perennials , and bulbs are located throughout the garden . = = Current usage = = Visitors are greeted by Park Rangers who tell the history of one of the oldest structures in Washington DC . The kitchen , parlor and bedrooms , furnished as they would have been in the late 18th century , are open for viewing . A gift shop operated by Eastern National is located inside the front room of the house . The garden is used for simple wedding ceremonies and as an area for locals and tourists to rest while shopping or to enjoy a lunch break . The building is open to the public seven days a week , from 11 : 00am to 6 : 00pm ( eastern time ) and the garden is open every day from dawn until dusk . = SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One = " SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One " is the 5th episode of the sixth season and the 105th overall episode of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . The episode was written by Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt , and Steven Banks , and was directed by Andrew Overtoom and Alan Smart . The episode was part of the series ' tenth anniversary celebration in 2009 . It features guest appearances by Johnny Depp as the voice of Jack Kahuna Laguna , Bruce Brown as the narrator , and Davy Jones as himself . It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on April 17 , 2009 . The series follows the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In this episode , SpongeBob and his friends — Patrick , Squidward , Mr. Krabs , and Sandy — are swept away by a giant wave . They get separated from each other ; SpongeBob , Patrick , and Squidward find themselves stranded on a remote tropical island . To get back home to Bikini Bottom , they search for Jack Kahuna Laguna , a surf guru who can teach them the gnarly surf moves to hit the elusive wave , The Big One , in order to return home . Upon premiere , the episode pulled an average of 5 @.@ 8 million viewers , and met positive reviews . On March 3 , 2009 , the DVD and the video game based on the episode was released simultaneously . = = Plot summary = = Mr. Krabs discovers a lot of people are visiting the beach , so he decides to go to sell them Krabby Patties . When SpongeBob , Squidward , and Mr. Krabs are on a surfboard , they meet up with Patrick and Sandy . Patrick tries to climb onto the board , but he causes it to tip , it collides into a large wave and sweeps the five friends up into separate places : SpongeBob , Patrick , and Squidward go to an island with young surfers , Mr. Krabs ends up stranded in the middle of the sea with his cash register " Cashie " , and Sandy is taken to a small island where she built a helicopter from the supplies . SpongeBob , Patrick , and Squidward are told by the young surfers in the island that the only way to get back to Bikini Bottom is to surf there ; unfortunately they do not know how to . Twitch , one of the surfers , tells them that there is one person who can teach them how to surf , Jack Kahuna Laguna . After they find Jack Kahuna Laguna , he comes out of his hut and surfs on an enormous surfboard which astonishes the three . He later says that they have to ride a wave called " The Big One " , in order to get back home . They practice surfing for some time , then get ready to ride " The Big One " . Before they set off , Jack Kahuna Laguna announces that The Big One demands a sacrifice . SpongeBob , Patrick , and Squidward ride the wave and they see Mr. Krabs . He jumps up onto the board and drops Cashie into the ocean , so Jack Kahuna Laguna goes to retrieve it and acts as the sacrifice . SpongeBob , Patrick , Mr. Krabs , and Squidward are seen flying on the surfboard and approach Goo Lagoon . Sandy 's helicopter crash @-@ lands in Goo Lagoon . A welcome home party has been thrown for SpongeBob , and Jack Kahuna Laguna returns with Cashie , which he returns to Mr. Krabs . = = Production = = The episode " SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One " was written by Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt , and Steven Banks . Andrew Overtoom and Alan Smart served as animation directors , and Springer worked as storyboard director . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on April 17 , 2009 as part of the series ' tenth anniversary celebration . During its release , it was also simulcast on Nickelodeon Mobile . TurboNick , the online broadband player of Nickelodeon , also featured a sneak peek of the episode , short form video content , episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants and an instant replay following its on @-@ air premiere . In addition to the regular cast , American actor and musician Johnny Depp guest starred in the episode as the voice of Jack Kahuna Laguna , a surf guru that taught SpongeBob how to surf . According to Sarah Noonan , vice president of talent and casting for Nickelodeon , Depp accepted the role because he and his kids are fans of the show . Nickelodeon animation president Brown Johnson said " We 're excited to have Johnny Depp guest star on the SpongeBob TV special that kicks off the series 10th anniversary celebration [ ... ] This is a big year for our porous pal , and some of the biggest celebrities are helping us honor him in a special way throughout the year . " Other guests included British musician and The Monkees ' Davy Jones who starred in the episode as himself , appearing at the bottom of the sea with his locker , and Bruce Brown providing vocal cameo as the episode 's narrator . On March 3 , 2009 , the episode became available on DVD as Paramount Home Entertainment and Nickelodeon announced its release . It was also included in the series ' season six DVD compilation ; alongside the 2009 television film Truth or Square . = = Reception = = The premiere of the episode on April 17 , 2009 drew an estimated 5 @.@ 8 million viewers , and was 1 @.@ 6 million higher than the highest @-@ rated SpongeBob of the previous week , which aired April 11 . The episode was Nickelodeon 's fifth highest @-@ rated telecast in total viewers so far that year and garnered significant ratings increases among all kid and tween demographics . The episode received mostly positive reviews . Carey Bryson of the About.com said that " parents will also be pleased , as the episode contains no rude words or inappropriate jokes . " In his review for the Blogcritics , Maddy Pumilia wrote " Like most SpongeBob episodes , this episode was comic genius . I especially enjoyed Mr. Krabs ' love affair with his cash register , Cashy . It 's hilarious . Best part of the show , in my opinion . " Ian Jane of DVD Talk said " [ the episode ] is absolutely worth a watch thanks to the series high standard of quality , quirky animation , and multilayered humor . " Erich Asperschlager of DVD Verdict called the episode " a fun take on beach bunny surf fare , and is backed by a decent sextet of recent SpongeBob adventures . " David Hinckly of the New York Daily News gave the episode 4 / 5 stars and said " It 's all good when you never forget to have fun . " The Daily Mirror described the vocal appearance of Johnny Depp as " totally wavelicious ( or something ) . " LJ Perez of News Observer said that the character of Johnny Depp " looks more like Patrick Swayze 's surfing bank robber from the so @-@ bad @-@ it 's @-@ good movie ' Point Break ' than he does any character Depp has ever portrayed . " In 2010 , the episode was nominated at the Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing : Television Animation . It has also been nominated at the 37th Annie Awards for Best Home Entertainment Production for its DVD release . Lesley Aeschiliman of Yahoo ! Voices wrote " This year [ 2009 ] is SpongeBob SquarePants ' tenth anniversary , and I hate to say it , but SpongeBob has really been showing his age recently . This special was not worth being part of such a milestone year for a television series . " The DVD received mostly positive reviews . In his review from TV Shows on DVD , Gord Lacey said that the video quality is " fairly good " and the audio was " decent , but the surround track from earlier releases is better . " Danny Cox of Inside Pulse said that the full screen format " look very good " and " Dolby Digital Stereo Sound and also come through sounding great . " = = Merchandise = = SpongeBob vs. The Big One : Beach Party Cook @-@ Off , a video game based on the episode , was released for Nintendo DS . The game was published by THQ , and was released on March 3 , 2009 . A book based on episode was also released in 2009 . The book titled Surf 's Up , SpongeBob ! was written by David Lewman , and was published by Simon Spotlight / Nickelodeon . = Experimental Jet Set , Trash and No Star = Experimental Jet Set , Trash and No Star is the eighth studio album by the American experimental rock band Sonic Youth , released on May 3 , 1994 by DGC Records . It was produced by Butch Vig and recorded at Sear Sound studio in New York City , the same studio where the band 's 1987 album Sister was recorded . Unlike its predecessor Dirty , Experimental Jet Set features a more low @-@ key approach and references the band 's earlier work on the independent record label SST Records . The album contains quieter and more relaxed songs that deal with personal and political topics . Upon release , Experimental Jet Set reached No. 34 on the US Billboard Top 200 chart and No. 39 on the UK Albums Chart . It was the band 's highest peak on the US charts until their 2009 album The Eternal reached No. 18 . The song " Bull in the Heather " was released as a single and as a music video featuring Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill . The album received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who highlighted the band 's ability to create both noise and melody . However , some felt that the album 's anti @-@ commercial style was difficult to appreciate . = = Background and recording = = Experimental Jet Set , Trash and No Star is the follow @-@ up to Sonic Youth 's 1992 album Dirty , which was released by DGC in the wake of Nirvana 's breakthrough into the mainstream . Dirty became one of the band 's most commercially successful albums , selling around 500 @,@ 000 copies worldwide as of May 1994 . The album also reached No. 83 on the US Billboard Top 200 chart and No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart . After Dirty , Sonic Youth decided to step away from major @-@ label alternative rock acts , which singer and guitarist Thurston Moore thought the media associated the band with . Touring with indie rock bands like Pavement , Sebadoh , and Royal Trux inspired Sonic Youth to write a quieter and more subtle album . Like its predecessor , Experimental Jet Set was produced by the band and alternative rock veteran Butch Vig . According to the band , " The idea this time was to cut as much of it live as we could , and not labor over polishing and overdubbing in the usual big @-@ rock manner . " Similarly , guitarist Lee Ranaldo explained that the band wanted to achieve a more lo @-@ fi approach : " None of [ Experimental Jet set 's ] music was labored , some of it was done in people 's bedrooms , even . [ ... We wanted ] to write the songs and record them simply and basically . " Additionally , the band ordered Vig to refrain from his desire to apply a buzz remover to several tracks . The album was engineered by John Siket and recorded at Sear Sound studio in New York City , the same studio where the band 's 1987 album Sister was recorded . The band claimed that the album was recorded over the master tapes of Sister to save costs , and it is possible to hear some parts of Sister during quiet sections of the final recording . The album was recorded on a two @-@ inch 16 @-@ track analog tape recorder through antiquated equipment . = = Music and lyrics = = Unlike Dirty , which features a loud and " dense blast of noise " , Experimental Jet Set was considered warmer and more relaxed . Singer and bassist Kim Gordon described the sound of the album as " art @-@ core " and Bradley Bambarger of Billboard noted that the album references the band 's earlier work on the independent record label SST Records , stating that it features " a sparse , bracingly dichotomous work of ' quiet noise ' that , with its wayward tonalities and laconic grooves , speaks to the future while thinking of the past . " In fact , the song " Screaming Skull " is about the band 's nostalgia for their days on SST Records , which is mentioned frequently throughout the song . It also references fellow bands Hüsker Dü and The Lemonheads . The song was inspired by a conversation Moore had with film director Dave Markey about the SST Superstore , a shop located on Sunset Strip which supplies SST records and skateboard @-@ related products . Most of the lyrics on Experimental Jet Set deal with political and personal topics . Gordon explained that the song " Bull in the Heather " is about " using passiveness as a form of rebellion — like , I 'm not going to participate in your male @-@ dominated culture , so I 'm just going to be passive . " Similarly , the song " Androgynous Mind " addresses traditional gender roles , while " Self @-@ Obsessed and Sexxee " is an observation on an anonymous riot grrrl . Moore explained that the latter is not about Courtney Love of Hole or Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill ; it is about " being attracted to somebody who 's obviously out of control with self @-@ obsession in the high @-@ profile alternative @-@ rock world . " The track " Quest for the Cup " deals with a person who desires more than it is needed . The opening track , " Winner 's Blues " , alludes to the pressure of fame and has been described as an acoustic and sad lullaby . The song was originally intended to be an outtake designated for the compilation DGC Rarities Vol . 1 , but the band ultimately decided to include it in the album at the last minute during the mixing sessions . Another outtake , " Compilation Blues " , was instead included on the compilation . Experimental Jet Set was also the first Sonic Youth album to feature a hidden track on the CD release ; just over a minute after the closing track " Sweet Shine " finishes , there is 1 : 30 of " bonus noise " featuring a looped speech of a Japanese gas attendant . Unlike on previous Sonic Youth albums , Ranaldo did not write or sing any songs because he did not like how his compositions were treated and assembled for Dirty and its predecessor Goo . David Browne , author of Goodbye 20th Century : A Biography of Sonic Youth , remarked that " a sense of ambivalence and impermanence hung over [ Experimental Jet Set ] , even down to the cover " , which " for the first time since Sonic Youth in 1982 , featured their faces instead of a piece of art . " = = Promotion and release = = To promote the album , the song " Bull in the Heather " was released as a single in April 1994 . The single features an outtake , " Razor Blade " , which was recorded at the same sessions as " Winner 's Blues " and " Compilation Blues " , and an alternate version of " Doctor 's Orders " as B @-@ sides . The song reached No. 13 on the US Modern Rock Tracks and No. 24 on the UK Singles Chart . The track " Self @-@ Obsessed and Sexxee " was intended to be the second single from the album . A promo CD was issued , but plans for a regular release were eventually canceled . The remaining copies were sold off through the Sonic Death fan club magazine . The CD includes the same B @-@ sides as " Bull in the Heather " . A music video featuring Kathleen Hanna was made for " Bull in the Heather " under the direction of Tamra Davis . Experimental Jet Set , Trash and No Star was released on May 3 , 1994 by DGC , which also released the band 's previous two albums . The album peaked at No. 34 on the US Billboard Top 200 chart and No. 39 on the UK Albums Chart . It was the band 's highest position on the US charts until their 2009 album The Eternal reached No. 18 . The album also charted in several other countries , including Australia , New Zealand , The Netherlands and Sweden . The band did not support the album with a tour due to Gordon 's advanced pregnancy at the time . As of 2005 , the album had sold 246 @,@ 000 copies in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan . = = Critical reception = = Experimental Jet Set , Trash and No Star received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Barbara O 'Dair of Rolling Stone felt that the album was " quietly confident ; more ambitious and weirder than Dirty " . However , she remarked that the band " saved their integrity at the expense of quality ; with a little more grease , their grit might get across better . " Lorraine Ali , writing for the Los Angeles Times , praised Gordon 's dynamic singing and the guitar playing for giving the album a sleepy and dreamy mood , concluding that Sonic Youth " transcends the confining roles of pretentious art @-@ rock band or palatable alternative group , and instead offers a penetrating album that 's all its own . " Billboard also praised the album , saying that it offered both noise and melody that " cohabitate exceedingly well " . In a mixed review , AllMusic reviewer Jason Birchmeier criticized Experimental Jet Set for its stripped @-@ down sound , saying that the album only contains " odd lyrics and unique guitar nuance . " Similarly , Evelyn McDonnell of Entertainment Weekly noted that the songs " never quite emerge from the sketch stage " and that newcomers may find it difficult to appreciate . In contrast , Alternative Press highlighted the album 's anti @-@ commercial aesthetic , claiming that " It doesn 't get much cooler than this " . The Advocate criticized the album and the band for not taking risks , concluding : " Sonic Youth is stuck repeating the same experience . And this time around , the songs don 't stick . " Mike Rubin , writing for Spin , described Experimental Jet Set as a " low @-@ key , mellow affair " , but highlighted the guitar playing and the audio feedback on some songs . In a very positive review , prominent music critic Robert Christgau asserted the band 's ability to create unexpected noises , which he described as " marks of flesh @-@ and @-@ blood creatures thinking and feeling things neither you nor they have ever thought or felt before . If they can 't quite put those things into words , that 's what unexpected noises are for . " Unlike previous Sonic Youth albums , Experimental Jet Set was not ranked in the Top 40 of The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop critics ' poll for 1994 , but Christgau placed it at No. 3 in his own " Dean 's List " . In a retrospective review for About.com , 90s rock expert Melissa Bobbitt wrote : " Though it might not be as universally celebrated as 1988 's Daydream Nation or Dirty , this record represented the triumphant rise of the Alternative Nation and its progressive nature . " In 2014 , Guitar World placed Experimental Jet Set , Trash and No Star at No. 44 in their " Superunknown : 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994 " list . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Sonic Youth unless otherwise noted . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = Charts = = Album Singles = Michael Cammalleri = Michael Anthony " Mike " Cammalleri ( born June 8 , 1982 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player , who is an alternate captain of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was a second round selection , 49th overall , of the Los Angeles Kings at the 2001 NHL Entry Draft . He made his NHL debut with the Kings in 2002 and scored the first regular season goal ever scored in a game played in Europe in 2007 . After playing with Calgary for one season in 2008 – 09 , he moved on to the Montreal Canadiens , with whom he scored the 20,000th goal in franchise history in 2009 and tied a franchise record for goals in one playoff series in 2010 . He returned to the Flames in 2012 following an unusual transaction in which he was traded in the middle of a game . Representing Canada internationally on four occasions , Cammalleri won bronze and silver medals at the 2001 and 2002 World Junior Championships respectively . He was named the tournament 's best forward in 2002 . He won a gold medal at the 2007 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships . An all @-@ star in college and the American Hockey League , Cammalleri played in the Cold War , an outdoor game that set a then world attendance record in 2001 . He has also been recognized for his involvement in charitable efforts supporting children and the military . = = Early life = = Cammalleri was born in Richmond Hill , Ontario , and was raised there in a secular household ( he described his upbringing as " non @-@ denominational " ) . His father , Leo , is of Sicilian descent , and his mother , Ruth , is Jewish . He has one sister , Melanie . His maternal grandparents , from Poland and Czechoslovakia , were Holocaust survivors . He said : " It 's a family of deep @-@ rooted closeness and unity coming from very desperate times . It is who I am as a person . " His best sport as a youth was soccer , while he also played baseball and golf . His passion was hockey , and he played most of his minor hockey with the Toronto Red Wings organization of the Greater Toronto Hockey League . He was selected by the St. Michael 's Majors in the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) Priority Draft , but chose not to play in the OHL so as to preserve his American college eligibility . Instead , he joined the Junior A Bramalea Blues of the Ontario Provincial Junior Hockey League ( OPJHL ) where he was named the league 's rookie of the year as a 15 @-@ year @-@ old in 1997 – 98 . He was named an all @-@ star the following season and was selected as the Ontario Hockey Association 's top draft prospect after scoring 103 points in 41 games . At 15 , Cammalleri committed to attend the University of Michigan on a full hockey scholarship . He took an accelerated course schedule and graduated from The Country Day School in King City , Ontario at age 17 . He then moved on to Michigan , where he studied sports management and communications . = = Playing career = = = = = University of Michigan = = = Cammalleri joined the Michigan Wolverines men 's ice hockey program in 1999 , scoring 13 goals in 39 games as a freshman . He led the team with 29 goals as a sophomore in 2000 – 01 , and was named a first @-@ team Central Collegiate Hockey Association ( CCHA ) all @-@ star . Michigan reached the 2001 Frozen Four , where it lost the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) semi @-@ final game to Boston College . He was also voted to the NCAA west second All @-@ American team . The Los Angeles Kings selected Cammalleri in the second round of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft , 49th overall . He chose to remain in college , rejoining a much @-@ younger Wolverines team as an alternate captain and expected to be the team 's offensive leader . Early in the season , on October 1 , 2001 , he played in the " Cold War " against Michigan State , an outdoor game that set a then @-@ world record attendance for a hockey game at 74 @,@ 554 fans . Though he nearly missed the game due to a hip @-@ flexor injury , Cammalleri figured in all three of Michigan 's goals as the game ended in a 3 – 3 draw . With 23 goals and 44 points in 29 games , Cammalleri led the Wolverines to the CCHA conference championship in 2001 – 02 . He was named a CCHA second team all @-@ star and an NCAA first team All @-@ American . At the West Regional tournament , Cammalleri was named both an all @-@ star at forward and the most valuable player as he led Michigan back to the Frozen Four . The Wolverines again lost the national semifinal , this time to the University of Minnesota . = = = Los Angeles Kings = = = Cammalleri chose to forgo his senior year of eligibility , signing a contract with the Kings ahead of the 2002 – 03 NHL season . He attended Kings ' training camp , but failed to make the roster and was assigned to the Manchester Monarchs of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . He scored 14 points in nine games and earned his first recall to Los Angeles on November 7 , 2002 . He made his NHL debut the following night against the Ottawa Senators and earned his first point , an assist , in a 3 – 2 victory . His first goal came a week later , on November 16 , against Tommy Salo of the Edmonton Oilers . He was demoted and recalled by the Kings twice more during the season , and appeared in a total of 28 NHL games , scoring 8 points in addition to 20 points in 13 games in the AHL before his season was ended on January 28 , 2003 , when he suffered a concussion in a game against the San Jose Sharks . He again bounced between the Kings and the Monarchs throughout the 2003 – 04 season , while a labour dispute in the NHL resulted in his spending the entire 2004 – 05 season in Manchester . Cammalleri opened the season with 20 goals in his first 22 games en route to a league leading and franchise record setting total of 46 . His total of 109 points , also a Monarchs record , was second in the AHL behind Jason Spezza 's 117 . He was voted a starter in the 2005 AHL All @-@ Star Game , was named to the second All @-@ Star team and received the Willie Marshall Award for leading the league in goals . Returning to Los Angeles in 2005 – 06 , Cammalleri established himself as an NHL regular , appearing in 80 games with the Kings and leading the team with 26 goals . He improved to 34 goals and 80 points in 2006 – 07 and was voted the recipient of the Bill Libby Memorial Award as the Kings ' most valuable player by the local media . He and the Kings were unable to agree on a new contract following the season . Cammalleri was asking for $ 6 @-@ million per season , while the team offered $ 2 @.@ 6 million . The two sides went to arbitration , where Cammalleri was awarded a two @-@ year contract that paid him $ 3 @.@ 1 million then $ 3 @.@ 6 million . The Kings opened the season in London , England for the first regular season games played in Europe in league history . Cammalleri scored two goals , including the first ever in Europe , in a 4 – 1 victory over the Anaheim Ducks on September 29 , 2007 . He opened the season with ten goals in ten games before a protracted offensive slump and rib injury that forced him out of lineup for a month resulted in only nine more goals scored over the remainder of the season . = = = Calgary and Montreal = = = Cammalleri was involved in trade rumours following his arbitration hearing , which was considered contentious . At the 2008 NHL Entry Draft held on June 20 , he was dealt to the Calgary Flames as part of a three @-@ way trade . The Kings received Anaheim 's first round pick , 12th overall , and a second round pick from Calgary , while the Ducks received Calgary 's first round pick , 17th overall , and Los Angeles ' 28th overall selection . Paired with Jarome Iginla , Cammalleri had a career year with the Flames in 2008 – 09 , leading the team with 39 goals and finishing second to Iginla with 82 points . He scored the 100th goal of his career as part of his first hat trick early in a 4 – 3 victory over the Vancouver Canucks on November 27 , 2008 . Faced with salary cap constraints , the Flames were unable to re @-@ sign Cammalleri following the season . He left Calgary to sign a five @-@ year , $ 30 million contract with the Montreal Canadiens . Midway through the 2009 – 10 season , he scored the 20,000th goal in Montreal franchise history on December 28 , 2009 , against the Ottawa Senators . A knee injury resulted in Cammalleri missing six weeks of play , but he finished the season with 50 points in 65 games . Following a series victory over the Washington Capitals in the first round of the 2010 Stanley Cup Playoffs , Cammalleri led the Canadiens into the conference finals for the first time since 1993 by tying a franchise record for goals in one series in a victory over the Pittsburgh Penguins . His total of seven tied the mark held jointly by Maurice Richard , Jean Beliveau , Bernie Geoffrion , Guy Lafleur and Marcel Bonin . Montreal lost their third @-@ round series to the Philadelphia Flyers , but Cammalleri 's 13 goals led all playoff scorers despite the fact Montreal failed to reach the final . Cammalleri began the 2010 – 11 season on the suspended list after earning a one @-@ game ban for a slashing incident against Nino Niederreiter during a pre @-@ season game against the New York Islanders . He then missed a month of play when he suffered a separated shoulder after being crosschecked into the boards by Buffalo 's Mike Weber . He returned to action in time to appear in his second outdoor game , the 2011 Heritage Classic against Calgary . Opening the 2011 – 12 season , Cammalleri scored the first NHL regular season goal at the MTS Centre as Montreal spoiled the debut of the new Winnipeg Jets franchise with a 5 – 1 victory . He had to leave the game , however , after suffering a cut on his leg from the skate blade of teammate Yannick Weber . He struggled throughout the first part of the season , and with the team also losing , was booed by the fans in Montreal during a 3 – 0 defeat against the St. Louis Blues . Following the game , he expressed his frustration , quoted as saying : " I can 't accept that we will display a losing attitude as we 're doing this year . We prepare for our games like losers . We play like losers . So it 's no wonder why we lose . " The commentary sparked controversy , while the Montreal Gazette suggested later that the comments , originally spoken in English , were misrepresented after they were translated to French by Réseau des sports then translated back to English . Two nights later , on January 12 , 2012 , Cammalleri was pulled from the Montreal lineup during their game against the Boston Bruins after the team completed a trade that saw him return to Calgary , along with the rights to goaltender Karri Ramo and a fifth round draft pick in exchange for René Bourque , prospect Patrick Holland and a second round draft pick . The circumstances of the deal , described as " bizarre " by the media , stunned Cammalleri 's former teammates , none of whom could recall a player being dealt mid @-@ game before . In his re @-@ debut with the Flames , Cammalleri scored a goal , but Calgary lost 4 – 1 to Los Angeles . On February 13 , 2013 he scored his 200th goal , again while completing a hat trick , against the Dallas Stars . Cammalleri reached 500 points for his career on April 4 , 2014 , with a goal in a 2 – 1 victory over the Florida Panthers . = = = New Jersey Devils = = = Cammalleri signed a five @-@ year , $ 25 million contract as a free agent with the New Jersey Devils on July 1 , 2014 . In his first season for the Devils , he was the teams leading scorer with 27 goals . For season 2015 @-@ 16 Cammalleri became the first player in the history of the Devils to wear sweater # 13 , becoming the first player to wear it since Robin Burns wore it with the Kansas City Scouts . = = International play = = Cammalleri made his international debut in 2000 , joining the Canadian junior team at the 2001 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . He had four goals and six points in seven games for Canada , who won the bronze medal . He returned the following year , leading Canada to a silver medal . Cammalleri led the 2002 tournament in scoring with 7 goals and 11 points , and was named the tournament 's top forward . He made his debut with the senior team at the 2006 World Championships where he scored one goal and five points in eight games for the fourth place Canadians . He returned for the 2007 tournament in Moscow , where his seven points helped Canada win the gold medal with a perfect 9 – 0 record . = = Playing style = = Though he stands five feet , nine inches tall , Cammalleri 's teammates have argued his small stature is not a drawback . While at Michigan , teammate Craig Murray said that " a lot of people look at his size and they hold it against him , but there 's no one stronger out there . " On the ice , Cammalleri says he tries to play bigger than his opponents . His coach at Michigan , Red Berenson , agreed . He stated that Cammalleri played like he was " 6 @-@ foot @-@ 4 " with the puck and could beat any opponent one @-@ on @-@ one . The Hockey News rates his offensive skills and intelligence on the ice as his greatest strength , but notes that he can be inconsistent away from the puck . He is a natural goal scorer , and is capable of playing at either centre or on the wing . Injuries have been a concern for Cammalleri ; his time in Montreal were marked by both shoulder and knee problems . = = Personal life = = Cammalleri and his wife , Jennifer Bernaudo , have a daughter , Chloe , born in 2011 . Their second daughter , Mya , was born in December 2014 . The couple have been involved in numerous charitable endeavours since Cammalleri joined the NHL . He has focused on children 's charities , supporting the Starlight Children 's Foundation , World Vision and the SickKids Foundation in Toronto among others . During his time in Montreal , Cammalleri also supported the military via his " Cam	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
my 's Heroes " program . He bought tickets for Quebec 's soldiers and their families to attend Canadiens games , meeting with them prior to each game . In recognition of his service , the Canadiens named Cammalleri the 2010 – 11 recipient of the Jean Béliveau Trophy , a team award given annually to the player who " best exemplifies leadership qualities in the community " . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards and honours = = = Chandralekha ( 1948 film ) = Chandralekha ( also spelt Chandraleka ) is a 1948 Indian Tamil @-@ language historical fiction film directed and produced by S. S. Vasan . Starring T. R. Rajakumari , M. K. Radha and Ranjan in the lead roles , the film follows two brothers named Veerasimhan and Sasankan , who fight with each other over ruling their father 's kingdom and for marrying the village dancer Chandralekha . The development of Chandralekha began in the early 1940s when , after two successive box office hits , Vasan announced that his next film would be titled Chandralekha . However , when he launched an advertising campaign for the film , he had only the name of the heroine from a storyline by Gemini Studios ' story department he had rejected . Veppathur Kittoo , one of his storyboard artists , eventually developed a story based on a chapter of George W. M. Reynolds ' novel Robert Macaire : or , The French bandit in England ( 1848 ) , which impressed Vasan . The original director T. G. Raghavachari directed more than half of the film , then left the project because of disagreements with Vasan , who took over the film in his directorial debut . Originally made in Tamil and later in Hindi , Chandralekha was in production for five years from 1943 to 1948 . It went through a number of changes to the script , cast and production , and ultimately became the most expensive film made in India at the time ; the budget for a single sequence equalled that typical for an entire film of the period . Vasan mortgaged all of his property and even sold his jewellery to complete the film . Cinematography was by Kamal Ghosh and K. Ramnoth . The music was largely inspired by both Indian and Western classical music ; it was composed by S. Rajeswara Rao and by M. D. Parthasarathy , with lyrics by Papanasam Sivan and Kothamangalam Subbu . Chandralekha premiered in Chennai on 8 April 1948 and had a wide theatrical release the following day . The film received generally positive reviews , but was unable to recover its production costs . As a result , Vasan released the film in Hindi with some changes on 24 December in the same year , and Chandralekha soon became a major box office success . South Indian cinema gained prominence throughout the country with the film 's release . The film inspired South Indian film producers to market their Hindi films in North India . It was dubbed in English , Japanese , Danish and other foreign languages and was screened at Indian and international film festivals . = = Plot = = Veerasimhan ( M. K. Radha ) and Sasankan ( Ranjan ) are the sons of a king . While passing through a village on his horse , Veerasimhan meets a village dancer named Chandralekha ( T. R. Rajakumari ) and they fall in love . At the palace , the king decides to abdicate in favour of Veerasimhan . This enrages the younger brother Sasankan ; he forms a gang of thieves who embark on a crime spree . Chandralekha 's father is injured in the ensuing chaos and dies soon after . Chandralekha , now orphaned , joins a band of travelling musicians , whose caravan is raided by Sasankan 's men . Sasankan orders Chandralekha to dance for him , which she does after being flogged , but she soon manages to escape . Later , Sasankan ambushes Veerasimhan and takes him prisoner . Chandralekha watches Sasankan 's men trapping Veerasimhan in a cave and sealing its entrance with a boulder . She rescues him with the help of elephants from a passing circus troupe . Veerasimhan and Chandralekha join the circus to hide themselves from Sasankan 's men . After returning to the palace , Sasankan imprisons his parents and declares himself king . He immediately sends a spy to find Chandralekha . The spy sees Chandralekha performing at the circus ; he tries to capture her but Veerasimhan saves her and they both escape and join a gypsy group . When Veerasimhan leaves to seek help , Sasankan 's men capture Chandralekha and take her to the palace . Sasankan tries to woo Chandralekha but she pretends to faint every time he approaches her . One of Chandralekha 's friends from the circus comes to Sasankan disguised as a gypsy healer , claiming that she can cure Chandralekha of her " illness " . Behind locked doors , the two girls secretly talk . Sasankan is pleased to find Chandralekha miraculously cured and apparently ready to accept him as a bridegroom . In return , he agrees to Chandralekha 's request for a drum dance to celebrate the royal wedding . Huge drums are arranged in rows in front of the palace . Chandralekha joins the dancers , who dance on the drums . Sasankan is impressed with Chandralekha 's performance but , unknown to him , Veerasimhan 's soldiers are hiding inside the drums . As the dance ends , they rush out of the drums and attack Sasankan 's men . Veerasimhan confronts Sasankan , and they have a long sword fight , which ends with Sasankan 's defeat and imprisonment . Veerasimhan releases his parents and becomes the new king , while Chandralekha becomes his queen . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Producer S. S. Vasan contemplated a story for his third film to follow Bala Nagamma ( 1942 ) and Mangamma Sapatham ( 1943 ) , which netted profits of ₹ 4 million . He wanted a film on a grand scale with no budgetary constraints . He asked Gemini Studios ' story department ( consisting of K. J. Mahadevan , Kothamangalam Subbu , Sangu , Naina and Veppathur Kittoo ) to write a screenplay . They saw Mangamma Sapatham and Bala Nagamma as " heroine @-@ oriented stories " , and suggested a similar story to Vasan . They told the story of Chandralekha , a tough woman who " outwits a vicious bandit , delivers the final insult by slashing off his nose and , as a finishing touch , fills the bloodied gaping hole with hot , red chilli powder " . Vasan disliked their story 's gruesomeness and vulgarity , and rejected it but kept the character 's name , Chandralekha . Without waiting for the full story , Vasan announced that his next project would be titled Chandralekha , and he publicised it heavily in most major publications . Despite much work by Gemini 's writers , the story was still not ready three months later . Vasan grew impatient and told the writers he would be shelving Chandralekha in favour of developing Avvaiyyar ( 1953 ) . After he allowed them a final week , Kittoo discovered George W. M. Reynolds ' novel Robert Macaire : or , The French bandit in England ( 1848 ) . In the first chapter he read : A dark night in rural England and a mail coach convoy drawn by horses trots its way down a deserted leafy highway when suddenly , Robert Macaire , the fierce bandit and his henchmen emerge from the surrounding darkness and rob the convoy . Hiding under a seat is a young woman fleeing from a harsh , unhappy home . She is a dancer and when she refuses to dance the bandit whips her into submission . Vasan was impressed when Kittoo narrated a story based on this episode . He decided to continue with the film , naming the heroine Chandralekha . Although the story was still incomplete , the rest of Gemini 's story department later improvised Kittoo 's ideas to give the story its final form . = = = Casting = = = The script had two major roles ; both princes of a kingdom — the elder of whom was the hero and his brother the villain . M. K. Radha was offered the part of Sasankan , the younger prince . As he was then known for playing heroic roles , he was unwilling to play a negative role , and instead agreed to play the older prince Veerasimhan . Radha 's wife had persuaded Vasan to cast Radha for the part . K. J. Mahadevan , who joined Gemini as a production controller , was chosen to play Sasankan , while T. G. Raghavachari agreed to direct the film . Some footage featuring Mahadevan was shot , but his performance was deemed " too soft " and he was dismissed from the part . He continued to serve as a scriptwriter and an assistant director . When Raghavachari suggested Ranjan for Sasankan , Vasan was reluctant , feeling he was too effeminate to play a " steel @-@ hard villain " , but eventually agreed . By then , Ranjan was already committed to B. N. Rao 's Saalivaahanan ( 1945 ) , but Kittoo persuaded him to take a screen test for Chandralekha and Rao gave Ranjan a few days off . The test was successful and Ranjan was officially cast . T. R. Rajakumari was chosen to play Chandralekha , replacing Vasan 's first choice K. L. V. Vasantha . Film historian Randor Guy believes Vasan chose Rajakumari over Vasantha because she was then leaving Gemini Studios permanently for Modern Theatres in Salem . In April 1947 , N. S. Krishnan was released from prison ; Vasan recruited him and T. A. Madhuram to play the circus artists who help Veerasimhan rescue Chandralekha from Sasankan . The script was rewritten ; new scenes were added to showcase the comedy duo . Actors Madurai Sriramulu Naidu and S. N. Lakshmi made their acting debut in this film ; the former appears in an uncredited role as a horseman , and the latter appears as a dancer in the climactic drum @-@ dance scene . When a minor role of the hero 's bodyguard was yet to be cast , the then struggling stage actor Villupuram Chinniah Pillai Ganeshamurthy — who later became known as Sivaji Ganesan — was interested ; he grew his hair long for the role . Ganeshamurthy had contacted Kittoo several times asking for a role in the film . Eventually , Kittoo took Ganeshamurthy to Vasan , who had seen him perform on @-@ stage . To Ganeshamurthy 's dismay , Vasan rejected him , calling him " totally unsuited for films " and told him to choose another profession . This incident caused a permanent schism between Vasan and Ganeshamurthy . The role of the bodyguard was eventually given to N. Seetharaman , who later became known as Javar Seetharaman . Kothamangalam Subbu 's wife M. S. Sundari Bai plays a circus performer who helps Chandralekha escape from Sasankan . T. A. Jayalakshmi , in one of her earliest film roles , appears briefly in one scene that lasted for a few minutes , as a dancer . L. Narayana Rao plays the circus manager . T. E. Krishnamachari plays the king and V. N. Janaki plays a gypsy dancer who gives Chandralekha and Veerasimhan shelter in the forest . Veppathur Kittoo plays Sasankan 's spy ; he also worked as an assistant director in the film . Pottai Krishnamurthy appears in the song " Naattiya Kuthirai " . Other supporting actors include Seshagiri Bhagavathar , Appanna Iyengar , T. V. Kalyani , Surabhi Kamala , Subbiah Pillai , Cocanada Rajarathnam , N. Ramamurthi , Ramakrishna Rao , Sundara Rao , V. S. Susheela , Varalakshmi and Velayutham , in addition to " 100 Gemini Boys & 500 Gemini Girls " . Studio staff members , their families and passers @-@ by were recruited as extras to play spectators in the circus scenes . = = = Filming = = = Chandralekha began shooting in 1943 . More than half of the film was directed by Raghavachari , but due to differences of opinion that arose between him and Vasan over the shooting of some scenes at the Governor 's Estate ( now Raj Bhavan , Guindy ) , Raghavachari left the project and Vasan took over directing , making his directorial debut . Originally , the film did not include any circus scenes . Vasan decided to include them when the film was halfway through production , and the screenplay was altered . Kittoo travelled throughout South India and Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) to see over 50 circuses before choosing the Kamala Circus Company and Parasuram Lion Circus ; Vasan employed Kamala for a month . The circus scenes were shot by K. Ramnoth . In retrospect , Kittoo said about Ramnoth 's work , " In those days , we had no zoom lenses and yet Ramnoth did it . One night , while Chandralekha is performing on the flying trapeze , she notices the villain 's henchman in the front row . She is on her perch high up and he is seated in a ringside chair . Shock hits her and to convey the shock the camera zooms fast from her to the man . Today , with a fast zoom shot it can be done very easily , but there was no such lens forty years ago . Ramnoth did it using the crane . He planned it well and rehearsed the shot for long . He took the shot 20 times and selected the best ' take ' . " For the scene in which Veerasimhan is freed from a cave by elephants , " hundreds " of circus elephants were used . After Raghavachari 's departure , one sequence he directed — the drum @-@ dance scene — remained in the film . The scene involved 400 dancers and six months of daily rehearsals . It was designed by the chief art director A. K. Sekhar , choreographed by Jayashankar and was shot with four cameras by Kamal Ghosh . The drum dance alone cost ₹ 500 @,@ 000 ( about US $ 105 @,@ 000 in 1948 ) , and included various dance forms such as Kathakali , Bharatanatyam and the Sri Lankan Kandyan dance . During post @-@ production , Vasan asked Ramnoth his opinion of the scene in which hundreds of Veerasimhan 's warriors storm the palace to rescue Chandralekha from Sasankan . Although everyone else praised the scene 's photography , shots and action , Ramnoth remained quiet , finally saying that the suspense could be ruined if the scene was shown uncut , which sparked a discussion . Vasan advised the editor Chandru to edit according to Ramnoth , and he was impressed with the result . C. E. Biggs worked as the audio engineer . Chandralekha was in production for five years ( from 1943 to 1948 ) ; it went through numerous changes to its story , cast , and filming . This caused substantial time and cost overruns ; the film ultimately cost ₹ 3 million ( about US $ 600 @,@ 000 in 1948 ) , and became the most expensive Indian film at that time . Vasan had mortgaged all of his property , received financial assistance from K. Srinivasan — then the editor of The Hindu — and sold his jewellery to complete the film . Adjusted for inflation , the film would have cost US $ 28 million in 2010 . According to film historian S. Muthiah , Chandralekha , considering the free @-@ floating exchange rate at that time , became the first film with a budget of more than a million dollars to be made outside of the United States . = = Themes and influences = = Although a period film , Chandralekha is not based on historical fact ; instead its plot is based on the first chapter of the novel Robert Macaire : or , The French bandit in England . Sasankan is based on the fictional bandit Robert Macaire , and , according to film historian B. D. Garga , Chandralekha is " probably " based on a female dancer in the novel who Macaire flogs when she refuses to dance . The film enacts the incident from the novel . Garga noted that the film also shows influences from other Western literary and cinematic sources , including the novel Blood and Sand ( 1908 ) , and the films The Mark of Zorro ( 1920 ) , Robin Hood ( 1922 ) , The Thief of Baghdad ( 1924 ) and Ben @-@ Hur ( 1925 ) . In December 1964 , Jerzy Toeplitz called Chandralekha an " extension and development " of the mythology genre . Toeplitz said , " The characters are mortals but behave like heavenly beings , and their movements and gestures , like those of the gods and heroes of the Mahabharata are impregnated with the miraculous . " He called the story a " mere pretext to hold together the different episodes , each of which builds up like a circus turn : the tension mounts to a culminating point , whereupon the next episode immediately takes over . " According to the book Third World Film Making and the West ( 1987 ) by Roy Armes , Uday Shankar 's Kalpana ( 1948 ) , which was also shot at Gemini Studios , inspired Vasan to make Chandralekha . In the 2003 book Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema , Chandralekha is defined as a " Ruritanian period extravaganza " . The climactic sword fight between Veerasimhan and Sasankan has often been compared to that in the 1894 novel The Prisoner of Zenda . In 1976 , American film historian William K. Everson compared the comedians in Chandralekha to the comedy duo Laurel and Hardy . Although Randor Guy considers the film 's drum dance scene to be the first of its kind in Indian cinema , the 1947 film Naam Iruvar includes a scene in which the lead actress ' younger sister dances on drums to the Tamil poet Subramania Bharati 's song " Kottu Murase " ; French film historian Yves Thoraval said this " prefigured the dance that Chandralekha made famous the very next year . " According to American film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum , Chandralekha " belongs to the same childhood continuum " as Fritz Lang 's 1959 films The Tiger of Eschnapur and The Indian Tomb which were set in India . In his 2009 book 50 Indian Film Classics , film critic M. K. Raghavendra states that Chandralekha is constructed in a manner that " enables its narrative to incorporate elements drawn from virtually any kind of genre . " According to Guy , the settings of the song " Naattiya Kuthirai " picturised on Sundari Bai 's character , including the dance and the costume worn by Sundari Bai , are inspired by those seen in the 1943 musical film Coney Island . = = Music = = The film 's soundtrack was composed by S. Rajeswara Rao , with lyrics by Papanasam Sivan and Kothamangalam Subbu . R. Vaidyanathan and B. Das Gupta collaborated with M. D. Parthasarathy on the background music . Rajeswara Rao recalled in a 1993 interview with The Hindu that it took him over a year to compose the music for the film , with much of the time being taken for the drum dance sequence . He stated , " As the dancers performed , we used to rehearse and compose the music . It was done with incredibly few instruments . We used a piano , ten double bass violins and drums from Africa , Egypt , and Persia which we have acquired from an African War troupe . " His salary was ₹ 1500 . The music was influenced by Carnatic music , Hindustani music , Latin American and Portuguese folk music , and Johann Strauss I 's waltzes . M. K. Raghavendra said the film has " snatches from [ Richard ] Wagner and [ Nikolai ] Rimsky Korsakov ( Scherezade ) being used at dramatic moments . " The song " Naattiya Kuthirai " was not originally part of the script ; it was added during the final stages of the film 's production . Sundari Bai spent over a month rehearsing the song . The songs " Indrae Enathu Kuthukalam " and " Manamohana Saaranae " were sung by T. R. Rajakumari , while " Aathoram Kodikkalam " and " Naattiya Kuthirai " were sung by M. D. Parthasarathy . J. Cooling Rajaiah played the accordion and piano in the gypsy song of the film . The circus chorus was adapted from " The Donkey Serenade " from Robert Z. Leonard 's The Firefly ( 1937 ) . For the Hindi soundtrack , Vasan offered most of the songs to Uma Devi , who later became popularly known as Tun Tun . She was initially hesitant , feeling that " these were beyond her capabilities " , but she was supported by Rajeswara Rao who " worked hard on her " . The music of Chandralekha helped it to become one of the most successful Indian musical films of the 1940s ; it " created an atmosphere for a number of music directors influenced by Western music " in Tamil cinema . The film was also a major breakthrough in Uma Devi 's career , though by signing it she violated her contract with producer Abdur Rashid Kardar , who terminated her contract in retaliation . This , in addition to the " dwindling fortunes " of the film industry following India 's independence from the British Raj , eventually ended Uma Devi 's career in playback singing . In his 1997 book Starlight , Starbright : The Early Tamil Cinema , Randor Guy said Parthasarathy and Rajeswara Rao " created a fine blend of lilting music of many schools " . Writing for Screen in April 1998 , film historian M. Bhaktavatsala called the songs as " distinct and standing on its own , with barely any background score attempting to interlink anything , just periods of silence " . = = Marketing = = The first advertisement for Chandralekha appeared on the back cover of the songbook for the film Dasi Aparanji ( 1944 ) . It featured Vasantha as the heroine , before she was replaced by Rajakumari . With Chandralekha , Gemini became the first Tamil studio to attempt to distribute a film throughout India . According to film scholar P. K. Nair , Chandralekha was the first Indian film to have a full @-@ page newspaper advertisement . According to a 2010 article in Mumbai Mirror by Vishwas Kulkarni , ₹ 574 @,@ 500 was spent on newspaper publicity and ₹ 642 @,@ 300 on posters , banners and billboards . G. Dhananjayan 's book The Best of Tamil Cinema ( 2011 ) contradicts this , saying that Vasan spent close to ₹ 500 @,@ 000 on publicity alone . Chandralekha 's publicity campaign was the most expensive for an Indian film at that time ; the entire publicity budget of a typical Indian film a decade earlier was around ₹ 25 @,@ 000 . In the 1950s , the entire publicity for a " top Indian film " cost no more than ₹ 100 @,@ 000 , which is substantially less than the amount spent on Chandralekha . According to Guy , the publicity campaign " made the nation sit up and take notice " . A. K. Shekhar designed the publicity material , which included posters , booklets and full @-@ page newspaper advertisements . Gemini Studios , inspired by American cinema , also produced a publicity brochure for distribution to exhibitors and the press . It contained a synopsis of the film and a step pictorial account of the key points of the narrative . It provided text for use by local theatres . The booklet also had layouts for women 's pages and a pictorial account of suggested marketing activities , such as " How to drape an Indian sari : Theatre demonstrations have a big draw " , and information about the film 's costumes — which were hand @-@ woven garments of silk and gold ; one gold @-@ embroidered riding jacket is considered " the most expensive piece of outfitting ever used in a motion picture " . = = Reception = = = = = Release = = = Chandralekha was released on 9 April 1948 . It was released simultaneously in 40 theatres throughout South India and in another 10 within a week . In the 1940s , a typical Tamil film would be released in about 10 towns , but Chandralekha was released simultaneously in 120 towns . Chandralekha was released in Japan as Shakunetsu @-@ no ketto ( " Fight Under the Red Heat " ) in April 1954 , where it was distributed by Nippon Cinema Corporation ( NCC ) . It was the first Tamil film to be dubbed in Japanese , and the second Indian film to be released in Japan — the first was the 1952 Hindi film Aan , which was released in Tokyo in January 1954 . NCC later collapsed ; no information about how Chandralekha came to be released in Japan survives . During the 1950s , when India was short of foreign currency , barter was a common means of exchange with overseas business partners . Japanese scholar Tamaki Matsuoka believes this to have been the case with Chandralekha . The pamphlet prepared by NCC for the film calls Vasan the " Cecil B. DeMille of the Indian film industry " . A Danish version of the film titled Indiens hersker ( " India 's ruler " ) , was released on 26 April 1954 . An abridged English @-@ language version of Chandralekha , titled Chandra , was screened in the United States and Europe during the 1950s . The film was a bellwether for its filming , production costs and publicity before , during and after its release . Other producers delayed releasing their films until after Chandralekha 's release to avoid competition . The film 's entertainment value made it popular with audiences ; however , it was unable to recover its production costs , and Vasan remade it in Hindi to do so . The Hindi version was released on 24 December 1948 , with over 600 prints and became a large commercial success , setting box @-@ office records . Vasan called the film " a pageant for our peasants " meant for " the war @-@ weary public that had been forced to watch insipid war propaganda pictures for years " . It was selected by the government of India for exhibition at the Fourth International Film Festival in Prague in 1949 . The film 's success made Madras a major production centre for Hindi films . Five years after the film 's success , Gemini paid its employees a bonus , becoming one of the first studios in the world to do so . = = = Box office = = = Although exact figures for the film 's box office earnings are not available , film trade websites provide estimates of its takings . According to Sharmishtha Gooptu 's 2010 book Bengali Cinema : An Other Nation , Chandralekha grossed ₹ 10 million ( about US $ 2 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 in 1948 ) in India alone . Box Office India gives the Hindi version 's nett gross as ₹ 7 million and states that it was the second @-@ highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film of 1948 after Shaheed . It gives its adjusted nett gross as ₹ 37 @,@ 98 @,@ 00 @,@ 000 . Film historian B. D. Garga said in his 2005 book Art Of Cinema , " The two versions — Tamil and Hindi — grossed millions " . According to the 1998 book Indian cinema : A Visual Voyage by India 's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , the film grossed ₹ 20 million ( US $ 300 @,@ 000 ) at the box office . A 2011 article by Namrata Joshi in Outlook India says , " Chandralekha grossed Rs 1 @.@ 55 crore with an audience of 3 crore , 60 % from rural India . " = = = Critical response = = = = = = = India = = = = Chandralekha received generally positive reviews from Indian critics . On 9 April 1948 , The Hindu said , " India has not witnessed a film of this magnitude in terms of making and settings so far . " On 10 April , The Indian Express said , " Chandralekha is an entertaining film for everyone with elements like animals , rope dance , circus and comedy . " The same day , the Tamil newspaper Dinamani said , " Chandralekha is not only a first rate Tamil film but also an international film . " Kumudam gave a rather mixed review : " Though the story is ordinary , the shocking events inserted into the narrative are something new to the Tamil cinema . There are some shortcomings : The songs are not so good ; the film is too long ; the time period of the story should have been defined ; in a scene , there is a wall clock in the King 's office , whereas he is writing with a feather @-@ pen . " In its January 1949 issue , the magazine Gundoosi praised the Hindi version for being an improvement over the Tamil version , stating that it had better dialogues and appreciated its pacing . V. A. K. Ranga Rao described the film as " the most complete entertainer ever made " . In their 1988 book One Hundred Indian Feature Films : An Annotated Filmography , Anil Srivastava and Shampa Banerjee praised nearly every aspect of the film , including its grandeur , the battle scenes and the drum dance , which they called the " raison d 'etre " of the film . In 2003 , journalist S. Muthiah called it " an epic extravaganza worthy of Cecil B. de . Mille " that was " larger @-@ than @-@ life " . In their 2008 book Global Bollywood : Travels of Hindi Song and Dance , Sangita Gopal and Sujata Moorti said , " Chandralekha is a film that translates the aesthetic of Hollywood Orientalism for an indigenous mass audience " , calling its drum @-@ dance sequence " perhaps one of the most spectacular sequences in Indian cinema " . In his 2009 book 50 Indian Film Classics , M. K. Raghavendra said , " Indian films are rarely constructed in a way that makes undistracted viewing essential to their enjoyment and Chandralekha is arranged as a series of distractions . " He concluded by saying , " Chandralekha apparently shows us that enjoyment and visual pleasure in the Indian context are not synonymous with edge @-@ of @-@ the @-@ seat excitement but must permit absent @-@ mindedness as a viewing condition . " In May 2010 , Raja Sen of Rediff praised the film 's setpieces , the drum dance sequence and the " longest swordfight ever captured on film " , calling Chandralekha " just the kind of film , in fact , that would be best appreciated now after digital restoration . " In an October 2010 review of Chandralekha , Randor Guy praised Rajakumari 's performance , calling it " her career @-@ best " and saying that she " carried the movie on her shoulders " . Guy praised Radha as his " usual impressive self " , saying the film would be " remembered for : the excellent onscreen narration , the magnificent sets and the immortal drum dance sequence " . In 2013 , director Dhanapal Padmanabhan told K. Jeshi of The Hindu , " Chandralekha had grandeur that was at par with Hollywood standards . " = = = = Overseas = = = = Chandralekha was well received by critics overseas . Reviewing the English version , The New York Times described Rajakumari as a " buxom beauty " . When Chandralekha was screened in New York City in 1976 , William K. Everson said , " It 's a colorful , naive and zestful film in which the overall ingenuousness quite disarms criticism of plot absurdity or such production shortcomings as the too @-@ obvious studio " exteriors " . [ ... ] Last but far from least , Busby Berkeley would surely have been delighted to see his influence extending to the climactic drum dance . " Jonathan Rosenbaum said in August 1981 , " The prospect of a three @-@ hour Indian film in Temil [ sic ] with no subtitles is a little off @-@ putting , I would say — wouldn 't you ? " However , he had " surprisingly little trouble following the plot and action " of the film , and added , " this made @-@ in @-@ Madras costume drama makes for a pretty action @-@ packed 186 minutes . " In June 2009 , K. S. Sivakumaran of Daily News Sri Lanka called it " the first colossal Thamil [ sic ] film I saw " . In October 2013 , Malaysian author D. Devika Bai , writing for New Straits Times , praised Chandralekha for its technical aspects ; she said , " at almost 68 , I have not tired of watching the movie . " = = Hindi version = = The Hindi version of Chandralekha was Vasan 's first Bollywood project . For this version , Vasan re @-@ shot some scenes and included a slightly different cast . Among the notable differences between the Hindi and Tamil versions of the film , Pandit Indra and Agha Jani Kashmiri wrote the dialogue only for the Hindi version . Indra was a lyricist for the Hindi version with Bharat Vyas , while Kothamangalam Subbu and Papanasam Sivan were lyricists for the Tamil version . Rajeswara Rao , who composed the soundtrack for both versions , was assisted by Bal Krishna Kalla on the Hindi version . Parthasarathy and Vaidyanathan composed background music for the Hindi version without Das Gupta . While the Tamil version was 18 @,@ 634 feet ( 5 @,@ 680 m ) long , the Hindi version was edited down to 14 @,@ 495 feet ( 4 @,@ 418 m ) . Rajakumari , Radha and Ranjan reprised their roles in the Hindi version , but their characters — except for Rajakumari 's character Chandralekha — were renamed . Radha 's character Veerasimhan was known as Veer Singh in the Hindi version , and Ranjan 's character Sasankan was renamed Shashank . Of the other cast members , N. S. Krishnan , T. A. Madhuram , T. E. Krishnamachari , Pottai Krishnamoorthy and N. Seetharaman appeared only in the Tamil version , whereas Yashodhara Katju and H. K. Chopra appeared only in the Hindi version . Nearly the entire cast were credited in the Tamil version , but only six people — Rajakumari , Radha , Ranjan , Sundari Bai , Katju and L. Narayana Rao — were credited in the Hindi version . = = Legacy = = With the success of Chandralekha , Vasan became known as one of the best directors in Indian cinema . Kristin Thompson and David Bordwell , authors of the book , Film History — An Introduction , called the film " the biggest box @-@ office hit of the decade " . Randor Guy later called Vasan the " Cecil B. DeMille of Tamil cinema " , and called Chandralekha his " magnum opus " . According to S. Muthiah , Vasan " pioneered making South Indian films in English " . He inspired producer A. V. Meiyappan , who later became a " master at publicity " . The film demonstrated that if a film was entertaining , it would be commercially successful . The success of the Hindi version gave opportunities to South Indian film producers to market their Hindi films in North India . The publicity campaign for Chandralekha created such an impact that film producers in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) passed a resolution that there should be a limit imposed on advertisements for any film in periodicals . Vasan 's Apoorva Sagodharargal ( 1949 ) is often considered an unofficial sequel to Chandralekha ; it was also a major commercial success . Chandralekha enhanced Rajakumari 's and Ranjan 's careers ; both became popular throughout India after the film 's release . Its climactic sword @-@ fight scene was well received , and is thought to be the longest sword fight in Indian cinema . The drum @-@ dance sequence is often considered the film 's highlight ; later producers tried unsuccessfully to emulate it . Producer @-@ director T. Rajendar said he drew inspiration from the drum @-@ dance for a song sequence budgeted at ₹ 10 million ( equivalent to ₹ 30 million or US $ 450 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) in his 1999 film Monisha En Monalisa . Film historian Firoze Rangoonwalla ranked the Hindi version eighth in his list of " the top twenty films of Indian cinema " . Chandralekha was also a major influence on Kamalakara Kameswara Rao 's 1953 Telugu film Chandraharam , featuring N. T. Rama Rao . On 26 August 2004 , a postage stamp featuring Vasan and the drum dance was released to commemorate the 35th anniversary of his death , and his centenary . In July 2007 , S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all @-@ time favourite Tamil films ; two of them — J. Mahendran and K. Balachander — named Chandralekha . Mahendran said , " If anybody tries to remake this black and white film , they will make a mockery of it . " Balachander said , " Just like Sivaji today , people talked about Chandralekha in the past . Produced at a cost of Rs 30 lakhs ( a huge sum at that time ) , it has grand sets . I have seen it 12 times . " In December 2008 , S. Muthiah said , " Given how spectacular it was — and the appreciation lavished on it from 1948 till well into the 1950s , which is when I caught up with it — I 'm sure that if re @-@ released , it would do better at the box office then most Tamil films today . " In a 2011 interview with Indo @-@ Asian News Service ( IANS ) , South Indian Bollywood actor Vyjayanthimala said although people consider that she " paved the way " for other South Indian female actors in Hindi cinema , " the person who really opened the doors was S.S. Vasan " . She said , " When [ Chandralekha was ] released , it took the North by storm because by then they haven 't seen that kind of lavish sets , costumes and splendour . So Vasan was the person who opened the door for Hindi films in the South . " Chandralekha was K. Ramnoth 's last film for Gemini Studios . Although he is often credited with shooting the drum @-@ dance sequence , Ramnoth left the studio in August 1947 , before the sequence had been conceived . Director Singeetham Srinivasa Rao told film critic Baradwaj Rangan he disliked Chandralekha when he first saw it , realising that it was a classic only after 25 years , " a fact that the audiences realised in just two minutes . " G. Dhananjayan told The Times of India , " When you talk of black and white films , you cannot resist mentioning the 1948 epic Chandralekha . " In April 2012 , Rediff included the film in its list " The A to Z of Tamil Cinema " and said it " boasted an ensemble cast , great production values and a story that ensured it became a blockbuster all over India , the first of its kind . " Chandralekha has been screened at many film festivals ; it was screened in December 2012 at the 10th Chennai International Film Festival , which was a tribute to 100 years of Indian cinema . To mark the same anniversary , it was also screened in April 2013 at the Centenary Film Festival , which was organised by India 's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and National Film Archive . In 2014 , Chandralekha was one of eight Indian films that were screened at the 28th edition of the Italian film festival Il Cinema Ritrovato , as a part of " The Golden 50s : India 's Endangered Classics " — the first Indian cinema retrospective at the festival . M. Suganth of The Times of India , in his review of Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) , noted that the film 's director S. S. Rajamouli had " take [ n ] his cues from varied sources " for its visuals , such as the grandeur of Chandralekha . In an interview with Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu in November 2015 , actor Kamal Haasan noted , " Visual appeal has always gone hand @-@ in @-@ hand with content , since the days of Chandralekha and [ Mayabazar ] , not just after Baahubali . " = Diwali ( The Office ) = " Diwali " is the sixth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show 's 34th overall . It was written by Mindy Kaling , who also acts in the show as Kelly Kapoor , and directed by Miguel Arteta . The episode first aired on November 2 , 2006 , on NBC , twelve days after the actual Diwali holiday . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Kelly invites the office to a Diwali celebration , where Ryan ( B.J. Novak ) struggles to make a good impression on Kelly 's parents and Michael ( Steve Carell ) considers taking his relationship with Carol ( Nancy Carell ) to the next step . Meanwhile , at the Stamford branch , Jim ( John Krasinski ) and Andy ( Ed Helms ) get drunk while working late , leading Karen ( Rashida Jones ) to give Jim a ride home . Kaling and executive producer Greg Daniels came up with the episode idea after Kaling held a Diwali party in 2005 for series staff . She undertook research about Indian culture and the resulting episode was substituted in place of one that would have been Halloween @-@ themed . The episode was directed by Miguel Arteta . According to Nielsen Media Research , an estimated 8 @.@ 8 million viewers tuned in ; it earned a 4 @.@ 2 / 10 rating among adults aged 18 to 49 , placing first in this demographic group . Critical reception to the episode was largely positive , with many praising Kaling 's writing , Carell 's performance , and other comedic elements . As a result of the episode , The Office became the first American comedy series to depict the holiday , and several commentators have credited it with helping introduce Indian customs to American audiences . = = Synopsis = = Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) invites the entire office staff to a celebration of Diwali , the Hindu Festival of Lights , which Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) mistakenly believes to be an Indian version of Halloween . Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) fails to make a favorable impression on Kelly 's parents , who in turn try to set up Kelly with a young doctor . Initially reluctant to attend the festival , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) gives in and ends up enjoying herself . Inspired by a conversation with Kelly 's parents about Hindu marriage customs , Michael publicly proposes to Carol ( Nancy Carell ) . Uncomfortable , Carol declines his offer and leaves the room . She later explains that this is only their ninth date , and drives home , leaving Michael to find a ride . Meanwhile , in Stamford , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) decides to bike to work . Working late , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) , Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) , and Jim turn a late night of paperwork into an excuse to drink , although Karen , unbeknownst to Jim and Andy , pours her shots into her wastebasket . Pam sends a text message to Jim , who does not answer because he is passed out on his desk . At the end of the evening , Michael mistakenly thinks that he and Pam have a connection , and is rejected when he tries to kiss her . She gives him a ride home on the condition that he sit in the back seat . Jim tries to bicycle home but is too drunk and an amused Karen gives Jim a ride . = = Production = = = = = Writing and filming = = = " Diwali " was written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Miguel Arteta . While the episode is partly set at West Scranton High School , filming actually took place at Grant High School in Los Angeles , the same building where Freaks and Geeks was shot . That series ' co @-@ creator , Paul Feig , has directed several episodes of The Office , including " Email Surveillance " . Kaling used her own Indian cultural background as inspiration when writing the episode , which portrays the Indian festival of Diwali . She and her friend , My Name Is Earl writer Vali Chandrasekaran , had held a Diwali party in 2005 for the cast of their two shows . According to Kaling , NBC was " so excited . They were like , ' What the hell is this holiday ? I 've never heard of it ' . " The following year , while discussing the possible creation of a Halloween episode , she and executive producer Greg Daniels agreed to instead create one that was Diwali @-@ themed , as the two holidays fall near each other . When it came time to write the episode however , Kaling had to perform a Google search , as she had forgotten many details . She explained , " I was a little embarrassed with how little I knew about it . I 'm Hindu , but I 'm not really a practicing Hindu , so I had to do a lot of research . " Kaling was pleased to learn more about her culture , at first being concerned that Daniels " and people I work with were a little antsy about assigning the Hindu writer the Indian episode . I didn 't want to feel like they pigeonholed me , but I felt like I 'd done enough episodes that it was okay . " She found that making the episode " was kind of the perfect meeting of being the child of immigrants and writing for a comedy show . " The series writers have since joked that they should do a Diwali @-@ themed episode every year in the same vein as the Christmas specials . When creating the story , Kaling knew that " a lot of stuff has to happen " in the midst of the festival , including Michael and Carol 's relationship becoming " very roller @-@ coastery . " As with other series storylines , this development was decided upon before Kaling began writing the episode . She stated , " But it was always sort of built in that the peak of ' Diwali ' would be this incredibly romantic overture [ and its uncomfortable aftermath ] . " Kaling was pleased that much of " Diwali " took place at Stamford , especially as she was able to explore the contrasts between the two offices . She also liked that the episode contained " romance , people getting dressed up in costumes , lots of food , smooching and making out ... and little girls making fun of B.J. Novak . " In her weekly blog for TV Guide , actress Kate Flannery wrote that " Mindy shares that B.J. Novak talent of being able to write an incredibly funny episode ( " Hot Girl , " " The Injury " ) and be in it . Diwali is the Indian festival of lights . So this week Dunder @-@ Mifflin gets a spicy taste of Indian culture in a hurry . Michael decides the office needs an outing to the local high school for the annual Indian Diwali party . " = = = Casting = = = Kaling cast her own mother and father , a doctor and an architect respectively , as the parents of her character . Kaling was proud of their acting , though she admitted that their presence on set was at first " mortifying . " She commented , " Of course I sort of lapsed back into that pre @-@ teen attitude of every single thing my parents do embarrasses me . But they were great about it . They were such pros – they had all these scenes with Steve Carell and they were completely unafraid . They got along effortlessly . " Kaling injected elements of Romeo and Juliet and Pride and Prejudice into her character 's relationship with Ryan , with her parents attempting to persuade her to date an Indian doctor . She remarked , " Kelly 's family has , like , nine daughters , and if only they could marry them off it would be wonderful . But Kelly is the oldest and most idiotic of them all . " Though he wanted to avoid becoming an actor , Chandrasekaran was cast by Kaling as the " suitable boy " Kelly 's parents want her to marry . Chandrasekaran later stated , " I asked Mindy to write as few lines as possible . Acting is not a skill that I have particularly a lot of . " Other guest stars included Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton , Charles Esten as Josh Porter , Ed Helms as Andy Bernard , and Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli . Nancy Carell , Steve Carell 's wife , reprised her role as Carol Stills , the girlfriend of his character . = = = Deleted scenes = = = The third season DVD contained a number of deleted scenes , including Angela complaining about attending the Diwali party , Michael hoping that the office does not embarrass themselves , Kelly explaining that Diwali is an " Indian Halloween " to Michael , an initially angry Jan being supportive about the office attending the festival , Michael explaining to the office that Ben Kingsley liberated India and then became an actor , Carol meeting Ryan and Dwight , and Angela leaving the party with Dwight . = = Reception = = " Diwali " first aired on November 2 , 2006 in the United States on NBC during November sweeps week . According to Nielsen Media Research , an estimated 8 @.@ 8 million viewers watched the episode , and it earned a 4 @.@ 2 / 10 ratings share among adults aged 18 to 49 . In other words , it was seen by 4 @.@ 2 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 10 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was the series ' highest rating since the season premiere . The episode also ranked first in its timeslot among both adults and men aged 18 to 34 . " Diwali " received generally positive reviews from television critics . Entertainment Weekly columnist Abby West thought the episode " hit all the show 's major buttons , " focusing on Michael while also furthering the Jim / Karen and Pam / Roy storylines as well as showcasing the other characters . West added that " Kaling gets what makes the show work , and she pulled it together while displaying great timing . " AOL TV 's Michael Sciannamea considered the episode " a classic , " though he thought that " the Stamford scenes don 't seem to add much to the story other than the burgeoning flirtation between Jim and Karen . " Sciannamea concluded that it was " a terrific episode . The scenes inside the hall were hysterical , especially the dancing . " Brian Zoromski of IGN rated " Diwali " 9 @.@ 3 out of 10 , an indication of an " amazing " episode . He wrote that " Michael completely stole the episode with a truly dizzying number of uncomfortable situations . Daily Show vet Steve Carell has become the king of the uncomfortable moment , throwing himself completely into situations viewers know won 't end well . " Like West , Zoromski also appreciated the other characters ' moments , such as Angela 's " xenophobic " comments during the festivities . Television Without Pity gave the episode an A grade . = = Cultural impact = = As a result of this episode , The Office became the first American comedy series to depict the Diwali holiday . Lauren Markoe of The Huffington Post has credited the episode with helping to introduce Diwali to the American public , writing that it " represents perhaps the brightest spotlight ever shone on Diwali in the United States . " In their 2012 book Diversity in U.S. Mass Media , Catherine A. Luther , Carolyn Ringer Lepre , and Naeemah Clark noted that " Diwali " " introduces the audience to Indian dancing and singing , a tradition rarely seen on television . " = Pi de les Tres Branques = Pi de les Tres Branques ( Catalan pronunciation : [ pi ðə ləs tɾɛs ' bɾaŋkəs ] , " the three @-@ branched pine " ) is a pine tree snag located in the countryside near the town of Berga in north @-@ central Catalonia , Spain . It has long been regarded by some Catalan nationalists as representing the unity of the three " Catalan Countries " and is the site of regular political @-@ cultural gatherings . The tree has been dead since 1915 and is in poor structural condition , due in part to politically motivated vandalism , but there is a very similar living tree a short distance away known as Pi Jove de les Tres Branques ( " the young three @-@ branched pine " ) , which is regarded as its successor . Both are protected as " monumental trees " by the Catalan government . = = Situation = = The tree is a Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) , 25 metres ( 82 ft ) tall , and as its name suggests , consists of three main branches or trunks rising from a common base . It is located in the centre of the Campllong plain , which measures about 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) by 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) and occupies the flat floor of a valley , surrounded by forested mountains of the Pre @-@ Pyrenees , at an altitude of 1 @,@ 294 metres ( 4 @,@ 245 ft ) . To the south , separating the valley from Berga town , is the Serra de Queralt ridge , home to the Queralt Sanctuary religious complex , and to the north are the Rasos de Peguera mountains and ski resort . Berga is 9 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) away by road . The tree previously dominated the valley 's farmed and grazed land , due to its height and full foliage , and was visible from a long distance , as is shown in old photographs . However , much of the surrounding land has now been taken over by forest , and Pi de les Tres Branques now has many other trees in its vicinity , which , together with its current skeletal form , make it much less visible than before . The valley is traversed by a minor road which terminates at the small settlement of Castellar del Riu at its western end . The road passes close by Pi de les Tres Branques , which is indicated by a signpost . = = History = = = = = Origin = = = Although legend places the tree much earlier , it has been estimated that Pi de les Tres Branques took root between 1630 and 1632 , when the local farmhouse was built . = = = Cultural recognition = = = The tree had been traditionally celebrated as a symbol of the Holy Trinity , and it is still a venue for religious ceremonies . The first reference in extant records was in 1685 , when a cartographer wrote that it was known as the Tree of the Trinity . It is also recorded that in 1746 , the bishop of Solsona granted indulgences to those who prayed at the site . In 1876 , the landowner of the site , in a letter to a local magazine denying that he was planning to sell the tree for timber , pointed out that it also represented the revolutionary ideals of liberty , equality and fraternity . The Catalan language cultural revival of the 19th century saw a great increase in Catalan literature and culture . In 1875 , playwright Francesc Pelagi Briz published a play Lo Pi de las Tres Brancas , which is set in Berga and at the tree , and contains a passage suggesting that the tree was already a Catalan national symbol . However , it was the 1888 poem " Lo Pi de les Tres Branques " by the poet Fr Jacint Verdaguer , published in his anthology Pàtria , which brought the tree to widespread attention , converting what was mainly a local religious symbol into a significant secular national symbol . In his poem , Jacint Verdaguer created the so @-@ called ' legend ' of the king @-@ child King James I of Aragon who after being released from captivity in Narbonne ( France ) travelled with his retinue through Catalonia back to his seat at Monzón in Aragon , supposedly spending one of the nights sleeping under Pi de les Tres Branques , and it was there that he had an inspirational dream that he was destined to rule three kingdoms , represented by the three trunks of the tree , conquering the Balearic Islands and the Kingdom of Valencia from the Moors , which in fact he later achieved . The previous year , Verdaguer had stayed a few days in the nearby Queralt Sanctuary and visited the tree . " Lo Pi de les Tres Branques " recounts the story of James and the tree 's symbolism of the Trinity and the unity of the Catalan Countries , and expressed the wish that it be adopted as Catalonia 's national tree . The poem has remained the tree 's principal literary connection , regularly recited at gatherings there . It starts and ends with the often @-@ quoted lines " Preguem que sia aqueix Pi / l 'arbre sagrat de la pàtria . " ( " We pray that this Pine will be / the sacred tree of the fatherland . " ) . It is accepted that in fact Verdaguer invented the story of James 's sojourn for his poem , since there is no record of it before then , and that the poem 's popularity created the legend . In 1901 , when Verdaguer was presiding at the Floral Games , a traditional Catalan poetry contest , he coined the sobriquet " Guernica of Catalonia " for the tree , referring to the Tree of Guernica , an oak tree which symbolises Basque freedom . He also suggested the tree 's trunks symbolised the three major awards of the contest : country , faith , and love . In May 1901 the landowner transferred ownership of the tree to the Catalanist Union ( Unió Catalanista ) , a grouping of various nationalist organisations , at their meeting in Terrassa , though the transaction was never legally registered . This new popularity coincided with the slow decay of the tree , which eventually died in 1915 . In 1987 the Catalan regional government listed the tree as a protected " monumental tree " , one of the first three such trees ( along with Pi Jove and Roure de Can Codorniu in Sant Sadurní d 'Anoia ) . A silhouette of Pi de les Tres Branques ( while it was alive ) is now used by the government as a generic logo for monumental trees . = = = Damage and death = = = Before its death , Pi de les Tres Branques had been attacked several times , for economic and / or political reasons . In 1901 , Jacint Verdaguer reported that a woodcutter had recently tried to cut down one of the trunks , causing it to lean out ; damage from which the tree was unlikely to recover . It was also reported that around 1895 , cuts had been made to tap the tree for resin , and a fire lit at its base to speed the process . This and other damage prompted the Catalanist Union to erect a high stone wall around the tree in 1907 to protect against further attacks , though it was suggested that the building work also contributed to the subsequent death of the tree . By 1915 the aforementioned wall had been demolished . In 1910 , it was reported that the tree had lost its leaves , though others suggest a date of 1913 , and it was completely dead by 1915 . Scots pines have a natural lifespan of up to over 700 years , depending on the region . Many years later , the trunk that was damaged as reported by Verdaguer , was struck by lightning and the top half broke off . The remnant of that trunk is still supported by a small stone wall . = = = Later damage = = = Following its death , another three @-@ trunked tree was chosen , but it has also been attacked many times by people opposed to its political symbolism . In 1939 , after the end of the Civil War , supporters of the victorious Franco side started an attempt to topple the tree , but were repelled by local people . It has also been subject to regular minor damage such as anti @-@ Catalan graffiti . However , the most serious deliberate damage happened during the night of 12 / 13 May 2014 , when the tallest trunk was sawn off at its base with a chainsaw , by unknown perpetrators . Following the vandalism , the severed trunk was stored , and it was eventually decided to re @-@ attach it with artificial supports , several steel straps connecting the trunk to the base ; this work was carried out in early July 2015 at a cost of € 35 @,@ 000 , shared by the Catalan government and the Barcelona provincial administration . In January 2016 , the tree was again attacked ( along with Pi Jove ) with a 10 cm chainsaw cut into one of the other trunks . This damage was quickly patched up with steel straps as before . = = Pi Jove = = Following the death of Pi de les Tres Branques , another three @-@ branched pine 300 metres ( 980 ft ) away had been adopted as its successor . Pi Jove de les Tres Branques , or Pi de les Tres Branques II , is also hundreds of years old , but smaller at 19 metres ( 62 ft ) tall . Its similarities to the main tree had been noticed as far back as 1810 , when the Baron of Maldà mentioned it in his diary . At the 1921 rally at the site , following a campaign by poet @-@ politician Ventura Gassol , Pi Jove was inaugurated as the successor to the then @-@ dead main tree . Speaking at the event , Gassol invited the landowner , who was present , to donate the tree to the Commonwealth of Catalonia ( a semi @-@ recognised autonomous government ) , but he declined , saying that practical effort is more important than symbols . It has since become the main attraction for younger and more radical elements of the nationalist movement . The older and younger trees are often simply called " el Pi Vell " ( the old pine ) and " el Pi Jove " ( the young pine ) respectively , to distinguish the two . Along with Pi Vell , Pi Jove was registered as a protected " monumental tree " in 1987 . = = = Damage = = = Unlike Pi Vell , Pi Jove had escaped the attentions of vandals until more recently , due to its lower political profile and greater distance ( 200 m ) from the road . In 2010 , it was discovered with a circumferential cut through the bark , in addition to apparent shotgun damage . Vandals attacked it in June 2015 , attempting to saw through one of its trunks , though it was not thought that the damage was serious enough to kill the affected trunk . As a precaution , in December 2015 arborists installed a frame to hold the three trunks together and ensure their stability . In January 2016 , deeper chainsaw cuts were discovered on the already @-@ damaged trunk which are believed harsh enough to kill the trunk altogether ; these vandals also attacked Pi Vell . = = The annual gathering = = Pi de les Tres Branques , as a symbol of the united Catalan Countries , or simply of Catalan self @-@ determination , has been the site of large political rallies since the turn of the 20th century , at first sporadically , but annually since 1980 . The first record of a political assembly there was in October 1900 , when a large group of Carlist troops , led by Josep Grandia , based themselves there in preparation for their part in the failed Carlist uprising . The first major rally was in 1904 when the Catalanist Union organised an assembly there to celebrate its acquisition of the site , on Sunday 25 September . The ceremony , and associated events in Berga the day before , attracted several hundred activists , with messages from foreign sympathisers being read out . Another rally was held in 1915 . The next major rally was held in 1921 , on 25 July , the St. James holiday ; a key point of that event included the inauguration of Pi Jove as the intended replacement for the original tree . Subsequent political developments made it difficult to hold large organised rallies at the site . Catalan political gatherings were banned during the 1923 – 1930 dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera , travel was difficult during the 1936 – 1939 Spanish Civil War , and political gatherings were again banned during ( and for some time after ) the Franco dictatorship of 1939 – 1975 . It was not until 1980 , following the restoration of democracy in Spain , that the first annual gathering of the modern era took place , starting a tradition of a large gathering at the site on the third Sunday of July each year . Attendance at the gathering has varied ; the 1980 inaugural gathering attracted 3 @,@ 000 visitors , reached a peak of 14 @,@ 000 in 1986 , but has since declined , with attendances of 2 @,@ 000 in 2001 , 1 @,@ 000 in 2012 and 1 @,@ 500 in 2014 . It attracts Catalan nationalists of many different viewpoints , including those attending a mass , political activists from the entire nationalist spectrum left and right giving speeches , organisations hosting stands and selling political books and souvenirs , and performers of traditional Catalan cultural activities such as sardana bands and dancers , castellers ( human towers ) , and gegants ( giant puppets ) . The gathering also marks the culmination of the four @-@ day El Rebrot ( " The Shoot " ) musical / political festival which has been held in Berga almost every year since 2001 , organised by the Maulets / Arran left @-@ wing youth organisation . Because of the shortage of parking at the site , shuttle buses are provided by Berga town council , who also organise catering for the crowds in the town after the event . = = = Controversies = = = Events at the gathering have several times resulted in controversies , and clashes between rival political factions . Following the 1981 event , the Catalan parliament president Heribert Barrera , two parliamentary deputies , and several others , faced criminal charges of " insulting the feelings and unity of the Spanish nation and distributing illegal publications " . The charges were dropped after three years . The 1986 gathering was marred by the burning of Spanish flags and harassment of moderate groups . As a result , the mainstream political parties Democratic Convergence and Republican Left stayed away from the 1987 event . In 1988 , different factions of the far @-@ left Movement for Defence of the Land ( MDT ) fought each other . In 1991 , MDT militants attacked youth members of Democratic Convergence and Republican Left , and in 1996 , hooded left @-@ wing militants came from their assembly at Pi Jove to attack members of Estat Català at Pi Vell . Since the events of 1996 , the authorities have increased security at the gathering , and the event has returned to a peaceful cultural atmosphere . = = Management and development plans = = Although both Pi Vell and Pi Jove are officially protected , they are easily accessible in an isolated wooded area , and therefore vulnerable to vandalism as well as natural hazards such as lightning and wildfire . Several proposals have been made over the years to improve the site . Around 1990 , a private business identified the Campllong valley , with Pi de les Tres Branques as a central attraction , as one of the possible locations for a large @-@ scale Catalan @-@ identity theme park called " Identirama " . A different site was eventually selected , but the project was abandoned . In 2003 , the Catalan parliament passed a resolution urging development of a government plan to improve the site . A government report in 2001 , re @-@ published in 2004 , included a proposal to cut down the fragile Pi Vell , leaving the stump in place along with a commemorative monument , and purchase and develop the site as a public amenity . The attack on Pi Jove in 2010 prompted activists to complain about perceived ongoing lack of action by the authorities , and prompted the local municipality of Castellar del Riu to start work with interested parties to develop a plan to secure the site . In 2012 the mayor announced plans to take over the maintenance of the land around the two trees and develop facilities for visitors , including a car park and information panels . In March 2015 , following the serious attack on Pi Vell ten months before , the government set up a working group consisting of representatives of the Barcelona provincial administration , the local municipality , and the Institute of Catalan Studies , to manage the maintenance and protection of the two trees . The first result was the repair of the damaged tree in July , and in February 2016 they decided to place video security cameras at the site , watching both trees . = = Other associated three @-@ branched pines = = Another similarly named tree is Pi de les Tres Branques de Freixinet , located near the village of Freixinet in the municipality of Riner in central Catalonia . This tree is also protected by the Catalan government , since 1988 , but was killed in a forest fire in 1998 . In recent times , local bodies such as the municipality of Castellar del Riu or Berga or the local branch of the Catalan National Assembly , have adopted the practice of presenting a young three @-@ branched pine tree or sapling claimed to be a descendant of Pi de les Tres Branques to other bodies , as symbols of solidarity . Early examples include presentations to the Castle of Gallifa in 1986 , and the Castle of St. Ferran in Berga in 1992 ( along with a sapling of the Tree of Guernica ) . The practice gained momentum following the February 2014 presentation of a young tree to the town of Folgueroles , to commemorate Jacint Verdaguer who was born there ; that tree has since been vandalised . Subsequent 2014 recipients have included Andorra la Vella , Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà , and Saldes . The Forest Museum in Sant Celoni also claims to have five descendants of Pi de les Tres Branques in its grounds . = Polyethnicity = Polyethnicity refers to the proximity of people from different ethnic backgrounds within a country or other specific geographic region . It also relates to the ability and willingness of individuals to identify themselves with multiple ethnicities . It occurs when multiple ethnicities inhabit a given area , specifically through means of immigration , intermarriage , trade , conquest , and post @-@ war land @-@ divisions . Professor William H. McNeill states in his series of lectures on polyethnicity that it is the societal norm for cultures to be made up of many ethnic groups . This has had many political and social implications on countries and regions . Many , if not all , countries have some level of polyethnicity , with countries like the United States and Canada having large levels and countries like Japan and Poland having very small levels ( and more specifically , a sense of homogeneity ) . The amount of polyethnicity prevalent in current society has spurred some arguments against it , which include a belief that it leads to the weakening of each society 's strengths , and also a belief that political @-@ ethnic issues in countries with polyethnic populations are better handled with different laws for certain ethnicities . = = Conceptual history = = In 1985 Professor William H. McNeill , a Canadian historian known for his expertise on the subject of polyethnicity , gave a series of three lectures on polyethnicity in ancient and modern cultures at the University of Toronto . The main thesis throughout the lectures was that it has been the cultural norm for societies to be composed of different ethnic groups . McNeill states that the ideal of homogeneous societies may have grown between 1750 and 1920 in Western Europe due to a growth in the belief in a single nationalistic base for the political organization of society . McNeill believes that World War I was the point in time when the desire for homogeneous nations began to weaken . = = Impact on politics = = Polyethnicity divides nations , complicating the politics as local and national governments attempt to satisfy all ethnic groups . Many politicians in countries attempt to find the balance between ethnic identities within their country and the identity of the nation as a whole . Nationalism also plays a large part in these political debates , as cultural pluralism and consociationalism are the democratic alternatives to nationalism for the polyethnic state . The idea of nationalism being social instead of ethnic entails a variety of culture , a shared sense of identity , and a community not based on descent . Culturally plural states vary constitutionally between a decentralized and unitary state ( such as Great Britain ) and a federal state ( such as Belgium , Switzerland , or Canada ) . Ethnic parties in these polyethnic regions are not anti @-@ state but instead seek maximum power within this state . Many polyethnic countries face this dilemma with their policy decisions . The following nations and regions are just a few specific examples of this dilemma and its effects : = = = United States = = = The United States is a nation founded by different ethnicities frequently described as coming together in a " melting pot , " a term used to emphasize the degree to which constituent groups influence and are influenced by each other , or a " salad bowl , " a term more recently coined in contrast to the " melting pot " metaphor and emphasizing those groups ' retention of fundamentally distinct identities despite their proximity to each other and their influence on the overall culture that all of those groups inhabit . A controversial political issue in recent years has been the question of bilingualism . Many immigrants have come from Hispanic America , who are native Spanish speakers , in the past centuries and have become a significant minority and even a majority in many areas of the Southwest . In New Mexico the Spanish speaking population exceeds 40 % . Disputes have emerged over language policy , since a sizable part of the population , and in many areas the majority of the population , speak Spanish as a native language . The biggest debates are over bilingual education for language minority students , the availability of non @-@ English ballots and election materials , and whether or not English is the official language . It has evolved into an ethnic conflict between the pluralists who support bilingualism and linguistic access and the assimilationists who strongly oppose this and lead the official English movement . The United States does not have an official language , but English is the default national language , spoken by the overwhelming majority of the country 's population . = = = Canada = = = Canada has had many political debates between the French speakers and English speakers , particularly in the province of Quebec . Canada holds both French and English as official languages . The politics in Quebec are largely defined by nationalism as French Québécois wish to gain independence from Canada as a whole , based on ethnic and linguistic boundaries . The main separatist party , Parti Québécois , attempted to gain sovereignty twice ( once in 1980 and again in 1995 ) and failed by a narrow margin of 1 @.@ 2 % in 1995 . Since then , in order to remain united , Canada granted Quebec statut particulier , recognizing Quebec as a nation within the united nation of Canada . Canada is often described as a cultural mosaic . = = = Belgium = = = The divide between the Dutch @-@ speaking north ( Flanders ) and the French @-@ speaking South ( Wallonia ) has caused the parliamentary democracy to become ethnically polarized . Though an equal number of seats in the Chamber of Representatives are prescribed to the Flemish and Walloons , Belgian political parties have all divided into two ideologically identical but linguistically and ethnically different parties . The political crisis has grown so bad in recent years that the partition of Belgium has been feared . = = = Ethiopia = = = Ethiopia is a polyethnic nation consisting of 80 different ethnic groups and 84 indigenous languages . Due to the diverse population and rural areas throughout the nation , it was nearly impossible to create a strong centralized state ; though it was eventually accomplished through political evolution . Prior to 1974 , nationalism was only discussed within radical student groups , but by the late 20th century the issue had come to the forefront of political debate . Ethiopia was forced to modernize their political system to properly handle the nationalism debates . The Derg military regime took control with a Marxist @-@ Leninist ideology , urging self @-@ determination and rejecting compromise over any nationality issues . In the 1980s , Ethiopia suffered a series of famines and after the USSR broke apart , they lost their aid from the Soviet Union and the Derg regime collapsed . Eventually Ethiopia restabilized and adopted a modern political system that models a federal parliamentary republic . It was still impossible to create a central government holding all power , so the government was torn . The central federal government now presides over ethnically @-@ based regional states and each ethnic state is granted the right to establish their own government and democracy . = = = 19th century Spain = = = In Spain from 1808 @-@ 1814 the Spanish War of Independence took place amidst a multi @-@ cultural Spain . Spain , at the time , was under the control of King Joseph , who was Napoleon I of France 's brother . Because the nation was under the control of French rule , the Spanish formed coalitions of ethnic groups to reclaim their own political representation , instead of the current French political system in power . = = = Southeast Asia = = = In Southeast Asia the continental area ( Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam ) generally practices Theravada Buddhism . Most of insular Southeast Asia ( namely Malaysia , Brunei and Indonesia ) practices mostly Sunni Islam . The rest of the insular region ( Philippines and East Timor ) practices mostly Roman Catholic Christianity and Singapore practises mostly Mahayana Buddhism . Significant long @-@ distance labor migration that occurred during the late 19th into the early 20th century provided many different types of ethnic diversity . Relations between the indigenous population of the region arose from regional variations of cultural and linguistic group . During this time immigrant minorities , especially the Chinese , developed as well . Although there were extreme political differences for each minority and religion , they were still legitimate members of political communities and there has been a significant amount of unity throughout history . This differs from both nearby East and South Asia . = = Impact on society = = Polyethnicity , over time , can change the way societies practice cultural norms . = = = Marriage = = = An increase in intermarriage in the United States has led to the blurring of ethnic lines . Anti @-@ miscegenation laws ( laws banning interracial marriages ) were abolished in the United States in 1967 and now it is estimated that one @-@ fifth of the population in the United States by 2050 will be part of the polyethnic population . In 2000 , self @-@ identified Multiracial Americans numbered 6 @.@ 8 million or 2 @.@ 4 % of the population . While the number of interethnic marriages is on the rise , there are certain ethnic groups that have been found more likely to become polyethnic and recognize themselves with more than one ethnic background . Bhavani Arabandi states in his article on polyethnicity that : Asians and Latinos have much higher rates of interethnic marriages than do blacks , and they are more likely to report polyethnicity than blacks who more often claim a single ethnicity and racial identity . This is the case , the authors [ Lee , J & Bean , F.D ] argue , because blacks have a " legacy of slavery , " a history of discrimination , and have been victimized by the " one drop rule " ( where having any black blood automatically labeled one as black ) in the US . = = = Military = = = Presently , most armed forces are composed of people from different ethnic backgrounds . They are considered to be polyethnic due to the differences in race , ethnicity , language or background . While there are many examples of polyethnic forces , the most prominent are among the largest armed forces in the world , including those of the United States , the former USSR , and China . Polyethnic armed forces are not a new phenomenon ; multi @-@ ethnic forces have been in existence since the ancient Roman Empire , Middle Eastern Empires and even the Mongol Khans . The U.S. Military was one of the first modern militaries to begin ethnic integration , by order of President Truman in 1945 . = = Criticisms = = There are also arguments against polyethnicity , as well as the assimilation of ethnicities in polyethnic regions . Wilmot Robertson in The Ethnostate and Dennis L. Thomson in The Political Demands of Isolated Indian Bands in British Columbia , argue for some level of separatism . In The Ethnostate , Robertson declares polyethnicity as an ideal that only lessens each culture . He believes that , within a polyethnic culture , the nation or region as a whole is less capable of cultural culmination than each of the individual ethnicities that make it up . Essentially , polyethnicity promotes the dilution of ethnicity and thus hinders each ethnicity in all aspects of culture . In The Political Demands of Isolated Indian Bands in British Columbia , Thomson points out the benefits in some level ( albeit small ) of separatist policies . He argues the benefits of allowing ethnic groups , like the Amish and the Hutterites in the United States and Canada or the Sami in Norway , to live on the edges of governance . These are ethnic groups that would prefer to retain their ethnic identity and thus prefer separatist policies for themselves , as they do not require them to conform to policies for all ethnicities of the nation . = Whitehall = Whitehall is a road in the City of Westminster , Central London , which forms the first part of the A3212 road from Trafalgar Square to Chelsea . It is the main thoroughfare running south from Trafalgar Square towards Parliament Square . The street is recognised as the centre of Her Majesty 's Government and is lined with numerous departments and ministries including the Ministry of Defence , Horse Guards and the Cabinet Office . Consequently , the name " Whitehall " is used as a metonym for British central governmental administration , and the geographic name for the surrounding area . The name was taken from the Palace of Whitehall that was the residence of Kings Henry VIII through to William III , before its destruction by fire in 1698 ; only the Banqueting House survived . Whitehall was originally a wide road that led to the front of the palace ; the route to the south was widened in the 18th century following the destruction of the palace . As well as government buildings , the street is known for its memorial statues and monuments , including Britain 's primary war memorial , the Cenotaph . The Whitehall Theatre , now the Trafalgar Studios , has been a popular place for farce comedies since the mid @-@ 20th century . = = Geography and name = = The name Whitehall was used for several buildings in the Tudor period . It either referred to a building made of light stone , or as a general term for any festival building . This included the Royal Palace of Whitehall , which in turn gave its name to the street . The street is about 0 @.@ 4 miles ( 0 @.@ 64 km ) long and runs through the City of Westminster . It is part of the A3212 , a main road in Central London that leads towards Chelsea via the Houses of Parliament and Vauxhall Bridge . It runs south from Trafalgar Square , past numerous government buildings , including the old War Office building , Horse Guards , the Ministry of Defence , the Cabinet Office and the Department of Health . It ends at the Cenotaph , the road ahead being Parliament Street . Great Scotland Yard and Horse Guards Avenue branch off to the east , while Downing Street branches off to the west at the southern section of the street . The nearest tube stations are Charing Cross at the north end , and Westminster at the south . Numerous London bus routes run along Whitehall , including 12 , 24 , 53 , 88 , 159 and 453 . = = History = = There has been a route connecting Charing Cross to Westminster since the Middle Ages ; the 12th @-@ century historian William Fitzstephen described it as " a continued suburb , mingled with large and beautiful gardens , and orchards belonging to the citizens " . The name Whitehall was originally only used for the section of road between Charing Cross and Holbein Gate ; beyond this it was known as The Street as far as King Street Gate , then King Street thereafter . It had become a residential street by the 16th century , and had become a popular place to live by the 17th , with residents including Lord Howard of Effingham and Edmund Spenser . The Palace of Whitehall , to the east of the road , was originally named York Palace , but was renamed during the reign of Henry VIII . The palace was redesigned in 1531 – 32 and became the King 's main residence later in the decade . He married Ann Boleyn here in 1533 , followed by Jane Seymour in 1536 , and died at the palace in 1547 . Charles I owned an extensive art collection at the palace and several of William Shakespeare 's plays had their first performances here . It ceased to be a royal residence after 1689 , when William III moved to Kensington Palace . The palace was damaged by fire in 1691 , following which the front entrance was redesigned by Sir Christopher Wren . In 1698 , most of the palace burned to the ground owing to an accident started by a careless washerwoman . Wallingford House was constructed in 1572 by William Knollys , 1st Earl of Banbury along the western edge of Whitehall . It was subsequently used by Charles I. During the reign of William III , it was bought for the Admiralty . The Old Admiralty Buildings now sit on the house 's site . Banqueting House was built as an extension to the Palace of Whitehall in 1622 by Inigo Jones . It is the only surviving portion of the palace after it was burned down , and was the first Renaissance building in London . It later became a museum to the Royal United Services Institute and has been opened to the public since 1963 . Oliver Cromwell moved to the street in 1647 , taking up residence in Wallingford House . Two years later , Charles I was carried through Whitehall on the way to his trial at Westminster Hall . Whitehall itself was a wide street and had sufficient space for a scaffold to be erected for the King 's execution at Banqueting House . He made a brief speech there before being beheaded . Cromwell died at the Palace of Whitehall in 1658 . During the Great Plague of London in 1665 , people boarded coaches at Whitehall , then at the edge of urban London , in an attempt to escape . The King and court temporarily moved to Oxford to avoid the plague , while Samuel Pepys remarked in his diary on 29 June , " By water to Whitehall , where the Court is full of waggons and people ready to go out of town . This end of town every day grows very bad with plague " . By the 18th century , traffic was struggling along the narrow streets south of Holbein Gate , which led to King Street Gate being demolished in 1723 . Holbein Gate , in turn , was demolished in 1759 . Meanwhile , Parliament Street was a side road alongside the palace which led to the Palace of Westminster . After the Palace of Whitehall was destroyed , Parliament Street was widened to match Whitehall 's width . The present appearance of the street dates from 1899 after a group of houses between Downing Street and Great George Street were destroyed . = = Government buildings = = By the time the palace was destroyed , separation of crown and state had become important , with Parliament being necessary to control military requirements and pass laws . The government wanted to be some distance from the monarch , and the buildings around Whitehall , physically separated from St James 's Palace by St James 's Park , seemed to be a good place for ministers to work . The Horse Guards building was designed by William Kent , and built during the 1750s on a former tiltyard site , replacing an earlier guard @-@ house erected during the Civil War . The building includes an archway for coach traffic and two pedestrian arches that provide access between Whitehall and Horse Guards Parade . The central archway is marked with " SMF " and " StMW " , and denotes the boundary between St Martin 's in the Fields and St Margaret 's church parish boundaries . During the 19th century , as private leases ran out on residential buildings , ownership reverted to the Crown , which began to use them as public offices . The name " Whitehall " is now used as a metonym to refer to that part of the civil service which is involved in the government of the United Kingdom . The street 's central portion is dominated by military buildings , including the Ministry of Defence , with the former headquarters of the British Army and Royal Navy , the Royal United Services Institute , the Horse Guards building and the Admiralty , on the opposite side . Government buildings on Whitehall , from north to south , include the The Admiralty Buildings ( Foreign and Commonwealth Office , others ) , the Department for International Development at No. 22 , the Department of Energy and Climate Change at No. 55 , the Old War Office , the Office of the Parliamentary Counsel at No. 36 , the Horse Guards , the Ministry of Defence main building , Dover House ( containing the Scotland Office ) , Gwydyr House ( containing the Wales Office ) , the Cabinet Office at No. 70 , the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Government Offices Great George Street ( HM Treasury , HM Revenue and Customs and parts of the Cabinet Office ) . Scotland Yard , the headquarters of London 's Metropolitan Police Service , was originally located in Great Scotland Yard off the north @-@ eastern end of Whitehall . The buildings had been lodgings for the Kings of Scotland , on part of the old Palace of Whitehall 's grounds ; by the 19th century , Little and Middle Scotland Yard had been merged into Whitehall Place , leaving only Great Scotland Yard . No. 4 Whitehall Place had become vacant by the 1820s , which allowed Sir Robert Peel to use it as the main headquarters when forming the police in 1829 . It was formally named the Metropolitan Police Office , but became quickly known as Great Scotland Yard , and eventually Scotland Yard . The buildings were damaged in a series of bombings by Irish Nationalists in 1883 , and an explosion from a Fenian terrorist attack on 30 May 1884 blew a hole in Scotland Yard 's outer wall and destroyed the neighbouring Rising Sun pub . The headquarters was moved away from Whitehall in 1890 . Downing Street leads off the south @-@ west end of Whitehall , just above Parliament Street . It was named after Sir George Downing , who built a row of houses along the street around 1680 leading west from Whitehall . Following a number of terrorist attacks , the road was closed to the public in 1990 , when security gates were erected at both ends . On 7 February 1991 , the Provisional IRA fired mortars from a van parked in Whitehall towards No. 10 , one of which exploded in the gardens . Additional security measures have been put in place along Whitehall to protect government buildings , following a £ 25 million streetscape project undertaken by Westminster City Council . The project has provided wider pavements and better lighting , along with installing hundreds of concrete and steel security barriers . Richmond House , at No. 79 , has held the Department of Health since 1987 . The building is scheduled to be a temporary debating chamber from 2020 , while the Houses of Parliament undergo a £ 7 billion refurbishment and modernisation programme . = = Memorials = = A number of statues and memorials have been built on and around Whitehall , commemorating military victories and leaders . The Cenotaph was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and erected at the southern end in 1919 , commemorating victory in World War I and later used as a memorial for both World Wars . It is the main war memorial in Britain and an annual service is held here on Remembrance Sunday , led by the reigning monarch and leading politicians . In 2005 a national Monument to the Women of World War II was erected a short distance north of the Cenotaph in the middle of the Whitehall carriageway . The Royal Tank Regiment Memorial is at the north east end of Whitehall , where Whitehall Court meets Whitehall Place . Erected in 2000 , it commemorates the use of tanks in both World Wards and depicts five World War II tank crew members . The Gurkha Memorial is to the south of this , on Horse Guards Avenue to the east of Whitehall . Whitehall is also home to six other monuments . From north to south , these are of Prince George , Duke of Cambridge ( Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the British Army ) , Liberal Party , Liberal Unionist Party and Unionists leader Spencer Cavendish , 8th Duke of Devonshire , Douglas Haig , 1st Earl Haig ( known as the Earl Haig Memorial ) , Field Marshal Montgomery ( commander of the 8th Army , the 21st Army Group and Chief of the Imperial General Staff ) , William Slim , 1st Viscount Slim , Commander of the 14th Army and Governor @-@ General of Australia , and Alan Brooke , 1st Viscount Alanbrooke , Chief of the Imperial General Staff . = = Culture = = The Whitehall Theatre opened in 1930 at the north west end of the street , on a site that had previously been Ye Old Ship Tavern in the 17th century . The revue Whitehall Follies opened in 1942 , which drew controversy over its explicit content featuring the stripper and actress Phyllis Dixey . The theatre became known for its farces , reviving a tradition on Whitehall that had begun with court jesters at the palace during the 16th century . These included several plays featuring actor @-@ manager Brian Rix throughout the 1950s and 60s , and 1981 's satirical Anyone for Denis , written by John Wells and Private Eye editor Richard Ingrams . The venue was Grade II listed in 1996 , and renamed the Trafalgar Studios in 2004 . Because of its importance as a centre of British government , several political comedies are based in and around Whitehall . These include the BBC 's Yes Minister and The Thick of It . Whitehall is one of three purple squares on the British Monopoly board , along with Pall Mall and Northumberland Avenue . All three streets converge at Trafalgar Square . = 2000 UEFA Cup Final = The 2000 UEFA Cup Final was a football match that took place on 17 May 2000 at Parken Stadium in Copenhagen , Denmark to decide the winner of the 1999 – 2000 UEFA Cup . The game event pitted Galatasaray of Turkey and Arsenal of England , and was the final match of the 1999 – 2000 season , the 29th final of Europe 's second largest club football competition , the UEFA Cup . It was Galatasaray 's first appearance , in a final of a European tournament and Arsenal 's first UEFA Cup final . Both clubs competed in the 1999 – 2000 UEFA Champions League ; with each team finishing in third place of the first group stage , Galatasaray behind Chelsea and Hertha Berlin and Arsenal behind Barcelona and Fiorentina , thus exiting the competition , and qualifying for the third round of the UEFA Cup . Whilst there , a total sixteen matches were played , as the two sides advanced through the rounds , including the quarter @-@ and semi @-@ finals to progress to the final . Galatasaray overcame Bologna , Borussia Dortmund , Mallorca and Leeds United on their way , while Arsenal defeated Nantes , Deportivo La Coruña , Werder Bremen and Lens . The match was attended by 38 @,@ 919 spectators , as Galatasaray won 4 – 1 on penalties following extra time , making it the first time for a Turkish side to win the contest and a European honour . They also obtained the Treble , having previously achieved the Turkish league championship , and the Turkish domestic cup titles , as well as qualifying for the 2000 UEFA Super Cup and the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship . The final was somewhat marred by the riots between supporters of the two sides . = = Route to the final = = = = = Galatasaray = = = Galatasaray were required to qualify for the group stage , as Turkey 's country coefficient only held qualifying places . The Turks entered the third qualifying round of the 1999 – 2000 UEFA Champions League , the final qualifying game of the competition , where they competed against Rapid Wien in two matches . Galatasaray won the first leg with 3 – 0 at the Ernst @-@ Happel @-@ Stadion , and earned their spot in the first group stage following a 1 – 0 win at their home arena , Ali Sami Yen Stadium in the decisive leg . Galatasaray were scheduled to take part in Group G , containing Chelsea , Hertha Berlin and Milan . Six matches were played , as they recorded a total two wins , one draw and three defeats , thus descending into the third round of the UEFA Cup . Galatasaray faced Bologna in the competition 's third round . The first game was played at Stadio Renato Dall 'Ara , which ended in a 1 – 1 draw ; the Italian side took the lead after a Giuseppe Signori goal during the second half , before Hakan Şükür levelled the score , with eight minutes remaining . At home , the Turkish side scored twice during the first half , and conceded once , as they won the match 2 – 1 , and the overall leg 3 – 2 . Galatasaray were pitted against Borussia Dortmund in the fourth round . Gala won 2 – 0 away at Westfalenstadion , while a scoreless draw in the homecoming match was enough for Galatasaray to see them through . In the quarter @-@ finals , Galatasaray 's opponents were Mallorca . They won the first match with 4 – 1 , which was played at Son Moix . They booked their place in the next round by clinching a 2 – 1 home victory in the return leg , winning 6 – 2 on aggregate . Galatasaray were up against Leeds United in the semi @-@ finals . The Istanbul side began their first game on home soil with a 2 – 0 win , following goals by Şükür and Capone . At Elland Road , their second match ended in a 2 – 2 stalemate , with Gheorghe Hagi and Şükür netting , thus winning the tie 4 – 2 and proceeding to the final . = = = Arsenal = = = Arsenal qualified automatically into the Champions League group stage because of England 's country coefficient . They were drawn in Group B , along with AIK , Barcelona and Fiorentina . Each club played six matches , with Arsenal registering two victories , two draws and two defeats . This meant they finished in third place , one point behind second place holders Fiorentina , and hence entered the third round stage of the UEFA Cup . Arsenal competed against Nantes in the third round of the contest . At their home venue , Arsenal Stadium , they defeated the French club 3 – 0 , before recording a 3 – 3 draw at the Stade de la Beaujoire , ensuring the Gunners a 6 – 3 aggregate victory . They battled Deportivo La Coruña in the fourth round . Arsenal played at their home ground in the first match , and comprehensively beat the Spanish outfit by five goals to one , before suffering a 1 – 2 loss at Estadio Municipal de Riazor , which was still enough to take the English side to the next round on aggregate . Werder Bremen were next up in the quarter @-@ finals . Goals apiece by Thierry Henry and Fredrik Ljungberg helped them to a 2 – 0 victory at home . Arsenal sealed their place in the semi @-@ finals in the second leg played at the Weserstadion , a match which they won 4 – 2 after Ray Parlour 's hat @-@ trick and a lone Henry goal to register a 6 – 2 aggregate win . In the semi @-@ finals , Arsenal collided with Lens . The first leg took place at home , and the Gunners won by one goal to nil , through an early goal scored by Dennis Bergkamp . They advanced at Stade Félix @-@ Bollaert with a 2 – 1 victory , overall winning 3 – 1 to reach the final . = = Pre @-@ match = = = = = Background = = = Galatasaray and Arsenal met each other for the first time in a European football competition , though the Turkish outfit had faced English clubs formerly on eight occasions . Their first was against Manchester United , in the 1993 – 94 Champions League second round , which they won 3 – 3 on away goals in a two @-@ legged match . Both teams were reunited in the following season of the group stage , which concluded in a goalless tie and a Galatasaray blow . Other meetings include against West Bromwich Albion in the commencing round of the 1978 – 79 UEFA Cup , and Chelsea in this year 's Champions League campaign . Arsenal by contrast ran into Turkish opposition twice , both of them against Fenerbahçe in the 1979 – 80 European Cup Winners ' Cup first round ; the home game was won by the English side 2 – 0 , while the away leg ended in a 0 – 0 draw . Arsenal had a better European record , compared to Galatasaray going into the match ; they defeated Anderlecht with a 4 – 3 aggregate winning result , in the final of the 1969 – 70 Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup . The London – based club reached the Cup Winners ' Cup finales three times , in 1980 , where they suffered a 4 – 5 defeat in a penalty shoot @-@ out to Valencia , following a 0 – 0 stalemate ; Arsenal also reached the 1994 final , winning 1 – 0 over Parma , and the following edition , losing 1 – 2 at the hands of Real Zaragoza . Their 1994 success led to them qualifying for that year 's European Super Cup , where they were beaten 2 – 0 by Milan on aggregate in two games . This was Arsenal 's first UEFA Cup ( sixth in total ) European final . The club were considered favorites to win the match . Galatasaray entered the final in search for the Treble . Their fourteenth and fourth successive Turkish league title was confirmed on the final matchday . The Turkish club added the domestic cup to their trophy cabinet , after Antalyaspor was defeated with a 5 – 3 victory in the 2000 Turkish Cup Final . The side participated in their first UEFA Cup and European competition final , while also becoming the first ever team from Turkey to make the final in a UEFA club football competition . = = = Ticketing = = = Before the final , both finalists were awarded 12 @,@ 000 tickets . The Danish Football Association announced that 9 @,@ 000 tickets would be offered , for sale to the public , while the remaining 3 @,@ 000 were sold to other European countries . UEFA allocated another 3 @,@ 000 tickets to their officials and VIP members . Problems ensued after it was revealed that Galatasaray had been charging the tickets more than the original price , in order to prevent some football hooligans from entering the ground . The Turkish club 's secretary general however , denied this and insisted that the tickets were being sold at their original price and to support the stadium and the club 's other sporting activities . = = = Venue = = = Parken Stadium was selected as the official ground of the final , after a decision made by the UEFA Executive Committee . It is located in the Indre Østerbro territory in Copenhagen ; the site was once known as Idrætsparken , with the opening premiere held in 1911 . It was the home of the Denmark national football team and Kjøbenhavns Boldklub 's ( KB ) matches , until 1990 , when the venue underwent reconstruction by the Danish lending company Baltica Finans A / S , with the former scrapped in favour of the new name , Parken Stadium . The concept was supported by the Danish Football Association with a contract that all of Denmark 's national games would take place at the stadium for fifteen years . The price of the renovation was DKK640 million ( £ 740 million ) . It made its debut two years later , in 1992 , and has since then been the home base for F.C. Copenhagen 's fixtures . This was the second occasion that a major European final had been staged at Parken . The venue also hosted the 1994 Cup Winners ' Cup Final between Arsenal and Parma . = = = Match ball = = = Adidas Terrestra Silverstream was the official match ball used in the final . It was assembled and marketed by German sport firm Adidas , and was the ninth ball in the European Championship series , as well as part of the Adidas Finale . The ball 's design was created by British independent brand specialist company Design Bridge , and influenced by the waters , in the Netherlands and Belgium . The ball contains synthetic foam layers , making it more comfortable to grip and smoother to control . The Terrestra Silverstream was later unveiled as the official match ball of the UEFA Euro 2000 . = = = Match officials = = = Before the final , a match official team from the Royal Spanish Football Federation was appointed , with Antonio López Nieto as the main referee of the final , his second UEFA Cup final since 1998 between Internazionale and Lazio . Nieto obtained his international referee badge in 1993 , and had previously taken charge of 30 European tournament games – 15 UEFA Champions League and 15 UEFA Cup matches . The Spaniard made his European debut , in the second leg of the first round clash , involving Manchester United – Honvéd in the 1993 – 94 Champions League season . He was also present in the match referees squad during the UEFA Euro 1996 qualifiers and the main event , as well as at the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . Nieto was joined by assistant referees Fernando Tresaco Gracia and Victoriano Giráldez Carrasco and fourth official Arturo Daudén Ibáñez . = = = Opening ceremony = = = An opening ceremony was held , prior to the match . At the start of the event , cheerleading girls dressed in pom @-@ pom clothing stepped onto the football pitch to entertain the crowd ; the routine also featured a small number of Danish – Turkish girls from a local school , performing a folk dance display containing Turkish elements . The act was succeeded by an appearance from Danish pop singer and actor Stig Rossen , who sang an alternative version of the notable song " Wonderful Copenhagen " . Prince Joachim of Denmark , the youngest of Queen Margrethe II and Prince Henrik 's two children , welcomed the opening ceremony by making a short speech to all the seated spectators in the stadium . = = Broadcasting = = The final was made available on television , across 185 countries , with an estimated 500 million viewers . Danish television channel DR1 announced that they would use seventeen cameras , for the match coverage . In the United Kingdom , BBC One , the main channel of the public television corporation , the British Broadcasting Corporation acquired the rights for the final ; the network broadcast the event , with live commentary provided by veteran professional sports pundit and television presenter Barry Davies , who was assisted by former English footballer Trevor Brooking . In the United Kingdom , the final came second in the overnight ratings list , with 9 @.@ 1 million viewers , behind an episode of Coronation Street . The game was shown on Fox Sports World in the United States . In Turkey , the match was broadcast on the public television channel TRT 1 . = = Match = = = = = Summary = = = = = = = First half = = = = Arsenal started the match through kick @-@ off Henry . There minutes into the match , captain Tony Adams attempted to clear the ball via a header , only for it to land at Arif Erdem , who attempted a volley shot outside the Arsenal area , deflecting off the goal post . As a result , Galatasaray were awarded a corner . Erdem took it , but failed to trouble the defense , as the ball was easily cleared away . Arsenal responded via Bergkamp , who received the ball from Marc Overmars ; Bergkamp attempted to outrun Galatasaray defenders Capone and Gheorghe Popescu and into their area , only to be unable to keep the ball in match play . Arsenal even fashioned more chances , as Overmars won a one @-@ on @-@ one encounter against Capone , trying to reach Bergkamp , but the ball was easily read by Popescu for a corner . The corner was came to nothing , as Patrick Vieira tried to hit the ball , before it landed for an opportunity for Henry , whose shot went over the goal post . A third of the match played , Arsenal were awarded a free @-@ kick opportunity , after Okan Buruk received a yellow card for committing a sliding tackle on Vieira . Martin Keown took care of the free @-@ kick which Popescu unsuccessfully attempted to clear , only to give Overmars a shot on goal , a volley which went over . One minute later , Galatasaray 's first opportunity came when Erdem received a straight ball from a Hagi taken free – kick , and took a shot on goal , which goalkeeper David Seaman managed to keep out with his left hand for a corner . The corner was taken , but no Galatasaray player was available to direct the ball towards the goal . Arsenal would create more opportunities into the match , when Sylvinho snatched the ball from Hagi and ran down to Galatasaray 's left , before putting in a cross to the running Henry , who was halted by a clearance from Bülent Korkmaz . As Galatasaray grew more into the game minute , Erdem exchanged passes with Şükür , whose bicycle kick went completely off target . Arsenal began creating more chances – in the 35th minute , Overmars made a low powerful shot on goal , forcing Cláudio Taffarel to make a diving save . Overmars then made another run into the area but his attempt went across the goal . Galatasaray nearly took the lead with only two minutes of the first half remaining , when Şükür found Erdem , who beat the offside trap . However , his shot went just wide . = = = = Second half = = = = Before the second half , no substitutions were made by either teams as Galatasaray kicked @-@ off the match . During the third minute , Vieira picked Parlour , but his shot hit the outside of the goal . Galatasaray almost scored the opening goal , when Okan Buruk played in Hakan Şükür , whose shot hit the right post . Arsenal attempted to strike , with Sylvinho passing Hagi , and finding Henry , who in turn put in a cross for Keown , only for his shot to go over . Later throughout the match , Parlour sent a long ball into the Galatasaray midfield , but no Arsenal player was there to pick up the ball . A free @-@ kick was given to Bergkamp after a foul on Overmars , which was cleared with a Popescu header . Galatasaray attempted an attack on the counter – Capone gave the ball to Hagi , who lost his balance while preparing to take a shot . After receiving a pass , Hagi put in a wide cross for Şükür , but he was denied a shot on target after a clearance . Arsenal had another chance , when Henry snatched the ball from Korkmaz , and entered the penalty area , only to see his shot to go off target . A throw @-@ in by Hagi led to Şükür attempting to reach Erdem , who was in the penalty area , but was tackled and match play continued , which saw Arsenal attack on the counter under Parlour , whose volley shot went wide . Overmars then had an opportunity , after being given the ball by Henry , but the shot was off target . In the 70th minute , Korkmaz exchanged passes with Erdem , but his effort was successfully blocked by Tony Adams . Three minutes later , Parlour attempted a bending cross for Henry , but Taffarel read it easily . A well @-@ played pass by Nwankwo Kanu ensured the ball reached Henry on the left area , who proceeded to give it to Overmars in the penalty area – however , Overmars 's shot fell flat , but still enough for Taffarel to make a save . With four minutes of normal time remaining , the Turks came close to a winning goal , when Şükür collected the ball from the centre and entered Arsenal 's area , but lost his footing before he could make an effort on goal , allowing Seaman to pick up the ball for a goal kick . Two minutes of extra time were added on , just when a free @-@ kick was awarded to Galatasaray . Şükür took the shot , but the ball headed wide around the wall . It proved to be the final event in normal time , as the match entered extra time . = = = = Extra time = = = = With the match entering extra time and the golden goal rule applying , both sides had chances to score the decisive goal . In the second minute , Henry beat two defenders to enter the opponent 's area , but his shot went just across the goal . Shortly after , Hagi received a straight red card , after game footage showed the player holding and punching Adams in the back ; the Arsenal captain was awarded a yellow card . As a result , Arsenal began to put the Turkish side under pressure by creating more chances through Henry , who almost won the game when he directed a header on goal from a long cross by Parlour , which Taffarel managed to keep out . Overmars 's effort was then blocked by a Galatasaray defender . Near the start of the second half in extra time , Galatasaray 's first opportunity came , when Şükür attempted a shot from a Popescu cross , but the ball hit the side netting . After seven minutes , Kanu beat a defender , dribbled into the Galatasaray area and shot the ball twice , only to be denied twice by Taffarel . In the dying minutes both teams continued to create decisive chances – Galatasaray 's Popescu was given a free – kick , after Şükür was brought down by Keown . However , the ball flew straight into Seaman 's arms . Arsenal 's Sylvinho put in a cross into the Galatasaray area to Henry , but ball was cleared away . The final whistle was blown and the match moved into a penalty shoot @-@ out . = = = = Penalty shoot @-@ out = = = = Galatasaray 's Ergün Penbe stepped up to take the first spot kick and scored . He placed the ball inside the near right @-@ hand corner , just past Seaman , who dived to his left . Davor Šuker was the first man up to take Arsenal 's penalty kick . His effort proved to be unsuccessful , as the ball hit the left @-@ hand post and bounced off the goal . Şükür became the next player to take Galatasaray 's spot kick . He scored as he lobbed the ball in the right @-@ hand corner . With Galatasaray leading 2 – 0 , Arsenal 's next penalty taker was Parlour . He placed the ball on the spot and successfully scored by burying the ball to Taffarel 's right to make it 2 – 1 . Ümit Davala calmly placed the goal , near the centre of the goal to make it 3 – 1 to Galatasaray . Arsenal 's only hope now was Vieira , but the midfielder missed and hit the crossbar instead . Popescu then stepped up , and netted with a powerful shot , sending Seaman to the wrong side of the goal , as Galatasaray won the penalty shoot @-@ out 4 – 1 . = = = Details = = = = = = Statistics = = = = Road to Rupert = " Road to Rupert " is the ninth episode of the fifth season of Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on January 28 , 2007 . The episode follows Brian after he inadvertently sells Stewie 's teddy bear , Rupert , during a yard sale . In an attempt to retrieve him , Stewie and Brian travel across the United States , eventually discovering he is with a child living in Aspen , Colorado . Meanwhile , Peter has his driving license revoked for careless driving and is forced to be driven around by Meg , which annoys him . The episode was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by Dan Povenmire . It received divided reviews , with the negative reviews going to the " personal driver " plot and the positive going to the " Rupert " plot . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 8 @.@ 8 million homes in its original airing . The episode feature guest performances by Max Burkholder , Phil LaMarr , Rob Lowe , Ted McGinley , Stephen Stanton , Connor Trinneer , Audrey Wasilewski , George Wendt and Dave Wittenberg . SpongeBob SquarePants voice actors Tom Kenny and Bill Fagerbakke lent their voices to the episode as SpongeBob and Patrick respectively from archive music of the " Campfire Song " from the episode The Camping Episode , but remain uncredited . = = Plot = = The Griffins have a yard sale to sell off household items that they no longer need , but Brian accidentally sells Stewie 's teddy bear , Rupert , causing Stewie to think Rupert has been kidnapped . Brian takes Stewie to the toy store to try to find a replacement , but ends up admitting he accidentally sold it , after which Stewie exclaims : " You son of a bitch ! " . He attempts to retrieve Rupert by tracking DNA samples against the federal database from the money Brian was paid for Rupert . They discover the man who bought Rupert lives in Quahog , but upon arrival — they discover the house is deserted . After seeing the moving truck and following it , with Mayor West driving , they discover the man now resides in Aspen , Colorado , meaning West drives them no further , only stopping in the Connecticut state line . To get over the mountains , the pair rent a helicopter after discovering " to rent a helicopter , you can pay with cash , check , or a jaunty tune " . Stewie then performs a dance for the man in the office ( with help from Gene Kelly ) , but when Brian crashes the helicopter into the mountain , the two end up next to the entrance to Aspen . Reluctant to give Rupert back to Stewie , Stanford Cordray ( the buyer , voiced by Rob Lowe ) and his family organize a skiing race down the mountain , so if Stewie is the first down , they are allowed to take Rupert away with them and if Stanford wins , he can have Brian . Stewie cheats by installing rockets in his skis , and relaxes to watch his progress . Stewie then crashes into a tree and loses the race . He tells Brian that maybe this means he should give up Rupert , but he proceeds to grab Rupert after telling his personal butler Crohn to throw a cup of hot tea on the child 's face , forcing him to drop the bear . The two make a run for it before the child 's parents notice , then realize they still need to get back to Quahog ( which , by looking at a highway sign at the end , is 2112 miles away , a reference to the Rush 1976 album ) , so they carjack a passing driver in the city and drive home . Meanwhile , Peter purchased his own Evel Knievel gloves at his own yard sale . He decides to use the family car to jump over a row of cars , but is unsuccessful and results in his drivers license being revoked by Joe . Lois arranges for Meg to become Peter 's personal driver , and he makes numerous attempts to annoy Meg , including setting her hat on fire when traveling with his friends . When another car rear ends her and she is insulted by the driver , Meg takes out her repressed rage with Peter on the driver by beating him up ; Peter is impressed , and the two bond in the car . In the end , Joe stops by Peter 's house to reinstate his license . Meg worries that Peter will begin treating her badly again , but Peter says that while he will only do so in front of the family to keep up appearances , and that they will now be " secret best friends . " = = Production = = This episode was written by Patrick Meighan , in his first episode of the season , and , like all Road to .. episodes from 2000 – 2007 , directed by Dan Povenmire , in his second episode of the season . Lois mocking Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( or , as it 's called in the scene , Stymie Gruffin : The Untold Story ) , citing the movie as a middle finger to the audience by being three episodes slapped together under the guise of a movie ( followed by Brian calling in two bodyguards in suits to take Lois away ) was edited on TV for time reasons . A deleted scene showed one of Peter 's crimes being a hate crime , where during his stunt he hit a car with a Jewish driver . The televised scene changed the Jewish driver to a female virgin driver and the crime being a rape ( her airbag having busted her hymen when it deployed ) and not a hate crime . The scene of Stewie getting high on NyQuil to cope with losing Rupert and mistaking a throw pillow for a cat was cut from TV airings for time reasons . David Goodman noted that he feels the production crew may not have succeeded on this episode as everything falls into place easily , such as the box falling out of the moving truck . Every frame when Stewie is dancing in a montage of Anchors Aweigh took a large amount of work to produce . The montage of Stewie and Brian visiting several U.S. states ( all of which are states where there 's nothing but cornfields ) was a DVD exclusive scene , removed from television for timing purposes . This scene was partially based on series creator Seth MacFarlane traveling the United States after the September 11 , 2001 attacks and realizing there is lots of corn throughout the U.S. A deleted scene directly after the helicopter crash had shown Stewie saying " come here , puss " for a second time , but this was replaced with another . Stewie and Brian carjacking somebody was added to the episode in a later rewrite and censored on television . In addition to the regular cast , voice actor Max Burkholder , voice actor Phil LaMarr , actor Rob Lowe , actor Ted McGinley , voice actor Stephen Stanton , actor Connor Trinneer , voice actress Audrey Wasilewski , actor George Wendt ( who voiced Norm Peterson in the episode ) and voice actor Dave Wittenberg ( who voiced Woody Boyd in the episode , originally played by Woody Harrelson ) guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Chris Sheridan , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener made minor appearances . = = Cultural references = = When speaking with Brian at the yard sale , Lois comments that Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story is not a real movie , rather just three individual episodes together , but altering the title to Stymie Gruffin : The Untold Story when discussing it with Brian . The music performed at Stewie 's vision of Rupert 's funeral was the hymn Amazing Grace ( played on the bagpipes by Brian ) , while the funeral itself is a reference to Spock 's funeral in Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan . The ' My Black Son ' scene consisted of a number of 1970s and 1980s television programs , these being Diff 'rent Strokes , Family Ties , Punky Brewster , Laverne and Shirley , Perfect Strangers , Three 's Company , Who 's the Boss ? and Bosom Buddies . It also co @-@ starred Emmanuel Lewis . After Peter crashes his car during his first car @-@ jumping stunt , he refers to Matthew Broderick 's car accident in Northern Ireland in 1987 in which 2 people died . Peter watches an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants in the car which features " The Campfire Song " performed in the actual episode . It had been written by Dan Povenmire for the original SpongeBob episode , but it was allowed in the episode as Nickelodeon gave Family Guy permission to reproduce the music . The entire scene of Stewie singing and dancing in order to secure rental of the helicopter is a reference to the 1945 musical film Anchors Aweigh . The reflection of the original character ( Jerry Mouse from Tom and Jerry ) can be seen on the floor . When Stewie and Brian crash the helicopter down the mountain and Brian visualises Stewie as the devil , this is a reference to such a scene in Planes , Trains and Automobiles . The crash itself is caused by a sector whiteout . The Herman 's Hermits song I 'm into Something Good is heard during Peter 's time with Meg . = = Reception = = In a slight improvement over the previous week , the episode was viewed in 8 @.@ 8 million homes in its original airing , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 1 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , slightly edging out both The Simpsons and American Dad ! . The episode received mixed comments from TV Squad , with Brett Love commenting that " the suspended license plot was a little thin , but that 's forgivable given that this was the b @-@ story for the episode , and there are only 22 minutes to work with . " Love comments positively on the Stewie and Brian relationship in the episode , commenting that , " the Stewie and Brian story is what made the episode for me . It was very well done , right down to the goofy little details . " IGN commented that , " ... for Family Guy to have a great episode , it takes a good story and humorous " manatee " gags . " Road to Rupert " was able to deliver on both these fronts , with the majority of the episode 's attention focused on Stewie and Brian 's road story , meshed with many laugh out loud gags . " = Marketing performance measurement and management = Marketing performance measurement and management ( MPM ) is the systematic management of marketing resources and processes to achieve measurable gain in return on investment and efficiency , while maintaining quality in customer experience . Marketing performance management is a central facet of the marketing operations function within marketing departments . Marketing performance management relies on a set of measurable performance standards , a pointed focus on outcomes , and clear lines of accountability ( i.e. roles and consequences ) . Marketing performance management is based on six success factors : 1 ) alignment , 2 ) accountability , 3 ) analytics , 4 ) automation , 5 ) alliances , and 6 ) assessment . = = Alignment = = Alignment of marketing activities and investments to business outcomes occurs when a marketing organization establishes a direct line of sight between marketing activities , investments and business outcomes . Alignment begins with customer insights , to ensure that the marketing performance management approach will be rewarded by the marketplace . Secondly , alignment with enterprise objectives ensures that marketing efforts are in sync with what the company is striving to achieve . Enterprise goals can be cascaded to the business unit level and then to the department level to maintain consistency and drive synergy both horizontally and vertically . Marketing objectives that are developed this way can be cascaded to all of the marketing sub @-@ functions for alignment . = = Accountability = = Accountability is the monitoring and measurement of the commitment a person , group , or organization makes to deliver specific , defined results relating to the enterprise ’ s financial and strategic objectives . Selecting the right metrics ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
both externally and internally . A spirit of alliance among the work groups across the marketing organization , and with other support functions and business units shapes the ecosystem that nurtures or hinders marketing performance . Collaboration cross @-@ functionally is essential to marketing efficiency and effectiveness . = = Assessment = = Assessment is the evaluation of strengths , weaknesses , and opportunities in marketing performance management . Assessment is typically conducted by benchmarking other organizations or comparing performance to a standard . Ideally , assessment is supported by a culture of genuine concern , dedication , and willingness among management and employees to continually improve performance . = Hugh de Cressy = Hugh de Cressy ( died 1189 ; sometimes Hugo de Creissi , Hugh de Creissi , or Hugh de Cressi ) was an Anglo @-@ Norman administrator and nobleman . Little is known of his ancestry and he first served two brothers of King Henry II of England before becoming a royal official . He was rewarded with a marriage to an heiress for his service to the king . In England he often served as a royal justice and witnessed documents , which showed his closeness to the king . On the continent , he recruited mercenaries for the royal army and was named constable of the castle of Rouen in the royal lands in France . He died in 1189 after giving lands to various monasteries before his death . = = Background and early life = = Hugh 's family was from Cressy , in Normandy , and his parents were named Roger and Eustacia . Nothing further is known about his parents , but he had a brother Berengar , who married Isabel of Gressenhall , daughter of Wimar the Sewer . Hugh served William fitzEmpress , the brother of King Henry II of England from the mid 1150s . William gave Hugh the manor of Harrietsham in Kent . After William 's death in 1164 , Hugh passed into royal service , while also serving as seneschal to the new Earl of Surrey , Hamelin , the illegitimate half @-@ brother of King Henry II . On the Cartae Baronum in 1166 he held one knight 's fee in the barony of Giffard . In 1167 Hugh paid a fine that is recorded in the pipe rolls for the custody of his nephew 's lands at Tickhill . In 1170 , he was present at the coronation of Henry the Young King in June at Westminster Abbey , when Henry II had his heir crowned as a king during the elder Henry 's lifetime . During the Revolt of 1173 – 74 by King Henry 's sons , Hugh was a partisan of the king . The revolt was brought about by the desire of Henry 's three oldest sons to gain some power during Henry 's reign , and by mid 1174 the revolt had been defeated by the king . During the Revolt , Hugh fought at the Battle of Fornham near Fornham St Martin in Suffolk , a victory for royalist forces , but otherwise took little part in the revolt 's suppression . = = Royal service = = Hugh was close to King Henry II , witnessing a large number of royal charters and serving as a royal justice . In 1175 along with Ranulf de Glanville , Hugh served as a royal justice in northern England . He also took part of the great eyre of 1176 that was commanded after the Council of Northampton . Also in 1176 , Henry II summoned Roger as a Serjeant @-@ at @-@ law , one of the first identifiable members of that order in the historical record . During the last 10 years of Henry 's reign , Hugh witnessed 15 royal charters . In 1180 he was in charge of Rouen in Henry 's possession of Normandy , being named constable of the Tower of Rouen . Later , in 1184 , he further served the king by hiring mercenaries in Normandy for service with King Henry II 's campaign in Poitou . He appears to have led military forces for the king as well , being recorded several times as a commander of part of the royal forces in Potiou . He is last recorded in England during the period around 1187 . Hugh married Margaret , one of the daughters and heiresses of William de Chesney , the founder of Sibton Abbey . Margaret was one of three daughters , but she inherited the bulk of her father 's estates . Although Margaret was the eldest daughter , the reason she received the bulk of the estates was King Henry 's desire to reward Hugh , as the king arranged the marriage as well as ensuring that most of her father 's lands went to her . Through Margaret , Hugh gained the barony of Blythburgh in Suffolk , which he had control of by 1174 . He also acquired lands at Rottingdean in Sussex from Margaret . = = Death and legacy = = Hugh died in 1189 around Easter at Rouen . His heir was his son Roger de Cressy , who died in 1246 . Towards the end of his life , sometime between 1186 and 1189 , Hugh gave a church at Cressy to the priory at St Lo in Rouen . On his deathbed he granted lands at Walberswick to Blythburgh Priory for the salvation of the souls of his parents and other ancestors as well as the souls of King Henry and Henry 's brother William fitzEmpress . Margaret survived Hugh and married Robert fitzRoger and lived until at least 1214 , when she paid a fine to the king for the right to her inheritance after the death of her second husband . = Robert L. Eichelberger = Robert Lawrence Eichelberger ( 9 March 1886 – 26 September 1961 ) was a general officer in the United States Army who commanded the Eighth United States Army in the Southwest Pacific Area during World War II . A 1909 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point , he saw service in Panama and on the Mexican border before joining the American Expeditionary Force Siberia in 1918 . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for repeated acts of bravery in Siberia . After the war , he transferred to the Adjutant General 's Corps . He attended the Command and General Staff College and the Army War College , and was Secretary of the War Department General Staff , working for the Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General Douglas MacArthur . In 1940 , Eichelberger became the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point . He instituted a number of reforms , cutting back activities such as horseback riding and close order drill , and substituting modern combat training , in which cadets participated in military exercises alongside National Guard units . He acquired Stewart Field as a training facility , which gave cadets a chance to qualify as pilots while still at West Point . He became commander of the 77th Infantry Division in March 1942 , and I Corps in June . In August 1942 , Eichelberger was abruptly sent to the Southwest Pacific Area , where he led American and Australian troops in the bloody Battle of Buna – Gona . In 1944 , he had notable victories at Hollandia and the Battle of Biak . As Commanding General of the newly formed Eighth Army , Eichelberger led the invasion of the Southern Philippines clearing the islands of Mindoro , Marinduque , Panay , Negros , Cebu and Bohol . By July 1945 , his forces had defeated the Japanese on Mindanao . In August 1945 , Eichelberger 's Eighth Army began a three @-@ year stint as part of the Occupation of Japan . He retired from the Army at the end of 1948 . = = Early life = = Robert Lawrence Eichelberger was born at Urbana , Ohio on 9 March 1886 , the youngest of five children of George Maley Eichelberger , a farmer and lawyer , and Emma Ring Eichelberger . He grew up on the 235 @-@ acre ( 95 ha ) family farm that had been established by his grandfather . He graduated from Urbana High School in 1903 , and entered Ohio State University , where he joined Phi Gamma Delta fraternity . In 1904 , Eichelberger persuaded his father 's former law partner , William R. Warnock , now the congressman for Ohio 's 8th congressional district , to appoint him to the United States Military Academy at West Point . He entered West Point in June 1905 . His class of 1909 was a distinguished one . Some 28 of them ultimately wore the stars of general officers , including Jacob L. Devers , John C. H. Lee , Edwin F. Harding , George S. Patton and William H. Simpson . Eichelberger was a poor student , as he had been at high school and Ohio State , but did become a cadet lieutenant , and graduated 68th in his class of 103 . Eichelberger was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 25th Infantry on 11 June 1909 , but was transferred to the 10th Infantry at Fort Benjamin Harrison , Indiana , on 22 July . In March 1911 , the 10th Infantry was despatched to San Antonio , Texas , where it became part of the Maneuver Division , which was formed to undertake offensive operations during the Border War with Mexico . Then , in September , it was sent to the Panama Canal Zone . It was in Panama that Eichelberger met Emmaline ( Em ) Gudger , the daughter of Hezekiah A. Gudger , the Chief Justice of the Panama Canal Zone Supreme Court . After a brief courtship , they were married on 3 April 1913 . On returning to the United States in March 1915 , Eichelberger was posted to the 22nd Infantry at Fort Porter , New York . It too was sent to the Mexican border , and was based at Douglas , Arizona , where Eichelberger was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 July 1916 . In September , he became Professor of Military Science and Tactics at Kemper Military School in Boonville , Missouri . = = World War I = = Following the American entry into World War I in April 1917 , Eichelberger was promoted to captain on 15 May . In June he was posted to the 20th Infantry at Fort Douglas , Utah , and commanded a battalion until September , when he was transferred to the newly formed 43rd Infantry at Camp Pike , Arkansas . He was Senior Infantry Instructor at the 3rd Officers ' Training Camp at Camp Pike until February 1918 , when he was assigned to the War Department General Staff in Washington , D.C. , where he became an assistant to Brigadier General William S. Graves , and was promoted to major on 3 June 1918 . In July 1918 , Graves was appointed commander of the 8th Division , which was then based at Palo Alto , California , and scheduled to be sent to France in 30 days . Graves took Eichelberger with him , initially as his Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 3 ( Operations ) . While he was en route to California , Eichelberger learned from Graves that the 8th Division 's destination had changed , and it was now bound for Siberia instead . President Woodrow Wilson had agreed to support the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War , and Graves would command the American Expeditionary Force Siberia . The American Expeditionary Force Siberia departed San Francisco on 15 August , with Eichelberger as its Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 2 ( Intelligence ) . Graves was instructed that his mission was political rather than military , and accordingly he was to " maintain strict neutrality " . Eichelberger found himself thrust into a complex political , diplomatic and military environment . Soon after arriving , he was appointed to the ten @-@ nation Inter @-@ Allied Military Council , which was responsible for Allied strategy . Eichelberger became convinced that America 's objectives in Siberia were not necessarily the same as those of her French and British allies , but it was far from clear what they actually were , especially when the State Department and the War Department did not always agree . American policy called for protecting the Trans Siberian Railway , but this was under the control of Admiral Alexander Kolchak 's White Army forces , whom Eichelberger considered to be " murderers " and " cutthroats " . Eichelberger was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for repeated acts of bravery while assigned to the Expeditionary Force . His citation read : For extraordinary heroism in action June 28 – July 3 , 1919 , while serving as assistant chief of staff , G @-@ 2 , American Expeditionary Forces , Siberia . On July 2 , 1919 , after the capture , by American troops of Novitskaya , an American platoon detailed to clear hostile patrols from a commanding ridge was halted by enemy enfilading fire , seriously wounding the members of the patrol . Colonel Eichelberger , without regard to his own safety and armed with a rifle , voluntarily covered the withdrawal of the platoon . On June 28 , at the imminent danger of his own life , he entered the partisan lines and effected the release of one American officer and three enlisted men in exchange for a Russian prisoner . On July 3 an American column being fired upon when debouching from a mountain pass , Colonel Eichelberger voluntarily assisted in establishing the firing line , prevented confusion , and , by his total disregard for his own safety , raised the morale of the American forces to a high pitch . For his services in Siberia , Eichelberger was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal , and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 28 March 1919 . Graves prevented him from receiving the British Distinguished Service Order and the French Legion of Honor , as had other members of the Inter @-@ Allied Military Council . Eichelberger did , however , receive the Japanese Imperial Order of Meiji , Order of the Sacred Treasure and Order of the Rising Sun . Siberia gave Eichelberger a chance to observe the Japanese Army at first hand , and he was impressed by what he saw of their training and discipline . He concluded that , if properly led , they would be more than a match for American troops . The American Expeditionary Force Siberia was withdrawn in April 1920 . = = Between the wars = = Instead of returning to the United States following his service in Siberia , Eichelberger became Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 2 ( Intelligence ) , of the Philippine Department on 4 May 1920 . Like many officers in the aftermath of World War I , he was reduced in rank to his permanent rank of captain on 30 June 1920 , but was immediately promoted to major again the next day . Em had joined him in Vladivostok in March 1920 , and the two first travelled to Japan before moving on to the Philippines . In March 1921 , Eichelberger became head of the Intelligence Mission to China . He established intelligence offices in Peking and Tientsin , and met the President of the Republic of China , Sun Yat @-@ sen . He finally returned to the United States in May 1921 , where he was assigned to the Far Eastern Section of the G @-@ 2 ( Intelligence ) Division of the War Department General Staff . A major disappointment for Eichelberger was his failure to make the General Staff Eligibility List ( GSEL ) . The National Defense Act of 1920 required that only officers on this list could be promoted to brigadier general . Concluding that his prospects for promotion in the infantry were poor , at the urging of the Adjutant General , Major General Robert C. Davis , he transferred to the Adjutant General 's Corps on 14 July 1925 . He continued to work with the War Department General Staff , but now in the Adjutant General 's Office . In April 1925 , he was posted to Fort Hayes , Ohio , as Assistant Adjutant General , 5th Corps Area . Davis had offered to nominate Eichelberger for a place at the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth . Eichelberger joined 247 other officers there in July 1924 . Since the students were seated alphabetically , he sat next to the officer who topped the class , Major Dwight D. Eisenhower . Other students in the class included Joseph Stilwell , Leonard Gerow and Joseph T. McNarney . Eichelberger graduated as a Distinguished Graduate , one of the top quarter of the class , and stayed on at the Command and General Staff College as its Adjutant General . In 1929 , he became a student at the Army War College . On graduation , he was posted back to the Adjutant General 's Office in Washington , D.C. In 1931 , Eichelberger was sent to West Point as its adjutant . He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 August 1934 . In April 1935 , he became Secretary of the War Department General Staff , working for the Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General Douglas MacArthur . Eichelberger transferred back to the infantry in July 1937 , although he remained Secretary of the War Department General Staff until October 1938 , in the rank of colonel from 1 August . The new Chief of Staff , General Malin Craig offered Eichelberger command of the 29th Infantry , the demonstration regiment based at Fort Benning , Georgia . Eichelberger turned this down , as he had been away from the infantry for many years , and some infantry officers might be jealous . Instead , he accepted command of the 30th Infantry , a less prestigious unit stationed at the Presidio of San Francisco , but there were still officers who resented someone attaining command of a regiment at the age of 52 . Before departing , he took a brief course at the Infantry School at Fort Benning to reacquaint himself with the infantry . As part of the 3rd Infantry Division , the 30th Infantry took part in a series of major training exercises over the next two years . = = World War II = = = = = Training in the United States = = = Eichelberger was promoted to brigadier general in October 1940 , and the next month received orders to become deputy division commander of the 7th Infantry Division under Stilwell . At the last minute , these orders were changed . Major General Edwin " Pa " Watson interceded with President Franklin Roosevelt to have Eichelberger appointed the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point . Before taking up the position , Eichelberger met with Craig 's successor as Chief of Staff , General George C. Marshall , who warned him that the courses at the Command and General Staff College and Army War College had been drastically shortened in order to meet the needs of the expanding Army , and that West Point would suffer a similar fate unless Eichelberger could make the course more relevant to the Army 's immediate needs . As superintendent , Eichelberger attempted to " bring West Point into the twentieth century " . He cut back activities such as horseback riding and close order drill , and substituted modern combat training , in which cadets participated in military exercises alongside National Guard units . He acquired Stewart Field as a training facility , and required cadets to undergo basic flight training . This gave cadets a chance to qualify as pilots while still at West Point . Yet he also concerned himself with the dismal state of the West Point football team . Through Pa Watson , he was able to persuade the Surgeon General of the United States Army to waive weight restrictions to allow heavier players to be recruited , and hired Earl Blaik to coach the team . Over time , Marshall came to believe that Eichelberger 's talents were wasted at West Point , but he was opposed by Pa Watson , who wanted Eichelberger to remain at West Point . When Marshall told Watson that Eichelberger 's chances for promotion to major general were being adversely affected by being denied the chance to command a division , Watson added Eichelberger 's name to the top of a promotion list and had the President sign it . In this manner , Eichelberger was promoted to major general in July 1941 . After the United States declaration of war upon Japan in December 1941 , Eichelberger applied for a transfer to an active command . He was given the choice of three new divisions , and chose the 77th Infantry Division , which was activated at Fort Jackson , South Carolina , in March 1942 . The other two divisions were given to Major Generals Omar Bradley and Henry Terrell , Jr . The three generals and their staffs attended a training course at Fort Leavenworth . For his chief of staff , Eichelberger chose Clovis Byers , an officer who had also attended Ohio State and West Point , and had been a fellow member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity . Eichelberger 's period in command of the 77th Infantry Division was brief , for on 18 June 1942 he became commander of I Corps , with Byers as his chief of staff . He was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service with the 77th Infantry Division . I Corps consisted of the 8th , 30th and 77th Infantry Divisions . Eichelberger was given the initial task of arranging a demonstration for dignitaries including Winston Churchill , Marshall , Henry Stimson , Sir John Dill and Sir Alan Brooke . The demonstration was judged a success , although the trained eyes of Brooke and Lesley McNair noted flaws . Within days , two of the division commanders were relieved of their commands . Eichelberger was nominated to command American forces in Operation Torch , and he was ordered to conduct training in amphibious warfare with the 3rd , 9th and 30th Infantry Divisions in Chesapeake Bay in cooperation with Rear Admiral Kent Hewitt . = = = Battle of Buna @-@ Gona = = = On 9 August 1942 , his orders were abruptly changed . MacArthur , now Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Area , had requested that a corps headquarters be sent to his command . Major General Robert C. Richardson , Jr . , had originally been detailed for the assignment , but as Marshall informed MacArthur , " Richardson 's intense feelings regarding service under Australian command made his assignment appear unwise . " Eichelberger 's I Corps headquarters was ready for overseas service and had training in amphibious warfare , and Eichelberger had experience working with MacArthur , so Marshall selected him for the job instead . Eichelberger was not happy with the assignment , especially when he found out about Richardson , and " knew General MacArthur well enough to know that he was going to be difficult to get along with " . Eichelberger departed for Australia on 20 August with 22 members of his staff in a B @-@ 24 Liberator . I Corps controlled the two American divisions in Australia : Major General Forrest Harding 's 32nd Infantry Division , based at Camp Cable near Brisbane ; and Major General Horace Fuller 's 41st Infantry Division at Rockhampton , Queensland , where Eichelberger , who was promoted to lieutenant general on 21 October , decided to establish his I Corps headquarters . His I Corps came under the command of Lieutenant General Sir John Lavarack 's Australian First Army . On meeting Australian commanders , Eichelberger noted that many of them " had already been in combat with the British in North Africa , and , though they were usually too polite to say so , considered the Americans to be — at best — inexperienced theorists . " He was disturbed at the level of training received by the two American divisions . Instead of training for jungle warfare , they were following the same syllabus used in the United States . He warned MacArthur and MacArthur 's chief of staff , Major General Richard K. Sutherland , that the divisions could not be expected to meet veteran Japanese troops on equal terms . He decided in September that the 32nd Infantry Division should proceed to New Guinea first , as Camp Cable was inferior to the 41st Infantry Division 's camp at Rockhampton . Eichelberger 's fears were realized when the overconfident 32nd Infantry Division suffered a serious reverse in the Battle of Buna @-@ Gona . Harding was confident that he could capture Buna " without too much difficulty " , but poor staff work , inaccurate intelligence , inadequate training and , above all , Japanese resistance , frustrated the American efforts . The Americans found themselves confronted by a network of well @-@ sited and expertly prepared Japanese positions , accessible only through a swamp . The Americans ' failure damaged their relationship with the Australians and threatened to derail MacArthur 's entire campaign . Eichelberger and a small party from I Corps headquarters were hurriedly flown up to Port Moresby in a pair of C @-@ 47 Dakotas on 30 November . MacArthur ordered Eichelberger to assume control of the battle at Buna . According to Byers and Eichelberger , MacArthur told him " in a grim voice " : " I 'm putting you in command at Buna . Relieve Harding . I am sending you in , Bob , and I want you to remove all officers who won 't fight . Relieve regimental and battalion commanders ; if necessary , put sergeants in charge of battalions and corporals in charge of companies — anyone who will fight . Time is of the essence ; the Japanese may land reinforcements any night . " General MacArthur strode down the breezy veranda again . He said he had reports that American soldiers were throwing away their weapons and running from the enemy . Then he stopped short and spoke with emphasis . He wanted no misunderstandings about my assignment . " Bob , " he said , " I want you to take Buna , or not come back alive . " He paused a moment , and then , without looking at Byers , pointed a finger . " And that goes for your chief of staff , too . " The next day , Eichelberger 's party was flown to Dobodura , where he assumed command of US troops in the Buna area . He relieved Harding , and replaced him with the division 's artillery commander , Brigadier General Albert W. Waldron . He relieved other officers too , appointing a 26 @-@ year @-@ old captain to command a battalion . Some of the 32nd Infantry Division 's officers privately denounced Eichelberger as ruthless and " Prussian " . He set an example by moving among the troops on the front lines , sharing their hardships and danger . Despite the risk , he purposefully wore his three silver stars while at the front , even though he knew Japanese snipers targeted officers , because he wanted his troops to know their commander was present . After the snipers seriously wounded Waldron in the shoulder , Eichelberger appointed Byers to command the 32nd Infantry Division , but he too was wounded on 16 December . This left Eichelberger as the only American general in the forward area , and he assumed personal command of the division . He was not the most senior general present though ; he served under the command of Australian , Lieutenant General Edmund Herring , whom he referred to in letters to Em as " my grand colleague " . After the fall of Buna , Eichelberger was placed in command of the Allied force assembled to reduce the remaining Japanese positions around Sanananda , with Australian Major General Frank Berryman as his chief of staff . The battle continued until 22 January 1943 . The price of victory at Buna was high . The 32nd Division lost 707 dead and 1 @,@ 680 wounded ; another 8 @,@ 286 were hospitalized with tropical diseases , principally malaria . Its men referred to their division cemetery as " Eichelberger Square " . On 24 January , Eichelberger flew back to Port Moresby where he was warmly welcomed by Herring . The next day he flew back to Rockhampton . For the battle , Eichelberger received the Distinguished Service Cross along with ten other generals , all of whom received the same citation . Some , like Herring , had served at the front ; others , like Sutherland , had not . Eichelberger was also created an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire . Byers recommended Eichelberger for the Medal of Honor but the nomination was disapproved by MacArthur . Another officer on Eichelberger 's staff , Colonel Gordon B. Rogers then submitted the recommendation directly to the War Department . MacArthur informed the War Department that " Among many outside the immediate staff of this officer , there was criticism of his conduct of operations which while not detracting from his personal gallantry led to grave considerations at one time of his relief from command . " = = = New Guinea Campaign = = = In February 1943 , Lieutenant General Walter Krueger 's Sixth United States Army headquarters arrived in Australia . Since Sixth Army would do all the planning , and there was as yet little scope for corps @-@ sized operations , Eichelberger found himself with a training role , preparing the 24th Infantry Division , which had arrived from Hawaii , and the 32nd and 41st Infantry Divisions , which had returned from Papua , for future missions . The War Department asked in May 1943 if Eichelberger could be released to command the First United States Army , but MacArthur would not release him . Later , it asked if he could be released to command the Ninth United States Army , but this was also refused , and this job went to Eichelberger 's West Point classmate William H. Simpson . Instead , he was given responsibility for Eleanor Roosevelt 's visit to Australia in September 1943 . She visited Sydney and Melbourne , and had dinner with the Governor General of Australia , Lord Gowrie , and the Prime Minister of Australia , John Curtin , in Canberra . In January 1944 , Eichelberger was informed that he would be in charge of the next operation , a landing at Hansa Bay with the 24th and 41st Infantry Divisions . However , in March this was cancelled in favor of Operation Reckless , a landing by the same force at Hollandia . The operation meant leapfrogging the Japanese defenses at Hansa Bay , but was risky because it was outside the range of land @-@ based air cover . Cover was instead provided by aircraft carriers of the United States Pacific Fleet , but this meant that the operation had to adhere to a strict timetable . Hoping to avoid a repeat of Buna , Eichelberger meticulously planned the operation , and implemented a thorough training program that emphasized physical fitness , individual initiative , small unit tactics and amphibious warfare . The operation went well , mainly because surprise was achieved and few Japanese were present in the area . However , poor topographical intelligence led to an inability to clear some beaches due to their being backed by swamps . Supplies piled up on the beaches , with fuel and ammunition being stored together in some instances . On 23 April a single Japanese plane ignited a fuel dump , which caused a fire that resulted in 124 casualties and the loss of 60 per cent of the ammunition stockpile . An appalled Krueger felt that Eichelberger had been let down by his staff , and offered to transfer Byers to an assistant division commander 's post , but Eichelberger turned down the offer . In June 1944 , Eichelberger was summoned to Sixth Army headquarters by Krueger . The Battle of Biak , where the 41st Infantry Division had landed in May , was going badly , and the airfields that MacArthur had promised would be available to support the Battle of Saipan were not in American hands . Eichelberger found that the Japanese , who were present in larger numbers than originally reported , were ensconced in caves overlooking the airfield sites . While the Americans were better trained and equipped than at Buna , so too were the Japanese , who employed their new tactics of avoiding costly counterattacks and exacting the maximum toll for ground gained . After seeing the situation for himself , Eichelberger concluded that Fuller 's 41st Infantry Division had not done too badly . Nonetheless , as at Buna , Eichelberger relieved a number of officers that he felt were not performing as the battle ground on . His orders were to supersede Fuller as task force commander rather than relieve him as division commander , but Fuller requested his own relief , and Krueger obliged him . On Eichelberger 's recommendation , Fuller was replaced by Brigadier General Jens A. Doe . Krueger was unimpressed with Eichelberger 's performance on Biak , concluding that Eichelberger 's tactics were unimaginative , and no better than Fuller 's , and may have delayed rather than expedited the capture of the island . On the other hand , MacArthur thought sufficiently highly of Eichelberger 's performance to award him the Silver Star . = = = Philippines Campaign = = = While still on Biak , Eichelberger learned that MacArthur had selected him to command the newly formed Eighth United States Army , which arrived at Hollandia in August 1944 . Eichelberger took two officers with him from I Corps : Byers and Colonel Frank S. Bowen , his G @-@ 3 . The Eighth Army assumed control of operations on Leyte Island from Sixth Army on 26 December , the day after MacArthur and Krueger announced that organized resistance there had ended . The troops there included Eichelberger 's old command , the 77th Infantry Division . In two months , Sixth Army had killed over 55 @,@ 000 Japanese soldiers on Leyte , and estimated that only 5 @,@ 000 remained alive on the island . By 8 May 1945 , the Eighth Army had killed over 24 @,@ 000 more . In January , the Eighth Army entered combat on Luzon , landing Major General Charles P. Hall 's XI Corps on 29 January near San Antonio and Major General Joseph M. Swing 's 11th Airborne Division at Nasugbu , Batangas two days later . Combining with Sixth Army , the Eighth Army enveloped Manila in a great pincer movement . Eichelberger assumed personal command of the operation , which involved an advance on Manila by the lightly equipped 11th Airborne Division . The audacious advance made rapid progress until it was halted by well @-@ prepared positions on the outskirts of Manila . MacArthur awarded Eichelberger another Silver Star . Eighth Army 's final operation of the war was that of clearing out the southern Philippines , including on the major island of Mindanao , an effort that occupied the soldiers of the Eighth Army for the rest of the war . In six weeks , the Eighth Army conducted 14 major and 24 minor amphibious operations , clearing Mindoro , Marinduque , Panay , Negros , Cebu and Bohol . In August 1945 , Eichelberger 's Eighth Army became part of the Occupation of Japan . In the one instance when the Japanese formed a self @-@ help vigilante guard to protect women from rape by off @-@ duty GIs , the Eighth Army ordered armoured vehicles in battle array into the streets and arrested the leaders , and the leaders received long prison terms . He was awarded an oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal for his services as commander of I Corps , a second for his command of Eighth Army in the Philippines , and a third for the occupation of Japan . He also received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal , two oak leaf clusters to his Silver Star Medal , the Bronze Star Medal and the Air Medal . He also received a number of foreign awards , including the Grand Officer of the Order of Orange Nassau with swords from the Netherlands , Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor from France , Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown and the Croix de Guerre with palm from Belgium , the Order of Abdon Calderón from Ecuador , the Distinguished Service Star , Liberation Medal and Legion of Honor from the Philippines , and the Grand Officer of the Military Order of Italy . = = Retirement and death = = After nearly 40 years of service , Eichelberger retired with the rank of lieutenant general on 31 December 1948 . In 1950 , he moved to Asheville , North Carolina , where he lived with his wife Em for the rest of his life . He suffered from a number of health problems , including hypertension and diabetes , and had his gall bladder removed . His name appeared in a series of articles for the Saturday Evening Post on his campaigns in the Southwest Pacific , actually written by ghostwriter Milton MacKaye . They subsequently expanded the articles into a book , Our Jungle Road to Tokyo . The book sold reasonably well , and Harry Truman and Omar Bradley requested autographed copies . In 1951 he traveled to Hollywood , where he served as technical consultant on Francis Goes to West Point ( 1952 ) and The Day the Band Played ( 1952 ) , but he was not altogether happy with the results . He turned his hand to writing articles about the Far East for Newsweek , but gave this away in 1954 . He then worked on the lecture circuit , giving speeches about his experiences , but gave this up too in 1955 . He campaigned for Richard Nixon in 1960 . The United States Congress , in recognition of his service , promoted Eichelberger , along with a number of other officers who had commanded armies or similar higher formations , to general in 1954 . He was distressed that Harding and Fuller were still hurt and angry with him over being relieved of their commands , something he felt was really MacArthur 's fault . In turn Eichelberger never forgave Krueger or Sutherland for real or imagined slights . When Sutherland tried to talk , Eichelberger refused to speak to him . Eventually , Eichelberger decided to write a tell @-@ all book that " would destroy the MacArthur myth forever " . For this purpose , he gave his papers to Duke University . Jay Luuvas , a historian there , published his letters in 1972 as Dear Miss Em : General Eichelberger 's War in the Pacific 1942 – 1945 . However , Eichelberger maintained his warm wartime relationship with Herring . Herring and his wife Mary stayed with the Eichelbergers in Asheville in 1953 , and they exchanged regular letters . Eichelberger underwent exploratory prostate surgery in Asheville on 25 September 1961 . Complications set in and he died from pneumonia the following day . He was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery . = = Military decorations and medals = = = = = United States awards = = = Distinguished Service Cross with oak leaf cluster Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters Navy Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star with two oak leaf clusters Legion of Merit Bronze Star Medal Air Medal Mexican Border Service Medal Victory Medal American Defense Service Medal Asiatic @-@ Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal Source : Inventory of the Robert L. Eichelberger Papers , 1728 @-@ 1998 = = = Foreign awards = = = Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) , United Kingdom Companion of the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) , United Kingdom Grand Officer of the Order of Orange Nassau with swords , Netherlands Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor , France Order of the Rising Sun , Japan Order of the Sacred Treasure , Japan Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown and the Croix de Guerre with palm , Belgium Order of Abdon Calderón , Ecuador Distinguished Service Star , Liberation Medal and Legion of Honor , Philippines Grand Officer of the Military Order of Italy Source : Inventory of the Robert L. Eichelberger Papers , 1728 @-@ 1998 = = = Dates of rank = = = = SMS Odin = SMS Odin was the lead ship of her class of coastal defense ships ( Küstenpanzerschiffe ) built for the Imperial German Navy . She had one sister ship , Ägir . Odin , named for the eponymous Norse god , was built by the Kaiserliche Werft Danzig shipyard between 1893 and 1896 , and was armed with a main battery of three 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns . She served in the German fleet throughout the 1890s and was rebuilt in 1901 – 1903 . She served in the VI Battle Squadron after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but saw no action . Odin was demobilized in 1915 and used as a tender thereafter . After the war , she was rebuilt as a merchant ship and served in this capacity until 1935 , when she was broken up for scrap . = = Design = = Odin was 79 meters ( 259 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 15 @.@ 20 m ( 49 @.@ 9 ft ) and a maximum draft of 5 @.@ 61 m ( 18 @.@ 4 ft ) . She displaced 3 @,@ 754 long tons ( 3 @,@ 814 t ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal @-@ fired boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 14 @.@ 4 knots ( 26 @.@ 7 km / h ; 16 @.@ 6 mph ) . She carried 370 t ( 360 long tons ; 410 short tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of approximately 1 @,@ 490 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 760 km ; 1 @,@ 710 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Odin had a crew of 20 officers and 256 enlisted men . The ship was armed with three 24 cm K L / 35 guns mounted in three single gun turrets . Two were placed side by side forward , and the third was located aft of the main superstructure . They were supplied with a total of 204 rounds of ammunition . The ship was also equipped with ten 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 30 guns in single mounts . Odin also carried three 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , two in swivel mounts on the deck amidships and one in the bow , submerged below the waterline . The ship was protected by an armored belt that was 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) thick amidships , and an armored deck that was 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick . The conning tower had 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) thick sides . = = Service history = = Odin was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Danzig in 1893 , launched on 3 November 1894 , and completed on 7 July 1896 , after which sea trials commenced . She was commissioned into the German fleet on 22 September 1896 . She served in the fleet for her entire peacetime career . Odin participated in the 1900 summer fleet exercises , where she served in the squadron that simulated the German navy , alongside the recently @-@ commissioned battleship Kaiser Friedrich III and the coastal defense ship Frithjof . In 1901 , Odin was taken in hand at the Kaiserliche Werft in Danzig for an extensive reconstruction . Her old boilers were replaced with eight new Marine type boilers and her length was increased to 86 @.@ 15 m ( 282 @.@ 6 ft ) . This increased her displacement to 4 @,@ 376 t ( 4 @,@ 307 long tons ; 4 @,@ 824 short tons ) at full load . The lengthened hull , which improved her hydrodynamic shape , and the improved boilers increased her speed by a full knot , to 15 @.@ 5 knots ( 28 @.@ 7 km / h ; 17 @.@ 8 mph ) . Her coal storage was increased to 580 t ( 570 long tons ; 640 short tons ) , which allowed her to steam for an additional 800 nmi ( 1 @,@ 500 km ; 920 mi ) . The modernization work was completed by 1903 , at which point she returned to active service . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Odin was assigned to the VI Battle Squadron , along with her sister Ägir and the six Siegfried @-@ class coastal defense ships . The Squadron was disbanded on 31 August 1915 to free up the ships ' crews for more important tasks . Odin was thereafter used as a tender in Wilhelmshaven through to the end of the war . She was stricken from the naval register on 6 December 1919 and sold . In 1922 , she was rebuilt as a merchant ship at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Rüstringen . She was operated by A. Bernstein Co . , out of Hamburg . She continued in this role until 1935 , when she was broken up for scrap . = HMS Lord Nelson ( 1906 ) = HMS Lord Nelson was a Lord Nelson @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleship launched in 1906 and completed in 1908 . She was the Royal Navy 's last pre @-@ dreadnought . The ship was flagship of the Channel Fleet when World War I began in 1914 . Lord Nelson was transferred to the Mediterranean Sea in early 1915 to participate in the Dardanelles Campaign . She remained there , becoming flagship of the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron , which was later redesignated the Aegean Squadron . After the Ottoman surrender in 1918 the ship moved to the Black Sea where she remained as flagship before returning to the United Kingdom in May 1919 . Lord Nelson was placed into reserve upon her arrival and sold for scrap in June 1920 . = = Construction and description = = HMS Lord Nelson was laid down by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company at Jarrow on 18 May 1905 and launched on 4 September 1906 . Her completion was greatly delayed by the diversion of her 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns and turrets to expedite completion of Dreadnought , and she was not fully completed until October 1908 . Although she was not the last pre @-@ dreadnought laid down for the Royal Navy , she was the last one commissioned . Lord Nelson displaced 17 @,@ 820 long tons ( 18 @,@ 106 t ) at deep load as built , with a length of 443 feet 6 inches ( 135 @.@ 2 m ) , a beam of 79 feet 6 inches ( 24 @.@ 2 m ) , and a draft of 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) . She was powered by two four @-@ cylinder inverted vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , which developed a total of 16 @,@ 750 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 490 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . She was armed with four 12 @-@ inch guns arranged in two twin gun turrets , one turret each fore and aft . Her secondary armament consisted of ten 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch ( 234 mm ) guns , eight in twin gun turrets on each corner of the superstructure , and a single gun turret between them . For defence against torpedo boats , Lord Nelson carried twenty @-@ four QF 12 @-@ pounder 18 cwt guns and two 3 @-@ pounder guns . She also mounted five submerged 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedo tubes for which 23 torpedoes were stowed aboard . = = Service = = = = = Pre @-@ World War I = = = HMS Lord Nelson was first commissioned in reserve on 1 December 1908 at Chatham Dockyard , being attached to the Nore Division of the Home Fleet with a nucleus crew . She first went into full commission on 5 January 1909 to relieve the battleship HMS Magnificent as flagship of the Nore Division , Home Fleet , and in April became part of the First Division , Home Fleet . She was transferred in January 1911 to the Second Division of the Home Fleet , and in May 1912 to the 2nd Battle Squadron . She was temporarily attached in September 1913 to the 4th Battle Squadron . In April 1914 , she relieved the battleship HMS Queen as Flagship , Vice Admiral , Channel Fleet . = = = World War I = = = At the outbreak of World War I in August , Lord Nelson became flagship of the Channel Fleet and was based at Portland . With other ships , she covered the safe transport of the British Expeditionary Force , under the command of Sir John French , to France . On 14 November , she transferred to Sheerness to guard the English coast against the possibility of a German invasion . The ship returned to Portland Harbour on 30 December and patrolled the English Channel until February 1915 . = = = = Dardanelles campaign , 1915 @-@ 1916 = = = = In February 1915 , Lord Nelson was ordered to the Dardanelles to participate in the Dardanelles Campaign . She departed Portland on 18 February and joined the British Dardanelles Squadron at Mudros eight days later . She took part in the bombardment of the inner forts and supported the initial landings in early March . The Ottoman Turkish forts engaged her heavily on 7 March and hit her several times , including by a stone cannonball which landed on the deck and was kept as a souvenir by the Flag Officer , Arthur Baker , at Longcross Church ; she suffered damage to her superstructure and rigging and was holed by one hit below the waterline which flooded two coal bunkers . After repairs at Malta , the ship returned to take part in the main attack on the Narrows forts on 18 March . Later she bombarded Ottoman field batteries on 6 May prior to the Second Battle of Krithia . Lord Nelson relieved the battleship Queen Elizabeth as flagship of the British Dardanelles Squadron on 12 May , flying the flag of Vice @-@ Admiral Rosslyn Erskine @-@ Wemyss . On 20 June , she bombarded docks and shipping at Gallipoli , aided by the spotting of a kite balloon , and inflicted significant damage . Lord Kitchener made his headquarters aboard her in November and , on 22 December , Lord Nelson hoisted the flag of Vice Admiral John de Roebeck when he succeeded Wemyss . = = = = Mediterranean operations , 1916 @-@ 18 = = = = With the end of the Dardanelles Campaign in January 1916 , during which Lord Nelson had suffered no casualties , British naval forces in the area were reorganized and Lord Nelson became flagship of the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron , which was redesignated the Aegean Squadron in August 1917 ; under either name , the squadron was dispersed throughout the area to protect Allied @-@ held islands , support the British Army at Salonika , and guard against any attempted breakout from the Dardanelles by the German battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau . Lord Nelson spent the remainder of the war based at Salonika and Mudros , alternating between the two bases with her sister ship Agamemnon ; the ship was based mostly at Salonika , with Agamemnon mostly at Mudros . According to naval historian Ian Buxton , the most important role of the Royal Navy was to blockade the Dardanelles and thus guard the Eastern Mediterranean against a breakout by Goeben . On 12 January 1918 , Rear @-@ Admiral Arthur Hayes @-@ Sadler hoisted his flag aboard Lord Nelson at Mudros as the new commander of the Aegean Squadron . Needing transportation to Salonika for a conference with the British Army commander there , and finding his personal yacht unavailable , Hayes @-@ Sadler opted to have Lord Nelson take him there , and thus she was not present when Goeben and Breslau finally made their breakout attempt on 20 January . The ship could not get back to the Dardanelles in time to participate in the resulting Battle of Imbros or intercept Goeben before she gained shelter in the Dardanelles . Lord Nelson was given a short refit at Malta in October . = = = Post @-@ World War I = = = Lord Nelson was part of the British squadron that went to Constantinople in November following the armistice with the Ottoman Empire , after which she served as flagship in the Black Sea . In April 1919 , she conveyed Grand Duke Nicholas and Grand Duke Peter of Russia from the Black Sea to Genoa . Lord Nelson returned to the United Kingdom in May 1919 and was placed in reserve until August , when she was placed on the sale list . On 4 June 1920 , she was sold to Stanlee Shipbreaking Company of Dover . She was resold to Slough Trading Company on 8 November 1920 , then again to German scrappers . She was towed to Germany for scrapping in January 1922 . = It 's All Too Much = " It 's All Too Much " is a song by the English rock group the Beatles from their 1969 album Yellow Submarine . Written by George Harrison in 1967 , it reflects the ideological themes of that year 's Summer of Love . The Beatles recorded the track in May 1967 , shortly after completing their album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . It was one of four new songs they then supplied for the 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine , to meet their contractual obligations to United Artists . Harrison wrote " It 's All Too Much " as a celebration of his experiences with the hallucinogenic drug LSD , although he subsequently found the same realisations in Transcendental Meditation and denounced LSD after visiting Haight @-@ Ashbury in August 1967 . The song features Hammond organ , which provides the track with a drone @-@ like quality typical of Indian music , electric guitar feedback , and an overdubbed brass section . Largely self @-@ produced by the band , the recording displays an informal approach that contrasts with the discipline of the Beatles ' previous work , particularly Sgt. Pepper . The song 's sequence in the Yellow Submarine film has been recognised for its adventurousness in conveying a hallucinogenic experience . Although several Beatles biographers dismiss the track as aimless , " It 's All Too Much " has received praise from many other commentators . Peter Doggett considers it to be " one of the pinnacles of British acid @-@ rock " , while Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone rates it among " the top five all @-@ time psychedelic freakouts in rock history " . Former Gong guitarist Steve Hillage adopted the song during his early years as a solo artist in the late 1970s . Journey , the House of Love , the Grateful Dead and the Church are among the other artists who have recorded or performed the track . = = Background and inspiration = = " It 's All Too Much " reflects George Harrison 's experimentation with the hallucinogenic drug Lysergic acid diethylamide , commonly known as LSD or " acid " . Author Robert Rodriguez describes the track as " gloriously celebratory " , with a lyric that conveys " his acid revelations in a childlike way " . Rather than the song being purely drug @-@ related , Harrison states in his 1980 autobiography that the " realisations " brought about by his LSD experiences were also applicable to meditation . Together with his Beatles bandmate John Lennon and their wives , Harrison first took acid in March 1965 . He likened the heightened awareness induced by the drug to " a light @-@ bulb [ going ] on in my head " and " gaining hundreds of years of experience within twelve hours " . In addition , he credited LSD with being the catalyst for his interest in Indian classical music , particularly the work of Ravi Shankar , and Eastern spirituality . By the time Harrison wrote " It 's All Too Much " , in 1967 , the Indian sitar had temporarily replaced the guitar as his main musical instrument , as he received tuition from Shankar and one of the latter 's protégés , Shambu Das . As with his other songs from this period , however , such as " Within You Without You " and " Blue Jay Way " , Harrison composed the melody on a keyboard instrument . In the case of " It 's All Too Much " , his use of Hammond organ allowed him to replicate the drone @-@ like sound of the harmonium commonly heard in Indian vocal pieces . Coinciding with the counterculture 's preoccupation with enlightenment , 1967 marked the period when LSD use had become widespread among rock musicians and their audience . In a 1999 interview with Billboard magazine , Harrison said his aim had been " to write a rock 'n'roll song about the whole psychedelic thing of the time " . = = Composition and musical structure = = The song is in the key of G major and the time signature throughout is 4 / 4 . The melody is restricted within a G pedal point , with a simple melodic emphasis on scale notes 2 ( A ) and 7 ( F # ) . As a defining characteristic of Indian classical music , such minimal harmonic movement features in many of Harrison 's other Indian @-@ style compositions , including " Within You Without You " and " Blue Jay Way " . Aside from the song 's intro and extended ending ( or coda ) , the composition is structured into three patterns of verse and chorus , with the second and third patterns separated by an instrumental section . The song originally contained a fourth verse – chorus combination , but this would be omitted from the officially released recording . Among musicologists discussing " It 's All Too Much " , Walter Everett describes it as a two @-@ chord composition , whereas Alan Pollack contends that the song 's sole chord is G major , although he concedes that transcribers may well list fleeting changes to C major over the choruses . In Pollack 's opinion , these sections appear to employ IV ( C major ) and ii minor ( A minor ) chords yet , rather than formal changes , " it all boils down to neighbor tone motion in the inner voices superimposed on to the pedal tone of G in the bass . " AllMusic contributor Tom Maginnis writes that the lyrics " reflect the idealist optimism of the soon @-@ to @-@ be @-@ labeled ' summer of love ' and the kind of chemically enhanced mind @-@ expanding euphoria that pervaded the new ' hippie ' youth culture " . Author Ian Inglis views Harrison 's mention of " the love that 's shining all around here " and " Floating down the stream of time " as especially reflective of the philosophy behind the Summer of Love , while theologian Dale Allison identifies the singer 's " emerging religious worldview " in the first of those phrases . The song quotes a line ( " With your long blonde hair and your eyes of blue " ) from the Merseys ' " Sorrow " , and at one point on the recording , the trumpets play part of Jeremiah Clarke 's " Prince of Denmark 's March " . The Beatles ' use of quotations here pre @-@ dates " All You Need Is Love " , which was written by Lennon and recorded in June 1967 for the group 's appearance on the Our World television broadcast . While noting the similar ideological theme behind the two compositions , Inglis writes of Harrison and Lennon " presenting alternative accounts of the same subject " in the manner of French Impressionists such as Monet , Renoir and Manet , each of whom painted their own interpretations of sites in Paris and Argenteuil . = = Production = = = = = Recording = = = The Beatles began recording " It 's All Too Much " on 25 May 1967 at De Lane Lea Studios , located on Kingsway in central London . With producer George Martin not in attendance that day , nor for the subsequent session , on the 26th , the band produced the recording themselves . The song had the working title of " Too Much " , a phrase that journalist Robert Fontenot terms " beatnik vernacular for an experience that was exceptionally mindblowing " . The group taped four takes of the basic track , the final version of which extended to over eight minutes , with Harrison playing Hammond organ , Lennon on lead guitar , Paul McCartney on bass , and Ringo Starr on drums . The following day , they added overdubs , comprising vocals , percussion and handclaps . In addition , according to authors Ian MacDonald and Kenneth Womack , Harrison also played lead guitar on the track . MacDonald characterises the 25 – 26 May sessions as " chaotic " and typical of the group 's drug @-@ inspired efforts after completing their album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band late the previous month . On the Sunday following the sessions for " It 's All Too Much " , the four Beatles attended a party at their manager Brian Epstein 's house in Sussex , where Lennon and Harrison introduced music @-@ industry publicist Derek Taylor to LSD . The band returned to De Lane Lea on 2 June , with Martin now participating . That day , the trumpets and bass clarinet parts , played by four session musicians and conducted by Martin , were added to the track . Maginnis describes the opening of the song as " a burst of howling guitar feedback and jubilant , church @-@ like organ " , adding : " The atmosphere hints at Harrison 's fascination with Indian music and Hindu philosophy at the time , having a distinct , Eastern @-@ flavored , droning undercurrent . " Following the intro to " I Feel Fine " in 1964 , " It 's All Too Much " is a rare example of the Beatles ' use of feedback on a recording and suggests the influence of Jimi Hendrix . Womack credits this guitar part to Harrison , who played his Epiphone Casino using " the instrument 's Bigsby [ tremolo ] bar in searing , full vibrato force " . Harrison later rued the prominence of the brass accompaniment , saying : " To this day I am still annoyed that I let them mess it up with those damn trumpets . Basically , the song 's quite good but , you know , messed up with those trumpets . " = = = Mixing = = = The Beatles carried out final mixing on " It 's All Too Much " , again at De Lane Lea , on 12 October 1967 , while completing work on their Magical Mystery Tour EP . In the months since recording the song , Harrison had sworn off acid after visiting the Haight @-@ Ashbury district of San Francisco in August , with Pattie Boyd , Taylor and others . He said he found himself disillusioned at how , rather than an enlightened micro @-@ society , Haight @-@ Ashbury seemed to be a haven for dropouts and drug addicts . On 29 September , Harrison and Lennon appeared on David Frost 's weekly television show , during which they publicly disavowed LSD , and espoused the benefits of Transcendental Meditation . The Beatles considered the song for inclusion in their 1967 TV film Magical Mystery Tour . Instead , they selected it later that year for the soundtrack to the Yellow Submarine animated film ( 1968 ) , to meet their contractual obligations to supply United Artists with four new songs for the project . The version used in the film was a heavily edited version of the track , shortened to 2 : 22 through the inclusion of just two of the original song 's four verses and only the start of the long coda . " It 's All Too Much " was remixed for inclusion on the Yellow Submarine album on 16 October 1968 . The vocals and handclaps were processed using automatic double tracking , so allowing these parts to be split across the stereo image . For this version , the song was edited down from the original eight minutes to a running time of 6 : 28 , making it the longest officially released Beatles track written by Harrison . The edit was achieved by cutting a 35 @-@ second portion from around the three @-@ minute mark , thereby removing the third chorus and the fourth verse ( the last of which had appeared in the film ) , and by fading out before the final minute of the coda . = = Appearance in the Yellow Submarine film = = Discussing the various underground influences in Yellow Submarine , author Stephen Glynn identifies the segment featuring " It 's All Too Much " as being among the film 's " most daring sequences " . Led by art director Heinz Edelmann , the animation for the song reflects the influence of psychedelic artists such as Hapshash and the Coloured Coat , who in turn were inspired by the work of the nineteenth @-@ century illustrator Aubrey Beardsley . Referring to London 's UFO Club , for which the Hapshash team designed promotional posters , Glynn considers the scene to be a cinematic version of Unlimited Freak Out – " a ' happening ' that sought to create a totalising mind @-@ expanding environment involving music , light and people " . The song appears during the climax of the film , following Lennon 's defeat of the Chief Blue Meanie 's enforcer , the Flying Glove , through the power of the word " Love " . In Womack 's description , in the sequence for " It 's All Too Much " , the Beatles " vanquish the evil Blue Meanies and celebrate as the colorful beauty of friendship and music have been restored to Pepperland " . Author George Case describes the same victory scene as " a psychotropic cartoon dreamscape " and an example of the Beatles ' more overt allusions to the hallucinogenic experience . Speaking in 1999 , Starr said of " It 's All Too Much " : " that 's the [ track ] that really sets the mood of the movie ... that 's where the music and the movie really gel . " The film represented the final episode in the Beatles ' psychedelic period , although the band had already returned to making more roots @-@ based music at the start of 1968 . Referring to the drug @-@ inspired imagery that led Rank to pull Yellow Submarine from its UK cinema run , Glynn writes : " Indeed , the imagery accompanying [ Harrison 's ] ' Only a Northern Song ' and ' It 's All Too Much ' only ' makes sense ' when read as attempting an audio @-@ visual recreation of the hallucinogenic state ... " = = Release and reception = = An EP containing " It 's All Too Much " and the three other new soundtrack songs had been scheduled for September 1968 , but a full album was created instead . With the addition of the previously issued " Yellow Submarine " and " All You Need Is Love " to fill out side one of the LP , George Martin 's orchestral pieces from the film made up the second side . Viewed as a secondary release beside the band 's recently issued double LP , The Beatles , the Yellow Submarine album appeared in January 1969 , six months after the film 's London premiere . In January 1996 , " It 's All Too Much " ( backed by " Only a Northern Song " ) was issued on a jukebox @-@ only single , pressed on blue vinyl , as part of a series of Beatles releases by Capitol Records ' CEMA Special Markets division . Recalling the release of Yellow Submarine in his book The Beatles Forever ( 1977 ) , Nicholas Schaffner described " It 's All Too Much " as the only one of the new songs that appeared " to have taken more than a few hours to write " . He added : " [ its ] highlights include some searing Velvet Underground feedback and an unusually witty epigram that just about sums up the Spirit of ' 67 : ' Show me that I 'm everywhere , and get me home for tea . ' " Rodriguez recognises the timing of the song 's release on its public perception . While he notes that the recording was " positively anarchic " in mid @-@ 1967 , by 1969 , when it received widespread release , the song was " slightly less groundbreaking and a little more reactionary to the psychedelic movement that the band itself had helped popularize " . Among the contemporary reviews of the album , Beat Instrumental described " It 's All Too Much " and " Only a Northern Song " as " superb pieces " that " redeem " side one . In his lengthy assessment of the track , Barry Miles of International Times wrote : " Endless , mantric , a round , interwoven , trellised , tessellated , filigreed , gidouiled , spiralling is It 's All Too Much [ – ] George 's Indian @-@ timed , with drums fading @-@ in @-@ and @-@ out , spurts of life to a decaying note , multi @-@ level , handclapping number ... High treble notes flicker like moths around the top register . Happy singalong music . " In his 1998 book The Beatles Diary , Miles praised it further as " the most striking piece of psychedelia The Beatles ever recorded " and concluded : " Discordant , off @-@ beat and effortlessly brilliant , the song was ( alongside ' Taxman ' ) Harrison 's finest piece of Western rock music to date . " = = Retrospective assessment and legacy = = Although Yellow Submarine has attained the status of a classic children 's animated film , many Beatles biographers consider the band 's post @-@ Sgt. Pepper 1967 recordings to be substandard work . Among these authors , Mark Hertsgaard cites Martin 's view that the soundtrack album was made up of " bottom of the barrel " material and dismisses " It 's All Too Much " as " little more than formless shrieking " . Ian MacDonald also holds the track in low regard , describing it as a " protracted exercise in drug @-@ mesmerised G @-@ pedal monotony " . Discussing the lyrics , particularly the line " Show me that I 'm everywhere , and get me home for tea " , MacDonald considers the song to be " the locus classicus of English psychedelia " and he comments that in Britain , unlike in America , " tradition , nature , and the child 's @-@ eye @-@ view were the things which sprang most readily to the LSD @-@ heightened Anglo @-@ Saxon mind . " Author and journalist Graham Reid highlights the same line as being the British equivalent of " Tune in , turn on , drop out " , the phrase coined by Timothy Leary that came to define the American psychedelic experience . Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Greg Kot admired the song , saying : " once again , a raga @-@ flavored groove brings out Harrison 's best in the walloping ' It 's All Too Much . ' " That same year , Nigel Williamson of Uncut described it as " a psychedelic classic " that , had it been recorded earlier in 1967 , " would have made Sgt Pepper an even better album " . In the fourth edition of The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , Rob Sheffield wrote : " Yellow Submarine was a flat soundtrack rather than a real album , but here 's a question : Why is George 's ' It 's All Too Much ' not heralded as one of the top five all @-@ time psychedelic freakouts in rock history ? " Bruce Eder of AllMusic similarly considers the album to be " inessential " and describes the track as " the jewel of the new songs ... resplendent in swirling [ organ ] , larger @-@ than @-@ life percussion , and tidal waves of feedback guitar " and " a virtuoso excursion into otherwise hazy psychedelia " . In Mojo 's The Beatles ' Final Years Special Edition ( 2003 ) , Peter Doggett acknowledged the comparative rarity of " It 's All Too Much " within the Beatles canon and added : " Yet it 's one of the pinnacles of British acid @-@ rock , its sleepwalking rhythm retaining a bizarrely contemporary feel today . " Having included the track in his 2011 list of Harrison 's " 10 Greatest Beatles Songs " , Joe Bosso of MusicRadar commented : " At times the song seems to drift away with Harrison 's dreamy verses , but just as quickly it 's chopping down trees with explosive percussion and thunderous handclaps . Wild guitar breaks by both Harrison and John Lennon help to make It 's All Too Much a dizzying treat . " The song featured in Mojo 's 1997 list " Psychedelia : The 100 Greatest Classics " , where Jon Savage described it as an " aural pleasure " that included " mad brass and handclaps so luscious that they sound like the chewing of a thousand cows " . In July 2001 , Uncut placed the song at number 43 on its list of " The 50 Greatest Beatles Tracks " . Five year later , Mojo ranked it 85th on the magazine 's list of " The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs " ( between " You Won 't See Me " and " Lovely Rita " ) . The editors credited " It 's All Too Much " with inspiring the Krautrock genre , while Primal Scream singer Bobby Gillespie described it as " a great piece of music " that , in departing from the Beatles ' more regimented approach , evokes " the same feeling you get in ' Be @-@ Bop @-@ A @-@ Lula ' or a Muddy Waters or John Lee Hooker tune " . Writing for the website Ultimate Classic Rock , Dave Swanson considers " It 's All Too Much " to be " one of the band 's most captivating works from the psychedelic era , and one of the Beatles ' great lost songs " . = = Cover versions = = = = = Steve Hillage = = = Former Gong guitarist Steve Hillage recorded " It 's All Too Much " for his 1976 solo album , L – a version that Eder highlights as " a dazzling cover " and Williamson terms " stunning " . Produced by Todd Rundgren , the recording was also issued as a single . In October 1976 , Phil Sutcliffe of Sounds magazine described Hillage 's adoption of both " It 's All Too Much " and Donovan 's " Hurdy Gurdy Man " as the " policy statements " for his solo career . Speaking to Trouser Press that same month , Hillage said he was drawn to the Beatles song because of its positive message , but especially its success in conveying joy without resorting to escapism . Hillage included " It 's All Too Much " in his concert performances ; live versions from the late 1970s appear on his albums Live Herald ( 1979 ) , BBC Radio 1 Live ( 1992 ) and Rainbow 1977 ( 2014 ) . Reviewing BBC Radio 1 Live for AllMusic , Chris Nickson writes that Hillage 's reading " not only heightens the Eastern @-@ flavored psychedelia , but lets [ the guitarist ] unleash some of his most scorching axe work yet , tearing into the song like a starving man given a five @-@ course meal " . = = = Other artists = = = Journey also issued a recording of the song in 1976 , on their album Look into the Future . Besides the late 1970s renditions , according to Miles , the Beatles ' " It 's All Too Much " " won fresh acclaim from a later wave of acid @-@ rock adventurers " during the early 1990s . The House of Love released a cover of the song as the B @-@ side to " Feel " , the first single from their 1992 album Babe Rainbow . The previous year , Loves Young Nightmare recorded it ( as " All Too Much " ) for Revolution No. 9 : A Tribute to The Beatles in Aid of Cambodia , a multi @-@ artist compilation supplied with Revolver magazine ; the album was reissued in the United States in 1997 , following the popularity there of Britpop bands such as Oasis . The Church included the track on their 1999 covers album A Box of Birds . " It 's All Too Much " has been performed live by the Grateful Dead , by the latter 's associated acts Ratdog and Phil Lesh and Friends , and by Yonder Mountain String Band . Other artists who have recorded the song include All About Eve , Paul Gilbert , the Violet Burning , Yukihiro Takahashi and Rich Robinson . A version by former MC5 guitarist Wayne Kramer appeared on the Harrison tribute album Songs from the Material World ( 2003 ) . Experimental musician Greg Davis and jazz singer @-@ songwriter Chris Weisman recorded the track for their 2010 album Northern Songs , a project that The Village Voice described as blending " Beatlefolk " with " gongs , field recordings , and generally orchestrated nirvana " . The Flaming Lips performed " It 's All Too Much " at the George Fest tribute concert in September 2014 , providing " the most sonically pleasing song of the night " , according to Consequence of Sound 's reviewer . = = Personnel = = According to Ian MacDonald and Kenneth Womack : George Harrison – lead vocal , Hammond organ , lead guitar , backing vocal , handclaps John Lennon – harmony vocal , lead guitar , handclaps Paul McCartney – harmony vocal , bass , cowbell , handclaps Ringo Starr – drums , tambourine David Mason and three uncredited musicians – trumpets Paul Harvey – bass clarinet = Alkali metal = The alkali metals are a group ( column ) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium ( Li ) , sodium ( Na ) , potassium ( K ) , rubidium ( Rb ) , caesium ( Cs ) , and francium ( Fr ) . This group lies in the s @-@ block of the periodic table of elements as all alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s @-@ orbital : this element / electron configuration results in their characteristic properties . The alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table , with elements exhibiting well @-@ characterized homologous behaviour . The alkali metals have very similar properties : they are all shiny , soft , highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge + 1 . They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness , exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation by atmospheric moisture and oxygen . Because of their high reactivity , they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air , and are found naturally only in salts and never as the free element . In the modern IUPAC nomenclature , the alkali metals comprise the group 1 elements , excluding hydrogen ( H ) , which is nominally a group 1 element but not normally considered to be an alkali metal as it rarely exhibits behaviour comparable to that of the alkali metals . All the alkali metals react with water , with the heavier alkali metals reacting more vigorously than the lighter ones . All of the discovered alkali metals occur in nature : in order of abundance , sodium is the most abundant , followed by potassium , lithium , rubidium , caesium , and finally francium , which is very rare due to its extremely high radioactivity ; francium occurs only in traces , the product of natural decay chains . Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of ununennium ( Uue ) , which is likely to be the next member of the group , but they have all met with failure . However , ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects , which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements ; even if it does turn out to be an alkali metal , it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues . Most alkali metals have many different applications . One of the best @-@ known applications of the pure elements the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks , of which caesium atomic clocks are the most accurate and precise representation of time . A common application of the compounds of sodium is the sodium @-@ vapour lamp , which emits very efficient light . Table salt , or sodium chloride , has been used since antiquity . Sodium and potassium are also essential elements , having major biological roles as electrolytes , and although the other alkali metals are not essential , they also have various effects on the body , both beneficial and harmful . = = Properties = = = = = Physical and chemical = = = The physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals can be readily explained by their having an ns1 valence electron configuration , which results in weak metallic bonding . Hence , all the alkali metals are soft and have low densities , melting and boiling points , as well as heats of sublimation , vaporisation , and dissociation They all crystallize in the body @-@ centered cubic crystal structure , and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited . The ns1 configuration also results in the alkali metals having very large atomic and ionic radii , as well as high thermal and electrical conductivity . Their chemistry is dominated by the loss of their lone valence electron to form the + 1 oxidation state , due to the ease of ionizing this electron and the very high second ionization energy . Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group . The chemistry of francium is not well established due to its extreme radioactivity ; thus , the presentation of its properties here is limited . The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other . For instance , when moving down the table , all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius , decreasing electronegativity , increasing reactivity , and decreasing melting and boiling points as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation . In general , their densities increase when moving down the table , with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium . One of the very few properties of the alkali metals that does not display a very smooth trend is their reduction potentials : lithium 's value is anomalous , being more negative than the others . This is because the Li + ion has a very high hydration energy in the gas phase : though the lithium ion disrupts the structure of water significantly , causing a higher change in entropy , this high hydration energy is enough to make the reduction potentials indicate it as being the most electropositive alkali metal , despite the difficulty of ionizing it in the gas phase . The stable alkali metals are all silver @-@ coloured metals except for caesium , which has a golden tint : it is one of only three metals that are clearly coloured ( the other two being copper and gold ) . Additionally , the heavy alkaline earth metals calcium , strontium , and barium , as well as the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium , are pale yellow , though the colour is much less prominent than it is for caesium . Their lustre tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation . They all crystallize in the body @-@ centered cubic crystal structure , and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited . All the alkali metals are highly reactive and are never found in elemental forms in nature . Because of this , they are usually stored in mineral oil or kerosene ( paraffin oil ) . They react aggressively with the halogens to form the alkali metal halides , which are white ionic crystalline compounds that are all soluble in water except lithium fluoride ( LiF ) . The alkali metals also react with water to form strongly alkaline hydroxides and thus should be handled with great care . The heavier alkali metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones ; for example , when dropped into water , caesium produces a larger explosion than potassium . The alkali metals have the lowest first ionisation energies in their respective periods of the periodic table because of their low effective nuclear charge and the ability to attain a noble gas configuration by losing just one electron . The second ionisation energy of all of the alkali metals is very high as it is in a full shell that is also closer to the nucleus ; thus , they almost always lose a single electron , forming cations . The alkalides are an exception : they are unstable compounds which contain alkali metals in a − 1 oxidation state , which is very unusual as before the discovery of the alkalides , the alkali metals were not expected to be able to form anions and were thought to be able to appear in salts only as cations . The alkalide anions have filled s @-@ subshells , which gives them more stability and allows them to exist . All the stable alkali metals except lithium are known to be able to form alkalides , and the alkalides have much theoretical interest due to their unusual stoichiometry and low ionisation potentials . Alkalides are chemically similar to the electrides , which are salts with trapped electrons acting as anions . A particularly striking example of an alkalide is " inverse sodium hydride " , H + Na − ( both ions being complexed ) , as opposed to the usual sodium hydride , Na + H − : it is unstable in isolation , due to its high energy resulting from the displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium , although several derivatives are predicted to be metastable or stable . In aqueous solution , the alkali metal ions form aqua ions of the formula [ M ( H2O ) n ] + , where n is the solvation number . Their coordination numbers and shapes agree well with those expected from their ionic radii . In aqueous solution the water molecules directly attached to the metal ion are said to belong to the first coordination sphere , also known as the first , or primary , solvation shell . The bond between a water molecule and the metal ion is a dative covalent bond , with the oxygen atom donating both electrons to the bond . Each coordinated water molecule may be attached by hydrogen bonds to other water molecules . The latter are said to reside in the second coordination sphere . However , for the alkali metal cations , the second coordination sphere is not well @-@ defined as the + 1 charge on the cation is not high enough to polarize the water molecules in the primary solvation shell enough for them to form strong hydrogen bonds with those in the second coordination sphere , producing a more stable entity . The solvation number for Li + has been experimentally determined to be 4 , forming the tetrahedral [ Li ( H2O ) 4 ] + : while solvation numbers of 3 to 6 have been found for lithium aqua ions , solvation numbers less than 4 may be the result of the formation of contact ion @-@ pairs , and the higher solvation numbers may be interpreted in terms of water molecules that approach [ Li ( H2O ) 4 ] + through a face of the tetrahedron , though molecular dynamic simulations may indicate the existence of an octahedral hexaaqua ion . There are also probably six water molecules in the primary solvation sphere of the sodium ion , forming the octahedral [ Na ( H2O ) 6 ] + ion . While it was previously thought that the heavier alkali metals also formed octahedral hexaaqua ions , it has since been found that potassium and rubidium probably form the [ K ( H2O ) 8 ] + and [ Rb ( H2O ) 8 ] + ions , which have the square antiprismatic structure , and that caesium forms the 12 @-@ coordinate [ Cs ( H2O ) 12 ] + ion . = = = = Lithium = = = = The chemistry of lithium shows several differences from that of the rest of the group as the small Li + cation polarises anions and gives its compounds a more covalent character . Lithium and magnesium have a diagonal relationship due to their similar atomic radii , so that they show some similarities . For example , lithium forms a stable nitride , a property common among all the alkaline earth metals ( magnesium 's group ) but unique among the alkali metals . In addition , among their respective groups , only lithium and magnesium form covalent organometallic compounds ( e.g. LiMe and MgMe2 ) . Lithium fluoride is the only alkali metal halide that is not soluble in water , and lithium hydroxide is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent . Conversely , lithium perchlorate and other lithium salts with large anions that cannot be polarized are much more stable than the analogous compounds of the other alkali metals , probably because Li + has a high solvation energy . This effect also means that most simple lithium salts are commonly encountered in hydrated form , because the anhydrous forms are extremely hygroscopic : this allows salts like lithium chloride and lithium bromide to be used in dehumidifiers and air @-@ conditioners . = = = = Francium = = = = Francium is also predicted to show some differences due to its high atomic weight , causing its electrons to travel at considerable fractions of the speed of light and thus making relativistic effects more prominent . In contrast to the trend of decreasing electronegativities and ionisation energies of the alkali metals , francium 's electronegativity and ionisation energy are predicted to be higher than caesium 's due to the relativistic stabilisation of the 7s electrons ; also , its atomic radius is expected to be abnormally low . All known physical properties of francium also deviate from the clear trends going from lithium to caesium , such as the first ionisation energy , electron affinity , and anion polarizability . The CsFr molecule is also polarized as Cs + Fr − , showing that the 7s subshell of francium is much more strongly affected by relativistic effects than the 6s subshell of caesium . Additionally , francium superoxide ( FrO2 ) is expected to have covalent character , unlike the other alkali metal superoxides , because of bonding contributions from the 6p electrons of francium . = = = Nuclear = = = All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers ; hence , their isotopes must be either odd – odd ( both proton and neutron number are odd ) or odd – even ( proton number is odd , but neutron number is even ) . Odd – odd nuclei have even mass numbers , whereas odd – even nuclei have odd mass numbers . Odd – odd primordial nuclides are rare because most odd – odd nuclei are highly unstable with respect to beta decay , because the decay products are even – even , and are therefore more strongly bound , due to nuclear pairing effects . Due to the great rarity of odd – odd nuclei , almost all the primordial isotopes of the alkali metals are odd – even ( the exceptions being the light stable isotope lithium @-@ 6 and the long @-@ lived radioisotope potassium @-@ 40 ) . For a given odd mass number , there can be only a single beta @-@ stable nuclide , since there is not a difference in binding energy between even – odd and odd – even comparable to that between even – even and odd – odd , leaving other nuclides of the same mass number ( isobars ) free to beta decay toward the lowest @-@ mass nuclide . An effect of the instability of an odd number of either type of nucleons is that odd @-@ numbered elements , such as the alkali metals , tend to have fewer stable isotopes than even @-@ numbered elements . Of the 26 monoisotopic elements that have only a single stable isotope , all but one have an odd atomic number and all but one also have an even number of neutrons . Beryllium is the single exception to both rules , due to its low atomic number . All of the alkali metals except lithium and caesium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope : sodium @-@ 22 and sodium @-@ 24 are trace radioisotopes produced cosmogenically , potassium @-@ 40 and rubidium @-@ 87 have very long half @-@ lives and thus occur naturally , and all isotopes of francium are radioactive . Caesium was also thought to be radioactive in the early 20th century , although it has no naturally occurring radioisotopes . ( Francium had not been discovered yet at that time . ) The natural radioisotope of potassium , potassium @-@ 40 , makes up about 0 @.@ 012 % of natural potassium , and thus natural potassium is weakly radioactive . This natural radioactivity became a basis for a mistaken claim of the discovery for element 87 ( the next alkali metal after caesium ) in 1925 . Caesium @-@ 137 , with a half @-@ life of 30 @.@ 17 years , is one of the two principal medium @-@ lived fission products , along with strontium @-@ 90 , which are responsible for most of the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel after several years of cooling , up to several hundred years after use . It constitutes most of the radioactivity still left from the Chernobyl accident . 137Cs undergoes high @-@ energy beta decay and eventually becomes stable barium @-@ 137 . It is a strong emitter of gamma radiation . 137Cs has a very low rate of neutron capture and cannot be feasibly disposed of in this way , but must be allowed to decay . 137Cs has been used as a tracer in hydrologic studies , analogous to the use of tritium . Small amounts of caesium @-@ 134 and caesium @-@ 137 were released into the environment during nearly all nuclear weapon tests and some nuclear accidents , most notably the Goiânia accident and the Chernobyl disaster . As of 2005 , caesium @-@ 137 is the principal source of radiation in the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant . = = Periodic trends = = The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other . For instance , when moving down the table , all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius , decreasing electronegativity , increasing reactivity , and decreasing melting and boiling points as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation . In general , their densities increase when moving down the table , with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium . = = = Atomic and ionic radii = = = The atomic radii of the alkali metals increase going down the group . Because of the shielding effect , when an atom has more than one electron shell , each electron feels electric repulsion from the other electrons as well as electric attraction from the nucleus . In the alkali metals , the outermost electron only feels a net charge of + 1 , as some of the nuclear charge ( which is equal to the atomic number ) is cancelled by the inner electrons ; the number of inner electrons of an alkali metal is always one less than the nuclear charge . Therefore , the only factor which affects the atomic radius of the alkali metals is the number of electron shells . Since this number increases down the group , the atomic radius must also increase down the group . The ionic radii of the alkali metals are much smaller than their atomic radii . This is because the outermost electron of the alkali metals is in a different electron shell than the inner electrons , and thus when it is removed the resulting atom has one fewer electron shell and is smaller . Additionally , the effective nuclear charge has increased , and thus the electrons are attracted more strongly towards the nucleus and the ionic radius decreases . = = = First ionisation energy = = = The first ionisation energy of an element or molecule is the energy required to move the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms of the element or molecules to form one mole of gaseous ions with electric charge + 1 . The factors affecting the first ionisation energy are the nuclear charge , the amount of shielding by the inner electrons and the distance from the most loosely held electron from the nucleus , which is always an outer electron in main group elements . The first two factors change the effective nuclear charge the most loosely held electron feels . Since the outermost electron of alkali metals always feels the same effective nuclear charge ( + 1 ) , the only factor which affects the first ionisation energy is the distance from the outermost electron to the nucleus . Since this distance increases down the group , the outermost electron feels less attraction from the nucleus and thus the first ionisation energy decreases . ( This trend is broken in francium due to the relativistic stabilization and contraction of the 7s orbital , bringing francium 's valence electron closer to the nucleus than would be expected from non @-@ relativistic calculations . This makes francium 's outermost electron feel more attraction from the nucleus , increasing its first ionisation energy slightly beyond that of caesium . ) The second ionisation energy of the alkali metals is much higher than the first as the second @-@ most loosely held electron is part of a fully filled electron shell and is thus difficult to remove . = = = Reactivity = = = The reactivities of the alkali metals increase going down the group . This is the result of a combination of two factors : the first ionisation energies and atomisation energies of the alkali metals . Because the first ionisation energy of the alkali metals decreases down the group , it is easier for the outermost electron to be removed from the atom and participate in chemical reactions , thus increasing reactivity down the group . The atomisation energy measures the strength of the metallic bond of an element , which falls down the group as the atoms increase in radius and thus the metallic bond must increase in length , making the delocalised electrons further away from the attraction of the nuclei of the heavier alkali metals . Adding the atomisation and first ionisation energies gives a quantity closely related to ( but not equal to ) the activation energy of the reaction of an alkali metal with another substance . This quantity decreases going down the group , and so does the activation energy ; thus , chemical reactions can occur faster and the reactivity increases down the group . = = = Electronegativity = = = Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons ( or electron density ) towards itself . If the bond between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride were covalent , the pair of shared electrons would be attracted to the chlorine because the effective nuclear charge on the outer electrons is + 7 in chlorine but is only + 1 in sodium . The electron pair is attracted so close to the chlorine atom that they are practically transferred to the chlorine atom ( an ionic bond ) . However , if the sodium atom was replaced by a lithium atom , the electrons will not be attracted as close to the chlorine atom as before because the lithium atom is smaller , making the electron pair more strongly attracted to the closer effective nuclear charge from lithium . Hence , the larger alkali metal atoms ( further down the group ) will be less electronegative as the bonding pair is less strongly attracted towards them . Because of the higher electronegativity of lithium , some of its compounds have a more covalent character . For example , lithium iodide ( LiI ) will dissolve in organic solvents , a property of most covalent compounds . Lithium fluoride ( LiF ) is the only alkali halide that is not soluble in water , and lithium hydroxide ( LiOH ) is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent . = = = Melting and boiling points = = = The melting point of a substance is the point where it changes state from solid to liquid while the boiling point of a substance ( in liquid state ) is the point where the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid and all the liquid changes state to gas . As a metal is heated to its melting point , the metallic bonds keeping the atoms in place weaken so that the atoms can move around , and the metallic bonds eventually break completely at the metal 's boiling point . Therefore , the falling melting and boiling points of the alkali metals indicate that the strength of the metallic bonds of the alkali metals decreases down the group . This is because metal atoms are held together by the electromagnetic attraction from the positive ions to the delocalised electrons . As the atoms increase in size going down the group ( because their atomic radius increases ) , the nuclei of the ions move further away from the delocalised electrons and hence the metallic bond becomes weaker so that the metal can more easily melt and boil , thus lowering the melting and boiling points . ( The increased nuclear charge is not a relevant factor due to the shielding effect . ) = = = Density = = = The alkali metals all have the same crystal structure ( body @-@ centred cubic ) and thus the only relevant factors are the number of atoms that can fit into a certain volume and the mass of one of the atoms , since density is defined as mass per unit volume . The first factor depends on the volume of the atom and thus the atomic radius , which increases going down the group ; thus , the volume of an alkali metal atom increases going down the group . The mass of an alkali metal atom also increases going down the group . Thus , the trend for the densities of the alkali metals depends on their atomic weights and atomic radii ; if figures for these two factors are known , the ratios between the densities of the alkali metals can then be calculated . The resultant trend is that the densities of the alkali metals increase down the table , with an exception at potassium . Due to having the lowest atomic weight of all the elements in their period and having the largest atomic radius for their periods , the alkali metals are the least dense metals in the periodic table . Lithium , sodium , and potassium are the only three metals in the periodic table that are less dense than water : in fact , lithium is the least dense known solid at room temperature . = = Compounds = = = = = Hydroxides = = = All the alkali metals react vigorously or explosively with cold water , producing an aqueous solution of a strongly basic alkali metal hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas . This reaction becomes more vigorous going down the group : lithium reacts steadily with effervescence , but sodium and potassium can ignite and rubidium and caesium sink in water and generate hydrogen gas so rapidly that shock waves form in the water that may shatter glass containers . When an alkali metal is dropped into water , it produces an explosion , of which there are two separate stages . The metal reacts with the water first , breaking the hydrogen bonds in the water and producing hydrogen gas ; this takes place faster for the more reactive heavier alkali metals . Second , the heat generated by the first part of the reaction often ignites the hydrogen gas , causing it to burn explosively into the surrounding air . This secondary hydrogen gas explosion produces the visible flame above the bowl of water , lake or other body of water , not the initial reaction of the metal with water ( which tends to happen mostly under water ) . The alkali metal hydroxides are the most basic known hydroxides . Recent research has suggested that the explosive behavior of alkali metals in water is driven by a Coulomb explosion rather than solely by rapid generation of hydrogen itself . All alkali metals melt as a part of the reaction with water . Water molecules ionize the bare metallic surface of the liquid metal , leaving a positively charged metal surface and negatively charged water ions . The attraction between the charged metal and water ions will rapidly increase the surface area , causing an exponential increase of ion	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
House Recording Studios , Miami , Florida ) Sharlotte Gibson – backing vocals = = Charts = = = 2015 FA Community Shield = The 2015 FA Community Shield ( also known as the 2015 FA Community Shield supported by McDonald 's for sponsorship reasons ) was the 93rd FA Community Shield , an annual English football match played between the winners of the previous season 's Premier League and FA Cup . The match was contested by Arsenal , the 2014 – 15 FA Cup winners , and Chelsea , champions of the 2014 – 15 Premier League . It was held at Wembley Stadium on 2 August 2015 . Watched by a crowd of 85 @,@ 437 and a television audience of over a million , Arsenal won the match 1 – 0 . This was Arsenal 's 21st Shield appearance and Chelsea 's 13th . Petr Čech made his competitive debut for Arsenal against his former team , while captain Mikel Arteta and striker Olivier Giroud were named as substitutes . Gary Cahill was passed fit to start for Chelsea alongside captain John Terry , and Loïc Rémy started up @-@ front as Diego Costa was absent . The only goal of the match came near the midway point of the first half ; Alex Oxlade @-@ Chamberlain collected a pass from Theo Walcott from the right and scored past Thibaut Courtois . Both managers did not shake hands after the game , which drew media attention . Arsenal 's victory was their first against Chelsea in over three years and manager Arsène Wenger 's first over José Mourinho in 14 attempts . = = Background and pre @-@ match = = The FA Community Shield was founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield , and began as a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League , although in 1913 it was played between an Amateurs XI and a Professionals XI . In 1921 , it was played by the league champions of the top division and FA Cup winners for the first time . Chelsea qualified for the 2015 FA Community Shield as winners of the 2014 – 15 Premier League . It was the club 's fourth league title in ten years and third under the management of José Mourinho . The other Community Shield place went to Arsenal , who defeated Aston Villa by four goals to win the 2015 FA Cup Final and retain the trophy . In doing so , Arsenal had overtaken Manchester United to become the most successful club in the competition 's history , with 12 titles . Chelsea made their eleventh appearance in the Community Shield ; prior to this they won four ( 1970 , 2000 , 2005 , 2009 ) and lost six , most recently in 2012 against Manchester City . By contrast , Arsenal made their 21st Community Shield appearance , and won 13 , including one shared in 1991 . They went into the match as holders of the Shield , having defeated Manchester City a year earlier . Both clubs had only once met before in the Shield , when Chelsea won by two goals to one in 2005 . Arsenal had failed to beat Chelsea in all competitions since 2011 , and Mourinho was undefeated against his opponent Arsène Wenger in 13 matches . Mourinho told reporters a winless run was something he would not tolerate : “ I would try to answer , not because of a mental block but because I would want to try to find solutions to help my team to do it – try to find a different way , try to find the reasons why it goes all the time against my team . " He also attempted to play down the significance of the match , given Arsenal had won the previous year 's contest but finished third in the league . The match was televised live in the United Kingdom on BT Sport 2 ; the network obtained rights to the Community Shield in July 2013 and were into their second year of a deal with the BBC and the FA . The game was also the inaugural broadcast of BT Sport 's 4K ultra HD feed . = = Match = = = = = Team selection = = = Chelsea were predicted to line up in a 4 – 2 – 3 – 1 formation , with Willian and Eden Hazard as wide men . Mourinho doubted the fitness of Diego Costa and Gary Cahill going into the match – the former aggravated his hamstring during a pre @-@ season game against Barcelona . Arsenal were expected to line up similarly to Chelsea , with Walcott furthest forward and Mesut Özil in his preferred position as playmaker . Midfielder Jack Wilshere was ruled out of selection , having sustained an ankle injury during training . Arsenal 's top scorer of the previous season , Alexis Sánchez , was rested , having won the 2015 Copa América with Chile earlier in the summer . The teamsheets showed Loïc Rémy starting the match for Chelsea up front and Cesc Fàbregas partnering Matic in midfield . As expected Petr Čech started in goal for Arsenal ; the goalkeeper moved from Chelsea in search of first @-@ team football . = = = Summary = = = = = = = First half = = = = Chelsea , in their usual home strip of blue , kicked @-@ off the match and immediately lost possession when Walcott dispossessed Matic . Walcott sent the ball to Alex Oxlade @-@ Chamberlain , whose cross on the right forced a punch from Thibaut Courtois . Francis Coquelin conceded a free kick in the sixth minute having fouled Willian inside Chelsea 's half , though nothing came of the set piece . Fàbregas went down under the challenge of Per Mertesacker in Arsenal 's penalty area soon afterwards , but his appeal for a penalty kick was turned down by referee Anthony Taylor and play resumed . Chelsea , having settled the slower of the two teams , began to dominate ball possession and won two early corners , both of which were easily dealt with . In the 17th minute , Nacho Monreal 's charge forward was stopped by Cahill ; the Chelsea defender in the process of making that challenge had suffered a nose bleed . A free kick for Arsenal presented a chance for Walcott to score , but his header goalwards was saved . Arsenal scored the game 's only goal in the 24th minute ; set @-@ up by Walcott , Oxlade @-@ Chamberlain managed to cut inside César Azpilicueta on the right and shoot the ball into the top @-@ left corner of Courtois 's net . It was the first goal Chelsea had conceded against Arsenal in 506 minutes . Most of the action in the first half was conducted in a congested midfield , with Fàbregas attempting to sedate the rhythm and the Arsenal midfielders forcing their opponents to play narrow . This favoured Arsenal , who had space to counter @-@ attack had Chelsea lost the ball . Ramires nearly levelled the scoreline in the 33rd minute , but his curling effort failed to creep into the bottom right @-@ hand corner . Ramires then missed another chance , heading the ball high and over the Arsenal goal after good work by Rémy . Arsenal created another chance to score four minutes before the break , when Oxlade @-@ Chamberlain 's cross found Monreal , who under pressure from Ivanovic headed over . Rémy , often a lone figure upfront , was ruled offside late on . = = = = Second half = = = = Radamel Falcao replaced Rémy after the break and his long @-@ range shot in the 48th minute was blocked . Although Chelsea started the half well , it was Arsenal who fashioned the notable chances before the hour mark . In the 50th minute Santi Cazorla attempted to thread the ball through Chelsea 's defence for Walcott to reach but his pass was cleared . Two minutes later Coquelin over @-@ hit his pass which was directed to Özil , who roamed freely . Chelsea made another change , this time Oscar in place of Ramires in the 53rd minute . Seven minutes later Chelsea came close to scoring when Eden Hazard managed to evade his markers , but through on goal failed to get his shot on target , hitting over . Azpilicueta was shown the game 's first yellow card for pulling Oxlade @-@ Chamberlain back ; Mourinho made the decision to substitute him with Kurt Zouma in the 69th minute . Giroud came on for Walcott moments before , and immediately was involved in the action , shooting high and then from long range . Coquelin then was booked for his foul on Oscar , which earned Chelsea a free kick . Oscar 's attempt was saved by Čech , who fisted the ball round the post . Chelsea continued to attack , though Arsenal withstood their pressure . John Terry rose highest from a corner in the 74th minute and headed the ball in Zouma 's direction , which eventually was caught by Čech . Hazard 's shot was blocked in the 79th minute and Oscar then spurned a chance , with Falcao unable to create something from it . In an effort to find an equaliser with ten minutes of normal time remaining , Mourinho brought on Moses in place of Terry and deployed a three @-@ man defence . It nearly presented Arsenal the chance to score their second of the match , but for Cazorla to have his effort blocked and Aaron Ramsey on the rebound shooting wide . = = = Details = = = = = = Statistics = = = = = Post @-@ match = = Wenger and Mourinho did not shake hands after the final whistle ; Mourinho congratulated Arsenal 's players as they descended the Wembley steps upon lifting the Shield , but the Arsenal manager appeared to avoid his Chelsea counterpart after he had collected his winner 's medal . Asked about the incident , Mourinho said , " I shake the hands of everybody who left the stairs , right in front of my direction . " When asked about the incident , Wenger responded by saying " I shook a few hands today after the game , but nothing special there . " In a post @-@ match interview , Mourinho credited Arsenal 's defensive approach and organisation , but felt " the best team lost " , arguing that Chelsea created more chances and showed more initiative . He went on to suggest that Arsenal betrayed their attacking philosophy , choosing to adopt a counterattacking approach . Although Wenger agreed his team were set @-@ up cautiously , he denied they abandoned their playing style : " ... we defend our game on togetherness and solidarity and on defending well and attacking well . " The Arsenal manager felt victory against Chelsea acted as a physiological boost for his players going into the new season , but was indifferent to his own record of beating Mourinho for the first time . Terry was disappointed with the result , observing " No matter if it ’ s a friendly or a Community Shield , it ’ s a trophy at the end of the day , " but sought positives – focusing on how the players ' fitness levels were rising in time for the new season . Mertesacker was delighted with his team 's performance , describing it as the peak of their pre @-@ season preparations . Both managers criticised the quality of the pitch ; Mourinho remarked that it " was a disaster ... so bad and so slow . " An FA spokesperson said : " We will continue to improve the quality of the pitch , which we have every confidence in . In this instance it is simply that the pitch is less mature than we would ordinarily wish given the summer concert season and the early start to the football calendar . " An average of 821 @,@ 000 viewers watched the match live on BT Sport 2 ; the channel 's coverage peaked at 1 @.@ 2 million ( 11 @.@ 5 % of the audience share ) from 16 : 40 . Highlights on BBC One later that evening attracted 2 @.@ 1 million viewers ( 17 % ) . = Mycena adscendens = Mycena adscendens , commonly known as the frosty bonnet , is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae . The fungus produces small white fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) with caps up to 7 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) in diameter that appear to be dusted with sugar @-@ like granules . Caps are supported by thin , hollow stems up to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) long , which are set on a disc @-@ like base . It is distributed in the United States , where it has been found from Washington to California , Europe , and Turkey . The fruit bodies grow on fallen twigs and other woody debris on the forest floor , including fallen hazel nuts . The variety carpophila is known from Japan . There are several small white Mycena species that are similar in appearance to M. adscendens , some of which can be reliably distinguished only by examining microscopic characteristics . = = Taxonomy = = The species , originally named Agaricus adscendens by Wilhelm Gottfried Lasch in 1829 , was first collected in the Province of Brandenburg , in what was then the Kingdom of Prussia ( now Germany ) . It was Dutch mycologist Maas Geesteranus who assigned the species its current name in a 1981 publication . According to Maas Geesteranus , Miles Berkeley 's 1836 Agaricus tenerrimus is the same species as Mycena adscendens , as well as all later synonyms based on this basionym : Mycena tenerrima , published by Lucien Quélet in 1872 ; Prunulus tenerrimus by William Alphonso Murrill in 1916 ; and Karel Cejp 's 1930 Pseudomycena tenerrima . Although Index Fungorum agrees with Maas Geesteranus 's synonymy , other authorities treat the species as independent . An additional synonym is Agaricus ( Mycena ) farinellus , described by Johann Feltgen from Luxembourg in 1906 . The variety M. adscendens var. carpophila , published by Dennis Desjardin in 1995 , was originally proposed as M. tenerrima var. carpophila by Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1914 . Mycena adscendens is the type species of section Sacchariferae of the genus Mycena , which contains white species with floccose caps ( covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs ) . Other members of this section include M. floccifera , M. discopus , and M. nucicola . The mushroom is commonly known as the " frosty bonnet " . The specific epithet adscendens , derived from the Latin , means " ascending " or " curving up from a prostrate base " . Tenerrima derives from the Latin tener , meaning " tender " or " delicate " . = = Description = = The cap is white and small , with a diameter typically ranging from 2 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 3 in ) . Initially convex to cucullate ( hood @-@ shaped ) , it flattens during maturity , developing visible surface grooves that correspond to the gills underneath the cap ; the surface may also be covered with glistening particles , remnants of the partial veil . The cap is pallid gray with a whitish margin when young , but soon becomes white overall . The flesh is membranous , fragile , and thin ( less than 0 @.@ 5 mm ) . The gills are free from attachment or narrowly attached ( adnexed ) to the stem . They are up to 0 @.@ 5 mm broad , distantly @-@ spaced ( usually numbering between 7 and 12 ) , and sometimes adhering to each other to form a slight collar ( a pseudocollarium ) around the stem . They are translucent @-@ white throughout their development , with a fringed , white edge . The hollow stem is 0 @.@ 5 to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 8 in ) long , and usually curved and threadlike . The bottom of the stem is enlarged into a slight bulb , which is initially nearly spherical . At the very base of the stem is a small , white , and hairy disk @-@ like base that attaches to the substrate . The edibility of the mushroom is unknown , but like many small Mycenas , they are insubstantial and not likely to be considered for the table . The variety carpophila is characterized by its tiny white cap up to 1 mm in diameter , and narrowly conical caulocystidia ( cystidia found on the stem ) . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = Mycena adscendens produces a white spore print . The spores are broadly ellipsoid , amyloid , and have dimensions of 8 – 10 by 5 – 6 @.@ 5 µm . Basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are two @-@ spored , club @-@ shaped , and measure 14 – 17 by 7 – 9 µm . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill faces ) may be present or absent . If present , they are similar to the cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edges ) . The cheilocystidia are abundant , measuring 28 – 44 by 8 – 12 µm . They are variable in shape , often fusoid @-@ ventricose ( fuse @-@ shaped with a swollen center ) or with 2 – 3 needle @-@ like projections arising from the apex ; the projections are sometimes forked . The swollen parts of the cheilocystidia are covered with short rodlike protuberances or warts . The flesh of the gills is vinaceous @-@ brown when stained in iodine . The flesh of the cap is made up of greatly enlarged cells , with the surface covered with club @-@ shaped to almost globular cells measuring 25 – 40 by about 20 µm . Their walls are finely verrucose ( covered with small warts ) , and all but the verrucose cells are vinaceous @-@ brown in iodine . Clamp connections are abundant in the hyphae . = = = Similar species = = = Other Mycenas that resemble M. adscendens include M. alphitophora and M. stylobates . The former is distinguished from M. adscendens by a stem base that is not swollen or disc @-@ like , the latter by its larger and sturdier fruit body and lack of granules on the cap . A poorly known Japanese species , M. cryptomeriicola , is similar to M. adscendens , but has non @-@ amyloid spores and lacks clamps . M. nucicola is most reliably distinguished from M. adscendens by microscopic characteristics : M. nucicola has four @-@ spored basidia , clamp connections are rare in the hyphae of the gill tissue , and the spores are less broad ( typically 4 @.@ 2 – 5 µm ) . The Finnish species M. occulta grows on the decaying needles of Norway spruce and Scots pine . It differs from M. adscendens in that its gills do not form a pseudocollarium , it lacks clamps in the hyphae and cells of the hymenium , and the terminal cells in its cap cuticle are densely covered with protuberances . = = Habitat and distribution = = Fruit bodies of Mycena adscendens are found scattered to grouped together in twos or threes on fallen twigs , bark , and woody debris of hardwoods during the spring and autumn ; it fruits less frequently on the wood of conifers . Fruitings are most common after periods of wet weather . They are also found growing on hazel nuts that have fallen to the ground ; two other Mycenas known to grow on this substrate include M. discopus and M. nucicola . In the United States , it is known from Washington to California . It is also found in Europe , and has been collected in Amasya Province , Turkey . The variety carpophila , originally described from Denmark , was reported from Japan in 2003 . = Al @-@ Birwa = Al @-@ Birwa ( Arabic : البروة , also spelled al @-@ Birweh ) was a Palestinian Arab village , located 10 @.@ 5 kilometers ( 6 @.@ 5 mi ) east of Acre ( Akka ) . In 1945 , it had population of 1 @,@ 460 , of whom the majority were Muslims and a significant minority , Christians . Its total land area consisted of 13 @,@ 542 dunams ( 13 @.@ 5 square kilometers ) . The village was depopulated during the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War . Al @-@ Birwa was mentioned in the mid @-@ 11th century CE by the Persian geographer Nasir Khusraw and was known to the Crusaders as " Broet " . The village came under Mamluk rule in the late 13th century , and in the early 16th century , it was conquered by the Ottomans , who ruled it for four centuries . Travelers ' reports from the late 19th century documented that al @-@ Birwa had a mosque , a church , and an elementary school for boys ( a girls ' school was built in 1942 ) . During British Mandate rule in Palestine , al @-@ Birwa was home to local power brokers , who mediated disputes in neighboring villages . Al @-@ Birwa became a center of rebel operations during the 1936 – 1939 revolt against British rule . By the 1940s , many of the village 's agrarian inhabitants lost their lands due to debt , and shifted to labor jobs in nearby cities , such as Haifa . However , the majority of the residents — men and women — continued to engage in farming , selling their olives , grains and other crops in the markets of Acre . Al @-@ Birwa was captured by the Israelis in early June 1948 , after which its local militia recaptured the village . Al @-@ Birwa was then permanently occupied by the Israelis in late June . Afterward , its inhabitants , including future Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish , fled to nearby villages or Lebanon . The Jewish communities of Yas 'ur and Ahihud were established on al @-@ Birwa 's lands in 1949 and 1950 , respectively . = = History = = = = = Middle Ages = = = Al @-@ Birwa was mentioned in 1047 CE , during Fatimid rule , when it was visited by the Persian geographer , Nasir Khusraw . He describes it as lying " between Acre and Damun " , and reports having visited what he described as the tombs of Simeon and Esau there . The Crusaders wrested control of Palestine from the Fatimids in 1099 . They referred to al @-@ Birwa as " Broet " . In 1253 , John Aleman , the Crusader lord of Caesarea , sold al @-@ Birwa , along with several other villages , to the Knights Hospitaller . Al @-@ Birwa was mentioned as part of the Acre @-@ based Crusaders ' domain in the 1283 hudna ( truce agreement ) with the Mamluks under Sultan al @-@ Mansur Qalawun . In the late 13th century , the Mamluks defeated and conquered the last Crusader outposts along Palestine 's northern coastline . = = = Ottoman era = = = Al @-@ Birwa came under Ottoman rule in 1517 , along with all of Palestine . In 1596 , al @-@ Birwa was a small village in the Akka Nahiya ( Subdistrict of Acre ) , part of the Safad Sanjak ( District of Safed ) . The village paid taxes on wheat , barley , fruit , beehives , and goats . According to Ottoman tax registers , al @-@ Birwa had 121 residents in 1596 . A map from Napoleon 's invasion of 1799 by French cartographer Pierre Jacotin depicted al @-@ Birwa as " Beroweh " , though its location on the map was misplaced . In the late 19th century , al @-@ Birwa grew to be a large village , with a well in its southern area . To the north lay " beautiful olive @-@ groves and fruitful wheatfields , " as they were described by one Western traveller to the region in the mid @-@ 19th century . American biblical scholar Edward Robinson visited al @-@ Birwa in 1852 and noted that it was one of 18 villages in Palestine with an operating Christian ( Eastern Orthodox ) church . By 1859 , British Consul Edward T. Rogers recorded that al @-@ Birwa had approximately 900 inhabitants . The French explorer , Victor Guérin , who visited in 1875 , described the Christians of Birwa as Greek Orthodox , and noted that they had a " fairly new " church . In 1888 , the Ottomans built an elementary school for boys . = = = British Mandate period = = = In 1917 , during World War I , British forces drove out the Ottomans from Palestine and in 1920 , the British Mandate of Palestine was established . In the 1922 British census , al @-@ Birwa had a population of 807 , consisting of 735 Muslims and 72 Christians . The Christians were mostly Orthodox with five Anglicans . By the 1931 census , the population had increased to 996 , of which 884 were Muslims and 92 were Christians , living in a total of 224 houses . Cement roofs became widely used in al @-@ Birwa in the 1930s , during a time of significant expansion in the village . A number of al @-@ Birwa 's inhabitants participated in the 1936 – 1939 Arab revolt against British rule and mass Jewish immigration in Palestine . A commander of the revolt for the Nazareth @-@ Tiberias region , Sheikh Yihya Hawash , was from al @-@ Birwa . He was arrested by the British and sentenced to life imprisonment . The British also executed eight residents of al @-@ Birwa who had participated in the revolt . Other rebel commanders and participants in the revolt from al @-@ Birwa included Asad Atallah , Mahmoud al @-@ Joudi , Saleh Mahmoud Me 'ari @-@ Abu Sa 'ud , Abd al @-@ Hamid Daher Me 'ari , Muhammad al @-@ Hajj Ali , Yusef Taha , Fadil Eid , Yousif Mai and Abbas al @-@ Shattawi . A number of women from al @-@ Birwa participated in the revolt by transporting arms , water and food to rebels positioned among the hills in the vicinity . Elderly refugees from al @-@ Birwa interviewed in 2003 – 2004 recalled that during the revolt , local rebels set off a mine that hit a British military jeep on a road adjacent to al @-@ Birwa in August 1937 , prompting the British to launch punitive measures against the village . In particular , the British authorities gathered men from al @-@ Birwa and forced them to cut cactus plants near Acre and then placed the men on top of the cactuses . In 1945 , al @-@ Birwa 's population was 1 @,@ 460 , of which 130 were Christians . Prominent families and landowners in the village included the Saad , Darwish , Abdullah , Kayyal , Sakkas , al @-@ Wakid , al @-@ Joudi , Najm , al @-@ Dabdoub , Khalid , Akawi , Hissian , Hawash and al @-@ Sheikha families . Socio @-@ economic status in the village was largely determined by land ownership . About 140 residents of the village were tenant farmers who worked for the major landowning Moughrabi , al @-@ Zayyat and Adlabi families . According to intelligence gathered by the Haganah ( a Jewish paramilitary organization in Palestine ) , the traditional , local power brokers of the central Galilee were residents of al @-@ Birwa , who " resolved all conflicts in the nearby villages " . Haganah intelligence also reported that al @-@ Birwa 's inhabitants were " long @-@ lived , the majority reaching an age of over 100 years " . By the 1940s , al @-@ Birwa had three olive oil presses , a mosque , a church , and approximately 300 houses . In addition to the Ottoman @-@ era boys ' school , an elementary school for girls was established in 1943 . By this time , many of the inhabitants lost all or part of their lands due to debts , and concurrently , men and women from al @-@ Birwa increasingly worked in public projects , such as road construction and the Haifa oil refinery , or in British military installations , to compensate for lost income . However , the main source of income remained agriculture , and the village 's principal crops were olives , wheat , barley , corn , sesame , and watermelons . In 1944 / 45 , residents of the village owned a total of 600 cattle , 3 @,@ 000 goats and 1 @,@ 000 chickens . Women , particularly young women from smaller landowning families , participated alongside the men of their family in working the land , while many women from landless families drew income as seasonal workers on other village residents ' lands . There were general , gender @-@ based divisions of labor , with women collecting well water , raising livestock , curdling milk , transporting goods to markets in Acre and collecting herbs ; men typically plowed and sowed seeds , and both men and women picked olives and harvested crops . = = = 1948 War = = = Israeli forces from the Carmeli Brigade first captured al @-@ Birwa and positions overlooking it on 11 June 1948 as part of Operation Ben @-@ Ami , a day before the first truce of the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War . During the fighting , 45 elderly residents hid in the church with the priest . The defenders of the village surrendered after losing men and running out of ammunition . The residents took refuge in nearby villages for thirteen days . Nevertheless , clashes continued during the truce . According to local militiamen from al @-@ Birwa , 96 men from the village armed with rifles , and an equal amount of men armed with non @-@ firearms and unarmed women assembled near the front lines of the Arab Liberation Army ( ALA ) . The rifle @-@ armed force charged first across the front lines , followed by the men armed with axes , shovels , and sticks , and then the women who carried water to assist the wounded . Al @-@ Birwa 's ad @-@ hoc militia took the small force of Haganah soldiers ( who became part of the Israel Defense Forces on 26 May ) by surprise and forced them back a kilometer west of al @-@ Birwa . Afterward , al @-@ Birwa 's residents harvested their crops . They remained in the village until 24 June , when ALA commanders suggested that they join their families in the nearby villages . The militiamen claimed that the ALA stood by during the clashes because they did not receive orders from their superiors . The Israelis announced that they had battled ALA units in the area , inflicting 100 casualties on 25 June . The New York Times reported that there was fighting in the village for two days and that United Nations ( UN ) observers were there investigating truce violations . It added that " a small Israeli garrison held al @-@ Birwa prior to the [ first ] truce " , but it fell to ALA troops based in Nazareth who launched a surprise attack . Some residents camped in the outskirts of the village and occasionally managed to enter and gather personal belongings . After the end of the first truce in mid @-@ July , al @-@ Birwa was captured by Israel during Operation Dekel . The ALA fought the Israelis to recapture al @-@ Birwa , but by 18 July , the village was firmly behind Israeli lines . = = = Aftermath = = = On 20 August 1948 , the Jewish National Fund called for building a settlement on some of al @-@ Birwa 's lands , and on 6 January 1949 , Yas 'ur , a kibbutz , was established there . In 1950 , the moshav of Ahihud was inaugurated on the village 's western lands . According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi , one of al @-@ Birwa 's schools , two shrines for local sages , and three houses remained standing as of 1982 . One of the shrines was domed and built of stone . Most of the structures stood amid cacti , weeds , olive and fig groves , and mulberry trees . Most of al @-@ Birwa 's inhabitants fled to nearby Arab towns and villages , including Tamra , Kabul , Jadeidi @-@ Makr , Kafr Yasif , and other localities . Some fled to Lebanon , and ended up in the Shatila refugee camp , in the outskirts of Beirut , where Palestinian historian Nafez Nazzal interviewed them in 1973 . Among the refugees of al @-@ Birwa was Mahmoud Darwish , who was born in the village in 1941 and lived part of his childhood there . In 1950 , Tawfik Toubi , an Arab member of the Knesset , raised the issue of the internally displaced refugees of al @-@ Birwa in the Knesset , demanding that they be allowed to return to their homes . Prime Minister David Ben @-@ Gurion replied in the negative , stating , " The questioner presented the facts inaccurately . Birwa is an abandoned village which was destroyed in the fighting . Its inhabitants cooperated with Kaukji 's gangs . The Israel Defense Forces and the government did not treat them as they deserved , but permitted them to remain in villages near Birwa , and to become residents of Israel . The government of Israel treats them as it does the other residents of Israel and those lacking means of subsistence . A special body was established to deal with these refugees , to resettle and rehabilitate them , not necessarily in their former villages , and the resettlement of the refugees in Nazareth has already begun . " In December 1951 , the village site was declared a closed military zone . = = Geography = = Al @-@ Birwa stood on a rocky hill overlooking the Acre plain , with an average elevation of 60 meters above sea level . It was situated at the intersection of two highways — one led to Acre and the other towards Haifa . Located 10 @.@ 5 kilometers east of Acre , the other nearest localities to al @-@ Birwa included al @-@ Damun ( depopulated in 1948 ) to the south , and the Arab towns of Jadeida to the northwest , Julis to the north , Sha 'ab to the east , and Majd al @-@ Kurum to the northeast . Al @-@ Birwa 's total land area consisted of 13 @,@ 542 dunams ( 13 @.@ 42 hectares ) , of which 59 dunams were built @-@ up areas. of which 130 were Christians . Cultivable land accounted for 77 % of the total land area . Orchards were planted on 1 @,@ 548 dunams of which 1 @,@ 500 were used for olive groves , while 8 @,@ 457 were allotted to grains . The residents of the town sold 536 dunams to Jews , and most of the rest was Arab @-@ owned . = = = Archaeology = = = In October 2002 , a salvage excavation was conducted at the site on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority . Finds include a large building , numerous potsherds from the Late Roman period , a bronze coin from the first or second century CE , remains of an ancient olive press , glass vessels such as a wine goblet and bottles dated to the Late Byzantine and Umayyad periods ( seventh and first half of eighth centuries CE ) and an underground water reservoir . A few potsherds from the Crusader and Mamluk periods were also found . = Rockwell B @-@ 1 Lancer = The Rockwell B @-@ 1 Lancer is a four @-@ engine supersonic variable @-@ sweep wing , jet @-@ powered heavy strategic bomber used by the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . It was first envisioned in the 1960s as a supersonic bomber with Mach 2 speed , and sufficient range and payload to replace the Boeing B @-@ 52 Stratofortress . It was developed into the B @-@ 1B , primarily a low @-@ level penetrator with long range and Mach 1 @.@ 25 speed capability at high altitude . It is commonly called the " Bone " ( originally from " B @-@ One " ) . Designed by Rockwell International ( now part of Boeing ) , development was delayed multiple times over its history due to changes in the perceived need for manned bombers . The initial B @-@ 1A version was developed in the early 1970s , but its production was canceled , and only four prototypes were built . The need for a new platform once again surfaced in the early 1980s , and the aircraft resurfaced as the B @-@ 1B version with the focus on low @-@ level penetration bombing . However , by this point , development of stealth technology was promising an aircraft of dramatically improved capability . Production went ahead as the B version would be operational before the " Advanced Technology Bomber " ( which became the B @-@ 2 Spirit ) , during a period when the B @-@ 52 would be increasingly vulnerable . The B @-@ 1B entered service in 1986 with the USAF Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) as a nuclear bomber . In the early 1990s , following the Gulf War and concurrent with the disestablishment of SAC and its reassignment to the newly formed Air Combat Command ( ACC ) , the B @-@ 1B was converted to conventional bombing use . It first served in combat during Operation Desert Fox in 1998 and again during the NATO action in Kosovo the following year . The B @-@ 1B has supported U.S. and NATO military forces in Afghanistan and Iraq . The B @-@ 1B is expected to continue to serve into the 2030s , with the Long Range Strike Bomber to start supplementing the B @-@ 1B in 2030 . = = Development = = = = = Background = = = In 1955 the U.S. Air Force issued requirements for a new bomber combining the payload and range of the Boeing B @-@ 52 Stratofortress with the Mach 2 maximum speed of the Convair B @-@ 58 Hustler . In December 1957 , the U.S. Air Force selected North American Aviation 's proposal to replace the B @-@ 52 with the B @-@ 70 Valkyrie . The Valkyrie was a six @-@ engine bomber that could reach Mach 3 speeds at high altitude ( 70 @,@ 000 ft or 21 @,@ 000 m ) to avoid interceptor aircraft , the only effective anti @-@ bomber weapon in the 1950s . Soviet aircraft were already unable to intercept the high @-@ flying Lockheed U @-@ 2 ; the Valkyrie would fly at similar altitudes but much higher speeds . In combat , the B @-@ 70 was expected to simply fly right by the defenders . By the late 1950s , however , anti @-@ aircraft surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles ( SAMs ) could threaten high @-@ altitude aircraft , as demonstrated by the 1960 downing of Gary Powers 's U @-@ 2 . The USAF Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) were aware of these developments and had begun moving its bombers to low @-@ level penetration even before the U @-@ 2 downing . This tactic greatly reduces radar detection distances by use of terrain masking ; using features of the terrain like hills and valleys , the line @-@ of @-@ sight from the radar to the bomber can be broken , rendering the radar ( and human observers ) incapable of seeing the target . Even at somewhat higher altitudes , radar systems of the era were subject to " clutter " from stray returns from the ground and other objects , requiring a minimum angle above the ground to be effective . Bombers flying at low altitudes could remain under these angles simply by keeping their distance from the radar sites . This combination of effects made SAMs of the era ineffective against low @-@ flying aircraft . The same effects also meant that low flying aircraft were difficult to detect by higher flying interceptor aircraft , since their radar systems could not readily pick out opposing aircraft against the clutter from ground reflections ( lack of look @-@ down / shoot @-@ down capability ) . The switch from high @-@ altitude to low @-@ altitude flight profiles severely affected the B @-@ 70 , whose design was highly tuned to provide the desired high @-@ altitude performance . Planners outlined a series of low @-@ level profiles for the B @-@ 70 , but higher aerodynamic drag at low level limited the B @-@ 70 to subsonic speed while dramatically decreasing its range . The result would be an aircraft with somewhat higher subsonic speed , but less range than the B @-@ 52 it was meant to replace . Unsuited for the new low @-@ altitude role , and because of a growing shift to the intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) force , the B @-@ 70 bomber program was canceled in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy , and the two XB @-@ 70 prototypes were used in a supersonic research program . Although never intended for the low @-@ level role , the B @-@ 52 's flexibility allowed it to outlast its intended successor as the nature of the air war environment changed . The B @-@ 52 's huge fuel load allowed it to operate at lower altitudes for longer times , and the large airframe allowed the addition of improved radar jamming and deception suites to deal with radars . During the Vietnam War the concept that all future wars would be nuclear was turned on its head , and the " big belly " modifications increased the B @-@ 52 's total bomb load to 60 @,@ 000 pounds ( 27 @,@ 000 kg ) , turning it into a powerful tactical aircraft which could be used against ground troops along with strategic targets from high altitudes . The much smaller bomb bay of the B @-@ 70 would have made it much less useful in this role . = = = Design studies and delays = = = Although effective , the B @-@ 52 was not ideal for the low @-@ level role . This led to a number of aircraft designs known as penetrators , which were tuned specifically for long @-@ range low @-@ altitude flight . The first of these designs to see operation was the supersonic F @-@ 111 fighter @-@ bomber , which used variable @-@ sweep wings for tactical missions . Similar aircraft also emerged for other users as well , notably the BAC TSR @-@ 2 , and later , Panavia Tornado and Sukhoi Su @-@ 24 . A number of studies on a strategic @-@ range counterpart followed . The first post @-@ B @-@ 70 strategic penetrator study was known as the Subsonic Low Altitude Bomber ( SLAB ) , which was completed in 1961 . This produced a design that looked more like an airliner than a bomber , with a large swept wing , T @-@ tail and large high @-@ bypass engines . This was followed by the similar Extended Range Strike Aircraft ( ERSA ) , which added a variable @-@ sweep wing , then in vogue in the aviation industry . ERSA envisioned a relatively small aircraft with a 10 @,@ 000 pounds ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) payload and a range of 8 @,@ 750 nautical miles ( 16 @,@ 200 kilometres ) , with 2 @,@ 500 nmi ( 4 @,@ 600 km ) being flown at low altitudes . In August 1963 the similar Low @-@ Altitude Manned Penetrator ( LAMP ) design was completed , which called for an aircraft with a 20 @,@ 000 pounds ( 9 @,@ 100 kg ) bomb load and somewhat shorter range of 7 @,@ 150 nmi ( 13 @,@ 240 km ) . These all culminated in the October 1963 Advanced Manned Precision Strike System ( AMPSS ) , which led to industry studies at Boeing , General Dynamics , and North American . In mid @-@ 1964 , the USAF had revised its requirements and retitled the project as Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft ( AMSA ) , which differed from AMPSS primarily in that it also demanded a high @-@ speed high @-@ altitude capability , similar to that of the existing Mach 2 class Convair B @-@ 58 Hustler . Given the lengthy series of design studies , Rockwell engineers joked that the new name actually stood for " America 's Most Studied Aircraft " . The arguments that led to the cancellation of the B @-@ 70 program had led some to question the need for a new strategic bomber of any sort . The U.S. Air Force was adamant about retaining bombers as part of the nuclear triad concept that included bombers , ICBMs , and submarine @-@ launched ballistic missiles ( SLBMs ) in a combined package that complicated any potential defense . They argued that the bomber was needed to attack hardened military targets and to provide a safe counterforce option because the bombers could be quickly launched into safe loitering areas where they could not be attacked . However , the introduction of the SLBM mooted the mobility and survivability argument , and a newer generation of ICBMs , such as the Minuteman III , had the accuracy and speed needed to attack point targets . During this time , ICBMs were seen as a less costly option based on their lower unit cost , but development costs were much higher . Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara preferred ICBMs over bombers for the Air Force portion of the deterrent force and felt a new expensive bomber was not needed . McNamara limited the AMSA program to studies and component development beginning in 1964 . Program studies continued ; IBM and Autonetics were awarded AMSA advanced avionics study contracts in 1968 . McNamara remained opposed to the program in favor of upgrading the existing B @-@ 52 fleet and adding nearly 300 FB @-@ 111s for shorter range roles then being filled by the B @-@ 58 . He again vetoed funding for AMSA aircraft development in 1968 . = = = B @-@ 1A program = = = President Richard Nixon reestablished the AMSA program after taking office , keeping with his administration 's flexible response strategy that required a broad range of options short of general nuclear war . Nixon 's Secretary of Defense , Melvin Laird , reviewed the programs and decided to lower the numbers of FB @-@ 111s , since they lacked the desired range , and recommended that the AMSA design studies be accelerated . In April 1969 , the program officially became the B @-@ 1A . This was the first entry in the new bomber designation series , first created in 1962 . The Air Force issued a request for proposals in November 1969 . Proposals were submitted by Boeing , General Dynamics and North American Rockwell in January 1970 . In June 1970 , North American Rockwell 's design was selected and was awarded a development contract . The original program called for two test airframes , five flyable aircraft , and 40 engines . This was cut in 1971 to one ground and three flight test aircraft . The company changed its name to Rockwell International and named its aircraft division North American Aircraft Operations in 1973 . A fourth prototype , built to production standards , was ordered in the fiscal year 1976 budget . Plans called for 240 B @-@ 1As to be built , with initial operational capability set for 1979 . Rockwell 's design featured a number of features common to 1960s U.S. designs . Among these was the use of a " crew capsule " that ejected as a unit during emergencies , which was introduced to improve survivability in the case of an ejection at high speed . Additionally , the design featured large variable @-@ sweep wings in order to provide both high lift during takeoff and landing , and low drag during a high @-@ speed dash phase . With the wings set to their widest position the aircraft had considerably better lift and power than the B @-@ 52 , allowing it to operate from a much wider variety of bases . Penetration of the Soviet Union 's defenses would take place at supersonic speed , crossing them as quickly as possible before entering into the less defended " heartland " where speeds could be reduced again . The large size and fuel capacity of the design would allow the " dash " portion of the flight to be relatively long . In order to achieve the required Mach 2 performance at high altitudes , the exhaust nozzles and air intake ramps were variable . Initially , it had been expected that a Mach 1 @.@ 2 performance could be achieved at low altitude , which required that titanium be used in critical areas in the fuselage and wing structure . The low altitude performance requirement was later lowered to Mach 0 @.@ 85 , reducing the amount of titanium and therefore cost . A pair of small vanes mounted near the nose are part of an active vibration damping system that smooths out the otherwise bumpy low @-@ altitude ride . The first three B @-@ 1As featured an escape capsule that ejected the cockpit with all four crew members inside . The fourth B @-@ 1A was equipped with a conventional ejection seat for each crew member . The B @-@ 1A mockup review occurred in late October 1971 . The first B @-@ 1A prototype ( Air Force serial no . 74 @-@ 0158 ) flew on 23 December 1974 . Three more B @-@ 1A prototypes followed . As the program continued the per @-@ unit cost continued to rise in part because of high inflation during that period . In 1970 , the estimated unit cost was $ 40 million , and by 1975 , this figure had climbed to $ 70 million . = = = New problems and cancellation = = = In 1976 , Soviet pilot Viktor Belenko defected to Japan with his MiG @-@ 25 " Foxbat " . During debriefing he described a new " super @-@ Foxbat " ( almost certainly referring to the MiG @-@ 31 ) that had look @-@ down / shoot @-@ down radar in order to attack cruise missiles . This would also make any low @-@ level penetration aircraft " visible " and easy to attack . Given that the B @-@ 1 's armament suite was similar to the B @-@ 52 , and it now appeared no more likely to survive Soviet airspace than the B @-@ 52 , the program was increasingly questioned . In particular , Senator William Proxmire continually derided it in public , arguing it was an outlandishly expensive dinosaur . During the 1976 federal election campaign , Jimmy Carter made it one of the Democratic Party 's platforms , saying " The B @-@ 1 bomber is an example of a proposed system which should not be funded and would be wasteful of taxpayers ' dollars . " When Carter took office in 1977 he ordered a review of the entire program . By this point the projected cost of the program had risen to over $ 100 million per aircraft , although this was lifetime cost over 20 years . He was informed of the relatively new work on stealth aircraft that had started in 1975 , and he decided that this was a better avenue of approach than the B @-@ 1 . Pentagon officials also stated that the AGM @-@ 86 Air Launched Cruise Missile ( ALCM ) launched from the existing B @-@ 52 fleet would give the USAF equal capability of penetrating Soviet airspace . With a range of 1 @,@ 500 miles ( 2 @,@ 400 km ) , the ALCM could be launched well outside the range of any Soviet defenses and penetrate at low altitude just like a bomber ( and much lower radar cross @-@ section due to size ) , but in much greater numbers at a lower cost . A small number of B @-@ 52s could launch hundreds of ALCMs , saturating the defense . A program to improve the B @-@ 52 and develop and deploy the ALCM would cost perhaps 20 % of the price to deploy the planned 244 B @-@ 1As . On 30 June 1977 , Carter announced that the B @-@ 1A would be canceled in favor of ICBMs , SLBMs , and a fleet of modernized B @-@ 52s armed with ALCMs . Carter called it " one of the most difficult decisions that I 've made since I 've been in office . " No mention of the stealth work was made public with the program being top secret , but today it is known that in early 1978 he authorized the Advanced Technology Bomber ( ATB ) project , which eventually led to the B @-@ 2 Spirit . Domestically , the reaction to the cancellation was split along partisan lines . The Department of Defense was surprised by the announcement ; internal expectations were that the number of B @-@ 1s ordered would be reduced to around 150 . Congressman Robert Dornan ( R @-@ CA ) claimed , " They 're breaking out the vodka and caviar in Moscow . " In contrast , it appears the Soviets were more concerned by large numbers of ALCMs representing a much greater threat than a smaller number of B @-@ 1s . Soviet news agency TASS commented that " the implementation of these militaristic plans has seriously complicated efforts for the limitation of the strategic arms race . " Western military leaders were generally happy with the decision . NATO commander Alexander Haig described the ALCM as an " attractive alternative " to the B @-@ 1 . French General Georges Buis stated " The B @-@ 1 is a formidable weapon , but not terribly useful . For the price of one bomber , you can have 200 cruise missiles . " Flight tests of the four B @-@ 1A prototypes for the B @-@ 1A program continued through April 1981 . The program included 70 flights totaling 378 hours . A top speed of Mach 2 @.@ 22 was reached by the second B @-@ 1A . Engine testing also continued during this time with the YF101 engines totaling almost 7 @,@ 600 hours . = = = Shifting priorities = = = It was during this period that the Soviets started to assert themselves in several new theaters of action , in particular through Cuba during the Angolan Civil War starting in 1975 and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 . U.S. strategy to this point had been focused on containing Communism and preparation for war in Europe . The new Soviet actions revealed that the military lacked capability outside these narrow confines . The U.S. Department of Defense responded by accelerating its Rapid Deployment Forces concept but suffered from major problems with airlift and sealift capability . In order to slow an enemy invasion of other countries , air power was critical ; however the key Iran @-@ Afghanistan border was outside the range of the U.S. Navy 's carrier @-@ based attack aircraft , leaving this role to the U.S. Air Force . Although the B @-@ 52 had the range to support on @-@ demand global missions , its long runway requirements limited the forward basing possibilities . During the 1980 presidential campaign , Ronald Reagan campaigned heavily on the platform that Carter was weak on defense , citing the cancellation of the B @-@ 1 program as an example , a theme he continued using into the 1980s . During this time Carter 's defense secretary , Harold Brown , announced the stealth bomber project , apparently implying that this was the reason for the B @-@ 1 cancellation . = = = B @-@ 1B program = = = On taking office , Reagan was faced with the same decision as Carter before : whether to continue with the B @-@ 1 for the short term , or to wait for the development of the ATB , a much more advanced aircraft . Studies suggested that the existing B @-@ 52 fleet with ALCM would remain a credible threat until 1985 , as it was predicted that 75 % of the B @-@ 52 force would survive to attack its targets . After this , the introduction of the SA @-@ 10 missile , the MiG @-@ 31 interceptor and the first Soviet Airborne Early Warning and Control ( AWACS ) systems would make the B @-@ 52 increasingly vulnerable . During 1981 , funds were allocated to a new study for a bomber for the 1990s time @-@ frame . This led to the Long @-@ Range Combat Aircraft ( LRCA ) project . The LRCA evaluated the B @-@ 1 , F @-@ 111 and ATB as possible solutions ; an emphasis was placed on multi @-@ role capabilities , as opposed to purely strategic operations . In 1981 , it was believed the B @-@ 1 could be in operation before the ATB , covering the transitional period between the B @-@ 52 's increasing vulnerability and the ATB 's introduction . Reagan decided the best solution was to procure both the B @-@ 1 and ATB , and on 2 October 1981 Reagan announced that 100 B @-@ 1s were to be ordered to fill the LRCA role . In January 1982 the U.S. Air Force awarded two contracts to Rockwell worth a combined $ 2 @.@ 2 billion for the development and production of 100 new B @-@ 1 bombers . Numerous changes were made to the design to make it better suited to the now expected missions , resulting in the new B @-@ 1B . These changes included a reduction in maximum speed , which allowed the variable @-@ aspect intake ramps to be replaced by simpler fixed geometry intake ramps in the newer design . This reduced the B version 's radar signature ; the reduction in radar cross @-@ section was seen as a good trade off for the speed decrease . High subsonic speeds at low altitude became a focus area for the revised design , and low @-@ level speeds were increased from about Mach 0 @.@ 85 to 0 @.@ 92 . The B @-@ 1B has a maximum speed of Mach 1 @.@ 25 at higher altitudes . The B @-@ 1B 's maximum takeoff weight was increased to 477 @,@ 000 pounds ( 216 @,@ 000 kg ) from the B @-@ 1A 's 395 @,@ 000 pounds ( 179 @,@ 000 kg ) . The weight increase was to allow for takeoff with a full internal fuel load and for external weapons to be carried . Rockwell engineers were able to reinforce critical areas and lighten non @-@ critical areas of the airframe , so the increase in empty weight was minimal . In order to deal with the introduction of the MiG @-@ 31 equipped with the new Zaslon radar system , and other aircraft with look @-@ down capability ( which reduced the B @-@ 1s low @-@ flying advantage ) , the B @-@ 1B 's electronic warfare suite was significantly upgraded . Opposition to the plan was widespread within Congress . Critics pointed out that many of the original problems remained in both areas of performance and expense . In particular it seemed the B @-@ 52 fitted with electronics similar to the B @-@ 1B would be equally able to avoid interception , as the speed advantage of the B @-@ 1 was now minimal . It also appeared that the " interim " time frame served by the B @-@ 1B would be less than a decade , being rendered obsolete shortly after the introduction of a much more capable ATB design . The primary argument in favor of the B @-@ 1 was its large conventional weapon payload , and that its takeoff performance allowed it to operate with a credible bombload from a much wider variety of airfields . The USAF spread production subcontracts across many congressional districts , making the aircraft more popular on Capitol Hill . B @-@ 1A # 1 was disassembled and used for radar testing at the Rome Air Development Center at the former Griffiss Air Force Base , New York . B @-@ 1As # 2 and # 4 were modified to include B @-@ 1B systems . The first B @-@ 1B was completed and began flight testing in March 1983 . The first production B @-@ 1B was rolled out on 4 September 1984 and first flew on 18 October 1984 . The 100th and final B @-@ 1B was delivered on 2 May 1988 ; before the last B @-@ 1B was delivered , the USAF had determined that the aircraft was vulnerable to Soviet air defenses . = = Design = = = = = Overview = = = The B @-@ 1 has a blended wing body configuration , with variable @-@ sweep wing , four turbofan engines , triangular fin control surfaces and cruciform tail . The wings can sweep from 15 degrees to 67 @.@ 5 degrees ( full forward to full sweep ) . Forward @-@ swept wing settings are used for takeoff , landings and high @-@ altitude maximum cruise . Aft @-@ swept wing settings are used in high subsonic and supersonic flight . The B @-@ 1 's variable @-@ sweep wings and thrust @-@ to @-@ weight ratio provide it with better takeoff performance , allowing it to use more runways than previous bombers . The length of the aircraft presented a flexing problem due to air turbulence at low altitude . To alleviate this , Rockwell included small triangular fin control surfaces or vanes near the nose on the B @-@ 1 . The B @-@ 1 's Structural Mode Control System rotates the vanes automatically to counteract turbulence and smooth out the ride . Unlike the B @-@ 1A , the B @-@ 1B cannot reach Mach 2 + speeds ; its maximum speed is Mach 1 @.@ 25 ( about 950 mph or 1 @,@ 530 km / h at altitude ) , but its low @-@ level speed increased to Mach 0 @.@ 92 ( 700 mph , 1 @,@ 130 km / h ) . The speed of the current version of the aircraft is limited by the need to avoid damage to its structure and air intakes . To help lower its radar cross section ( RCS ) , the B @-@ 1B uses serpentine air intake ducts ( see S @-@ duct ) and fixed intake ramps , which limit its speed compared to the B @-@ 1A . Vanes in the intake ducts serve to deflect and shield radar emissions from the highly reflective engine compressor blades . The B @-@ 1A 's engine was modified slightly to produce the GE F101 @-@ 102 for the B @-@ 1B , with an emphasis on durability , and increased efficiency . The core of this engine has since been re @-@ used in several other engine designs , including the GE F110 which has seen use in the F @-@ 14 Tomcat , F @-@ 15K / SG variants and most recent versions of the General Dynamics F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon . It is also the basis for the non @-@ afterburning GE F118 used in the B @-@ 2 Spirit and the U @-@ 2S . The F101 engine was the basis for the core of the extremely popular CFM56 civil engine , which can be found on some versions of practically every small @-@ to @-@ medium @-@ sized airliner . The nose gear cover door has controls for the auxiliary power units ( APUs ) , which allow for quick starts of the APUs upon order to scramble . = = = Avionics = = = The B @-@ 1 's main computer is the IBM AP @-@ 101 , which is also used on the Space Shuttle orbiter and the B @-@ 52 bomber . The computer is programmed with the JOVIAL programming language . The Lancer 's offensive avionics include the Westinghouse ( now Northrop Grumman ) AN / APQ @-@ 164 forward @-@ looking offensive passive electronically scanned array radar set with electronic beam steering ( and a fixed antenna pointed downward for reduced radar observability ) , synthetic aperture radar , ground moving target indication ( GMTI ) , and terrain @-@ following radar modes , Doppler navigation , radar altimeter , and an inertial navigation suite . The B @-@ 1B Block D upgrade added a Global Positioning System ( GPS ) receiver beginning in 1995 . The B @-@ 1 's defensive electronics include the Eaton AN / ALQ @-@ 161A radar warning and defensive jamming equipment , which has three sets of antennas ; one at the front base of each wing and the third rear @-@ facing in the tail radome . Also in the tail radome is the AN / ALQ @-@ 153 Missile Approach Warning ( Pulse @-@ Doppler radar ) . The ALQ @-@ 161 is linked to a total of eight AN / ALE @-@ 49 flare dispensers located on top behind the canopy , which are handled by the AN / ASQ @-@ 184 avionics management system . Each AN / ALE @-@ 49 dispenser has a capacity of 12 MJU @-@ 23A / B flares . The MJU @-@ 23A / B flare is one of the world 's largest infrared countermeasure flares at a weight of over 3 @.@ 3 pounds ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) . The B @-@ 1 has also been equipped to carry the ALE @-@ 50 Towed Decoy System . Also aiding the B @-@ 1 's survivability is its relatively low radar cross @-@ section ( RCS ) . Although not technically a stealth aircraft in a comprehensive sense , thanks to the aircraft 's structure , serpentine intake paths and use of radar @-@ absorbent material its RCS is about 1 / 50th of the similar sized B @-@ 52 's RCS ; this is about 26 ft ² or 2 @.@ 4 m ² , roughly equivalent to the RCS of a small fighter aircraft . = = = Upgrades = = = The B @-@ 1 has been upgraded since production , beginning with the " Conventional Mission Upgrade Program " ( CMUP ) , which added a new MIL @-@ STD @-@ 1760 smart @-@ weapons interface to enable the use of precision @-@ guided conventional weapons . CMUP began with Block A , which was the standard B @-@ 1B with the capability to deliver non @-@ precision gravity bombs . Block B brought an improved Synthetic Aperture Radar , and upgrades to the Defensive Countermeasures System and was fielded in 1995 . Block C provided an " enhanced capability " for delivery of up to 30 cluster bomb units ( CBUs ) per sortie with modifications made to 50 bomb racks . Block D added a " Near Precision Capability " via improved weapons and targeting systems , and added advanced secure communications capabilities . The first part of the electronic countermeasures upgrade added Joint Direct Attack Munition ( JDAM ) , ALE @-@ 50 Towed Decoy System , and anti @-@ jam radios . Block E upgraded the avionics computers and incorporated the Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser ( WCMD ) , the AGM @-@ 154 Joint Standoff Weapon ( JSOW ) and the AGM @-@ 158 JASSM ( Joint Air to Surface Standoff Munition ) , substantially improving the bomber 's capability . Upgrades were completed in September 2006 . Block F was the Defensive Systems Upgrade Program ( DSUP ) to improve the aircraft 's electronic countermeasures and jamming capabilities , but it was canceled in December 2002 due to cost overruns and schedule slips . In 2005 , a program began to upgrade crew stations and integrate data linking . A B @-@ 1 equipped with the Fully Integrated Data Link ( FIDL ) first flew on 29 July 2009 ; the FIDL enables electronic data sharing , eliminating the need to enter information between systems by hand . In January 2013 , Boeing delivered the first Integrated Battle Station ( IBS ) equipped B @-@ 1 . This replaced several displays with new multi @-@ function color display units , an upgraded Central Integrated Test System , and a newer Aircraft Performance Monitoring Computer . In June 2012 , the B @-@ 1Bs are receiving Sustainment @-@ Block 16 upgrades to add Link 16 networking and digital flight instrumentation . In 2007 , the Sniper XR targeting pod was integrated on the B @-@ 1 fleet . The pod is mounted on an external hardpoint at the aircraft 's chin near the forward bomb bay . Following accelerated testing , the Sniper pod was fielded in summer 2008 . Future precision munitions include the Small Diameter Bomb . In 2011 , the Air Force was considering upgrading the B @-@ 1s with multiple ejector racks so that they can carry three times as many smaller JDAMs than they currently can . In February 2014 , work began on a multi @-@ year upgrade of 62 B @-@ 1Bs , scheduled to be completed by 2019 . The vertical situation display upgrade ( VDSU ) shall replace existing flight instruments with multifunction color displays , a second display shall aid threat evasion and targeting , and act as a back @-@ up display . Additional memory capacity is to be installed for the diagnostics database . Procurement and installation of the IBS upgrades is expected to cost $ 918 million , research and engineering costs are estimated at $ 391 million . Other additions are to replace the two spinning mass gyroscopic inertial navigation system with ring laser gyroscopic systems and a GPS antenna , replacement of the APQ @-@ 164 radar with the Scalable Agile Beam Radar - Global Strike ( SABR @-@ GS ) active electronically scanned array , and a new attitude indicator . = = Operational history = = = = = Strategic Air Command = = = The second B @-@ 1B , " The Star of Abilene " , was the first B @-@ 1B delivered to the USAF Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) in June 1985 . Initial operational capability was reached on 1 October 1986 and the B @-@ 1B was placed on nuclear alert status . The B @-@ 1 received the official name " Lancer " on 15 March 1990 . However , the bomber has been commonly called the " Bone " ; a nickname that appears to stem from an early newspaper article on the aircraft wherein its name was phonetically spelled out as " B @-@ ONE " with the hyphen inadvertently omitted . In late 1990 , engine fires in two Lancers led to a grounding of the fleet . The cause was traced back to problems in the first @-@ stage fan , the aircraft were placed on " limited alert " ; in other words , they were grounded unless a nuclear war broke out . Following inspections and repairs they were returned to duty beginning on 6 February 1991 . By 1991 , the B @-@ 1 had a fledgling conventional capability , forty of them able to drop the 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) Mk @-@ 82 General Purpose ( GP ) bomb , although mostly from low altitude . Despite being cleared for this role , the problems with the engines prevented their use in Operation Desert Storm during the Gulf War . B @-@ 1s were primarily reserved for strategic nuclear strike missions at this time , providing the role of airborne nuclear deterrent against the Soviet Union . The B @-@ 52 was more suited to the role of conventional warfare and it was used by coalition forces instead . Originally designed strictly for nuclear war , the B @-@ 1 's development as an effective conventional bomber was delayed . The collapse of the Soviet Union had brought the B @-@ 1 's nuclear role into question , leading to President George H. W. Bush ordering a $ 3 billion conventional refit . After the inactivation of Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) and the establishment of the Air Combat Command ( ACC ) in 1992 , the B @-@ 1 developed a greater conventional weapons capability . Part of this development was the start @-@ up of the U.S. Air Force Weapons School B @-@ 1 Division . In 1994 , two additional B @-@ 1 bomb wings were also created in the Air National Guard , with former fighter wings in the Kansas Air National Guard and the Georgia Air National Guard converting to the aircraft . By the mid @-@ 1990s , the B @-@ 1 could employ GP weapons as well as various CBUs . By the end of the 1990s , with the advent of the " Block D " upgrade , the B @-@ 1 boasted a full array of guided and unguided munitions . The B @-@ 1B no longer carries nuclear weapons ; its nuclear capability was disabled by 1995 with the removal of nuclear arming and fuzing hardware . = = = Conventional role = = = The B @-@ 1 was first used in combat in support of operations against Iraq , during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998 , employing unguided GP weapons . B @-@ 1s have been subsequently used in Operation Allied Force ( Kosovo ) and , most notably , in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The B @-@ 1 's role in Operation Allied Force has been criticized as the aircraft was not used until after enemy defenses had been suppressed by aircraft like the older B @-@ 52 it was intended to replace . The B @-@ 1 has deployed an array of conventional weapons in war zones , most notably the GBU @-@ 31 , 2 @,@ 000 pounds ( 910 kg ) Joint Direct Attack Munition ( JDAM ) . In the first six months of Operation Enduring Freedom , eight B @-@ 1s dropped almost 40 percent of aerial ordnance , including some 3 @,@ 900 JDAMs . JDAM munitions were heavily used by the B @-@ 1 over Iraq , notably on 7 April 2003 in an unsuccessful attempt to kill Saddam Hussein and his two sons . At the height of the Iraq War , a B @-@ 1 was permanently airborne to provide rapid precision bombardment upon important targets as intelligence identified them . During Operation Enduring Freedom , the B @-@ 1 was able to raise its mission capable rate to 79 % . The B @-@ 1 has higher survivability and speed when compared to the older B @-@ 52 , which it was intended to replace . It also holds 61 FAI world records for speed , payload , distance , and time @-@ to @-@ climb in different aircraft weight classes . In November 1983 , three B @-@ 1Bs set a long distance record for the aircraft , which demonstrated its ability to conduct extended mission lengths to strike anywhere in the world and return to base without any stops . The National Aeronautic Association recognized the B @-@ 1B for completing one of the 10 most memorable record flights for 1994 . Of the 100 B @-@ 1Bs built , 93 remained in 2000 after losses in accidents . In June 2001 , the Pentagon sought to place one @-@ third of its then fleet into storage ; this proposal resulted in several U.S. Air National Guard officers and members of Congress lobbying against the proposal , including the drafting of an amendment to prevent such cuts . The 2001 proposal was intended to allow money to be diverted to further upgrades to the remaining B @-@ 1Bs , such as computer modernization . In 2003 , accompanied by the removal of B @-@ 1Bs from the two bomb wings in the Air National Guard , the USAF decided to retire 33 aircraft to concentrate its budget on maintaining availability of remaining B @-@ 1Bs . In 2004 , a new appropriation bill called for some of the retired aircraft to return to service , and the USAF returned seven mothballed bombers to service to increase the fleet to 67 aircraft . On 14 July 2007 , the Associated Press reported on the growing USAF presence in Iraq , including reintroduction of B @-@ 1Bs as a close @-@ at @-@ hand platform to support Coalition ground forces . Since 2008 , B @-@ 1s have been used in Iraq and Afghanistan in an " armed overwatch " role , loitering for surveillance purposes while ready to deliver guided bombs in support of ground troops if contacted . The B @-@ 1B underwent a series of flight tests using a 50 / 50 mix of synthetic and petroleum fuel ; on 19 March 2008 , a B @-@ 1B from Dyess Air Force Base , Texas , became the first USAF aircraft to fly at supersonic speed using a synthetic fuel during a flight over Texas and New Mexico . This was conducted as part of an ongoing Air Force testing and certification program to reduce reliance on traditional oil sources . On 4 August 2008 , a B @-@ 1B flew the first Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod equipped combat sortie where the crew successfully targeted enemy ground forces and dropped a GBU @-@ 38 guided bomb in Afghanistan . In March 2011 , B @-@ 1Bs from Ellsworth Air Force Base attacked undisclosed targets in Libya as part of Operation Odyssey Dawn . The USAF had 66 B @-@ 1Bs in service in September 2012 , split among four squadrons organized into two Bomb Wings : the 7th Bomb Wing at Dyess AFB , Texas , and the 28th Bomb Wing at Ellsworth AFB , South Dakota . With upgrades to keep the B @-@ 1 viable , the air force may keep it in service until approximately 2038 . Despite upgrades , the B @-@ 1 has repair and cost issues ; every flight hour needs 48 @.@ 4 hours of repair . The fuel , repairs and other needs for a 12 @-@ hour mission costs $ 720 @,@ 000 as of 2010 . The $ 63 @,@ 000 cost per flight hour is , however , less than the $ 72 @,@ 000 for the B @-@ 52 and the $ 135 @,@ 000 of the B @-@ 2 . In June 2010 , senior USAF officials met to consider retiring the entire fleet to meet budget cuts . The Pentagon plans to supplement the aircraft with the Long Range Strike Bomber beginning in 2030 . In the meantime , its " capabilities are particularly well @-@ suited to the vast distances and unique challenges of the Pacific region , and we 'll continue to invest in , and rely on , the B @-@ 1 in support of the focus on the Pacific " as part of President Obama 's " Pivot to East Asia " . In August 2012 , the 9th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron returned from a six @-@ month tour in Afghanistan . Their nine B @-@ 1Bs flew 770 sorties , the most of any B @-@ 1B squadron on a single deployment . The squadron spent 9 @,@ 500 hours airborne , having one of its bombers in the air at all times . They accounted for a quarter of all combat aircraft sorties over the country while there and averaged 2 – 3 requests for air support per day . On 4 September 2013 , a B @-@ 1B participated in a maritime evaluation exercise , deploying munitions such as laser @-@ guided 500 lb GBU @-@ 54 bombs , 500 lb and 2 @,@ 000 lb Joint Direct Attack Munitions ( JDAM ) , and Long Range Anti @-@ Ship Missiles ( LRASM ) . The aim was to detect and engage several small craft using existing weapons and tactics developed from conventional warfare against ground targets ; the B @-@ 1 is seen as a useful asset for maritime duties such as patrolling shipping lanes . Beginning in 2014 , the B @-@ 1 was used by the U.S. against the Islamic State ( IS ) in the Syrian Civil War . From August 2014 to January 2015 , the B @-@ 1 accounted for eight percent of USAF sorties during Operation Inherent Resolve . The 9th Bomb Squadron was deployed to Qatar in July 2014 for support of missions for Afghanistan , but when the air campaign against IS began on 8 August , the unit 's B @-@ 1 's were redirected to Iraq . During the Battle of Kobane in Syria , the squadron 's B @-@ 1s dropped 660 bombs over five months in support of Kurdish forces defending the city , one @-@ third of all bombs used during OIR during the period , killing some 1 @,@ 000 ISIL fighters . The 9th Bomb Squadron ’ s B @-@ 1s went " Winchester " , dropping all weapons on board , 31 times during its deployment . Over 2 @,@ 000 JDAMs were dropped in its sixth @-@ month rotation . B @-@ 1s from the 28th Bomb Wing flew 490 sorties where they dropped 3 @,@ 800 munitions on 3 @,@ 700 targets during a six @-@ month deployment . In February 2016 , the B @-@ 1s were sent back to the U.S. for cockpit upgrades . As part of a USAF organizational realignment announced in April 2015 , all B @-@ 1B aircraft are to be reassigned from Air Combat Command to Global Strike Command ( GSC ) effective 1 October 2015 . = = Variants = = B @-@ 1A The B @-@ 1A was the original B @-@ 1 design with variable engine intakes and Mach 2 @.@ 2 top speed . Four prototypes were built ; no production units were manufactured . B @-@ 1B The B @-@ 1B is a revised B @-@ 1 design with reduced radar signature and a top speed of Mach 1 @.@ 25 . It was otherwise optimized for low @-@ level penetration . A total of 100 B @-@ 1Bs were produced . B @-@ 1R The B @-@ 1R is a proposed upgrade of existing B @-@ 1B aircraft . The B @-@ 1R ( R for " regional " ) would be fitted with advanced radars , air @-@ to @-@ air missiles , and new Pratt & Whitney F119 engines . This variant would have a top speed of Mach 2 @.@ 2 , but with 20 % shorter range . Existing external hardpoints would be modified to allow multiple conventional weapons to be carried , increasing overall loadout . For air @-@ to @-@ air defense , an Active electronically scanned array ( AESA ) radar would be added and some existing hardpoints modified to carry air @-@ to @-@ air missiles . If needed the B @-@ 1R could escape from unfavorable air @-@ to @-@ air encounters with its Mach 2 + speed . Few aircraft are currently capable of sustained speeds over Mach 2 . = = Operators = = United States United States Air Force Strategic Air Command 1985 – 92 Air Combat Command 1992 – 2015 Air Force Global Strike Command 2015 – present 7th Bomb Wing – Dyess AFB , Texas 9th Bomb Squadron 1993 – present 13th Bomb Squadron 2000 – 05 28th Bomb Squadron 1994 – present 337th Bomb Squadron 1993 – 94 28th Bomb Wing – Ellsworth AFB , South Dakota 34th Bomb Squadron 1994 – 97 , 2002 – present 37th Bomb Squadron 1986 – present 77th Bomb Squadron 1985 – 95 , 1997 – 2002 53d Test and Evaluation Group – Nellis AFB , Nevada 337th Test and Evaluation Squadron ( Dyess AFB , Texas ) 2004 – present 57th Wing – Nellis AFB , Nevada 77th Weapons Squadron ( Dyess ) 2003 – present 96th Bomb Wing – Dyess AFB , Texas 337th Bomb Squadron 1985 – 93 338th Combat Crew Training Squadron 1986 – 93 4018th Combat Crew Training Squadron 1985 – 86 319th Bomb Wing – Grand Forks AFB , North Dakota 1987 – 94 46th Bomb Squadron 366th Wing – Mountain Home AFB , Idaho 1997 – 2002 34th Bomb Squadron 384th Bomb Wing – McConnell AFB , Kansas 1987 – 94 28th Bomb Squadron Air National Guard 116th Bomb Wing ( Georgia Air National Guard ) – Robins AFB , Georgia 1996 – 2002 128th Bomb Squadron 184th Bomb Wing ( Kansas Air National Guard ) – McConnell AFB , Kansas 1994 – 2002 127th Bomb Squadron Air Force Flight Test Center – Edwards AFB , California 412th Operations Group 1989 – 92 410th Flight Test Squadron 412th Test Wing 1992 – present 419th Flight Test Squadron 6510th Test Wing 1974 – 89 6519th Flight Test Squadron = = Aircraft on display = = B @-@ 1A 74 @-@ 0160 - Wings Over the Rockies Museum at the former Lowry Air Force Base in Denver , Colorado . 76 @-@ 0174 - Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum near Offutt Air Force Base in Ashland , Nebraska . This aircraft has conventional ejection seats and other features used on the B @-@ 1B variant . B @-@ 1B 83 @-@ 0065 Star of Abilene - Dyess Linear Air Park at Dyess Air Force Base , Texas . This was the first aircraft delivered to the U.S. Air Force . Dyess AFB is home to one of two active Air Force B @-@ 1B wings . 83 @-@ 0066 Ole Puss - Heritage Park at Mountain Home Air Force Base , Idaho with wheels in the wells . 83 @-@ 0067 Texas Raider - South Dakota Air and Space Museum at Ellsworth Air Force Base , South Dakota . Ellsworth AFB is home to one of two active Air Force B @-@ 1B wings . 83 @-@ 0068 Spuds - Reflections of Freedom Air Park at McConnell Air Force Base in Wichita , Kansas , a former Air Force and Air National Guard B @-@ 1B base . 83 @-@ 0069 Silent Penetrator - Museum of Aviation at Robins Air Force Base in Warner Robins , Georgia , a former Air National Guard B @-@ 1B base . This aircraft was the sixth B @-@ 1 produced , and was delivered to the 96th Bomb Wing at Dyess AFB , Texas on 13 March 1986 . This aircraft arrived at Robins AFB in September 2002 . Robins AFB was previously home to one of two Air National Guard B @-@ 1B wings . Renamed Midnight Train From Georgia by April 2015 83 @-@ 0070 7 Wishes - Hill Aerospace Museum at Hill Air Force Base in Ogden , Utah . The Ogden Air Logistics Center at Hill AFB performs depot level maintenance on the entire B @-@ 1B fleet . 83 @-@ 0071 Spit Fire - near the main gate at Tinker Air Force Base , Oklahoma . This aircraft was one of two that suffered an in @-@ flight engine failure in 1990 that led to grounding of the fleet . 84 @-@ 0051 Boss Hawg - National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright @-@ Patterson AFB near Dayton , Ohio . It is displayed in the Museum 's Cold War Gallery , and replaces the B @-@ 1A ( 74 @-@ 0174 ) formerly on display . = = Accidents and incidents = = Ten B @-@ 1s have been lost due to accidents . Between 1984 and 2001 , 17 crew members and people on board have been killed in B @-@ 1 accidents . = = = Crashes = = = On 29 August 1984 , B @-@ 1A ( AF Ser . No. 74 @-@ 0159 ) stalled and crashed while performing minimum control speed tests at low altitude . The crew used the escape capsule to leave the bomber , but the parachutes deployed improperly , causing the capsule to hit nose down . The impact killed the B @-@ 1 's pilot , Rockwell test pilot Doug Benefield , and seriously injured two other crew members . In September 1987 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 84 @-@ 0052 ) from the 96th Bomb Wing , 338th Combat Crew Training Squadron , Dyess AFB crashed near La Junta , Colorado while flying on a low @-@ level training route . This was the only B @-@ 1B crash to occur with six crew members aboard . The two crew members in jump seats , and one of the four crew members in ejection seats perished . The root cause of the accident was thought to be a bird strike on a wing 's leading edge during the low @-@ level flight . The impact was severe enough to sever fuel and hydraulic lines on one side of the aircraft , the other side 's engines functioned long enough to allow for ejection . The B @-@ 1B fleet was later modified to protect these supply lines . In November 1988 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 85 @-@ 0063 ) from the 96th Bomb Wing , 337th Bomb Squadron , Dyess AFB crashed near Tye , Texas after a fire broke out above the left engines . All four crew members successfully ejected from the aircraft . In November 1988 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 85 @-@ 0076 ) from the 28th Bomb Wing , 37th Bomb Squadron , Ellsworth AFB crashed short of the runway at Ellsworth AFB during adverse weather . All four crew members ejected successfully . In November 1992 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 86 @-@ 0106 ) from the 7th Bomb Wing , 337th Bomb Squadron , Dyess AFB , Texas , flying on a low @-@ level training flight crashed into a mountain near Van Horn , Texas . All four members of the crew were killed , and the cause was attributed to pilot error . In September 1997 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 85 @-@ 0078 ) from the 28th Bomb Wing , 37th Bomb Squadron , Ellsworth AFB , South Dakota , flying in the Powder River Military Operating Area crashed 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Alzada , Montana . All four members of the crew were killed . The review board found that the bomber struck the ground due to pilot error , while performing a defensive maneuver during training . On 18 February 1998 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 84 @-@ 0057 ) from the 7th Bomb Wing , Dyess AFB , Texas crashed near Marion , Kentucky when a fire detected by a cockpit instrument panel shut down the aircraft 's power . All four crew members were able to eject and were rescued safely . In December 2001 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 86 @-@ 0114 ) from the 28th Bomb Wing , 37th Bomb Squadron , Ellsworth AFB , South Dakota , was lost over the Indian Ocean . All four crew members successfully ejected and were rescued . The bomber was flying en route to a long @-@ range combat mission over Afghanistan when the crew declared an in @-@ flight emergency . The pilot , Captain William Steele , attributed the crash to " multiple malfunctions " causing the bomber to go " out of control " . Because of the water 's depth , the structural data collector ( SDC ) or " Black Box " was not recovered and the cause was not positively determined . The aircraft had recently returned from a routine Phase Inspection , and was on its first combat mission after returning to the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory . This was the first B @-@ 1B to be lost during combat operations . On 4 April 2008 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 86 @-@ 0116 ) lost hydraulic power while taxiing , then crashed into a concrete barrier and caught fire at Al Udeid AB , Qatar . The crew safely evacuated the aircraft . The B @-@ 1B was carrying two 2 @,@ 000 lb bombs at the time , which did not detonate . The aircraft was destroyed . On 19 August 2013 , B @-@ 1B ( AF Ser . No. 85 @-@ 0091 ) out of Ellsworth AFB , South Dakota crashed in a remote area near Broadus , Montana . All four crew members survived by ejecting before the aircraft crashed . A report found that the crash was due to a mechanical failure leading to a fuel leak and explosions . = = = Other accidents and notable incidents = = = On 4 October 1989 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 85 @-@ 0070 ) from the 96th Bomb Wing , 337th Bomb Squadron , Dyess AFB , Texas , was forced to make an emergency landing at Edwards Air Force Base after suffering an in @-@ flight failure of the No. 2 hydraulic system , which required use of the No 3 system to deploy the landing gear . After the nose gear failed to deploy , the crew attempted to lower the nose gear via the alternate emergency gear @-@ extension method . After several hours of attempting different means to lower the nose gear , the decision was made to perform a nose @-@ gear @-@ up landing on Rogers Dry Lake at Edwards . The lower portion of the forward bulkhead used to mount the radar antenna was the only part of the aircraft to suffer damage , and after repairs , the jet was returned to Dyess in January 1990 by the same crew which performed the emergency landing . In October 1990 , while flying a training route in eastern Colorado , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 86 @-@ 0128 ) from the 384th Bomb Wing , 28th Bomb Squadron , McConnell AFB , experienced an explosion as the engines reached full power without afterburners . Fire on the aircraft 's left was spotted . The # 1 engine was shut down and its fire extinguisher was activated . The accident investigation determined that the engine had suffered catastrophic failure , engine blades had cut through the engine mounts and the engine became detached from the aircraft . In December 1990 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 83 @-@ 0071 ) from the 96th Bomb Wing , 337th Bomb Squadron , Dyess AFB , Texas , experienced a jolt that caused the # 3 engine to shut down with its fire extinguisher activating . This event , coupled with the October 1990 engine incident , led to a 50 + day grounding of the B @-@ 1Bs not on nuclear alert status . The problem was eventually traced back to problems in the first @-@ stage fan , and all B @-@ 1Bs were equipped with modified engines . In June 1994 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 84 @-@ 0057 ) from the 7th Bomb Wing , 9th Bomb Squadron , made an emergency divert to Rhein @-@ Main Air Base , Germany due to a wing sweep malfunction . The crew made a high speed landing at Rhein @-@ Main and stopped 100 feet short of the end of the runway . Afterward the overheated brakes led to a fire in the right main landing gear , but it was quickly extinguished . On 15 September 2005 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 85 @-@ 0066 ) was extensively damaged by fire while landing at Andersen Air Force Base , Guam . The investigation into the incident concluded that leaking hydraulic fluid and sparks from a wheel being gouged caused a fire to start in the aircraft 's right main landing gear as it touched down . The resulting fire damaged the B @-@ 1 's right wing , engine nacelle , airframe and landing gear , leading to an estimated repair cost of more than $ 32 million . On 8 May 2006 , B @-@ 1B ( s / n 86 @-@ 0132 ) from the 7th Bomb Wing , 9th Bomb Squadron , Dyess AFB , Texas , landed " gear @-@ up " during recovery from an 11 @-@ hour ferry flight to the island of Diego Garcia . A resulting fire was quickly extinguished and the crew escaped through the top hatch with only a minor back injury to the co @-@ pilot . The air force investigation concluded that the crew " forgot to lower the landing gear " based on the following reasons : 1 ) co @-@ pilot task oversaturation , 2 ) co @-@ pilot 's wanting to complete a long mission , 3 ) neither pilot completed the landing checklist , 4 ) co @-@ pilot '	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
s equaliser . His first goal came on 17 April , when playing against Tooting & Mitcham he once again appeared as a substitute and scored a header late in the game . He joined west London club Hayes in December 1971 after scoring twice against them in an Isthmian League match . Hayes offered £ 30 per week , and were also based closer to his home in Acton . A near @-@ fatal accident at work in July 1972 caused Friday to undergo extensive surgery ; while working on a roof in Lambeth , a hoist rope became stuck on the scaffold he was working on . The Hayes forward attempted to free the rope but fell and landed on a large spike : the spike went up through one of his buttocks , through his stomach and narrowly avoided a lung . Not only was Friday strong enough to pull himself off the spike , he recovered from his injuries within three months and returned to the Hayes team in October 1972 . Friday was known at Hayes for his excessive drinking , and on one occasion the team started a match a player short because Friday had not turned up . When he finally arrived , eighty minutes after kick @-@ off , his intoxication was obvious , but he was still sent onto the pitch with the match still goalless . The opposition paid him little attention and Friday scored a late winning goal . Hayes were drawn to play Football League Fourth Division club Reading in the FA Cup 's second round on 9 December 1972 ; the team managed to draw 0 – 0 at Reading and earn the right to a replay at home , which they lost 1 – 0 three days later . Although Hayes had lost , the interest of Reading manager Charlie Hurley was piqued . Hurley travelled to Hayes more than once to watch Friday . Having researched the player 's background , he was cautious about signing him , but was impressed all the same by his on @-@ field performances . The 1972 – 73 season was Friday 's most prolific non @-@ League year in terms of goals . He briefly joined Enfield early in the 1973 – 74 season and scored against Hayes in an FA Cup tie before returning to west London in December 1973 . Having also been approached by Third Division side Watford , Friday signed for Hurley 's Reading side in January 1974 for £ 750 . He had scored 46 goals in 67 appearances for Hayes over his two spells there , but during his three Isthmian League seasons had been sent off seven times . Friday signed as an amateur , meaning that although he would be contracted to Reading he would be able to continue appearing for Hayes and working as an asphalter in London ; he would train part @-@ time with Reading and play for their reserve team . = = Professional career = = = = = Reading = = = = = = = 1973 – 74 = = = = In Hurley 's words , Friday " trained like he played " ; " he had no other way of playing " . His new manager had to take him out of training on occasion because of the injuries he would inflict on his own team @-@ mates in his effort to win . By late January 1974 , Reading were on a run of 14 games with only two victories , while Friday had performed strongly in three reserve matches . Hurley registered the amateur forward to play in the Football League on 23 January 1974 and gave him his first @-@ team debut four days later . Friday turned in a performance against Northampton Town at Elm Park that the Reading Evening Post called " outstanding " as Reading drew 3 – 3 . The team then travelled to Barnsley on 3 February , having not won away from home in four months . After Barnsley led 2 – 0 at half @-@ time , Friday scored his first League goal with a header just after the break to make the score 2 – 1 . Reading immediately offered a professional contract , which Friday signed on 6 February 1974 . His new salary was half what he had earned as an asphalter . Friday 's technical ability made him very popular among Reading supporters and pressmen alike . The Reading Evening Post report of Reading 's 4 – 1 victory over Exeter City on 10 February 1974 , Friday 's first match as a professional , described his performance as " sheer magic " as he scored twice . The report also called Friday 's first goal of the day " glorious " : he collected the ball wide on the left wing , took it past four Exeter defenders and then fired the ball low and hard into the opposite corner from the edge of the penalty area . Friday was conspicuous in the professional ranks for never wearing shin pads , and for his resistance to physical harm ; no matter how badly he was hurt he would always get up and continue . After sustaining a calf injury against Exeter , he returned for the team 's next game , away at Lincoln City on 17 February . Friday was repeatedly and cynically fouled by the opposing players and sustained injuries necessitating five minutes on the sideline late in the first half . However , he recovered , returned to the game and set up both Reading goals as his side prevailed by a score of two goals to nil . The team 's next game , on 24 February 1974 , was at home against Doncaster Rovers , and with Friday playing a key role Reading won 5 – 0 . In particular , Friday scored a goal after 17 minutes described by the Evening Post reporter as " magical " : with the score 1 – 0 to Reading , Friday received the ball near the edge of the penalty area , at a tight angle , and coolly kicked the ball with the outside of his boot low across goal , towards the far post . Although it appeared to be heading yards wide of the net , the ball suddenly curved in at the last possible moment — " right around the goalie " , in the phrase of Reading F.C. historian David Downs — and clipped the goalpost before nestling in the back of the net . " The team that has been transformed by Robin Friday has now scored a remarkable 16 goals in five games , " reported the Evening Post , " and the highlight of this joyous afternoon was a goal by Friday that was worth anyone 's admission money on its own . " Despite his immediate impact on the pitch and the upturn in Reading 's form , Friday 's off @-@ the @-@ field activities unsettled some of his team @-@ mates . Most tolerated his lifestyle because of his importance to the team , but some , particularly defender Tommy Youlden , were sceptical . He drank extremely heavily , favouring American Colt 45 malt liquor , and his antics during his drinking sessions caused many landlords to lose patience with him . For example , Friday was barred from Caversham 's Crown public house after he ended a night there leaping between the tables and dancing on the bar . The Boar 's Head in Reading banned him on ten separate occasions . One night , after the pubs closed , Friday and a friend , Rod Lewington , went to an all @-@ night club called Churchill 's where they could continue drinking . When they entered , Friday , wearing a long overcoat and hobnail boots , walked onto the dancefloor and removed the coat to reveal that he was wearing nothing underneath . He then began to dance , completely naked apart from the boots . Although Churchill 's , described by Lewington as " the worst club that has ever been in Reading " , tolerated such behaviour , the town 's fashionable Sindlesham Mill nightclub did not , regularly barring Friday for his bizarre activities , including a dance he invented called " the elephant " which consisted of turning the pockets of his jeans inside out and undoing his flies to expose himself . He and his friends would regularly drink all day , though he was able to exert some self @-@ control ; according to his friend Syd Simmonds , Friday would obey Hurley 's instruction not to drink for 48 hours before each game . However , he would play his prized heavy metal records very loudly at any time of the day or night and take LSD with casual indifference . Hurley attempted to calm Friday down by moving him into an apartment above the football club 's elderly ex @-@ groundsman , but to no avail : " Even if it was three in the morning , the first thing would be to get the music playing " , Simmonds later said . " We had an old boy living below us ... the ex @-@ groundsman at Reading . He was coming up to 80 and he had a dog 's life in the flat . Pounding music , people knocking on the door , girls throwing stones at the windows . Poor old sod . " = = = = 1974 – 75 = = = = Reading finished the 1973 – 74 season in sixth position , one place higher than the previous year . Friday underwent an operation to have tattoos removed from his fingers during the summer break , and afterwards joined a hippie commune in Cornwall , neglecting to inform Reading of this latter decision . He was absent without explanation when training started for the 1974 – 75 season in July 1974 , arriving only on the day of a closed @-@ doors friendly against Watford . Despite his lack of training , he far out @-@ performed the rest of the team . He continued to play well when the League programme began the following month . By September 1974 he was attracting the interest of First Division sides Sheffield United and Arsenal . The former had been following him since the game at Barnsley back in February , when he had still been an amateur . Arsenal manager Bertie Mee personally attended Reading 's 4 – 2 home win over Rotherham United on 12 September , but neither his team nor Sheffield United attempted to sign Friday . After Reading despatched Newport County 3 – 0 on 14 September 1974 , Friday and his forward partner Dick Habbin had scored six goals each and topped the Football League goalscoring charts . However , at the same time Friday 's disciplinary record was becoming so bad that even the Evening Post , usually favourable to him , criticised him on 30 September 1974 , just after he had scored his first hat @-@ trick for Reading in a 4 – 1 victory over Southport . He was the Football League 's joint top scorer by this time with nine goals , but he had also already been booked three times that season and the Post argued that by constantly risking suspension he was letting the team down . Under the system then used , the three bookings gave him an automatic two @-@ match suspension . The article argued that missing games because of " completely unnecessary " and " stupid " infractions amounted to selling the club short . Friday 's behaviour on Reading away trips was unpredictable and erratic : in the words of team @-@ mate John Murray , " Some of the things he did were funny but other times they were just mad " . On the way back from one away match , the team bus pulled over and Friday noticed that they were beside a cemetery . Friday jumped over the wall and stole some stone angels from a grave , intending to place them beside the club chairman Frank Waller , who was sleeping on the coach . When he returned , Hurley sternly told him that " you must never ever desecrate a graveyard " — Friday dutifully returned the statues . On another occasion , Friday reacted to the news that a team @-@ mate had smuggled a girl into his hotel room by kicking the door in . Later on the same night he walked into the bar carrying a swan that he had found in the hotel grounds . During an FA Cup tie away against Swindon Town on 23 November , Friday began to have trouble breathing and despite leaving the game for five minutes to recuperate with an inhaler was eventually forced to come off for good , coughing violently . After recovering from what was reported to be a chest infection , he returned to the team on 28 December , having missed four matches , and marked his return with his side 's only goal in a 3 – 1 home defeat to Stockport County . Reading dropped to 12th place on 6 January 1975 , and were only three points above the re @-@ election places ; however , by the time they took on Workington at home on 3 February they had risen to 10th . Reading won 3 – 0 , with Friday scoring the third goal with a spectacular header : " Diving full length barely a foot off the ground , Friday risked life and limb to head home a truly memorable goal " , wrote the Evening Post match reporter . " True to form , he had to spoil things for himself by getting booked three minutes later " . This victory marked the beginning of a run of six wins out of seven games , after which the side was once again challenging for promotion to the third tier , hovering between sixth and eighth place for the rest of the season . By 11 April promotion looked improbable , but Friday was still overjoyed after scoring the last @-@ minute winner in Reading 's 2 – 1 victory over Rochdale . In celebration he ran behind the net and kissed a policeman . " The policeman looked so cold and fed up standing there " , explained the Reading forward , publicly , " that I decided to cheer him up a bit . " In the dressing room after the game he said , privately , that he wished he hadn 't done it " because I hate coppers so much " . Reading eventually finished the 1974 – 75 season in seventh place , five points behind the promoted teams . Friday was the club 's top scorer for the season , with 18 league goals and 20 overall , and was voted its player of the year . = = = = 1975 – 76 = = = = Friday 's fine form continued into the 1975 – 76 season ; after their 4 – 2 victory over Hartlepool United on 23 September 1975 , Reading were top of the Fourth Division having just won four games in a row . Friday , meanwhile , was the club 's top scorer . The next game was against Bournemouth on the 27th , and although Reading won 2 – 1 Friday was sent off after 79 minutes . By this time the forward was overwhelmingly popular among Reading 's fans , to whom he endeared himself by performing a lap of honour after each goal he scored . A month later , after two wins , two defeats and a draw during October , the team was fourth in the table . Friday was arrested after the evening match away at Newport County on 20 October , accused of using obscene language outside a Newport nightclub . At his appearance before magistrates in Newport on 17 November , he pleaded not guilty , representing himself , and was acquitted . Performing strongly for Reading and scoring regularly , he began to attract serious interest from other clubs . " Friday is , of course , much more than Reading 's top scorer and best striker " , wrote the Evening Post on 3 November 1975 . " He is the most vital cog in the team , and last week I understand Reading turned down a £ 60 @,@ 000 bid from Cardiff City involving Welsh international Derek Showers " . By the new year , Reading were third in the table , on course for promotion and two points behind league leaders Lincoln City . After Reading went four games without a win starting on 24 January 1976 , a late goal from Friday ended this run on 25 February , in a home match against Hartlepool United ; twelve minutes from time , he collected a pass from Stewart Henderson and neatly placed the ball past the goalkeeper from the edge of the penalty area . " One is increasingly under the impression " , the Evening Post reported , " that if Friday was out for some time through injury the Reading team would fall to pieces " . Led by the free @-@ scoring Friday , the side continued its push for promotion ; fourth or higher would be enough to go up . A vital fixture on 31 March 1976 pitted fourth @-@ placed Reading at home against Tranmere Rovers , who occupied third spot ; internationally experienced referee Clive Thomas took charge of the game . Friday , who had already scored 18 goals that season , rose to the occasion with an effort that has been described by many sources as one of the greatest ever scored . With the score 2 – 0 to Reading , the goalkeeper Steve Death threw the ball to the right back Gary Peters , who spotted Friday standing near the left @-@ hand corner of the opposing penalty area . Peters passed high and diagonally across the pitch towards his forward , who jumped into the air and used his chest to cushion the ball and knock it into the air with his back to goal , about 25 – 30 yards away from the net . As Friday landed , he ferociously powered the ball towards goal , kicking over his shoulder and turning after the ball had gone . The shot flew straight into the top @-@ right @-@ hand corner of the net , stunning the crowd , players and Thomas , the referee , who put his hands over his head in disbelief . " I 'll never forget it " , Thomas recalled . " It was the sheer ferocity of the shot on the volley ... over his shoulder . ... If it hadn 't gone into the top corner of the net it would have broken the goalpost . Even up against the likes of Pelé and Cruyff , that rates as the best goal I have ever seen . " Reading went on to win the game 5 – 0 . When Thomas told Friday after the game that he had never seen a better goal , the Londoner replied , " Really ? You should come down here more often , I do that every week . " Reading moved to within one point of promotion on 19 April 1976 with a 1 – 0 home victory over Brentford . Friday set up the game 's only goal , beating three players before hitting the post with his shot ; Ray Hiron scored from the rebound . Friday scored a powerful left @-@ footed volley during the first half of a 2 – 2 draw away against Cambridge United two days later . The result secured Third Division football for Reading . At the celebratory dinner after the game , the Reading captain Gordon Cumming saw some fluted wine glasses , and voiced his admiration : " I wouldn 't mind a few of them for home " , he said . " Give us a few minutes and I 'll get them for you " , replied Friday . Going around the dining room and picking them off the tables , he stole a whole boxful of the glasses , which he managed to sneak out of the hotel and onto the team coach , but much to Cumming 's annoyance he then decided to keep them for himself . With 22 goals for the year , 21 in the league , Friday was once more Reading 's top goalscorer and for the second consecutive season the team 's player of the year . After Reading were promoted , Waller met with the players on 4 June 1976 to discuss their contracts for the 1976 – 77 season . The wages offered to the Reading players were far lower than they had been expecting , causing the team 's morale to fall drastically . " We got screwed by the club " , midfielder Eamon Dunphy later claimed . " We didn 't get what we had been promised . " Friday was so offended by the low salary offered that he handed in a transfer request , telling the Evening Post that the club 's directors clearly did not share his ambition . " They would be happy to stroll along in the bottom half of the Third Division forever " , he said . The row over the new contracts continued throughout the off @-@ season , while Friday planned his second wedding ; he had been formally divorced from Maxine after years of separation , and subsequently engaged to Liza Deimel , a Reading @-@ born university graduate . After the pay dispute was settled on 5 August , the couple were married in Reading three days later . The wedding was filmed by Southern Television , before whose cameras Friday , wearing an open @-@ necked tiger @-@ skin @-@ pattern shirt , brown velvet suit and snakeskin boots , sat on the steps of the church and rolled a joint . Friday had invited about two hundred people , mostly friends and relatives from London , who joined in the drinking and drug @-@ taking and ending up fighting each other and stealing the couple 's wedding presents , one of which was a large quantity of cannabis . Liza later called the wedding " the most hilarious thing ever " . " I have been to a few weddings " , recalled Rod Lewington , " but never one like that . " = = = = Later 1976 = = = = " He lost his way when we got promotion " , Hurley later reflected . " He really must have celebrated all through the summer " . Friday reported back for pre @-@ season training in bad condition , and although Hurley claimed that Friday was trying hard to regain fitness , the forward was having trouble with his asthma , had lost some of his pace and was obviously unfit . Although his performances during August quickly improved , they were still not up to his previous standard and the Evening Post revealed on the 30th that Reading were preparing to sell him " to a First Division club " . After scoring in two successive Reading home wins on 4 and 7 September , against Walsall and Wrexham respectively , Friday took part in a third consecutive victory on the 13th , away against Northampton Town . After this he missed two matches , according to the Post because he was suffering from flu , and when he returned to the team was far from his best ; " Suddenly he had lost a yard and his control of the ball was not as good " , Hurley recalled . Hurley was by now aware that his forward was using drugs , and attempted to keep his player 's habit a secret while he patiently worked to bring him back around . However , Friday began to regularly miss training and Hurley 's subtlety was misinterpreted as inaction by the other Reading players , who became unsettled and complained about Friday 's conduct . The club became increasingly minded to sell him , but although top @-@ flight clubs Queens Park Rangers and West Ham United were interested , they were reluctant to buy because of Friday 's temperament ; in Downs 's words , " They weren 't sure they could handle him " . By the end of October 1976 , Hurley had given up on attempting to rehabilitate his player , believing that the only solution was to sell him to a bigger team . " The squad needs you but I owe it to the club because I can 't have you using drugs , " Hurley told Friday . " If I know you 're using drugs it won 't take them [ the major clubs ] long to find out . You have got to get your act together . " Friday was made available for transfer , at his own request , on 28 October . Friday was watched by other clubs throughout November and December 1976 , but although he performed well in some games , including a 1 – 1 draw away at Crystal Palace on 6 November in which he scored his team 's only goal , he was poor in others . After being marked out of the game during Reading 's 4 – 0 loss away against Mansfield Town on 8 November , he was substituted . " Coincidence or not " , wrote the Evening Post , " when Friday left , so did half a dozen managers and scouts " . Friday was so angry at his team 's performance that he broke into the Mansfield dressing room and defecated in the team bath . Reading 's asking price stood at £ 50 @,@ 000 , and the first transfer offer came from Second Division side Cardiff City around mid @-@ December . Cardiff boss Jimmy Andrews bid £ 28 @,@ 000 , half of his offer a year before , which Reading 's directors accepted , wanting the troublesome player off their hands as quickly as possible . Friday was reluctant to go to the Welsh club , saying that it was too far from home , that he wanted to go to a First Division team and that he wanted more money than was being offered ; however , when Hurley told him that unless he went to Cardiff he would be released , he agreed and travelled to Wales on 30 December 1976 . = = = Cardiff City = = = = = = = 1977 = = = = On arrival at Cardiff Central railway station , Friday was arrested by the British Transport Police for having travelled from Reading with only a platform ticket . Andrews bailed his new player out of police custody and took him to Ninian Park to sign the contract . Despite the manner of Friday 's arrival , and although he knew there " had to be something wrong with him " , the Cardiff manager was still happy with his purchase , describing the £ 28 @,@ 000 transfer as " an absolute steal " . After a long night of drinking the night before his Cardiff debut , Friday lined up against Fulham on 1 January 1977 . The Fulham defence included former England captain Bobby Moore , but Friday marked his first match for the Welsh club with two goals ; he also squeezed Moore 's testicles during the game as Cardiff won 3 – 0 . Andrews was so happy with Friday 's performance that he phoned Hurley two days later , on Monday morning . " Oh , Charlie " , Andrews gushed , " he was magnificent . He tore them inside out . ... Moore was chasing him all over the place " . The Cardiff manager continued to heap praise on his new acquisition until Hurley finally stopped him . " Jimmy , you 've only had him four days " , he warned , sombrely : " Give it a few months " ... Friday 's form declined after his strong debut and his personal life remained troubled and chaotic , leading him to vanish regularly and miss Cardiff matches . He was supposed to be living in Bristol , but his manager would often find on visiting his house that he had been elsewhere for weeks . Leslie Hamilton , the Cardiff club doctor , later said that he had believed at the time that Andrews was being far too soft on Friday ; indeed , according to team @-@ mate Paul Went , the forward would simply leave after each match and not be heard of until he returned for the next game . " He wouldn 't even bother to have a shower " , Went later said , in an interview . " He 'd just get dressed , take his carrier @-@ bag with his dry martini and he 'd go — no explanation " . While Hurley had been able to command Friday 's respect , it soon became clear that Andrews was unable to control him and that the Londoner disliked his new manager . Indeed , soon after moving to Cardiff , Friday appeared one day in Hurley 's office at Elm Park asking to come back to Reading . " He still called me boss " , Hurley recalled . " I can 't play for that little bastard " , Friday told Hurley , referring to Andrews . " You 're the one who seems to be able to get me right . Can I come back to you ? " Hurley replied that although he would be happy to have Friday back on the team , the club could not afford to repay the £ 28 @,@ 000 transfer fee to Cardiff , so he would have to go back and continue playing there . Unhappy living so far from home , Friday began to travel back to London at weekends ; he avoided paying rail fares by knocking on locked toilet doors and shouting , " Tickets , please ! " , pretending to be the ticket inspector . When the occupant passed his ticket under the door to be checked , Friday would pick it up , walk off and use it for himself . Paul Went also recalled an incident during training when he had thrown a ball out from goal and accidentally hit Friday on the back of the head . A player standing near the forward started laughing , leading Friday to conclude that he had thrown the ball . Friday viciously punched the laughing player in the jaw , striking him with such force that he wore a neck brace for two weeks afterwards . Late in Friday 's first season in Wales , Cardiff took on Luton Town on 16 April 1977 . Cardiff were in the relegation zone and had not won in seven games , while Luton were fifth in the table and challenging for promotion . After clashing repeatedly early in the match with Luton goalkeeper Milija Aleksic , Friday was lectured by the referee for a high tackle on the goalkeeper in the 36th minute . Friday held out a hand to apologise , but Aleksic reacted angrily . When the free kick was taken , Friday ran back , stole the ball from Luton defender John Faulkner , broke away , rounded Aleksic and slotted the ball past him into the net . In celebration , Friday jogged back past the goalkeeper while giving him the V @-@ sign . Cardiff won the match 4 – 2 and at the end of the season avoided relegation to the third tier only on goal difference . Meanwhile , without Friday , Reading were relegated back to the Fourth Division by one point . Friday 's actions became even stranger during his time at Cardiff ; after they lost the second leg of the Welsh Cup final 3 – 0 to Shrewsbury Town on 18 May 1977 , the players and staff were awoken in the middle of the night by loud bangs coming from below their rooms . The cause was found to be Friday , standing on the hotel 's snooker table in his underpants and throwing the balls around the room in fury . = = = = 1977 – 78 = = = = After failing to turn up for pre @-@ season training with Cardiff before the 1977 – 78 season , Friday was reported to be in a London hospital suffering from an unknown virus which had caused him to lose 2 stone ( 13 kg ; 28 lb ) in weight . When he suddenly appeared in Cardiff for training in October , two months into the season , he claimed to have been suffering from hepatitis , but medical tests disproved this . Andrews told the local press that on arrival Friday had looked " like the fittest player in the world " , and hoping to avoid further disappearances persuaded a reluctant Friday to move from Bristol to Cardiff . The Londoner returned to the team for the away match at Brighton & Hove Albion on 29 October 1977 , with Cardiff once again in the relegation zone , in 20th place on goal difference . Friday was marked during the game by Mark Lawrenson , who so frustrated the Cardiff forward with his close attention that Friday waited for Lawrenson to attempt a slide tackle and then kicked him in the face . After receiving a red card , Friday left the ground with the game still going on ; according to legend , before leaving he broke into the Brighton dressing room and defecated in Lawrenson 's kit bag . Cardiff eventually lost 4 – 0 . " I am sick and tired of it " , Andrews told the South Wales Echo on 1 November . " To be sent off in his first game back is as much as a man can stand " . Friday was transfer @-@ listed and served a three @-@ match suspension before making his final appearance on 10 December in Cardiff 's 6 – 3 away defeat against Bolton . Liza was by now the mother of Friday 's second daughter , Arabella , but around this time began divorce proceedings . Friday claimed that he had had enough of people telling him what to do , and walked into Andrews 's office on 20 December 1977 to announce that he was retiring from professional football . The club promptly released him and cancelled his contract . = = Post @-@ retirement = = After retiring , Friday moved back to London and returned to work as an asphalter and decorator . Soon after Friday left Cardiff , Reading manager Maurice Evans was presented with a petition , signed by 3 @,@ 000 supporters , requesting that he attempt to re @-@ sign Friday . Evans contacted Friday and told him : " If you would just settle down for three or four years , you could play for England " . Friday replied with the question " How old are you ? " , and after Evans answered , continued : " I 'm half your age and I 've lived twice your life " . Evans reflected , " You may well be right " . Friday trained with Brentford during the 1978 – 79 pre @-@ season , but after regaining his fitness suddenly changed his mind and stopped coming to training . He married for a third time in 1980 , but was divorced again within three years . After a short time living back with his parents in Acton , Friday 's family secured him a housing association flat in the area . He served a prison sentence during the 1980s for impersonating a police officer and confiscating people 's drugs , and was found dead in his Acton flat on 22 December 1990 at the age of 38 , having suffered a fatal heart attack . Biographer Paolo Hewitt claimed the incident to be the result of " a suspected heroin overdose " . = = Style of play and legacy = = Friday is often cited as an unsung talent . A latterly applied nickname , " the greatest footballer you never saw " , was used as the title of his 1997 biography , co @-@ written by Oasis bass player Paul McGuigan and Hewitt . Both as a player and a personality , Friday remains a major figure for both of his professional clubs . BBC Radio Berkshire Sports Editor Tim Dellor , speaking in 2010 , emphasised the importance of Friday 's charisma to his contemporary and retrospective appeal , a point which was also highlighted by his second wife , Liza , who likened his personal charm to that of " a pied piper " . In terms of significance to Reading F.C. , Dellor stated that Friday was the team 's " very own George Best " . Cardiff @-@ based band Super Furry Animals used a photograph of him giving the V @-@ sign to Aleksic in 1977 for the artwork of their 1996 single " The Man Don 't Give a Fuck " , which was dedicated to his memory " and his stand against the ' Man ' " . After winning the title of " Player of the Millennium " from Reading in 1999 , he was voted the top " all @-@ time cult hero " for both Reading and Cardiff in a 2004 BBC poll ; with similar polls taking place at each Premier League and Football League club , he was the only player to appear in the top three for two different sides . In 2007 , a poll of fans run by Reading resulted in his once more being named the club 's best ever . Later that year , when the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) canvassed Reading supporters for their all @-@ time favourite , Friday won again . In a parallel PFA survey , Cardiff fans chose one of Friday 's former team @-@ mates , Wales international defender Phil Dwyer . Friday was ranked first in Channel 4 's list of football " bad boys " in August 2007 , while Football365 placed him at eighth place in a 2010 list of " wasted talents " . Friday 's style of play was based around his exceptional ball skills , described by Cardiff doctor Leslie Hamilton as " absolutely fabulous " , and his instinctive footballing vision , which enabled him both to execute flamboyant individual moves and to create attacks for his team @-@ mates . Jimmy Andrews , his manager at Cardiff , later called Friday " the complete centre @-@ forward " and placed him on a par with Alan Shearer , while Maurice Evans claimed that he could have played for England , and was at least on a level with international strikers he had worked with such as John Aldridge and Dean Saunders . This opinion was shared by Hamilton and Friday 's Reading team @-@ mate John Murray , both of whom firmly declared in separate interviews that Friday would have been good enough for the England team had he " sorted his head out " , in Hamilton 's words . A natural goalscoring forward , Friday was also unselfish and would take just as much pleasure out of setting up a goal scored by a team @-@ mate as netting one himself . He possessed fine ball control and dribbling skills , and could also shoot with both great power and sharp accuracy . The strong physical aspect of his game and exceptionally competitive , combative spirit combined with all of this to create a formidable forward player : such was his ability that his arrival transformed Reading into one of the division 's best sides in a matter of weeks . Writing in 2010 , Roger Titford stressed Friday 's immediate and profound impact on the Reading team as a key factor in his lasting popularity : " It was like the comic @-@ book stories that kids from Robin 's era would have read " , he wrote . " He was a ready @-@ made star " . On top of his technical talent , Friday was physically very strong and able to withstand sustained blows or injuries . According to Hamilton , he was also uncommonly fit despite his lifestyle . He boasted an exceptional work @-@ rate , which Dwyer recalled gave any side including him a strong boost : " When he was in the line @-@ up you 'd have a centre @-@ forward and a centre @-@ half ; not only would he be up there running them ragged , but when it broke down he 'd be the first person to start tackling back " . He was assisted in this by a smooth and effective sliding tackle which despite all of Friday 's attacking skills Hurley considered one of the strongest parts of his game . Reading F.C. historian David Downs described Friday 's style of play as " really quite bizarre . It was more or less Robin standing in the middle and saying ' Give me the ball and I 'll see what I can do with it ' " . On receiving the ball , he would then turn and either take on the opposing defence single @-@ handed or run with it to the wing to cross for a team @-@ mate . " We didn 't need anyone else up front " , Hurley later said . " They couldn 't get the ball off him . He was one of those guys who could beat five players easily " . Andrews agreed : " once he 'd got the ball it was almost impossible to get it off him " . Friday was known for giving his all in any game in which he played , no matter the circumstances . Hurley later said that Friday would often become furious at his team @-@ mates for not trying their best , even in training . This strong drive to always win even extended to the use of physical intimidation to unsettle opposing players , leading contemporary critics to label him a " villain " . Friday also employed the use of psychological tactics ; aiming to spook opposing players , Friday would kiss them or fondle their testicles . Cardiff team @-@ mate Paul Went recalled that these tricks would " completely throw " defenders and affect their concentration . Although he was often criticised for the number of bookings and sendings @-@ off he received , Friday believed he was justified to chase victory by any means , explaining his attitude in a 1977 interview : " On the pitch I hate all opponents . I don 't give a damn about anyone . People think I 'm mad , a lunatic . I am a winner " . = = Honours and achievements = = Reading Football League Fourth Division : 3rd place , 1975 – 76 ; promotion to Football League Third Division Cardiff City Welsh Cup : runner @-@ up , 1976 – 77 Individual Reading F.C. player of the season : 1974 – 75 , 1975 – 76 Reading F.C. top goalscorer : 1974 – 75 , 1975 – 76 = = Career statistics = = Detailed season @-@ by @-@ season statistics for non @-@ League teams are not available for this period . = Ant @-@ Man ( film ) = Ant @-@ Man is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters of the same name : Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the twelfth film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Peyton Reed , with a screenplay by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , and stars Rudd , Evangeline Lilly , Corey Stoll , Bobby Cannavale , Michael Peña , Tip " T.I. " Harris , Anthony Mackie , Wood Harris , Judy Greer , David Dastmalchian and Michael Douglas . In Ant @-@ Man , Lang must help defend Pym 's Ant @-@ Man shrinking technology and plot a heist with worldwide ramifications . Development of Ant @-@ Man began in April 2006 , with the hiring of Wright to direct and co @-@ write with Cornish . By April 2011 , Wright and Cornish had completed three drafts of the script and Wright shot test footage for the film in July 2012 . Pre @-@ production began in October 2013 after being put on hold so that Wright could complete The World 's End . Casting began in December 2013 , with the hiring of Rudd to play Lang . In May 2014 , Wright left the project , citing creative differences , though he still received screenplay and story credits with Cornish , as well as an executive producer credit . The following month , Reed was brought in as Wright 's replacement , while McKay was hired to contribute to the script with Rudd . Principal photography took place between August and December 2014 in San Francisco and Metro Atlanta . Ant @-@ Man held its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in North America on July 17 , 2015 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . Upon its release , the film grossed more than $ 519 million worldwide , and received positive reviews from critics , who generally welcomed the film 's smaller stakes than preceding MCU installments , as well as its cast , humor , and CGI sequences . A sequel , titled Ant @-@ Man and the Wasp , is scheduled to be released on July 6 , 2018 . = = Plot = = In 1989 , scientist Hank Pym resigns from S.H.I.E.L.D. after discovering their attempt to replicate his Ant @-@ Man shrinking technology . Believing the technology is dangerous , Pym vows to hide it as long as he lives . In the present day , Pym 's estranged daughter , Hope van Dyne , and former protégé , Darren Cross , have forced him out of his company , Pym Technologies . Cross is close to perfecting a shrinking suit of his own , the Yellowjacket , which horrifies Pym . Upon his release from prison , well @-@ meaning thief Scott Lang moves in with his old cellmate , Luis . Lang visits his daughter Cassie unannounced and is rebuked by his former wife Maggie and her police @-@ detective fiancé , Paxton , for not providing child support . Unable to hold a job because of his criminal record , Lang agrees to join Luis ' crew and commit a burglary . Lang breaks into a house and cracks its safe , but only finds what he believes to be an old motorcycle suit , which he takes home . After trying the suit on , Lang accidentally shrinks himself to the size of an insect . Terrified by the experience , he returns the suit to the house , but is arrested on the way out . Pym , the homeowner , visits Lang in jail and smuggles the suit into his cell to help him break out . Pym , who manipulated Lang through an unknowing Luis into stealing the suit as a test , wants Lang to become the new Ant @-@ Man to steal the Yellowjacket from Cross . Having been spying on Cross after discovering his intentions , van Dyne helps Pym train Lang to fight and to control ants . While van Dyne harbors resentment towards Pym about her mother Janet 's death , he reveals that Janet , known as the Wasp , disappeared into a subatomic quantum realm while disabling a Soviet nuclear missile . Pym warns Lang that he could suffer a similar fate if he overrides his suit 's regulator . They send him to steal a device that will aid their heist from the Avengers ' headquarters , where he briefly fights Sam Wilson . Cross perfects the Yellowjacket and hosts an unveiling ceremony at Pym Technologies ' headquarters . Lang , along with his crew and a swarm of flying ants , infiltrates the building during the event , sabotages the company 's servers , and plants explosives . When he attempts to steal the Yellowjacket , he , along with Pym and Hope , are captured by Cross , who intends to sell both the Yellowjacket and Ant @-@ Man suits to Hydra . Lang breaks free and he and Hope dispatch most of the Hydra agents , though one flees with a vial of Cross ' particles and Pym is shot . Lang pursues Cross , while the explosives detonate , imploding the building as Pym and van Dyne escape . Cross dons the Yellowjacket and attacks Lang before Lang is arrested by Paxton . Cross takes Cassie hostage to lure Lang into another fight . Lang overrides the regulator and shrinks to subatomic size to penetrate Cross ' suit and sabotage it to shrink uncontrollably , killing Cross . Lang disappears into the quantum realm but manages to reverse the effects and returns to the macroscopic world . In gratitude for Lang 's heroism , Paxton covers for Lang to keep him out of prison . Seeing that Lang survived and returned from the quantum realm , Pym wonders if his wife is alive as well . Later , Lang meets up with Luis , who tells him that Wilson is looking for him . In a mid @-@ credits scene , Pym shows van Dyne a new Wasp prototype suit and offers it to her . In a post @-@ credits scene , Wilson and Steve Rogers have Bucky Barnes in their custody . Unable to contact Tony Stark because of " the accords " , Wilson mentions that he knows someone who could help . = = Cast = = Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant @-@ Man : A former systems engineer at VistaCorp and petty criminal who acquires a suit that allows him to shrink in size but increase in strength . Regarding Rudd 's casting , producer Kevin Feige said , " Look at that origin of the petty crook who comes into contact with a suit and does his best to make good , and then look at someone like Paul Rudd , who can do slightly unsavory things like break into people 's houses and still be charming and who you root for and whose redemption you will find satisfaction in . " Director Peyton Reed compared Lang to George Clooney 's character Danny Ocean from Ocean 's Eleven , saying , " He 's a guy trying to create a new life for himself and find redemption . " To get in shape for the role , Rudd worked with trainers and cut alcohol , fried foods , and carbohydrates out of his diet . Rudd stated that in preparation for his role , he " basically didn 't eat anything for about a year ... I took the Chris Pratt approach to training for an action movie . Eliminate anything fun for a year and then you can play a hero . " Rudd signed a multi @-@ film contract with Marvel , with Feige saying it was " three [ films ] -plus @-@ plus to appear in other things . " Evangeline Lilly as Hope van Dyne : The daughter of Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne and a senior board member of Pym Technologies , who helps Darren Cross take over the company . Throughout the film , character progression brings Hope closer to becoming a hero ; with the end of the film showing Hank give his daughter a prototype Wasp suit , allowing her to take on the mantle from her mother . Lily described her character as " capable , strong , and kick @-@ ass " , but said that being raised by two superheroes resulted in Hope being " a pretty screwed up human being ... and the clear message sent by my name is that I 'm not a big fan of my father and so I took my mother 's name . " She added that van Dyne 's " arc in the movie is trying to find a relationship " with Pym . Originally cast by Wright , Lilly was reluctant to take the role after he left the project until she read the revised script and got a chance to meet with Reed . Feige said that van Dyne was the more obvious choice to take up the mantle of Ant @-@ Man , being " infinitely more capable of actually being a superhero " than Lang , and that the reason she does not is because of Pym 's experience with losing her mother , rather than sexism , which Feige felt would not be a problem for Pym in modern times . Lilly signed a multi @-@ film contract with Marvel . Corey Stoll as Darren Cross / Yellowjacket : A former protégé of Pym 's , who takes over his mentor 's company and militarizes a similar version of the Ant @-@ Man technology to create the Yellowjacket suit . Stoll described the suit as " the next generation of Ant @-@ Man 's suit " , with a sleeker , more militaristic look as " if Apple had designed a battle suit . " As for his character , Stoll said that Cross was more like Hank Pym than " Thanos or Loki , who are villains that know it " , since Cross is a " brilliant scientist , who is not ethically pure " with shades of gray . Unlike Rudd , who wore a practical costume as Ant @-@ Man , Stoll wore a motion capture suit while performing as Yellowjacket . Reed explained that this decision was made early on when creating and filming with a real Yellowjacket costume was found to be impractical . Bobby Cannavale as Paxton : An SFPD officer who is engaged to Lang 's former wife Maggie . Cannavale stated that Rudd and McKay convinced him to join the film during the rewriting process before Marvel approached him , saying , " They sort of pumped [ my ] part up a bit ... I really went on good faith [ taking the role ] because they 're so secretive [ at Marvel ] about the script . I just trusted them . " He also added that the process felt like an indie film instead of a large @-@ scale blockbuster , and that he was able to improvise frequently along with the other actors . Patrick Wilson was originally cast in the role , before leaving the film because of scheduling conflicts brought on by the filming delay . Michael Peña as Luis : Lang 's former cellmate and a member of his crew . Peña stated that he modeled Luis ' vocal style and positive outlook on life " on a friend of a friend " , saying , " That 's just the way he talks and the cadence . He 's got this grin on the entire time and he doesn 't care . He 's the kind of guy where you 're like ' Hey , what 'd you do this weekend ? ' and he 's like ' I went to jail , dawg , ' with a smile on his face . Not a lot of people do that . Not a lot of people think of life on those terms . " Peña signed a contract with Marvel for three films . Tip " T.I. " Harris as Dave : A member of Lang 's crew . Harris described Dave as Lang 's " homeboy " . Harris also revealed that he was not permitted to read the entire script , explaining " You 're just handed scenes as the film [ went ] along , and when you do that , it 's like a blank canvas , ' This is what I 'm going to do for this scene , ' and you can remember previous performances and remain consistent with that . The energy created by the ensemble you have around you , it contributes to the outlook or the final view of what your character has become , and what he meant to the story . " Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : An Avenger who is a former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack . On including Falcon , Reed said that it was not done just to include the character , rather " [ i ] t served a plot point ; a purpose in our story " and allowed them to enhance Peña 's " tip montages " , which were written by production writers Gabriel Ferrari and Andrew Barrer , also adding Falcon " seemed like the right character — not a marquee character like Iron Man or Thor , but the right level of hero . " Rudd and McKay decided to include Falcon after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Wood Harris as Gale : A police officer and Paxton 's partner . Judy Greer as Maggie : Lang 's estranged former wife . David Dastmalchian as Kurt : A member of Lang 's crew . Dastmalchian , who is American , worked with actress Isidora Goreshter to learn how to speak in his character 's Russian accent . On his character , Dastmalchian said that he " had this idea that Kurt was born and raised in a town even further out than Siberia and he was just an amazing computer wizard who fell in with the wrong people . But he was obsessed with two things : Saturday Night Fever and Elvis Presley , hence the polyester shirts unbuttoned too far and the hair in that pompadour . " Michael Douglas as Hank Pym : A former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent , entomologist , and physicist , who became the original Ant @-@ Man in 1963 after discovering the subatomic particles that make the transformation possible . He later mentors Lang to take over the role . Douglas compared his decision to join a superhero film to his role in Behind the Candelabra saying , " Sometimes — like [ when ] they didn 't see you for Liberace — you 've got to shake them up a little bit and have some fun . " Describing Pym , Douglas said , " He 's sort of a Northern California , formal guy . He 's lost control of his company . He lives in sort of a time warp . He was always a bit of a tinkerer . He 's got a lab , plus a lot of other stuff , in his basement that we find out about . He 's certainly bitter about what happened with his company and deeply scared of what the future might hold — because he himself , after having gotten small so many times , it 's difficult . He looks and tries to find a guy that he can work with and has the right characteristics , which is [ Scott ] . " Douglas indicated that he would not be wearing the Ant @-@ Man suit . Additionally , John Slattery and Hayley Atwell reprise their roles as Howard Stark and Peggy Carter , respectively , from previous MCU media . Slattery stated that his involvement in Ant @-@ Man was " not that much more " than his participation in Iron Man 2 , while Atwell described her appearance as being " more of a cameo " . Abby Ryder Fortson portrays Cassie , the daughter of Lang and Maggie ; Gregg Turkington appears as Dale , the manager of a Baskin @-@ Robbins store ; and Martin Donovan plays Mitchell Carson , a former member of S.H.I.E.L.D. who works for Hydra and looks to purchase the Yellowjacket technology . Garrett Morris , who portrayed Ant @-@ Man in a Saturday Night Live sketch , appears as a man in a car . Ant @-@ Man co @-@ creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as a bartender . Chris Evans and Sebastian Stan make uncredited appearances during the post @-@ credits scene as Steve Rogers / Captain America and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier , respectively . Hayley Lovitt makes a nonspeaking cameo as Janet van Dyne / Wasp . Tom Kenny provides the voice of a toy rabbit that Scott gives to Cassie . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Development of an Ant @-@ Man film began as early as the late 1980s , when Ant @-@ Man co @-@ creator Stan Lee pitched the idea to New World Entertainment , Marvel Comics ' parent company at the time . However , Walt Disney Pictures was developing a film based on a similar concept , Honey , I Shrunk the Kids , and although Ant @-@ Man went into development , nothing came to fruition . In 2000 , Howard Stern met with Marvel in an attempt to purchase the film rights to Ant @-@ Man . In May of that year , Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel to coproduce , finance , and distribute a film based on Ant @-@ Man . In 2003 , Edgar Wright and his writing partner Joe Cornish wrote a treatment for Artisan , with Wright explaining that it revolved around Scott Lang as a burglar " so he could have gone slightly in the Elmore Leonard route " , though Artisan wanted the film to be " like a family thing " . However , Wright believed that the treatment was never sent to Marvel . A year later , the duo pitched the film to Marvel Studios ' then head of production , Kevin Feige . In April 2006 , Marvel Studios hired Wright to direct Ant @-@ Man as part of the company 's first slate of independently produced films , buoyed by a $ 525 million revolving film @-@ financing facility . Wright also signed to co @-@ write the screenplay with Cornish , based on a comic book series about an electronics expert who can shrink to the size of an insect and communicate with ants via telepathic / cybernetic helmet , and to co @-@ produce the film with his Big Talk Productions partner , Nira Park . At the 2006 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , Wright said he was intrigued by the story 's high concept and character . Wright also stressed that the film would not be a spoof but an action @-@ adventure with some comedic elements and would incorporate both the Hank Pym and Scott Lang incarnations of the character . Wright said that he was looking to " do a prologue where you see Pym as Ant @-@ Man in action in the 60 's , in sort of Tales to Astonish mode basically , and then the contemporary , sort of flash @-@ forward , is Scott Lang 's story , and how he comes to acquire the suit , how he crosses paths with Hank Pym , and then , in an interesting sort of Machiavellian way , teams up with him . " The next February , Wright said that the project was in " a holding pattern " while the script was being revised , and that he had been doing research for the film by studying nanotechnology . In March 2008 , Wright said that the first draft of the script had been completed and he was working on the second . Stan Lee tweeted in February 2010 that Marvel was prepping the film and that he met with Wright for lunch to discuss the character . Wright noted that there was no timetable for the film because Marvel did not consider the character to be one of their bigger , tentpole properties , so " It 's more like me and Kevin Feige saying ... ' Let 's make a good script that works , that 's all about a great genre film , and that isn 't necessarily relying on anything else ' " . At the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , Wright said that Ant @-@ Man would not fit in the chronology of The Avengers due to the origin story he had written not working in the MCU . In January 2011 , Wright stated that he had resumed writing the script for the film following the conclusion of the international promotion for Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , and by April he and Cornish delivered the second draft of Ant @-@ Man to Marvel . At the 2011 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , Wright revealed a third draft had been handed in . In May 2012 , Feige said that the project was " as close as it 's ever been " while Wright teased the film by tweeting a pictogram of Ant @-@ Man . In June , Wright spent just under a week shooting footage for a reel that would be used to test out the potential look and tone of his movie , as well as to decide how convincing Ant @-@ Man 's powers look on screen . The test footage was screened to audiences during the Marvel Studios panel at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , with Wright confirming that Ant @-@ Man would be happening . Germain Lussier of / Film felt the footage worked and was " awesome " , as " it had a totally different vibe from the other Marvel films . It was much more like something you 'd recognize from Hot Fuzz . " Lussier , along with Katy Rich of CinemaBlend , also enjoyed the costume design choice . That October , Disney scheduled the film for release on November 6 , 2015 . Feige stated in January 2013 that Ant @-@ Man would in fact be part of Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and indicated in May that the screenplay needed to be modified in order to fit into the universe , as the project had been in development before the first Iron Man film . Feige also stated that shooting was slated to begin sometime in 2014 , and that casting would begin towards the end of 2013 . In July 2013 , Wright said that he and Cornish had completed the script for the film and that Marvel allowed him to delay its production so that he could complete The World 's End , as that film 's producer Eric Fellner was diagnosed with cancer . In August 2013 , after Joss Whedon , director of Avengers : Age of Ultron , announced that Hank Pym would not be Ultron 's creator , Wright said Ultron was never a part of the story of Ant @-@ Man , explaining that " just to sort of set up what Ant @-@ Man does is enough for one movie " . Wright described Ant @-@ Man as a stand @-@ alone film but said it would fit into to the larger continuity of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , explaining , " I like to make it standalone because I think the premise of it needs time . I want to put the crazy premise of it into a real world , which is why I think Iron Man really works because it 's a relatively simple universe ; it 's relatable . I definitely want to go into finding a streamlined format where you use the origin format to introduce the main character and further adventures can bring other people into it . " Wright also stated that pre @-@ production for Ant @-@ Man would begin in October and filming would begin in 2014 . The next month , Disney moved the film 's release date up to July 31 , 2015 . = = = Pre @-@ production = = = In October 2013 , Wright revealed that he was in Los Angeles to work on Ant @-@ Man by tweeting a photograph from the production of the June 2012 test reel . Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt and Paul Rudd were soon being considered for the lead role , though Gordon @-@ Levitt dismissed his consideration as a rumor . Feige stated that Ant @-@ Man would be a " heist movie " , and that a casting announcement for Hank Pym would come before the end of 2013 . The next month , Feige stated that Eric O 'Grady 's Ant @-@ Man would not be featured in the film , while Rudd became the front @-@ runner to play Hank Pym , and casting for the character 's girlfriend had begun . Around that time , the filmmakers ' intentions to shoot in the United Kingdom were dashed because of a lack of studio space , which Wright believed was due to the plan by Pinewood Shepperton to add fifteen studios to their facility , which was rejected in part by the local council in May 2013 because the project was eyeing protected land . By the end of the month , the film was scheduled to be shot in the U.S. instead . In December 2013 , Wright , a fan of the comic book since childhood — owning copies of Tales to Astonish # 27 featuring the " The Man in the Ant @-@ Hill " storyline and Marvel Premiere # 47 featuring the first appearance of Scott Lang — stated that the difference between Ant @-@ Man and other films featuring size @-@ changing is " other shrinking movies are usually about somebody trapped small . This is different in that he can actually change size and he can do that at will , so it becomes more of a power than an impediment . " Wright also talked about the challenge of directing a superhero film , saying , " Shaun and Hot Fuzz and World 's End are all R @-@ rated films . I like the challenge of making a PG @-@ 13 film . Because you 've got to entertain in a different way . You don 't have the same tools . " By December 19 , Rudd was in negotiations to star in the film , and Marvel announced that he had been cast as Ant @-@ Man the next day . In January 2014 , Wright posted a screenshot on his blog from the Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episode " To Steal an Ant @-@ Man " , which features Hank Pym and introduces the Scott Lang character , with the caption " homework " . Michael Douglas was subsequently cast as Pym , with Rudd confirmed to play Lang . Michael Peña was offered an unspecified role in the film , and filming was scheduled to take place at Pinewood Atlanta in Fayette County , Georgia , while Disney changed the release date once again , moving the film up to July 17 , 2015 . The next month , Evangeline Lilly entered early talks to portray the female lead , and Wright announced on his blog that Bill Pope , who he worked with on Scott Pilgrim vs. the World and The World 's End , would be his director of photography . By March , Wright and Cornish turned in a fifth draft of the script , amid alleged disputes on the direction the script was taking . As well , Wright and Cornish wrote a scene intended for the post @-@ credits of Avengers : Age of Ultron that would have acted as a prelude to the film . Corey Stoll entered negotiations for an undisclosed role in the film , and by April , Patrick Wilson and Matt Gerald were cast in undisclosed roles . On May 23 , 2014 , Marvel and Wright jointly announced that Wright was leaving the project due to " differences in their vision of the film " , and that the studio was closing in on a new director . Pope also left the project in the wake of Wright 's departure . By May 30 , Adam McKay had entered negotiations to replace Wright , but pulled out of negotiations the next day . On June 7 , Marvel announced that Peyton Reed would direct the film , with McKay contributing to the film 's script . Other directors that had been under consideration include Ruben Fleischer , Rawson Marshall Thurber , Nicholas Stoller , Michael Dowse , and David Wain . Later in June , Feige stated the film was still intended to be released on the July 17 , 2015 date , with production slated to begin on August 18 , 2014 . Feige elaborated that " much of the movie will still be based very much on [ Wright and Cornish 's ] draft and the DNA of what Edgar has created up to this point " , with Reed stepping in to direct and McKay reworking only parts of the script . " [ Reed ] wanted to be sure that he wasn 't just inheriting something or following someone else 's lead . Or wasn 't inheriting something that the evil studio had watered down to be something bad , " Feige continued . " He looked at everything , he talked with us , and he said ' Number one , I agree with the direction you 're going in . And number two , I can add to it . ' " McKay stated that Rudd helped him rewrite the script , calling Rudd " great with dialogue " , adding " the two of us holed up in hotel rooms on the east and west coast , and I think it was like six to eight weeks we just ground it out and did a giant rewrite of the script . I was really proud of what we did , I really thought we put some amazing stuff in there and built on an already strong script from Edgar Wright and sort of just enhanced some stuff . " Rudd elaborated , " The idea , the trajectory , the goal , and the blueprint of it all , is really Edgar and Joe . It 's their story . We changed some scenes , we added new sequences , we changed some characters , we added new characters . If you took the two scripts and held them up together they 'd be very different — but the idea is all theirs . " Reed also offered contributions to the revised script , as did Lilly and Stoll , who contributed ideas to help flesh out their respective characters . Lilly 's character received a fuller arc and more action sequences as a result . One of the important things when joining the film for Reed was emphasizing both Hope and Janet van Dyne more , given the Wasp being " a crucial part " of the Ant @-@ Man comics . For their efforts , McKay and Rudd were credited as additional writers of the screenplay , with Wright and Cornish credited for the screenplay and story . Wright also held an executive producer credit on the film . By the end of July , Wilson left the film because of scheduling conflicts brought on by the filming delay , and characters being played by Gerald and Kevin Weisman were cut in McKay 's revised script . Also , Reed indicated that in addition to Georgia , filming would take place in San Francisco . The next month , Reed revealed that Scott Lang 's daughter would appear in the film , and Gabriel Ferrari and Andrew Barrer were hired to make further revisions to the script . After reading the revised script , Evangeline Lilly felt that the film was " pulled " more into the MCU than Wright 's version which " was much more in the Edgar Wright camp of films . " She added that , while Wright 's version was " incredible " and would have been great to film and watch , " it wouldn 't have fit in the Marvel Universe . It would have stuck out like a sore thumb , no matter how good it was . It just would have taken you away from this cohesive universe they 're trying to create . And therefore it ruins the suspended disbelief that they 've built . " = = = Filming = = = Principal photography began on August 18 , 2014 in San Francisco , under the working title Bigfoot . Scenes were shot in the Tenderloin neighborhood and Buena Vista Park . By the end of September 2014 , production on Ant @-@ Man moved to Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and David Callaham completed a rewrite of the film . Filming also took place at the State Archives building in Downtown Atlanta , to double as Pym Technologies , which is located on Treasure Island , San Francisco in the film . In October 2014 , Martin Donovan was added to the cast , and Feige revealed that Ant @-@ Man would no longer start Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe and would instead be the final film of Phase Two . When told by / Film 's Germain Lussier that this placement between Avengers : Age of Ultron and Captain America : Civil War made the film feel like an afterthought , Feige replied , It 's not [ an after thought ] . The truth is the phases mean a lot to me and some people but ... Civil War is the start of Phase Three . It just is . And Ant @-@ Man is a different kind of culmination of Phase Two because it very much is in the MCU . You meet new characters and you learn about Hank Pym and his lineage with the MCU over the years . But at the same time , it also picks up the thread of Age of Ultron in terms of heroes — major heroes , Avengers — coming from unexpected places ... And in that way it connects a lot . Also , Hank Pym 's attitude towards Avengers , towards S.H.I.E.L.D. , and kind of the cinematic universe in general , is much more informed after the events of Age of Ultron , and in a certain way , before the events of Civil War . Feige later expanded on this by saying , " [ W ] e put Ant @-@ Man at the end of Phase Two as opposed to the beginning of Phase Three , because it sets up a lot of the things you 're going to see heading into Phase Three , one of which is this mind @-@ bending , reality @-@ altering landscape [ in Doctor Strange ] . " On December 5 , 2014 , Reed announced on social media that principal photography on Ant @-@ Man had been completed . For the film , cinematographer Russell Carpenter used a 1 @.@ 85 aspect ratio shot with Arri Alexa XT and M cameras , using the M for fight sequences and helicopter filming . Camera operator Peter Rosenfeld said , " Russell and Peyton 's decision to shoot in 1 @.@ 85 was a good call , since at 2 @.@ 35 there 's insufficient height in frame to appreciate the vertical aspects of [ Ant @-@ Man ] going from standing full @-@ size to falling through a crack in the floor . " Carpenter and Technicolor also devised a lookup table ( LUT ) to darken the color palette . Carpenter said , " For a lot of recent comedies I 've kept my LUTs kind of ' Kodak ' – saturated and upbeat . But this show needed something different that affected skin tones and the Ant @-@ Man suit , which dates back to the 1980s , so it looks a little run @-@ down . What I loved about this LUT was how it allowed the costume to retain the color but took it from fire @-@ engine red to something a little more weathered . " The filmmakers made extensive use of macro photography . Production designer Shepherd Frankel said , " It 's more visually interesting to depict things from Ant @-@ Man 's point of view instead of seeing him from a normal perspective . But we wanted a realistic realization , not Honey , I Shrunk the Kids with its oversized set pieces . " Rebecca Baehler served as the director of macro photography , taking cues from Carpenter . Carpenter said vibration became " a tremendous problem " when moving the camera during the macro photography because " one inch off the ground is like fifteen feet in the air . From an ant 's perspective , you move four inches , to a human perspective , that 's a football field ! " The solution required the filmmakers to search for a creative solution , so they turned to Baehler , who had a background in commercial " tabletop " photography . In order to add Rudd 's performance as Ant @-@ Man when in the macro world , a Centroid facial capture set up was used , with a five @-@ camera array of Alexas surrounding Rudd . Rosenfeld explained , " One camera was set up vertically while the others were horizontal with overlapping image areas , all set to record at 48 frames per second . This maximized resolution and provided 3D modeling [ of ] Paul 's performance . " Reed would then call out story moments with Rudd performing " facial expressions that would later be composited on a CG Ant @-@ Man . " = = = Post @-@ production = = = Following the completion of principal photography , Marvel released an updated synopsis revealing that Jordi Mollà was included in the cast and the names of several supporting characters . However , Mollà subsequently did not appear in the theatrical release of the film . Reed explained that the film 's original opening , which was filmed and cut in the editing process , featured a standalone sequence similar to the opening of a James Bond film , where an unseen Pym was attempting to retrieve some microfilm from Mollà 's character , Castillo , a Panama army general . Reed stated the scene was going to show Ant @-@ Man 's powers , without seeing him , almost " like an Invisible Man sequence , and it 's really , really cool . It started to feel tonally disconnected from the movie we were making and story @-@ wise , and it also kind of like , it set a standalone adventure , but it didn ’ t just connect to the rest of our story ... It felt like vestige of those earlier drafts [ by Wright and Cornish ] , which as a standalone thing was really cool . " Dan Lebental and Colby Parker , Jr. served as film editors . In March 2015 , Hayley Atwell confirmed that she would reprise her role as Peggy Carter in the film . In April 2015 , Reed stated that the film was not completed yet and would be undergoing " a little bit of additional " filming . In June 2015 , Feige confirmed that the character of Janet van Dyne would be seen , though the film would not address Pym and van Dyne 's infamous domestic abuse storyline in the comics , saying , " We hint at a temper in a way that people who know the stories might go , ' Oh , perhaps that 's a bit of [ Hank 's ] character , ' but not in a way that would ever indicate [ he beat his wife ] . " Also in the month , Reed confirmed there would be a post @-@ credit sequence " that may tie into the other films . " Feige revealed the post @-@ credit sequence was footage shot by Anthony and Joe Russo for Captain America : Civil War , saying the clip would be seen in that film , though it may be " different takes ... different angles . " On June 25 , 2015 , Reed announced on social media that production of Ant @-@ Man was officially complete . In early July 2015 , an international teaser trailer revealed that Anthony Mackie would appear in the film as Sam Wilson / Falcon . Mackie appears in the post @-@ credit sequence as well , along with Chris Evans and Sebastian Stan as Steve Rogers / Captain America and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier , respectively . Stan stated the scene that was used for the post @-@ credit sequence was shot in May 2015 , and would appear in the middle of Civil War . Also in the month , Reed revealed that the quantum realm in the film was the MCU 's version of the microverse , and that the end of the film originally had a sequence where Ant @-@ Man went after Carson to retrieve the stolen vial of Cross ' particles , " ... But then for a couple reasons , it felt like maybe we should leave those particles out there . " For the title sequences , Marvel again went with design firm Sarofsky , who had done the credits for both Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Guardians of the Galaxy , with the credits " intricately connected to the film 's overall narrative . " Visual effects for the film were provided by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , Lola VFX , Double Negative , Luma Pictures , and Method Studios , with previsualization by The Third Floor . Double Negative handled the scenes featuring shrunken characters , incorporating the macro photography and motion capture performances shot in principal photography with digital models of the characters . Double Negative also worked on Ant @-@ Man 's shrinking effect , in coordination with ILM to be used by all vendors , which showed the outline of his body – an element from the comics . Visual effects supervisor Alex Wuttke said , " It 's like a little time echo . As Ant @-@ Man shrinks in almost a stop motion way he would leave behind outlines of the poses he 'd been in as he shrinks down ... We 'd have two CG cameras rendering the action from different points along the timeline with slightly different framings . One would be the main shot camera , the other would be a utility camera that would provide renders of static poses of Ant @-@ Man at different points along the timeline . " For the flashbacks in 1989 , Douglas and Donovan appeared de @-@ aged via CGI , alongside Atwell as Carter ( aged in makeup and with CGI ) and John Slattery as Howard Stark . To de @-@ age Douglas , Lola VFX used a similar process and technology that was used to make Steve Rogers skinny in Captain America : The First Avenger and Carter older in Captain America : The Winter Soldier as well as footage of Douglas ' other films from the late 1980s as reference . Dax Griffin served as Douglas ' body double and an additional reference for Lola , because of his " striking resemblance of Michael when he was about 40 " . For Donovan , he only needed to be de @-@ aged about a decade , so no double was used . The work on him focused on his eyes , neck , and chin . Atwell wore a wig on set , along with a fine layer of latex makeup to give the skin a more leathery look , with Lola transposing the facial features of an elderly actress onto the face of Atwell . Method and Luma both worked on creating the various ants seen in the film , with Method creating the several species of ants , to share among the vendors . Luma also handled many of the scenes at Pym Technologies when Ant @-@ Man attempts to acquire the Yellowjacket . ILM worked on the Falcon fight sequence , having done Falcon visual effects in The Winter Soldier . Using practical suit pieces built by Legacy Effects , ILM mixed live @-@ action shots with digital take @-@ overs and fully digital shots to create the sequence . ILM also handled the sequences in the quantum realm , providing an array of microscopic and largely psychedelic imagery for the subatomic shrinking , taking advantage of procedural fractal rendering techniques the studio had utilized on Lucy . = = Music = = In February 2014 , Wright tweeted that Steven Price would score the film . However , Price left soon after Wright 's departure from the project in May 2014 . In January 2015 , Christophe Beck , who worked with Reed on Bring It On , was hired to replace Price . Describing the film 's score , Beck said , " For Ant @-@ Man , I wanted to write a score in the grand symphonic tradition of my favorite superhero movies , with a sweeping scope and a big , catchy main theme . What makes this score stand out among other Marvel movies , though , is a sneaky sense of fun since it is , after all , not only a superhero movie , but also a heist comedy . " Hollywood Records released the soundtrack digitally on July 17 , 2015 , and had a physical release on August 7 . = = Release = = Ant @-@ Man premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on June 29 , 2015 , and opened the 2015 Fantasia International Film Festival on July 14 , 2015 , along with Miss Hokusai . The film was released in France on July 14 , and was released in North America on July 17 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in the United States in 3 @,@ 800 theaters , with the breakdown of 3 @,@ 100 3D screens , 361 IMAX screens , 388 large format screens and 133 D @-@ Box screens . Ant @-@ Man had originally been scheduled for release on November 6 , 2015 . In September 2013 , the release was moved to July 31 , 2015 , before changing for a final time to July 17 , 2015 in January 2014 . An unfinished version of the film was screened on June 24 , 2015 , at CineEurope . = = = Marketing = = = In March 2014 , ABC aired a one @-@ hour television special , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Ant @-@ Man . In July 2014 , Reed , Rudd , Douglas , Lilly , and Stoll appeared at Marvel Studios ' panel at the 2014 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International to help promote the film and screen a visual effects test featuring Rudd and Douglas . In October 2014 , Marvel Comics ' Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief Axel Alonso stated there are comic tie @-@ in plans for the film . In November 2014 , ABC aired another one @-@ hour television special titled , Marvel 75 Years : From Pulp to Pop ! , which featured behind the scenes footage of Ant @-@ Man . Marvel Comics ' February 2015 solicitations released in December 2014 , revealed a two @-@ issue comic tie @-@ in , Marvel 's Ant @-@ Man Prelude , following Hank Pym as Ant @-@ Man on a mission during the Cold War . A second comic tie @-@ in , Marvel 's Ant @-@ Man — Scott Lang : Small Time , was released digitally on March 3 , 2015 . It explains Lang 's circumstances at the beginning of the film . In January 2015 , Disney officially began the film 's marketing campaign by releasing a miniature " ant @-@ sized " teaser trailer , a full @-@ sized version of the same teaser trailer , a poster , a cover on Entertainment Weekly , and a full @-@ length trailer during the premiere of the television series Agent Carter . Scott Mendelson of Forbes , said , " It was darn @-@ clever for Disney to put out a miniature ' can 't see anything without a microscope ' version of the now @-@ standard trailer for the trailer . I sighed just a little when they ' gave in ' and released a human @-@ sized version , realizing that Disney had just released what amounted to a teaser to a teaser to a trailer ... But nonetheless , credit where credit is due , Disney was able to turn a single theatrical trailer into three separate news drops in about five days . " Mendelson went on to say that " the peppy , witty trailer above is a general audience sell . Marvel knows the geeks will come if only to throw stones , but it 's the mainstream audience that needs to be sold . So far , so good . " However , Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer for its placement during the broadcast premiere of Agent Carter , its tone , its soundtrack , and for being thematically similar to other trailers from Marvel Studios . McMillan concluded , " The Ant @-@ Man trailer isn 't bad , per se ; it is , however , impressively underwhelming , which almost seems worse . Thanks to the last @-@ minute exit of original writer @-@ director Edgar Wright and the subsequent struggle to find a replacement , Ant @-@ Man has become the movie that people are expecting to be Marvel 's first failure , in critical if not financial terms , at least ; this trailer , which fails to convince and gets by on goodwill for those involved and the Marvel brand as much as anything else , doesn 't do enough — or anything , really — to persuade audiences that that 's not the case . " The trailer generated 29 million views worldwide in three days , the third @-@ largest viewership for a Marvel Studios film , behind trailers for Iron Man 3 and Avengers : Age of Ultron . In April 2015 , Marvel debuted a second trailer for Ant @-@ Man . Mendelson said it was " frankly the Ant @-@ Man trailer that we 've been waiting for . It 's not just funny and exciting , it 's an ' Ah ha ! ' moment when we realize just what exactly an Ant @-@ Man movie has to offer . " Also in April , miniature billboards promoting Ant @-@ Man with battery @-@ powered LED lights began appearing in Melbourne , Brisbane and other areas around Queensland , Australia as part of a street marketing campaign for the film . The next month , Marvel , in partnership with Dolby Laboratories , Visa , and Raspberry Pi , announced the " Ant @-@ Man Micro @-@ Tech Challenge " , aimed at females aged 14 through 18 , to create DIY projects involving micro technology and readily accessible and found materials . Winners teamed with STEM ( Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics education ) programs in their areas to lead teams in recreating their projects . In June , Marvel released posters featuring Ant @-@ Man juxtaposed with Iron Man 's armor , Captain America 's shield , and Thor 's hammer Mjolnir . Mendelson compared this to Disney 's marketing campaign for Lilo & Stitch that put the protagonist into iconic scenes from other Disney cartoons . A six @-@ minute IMAX preview of the film began screeing before showings of Jurassic World , and scenes from the film were shown at Disney California Adventure 's Bug 's Life Theater in 3D with in @-@ theater effects . In early July 2015 , Marvel began a viral marketing campaign featuring Leslie Bibb , reprising her role from the Iron Man films as journalist Christine Everhart , reporting for the faux news program WHIH Newsfront . In the program , Everhart discuses the fallout from the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , Lang 's imprisonment , and events leading to Captain America : Civil War . Also in July , Michael Douglas and executives from Marvel Entertainment rang the closing bell of the New York Stock Exchange in celebration of the release of Ant @-@ Man . Disney spent $ 34 @.@ 8 million on television advertising for the film , more than the $ 26 @.@ 9 million spent for Avengers : Age of Ultron , since the former was a new property . In December 2015 , to commemorate the home media release of Ant @-@ Man , Marvel UK launched a website that offers visitors a view of various London landmarks from the perspective of an ant in a Google Street View @-@ type experience . The company commissioned photographer Will Pearson to capture ten different locations including Tower Bridge , Oxford Circus , the British Museum , St Paul 's Cathedral and Nelson 's Column using a 360 ° miniature camera that sat centimeters off of the ground . = = = Home media = = = Ant @-@ Man was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 17 , 2015 and released on Blu @-@ ray , Blu @-@ ray 3D , and DVD on December 8 , 2015 . The digital and Blu @-@ ray releases include behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film debuted at number two on the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales , as well as the dedicated Blu @-@ ray Disc sales chart , with 63 % of unit sales coming from Blu @-@ ray . The film was also collected in the 13 @-@ disc box set , titled " Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection " , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = Ant @-@ Man grossed $ 180 @.@ 2 million in North America and $ 339 @.@ 1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $ 519 @.@ 3 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $ 103 @.@ 9 million , when factoring together " production budgets , P & A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , " placing it 14th on their list of 2015 's " Most Valuable Blockbusters " . Ant @-@ Man made $ 6 @.@ 4 million from its Thursday night showings in North America , with 48 % of tickets sales for IMAX and other large @-@ format showings , and $ 23 @.@ 4 million on its opening day , including Thursday 's previews , making it the second @-@ lowest opening day for a Marvel film , only ahead of 2008 's The Incredible Hulk ( $ 21 @.@ 4 million ) . It fell 18 % to earn $ 19 @.@ 25 million on Saturday , and for its opening weekend total , earned $ 57 @.@ 2 million . It marked the second @-@ lowest debut for Marvel ahead of the $ 55 @.@ 4 million debut of The Incredible Hulk in 2008 . IMAX contributed $ 6 @.@ 1 million to the opening gross , with premium large format screens comprising $ 6 @.@ 4 million and Cinemark XD comprising $ 1 @.@ 3 million , respectively . Though the film fell below its $ 60 million estimate , Disney nonetheless said it was content with the results , which continued Marvel 's streak of number one opening films , giving the studio its twelfth consecutive win . Disney also reported that the film drew the largest share of families ( 28 % ) and women ( 32 % ) of any Marvel superhero title . It was also the biggest live @-@ action opening ever for Rudd ( breaking Knocked Up 's record of $ 30 @.@ 7 million ) and a record opening for Douglas . It continued to be the top film at the box office in its second weekend . Outside North America , it earned $ 55 @.@ 4 million in its opening weekend from 37 countries , debuting in third place at the international box office behind the Chinese film Monster Hunt and Minions as well as an IMAX opening of $ 9 @.@ 1 million . The top openings were the UK ( $ 6 million ) , Mexico ( $ 5 @.@ 6 million ) , and Russia ( $ 4 @.@ 9 million ) . It had the biggest opening for a first @-@ installment Marvel film in Hong Kong , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Taiwan , and Thailand . The film 's opening in South Korea in early September 2015 earned $ 9 @.@ 3 million , the highest opening for an international market at the time , before being surpassed by the Chinese opening in mid @-@ October 2015 , which earned $ 42 @.@ 4 million , with $ 5 @.@ 1 million coming from IMAX . The large opening weekend in China helped Ant @-@ Man place first at the international box office for the first time , with the Chinese opening the second largest for an MCU film in the country behind Avengers : Age of Ultron . The film stayed at number one in China for a second week , earning an additional $ 22 million . As of November 1 , 2015 , the largest markets are China with $ 101 @.@ 3 million , followed by the UK with $ 25 @.@ 4 million , and South Korea with $ 18 @.@ 9 million . = = = Critical response = = = The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 81 % approval rating , based on 267 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 8 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads , " Led by a charming performance from Paul Rudd , Ant @-@ Man offers Marvel thrills on an appropriately smaller scale – albeit not as smoothly as its most successful predecessors . " On Metacritic , the film has an average score of 64 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an " A " grade on an A + to F scale . Justin Chang of Variety said the film " succeeds well enough as a genial diversion and sometimes a delightful one , predicated on the rarely heeded Hollywood wisdom that less really can be more . " Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter remarked , " Although the story dynamics are fundamentally silly and the family stuff , with its parallel father @-@ daughter melodrama , is elemental button @-@ pushing , a good cast led by a winning Paul Rudd puts the nonsense over in reasonably disarming fashion . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote , " Playful in unexpected ways and graced with a genuinely off @-@ center sense of humor , Ant @-@ Man ( engagingly directed by Peyton Reed ) is light on its feet the way the standard @-@ issue Marvel behemoths never are . " Kim Newman of Empire wrote that it " straddles as many genres as the Avengers films have characters but manages to do most of them pretty well . Extremely likable , with a few moments of proper wonder . " A. O. Scott of The New York Times said , " This film is a passable piece of drone work from the ever @-@ expanding Marvel @-@ Disney colony . " Conversely , Alonso Duralde of TheWrap said the film " serves up jokes that don 't land and thrills that don 't thrill . " Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times said Ant @-@ Man " is a lightweight , cliché @-@ riddled origins story that veers between inside @-@ joke comedy , ponderous redemption story lines and admittedly nifty CGI sequences that still seem relatively insignificant compared to the high stakes and city @-@ shattering destruction that take place in most of the Avengers movies . " Catherine Shoard of The Guardian wrote , " Ant @-@ Man is a cut @-@ and @-@ shut muddle , haunted by [ Edgar Wright 's ] ghost , produced by a high @-@ end hot dog factory , by turns giddying and stupefying . " Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said that it is " a film that will surely be popular , given Marvel 's marketing might , but one that 's woefully short on coherence and originality . " Christopher Orr of The Atlantic said , " It 's difficult to shake the sense that the film was assembled hurriedly and somewhat haphazardly . Which , from all available evidence , is exactly what happened . " = = = Accolades = = = = = Sequel = = In June 2015 , Reed stated , " If we were lucky enough to be able to do a sequel or even a prequel , I 'd be way into it . I 've really fallen in love with these characters ... [ T ] here 's a lot of story to tell with Hank Pym . " In July 2015 , Douglas expressed the desire to have his wife Catherine Zeta @-@ Jones play Janet van Dyne , while Lilly hoped to see Michelle Pfeiffer in the role . Douglas also revealed he was not signed for any additional films , but " would look forward to more if it comes my way " . Also in July , Feige revealed that the studio had " a supercool idea for the next Ant @-@ Man film , and if audiences want it , we 'll find a place to do it . " Reed also mentioned that there had been talks of doing a standalone adventure with Hank Pym as Ant @-@ Man , possibly including the original opening to Ant @-@ Man that featured Jordi Mollà , which had been cut from the final film . Eric Eisenberg of Cinema Blend opined that a standalone adventure with Pym and the cut sequence would be a good candidate to revive the Marvel One @-@ Shots short film series . By the end of the month , Dastmalchian expressed interest in returning for a sequel . In October 2015 , Marvel Studios confirmed that a sequel , titled Ant @-@ Man and the Wasp , is scheduled for release on July 6 , 2018 . By late October , Reed entered negotiations to direct the sequel , and was confirmed to return in November 2015 , along with Rudd and Lilly . Barrer , Ferrari and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay in December 2015 . In June 2016 , at the 42nd Saturn Awards , Reed confirmed that the film would deal with the aftermath of Captain America : Civil War , with Lang as a global fugitive . = Sherri Martel = Sherri Schrull ( born Sherri Russell , February 8 , 1958 – June 15 , 2007 ) was an American professional wrestler and manager , better known by her ring names , Sherri Martel and Sensational Sherri . Martel began her professional wrestling career in the Mid South after training in Columbia , South Carolina . She joined the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) in the mid @-@ 1980s and held its AWA World Women 's Championship three times . In the late 1980s , she joined the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , where she held the WWF Women 's Championship . Also in the WWF , Martel continued to act as a manager to wrestlers such as Randy Savage , Ted DiBiase , and Shawn Michaels . She appeared in Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) and World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in the 1990s . In the latter , Martel acted as the manager for the tag team Harlem Heat . After leaving WCW , she made few wrestling related appearances until her death in 2007 . = = Professional wrestling career = = = = = Early career = = = Martel was first introduced to professional wrestling as a child , when her mother took her and her sister to shows in Mississippi . In 1974 , Martel approached Grizzly Smith for advice on becoming a wrestler , but he questioned her conviction and told her to come back to him in five years when she was an adult . She eventually married her second husband and gave birth to a son named Jared , but she soon divorced her husband . During this time , she again became interested in becoming a professional wrestler and sought training from " Mr. Personality " Butch Moore in Memphis , Tennessee . She started wrestling as Sherri Martine , but decided she needed more training . She continued to train at The Fabulous Moolah 's school , where Moolah changed her name to Sherri Martel and sent her to wrestle in Japan in 1981 . Moolah claims that Martel frequented night clubs and liked to party , which resulted in Moolah kicking her out of the school . After leaving the school , she traveled back to Tennessee . In Memphis , she was managed by Jim Cornette . During a mixed battle royal , Martel suffered an injury that removed her from wrestling temporarily . She then worked as both a wrestler and manager to the Heavenly Bodies Pat Rose and Tom Prichard ) . = = = American Wrestling Association ( 1985 – 1987 ) = = = After recovering , Larry Zbyszko helped her join the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) . She eventually debuted in the AWA and , on September 28 , 1985 , at SuperClash in Chicago , she defeated Candi Devine for the AWA World Women 's Championship . She traded the belt with Devine , and on June 28 , 1986 , at " Battle by the Bay , " Martel defeated Devine to win the AWA World Women 's Championship for a third and final time . Martel , however , only held the title briefly before vacating it . During this time , in addition to wrestling , Martel acted as the manager for the team of " Playboy " Buddy Rose and " Pretty Boy " Doug Somers , whom she managed to win the AWA World Tag Team Championship . Rose and Somers then engaged in a lengthy feud with The Midnight Rockers ( Shawn Michaels and Marty Jannetty ) , who defeated Rose and Somers for the tag team title on January 27 , 1987 , in St. Paul , Minnesota . = = = World Wrestling Federation = = = = = = = Debut & Women 's Champion ( 1987 – 1988 ) = = = = After former AWA wrestler Jesse Ventura referred her to the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , she debuted on July 24 , 1987 , defeating The Fabulous Moolah for the WWF Women 's Championship . Renaming herself Sensational Sherri , she reigned as WWF Women 's Champion for fifteen months before losing it to Rockin ' Robin on October 8 , 1988 in Paris , France . At the Survivor Series in 1987 , Martel 's team consisting of Martel , Women 's World Tag Team Champions The Glamour Girls ( Leilani Kai and Judy Martin ) , Dawn Marie , and Donna Christanello lost to The Fabulous Moolah 's team consisting of Moolah , Velvet McIntyre , Rockin ' Robin , and the Jumping Bomb Angels ( Noriyo Tateno and Itsuki Yamazaki ) . When the WWF phased out its women 's division in 1990 , Martel remained with the company and turned her attention to managing male wrestlers . = = = = Managing Randy Savage and Ted DiBiase ( 1989 – 1992 ) = = = = After WrestleMania V , Martel confronted Miss Elizabeth , which led to a brawl between Elizabeth 's ally Hulk Hogan and her former ally Randy Savage . Throughout the remainder of 1989 , Martel and Savage feuded with Hogan and Elizabeth . At SummerSlam , Hogan and Brutus " The Barber " Beefcake defeated the team of Savage and Zeus . After the match , Elizabeth knocked out Martel with Martel 's purse , and she , Hogan , and Beefcake cut Martel 's hair . At WrestleMania VI in 1990 , Martel and Savage lost a mixed tag @-@ team match against Sapphire and Dusty Rhodes after Elizabeth , who was in the corner of Sapphire and Rhodes , interfered and shoved Martel . During that same year , Martel and Savage appeared on Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous with Robin Leach . Martel ran in the ring to aid Savage in a steel cage match in Memphis against Jerry " The King " Lawler , but after accidentally knocking Savage from the ring , she had her dress yanked off by Lawler as she climbed the cage to escape . During a steel cage match at Madison Square Garden , Martel would suffer a similar embarrassment at the hands of The Ultimate Warrior , who pulled off an escaping Martel 's miniskirt to reveal matching black garter belts and lace underpants . Practically in tears , Martel raced back to the locker room . At WrestleMania VII , Savage lost a " retirement match " against The Ultimate Warrior , where the loser would be forced ( Kayfabe ) to retire . After Savage lost the match , an irate Martel attacked Savage but was thrown from the ring by Elizabeth , who had been watching from the audience . Later on the WM7 card after she and Savage parted ways following the career match , Martel came to the ring to help " The Million Dollar Man " Ted DiBiase in his assault on an injured Rowdy Roddy Piper , following which she managed DiBiase until 1992 . = = = = Pairing and feuding with Shawn Michaels and departure ( 1992 – 1993 ) = = = = Subsequently , Martel began managing Shawn Michaels after Pat Patterson convinced Michaels to participate in the storyline . She also sang Michaels theme song called " Sexy Boy " . As part of his gimmick , Michaels would admire himself in a full @-@ length mirror before his matches . In 1992 , before a match , his former partner Marty Jannetty grabbed the mirror and attempted to hit Michaels with it , but Michaels pulled Martel in front of him . After being hit with the mirror , she was absent from television until the Royal Rumble in January 1993 . At the Rumble , she was in a neutral corner for the match between Michaels and Jannetty , but she turned on Michaels during the match . Backstage , Michaels confronted her , and Jannetty came to her rescue . The storyline , however , was cut short as Jannetty was released from the company in the midst of the feud . Martel spent the remainder of the year aligned with Tatanka , who aided her in her feud with Luna Vachon and Bam Bam Bigelow . She was released from the World Wrestling Federation during the summer . = = = = Smoky Mountain Wrestling ( 1993 ) = = = = After her WWF release , Martel had a brief spell in Smoky Mountain Wrestling , siding with Tracy Smothers in a feud with Tammy Fytch , Brian Lee , as well as several intergender matches with Jim Cornette . = = = Extreme Championship Wrestling ( 1993 – 1994 ) = = = She began working in Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) in 1993 , managing Shane Douglas . Sherri turned on Douglas in a tag match with Brian Pillman , costing Douglas the match on behalf of Ric Flair . At November to Remember on November 13 , Martel faced Malia Hosaka in a match . = = = World Championship Wrestling ( 1994 – 1997 ) = = = Martel signed with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in 1994 . The original plan for her was to manage Kevin and Dave Sullivan against Missy Hyatt and The Nasty Boys , but after Hyatt was fired in February 1994 , the proposed rivalry went on with no managers for either team . Martel made her debut on the April 23 edition of WCW Saturday Night , under the name Sensuous Sherri . In an interview with Gene Okerlund , she said her goal was to find a man that can bring her the WCW World Heavyweight Championship . She was at ringside during at Slamboree on May 22 , during the WCW World Heavyweight Championship match between Ric Flair and Barry Windham . On June 24 , a title unification match took place at the Clash of the Champions XXVII between WCW World Heavyweight Champion Ric Flair and the WCW International World Heavyweight Champion Sting . Although she revealed in the beginning of the match she sided with Sting ( including wearing his signature face paint ) , it turned out to be a double cross , as she sided with Flair , who won the match and unified the titles , double @-@ teaming Sting , until the newly signed Hulk Hogan made the save . At Bash at the Beach , Martel tried to help Flair to defeat Hogan in a match by giving him brass knuckles but failed . At the feud 's climactic battle , a steel cage match at Halloween Havoc , Martel climbed the cage to aid Flair and in the process had her dress pulled off by Jimmy Hart , Hogan 's manager , leaving her dangling from the cage in black lingerie . Next , Martel began managing Harlem Heat ( Booker T and Stevie Ray ) using the name Sista Sherri . She managed the team to seven WCW World Tag Team Championship reigns . In late 1994 ( while still managing Harlem Heat in WCW ) , Martel made a return appearance in ECW managing Shane Douglas and Brian Pillman against Ron Simmons and 2 Cold Scorpio . Back in WCW , Martel had a brief on @-@ screen romance with Col. Robert Parker until October 1996 when Harlem Heat fired him and Martel had a match with him at World War 3 in November . She continued to manage Harlem Heat until she got fired from the group on the July 7 , 1997 edition of Nitro . = = = Later career = = = Early in 1999 , Martel competed in a mixed @-@ tag team match for the Apocalypse Wrestling Federation 's Heavyweight Championship , a title held predominately by men . Missy Hyatt pinned Martel to win the title . In October 1999 , she appeared on the Heroes of Wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view managing George Steele in a match against Greg Valentine . Also in 1999 , she was awarded the AWA Superstars Women 's Championship . In 2000 , she made three wrestling television appearances with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . The first was at the WCW Souled Out 2000 pay @-@ per @-@ view event , watching at ringside along with other superstars , the Chris Benoit vs. Sid Vicious matchup for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship . The second was on the January 19 , 2000 edition of WCW Thunder where she had a match with Madusa , which she lost . In her third and final appearance in World Championship Wrestling , she had a match with Mona , which she also lost . In 2005 , she took part in a World Wrestling Entertainment ( formerly the WWF ) storyline with Shawn Michaels and Kurt Angle shortly before WrestleMania 21 . She made a return to SmackDown ! , singing a parody of Michaels ' theme song with Angle . She was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Ted DiBiase in April 2006 . Later that year , she worked for TNA Wrestling , taping a backstage vignette trying to offer her managerial services to " free agent " Bobby Roode that aired on the September 21 , 2006 TNA Impact ! ; it was her last wrestling television appearance . = = Personal life = = By 2003 , she and her husband Robert Schrull lived in Tennessee , where she helped him renovate homes . She was married and divorced at least twice during her life , and Booker T gave her away at one of her weddings . She had one son . = = = Death = = = On the morning of June 15 , 2007 , Martel died at her mother 's residence in McCalla , Alabama , near Birmingham . She was 49 years old . On September 11 , 2007 , homicide investigators in Tuscaloosa , Alabama released the toxicology report stating that she died of an overdose with multiple drugs in her system , including high amounts of oxycodone . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves Sleeper hold Signature moves Diving splash Scoop slam Nicknames " Sensational " Wrestlers managed Ace Darling Dave Sullivan Crush Greg Valentine Ian Rotten Jake " The Snake " Roberts Jeff Jarrett Johnny Swinger Kevin Sullivan Lenny Lane Marty Jannetty Randy Savage Ric Flair Rob Conway Salvatore Bellomo Shane Douglas Shawn Michaels Tatanka Ted DiBiase Terry Funk The Honky Tonk Man Tracy Smothers Zeus Tag teams managed Harlem Heat ( Booker T and Stevie Ray ) Heavenly Bodies ( Tom Prichard and Pat Rose ) La Pareja del Terror ( Art Barr and Eddie Guerrero ) " Pretty Boy " Doug Somers and " Playboy " Buddy Rose The Perfect Tag Team ( Kevin Kelly and Nick Kiniski ) Managers Jim Cornette = = Championships and accomplishments = = American Wrestling Association AWA World Women 's Championship ( 3 times ) AWA Superstars of Wrestling AWA World Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) Cauliflower Alley Club Other honoree ( 1994 ) International Wrestling Association IWA Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2014 Southern States Wrestling Kingsport Wrestling Hall of Fame ( Class of 2003 ) Women Superstars Uncensored WSU Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) World Wrestling Federation WWF Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) WWE Hall of Fame ( Class of 2006 ) Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards Manager of the Year ( 1991 ) = Henry Fownes Luttrell ( died 1780 ) = Henry Fownes Luttrell ( c . 1722 – 30 October 1780 ) , born Henry Fownes , of Dunster Castle , Somerset , was High Sheriff of Somerset from 1754 to 1755 , and a member of parliament for the borough of Minehead from 1768 to 1774 . Fownes was born into a family belonging to Devon 's gentry and led the life of a country squire . In 1747 , he married Margaret Luttrell , the heiress of Dunster Castle and added his wife 's name to his own to comply with her late father 's will . In accordance with the era 's laws concerning the property rights of married women , on his marriage he became the legal owner of his wife 's property , including not only Dunster Castle , but also the lordships of the manors of Dunster , Heathfield , and Kilton amongst others . The newly named Fownes Luttrell altered the castle considerably , remodelling its interior and park and building the Conygar Tower , a folly in the grounds . Following the death of his wife in 1766 he remarried in 1771 . When Fownes Luttrell 's candidate for the 1754 election was defeated , he realised that his estate bought him relatively little political power . Frustrated , he set about nursing his interest in the borough . Later , a compromise with a rival landowner placed one of the borough 's two parliamentary seats in his pocket . He stood for election in 1768 and was returned with the support of the Government . He was returned again in 1774 alongside his eldest son , John ; the Prime Minister was disgruntled that he had not returned his own favoured candidate and Fownes Luttrell resigned on the condition that the Government 's candidate would not interfere in the future without his permission . Thenceforth until abolition by the Reform Act of 1832 the borough 's parliamentary seats were effectively controlled by his family . Fownes Luttrell was an inactive politician , and is not known to have spoken or voted in Parliament during the six years he was a member . Instead , he led the life of a country squire , hunting and managing his estates . Fownes Luttrell died in 1780 , and his eldest son succeeded to his estates . = = Early life and family = = Henry Fownes was born about 1722 or 1723 , the eldest son of John Fownes of Kittery Court , Kingswear , Devon , Member of Parliament for Dartmouth , and his wife Anne Maddock , daughter of Samuel Maddock of Tamerton Foliott . He matriculated at Queen 's College , Oxford , in 1741 , but did not take a degree . On 16 February 1747 , Fownes married his second cousin Margaret Luttrell ( born 7 February 1726 ) , the daughter and heiress of Alexander Luttrell ( 1705 – 1737 ) , MP , whose family had owned Dunster Castle since 1376 , by his wife Margaret Trevelyan , daughter of Sir John Trevelyan , 2nd Baronet of Nettlecombe , Somerset . According to Sir Henry Maxwell Lyte , the historian of Dunster Castle , " the union proved exceptionally happy and her letters to her husband ... are conceived in the spirit of the sincerest affection . " Following his marriage and inheritance not only was he required under the bequest to add to his surname but was also compelled to spend six months of each year at Dunster Castle . By his wife he had six sons and four daughters . Of these , several died as infants : Alexander ( born and died in 1749 ) , Anne ( born and died 1750 ) , Anne ( born and died 1751 ) , and Anne ( born and died 1758 ) ; while Lieutenant Henry Fownes Luttrell ( 1753 – 77 ) was an officer in the Royal Horse Guards , but died unmarried and Margaret Fownes Luttrell ( 1747 – 92 ) married , in 1769 , John Henry Southcote of Buckland Toutsaints , Devon , and sat for a portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds that year . The remainder were otherwise notable : Lieutenant @-@ Colonel John Fownes Luttrell ( 1752 – 1816 ) . He was a member of parliament for Minehead from 1774 to 1806 and again from 1807 to 1816 . The Reverend Alexander Luttrell ( baptised 1754 ; died 1816 ) . He was educated at Pembroke College , Cambridge , and took holy orders ; in 1807 , he married Lucy Gatchell . Francis Fownes Luttrell ( 1756 – 1823 ) . He sat as a member of parliament for Minehead from 1780 to 1783 and went on to be Chair of the Board of Customs from 1813 to 1819 . Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Thomas Fownes Luttrell ( 1763 – 1811 ) . He was an army officer and sat as a member of parliament for Minehead from 1795 to 1796 . Margaret Luttrell died in 1766 . Five years later , Fownes Luttrell married Frances Bradley , a daughter of Samuel Bradley of Dunster . She died in 1803 . = = Country squire = = Margaret Luttrell 's father died in 1737 , when she was eleven , and she inherited the position . Her father left debts due to his lifestyle and also provisions in his parents ' wills that forced him to support his niece , Anne Luttrell , a daughter of Francis , his brother . This situation caused the family seat at Dunster Castle , to be closed and valued , while much of the family silver now in her possession was sold off , in some cases to relatives . Margaret Luttrell went to live with her mother 's new husband , Edward Dyke of Tetton , a wealthy landowner . While there , she married Fownes , who was then a resident of Nethway , Devon . To improve his wife 's estate , Fownes Luttrell obtained a sanction from the Court of Chancery to sell the manors of Heathfield and Kilton , but found no buyers ; he subsequently attempted to sell the manor of Minehead , and also offered at least one of the Parliamentary seats for the Borough of Minehead for £ 30 @,@ 000 , but there were no serious bidders , largely due to the high prices and the fact that Fownes Luttrell had in fact not inherited much control over the seats he was putting up for sale . However , frugal spending helped to recover the estate and Fownes Luttrell invested in 1760 in the manor of Foremarsh , near Dunster , which he purchased from John Poyntz . He went on to buy the manor of Staunton Fry in 1777 and a number of tenements in Dunster . In leisure , he particularly enjoyed hunting , keeping hounds and horses , and cockfighting . = = = Dunster Castle = = = Beginning in 1747 , Fownes Luttrell made numerous and significant alterations to Dunster Castle , redecorating and redesigning it in the Rococo style . He renovated the Great Parlour , converted a bedroom over it into a Drawing Room in 1758 , created a Breakfast Room over the Hall in 1772 , remodelled the southern part of the castle , and altered the Great Staircase in 1773 . His changes to the décor of the castle are also noteworthy , particularly for his use of newly @-@ fashionable wallpaper . Further alterations were made by Fownes Luttrell to the castle grounds . He created the park there and constructed Conygar Tower . The latter was commissioned in 1775 and was designed as a decorative folly to improve the views from the castle ; he also built a gatehouse and a statue of Neptune in Conygar wood at a similar time , while commissioning the reconstruction of Dunster Water Mill and the adjacent bridge , which were rebuilt from 1779 to 1780 . In 1764 , the Lower Ward of the Castle was reduced to one level , while several adjoining walls were removed and the road passing through the gateway was covered over . Additionally , his 141 @-@ hectare ( 350 @-@ acre ) park was built south of the castle , and required the eviction of a number of tenant farmers . = = Member of Parliament = = Being Lord of the Manor of Minehead theoretically gave Fownes Luttrell a " Natural Interest " in elections to Parliament for the borough — i.e. the power to influence the votes of its householders . However , the Luttrells had let it slip out of their control and Fownes Luttrell was being warned by his estate 's agent , John St. Albyn , in 1747 that " you do not appear sure of more than one quarter of the vote , and it may happen too that of even one quarter of them some will fail you " . At the British General Election of 1754 , Fownes Luttrell was serving as High Sheriff of Somerset , which barred him from standing as a candidate to be a member of parliament ; however Henry Shiffner , a merchant from London , approached him and offered himself as a candidate for the borough in his place . As St. Albyn had warned , Shiffner was not returned as a Member ; instead , Lord Egremont , a local landowner , offered considerable financial support to his own candidate , Daniel Boone , while one of the incumbent MPs , Charles Whitworth , offered to sell parts of his estate to loyal supporters . An intervention from the Duke of Newcastle , at Egremont 's request , led to Boone and Whitworth forming an alliance against Fownes Luttrell . Shiffner petitioned Parliament and was supported by an angered Fownes Luttrell , but Egremont and Fownes Luttrell eventually agreed a truce and by 1757 had agreed to return a member each and oppose any third candidates . Reluctant to stand himself , Fownes Luttrell supported Shiffner again . The pair would spend seven years dealing with the estate and consolidating his interest there ; this , coupled with his arrangement with Egremont , meant that Shiffner was duly returned in 1761 , alongside the first Earl of Thomond , brother of Egremont , beating an outsider , the Earl of Clanbrassill . During this Parliament , Fownes Luttrell entertained voters at Dunster Castle and in the village , where he laid on expensive feasts . After his wife 's death in 1766 , Fownes Luttrell decided to stand at the general election in 1768 . Despite his efforts to build up support , there were still factions and opposition to him . To gain some form of patronage in Minehead , he travelled to London and obtained from the Government control over the offices in Minehead , which prevented his opponents from doing the same . Fownes Luttrell won that election , accumulating more than £ 1 @,@ 800 worth of expenses in the process . While a member of parliament , he is not recorded as speaking and does not appear in the small number of division lists still surviving . According to Maxwell Lyte , " it does not appear that [ he ] had any real zest for Parliamentary life [ and was ] probably far happier with his hounds and his fighting cocks in Devon or Somerset . " However , it appears that the Prime Minister , Lord North , believed that in return for the Government 's support in 1768 , Fownes Luttrell had promised to return the Government 's candidate , Thomas Pownall , at the next election ; when that time came , in 1774 , North supported Fownes Luttrell and " warned off " his rival , Charles Whitworth . However , Fownes Luttrell was elected alongside his eldest son , John , which caused a dispute between the former and North . The dispute was resolved when the elder Fownes Luttrell offered to resign that December , in favour of Pownall , on the condition that Pownall seek his approval before nominating any of his friends or himself in future ; a draft document outlining his other conditions included a payment of £ 3 @,@ 000 in return for his resignation . Despite resigning , Fownes Luttrell had asserted his influence and control over both seats and , in 1780 his son Francis was elected alongside John Fownes Luttrell , who remained one of the MPs until 1806 and went on to sit again from 1807 to 1816 ; his other son , Thomas , and John 's son ( also called John ) were also elected subsequently . Henry Fownes Luttrell died on 30 October 1780 . = = Ancestry = = = = Likenesses = = Portrait of Henry Fownes Luttrell by an unknown artist , at BBC Your Paintings . Portrait of Margaret , Mrs. Fownes Luttrell by Richard Phelps , at BBC Your Paintings . = Jeannie Mole = Harriet Fisher Mole ( née Jones ; 2 May 1841 – 15 April 1912 ) , known as Jeannie , was a British socialist , feminist , and trade union organiser in Liverpool . Arriving there in 1879 , Mole was instrumental in bringing socialism to Liverpool , as well as setting up a number of societies to encourage trade unions amongst Liverpool 's female workforce . She supported strikes to improve the workforce 's conditions , especially to remove fines . Mole was also a supporter of dress reform , set up a socialist food van and advocated at a coroner 's investigation for the family of a woman killed in an industrial accident , ensuring the family received compensation and encouraging the jury to recommend safety improvements as part of the verdict . = = Biography = = Harriet Fisher Jones was born on 2 May 1841 in Warrington to her father , Evan Jones , a tinsmith , and his wife , Harriet Jones . As she and her mother shared the same name , she became better known as Jeannie . In 1860 , she married a fruit merchant , Robert Willis , and the couple travelled to New York , where she took an interest in the black rights movement . On her return to England , she and her husband settled in London and had a son , Robert Frederick Evan Willis , better known as Fred . Willis spent some time helping the poor in the slums of London . She was heavily influenced by the works of Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin , setting her on the path of socialism . In the late 1870s , Willis divorced her husband and remarried . Her new husband was another fruit merchant , William Keartland Mole , who was also the son of a wealthy Liverpool jeweller . William was 22 at the time , and the marriage was witnessed by Mole 's son , as well as her brother . The family moved to Liverpool , living on Bold Street . It was there that she began her lifelong ambition to improve the lives of those in poverty within Liverpool . Mole suffered a heart attack in 1896 , likely due to excessive work and the ensuing illness lead to her taking a step back from organisational work the following year . Her son , Fred , died in 1905 . On 15 April 1912 , whilst on holiday in Paris , Mole died . = = Feminist and socialist work = = Finding just six socialists in Liverpool , Mole started propaganda meetings in her home with the support of her husband and son . These meetings lead to the formation in 1886 of the Worker 's Brotherhood , the first socialist society in Liverpool . The Brotherhood , despite never achieving great numbers , went on to help form the Liverpool branch of the Fabian Society in 1892 . Mole became vice president of the Liverpool Fabian Society in 1895 . She also focused on more practical solutions for social issues , for example , funding a " socialist food van " at a cost of £ 55 6s 5d and campaigning for a " people 's hall " in Liverpool for the working class . Mole was an early follower of dress reform , a feminist movement against the cumbersome garments of the Victorian era , and would regularly wear an outfit reminiscent of Greek robes . She gave the pattern to Caroline Martyn and Julia Dawson , who wore similar outfits . In 1888 , Mole and the Workers ' Brotherhood started to campaign to unionise the female workers in Liverpool into female @-@ only unions . They started working with the Women 's Protective and Provident League ( WPPL ) , calling for the founding of a local branch , and in January 1889 , the group set up the Liverpool Workwomen 's Society , representing bookfolders , tailors , and cigar makers , with Mole acting as secretary . Women were over @-@ represented in these poorly paid trades , with four women for every man working in them . The society relaunched the following year as " Liverpool Society for the Promotion of Women 's Trade Unions " , expanding its membership to other trades in reaction to Liverpool City Council 's inaction over sweating systems in the area . Mole helped set up specific unions , such as one for ( primarily Chinese ) laundresses and washerwomen . Around the same time , the House of Lords launched a select committee on sweating systems , with the ensuing publicity encouraging the group to take further action . In 1894 , Clementina Black set up the Women 's Industrial Council ; soon after , Mole helped found a Liverpool branch in which she was the secretary . The council helped form unions for upholsteressess and marine @-@ sorters , as well as worked with the other groups set up by the Workwomen 's society . In her role , Mole also stepped up inquiries into working conditions for women ; for example , when an industrial accident killed a woman at the Old Swan Rope Works in Liverpool , Mole attended the case as secretary of the ' society for inquiring into the conditions of working women ' . She ensured that a factory inspector attended , that the jury made recommendations to prevent future accidents , and that compensation was paid to the woman 's next of kin . In 1895 , Mole leveraged her position in the Liverpool Women 's Industrial Council ( LWIC ) to encourage a strike amongst Liverpool 's women ropemakers to stop fines on top of loss of wages for petty misdemeanors such as turning up late . Despite the successful outcome of the strike , the section of the LWIC led by Eleanor Rathbone wanted to focus on " social investigation " and disapproved of the action , leading Mole to disassociate herself from the group . Mole also created and edited the " Women 's Page " of the Liverpool Labour Chronicle newspaper . = Battle of Ramillies = The Battle of Ramillies / ˈræmɪliːz / , fought on 23 May 1706 , was a battle of the War of the Spanish Succession . For the Grand Alliance – Austria , England , and the Dutch Republic – the battle had followed an indecisive campaign against the Bourbon armies of King Louis XIV of France in 1705 . Although the Allies had captured Barcelona that year , they had been forced to abandon their campaign on the Moselle , had stalled in the Spanish Netherlands and suffered defeat in northern Italy . Yet despite his opponents ' setbacks Louis XIV was desirous of peace – but he wanted it on reasonable terms . For this end and in order to maintain their momentum , the French and their allies took the offensive in 1706 . The campaign began well for Louis XIV 's generals : in Italy Marshal Vendôme had defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Calcinato in April , while in Alsace Marshal Villars had forced the Margrave of Baden back across the Rhine . Encouraged by these early gains Louis XIV urged Marshal Villeroi to go over to the offensive in the Spanish Netherlands and , with victory , gain a ' fair ' peace . Accordingly , the French Marshal set off from Leuven ( Louvain ) at the head of 60 @,@ 000 men and marched towards Tienen ( Tirlemont ) , as if to threaten Zoutleeuw ( Léau ) . Also determined to fight a major engagement , the Duke of Marlborough , commander @-@ in @-@ chief of Anglo @-@ Dutch forces , assembled his army – some 62 @,@ 000 men – near Maastricht , and marched past Zoutleeuw . With both sides seeking battle , they soon stumbled upon one other on the dry ground between the Mehaigne and Petite Gheete rivers , close to the small village of Ramillies . In less than four hours Marlborough 's Dutch , English , and Danish forces overwhelmed Villeroi 's and Max Emanuel 's Franco @-@ Spanish @-@ Bavarian army . The Duke 's subtle moves and changes in emphasis during the battle – something his opponents failed to realise until it was too late – caught the French in a tactical vice . With their foe broken and routed , the Allies were able to fully exploit their victory . Town after town fell , including Brussels , Bruges , Antwerp ; by the end of the campaign Villeroi 's army had been driven from most of the Spanish Netherlands . With Prince Eugene 's subsequent success at the Battle of Turin in northern Italy , the Allies had imposed the greatest loss of territory and resources that Louis XIV would suffer during the war . The year 1706 had indeed proved to be the Allies ' annus mirabilis . = = Background = = After their disastrous defeat at Blenheim in 1704 , the next year brought the French some respite . The Duke of Marlborough had intended the 1705 campaign – an invasion of France through the Moselle valley – to complete the work of Blenheim and persuade King Louis XIV to make peace but the plan had been thwarted by friend and foe alike . The reluctance of his Dutch allies to see their frontiers denuded of troops for another gamble in Germany had denied Marlborough the initiative but of far greater importance was the Margrave of Baden ’ s pronouncement that he could not join the Duke in strength for the coming offensive . This was in part due to the sudden switching of troops from the Rhine to reinforce Prince Eugene in Italy and part due to the deterioration of Baden ’ s health brought on by the re @-@ opening of a severe foot wound he had received at the storming of the Schellenberg the previous year . Marlborough had to cope with the death of Emperor Leopold I in May and the accession of Joseph I , which unavoidably complicated matters for the Grand Alliance . The resilience of the French King and the efforts of his generals , also added to Marlborough ’ s problems . Marshal Villeroi , exerting considerable pressure on the Dutch commander , Count Overkirk , along the Meuse , took Huy on 10 June before pressing on towards Liège . With Marshal Villars sitting strong on the Moselle , the Allied commander – whose supplies had by now become very short – was forced to call off his campaign on 16 June . " What a disgrace for Marlborough , " exulted Villeroi , " to have made false movements without any result ! " With Marlborough ’ s departure north , the French transferred troops from the Moselle valley to reinforce Villeroi in Flanders , while Villars marched off to the Rhine . The Anglo @-@ Dutch forces gained minor compensation for the failed Moselle campaign with the success at Elixheim and the crossing of the Lines of Brabant in the Spanish Netherlands ( Huy was also retaken on 11 July ) but a chance to bring the French to a decisive engagement eluded Marlborough . The year 1705 proved almost entirely barren for the Duke , whose military disappointments were only partly compensated by efforts on the diplomatic front where , at the courts of Düsseldorf , Frankfurt , Vienna , Berlin and Hanover , Marlborough sought to bolster support for the Grand Alliance and extract promises of prompt assistance for the following year 's campaign . = = Prelude = = On 11 January 1706 , Marlborough finally reached London at the end of his diplomatic tour but he had already been planning his strategy for the coming season . The first option ( although it is debatable to what extent the Duke was committed to such an enterprise ) was a plan to transfer his forces from the Spanish Netherlands to northern Italy ; once there , he intended linking up with Prince Eugene in order to defeat the French and safeguard Savoy from being overrun . Savoy would then serve as a gateway into France by way of the mountain passes or an invasion with naval support along the Mediterranean coast via Nice and Toulon , in connexion with redoubled Allied efforts in Spain . It seems that the Duke ’ s favoured scheme was to return to the Moselle valley ( where Marshal Marsin had recently taken command of French forces ) and once more attempt an advance into the heart of France . But these decisions soon became academic . Shortly after Marlborough landed in the Dutch Republic on 14 April , news arrived of big Allied setbacks in the wider war . Determined to show the Grand Alliance that France was still resolute , Louis XIV prepared to launch a double surprise in Alsace and northern Italy . On the latter front Marshal Vendôme defeated the Imperial army at Calcinato on 19 April , pushing the Imperialists back in confusion ( French forces were now in a position to prepare for the long @-@ anticipated siege of Turin ) . In Alsace , Marshal Villars took Baden by surprise and captured Haguenau , driving him back across the Rh	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
ine in some disorder , thus creating a threat on Landau . With these reverses , the Dutch refused to contemplate Marlborough 's ambitious march to Italy or any plan that denuded their borders of the Duke and their army . In the interest of coalition harmony , Marlborough prepared to campaign in the Low Countries . = = = On the move = = = The Duke left The Hague on 9 May . " God knows I go with a heavy heart , " he wrote six days later to his friend and political ally in England , Lord Godolphin , " for I have no hope of doing anything considerable , unless the French do what I am very confident they will not … " – in other words , court battle . On 17 May the Duke concentrated his Dutch and English troops at Tongeren , near Maastricht . The Hanoverians , Hessians and Danes , despite earlier undertakings , found , or invented , pressing reasons for withholding their support . Marlborough wrote an appeal to the Duke of Württemberg , the commander of the Danish contingent – " I send you this express to request your Highness to bring forward by a double march your cavalry so as to join us at the earliest moment … " Additionally , the King in Prussia , Frederick I , had kept his troops in quarters behind the Rhine while his personal disputes with Vienna and the States General at The Hague remained unresolved . Nevertheless , the Duke could think of no circumstances why the French would leave their strong positions and attack his army , even if Villeroi was first reinforced by substantial transfers from Marsin ’ s command . But in this he had miscalculated . Although Louis XIV wanted peace he wanted it on reasonable terms ; for that , he needed victory in the field and to convince the Allies that his resources were by no means exhausted . Following the successes in Italy and along the Rhine , Louis XIV was now hopeful of similar results in Flanders . Far from standing on the defensive therefore – and unbeknown to Marlborough – Louis XIV was persistently goading his marshal into action . " [ Villeroi ] began to imagine , " wrote St Simon , " that the King doubted his courage , and resolved to stake all at once in an effort to vindicate himself . " Accordingly , on 18 May , Villeroi set off from Leuven at the head of 70 battalions , 132 squadrons and 62 cannon – comprising an overall force of some 60 @,@ 000 troops – and crossed the river Dyle to seek battle with the enemy . Spurred on by his growing confidence in his ability to out @-@ general his opponent , and by Versailles ’ determination to avenge Blenheim , Villeroi and his generals anticipated success . Neither opponent expected the clash at the exact moment or place where it occurred . The French moved first to Tienen , ( as if to threaten Zoutleeuw , abandoned by the French in October 1705 ) , before turning southwards , heading for Jodoigne – this line of march took Villeroi ’ s army towards the narrow aperture of dry ground between the Mehaigne and Petite Gheete rivers close to the small villages of Ramillies and Taviers ; but neither commander quite appreciated how far his opponent had travelled . Villeroi still believed ( on 22 May ) the Allies were a full day ’ s march away when in fact they had camped near Corswaren waiting for the Danish squadrons to catch up ; for his part , Marlborough deemed Villeroi still at Jodoigne when in reality he was now approaching the plateau of Mont St. André with the intention of pitching camp near Ramillies ( see map at right ) . However , the Prussian infantry was not there . Marlborough wrote to Lord Raby , the English resident at Berlin : " If it should please God to give us victory over the enemy , the Allies will be little obliged to the King [ Frederick ] for the success . " The following day , at 01 : 00 , Marlborough dispatched Cadogan , his Quartermaster @-@ General , with an advanced guard to reconnoitre the same dry ground that Villeroi ’ s army was now heading , country that was well known to the Duke from previous campaigns . Two hours later the Duke followed with the main body : 74 battalions , 123 squadrons , 90 pieces of artillery and 20 mortars , totalling 62 @,@ 000 troops . At about 08 : 00 , after Cadogan had just passed Merdorp , his force made brief contact with a party of French hussars gathering forage on the edge of the plateau of Jandrenouille . After a brief exchange of shots the French retired and Cadogan 's dragoons pressed forward . With a short lift in the mist , Cadogan soon discovered the smartly ordered lines of Villeroi ’ s advance guard some 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) off ; a galloper hastened back to warn Marlborough . Two hours later the Duke , accompanied by the Dutch field commander Field Marshal Overkirk , General Daniel Dopff , and the Allied staff , rode up to Cadogan where on the horizon to the westward he could discern the massed ranks of the French army deploying for battle along the 6 km ( 4 mi ) front . Marlborough later told Bishop Burnet that , ‘ the French army looked the best of any he had ever seen ’ . = = Battle = = = = = Battlefield = = = The battlefield of Ramillies is very similar to that of Blenheim , for here too there is an immense area of arable land unimpeded by woods or hedges . Villeroi ’ s right rested on the villages of Franquenée and Taviers , with the river Mehaigne protecting his flank . A large open plain , about 2 km ( 1 mi ) wide , lay between Taviers and Ramillies , but unlike Blenheim , there was no stream to hinder the cavalry . His centre was secured by Ramillies itself , lying on a slight eminence which gave distant views to the north and east . The French left flank was protected by broken country , and by a stream , the Petite Gheete , which runs deep between steep and slippery slopes . On the French side of the stream the ground rises to Offus , the village which , together with Autre @-@ Eglise farther north , anchored Villeroi ’ s left flank . To the west of the Petite Gheete rises the plateau of Mont St. André ; a second plain , the plateau of Jandrenouille – upon which the Anglo @-@ Dutch army amassed – rises to the east . = = = Initial dispositions = = = At 11 : 00 , the Duke ordered the army to take standard battle formation . On the far right , towards Foulz , the British battalions and squadrons took up their posts in a double line near the Jeuche stream . The centre was formed by the mass of Dutch , German , Protestant Swiss and Scottish infantry – perhaps 30 @,@ 000 men – facing Offus and Ramillies . Also facing Ramillies Marlborough placed a powerful battery of thirty 24 @-@ pounders , dragged into position by a team of oxen ; further batteries were positioned overlooking the Petite Gheete . On their left , on the broad plain between Taviers and Ramillies – and where Marlborough thought the decisive encounter must take place – Overkirk drew the 69 squadrons of the Dutch and Danish horse , supported by 19 battalions of Dutch infantry and two artillery pieces . Meanwhile , Villeroi deployed his forces . In Taviers on his right , he placed two battalions of the Greder Suisse Régiment , with a smaller force forward in Franquenée ; the whole position was protected by the boggy ground of the Mehaigne river , thus preventing an Allied flanking movement . In the open country between Taviers and Ramillies , he placed 82 squadrons under General de Guiscard supported by several interleaved brigades of French , Swiss and Bavarian infantry . Along the Ramillies – Offus – Autre Eglise ridge @-@ line , Villeroi positioned Walloon and Bavarian infantry , supported by the Elector of Bavaria 's 50 squadrons of Bavarian and Walloon cavalry placed behind on the plateau of Mont St. André . Ramillies , Offus and Autre @-@ Eglise were all packed with troops and put in a state of defence , with alleys barricaded and walls loop @-@ holed for muskets . Villeroi also positioned powerful batteries near Ramillies . These guns ( some of which were of the three barrelled kind first seen at Elixheim the previous year ) enjoyed good arcs of fire , able to fully cover the approaches of the plateau of Jandrenouille over which the Allied infantry would have to pass . Marlborough , however , noticed several important weaknesses in the French dispositions . Tactically , it was imperative for Villeroi to occupy Taviers on his right and Autre @-@ Eglise on his left , but by adopting this posture he had been forced to over @-@ extend his forces . Moreover , this disposition – concave in relation to the Allied army – gave Marlborough the opportunity to form a more compact line , drawn up in a shorter front between the ‘ horns ’ of the French crescent ; when the Allied blow came it would be more concentrated and carry more weight . Additionally , the Duke ’ s disposition facilitated the transfer of troops across his front far more easily than his foe , a tactical advantage that would grow in importance as the events of the afternoon unfolded . Although Villeroi had the option of enveloping the flanks of the Allied army as they deployed on the plateau of Jandrenouille – threatening to encircle their army – the Duke correctly gauged that the characteristically cautious French commander was intent on a defensive battle along the ridge @-@ line . = = = Taviers = = = At 13 : 00 the batteries went into action ; a little later two Allied columns set out from the extremities of their line and attacked the flanks of the Franco @-@ Bavarian army . To the south the Dutch Guards , under the command of Colonel Wertmüller , came forward with their two field guns to seize the hamlet of Franquenée . The small Swiss garrison in the village , shaken by the sudden onslaught and unsupported by the battalions to their rear , were soon compelled back towards the village of Taviers . Taviers was of particular importance to the Franco @-@ Bavarian position : it protected the otherwise unsupported flank of General de Guiscard ’ s cavalry on the open plain , while at the same time , it allowed the French infantry to pose a threat to the flanks of the Dutch and Danish squadrons as they came forward into position . But hardly had the retreating Swiss rejoined their comrades in that village when the Dutch Guards renewed their attack . The fighting amongst the alleys and cottages soon deteriorated into a fierce bayonet and clubbing mêlée , but the superiority in Dutch firepower soon told . The accomplished French officer , Colonel de la Colonie , standing on the plain nearby remembered – " this village was the opening of the engagement , and the fighting there was almost as murderous as the rest of the battle put together . " By about 15 : 00 the Swiss had been pushed out of the village into the marshes beyond . Villeroi ’ s right flank fell into chaos and was now open and vulnerable . Alerted to the situation de Guiscard ordered an immediate attack with 14 squadrons of French dragoons currently stationed in the rear . Two other battalions of the Greder Suisse Régiment were also sent , but the attack was poorly co @-@ ordinated and consequently went in piecemeal . The Anglo @-@ Dutch commanders now sent dismounted Dutch dragoons into Taviers , which , together with the Guards and their field guns , poured concentrated musketry- and canister @-@ fire into the advancing French troops . Colonel d ’ Aubigni , leading his regiment , fell mortally wounded . As the French ranks wavered , the leading squadrons of Württemberg ’ s Danish horse – now unhampered by enemy fire from either village – were also sent into the attack and fell upon the exposed flank of the Franco @-@ Swiss infantry and dragoons . De la Colonie , with his Grenadiers Rouge regiment , together with the Cologne Guards who were brigaded with them , was now ordered forward from his post south of Ramillies to support the faltering counter @-@ attack on the village . But on his arrival , all was chaos – " Scarcely had my troops got over when the dragoons and Swiss who had preceded us , came tumbling down upon my battalions in full flight … My own fellows turned about and fled along with them . " De La Colonie managed to rally some of his grenadiers , together with the remnants of the French dragoons and Greder Suisse battalions , but it was an entirely peripheral operation , offering only fragile support for Villeroi ’ s right flank . = = = Offus and Autre @-@ Eglise = = = While the attack on Taviers went in the Earl of Orkney launched his first line of English across the Petite Gheete in a determined attack against the barricaded villages of Offus and Autre @-@ Eglise on the Allied right . Villeroi , posting himself near Offus , watched anxiously the redcoats ' advance , mindful of the counsel he had received on 6 May from Louis XIV – " Have particular care to that part of the line which will endure the first shock of the English troops . " Heeding this advice the French commander began to transfer battalions from his centre to reinforce the left , drawing more foot from the already weakened right to replace them . As the English battalions descended the gentle slope of the Petite Gheete valley , struggling through the boggy stream , they were met by Major General de la Guiche ’ s disciplined Walloon infantry sent forward from around Offus . After concentrated volleys , exacting heavy casualties on the redcoats , the Walloons reformed back to the ridgeline in good order . The English took some time to reform their ranks on the dry ground beyond the stream and press on up the slope towards the cottages and barricades on the ridge . The vigour of the English assault , however , was such that they threatened to break through the line of the villages and out onto the open plateau of Mont St André beyond . This was potentially dangerous for the Allied infantry who would then be at the mercy of the Elector ’ s Bavarian and Walloon squadrons patiently waiting on the plateau for the order to move . Although Henry Lumley ’ s English cavalry had managed to cross the marshy ground around the Petite Gheete , it was soon evident to Marlborough that sufficient cavalry support would not be practicable and that the battle could not be won on the Allied right . The Duke , therefore , called off the attack against Offus and Autre @-@ Eglise . To make sure that Orkney obeyed his order to withdraw , Marlborough sent his Quartermaster @-@ General in person with the command . Despite Orkney ’ s protestations , Cadogan insisted on compliance and , reluctantly , Orkney gave the word for his troops to fall back to their original positions on the edge of the plateau of Jandrenouille . It is still not clear how far Orkney ’ s advance was planned only as a feint ; according to historian David Chandler it is probably more accurate to surmise that Marlborough launched Orkney in a serious probe with a view to sounding out the possibilities of the sector . Nevertheless , the attack had served its purpose . Villeroi had given his personal attention to that wing and strengthened it with large bodies of horse and foot that ought to have been taking part in the decisive struggle south of Ramillies . = = = Ramillies = = = Meanwhile , the Dutch assault on Ramillies was gaining pace . Marlborough ’ s younger brother , General of Infantry , Charles Churchill , ordered four brigades of foot to attack the village . The assault consisted of 12 battalions of Dutch infantry commanded by Major Generals Schultz and Spaar ; two brigades of Saxons under Count Schulenburg ; a Scottish brigade in Dutch service led by the 2nd Duke of Argyle ; and a small brigade of Protestant Swiss . The 20 French and Bavarian battalions in Ramillies , supported by the Irish dragoons who had left Ireland in the Flight of the Wild Geese to join Clare 's Dragoons and a small brigade of Cologne and Bavarian Guards under the Marquis de Maffei , put up a determined defence , initially driving back the attackers with severe losses as commemorated in the song Clare 's Dragoons : Seeing that Schultz and Spaar were faltering , Marlborough now ordered Orkney ’ s second @-@ line British and Danish battalions ( who had not been used in the assault on Offus and Autre @-@ Eglise ) to move south towards Ramillies . Shielded as they were from observation by a slight fold in the land , their commander , Brigadier @-@ General Van Pallandt , ordered the regimental colours to be left in place on the edge of the plateau to convince their opponents they were still in their initial position . Therefore , unbeknown to the French who remained oblivious to the Allies ’ real strength and intentions on the opposite side of the Petite Gheete , Marlborough was throwing his full weight against Ramillies and the open plain to the south . Villeroi meanwhile , was still moving more reserves of infantry in the opposite direction towards his left flank ; crucially , it would be some time before the French commander noticed the subtle change in emphasis of the Allied dispositions . At around 15 : 30 , Overkirk advanced his massed squadrons on the open plain in support of the infantry attack on Ramillies . Overkirk 's squadrons – 48 Dutch , supported on their left by 21 Danish – steadily advanced towards the enemy ( taking care not to prematurely tire the horses ) , before breaking into a trot to gain the impetus for their charge . The Marquis de Feuquières writing after the battle described the scene – " They advanced in four lines … As they approached they advanced their second and fourth lines into the intervals of their first and third lines ; so that when they made their advance upon us , they formed only one front , without any intermediate spaces . " The initial clash favoured the Dutch and Danish squadrons . The disparity of numbers – exacerbated by Villeroi stripping their ranks of infantry to reinforce his left flank – enabled Overkirk 's cavalry to throw the first line of French horse back in some disorder towards their second @-@ line squadrons . This line also came under severe pressure and , in turn , was forced back to their third @-@ line of cavalry and the few battalions still remaining on the plain . But these French horsemen were amongst the best in Louis XIV ’ s army – the Maison du Roi , supported by four elite squadrons of Bavarian Cuirassiers . Ably led by de Guiscard , the French cavalry rallied , thrusting back the Allied squadrons in successful local counterattacks . On Overkirk ’ s right flank , close to Ramillies , ten of his squadrons suddenly broke ranks and were scattered , riding headlong to the rear to recover their order , leaving the left flank of the Allied assault on Ramillies dangerously exposed . Notwithstanding the lack of infantry support , de Guiscard threw his cavalry forward in an attempt to split the Allied army in two . A crisis threatened the centre , but from his vantage point Marlborough was at once aware of the situation . The Allied commander now summoned the cavalry on the right wing to reinforce his centre , leaving only the English squadrons in support of Orkney . Thanks to a combination of battle @-@ smoke and favourable terrain , his redeployment went unnoticed by Villeroi who made no attempt to transfer any of his own 50 unused squadrons . While he waited for the fresh reinforcements to arrive , Marlborough flung himself into the mêlée , rallying some of the Dutch cavalry who were in confusion . But his personal involvement nearly led to his undoing . A number of French horsemen , recognising the Duke , came surging towards his party . Marlborough ’ s horse tumbled and the Duke was thrown – " Milord Marlborough was rid over , " wrote Orkney some time later . It was a critical moment of the battle . " Major @-@ General Murray , " recalled one eye witness , " … seeing him fall , marched up in all haste with two Swiss battalions to save him and stop the enemy who were hewing all down in their way . " Fortunately Marlborough ’ s newly appointed aide @-@ de @-@ camp , Richard Molesworth , galloped to the rescue , mounted the Duke on his horse and made good their escape , before Murray ’ s disciplined ranks threw back the pursuing French troopers . After a brief pause , Marlborough ’ s equerry , Colonel Bringfield ( or Bingfield ) , led up another of the Duke ’ s spare horses ; but while assisting him onto his mount , the unfortunate Bringfield was hit by an errant cannonball that sheared off his head . One account has it that the cannonball flew between the Captain @-@ General ’ s legs before hitting the unfortunate colonel , whose torso fell at Marlborough ’ s feet – a moment subsequently depicted in a lurid set of contemporary playing cards . Nevertheless , the danger passed , enabling the Duke to attend to the positioning of the cavalry reinforcements feeding down from his right flank – a change of which Villeroi remained blissfully unaware . = = = Breakthrough = = = The time was about 16 : 30 , and the two armies were in close contact across the whole 6 km ( 4 mi ) front , from the skirmishing in the marshes in the south , through the vast cavalry battle on the open plain ; to the fierce struggle for Ramillies at the centre , and to the north , where , around the cottages of Offus and Autre @-@ Eglise , Orkney and de la Guiche faced each other across the Petite Gheete ready to renew hostilities . The arrival of the transferring squadrons now began to tip the balance in favour of the Allies . Tired , and suffering a growing list of casualties , the numerical inferiority of Guiscard ’ s squadrons battling on the plain at last began to tell . After earlier failing to hold or retake Franquenée and Taviers , Guiscard ’ s right flank had become dangerously exposed and a fatal gap had opened on the right of their line . Taking advantage of this breach , Württemberg ’ s Danish cavalry now swept forward , wheeling to penetrate the flank of the Maison du Roi whose attention was almost entirely fixed on holding back the Dutch . Sweeping forwards , virtually without resistance , the 21 Danish squadrons reformed behind the French around the area of the Tomb of Ottomond , facing north across the plateau of Mont St André towards the exposed flank of Villeroi ’ s army . The final Allied reinforcements for the cavalry contest to the south were at last in position ; Marlborough ’ s superiority on the left could no longer be denied , and his fast @-@ moving plan took hold of the battlefield . Now , far too late , Villeroi tried to redeploy his 50 unused squadrons , but a desperate attempt to form line facing south , stretching from Offus to Mont St André , floundered amongst the baggage and tents of the French camp carelessly left there after the initial deployment . The Allied commander ordered his cavalry forward against the now heavily outnumbered French and Bavarian horsemen . De Guiscard ’ s right flank , without proper infantry support , could no longer resist the onslaught and , turning their horses northwards , they broke and fled in complete disorder . Even the squadrons currently being scrambled together by Villeroi behind Ramillies could not withstand the onslaught . " We had not got forty yards on our retreat , " remembered Captain Peter Drake , an Irishmen serving with the French – " when the words sauve qui peut went through the great part , if not the whole army , and put all to confusion " In Ramillies the Allied infantry , now reinforced by the English troops brought down from the north , at last broke through . The Régiment de Picardie stood their ground but were caught between Colonel Borthwick ’ s Scots @-@ Dutch regiment and the English reinforcements . Borthwick was killed , as was Charles O ’ Brien , the Irish Viscount Clare in French service , fighting at the head of his regiment . The Marquis de Maffei attempted one last stand with his Bavarian and Cologne Guards , but it proved in vain . Noticing a rush of horsemen fast approaching from the south , he later recalled – " … I went towards the nearest of these squadrons to instruct their officer , but instead of being listened to [ I ] was immediately surrounded and called upon to ask for quarter . " = = = Pursuit = = = The roads leading north and west were choked with fugitives . Orkney now sent his English troops back across the Petite Gheete stream to once again storm Offus where de la Guiche ’ s infantry had begun to drift away in the confusion . To the right of the infantry Lord John Hay ’ s ‘ Scots Greys ’ also picked their way across the stream and charged the Régiment du Roi within Autre @-@ Eglise . " Our dragoons , " wrote John Deane , " pushing into the village … made terrible slaughter of the enemy . " The Bavarian Horse Grenadiers and the Electoral Guards withdrew and formed a shield about Villeroi and the Elector but were scattered by Lumley ’ s cavalry . Stuck in the mass of fugitives fleeing the battlefield , the French and Bavarian commanders narrowly escaped capture by General Cornelius Wood who , unaware of their identity , had to content himself with the seizure of two Bavarian Lieutenant @-@ Generals . Far to the south , the remnants of de la Colonie ’ s brigade headed in the opposite direction towards the French held fortress of Namur . " The retreat became a rout . Individual Allied commanders drove their troops forward in pursuit , allowing their beaten enemy no chance to recover . Soon the Allied infantry could no longer keep up , but their cavalry were off the leash , heading through the gathering night for the crossings on the Dyle river . At last , however , Marlborough called a halt to the pursuit shortly after midnight near Meldert , 19 km ( 12 mi ) from the field . " It was indeed a truly shocking sight to see the miserable remains of this mighty army , " wrote Captain Drake , " … reduced to a handful . " = = Aftermath = = What was left of Villeroi ’ s army was now broken in spirit ; the imbalance of the casualty figures amply demonstrates the extent of the disaster for Louis XIV ’ s army : ( see below ) . In addition , hundreds of French soldiers were fugitives , many of whom would never remuster to the colours . Villeroi also lost 52 artillery pieces and his entire engineer pontoon train . In the words of Marshal Villars , the French defeat at Ramillies was – " The most shameful , humiliating and disastrous of routs . " Town after town now succumbed to the Allies . Leuven fell on 25 May 1706 ; three days later , the Allies entered Brussels , the capital of the Spanish Netherlands . Marlborough realised the great opportunity created by the early victory of Ramillies : " We now have the whole summer before us , " wrote the Duke from Brussels to Robert Harley , " and with the blessing of God I shall make the best use of it . " Malines , Lierre , Ghent , Alost , Damme , Oudenaarde , Bruges , and on 6 June Antwerp , all subsequently fell to Marlborough ’ s victorious army and , like Brussels , proclaimed the Austrian candidate for the Spanish throne , the Archduke Charles , as their sovereign . Villeroi was helpless to arrest the process of collapse . When Louis XIV learnt of the disaster he recalled Marshal Vendôme from northern Italy to take command in Flanders ; but it would be weeks before the command changed hands . As news spread of the Allies ’ triumph , the Prussians , Hessians and Hanoverian contingents , long delayed by their respective rulers , eagerly joined the pursuit of the broken French and Bavarian forces . " This , " wrote Marlborough wearily , " I take to be owing to our late success . " Meanwhile , Overkirk took the port of Ostend on 4 July thus opening a direct route to the English Channel for communication and supply , but the Allies were making scant progress against Dendermonde whose governor , the Marquis de Valée , was stubbornly resisting . Only later when Cadogan and Churchill went to take charge did the town ’ s defences begin to fail . Vendôme formally took over command in Flanders on 4 August ; Villeroi would never again receive a major command – " I cannot foresee a happy day in my life save only that of my death . " Louis XIV was more forgiving to his old friend – " At our age , Marshal , we must no longer expect good fortune . " In the mean time , Marlborough invested the elaborate fortress of Menin which , after a costly siege , capitulated on 22 August . Dendermonde finally succumbed on 6 September followed by Ath – the last conquest of 1706 – on 2 October . By the time Marlborough had closed down the Ramillies campaign he had denied the French most of the Spanish Netherlands west of the Meuse and north of the Sambre – it was an unsurpassed operational triumph for the English Duke but once again it was not decisive as these gains did not defeat France . The immediate question for the Allies now was how to deal with the Spanish Netherlands , a subject which the Austrians and the Dutch were diametrically opposed . Emperor Joseph I , acting on behalf of his younger brother King ’ Charles III ’ , absent in Spain , claimed that reconquered Brabant and Flanders should be put under immediate possession of a governor named by himself . The Dutch , however , who had supplied the major share of the troops and money to secure the victory ( the Austrians had produced nothing of either ) claimed the government of the region till the war was over , and that after the peace they should continue to garrison Barrier Fortresses stronger than those which had fallen so easily to Louis XIV ’ s forces in 1701 . Marlborough mediated between the two parties but favoured the Dutch position . To sway the Duke ’ s opinion , the Emperor offered Marlborough the governorship of the Spanish Netherlands . It was a tempting offer , but in the name of Allied unity , it was one he refused . In the end England and the Dutch Republic took control of the newly won territory for the duration of the war ; after which it was to be handed over to the direct rule of ‘ Charles III ’ , subject to the reservation of a Dutch Barrier , the extent and nature of which had yet to be settled . Meanwhile , on the Upper Rhine , Villars had been forced onto the defensive as battalion after battalion had been sent north to bolster collapsing French forces in Flanders ; there was now no possibility of his undertaking the re @-@ capture of Landau . Further good news for the Allies arrived from northern Italy where , on 7 September , Prince Eugene had routed a French army before the Piedmontese capital , Turin , driving the Franco @-@ Spanish forces from northern Italy . Only from Spain did Louis XIV receive any good news where Das Minas and Galway had been forced to retreat from Madrid towards Valencia , allowing Philip V to re @-@ enter his capital on 4 October . All in all though , the situation had changed considerably and Louis XIV began to look for ways to end what was fast becoming a ruinous war for France . For Queen Anne also , the Ramillies campaign had one overriding significance – " Now we have God be thanked so hopeful a prospect of peace . " Instead of continuing the momentum of victory , however , cracks in Allied unity would enable Louis XIV to reverse some of the major setbacks suffered at Turin and Ramillies . = = Casualties = = The total number of French casualties cannot be calculated precisely , so complete was the collapse of the Franco @-@ Bavarian army that day . David G. Chandler ’ s Marlborough as Military Commander and A Guide to the Battlefields of Europe are consistent with regards to French casualty figures i.e. , 12 @,@ 000 dead and wounded plus some 7 @,@ 000 taken prisoner . James Falkner , in Ramillies 1706 : Year of Miracles , also notes 12 @,@ 000 dead and wounded and states ‘ up to 10 @,@ 000 ’ taken prisoner . In The Collins Encyclopaedia of Military History , Dupuy puts Villeroi ’ s dead and wounded at 8 @,@ 000 , with a further 7 @,@ 000 captured . John Millner ’ s memoirs – Compendious Journal ( 1733 ) – is more specific , recording 12 @,@ 087 of Villeroi ’ s army were killed or wounded , with another 9 @,@ 729 taken prisoner . In Marlborough , however , Correlli Barnett puts the total casualty figure as high as 30 @,@ 000 – 15 @,@ 000 dead and wounded with an additional 15 @,@ 000 taken captive . Trevelyan estimates Villeroi ’ s casualties at 13 @,@ 000 , but adds , ‘ his losses by desertion may have doubled that number ’ . La Colonie omits a casualty figure in his Chronicles of an old Campaigner ; but Saint @-@ Simon in his Memoirs states 4 @,@ 000 killed , adding ' many others were wounded and many important persons were taken prisoner ' . Voltaire , however , in Histoire du siècle du Louis XIV records , ' the French lost there twenty thousand men ' . = James Blunt = James Hillier Blount ( born 22 February 1974 ) , better known by his stage name James Blunt , is an English singer @-@ songwriter and former reconnaissance officer for the British Army . He originally signed to EMI Music Publishing and is currently signed to Custard Records and Atlantic Records . Blunt rose to prominence in 2004 with the release of his debut studio album Back to Bedlam , achieving worldwide fame with the singles " You 're Beautiful " and " Goodbye My Lover " . The album sold over 11 million copies worldwide , topping the UK Albums Chart and peaking at number two in the US . " You 're Beautiful " was number 1 in both the US , UK and a dozen other countries . Back to Bedlam , was the best selling album of the 2000s in the UK . Blunt has gone on to sell over 20 million albums and 20 million singles worldwide . He has received several awards , including two Brit Awards , two MTV Video Music Awards , two Ivor Novello Awards as well as receiving five Grammy Award nominations . Blunt was a reconnaissance officer in the Life Guards , a cavalry regiment of the British Army , and served under NATO in the Kosovo War in 1999 . Blunt was awarded an Honorary Doctorate for Music in 2016 by University of Bristol . = = Early life and education = = Blunt was born at an army hospital in Tidworth , Wiltshire , the first of three children to Colonel Charles Blount and Jane Ann Farran Blount ( née Amos ) . His father was a cavalry officer in the 13th / 18th Royal Hussars and then a helicopter pilot and Colonel of the Army Air Corps . The Blount family has a long history of military service , dating back to King Gorm of Denmark in the 10th century . Blunt grew up primarily in St Mary Bourne in Hampshire , but moved every two years depending on his father 's military postings in : Middle Wallop ; Cyprus ; Soest ( Germany ) ; York ; and Netheravon . He also spent time in Cley next the Sea where his father owned Cley Windmill . Blunt was educated at Elstree School in Woolhampton , Berkshire , and Harrow School , gaining A @-@ levels in Physics , Chemistry and Economics . He went on to study Aerospace Manufacturing Engineering and Sociology at University of Bristol . , graduating with a BSc ( Hons ) in Sociology in 1996 . Like his father , Blunt is a pilot , gaining his fixed winged Private pilot licence aged 16 , and has a keen interest in motorcycles . = = Military service = = Having been sponsored through university on an army bursary , Blunt was committed to serve a minimum of four years in the armed forces . He trained at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in intake 963 , and was commissioned into the Life Guards , a reconnaissance regiment . He rose to the rank of Captain . The Life Guards , part of the Household Cavalry Regiment , were primarily based in Combermere Barracks . Blunt also trained in British Army Training Unit Suffield in Alberta , Canada , where his regiment was posted for six months in 1998 to act as the opposing army in combat training exercises . In 1999 , Blunt volunteered to join a Blues and Royals squadron deploying with NATO to Kosovo . Initially assigned to carry out reconnaissance of the Republic of Macedonia – Yugoslavia border , Blunt 's troop worked ahead of the front lines locating and targeting Serb forces for the NATO bombing campaign . On 12 June 1999 , Blunt led the 30 @,@ 000 @-@ strong NATO peacekeeping force from the Macedonia border to Pristina International Airport , however a Russian military contingent had moved in and taken control of the airport before his unit 's arrival . American NATO commander Wesley Clark ordered that Blunt 's unit forcibly take the airport from the Russians . However , Blunt refused the order , citing the wider consequences . General Mike Jackson , Blunt 's superior officer , stepped in stating that they were " not going to start the Third World War " . There were less intense moments during Blunt 's Kosovo assignment . Blunt had brought along his guitar , strapped to the outside of his tank , and would sometimes perform for locals and troops . It was while on duty there that he wrote the song " No Bravery " . Blunt extended his military service in November 2000 , and was posted to the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment in London , as the Queen 's Guard . During this posting , Blunt was featured on the television programme " Girls on Top " , a series highlighting unusual career choices . He stood guard at the coffin of the Queen Mother during her lying in State and was part of the funeral procession on 9 April 2002 . A keen skier , Blunt captained the Household Cavalry alpine ski team in Verbier , Switzerland , becoming Royal Armoured Corps ski champion in 2000 . Blunt left the army on 1 October 2002 having served six years . = = Music career = = = = = Early career = = = Blunt had piano and violin lessons as a child , but was introduced to the electric guitar aged 14 at Harrow by a fellow student . His dissertation at Bristol University was titled , The Commodification of Image – Production of a Pop Idol . One of his main references for was Simon Frith , a sociologist and rock critic , and chair of the Mercury Music Prize panel of judges since 1992 , who later did a lecture tour entitled : " The unpopular and unpleasant thoughts inspired by the work of James Blunt " . While still in the army Blunt would write songs during his time off . A backing vocalist and songwriting collaborator suggested he contact Elton John 's manager , Todd Interland , with whom she used to share a house . Interland told HitQuarters that he listened to Blunt 's demo while driving home and , after hearing the track ' Goodbye My Lover ' , pulled over and called the mobile number written on the CD to set up a meeting . Blunt left the British Army in 2002 so that he could pursue his musical career . He started using the stage name " Blunt " in part to make it easier for others to spell ; " Blount " is pronounced the same way , and remains his legal surname . Shortly after leaving the army he was signed to EMI music publishers and to Twenty @-@ First Artists management . A record contract remained elusive , with recording label executives pointing to Blunt 's posh speaking voice as a barrier in class @-@ divided Britain . Linda Perry , who was just launching her own Custard Records label in early 2003 , heard Blunt 's promotional tape when visiting London , and soon after heard him perform live at the South by Southwest Music Festival . She made an offer to him the same night and within a few days Blunt signed a recording contract with Perry . One month later , he travelled to Los Angeles to meet producer Tom Rothrock . = = = Back to Bedlam : 2003 – 2006 = = = Blunt recorded Back to Bedlam in 2003 with producer Tom Rothrock in Conway Recording Studios and Rothrock 's home studio in Los Angeles , playing many instruments himself . During recording , he lodged with actress Carrie Fisher . Fisher contributed in naming the album and Blunt recorded the song " Goodbye My Lover " in her bathroom . Back to Bedlam was released in the UK in October 2004 . Blunt 's debut single in the UK was " High " ( co @-@ written with Ricky Ross of Deacon Blue ) . This song initially peaked below the Top 100 of the UK Singles Chart , however after the subsequent success of " You 're Beautiful " it finally made the Top 75 before being re @-@ released . The song was chosen to appear in a Vodafone commercial in Italy , and was a Top 10 hit in that country . The debut album from the unknown Blunt initially attracted little critical attention , and there were no published reviews from major UK music journals . His live performances , mainly in support of better known musicians , received somewhat mixed but generally favourable reviews . Blunt 's lack of performing experience and inconsistent approach with audiences was commented upon , while his music was likened to that of Damien Rice and David Gray . In March 2004 , with Blunt performing in the support role for Katie Melua in Manchester , Alex McCann of Designer Magazine wrote , " Blunt 's ascendance is a dead cert and this time next year it isn 't that far removed from reality to suggest that a number one album , Brit Award and countless accolade 's [ sic ] will be his for the taking . " After release of the album , concert support slots for Elton John and Lloyd Cole and the Commotions in late 2004 and early 2005 followed , as did a band residency at London club 93 Feet East . In March 2005 , his second single , " Wisemen , " was released . Blunt 's third single , " You 're Beautiful " , was his break @-@ out hit . The song debuted at number 12 in the UK , and rose all the way to number one six weeks later . The song also received huge airplay in the UK , propelling Back to Bedlam to number one on the UK Albums Chart . The extensive airplay ultimately led to Blunt and his co @-@ writers being awarded the Ivor Novello Award for Most Performed Work . After the success of " You 're Beautiful " in the UK , the song crossed over to mainland Europe , becoming one of the biggest hits of summer 2005 across the continent . In the US , " You 're Beautiful " made its debut in the summer of 2005 on WPLJ , a prominent radio station in New York City , despite not having been released to radio yet . The song was released to radio stations in the fall of 2005 and climbed into the Top 10 in three radio formats : Adult Contemporary Music , Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks , and Adult album alternative . Blunt became the first British artist to top the American singles chart in nearly a decade when " You 're Beautiful " reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2006 ; the last British artist to do so had been Elton John in 1997 with the song " Candle in the Wind 1997 " . " Goodbye My Lover " was released as the fourth UK single from the album in December 2005 , and the second US single . The songs " High " and " Wisemen " were subsequently re @-@ released in 2006 . Blunt started off 2006 celebrating five Brit Award nominations , going on to win Best British male solo artist and Best pop act categories , having already started an 11 @-@ month world tour . On 31 August , Blunt won two awards at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards , with " You 're Beautiful " winning the award for Best Male Video . In late 2005 , Blunt made appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show and as a musical guest on Saturday Night Live . Eight of the songs on the album were featured in television shows ( The O.C. , Grey 's Anatomy and many more ) , films ( Undiscovered ) , and advertising campaigns ( Hilton Hotels , Sprint telecommunications ) throughout 2005 and 2006 . Blunt performed " You 're Beautiful " at the 49th Grammy Awards in February 2007 , dedicating the song to the late Ahmet Ertegün of Atlantic Records , but he did not win in any of the five categories for which he had received nominations ( including Best New Artist , won by Carrie Underwood ) . The album eventually sold 11 @.@ 2 million copies and topped the album charts in 16 territories worldwide . It sold 2 @.@ 6 million in the U.S. and was certified 2 × platinum . In Britain the album sold over three million copies , was certified 10 × platinum , and entered the Guinness Book of World Records for the fastest selling album in one year . In 2005 , Blunt performed 90 live shows , mainly across the UK and Europe , and supported Jason Mraz in a North American tour . The " Back to Bedlam World Tour " started off in January 2006 , covering cities in Europe , the UK , Australia , New Zealand , and Japan , as well as three separate headline tours in North America , ending in November of that year . Not including promotional appearances , Blunt performed over 140 live shows in 2006 . The videos for all of Blunt 's singles from Back To Bedlam feature symbolism and dark imagery . In the first video for " High " , he is buried in a desert . In the first video for " Wisemen " , he is kidnapped and taken hostage . In the video for " You 're Beautiful " , he alludes to suicide by jumping off a cliff into the sea . In the " Goodbye My Lover " video , he is the outsider in a love triangle , imagining the couple , a man and woman ( played by Matt Dallas of Kyle XY and Mischa Barton of The O.C. ) together . The re @-@ release video for " High " features Blunt running in a forest . The re @-@ release video for " Wisemen " has Blunt burning identification papers , and then walking through a forest while he is on fire . Blunt appeared on an episode of Sesame Street which aired on 14 November 2007 , singing about triangles to the tune of " You 're Beautiful " . A parody of " You 're Beautiful " titled " You 're Pitiful " was recorded by Weird Al Yankovic . Blunt gave personal permission for this parody to be included on a Weird Al album , but Atlantic Records , Blunt 's label , stepped in to forbid the commercial release of the song . Weird Al has since made the song available as a free MP3 download on his website . In a request by Yankovic to include the song on an upcoming compilation CD , Blunt 's manager replied via email , " Thanks for your email , but both James and I will never approve this parody to be released on any label . " On 28 December 2009 , BBC Radio 1 announced that Back to Bedlam was the biggest selling album of the 2000s decade in the United Kingdom . = = = All the Lost Souls : 2007 – 2008 = = = Blunt 's second studio album , All the Lost Souls , was released on 17 September 2007 in the United Kingdom and one day later in North America . It sold 65 @,@ 000 units in its first week , and was certified gold in the UK after only four days . By the end of January 2008 , the album had sold 600 @,@ 000 copies in the UK , and 4 @.@ 5 million copies internationally . Blunt completed the album 's songs at his home in Ibiza in the winter of 2006 – 2007 . He performed five of the ten album tracks during his 2005 – 2006 tours ; lyrics , melodies , and harmonies were refined for the studio recording , on which his touring band played and Tom Rothrock worked as producer . While Blunt 's first album received little critical attention , critics from every major music publication , and newspapers around the world , weighed in on All the Lost Souls . The album was met with generally mixed to positive reviews , and maintains a 53 / 100 rating at Metacritic . " Eric Danton , of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and The Hartford Courant wrote that the album is " a collection so bland , it makes hardtack seem sumptuous " . However , Kerri Mason of Billboard said Blunt " shows the abandon and confidence of a long @-@ term artist , not just a one @-@ hit wonder " and continued " there is not a misstep throughout " . Equally effusive , Liz Hoggard of The Observer wrote that " it 's impossible to resist Blunt 's troubadour yearning . " The first single from All the Lost Souls , " 1973 " , was inspired by Blunt 's nights out at Pacha , an Ibiza club , which opened in that year . The song became another hit for Blunt reaching number one the Billboard European Hot 100 Singles chart . D.J. Pete Tong remixed " 1973 " and played the track during his set at Pacha over the summer of 2007 . The second single , " Same Mistake " , was released in early December 2007 but did not fare well in the UK charts , peaking at number 57 . It was Number one in Brazil and a hit in many South American countries . The third single from the album was " Carry You Home " , released in March 2008 , peaking at number 20 in the U.K charts and bringing the album back into the Top 10 , six months after its release . The fourth and final single from the original " All The Lost Souls " album was " I Really Want You " . Blunt collaborated twice during this album cycle . In late 2007 , he worked with French rapper Sinik . They released " Je Réalise " , which took elements of Blunt 's song " I 'll Take Everything " , which hit the top three in France . On 14 November 2008 , " Primavera in anticipo " , Laura Pausini 's new album , was released . The title track is a duet with Blunt . The album reached the Number one in Italy . Throughout 2007 and 2008 , Blunt went on his second world tour , including a performance in London 's O2 Arena . On 24 November 2008 , All The Lost Souls was re @-@ released as a deluxe edition , with new album artwork , new single " Love , Love , Love " and the documentary James Blunt : Return to Kosovo . = = = Some Kind of Trouble : 2010 – 2013 = = = Blunt 's third studio album titled Some Kind of Trouble , was released on 8 November 2010 . The album debuted at number four in the UK with over 100 @,@ 000 copies sold in the first week . The album 's first single " Stay the Night " was released on 27 October 2010 . The single did much better in Europe than the UK , sitting at number two on the European Airplay Chart for five consecutive weeks , but only charting at number 37 in the UK top 40 . The second single from the album , " So Far Gone " was released in the UK on 3 January 2011 . The third single from the album , " If Time Is All I Have " was released in the UK on 4 April 2011 . Overall critical reception has been mixed , with Allmusic saying , in a positive review , that " Some Kind of Trouble is a step in the right direction for Blunt , a move toward love songs free of pretension " whilst BBC Music felt " When all 's said , Some Kind of Trouble is not a terrible record by any means , but there 's little sense that Blunt has advanced , and equally little sense that it 'll make any difference to his bottom line . " As of February 2011 , worldwide sales stood at over one million copies . = = = Moon Landing : 2013 – present = = = Blunt 's fourth album , " Moon Landing " , was released on 18 October 2013 . It featured production from Back to Bedlam producer Tom Rothrock . The lead single , " Bonfire Heart " , debuted at number six before peaking at number two the following week in the UK Singles Chart . The single went to number 1 in Australia , Germany , Switzerland and Austria , and was in top 10 in several other countries . On 16 September 2014 , Blunt confirmed on his official Instagram account that Moon Landing would be re @-@ released on 3 November 2014 . The new version of the album was named Moon Landing - Apollo Edition and contained 19 tracks : 11 from the original disc , plus the three bonus tracks of the deluxe version ( Telephone , Kiss This Love Goodbye and Hollywood ) and five new tracks ( Smoke Signals , When I Find Love Again , Breathe , Trail of Broken Hearts and Working it Out ) . The new track When I Find Love Again was released as a single that same day , after being played on BBC 's Radio 2 for the first time . The official music video for When I Find Love Again was released on 14 October 2014 . The new version of the album also contains a 19 @-@ track live DVD recorded during Blunt 's performance in the 2014 edition of the Paléo Festival . On 3 May 2015 , Blunt was confirmed to be replacing Ronan Keating on the seventh season of The X Factor Australia . He was joined by American rock musician Chris Isaak and returning judges Guy Sebastian and Dannii Minogue . On 2 February 2016 , Blunt announced via his newsletter that work in his fifth album had just started . = = Personal life = = Blunt 's primary residence is in Ibiza . Blunt also owns a chalet in the Swiss town of Verbier , which he purchased in February 2007 , and has a ski lift named after him there . In 2012 , Blunt , Carl Fogarty and Lawrence Dallaglio opened a restaurant at the top of the chairlift called La Vache . On 8 February 2012 , Hugh Tomlinson QC , representing a number of victims of the News International phone hacking affair , informed the High Court that Blunt was one of six alleged victims who had filed for damages in civil cases . In September 2014 , Blunt married ( Alexandrina ) Sofia Wellesley , daughter of Lord and Lady John Wellesley , and grand @-@ daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington . On 9 October 2015 it was revealed that the couple were expecting their first child . At the Oxford Union in early June 2016 , Blunt revealed he had become a father . On 17 February 2016 , he received the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Music from the University of Bristol . = = Charitable and environmental causes = = Blunt is a patron of Help for Heroes , a charity that raises money to provide better facilities for wounded British servicemen , and has also held benefit concerts for this charity . Blunt also raises funds for the medical charity Médecins Sans Frontières ( MSF , or " Doctors Without Borders " ) . He first encountered the non @-@ governmental organization while on operations in Kosovo . Since then , Blunt has been an active supporter by holding meet @-@ and @-@ greet auctions at many of his concerts , and filming the documentary Return to Kosovo , in which he visited the people and places he had encountered while there . Blunt also supports environmental causes . He screened the trailer for An Inconvenient Truth at his concerts , and for each advance sales concert ticket purchased through his designated website , a tree is planted . On 7 July 2007 , Blunt performed at the Live Earth concert at Wembley Stadium , London . Blunt also contributed , with his vocals , to the charity single , " Everybody Hurts " in aid of the 2010 Haiti earthquake appeal . = = Discography = = Back to Bedlam ( 2004 ) All the Lost Souls ( 2007 ) Some Kind of Trouble ( 2010 ) Moon Landing ( 2013 ) 2016 TBA = = James Blunt Band = = The following musicians have performed with Blunt during his 2014 " Moon Landing " tour . Karl Brazil ( drums , backing vocals ) : 2004 — present Ben Castle ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) : 2005 — present John Garrison ( bass , guitar , backing vocals ) : 2007 — present Simon Lea ( drums ) : 2014 — present Christopher Pemberton ( keyboards , backing vocals ) : 2014 — present Morten Hellborn ( drums ) : 2015 = = = Former members = = = Daisy Blount ( backing vocals ) : 2004 Paul Freeman ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) : 2004 @-@ 2005 Malcolm Moore ( bass , backing vocals ) : 2004 — 2007 , 2010 — 2014 Paul Beard ( piano , keyboards , backing vocals ) : 2004 — 2014 = = Awards and nominations = = = = = Grammy Awards = = = = = = 2005 = = = MTV Europe Music Awards – Best New Act Q Awards – Best New Act Digital Music Awards – Best Pop Act = = = 2006 = = = NRJ Music Awards ( France ) – Best International Newcomer BRIT Awards – Best pop act and Best Male Vocalist ECHO Awards ( Germany ) – Best International Newcomer NME Awards – Worst Album MTV Australia Video Music Awards – Song of the Year for You 're Beautiful Ivor Novello Awards – Most Performed Work and International Hit of the Year MTV Video Music Awards – Best Male Video and Best Cinematography World Music Awards – Best New Artist in the World and Biggest Selling British Artist in the World Teen Choice Awards ( United States ) – Choice Music Male Artist Premios 40 Principales - Mejor Artista Revelación Internacional ( Nominated ) = = = 2007 = = = IFPI Hong Kong Top Sales Music Awards - Top 10 Best Selling Foreign Albums All the Lost Souls = = = 2008 = = = ECHO Awards ( Germany ) – Best International Male Artist = = = 2010 = = = Virgin Media Music Awards – The Hottes = = = 2011 = = = Elele Magazine Teen Idol of Turkey 2011 = = = 2016 = = = Honourary doctorate from the University of Bristol = Royal Society = The President , Council , and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge , commonly known as the Royal Society , is a learned society for science and is possibly the oldest such society still in existence . Founded in November 1660 , it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as " The Royal Society " . The Society is the United Kingdom 's and Commonwealth of Nations ' Academy of Sciences and fulfills a number of roles ; promoting science and its benefits , recognising excellence in science , supporting outstanding science , providing scientific advice for policy , fostering international and global cooperation , education and public engagement . The society is governed by its Council , which is chaired by the Society 's President , according to a set of statutes and standing orders . The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows , the basic members of the society , who are themselves elected by existing Fellows . There are currently about 1 @,@ 450 fellows , allowed to use the postnominal title FRS ( Fellow of the Royal Society ) , with up to 52 new fellows appointed each year . There are also royal fellows , honorary fellows and foreign members , the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS ( Foreign Member of the Royal Society ) . As of 2015 the Royal Society President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , who took up the post on November 30 , 2015 . Since 1967 , the society has been based at 6 – 9 Carlton House Terrace , a Grade I listed building in central London which was previously used by the Embassy of Germany , London . = = History = = = = = Founding and early years = = = The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers , meeting at variety of locations , including Gresham College in London . They were influenced by the " new science " , as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis , from approximately 1645 onwards . A group known as " The Philosophical Society of Oxford " was run under a set of rules still retained by the Bodleian Library . After the English Restoration , there were regular meetings at Gresham College . It is widely held that these groups were the inspiration for the foundation of the Royal Society . Another view of the founding , held at the time , was that it was due to the influence of French scientists and the Montmor Academy in 1657 , reports of which were sent back to England by English scientists attending . This view was held by Jean @-@ Baptiste du Hamel , Giovanni Domenico Cassini , Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and Melchisédech Thévenot at the time and has some grounding in that Henry Oldenburg , the society 's first secretary , had attended the Montmor Academy meeting . Robert Hooke , however , disputed this , writing that : [ Cassini ] makes , then , Mr Oldenburg to have been the instrument , who inspired the English with a desire to imitate the French , in having Philosophical Clubs , or Meetings ; and that this was the occasion of founding the Royal Society , and making the French the first . I will not say , that Mr Oldenburg did rather inspire the French to follow the English , or , at least , did help them , and hinder us . But ' tis well known who were the principal men that began and promoted that design , both in this city and in Oxford ; and that a long while before Mr Oldenburg came into England . And not only these Philosophic Meetings were before Mr Oldenburg came from Paris ; but the Society itself was begun before he came hither ; and those who then knew Mr Oldenburg , understood well enough how little he himself knew of philosophic matter . On 28 November 1660 , the 1660 committee of 12 announced the formation of a " College for the Promoting of Physico @-@ Mathematical Experimental Learning " , which would meet weekly to discuss science and run experiments . At the second meeting , Sir Robert Moray announced that the King approved of the gatherings , and a royal charter was signed on 15 July 1662 which created the " Royal Society of London " , with Lord Brouncker serving as the first president . A second royal charter was signed on 23 April 1663 , with the king noted as the founder and with the name of " the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge " ; Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November . This initial royal favour has continued and , since then , every monarch has been the patron of the society . The society 's early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by Denis Papin , who was appointed in 1684 . These experiments varied in their subject area , and were both important in some cases and trivial in others . The society also published an English translation of Essays of Natural Experiments Made in the Accademia del Cimento , under the Protection of the Most Serene Prince Leopold of Tuscany in 1684 , an Italian book documenting experiments at the Accademia del Cimento . Although meeting at Gresham College , the Society temporarily relocated to Arundel House in 1666 after the Great Fire of London , which did not harm Gresham but did lead to its appropriation by the Lord Mayor . The Society returned to Gresham in 1673 . There had been an attempt in 1667 to establish a permanent " college " for the society . Michael Hunter argues that this was influenced by " Solomon 's House " in Bacon 's New Atlantis and , to a lesser extent , by J. V. Andreae 's Christianopolis , dedicated research institutes , rather than the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge , since the founders only intended for the society to act as a location for research and discussion . The first proposal was given by John Evelyn to Robert Boyle in a letter dated 3 September 1659 ; he suggested a grander scheme , with apartments for members and a central research institute . Similar schemes were expounded by Bengt Skytte and later Abraham Cowley , who wrote in his Proposition for the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy in 1661 of a " ' Philosophical College " , with houses , a library and a chapel . The society 's ideas were simpler and only included residences for a handful of staff , but Hunter maintains an influence from Cowley and Skytte 's ideas . Henry Oldenburg and Thomas Sprat put forward plans in 1667 and Oldenburg 's co @-@ secretary , John Wilkins , moved in a council meeting on 30 September 1667 to appoint a committee " for raising contributions among the members of the society , in order to build a college " . These plans were progressing by November 1667 , but never came to anything , given the lack of contributions from members and the " unrealised — perhaps unrealistic " — aspirations of the society . = = = 18th century = = = During the 18th century , the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded ; with a small number of scientific " greats " compared to other periods , little of note was done . In the second half , it became customary for His Majesty 's Government to refer highly important scientific questions to the council of the society for advice , something that , despite the non @-@ partisan nature of the society , spilled into politics in 1777 over lightning conductors . The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749 , while Benjamin Wilson invented blunted ones . During the argument that occurred when deciding which to use , opponents of Franklin 's invention accused supporters of being American allies rather than being British , and the debate eventually led to the resignation of the society 's president , Sir John Pringle . During the same time period , it became customary to appoint society fellows to serve on government committees where science was concerned , something that still continues . The 18th century featured remedies to many of the society 's early problems . The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739 , the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of Sir Isaac Newton from 1703 until his death in 1727 , and editions of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society were appearing regularly . During his time as president , Newton arguably abused his authority ; in a dispute between himself and Gottfried Leibniz over the invention of infinitesimal calculus , he used his position to appoint an " impartial " committee to decide it , eventually publishing a report written by himself in the committee 's name . In 1705 , the society was informed that it could no longer rent Gresham College and began a search for new premises . After unsuccessfully applying to Queen Anne for new premises , and asking the trustees of Cotton House if they could meet there , the council bought two houses in Crane Court , Fleet Street , on 26 October 1710 . This included offices , accommodation and a collection of curiosities . Although the overall fellowship contained few noted scientists , most of the council were highly regarded , and included at various times John Hadley , William Jones and Hans Sloane . Because of the laxness of fellows in paying their subscriptions , the society ran into financial difficulty during this time ; by 1740 , the society had a deficit of £ 240 . This continued into 1741 , at which point the treasurer began dealing harshly with fellows who had not paid . The business of the society at this time continued to include the demonstration of experiments and the reading of formal and important scientific papers , along with the demonstration of new scientific devices and queries about scientific matters from both Britain and Europe . Some modern research has asserted that the claims of the society 's degradation during the 18th century are false . Richard Sorrenson writes that " far from having ' fared ingloriously ' , the society experienced a period of significant productivity and growth throughout the eighteenth century " , pointing out that many of the sources critical accounts are based on are in fact written by those with an agenda . While Charles Babbage wrote that the practice of pure mathematics in Britain was weak , laying the blame at the doorstep of the society , the practice of mixed mathematics was strong , and although there were not many eminent members of the society , some did contribute vast amounts – James Bradley , for example , established the nutation of the Earth 's axis with 20 years of detailed , meticulous astronomy . Politically within the society , the mid @-@ 18th century featured a " Whig supremacy " as the so @-@ called " Hardwicke Circle " of Whig @-@ leaning scientists held the society 's main Offices . Named after Lord Hardwicke , the groups members included Daniel Wray and Thomas Birch and was most prominent in the 1750s and 60s . The circle had Birch elected secretary and , following the resignation of Martin Folkes , the circle helped oversee a smooth transition to the presidency of Earl Macclesfield , whom Hardwicke helped elect . Under Macclesfield , the circle reached its " zenith " , with members such as Lord Willoughby and Birch serving as vice @-@ president and secretary respectively . The circle also influenced goings @-@ on in other learned societies , such as the Society of Antiquaries of London . After Macclesfield 's retirement , the circle had Lord Morton elected in 1764 and Sir John Pringle elected in 1772 . By this point , the previous Whig " majority " had been reduced to a " faction " , with Birch and Willoughby no longer involved , and the circle declined in the same time frame as the political party did in British politics under George III , falling apart in the 1780s . In 1780 , the society moved again , this time to Somerset House . The property was offered to the society by His Majesty 's Government and , as soon as Sir Joseph Banks became president in November 1778 , he began planning the move . Somerset House , while larger than Crane Court , was not satisfying to the fellows ; the room to store the library was too small , the accommodation was insufficient and there was not enough room to store the museum at all . As a result , the museum was handed to the British Museum in 1781 and the library was extended to two rooms , one of which was used for council meetings . = = = 19th century to the present = = = The early 19th century has been seen as a time of decline for the society ; of 662 fellows in 1830 , only 104 had contributed to the Philosophical Transactions . The same year , Charles Babbage published Reflections on the Decline of Science in England , and on Some of Its Causes , which was deeply critical of the Society . The scientific Fellows of the Society were spurred into action by this , and eventually James South established a Charters Committee " with a view to obtaining a supplementary Charter from the Crown " , aimed primarily at looking at ways to restrict membership . The Committee recommended that the election of Fellows take place on one day every year , that the Fellows be selected on consideration of their scientific achievements and that the number of fellows elected a year be limited to 15 . This limit was increased to 17 in 1930 and 20 in 1937 ; it is currently 52 . This had a number of effects on the Society : first , the Society 's membership became almost entirely scientific , with few political Fellows or patrons . Second , the number of Fellows was significantly reduced — between 1700 and 1850 , the number of Fellows rose from approximately 100 to approximately 750 . From then until 1941 , the total number of Fellows was always between 400 and 500 . The period did lead to some reform of internal Society statutes , such as in 1823 and 1831 . The most important change there was the requirement that the Treasurer publish an annual report , along with a copy of the total income and expenditure of the Society . These were to be sent to Fellows at least 14 days before the general meeting , with the intent being to ensure the election of competent Officers by making it readily apparent what existing Officers were doing . This was accompanied by a full list of Fellows standing for Council positions , where previously the names had only been announced a couple of days before . As with the other reforms , this helped ensure that Fellows had a chance to vet and properly consider candidates . The Society 's financial troubles were finally resolved in 1850 , when a government grant @-@ in @-@ aid of £ 1 @,@ 000 a year was accepted . This was increased to £ 4 @,@ 000 in 1876 , with the Society officially acting merely as the trustee for these funds , doling them out to individual scientists . This grant has now grown to over £ 47 million , some £ 37 million of which is to support around 370 fellowships and professorships . By 1852 , the congestion at Somerset House had increased thanks to the growing number of Fellows . Therefore , the Library Committee asked the Council to petition Her Majesty 's Government to find new facilities , with the advice being to bring all the scientific societies , such as the Linnean and Geological societies , under one roof . In August 1866 , the government announced their intention to refurbish Burlington House and move the Royal Academy and other societies there . The Academy moved in 1867 , while other societies joined when their facilities were built . The Royal Society moved there in 1873 , taking up residence in the East Wing . The top floor was used as accommodation for the Assistant Secretary , while the library was scattered over every room and the old caretaker 's apartment was converted into offices . One flaw was that there was not enough space for the office staff , which was then approximately eighty . When , for example , the Society organised the British contribution to the International Geophysical Year in 1954 , additional facilities had to be found for the staff outside Burlington House . On 22 March 1945 , the first female Fellows were elected to the Royal Society . This followed a statutory amendment in 1944 that read " Nothing herein contained shall render women ineligible as candidates " , and was contained in Chapter 1 of Statute 1 . Because of the difficulty of co @-@ ordinating all the Fellows during the Second World War , a ballot on making the change was conducted via the post , with 336 Fellows supporting the change and 37 opposing . Following approval by the Council , Marjory Stephenson , Kathleen Lonsdale and Edith Bülbring were elected as Fellows . = = Coat of arms = = The Coat of arms of the Royal Society is " in a dexter corner of a shield argent our three Lions of England , and for crest a helm adorned with a crown studded with florets , surmounted by an eagle of proper colour holding in one foot a shield charged with our lions : supporters two white hounds gorged with crowns " , with the motto of " nullius in verba " . John Evelyn , interested in the early structure of the society , had sketched out at least six possible designs , but in August 1662 Charles II told the society that it was allowed to use the arms of England as part of its coat and the society " now resolv 'd that the armes of the Society should be , a field Argent , with a canton of the armes of England ; the supporters two talbots Argent ; Crest , an eagle Or holding a shield with the like armes of England , viz . 3 lions . The words Nullius in verba " . This was approved by Charles , who asked Garter King of Arms to create a diploma for it , and when the second charter was signed on 22 April 1663 the arms were granted to the president , council and fellows of the society along with their successors . The helmet of the arms was not specified in the charter , but the engraver sketched out a peer 's helmet on the final design , which is used . This is contrary to the heraldic rules , as a society or corporation normally has an esquire 's helmet ; it is thought that either the engraver was ignorant of this rule , which was not strictly adhered to until around 1615 , or that he used the peer 's helmet as a compliment to Lord Brouncker , a peer and the first President of the Royal Society . = = Motto = = The society 's motto , Nullius in verba , is Latin for " Take nobody 's word for it " . It was adopted to signify the fellows ' determination to establish facts via experiments and comes from Horace 's Epistles , where he compares himself to a gladiator who , having retired , is free from control . = = Functions and activities = = The Society has a variety of functions and activities . It supports modern science by disbursing nearly £ 42 million to fund approximately 600 research fellowships for both early and late career scientists , along with innovation , mobility and research capacity grants . Its Awards , prize lectures and medals all come with prize money intended to finance research , and it provides subsidised communications and media skills courses for research scientists . Much of this activity is supported by a grant from the Department for Business , Innovation and Skills , most of which is channeled to the University Research Fellowships . In 2008 , the Society opened the Royal Society Enterprise Fund , intended to invest in new scientific companies and be self @-@ sustaining , funded ( after an initial set of donations on the 350th anniversary of the Society ) by the returns from its investments . Through its Science Policy Centre , the Society acts as an advisor to the European Commission and the United Nations on matters of science . It publishes several reports a year , and serves as the Academy of Sciences of the United Kingdom . Since the middle of the 18th century , government problems involving science were irregularly referred to the Society , and by 1800 it was done regularly . = = Publishing = = The society introduced the world 's first journal exclusively devoted to science in 1665 , Philosophical Transactions , and in so doing originated the peer review process now widespread in scientific journals . Its founding editor was Henry Oldenburg , the society 's first secretary . Through Royal Society Publishing , the society publishes the following journals : Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A ( mathematics and the physical sciences ) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B ( biological sciences ) Proceedings of the Royal Society A Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biology Letters Open Biology Royal Society Open Science Journal of the Royal Society Interface Interface Focus Notes and Records : the Royal Society journal of the history of science Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society Philosophical Transactions is the oldest and longest @-@ running scientific journal in the world , having first been published in March 1665 by the first secretary of the society , Henry Oldenburg . It now publishes themed issues on specific topics and is currently divided into two parts ; A , which deals with mathematics and the physical sciences , and B , which deals with the biological sciences . Proceedings of the Royal Society consists of freely submitted research articles and is similarly divided into two parts . Biology Letters publishes short research articles and opinion pieces on all areas of biology and was launched in 2005 . Journal of the Royal Society Interface publishes cross @-@ disciplinary research at the boundary between the physical and life sciences , while Interface Focus , publishes themed issue in the same areas . Notes and Records is the Society 's journal on the history of science . Biographical Memoirs is published annually and contains extended obituaries of deceased Fellows . Open Biology is an open access journal covering biology at the molecular and cellular level . Royal Society Open Science is an open access journal publishing high @-@ quality original research across the entire range of science on the basis of objective peer @-@ review . All the society 's journals are peer @-@ reviewed . = = Structure and governance = = The society is governed by its council , which is chaired by the society 's president , according to a set of statutes and standing orders . The members of council , the president and the other officers are elected from and by its fellowship . = = = Fellows = = = The society 's core members are the fellows : scientists and engineers from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth selected based on having made " a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge , including mathematics , engineering science and medical science " . Fellows are elected for life and gain the right to use the postnominal Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) . The rights and responsibilities of fellows also include a duty to financially contribute to the society , the right to stand for council posts and the right to elect new fellows . Up to 52 fellows are elected each year and in 2014 there were about 1 @,@ 450 living members in total . Election to the fellowship is decided by ten sectional committees ( each covering a subject area or set of subjects areas ) which consist of existing fellows . The society also elects royal fellows , honorary fellows and foreign members . Royal fellows are those members of the British Royal Family , representing the British monarchy 's role in promoting and supporting the society , who are recommended by the society 's council and elected via postal vote . There are currently five royal fellows : The Duke of Edinburgh , The Prince of Wales , The Duke of Kent , the Princess Royal , and The Duke of Cambridge . Honorary fellows are people who are ineligible to be elected as fellows but nevertheless have " rendered signal service to the cause of science , or whose election would significantly benefit the Society by their great experience in other walks of life " . Six honorary fellows have been elected to date , including Baroness O 'Neill of Bengarve . Foreign members are scientists from non @-@ Commonwealth nations " who are eminent for their scientific discoveries and attainments " . Eight are elected each year by the society and also hold their membership for life . Foreign members are permitted to use the post @-@ nominal ForMemRS ( Foreign Member of the Royal Society ) and currently number about 140 . The appointment of fellows was first authorised in the second charter , issued on 22 April 1663 , which allowed the president and council , in the two months following the signing , to appoint as fellows any individuals they saw fit . This saw the appointment of 94 fellows on 20 May and 4 on 22 June ; these 98 are known as the " Original Fellows " . After the expiration of this two @-@ month period any appointments were to be made by the president , council and existing fellows . Many early fellows were not scientists or particularly eminent intellectuals ; it was clear that the early society could not rely on financial assistance from the king , and scientifically trained fellows were few and far between . It was therefore necessary to secure the favour of wealthy or important individuals for the society 's survival . While the entrance fee of £ 4 and the subscription rate of one shilling a week should have produced £ 600 a year for the society , many fellows paid neither regularly nor on time . Two @-@ thirds of the fellows in 1663 were non @-@ scientists ; this rose to 71 @.@ 6 % in 1800 before dropping to 47 @.@ 4 % in 1860 as the financial security of the society became more certain . In May 1846 , a committee recommended limiting the annual intake of members to 15 and insisting on scientific eminence ; this was implemented , with the result being that the society now consists exclusively of scientific fellows . = = = Council = = = The council is a body of 21 fellows , including the officers ( the president , the treasurer , two secretaries — one from the physical sciences , one from life sciences — and the foreign secretary ) , one fellow to represent each sectional committee and seven other fellows . The council is tasked with directing the society 's overall policy , managing all business related to the society , amending , making or repealing the society 's standing orders and acting as trustees for the society 's possessions and estates . Members are elected annually via a postal ballot , and current standing orders mean that at least ten seats must change hands each year . The council may establish ( and is assisted by ) a variety of committees , which can include not only fellows but also outside scientists . Under the charter , the president , two secretaries and the treasurer are collectively the officers of the society . The current officers are : President : Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Treasurer : Anthony Cheetham Biological Secretary : Sir John Skehel Physical Secretary : Alex Halliday Foreign Secretary : Sir Martyn Poliakoff . = = = President = = = The President of the Royal Society is head of both the society and the council . The details for the presidency were set out in the second charter and initially had no limit on how long a president could serve for ; under current society statute , the term is five years . The current president is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , who took over from Paul Nurse on 30 November 2015 . Historically , the duties of the president have been both formal and social . The Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 left the president as one of the few individuals capable of certifying that a particular experiment on an animal was justified . In addition , the president is to act as the government 's chief ( albeit informal ) advisor on scientific matters . Yet another task is that of entertaining distinguished foreign guests and scientists . = = = Permanent staff = = = The society is assisted by a number of full @-@ time paid staff . The original charter provided for " two or more Operators of Experiments , and two or more clerks " ; as the number of books in the society 's collection grew , it also became necessary to employ a curator . The staff grew as the financial position of the society improved , mainly consisting of outsiders , along with a small number of scientists who were required to resign their fellowship on employment . The current senior members of staff are : Executive Director : Julie Maxton Director of Science Policy : Claire Craig Publishing Director : Stuart Taylor Chief Strategy Officer : Lesley Miles Chief Financial Officer : Mary Daly Director of International Affairs : Rapela Zaman Director of Communications : Bill Hartnett Director of Grants : Paul McDonald Director of Development : Jennifer Cormack = = Carlton House Terrace = = The premises at 6 – 9 Carlton House Terrace is a Grade I listed building and the current headquarters of the Royal Society , which had moved there from Burlington House in 1967 . The ground floor and basement are used for ceremonies , social and publicity events , the first floor hosts facilities for Fellows and Officers of the Society , and the second and third floors are divided between offices and accommodation for the President , Executive Secretary and Fellows . The first Carlton House was named after Baron Carleton , and was sold to Lord Chesterfield in 1732 , who held it on trust for Frederick , Prince of Wales . Frederick held his court there until his death in 1751 , after which it was occupied by his widow until her death in 1772 . In 1783 , the then @-@ Prince of Wales George bought the house , instructing his architect Henry Holland to completely remodel it . When George became King , he authorised the demolition of Carlton House , with the request that the replacement be a residential area . John Nash eventually completed a design that saw Carlton House turned into two blocks of houses , with a space in between them . The building is still owned by the Crown Estates and leased by the Society ; it underwent a major renovation from 2001 to 2004 at the cost of £ 9 @.@ 8 million , and was re @-@ opened by the Prince of Wales on 7 July 2004 . Carlton House Terrace underwent a series of renovations between 1999 and November 2003 to improve and standardise the property . New waiting , exhibition and reception rooms were created in the house at No.7 , using the Magna Boschi marble found in No.8 , and greenish grey Statuario Venato marble was used in other areas to standardise the design . An effort was also made to make the layout of the buildings easier , consolidating all the offices on one floor , Fellows ' Rooms on another and all the accommodation on a third . = = Kavli Royal Society International Centre = = In 2009 Chicheley Hall , a Grade I listed building located near Milton Keynes , was bought by the Royal Society for £ 6 @.@ 5 million , funded in part by the Kavli Foundation . The Royal Society spent several million on renovations adapting it to become the Kavli Royal Society International Centre , a venue for residential science seminars . The centre held its first scientific meeting on 1 June 2010 and was formally opened on 21 June 2010 . = = Honours = = The Royal Society presents numerous awards , lectures and medals to recognise scientific achievement . The oldest is the Croonian Lecture , created in 1701 at the request of the widow of William Croone , one of the founding members of the Royal Society . The Croonian Lecture is still awarded on an annual basis , and is considered the most important Royal Society prize for the biological sciences . Although the Croonian Lecture was created in 1701 , it was first awarded in 1738 , seven years after the Copley Medal . The Copley Medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use and is awarded for " outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science " . = = = Citation = = = = Harrisburg , Illinois = Harrisburg ( / ˈhærɪsbɜːrɡ / or / ˈhɛərzbərɡ / ) is a city in and the county seat of Saline County , Illinois , United States . It is located about 57 miles ( 92 km ) southwest of Evansville , Indiana and 111 miles ( 179 km ) southeast of St. Louis , Missouri . The 2010 population was 9 @,@ 017 , and the surrounding Harrisburg Township had a population of 10 @,@ 790 , including the city residents . Harrisburg is included in the Illinois @-@ Indiana @-@ Kentucky Tri @-@ State Area and is the principal city in the Harrisburg Micropolitan Statistical Area with a combined population of 24 @,@ 913 . Located at the concurrency of U.S. Route 45 , Illinois Route 13 , Illinois Route 145 , and Illinois Route 34 , Harrisburg is known as the " Gateway to the Shawnee National Forest " , and is also known for the Ohio River flood of 1937 , the old Crenshaw House ( also known as the Old Slave House ) , the Tuttle Bottoms Monster , prohibition @-@ era gangster Charlie Birger , and the 2012 EF4 tornado . A Cairo and Vincennes Railroad boomtown , the city was one of the leading bituminous coal mining distribution hubs of the American Midwest between 1900 and 1937 . At its peak , Harrisburg had a population that reached 16 @,@ 000 by the early 1930s . The city had one of the largest downtown districts in Southern Illinois . The city was the 20th @-@ most populated city in Illinois outside of the Chicago Metropolitan Area and the most @-@ populous city in Southern Illinois outside of the Metro East in 1930 . However , the city has seen an economic decline due to the decreased demand for high @-@ sulfur coal , the removal of the New York Central railroad , and tributary lowlands leaving much area around the city unfit for growth due to flood risks . = = Historical perspective = = = = = Pioneer and native coexistence = = = At the beginning of recorded American history , the Harrisburg area was inhabited by several Algonquian tribes , including the Shawnee and Piankashaw , who lived in the dense inland forests . Prior to the arrival of white settlers , the Piankashaw tribe was driven out by the more aggressive Shawnee . European settlement in Illinois began with the French from 1690 and reached its peak about 1750 , mainly along the Mississippi River . English speaking settlers arrived in 1790 . The French came as merchants and missionaries , with farming supplementing the need for trade . The result had benefited both the settlers and the Native Americans . The American migration , however , followed treaties which resulted in land being distributed through English Law , ignoring previous indigenous rights . Encroachment ensued and caused hard feelings between the Indians and the settlers who moved into the interior and along migration routes . Many of the Indians allied themselves with the British to resist , though trade with the Americans was an important reason why the Native Americans remained largely peaceful . The town of Harrisburg was platted a few miles south of the junction of the Goshen and Shawneetown – Kaskaskia Trail , two of the first pioneer trade routes in the state . Prior to the War of 1812 , most of the population of today 's Saline County lived in cabins clustered around blockhouses to protect against Indian attack and dangerous wildlife such as wild cats and bears . Permanent settlements in the forested area were inevitable with the influx of more settlers , and the first land entry was made in 1814 by John Wren and Hankerson Rude . By 1840 the settlers outnumbered the Native Americans , and most of the black bear population of the county had been killed off by 1845 . = = = Controversial founding = = = Founded at the start of the Second Industrial Revolution , Harrisburg was plotted shortly after Saline County was established in 1847 from part of Gallatin County . The city was named for James Alexander Harris , who had built a farmhouse and planted a corn field in a clearing in the area of the current city square around 1820 . Harris along with John Pankey , James P. Yandell , and John X. Cain , donated land for the first additions of the town to a special committee at Liberty Baptist Church in 1852 , after complaints that the county seat should be centralized in the county . The county seat then was in Raleigh . The county 's two main population centers were divided by the Saline River and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of thicket . There were no roads in the county and many residents from the areas of Carrier Mills and Stonefort became lost when traveling to the northern settlements of Raleigh , Galatia , and Eldorado . The designated town plat was considered due to its aesthetic properties , a 60 @-@ foot ( 18 m ) sandstone bluff overlooking the Saline River valley called " Crusoe 's Island " . Although it was heavily timbered with oak and hickory with an impenetrable hazel underbrush , the site was at the geographical center of the county . A major legal battle took place within the county government because of voter fraud accusations by the people of Raleigh . Nevertheless , Harrisburg was plotted as a village on 20 acres ( 80 @,@ 940 m2 ) in 1853 and became the county seat in 1859 . = = = Industrial origins = = = Between 1860 and 1865 southern cotton became unavailable during the Civil War , Harrisburg was one of the few cities in the Upland South during this time to have woolen mills , making the town an industrial asset early on to Southern Illinois . Several planing mills and flour mills also dotted the city . The Cairo and Vincennes Railroad was completed in 1872 by Ambrose Burnside , and American Civil War , Union Army , brigadier general Green Berry Raum , who was living in Harrisburg at that time . Robert King , an early proprietor , opened a brick and tile factory at the southern terminus of Main Street in 1896 with the capacity of carrying out 15 @,@ 000 bricks every 10 hours . Harrisburg also saw the opening of several saw mills . The Snellbaker and Company Saw Mill and Lumber Yard opened in 1895 , as well did J.B Ford Harrisburg Planing Mill the same year . The mill had the capacity of producing 10 @,@ 000 board feet ( 23 @.@ 6 m3 ) of lumber every 10 hours . The Barnes Lumber Company in Harrisburg started as a sawmill operation in 1899 . Since 1904 it has retailed a complete line of lumber and building materials and is the oldest , currently active mill in the city . The Woolcott Milling Company , operated by J.H Woolcott and J.C Wilson built a flour mill in 1874 , on the now defunct south Woolcott Street , with rail spur , behind the current Parker Plaza , that had 23 grain elevators and the capacity of carrying out 200 barrels of flour in a 24 @-@ hour period and up to 400 by 1907 , with a new 75 @,@ 000 @-@ US @-@ bushel ( 2 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 L ) tower . The exchange market was located in Carrier Mills . Located on Commercial Street across the tracks from the train depot , The Southern Illinois Milling & Elevator Company was incorporated on July 29 , 1891 by Philip H. Eisenmayer , with a capital stock of $ 50 @,@ 000 . The company had two elevators , erected at a cost of $ 125 @,@ 000 , one of which had a capacity of 25 @,@ 000 US bushels ( 881 @,@ 000 L ) and the other a capacity of 100 @,@ 000 bushels . Their milling capacity was six hundred barrels per day . Twenty @-@ five men were employed in the operations of the mill and elevators , in addition to a force of from six to eight men regularly employed in the cooperage department . During the Reconstruction Era , when economic conditions made impractical the growing of cotton , lumbering and tobacco growing ( which pioneers found profitable commercially ) , grain farming by crop rotation , dairying , reforestation , merchandising and manufacturing , and Coal mining especially , began to occupy the city . In 1889 , with a population of 1 @,@ 500 , Harrisburg became a city , with an aldermanic form of government . It adopted the commission form in 1915 . Despite these early industrial advantages over other cities in the region , the Sanborn Map company still referred to the water facilities and road conditions within the city limits , " Not good , and not paved " up to 1900 . = = = Coal and rail era = = = First slope mine operations began in 1854 southeast of Harrisburg . During the early years , the coal was transported by wagon to local homes and businesses for heating . Coal Mining became an important industry for the post @-@ Antebellum , now Gilded Age city . The Cairo and Vincennes Railroad was completed in 1872 and provided transportation for coal and the miners who tired away underground . After a series of corporate transactions brought the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad into the hands of the Cleveland , Cincinnati , Chicago & St. Louis Railway around 1890 , with Illinois state representative Charles P Skaggs as mayor , Harrisburg evolved into one of the leading coal @-@ mining centers of the Midwest . Harrisburg was a strategic spot on the railroad route with a large hump yard , making it the focal point for the most productive coal field operations . Some of the most profitable coal companies that operated around Harrisburg were Big Creek Coal , Harrisburg Coal and O 'Gara Coal . Each one with their own sizable rail yards . O 'gara was a Progressive Era coal company owned by Thomas J. O 'gara of Chicago . He purchased and annexed 23 privately owned mines in the Harrisburg coal field which equaled 50 @,@ 000 acres ( 200 km2 ) of land . The Company based its headquarters in Harrisburg in 1905 . O 'gara only owned 12 operating mines , all in Saline County , but they had an annual output of 7 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 tons . 6 @,@ 000 men were employed in a field capacity and the pay roll disbursement was $ 150 @,@ 000 per month . The company paid $ 10 @,@ 000 monthly royalty . H. Thomas was the company 's general manager of mines , Ed Ghent its chief engineer and D. B. McGehee the assistant general manager . By 1905 , several small slope mines and 15 shaft mines operated in the county . Most were along the railroad line . Large numbers of immigrants from England , Wales , and eastern Europe , looking for work , detrained at the Harrisburg Train Depot ; crowding around quickly expanding mining villages directly outside of the city , such as Muddy , Wasson , Harco and Ledford . The city 's population quickly expanded from 5 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 in a few years . By 1906 , the Big four / CCC & STL Railroad became the New York Central , and Saline County was producing more than 500 @,@ 000 tons of coal annually with more than 5000 miners at work . In 1915 the Ringling Brothers Circus made an appearance in Harrisburg . In 1913 the Southern Illinois Railway and Power Company operated an interurban trolley line , that ran from downtown Eldorado , into Muddy , Wasson , Beulah Heights , through downtown Harrisburg , Dorrisville , Ledford and into downtown Carrier Mills , all of which had larger residential areas than present . In 1917 there were plans to extend the line westward to Marion and Carbondale to connect to the Coal Belt Co. line , and then run it towards St. Louis . The trolley wire through the county was 16 feet ( 5 m ) high . It was an off branch of the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad . The corporation erected the first electrical generating plant in Muddy , Illinois . The Central Illinois Public Service Company purchased the Muddy Power Station in 1916 . It had a generating capacity of 7 @,@ 500 kilowatts . After removing an original 2 @,@ 500 @-@ kilowatt unit , the company added two 5 @,@ 000 @-@ kilowatt turbine @-@ generators and one 10 @,@ 000 kilowatt unit , bringing the stations total capacity to 25 @,@ 000 kilowatts in 1922 . Electricity generated at the station was distributed over 66 @-@ kv , double circuit steel tower transmission lines extending to West Frankfort to the west , the Ohio River to the east , and Olney to the north . The plant had two impounding reservoirs which covered 80 acres ( 320 @,@ 000 m2 ) and held 320 million gallons of water . The community benefited from the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties , flaunting the most extravagant displays of wealth in the city 's history . The 230 @-@ foot ( 70 m ) neon red tower belonging to the WEBQ @-@ A.M. radio station was the tallest structure in the city and could be seen for miles . Harrisburg had just finished the new three @-@ story Horning Hotel around 1920 , and two new theaters with a combined total of 1 @,@ 600 seats : the Orpheum and the Grand the same year . The eight @-@ story Harrisburg National Bank building , the O 'Gara Coal Headquarters , the Cummins Office building , and the four @-@ story Harrisburg Hospital were all built in 1923 . A new four @-@ story city hall building was constructed in 1927 , and a complex highway system was constructed through the city , with Illinois Route 13 and Illinois Route 34 constructed in 1918 ; U.S. Route 45 and Illinois Route 145 constructed in 1925 – 1926 . During this time the city expanded to 15 @,@ 000 people . The annexation of Dorrisville and Dorris Heights created blue collar , multiple , and single family homes filling in between . On Vine Street south of the town square was " Wiskey Chute " , a saloon vice district for local miners . It was also during this time that the town was home to prohibition @-@ era bootlegger Charles Birger , whose gang was said to have protected local business owners better than the law enforcement . For a time , the gangster 's prized Tommy gun was displayed in a glass case in the City Hall . The geography around Harrisburg changed indefinitely , with coal areas producing a surface mining landscape the size of San Jose , California , roughly 172 sq mi ( 450 km2 ) , aptly named The Harrisburg Coal Field . The field completely encased the towns of Carrier Mills and Harrisburg , while creating partial borders to Stonefort , Galatia , and Raleigh . Near the mines were gob piles that spontaneously combusted . The horizon around the city for many years flickered with burning coal refuse . = = = Slow economic decline = = = Harrisburg reached its peak population of 15 @,@ 659 in 1930 , making it the 20th most populated city outside of the Chicago Metropolitan Area , in Illinois , and the most populous city in Southern Illinois outside of the metro @-@ east . If the city combined the service communities bordering Harrisburg such as Ledford and Muddy , the population would have been even greater at 26 @,@ 000 , and Saline county as a whole reached nearly 40 @,@ 000 people . Even with the economic downturn during the Great depression , with business owners and industrial firms closing shop , the city continued to thrive due to its enormous coal industry . On June 17 , 1936 , Eleanor Roosevelt visited Harrisburg to observe work of the WPA and delivered a speech in the packed High School gymnasium . The heyday ended quickly when the Ohio River flood of 1937 left 4 @,@ 000 within the city homeless and 80 % of the city inundated . Many flooded mines were deemed condemned which left the local economy crippled . In 1938 , the state of Illinois had completed one of the largest operations of its kind ever attempted in the United States , the removal of more than two and a half billion gallons of flood water from Sahara mine No. 3 . Soon the Southern Illinois Railway and Power company was bought by the Central Illinois Public Service Company . The inter @-@ urban line was abandoned in 1933 after 20 years of service . After the decommission of the Interurban line , Harrisburg opened the Harrisburg @-@ Dorrisville Bus Co . , which was a private predecessor bus company to the current Rides Mass Transit District which was opened in 1980 . Between 1930 and 1940 the city lost 27 % of its overall population . Immediately after World War II new coal companies , Peabody , Bluebird , and Sahara starting mining within the city . The war created a great demand for energy , which was satisfied by expanded strip mining operations throughout the Harrisburg Coal Fields . Shortly after World War II , it became clear that coal was losing favor to other energy sources such as oil and natural gas . In contrast to other cities in the United States that prospered in the post @-@ war boom , the fortunes of Saline County began to quickly diminish . Harry Truman stopped briefly in Harrisburg during his whistlestop tour in September 30 , 1948 , giving some hope for economic recovery for the region . Without hesitating , the long parade of police , buses , and accompanying cars sped through town . Poplar street , at that time the main drag through town , was crowded with multitudes of persons for its entire length . It was reported by the Daily Register Newspaper that cars were lined along Route 13 all the way from Marion and on to Eldorado on Route 45 . In 1950 Assistant State Attorney General of Illinois , George N. Leighton , Represented parents in a proceeding which desegregated the public schools of Harrisburg . On December 1 , 1953 , WSIL @-@ TV 3 was founded and based out of the city . The station built the 503 ft ( 153.4m ) , WSIL tower in downtown which was one of the tallest television towers in the state at the time and is still the tallest structure in the city . By 1957 , the Egyptian was the last passenger train to travel through the city . Between 1940 and 1960 Harrisburg lost another 20 % of its population due to economic standstill . With only 9100 people left in the city that once had 16 @,@ 000 , then Senator John F. Kennedy made a campaign stop on October 3 , 1960 . Speaking at the Saline County Court House he said " This district , which is built on the land and which has been nourished by the land , personifies the kind of problems which I think the United States is going to face in the 1960s . This district has depended in the main for its resources , its growth , its wealth , upon the minerals underground and upon the food that is grown on the ground . And those are those industries that have faced serious problems in the 1960s . " Later during the same speech after addressing agriculture Senator Kennedy stated " Farmers could farm and work in the cities and towns , but this year we have the highest unemployment that we have had in any months of August and September , the three Augusts and Septembers preceding the recession of 1949 , 1954 , and 1958 , and this district knows this problem well , because this district has lost 60 @,@ 000 people in the last 10 years . " By 1968 with hopes of bringing a new influx of coal mining into the city , Sahara Coal Company ordered the Bucyrus @-@ Eerie " GEM of Egypt " strip mine shovel , one of the largest in the world at 8 @-@ stories high and weighing 1 @,@ 000 tons . It took three men to operate it , and its bucket capacity was 30 cubic yards . Even with such great efforts coal mining continued to dwindle within the community . The train depot was razed in 1972 and all coal freight was ordered out of the Harrisburg Hump Yard by 1973 . During the 1970s and 1980s , many of the city @-@ square storefronts and mini @-@ plazas became vacant and were slowly abandoned as large Chain stores and Strip malls on Commercial Street became the dominant venues for shopping and entertainment , hoping to bring an influx of travelers from the main highway . The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 legislation forced many utility companies in the United States to switch to low @-@ sulfur coal . In response Harrisburg 's already waning economy took a severe downturn . The freight yard closed in 1982 , Sahara Coal company shut down operations in 1993 , 865 jobs were lost in the county that year . This ended the reign of big coal in Harrisburg , a way of life for residents for over 100 years . The Cairo and Vincennes Railroad / Cleveland , Cincinnati , Chicago and St. Louis Railway system tracks were taken up in the late 1980s and replaced by the Tunnel Hill State Trail in 1996 . = = = Post @-@ coal economy = = = In 1984 , a respected local physician , John Dale Cavaness , was charged with the murder of his two sons for insurance money . The case was chronicled in the book by Darcy O 'Brien , Murder in Little Egypt . Soon Pioneer history was showcased at the Saline County Area Historical Museum on the city 's southern edge . The 3 @-@ acre ( 12 @,@ 000 m2 ) site includes the three @-@ story high Old Pauper Home , which was once part of the county 's 170 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 69 km2 ) poor farm , built in 1877 . The site also features a variety of cabins , a one @-@ room school house , a small church and other historic buildings that have been acquired , moved to the site and restored . The Harrisburg @-@ Raleigh Airport is located approximately four miles north of Harrisburg on Highway 34 . The Harrisburg @-@ Raleigh Airport Authority operates the airport . The Airport has two runways – 32 / 14 and 6 / 24 . Runway 24 includes a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 300 m ) extension , bringing the runway to 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) with a GPS @-@ RNAV approach . Two industrial zones were set up within the township in 1974 by the Saline County Industrial Development Co . , one located in Dorrisville , and the other located near the Harrisburg @-@ Raleigh Airport . The one in Dorrisville had the advantage of rail spur prior to the removal of the New York Central tracks . A Tax Increment Finance district was built on the property of the old rail yard north of the city where the Harrisburg Professional Park was built . The 2000s saw a slight economic boom to the city . The industrial base within the city , while most were not coal related , gave opportunity to a number of city residents . American Coal and Arclar , the only two coal mines in the county were producing low sulfur coal as an energy resource . Kerr @-@ McGee Coal Corporation 's Galatia Complex was purchased by the American Coal Company in 1998 . American Coal employed about 580 workers , while Arclar employed 175 persons . Nationwide Glove Factory employed 225 persons , and American Needle was the second @-@ largest non coal company with 125 workers . Southern Truss and Harrisburg Truss companies employed together 100 employees manufacturing building components . In 2008 construction on the Harrisburg Wal @-@ Mart Supercenter was completed . Wal @-@ Mart will give $ 21 @,@ 950 in grants to the Anna Bixby Women 's Center , Bridge Medical Clinic , CASA of Saline County , Harrisburg District Library , Harrisburg Police Department , Harvest Deliverance Center Food Pantry , Regional Superintendent of Schools , Saline County Senior Citizens Council and Saline County Sheriff 's Department . The building is 184 @,@ 000 square feet ( 17 @,@ 100 m2 ) and added 150 new jobs to the county . The Supercenter became the second @-@ largest employer in the city , with 340 employees on its payroll . A new strip mall was completed on the south side of town , and Parker Plaza , the oldest shopping center in town was renovated with a new facade to promote commercial growth in the city . Things slowly took a turn for the worse when former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich 's decision to move a division of I @-@ DOT to Southern Illinois was overturned by his successor Pat Quinn . The decision outraged lawmakers in Springfield . A lawsuit was filed to stop the move to Harrisburg . Matters were exacerbated when videos of the new home for the IDOT traffic safety division being surrounded by water surfaced on YouTube in late 2007 . The early 2010s saw a series of unfortunate economic events for the city . In December 2010 , Harrisburg 's AMC , formerly Kerasotes ' Cinema 4 theater , closed . This was the first time Harrisburg had been without a cinema since 1920 . After release of the 2010 census , in February 2011 , the city learned that its population had dropped to a low of 9 @,@ 017 people , an 8 @.@ 5 percent decrease . It was the lowest population since the pre @-@ coal boom of 1900 . Harrisburg also suffered from numerous scandals involving the school district and police department . In 2011 , the Chief Deputy of the Saline County Sheriffs Department was sentenced to prison for sexually abusing a high school student who was working as an intern . The biggest hit was in late February 2012 , an EF4 tornado hit Harrisburg during the 2012 Leap Day tornado outbreak . The southern part of the city was heavily damaged , with houses and businesses destroyed , many of which were completely leveled . Eight people were killed and 110 were injured by that tornado . In November 2012 a decision was made to close Willow Lake Mine , one of the last remaining mines in Saline County , putting 400 employees out of work . In 2016 , after the 2015 election of Mayor Dale Fowler , Harrisburg opened a brand new theater on the north side of town , and unveiled park plaza , gateway for southeastern Illinois entertainment and culture downtown . The initiative was to bring more people downtown . Mayer Fowler wanted to start promoting Harrisburg as the destination capital of southeastern Illinois . A new movie theater and a family entertainment outlet , Z @-@ Factor , also opened , Fowler said he was preparing new announcements including the opening of new restaurants on top of other established draws including a state @-@ of @-@ art gun range . Harrisburg continues to be the retail hub of Saline County . It holds the nearest shopping centers , restaurants , churches , gas stations , banks , and other commerce within miles . However , industrial jobs are scarce . = = Demographics = = According to the 2010 census , there were 9 @,@ 017 people living within the city limits . Of the 8 @,@ 765 persons who identified with one race , 7 @,@ 983 ( 88 @.@ 5 % ) were white , 589 ( 6 @.@ 5 % ) were black or African @-@ American , 45 American Indian , 74 Asian , 8 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islanders , and 66 who claimed some other race . The Hispanic population was 209 ( 2 @.@ 3 % ) . There were 4 @,@ 193 total housing units ; 3 @,@ 753 ( 89 @.@ 5 % ) were occupied and 440 ( 10 @.@ 5 % ) vacant . = = Geography and cityscape = = Harrisburg is located at 37 ° 44 ′ 2 ″ N 88 ° 32 ′ 45 ″ W ( 37 @.@ 733765 , -88.545873 ) . According to the 2010 census , Harrisburg has a total area of 6 @.@ 759 square miles ( 17 @.@ 51 km2 ) , of which 6 @.@ 55 square miles ( 16 @.@ 96 km2 ) ( or 96 @.@ 91 % ) is land and 0 @.@ 209 square miles ( 0 @.@ 54 km2 ) ( or 3 @.@ 09 % ) is water . The square in the center of town , as well as Dorrisville and Gaskins City , stand on top of a series of sandstone bluffs that were once islands rising above natural lowlands , 338 feet ( 103 m ) above sea level , dredged by the middle fork of the Saline River . The Saline River was a navigable river used by early settlers for transportation to and from Salt Works just east of Harrisburg . The Saline flowed towards the Ohio and flooded every spring in events called Freshets . The locals called the island " Crusoe 's Island " . When the area was drained , homes and businesses were built in the floodplain , and it became prone to serious flooding for years to come . The town square in the center of town is a sandstone bluff 410 feet ( 125 m ) above sea level , one of the first that start the Shawnee Hills to the south . Topographic maps show the bluffs that rise from the Saline River that wraps the northeast part of the city . Harrisburg is located at the ending point of the Laurentide ice sheet , which covered about 85 percent of Illinois . The edge of Illinoian ice sheet ( s ) lay further south than the southernmost extent , i.e. Douglas County , Kansas , of any of the Pre @-@ Illinoian ice sheets . = = = Cottage Grove Fault System = = = After the 5 @.@ 5 Richter Scale magnitude 1968 Illinois earthquake , scientists realized that there was a previously unknown fault under Saline County , just north of Eldorado , Illinois near Harrisburg . This fault is called the Cottage Grove Fault , a small tear in the Earth 's rock running west – east , in the Southern Illinois Basin . The fault is connected to the north – south trending Wabash Valley Fault System at its eastern end . Seismographic mapping completed by geologists reveal that monoclines , anticlines , and synclines are present within the region ; these signs suggest deformation during the Paleozoic era coincident to strike @-@ slip faulting nearby . A focal mechanism solution of the earthquake confirmed two nodal planes both striking north @-@ south and dipping approximately 45 degrees to the east and to the west . This faulting suggests dip slip reverse motion , and to a horizontal east @-@ west axis of confining stress . The rupture also occurred partially on the New Madrid Fault , responsible for the great New Madrid earthquakes in 1812 , consisting of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States . = = = Cityscape = = = During the early 20th century , urbanization of the city due to the geographical feature of " Cruesoe 's Island " and surrounding coal mining property created a density not seen in many cities of its size . The city at the time with a population nearing 10 @,@ 000 was forced to tightly cram homes and businesses upon the sandstone outcropping less than a square mile in diameter leading many to build their buildings with multiple stories around the town square . The Saline County courthouse and square have gone through many transformations within the past 100 years . In the 19th century , the town had dirt streets with a large Greek Revival courthouse with Doric columns built by Swiss @-@ born , Evansville , Indiana Architect J. K. Frick & Co in 1861 . The courthouse was then replaced in 1906 with a larger building designed by then well @-@ known architect John W. Gaddis of Vincennes , Indiana . The structure was an identical model to the Perry County Courthouse at Perryville , Missouri , both built the same year . A smaller version of the central clock tower of the courthouse , including the original clock , manufactured by the Howard Clock Company , of Boston Massachusetts in 1904 was recreated in 1996 , and placed in a small lot behind the Clearwave Building 's parking lot . The Howard clock company was notable for manufacturing large clocks in such buildings as the Wrigley Building in Chicago , and the Ferry Building in San Francisco , California . The town square was completely surrounded by brick streets in 1906 . Harrisburg had 25 miles ( 40 km ) of brick streets , but now only a few blocks are left . Harrisburg has not yet begun a National Trust for Historic Preservation , Main Street historical preservation program . Saline County is within a recognized historical district , the " Ohio River Route Where Illinois Began " . Two buildings in Harrisburg are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places , those being the City Hall and the Saline County Poor Farm . The square itself held an array of coal mining offices , privately owned business , grocery and department stores , pharmacies and bars . During the closing of the coal mining era , most of the businesses left the square and moved to the main drag of Rt. 45 , constructed in 1926 . The courthouse built by John W. Gaddis was replaced with a modern , more efficient building in 1967 after the older building was condemned . Over the years , the architecture that graced Harrisburg square has slowly turned to rotting older structures mixed in with a hodge @-@ podge of newer updated buildings . Currently there are a few privately owned downtown renovation projects in progress on and around the square . The Harrisburg Mitchell @-@ Carnegie Library , located on Church Street south of the square and built with a grant from Andrew Carnegie , was built in 1908 and opened to the public in 1909 . The building served the community until 2000 when the library was moved to a new building on north Main Street . During the 1937 flood , the library was used as a makeshift hospital until the water boiler burst . The building now serves as a church . Harrisburg has three city parks . Memorial Park , Gaskins City Park , and Dorris Heights Park . Memorial Park , on the west end of town , is the largest with the city park pool and a large lagoon snaking through the center , founded in 1935 . The Sunset Lawn Cemetery is the largest in the county , founded in 1880 , connected to the west edge of the city . The cemetery contains ornate tombstones and crypts , within which are the remains of most of the city 's original founders and prominent residents . Sunset Lawn contained the 90 @-@ year @-@ old Sunset Mausoleum . The crypt had marble floors , with 75 persons buried inside . The structure was condemned in 2008 and there were plans of removal of the bodies and reburial within the cemetery , but due to problems finding many of the family members , has not came to fruition . In May 2010 , on 301 N. Granger Street , the 1895 home of city bricklayer and early proprietor Robert King was set to be demolished . The homeowners donated it to Saline County Habitat for Humanity last year hoping that the organization might be able to restore it . The home was considered " unrestorable " . In 2012 , Harrisburg High School was placed on the Landmark Illinois endangered buildings list . Two seniors at Harrisburg High School were preparing a nomination of the building for listing in the National Register of Historic Places , and they helped to distribute a petition through social media in order to help save the school . = = = Harrisburg neighborhoods = = = Harrisburg is split up into several small neighborhoods that were annexed into the city limits over time , from north to south . Dorris Heights – A subdivision established in 1923 on land owned by W.S. and Bertha Dorris . Annexed in 1979 . Sits to the direct north of Harrisburg with the Dorris Heights Street being the main road through the area . The Saline County Fair Grounds sits to between Dorris Heights St. and the Levee to the north . Small Street heads east from Dorris Heights towards the Arrow Head Point shopping center . Buena Vista – Situated to the south and north of Route 13 ( Poplar Street ) , and west of the main village . It holds the newer town water tower and several homes . It is bordered by Liberty to the south . Wilmoth Addition – Is an area of prominently African American residents north of Old Harrisburg , and just south of Dorris Heights . A good portion of the Wilmoth Addition was slowly abandoned and torn down when the Rt. 13 bypass was built in 2008 . Old Harrisburg Village – The streets that surround the town square . It includes everything on Main street north and south , and Poplar street from the levee to the east and the town park to the west . It also includes the High School , the old Junior High , West and East Side schools , the Courthouse , the town park and cemetery to the west , and the main shopping strip on Route 45 . This part of the city is the oldest , and is recognized mainly by the densely packed gilded age houses and structures lined on narrow brick streets . Most of this area is located on " Crusoe 's Island " , and was built during a pre @-@ automobile @-@ centric Harrisburg . Gaskins City – Includes a small village annexed in 1905 , named for the Gaskins family of Harrisburg , prominent business owners and coal entrepreneurs of the Egyptian Coal Company , later sold to O 'Gara . Gaskins City is a series of several blocks that exists to the east of the Harrisburg Levee and Route 45 . Sloan Street crosses Route 45 , runs straight into the center of Gaskins City and terminates at the Harrisburg Medical Center . It contains Gaskins City Baptist Church , Shawnee Hills Country Club , and is an upper @-@ class neighborhood . It used to have its own school at one time . A large part of Gaskins City was obliterated by the 2012 EF4 Tornado . Part of Harrisburg Medical Center was also heavily damaged . Garden Heights – Slightly south of Gaskins City . Connects it with Route 34 and Pankyville . Dorrisville – Straight south of Harrisburg , and established in 1905 with a post office , and annexed by the city in 1923 . Dorrisville holds the Dorrisville Baptist Church , the Saline County Area Historical Museum , and " Pauper Farm Crossing " , which is on the crossroads of Feazel Street and Route 45 . Most people recognize Dorrisville as the first 5 @-@ 6 blocks north , west , and east of the Feazel Street and Barnett Street 4 @-@ way stop . A large part of Dorrisville along the Barnett Street corridor and south of Main Street was destroyed in the tornado . Many houses were destroyed or had lost their roofs . Liberty – Was a smaller rural community to the far southwest of Harrisburg along Liberty Road . It included Liberty Church and cemetery . In 1873 , designer of the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad , Green Berry Raum of Harrisburg , opened a slope mine on the south side of the rails near Liberty . It became the first in the county to ship coal by rail @-@ car . The mine was called Ledford Slope , and the spot was called Liberty Crossing . Liberty is bordered by the old mining community of Ledford 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of Harrisburg , Dorrisville to the west , and Buena Vista to the north . Liberty holds the new Junior High building . Ledford – Ledford had been a complete town unto itself . It was the home ground of Charles Birger , and had several stores , its own school system , and a post office . Ledford was a coal mining community set up by mostly Hungarians during the 19th century . It holds a large cemetery , an historic Hungarian cemetery , and the Ledford Baptist Church . Ledford is spread across a 4 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) span of land along Route 45 between Carrier Mills and Harrisburg , with several roads branching off to the left and right of the highway . It is all considered " Ledford " . = = Climate = = Harrisburg lies on the border between humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) and humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) , and has neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature . Both cold Arctic air and hot , humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico affect the region . The city has four distinct seasons . The highest average temperature is in July at 89 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , while the lowest average temperature is 22 ° F ( − 6 ° C ) in January . However , summer temperatures can rise over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) , and winter temperatures can drop below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) . Average monthly precipitation ranges from 3 to 5 inches ( 130 mm ) , with the heaviest occurring during late fall . Snowfall , which normally occurs from November to April , ranges from 1 to 7 inches ( 180 mm ) per month . The highest recorded temperature was 113 ° F ( 45 ° C ) on July 13 , 1936 , and the lowest recorded temperature was on February 2 , 1951 at − 23 ° F ( − 31 ° C ) = = Natural disasters = = = = = Flood risks = = = Flooding along the Ohio River , causing back flow of the middle fork of the Saline River has plagued Harrisburg over the years . The city was flooded in 1883 – 1884 and again in 1913 . The most severe came during the Ohio River flood of 1937 when much of the city , except " Crusoes ' Island " , a downtown orbit that encircled the town square , was underwater . High water had reached 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the river , and the city was flooded in its position among tributary lowlands . 10 @,@ 000 out of the 16 @,@ 000 residents were left stranded on the crowded " island " for weeks , while the other 80 % of Harrisburg was completely inundated . By the time the flood waters had receded , 4000 were left homeless . Between Gallatin County and Harrisburg , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) of Illinois Route 13 was covered by 8 @.@ 0 to 14 @.@ 0 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 to 4 @.@ 3 m ) of water ; motorboats navigated the entire distance to rescue marooned families . National guard boats were the means of transportation in the city , and several thousand people were transported daily from temporary island to island . According to the Sanborn Map Company , Harrisburg in October 1925 had a population of 15 @,@ 000 , and in a revised version by January 1937 the population had fallen to 13 @,@ 000 . After that , a levee was erected north and east of the city for protection from future floods . The levee became the unofficial northern and eastern border of the town . No businesses or residences exist in the Saline River Middle Fork floodplains . Flooding reoccurred in January 1982 due to drainage problems from the frozen ground , and in 1983 , due to 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of rain . The Pankey Branch pumping system , on the east side of town , was built to handle flooding from the Saline River only , and has serious complex watershed technical problems , causing continual water backup within the levee during large rain events . The city rebuilt a new pumping system and requested the Army Corps of Engineers to certify the levee . = =	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
= Flood of 2008 = = = In Saline County , a preliminary estimate indicated $ 16 @.@ 8 million in damage caused by 11 @.@ 5 inches ( 290 mm ) of rain on March 18 – 19 , 2008 . At least 30 homes and 44 businesses had water over the first floor . Many business owners faced quite a task as they assessed the damage and began cleaning up . Others were able to reopen fairly quickly after suffering only minimal damage or waiting for flood waters to recede so that customers could reach their businesses . Harrisburg officials reported 74 businesses affected by flooding , Businesses along Commercial Street ( U.S. Route 45 ) , were hardest hit . Kroger , which had just undergone a major renovation , reportedly had 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) or more of water inside . The Federal Emergency Management Agency denied flood recovery grants and loans to Illinois . Flooding in the city was being called the worst in 71 years . = = = Tornado of 2012 = = = Spawned by a weather system that had originated in Kansas , an EF @-@ 4 tornado slammed into Harrisburg early on the morning of February 29 , 2012 . The tornado touched down just north of Carrier Mills at 4 : 51 a.m. , destroyed a church and damaged houses along Town Park Road , and then traveled ENE through the Harrisburg Coal Field just north of Ledford , and then went through Liberty , where it damaged Harrisburg Middle School . The tornado then reached the south @-@ western edge of the city at 4 : 56 a.m. , specifically Dorrisville , which suffered significant property damage , and then churned eastward to Gaskins City which was nearly leveled ; 7 people were confirmed dead in that area , most killed in an apartment complex that was crushed by another residence , and 110 were injured overall . On June 3 , another victim died in the hospital from their injuries , raising the death toll to 8 . Harrisburg Medical Center was also significantly damaged in Gaskins City . Peak winds were estimated to have been about 180 mph , and the width of the tornado path was 275 yards , traveling 26 @.@ 5 miles . In Harrisburg , more than 200 houses , and about 25 businesses were destroyed or damaged heavily . At least 10 houses and other buildings were leveled completely , and several structures were displaced from their foundations . Early estimates indicated nearly 40 % of the city was damaged or destroyed . The following night , a mandatory curfew was enforced in the effected areas , from 6 p.m. through 6 a.m. Counting the damage and death toll , it was reported to be the worst storm since the Joplin , Missouri tornado . Harrisburg Unit 3 schools were closed until March 5 , 2012 , and later they offered trauma counseling to students after reopening . The Federal Emergency Management Agency and IEMA began doing preliminary damage assessments on March 5 , 2012 in order to determine the need for public assistance . The storm damage in Harrisburg dominated national airwaves for several days , with both Anderson Cooper and Diane Sawyer doing special reports . Both the New York Times and Chicago Tribune published articles about the resilient history and nature of Harrisburg to rebound from the tornado and floods that have hit the city since its founding in 1889 . = = Gateway to the Shawnee National Forest = = More than 270 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 100 km2 ) of Shawnee National Forest lie to the south of Harrisburg , drawing visitors annually to the Saline County area and the gateway community . The Shawnee National Forest offers much to see and do . The national forest has 1 @,@ 250 miles ( 2 @,@ 010 km ) of roadways , some 150 miles ( 240 km ) of streams and frequent waterfalls , numerous ponds and lakes as large as 2 @,@ 700 acres ( 11 km2 ) ( some with swimming beaches ) , 13 campgrounds , many picnicking sites , and seven wilderness areas where trails are designed for hiking and horseback riding . Plant life is extremely diverse and ranges from sun @-@ loving species to those that grow in dense shade . Tree cover dominates the publicly owned acreage , and is a significant component on privately owned lands . Oak @-@ hickory is the predominant timber type , however , many other commercially important timber species also occupy significant acreages . More than 500 wildlife species can be found in the Forest , including 48 mammals , 237 birds , 52 reptiles , 57 amphibians , and 109 species of fish . There are seven federally listed threatened and endangered species that inhabit the Forest , as well as 33 species which are considered regionally sensitive , and 114 Forest @-@ listed species . When the Shawnee Purchase Units were first established , temporary headquarters were set up in Room 303 , First Trust and Savings Bank Building , Harrisburg , Illinois . This was the only modern office building in the town of Harrisburg suitable for headquarters , and the forest has continued to occupy this building as Supervisor 's offices . Expansion of the offices has continued since 1933 , until today ( June 1938 ) , ten rooms on the third floor , and four rooms on the fourth floor , are leased by the Forest Service . Employees who were here during the early days of the forest tell of the chaos and confusion caused by the small space under lease , the incoming shipments of equipment and supplies , and the constant inflow of new personnel . = = Media = = The Daily Register , based in Harrisburg , has been providing coverage of news for southeastern Illinois since 1869 , and is owned by GateHouse Media . It is the major daily newspaper serving Harrisburg , Saline County , and distributes to Paducah , Kentucky , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Mount Vernon , Illinois . The second major newspaper is The Eldorado Daily Journal , based in Eldorado and operated by GateHouse as a sister newspaper to the Register . Newspapers are also delivered into the city from as far away as Evansville , Chicago , and St. Louis . It is often included in the Illinois @-@ Indiana @-@ Kentucky Tri @-@ State Area . Harrisburg has one television station licensed directly to the city ; WSIL @-@ TV . Broadcasting on channel 3 , it is the ABC affiliate for a wide area of southern Illinois , western Kentucky and southeastern Missouri . The station 's studios reside in nearby Carterville . There is one major AM broadcasting station in Harrisburg , WEBQ 1240 , a now country music station that has broadcast news and music to the region since the 1930s . WOOZ 99 @.@ 9 FM Z100 has the trademark Today 's Best Country is also based in the city . = = Government , healthcare , and education = = Harrisburg is the county seat of Saline County with a mayor and council form of government . The city has four main council members . The city has a Police Department that shares a building with the Sheriff 's department with 13 sworn officers and a civilian secretary . There are 7 full @-@ time firefighters and 15 on @-@ call members and a trained Emergency Medical Technician working for the Harrisburg Fire Department , working out of a central station . It has three fire trucks , a 65 @-@ foot ( 20 m ) snorkel , a rescue truck , a 4 × 4 brush truck , and a 2 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 7 @,@ 570 L ) tanker truck . The City of Harrisburg operates its own water distribution system . It has a storage capacity of 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 23 million litres ) in elevated tanks . The water processing plant has a capacity of 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 per day , while average daily consumption is about 2 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 gallons . The city 's water treatment plant has a design capacity of 3 @,@ 125 @,@ 000 gallons per day . Its average load is 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 4 @.@ 5 million litres ) per day . Harrisburg Hospital was at one time located in a four @-@ story complex one block from the town square , but in the 1990s moved to Harrisburg Medical Center where 78 beds and 34 physicians are on staff . It also has an 18 @-@ bed psychiatric area . In 1995 , the hospital completed a multimillion @-@ dollar expansion and renovation program . There are 25 nursing homes in the Harrisburg and southeastern Illinois area . Three are located within the city . Harrisburg also has several clinics and specialized physicians have offices within the city . Harrisburg Community Unit School District 3 serves the city 's student population with two K @-@ 6 elementary schools , a junior high school , and a senior high school . More than 2 @,@ 300 students are enrolled in the district 's schools . More than 1 @,@ 300 students attend East Side and West Side Elementary schools . Malan Junior High was the main middle school for the city until 2005 when the new middle school was built in Liberty , which has 300 students enrolled . Harrisburg High School has more than 600 students enrolled . The city also has seven preschools and daycare centers . Harrisburg once had several schools within the township before the different neighborhoods were annexed , all are now closed down , a few are , Horace Mann , McKinley School , Bayliss School , Phillips School , and Ledford school . = = = Higher education = = = Southeastern Illinois College is a two @-@ year junior college that sits on a 148 @-@ acre ( 60 ha ) campus east of the city limits . SIC enrolls more than 2 @,@ 000 students each semester in college transfer and career education programs . SIC was founded in 1960 . Other nearby local colleges and universities are Southern Illinois University campus at Carbondale Rend Lake College , at Ina ; Eastern Illinois University , at Charleston , Shawnee Community College at Vienna , and the University of Evansville , at Evansville , Indiana . = = Notable people = = Charlie Birger , notorious gangster Danny Fife , MLB pitcher for the Minnesota Twins Virginia Gregg , actress , born in Harrisburg ( 1916 ) , known as the voice of Norman Bates ' mother in " Psycho " Chuck Hunsinger , running back for the Chicago Bears and the Montreal Alouettes ; known for fumbling a ball in the 42nd Grey Cup John H. Pickering , founding partner of the law firm Wilmer , Cutler & Pickering General Green Berry Raum , Civil War general , and president of the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad John Romonosky , 1950s baseball player , St. Louis Cardinals and Washington Senators Dale Swann , character actor born in the Harrisburg Henry Turner , physician who first described Turner Syndrome = Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 = Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 is the fourth studio album by American recording artist Janet Jackson , released on September 19 , 1989 , by A & M Records . Although label executives wanted material similar to her previous album , Control ( 1986 ) , Jackson insisted on creating a concept album addressing social issues . Collaborating with songwriters and record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , she drew inspiration from various tragedies reported through news media , exploring racism , poverty , and substance abuse , in addition to themes of romance . Although its primary concept was met with mixed reactions , its composition received critical acclaim . Jackson came to be considered a role model for youth because of her socially conscious lyrics . Noted for its use of sample loop and utilizing swing note and synthesized percussion throughout its production , the album encompasses a variety of musical styles , such as new jack swing , hard rock , pop , dance and industrial music . The songs range from mechanized dance rhythms to soft balladry , giving it appeal across multiple radio formats . It became the singer 's second consecutive album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States . It also topped the ARIA Charts in Australia and peaked within the top ten positions of the album charts in Japan , New Zealand , and United Kingdom . Certified six @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , it emerged the biggest @-@ selling album of 1990 and has sold an estimated twenty million copies worldwide . Due to its innovative production and lyrical exploration , critics have come to regard it as the pinnacle of Jackson 's artistic achievement . It is included in Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and the British reference book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die , among other publications " best of " album lists . It has been cited as an influence in various musical trends , inspiring numerous artists . It is the only album in the history of the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart to have seven commercial singles peak within the top five positions . It is also the only album to produce number one hits on the chart in three separate calendar years ( 1989 – 1991 ) . The 30 @-@ minute Rhythm Nation 1814 film , a screenplay depicting two aspiring musicians whose lives are disrupted by substance abuse , aired on MTV to promote the album . Jackson received nine Grammy Award nominations , becoming the first female artist to be nominated for Producer of the Year and winning Best Long Form Music Video for Rhythm Nation 1814 . Her Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990 became the most successful debut concert tour by a recording artist , in addition to setting venue records in Japan . She was regarded as a fashion icon , with her " Rhythm Nation " attire being emulated by youth . Proceeds from the tour were used to establish the Rhythm Nation Scholarship and fund other educational programs . Jackson received the MTV Video Vanguard Award and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her significant contributions to popular culture . = = Background = = Following the critical and commercial breakthrough of her third studio album Control ( 1986 ) , Jackson was motivated to take a larger role in her album 's creative process . According to Billboard 's Hottest Hot 100 Hits ( 2002 ) , A & M Records requested she record an album similar to Control . It was rumored that label executives suggested a concept album entitled Scandal , which would have centered around her personal and family life . However , Jam later denied the claim that Scandal was ever suggested , although he confirmed there was encouragement to produce a " Control II . " Jackson opposed the idea of a direct sequel to Control , stating " that 's what I didn 't want to do . I wanted to do something that I really believed in and that I really felt strong about . " She was initially criticized for choosing to dedicate the album 's theme to social consciousness , but remained resolute in her commitment to the concept . Jam stated that her inspiration for the album 's theme came primarily from watching CNN and other news sources . In particular , her reaction to the Stockton playground murders led to recording " Livin ' in a World ( They Didn 't Make ) " , " Rhythm Nation " and " State of the World " . While discussing the origin of the title " Rhythm Nation " , Jackson stated she first uttered the phrase during a conversation with her producers . " I thought it would be great if we could create our own nation " adding that it would be " one that would have a positive message and that everyone would be free to join . " She based the idea on the prevalence of various youth groups and organizations that are formed as a means of creating a common identity . The usage of the number " 1814 " represents the year the national anthem " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " was written . Rolling Stone emphasized the core concept is further explored in the album 's opening pledge ( the first track of the recording ) , which states : " We are a nation with no geographic boundaries , bound together through our beliefs . We are like @-@ minded individuals , sharing a common vision , pushing toward a world rid of color @-@ lines . " Several critics noted that " R " ( Rhythm ) and " N " ( Nation ) are the eighteenth and fourteenth letters of the alphabet , though Jackson said this was coincidental . Jackson 's primary goal for the record was to reach a younger audience who may have been unaware of what it means to be socially conscious individuals . She expressed : " I wanted to capture their attention through my music . " She was influenced by other musical acts such as Joni Mitchell , Bob Dylan , Tracy Chapman , and U2 , although she felt their music appealed primarily to adults who were already invested in social change . She also stated , " I 'm not naive — I know an album or a song can 't change the world . I just want my music and my dance to catch the audience 's attention " hoping it would motivate people to " make some sort of difference . " = = Composition and production = = Rhythm Nation 1814 was recorded over a period of seven months . Its production took place at Flyte Tyme studios in Minneapolis , Minnesota , with majority of the album being recorded in the winter of 1988 . According to Jam , he , Lewis and Jackson chose to isolate themselves to compose the record . No one from A & M Records was invited to the studio to observe and label executives complied with their request . The trio co @-@ authored six of the album 's songs : " Rhythm Nation " , " State of the World " , " Alright " , " Escapade " , " Come Back to Me " and " Someday Is Tonight . " Five of the six remaining songs for the record , " The Knowledge " , " Miss You Much " , " Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) " and " Livin ' in a World ( They Didn 't Make ) " , were penned by Jam and Lewis , while " Black Cat " was written solely by Jackson . She co @-@ produced the album with Jam and Lewis , while John McClain served as executive producer ; the song " Black Cat " was produced by Jellybean Johnson . The LP was produced primarily through use of synthesizers and drum machines . Prior its recording , Jam and Lewis had begun to update their equipment for Flyte Tyme studios , experimenting with different types of drum machines and keyboards . While Control had been recorded primarily using the LinnDrum machine , songs for Rhythm Nation 1814 were mostly recorded using the E @-@ mu SP @-@ 1200 , which was more commonplace for hip hop music at the time . The Oberheim OB @-@ 8 analog synthesizer , as well as those made by Sequential Circuits , were also used for mixing and recording . The only equipment utilized for the recording of Control that was also used for producing Rhythm Nation 1814 was the Ensoniq Mirage keyboard . The instrumental tracks for " Miss You Much " , " Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) " and " Escapade " were among the first to be recorded , considered to be follow @-@ ups to the " beat @-@ heavy , catchy songs " that Jackson , Jam and Lewis crafted on Control which " defined the punch and power of 1980s dance and pop music . " Jam noted it was commonplace for Jackson to sing her vocals with the base track first and then have the rest of the song built around it in order to make her voice the center of the piece . " Janet did all of her background vocals and not just the lead vocals . The idea with her has always been that she does all of her own vocals , so that it 's totally a Janet record . " On the title track " Rhythm Nation " , her vocals range from Bb3 to G5 , climaxing within its middle eight . Musicologist Richard J. Ripani observed the album and title track showcased the variety of contemporary R & B styles , making " use of elements across the R & B spectrum , including use of a sample loop [ " Rhythm Nation " samples " Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) " by Sly and the Family Stone ] , triplet swing , rapped vocal parts and blues notes ( D naturals and G naturals ) . " This style of music , known as new jack swing , was immensely popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Though officially credited to the production techniques of Teddy Riley , Ripani theorized Riley was influenced by Jackson 's 1986 single " Nasty " , which also features a distinctive triplet swing . Jon Pareles observed the album 's diversity catered to a wide variety of radio formats , including pop , quiet storm , Adult contemporary and mainstream rock . " Black Cat " was a stand @-@ out for the record , not only for being composed exclusively by Jackson , but for its stark departure from her general style of music , delving into hard rock . While Jellybean Johnson was elected to produce it , Dave Berry was recruited to play guitar for the song . It was recorded using a mixture of Rockman and Marshall amplifier to give the song a heavy metal sound . The sequencing of the record 's track list was done strategically , starting with songs that lyrically depict societal injustices and ending with those that explore love , relationships and sexuality . This decision also factored into the album 's artwork and marketing , giving it an overt black and white militant imagery . Jam explained that " [ t ] he idea of putting ' Rhythm Nation ' , ' Living in the World ' and ' The Knowledge ' as the first three songs on the record really set the tone as to what the record was . Then to have the segue after that where she says , ' Get the point ? Good . Let 's dance ... ' and then go into ' Miss You Much ' , that was purposely done . " He also stated that the safer marketing strategy for the project would have been " a beautiful colored picture of Janet on the cover " with Escapade as its title , starting the track listing with " Miss You Much " , " Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) " and " Escapade " , and ending it with " Livin ' in a World ( They Didn 't Make ) " , " The Knowledge " and " Rhythm Nation " but noted that despite being the same collection of songs , the alternate sequencing and imagery would not have had the same impact . Of its lyrical themes , Kate Kelly stated the album " reveals a social conscience speaking of getting an education , avoiding drugs , and feeding the homeless . All this might seem a little heavy for dance music or pop radio , but Jackson fuses her concepts with driving dance energy that hits the hearts of those hitting the dance @-@ floor . " Andrew Barker of Variety described it as " a quasi @-@ concept album whose opening three songs directly addressed crime , the crack epidemic , racism , homelessness and youth illiteracy — not exactly a recipe for a party . And yet the record was somehow even more successful than Control , generating a then @-@ record seven top 5 singles . " = = Release and commercial performance = = The album debuted at number twenty @-@ eight on the Billboard 200 and eighty @-@ seven on Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums , eventually reaching the number one position on both charts . It topped the Billboard 200 for four consecutive weeks , selling three million copies within the first four months of its release . It sold an additional 1 @.@ 10 million through BMG Music Club . In November 1989 , the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album gold . It was certified double platinum by the end of the year and ultimately certified sixfold platinum by the RIAA . It emerged the biggest @-@ selling album of 1990 . Internationally , the album reached number one in Australia , where it was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , and South Africa . In Canada , it entered the top five and was certified platinum . The album peaked at number four in the United Kingdom , receiving a platinum certification . It also entered the top ten of Japan and New Zealand , where it was certified double platinum and gold . It reached the top twenty @-@ five of Sweden , as well as the top thirty in the Netherlands and Germany . It also received gold certifications in Switzerland and Hong Kong . As of 2014 , it has been estimated to sell nearly 20 million copies worldwide . The Rhythm Nation 1814 video compilation and its reissue were each certified double platinum , selling over four million copies worldwide . = = Singles = = Rhythm Nation 1814 produced a record @-@ setting seven top five hit singles on the Billboard Hot 100 . With lead single " Miss You Much " , along with " Escapade " , " Black Cat " and the album 's final single " Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) " , it also yielded four number one hits . " Miss You Much " topped the chart for four weeks . It also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs and Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs charts . The single was certified platinum by the RIAA . It also reached number two in Canada and New Zealand , one in Japanese airplay and South Africa , twelve in Australia , top fifteen in Belgium and the Netherlands , top twenty in Germany , Sweden , and Switzerland , twenty @-@ two in the United Kingdom , and had charted in Brazil . According to Radio & Records , " Miss You Much " was the biggest airplay hit of the year . It sold over four million copies worldwide , and became the year 's second best @-@ selling single behind Phil Collins 's " Another Day in Paradise . " " Rhythm Nation " peaked at number two , behind " Another Day in Paradise " . It peaked atop Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs and Hot Dance Club Songs . The single was certified gold by the RIAA . It reached number six in Canada , two in Japanese airplay and South Africa , eleven in the Netherlands , fifteen in Belgium , top twenty of New Zealand and Sweden , and top twenty @-@ five of Switzerland , Poland , and United Kingdom . " Escapade " topped the Hot 100 , as well as the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs and Hot Dance Club Songs . It was certified gold in May 1990 . It reached number one in Canada and Japanese airplay , four in South Africa , ten in Sweden and Belgium , thirteen in the Netherlands , seventeen in the United Kingdom , and twenty @-@ three in Germany . The single version of " Alright " featuring additional vocals from rapper Heavy D peaked at number four on the Hot 100 and Hot Dance Club Songs , while reaching number two on Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . It was certified gold in June 1990 . It reached number six in Canada , three in South Africa , and one in Japanese airplay . " Come Back to Me " peaked at number two on the Hot 100 . It reached number three in Canada , as well as number one in Japanese airplay and South Africa , and top twenty in Poland , Sweden , and United Kingdom . " Black Cat " topped the Hot 100 and received gold certification . It reached number four in Canada and three in Japanese airplay , five in Norway , six in Australia , the top ten in Sweden , France , and Switzerland , top fifteen in the United Kingdom , top twenty of Belgium , and twenty @-@ one in the Netherlands . " Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) " was released as the album 's seventh and final commercial single . It reached number one on January 19 , 1991 , topping the chart for one week . It reached number one in Canada and Japanese airplay , and two in South Africa . The single was certified gold by the RIAA . Lastly , " State of the World " was issued solely for radio airplay , making it ineligible to chart . It reached number five on the Hot 100 Airplay ( Radio Songs ) chart . Billboard noted it likely would have been the album 's eighth top five hit if a commercial product had been distributed . = = Critical reception = = The album received generally positive reviews , with a mixed reaction to Jackson 's social and political themes . Dennis Hunt of Los Angeles Times called it " intriguing " and diverse , ranging from " social commentary to lusty , sensual tunes , from dance music to songs laced with jazz and Brazilian textures . " Vince Aletti of Rolling Stone likened Jackson 's themes to a politician , " abandoning the narrow ' I ' for the universal ' we ' and inviting us to do the same . " Aletti complimented Jackson 's balance of " despair with optimism , anger with hope , " incorporated within its theme of social progress . Andy Ellis @-@ Widders of Keyboard considered it " a powerful statement on racial integration , social accountability , and personal integrity . " In his review for The Boston Globe , Steve Morse compared its success to that of Aerosmith and Billy Joel , declaring it " a dance record with a ruthlessly frank social conscience that addresses drugs , homelessness , illiteracy and teen runaways . She 's reached far beyond dance music 's fluffy image to unite even serious rockers and rappers who usually look the other way . " Michael Snyder of the San Francisco Chronicle considered it a worthy successor to Jackson 's previous album Control , adding " a little sociopolitical substance " as she " bounces between the two extremes of romance and generalized , politically correct topicality . " Writing for The New York Times , Jon Pareles compared the album 's concept to Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) and Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction ( 1987 ) , referring to it as " a cause without a rebellion . " However , Pareles commended its musicality and vocals , stating " [ t ] he tone of the music is airless , sealing out imprecision and reveling in crisp , machine @-@ generated rhythms ; Ms. Jackson 's piping voice , layered upon itself in punchy unisons or lavish harmonies , never cracks or falters . " Robert Christgau wrote in his review for The Village Voice , " Her voice is as unequal to her vaguely admonitory politics as it was to her declaration of sexual availability , but the music is the message . " In 1990 , the album earned Grammy Award nominations for " Best Female R & B Vocal Performance " and " Best Rhythm & Blues Song " for " Miss You Much " , and " Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist " and " Best Long Form Music Video " for " Rhythm Nation " , winning the latter award . Jackson was also nominated for " Producer of the Year , Non @-@ Classical " , becoming the first woman to be nominated for the award . The following year , Jackson received nominations for " Best Female Rock Vocal Performance " for " Black Cat , " in addition to " Best Rhythm & Blues Song " and " Best R & B Vocal Performance , Female " for " Alright . " Contemporary reviews continue to find the album favorable . Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine declared the album a " masterpiece . " Henderson also praised its diversity , stating : " She was more credibly feminine , more crucially masculine , more viably adult , more believably childlike . This was , of course , critical to a project in which Janet assumed the role of mouthpiece for a nationless , multicultural utopia . " Though referring to Jackson 's voice as " wafer @-@ thin " , Alex Henderson of AllMusic applauded Jackson 's spirit and enthusiasm , praising the album 's numerous " gems . " Henderson regarded it " an even higher artistic plateau " than her prior album , adding : " For those purchasing their first Janet Jackson release , Rhythm Nation would be an even wiser investment than Control — and that 's saying a lot . " = = Promotion and videography = = Upon the release of the album 's lead single " Miss You Much " , A & M Records issued a press release for the record , announcing social themes to " run throughout much of the material . " Jackson performed " Rhythm Nation " on several television shows internationally , including Top of the Pops and the Royal Variety Performance , in celebration of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 's ninetieth birthday . She also performed a controversial rendition of " Black Cat " at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards in which she tore open her snapped blouse ; although this was routine for performances of the song in concert , it was considered to have " ushered in a new age of sexual spontaneity " for the singer and viewed as the first " shocking " performance of her career . A thirty @-@ minute long @-@ form music video , Rhythm Nation 1814 , was produced to promote the album . Referred to as a " telemusical , " the storyline incorporates three separate music videos : " Miss You Much , " " The Knowledge , " and " Rhythm Nation . " Jackson and director Dominic Sena developed the screenplay , which centers around two boys whose dreams of pursuing music careers are destroyed through substance abuse and drug trafficking . Sena referred to the film as the " 1814 Project " , attempting to keep the public unaware that Jackson was filming on the streets of Los Angeles . The project had a budget of $ 1 @.@ 6 million and was aired on MTV prior to the album 's release . A & M co @-@ founder Jerry Moss stated that the decision to film the composite videos all at once for Rhythm Nation 1814 regardless of budget was " a brilliant way to go " allotting Jackson more time to focus her attention elsewhere . Parallel Lines : Media Representations of Dance ( 1993 ) observed that in Rhythm Nation 1814 , Jackson represents a " modern good fairy " attempting to guide troubled youth to a more positive way of life . Each of the three segments serve a different purpose , beginning with affinity and companionship in " Miss You Much " , followed by anger and frustration in her rooftop solo and ending with " Rhythm Nation " , in which Jackson and her dancers " have become a uniformed , formidable army , whose controlled energetic moves and shouts project a disciplined resolution to inspire others through dance and music . " Their group dynamic visually depicts a gender neutral equality , with Jackson " performing asexually and anonymously in front of , but as one of the members of the group . " It is also noted that the success of the film is not only the final product , but in the commercial and social implications of its development . In selecting an unknown street dancer , Anthony Thomas , to develop her choreography , " Janet Jackson secures a threefold achievement : she satisfies the dictates of the commercial pop music industry by creating a dance image which is significantly different from her earlier work ; she demonstrates that , despite fame , she is still in touch with contemporary youth pop culture and its fashions ; and finally , she [ utilizes ] , not the dance traditions of Hollywood musical ... but the work of a young black man whose training is outside the institutions of Western theatre and clearly an Afro @-@ American cultural expression of the late 1980s . " The film received positive reception . Jefferson Graham in USA Today commented that " she dances up a storm in the moody black @-@ and @-@ white video 's three songs ... and plays the role of a mystical figure to young kids . " Jon Pareles remarked that " [ it ] juxtaposes her dance routines with grim urban imagery and a plot line about drugs versus dreams . " It was later released on VHS as the Rhythm Nation 1814 Compilation , and reissued the following year with each of the album 's promotional music videos . Jackson received two MTV Music Video Award nominations for " Best Dance Video " and " Best Choreography " for " Rhythm Nation " , winning the latter . Five other music video were produced to promote the album 's singles . While the video for " Black Cat " was taken from live footage of Jackson 's concerts , those for " Escapade " and " Alright " utilized a Broadway @-@ influenced production . The video for " Alright " was an homage to choreographer Michael Kidd , who was asked to participate in the project and also featured appearances by the flash dancing Nicholas Brothers , actress Cyd Charisse and bandleader Cab Calloway . An extended version of the video also features rapper Heavy D. The somber video for " Come Back To Me " was filmed near the Eiffel Tower in Paris , France . Similarly , " Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) " was a notable departure from the typically elaborate choreography associated with Jackson 's other videos , focusing on her as an individual rather than as a part of a dancing troupe . Featuring appearances by Antonio Sabàto , Jr. and Djimon Hounsou , the sandy beach setting exemplifies director Herb Ritts " signature style through use of graceful movements , bold contrasts , and wide @-@ open spaces . " The music video is also regarded as the origin of what would later become Jackson 's sexually overt persona , freely displaying her legs , torso and cleavage , as well as touching her own bare skin and Sabàto , Jr 's in a sensual manner . In Present Tense : Rock & Roll and Culture ( 1992 ) , Anthony DeCurtis states that " [ t ] he video celebrates hedonism and voyeurism ; there are languorous displays of Jackson 's body in ripped jeans and brief top , and of several muscular male bodies , black and white , with bare arms , and chests . " She received the MTV Video Vanguard Award , regarded as MTV 's highest honor for artists whose videography has significantly impacted pop culture . = = Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990 = = The Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990 was Jackson 's debut concert tour . Described as " an elaborately choreographed spectacle , " it aimed to recreate the award @-@ winning , innovative music videos of Rhythm Nation 1814 and those of its predecessor , Control . Anthony Thomas served as the tour 's main choreographer , while Chuckii Booker became its musical director and opening act . She was assisted by a team of eleven musicians , five back @-@ up singers , and six dancers . Jackson 's total production and staging reportedly cost $ 2 million . In addition to Jackson 's choreography , the tour was reported to portray " dazzling lighting effects and pyrotechnics , " as well as illusionary magic , in which Jackson was transformed into a leopard on stage . Writing for Time magazine , Jay Cocks observed the show to integrate " sleek high tech and smooth dance rhythm into an evening of snazzy soul with a social conscience . " Chris Willman of Los Angeles Times remarked that Jackson 's choreography " represents the pinnacle of what can be done in the popping ' n ' locking style — a rapid @-@ fire mixture of rigidly jerky and gracefully fluid movements . " Several critics noted Jackson lip synced portions of the show , in a similar fashion to her contemporaries . Jon Pareles commented , " most lip @-@ synched shows are done by video @-@ era pop performers whose audiences are young and television trained . They fill arenas to enjoy a spectacle like what they saw on television — the dancing ... the stage effects and incidentally the songs . " Michael MacCambridge considered it a " moot point " stating , " Jackson was frequently singing along with her own pre @-@ recorded vocals , to achieve a sound closer to radio versions of singles . " The tour became the most successful debut concert tour in history , with an attendance of over two million . It also set a record for the fastest sell @-@ out of Japan 's Tokyo Dome , selling out within seven minutes . Jackson became the only female artist other than Madonna to fill arenas at the time . It was ranked the fifth most successful tour of 1990 , making her the only female artist to place within the top ten . It also solidified her reputation as a fashion icon , as fans imitated her " Rhythm Nation " outfit and regalia . Ebony magazine reported " hoards of teen girls were imitating her distinctive look — black quasi @-@ military long jackets , black tight @-@ tight pants , and big white shirts . " Joel Selvin of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote " the 23 @-@ year @-@ old has been making smash hit records for four years , becoming a fixture on MTV and a major role model to teenage girls across the country . " Over $ 450 @,@ 000 @.@ 00 in proceeds from the tour 's Madison Square Garden show were used to establish the Rhythm Nation scholarship program . The annual scholarship awards $ 5 @,@ 000 @.@ 00 to students majoring in performing arts and communications at United Negro College Fund member colleges and universities . William Allen , then @-@ executive vice president of the UNCF , remarked : " Jackson is a role model for all young people to emulate and the message she has gotten to the young people of this country through the lyrics of ' Rhythm Nation 1814 ' is having positive effects . " = = Legacy = = The commercial success of Rhythm Nation 1814 was an unexpected achievement for mainstream pop music . Although Jackson was told focusing her album 's theme on social consciousness would negatively impact sales , it was " a prediction soon proved wrong when the album was certified multi @-@ platinum " and subsequently topped the pop , R & B and dance music charts . In She Bop II : The Definitive History of Women in Rock , Pop and Soul ( 2003 ) , Lucy O 'Brien wrote that contrary to A & M 's fear that the album would underperform , its multi @-@ platinum sales pushed Jackson to a level of superstardom rivaling her brother Michael , calling it a " personal manifesto " and regarding it as a female counterpart to Marvin Gaye 's What 's Going On ( 1971 ) . Timothy E. Scheurer , author of Born in the USA : The Myth of America in Popular Music from Colonial Times to the Present ( 2007 ) , wrote that the album " may remind some of Sly Stone prior to There 's a Riot Going On and other African @-@ American artists of the 1970s in its tacit assumption that the world imagined by Dr. King is still possible , that the American Dream is a dream for all people . " It made history as the only album to generate seven top @-@ five hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , surpassing Michael Jackson 's Thriller ( 1982 ) and Bruce Springsteen 's Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) , each having seven top ten hits . It is also the only album to achieve number one hits in three separate calendar years , with " Miss You Much " in 1989 , " Escapade " and " Black Cat " in 1990 , and " Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) " in 1991 . Additionally , it is one of only nine albums — including Michael Jackson 's Bad ( 1987 ) , Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track ( 1977 ) , Whitney Houston 's Whitney ( 1987 ) , George Michael 's Faith ( 1987 ) , Paula Abdul 's Forever Your Girl ( 1989 ) , Mariah Carey 's self @-@ titled debut ( 1990 ) , Usher 's Confessions ( 2004 ) and Katy Perry 's Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) — to produce a minimum of four number ones . Aside from its commercial performance , the album 's composition has continued to receive acclaim for its sonic innovation . Upon its 25th anniversary , music critic and scholar Joseph Vogel observed that when viewed " as a complete artistic statement , Rhythm Nation 1814 was a stunning achievement . It married the pleasures of pop with the street energy and edge of hip @-@ hop . " Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly asserted the record " has barely aged — it sounds as rich and vital as it did when it was first released , and stylistically as contemporary as anything on the Billboard charts . " Anderson also underscores that it pioneered several musical trends , citing records by pop and R & B artists including Rihanna , Pink , Beyoncé , Frank Ocean , Gwen Stefani , The Weeknd , Lady Gaga , Jhené Aiko , Miguel , Christina Aguilera , FKA Twigs , and Tinashe that have exhibited similarities to the " landmark " album . Its single for " Alright " featuring Heavy D made Jackson the first pop artist to team with a rapper , " setting the trend for future pop and hip @-@ hop collaborations . " Additionally , " Black Cat " set a precedent for female pop stars segueing into glam metal . The album notably influenced Michael Jackson 's Dangerous ( 1991 ) and HIStory ( 1995 ) , the latter of which features the sibling 's duet " Scream " , produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis . Its impact also extends to indie and alternative rock music , with School of Seven Bells , A Sunny Day in Glasgow , and Alexis Krauss of Sleigh Bells citing the album as an influence in their work . MTV 's Brenna Ehrlich remarked : " From Beyoncé ... to Britney Spears to Robyn to Sleigh Bells , the influence of Jackson 's game @-@ changer of a record is still rippling through the radio waves ( or SoundCloud waves ) today . " Jackson 's handwritten lyrics to " Rhythm Nation " have been preserved by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's " Women Who Rock " exhibit , which Kathryn Metz describes as " the perfect platform to talk about song structure " for the museum 's " Women Who Rock : Songwriting and Point of View " course , in which students analyze music written by female songwriters . Rolling Stone observed the song 's music video " set the template for hundreds of videos to come in the Nineties and aughts . " Mike Weaver remarked the " innovative , one @-@ of @-@ a @-@ kind , funk @-@ and @-@ groove choreography was unlike anything seen in the history of pop music . " Although music historian Ted Gioia considered the song to be an " awkward chant " he commented that " Rhythm Nation " became " one of the most riveting videos of the era , a kind of sensual steampunk for MTV viewers . " In 1990 , Jackson received MTV 's Video Vanguard Award for her contributions to the art form . That same year , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in recognition of her impact on the recording industry and philanthropic endeavors , including her Rhythm Nation Scholarship fund . With her contractual obligations to A & M fulfilled in 1991 , she signed with Virgin Records for an unprecedented multimillion @-@ dollar deal , becoming the world 's highest paid musician at the time . Sal Cinquemani noted her popularity had eclipsed Michael Jackson 's , " as she would continue to do for more than a decade . " Music scholars John Shepherd and David Horn wrote that as a crossover artist on the pop and R & B charts , she emerged " the most dominant female performer of the 1980s " behind Whitney Houston . Dan Rubey observed that she presented herself as a role model for black women and as a creative intellect whose work advocated the advancement of black people . Joseph Vogel stated that her rising popularity towards the end of the decade was important for several reasons , " not the least of which was how it coincided with ( and spoke to ) the rise of black feminism . " At a time when radio airplay and MTV primarily catered to white rock musicians , her album and its predecessor garnered widespread critical acclaim alongside other " unprecedented breakthroughs " by black women — including Alice Walker 's The Color Purple ( 1982 ) , Toni Morrison 's Beloved ( 1987 ) and Patricia Hill Collins 's Black Feminist Thought ( 1990 ) — musically capturing the spirit of the movement and presenting an alternate model on both womanhood and feminism to that of Madonna . Regarding her diverse appeal among youth , he also stated : " Janet didn 't have the vocal prowess of Whitney Houston , or the poetic subtlety of Kate Bush ; she didn 't have Annie Lennox 's penchant for the avant @-@ garde or Madonna 's predilection for shock . But none of these artists achieved the cross @-@ racial impact ( particularly on youth culture ) of Janet . And none of them had an album like Rhythm Nation 1814 . " Jackson herself would comment on the album 's legacy on her 2015 album Unbreakable . In the song " Shoulda Known Better " , she reflects on her optimistic wish that Rhythm Nation 1814 could have profoundly changed the world , noting that there are many , deeper issues to fix and that broad strokes aren 't enough . The chorus includes the line , " Cause I don 't want my face to be / That poster child for being naive " ; and Rhythm Nation 's title is referred to as " an epiphany " , with Jackson mentioning that " next time , I 'll know better . " Album co @-@ producer Jimmy Jam told the BBC : " When you 're young , you feel like : ' I can change the world ! I 'm going to lead the revolution ! ' And then you look 25 years later and you go : ' OK , I should have known better . The same problems still exist but there 's a different way to go about tackling it . It still involves mobilising people , but I can 't do it by myself . ' It 's just a wiser , more mature look at the reality of trying to make a positive change , a social change . " = = Accolades = = = = Track listing = = Notes The single LP version does not list the interludes as separate tracks , they are instead contained in the proceeding track . All songs except interludes and " Black Cat " are co @-@ produced by Janet Jackson . All songs except interludes and " Black Cat " are produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis . " Black Cat " is produced by Janet Jackson and Jellybean Johnson . = = Personnel = = = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = = = = = Year @-@ end charts = = = = = Certifications = = Notes : ^ * As of December 2009 , the album has sold 8 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. according to Nielsen SoundScan , which does not count albums sold through clubs like the BMG Music . Combined , it has sold over 8 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. with additional 1 @.@ 10 million copies sold at BMG Music Clubs . Nielsen SoundScan does not count albums sold through clubs like the BMG Music Service , which were significantly popular in the 1990s . = ICGV Þór = The ICGV Þór ( Thor ) is an UT 512L type offshore patrol vessel designed by Rolls Royce for the Icelandic Coast Guard , built to replace the aging ICGV Óðinn . The construction of the ship was approved by the Icelandic government on 4 March 2005 . Construction of the ship began at the ASMAR Naval Shipyard in Talcahuano , Chile on 16 October 2007 . Construction was delayed by over a year due to the 2010 Chilean earthquake , but damage to the structure of the ship was not as detrimental as had been expected . After repairs , the ICGV Þór was delivered to ICG personnel on 23 September 2011 in Chile . She arrived in Reykjavík on 27 October 2011 . Its main tasks are EEZ patrol , fishery inspection and search and rescue support . The ship is named after the Norse god Thor . = = Origins = = The origins of the ship date back to 4 March 2005 , in a proposal drafted by then @-@ Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs ( which is now a nonexistent entity ) , Björn Bjarnason , regarding the purchase of a new vessel , in order to replace the aging ICGV Óðinn , and aircraft for the Icelandic Coast Guard . The Althing decided that this was an exigent matter , and so a high priority was placed upon the proposal . A needs analysis pertaining to the acquisition of a multi @-@ purpose vessel and aircraft for the ICG was initiated on 31 September 2005 . The main demands were that the vessel should be designed for rescue work and patrolling , pollution prevention , fuelling search and rescue helicopters in flight , and meeting civil defence requirements anywhere around the country . In addition , it was to be equipped for response to , and prevention of , terrorist threats and be suitable for operations involving the police or customs authorities , and for all types of rescue and salvage work . The bollard pull of the vessel was to take account of the greatly increased volume of passenger and cargo shipping in Iceland ’ s economic zone and coastal waters . = = Construction = = Bids for the construction of the ship were open to application and submission at the State Trading Centre . After processing through the STC , the bids were to be submitted dually to the Ministry of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs and the ICG . 15 bids were received from 12 countries . The winning bid was the second bid of ASMAR , Chile 's largest shipbuilding corporation . The contract for the construction of the new vessel was signed on 20 December 2006 by Björn , Árni M. Mathiesen , Minister of Finance , and Georg Kr . Lárusson , Director of the ICG , and Carlos Fanta de la Vega , Rear Admiral of the Chilean Navy and Director of the ASMAR Naval Shipyard . Construction commenced on 16 October 2007 . The ship was launched on 29 April 2009 at a ceremony in the ASMAR Naval Shipyard in Talcahuano . The then @-@ unnamed vessel received the official name Þór , or Thor , after the god Thor . = = = Design = = = The ICGV Þór 's design is concurrent with that of the NoCGV Harstad ; in fact , both vessels were designed by Rolls Royce plc . The vessel is powered by two Rolls Royce Marine Bergen diesel engines . The ship 's propellers are two Rolls Royce Marine KaMeWa Ulstein feathering propellers ( feathering propellers are rotated parallel to the water flow in order to reduce drag ) . The ship is 93 @.@ 8 metres ( 308 feet ) long overall , a 16 metres ( 52 feet ) wide , and a has a height of 30 metres ( 98 feet ) . The maximum speed of the vessel is 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 kilometres per hour ; 22 @.@ 4 miles per hour ) , while its towing capacity , or bollard pull , is 120 tonnes ( 120 long tons ; 130 short tons ) . The cargo deck covers 300 square metres ( 3 @,@ 200 square feet ) . The vessel is outfitted with various life @-@ saving equipment , designed to aid it in rescue missions , including two MOB boats and six Viking life rafts . Other specially @-@ designed equipment the vessel is outfitted with includes oil booms , 1 × 40 mm Bofors gun , and oil skimmers . = = = 2010 tsunami incident = = = In 2010 , a magnitude 8 @.@ 8 earthquake struck Chile , forming an immense tsunami that left a lethiferous wake along the Chilean coastline . It was feared that the ICGV Þór would have been damaged beyond repair in the disaster , as the shipyard itself was known to have incurred massive damage . Despite the odds , the ship had sustained minimal damage . After being placed in dry dock for minor repairs , the vessel was delivered , albeit more than a year late . = = Delivery = = After being fully repaired following the earthquake and the ensuing tsunami , the ICGV Þór was delivered to ICG authorities and personnel at the ASMAR shipyard on 23 September 2011 . The ship then embarked on the voyage to Reykjavík harbour , and was slated to arrive in late October of the same year . After making stops in cities such as Halifax , the ship finally arrived in Reykjavík on 27 October 2011 . The vessel maintains a complement ( number of personnel on board the ship ) of 48 . On 11 June 2015 , Þór was rammed and damaged by Kruzenshtern at Reykjavík . = = Gallery = = = New York State Route 146 = New York State Route 146 ( NY 146 ) is a state highway in the Capital District of New York in the United States . It extends for 43 miles ( 69 km ) from Gallupville at NY 443 to near Mechanicville at U.S. Route 4 ( US 4 ) and NY 32 . NY 146 is a major thoroughfare in the city of Schenectady , just outside Albany . Most of the route follows an east – west alignment ; however , the middle third of the route between Guilderland and Clifton Park runs in a more north – south manner in order to serve Schenectady . At one time , NY 146 had three spur routes ; only one — NY 146A — still exists . NY 146 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . At the time , NY 146 began at modern NY 443 in Berne and followed what is now NY 156 northeast to Altamont while modern NY 146 west of Altamont was part of NY 156 . The alignments of the two routes were flipped in the late 1930s . Other minor realignments have occurred since , most notably near Mechanicville . = = Route description = = = = = Schoharie and Albany counties = = = NY 146 begins at a T @-@ intersection with NY 443 in Gallupville , a hamlet within the town of Wright . The highway spends only 4 @.@ 24 miles ( 6 @.@ 82 km ) in Schoharie County before passing into neighboring Albany County . Along this stretch , NY 143 has an intersection with County Route 26 ( CR 26 , named Larry Hill Road ) just over 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from NY 443 . After crossing into Albany County , NY 146 turns eastward and heads toward Albany , the capital of New York . In the Knox hamlet of West , NY 146 intersects CR 259 . As NY 146 reaches the hamlet of East a short time later , it meets CRs 252 , 260 , 261 , and 262 in quick succession . NY 146 continues eastward , passing through a rural area of Albany County on its way to the town of Guilderland and the village of Altamont contained within . NY 146 enters Altamont from the west on Western Avenue . At Maple Avenue , NY 146 turns south to follow that street for two blocks while NY 397 begins on the road that NY 146 vacates . NY 146 leaves Maple Avenue at Main Street , which connects to NY 156 one block to the west . Both NY 156 and NY 146 are marked with signs directing traffic to the other route by way of this one block of Main Street . NY 146 heads east from Maple Avenue , following Main Street eastward out of the village . After leaving Altamont , NY 146 continues for about 3 miles ( 5 km ) through a lightly populated portion of Guilderland before intersecting with the southern terminus of NY 158 . The route progresses onward , intersecting CRs 201 and 202 and passing over the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Selkirk Subdivision railroad line and Normans Kill before meeting US 20 at Hartmans Corners . NY 146 joins US 20 for about 0 @.@ 7 miles ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) northwestward to McCormack Corners , where NY 146 leaves US 20 and heads northward toward Schenectady County . The route passes over the New York State Thruway ( Interstate 90 or I @-@ 90 ) just south of the county line . = = = Schenectady and Saratoga counties = = = At the county line , Fort Hunter Road ( CR 71 ) leaves to the left just before an interchange with I @-@ 890 . NY 146 continues on through Rotterdam , meeting NY 7 at a junction about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south of Schenectady . The route continues on , paralleling I @-@ 890 into the Schenectady city limits at Glengary Avenue . Here , maintenance of the route shifts from the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) to the city of Schenectady . Five blocks later , NY 146 intersects with Altamont Avenue ( unsigned NY 911H ) just before crossing over I @-@ 890 and entering Schenectady 's downtown district . In downtown Schenectady , NY 146 follows Brandywine Avenue northeastward past an intersection with NY 5 ( State Street ) to Union Street , where the route turns to follow Union eastward out of the city . Upon crossing into Niskayuna , ownership of the route shifts to Schenectady County , which maintains the roadway as CR 159 . CR 159 ends five blocks later at Balltown Road ( unsigned NY 914T ) . NY 146 turns north onto Balltown , becoming NYSDOT maintained once more in the process . 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) north of Union Street , NY 146 crosses over the Mohawk River on the Rexford Bridge and enters Saratoga County . On the north bank of the river in Clifton Park , CRs 88 and 91 terminate at NY 146 in opposite directions . This portion of CR 91 was once part of NY 146B , a former spur of NY 146 . The route turns eastward three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) later at a junction with Glenridge Road ( unsigned NY 914V ) and CR 110 . Just outside Clifton Park Center , NY 146 meets NY 146A , the lone remaining spur of NY 146 . Soon after the NY 146A intersection , the route encounters I @-@ 87 ( the Adirondack Northway ) at exit 9 and intersects US 9 . About 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of US 9 in Halfmoon , NY 236 merges in from the south . NY 146 veers northward at this junction , then breaks eastward a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) later at an intersection with CR 1345 southwest of Mechanicville . NY 146 comes to an end soon afterward at US 4 and NY 32 south of Mechanicville on the banks of the Hudson River . = = History = = NY 146 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York and originally extended from NY 43 ( now NY 443 ) in Berne northeast through Schenectady to US 4 and NY 32 in Mechanicville . The portion of the route northeast of Altamont generally followed its modern alignment ; however , west of Altamont , NY 146 followed what is now NY 156 to Berne while NY 156 was routed on modern NY 146 to Gallupville . Although it was signed as part of NY 156 , the Gallupville – Altamont highway was locally maintained until 1939 , when it was acquired by the state of New York . The alignments of NY 146 and NY 156 west of Altamont were flipped c . 1940 , placing NY 146 on the new state highway . Most of former NY 146 west of Altamont became part of NY 156 , save for a one @-@ block section of Main Street within the village . It is now designated as NY 912C , an unsigned 0 @.@ 08 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 13 km ) reference route serving a connector between NY 156 and NY 146 , which do not meet despite both highways using Main Street as an entrance to the village . In Schenectady , NY 146 was originally routed on Union , Jay , and Nott Streets and Van Vranken Avenue through the northern portion of the city . It was realigned between 1938 and 1947 to bypass the northern part of the city on Balltown Road . The New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) has reserved the NY 646 designation for the former routing of NY 146 through Schenectady ; however , there is no timetable for its assignment . In Halfmoon , NY 146 was initially routed on Pruyn Hill Road and South Street in the vicinity of Mechanicville . The route was altered in the late 1940s to follow a new highway that bypassed Mechanicville to the south . The portion of NY 146 's former routing outside of the Mechanicville city limits is now designated and signed as CR 1345 , reflecting the number of the legislative state highway ( SH 1345 ) that makes up the portion of NY 146 in Halfmoon and thus once followed Pruyn Hill Road . = = Future = = The New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) has identified the NY 146 corridor from Riverview Road to Glen Ridge Road as in need of future improvements . Intersection improvements are scheduled at the NY 146 / Aqueduct Road / Williams Road and NY 146 / Riverview Road intersections . This part of the project will be built in 2008 and is to include new turn lanes at each intersection . To the south , the Rexford Bridge over the Mohawk River and the surrounding roadway will be improved in stages , with completion expected by 2017 . The objective of these projects is to improve highway capacity and safety along the corridor . = = Suffixed routes = = As many as three spurs once led from NY 146 ; however , two no longer exist . NY 146A is a short 6 @.@ 38 @-@ mile ( 10 @.@ 27 km ) road in Clifton Park and Ballston Lake that connects NY 146 in Clifton Park to NY 50 in Ballston Lake . It was assigned c . 1932 . NY 146B was a spur in the town of Clifton Park . It began at NY 146 in the hamlet of Rexford and ended in the hamlet of Groom Corners . It was assigned c . 1932 and removed c . 1965 . Its routing is now part of CR 91 . NY 146C was a connector between NY 7 and NY 146 in Rotterdam . The route was assigned in the mid @-@ 1930s and replaced with a rerouted NY 7 c . 1962 . = = Major intersections = = = International Pentecostal Holiness Church = The International Pentecostal Holiness Church ( IPHC ) or simply Pentecostal Holiness Church ( PHC ) is a Pentecostal Christian denomination founded in 1911 with the merger of two older denominations . Historically centered in the Southeastern United States , particularly the Carolinas and Georgia , the Pentecostal Holiness Church now has an international presence . In 2000 , the church reported a worldwide membership of over one million — over three million including affiliates . Heavily influenced by two major American revival movements — the holiness movement of the late 19th century and the Pentecostal revival of the early 20th century — the church 's theological roots derive from John Wesley 's teachings on sanctification . Several ministers who were raised in the Pentecostal Holiness Church have come to have greater name recognition than the church itself , such as Oral Roberts , an internationally known charismatic evangelist ; Charles Stanley , a former president of the Southern Baptist Convention ; and C.M. Ward , a former Assemblies of God radio preacher . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = In 1894 , the Methodist Episcopal Church , South adopted a statement which opposed the growing holiness movement in the church . Within a decade about 25 new holiness groups , including the Pentecostal Holiness Church , came into existence . = = = = Fire @-@ Baptized Holiness = = = = The oldest group that is part of the foundation of the Pentecostal Holiness Church originated in 1895 as the Fire @-@ Baptized Holiness Association in Olmitz , Iowa . The leader , Benjamin H. Irwin of Lincoln , Nebraska , a former Baptist preacher , organized the body into the national Fire @-@ Baptized Holiness Church at Anderson , South Carolina , in August 1898 . By this time , Irwin 's group had organized churches in eight U. S. states and two Canadian provinces . = = = = Pentecostal Holiness of North Carolina = = = = The first congregation to carry the name Pentecostal Holiness Church was formed in Goldsboro , North Carolina in 1898 . This church was founded as a result of the evangelistic ministry of Abner Blackmon Crumpler , a Methodist evangelist . A year earlier , Crumpler had founded the inter @-@ denominational North Carolina Holiness Association . After his trial and acquittal by a Methodist ecclesiastical court for preaching holiness doctrines , Crumpler and several of his followers left the Methodist Church and formed a new denomination known as the Pentecostal Holiness Church ( " Pentecostal " being a common name for holiness believers at the time ) . The first convention was held at Fayetteville , North Carolina in 1900 . The convention adopted a denominational discipline , and Crumpler was elected president . In 1901 at a meeting in Magnolia , North Carolina , the word " Pentecostal " was dropped from the name to more fully associate the church with the holiness movement . For the next eight years , the church would be known as " The Holiness Church of North Carolina " . The church had congregations outside of North Carolina as well , principally in South Carolina and Virginia . Gaston B. Cashwell , a minister of the Methodist Church , joined Crumpler 's group in 1903 . He became a leading figure in the church and the Pentecostal movement on the east coast . In 1906 , he traveled to Los Angeles to visit the Pentecostal revival at the Azusa Street mission . While there he professed having received the baptism in the Holy Spirit and the evidence of speaking in tongues . Upon returning to Dunn , North Carolina , in December 1906 , Cashwell preached the Pentecost experience in the local holiness church . The influence of the Pentecostal renewal grew while , at the same time , the leader and founder of the church , Abner Crumpler , though willing to accept speaking in tongues , did not accept the idea that it was the initial evidence of the baptism of the Holy Spirit . At the annual conference of 1908 , Crumpler was re @-@ elected president of the body ; however , with a majority of the delegates having experienced tongues , he permanently disaffiliated himself from the church . After Crumpler 's departure , the conference added an article to the statement of faith , recognizing tongues as the initial evidence : We believe the pentecostal baptism of the Holy Ghost and fire is obtainable by a definite act of appropriating faith on the part of the fully cleansed believer , and the initial evidence of the reception of this experience is speaking with other tongues as the Spirit gives utterance ( Luke 11 : 13 ; Acts 1 : 5 ; 2 : 1 @-@ 4 ; 8 : 17 ; 10 : 44 @-@ 46 ; 19 : 6 ) . The PHC Foreign Mission Board was formed in 1904 , and its members were all women . In 1907 , Tom J. McIntosh , a PHC member , traveled to China and may have been the first Pentecostal missionary to reach that nation . = = = Mergers and schisms = = = The Fire @-@ Baptized Holiness Association also embraced Pentecostalism around the same time , taking the line that the baptism in the Holy Spirit was the " baptism of fire " that it had been seeking . Given the similarities in doctrine and geographic reach with the Pentecostal Holiness Church , the two groups began talks on a merger . The two groups merged on January 30 , 1911 , at the Falcon Tabernacle in Falcon , North Carolina . The new denomination took the name of the smaller of the two , Pentecostal Holiness Church . S.D. Page was elected the first General Superintendent . Following the 1911 merger , the Tabernacle Pentecostal Church , originally the Brewerton Presbyterian Church , merged with the Pentecostal Holiness Church in 1915 . Having Presbyterian roots and located mostly in South Carolina , this group of around 15 congregations was affiliated with Nickles Holmes Bible College in Greenville . After the mergers , the new denomination , which continued to go by the name Pentecostal Holiness Church , had about 200 churches with approximately 5 @,@ 000 members . Property for the denomination 's first headquarters was purchased in 1918 for $ 9 @,@ 000 in Franklin Springs , Georgia . In 1918 , several PHC members who wanted stricter standards concerning dress , amusements , tobacco , and association between the sexes withdrew to form the Pentecostal Fire @-@ Baptized Holiness Church . In 1920 , another schism came into the Pentecostal Holiness Church over divine healing and the use of medicine . Some pastors believed that while divine healing was provided in the atonement , Christians still had the right to turn to medicine and doctors . The majority of the church--as did many Pentecostals of the time--believed in trusting God for healing without turning to earthly means . The minority withdrew and formed the Congregational Holiness Church in 1921 . = = = Further development = = = The Pentecostal Holiness Church was a charter member of the National Association of Evangelicals in 1943 and joined the Pentecostal Fellowship of North America in 1948 . At the general conference a year later an attempt at merging with the mostly black United Holy Church failed when the United Holy Church asked if their members could attend the church 's schools and colleges . In the 1960s , the Pentecostal Holiness Church began to branch out beyond the United States by affiliating with sister Pentecostal bodies in other parts of the world . In 1967 , an affiliation was formed with the Pentecostal Methodist Church of Chile , one of the largest national Pentecostal churches in the world and the largest non @-@ Catholic church in Chile . At the time , the Jotabeche Pentecostal Methodist congregation was the largest church in the world with over 60 @,@ 000 members . With over 150 @,@ 000 members , it ranks second to the Yoido Full Gospel Church in Seoul , South Korea . This denomination claims 1 @.@ 7 million adherents . A similar affiliation was forged in 1985 with the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Brazil . A Neo @-@ Pentecostal body with roots in the Brazilian Methodist Church , the Wesleyan Church numbered some 50 @,@ 000 members and adherents in 1995 . The word International was added to the church 's name in 1975 . = = = Recent history = = = The largest Pentecostal Holiness churches in the United States include The Gate Church in Oklahoma City , pastored by Tony Miller ; Northwood Temple in Fayetteville , North Carolina , pastored by John Hedgepeth ; Evangelistic Temple in Tulsa , Oklahoma , pastored by Norman Wilkie ; Eastpointe Community Church in Oklahoma City , pastored by Shon and Rachel Burchett ; Christian Heritage Church in Tallassee , Florida , pastored by Steve Dow ; Redemption in Greenville , South Carolina , pastored by Ron Carpenter , Jr . ; and World Agape Mission Church in Los Angeles , pastored by John Kim . In 2000 , the IPHC reported 10 @,@ 463 churches and over a million members worldwide ( over 3 @.@ 4 million including affiliates ) . In 2006 , membership in the United States was 308 @,@ 510 in 1 @,@ 965 churches . There were 28 regional conferences and missionaries in more than 90 nations . International offices were once located in Franklin Springs , Georgia , but are now located in Bethany , Oklahoma , a suburb of Oklahoma City . In January 2011 , the PHC celebrated the 1911 merger centennial with special events at Falcon , North Carolina . = = Doctrine = = The doctrine of the Pentecostal Holiness Church is articulated in the Apostles ' Creed and the Articles of Faith . The Articles were placed in their present form in 1945 . The first four articles are essentially the same as the first four Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church . The IPHC believes in common evangelical beliefs , including the Trinity , the dual nature of Christ , his crucifixion for the forgiving of sins , his resurrection and ascension to heaven , the inerrancy of the Bible , a literal belief in heaven and hell , and the responsibility of every believer to carry out the Great Commission . The church holds water baptism and communion ( open communion observed quarterly ) to be divine ordinances . Though not considered an ordinance , some of the churches also engage in the practice of feet washing . In baptism ceremonies , the church allows its members to " have the right of choice between the various modes as practised by the several evangelical denominations " , including infant baptism . = = = Cardinal doctrines = = = Since the adoption of the article of faith on the baptism of the Holy Spirit in 1908 , the Pentecostal Holiness Church has taught the following beliefs as their five cardinal doctrines : justification by faith , entire sanctification , the baptism in the Holy Spirit evidenced by speaking in tongues , Christ 's atonement ( including divine healing ) , and the premillennial second coming of Christ . = = = = Justification by faith = = = = The Pentecostal Holiness Church believes that no amount of good works can achieve justification or salvation . This is achieved only " on the basis of our faith in the shed blood , the resurrection , and the justifying righteousness " of Christ . Good works , however , are a product of salvation . " When we believe on Jesus Christ as our Savior , our sins are pardoned , we are justified , and we enter a state of righteousness , not our own , but His , both imputed and imparted " . = = = = Sanctification = = = = As a holiness church , the PHC believes that for the Christian there is not only justification and forgiveness for actual transgressions but also " complete cleansing of the justified believer from all indwelling sin and from its pollution . " This cleansing is not " maturity " but a " crisis experience " and a " definite , instantaneous work of grace , obtainable by faith . " The church recognizes that there is maturity and growth in the life of the believer , but states that " we must get into this grace before we can grow in it . " The sanctified life is described as " one of separation from the world , a selfless life , a life of devotion to all the will of God , a life of holiness ... a life controlled by ' perfect love ' which ' casteth out fear . ' " The Pentecostal Holiness Church specifically rejects absolute perfection , angelic perfection , and sinless perfection — terms that imply that it is impossible for a sanctified believer to commit sin . = = = = Baptism with the Holy Spirit = = = = As a Pentecostal church , the PHC believes the " baptism with the Holy Ghost and fire is obtainable by a definite act of appropriating faith on the part of the fully cleansed believer . " Spirit baptism is available to all believers and provides empowerment to witness for Christ . To receive the baptism , a person must have a " clean heart and life " and to " live in the fullness of the Holy Spirit 's power and possession , one must continue to live a clean and consecrated life , free from sin , strife , worldliness , and pride , and must avoid attitudes and actions that tend to ' grieve ' or ' quench ' the Holy Spirit . " The Pentecostal Holiness Church distinguishes the initial evidence of Spirit baptism - which all believers experience when Spirit baptized - from the gift of tongues , which is not given to every Spirit @-@ filled believer . Speaking in tongues is only the first sign of Spirit baptism . Other evidence that will follow Spirit baptism include : the fruit of the Spirit , power to witness for Christ , and power to endure the testings of faith and the oppositions of the world . Besides speaking in tongues , other spiritual gifts recorded in the Bible ( specifically in 1 Corinthians 12 , 13 , and 14 ) are encouraged to operate in Pentecostal Holiness congregations for the edification of the Body of Christ . = = = = Divine healing = = = = The PHC believes that " provision was made in the atonement for the healing of our bodies " . Congregations will pray for the healing of sick people and church elders will lay hands on and anoint the person being prayed over . While in its early years the Pentecostal Holiness were against receiving medical care , emphasizing divine healing , that is not the case today . The church teaches that Christians should believe in divine healing but also teaches that medical knowledge comes to humanity through God 's grace . = = = = Second Coming = = = = The PHC believes in the imminent , personal , premillennial second coming of Jesus Christ . It will occur in two stages : the first stage will be the rapture of the saints before the Tribulation , and the second stage will be at the end of the Tribulation when Christ will return to defeat the Antichrist , judge the nations of the world , and begin his millennial reign . = = Structure = = Reflecting its Methodist heritage , the IPHC is governed under the principles of connectionalism , a mixed system of episcopal and congregational polity . Authority in the church is shared between local churches , quadrennial conferences , and the General Conference . Pentecostal Holiness congregations are self @-@ governing in local affairs and are led by pastors . The pastor preaches , administers the ordinances , and promotes the " spiritual welfare " of congregants . Furthermore , the pastor is the chairman of the church board . Other than the pastor , the church board consists of deacons and a secretary / treasurer elected by the church members . The board is accountable to the pastor and church members , and pastors are accountable to the quadrennial conferences . Geographically , churches are organized into conferences led by conference superintendents . In their spiritual roles , superintendents function as bishops , and in their administrative roles they act as chief executive officers of their conference . All conference leaders are elected by their local conference but are accountable to the General Superintendent . The General Conference is the highest administrative body in the church . Under it are regional , annual , district , and missionary conferences . When the General Conference is out of session , the General Board of Administration acts as the church 's governing body . In the IPHC , the terms " bishop " and " superintendent " are used interchangeably . The church recognizes the biblical office of bishop but does not believe in an historical episcopate or adhere to the doctrine of apostolic succession . The General Superintendent and Presiding Bishop , Dr. A. Doug Beacham , Jr . , was elected in 2012 . = = Educational and charitable institutions = = The IPHC has five affiliated institutions of higher education and operates several charitable organizations . The IPHC colleges are Emmanuel College in Franklin Springs , Georgia ; Holmes Bible College in Greenville , South Carolina ; Southwestern Christian University in Bethany , Oklahoma ; and Advantage College in San Jose , California . Charitable organizations include the Falcon Children 's Home , Alternative to Abortion Ministries , New Life Adoption Agency , and The Children 's Center .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
3 . Cada appeared , but he did not play a hand . Dwayne Buth , playing on behalf of the Cal State Fullerton wrestling team , lost to Ortiz . Mike Kosowski , a first responder during the September 11 attacks lost to Krupa . The final airing of the competition among the previous winners was expected on December 27 . However , when the contestants on the fourth episode all lost , a single table tournament was held to determine the fourth contestant . Kosowski won and then bested Luna , Barboza and Trapp , in that order , in the Challenge of Champions for a $ 100 @,@ 000 prize and a chance to play Negreanu for $ 1million . In three hands of heads up play , he bested Negreanu . = = Season 2 = = Season two premiered on September 19 during the second weekend of the 2010 NFL season . The program will continue to air on the FOX network as a companion to the NFL programming on the seven weekends that FOX does not have doubleheaders ( September 19 and 26 , October 10 and 24 , November 7 and 21 and December 12 ) . The show will air before or after the football game depending upon the region of the country . = = Critical review = = Professional poker player Doyle Brunson has been critical of both Million Dollar Challenge and its contemporary rival Face the Ace as terrible shows unlikely to draw viewers . Negreanu responded , via blog , to this type of criticism that the show is not intended for the serious poker player , but rather is aimed at more casual audience . There was some controversy about a poker playing priest on national television that sparked theological debate . = Stoke sub Hamdon Priory = Stoke sub Hamdon Priory is a complex of buildings and ruins which initially formed a 14th @-@ century college for the chantry chapel of St Nicholas , and later was the site of a farm in Stoke @-@ sub @-@ Hamdon , Somerset , England . The only building remaining from the college is a great hall and attached dwelling , dating from the late 15th century . The hall is designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building , while the outbuildings and gateway are Grade II listed . The whole site has been scheduled as an ancient monument . A number of the farm buildings are in poor condition , and have been added to the Heritage at Risk register . The college was formed in 1304 as a chantry college , funded by John de Beauchamp , 1st Baron Beauchamp to serve the free chapel in his nearby manor house . Over the following 150 years , the college fell into disrepair and was rebuilt around 1460 . During the dissolution , the land passed into the laity , and was a tenanted farm until the middle of the 20th century . The National Trust bought the property in 1946 , and with the exception of the part of the house which is inhabited , the site is now open to the public . Despite being known as " The Priory " , or " Stoke sub Hamdon Priory " , the building has never been used as a priory , and there is no record of a monastic house in Stoke sub Hamdon . = = History = = Originally , a rectory was located on the site , which provided a home for the rector who officiated in the private chapel of St. Nicholas in the Beauchamp manor house nearby . When the rector , Henry de Wyk , resigned in 1304 , the lord of the manor , John de Beauchamp , 1st Baron Beauchamp , established a chantry and founded a college for five chaplains . It is suggested in the English Heritage listing that the rectory was probably already owned by the Beauchamps , but if not they purchased it upon de Wyk 's departure . The college was composed of four priests governed by a provost , and was attached to the manor house chapel . A National Trust report referenced in the Historic Environment Record could not determine if the pre @-@ 1304 rectory was retained for the college 's use , or if a new building was erected instead . In 1444 , a report by the Bishop of Bath and Wells , Thomas Beckington , recorded that , due to poor management by the provost , the college had fallen into disrepair : the buildings were in a bad state , and only two priests remained alongside the provost , rather than the intended four . Beckington gave the governance of the college to the precentor of Wells , and a few years later the current building was erected . In his article , Chantry Priests ' Houses and other Medieval Lodgings , W. A. Pantin suggests that this building is probably smaller than the original college , due to the reduced number of clergy , and that it was most likely erected around 1450 – 60 . The English Heritage listing refers to the surviving building as being " apparently the Provost 's Lodging . " From 1473 to 1508 Provost Coorte was in charge ; however for 36 years during that time he was non @-@ resident . During the reign of Henry VIII the chantry was under the control of the crown with Provosts Woulset and Carmer both being the kings chaplains and it unlikely that any investment was made in Stoke sub Hamdon Priory . By the time of the dissolution in 1548 , the chantry was already greatly reduced . The chantry holder , Thomas Canner , was also the parish priest , but performed his duties by deputy : he supplied one to carry out his parochial role , and another to perform his chantry duties . The college building had become a free chapel , and served as a chapel of ease for the village 's residents , offering a convenient alternative to the parish church of St Mary the Virgin which was a mile away in East Stoke . The Abolition of Chantries Act resulted in the college buildings being sold to the laity in 1548 . The ownership of the estate exchanged hands frequently over the following 70 years , and during most of the period it was leased out to various tenants . The college was converted into a private house , and underwent significant renovation . Pantin suggests that the building work can be approximately dated to the period in which the Strode family inhabited the house , based upon an inscription in some panelling , " 1585 / TS " , in which the TS stands for Thomas Strode . The building was also expanded on its south side , along the street . Over the subsequent three centuries , the estate was primarily passed on through marriage and inheritance within families , though it was sold a few times ; primarily the ownership was held by the Robinsons , the Rodbards , and the Hawkesworths . None of the three families lived on the estate , which was at the time a farm worked by a string of lessees . In 1897 John William Bain Hawkesworth sold part of the holding , keeping just the house and some land . The farm was known as Parsonage Farm from the middle of the 19th century , and continued to be tended until around 1960 . The property was purchased by the National Trust in 1946 , and some restoration work was conducted in 1967 . The complex of buildings was scheduled as an ancient monument in May 1951 , and the former chantry house was listed as a Grade I building in April 1961 . At the same time , the other buildings on site were listed as Grade II buildings : the gateway and wall , three barns ( one of which is ruined ) , a ruined outbuilding and a dovecote . = = Architecture = = The buildings are constructed from Hamstone , a Jurassic limestone quarried on the local Ham Hill . The priory itself is linked to a barn by a wall . It includes a gateway which provides access from North Street . The 5 metres ( 16 ft ) high wall dates from the 15th century and includes an arched gateway which has a buttress on its western side . The barn is largely from the 18th century ; however it incorporates material from the former building . The southern end is supported by two buttresses and the north side includes a door on the first floor . The other barn which is about 25 metres ( 82 ft ) north west of The Priory was built in the 15th century . It has partially thatched roof , and served as a tithe barn . The other outbuilding which is about 40 metres ( 130 ft ) north west of The Priory may once have been used as a wagon shed . A further 15th century barn to the west of The Priory is now ruined , following a fire in 1969 . It is close to the circular Dovecote which may date from the 14th century . Pigeons and doves were an important food source historically kept for their eggs , flesh , and dung . The main priory building itself is of an " L " shaped plan and consists of three unequal wings . The oldest part contains the hall , screens and dormitory . This was built in the 14th century but contains stones from the previous building , which show oblique tooling found in Norman architecture . The two @-@ storey hall is 28 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) long and 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) wide . It was originally used as the refectory , with a window being added by Bishop Beckington in the 15th century , and later became a coal store . The hall also has arches into bays and an ogee @-@ headed recess which may have been an aumbry . At the eastern end of the hall is a parlour on the ground floor and , on the first floor , is a dormitory . The chapel next to the dormitory can be see through a squint which is unusually combined with a piscina . The central block south of the hall contains the dining room and kitchen on the ground floor with bedrooms above . Both have chamfered beams made of elm which are approximately 19 feet ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) long . Centrally between the two rooms is a large medieval fireplace including a bread oven . Next to the kitchen is the large south store . = Touchet Formation = The Touchet Formation or Touchet beds consist of large quantities of gravel and fine sediment which overlay almost a thousand meters ( several thousand feet ) of volcanic basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group in south @-@ central Washington and north @-@ central Oregon . The beds consist of between 6 and 40 distinct rhythmites - horizontal layers of sediment , each clearly demarcated from the layer below . These Touchet beds are often covered by windblown loess soils which were deposited later ; the number of layers varies with location . The beds vary in depth from 330 ft ( 100 m ) at lower elevations where a number of layers can be found to a few extremely thin layers at the maximum elevation where they are observed ( 1 @,@ 150 ft ( 350 m ) ) . The Touchet beds are one element in a chain of evidence which helped identify and define the progression of the Missoula Floods , which occurred around 16 @,@ 450 to 13 @,@ 750 years BCE . During the floods , flow through the Wallula Gap was slow enough such that water pooled in a temporary lake , Lake Lewis . Lake Lewis back @-@ flooded up the Yakima , Walla Walla , Touchet and Tucannon River Valleys . In these relatively calm arms of the lake , the slack waters deposited the suspended materials eroded from the scabland regions north of Lake Lewis , and redeposited them in pronounced layers before receding . = = Discovery and interpretation = = Although visible along the Walla Walla and Touchet rivers , the Touchet Beds were not subjected to study until the early 20th century . They remain at the center of scientific analyses to characterize the Missoula Floods . = = = Type locality = = = The type locality for the Touchet Formation is the confluence of the Touchet River with the Walla Walla River , originally noted by Richard Foster Flint in 1938 . Numerous other exposures were subsequently identified throughout the basins of the former Lake Lewis and Lake Condon . Touchet @-@ equivalent slackwater deposits are also present in the Willamette Valley near Portland ( former Lake Allison ) . = = = Early interpretation = = = In 1923 J Harlen Bretz published a paper arguing that the channeled scablands in Eastern Washington were caused by massive flooding in the distant past . This view , which was seen as arguing for a Catastrophic explanation for the geologic development , which ran counter the then prevailing view of uniformitarianism , and Bretz 's views were initially decried . Bretz defended his theories , setting off a forty @-@ year debate over the Missoula Floods before Bretz ’ s view of a catastrophic flood finally prevailed . Waitt extended Bretz 's argument , arguing for a sequence of multiple Missoula Floods — 40 or more . Waitt 's proposal was based mainly on analysis from glacial lake bottom deposits in Ninemile Creek and the Touchet Formation deposits in Burlingame Canyon . This represented a move away from a single catastrophic flood toward a series of catastrophic floods , but with the flood source still ascribed to Glacial Lake Missoula . The controversy whether the Channeled Scabland landforms were formed mainly by multiple periodic large floods or by a single grand @-@ scale cataclysmic flood from either late Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula or an unidentified Canadian source reappeared in 1999 . Shaw ’ s team reviewed the sedimentary sequences of the Touchet beds and concluded that the sequences do not automatically imply multiple floods separated by decades or centuries . Rather , they proposed that sedimentation in the Glacial Lake Missoula basin was the result of jökulhlaups draining into Lake Missoula from British Columbia to the north . Shaw 's team proposed that the rhythmic Touchet beds are the result of multiple pulses , or surges , within a single larger flood . In response , Atwater ’ s team observed that there is substantial evidence for multiple large floods , including evidence of mud cracks and animal burrows in lower layers of the Touchet beds , which were filled by sediment from later floods . = = Causes = = Recent scientific investigations support Waitt ’ s proposed separation of layers into records of sequential flood events . Although the various sources support temporal separation of floods , they do not definitively identify the source of water for all of the floods , though they all agree that Lake Missoula was source for at least some of them . = = = Formation = = = The Touchet beds are formed of sediment which deposited during the various Missoula Floods , around 16 @,@ 450 to 13 @,@ 750 BCE , and during the Bonneville Flood that occurred in approximately 12 @,@ 500 BCE . Another potential source for periodic flooding , still somewhat controversial , is flood release by jökulhlaups from subglacial lakes in British Columbia , but no specific source for these jökulhlaups has yet been identified . During the floods , flow through the narrow Wallula Gap was restricted such that water pooled in a temporary lake , Lake Lewis , which formed in the lowlands of the Columbia Plateau . Lake Lewis backflooded up the Yakima , Walla Walla , Touchet and Tucannon River valleys . This flooding lasted for a period of 4 – 7 days . In the relatively calm arms of the lake , the slack waters were thick with suspended materials eroded from the scablands above . Some of the suspended materials settled out , creating thick Touchet Formation layers , or rhythmites , which are found throughout these valleys . The larger clasts settled out first , followed by the finer ones . This resulted in layers with graded bedding , or bedding in which the larger particles are at the bottom and the smaller ones are at the top . = = = Periodicity = = = In 1980 , R. B. Waitt studied the Touchet Formation in the wall of the Burlingame Canyon west of Walla Walla , Washington , where he counted at least 41 distinct flood deposit layers . He postulated that these floods could occur only when glacial Lake Missoula existed , which estimates place at 16 @,@ 450 to 13 @,@ 750 BCE . More recent studies have used radiocarbon dating to establish the approximate ages of deposition for the various layers . The side valleys were protected from the violent currents of the main channel ; as a result the flood strata laid down by earlier floods were not eroded away by subsequent floods , but were buried and preserved . The average period between flood episodes is estimated to be 20 to 60 years . The periodicity estimates are based on a number of constraints : The time to recharge Lake Missoula depends upon the level at which the dam is breached releasing the flood as well as upon the adjusted precipitation rate in the drainages flowing into Lake Missoula . For the volumes which correspond to calculated maximum flow rates , this is estimated to take from 20 to 80 years . Paleomagnetic orientations from beds of tephra ( volcanic ash ) that lie between the layers of the Touchet Formation show secular variation , which indicates that the beds must have been formed by many floods . The purity of the tephra suggests subaerial deposition ( the tephra could be mixed with the surrounding sediment if it was deposited in moving water ) , which indicates a dry period during the ash falls ( and hence a hiatus between floods ) . Offshore deposits on the bed of the Pacific at the mouth of the Columbia River include 120 m ( 390 ft ) of material deposited over a several thousand year period that corresponds to the period of multiple scabland floods seen in the Touchet Beds . Since there are at least 40 floods , this would give an average separation between floods of 50 years . The number of layers deposited varies with location in the Lake Lewis basin . This can best be understood as the result of multiple floods ; the variable levels correspond to Lake Missoula breaching the ice dam at varying lake levels , releasing different volumes of flood waters . This would suggest the time between floods is variable . Flood beds in other locations upstream of Lake Lewis such as Ninemile Creek in Montana and the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia show a corresponding regularity of flood deposits as well as deposit grading and rhythmical repetition to those in Lake Lewis . Since Glacial Lake Columbia remained filled , annual deposits ( varves ) can be observed between flood deposits . The flood deposits can be distinguished from annually deposited varves by both their thickness and the presence of materials foreign to the immediate drainage . Atwater reports from 35 to 55 annual varves between flood deposits in Lake Columbia , supporting a period of 35 to 55 years between ice dam failures . Additional varve counts from the Lake Missoula Basin , Sanpoil River , and Latah Creek suggest that the time between floods was 30 @-@ 40 years on average . = = Locations = = = = = Touchet river valley = = = The Touchet Formation was originally identified at the confluence of the Touchet River with the Walla Walla River . It is also found at some distance up the Touchet River Valley . The number of layers observed decreases as one progresses up @-@ valley , indicating that the floodwater lakes varied in depth and distance upstream from the various flood dams . Clastic dike intrusions are observed in some locations penetrating the layers vertically ; the dikes are infilled with uniform @-@ size fine @-@ grained materials and are indications that the period between floods was long enough that the deposits dried , forming vertical cracks and allowing wind @-@ blown eroded materials to infill the cracks . = = = Walla Walla river valley = = = The Walla Walla River Valley is a closed basin . The river passes through a narrow gap near its confluence with the Columbia River and then widens into a broad open valley floor about 8 mi ( 13 km ) above the confluence with the Columbia . This area was filled to varying depths by the successive Missoula Floods , and sediments settled out to form the Touchet beds over much of the basin , creating what is today a fertile farmland region . In the lowest part of the broader valley , to the east of the Columbia River and west of the city of Walla Walla , Washington , soils commonly form on Touchet beds . In several locations erosion has exposed these beds . One outcrop , the Gardena Terrace segment of the rhythmites , can be seen along the highway west of Walla Walla . The Touchet Formation is also extensively exposed at Burlingame Canyon , just southwest of the town of Touchet near the confluence of the Touchet and Walla Walla Rivers . The deposits are also found along tributaries to the Walla Walla , extending some distance south into Oregon . = = = Yakima river valley = = = Lake Lewis extended up the Yakima Valley , flooding an area of about 600 sq mi ( 1 @,@ 600 km2 ) of the valley and covering the area now occupied by the city of Yakima by about 200 ft ( 61 m ) . The valley extends for 80 mi ( 130 km ) , widening westwards above the Chandler Narrows and then narrowing again at Union Gap just below Yakima . The Toppenish Basin and Benton Basin of the lower Yakima River both contain large amounts of Touchet Formation deposits . Rhythmites are extensively exposed 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of Mabton and at Zillah . Ice rafted erratics are also commonly found in these beds . = = = Tucannon river valley = = = The Tucannon River and its tributary , the Pataha Creek also have valleys partially filled with alluvial deposits from the Missoula and Bonneville floods . Although they lie some distance up the Snake River drainage , the flood waters of Lake Lewis backed up this drainage far enough to deposit sediments . Floodplain deposits consist of up to six distinct Touchet Beds , as well as loess silt and fine sand . These alluvial and loess deposits narrow as they approach the basalt valley walls , and thicken into the central valley , with a maximum sediment thickness of between 20 and 100 ft ( 6 and 30 m ) . Due to the elevation of the valley , only six of the flooding events caused water to back into the Tucannon Valley in sufficient volume to deposit distinct layers . = = = Columbia River Basin = = = Rhythmites from the Missoula Floods have also been observed in the Columbia River valley . One notable location is the White Bluffs , which are made up of more thickly bedded deposits from the eddy that formed in the floodwaters behind the Saddle Mountains . Another location is at Trinidad , WA located approximately 8 miles west of Quincy ( Crescent Bar Road ) . = = = Willow Creek Valley = = = The Touchet Formation is also found in Oregon , in areas flooded by Lake Condon . This lake back @-@ flooded into the Umatilla and John Day River Valleys as well as other tributaries . As one example , silt @-@ sand rhythmites associated with the Missoula Floods are present along Willow Creek , a valley tributary to the Columbia River . Willow Creek conflues with the Columbia a few miles west of Boardman , Oregon . Excellent exposures of the unit ( which contains abundant clastic dikes ) can be found in roadcuts along Hwy 74 ( Heppner Highway ) near the ranching community of Cecil , Oregon . These deposits are associated with former Lake Condon . = Show Me How You Burlesque = " Show Me How You Burlesque " is a song recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera for the accompanying soundtrack album to the film Burlesque ( 2010 ) , which stars Aguilera . It was written by Aguilera , C. " Tricky " Stewart and Claude Kelly and was produced by Stewart . The song was released for digital download onto iTunes Store on February 4 , 2011 . Before being released , a demo version of the track , entitled " Spotlight " was leaked online . " Show Me How You Burlesque " received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised it as one of the best tracks from the soundtrack . The song charted on several record charts , peaking at number 70 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 8 in New Zealand . Aguilera performed " Show Me How You Burlesque " on the eleventh season of U.S. television dancing competition Dancing with the Stars in November 2010 . = = Background and composition = = In support of her sixth studio album , Bionic , Aguilera announced plans for the Bionic Tour . However , on May 24 , 2010 , the singer and tour promoter Live Nation both posted messages on their websites stating that due to excessive promotion of Bionic and preparing for her upcoming film debut in Burlesque , she felt she would need more time to be able to put together a show that her fans deserve to see . Aguilera stated that this was not possible to do in less than one month between the release of the album and the start of the tour as she would need more time to rehearse . On the accompanying soundtrack for the film , Aguilera had worked with Tricky Stewart . Stewart was the co @-@ writer and producer of two songs , " Show Me How You Burlesque " and " Express " , and also produced a number of tracks , including " Something 's Got a Hold on Me " , " Tough Lover " and " But I Am a Good Girl " . Before being officially released , in early 2010 , a demo version of the song , entitled " Spotlight " , was leaked online . On February 4 , 2011 , the single was released as a digital download on iTunes Store . " Show Me How You Burlesque " was written by Aguilera , Christopher Stewart and Claude Kelly , and was produced by Tricky Stewart . Its music incorporates pop and dance genres . Instrumentation comes from saxophone , trombone , trumpet and percussion . The track lasts for a duration of 2 : 59 ( two minutes and 59 seconds ) . Set on the " freely " tempo of 100 @-@ 110 beats per minute , " Show Me How You Burlesque " was composed in the key of D major . Aguilera 's vocals on the track span two octaves , from the low @-@ note of F ♯ 3 to the high @-@ note of F ♯ 5 . = = Reception = = " Show Me How You Burlesque " garnered mainly positive reviews from music critics . An online blog network , Blogcritics , agreed that the track , alongside " Express " are the two best songs throughout the soundtrack . It also wrote , " Both [ ' Express ' and ' Show Me How You Burlesque ' ] work better in the context of the movie , where the elaborate visuals help distract from their lack of melody and strong hooks . They are passable album filler tracks " . Movie Exclusive called the song " soulful " and deemed it as one of the " greatest testaments to how Aguilera is one of the greatest performers of all time " . Alissa LeClair from Movie Buzzers was also positive toward the track , stated that " Show Me How You Burlesque " , among with " But I Am a Good Girl " , " Express " , and " Guy What Takes His Time " ; are materials that complement Aguilera 's talent , as well as shows how well the singer prepared to be a good dancer for the film project . Upon the release of Burlesque , " Show Me How You Burlesque " charted in several countries . In the United States , the song peaked at number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and remained for one week . On the Canadian Hot 100 chart of Canada , it peaked at number 92 . In Germany , " Show Me How You Burlesque " peaked at number 89 on the Media Control Charts . On January 23 , 2011 , the song debuted at number 23 on the Swiss Hitparade chart . The following week , it dropped to number 30 and continued to fall down on the chart , staying for a total of 5 weeks . On January 30 , 2011 , " Show Me How You Burlesque " entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 29 . It remained on the chart until February 13 . In New Zealand , " Show Me How You Burlesque " was a commercial success . On January 17 , 2011 , the song debuted at number 33 on the New Zealand singles chart . The following week , it climbed to number 8 , becoming the only song from the soundtrack to reach the top 10 . = = Live performance = = To promote Burlesque , Aguilera has performed several songs from the soundtrack live , including " Show Me How You Burlesque " . On November 23 , 2010 , Aguilera performed " Show Me How You Burlesque " during the season finale of the eleventh season of U.S. television dancing competition Dancing with the Stars . She performed in the " sparkly gold costume " with back @-@ up male and female dancers . Story Gilmore of Neon Limelight commented about the performance , " The star brought the burlesque lounge to life in a spicy performance " . He also praised Aguilera 's vocals and outfits during the show , writing " [ She ] belted at the top of her talented lungs in true Christina fashion " . = = Track listing = = Digital download " Show Me How You Burlesque " – 2 : 59 = = Credits and personnel = = Source : = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = Utah State Route 201 = State Route 201 ( SR @-@ 201 ) is an east – west expressway and freeway located in Salt Lake County in the U.S. state of Utah . Colloquially known as the 21st South Freeway , the route serves as an alternative to Interstate 80 ( I @-@ 80 ) through Salt Lake City . From the western terminus of the route west of Magna , the highway heads east through Kennecott Copper property as an expressway before running through the western suburbs of Salt Lake City as a freeway . Shortly after the route returns on a surface route , SR @-@ 201 terminates on its eastern end at State Street ( U.S. Route 89 ) . The history of the route predates the invention of the automobile ; the Donner Party , California Trail and Pony Express all followed the present @-@ day path of the highway . During the 1910s , the route was designated a state highway and , in 1939 , State Route 201 was officially written into law , running from Magna east to the mouth of Parley 's Canyon . At one point , the highway carried US @-@ 50 Alternate west of State Street and both US @-@ 40 and US @-@ 40 Alternate east of that road , though all were truncated from Salt Lake City by the late 1970s . Construction of the freeway portion of SR @-@ 201 west of I @-@ 15 commenced in the mid @-@ 1960s and was fully completed by 1986 . = = Route description = = At its western terminus , SR @-@ 201 begins at a partial interchange at I @-@ 80 . Heading generally east with two lanes in each direction , the expressway passes by the Kennecott Smokestack , the tallest structure in Utah . Past its intersection at SR @-@ 202 , the route takes a turn to the southeast , bypassing the Kennecott tailings pond . Now exiting Kennecott property , the route exits unpopulated terrain and enters the urban Wasatch Front , beginning with the Salt Lake City suburb of Magna . Past junctions at 9200 West , 8400 West , 8000 West and 7200 West , the route veers northerly three blocks and becomes a limited @-@ access freeway . East of 7200 West , SR @-@ 201 is routed at approximately 2100 South in Salt Lake County 's grid system , giving the freeway its nickname of " 21st South Freeway " . Now with three lanes in each direction , the highway straddles the boundary between Salt Lake City and West Valley City , another suburb of the former . The road continues due east with diamond interchanges at 5600 West ( SR @-@ 172 ) and Bangerter Highway ( SR @-@ 154 ) . Immediately following a single @-@ point urban interchange ( SPUI ) at 3200 West , the freeway intersects I @-@ 215 in the form of a cloverleaf interchange . The road dips to the south slightly and , following two SPUIs at Redwood Road ( SR @-@ 68 ) and 900 West , the freeway terminates at the Spaghetti Bowl interchange , giving eastbound motorists on SR @-@ 201 the option of continuing to I @-@ 15 , I @-@ 80 , 1300 South and 900 South . However , an eastbound traveler wanting to continue on the surface portion of SR @-@ 201 to State Street must exit on 900 West , head north briefly and then turn eastbound on 2100 South ; a westbound traveler on 2100 South wishing to connect to the freeway must take an on @-@ ramp from the surface street just before 900 West . Prior to 1997 , this connection was direct . Now on the four @-@ lane 2100 South , a secondary surface street , the route runs along the Salt Lake City @-@ South Salt Lake border . State maintenance of 2100 South ends at the intersection of State Street ( US @-@ 89 ) . = = History = = State Route 201 is one of the original highways through the Salt Lake Valley . Signs along the route claim the path of the highway to be the historical route of the California Trail , Pony Express and Lincoln Highway . While signed as the route of the California Trail , modern 2100 South is a less common branch called Hastings Cutoff that became infamous because of the Donner Party . The Lincoln Highway , generally derived from the route of the Pony Express across Utah , was routed on 2100 South . However , no modern highway exactly follows the route of the Pony Express west of Salt Lake City . SR @-@ 201 is one of a few auto @-@ tour routes that approximates the Pony Express trail , which actually ran south of the road . In the 1910s , 2100 South in Salt Lake County became an unnumbered state highway . In 1919 , when the state legislature redefined the state road system to include only a short list given in the law and any federal aid projects , 2100 South east of State Street remained as a portion of the Lincoln Highway . In 1926 , 2100 South became part of US @-@ 40 , following the creation of the United States Numbered Highway system . By 1937 , 2100 South west of 9180 West was assigned to US @-@ 50 , US @-@ 40 now turning northward toward Downtown Salt Lake City . This created two signed highways over 2100 South : US @-@ 40 east of US @-@ 91 and US @-@ 50 east of 9200 West ( US @-@ 50 traveled west on 3500 South through Salt Lake City from US @-@ 91 to 2100 South in Magna , whereas US @-@ 40 turned from eastbound 2100 South to northbound State Street to connect to North Temple ) . In 1939 , the state legislature designated State Route 201 , running west on 2100 South from State Street ( US @-@ 40 / US @-@ 91 ) to US @-@ 50 ( 9180 West ) in Magna . By 1954 , US @-@ 50 was moved south to an alignment through central Utah , the old routing mostly replaced by US @-@ 50 Alternate ( US @-@ 50A ) . However , US @-@ 50A was placed in Salt Lake City on 2100 South west of State Street , replacing the SR @-@ 201 designation . By 1965 , US @-@ 40 was realigned along Foothill Drive ( then US @-@ 40A ) , the Utah Highway Department believing the Foothill route was more direct in connecting with North Temple toward the airport . US @-@ 40A was now aligned along the entirety of 2100 South from US @-@ 40 / future I @-@ 215 at the mouth of Parley 's Canyon west to State Street and beyond with US @-@ 50A to US @-@ 40 west of Magna . Both mainline and Alternate US @-@ 40 , along with US @-@ 50A , were truncated to east of the city by 1979 . = = = Constructing a freeway = = = By 1958 , SR @-@ 201 between US @-@ 40 west of Magna and SR @-@ 68 ( Redwood Road ) was a two @-@ lane highway through rural Salt Lake County . The rural landscape changed by the time SR @-@ 201 intersected 300 West and entered urban Salt Lake County , the highway becoming a four @-@ lane road . The route remained this way until the intersection of 1300 East ( SR @-@ 181 ) , where the route reverted to a two @-@ lane configuration . By 1965 , a time when most U.S. Routes in the city were being replaced by Interstate Highways , all two @-@ lane portions of the road east of 1300 East were widened to at least four lanes ; an interchange between US @-@ 40 , US @-@ 40A and future I @-@ 215 was being built at the mouth of Parley 's Canyon . From under @-@ construction I @-@ 15 west to Redwood Road , the old route of SR @-@ 201 was being superseded by a six @-@ lane freeway directly to the south . All construction was complete by 1970 with interchanges at 900 West and Redwood Road ; the new freeway extended west to 2700 West . By 1977 , an interchange directly west of Redwood Road at I @-@ 215 was being built and the rest of the highway to Magna was given a median in preparation for freeway construction to 5600 West ( SR @-@ 172 ) . This construction concluded by 1986 , with interchanges at 3200 West , Bangerter Highway ( SR @-@ 154 , then solely 4000 West ) and 5600 West as a result . Beginning in April 1997 and concluding in July 2001 , as part of a larger reconstruction project for I @-@ 15 , SR @-@ 201 was rebuilt from 900 West to I @-@ 15 / I @-@ 80 , including the colloquial " Spaghetti Bowl " interchange . As a result , SR @-@ 201 was left in two discontinuous pieces ; to connect from the surface portion of SR @-@ 201 to the freeway , one must now take an on @-@ ramp . From 2004 to 2006 , the freeway from 900 West to I @-@ 215 was widened and repaved , the Redwood Road interchange being redone as well . In 2009 , the freeway from Bangerter Highway to 5600 West was widened to three lanes in each direction and the road between SR @-@ 202 and I @-@ 80 was widened to four lanes — the latter project eliminated the final two @-@ lane section of SR @-@ 201 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Salt Lake County . = 1999 – 2000 S.L. Benfica season = The 1999 – 2000 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica 's 96th season in existence and the club 's 66th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football . It ran from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000 . Benfica competed domestically in the Primeira Liga and the Taça de Portugal . The club also participated in the UEFA Cup , by virtue of finishing third in that tournament the previous season . After sacking Scottish coach Graeme Souness , Benfica appointed UEFA Champions League @-@ winning manager Jupp Heynckes . Limited by ongoing financial difficulties , the club signings consisted of players either on the books , free transfers or loans , such as with the Spaniards Chano and Tote , the former on a free deal , and the latter on loan . Tote arrived to replace Rushfeldt , who signed and practised with the team , before being recalled back by Rosenborg with disagreements over his transfer . Benfica started their campaign with a six @-@ game winning streak in their first seven league games , topping the league until December ; when a record @-@ setting loss to Celta de Vigo , the greatest in its history , negatively affected the team mentality , causing them to drop to third place in Matchday 19 , which would become their final position , finishing eight points behind Sporting , but securing a position in the upcoming season 's UEFA Cup . In total Benfica won 21 league matches , drew 6 and lost 7 . Nuno Gomes was the season topscorer with 20 goals , of which 18 occurred in the Primeira Liga . = = Summary = = = = = Pre @-@ season = = = After a season which saw Graeme Souness sacked , the club looked for more experience and chose Jupp Heynckes on 30 May . During a 20 @-@ year career , the German manager had won titles for Bayern Munich and Real Madrid and was the first manager in 32 years to clinch a European title for Madrid the previous year . The pre @-@ season , which began in early July , included nine preparation matches in Portugal and abroad . From 18 to 31 July , the team played six matches against German teams . Their first game in Lisbon was against Bayern Munich on 10 August , and four days later they participated in the Trofeo Memorial Nereo Rocco against AC Milan . Heynckes immediately requested signings in all three positions : defence , midfield and attack . Although the club scouted Hanuch ( signed by Sporting ) and Claudio Husaín for the midfield , the only players to join the team were Maniche and Marco Freitas ( both on the club payroll and returning from one @-@ year loans to Alverca ) . For attack Benfica considered Barcelona player Giovanni ( who said , " It would be an honour for me to work with Heynckes " ) but ultimately signed Chano , a 34 @-@ year @-@ old Spanish player from CD Tenerife . The club was involved in a transfer saga over Norwegian striker Rushfeldt . He signed and practised with the team but left after Rosenborg claimed there were financial issues related to his transfer . He was replaced by Tote , on loan from Real Madrid , with the club president saying that " Tote was always the first choice " and Rushfeldt " did not have the personality or mental strength to play for Benfica " . Goalkeeper Michel Preud 'homme retired at age 39 . Arriving in 1994 , he made nearly 200 appearances over five seasons and became a fan favourite . Benfica hired two replacements : Argentine Carlos Bossio and German Robert Enke . Heynckes described Bossio as the " more experienced " goalkeeper , with " a great talent " , but also defining Enke as a " good , young goalkeeper ; a promise " . The Argentine had appearances on his national team and was the first choice at Estudiantes , while the German had its breakthrough at Borussia Mönchengladbach only a few months earlier . However , in a pre @-@ season game against Bayern Munich Bossio conceded two goals : " I am calm , although we lost the game and my performance led to some ' scolding ' . " Enke confidently stepped into the position : " If I do not make mistakes , there will be no reason to change goalkeepers . " = = = August and September = = = Benfica visited Vila do Conde for their opening Primeira Liga game on 22 August . Although Sérgio Nunes scored in the ninth minute , Hugo Henrique of the home team equalised it minutes later for a 1 – 1 draw . During the last week of August the Eagles hosted Salgueiros , scoring one goal and missing a number of opportunities to increase their lead . Record entitled its article " If the Spaniard was a goalscorer it would have been a slaughter " . On 12 September Benfica visited Azores and beat Santa Clara 3 – 0 to move to top of the league table , tied with five other teams . Four days later the club started their European campaign , facing Dinamo Bucuresti at home . They lost 1 – 0 , when a shot by Nastase slipped through Enke 's legs . In the title race , the Eagles led the table after defeating Vitória Setúbal . Newspaper Record portrayed the game as easy win for the club , writing , " Nothing better to raise morale than to win comfortably , without rush , without pushing , without any problem whatsoever . " Before their European game , the team travelled to Faro to defend their lead . They won their fourth consecutive match , with Nuno Gomes scoring his fourth goal in five games . At the end of September , Benfica travelled to Romania to play Dinamo Bucuresti . After a first @-@ half goal by Maniche , Chano scored in the 71st minute to send Benfica into second round . = = = October and November = = = The club 's momentum continued into October , when they defeated Estrela da Amadora with two second @-@ half goals ; Record summarized that the goals , " Finished the game off when it was most needed " . On 16 October Benfica visited Barcelos , and increased their lead to four points over second @-@ place FC Porto . In Europe , the club defeated P.A.O.K. in Greece , taking an advantage back to Portugal for the second leg . In their eighth Primeira Liga match Benfica hosted Boavista F.C. , settling for a draw after Wheliton scored in the 80th minute . It was the first time since late August that Benfica dropped points . For their last October game , they visited Alverca to face the local team , F.C. Alverca . Benfica lost their first league match ; with a display that Record characterized as being under a Halloween spell ; that resulted in " their worst performance of the season , and seeing Porto close in on the top of the table . " On 4 November , Benfica hosted P.A.O.K. for the second leg of their European qualifier . They lost 2 – 1 in normal time , requiring extra time and a penalty shootout to decide the match . The Lisbon side converted all their shots , progressing into to the next round . Four days later , the club defeated S.C. Braga by one goal in a league match to open a three @-@ point lead . After a one @-@ week break for the Taça de Portugal , Benfica visited Estádio das Antas for the Clássico against Porto . They lost 2 – 0 with goals from Capucho and Jardel , and the title @-@ holders reduced Benfica 's league lead to one point . In João Marcelino view , " The game between Porto and Benfica had to forcibly answer some questions — and it did not disappoint expectations . The easy win by Fernando Santos ' team clearly showed who still is , almost six years later , the best team in domestic football ; and the way that Jupp Heynckes accepted defeat could be used as evidence that he has been pushing his players to their current limit . " The following Thursday , Benfica visited Vigo for the third round of the UEFA Cup . Benfica made club history in the match ; at half @-@ time they were already losing 4 – 0 , and three more goals in the second half broke the record for goals conceded , in their worst defeat ever . At their next training session hundreds of fans booed the team , and the club president compelled his players to apologize for their performance . Team captain João Pinto read a statement : " To Benfica , and to their supporters ; aware of the abnormality of the result from the match in Vigo ; the players , represented by the captain and vice @-@ captain , publicly acknowledge that they didn 't perform to club standards . We promise to redouble our commitment , towards dignifying this club . To them and to the millions of fans , we formally apologize . " November 's final game , a 2 – 0 victory over Campomaiorense , retained Benfica 's league lead . = = = December and January = = = Benfica began December with a draw against Belenenses , with Porto 's victory ensuring they surpassed Benfica in the league table . The team performance was at such a level that it allowed Record to claim , " The goalscoring chances could be counted on the fingers of a hand . " In the second leg of the UEFA Cup against Celta de Vigo , the Spaniards and Heynckes fielded lineups almost entirely composed of reserves and the match ended in a one @-@ all draw . On Matchday 14 , Benfica beat U.D. Leiria by 3 – 2 with " two freak goals ensuring a win . " , as Record put it . The final game of the year was a visit to Guimarães . Benfica scored first but allowed Vitória S.C. to come back , losing a third league match . They had not won outside Estádio da Luz since 16 October ( when they led by four points ) , and began the New Year four points behind the leader in third place . The year started with a Derby de Lisboa at home . After a scoreless tie , Sporting CP benefited from the points @-@ share and Benfica fell to six points behind Porto . On 12 January the club hosted Amora for the Portuguese Cup , scoring seven goals against the third @-@ tier team . Three days later , Benfica visited Funchal and nearly lost ; Record labelled Enke 's performance as crucial for Benfica , illustrating , " In the key moment of the game , when Enke defended a penalty in the 10th minute , he saved Benfica from leaving Funchal with a defeat . In a sluggish performance , only new signings Uribe and Machairidis showed good form . " On Matchday 18 , Benfica hosted Rio Ave , winning their first league game in a month . Four days later , Benfica again played Sporting for the Portuguese Cup . Losing 3 – 1 , the team were eliminated in their own stadium for the fourth time in club history ; the first three were by Sporting in 1962 – 63 , Braga in 1965 – 66 and Boavista in 1991 – 92 . Benfica ended January with three points away from home for the first time since October , after defeating Salgueiros 2 – 1 in the Vidal Pinheiro . = = = February and March = = = Now focused on the league , Benfica continued their momentum and defeated Santa Clara at home . Chano was decisive in unlocking the game in the perspective of Record : " He was the vitamin that gave imagination and clarity to Benfica 's midfield " . They won a fourth consecutive time , beating Vitória de Setúbal in Estádio do Bonfim and gaining ground on Porto and Sporting ( both of whom lost points ) . On 22 February , the Eagles hosted Farense knowing that a win would put them one point behind the joint Primeira Liga leaders . Benfica were surprised by the Faro side 's opposition . José Manuel Delgado wrote in his match report for Record : " Heynckes ' defence show [ ed ] inexplicable passivity , and Quinzinho was a loose threat that no one could stop . With an impressive performance , Farense made one , two and nearly three goals " . Shortly after the 15 @-@ minute mark the Angolan striker was injured and Farense threats stopped , allowing Benfica to turn the match around : " After his substitution Benfica started to settle in the midfield , better supporting the attack ... until Maniche put the threats in practise and scored in the 23rd and 38th minutes , with Nuno Gomes leaving Benfica in the lead before halftime " . For their last February match , Benfica visited Estádio José Gomes to face the local team , Estrela da Amadora . Two goals by Gáucho and another by Kenedy gave them their first league loss since 19 December , with Porto and Sporting regaining a four @-@ point lead . The Lisbon side rebounded with a home win against Gil Vicente F.C. ; José Manuel Delgado called the victory " convincing , with moments of good football " . The second game in March was at Estádio do Bessa . The match report in Record depicted Benfica 's performance as good to begin with ( " [ Benfica ] was better in the first half , scored first and stopped the Boavista press in the beginning of the second half " ) , until they conceded to Boavista before the final whistle : " [ Benfica ] receded , receded , until suffering a last @-@ minute goal by Litos with Boavista reduced to ten men . " On Matchday 26 Benfica hosted Alverca , defeating them with a late goal by João Tomás and avenging October 's loss . The team ended March with a visit to Braga , undefeated by the Eagles since 1995 – 96 . Although Benfica led the game early , another late goal and their subsequent loss allowed both rivals to increase their lead . = = = April and May = = = On 1 April Benfica faced Porto in the second Clássico of the season , and a second @-@ half goal by Sabry helped the club defeat their historic rivals . Gomes Ferreira commented : " The game was perfect for a nil @-@ nil draw , when in the 67th minute a moment of genius decided the game : a great , meaningful goal from Saby , launching Benfica into the title race and hampering Porto " . Benfica maintained their momentum on a trip to the Portalegre team , Campomaiorense . An early dismissal of José Soares helped them win easily , with Sabry scoring in a fourth consecutive game . On 16 April Benfica hosted Lisbon rivals Belenenses , losing 3 @-@ 2 and dampening any championship hopes . A week later the team lost their second straight match ( their seventh defeat of the season ) to União de Leiria 2 – 1 , despite scoring first . On 30 April Benfica returned to top form , and in Miguel Costa Nunes opinion , defeated a " debilitated and riddled with internal conflicts " Vitória de Guimarães 3 – 0 . In the penultimate game of the season , Benfica faced Sporting for the third time ; in their previous meetings , the club had tied once and lost once . Sporting , the league leader , was three points away from ending an 18 @-@ year drought dating to 1981 – 82 . A late goal by Sabry dashed their hopes , preventing them from winning the title from Benfica . In the aftermath of the game , Record reported in their headline : " Till the end : A late goal from Sabry completely froze the thousands of Sporting fans waiting to celebrate the title " , while O Jogo header read " Sabry causes short @-@ circuit in Alvalade " . Benfica ended the season with a third consecutive win , beating Madeira side Marítimo 2 – 1 . However , in José Ribeiro 's piece for Record , he wrote that Benfica " missed out on a thrashing that the fans and Marítimo deserved " . The club finished four points from a Champions League berth and eight behind Sporting , who won their long @-@ awaited title . = = Competitions = = Win Draw Loss Postponed = = = Overall record = = = = = = Primeira Liga = = = = = = = League table = = = = = Missouri Fox Trotter = The Missouri Fox Trotter is a horse breed from the state of Missouri in the United States . It was developed in the Ozark Mountains by settlers in the early 19th century , and quickly developed into a gaited breed appreciated for its stock horse abilities , stamina and smooth gaits . It performs an ambling gait known as the " fox trot " , a four @-@ beat broken diagonal gait in which the front foot of the diagonal pair lands before the hind , eliminating the moment of suspension and increasing smoothness . The main breed registry was begun in 1948 and as of 2012 registers almost 100 @,@ 000 horses . A European registry was begun in 1992 , and as of 2009 recognizes around 600 Fox Trotters living in Europe . In 2006 , a smaller registry , focused on the preservation of the original , historic type , was begun in the United States . The Fox Trotter is a mid @-@ sized , muscular breed , used mainly for trail riding and ranch work . = = Breed characteristics = = Missouri Fox Trotters stand 14 to 16 hands ( 56 to 64 inches , 142 to 163 cm ) high , and weigh between 900 and 1 @,@ 200 pounds ( 410 and 540 kg ) . Begun in 2004 , the Missouri Fox Trotting Horse Breed Association also maintains a separate registry for fox trotting ponies standing between 11 and 14 hands ( 44 and 56 inches , 112 and 142 cm ) . Fox Trotters may be any solid color or pinto . White facial and leg markings are common . The facial profile is straight , set upon a neck of medium length than ends in pronounced withers . The breed is muscular , with sloped shoulders , a short back and sturdy legs . The Missouri Fox Trotter performs an ambling gait known as the " fox trot " , which replaces the trot seen in many other breeds . The fox trot is a four @-@ beat broken diagonal gait in which the front foot of the diagonal pair lands before the hind , eliminating the moment of suspension and giving a smooth , sure @-@ footed ride . The gait is sometimes described as having the horse walk with the front feet and trot with the back . In a fox trot , the horse must keep one front foot on the ground at all times and display a sliding motion with the hind legs . The fox trot and the regular trot are both at a speed between a walk and a canter or gallop ; ambling gaits are four @-@ beat gaits , whereas the trot is a two @-@ beat gait . The extra footfalls provide additional smoothness to a rider because the horse always has at least one foot on the ground . This minimizes movement of the horse 's topline and removes the bounce of a two @-@ beat gait , caused by a moment of suspension followed by the jolt of two feet hitting the ground as the horse shifts from one pair of legs to the other . The value of an intermediate speed is that the horse conserves energy . More than thirty horse breeds are " gaited , " able to perform a four @-@ beat ambling gait ; some can also trot . A Missouri Fox Trotter , with rider , can maintain a speed of 5 to 8 miles per hour ( 8 @.@ 0 to 12 @.@ 9 km / h ) while using the fox trot , and can cover short distances at up to 10 miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) . In comparison , the average medium trot speed is 6 to 8 miles per hour ( 9 @.@ 7 to 12 @.@ 9 km / h ) . = = History = = The Missouri Fox Trotter was developed from equine stock , including gaited horses , brought to Missouri by settlers from Tennessee , Kentucky and Virginia . Breeds that contributed to the Fox Trotter included the Arabian , Morgan , American Saddlebred , Tennessee Walking Horse and Standardbred . By the time of Missouri 's statehood in 1821 , the horses of the state were known for their unique gait , which was useful in the rocky terrain of the Ozark Mountains . The breed became popular with cattlemen for their smooth gaits and ability to work with cattle . In 1948 , the Missouri Fox Trotting Horse Breed Association ( MFTHBA ) was founded in Ava , Missouri , with an open stud book that registered all horses with the fox trot gait and other specified physical characteristics . The first Fox Trotters were exported to Europe in the 1950s , when the Queen of England imported several palomino @-@ colored horses . In 1982 , the stud book was closed , allowing only horses from registered parents to be entered . The Fox Trotter became the official state horse of Missouri in 2002 . Missouri Fox Trotters are seen throughout the United States , as well as in Canada and several European countries , and as of 2012 the MFTHBA had registered over 97 @,@ 000 horses and counts over 8 @,@ 000 current members . In 1992 , the European Missouri Fox Trotting Horse Association ( EMFTHA ) was formed as the Fox Trotter association for Europe and an affiliate of the MFTHBA . The first European Championship Show for the breed took place in 1996 , and in 2010 the EMFTHA and the Free University of Berlin began working together to start a European stud book for the breed . As of 2009 there were approximately 600 Missouri Fox Trotters in Europe , with around 350 of these living in Germany . In 2006 , a new registry , the Foundation Foxtrotter Heritage Association ( FFHA ) , was formed with a goal of preserving and promoting the original heritage type of Fox Trotter that was seen in the first 20 years of the MFTHBA registry , in large part through reducing the amount of Tennessee Walking Horse blood . The Tennessee Walker did not figure prominently in original Missouri Fox Trotter pedigrees , and so the FFHA , by restricting the amount of Walker blood , is attempting to develop horses that more closely resemble the original Fox Trotter type . = = Uses = = Missouri Fox Trotters are used extensively by trail riders , who appreciate their gaits , stamina and weight @-@ carrying abilities . They are also used in handicapped riding programs , and their smooth gait has proven useful for riders with minor physical disabilities . Crosses between Fox Trotter mares and donkey jacks are often made , creating mules with the fox trot gait that are used to carry hunters and trail riders , especially in the western United States . The US Forest Service also employs Fox Trotters for their speed , stamina and gait , and members of the breed were used to make the first horse @-@ back descent of the north rim of the Grand Canyon . = Chyna = Chyna ( born Joan Marie Laurer ; December 27 , 1969 – c . April 20 , 2016 ) was an American professional wrestler , glamour model , pornographic film actress , and bodybuilder . Chyna first rose to prominence in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1997 , where she was billed as the " Ninth Wonder of the World " ( André the Giant was already billed as the eighth ) . A founding member of the stable D @-@ Generation X as the promotion 's first female enforcer , she held the WWF Intercontinental Championship ( the only female performer to do so ) twice and the WWF Women 's Championship once . She was also the first woman to participate in the Royal Rumble and King of the Ring events , as well as to become number one contender to the WWF Championship . With singles victories over several prominent male wrestlers – including multiple @-@ time world champions Triple H , Kurt Angle , Chris Jericho and Jeff Jarrett – Chyna left what WWE called " a lasting legacy as the most dominant female competitor of all time " . After leaving the WWF in 2001 , Chyna wrestled sporadically , with New Japan Pro Wrestling ( NJPW ) in 2002 and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2011 . Outside of wrestling , Chyna appeared in Playboy magazine twice , as well as numerous television shows and films . In 2005 , she was a cast member on VH1 's The Surreal Life , which led to several other celebrity reality appearances on the network , including The Surreal Life : Fame Games in 2007 and Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew in 2008 . She is also known for her tumultuous relationship with fellow wrestler Sean Waltman , with whom she made a sex tape released commercially in 2004 as 1 Night in China , which won a 2006 AVN Award for Best @-@ Selling Title . She starred in a further five pornographic titles , including AVN 's 2012 Best Celebrity Sex Tape , Backdoor to Chyna . = = Early life = = Laurer was born in Rochester , New York on December 27 , 1969 . She had two older siblings : Kathy and Sonny . After her parents divorced when she was approximately four years old , Laurer had three different stepfathers and one stepmother . According to Laurer , her first stepfather threatened suicide at one point , and her biological father , who once accidentally stabbed her mother in the thigh with a bread knife , had a problem with alcoholism . From 1973 to 1983 , she , her siblings and her mother moved several times . As a child , Laurer learned to play both the violin and cello . She later said that in seventh grade she was sexually kissed by a much older teacher who worked at her school . At age thirteen , while attending Penfield High School , she began purging after she ate . She left home at age sixteen after her mother tried to force her into a drug rehabilitation facility , going instead to live with her biological father . That same year , she began working out , and because her abdominal muscles were so strong , she did not feel any pain when she developed an ovarian tumor . She finished her last year of high school in Spain . She attended the University of Tampa , graduating in 1992 with a major in Spanish Literature . During college , she also studied French and German ( she could converse in either language ) and later stated during this time she was raped by two men after getting drunk at a party . She also was a member of the ROTC . She originally wanted to use her knowledge of foreign languages to work for the Federal Bureau of Investigation or Drug Enforcement Administration . Subsequently , she joined the Peace Corps and was assigned to Guatemala . After returning from abroad , Laurer held several different jobs : a cocktail waitress in a strip club , singer in a band , and a 900 @-@ number chat line worker . In her mid @-@ to @-@ late 20s , while living in the Florida Keys , she took a six @-@ week class to train to be a flight attendant . On the way to her first flight , she was in a car accident and spent four days in the hospital . After recovering from the accident , Laurer 's sister Kathy helped her get a job selling beepers , and both women also worked as belly dancers . After college , Laurer began to regularly enter fitness competitions . In 1996 , Laurer competed in the New York City regional level of the Fitness America competition . Because of her large size compared to the other women , she usually finished in last place . = = Professional wrestling career = = = = = Training and independent circuit ( 1995 – 1997 ) = = = Joanie Laurer trained at Wladek " Killer " Kowalski 's professional wrestling school in Malden , Massachusetts . Her first match was in 1995 against a male wrestler dressed as a woman . While attending the school , she also worked for various independent promotions as Joanie Lee . Some of her earliest matches were set up by The Fabulous Moolah . Laurer met World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) performers Paul " Triple H " Levesque and Shawn Michaels after a professional wrestling show in 1996 . After watching tapes of her matches , they decided to bring her into the WWF as a bodyguard . Vince McMahon , the owner of the WWF , initially did not want her to join the company because he did not believe the audience would find a woman beating up men believable . While waiting for the WWF 's decision , Laurer was approached by World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , who wanted her to be the sole @-@ female member of the New World Order . She initially accepted the offer , but later turned it down when Shane McMahon , Vince McMahon 's son , informed her that she was about to be hired by the WWF . However , Kowalski claimed that he got Laurer hired by the WWF after introducing her to Shane McMahon and telling him of WCW 's interest in her . = = = World Wrestling Federation = = = = = = = D @-@ Generation X ( 1997 – 1999 ) = = = = Laurer made her WWF debut on February 16 , 1997 at In Your House 13 : Final Four ; her character emerged as a plant from a ringside seat , choking Marlena while Goldust was in the ring with Triple H. Her original role in the promotion was as the laconic enforcer / bodyguard for Triple H and later , his D @-@ Generation X group ( which included Sean " X @-@ Pac " Waltman ) . She often helped Triple H ( then , a rising villain ) cheat to win by physically interfering in matches by executing her trademark low blow to the groin . She was later given the ring name " Chyna " , an intentionally ironic moniker ; fine china is delicate and fragile , a sharp contrast to her character . Off @-@ screen , however , the male wrestlers were hesitant at first to let a female over @-@ power them on @-@ screen . In January 1999 , Chyna was the thirtieth entrant in the Royal Rumble , becoming the first woman ever to enter the contest . The day after the Royal Rumble , Chyna became a villainess by betraying Triple H and aligning herself with his enemy Vince McMahon and Kane . Laurer teamed with Kane at the St. Valentine 's Day Massacre pay @-@ per @-@ view against former allies X @-@ Pac and Triple H. At WrestleMania XV , Chyna turned on Kane in his match by attacking him with a chair , appearing to rejoin DX . Chyna and Triple H , however , turned against DX later that evening when they helped Shane McMahon defeat DX member X @-@ Pac . The duo became part of The Corporation and later Shane McMahon 's Corporate Ministry . Following the dissolution of the Corporate Ministry , the villainous Chyna remained at Triple H 's side . They would eventually split up later in the year . = = = = Intercontinental Champion ( 1999 – 2000 ) = = = = In June 1999 , Chyna became the first woman to qualify for the King of the Ring tournament . She was also the first female to be the number one contender for the WWF Championship , but lost the spot to Mankind before SummerSlam in August . Later that year , Laurer became a fan favorite again during her long feud with Jeff Jarrett . At Unforgiven , she had a match for the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Jarrett , which she lost . She defeated Jarrett for the title at No Mercy in his last WWF match , a Good Housekeeping match , on October 17 at No Mercy , in the process becoming the first and only woman to win the Intercontinental Championship . She also gained the services of his valet , Miss Kitty . Laurer claims that Jarrett demanded ( and received ) $ 300 @,@ 000 from Vince McMahon in order to lose the title cleanly to a woman . His contract had expired on October 16 , and he was therefore not contractually obligated to appear on the pay @-@ per @-@ view . If he had not appeared , the WWF would have been criticized for false advertising , and the lineage of the title would have been broken . Chyna then feuded with Chris Jericho over the belt , defeating him at the Survivor Series , but losing the title to him at Armageddon . The two faced off again in a match on the edition of December 28 of SmackDown ! , which ended controversially with both wrestlers pinning each other . As a result , then " head of authority " Stephanie McMahon @-@ Helmsley declared them co @-@ champions . At the Royal Rumble , Jericho and Chyna defended the title against Hardcore Holly in a Triple Threat match to determine the Intercontinental Champion , which Jericho won ; Chyna 's " co @-@ champions " reign is no longer recognized by WWE and is now considered a continuation of Jericho 's second Intercontinental reign . Afterwards , Laurer briefly teamed with Jericho . = = = = Aligning with Eddie Guerrero and departure ( 2000 – 2001 ) = = = = Not long after losing the Intercontinental title , Laurer became the on @-@ screen girlfriend of Eddie Guerrero . Guerrero and Laurer , originally villains , later became fan favorites during the summer of 2000 , with Guerrero dubbing her his " Mamacita " . The couple faced Val Venis and then @-@ rookie Trish Stratus in an intergender tag team match at SummerSlam with the Intercontinental Championship on the line . Chyna won the match , but lost the belt two weeks later to Guerrero in a Triple Threat match with Kurt Angle . They officially split in November 2000 after Chyna , in storyline , found Eddie cavorting in the shower with two other women . At the same time , Laurer posed nude for Playboy magazine 's November 2000 issue . Her Playboy modeling was also worked into a WWE storyline ( based , in part , on a real @-@ life legal feud between the WWE and the conservative Parents Television Council ) , in which it drew the ire of the Right to Censor ( a group of morally conservative wrestlers ) . Shortly after , Laurer began a feud with Ivory , a member of the Right to Censor , over the Women 's Championship . This culminated in a storyline at the Royal Rumble where Laurer appeared to reinjure her neck while performing a handspring back elbow . In order to better convince the audience that she was injured , color commentator Jerry Lawler left the commentators ' booth and entered the ring to check on Laurer 's condition , something he had not done since the in @-@ ring accident that killed Owen Hart in 1999 . When Laurer returned from the " injury " , she won the Women 's Championship from Ivory at WrestleMania X @-@ Seven in a squash match . Laurer also defended her title against Lita at Judgment Day in 2001 . Although she won the match , she soon vacated the Women 's Championship , as this was Laurer 's final WWF match . She left the WWF on November 30 , 2001 , several months after she had been taken off of television . Behind the scenes , Triple H , her former real @-@ life boyfriend , began a relationship with Stephanie McMahon , with whom Laurer claims he had an affair and then left her for . Chyna , in a 2015 interview with Vince Russo , stated that after a meeting with Vince McMahon about the Stephanie McMahon situation , she was sent home and was later sent a fax telling her that she was not needed anymore , although in a 2002 interview with The Baltimore Sun , Chyna indicated that the breakup had nothing to do with her leaving WWF and that she left to pursue an acting career . Then @-@ Executive Vice President of Talent Relations Jim Ross reports that it was " mutually agreed " to let her contract expire in order for her to explore other options . = = = New Japan Pro Wrestling ( 2002 ) = = = In 2002 , Laurer joined New Japan Pro Wrestling and made her first appearance at the New Japan Thirtieth Anniversary Show , refereeing a bout between the Steiner Brothers and Hiroshi Tanahashi and Kensuke Sasaki . In September and October 2002 , she wrestled several matches for the promotion . After losing to Masahiro Chono on October 14 , 2002 , Laurer performed her final match on October 26 , teaming with a fake Great Muta played by Troy Enders in a loss to Hiroshi Tanahashi and Kenzo Suzuki . = = = Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( 2011 ) = = = During the May 3 , 2011 , tapings of the edition of May 12 of Impact ! , Chyna made her TNA debut , introduced by the returning Spike TV network consultant Mick Foley . He introduced her as Kurt Angle 's business associate ( she had been previously referred to as his " Mistress " ) and tag team partner at Sacrifice , where they would face Jeff Jarrett and Karen Jarrett . During the taping she also took part in a battle royal , from which she eliminated Jeff . At Sacrifice , Chyna submitted Karen for the win in the mixed tag team match . She left TNA shortly after making Sacrifice 2011 her final wrestling match . = = = Legacy = = = Numerous commentators have credited Chyna as being influential to women 's wrestling and one of the biggest stars of WWE 's Attitude Era . Commentator and former WWE official Jim Ross described Chyna as " The distinctive athlete was to WWE what Ronda Rousey has been to UFC " , while E ! News said that Chyna accomplished more in her near @-@ decade career than any woman had ever done . Others praise Chyna as a feminist icon who defied gender norms ; Dawn Heinecken , a professor of women 's and gender studies at the University of Louisville , wrote in 2004 that " She was demonized as a feminist who challenged male dominance ... Her latest , and most popular incarnation was that of a sex symbol " . She was the first woman to compete in the Royal Rumble match and is the only woman to have held the WWE Intercontinental Championship . Independent wrestler Kimber Lee credits Chyna as her influence to get into wrestling . Columnist Mike Mooneyham of The Post and Courier stated that it is an " an oft @-@ asked question " as to when Chyna will be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame . Jim Ross said that Chyna had an " overwhelming desire " to be inducted during her lifetime . On February 9 , 2015 , during a WWE Network podcast with Stone Cold Steve Austin , Triple H mentioned that Chyna deserved to be in the Hall of Fame but that problems with children Googling her prohibited it . The day following her death , a post on WWE.com expressed sadness about it and featured a video of her winning the Women 's Championship . In an interview with The Daily Mirror shortly after her death , Triple H said that she " definitely warranted " a place in the Hall of Fame . The following month , Stephanie McMahon said she was sure Chyna would be inducted but was not sure what year it would happen . WWE played a video tribute in her memory on the April 25 episode of Raw . = = Pornography career = = Laurer made her porn debut with the 2004 video 1 Night in China . Laurer and Sean Waltman approached Red Light District Video to distribute the homemade video , which was released in 2004 . Laurer appeared in her second pornographic video , entitled Another Night in China in 2009 . In 2011 , Laurer starred in her first professional pornographic film for Vivid Video entitled Backdoor to Chyna . She also starred for Vivid as She @-@ Hulk in their parody of The Avengers , released in May 2012 . A spinoff feature centered on the She @-@ Hulk character and titled She @-@ Hulk XXX was released to video in April 2013 . = = = Films = = = = = = Awards = = = = = Other media = = = = = Video games = = = Chyna has been depicted in five video games , which include : WWF Attitude released on Nintendo 64 , PlayStation , Game Boy Color and Dreamcast in 1999 WWF Wrestlemania 2000 released on Nintendo 64 in October 1999 WWF SmackDown ! released on PlayStation in March 2000 WWF No Mercy released on Nintendo 64 on November 17 , 2000 WWF SmackDown ! 2 : Know Your Role released on PlayStation on November 21 , 2000 = = = Playboy = = = Laurer modeled nude for Playboy ; her first issue , which featured a pictorial of her , was released in November 2000 . In 2002 , following her departure from the WWF , Laurer appeared in a second nude pictorial . She also filmed a Playboy adult documentary entitled Joanie Laurer Nude : Wrestling Superstar to Warrior Princess , which followed Laurer on the set . = = = Literature = = = In 2001 , Laurer released her autobiography , entitled If They Only Knew . It spent time on The New York Times ' bestseller list . = = = Television and film = = = Laurer appeared on The Howard Stern Show in 2000 , where she claims that she " made [ an ass ] out of [ her ] self . " She also appeared in 3rd Rock from the Sun as Janice , a police officer who briefly dated Harry Solomon , as well as several Stacker 2 commercials and was a presenter at the MTV Video Music Awards . In 2001 , Laurer was a guest on a special celebrity edition of Fear Factor . She lost in the final round of the competition to Coolio . The following year , Laurer was reportedly up for a part in Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , but lost out on the role to Kristanna Loken . Laurer was also the host of Robot Wars : Grand Champions in 2002 . She also appeared on the celebrity game show , Hollywood Squares in 2003 . Laurer appeared as a character named Lulu in Sevendust 's music video for the song " Enemy " in 2003 . In early 2005 , Laurer debuted on The Surreal Life , with housemates Da Brat , Jane Wiedlin , Adrianne Curry , Christopher Knight , Marcus Schenkenberg , and Verne Troyer . On the show , she drank heavily , appeared nude , and got into an argument with her ex , Sean Waltman . She remained friends with Adrianne Curry after the show and made a brief cameo on her reality show My Fair Brady . Laurer also appeared on The Surreal Life : Fame Games , which began to air on VH1 in January 2007 . The filming took place in April 2006 in Las Vegas . Her elimination from the show , which occurred in the seventh episode , was controversial . Andrea Lowell had accumulated the lowest score in the " Celebrity Call @-@ Back @-@ A @-@ Thon " challenge , but she manipulated Kennedy , the judge , to increase her score and got Laurer eliminated in the process . Also in 2006 , Laurer appeared in Just Another Romantic Wrestling Comedy and Illegal Aliens , the latter of which was the last movie featuring Anna Nicole Smith before her death . On Cristina 's Court , a syndicated court @-@ themed reality show , Laurer appeared in an episode originally airing July 14 , 2007 in a civil dispute against a breeder of teacup chihuahuas . Judge Perez ruled in favor of the plaintiff — Laurer — awarding her $ 4 @,@ 000 . = = Personal life = = Laurer 's breast implants were custom @-@ made for her after her first implants were ruptured during a wrestling match . She had also complained to her plastic surgeon that their largest implants did not suit her frame in the way she desired . Laurer 's custom implants became the model for the Chyna 2000s , a model of breast implant now marketed to large @-@ framed women and female bodybuilders . Laurer claimed to have paid $ 6 @,@ 000 for them . From 1996 until 2000 , Laurer dated fellow wrestler Paul " Triple H " Levesque . They initially hid their relationship from their co @-@ workers because Laurer felt that people might think she " [ slept ] her way to the top " . The duo also lived together for some time . Beginning in 2003 , however , she had a tumultuous relationship with wrestler Sean Waltman . They were engaged for a period in 2003 , then broke up , and then became engaged again , a pattern that continued for the next two years . In 2004 , Laurer and Waltman made a sex tape . Eager for a repeat success , the company that released Paris Hilton 's celebrity sex tape obtained the footage , edited it , and released it under the name 1 Night in China . The video sold over 100 @,@ 000 copies , with both Laurer and Waltman earning a share of the profits . Laurer , however , maintained that she did not earn any money from the release . In January 2005 , Laurer was arrested for domestic assault after allegedly beating Waltman . On February 8 , 2007 ( the date of Anna Nicole Smith 's death ) , a visibly upset Laurer appeared on Larry King Live to speak about her late friend . On the program , Laurer claimed that she " knew it was coming " because of the way the media had ridiculed Smith , and she drew parallels between the plight of Anna and herself . The wife of the CEO of Trim Spa , Monique Goen , however , claimed that Smith did not consider Laurer a friend . After leaving the WWF , Laurer was unable to use the name " Chyna " because of its trademark . Therefore , she began to use the name " Chynna Doll " for public appearances . In November 2007 , Laurer legally changed her name to Chyna . Laurer also had problems with substance abuse . She claimed that her " life was spinning out of control " around the time she made the sex tape . In January 2005 , Sean Waltman claimed that she was battling drug and alcohol addiction , as well as mental illness . Days after the domestic dispute between Waltman and Laurer , it was reported in the New York Post that she had stripped naked and jumped into a fish tank in a New York nightclub . That same month , she made another appearance on The Howard Stern Show , where she was slurring her words and going off on random tangents . On the program , she claimed to not want to do drugs anymore , but said that if a line of cocaine was in front of her , she would do it . After her appearance , she entered a facility specializing in helping people with depression , and she decided to stop drinking . In early 2008 , Laurer appeared on the VH1 reality TV show Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew , but she claimed on the show that she did not consider herself an addict . On December 27 , 2008 , she was rushed to the hospital after her birthday party , where she was found passed out with cuts on her arms . Laurer had a strained relationship with her family . She last saw her mother at the age of 16 , and she claimed that her father never got over her decision not to join the FBI . She also alleged that her father took out several student loans in her name without her knowledge , leaving her with $ 40 @,@ 000 in debt . On an episode of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew in 2008 , Laurer claimed to have a bad relationship with all of her family members , including her siblings . In September 2010 , Laurer was hospitalized after overdosing on sleeping medication . As of February 2015 , Laurer had re @-@ established a good relationship with her mother ; her father died in May 2014 . At one point , Laurer taught English in Japan . She converted to Mormonism while there . = = Death = = On April 20 , 2016 , Laurer was found dead at her home in Redondo Beach , California . She was 46 years old . She had been taking medication for anxiety and insomnia . A statement was posted to her Twitter account by her manager confirming her death . Her brain has been donated to science to study the effects of chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) . A memorial service was held in Los Angeles on June 23 , hundreds of fans and friends attended including Barry Williams and Coolio . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves DDT Gorilla press slam Pedigree ( Double underhook facebuster ) Powerbomb Sleeper slam Signature moves Handspring back elbow Jawbreaker Low blow Testicular claw Powerslam Manager The Kat Wrestlers managed Triple H Billy Gunn The Corporation D @-@ Generation X Eddie Guerrero Chris Jericho Nicknames " The Ninth Wonder of the World " " Mamacita " ( while managing Eddie Guerrero ) Entrance themes " Break it Down " by The DX Band ( WWF ; used as a member of D @-@ Generation X ) " No Chance in Hell " by Jim Johnston ( WWF ; used as a member of The Corporation ) " My Time " by The DX Band ( WWF ; used while managing Triple H ) " Latino Heat " by Jim Johnston ( WWF ; used while managing Eddie Guerrero ) " Who I Am " by Jim Johnston ( WWF , 1999 – 2001 ) " Hell on Heels " by Dale Oliver ( TNA ) = = Championships and accomplishments = = International Wrestling Federation IWF Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) Ladies International Wrestling Association Rookie of the Year ( 1998 ) Professional Girl Wrestling Association Rookie of the Year ( 1996 ) Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked her # 106 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 2000 World Wrestling Federation WWF Intercontinental Championship ( 3 times ) 1 WWF Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) = = List of other media appearances = = = Heathenry ( new religious movement ) = Heathenry , also termed Heathenism or Germanic Neopaganism , is a modern Pagan religion . Classified as a new religious movement , its practitioners model their faith on the pre @-@ Christian belief systems adhered to by the Germanic peoples of Iron Age and Early Medieval Europe . To reconstruct these past belief systems , Heathenry uses surviving historical , archaeological , and folkloric evidence as a basis , although approaches to this material vary considerably . Heathen communities are currently present in various parts of Europe , the Americas , and Australasia . Although lacking a unified theology , Heathenry is typically polytheistic , centering on a pantheon of deities from pre @-@ Christian Germanic Europe which includes both gods and goddesses . It adopts cosmological views from these pre @-@ Christian religions , including an animistic view of the cosmos in which the natural world is imbued with spirits . The faith 's deities and these spirits are honored in sacrificial rites known as blóts in which food and libations are offered to them . These are often accompanied by symbel , the act of ceremonially toasting the gods with an alcoholic beverage . Some practitioners also engage in rituals designed to induce an altered state of consciousness and visions , most notably seiðr and galdr , with the intent of gaining wisdom and advice from the deities . Although there are many solitary practitioners who follow the religion alone , members of the Heathen community often assemble in small groups , usually known as kindreds or hearths , to perform their rites in specially constructed buildings or outdoors . Heathen ethical systems place great emphasis on honor , personal integrity , and loyalty , while beliefs about an afterlife are varied and rarely emphasized . The primary division within the Heathen movement surrounds the issue of race . Many groups eschew racialist ideas , adopting a universalist perspective which holds that the religion is open to all , irrespective of ethnic or racial identity . Conversely , others adopt a racialist attitude – termed " folkish " within the community – by viewing Heathenry as a religion with intrinsic links to a Nordic race that should be reserved explicitly for white people of Northern European descent . Some folkish Heathens further combine the religion with explicitly racist and white supremacist perspectives . Although the term " Heathenry " is used widely to describe the religion as a whole , many groups prefer different forms of designation , influenced by their regional focus and their attitude to race . While a number of groups venerating Scandinavian deities use Ásatrú or Forn Sed , those focusing on Anglo @-@ Saxon deities use Theodism , and those adopting folkish perspectives tend to favor the terms Odinism or Wotanism . The religion 's origins lie in the 19th and early 20th century Romanticist movement which glorified the pre @-@ Christian beliefs of Germanic societies . Organised groups venerating the Germanic gods developed in Germany and Austria , which were often part of the Völkisch movement and which typically exhibited a racialist interpretation of the religion , resulting in the movement largely dissolving following the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II . In the 1970s , new Heathen groups emerged in Europe and North America , developing themselves into formalized organizations in order to promote their faith . In recent decades , the Heathen movement has been the subject of academic study by scholars active in the field of Pagan studies . = = Definition = = Scholars of religious studies classify Heathenry as a new religious movement , and more specifically as a reconstructionist form of modern Paganism . Heathenry is " movement to revive and / or reinterpret for the present day the practices and worldviews of the pre @-@ Christian cultures of northern Europe ( or , more particularly , the Germanic speaking cultures ) " , and its practitioners seek to revive these past belief systems using surviving historical source materials . Sources used by Heathens include Scandinavian and Icelandic Old Norse texts like the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda , as well as texts from continental Europe like the Nibelungenlied and Anglo @-@ Saxon sources like Beowulf . Some also make use of folk tales and folklore from later periods in European history , as well as taking ideas from archaeological evidence . The textual sources used are often fragmentary and composed within Christian contexts , thus making it problematic for Heathens seeking to use them to " reconstruct " the pre @-@ Christian prehistoric and Medieval belief systems which they discuss . Thus , anthropologist Jenny Blain characterised Heathenry as " a religion constructed from partial material " , while religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska referred to it as a " postmodern movement " with beliefs that are " riddled with uncertainty and historical confusion " . The ways in which Heathens use this historical and archaeological material differs ; some seek to reconstruct past beliefs and practices as accurately as possible , while others openly experiment with this material and embrace new innovations . Some , for instance , adapt their practices according to " unverified personal gnosis " ( UPG ) that they have gained through spiritual experiences . Others adopt concepts from the world 's surviving ethnic religions as well as modern polytheistic faiths such as Hinduism and Afro @-@ American religions , believing that doing so helps to construct spiritual world @-@ views that are akin to those that existed in Europe prior to Christianization . Other practitioners who emphasize a hard reconstructionist approach that relies exclusively on historical and archaeological sources criticize such attitudes , denigrating those who practice them using the pejorative term Neo @-@ Heathen . Some Heathens seek out common elements that were found throughout Germanic Europe during the Iron Age and Early Medieval periods , using those as the basis for their contemporary beliefs and practices . Conversely , others draw inspiration from the beliefs and practices of a specific area and time , such as Anglo @-@ Saxon England or Viking Age Iceland . Some adherents are deeply knowledgeable as to the specifics of Northern European society in the Iron Age and Early Medieval periods , although most practitioners primarily gain their information about the pre @-@ Christian past from fictional literature and popular accounts of Norse mythology , and sectors of the Heathen movement have perpetuated misconceptions about the past . Many express a romanticized view of Nordic culture , with sociologist of religion Jennifer Snook noting that many practitioners " hearken back to a more epic , anachronistic , and pure age of ancestors and heroes " . As religious studies scholar Fredrik Gregorius stated , despite the fact that " no real continuity " exists between Heathenry and the pre @-@ Christian belief systems of Germanic Europe , Heathen practitioners often dislike being considered adherents of a " new religion " and " modern invention " and thus prefer to depict theirs as a " traditional faith " . Many practitioners avoid using the etic term " reconstructionism " to describe their practices , preferring to characterize it as an " indigenous religion " with parallels to the traditional belief systems of the world 's indigenous peoples . = = = Terminology = = = No central religious authority exists to impose a particular terminological designation on all practitioners . Hence , different Heathen groups have used different words to both describe their religion and themselves , with these terms often conveying meaning about the particular pre @-@ Christian Germanic belief systems from which they draw inspiration as well as their socio @-@ political leanings . Academics studying the religion have typically favoured the terms Heathenry and Heathenism to describe it , for the reason that these words are " inclusive of all varieties " of the movement . This term is the most commonly used option by practitioners in the United Kingdom , with growing usage in North America and elsewhere . These terms are based on the word heathen , which was used by Early Medieval Christian writers to describe non @-@ Christians in Germanic Europe ; by using it , practitioners seek to reappropriate it from the Christians as a form of self @-@ designation . Many practitioners favor the term Heathen over Pagan because the former term originated among Germanic languages , whereas Pagan has its origins in Latin . A further term used in some academic contexts is Germanic Neopaganism , although this is an " artificial term " . Alternately , Blain suggested the use of North European Paganism as an overarching etic term for the movement , although Strmiska noted that this would also encompass those practitioners inspired by the belief systems of Northeastern Europe 's linguistically Finnic and Slavic societies . He favored Modern Nordic Paganism , although accepted that this term alienated those focusing on Anglo @-@ Saxon and continental Germanic belief systems . Another name for the faith is the Icelandic Ásatrú , which is more commonly rendered as Asatru in North America ; this term translates as " allegiance to the Æsir " – the Æsir being a sub @-@ set of deities in Norse mythology – with practitioners being known as Asatruer . This term is favored by practitioners who focus on the deities of Scandinavia , although is problematic as many self @-@ identified Asatruer worship deities and entities other than the Æsir , such as the Vanir , valkyries , elves , and dwarves . Although initially a popular term of designation among practitioners and academics , usage of Ásatrú has declined as the religion has aged . Other practitioners term their religion Vanatrú , meaning " those who honor the Vanir " , or Dísitrú , meaning " those who honor the goddesses " , depending on their particular theological emphasis . Although restricted especially to Scandinavia , since the mid @-@ 2000s a term that has grown in popularity is Forn Siðr or Forn Sed ( " the old way " ) ; this is also a term reappropriated from Christian usage , having previously been used in a derogatory sense to describe pre @-@ Christian religion in the Old Norse Heimskringla . Other terms used within the community to describe their religion are the Northern Tradition , Norse Paganism , and Saxon Paganism , while in the first third of the 20th century , commonly used terms were German , Nordic , or Germanic Faith . Many racialist @-@ oriented Heathens prefer the terms Odinism or Wotanism to describe their religion . There is thus a general view that all those who use Odinism adopt an explicitly political , right @-@ wing and racialist interpretation of the religion , while Asatru is used by more moderate Heathen groups , however no such clear division of these terms ' usage exists in practice . Gregorius noted that Odinism was " highly problematic " because it implies that the god Odin – who is adopted from Norse mythology – is central to these groups ' theology , which is often not the case . Moreover , the term is also used by at least one non @-@ racialist group , the British Odinshof , who use it in reference to their particular dedication to Odin . = = Beliefs = = = = = The gods and spirits = = = The historian of religion Mattias Gardell noted that there is " no unanimously accepted theology " within the Heathen movement . Older Heathen groups , operating in the early 20th century , were often monotheistic , although today Heathenry is typically polytheistic , exhibiting a theological structure which includes a pantheon of gods and goddesses , with adherents offering their allegiance and worship to some or all of them . Most practitioners are polytheistic realists , believing in the literal existence of the deities as individual entities . Others express a psychological interpretation of the divinities , viewing them for instance as symbols , Jungian archetypes or racial archetypes , with some who adopt this position deeming themselves to be atheists . Heathenry 's deities are adopted from the pre @-@ Christian belief systems found in the various societies of Germanic Europe ; they include divinities like Týr , Odin , Thor , Frigg and Freyja from Scandinavian sources , Wōden , Thunor and Ēostre from Anglo @-@ Saxon sources , and figures such as Nehalennia from continental sources . Some practitioners adopt the belief , taken from Norse mythology , that there are two sets of deities , the Æsir and the Vanir . Certain practitioners blend the different regions and times together , for instance using a mix of Old English and Old Norse names for the deities , while others keep them separate and only venerate deities from a particular region . Some groups focus their veneration on a particular deity ; for instance , the Brotherhood of Wolves , a Czech Heathen group , center their worship on the deity Fenrir . Similarly , many practitioners in the U.S. adopt a particular patron deity for themselves , and describe themselves as that entity 's devotee using terms such as Thorsman or Odinsman . Heathen deities are not seen as perfect , omnipotent , and omnipresent , and are instead viewed as having their own strengths and weaknesses , with many practitioners believing that these deities will one day die , as did , for instance , the god Baldr in Norse mythology . Heathens view their connection with their deities as not being that of a master and servant but rather an interdependent relationship akin to that of a family . For them , these deities serve as both examples and role models whose behavior is to be imitated . Many practitioners believe that they can communicate with these deities , as well as negotiate , bargain , and argue with them , and it is hoped that through venerating them , practitioners will gain wisdom , understanding , power , or visionary insights . Many practitioners combine their polytheistic world @-@ view with a pantheistic conception of the natural world as being sacred and imbued with a divine energy force permeating all life . Heathenry is animistic , with practitioners believing in nonhuman spirit persons commonly known as " wights " ( vættir ) that inhabit the world , each of whom is believed to have its own personality . Some of these are known as landvættir " land spirits " and inhabit different aspects of the landscape , living alongside humans , whom they can both help and hinder . Others are deemed to be household deities and live within the home , where they can be propitiated with offerings of food . Some Heathens interact with these entities and provide offerings to them more often than they do with the gods and goddesses . Wights are often identified with various creatures from Northwestern European folklore such as elves , dwarves , gnomes , and trolls . However , some of these entities – such as the Jötunn of Norse mythology – are deemed to be baleful spirits ; within the community it is often deemed taboo to provide offerings to them , although some practitioners still do so . Many Heathens also believe in and respect ancestral spirits . = = = Cosmology and afterlife = = = Heathens commonly adopt a cosmology based in Norse mythology in which our world – known as Midgard – is one of nine realms , all of which are part of a cosmological world tree called Yggdrasil . Different types of being are believed to inhabit these different realms ; for instance , humans live on Midgard , while dwarves live on another realm , elves on another , giants on another , and the divinities live on two further realms . Most practitioners believe that this is a poetic or symbolic description of the cosmos , with the different realms representing higher realms beyond the material plane of existence . The World Tree is also interpreted by some in the community as an icon for ecological and social engagement . Some Heathens , such as the psychologist Brian Bates , have adopted an approach to this cosmology rooted in analytical psychology , thereby interpreting the nine worlds and their inhabitants as maps of the human mind . According to a common Heathen belief based on references in Old Norse sources , three sisters known as the Norns sit at the end of the World Tree 's root . These figures spin Wyrd , which refers to the actions and interrelationships of all beings throughout the cosmos . In the community , these three figures are sometimes termed " Past , Present and Future " , " Being , Becoming , and Obligation " or " Initiation , Becoming , Unfolding " . It is believed that an individual can navigate through the Wyrd , and thus , the Heathen worldview oscillates between concepts of free will and fatalism . Heathens also believe in a personal form of Wyrd known as örlög . This is connected to an emphasis on luck , with Heathens in the U.S. often believing that luck can be earned , passed down generations , or lost . Various Heathen groups adopt the Norse apocalyptic myth of Ragnarök , however few view it as a literal prophecy of future events . Instead it is often treated as a symbolic warning of the danger that humanity faces if it acts unwisely in relation to both itself and the natural world . The death of the gods at Ragnarok is often viewed as a reminder of the inevitability of death and the importance of living honourably and with integrity until one dies . Alternately , ethnonationalist Heathens have interpreted Ragnarok as a prophecy of a coming apocalypse in which the white race will overthrow what these Heathens perceive as their oppressors and establish a future society based on Heathen religion . Political scientist Jeffrey Kaplan believed that it was the " strongly millenarian and chialistic overtones " of Ragnarok which helped convert American racialists to the right @-@ wing end of the Heathen movement . Some practitioners do not emphasize belief in an afterlife , instead stressing the importance of behaviour and reputation in this world . In Icelandic Ásatrú , there is no singular dogmatic belief about the afterlife . A common Heathen belief is that a human being has multiple souls , which are separate yet linked together . It is common to find a belief in four or five souls , two of which survive bodily death : one of these , the hugh , travels to the realm of the ancestors , while the other , the fetch , undergoes a process of reincarnation into a new body . In Heathen belief , there are various realms that the hugh ; can enter , based in part on the worth of the individual 's earthly life ; these include the hall of Valhalla , ruled over by Odin , or Sessrúmnir , the hall of Freyja . Beliefs regarding reincarnation vary widely among Heathens , although one common belief is that individuals are reborn within their family or clan . = = = Morality and ethics = = = In Heathenry , moral and ethical views are based on the perceived ethics of Iron Age and Early Medieval North @-@ West Europe , in particular the actions of heroic figures who appear in Old Norse sagas . Evoking a life @-@ affirming ethos , Heathen ethics focus on the ideals of honor , courage , integrity , hospitality , hard work , and strongly emphasize loyalty to family . It is common for practitioners to be expected to keep their word , particularly sworn oaths . There is thus a strong individualist ethos focused around personal responsibility , and a common motto within the Heathen community is that " We are our deeds " . In North America and elsewhere , some Heathen communities have formalized such values into an ethical code , the Nine Noble Virtues ( NNV ) , which is based largely on the Hávamál from the Poetic Edda . There are different forms of the NNV , with the number nine having symbolic associations in Norse mythology . There is a divided opinion on the NNV ; some practitioners deem them too dogmatic , while others eschew them for not having authentic roots in historical Germanic culture , negatively viewing them as an attempt to imitate the Judeo @-@ Christian Ten Commandments . The NNV are not universal among Heathens , and it has for instance been noted that they are rare among Swedish practitioners . Due to its focus on family ties and honest living – values perceived as socially conservative in Western nations – it has been noted that American Heathenry 's ethical system is far closer to traditional Christian morals than the ethical systems espoused in many other Western Pagan religions such as Wicca . Within the Heathen community of the United States , gender roles are based upon perceived ideals and norms found in Early Medieval Northwestern Europe , in particular as they are presented in Old Norse sources . Among male American Heathens there is a trend toward hypermasculanized behavior , while a gendered division of labor – in which men are viewed as providers and women seen as being responsible for home and children – is also widespread among Heathens in the U.S. Sociologist Jennifer Snook noted that as with all religions , Heathenry was " intimately connected " to politics , with practitioners ' political and religious beliefs influencing one another . As a result of the religion 's emphasis on honoring the land and its wights , many Heathens take an interest in ecological issues , with many considering their faith to be a nature religion . Heathen groups have participated in tree planting , raising money to purchase woodland , and campaigning against the construction of a railway between London and the Channel Tunnel in Southeastern England . Many Germanic Neopagans are also concerned with the preservation of heritage sites , and some practitioners have expressed concern regarding archaeological excavation of prehistoric and Early Medieval burials , believing that it is disrespectful to the individuals interned , whom Heathens widely see as their ancestors . Ethical debates within the community also arise when some practitioners believe that the religious practices of certain co @-@ religionists conflict with the religion 's " conservative ideas of proper decorum " . For instance , while many Heathens eschew worship of the Norse god Loki , deeming him a baleful wight , his gender @-@ bending nature has made him attractive to many LGBT Heathens . Those who adopt the former perspective have thus criticized Lokeans as effeminate and sexually deviant . Views on homosexuality and LGBT rights remain a source or tension within the community . Some right @-@ wing Heathen groups view homosexuality as being incompatible with a family @-@ oriented ethos and thus challenge same @-@ sex sexual activity . Other groups legitimize openness toward LGBT practitioners by reference to the gender @-@ bending actions of Thor and Odin in Norse mythology . There are , for instance , homosexual and transgender members of The Troth , a prominent U.S. Heathen organisation , while a group of self @-@ described " Homo @-@ Heathens " marched in the 2008 Stockholm Pride carrying a statue of the god Freyr , and many Scandinavian Heathen groups perform same @-@ sex marriages . = = Rites and practices = = In Anglophone countries , Heathen groups are typically called kindreds or hearths , or alternately sometimes as fellowships , tribes , or garths . These are small groups , often family units , and usually consist of between five and fifteen members . They are often bound together by oaths of loyalty , with strict screening procedures regulating the admittance of new members . Prospective members may undergo a probationary period before they are fully accepted and welcomed into the group , while other groups remain closed to all new members . Such groups are largely independent and autonomous , although typically network with other Heathen groups , particularly in their region . There are other followers of the religion who are not affiliated with such groups , operating as solitary practitioners , with these individuals often remaining in contact with other practitioners through social media . Priests are often termed godhi , while priestesses are gydhja , adopting Old Norse terms meaning " god @-@ man " and " god @-@ woman " respectively , with the plural term being gothar . These individuals are rarely seen as intermediaries between practitioners and deities , instead having the role of facilitating and leading group ceremonies and being learned in the lore and traditions of the religion . Many kindreds believe that anyone can take on the position of priest , with members sharing organisational duties and taking turns in leading the rites . In other groups , it is considered necessary for the individual to gain formal credentials from an accredited Heathen organisation in order to be recognised as a priest . In a small number of groups – particularly those of the early 20th century which operated as secret societies – the priesthood is modelled on an initiatory system of ascending degrees akin to Freemasonry . Heathen rites often take place in non @-@ public spaces , particularly in a practitioner 's home . In other cases , Heathen places of worship have been established on plots of land specifically purchased for the purpose ; these can represent either a hörg , which is a sanctified place within nature like a grove of trees , or a hof , which is a wooden temple . The Heathen community has made various attempts to construct hofs in different parts of the world . In 2014 , the Ásaheimur Temple was opened in Efri Ás , Skagafjörður , Iceland , while in 2015 British Odinists opened a temple in a converted 16th @-@ century chapel in Newark , Nottinghamshire . Heathens have also adopted archaeological sites as places of worship . For instance , British practitioners have assembled for rituals at the Nine Ladies stone circle in Derbyshire , and the Rollright Stones in Warwickshire while Swedish Heathens have done the same at Gamla Uppsala and Icelandic practitioners have met at Þingvellir . Germanic Neopagan groups assemble for rituals in order to mark rites of passage , seasonal observances , oath takings , rites devoted to a specific deity , and for rites of need . These rites also serve as identity practices which mark the adherents out as Heathens . Strmiska noted that in Iceland , Ásatrú rituals had been deliberately constructed in an attempt to recreate or pay tribute to the ritual practices of pre @-@ Christian Icelanders , although also had space in which to innovate and change to suit the tastes and needs of contemporary practitioners . During religious ceremonies , many adherents choose to wear clothing that imitates the styles of dress worn in Iron Age and Early Medieval Northern Europe . They also often wear symbols indicating their religious allegiance . The most commonly used sign among Heathens is Mjölnir , or Thor 's hammer , which is worn as pendants , featured in Heathen art , and used as a gesture in ritual . It is sometimes used to express a particular affinity with the god Thor , although is also often used as a symbol of Heathenism as a whole , in particular representing the resilience and vitality of the religion . Another commonly used Heathen symbol is the valknut , used to represent the god Odin or Woden . = = = Blót and sumbel = = = The most important religious rite for Heathens is called blót , which constitutes a ritual in which offerings are provided to the gods . Blót typically takes place outdoors , and usually consists of an offering of mead , which is contained within a bowl . The gods are invoked and requests expressed for their aid , as the priest uses a sprig or branch of an evergreen tree to sprinkle mead onto both statues of the deities and the assembled participants . This procedure might be scripted or largely improvised . Finally , the bowl of mead is poured onto a fire , or onto the earth , as a final libation to the gods . Sometimes , a communal meal is held afterward ; in some groups this is incorporated as part of the ritual itself . In other instances , the blót is simpler and less ritualized ; in this case , it can involve a practitioner setting some food aside , sometimes without words , for either gods or wights . Some Heathens perform such rituals on a daily basis , although for others it is a more occasional performance . Aside from honoring deities , communal blóts also serve as a form of group bonding . In Iron Age and Early Medieval Northern Europe , blót referred to animal sacrifice performed to thank the deities and gain their favor . Such sacrifices have generally proved impractical for most modern practitioners , due to the fact that skills in animal slaughter are not widely taught , while the slaughter of animals is regulated by government in Western countries . However , in 2007 Strmiska noted that a " small but growing " number of Heathen practitioners in the U.S. had begun performing animal sacrifice as a part of blót . Those who do so typically follow the procedure outlined in the Heimskringla	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the overwhelming majority of individuals in the movement were white , male , and young . Most had at least an undergraduate degree , and worked in a mix of white collar and blue collar jobs . The Pagan Census project led by Helen A. Berger , Evan A. Leach , and Leigh S. Shaffer gained 60 responses from Heathens in the U.S. , noting that 65 % were male and 35 % female , which they saw as the " opposite " of the rest of the country 's Pagan community . The majority had a college education , but were generally less well educated than the wider Pagan community , with a lower median income than the wider Pagan community too . From her experience within the community , Snook concurred that the majority of American Heathens were male , adding that most were white and middle @-@ aged , but believed that there had been a growth in the proportion of female Heathens in the U.S. since the mid @-@ 1990s . Subsequent assessments have suggested a larger support base ; 10 @,@ 000 to 20 @,@ 000 according to McNallen in 2006 , and 7 @,@ 878 according to the 2014 census . = = = Europe = = = In the United Kingdom Census 2001 , 300 people registered as Heathen in England and Wales . However , many Heathens followed the advice of the Pagan Federation ( PF ) and simply described themselves as " Pagan " , while other Heathens did not specify their religious beliefs . In the 2011 census , 1 @,@ 958 people self @-@ identified as Heathen in England and Wales . By 2003 , the Icelandic Heathen organisation Ásatrúarfélagið had 777 members , and by 2015 , it reported 2 @,@ 400 members . In Iceland , Heathenry has an impact larger than the number of its adherents . Based on his experience researching Danish Heathens , Amster stated that while it was possible to obtain membership figures of Heathen organisations , it was " impossible to estimate " the number of unaffiliated solo practitioners . Conversely , in 2015 , Gregorius estimated that there were at most a thousand Heathens in Sweden – both affiliated and unaffiliated – although noted that practitioners themselves often perceived their numbers as being several times higher than this . Although noting that there were no clear figures available for the gender balance within the community , he cited practitioners who claim that there are a greater number of men active within Swedish Heathen organisations . Schnurbein observed that most Heathens in Scandinavia were middle @-@ class professionals aged between thirty and sixty . = = = Further academic reading = = = = Joseph Webb House = The Joseph Webb House is a historic Georgian @-@ style house at 211 Main Street in Wethersfield , Connecticut . It was designated a National Historic Landmark for its significance as the location of the General George Washington / Rochambeau ( French commander ) five @-@ day military conference held in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War that preceded the Siege of Yorktown , the last major battle of the war in North America . Washington , in his words , " lodged ... at the house of Joseph Webb " , on the May 17 , 1781 . Located in Old Wethersfield , the Joseph Webb House is owned by the Webb @-@ Deane @-@ Stevens Museum and serves as its headquarters . The interior has been restored to an 18th @-@ century appearance and the grounds feature a Colonial Revival garden and 19th @-@ century barn in back . Originally built in 1752 for Joseph Webb , the house remained in the family until around 1820 when it was sold to Martin Welles . It remained in the Welles family until 1913 when it was purchased by a group of businessmen who intended to use it as an athenaeum or a library , but a lack of funds saw its resale to Wallace Nutting . The house opened in 1916 as a part of Nutting 's " Chain of Colonial Picture Houses " . Nutting sold the house to the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in 1919 , who continue to operate it as a historic house museum . In 1996 and later in 2007 , Nutting 's murals and interpretive Colonial Revival elements were acknowledged and integrated with an exhibit showing his influence . = = History = = Framed by Judah Wright in 1752 for Joseph Webb , the three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half story house was designed with a large gambrel roof that provides extra storage space . Webb was a successful merchant who had ships trading in the West Indies and ran a local store ; he married Mehitabel Nott and had six children before his death at the age of 34 . The executor of the estate was Silas Deane who assisted Mrs. Webb financially and emotionally . Deane later married Mrs. Webb and built a house next door . The eldest child , Joseph Webb Jr . , then 12 at the time of his father 's death , inherited the house . In 1774 , Joseph Webb Jr . , also a successful merchant , married Abigail Chester and the couple remained in the house ; they became well @-@ known hosts and their house was nicknamed " Hospitality Hall " . The house 's fame stems from George Washington five night stay in the house , where he planned the Siege of Yorktown that led to American Independence with French general Comte de Rochambeau . Smithsonian magazine writer Howard Hugh suggests that the red wool flock wallpaper in the bedchamber where Washington slept was hung in anticipation of the general 's arrival . Webb Jr. sold the house in 1790 and it passed through different owners until it was purchased by Judge Martin Welles around 1820 . Welles went on to modernize the southern half of the property . The house remained in the Welles family until the death of Welles ' grandson in 1913 . The house was purchased by a group of businessmen who sought to operate it as athenaeum or a library ; however a lack of funds resulted in its sale to Wallace Nutting in 1916 . = = Wallace Nutting = = The Joseph Webb House was bought by antiquarian Wallace Nutting on February 9 , 1916 to serve as a sales area and studio . Lyle writes that Nutting intended to use the house " as one of the links in his “ Chain of Colonial Picture Houses ” — all important historic sites located in New England that were part of his business plan to promote a nostalgic appreciation of “ Old America . ” " Nutting commissioned painted murals for the front parlors and hallway . On July 4 , 1916 , the Webb house was opened to the public with a 25 cent admission charge , but the American entry into World War I and the rationing of gasoline took its toll on Nutting 's business . Nutting sold the house in 1919 to The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in Connecticut , which opened it to the public as a historic house museum . = = Colonial Dames = = The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America restored the house to before Nutting 's changes with a team of preservationists ; with the intention of restoring the appearance of the original construction . The murals commissioned by Nutting were covered up with reproduction wallpapers , but a panel of the wall paper was torn off and the hallway murals were painted over . In 1996 , the Dames acknowledged Wallace Nutting 's interpretive focus of the Webb House and removed the wallpaper in the " Yorktown " parlor . In 2007 , the murals in the northeast parlor were uncovered and reinterpretation of the room around the Colonial Revival period . An exhibit in the center hall of the house shows Wallace Nutting 's influence . The Webb @-@ Deane @-@ Stevens Museum gives tours of the house April through November , but requires appointments for tours for January through March . The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . = Collaborations ( Ravi Shankar and George Harrison album ) = Collaborations is a four @-@ disc compilation box set by Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar and former Beatle George Harrison . Released in October 2010 on Dark Horse Records , it compiles two studio albums originally issued on that label – the long @-@ unavailable Shankar Family & Friends ( 1974 ) and Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India ( 1976 ) – and Chants of India , first issued on Angel Records in 1997 . Although all three albums were originally Shankar releases , for which Harrison served in the role of music producer and guest musician , both Shankar and Harrison are credited as artists on the box set . Each of the collaborative projects represents a departure from Shankar 's more typical work as a sitarist and performer of Hindustani classical ragas , with the box set showcasing his forays into , variously , jazz and rock , Indian folk and orchestral ensembles , and devotional music . The fourth disc of Collaborations is a DVD containing previously unissued film of a performance by the Music Festival from India , recorded at London 's Royal Albert Hall in September 1974 . Filmed by director Stuart Cooper , the footage required substantial restoration for its 2010 release . An audio @-@ only track on the DVD , prepared by Anoushka Shankar and Paul Hicks , provides a more complete record of the concert . Issued nine years after Harrison 's death , the limited @-@ edition release coincided with celebrations for Shankar 's 90th birthday and was overseen by Harrison 's widow , Olivia . Among the lavish packaging for the compilation , each disc appears inside enlarged , 8 ½ -inch sleeves , and each copy of the set is individually numbered . An accompanying book contains a foreword by American composer Philip Glass , rare photographs documenting Shankar and Harrison 's 35 @-@ year friendship , and commentary from both artists on the projects featured in the box set . While Collaborations presents only a portion of Shankar and Harrison 's work together , music critics have recognised it as a successful representation of the far @-@ reaching cultural legacy of their partnership . = = Background = = In June 1966 , while still a member of the Beatles , George Harrison met Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar in London and became a student of the sitarist . Harrison later said that , for himself , the music was " like an excuse " , and that in reality he was searching for a " spiritual connection " with the culture of India . The association immediately brought Shankar and Indian music unprecedented popularity in the West , while Harrison 's introduction of the sitar into the Beatles ' sound inspired a new genre known as raga rock . By 1971 , a year after the Beatles ' break @-@ up , and having established himself as a solo artist with his All Things Must Pass triple album ( 1970 ) , Harrison began working with Shankar , as his producer . These 1971 projects , all released on the Beatles ' Apple record label , included the soundtrack to the documentary film Raga ; Shankar 's Joi Bangla EP , recorded to raise international awareness for the plight of refugees of the Bangladesh Liberation War ; and the live album The Concert for Bangladesh , which documented the UNICEF benefit concerts that Harrison and Shankar staged in New York that August . Twenty @-@ three years older than Harrison , Shankar described their relationship as , variously , that of father and son ( with each one adopting either role ) ; close friends ; and teacher and student . Author Ian Inglis has commented on the various differences between the two musicians , in terms of age , culture and social status : " And yet , in another sense , those contrasting factors helped to prevent any personal or professional rivalries , produced spaces and separations that their music could fill , and ultimately created … a partnership that was never competitive , but perfectly complementary . " While their collaborations continued only intermittently after the mid 1970s , the depth of their friendship remained , such that Harrison would credit Shankar as being " the person who has influenced my life the most " . When Harrison died in November 2001 , following a four @-@ year battle with cancer , Shankar was at his bedside , along with members of Harrison 's family . = = Musical content = = The 2010 box set Collaborations was one of several reissue projects celebrating Shankar 's 90th birthday . It compiles three studio albums that he and Harrison worked on together between 1973 and 1996 : Shankar Family & Friends ( 1974 ) , Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India ( 1976 ) and Chants of India ( 1997 ) . The first two of these albums had long been out of print , and their inclusion in the box set marked the debut CD release for both titles . Disc four contains a previously unissued concert film from 1974 , titled Music Festival from India – Live at the Royal Albert Hall . Harrison 's role on the three studio albums was mainly confined to that of a record producer , although his name appeared prominently on the front cover of Chants of India , and the latter was marketed as a collaborative work between Shankar and Harrison . Collaborations presents the albums in reverse chronological order , with Chants of India appearing on disc one . = = = Chants of India = = = Shankar and Harrison recorded the album between January and August 1996 , with sessions taking place in the southern India city of Madras , and at Harrison 's English home , Friar Park , in Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames . The majority of the selections consist of Vedic prayers and other Sanskrit @-@ worded , Hindu religious texts that Shankar set to music . He also wrote new pieces in a similarly sacred vein , including " Prabhujee " , the only song on the album to contain Hindi lyrics . Among the many musicians and singers on Chants of India were Shankar 's daughter Anoushka , tablist Bikram Ghosh and santoor player Tarun Bhattacharya . The album 's creation resulted from Shankar and Harrison having renewed their close friendship in recent years ; this following a period when , by his own admission , Shankar had partially withdrawal from his Western @-@ musician friends in the late 1970s , stung by persistent criticism from the Indian press that he was " diluting " Indian classical music . Other projects that the pair undertook together in the mid 1990s include Ravi Shankar : In Celebration ( 1996 ) , a four @-@ disc career retrospective compiled by Harrison , and Raga Mala , Shankar 's second autobiography , for which Harrison served as editor . Shankar considered Chants of India to be among his best works , and he praised Harrison 's contributions as a musician and producer on the album . Released on Angel Records in May 1997 , the album was critically well received . In his book The Dawn of Indian Music in the West , Peter Lavezzoli describes it as " a quiet masterpiece , one of the most uplifting and musically engaging recordings of scared music " , while AllMusic critic Jim Brenholts writes : " Among records of this nature , this one is special . " Chants of India was the last official musical collaboration between the two artists , after Harrison was diagnosed with cancer in August that year . = = = Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India = = = Harrison first got the idea to stage what became the 1974 Music Festival from India during the Bombay sessions for his debut solo album , the 1968 film soundtrack Wonderwall Music , after hearing Shankar 's orchestral work Nava Rasa Ranga . While in India in early 1974 , Shankar and Harrison planned the venture , which consisted of a European tour by Shankar 's hand @-@ picked orchestra of Indian classical musicians , after which the ensemble would tour North America with Harrison and his band of Western musicians . For his orchestra , Shankar selected regular accompanists such as tabla player Alla Rakha and singers Lakshmi Shankar and Kamala Chakravarty ; other established players including Shivkumar Sharma ( santoor ) , Hariprasad Chaurasia ( flute ) , Rijram Desad ( percussion ) and Kamalesh Maitra ( tabla tarang ) ; and musicians that went on to establish themselves internationally as a result of their participation , such as violinist L. Subramaniam and sarangi player Sultan Khan . Before the European tour began in September 1974 , Shankar and Harrison recorded a studio album with the sixteen Music Festival musicians at Friar Park . Using the facilities from his upstairs studio , FPSHOT , Harrison recorded the album in Friar Park 's drawing room , overlooking the property 's expansive gardens . Shankar wrote the pieces in a variety of traditional Indian folk and classical styles , often composing on his way to Henley from his London hotel , while travelling along the M4 motorway . Harrison later recalled his fear that Shankar 's directions to the assembled musicians would create a musical " catastrophe " , yet the result each time was " the most amazing thing " . Among the tracks on Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India , " Raga Jait " is Shankar 's interpretation of that raga for an orchestral ensemble , and the ten @-@ minute " Dehati " features extended interplay between the various percussionists . The album was released on Harrison 's Dark Horse record label in February 1976 . = = = Shankar Family & Friends = = = Shankar and Harrison began recording Shankar Family & Friends in Los Angeles in April 1973 . In a marked departure from Shankar 's more familiar work in the Hindustani classical style , the album was a fusion of several musical genres , particularly Indian classical , jazz and Western pop . The contributors ranged from American jazz proponents Tom Scott and Emil Richards to Indian players such as Rakha , Sharma , Chaurasia , Subramaniam , sarodya Aashish Khan and , a former student and longtime associate of Shankar 's , multi @-@ instrumentalist Harihar Rao . Adopting the pseudonym " Hari Georgeson " , since he was still contracted to EMI @-@ affiliated Apple Records , Harrison contributed on electric and acoustic guitars , and autoharp . Shankar played sitar , surbahar and Moog synthesizer , and otherwise served as director and conductor at the sessions . Other participants included guitarist David Bromberg , members of the Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra , and electronic music artists Paul Beaver and Robert Margouleff . One side of the original LP consisted of music that Shankar had composed for a ballet , titled Dream , Nightmare & Dawn , while among the album 's other songs and bhajans was a rare English @-@ language pop composition by Shankar , " I Am Missing You " . Harrison arranged the latter track in a rock @-@ music setting , with backing from Western musicians such as Scott , Billy Preston , Ringo Starr and Jim Keltner ; sung by Lakshmi Shankar , this version of " I Am Missing You " was the first single released on Dark Horse Records , in September 1974 . Music from Shankar Family & Friends featured in the setlist for the Harrison – Shankar North American tour later that year , during which the Music Festival personnel were accompanied on stage by Harrison and members of his touring band , such as Scott and Richards . = = = Music Festival from India – Live at the Royal Albert Hall = = = Harrison sponsored Shankar 's Music Festival from India concerts through his Material World Charitable Foundation , for which the European tour was its debut event . The DVD issued on Collaborations is from the Music Festival 's concert at the Royal Albert Hall , London , on 23 September 1974 , the first date of the tour . The footage was shot by director Stuart Cooper , whose film Little Malcolm , made early the previous year , marked Harrison 's first foray into film production . After Harrison introduces Shankar to the London audience , Shankar conducts the musicians during the performance . He plays sitar on the twenty @-@ minute " Raga Yaman Kalyan " , however , accompanied by Rakha . Author Simon Leng recognises the Music Festival from India as the first Indian orchestra to have played in Europe , while Harrison 's widow Olivia , in her role as producer of the compilation , notes singer and mridangam player T.V. Gopalkrishnan among the musicians who went on to have " incredible careers of their own " . Considerable restoration was required to prepare Live at the Royal Albert Hall for release in 2010 , since much of Cooper 's footage had been lost during the ensuing decades or damaged . Olivia Harrison explained : " We laid music where we had picture and we cheated a little bit with picture where only sound existed to create over an hour of the concert … " A separate selection on the DVD presents the audio for a more complete version of the performance , lasting over 90 minutes . Also included is a short segment where Anoushka Shankar and Paul Hicks , as remaster producers , work on the concert audio in a San Diego studio and are visited by Shankar and Olivia . = = Artwork and packaging = = Collaborations was presented in an unusually lavish package , designed by Drew Lorimer and Olivia Harrison . Housed in a hinged box , the four discs sit on cardboard bases inside album covers measuring 8 ½ by 8 ½ inches , with the enlargement from CD and DVD dimensions allowing for a closer replication of the original LP jackets . A limited @-@ edition release , each copy of the box set came with an individually numbered certificate of authenticity . A 56 @-@ page , hardcover book contains quotes from Shankar and Harrison , commenting on their long friendship and the projects represented on the discs . Both artists ' families supplied photographs for the book , while other pictures are credited to professional photographers Clive Arrowsmith , Dezo Hoffmann , Jan Steward and Carolyn Jones . The photo used on the front of the box was one of a series of pictures that Arrowsmith took at Friar Park in 1974 , over the period when the Music Festival orchestra were recording and rehearsing there . The book 's foreword was supplied by American composer Philip Glass , with whom Shankar had collaborated on the 1990 album Passages . Glass writes of the Shankar – Harrison musical partnership as having " [ made ] waves ... on a tremendous scale and for a passionate worldwide audience " , adding that its influence " reverberates , as clearly , even today " . = = Release = = The box set was issued on Dark Horse Records , distributed by Rhino Entertainment , on 18 October 2010 in Britain , and 19 October in the United States . Announcing the release in August that year , Consequence of Sound described it as " a certified dream for world music / Beatles fans " . Collaborations coincided with East Meets West Music 's Shankar reissues such as the Nine Decades series and the DVD release of the long @-@ unavailable Raga , which features 1968 footage of Harrison as well as the soundtrack he produced and originally issued on Apple . In America , the box set was available solely through Harrison 's official website and the online retailer Amazon . At this time the Harrison estate undertook a similarly low @-@ key campaign for the 40th anniversary of All Things Must Pass , which coincided with several reissue projects relating to the Beatles . Collaborations entered Billboard magazine 's Top World Albums list at number 3 , its peak position on that chart . Having been Harrison 's assistant at Dark Horse during the 1970s , Olivia Harrison promoted the release ; in an interview with Spinner , she described the reissue project as a " labor of love for me " . = = Reception = = In a five @-@ star review for Goldmine magazine , Gillian Gaar considered that Collaborations " succeeded on crossover appeal " and had praise for the " mesmerizing " Music Festival album and concert DVD . Reviewing the box set for Uncut , John Lewis found Harrison " a little too respectful " in his deference to Shankar on the 1970s projects , although he admired Chants of India , saying : " there is a heaviness and intensity to each performance that makes this seemingly austere collection quite compelling to rock ears . " Terry Staunton of Record Collector commented that had John Lennon and Paul McCartney ceded more of their creative control in the Beatles to Harrison , " there might today be a stronger case for Ravi Shankar 's claim to the fiercely @-@ debated position of fifth Beatle . " Staunton described Collaborations as an " intriguing series of East – West summits " and concluded : " It may have limited appeal … but this box set is a strong testament to two friends ' mutual respect and their desire to push musical boundaries . " In an article for Time Out New York on the various Beatles @-@ related reissues of late 2010 , Sophie Harris wrote : " You might not think that Vedic chanting is your thing , but as Philip Glass notes in the introduction to this gorgeous set , there 's scarcely a musician in the world who hasn 't been touched by the musical partnership [ between Shankar and Harrison ] … Contained herein : awesome , spooky @-@ sounding chanting , a live DVD , a glossy book and much more to rejoice about . " While also comparing the collection to the more highly publicised reissues by Lennon and McCartney , Joe Marchese of The Second Disc praised Collaborations for its adventurous music , as well as the lavishness of the packaging . Of the three studio albums , he described Shankar Family & Friends as the " most commercial " and Music Festival from India as " exotic , but immediately transporting " , and wrote that " joy and a celebratory feel exudes from [ Chants of India ] " . Marchese added : " [ The ] albums illuminate an important aspect of the career of George Harrison , for sure . But they also remind one of the immense musical influence of Ravi Shankar ... These once hard @-@ to @-@ find LPs are presented with great integrity here . " Writing for AllMusic , Richie Unterberger qualifies the joint credit afforded Shankar and Harrison , saying : " Without downplaying the closeness of the two musicians ' friendship and Harrison 's genuine participation in all of these projects , it should be stated up front that this is much more Shankar 's music than Harrison 's , and much more Indian music than the rock for which Harrison was most famed . " Unterberger describes the box set as " a bountiful gathering of some of Shankar 's more accessible recordings " and highlights Chants of India as the most effective collaboration between the two artists . PopMatters contributor Sachyn Mital described the box set as " a special gift for [ Shankar 's ] fans " on the occasion of his 90th birthday , and " worthy of a man of such esteemed stature " . Mital concludes of the partnership : " The diligence of Harrison brought Ravi Shankar , Indian music and Eastern spirituality soundly into Western collective consciousness . " = = Track listing = = Disc one – Chants of India All selections are traditional , adapted by Ravi Shankar , except where noted . " Vandanaa Trayee " – 4 : 32 " Omkaaraaya Namaha " – 1 : 53 " Vedic Chanting One " – 3 : 12 " Asato Maa " – 7 : 12 " Sahanaa Vavavtu " – 4 : 26 " Poornamadah " – 1 : 28 " Gaayatri " – 3 : 26 " Mahaa Mrityunjaya " – 4 : 43 " Veenaa @-@ Murali " – 3 : 36 " Geetaa " – 2 : 13 " Managalam " ( Shankar , Dr Nandakumara ) – 4 : 03 " Hari Om " ( Shankar ) – 2 : 57 " Svara Mantra " ( Shankar ) – 4 : 34 " Vedic Chanting Two " – 2 : 13 " Prabhujee " ( Shankar ) – 8 : 06 " Sarve Shaam " – 5 : 09 Disc two – Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India All selections written by Shankar . " Vandana " – 2 : 44 " Dhamar " – 5 : 23 " Tarana / Chaturang " – 5 : 33 " Raga Jait " – 9 : 48 " Kajri " – 4 : 51 " Bhajan " – 3 : 56 " Naderdani " – 4 : 43 " Dehati " – 10 : 09 Disc three – Shankar Family & Friends All selections written by Shankar . " I Am Missing You " – 3 : 45 " Kahān Gayelavā Shyām Saloné " – 2 : 55 " Supané Mé Āyé Preetam Sainyā " – 4 : 15 " I Am Missing You ( reprise ) " – 4 : 03 " Jaya Jagadish Haré " ( PD ) – 4 : 54 Dream , Nightmare & Dawn ( Music for a Ballet ) " Overture " – 2 : 33 Part One ( Dream ) : " Festivity & Joy " – 3 : 56 " Love @-@ Dance Ecstasy " – 3 : 13 Part Two ( Nightmare ) : " Lust ( Rāga Chandrakauns ) " – 3 : 13 " Dispute & Violence " – 2 : 43 " Disillusionment & Frustration " – 2 : 50 " Despair & Sorrow ( Rāga Marwā ) " – 3 : 04 Part Three ( Dawn ) : " Awakening " – 3 : 05 " Peace & Hope ( Rāga Bhatiyār ) " – 4 : 31 Disc four – Music Festival from India – Live at the Royal Albert Hall All selections written by Shankar . = Metanephrops challengeri = Metanephrops challengeri ( commonly known as the New Zealand lobster or New Zealand scampi ) is a species of slim , pink lobster that lives around the coast of New Zealand . It is typically 13 – 18 cm ( 5 – 7 in ) long and weighs around 100 g ( 3 @.@ 5 oz ) . The carapace and abdomen are smooth , and adults are white with pink and brown markings and a conspicuous pair of long , slim claws . M. challengeri lives in burrows at depths of 140 – 640 m ( 460 – 2 @,@ 100 ft ) in a variety of sediments . Although individuals can live for up to 15 years , the species shows low fecundity , where small numbers of larvae hatch at an advanced stage . M. challengeri is a significant prey item for ling , as well as being an important fishery species for human consumption ; trawlers catch around 1 @,@ 000 t ( 2 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 lb ) per year under the limitations of New Zealand 's Quota Management System . The species was first collected by the Challenger expedition of 1872 – 1876 , but only described as separate from related species by Heinrich Balss in 1914 . Although originally classified in the genus Nephrops , it was moved in 1972 to a new genus , Metanephrops , along with most other species then classified in Nephrops . = = Description = = Metanephrops challengeri is a slender lobster , typically 13 – 18 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 1 in ) long , but exceptionally up to 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) , and weighing up to 100 grams ( 3 @.@ 5 oz ) each . Its chelipeds ( legs bearing the main chelae , or claws ) are long , narrow , and slightly unequal . The second and third pairs of pereiopods also end in small claws , but the fourth and fifth pairs do not . The carapace is smooth , and extends forwards into a long , narrow rostrum , only slightly shorter than the carapace . Adults are mostly white , but the front half of the rostrum , and the sides of the abdomen , are pink . Bright red bands extend across the base of the rostrum , the posterior edge of the carapace , the chelipeds , and each of the abdominal segments . The dorsal parts of the abdomen are brown , and there are two brown saddles on the dorsal carapace . M. challengeri is considered to have the most primitive morphology of any species of Metanephrops , having even fewer novelties than the oldest known fossil species , M. rossensis . Its rostrum is longer than that of other species in the thomsoni species group , and the ridge along the midline of the carapace only has two small spines . Unlike some other species of Metanephrops , the carapace is smooth , as are the abdominal tergae , and the chelipeds are covered in fine granules . = = Life cycle = = Metanephrops challengeri reaches sexual maturity at the age of 3 – 4 years , and may live up to 15 years in total . Females produce very large eggs in small numbers ; they are typically around 2 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 1 in ) in diameter , and are blue in colour . The larvae hatch at the zoea stage ( equivalent to the third zoea of the Northern Hemisphere species Nephrops norvegicus ) . The zoea larvae are 10 @.@ 0 – 11 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 45 in ) long , and possess all the appendages of the cephalothorax , including the pereiopods , which are used for swimming , but no pleopods ( appendages of the abdomen ) . This larval stage lasts less than four days , before the young moult into the post @-@ larval stage . The post @-@ larva swims using its pleopods . The post @-@ larva later moults into the adult form . Larvae are rarely seen in the wild , confirming that the development to the bottom @-@ dwelling post @-@ larva is rapid . = = Distribution and ecology = = Metanephrops challengeri lives around the coasts of New Zealand , including the Chatham Islands , at depths of 140 – 640 metres ( 460 – 2 @,@ 100 ft ) . It lives in burrows in a variety of " suitable cohesive " sediments , and is a significant prey item for ling ( Genypterus blacodes ) . Lobsters have few parasites , the most important for M. challengeri being the microsporidian Myospora metanephrops . This can cause " destruction of the skeletal and heart muscles of infected lobsters " , but its significance for the animals and for the fishing industry remains unclear . When it was described in 2010 , M. metanephrops was the first microsporidian to be isolated from a true lobster . = = Fisheries = = Metanephrops challengeri has been harvested commercially since the 1980s . Between the season of 1988 / 89 and 1990 / 91 , the amount of scampi caught around New Zealand increased from only 55 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 121 @,@ 000 lb ) to around 500 @,@ 000 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 lb ) . Catch limits were introduced in 1990 / 91 , and now 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 lb ) is caught annually by trawlers . The fishery is centred on four areas of continental shelf of the submerged continent Zealandia : the Campbell Plateau around the Auckland Islands , Chatham Rise , along the Wairarapa coast , and in the Bay of Plenty . Most of the fishing vessels used to capture M. challengeri are 20 – 40 metres ( 66 – 131 ft ) long , with " double or triple trawl rigs of low headline height " . There is considerable variation in the catch per unit effort between different depths , between different geographical areas and between different years . M. challengeri is considered a luxury foodstuff . Most of the catch is exported and as a result , it is rarely seen in restaurants in New Zealand . Metanephrops challengeri was the subject of a 2003 select committee inquiry in the New Zealand parliament , after allegations of corruption arose against officers of the Ministry of Fisheries . Although the allegations were quashed , the inquiry ruled that preferential treatment had been given to the large fishing company Simunovich Fisheries . In response , the government introduced M. challengeri into their Quota Management System and paid compensation to some fishermen who had a justified grievance . Under QMS , an overall limit of 1 @,@ 291 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 846 @,@ 000 lb ) was put in place for M. challengeri in 2011 . = = Conservation = = Metanephrops challengeri is currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List , due in part to the Quota Management System put in place by the New Zealand government . The species does appear to be declining , however , based both on burrow counts and analyses of catch per unit effort . Estimates of the total population size of M. challengeri vary depending on the methods used . Based on indirect measures , such as burrow counts , there may be as many as 28 million individuals , and the annual catch might represent only 2 % – 4 % of the total population . Using more reliable figures based on those animals seen during surveys , there may be only 2 – 11 million individuals available to trawlers , and the annual catch may remove 12 % – 28 % of that population . Bycatch from the New Zealand scampi fishery has included the New Zealand sea lion , Phocarctos hookeri , which is considered a vulnerable species by the IUCN . = = Taxonomy = = Metanephrops challengeri was first described by Heinrich Balss in 1914 , under the name Nephrops challengeri . Two specimens had been collected on the Challenger expedition from benthic Globigerina ooze at a depth of 275 fathoms ( 1 @,@ 650 ft ; 503 m ) , on the Challenger Plateau in the Tasman Sea ( 38 ° 50 @.@ 5 ′ S 169 ° 20 ′ E ) . They had been included by Charles Spence Bate in his report on the crustaceans collected by the Challenger expedition , but were not separated from " Nephrops thomsoni " ( now Metanephrops thomsoni ) , which was described by Spence Bate as a new species . Balss recognised that Spence Bate 's N. thomsoni covered two species and , restricting the name M. thomsoni to the species containing the type specimens designated by Spence Bate ( from the Philippines ) , created a new species for the species from New Zealand . Balss chose the two specimens seen by Spence Bate to be the type specimens of his new species , Nephrops challengeri . Both were females , and they have been deposited at the Natural History Museum in London . The species was transferred to a new genus , Metanephrops ( along with every other extant species then in Nephrops , except its type species , Nephrops norvegicus ) by Richard Jenkins of the University of Adelaide in 1972 . Jenkins placed M. challengeri among the " thomsoni group " within the genus Metanephrops , alongside M. thomsoni , M. sibogae , M. boschmai and M. sinensis . Jenkins inferred that this group of species had originated off northern Australia or in Indonesia , and that M. challengeri had reached New Zealand in the late Tertiary and displaced M. motunauensis , which formerly lived there . More recently , findings from molecular phylogenetics suggest that M. challengeri has a basal position in the genus , possibly linked to M. neptunus , and that the genus may have originated at high latitudes in the South Atlantic . = La Coupole = La Coupole ( English : The Dome ) , also known as the Coupole d 'Helfaut @-@ Wizernes and originally codenamed Bauvorhaben 21 ( Building Project 21 ) or Schotterwerk Nordwest ( Northwest Gravel Works ) , is a Second World War bunker complex in the Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais department of northern France , about 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) from Saint @-@ Omer , and some 14 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 8 @.@ 9 miles ) south @-@ southeast from the less developed Blockhaus d 'Eperlecques V @-@ 2 launch installation in the same area . It was built by the forces of Nazi Germany between 1943 and 1944 to serve as a launch base for V @-@ 2 rockets directed against London and southern England , and is the earliest known precursor to modern underground missile silos still in existence . Constructed in the side of a disused chalk quarry , the most prominent feature of the complex is an immense concrete dome , to which its modern name refers . It was built above a network of tunnels housing storage areas , launch facilities and crew quarters . The facility was designed to store a large stockpile of V @-@ 2s , warheads and fuel and was intended to launch V @-@ 2s on an industrial scale . Dozens of missiles a day were to be fuelled , prepared and launched in rapid sequence against London and southern England . Following repeated heavy bombing by Allied forces during Operation Crossbow , the Germans were unable to complete the construction works and the complex never entered service . It was captured by the Allies in September 1944 , partially demolished on the orders of Winston Churchill to prevent its reuse as a military base , and then abandoned . It remained derelict until the mid @-@ 1990s . In 1997 it opened to the public for the first time , as a museum . Exhibits in the tunnels and under the dome tell the story of the German occupation of France during World War II , the V @-@ weapons and the history of space exploration . = = Background = = The V @-@ 2 rocket was one of several innovative long @-@ range weapons developed by the Germans after the failure of the Luftwaffe to strike a decisive blow against Britain . It was a revolutionary weapon – the world 's first operational SRBM – that had been developed in a secret programme begun in 1936 . The German leadership hoped that a barrage of rockets unleashed against London would force Britain out of the war . Although Adolf Hitler was at first ambivalent , he eventually became an enthusiastic supporter of the V @-@ 2 programme as Allied air forces carried out increasingly devastating attacks on German cities . The 12 @.@ 5 @-@ ton missile , standing 14 metres ( 46 ft ) high on its launch pad , was fuelled primarily by liquid oxygen ( LOX ) and methyl alcohol . Deploying the V @-@ 2 on a large scale required far more LOX than was available from existing production sites in Germany and the occupied countries . New sources of LOX were required , situated close to the missile launching sites to reduce as far as possible the loss of propellant through evaporation . The missile 's operational range of 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) meant that the launch sites had to be fairly close to the English Channel or southern North Sea coasts , in northern France , Belgium or the western Netherlands . Because of the complexity of the missile and the need for extensive testing prior to launch , the V @-@ 2 's designers at the Peenemünde Army Research Center favoured using heavily defended fixed sites where the missiles could be stored , armed , and fuelled from an on @-@ site LOX production plant before launching . But the German Army and the V @-@ 2 project 's head , Major @-@ General Walter Dornberger , were concerned that the sites would be vulnerable to aerial attack by the Allies . The Army 's preferred option was to use Meillerwagens , mobile firing batteries , which presented a much smaller target for the Allied air forces . The Army was nonetheless overruled by Hitler , who had a long @-@ standing preference for huge , grandiose constructions . He preferred fixed installations along the lines of the virtually impregnable U @-@ boat pens that had been built to protect Germany 's U @-@ boat fleet . In March 1943 , he ordered the construction of a massive bunker ( now known as the Blockhaus d 'Éperlecques ) in the Forest of Éperlecques near Watten , north of Saint @-@ Omer . The bunker was soon spotted by Allied reconnaissance , and on 27 August 1943 , a raid by 187 Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress bombers wrecked the construction site before it could be completed . A surviving portion was reused by the Germans as a LOX production facility . = = Design and location = = The successful attack against the Watten bunker forced the German Army to find an alternative location for a launch site nearby . They had already taken possession of an old quarry between the villages of Helfaut and Wizernes , south @-@ west of Saint @-@ Omer and some 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) south of the Watten bunker , near the Aa river alongside the Boulogne – Saint @-@ Omer railway line , about three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 km ) from Wizernes station . The quarry had been designated for use as a missile storage depot where V @-@ 2s would be housed in tunnels bored into the chalk hillside before being transported for launching . The Germans undertook major work in August 1943 to lay extensive railway sidings to connect the quarry to the main line . On 30 September 1943 , Hitler met with Albert Speer , the Minister of Armaments and War Production , and Franz Xaver Dorsch , the chief engineer of the Todt Organisation , to discuss plans for a replacement for the out @-@ of @-@ commission Watten facility . Dorsch proposed to transform the Wizernes depot into a vast bomb @-@ proof underground complex that would require a million tons of concrete to build . It would be constructed within a network of tunnels to be dug inside the hillside at the edge of the quarry . A concrete dome , 16 @.@ 7 feet ( 5 @.@ 1 m ) thick , 71 metres ( 233 ft ) in diameter and weighing 55 @,@ 000 tons , would be built over the top of the central part of the facility to protect it from Allied bombing . Beneath it , about 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) of tunnels were to be dug into the chalk hillside to accommodate workshops , storerooms , fuel supplies , a LOX manufacturing plant , generators , barracks and a hospital . A standard gauge railway tunnel , codenamed Ida , was to be built on a curving path that would connect it with both the east- and west @-@ bound main line railway , allowing trains to run straight through the complex without needing to reverse or be turned around . This would serve as the main unloading station , where missiles and supplies would be offloaded onto trolleys that would transport them into the connecting galleries Mathilde and Hugo . Hugo connected in turn with Sophie , a dead @-@ end railway tunnel branching from the main line into Ida . Each of the main tunnels had a number of unnamed side tunnels of the same dimensions as the main tunnels and up to 90 metres ( 300 ft ) long . The central feature of the complex was a huge octagonal rocket @-@ preparation chamber directly under the dome . It was never completed but would have been 41 metres ( 135 ft ) in diameter and up to 33 metres ( 108 ft ) high . A number of intermediate floors , possibly as many as ten , would have been built up the sides of the chamber . The western side of the chamber opened onto two tall passageways , opening onto two tracks to the outdoor launchpads , with the tracked passages and launchpads named Gustav ( the southerly @-@ located pad ) and Gretchen ( the northerly @-@ located pad ) , both on the western side of the domed complex . Each was to have been protected by bomb @-@ proof doors made of steel and concrete . The passageways were to be 4 metres ( 13 ft ) wide and at least 17 metres ( 56 ft ) high and were angled in a Y @-@ shape , generally exiting westwards into the quarry . The outdoor launchpads for the V @-@ 2 rockets would have been at the end of each passageway . The two passageways were angled at 64 ° 50 ' and 99 ° 50 ' west of north respectively – not aligned with any probable target but merely permitting the rockets to be transported to sufficiently widely separated launch pads . The facility was designed , as was its predecessor at Watten , to receive , process and launch V @-@ 2 rockets at a high rate . Trains carrying V @-@ 2s would enter the heart of the complex through the Ida rail tunnel , where they would be unloaded . A large number of V @-@ 2s could be stored in the side tunnels ; LOX would also be produced on @-@ site ready for use . When the time came , the rockets would be moved into the octagonal preparation chamber where they would be lifted to a vertical position for fuelling and arming . From there they would be transported on motorised launch carriages , still in a vertical position , through the Gustav and Gretchen passageways . The launch pads were located at the end of the track on the floor of the quarry , from where the missiles would be fired . The priority target for the V @-@ 2s was 188 kilometres ( 117 mi ) away : London , which Hitler wanted to see pulverised by the end of 1943 . The Allies were alarmed when an analyst found that part of the complex was aligned within half a degree of the Great Circle bearing on New York , and its equipment was large enough to accommodate a rocket twice the size of the V @-@ 2 : the " America Rocket " , the proposed A10 intercontinental ballistic missile . Although physically separate , another facility built in nearby Roquetoire was an integral part of the Wizernes complex . Umspannwerk C was built to house a Leitstrahl radio command guidance system which could be used to send course corrections to missiles launched from Wizernes to fine @-@ tune their trajectory during the launch phase . = = Construction = = The Allies first noticed construction activity at Wizernes in mid @-@ August 1943 when the Germans began building railway track and the offloading stores into the old quarry . After Hitler authorised the decision to turn the depot into a missile launch site , construction was stepped up . Work on the dome began in November 1943 and tunnelling in the cliff face below began in December . At the start of January , Allied reconnaissance aircraft observed an elaborate system of camouflage on the hill top , installed to conceal the dome . The building works were greatly hindered by the constant air @-@ raid warnings , which stopped work 229 times in May 1944 alone . In response to Hitler 's desire to see the site completed the workforce was expanded substantially from 1 @,@ 100 in April 1944 to nearly 1 @,@ 400 by June . About 60 % of the workers were Germans ; skilled workers , such as miners from Westphalia , were recruited to excavate the tunnels and build the dome . The remainder were principally Frenchmen conscripted by the Service du travail obligatoire ( STO ) , plus Soviet prisoners of war . The project was overseen by several large German construction companies , with Philipp Holzman A.G. of Frankfurt am Main and the Grossdeutsche Schachtbau and Tiefbohr GmbH serving as the chief contractors . One of the most difficult challenges faced by the Germans was constructing the great dome while under regular air attack . The dome 's designer , Todt Organisation engineer Werner Flos , devised a plan under which the dome would be built first , flat upon the ground , and the soil underneath it would be excavated so that the construction works below would be protected against aerial attacks . A circular trench was excavated on the top of the hill above the quarry to an outside diameter of 84 metres ( 276 ft ) . The dome was built within this trench and the galleries and octagonal preparation chamber were excavated below . As an additional bomb @-@ proofing method , the dome was surrounded by a bomb @-@ proof " skirt " or Zerschellerplatte of steel @-@ reinforced concrete , 14 metres ( 46 ft ) wide and 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) thick . This was supported by a series of buttresses , which were not tied into the dome itself , above the entrances to the Gustav and Gretchen tunnels . Another concrete structure was tied into the skirt to the north @-@ west of the dome , which was perhaps intended for use as an observation and control tower . A separate underground building was constructed on the western side of the quarry to serve as a hospital and as offices for the engineers . A Decauville narrow @-@ gauge railway was installed on the quarry floor to transport supplies from the main line to the construction site . A cube @-@ shaped concrete building was constructed on the top of the hill , next to the dome . This was intended to be used as the bomb @-@ proof outlet for a ventilation and air conditioning shaft . It was an essential component of a facility where dangerous and explosive gases were expected to be used in large quantities on a daily basis . It was never finished , and the Allies found when they captured the site that the ventilation shaft had not been fully excavated . The building survived the bombing intact and is still prominently visible today . Unlike its sister site at Watten , there was no on @-@ site power plant . Electricity at Wizernes was provided by a connection to the main electric grid , with power consumption estimated at between 5 @,@ 000 and 6 @,@ 000 kVA . = = Discovery and Allied attacks = = The Allies became aware of the Wizernes site in August 1943 when the Germans began laying extensive new rail sidings which were spotted by RAF reconnaissance flights . Late 1943 , a Belgian , Jacques de Duve , supported by German opponents , informed MI5 about the existence of a rocket production site in Saint @-@ Omer . MI5 did not believe Jacques de Duve , who has been interned for the rest of the war in Latchmere House . In November 1943 , the Allied Central Interpretation Unit reported that the Germans had begun constructing the concrete dome and were undertaking tunnelling works in the east face of the quarry . However , it was not until the following March that the Allies added the site to the list of targets for Operation Crossbow , the ongoing bombing campaign against V @-@ weapon sites that had already wrecked the Watten bunker and numerous V @-@ 1 launching sites . Over the next few months , the USAAF and RAF carried out 16 air raids involving 811 bombers that dropped some 4 @,@ 260 tons of bombs . The bombing caused destruction across a wide area , killing 55 residents of the nearby village of Helfault . Conventional bombing raids only achieved a single bomb hit on the dome itself , causing negligible damage . However , in June and July 1944 the RAF began attacking the site with 12 @,@ 000 pounds ( 5 @,@ 400 kg ) , ground @-@ penetrating Tallboy bombs . The external construction works were completely wrecked by the bombing and one Tallboy landed just beside the dome , blowing out the entire quarry cliff face and burying the entrances to the Gustav and Gretchen tunnels . The entrance to Sophie was also buried , leaving Ida as the only entrance to the facility . The dome was unscathed but the buttresses supporting the protective Zerschellerplatte were dislodged and slid partway down into the quarry . Serious damage was also caused to the tunnels beneath the dome . The damage made it impossible to continue work on the site . Dornberger complained : " Persistent air attack with heavy and super @-@ heavy bombs so battered the rock all around that in the spring of 1944 landslides made further work impossible . " His staff reported on 28 July 1944 that , although the dome had not been hit by the Tallboys , " the whole area around has been so churned up that it is unapproachable , and the bunker is jeopardised from underneath . " Although three launch battalions were formed by the Germans in late 1943 , they never got the chance to deploy to the V @-@ weapons launch sites at Watten and Wizernes . On 3 July 1944 , the Oberkommando West authorised the cessation of construction at the heavily damaged sites . On 18 July 1944 , Hitler abandoned plans for launching V @-@ 2s from bunkers and authorized the downgrading of the Wizernes bunker to make it a LOX production facility . However , these plans were overtaken by the Allied liberation of Northern France following the Normandy landings . The site was finally abandoned a few days before the Allies reached it at the start of September during the rapid liberation of the area by British , American , Canadian and Polish troops . British engineers inspected it on 5 September . = = Post war investigations = = Shortly after the Wizernes site had been captured in September 1944 , Duncan Sandys , the head of the British " Crossbow Committee " investigating the V @-@ weapons programme , ordered the constitution of a Technical Inter @-@ Services Mission under Colonel T.R.B. Sanders . It was given the task of investigating the sites at Mimoyecques , Siracourt , Watten , and Wizernes , collectively known to the Allies as the " Heavy Crossbow " sites . Sanders ' report was submitted to the War Cabinet on 19 March 1945 . The purpose of the Wizernes site had been unclear prior to its capture but Sanders was able to deduce its connection with the V @-@ 2 from the dimensions of the complex and some intelligence information that his team had been able to retrieve . Sanders ' report concluded that it was " an assembly site for long projectiles most conveniently handled and prepared in a vertical position " . He conjectured the approximate length of the projectiles from the height of the Gustav and Gretchen tunnels , though he noted that there was some doubt about the height of the doors at the tunnel entrances . Segments of the doors had been recovered from a storage dump near Watten railway station , but were incomplete . Judging from the size of the tunnel entrance , the maximum size of the projectile could have been between 17 metres ( 56 ft ) and 24 metres ( 79 ft ) in length and 4 metres ( 13 ft ) in breadth . ( This was substantially larger than the V @-@ 2 , which measured 14 metres ( 46 ft ) long and 3 @.@ 55 metres ( 11 @.@ 6 ft ) wide . ) Two witnesses interviewed by the Sanders team reported " an intention of firing a projectile 18 metres long " . Sanders noted that " the dimensions of the site make it suitable for the A.4 ( V @-@ 2 ) rocket , but the possibility of a new rocket up to half as long again as the A.4 and twice the weight cannot be ruled out . " He concluded that much of the site was becoming unsafe due to the progressive collapse of timbering and recommended that the tunnels and workings under the dome should be destroyed to prevent subsequent accidents or misuse . The site reverted to private ownership after the war . As the quarry had long since been worked out , it was abandoned . The tunnels were not destroyed but were sealed off , though at some point they were reopened by local people and could be entered ; the octagon remained sealed off with a ceiling @-@ to @-@ floor barricade . The quarry itself remained in almost the same condition as it had been in 1944 , with sections of railway track still in place on the quarry floor . The hospital section remained relatively intact and was used by the local gendarmes as a shooting range . = = Museum of La Coupole = = In 1986 , the Espace Naturel Régional in Lille earmarked 10 million francs to develop the site as a tourist attraction for the Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais region with the intention of establishing a World War II museum there . The plan was publicised in a special open weekend on 20 – 21 June 1987 , attended by over 20 @,@ 000 people , in which the dome 's designer Werner Flos met Professor Reginald Victor Jones , a surviving member of the " Crossbow Committee " , at Wizernes . The Ida tunnel and side chambers were opened to the public and used for an audio @-@ visual exhibition of the site 's history . Local historian Yves le Maner was charged with the task of developing the project while a feasibility study was conducted into the possibility of completing some of the original excavation work to make the site safe for public access . The plans were approved in 1993 and the site was purchased by the Commune de Helfaut . The following year , the Conseil Général du Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais acquired the site . The 69 @-@ million @-@ franc project ( £ 7 @.@ 5 million at 1997 prices ) was largely underwritten by the Conseil Général , which provided 35 million francs , with another 17 million coming from the regional council . The European taxpayer provided a further 12 million , the French State provided 3 million and the Saint @-@ Omer municipal administration funded the remaining 1 million francs ; a number of private shareholders were also involved . The Societé d 'Equipement du Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais was contracted to carry out the development work , which involved excavating a further two metres ( six feet ) beneath the dome , clearing out and completing the unfinished concreting of some of the tunnels , building an exhibition centre and car park in the quarry floor and installing a lift to carry visitors up from the octagon to the dome . The museum opened in May 1997 . Visitors enter and leave through the Ida railway tunnel , though the rails have been removed and the floor levelled . Short branch tunnels lead off on either side ; originally used for storage , they now display wartime objects . Headphone stands along the way present multi @-@ lingual accounts of the construction and purpose of the facility . The tour continues along the Mathilde tunnel to reach a lift that has been installed to bring visitors up to the space beneath the dome , where the main exhibition area is located . Focusing on the story of the V @-@ weapons , life in occupied France , and the conquest of space after the war , the tour presents audio @-@ visual displays in English , French , Dutch and German . The museum houses a large number of original artifacts including a V @-@ 1 provided by London 's Science Museum and a V @-@ 2 provided by the Smithsonian Institution , and incorporates a memorial to the 8 @,@ 000 people who were shot in or deported from the Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais region during the war ; computer terminals track the paths of several hundred of the deportees . In 2011 , the museum welcomed 120 @,@ 000 visitors . In July 2012 , the museum opened a planetarium as part of Cerendac , a newly established Centre de ressources numériques pour le développement de l 'accès à la connaissance ( Resource Centre for the development of digital access to knowledge ) . The € 6 million centre is funded by the Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais department , the Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais region , the French state , the European taxpayer and the intercommunality of Saint @-@ Omer . Since 2010 , the museum has also managed the V @-@ 3 site of the Fortress of Mimoyecques . = = Air raids on the Wizernes site = = = Bahrain Tamarod = Bahrain Tamarod ( also spelled Bahrain Tamarrod ; Arabic : تمرد البحرين ; literally " Bahrain Rebellion " ) , also known as August 14 Rebellion , was a three @-@ day protest campaign in Bahrain that began on 14 August 2013 , the forty @-@ second anniversary of Bahrain Independence Day and the two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year anniversary of the Bahraini uprising . The call for protests had started in early July following and inspired by the Egyptian Tamarod Movement that led to the removal of President Mohamed Morsi . Calling for a " free and democratic Bahrain " , Tamarod activists , who mobilized social networking websites , said their movement was peaceful , national and non @-@ sectarian . They called for gradual peaceful civil disobedience starting from 14 August . The movement gained the support of opposition societies and human rights activists , including those languishing in prison . The government however , repeatedly warned against the protests , promising those who participate with legal action and forceful confrontation . Rights activists and media reported that authorities had stepped up their crackdown campaigns in the weeks leading to the protests . In late July , the king called for a parliamentary special session . The pro @-@ government parliament submitted 22 recommendations , some of them calling for stripping those convicted of " terrorist crimes " from their nationality and banning of almost all protests in the capital , Manama . Despite outcries from the United Nations , Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , the king endorsed the recommendations and issued two decrees to their effect . The Prime Minister asked his ministers to carry out the recommendations immediately and issued several warnings against protests . In the following days , the government arrested three photographers , two bloggers , a lawyer and a politician , and prevented human rights activists and journalists from entering the country , deported an American teacher and reportedly encircled entire areas with barbed wire . The government denied arrests had targeted activists . A few days before 14 August , activists said they had gathered tens of thousands of signatures in support of highly anticipated protests . The day of 14 August witnessed heavy deployment of security forces , which used tear gas and birdshot against hundreds @-@ to @-@ thousands of protesters who gathered in several locations throughout the country . Many shops were closed in response to Tamarod 's call for a general strike . Opposition activists and media reported over 60 demonstrations throughout the country . The opposition and several citizens accused authorities of cutting Internet connections . The government blocked a website covering the protests , but activists and citizen journalists provided live coverage on social media websites , and Anonymous targeted a government website . At least twenty protesters were arrested and ten injured , two critically , activists said . The tightened security measures have succeeded in preventing large @-@ scale protests in Manama . On 15 and 16 August , smaller protests occurred in several locations which police dispersed without injuries . Tamarod and Al Wefaq opposition society praised the protests and said they were successful . The government of Bahrain however said protests did not affect everyday life . The United States said it supported freedom of expression and assembly , and voiced its concern at the chances of violence . Analysts were divided between those who expected protests to be huge and those that did not see them having any chance . They were also divided about the reasons behind the absence of mass protests in Manama , some blaming it on the security forces , others on protest organizers . = = Background = = Beginning in February 2011 , Bahrain saw sustained pro @-@ democracy protests , centered at Pearl Roundabout in the capital of Manama , as part of the wider Arab Spring . Authorities responded with a night raid on 17 February ( later referred to by protesters as Bloody Thursday ) , which left four protesters dead and more than 300 injured . In March , martial law was declared and Saudi troops were called in . Despite the hard crackdown and official ban , the protests continued . According to the International Federation for Human Rights , at least 80 people were killed during the unrest . = = Calls for a rebellion = = Inspired by the Egyptian Tamarod Movement that led to the removal of President Mohamed Morsi , Bahraini opposition activists formed Bahrain Rebellion Movement on 3 July 2013 and called for mass protests starting on 14 August , the forty @-@ second anniversary of Bahrain Independence Day under the banner Bahrain Tamarod . The day also marked the two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year anniversary of the Bahraini uprising . The movement which is also known as the August 14 Rebellion , identified itself as " a movement calling for awareness , nationalism , sovereignty , independence and legitimacy , with a message of love , loyalty and dedication to all of the Bahraini people in rebellion against the authorities . " One of its members said they were a youth movement , not a political party . A Reuters article described Tamarod as " a loose grouping of opposition activists who came together in early July to push for a ' free and democratic Bahrain ' through mass anti @-@ government demonstrations " . Activists mobilized social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter to campaign for the protest movement . They issued their first statement on 4 July titled " Bahrain has Risen up " and " The August 14 Rebels " describing their goals and reasons . " [ The people of Bahrain want ] a nation that embraces all its citizens . We want a Bahrain to which we can all belong ... This movement is for freedom , for which Bahrainis have long yearned and made great sacrifices over many decades of struggle . " The statement also accused authorities of confiscating the people 's values and rights , and " restrict [ ing ] their movement and activities . " In an interview with France 24 , Hussain Yousif , a member of the Bahrain Rebellion Movement said the movement will employ all types of peaceful civil resistance including the call for a gradual civil disobedience starting on 14 August with abstaining from shopping , commercial and government transactions such as paying electricity bills . He highlighted the royal family 's almost complete monopoly on power , the political stalemate and ongoing human rights violations as main motivations . Yousif added that the main principles of the movement were peacefulness , non @-@ exclusion and recognizing the people 's right to self @-@ determination , and called the authorities to understand their demands and refrain from using violence against protesters . " We use pure national slogans , not belonging to any specific sect or ideology , " he said . The Christian Science Monitor said the 14 August protests were " the latest installment of a two @-@ year long protest movement . " Protests were planned to last for three days . Left without an epicenter after the destruction of Pearl Roundabout in 2011 , Tamarod announced their plans to stage peaceful protests in nine different locations , all in the streets , with the largest expected in Manama . One of the protests was planned near the U.S. embassy , a country that protest organizers had called on to use its influence to prevent government crackdown and protect demonstrations , which they said was an " ethical responsibility " for the U.S. " We hope that you may convey our deep concern to the US State Department and the US Congress to exert a real political pressure on Bahraini regime to avoid any fatal crackdown and bloodshed , " they said in an open letter . = = Events leading to the protests = = Soon after Tamarod 's first statement , the Haq Movement for Liberty and Democracy announced its support for protest plans . " Let August 14 be the day of rebellion against the ruling gang in Bahrain , " the movement said in a statement . The February 14 Youth Coalition also supported the protests and called for civil disobedience for 3 days . The youth group also told participants to avoid clashing with police . Ali Salman , leader of Al Wefaq opposition society welcomed the Tamarod plans . " We support any peaceful movement , at any time and from any party . Everybody has the right to protest ... the call for protests on August 14 shows that the Bahraini people will not cease to demonstrate until they achieve their demands , " he added . Al Wefaq however , stopped short of taking part in the Tamarod movement , blaming their secession on clashes between security forces and protesters . " [ I ] t is going to be a peaceful movement but having said that I also expect clashes ... I only pray that there are no victims , " said Ali Salman . Jailed activist Zainab al @-@ Khawaja smuggled a letter from prison in which she called people to participate in Tamarod protests . " On 14 February 2011 , the people of Bahrain took to the street to demand their rights ... and on 14 August , the day of Tamarod , the people have to go out with same strength in order to send a message to the world and the regime that they have not and will never back down , " the letter read . Zainab 's father , Abdulhadi al @-@ Khawaja who is also jailed delivered a message via Mohammed al @-@ Maskati of Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights ( BYSHR ) in which he called for " a peaceful Tamarrod on August 14th ... under the banner of ' Right to Self determination ' . " Another jailed rights activist , Nabeel Rajab also announced his support for Tamarod protests . " I call for rebellion [ tamarrod ] against all laws that violate the rights of the people . The law should be enacted to establish justice and equality between people and the protection of rights , " his Twitter account , followed by 211 @,@ 000 + and controlled by others quoted him saying . On 13 July , the Ministry of Interior ( MoI ) warned against joining the 14 August protests which it called " illegal demonstrations and activities that endanger security " . The MoI said it will " deal with any attempt to disturb security and stability " . In anticipation to the 14 August protests , the MoI stepped up security measures and further warned that it will take legal action toward those who participate . The MOI has warned Bahrainis : Not to respond or react to incitement from political events and social media posts that use ' Rebellion 14 August ' and encourage the overthrow of the government . Rallies and activities that affect security , public order , civil peace and the interests of the people are against the law . Participants will have legal procedures taken against them . The Prime Minister joined the MoI in warning against planned protests . The Al Wefaq opposition movement slammed the warnings and affirmed " the [ people 's ] right to protest peacefully " . " This will not solve the political crisis . The solution is in satisfying the people 's aspirations for liberty , social justice and democracy , " Al Wefaq added . Other opposition societies such as National Democratic Action Society ( Waad ) and Nationalist Democratic Assembly also joined Al Wefaq in affirming the rights of freedom of speech and freedom of assembly . Mainstream opposition societies cancelled a planned mass protest on 14 August , " because of the heavily intimidating security presence in Manama " . Tamarod is reported to have gained popularity among the opposition since mid @-@ July , prompting the United States Embassy in Manama to eventually issue a warning for U.S. citizens to avoid certain areas in Bahrain on 14 August . The selected areas were mostly opposition strongholds . For weeks , the government was reported to have intensified its house raids and arrests against over five hundred wanted activists , many of them sleeping outside their homes for months in anticipation of such raids . Maryam al @-@ Khawaja , the acting head of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights ( BCHR ) said nightly raids were now occurring all day long and that physical , psychological and sexual torture had continued . " Since the announcing of the planned protest on the 14th of August ... [ we have been seeing ] a very severe escalation in the crackdown , " she said . She added that Tamarod protests were " part and parcel of the ongoing uprising that started on 14 February 2011 " . According to activists , up to 400 were arrested during the month of Ramadhan ( 10 July – 7 August ) and more than 100 houses were raided in Manama alone . = = = Parliament emergency session = = = On 28 July , the Parliament held an extraordinary session at the request of the King , Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa in which they submitted 22 recommendations calling for tougher penalties against " terrorist crimes " including stripping those convicted with inciting or committing such acts from their nationality and freezing their bank accounts as well as a ban on protests in the capital , Manama . Other recommendations included " increasing punishment for anyone propagating false information about Bahrain in social media networks " , " taking legal action against certain political associations which incite and support violent and terrorist acts " and " taking all possible measures to impose peace and security , even if it means imposing a state of national safety [ state of emergency ] " . The parliament has been dominated by government supporters , especially after the opposition submitted their resignations in early 2011 in protest against government crackdown . According to RT , the Bahraini government often employs the terms " terrorists " or " thugs " to refer to protesters and has used " broad definitions of terrorism to detain scores of protesters and to convict several opposition leaders " . A week earlier , the government used an explosion as a pretext to block several planned anti @-@ government protests . The session was held after weeks of escalations in clashes between protesters and security forces which had seen militant groups using bombs and police firing tear gas and birdshot , and the Minister of Justice said " terrorism " must be quelled before national reconciliation could begin . According to Reem Khalifa of the Associated Press , however , the session " appeared prompted by opposition calls for major protests Aug. 14 . " Khalil al @-@ Marzouq of Al Wefaq said the recommendations were unconstitutional and that the session was a " popular cover [ for the authorities ] in order to issue its decrees . " Emile Nakhleh said the session was " a spectacle of venom , a display of vulgarity , and an unabashed nod to increased dictatorship . " He added that one MP referred to the Shia , who form the majority of citizens as " dogs " and that 14 August planned protests " drove the timing of the session " . Bill Law of the BBC News said the " recommendations if implemented in full would effectively return the country to a state of martial law " . An unnamed western diplomat said the recommendations timing was likely due to 14 August protest plans and the increasing violence . Marc Jones said that many of the recommendations were already in place . " Thirty @-@ one Bahrainis were stripped of their citizenship back in November 2012 , and there has been a de facto ban on protests in Manama since last year , " he added and listed other examples of what he called " reactionary laws " already in place . Maryam al @-@ Khawaja said the government was merely giving a legal cover for its practices that have been in place for years . On the other hand , Tareq Al Hassan , the Public Security Chief said the session was historical and that it did not target a specific group or sect , rather it targeted terrorists and instigators . " 14 August will pass just like regular days of the year and nothing will happen , " he added . The King , the Crown Prince and the Prime Minister ( PM ) welcomed the recommendations of the Parliament . The King ordered their rapid codification while the PM asked his ministers to carry out the recommendations immediately , or face dismissal if they slowed down . On 6 August , the King issued two decrees banning all " demonstrations , sit @-@ ins , marches and public gatherings " in Manama ( except " sit @-@ ins outside [ offices of ] international organizations " ) , and jailing and / or fining parents if their minor children ( under 16 ) were found to take part in protests in two occasions within six months . During the Parliament recess period , the constitution of Bahrain allows the King to issue decrees which are effective as laws . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights expressed concern about the recommendations , highlighting the right to nationality and asking the government of Bahrain " to fully comply with its international human rights commitments , including respect for freedom of expression and peaceful assembly , and association " . Amnesty International said the emergency decrees were outrageous , violated the international law and a " shameful attempt to completely ban any form of dissent and freedom of expression in the country " . " We fear that these draconian measures will be used in an attempt to legitimize state violence as new protests are being planned for 14 August , " said Amnesty 's regional director . A spokesman of the Bahraini government cited increasing violence including a policeman death and said the recommendations were " about trying to control the situation and trying to stabilze and secure people safety . " Human Rights Watch also criticized the recommendations , calling them " a whole new set of draconian restrictions " that would create " a new state of emergency " . " The government has talked a lot about the need for national reconciliation but , once again , its actions in taking on a raft of stern new measures to suppress legitimate protest are undermining any prospects for successful dialogue , " its regional director , Nadim Houry said . The International Federation for Human Rights and World Organization Against Torture " firmly denounce [ d ] " what they called " the intensifying crackdown on the Bahraini civil society " . Freedom House said the recommendations were " a serious new threat to human rights in Bahrain , particularly freedom of expression and assembly " , and that they violated the ICCPR treaty . The leader of Bahrain Press Associated said they were " a black page in the history [ of the Parliament ] " . = = = Crackdown = = = Three days after the Parliamentary special session , the government escalated its crackdown , arresting a photographer , Hussain Hubail , a blogger and his lawyer , and has continued to deny visas to foreign journalists . The arrested blogger , Mohamed Hassan also worked as a fixer for foreign journalists visiting the country and his lawyer , AbdulAziz Mosa was arrested after tweeting that Hassan was mistreated in prison . On 2 August , a second photographer , Qassim Zain Aldeen was arrested . Several Bahrain @-@ based rights organizations wrote an open letter on 6 August co @-@ signed by a number of international NGOs asking other international NGOs , mainstream media , Bahrain allies and the United Nations to pay close attention to Bahrain over the next week , especially on 14 August , which they said would likely see the country " come under lockdown " . The letter said the rights situations in Bahrain has " rapidly deteriorated " during the previous weeks . On 7 August , Al Jazeera English reporter , Hyder Abbasi was prevented from boarding a flight from Qatar to Bahrain . On 8 August , a third photographer , Ahmed Al @-@ Fardan was briefly arrested , threatened and beaten by plainclothes police . On 9 August , Bahraini @-@ Danish human rights activist Maryam al @-@ Khawaja was prevented from boarding a British Airways flight to Bahrain at the request of the Bahraini government . Al @-@ Khawaja who was planning to stay in Bahrain before and during 14 August said the move " show [ ed ] how nervous they [ the authorities ] are and how much they have to hide . " The same day , an opposition activist , Mohammad Sanad al @-@ Makina was arrested from Bahrain International Airport while attempting to board a flight to Sri Lanka with his family . Amnesty International named him a prisoner of conscience . An activist reported that 7 journalists were in hiding due to house raids . On 8 August , the February 14 Youth Coalition said they had gathered tens of thousands of signatures calling for the right to self @-@ determination . On 10 August , the Prime Minister renewed his warning against planned protests during a visit to Muharraq island . He also accused protesters of wanting " to change the regime and drag [ ging ] the country to chaos and ruin . " " [ T ] his island will burn to a cinder all those who seek to tamper with its security and stability , " he added . The same day an American teacher was deported from Bahrain due to her " radical writing , " the Ministry of State for Communications said . Erin Kilbride was accused of working as an unaccredited journalist writing for the outlawed Bahrain Centre for Human Rights ( BCHR ) and As @-@ Safir Lebanese newspaper , and of having links with Hezbollah . " [ Her posting was ] deemed to incite hatred against the government and members of the Royal family , " the ministry added . Al @-@ Khawaja of BCHR denied Kilbride had written for them and said an As @-@ Safir journalist denied the allegations too . " That was something made up by the government , " she added . Bahraini authorities blocked bahrainaugust14.com , a website that offered timeline coverage for the protests within 24 hours of its launch on 10 August . A human rights activist said that despite the official ban and security checkpoints , a protest was held in Manama on 10 August , and was dispersed by police using stun grenades . On the other hand , the MoI reported that " terrorists " attacked a police patrol in Noaim using molotov cocktails . The Bahrain Mirror mentioned that all leaves for August were cancelled by several government agencies and ministries . On 12 August , a human rights activist said police fired tear gas and stun grenades on several anti @-@ government protests , and arrested nine demonstrators . The same day , the PM issued another warning against protests after an urgent Ministerial meeting , saying his government will " forcefully confront " them . " [ The government ] will punish [ those ] who stand behind them in line with the recommendations of the Bahrain National Council [ parliament ] , " he added . Patrick Cockburn of The Independent said the PM warning showed the " nervousness " of Bahraini authorities ahead of the protests . The PM also held a meeting with the commander of Peninsula Shield Force , a joint Gulf Cooperation Council force that helped crackdown on protests in 2011 . The state @-@ controlled Bahrain News Agency ( BNA ) also reported that the PM headed a " high level meeting " attended by high @-@ ranking officials to talk over arrangements before protests . The PM said his government was " at a critical stage [ in the struggle to ] eliminate terrorism " . On 13 August , Bahrain Mirror and activists said security forces have installed barbed wire around a number of residential areas expected to witness large protests . The areas were completely caged according to activists . Al Wefaq said authorities had turned some areas into a " vast prison for inhabitants . " The Associated Press reported that barbed wire with checkpoints in between had separated Shia neighborhoods from main roads and Reuters witnesses said security forces had deployed reinforcements , including armored vehicles by night . The area of the @-@ now demolished Pearl Roundabout was filled with hundreds of riot police standing next to armored personnel carriers . Tamarod spokesperson , Hussain Yousif said they will carry on with the protests despite government definite crackdown . The MoI said the heavy deployment was in order to " [ preserve ] security and order , and to guarantee an easy flow of traffic " . On the same day , Bahraini authorities summoned the Lebanese ambassador in Bahrain to file a complaint against a conference held by Bahrain Rebellion Movement in Beirut . In the conference , opposition activists called for civil disobedience and mass protests , the BNA reported . A number of Bahraini opposition politicians and human rights activists have based their activities in Beirut where they enjoy more freedom . The BNA added that the Lebanese ambassador said his government was not supportive of the conference and that they did not wish to interfere in Bahraini internal affairs . A day earlier , the salafist Al Asalah Islamic Society had criticized Lebanon for hosting the conference . = = = Reactions prior to protests = = = Reporters Without Borders expressed its concern at what it described " a new upsurge in abusive treatment of journalists in the run @-@ up to the major ' Tamarod ' rally " . The France @-@ based NGO said authorities had arrested 2 bloggers and 3 photographers in recent days . " The authorities plan to impose a news blackout on the 14 August demonstration by jailing netizens and preventing journalists and human rights defenders from visiting Bahrain , " it added . Amnesty International issued a statement calling the government of Bahrain to allow Wednesday protests and expressed its fear that the new legislation will be used as a legal cover for quashing peaceful protests . " The Bahraini authorities must not crack down on mass anti @-@ government protests scheduled for tomorrow , " it said . The UK @-@ based NGO also condemned the arrest of " journalists , photographers , bloggers and others active on social media networks in recent days [ as a move to silence critics ] " . The Bahraini government " vehemently refutes any allegations of targeted arrests , " said an Information Affairs Authority spokesperson . Nicholas McGeehan of Human Rights Watch said the government preparations were unjustified , inappropriate and disproportionate . " Bahraini authorities have a grim recent history of using excessive and lethal force to suppress peaceful protests , followed by the persecution of protesters and even doctors who treated their wounds , " he added . The International Freedom of Expression Exchange described Bahrain authorities preparations as " pre @-@ emptive crackdown on a peaceful , nationwide protest that has been weeks in the planning . " The United States embassy said it would close its doors on 14 August and told Americans to " avoid non @-@ essential travel inside the country " . Naval Support Activity Bahrain , the base of United States Fifth Fleet ordered sailors to avoid Manama Souq , Bahrain City Centre and Seef Mall where protests were expected . = = Timeline = = = = = 14 August = = = Large numbers of security forces were deployed in Manama and helicopters hovered over . Roads leading to the city were guarded by security checkpoints and surrounded by barbed wire . Reuters reported that all shops were closed in some villages , while most shops in Manama remained open , with big police presence in the area , especially near Bab Al Bahrain . Tamarod had called for a general strike and pleaded businesses to close , while the Bahrain Chamber of Commerce and Industry issued a warning for businesses against responding to calls for a general strike , or risk facing legal action . An activist said protests started by dawn and that at least 3 were held in Manama . The Associated Press reported that small protests occurred in the morning and that most businesses " appeared to be shuttered " , prompting Al Wefaq to claim success for the general strike . BNA reported that the PM made a visit to a shopping mall in Manama to assure visitors it was " business as usual " . In the early morning , up to 100 protesters took to the street in Saar village , west of Manama . The protest was peaceful and protesters were chanting anti @-@ government slogans and waving Bahraini flags , witnesses said . Shortly before the arrival of security forces , the protest dispersed peacefully . In another village south of Manama , the MoI reported that an Asian worker trying to open a blocked road was injured after getting attacked with molotov cocktails and that a main road in Muharraq was blocked with burning tires . It described both incidents as " terrorism " . Protests were also held in Malkiya , Juffair and Sitra where protesters held peaceful sit @-@ ins and formed human chains . Some protesters were sitting in front of their houses , still they were attacked by security forces , witnesses reported . A video posted on YouTube showed police arresting and beating two men who were sitting in front of a house . In Shakhura , west of Manama , police charged a group of 300 protesters who were restricted behind a barbed wire using tear gas and birdshot . Images by Reuters showed police beating an arrested protester after they dispersed the protest . In Karrana similar clashes occurred , with protesters hurling back molotov cocktails . No injuries were reported for both incidents . Later , police converged at Seef district in Manama , and " cordoned off the area using barbed wire " following a video message by Hussain Yousif to hold a rally there . Agence France @-@ Presse ( AFP ) witnesses reported that hundreds of protesters who gathered in several Shia villages faced police tear gas and birdshot . Citizen journalists and activists provided live photo coverage of the violence on Instagram and Twitter . Human Rights First ( HRF ) estimated turnout to be in thousands . Al Wefaq reported that over 60 rallies were held in 40 different areas throughout the day . Euronews and Al Jazeera English estimated the number of protests at 60 and reported they were mostly peaceful . Al @-@ Mahafdha of BCHR reported that authorities arrested 20 protesters , including 5 women and a minor . He said protests turnout was in thousands " despite the campaign of intimidation and surrounding villages with barbed wire " . The MoI said the woman driver who was arrested with her companions tried to " run over a policeman at a road block " . The MoI added they arrested 20 individuals , among them 8 fugitives . Al Wefaq reported that the number of the arrested was 23 and that 4 were released later . Some injuries were reported in Karzakan and Demistan by the BYSHR . BCHR said 10 were injured by tear gas ( inhalation ) and birdshot , while Al Wefaq said 2 people were in a critical condition . The BCHR accused the government of using " large amounts of tear gas ... to disperse anyone gathering on the streets " . " [ I ] t has been very difficult for protesters to move from their villages onto the main streets because of the barbed wires that were set up last night , " al @-@ Khawaja said . The BCHR also accused the government of dispatching mercenaries from Pakistan and Jordan to aid security forces in the crackdown , however an opposition figure said this claim was hard to prove , because security forces wear masks . The Associated Press and AFP reported that the heavy deployment of security forces have succeeded in preventing large @-@ scale protests in Manama , instead protesters were confined to neighborhoods around the city . Al Wefaq released a statement accusing authorities of cutting Internet connection in a number of areas . " Personal devices of some citizens have also been selectively cut off , " the statement added . The secular @-@ leftist Waad society said that instant messaging applications such as WhatsApp had been blocked by VIVA Bahrain telecommunications company . Several citizens also complained of loss of Internet for several hours in different locations during the day . They said the cut was at a time when protests were being held . Previously in February 2011 , when the uprising began , a similar situation occurred during which the Internet became either slow or was lost completely . Telecommunication companies said then that the problem was due an overload on Internet networks . Reuters described the protests as " an upsurge of a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year @-@ old campaign " . It reported that the morning saw protests end peacefully , while in the evening clashes between protesters and police occurred . Bahrainis in London organized a small , but vocal protest starting from the Bahraini embassy to Downing Street . Protesters criticized the United Kingdom over continuing to sign arms trades to Bahrain , despite human rights violations . " Instead of challenging Bahrain on human rights record our government is supporting it and it 's a disgrace , " said one protester . The websites of MoI and Qorvis public relations firm , which works for Bahraini authorities were targeted by hackers belonging to Anonymous group . = = = 15 – 16 August = = = In the morning of 15 August , protesters blocked several main streets and in the afternoon they clashed with police after holding sit @-@ ins in a number of villages , in response to a call by February 14 Youth Coalition , the Bahrain Mirror reported . Tamarod had planned protests in Manama on 16 August , including a " car demonstration " , however few hours before the start time , they cancelled the event . Security forces had been heavily deployed in Manama in anticipation of the protests . Tamarod said that by playing out this tactic , they " controlled the distribution and actions of security forces " . Hundreds of protesters in several Shia villages took to the street at night following a call by February 14 Youth Coalition . They called for the overthrow of the monarchy and chanted " Down with [ King ] Hamad " , before clashes erupted with security forces . Police fired " buckshot , tear gas , and sound grenades " in response to protesters throwing stones and molotov cocktails at them . Al @-@ Mahafdha said protests were held in Manama , Al Daih and Samaheej among other places and that there were no reported injuries . The MoI reported arresting members of a " terrorist group " in the village of Bani Jamra , west of Manama . Witnesses from Bani Jamra said detainees were severely beaten before arrest and that one of them with sickle @-@ cell anemia was taken by an ambulance . = = Reactions = = Spokesperson of Tamarod , Hussain Yousif lauded protesters response and called for further protests on Thursday and Friday , and said they planned to organize further protests in the weeks to come . " Many responded to the calls to come out and protest today ... The government has converted Bahrain into a military base trying to isolate the villages to prevent people from reaching protest sites , " he added . Ali Salman of Al Wefaq praised Tamarod protests , saying they scored more success than expected by drawing media attention and maintaining peacefulness . He also expressed his relief about the small number of casualties and the lack of deaths . Human Rights First ( HRF ) criticized the government of Bahrain response to protests , which they said reflected the " increasing levels of frustration felt by many in Bahrain at the lack of any real reform " . " What happened today confirmed fears that the government of Bahrain is determined to crush any form of dissent , " said Brian J. Dooley of HRF . The BNA downplayed the effect of the protests , saying it was " business as usual " in the country . " Bahrainis and expatriates reported to work on Wednesday just like any other day , defying calls by radical opposition groups of road blockades and attack on properties , " the state @-@ run agency added . Critics said the protests failed as most streets were empty and protests disorganized . Abdulla Al Junaid of the pro @-@ government National Union Gathering said an opposition cleric criticized Tamarod as a " stillborn " . The United States expressed its concern at the possibility of violence . " We remain very concerned about continuing incidents of violence in Bahrain and , of course , the possibility for violence and would urge all parties to strongly condemn violence and contribute to fostering a climate of dialogue and reconciliation , " said the spokesperson of State Department . The spokesperson added that they " support [ ed ] the right of individuals to peacefully assemble and of course , the right of freedom of expression , including in Bahrain " . = = Analysis = = Prior to the protests , HRF said they were " likely to be the most significant in over a year " . Saeed al @-@ Shehabi of the London @-@ based Bahrain Freedom Movement said the Tamarod movement would " renew Bahrain 's forgotten revolution " . Mansoor al @-@ Jamri , editor of Al @-@ Wasat independent newspaper expressed pessimism about the situation , saying that " it 's a very volatile situation . We might be heading for a very harsh period . " Marc Jones was also pessimistic . " It is unlikely that these ' Tamorrod ' protests will amount to anything , especially as the Bahraini authorities have spent the past two years breaking the back of the opposition movement . In 2011 , thousands were arrested , tens killed , and dozens tortured , " he said . Ashley Lindsey of Stratfor global intelligence firm said the likelihood of protests reaching Manama was low due to the experience of security forces . Writing for RT , Afshin Rattansi speculated that if 14 August protests are met with state violence , then it could be one of the last times Bahraini activists use peaceful means to seek democratic change and that other methods could include an armed struggle in the same way the anti @-@ apartheid movement led by Nelson Mandela deployed armed tactics after peaceful protests failed to bring about change . Jean Shaoul wrote in the World Socialist Web Site that the concurrent timing of crackdown in Bahrain and Egypt was not a coincidence and that evidence showed it was coordinated by the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf . Ken Hanly wrote that the political violence in Egypt " will no doubt overshadow whatever repressive measures are taken against protests in Bahrain " . Ala 'a Shehabi wrote in the Foreign Policy that the choice of Independence Day by Tamarod should be understood as an attempt to gain true full sovereignty as opposed to Stephen D. Krasner 's Organized Hypocrisy ( 1999 ) : " the paradox that though there is an informal understanding that states are sovereign , they can still be subject to constant intervention " . Jane Kinninmont of Chatham House said Tamarod protests would not succeed to replicate the Egyptian scenario " because the army in Bahrain doesn 't play the same role , and many of the security services don ’ t include Shi 'ite Bahrainis , so you don ’ t get that same sense of solidarity " . Matar Matar of Al Wefaq said that even if thousands had participated in Tamarod protests , the situation would remain the same as long as the United States continued to support what he called an " authoritarian regime " in Bahrain . Writing for the Gulf News Hasan Tariq Al Hasan argued that Tamarod protests on 14 August had failed to live up to the expectations . He said that one of the main reasons was conflicting instructions between Bahrain Rebellion Movement and February 14 Youth Coalition , which launched its own Tamarod protest under the title " Tamarod Storm " . Ala 'a Shehabi said the security measures had made it " physically impossible " for big numbers to gather in one place . In an opinion column in Al @-@ Wasat , Jameel al @-@ Mahari said it was not appropriate to speak about failure or success of the protests , instead he argued that Bahrain 's real success was when the unrest ended , " when everyone listens to the voice of reason , when we reach compatible solutions , when the national cohesion is restored and when people feel they are equal before law and that they all are first class citizens . " = Georgia Tech traditions = Numerous Georgia Tech legends and traditions have been established since the school 's opening in 1888 , some of which have persisted for decades . Over time , the school has grown from a trade school into a large research university , and the traditions reflect that heritage . One of the cherished holdovers from Tech 's early years , a steam whistle blows five minutes before the hour , every hour from 7 : 55 am to 5 : 55 pm . On Tuesdays and Thursdays , it also blows at twenty @-@ five minutes after the hour . It 's for this reason that the faculty newspaper is named The Whistle . Some of the traditions are well @-@ known , the most notable being the now @-@ banned tradition of stealing the " T " from Tech Tower . Tech Tower , Tech 's historic primary administrative building , has the letters TECH hanging atop it on each of its four sides . A number of times , students have orchestrated complex plans to steal the huge symbolic letter T , and on occasion have carried this act out successfully . One especially well @-@ known tradition that has existed nearly since the school 's establishment is Clean , Old @-@ Fashioned Hate , Georgia Tech 's heated , long @-@ standing and ongoing rivalry with the University of Georgia . The first known hostilities between the two schools trace back to 1891 . Several legends originated at Georgia Tech . George P. Burdell , Tech 's ever @-@ present fictional student , was created in 1927 when a student filled out two application forms . Burdell went on to lead a long life ; he earned several degrees , fought in World War II , and almost won Time 's 2001 Person of the Year award . Georgia Tech is also known for the largest margin of victory in a football game , achieved in their 222 @-@ 0 thrashing of Cumberland University in the 1916 Cumberland vs. Georgia Tech football game . = = Traditions = = = = = Stealing the T = = = Tech 's historic and primary administrative building , Tech Tower , has the letters TECH hanging atop it on each of its four sides . Since 1969 , students on several occasions have orchestrated complex plans to scale Tech Tower and steal the huge symbolic letter T off the building . The ' T ' was first stolen in April 1969 by a secret group of Georgia Tech students calling themselves the " Magnificent Seven . " The students , who were inspired by a similar prank that had taken place in 1968 at Harvard University , planned the theft as a means of commemorating Institute President Edwin D. Harrison 's retirement . The ' T ' was returned several days later via helicopter at the behest of Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen . Following successful thefts , the T would then be returned at the halftime of the homecoming football game or would be returned to the lawn of the president 's mansion , and the student 's achievement would be celebrated . Tradition dictates that the first T to be stolen should be the one facing east , as this can most easily be seen from the I @-@ 75 / I @-@ 85 Downtown Connector . Although the administration used to turn a blind eye to this practice , it is now officially discouraged , due to the risk of fatal falls and the potential for damage to the building , and equated to criminal activity ( trespassing and theft ) . In recent years , this has become a serious offense , and perpetrators today would face a hefty fine to repair damages done to the building and a minimum of a semester @-@ long suspension for attempting the feat , if not outright expulsion . Security features such as security cameras , pressure sensitive roof tiling , and fiber optic cabling running throughout the letters have been added to the T to help prevent its theft and aid in catching the perpetrators . In 1999 , the T was successfully stolen by a group of " six or seven people " on the morning of June 3 . The location of that T is still unknown . In 2001 , two members of the fraternity Beta Theta Pi were caught and suspended in an attempt to steal the T. In October 2005 , a replica of the T was stolen from the Student Services Building and returned two days later . Despite the lack of physical danger involved in stealing the spare T , the theft was still strongly criticized . The most recent successful theft of the T occurred during Georgia Tech 's spring break on March 18 , 2014 , which was the first time since 1999 that it had been successfully stolen . = = = Ramblin ' Wreck = = = The term Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech refers to either current students or alumni , the school mascot , or the various sports teams . Georgia Tech alumni , working on the construction of the Panama Canal , were called Ramblin ' Wrecks for the ingenious machines that they devised to transport themselves in and out of the jungles of Panama . These devices and their creators were nicknamed Ramblin ' Wrecks from Georgia Tech . Since then the term Ramblin ' Wreck has been applied to a graduate or current student of Georgia Tech . The actual Ramblin ' Wreck is a 1930 Ford Model A Sports Coupe first acquired by then @-@ associate dean of students James E. Dull , in 1961 . The first Ramblin ' Wreck mascot reference was in 1926 to Dean Floyd Field 's 1914 Ford Model T. Sports teams of Georgia Tech are also called the Ramblin ' Wreck . The fight song for Georgia Tech I 'm a Rambling Wreck begins with the lyrics , " I 'm a Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech and a hell of an engineer . " The song is sung at sporting events , official school functions , and always at the end of every graduation ceremony . = = = The Whistle = = = A steam whistle that blows five minutes before the hour , every hour . This tradition is a hold over from the trade school days , originally used to mark the end of a shift in the shops ; now it is used both to mark the end of classes and as a ten @-@ minute warning to the beginning of the next classes . It is also blown when Georgia Tech 's football team scores a touchdown or wins a game , and at each spring 's " When the Whistle Blows " remembrance ceremony . Although not as popular as " stealing the T , " the whistle has been stolen several times . The first ever Tech whistle installed in the late 1890s was stolen in 1902 . The whistle was returned to Dean Griffin in 1949 as a retirement gift . The second theft of the whistle occurred in 1963 , when a group of students nicknamed the " Magnificent 7 " stole the whistle . Fearing Institute repercussions , the group returned the whistle in the spring of 1964 . The whistle was again stolen in 1978 by a group nicknamed the " Committee of Five " . The whistle was also stolen in 1969 and 1997 . Both times the whistle was returned almost immediately after its theft . In 1969 , the whistle was given to the student body president as a graduation gift a month after its theft and the 1997 theft was solved when President Clough found the whistle on his lawn a day after its theft . The current steam whistle , located near Tech Tower , was built by the GTRI Machine Shop and installed in 2004 . The Faculty newspaper is also named The Whistle . = = = To Hell With Georgia = = = Georgia Tech has an ongoing rivalry with the University of Georgia , often simply called " georgia " for short . The rivalry was called Clean , Old @-@ Fashioned Hate by Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution columnist and UGA supporter , Lewis Grizzard . An annual issue of the Institute newspaper , The Technique , focuses on this rivalry with an issue that spoofs The Red and Black , the newspaper of the University of Georgia . As a dig at the rival school , the Technique will typically refer to it as " the University ( sic ) of Georgia " ( sometimes shortened to " U ( sic ) GA " ) in articles . " To Hell With Georgia " ( abbreviated " THWG " or " THWUGA " or " THWg " ) is also known as " The Good Word . " In 2009 , the Georgia Tech Cable Network ( GTCN ) , produced a show , about the history of Clean , Old @-@ Fashioned Hate ' To Hell With Georgia ' . If one student asks the word from another ( " What 's the Good Word ? " ) , the response is always " To Hell with Georgia ! " If asked about the Bulldogs ( " How ' bout them Dawgs ? " ) , an old tagline from the " University of Georgia " expression , the correct answer is , " Piss on ' em ! " = = = RAT Caps = = = Every year , a number of freshmen , most notably those in the marching band , wear gold caps known as RAT caps at each football game . RAT is short for Recruit At Tech , although recently the Student Government has begun incorrectly using ' Recently Acquired Tech Students ' or ' Recently Acquired Techie . ' The RAT caps are decorated with the football team 's scores , the freshman 's name , hometown , major , expected graduation date , and " To HELL With georgia " emblazoned on the back of the cap . It is important that ' HELL ' should be in all capital letters , while ' georgia ' should be all lowercase . Students who intend to utilize the cooperative education program circle the top button on the cap , and fill it in once they have completed their involvement . The tradition began in 1915 , and freshmen were required to wear the RAT caps every day until the Thanksgiving weekend game with UGA ( if Georgia Tech won ) or until end of the school year ( if Georgia Tech lost ) . If Tech did not play UGA that year , freshmen were allowed to stop wearing their caps after a homecoming game victory . If the team lost , then the previously stated rules applied . Freshmen caught not wearing the cap faced varying degrees of hazing , including having their hair shaved into the shape of a letter tee ( " T " ) or a T @-@ Cut . Anti @-@ hazing laws in the 1960s led to the virtual elimination of the tradition , although the use of RAT caps is still actively maintained by the marching band . The RAT rules enforced by upperclassmen and in particular the Ramblin ' Reck Club are presented in the July 17 , 1964 edition of the Technique . The rules are listed below : A Georgia Tech RAT ... 1 . Will wear a " RAT " cap with proper inscription at all times . It is not mandatory that the " RAT " cap be worn on Sundays . 2 . Will know the school songs - Ramblin ' Wreck , Alma Mater , White & Gold , and all cheers . 3 . Will attend and participate in all " RAT " sings . 4 . Will speak to everyone - a Techman is proud of his association with his school and fellow students . 5 . Will not enter the campus post office between 9 : 45 and 10 : 15 A.M. on school days . 6 . Will not wear high school letters or emblems on the campus . = = = Junior 's Grill = = = Junior 's Grill was a restaurant located in East Campus next to Tech Tower . The restaurant was first opened in 1948 under the name Pilgrim 's and was originally located on the corner of North Avenue and Techwood Drive . Its name changed to Junior 's Grill in 1958 , and it moved locations twice since then . Junior 's Grill moved to its former location in the Bradley Building in 1994 when it was forced out of its old location by the need to construct apartments for the 1996 Summer Olympics . It was owned and operated by Tommy Klemis , a Tech ' EE grad . The former restaurant housed pieces of Tech history , including aerial photographs of campus from various years , assorted Georgia Tech memorabilia , portraits of prominent individuals in Tech 's history , and a section of the goalpost from Tech 's 1990 National Championship game in the Citrus Bowl . Junior 's Grill closed April 2011 , citing slow business as the reason . = = = Homecoming = = = Georgia Tech Homecoming is a celebration held once a year for alum of the Institute to return to campus and take part in several festivities and Institute traditions . The themed homecoming festivities all lead up to a Saturday football contest . The events are usually lead off with various Greek sports tournaments followed by the Mini 500 , Freshman Cake Race , and the Wreck Parade . Every year the student body elects a Mr. and Ms. Georgia Tech . These are two individuals who have excelled in academics and extracurriculars on Tech campus . The titles changed from homecoming king and queen to Mr. and Ms. Georgia Tech in 1987 at the request of Dean James E. Dull . The first homecoming was organized by ANAK in 1916 . In 2008 , Georgia Tech hosted the Virginia Cavaliers for its 92nd homecoming celebration and ended a twelve game win streak in homecoming contests . Tech is 44 @-@ 13 @-@ 1 since 1949 in its homecoming football games . = = = = Mini 500 = = = = The Mini 500 is a tricycle race held during homecoming every year that requires teams to complete laps around Peters Parking Deck on East Campus . Men must complete 15 laps , while women must complete 10 . There are mandatory pit stops in which the front tire must be rotated 3 times during the course of the race . Because the average racer weighs more than the average 5 @-@ year @-@ old , the car is allowed one support brace to be welded onto the frame . The race traces its roots back to the early 1960s , when fraternity pledges were forced to ride tricycles around campus as a form of hazing . The race was eventually formalized in 1969 , and rules were instituted to make the Mini 500 an instant classic . = = = = Wreck Parade = = = = The Ramblin ' Wreck Parade is a parade of classic cars and engineering oddities held before every homecoming football game . There are three classes of vehicles , which participate in the competition . The first class is known simply as classic cars and these are vehicles over a certain age limit ( currently 25 years ) . The second class is known as fixed bodies and these vehicles are normal cars , which have only been cosmetically modified retaining their original drive train . These are often themed , but are distinctly different from floats and are prohibited from being " pseudo @-@ wrecks displaying pomps " . The third class is the contraption category and these vehicles feature drive trains completely fabricated by students ranging from pendulum propulsion to pulse jet engines . Vehicles must feature an " indirect " drive system and are judged both on creativity and effective operation . The Wreck parade dates back to 1929 when The Technique began an " Old Ford Race " to Athens . In 1932 , the race was deemed unsafe by the administration so a parade of contraptions was created to subdue student protests . The parade has run every year since 1932 except for the years of 194	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
= = = Writing = = = " Freddy Spaghetti " was written by Daniel J. Goor , who previously penned the episodes " The Reporter " , " Hunting Trip " and " Leslie 's House " . The idea of state auditors visiting Pawnee , and the subsequent government shutdown there , was conceived from news reports at the time of a number of states considering shutting down schools , parks and other services due to the global recession . During an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Parks and Recreation co @-@ creator Michael Schur cited stories about Kansas City closing down a great number of their public schools , and Idaho threatening to shut down the state parks department . In that interview , he said , " The entire state of Idaho was threatening to shut down the Parks department , and Idaho is essentially just one large park . " That line , almost verbatim , was used in the script when Ben explained to Leslie the seriousness of the economic recession around the nation . Schur said the writing staff had difficulty scripting the scene where Ann kisses Andy : " We had a lot of discussions about this because we didn 't want Ann to be too much of a jerk and kiss a guy who likes another girl , and we didn 't want Andy to be too much of a jerk because he likes April . It was very delicate . " The episode marked a turning point for the romantic subplot between April and Andy , who shared their first kiss of the series in " Freddy Spaghetti " . Goor said filming of that scene , " They nailed the kiss immediately . " While trying to get April to talk to him , Andy pretends he doesn 't want to talk to her at all , which he incorrectly calls " reverse psychiatry " instead of reverse psychology . This line was improvised by Chris Pratt . = = = Casting = = = " Freddy Spaghetti " was the final episode to feature Paul Schneider as a regular cast member as Mark Brendanawicz . Schneider left the series , and though Schur claimed that both the producers and Schneider were interested in having him return for guest appearances in future episodes , Schneider stated that he was not interested in returning and had never been contacted about it . The final scene between Leslie and Mark in " Freddy Spaghetti " , in which the two sit together at Lot 48 , mirrors their scenes together in the first season finale , " Rock Show " , in which the two shared a kiss while overlooking the lot while it was still a construction pit . Schur said of the scene , " It 's great because Leslie and Mark , it was such a disastrous moment last time ( at the pit ) and he didn 't really respect her , and a lot 's happened in a year . " Goor said of using that setting , " I liked the symmetry of having it play a critical , and opposite role in this finale . Last year , they sat on the bench and kissed , and it seemed like they might be getting back together . This year , they sat on the bench and Mark kissed Leslie goodbye . " The bench they sit in during that scene is the same one they sat on during their kiss scene in " Rock Show " . Throughout the second season , that bench was in Leslie 's office . Schur said , " We decided that in the reality of the show she brought it to the lot for this moment . It 's a little bit of a stretch , but , you know . " " Freddy Spaghetti " marked the second appearances by Adam Scott and Rob Lowe as state auditors sent to solve Pawnee 's budget problems . Lowe 's Chris Traeger character is energetic , eccentric and overly cheerful , whereas Scott 's Ben Wyatt is more pragmatic and realistic . Scott was always intended to become a regular cast member starting in the third season , while Lowe was originally expected to appear only in a few more episodes in a guest role . However , after those episodes were filmed , Lowe later joined the show as a regular cast member . Lowe improvised many aspects of his character , including when he handed Ben a water bottle and said , " You should hydrate , " and when he clapped after Leslie sang at the concert , " If you 're happy and you know it , clap your hands . " Additionally , the episode was the second appearance of Natalie Morales as Lucy , a Pawnee bartender and romantic interest for Tom . " Freddy Spaghetti " also included appearances by recurring guest stars Jama Williamson , who plays Tom Haverford 's ex @-@ wife Wendy , and Cooper Thornton , who plays the sarcastic and deadpan Dr. Harris , who tended to Andy 's broken arm . Comedian and writer Brian McCann portrayed Freddy Spaghetti himself in the episode . While singing at the concert , McCann improvised a great deal of non @-@ child @-@ friendly dialogue that could not be used in the final episode . Among them were a song about how he pays too much alimony to his wife , and another about meeting all the children 's mothers backstage after the show . Guy Stevenson , a MADtv writer and friend of Parks and Recreation cast member Retta , played the man who shouted during a municipal meeting , " With the government shut down , who 's going to stop Al @-@ Qaeda ? " = = = Filming = = = The episode was directed by Jason Woliner , who previously directed the Parks and Recreation episodes " Beauty Pageant " and " Woman of the Year " . The idea of Andy injuring himself in a motorcycle accident was conceived early in the filming of the second season by Chris Pratt . Pratt 's stunt double , Joe Bucaro III , is considered one of the leading motorcycle stuntmen in the United States , and Pratt suggested that a stunt involving Andy crashing a motorcycle would be very funny . Bucaro filmed two takes of the crash in " Freddy Spaghetti " , and the first take was used in the final episode . At the beginning of the episode , while roller @-@ skating through the corridors of city hall , Andy unsuccessfully tries to jump over a desk and falls violently to the ground . Unlike the motorcycle crash , Pratt performed that stunt himself , and had to film about six takes of it . During one scene , Ron slips and falls on the grass while running to warn Leslie about Ben 's plan to shut down the Freddy Spaghetti concert . That fall was neither scripted nor accidental , but rather planned and improvised by Nick Offerman . Aziz Ansari described the physical comedy as " one of my favorite shots in the series " . In a different scene , April is chewing on a hay @-@ straw while raking hay before the concert , and angrily spits the straw out when Andy tries to talk to her . That moment was improvised by actress Aubrey Plaza . Woliner asked her not to do it , but she insisted , correctly predicting it would make the final cut if she did it . In a different scene , Ron eats a turkey leg wrapped in bacon . The original script called simply for a large turkey leg , but a props employee suggested wrapping it in bacon based on Ron 's well @-@ known affinity for the food . It was Woliner who suggested that Ron say the snack was nicknamed " the Swanson " . = = Cultural references = = During one scene , Leslie visits Tom at home , only to find him wearing a robe and entertaining Lucy . Tom insists he is about to have sex , explaining , " Why else would Boyz II Men 's " On Bended Knee " be playing right now ? " , referring to a song in the background . The line was improvised by Aziz Ansari and , originally , the song was not playing , but Michael Schur said the line was so funny that he successfully sought permission to use the song and added it to the background in post @-@ production . At the Freddy Spaghetti concert , Leslie asks a little girl which song was her favorite , to which she replies " Penne and the Jets " , a pasta @-@ inspired version of the Elton John song " Benny and the Jets " . This line was thought of by Amy Poehler . While packing his office at the end of the episode , Tom frantically looks for his autographed photo of actor Jamie Foxx . Ansari said he had been trying to work a reference to Foxx into the show for months . Tom 's observation that Ron always dresses like golf pro Tiger Woods after having sex was a joke previously used in the episode " Ron and Tammy " . The original joke was written before the story of Woods ' extramarital affairs scandal broke in the news in November 2009 . " Freddy Spaghetti " included a reference to the previous episode " Galentine 's Day " , in which Andy discussed a song he wrote called " Sex Hair " , about how one could tell someone had sex based on how matted their hair is . In the season finale , Andy rewrites the song to be called " Pickle Hair " so it can be played at the kid @-@ friendly concert . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Freddy Spaghetti " was seen by an estimated 4 @.@ 55 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , with a 2 @.@ 1 rating / 7 share among viewers between ages 18 and 49 . It marked a five percent increase in viewership compared to the previous episode , " The Master Plan " , which itself had increased in the ratings compared to the previous week . " Freddy Spaghetti " also had a higher rating than the first season finale , " Rock Show " . Parks and Recreation ranked second in its timeslot with " Freddy Spaghetti " , behind the fifth season finale of the Fox crime drama Bones , but higher than the tenth season finale of the CBS crime drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and an episode of the ABC science @-@ fiction drama FlashForward . " Freddy Spaghetti " received generally positive reviews . Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club felt the script balanced all the character subplots extremely well , writing , " It 's this ability to hold down the ' situation ' part of situation comedy , while never scrimping on the comedy , that makes it the class of the NBC lineup — the purest , if not the best , sitcom on the air . " Pierce also complimented the final scene between Leslie and Mark , which he said brought the season to " a touching full circle " . IGN writer Matt Fowler ranked the episode as " outstanding " and claimed it highlighted the strengths of Leslie , by emphasizing the passion with which she views her job , and Ron , by showing how much he cares for his employees even though he hates his job . Fowler said Schneider 's departure was handled well , even though he described Mark as the show 's least interesting character . HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall said " Freddy Spaghetti " did a good job of bringing closure to the season and starting new storylines regarding Pawnee 's budget problems . Sepinwall praised the chemistry between Poehler and Scott , as well as Lowe 's comedic performance , but said the April and Andy romantic subplot was less consistently effective than the similar pairing between Jim and Pam Halpert on the NBC comedy , The Office . New York magazine writer Steve Kendell said , " The finale was as on point as any episode this year — smart , funny , crisply written , and poignant . " Kandell said Mark accepting a buyout felt like a " perfectly sensible and organic to the story " way to remove the character from the series , and described the ending scene with Ron and Wendy as an effective cliffhanger building up to the third season . Eric Hochberger of TV Fanatic said , " We can sum up the episode in one word : perfection . " Hochberger praised the characterization in the script , and particularly enjoyed that the former pit , a long @-@ time device for the series , was used for the concert and Mark 's departure . CraveOnline writer Blair Marnell described " Freddy Spaghetti " as one of the best episodes of the series . He praised the writing , particularly the jokes involving Andy and Ron 's love of budget cuts , but said Leslie 's character ultimately carried the story and had the best jokes . Kona Gallagher of TV Squad said the episode " end [ ed ] an already phenomenal season on a high note " and said she loved the symmetry of the finale . Gallagher particularly praised Scott 's new character , claiming " his bruised idealism is a nice match for Leslie 's blind idealism " , but said Lowe 's character continued to lack depth , and described the April and Andy subplot as predictable . " Freddy Spaghetti " was the last new episode of Parks and Recreation to air for eight months ( until " Go Big or Go Home " ) because , after the season finale aired , NBC announced the show was being moved to an undisclosed midseason premiere date to allow the network 's new comedy , Outsourced , to run in the Thursday two @-@ hour comedy schedule block . New York magazine writer Steve Kandell noted this move by NBC against the show bore some " thematic similarities " between the government shutdown plot of " Freddy Spaghetti " . It was eventually announced the Parks and Recreation third season would premiere on January 20 , 2011 . = = DVD release = = After " Freddy Spaghetti " aired , a producer 's cut of the episode was featured on the official NBC website . It included four extra minutes of deleted scenes , plus additional footage with Lowe , Scott and the regular cast members . This version of the episode , along with the 22 @-@ minute television version and the other 23 second season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was later released on a four @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on November 30 , 2010 . The DVD included deleted scenes for each episode . Among the deleted scenes in the producer 's cut were a scene of Tom and Lucy running off to Ann 's house to have sex , where they are interrupted by a nonchalant and seemingly unfazed Chris Traeger . Another cut scene included Tom and Ann in which the two share a pleasant moment and Tom cheers her up over her conflicting romantic feelings , only for Tom to ruin it by proposing three @-@ way sex between them and Lucy . The DVD also included a commentary track for " Freddy Spaghetti " featuring Amy Poehler , Aziz Ansari , Nick Offerman , Rashida Jones , Adam Scott , Aubrey Plaza , Chris Pratt , Jim O 'Heir , Retta and Michael Schur . = Kota Kinabalu = Kota Kinabalu ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈkota kinaˈbalu ] , Jawi : کوتا کينا بالو , Chinese : 亚庇 ; pinyin : Yàbì ) , formerly known as Jesselton , is the capital of the state of Sabah , Malaysia . It is also the capital of the West Coast Division of Sabah . The city is located on the northwest coast of Borneo facing the South China Sea . The Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park lies to its west and Mount Kinabalu , which gave the city its name , is located to its east . Kota Kinabalu has a population of 452 @,@ 058 and , including the adjacent Penampang and Putatan districts , the metro area has an estimated population of 628 @,@ 725 . In the 15th century , the area of Kota Kinabalu was under the influence of Bruneian Empire . In the 19th century , the British North Borneo Company ( BNBC ) first set up a settlement near the Gaya Island . However , it was destroyed by fire in 1897 by a freedom fighter named Mat Salleh . In July 1899 , the place which is located opposite to the Gaya Island , was identified as a suitable place for settlements . Development in the area was started soon after that ; and the place was named " Api @-@ api " before it was renamed after the vice @-@ chairman of BNBC as " Jesselton " . Jesselton became a major trading port in the area , and was connected to the North Borneo Railway . Jesselton suffered destructions during World War II . Japanese occupation of Jesselton had caused several local uprisings but they were eventually defeated by the Japanese . After the war , BNBC was unable to finance the high cost of reconstructions and the place was ceded to the British Crown Colony . The British Crown declared Jesselton as the new capital of North Borneo in 1946 and started to rebuild the town . After the formation of Malaysia , North Borneo was reamed as Sabah . In 1967 , Jesselton was renamed as Kota Kinabalu . Kota Kinabalu was granted city status in 2000 . Kota Kinabalu is often known as KK both in Malaysia and internationally . It is a major tourist destination and a popular gateway for travellers visiting Sabah and Borneo . Kinabalu Park is located about 90 kilometres from the city and there are many other tourist attractions in and around the city . Kota Kinabalu is also one of the major industrial and commercial centres of East Malaysia . These two factors combine to make Kota Kinabalu one of the fastest growing cities in Malaysia . = = Etymology = = Kota Kinabalu is named after Mount Kinabalu , which is situated about 50 kilometres east @-@ northeast of the city . Kinabalu is derived from the name Aki Nabalu meaning the " revered place of the dead . " Aki means " ancestors " or " grandfather " , and Nabalu is a name for the mountain in the Dusun language . There is also a source claiming that the term originated from Ki Nabalu , Ki meaning " have " or " exist " , and Nabalu meaning " spirit of the dead " . Kota is a Malay word for a " fort " , " town " , or a " city " . It is also used formally in a few other Malaysian towns and cities , for example , Kota Bharu , Kota Tinggi , and Kota Kemuning . It can also be used informally to refer to any towns or cities . Hence , a direct translation of the name Kota Kinabalu into English would be " City of Kinabalu " or " Kinabalu City " . Wendy Law Suart wrote in her book on North Borneo , The Lingering Eye , " there is in the Sabah State Museum a Dutch map of Borneo and the Celebes dated 1657 in which the settlement where Jesselton was to stand is clearly labelled Api Api . It may have some connection with the seaside tree with breathing roots that bears the same name " . = = = Original names = = = Besides Jesselton , there have been a number of other theories regarding the origins of the original name for Kota Kinabalu . The most popular , as mentioned above , is Api @-@ Api , or simply Api , which is a Malay word meaning ' Fire ' . There are claims , however , that Kota Kinabalu was actually named after a nearby river called Sungai Api @-@ Api . In Chinese , the city is still known as ' Api ' , which is the Hakka pronunciation for 亚庇 ( Simplified Chinese ; Traditional Chinese : 亞庇 ; Pinyin : yà bì ) . Besides Api @-@ Api , another suggested historical name is Deasoka , which roughly means " below the coconut tree " in the Bajau language . The Bajau locals purportedly used this name to refer to a village in the southern part of the city which was filled with coconut trees . Another name was Singgah Mata which literally means " transit eye " , but can be loosely translated as " pleasing to the eye " . It is a name purportedly given by fishermen from Gaya Island referring to the strip of land which today is downtown Kota Kinabalu . Today , all these names have been immortalised as names of streets or buildings around the city . Some examples are Lintasan Deasoka , Api @-@ Api Centre and Singgah Mata Street . = = History = = Since the 15th century , the area of Jesselton was under the influence of the Bruneian Empire . In the late 1800s , the British North Borneo Company ( BNBC ) began to establish colonies throughout North Borneo . In 1882 , BNBC founded a small settlement in the area known as Gaya Bay , which was already inhabited by Bajau people . The first settlement was on Gaya Island . In 1897 , this first settlement was burned and destroyed by the indigenous Bajau @-@ Suluk freedom fighter Mat Salleh . After the destruction , BNBC decided to relocate the settlement to the more easily defended mainland at Gantian Bay ( now Sepanggar Bay ) in 1898 . However that location was found to be unsuitable and in July 1899 , Mr. Henry Walker , a Land Commissioner , identified a 30 acres ( 12 ha ) site opposite Gaya Island as a replacement for Gantian . This fishing village named Api @-@ Api ( see Original names below ) was chosen due to its proximity to the North Borneo Railway and its natural port that provided good anchorage , which was up to 24 feet deep . By the end of 1899 , construction had started on shoplots , a pier and government buildings . This new administrative centre was renamed Jesselton after Sir Charles Jessel , who was the then Vice @-@ Chairman of BNBC . Eventually , Jesselton became a major trading post of North Borneo , dealing in rubber , rattan , honey , and wax . The North Borneo Railway was used to transport goods to the Jesselton harbour . The Malay and Bajau uprisings during those times were not uncommon , and BNBC worked to quell the long @-@ standing threat of piracy in the region . Jesselton suffered a large destruction when it was razed by the British to retreated from the Japanese and suffered more destruction when the Allies bombed it in 1945 . After the Japanese takeover of Borneo , it was again renamed Api . Several rebellions against the Japanese military administration took place in Api . One major rebellion occurred on 10 October 1943 by a group called Kinabalu Guerrillas , consisting of local inhabitants . Japanese forces quelled the rebellion after its leader , Albert Kwok , was arrested and executed in 1944 . At the later stages of the war , what remained of the town was destroyed again by Allied bombings day and night for over six months as part of the Borneo Campaign in 1945 , leaving only three buildings standing . The war in North Borneo ended with the official surrender of the Japanese 37th Army by Lieutenant General Baba Masao in Labuan on 10 September 1945 . After the war on the edge of bankruptcy , the British North Borneo Company returned to administer Jesselton but was unable to finance the huge costs of reconstruction . They gave control of North Borneo to the British Crown on 18 July 1946 . The new colonial government elected to rebuild Jesselton as the capital of North Borneo instead of Sandakan , which had also been destroyed by the war . The Crown Colony administration designed a plan , later known as the " Colonial Office Reconstruction and Development Plan for North Borneo : 1948 – 1955 ” , to rebuild North Borneo . This plan provided £ 6 @,@ 051 @,@ 939 for the rebuilding of infrastructure in North Borneo . When the Crown Colony of North Borneo together with Sarawak , Singapore and the Federation of Malaya formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 , it became known as Sabah , and Jesselton remained its capital . On 22 December 1967 , the State Legislative Assembly under Chief Minister Tun Mustapha bin Datu Harun passed a bill renaming Jesselton as Kota Kinabalu . The city was upgraded to city status on 2 February 2000 . = = Capital city = = Being the capital city of Sabah , Kota Kinabalu plays an important role in the political and economic welfare of the population of the entire state . It is the seat of the state government where almost all of their ministries and agencies are based . Most of the Malaysian federal government agencies and departments are also located in Kota Kinabalu . The Sabah State Legislative Assembly is located at the nearby Likas Bay . There are four members of parliament ( MPs ) representing the four parliamentary constituencies in the city : Sepanggar ( P.171 ) , Kota Kinabalu ( P.172 ) , Putatan ( P.173 ) , and Penampang ( P.174 ) . The city also elects 9 representatives to the state legislature from the state assembly districts of Karambunai , Inanam , Likas , Api @-@ Api , Luyang , Tanjung Aru , Petagas , Kepayan , Segama , Menggatal , Tuaran , Lido , and Moyog . = = = Local authority and city definition = = = The city is administered by the Kota Kinabalu City Hall ( Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu ) . The current mayor of Kota Kinabalu is Yeo Boon Hai , who took over from Datuk Abidin Madingkir on 2 February 2016 . Datuk Iliyas in turn became the second mayor of the city after taking over from Datuk Abdul Ghani Rashid in 2006 . The city obtained city status on 2 February 2000 , and prior to this it was administered by Majlis Perbandaran Kota Kinabalu ( Kota Kinabalu Municipal Council / Kota Kinabalu Town Hall ) . The city is defined within the borders of what is the district , formerly the municipality , of Kota Kinabalu . With an area of 351 square kilometres , it is the smallest but the most populous district in Sabah . It encompasses Tanjung Aru and Kepayan in the south , up to Telipok and Sepanggar in the north . The urban expanse of the city however extends into the district of Penampang on the south of the city border , which includes the towns of Donggongon and Putatan . The combined area of Kota Kinabalu ( district ) and the contiguous built up areas in Penampang and Putatan is known as Greater Kota Kinabalu . The district of Penampang has an area of 466 square kilometres , and is administered by Majlis Daerah Penampang ( Penampang District Council ) . On one end of the scale , Kota Kinabalu may sometimes only refer to , especially by local inhabitants , the city centre or central business district near the sea facing Gaya Island . On the other end of the scale , it may also refer to the metropolitan area which includes urban Kota Kinabalu ( Greater Kota Kinabalu ) , and the surrounding towns of Papar and Kinarut in the south , and Tuaran and Tamparuli in the north , being within its zone of influence . = = Geography = = Kota Kinabalu is located on the west coast of Sabah . The city lies on a narrow flatland between the Crocker Range to the east and the South China Sea to the west . There are six islands off the coast of the city . The largest is Gaya Island , the site of the first British settlement . Approximately 8 @,@ 000 people live there . The smaller islands , mainly uninhabited , are named Sapi Island , Manukan Island , Sulug Island , Mamutik Island and Sepanggar Island to the north . Sepanggar island is located north of the National Park opposite Sepanggar Bay . Flat land is at a premium in the city centre , and there is a strict limit to the height of buildings : the airport is 7 km ( 4 mi ) away , and the city is directly in the flight path . Most of the Central Business District ( CBD ) today is built on land reclaimed from the sea . The original local plant life has largely disappeared , but several hills within the city ( too steep for building ) are still clothed with tropical rainforest . One of these is Signal Hill , which confines the CBD to the shore . In the area of Likas Bay , the remnants of an extensive mangrove forest was nearly lost . In 1996 , a perceptive state government stepped in and declared 24 acres ( 9 @.@ 7 ha ) of the forest as a protected area . This forest is now known as the Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary . The sanctuary was given additional protection as a State Cultural Heritage Site in 1998 . The five islands ( of Gaya , Sapi , Manukan , Sulug , Mamutik ) opposite the city , and their surrounding waters , are also preserved as the Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park . The park was named in honour of the first Prime Minister of Malaysia , Tunku Abdul Rahman . The park is a popular recreational spot for tourists and local people . The Kota Kinabalu city centre , consisting of mostly businesses and the government , includes Karamunsing , the port area ( Tanjung Lipat ) , Signal Hill , Kampung Air , Sinsuran , Segama , Asia City , Gaya Street ( Old Town ) , Bandaran Berjaya , Api @-@ Api , Sutera Harbour and Sembulan . Outlying neighbourhoods and residential suburbs include Kepayan Ridge , Tanjung Aru , Petagas , Kepayan , Lido , Lintas , Nosoob , Bukit Padang , Luyang , Damai , Lok Kawi , Bukit Bendera , Kasigui , Bundusan , Likas and Kolombong . The city is growing steadily and the urban sprawl extends to the towns of Inanam , Menggatal , Sepanggar , Telipok and south of the district border to Penampang , Putatan , and Lok Kawi . Kota Kinabalu is generally isolated from the rest of the country ; it is located about 1 @,@ 624 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 009 mi ) from Kuala Lumpur in Peninsular Malaysia and 804 kilometres ( 500 mi ) from Kuching in the neighbouring state of Sarawak . = = = Climate = = = As part of Sabah area , Kota Kinabalu features a typical equatorial climate with constant temperature , considerable amount of rain and high humidity . Two prevailing monsoons characterise the climate of this part of Sabah are the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon . The Northeast Monsoon occurs between November and March , while the Southwest Monsoon occurs between May and September . There are also two successive inter @-@ monsoons from April to May and from September to October . During the 1995 – 2004 period , Kota Kinabalu 's average temperature ranges from 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) to 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) . April and May are the hottest months , while January is the coolest one . The average annual rainfall is around 2 @,@ 400 millimetres and varies markedly throughout the year . February and March are typically the driest months while rainfall peaks in the inter @-@ monsoon period in October . The wind speed ranges from 5 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 9 m / s during the Northeast Monsoon but is significantly lower to 0 @.@ 3 to 3 @.@ 3 m / s during the Southwest Monsoon . = = Demography = = There have not been any official or popular adjectives , or demonyms , to describe the people of Kota Kinabalu . A simple way to describe the people of the city is " orang KK " , where orang means " person " or " people " in Malay . The terms " K.K @-@ ites " and " K.K @-@ ians " have also been used to a limited extent . People from Sabah are called Sabahans . = = = Ethnicity and religion = = = The Malaysian Census 2010 Report estimated the population of Kota Kinabalu at 452 @,@ 058 . The city 's population today is a mixture of many different races and ethnicities . Non @-@ Malaysian citizens form the plurality of the city population with 110 @,@ 556 people followed by Chinese ( 93 @,@ 429 ) , Bajau / Suluk ( 72 @,@ 931 ) , Kadazan @-@ Dusun ( 69 @,@ 993 ) , other Bumiputras ( 59 @,@ 607 ) , Bruneian Malays ( 35 @,@ 835 ) , Murut ( 2 @,@ 528 ) , Indian ( 2 @,@ 207 ) and others ( 5 @,@ 482 ) . The Chinese are mostly Hakkas and reside mainly in the Luyang area . There is also a sizeable Cantonese @-@ speaking population and smaller communities of Hokkien and Foochow @-@ speaking Chinese scattered throughout all areas of the city . Most of the Foochow speakers in particular emigrated to Sabah from the neighbouring Malaysian state of Sarawak . Penampang district is populated mainly by Kadazans , while Bajaus and Dusuns mainly reside in Likas , Sembulan , Inanam , Menggatal , Sepanggar and Telipok . The Brunei Malays and Bajau / Suluks are Muslims . The Kadazans mainly practice Christianity , whilst the Chinese are mainly Buddhists , Taoist or Christians . There are numerous Roman Catholic , Basel ( Lutheran ) , Anglican , Evangelical , and Methodist churches throughout the city . A small number of Hindus , Sikhs , Animists , and secularists can also be found . There is also a sizeable Filipino population in the city . The first wave of migrants arrived in the late 15th century during the Spanish colonisation , while a later wave arrived in the early 1970s , driven away from the Philippines by political and economic uncertainties there . Most of the earlier migrants have been naturalised as Malaysian citizens . However , there are still some Filipinos living in the city without proper documentation as illegal immigrants . Most of the Filipino migrants are Tausūgs ( Suluk ) coming from the southern parts of Philippines . The city also is home to immigrants from Indonesia . There is a small population of Indians , Pakistanis and Eurasians scattered around the city . More recently , the number of expatriates living in the city , whether temporarily or permanently , have also increased . Most of them come from China , South Korea , Japan , Australia , Taiwan and Europe . Interracial marriages are not uncommon and Kadazan @-@ Chinese intermarriages are particularly common . The mixed race offspring of Kadazan and Chinese are referred to as Sino @-@ Kadazans or simply " Sinos " . = = = Languages = = = The people of Kota Kinabalu mainly speak Malay , with a distinct Sabahan creole . However , as almost 50 % of Kota Kinabalu residents are of Chinese descent , Chinese is also widely spoken . Among the Chinese , the most commonly spoken varieties are Huiyang Hakka ( Simplified Chinese : 惠阳客家话 ; Traditional Chinese : 惠陽客家話 ) and Mandarin . Additionally , most Chinese can speak Cantonese , although with widely varying levels of fluency . Almost all residents are also able to speak English , especially the younger generation . However , some find it difficult to speak fluently due to a limited vocabulary and the general lack of usage of the English language as a conversational lingua franca among Sabahans as a whole . The number of Kadazan @-@ Dusun speakers is thought to have dropped significantly throughout Sabah , especially in larger towns or cities like Kota Kinabalu . However , some effort has been taken by some to revive the usage of the language . Kadazan has been considered an endangered language , along with the culture of ethnic Kadazans . = = Economy = = Besides being the capital city , Kota Kinabalu is also the main industrial and commercial centre for Sabah . The economy is dominated by the primary sector of industry . Historically , the secondary sector dominated the economy , but due to rapid urbanisation and economic development , this sector of the economy is slowly diminishing . More recently , a move towards a more tertiary @-@ based industry has become more apparent , especially with regards to the boom in the tourism industry . Many state @-@ level , national @-@ level and international commercial banks , as well as some insurance companies have their headquarters or branches here . The overseas Chinese population also contributes to the development of KK since their immigration in the late 19th century . Their original role involved ' coolie ' ( slavery work ) and today many Chinese work as shopowners . A number of industrial and manufacturing companies also have plants here , especially in the industrial districts of Likas , Kolombong , and Inanam . The ongoing construction of the 8 @,@ 320 @-@ acre ( 33 @.@ 7 km2 ) Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park ( KKIP ) in Sepanggar is intended to boost the city 's industrial and commercial activity , making it a major growth centre in East Malaysia , as well for the BIMP @-@ EAGA ( Brunei @-@ Indonesia @-@ Malaysia @-@ Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area ) region . Kota Kinabalu also hosts numerous national , regional and international conferences or trade fairs every year , including the biennial Sabah International Expo , the Asia Pacific eTourism Conference by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) , the ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress , and many others . These events are normally held at the Sutera Harbour resort . = = Transportation = = = = = Land = = = The internal roads linking different parts of the city are generally state roads constructed and maintained by the state 's Public Works Department . Most major internal roads are dual @-@ carriageways . One of the major roads here is Lintas @-@ Tuaran Bypass Road , which together serves almost as a ring road , circling the city and connecting the districts and suburbs surrounding the city , namely Putatan , Penampang , Luyang , Likas , Inanam , Menggatal , Sepanggar and Tuaran . There are currently no freeways in the city or in any other part of Sabah . The city is linked by highways to other towns in Sabah . These are mainly federal roads maintained by the national Public Works Department . Highway routes from Kota Kinabalu include : Kota Kinabalu – Tuaran – Tamparuli – Kota Belud – Kota Marudu – Pitas – Kudat Kota Kinabalu – Penampang – ( Putatan – Lok Kawi ) – Papar – Beaufort – Sindumin ( part of the Pan Borneo Highway ) Kota Kinabalu – Penampang – Tambunan – Keningau – Tenom – Nabawan ( part of the Pan Borneo Highway ) Kota Kinabalu – Tuaran – Tamparuli – Kundasang – Ranau – Telupid – Sandakan – Tawau ( part of the Pan Borneo Highway ) = = = = Public transportation = = = = Regular bus services operate in the city . Aside from buses , minibuses or vans are used as an alternative mode of public transport . There are two main bus terminals in the city centre . The terminal along Tun Razak Road provide bus services to different parts of the city and its outskirts , while the terminal near Bandaran Berjaya provides intercity services to destinations south of the city ( Papar , Tenom , Beaufort etc . ) . A third bus terminal , the North Kota Kinabalu Bus Terminal in Inanam district , services intercity buses heading towards destinations north and north @-@ east of the city ( Tuaran , Kudat , Ranau , Sandakan , Tawau , Semporna etc . ) . Taxis are available throughout the city . A railway system formerly known as the North Borneo Railway was established in 1896 by the British North Borneo Company . It was built for the main purpose of transporting commodities from the Interior Division to the port in Kota Kinabalu during the British occupation . The railway line connects Kota Kinabalu to Tenom and several other towns in between , and it is the only railway system operating in East Malaysia . Today , the railway is known as the Sabah State Railway , and it provides daily services for commuters , travellers , as well as for cargo transportation . A separate company operates the leisure tour also called the North Borneo Railway , which caters mainly for tourists . The train station and terminal is located in Tanjung Aru . = = = Air = = = Kota Kinabalu International Airport ( KKIA ) ( ICAO Code : WBKK ) is a main hub for Malaysia Airlines and a secondary hub for AirAsia and MASWings . It has one terminal and is the second busiest airport in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur International Airport and is one of the main gateways into Sabah and East Malaysia . In addition to domestic flights within Sabah and Malaysia , KKIA is also serviced by international flights to several cities in southeast and northeast Asia , as well as Perth in Australia . The city will also become a secondary hub for a new airline called flymojo . = = = Sea = = = Kota Kinabalu has two ports : Kota Kinabalu Port and Sepanggar Bay Container Port ( SBCP ) . Kota Kinabalu Port mainly handles loose / bulk cargo , while SBCP operates as a naval base for the Royal Malaysian Navy and an oil depot in addition to handling containerised cargo . In 2004 , Kota Kinabalu Port handled about 3 @.@ 6 million tonnes of freight cargo , the third highest in the state after Sandakan Port and Tawau Port . However , it handles the highest number of containers in the state , with 153 @,@ 793 twenty @-@ foot equivalent units ( TEU ) of containers handled in 2006 . Sepanggar Bay Port will have an annual capacity of 200 @,@ 000 TEU when its container terminal is completed . All ports in Sabah are managed and operated by Sabah Ports Sdn Bhd . The Kota Kinabalu Ferry Service operates from a passenger ferry terminal located at Jesselton Point , providing ferry and motorboat services to nearby islands . There are also regular scheduled ferry services to Labuan . = = Other utilities = = = = = Courts of law and legal enforcement = = = The current court complex is located along Tugu Road . It contains the High Court , Sessions Court , and the Magistrate Court . Another court for the Sharia law were also located in the area of Sembulan . The Sabah Police Contingent Headquarters is located in Kepayan . There are two district headquarters in the city , the Kota Kinabalu District police headquarters located in Karamunsing , and the Penampang District headquarters . Both also operate as police stations . Other police stations are found in KKIA , Tanjung Aru , Putatan , and Menggatal . Police substations ( Pondok Polis ) are found in Luyang , Likas , Telipok and Babagon . The city 's traffic police headquarters is located along Lorong Dewan near Gaya Street , and the marine police headquarters is located near the city ferry terminal along Tun Razak Road . Kota Kinabalu Central Prison is located in Kepayan . Temporary lock @-@ ups or prison cells are found in most police stations around the city . = = = Healthcare = = = There are three public hospitals , six publics health clinic , two child and mother health clinics , six village clinics , one mobile clinic and six 1Malaysia clinics in Kota Kinabalu . Queen Elizabeth General Hospital , which is located along Penampang Road and named after Queen Elizabeth II , is the largest public hospital in the state with 589 beds . Built in 1957 , it is the most important healthcare centre in the city and one of three general hospitals in Sabah . Hospital Wanita dan Kanak @-@ kanak ( Sabah Women and Children Hospital ) serves as a referral hospital for children and women . Hospital Mesra Bukit Padang ( Bukit Padang Mental Hospital ) , which opened in 1971 , provides psychiatric services for the entire state . Sabah Medical Centre is the largest private hospital with 134 beds in Sabah . In addition , three other large private health facilities are Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu with 70 beds , Damai Specialist Centre with 56 beds and Rafflesia Medical Centre with 14 beds . = = = Education = = = There are many government or state schools in and around the city . Among the well @-@ established and prestigious boarding schools in Sabah is Sekolah Menengah Sains Sabah , formally known as Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Sabah ( SBPS ) , which is located at Bukit Padang . Other secondary schools are SM La Salle , Sekolah Menengah Shan Tao , Sekolah Menengah Taman Tun Fuad , Sekolah Menengah Likas , Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Perempuan Likas , Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan St. Francis Convent , Sekolah Menengah All Saints , Sekolah Menengah Stella Maris , Sekolah Menengah Saint Michael , Maktab Sabah , KK High School , Sekolah Menengah Lok Yuk , Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Kota Kinabalu and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Tun Ahmadshah . There are also a number of independent private schools in the city . Among them are Sabah Tshung Tsin Secondary School , Kian Kok Middle School , Maktab Nasional and Seri Insan Secondary School . Classes usually begin at 7 am and end at 1 pm except for boarding schools , in which classes begins as early as 6 @.@ 30 am and end at 2 pm . Children aged 7 must attend primary education , which consists of six years of learning , while those aged 13 can pursue their studies in lower secondary education for three years . After completing their Lower Secondary Examination , students enter Upper Secondary education , where they will be streamed into either the Science stream or the Arts stream based on their examination results . Students who choose to study at boarding schools will be placed into the Science stream . Currently , there are four boarding schools in Sabah . There are two international schools teaching the British Curriculum . Sayfol International School Sabah teaches from kindergarten to the GCE ' A ' Levels , which is taken at age 18 ( pre @-@ university ) . Sayfol International School is the sister school of the established and highly successful Sayfol International School in Kuala Lumpur . Kinabalu International School ( KIS ) is part of the Federation of British International Schools in South and East Asia ( FOBISSEA ) . Both English medium schools are located in Bukit Padang . Another international school is the Kinabalu Japanese School , one of four Japanese schools in Malaysia and the Kota Kinabalu Indonesian School . Both schools caters to children of Japanese and Indonesian expatriates working and living around the city . Universiti Malaysia Sabah ( UMS ) , founded in 1994 , is the largest university in Sabah . Its main campus is located on a 999 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 04 km2 ) piece of land , on a hill facing the South China Sea at Sepanggar Bay , about 10 kilometres north of the city centre . It also has branch campuses in Labuan and Sandakan . It is considered as one of the most beautiful universities in Malaysia . The oldest university in Sabah is Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah which was co @-@ founded by UiTM and Yayasan Sabah in 1973 . The university has been certified by the Kota Kinabalu City Hall as a litter @-@ free university . There are also a number of private colleges and one polytechnic operating in the city , which are Universiti Tun Abdul Razak , AlmaCrest International College , INTI College , Kinabalu Commercial College , Informatics College , Kota Kinabalu Polytechnic and Institut Sinaran . The established Public College Tunku Abdul Rahman is located in the Donggongon area . Many affluent residents send their children overseas to pursue either secondary or tertiary education . Libraries : The Sabah State Library Headquarters is located off Penampang Road and is the largest library in the state . Other public libraries include the Kota Kinabalu City ( Regional ) Library , Penampang Branch Library and Menggatal Village Library . These libraries are operated by the Sabah State Library department . Other libraries or private libraries can be found in schools , colleges , or universities . = = Culture and leisure = = = = = Attractions and recreation spots = = = = = = = Cultural = = = = There are a number of cultural venues in Kota Kinabalu . The Sabah State Museum , situated near the Queen Elizabeth Hospital , is the main museum of Sabah . In the vicinity of the museum are the Science and Technology Centre , Sabah Art Gallery , and the Ethno Botanic Gardens . Wisma Budaya Art Gallery in the city centre hosts some national as well as regional art exhibitions . The Hongkod Koisaan building in Penampang is home to the Kadazan @-@ Dusun Cultural Association ( KDCA ) . It hosts the annual Kaamatan or Harvest Festival and the Unduk Ngadau beauty contest , which is held concurrently , in May . Monsopiad Cultural Village ( Kampung Monsopiad ) features cultural shows related to the Kadazan @-@ Dusun culture . It is named after the legendary Kadazan @-@ Dusun headhunting warrior , Monsopiad . = = = = Historical = = = = The Padang Merdeka or Town Field is the site where the declaration of Sabah 's independence and formation of Malaysia took place . The declaration was announced by Sabah 's first Chief Minister , Tun Fuad Stephens , on 16 September 1963 , also known as Malaysia Day . Today the site hosts the annual City Day celebration on 2 February , Merdeka Day celebration on 31 August , and a number of other celebrations and functions . The Atkinson Clock Tower near Bandaran Berjaya was built by Mary Edith Atkinson in 1905 in memory of her son , Francis George Atkinson . It was formerly used as a navigation aid for ships . It is only one of three pre @-@ World War II buildings to survive the war . The Petagas War Memorial , located near KKIA , is a reminder of those who died when they went against the Japanese forces during World War II . It is situated at the place where the Kinabalu Guerillas were killed by the Japanese army in 1944 . The Double Six Monument , located in Sembulan , is also a memorial to remember Sabah 's first Chief Minister and six other state ministers who died on a plane crash known as the Double Six Tragedy on 6 June 1976 . = = = = Leisure and conservation areas = = = = There are many leisure spots and conserved areas in and around Kota Kinabalu . Anjung Samudra ( KK Waterfront ) is a waterfront entertainment spot in the city centre which features restaurants , cafes , pubs , and a nightclub . The Royal Sabah Turf Club in Tanjung Aru hosts weekly horse racing events but has since closed and moved to Tambalang Race Course in Tuaran due to the expansion of Kota Kinabalu International Airport . The North Borneo Railway , which begins its journey from Tanjung Aru station , offers a scenic tour of the countryside in the West Coast Division and the Interior Division . The railway journey ends in the town of Tenom . Sutera Harbour Golf & Country Club near the city centre was built on reclaimed land . It features a golf and country club , a marina , and two hotels . Tanjung Aru , located about 6 kilometres from the city centre , is one of the beaches along the West Coast . Its name was derived from the casuarina trees ( locally called Aru trees ) that grow on the shoreline . The beach is over 2 kilometres in length and is complemented with a number food and drink stalls , restaurants , and night entertainment clubs . In the vicinity of Tanjung Aru lies the Kinabalu Golf Club , Prince Philip Botanical Park , KK Yacht Club , and Shangri @-@ La 's Tanjung Aru Beach Resort . This beach is famous for its sunset . Located within the Likas Bay area is the Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary . With an area of 24 acres ( 9 @.@ 7 ha ) , it is one of the few remaining patches of mangrove forest that once existed extensively along the coastal region of Kota Kinabalu . It was conserved in September 1996 by the State Government to assist and foster a better understanding and awareness of the value of wetlands . The Sabah Zoological and Botanical Park ( Lok Kawi Wildlife Park ) in Lok Kawi , about 20 kilometres south of the city , is the first zoo in Sabah . Set on a 280 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 1 km2 ) piece of land , it is arguably the largest zoo in Malaysia . The Green Connection aquarium just outside the centre of KK showcases the fish , coral and reptile biodiversity of Sabah , with exhibits on many of the aquatic ecosystems of Sabah . At the Green Connection aquarium , there are 5 of the top 10 wildlife icons of Borneo like sharks , rays , coral , fish and snakes . Tun Fuad Stephens Park , located in Bukit Padang , is a popular jogging and hiking spot among locals . It is surrounded by forests and also features a man @-@ made lake . It has a few food stalls and restaurants . Tunku Abdul Rahman Park is a State Park consisting of the islands of Sapi , Mamutik , Manukan , Sulug and Gaya . It is a popular spot for snorkelling . The park is about a 15 to 30 minutes boat ride away from the city ferry terminal . Babagon River in Penampang and Kiansom Falls near Inanam are also popular places for picnics and leisure bathing . Outside the city , Crocker Range Park , occupying a stretch of c . 20 x 80 km of the Crocker Range mountain chain to the city 's southeast ( roughly between Tenom and Tambunan , is a popular spot for jungle trekking and camping . Kota Kinabalu is also the gateway to one of the most popular conservation areas in Malaysia , Kinabalu Park . The park is a two @-@ hour drive away from the city and Mount Kinabalu , which is the 10th highest peak in South @-@ East Asia and the highest in Malaysia , is located there . The Rafflesia Forest Reserve near Tambunan , which is 30 kilometres away from Kota Kinabalu , is also within the Crocker Range National Park boundary . One of the smaller species of Rafflesia , R. pricei , can be found there . The Gunung Emas Highland Resort , which is nearby , is another spot famous for its scenery and cool climate . The Tuaran Crocodile Farm , about 30 kilometres north of the city , has around 1400 crocodiles in its enclosure , making it the largest of its kind in Sabah . = = = = Other sights = = = = The Tun Mustapha Tower ( formerly Sabah Foundation Building ) is about a 10 @-@ minute drive from the city centre . This 30 @-@ storey glass building is supported by high @-@ tensile steel rods , one of only three buildings in the world that is built using this method . Other buildings and sites in the city are the stilt villages found in the areas of Sembulan , Tanjung Aru , Kampung Likas , and Kampung Pondo in Gaya Island . These houses are built on shallow coastal waters and are homes for the Bajau and Suluk inhabitants . The Sabah State Mosque in Sembulan is the main mosque in the city . The City Mosque on Likas Bay is another significant landmark in the city . The Signal Hill Observatory near the CBD offers a scenic view of the city centre , the islands , and the sea . = = = = Shopping = = = = Kota Kinabalu also features a number of shopping malls . These include Imago Mall KK Times Square , Oceanus Waterfront Mall , Kompleks Karamunsing , Centre Point , Wisma Merdeka , Warisan Square , Plaza Wawasan , Kompleks Asia City , City Mall , KK Plaza , Megalong Mall , Suria Sabah and 1Borneo , which is the largest hypermall in Kota Kinabalu . Karamunsing , where Kompleks Karamunsing is situated , is an area that has more computer shops per capita than anywhere else in Sabah . The weekly Gaya Street Sunday Market features a gathering of local hawkers selling a wide range of items from traditional ethnic cultural souvenirs to pets and flowers . The Kota Kinabalu Handicraft Market ( formerly known as the Filipino Market ) features vendors selling traditional handicrafts , souvenirs and foodstuffs . = = = = Entertainment = = = = There are six cinemas in Kota Kinabalu : 2 Golden Screen Cinemas ( commonly known as GSC ) , MBO cinemas located at Imago Mall Kota Kinabalu Times Square , Growball Cineplex at Centre Point Mall and Megalong Cineplex at Megalong Mall . One of the GSC cinemas is located at Suria Sabah Shopping Mall , while the other is located at 1Borneo . Both GSC cinemas hold eight cinema halls each . 1Borneo HyperMall and Sutera Harbour Marina have bowling alleys and pool tables . A new cinema known as the MBO Cinemas with a capacity of 1 @,@ 038 is located in the newly Imago Mall , KK Times Square . Kota Kinabalu is well known as live seafood market . There are many live seafood restaurants such as Hua Hing Seafood Restaurant ( located at Sedco Complex ) around the city . = = = Sports = = = The Likas Sports Complex in Kota Kinabalu provides various sporting and recreational facilities for public use . It has , among others , a 20 @,@ 000 @-@ seater football ( soccer ) stadium , badminton , tennis , and squash courts , a gymnasium , an Olympic size swimming pool , a driving range , hockey fields and a new Youth Challenge park consisting of an international standard skate park and indoor climbing centre . It is the largest sports complex in the state and has hosted numerous national as well as international sporting events . Likas Stadium is the home stadium of Sabah FA , also known as SabaHawks . There is another sports complex in Penampang which also has a full @-@ sized football stadium . There are four golf courses in Kota Kinabalu , namely the Sabah Golf and Country Club in Bukit Padang , Kinabalu Golf Club in Tanjung Aru , Sutera Harbour Golf and Country Club , and Karambunai Golf and Country Club . Kota Kinabalu has hosted a number of national sporting events such as the 2002 Sukma Games , international tournaments such as the 1994 Karate World Championships and the 2008 BWF Super Series Masters Finals badminton tournament . It is also the starting point of the annual international Borneo Safari 4x4 Challenge . Kota Kinabalu has been one of the circuits for the F2 Powerboat UIM World Cup Series in December every year since 2007 . = = = Music = = = Kota Kinabalu is home to one of Asia 's favourite jazz festivals , the KK Jazz Festival . It has become an annual event . International performers such as Son2nos ( Venezuela ) , award @-@ winning Korean jazz diva Nah Youn Sun , Hong Kong 's Junk Unit , Malaysia 's Double Take , Atilia and Mood Indigo from UK have all previously performed at the festival . BandWidth Street Press Magazine is Kota Kinabalu 's only free monthly magazine that promotes local Sabah music . The magazine was launched in March 2009 , and was supported by the local government and was referred by Sabah 's Minister of Culture , Environment & Tourism , YB Datuk Masidi Manjun , as a publication that will introduce and promote new local musicians while serving up the latest information on the local entertainment scene . = = = Radio stations = = = Several national radio stations have their office in the city , this include Hitz FM Sabah ( 100 @.@ 8 ) , Era FM Sabah ( 102 @.@ 4 ) , TEA FM ( 102 @.@ 8 ) and MY FM Sabah ( 104 @.@ 0 ) . = = International relations = = Several countries have set up their consulates in Kota Kinabalu , including Australia , Brunei , China , Denmark , France , Finland , Indonesia , Japan , Romania , Slovakia , Sweden and the United Kingdom . = = = Sister cities = = = Kota Kinabalu currently has six sister cities : = = = Others = = = Sabah State Government and DANCED ( Danish Co @-@ operation for Environment and Development ) : Sabah Integrated Coastal Zone Management ( ICZM ) = Mormons = Mormons ( / ˈmɔːrmənz / ) are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism , the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity , which began with Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s . After Smith 's death in 1844 , the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory . Today , most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Some Mormons are also either independent or non @-@ practicing . The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah , and North America has more Mormons than any other continent , though the majority of Mormons live outside the United States . Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history . During the 19th century , Mormon converts tended to gather to a central geographic location , and between 1852 and 1890 a minority of Mormons openly practiced plural marriage , a form of religious polygamy . Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church , and many young Mormons choose to serve a full @-@ time proselytizing mission . Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages , tobacco , coffee , tea , and other addictive substances . They tend to be very family @-@ oriented , and have strong connections across generations and with extended family , reflective of their belief that families can be sealed together beyond death . Mormons also have a strict law of chastity , requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage and fidelity within marriage . Mormons self @-@ identify as Christian , although some non @-@ Mormons dispute this and some of their beliefs differ from mainstream Christianity . Mormons believe in the Bible , as well as other books of scripture , such as the Book of Mormon . They have a unique view of cosmology , and believe that all people are spirit @-@ children of God . Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ , and accepting his atonement through ordinances such as baptism . They believe that Christ 's church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles . Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children and answers their prayers . Due to their high birth and conversion rates , the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades rising from around three million in 1970 to over 15 million in 2015 . = = Terminology = = The word " Mormons " most often refers to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) because of their belief in the Book of Mormon , though members often refer to themselves as Latter @-@ day Saints or sometimes just Saints . The term " Mormons " has been embraced by most adherents of Mormonism , most notably Mormon fundamentalists , while other Latter Day Saint denominations , such as the Community of Christ , have rejected it . Both LDS Church members ( or " Latter @-@ day Saints " ) and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word " Mormon " in reference to themselves . The LDS Church , however , disagrees with this self @-@ characterization , and encourages the use of the word " Mormon " only in reference to LDS Church members . Church leaders also encourage members to use the church 's full name to emphasize its focus on Jesus Christ . The word " Mormon " is often associated with polygamy ( or plural marriage ) , which was a distinguishing practice of many early Mormons ; however it was renounced by the LDS Church in 1890 and discontinued over the next 15 years . Today , polygamy is practiced within Mormonism only by people that have broken with the LDS Church . = = History = = The history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and communality . From the start , Mormons have tried to establish what they call " Zion " , a utopian society of the righteous . Mormon history can be divided into three broad time periods : ( 1 ) the early history during the lifetime of Joseph Smith , ( 2 ) a " pioneer era " under the leadership of Brigham Young and his successors , and ( 3 ) a modern era beginning around the turn of the 20th century . In the first period , Smith had tried literally to build a city called Zion , in which converts could gather . During the pioneer era , Zion became a " landscape of villages " in Utah . In modern times , Zion is still an ideal , though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than a central geographic location . = = = Beginnings = = = Mormons trace their origins to the visions that Joseph Smith reported having in the early 1820s while living in upstate New York . In 1823 , Smith said an angel directed him to a buried book written on golden plates containing the religious history of an ancient people . Smith published what he said was a translation of these plates in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon , named after Mormon , the ancient prophet – historian who compiled the book . On April 6 , 1830 , Smith founded the Church of Christ . The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to preach the restored gospel . In 1831 , the church moved to Kirtland , Ohio where missionaries had made a large number of converts and Smith began establishing an outpost in Jackson County , Missouri , where he planned to eventually build the city of Zion ( or the New Jerusalem ) . In 1833 , Missouri settlers , alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons , expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby Clay County , where local residents took them in . After Smith led a mission , known as Zion 's Camp , to recover the land , he began building Kirtland Temple in Lake County , Ohio , where the church flourished . When the Missouri Mormons were later asked to leave Clay County in 1836 , they secured land in what would become Caldwell County . The Kirtland era ended in 1838 , after the failure of a church @-@ sponsored bank caused widespread defections , and Smith regrouped with the remaining church in Far West , Missouri . During the fall of 1838 , tensions escalated into the Mormon War with the old Missouri settlers . On October 27 , the governor of Missouri ordered that the Mormons " must be treated as enemies " and be exterminated or driven from the state . Between November and April , some eight thousand displaced Mormons migrated east into Illinois . In 1839 , the Mormons converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo , Illinois and began construction of the Nauvoo Temple . The city became the church 's new headquarters and gathering place , and it grew rapidly , fueled in part by converts immigrating from Europe . Meanwhile , Smith introduced temple ceremonies meant to seal families together for eternity , as well as the doctrines of eternal progression or exaltation , and plural marriage . Smith created a service organization for women called the Relief Society , as well as an organization called the Council of Fifty , representing a future theodemocratic " Kingdom of God " on the earth . Smith also published the story of his First Vision , in which the Father and the Son appeared to him while he was about 14 years old . This vision would come to be regarded by some Mormons as the most important event in human history after the birth , ministry , and resurrection of Jesus Christ . In 1844 , local prejudices and political tensions , fueled by Mormon peculiarity and internal dissent , escalated into conflicts between Mormons and " anti @-@ Mormons " . On June 27 , 1844 , Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed by a mob in Carthage , Illinois . Because Hyrum was Smith 's logical successor , their deaths caused a succession crisis , and Brigham Young assumed leadership over the majority of Latter Day Saints . Young had been a close associate of Smith 's and was senior apostle of the Quorum of the Twelve . Smaller groups of Latter Day Saints followed other leaders to form other denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement . = = = Pioneer era = = = For two years after Smith 's death , conflicts escalated between Mormons and other Illinois residents . To prevent war , Brigham Young led the Mormon pioneers ( constituting most of the Latter Day Saints ) to a temporary winter quarters in Nebraska and then , eventually ( beginning in 1847 ) , to what became the Utah Territory . Having failed to build Zion within the confines of American society , the Mormons began to construct a society in isolation , based on their beliefs and values . The cooperative ethic that Mormons had developed over the last decade and a half became important as settlers branched out and colonized a large desert region now known as the Mormon Corridor . Colonizing efforts were seen as religious duties , and the new villages were governed by the Mormon bishops ( local lay religious leaders ) . The Mormons viewed land as commonwealth , devising and maintaining a co @-@ operative system of irrigation that allowed them to build a farming community in the desert . From 1849 – 52 , the Mormons greatly expanded their missionary efforts , establishing several missions in Europe , Latin America , and the South Pacific . Converts were expected to " gather " to Zion , and during Young 's presidency ( 1847 – 77 ) over seventy thousand Mormon converts immigrated to America . Many of the converts came from England and Scandinavia , and were quickly assimilated into the Mormon community . Many of these immigrants crossed the Great Plains in wagons drawn by oxen , while some later groups pulled their possessions in small handcarts . During the 1860s , newcomers began using the new railroad that was under construction . In 1852 , church leaders publicized the previously secret practice of plural marriage , a form of polygamy . Over the next 50 years , many Mormons ( between 20 and 30 percent of Mormon families ) entered into plural marriages as a religious duty , with the number of plural marriages reaching a peak around 1860 , and then declining through the rest of the century . Besides the doctrinal reasons for plural marriage , the practice made some economic sense , as many of the plural wives were single women who arrived in Utah without brothers or fathers to offer them societal support . By 1857 , tensions had again escalated between Mormons and other Americans , largely as a result of accusations involving polygamy and the theocratic rule of the Utah Territory by Brigham Young . In 1857 , U.S. President James Buchanan sent an army to Utah , which Mormons interpreted as open aggression against them . Fearing a repeat of Missouri and Illinois , the Mormons prepared to defend themselves , determined to torch their own homes in the case that they were invaded . The relatively peaceful Utah War ensued from 1857 to 1858 , in which the most notable instance of violence was the Mountain Meadows massacre , when leaders of a local Mormon militia ordered the killing of a civilian emigrant party that was traveling through Utah during the escalating tensions . In 1858 , Young agreed to step down from his position as governor and was replaced by a non @-@ Mormon , Alfred Cumming . Nevertheless , the LDS Church still wielded significant political power in the Utah Territory . At Young 's death in 1877 , he was followed by other LDS Church presidents , who resisted efforts by the United States Congress to outlaw Mormon polygamous marriages . In 1878 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Reynolds v. United States that religious duty was not a suitable defense for practicing polygamy , and many Mormon polygamists went into hiding ; later , Congress began seizing church assets . In September 1890 , church president Wilford Woodruff issued a Manifesto that officially suspended the practice of polygamy . Although this Manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages , relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890 , such that Utah was admitted as a U.S. state in 1896 . After the Manifesto , some Mormons continued to enter into polygamous marriages , but these eventually stopped in 1904 when church president Joseph F. Smith disavowed polygamy before Congress and issued a " Second Manifesto " calling for all plural marriages in the church to cease . Eventually , the church adopted a policy of excommunicating members found practicing polygamy , and today seeks actively to distance itself from " fundamentalist " groups that continue the practice . = = = Modern times = = = During the early 20th century , Mormons began to reintegrate into the American mainstream . In 1929 , the Mormon Tabernacle Choir began broadcasting a weekly performance on national radio , becoming an asset for public relations . Mormons emphasized patriotism and industry , rising in socioeconomic status from the bottom among American religious denominations to middle @-@ class . In the 1920s and 1930s , Mormons began migrating out of Utah , a trend hurried by the Great Depression , as Mormons looked for work wherever they could find it . As Mormons spread out , church leaders created programs that would help preserve the tight @-@ knit community feel of Mormon culture . In addition to weekly worship services , Mormons began participating in numerous programs such as Boy Scouting , a Young Women organization , church @-@ sponsored dances , ward basketball , camping trips , plays , and religious education programs for youth and college students . During the Great Depression , the church started a welfare program to meet the needs of poor members , which has since grown to include a humanitarian branch that provides relief to disaster victims . During the later half of the 20th century , there was a retrenchment movement in Mormonism in which Mormons became more conservative , attempting to regain their status as a " peculiar people " . Though the 1960s and 1970s brought changes such as Women 's Liberation and the Civil Rights Movement , Mormon leaders were alarmed by the erosion of traditional values , the sexual revolution , the widespread use of recreational drugs , moral relativism , and other forces they saw as damaging to the family . Partly to counter this , Mormons put an even greater emphasis on family life , religious education , and missionary work , becoming more conservative in the process . As a result , Mormons today are probably less integrated with mainstream society than they were in the early 1960s . Although black people have been members of Mormon congregations since Joseph Smith 's time , before 1978 , black membership was small . From 1852 to 1978 , the LDS Church enforced a policy that restricted men of black African descent from being ordained to the church 's lay priesthood . The church was sharply criticized for its policy during the civil rights movement , but the policy remained in force until a 1978 reversal that was prompted in part by questions about mixed @-@ race converts in Brazil . In general , Mormons greeted the change with joy and relief . Since 1978 , black membership has grown , and in 1997 there were approximately 500 @,@ 000 black members of the church ( about 5 percent of the total membership ) , mostly in Africa , Brazil and the Caribbean . Black membership has continued to grow substantially , especially in West Africa , where two temples have been built . Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group , an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban , and is endorsed by the church . The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a world @-@ wide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe . The church doubled in size every 15 to 20 years , and by 1996 , there were more Mormons outside the United States than inside . In 2012 , there were an estimated 14 @.@ 8 million Mormons , with roughly 57 percent living outside the United States . It is estimated that approximately 4 @.@ 5 million Mormons - roughly 30 % of the total membership - regularly attend services . A majority of U.S. Mormons are white and non @-@ Hispanic ( 84 percent ) . Most Mormons are distributed in North and South America , the South Pacific , and Western Europe . The global distribution of Mormons resembles a contact diffusion model , radiating out from the organization 's headquarters in Utah . The church enforces general doctrinal uniformity , and congregations on all continents teach the same doctrines , and international Mormons tend to absorb a good deal of Mormon culture , possibly because of the church 's top @-@ down hierarchy and a missionary presence . However , international Mormons often bring pieces of their own heritage into the church , adapting church practices to local cultures . Chile , Uruguay , and several areas in the South Pacific have a higher percentage of Mormons than the United States ( which is at about 2 percent ) . South Pacific countries and dependencies that are more than 10 percent Mormon include American Samoa , the Cook Islands , Kiribati , Niue , Samoa , and Tonga . = = Culture and practices = = Isolation in Utah had allowed Mormons to create a culture of their own . As the faith spread around the world , many of its more distinctive practices followed . Mormon converts are urged to undergo lifestyle changes , repent of sins , and adopt sometimes foreign standards of conduct . Practices common to Mormons include studying scriptures , praying daily , fasting regularly , attending Sunday worship services , participating in church programs and activities on weekdays , and refraining from work on Sundays when possible . The most important part of the church services is considered to be the Lord 's Supper ( commonly called sacrament ) , in which church members renew covenants made at baptism . Mormons also emphasize standards they believe were taught by Jesus Christ , including personal honesty , integrity , obedience to law , chastity outside of marriage and fidelity within marriage . In 2010 , around 13 – 14 percent of Mormons lived in Utah , the center of cultural influence for Mormonism . Utah Mormons ( as well as Mormons living in the Intermountain West ) are on average more culturally and / or politically conservative than those living in some cosmopolitan centers elsewhere in the U.S. Utahns self @-@ identifying as Mormon also attend church somewhat more on average than Mormons living in other states . ( Nonetheless , whether they live in Utah or elsewhere in the U.S. , Mormons tend to be more culturally and / or politically conservative than members of other U.S. religious groups . ) Utah Mormons often place a greater emphasis on pioneer heritage than international Mormons who generally are not descendants of the Mormon pioneers . Mormons have a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history . LDS Church members have a responsibility to dedicate their time and talents to helping the poor and building the church . The church is divided by locality into congregations called " wards " , with several wards making up a " stake " . The vast majority of church leadership positions are lay positions , and church leaders may work 10 to 15 hours a week in unpaid church service . Observant Mormons also contribute 10 percent of their income to the church as tithing , and are often involved in humanitarian efforts . Many LDS young men , women and elderly couples choose to serve a proselytizing mission , during which they dedicate all of their time to the church , without pay . Mormons adhere to the Word of Wisdom , a health law or code that is interpreted as prohibiting the consumption of tobacco , alcohol , coffee and tea , while encouraging the use of wholesome herbs , grains , fruits , and a moderate consumption of meat . The Word of Wisdom is also understood to forbid other harmful and addictive substances and practices , such as the use of illegal drugs and abuse of prescription drugs . Mormons also oppose behaviors such as viewing pornography and gambling . The concept of a united family that lives and progresses forever is at the core of Latter @-@ day Saint doctrine , and Mormons place a high importance on family life . Many Mormons hold weekly family home evenings , in which an evening is set aside for family bonding , study , prayer and other wholesome activities . Latter @-@ day Saint fathers who hold the priesthood typically name and bless their children shortly after birth to formally give the child a name . Mormon parents hope and pray that their children will gain testimonies of the " gospel " so they can grow up and marry in temples . Mormons have a strict law of chastity , requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of opposite @-@ sex marriage and strict fidelity within marriage . All sexual activity ( heterosexual and homosexual ) outside of marriage is considered a serious sin , with marriage recognized as only between a man and a woman . Same @-@ sex marriages are not performed or supported by the LDS Church . Church members are encouraged to marry and have children , and Latter @-@ day Saint families tend to be larger than average . Mormons are opposed to abortion , except in some exceptional circumstances , such as when pregnancy is the result of incest or rape , or when the life or health of the mother is in serious jeopardy . Many practicing adult Mormons wear religious undergarments that remind them of covenants and encourage them to dress modestly . Latter @-@ day Saints are counseled not to partake of any form of media that is obscene or pornographic in any way , including media that depicts graphic representations of sex or violence . Tattoos and body piercings are also discouraged , with the exception of a single pair of earrings for LDS women . LGBT Mormons , or Mormons who self @-@ identify as gay , lesbian , or bisexual , remain in good standing in the church if they abstain from homosexual relations and obey the law of chastity . While there are no official numbers , LDS Family Services estimates that there are on average four or five members per LDS ward who experience same @-@ sex attraction . Gary Watts , former president of Family Fellowship , estimates that only 10 percent of homosexuals stay in the church . Many of these individuals have come forward through different support groups or websites discussing their homosexual attractions and concurrent church membership . = = Groups within Mormonism = = = = = Latter @-@ day Saints = = = Members of the LDS Church , also known as Latter @-@ day Saints , constitute over 99 percent of Mormons . The beliefs and practices of LDS Mormons are generally guided by the teachings of LDS Church leaders . There are , however , several smaller groups that differ from " mainstream " Mormonism in various ways . LDS Church members who do not actively participate in worship services or church callings are often called " less @-@ active " ( akin to the qualifying expressions non @-@ observant or non @-@ practicing used in relation to members of other religious groups ) . The LDS Church does not release statistics on church activity , but it is likely that about 40 percent of Mormons in the United States and 30 percent worldwide regularly attend worship services . Reasons for inactivity can include lifestyle issues and problems with social integration . Activity rates tend to vary with age , and disengagement occurs most frequently between age 16 and 25 . A majority of less active members return to church activity later in life . Former Latter @-@ day Saints who seek to disassociate themselves from the religion are often referred to as ex @-@ Mormons . = = = Fundamentalist Mormons = = = Members of sects that broke with the LDS Church over the issue of polygamy have become known as fundamentalist Mormons ; these groups differ from mainstream Mormonism primarily in their belief in and practice of plural marriage . There are thought to be between 20 @,@ 000 and 60 @,@ 000 members of fundamentalist sects , ( 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 4 percent of Mormons ) , with roughly half of them practicing polygamy . There are a number of fundamentalist sects , the largest two being the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ Day Saints ( FLDS Church ) and the Apostolic United Brethren ( AUB ) . In addition to plural marriage , some of these groups also practice a form of Christian communalism known as the law of consecration or the United Order . The LDS Church seeks to distance itself from all such polygamous groups , excommunicating their members if discovered practicing or teaching it , and today a majority of Mormon fundamentalists have never been members of the LDS Church . = = = Liberal Mormons = = = Liberal Mormons , also known as Progressive Mormons , take an interpretive approach to LDS teachings and scripture . They look to the scriptures for spiritual guidance , but do not necessarily believe the teachings to be literally or uniquely true . For liberal Mormons , revelation is a process through which God gradually brings fallible human beings to greater understanding . Liberal Mormons place doing good and loving fellow human beings above the importance of believing correctly . In a separate context , members of small progressive breakaway groups have also adopted the label . = = = Cultural Mormons = = = Cultural Mormons are individuals who do not believe some ( or many ) of the doctrines of LDS Church , but who self @-@ identify as Mormon . Usually this is a result of having been raised in the LDS faith , or as having converted and spent a large portion of one 's life as an active member of the LDS Church . Cultural Mormons may or may not be actively involved with the church , and in some cases may not even be officially members of the church . = = Beliefs = = Mormons have a scriptural canon consisting of the Bible ( both Old and New Testaments ) , the Book of Mormon , and a collection of revelations and writings by Joseph Smith known as the Doctrine and Covenants and Pearl of Great Price . Mormons however have a relatively open definition of scripture . As a general rule , anything spoken or written by a prophet , while under inspiration , is considered to be the word of God . Thus , the Bible , written by prophets and apostles , is the word of God , so far as it is translated correctly . The Book of Mormon is also believed to have been written by ancient prophets , and is viewed as a companion to the Bible . By this definition , the teachings of Smith 's successors are also accepted as scripture , though they are always measured against , and draw heavily from the scriptural canon . Mormons believe in " a friendly universe " , governed by a God whose aim it is to bring his children to immortality and eternal life . Mormons have a unique perspective on the nature of God , the origin of man , and the purpose of life . For instance , Mormons believe in a pre @-@ mortal existence where people were literal spirit children of God , and that God presented a plan of salvation that would allow his children to progress and become more like him . The plan involved the spirits receiving bodies on earth and going through trials in order to learn , progress , and receive a " fulness of joy " . The most important part of the plan involved Jesus , the eldest of God 's children , coming to earth as the literal Son of God , to conquer sin and death so that God 's other children could return . According to Mormons , every person who lives on earth will be resurrected , and nearly all of them will be received into various kingdoms of glory . To be accepted into the highest kingdom , a person must fully accept Christ through faith , repentance , and through ordinances such as baptism and the laying on of hands . According to Mormons , a deviation from the original principles of Christianity , known as the Great Apostasy , began not long after the ascension of Jesus Christ . It was marked with the corruption of Christian doctrine by Greek and other philosophies , with followers dividing into different ideological groups . Mormons claim the martyrdom of the Apostles led to a loss of Priesthood authority to administer the church and its ordinances . Mormons believe that God restored the early Christian church through Joseph Smith . In particular , Mormons believe that angels such as Peter , James , John , John the Baptist , Moses , and Elijah appeared to Smith and others and bestowed various priesthood authorities on them . Mormons believe that their church is the " only true and living church " because of the divine authority restored through Smith . Mormons self @-@ identify as being Christian , while many Christians , particularly evangelical Protestants , disagree with this view . Mormons view other religions as having portions of the truth , doing good works , and having genuine value . Though the LDS Church has a top @-@ down hierarchical structure with a president – prophet dictating revelations for the whole church , there is a bottom @-@ up aspect as well . Ordinary Mormons have access to the same inspiration that is thought to guide their prophets , and are encouraged to seek their own personal revelations . Mormons see Joseph Smith 's first vision as proof that the heavens are open , and that God answers prayers . They place considerable emphasis on " asking God " to find out if something is true . Most Mormons do not claim to have had heavenly visions like Smith 's in response to prayers , but feel that God talks to them in their hearts and minds through the Holy Ghost . Though Mormons have some beliefs that are considered strange in a modernized world , they continue to hold onto their beliefs because they feel God has spoken to them . = Casablanca ( film ) = Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz and based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison 's unproduced stage play Everybody Comes to Rick 's . The film stars Humphrey Bogart , Ingrid Bergman , and Paul Henreid ; it also features Claude Rains , Conrad Veidt , Sydney Greenstreet , Peter Lorre , and Dooley Wilson . Set during World War II , it focuses on an American expatriate who must choose between his love for a woman and helping her Czech Resistance leader husband escape the Vichy @-@ controlled city of Casablanca to continue his fight against the Nazis . Story editor Irene Diamond convinced producer Hal B. Wallis to purchase the film rights to the play in January 1942 . Brothers Julius and Philip G. Epstein were initially assigned to write the script . However , despite studio resistance , they left to work on Frank Capra 's Why We Fight series early in 1942 . Howard E. Koch was assigned to the screenplay until the Epsteins returned a month later . Casey Robinson assisted with three weeks of rewrites , but his work would later go uncredited . Wallis chose Curtiz to direct the film after his first choice , William Wyler , became unavailable . Principal photography began on May 25 , 1942 , ending on August 3 ; the film was shot entirely at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , with the exception of one sequence at Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys , Los Angeles . Although Casablanca was an A @-@ list film with established stars and first @-@ rate writers , no one involved with its production expected it to be anything out of the ordinary . It was just one of hundreds of pictures produced by Hollywood every year . Casablanca was rushed into release to take advantage of the publicity from the Allied invasion of North Africa a few weeks earlier . It had its world premiere on November 26 , 1942 , in New York City and was released nationally in the United States on January 23 , 1943 . The film was a solid if unspectacular success in its initial run . Casablanca did account for three Academy Awards – Best Picture , Director ( Curtiz ) and Adapted Screenplay ( the Epsteins and Koch ) – and gradually its reputation grew . Its lead characters , memorable lines , and pervasive theme song have all become iconic and the film consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films in history . = = Plot = = In December 1941 , American expatriate Rick Blaine is the proprietor of an upscale nightclub and gambling den in Casablanca . " Rick 's Café Américain " attracts a varied clientele : Vichy French and German officials ; refugees desperate to reach the still neutral United States ; and those who prey on them . Although Rick professes to be neutral in all matters , it is later revealed he ran guns to Ethiopia during its war with Italy and fought on the Loyalist side in the Spanish Civil War . Petty crook Ugarte shows up and boasts to Rick of " letters of transit " obtained by murdering two German couriers . The papers allow the bearers to travel freely around German @-@ controlled Europe and to neutral Portugal , and are thus almost priceless to the refugees stranded in Casablanca . Ugarte plans to sell them at the club that night , and asks Rick to hold them . Before he can meet his contact , he is arrested by the local police under the command of Captain Louis Renault , an unabashedly corrupt Vichy official . Ugarte dies in custody without revealing that he entrusted the letters to Rick . At this point , the reason for Rick 's bitterness — former lover Ilsa Lund — walks into his establishment . Upon spotting Rick 's friend and house pianist , Sam , Ilsa asks him to play " As Time Goes By . " Rick storms over , furious that Sam has disobeyed his order never to perform that song , and is stunned to see Ilsa . She is accompanied by her husband , Victor Laszlo , a renowned fugitive Czech Resistance leader . They need the letters to escape to America to continue his work . German Major Strasser has come to Casablanca to see that Laszlo does not succeed . When Laszlo makes inquiries , Ferrari , a major underworld figure and Rick 's friendly business rival , divulges his suspicion that Rick has the letters . In private , Rick refuses to sell at any price , telling Laszlo to ask his wife the reason . They are interrupted when Strasser leads a group of officers in singing " Die Wacht am Rhein . " Laszlo orders the house band to play " La Marseillaise . " When the band looks to Rick , he nods his head . Laszlo starts singing , alone at first , then patriotic fervor grips the crowd and everyone joins in , drowning out the Germans . In retaliation , Strasser has Renault close the club . That night , Ilsa confronts Rick in the deserted café . When he refuses to give her the letters , she threatens him with a gun , but then confesses that she still loves him . She explains that when they met and fell in love in Paris in 1940 , she believed her husband had been killed attempting to escape from a concentration camp . Later , while preparing to flee with Rick from the imminent fall of the city to the German army , she learned that Laszlo was alive and in hiding . She left Rick without explanation to nurse her sick husband . Rick 's bitterness dissolves . He agrees to help , letting her believe that she will stay with him when Laszlo leaves . When Laszlo unexpectedly shows up , having narrowly escaped a police raid on a Resistance meeting , Rick has waiter Carl spirit Ilsa away . Laszlo , aware of Rick 's love for Ilsa , tries to persuade him to use the letters to take her to safety . When the police arrest Laszlo on a minor , trumped @-@ up charge , Rick convinces Renault to release him by promising to set him up for a much more serious crime : possession of the letters . To allay Renault 's suspicions , Rick explains that he and Ilsa will be leaving for America . When Renault tries to arrest Laszlo as arranged , Rick forces him at gunpoint to assist in their escape . At the last moment , Rick makes Ilsa board the plane to Lisbon with her husband , telling her that she would regret it if she stayed — " Maybe not today , maybe not tomorrow , but soon and for the rest of your life . " Strasser , tipped off by Renault , drives up alone . Rick kills him when he tries to intervene . When policemen arrive , Renault pauses , then orders them to " round up the usual suspects . " Renault suggests to Rick that they join the Free French in Brazzaville . As they walk away into the fog , Rick says , " Louis , I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship . " = = Cast = = The play 's cast consisted of 16 speaking parts and several extras ; the film script enlarged it to 22 speaking parts and hundreds of extras . The cast is notably international : only three of the credited actors were born in the United States ( Bogart , Dooley Wilson , and Joy Page ) . The top @-@ billed actors are : Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine . Rick was his first truly romantic role . Ingrid Bergman as Ilsa Lund . Bergman 's official website calls Ilsa her " most famous and enduring role " . The Swedish actress 's Hollywood debut in Intermezzo had been well received , but her subsequent films were not major successes until Casablanca . Film critic Roger Ebert called her " luminous " , and commented on the chemistry between her and Bogart : " she paints his face with her eyes " . Other actresses considered for the role of Ilsa included Ann Sheridan , Hedy Lamarr , Luise Rainer and Michèle Morgan . Producer Hal Wallis obtained the services of Bergman , who was contracted to David O. Selznick , by lending Olivia de Havilland in exchange . Paul Henreid as Victor Laszlo . Henreid , an Austrian actor who had emigrated in 1935 to flee Nazi persecution , was reluctant to take the role ( it " set [ him ] as a stiff forever " , according to Pauline Kael ) , until he was promised top billing along with Bogart and Bergman . Henreid did not get on well with his fellow actors ; he considered Bogart " a mediocre actor . " Bergman called Henreid a " prima donna " . The second @-@ billed actors are : Claude Rains as Captain Louis Renault . Rains was an English actor born in London . He had previously worked with Michael Curtiz on The Adventures of Robin Hood . He later played the villain in Alfred Hitchcock 's Notorious , reteaming with Ingrid Bergman . Conrad Veidt as Major Heinrich Strasser . He was a refugee German actor who had appeared in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . He fled the Nazis , but was frequently cast as a Nazi in American films . Sydney Greenstreet as Signor Ferrari . Another Englishman , Greenstreet had previously starred with Lorre and Bogart in his film debut in The Maltese Falcon . Peter Lorre as Signor Ugarte . Born in Austria @-@ Hungary , Lorre fled Nazi Germany in 1933 after starring in Fritz Lang 's first sound movie , M ( 1931 ) . Greenstreet and Lorre appeared in several films together over the next few years , although they did not share a scene in Casablanca . Also credited are : Curt Bois as the pickpocket . Bois was a German @-@ Jewish actor and refugee . He had one of the longest careers in film , making his first appearance in 1907 and his last in 1987 . Leonid Kinskey as Sascha , the Russian bartender infatuated with Yvonne . He was born into a Jewish family in Russia and had immigrated to the United States . He told Aljean Harmetz , author of Round Up the Usual Suspects : The Making of Casablanca , that he was cast because he was Bogart 's drinking buddy . He was not the first choice for the role ; he replaced Leo Mostovoy , who was deemed not funny enough . Madeleine LeBeau as Yvonne , Rick 's soon @-@ discarded girlfriend . The French actress was married to fellow Casablanca performer Marcel Dalio until their divorce in 1942 . She was the last surviving cast member until her death on May 1 , 2016 . Joy Page as Annina Brandel , the young Bulgarian refugee . The third credited American , she was the stepdaughter of Jack L. Warner , the studio head . John Qualen as Berger , Laszlo 's Resistance contact . He was born in Canada , but grew up in the United States . He appeared in many of John Ford 's films . S. Z. Sakall ( credited as S. K. Sakall ) as Carl , the waiter . The Jewish @-@ Hungarian actor fled Germany in 1939 . His three sisters later died in a concentration camp . Dooley Wilson as Sam . He was one of the few American members of the cast . A drummer , he had to fake playing the piano . Even after shooting had been completed , producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson 's voice for the songs . He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott , Lena Horne , or Ella Fitzgerald . Notable uncredited actors are : Leon Belasco as a dealer in Rick 's Cafe . A Russian @-@ American character actor , he appeared in 13 films the year Casablanca was released . Marcel Dalio as Emil the croupier . He had been a star in French cinema , appearing in Jean Renoir 's La Grande Illusion and La Règle du Jeu . After he fled the fall of France and went to America , he was reduced to bit parts in Hollywood . He had a key role in another of Bogart 's films , To Have and Have Not . Helmut Dantine as Jan Brandel , the Bulgarian roulette player married to Annina Brandel . Another Austrian , he had spent time in a concentration camp after the Anschluss , but left Europe after being freed . William Edmunds as a contact man at Rick 's . He usually played characters with heavy accents , such as Martini in It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) . Gregory Gaye as the German banker who is refused entry to the casino by Rick . Gaye was a Russian @-@ born actor who went to the United States in 1917 after the Russian Revolution . Torben Meyer as the Dutch banker who runs " the second largest banking house in Amsterdam " . Meyer was a Danish actor . George London , one of those who sing " La Marseillaise " . London was a Montreal @-@ born bass @-@ baritone opera singer . Georges Renavent as a conspirator . Corinna Mura as the guitar player who sings " Tango Delle Rose " while Laszlo is consulting with Berger , and later accompanies the crowd on " La Marseillaise " . Dan Seymour as Abdul the doorman . He was an American actor who often played villains , including the principal one in To Have and Have Not , and one of the secondary ones in Key Largo , both opposite Bogart . Gerald Oliver Smith as the Englishman whose wallet is stolen . Smith was an English actor . Norma Varden as the Englishwoman whose husband has his wallet stolen . She was a famous English character actress . Jean Del Val as the French police radio announcer who ( following the opening montage sequence ) reports the news of the murder of the two German couriers . Leo White as the waiter Emile ( not to be confused with the croupier Emil ) , from whom Renault orders a drink when he sits down with the Laszlos . White was a familiar face in many Charlie Chaplin two @-@ reelers in the 1910s , usually playing an upper @-@ class antagonist . Frank Puglia as a Moroccan rug merchant Much of the emotional impact of the film has been attributed to the large proportion of European exiles and refugees who were extras or played minor roles ( in addition to leading actors Paul Henried , Conrad Veidt and Peter Lorre ) : such as Louis V. Arco , Trude Berliner , Ilka Grünig , Lotte Palfi , Richard Ryen , Ludwig Stössel , Hans Twardowski , and Wolfgang Zilzer . A witness to the filming of the " duel of the anthems " sequence said he saw many of the actors crying and " realized that they were all real refugees " . Harmetz argues that they " brought to a dozen small roles in Casablanca an understanding and a desperation that could never have come from Central Casting " . They were frequently cast as Nazis in war films , even though many were Jewish . The comedian Jack Benny may have had an unbilled cameo role , as was claimed by a contemporary newspaper advertisement and reportedly in the Casablanca press book . When asked in his column " Movie Answer Man " , critic Roger Ebert first replied , " It looks something like him . That 's all I can say . " He wrote in a later column , " I think you 're right . " = = Production = = The film was based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison 's then @-@ unproduced play Everybody Comes to Rick 's . The Warner Bros. story analyst who read the play , Stephen Karnot , called it ( approvingly ) " sophisticated hokum " , and story editor Irene Diamond , who had discovered the unproduced play on a trip to New York in 1941 , convinced producer Hal Wallis to buy the rights in January 1942 for $ 20 @,@ 000 , the most anyone in Hollywood had ever paid for an unproduced play . The project was renamed Casablanca , apparently in imitation of the 1938 hit Algiers . Although an initial filming date was selected for April 10 , 1942 , delays led to a start of production on May 25 . Filming was completed on August 3 , and the production cost $ 1 @,@ 039 @,@ 000 ( $ 75 @,@ 000 over budget ) , above average for the time . Unusually , the film was shot in sequence , mainly because only the first half of the script was ready when filming began . The entire picture was shot in the studio , except for the sequence showing Major Strasser 's arrival , which was filmed at Van Nuys Airport , and a few short clips of stock footage views of Paris . The street used for the exterior shots had recently been built for another film , The Desert Song , and redressed for the Paris flashbacks . It remained on the Warners backlot until the 1960s . The set for Rick 's was built in three unconnected parts , so the internal layout of the building is indeterminate . In a number of scenes , the camera looks through a wall from the cafe area into Rick 's office . The background of the final scene , which shows a Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior airplane with personnel walking around it , was staged using little person extras and a proportionate cardboard plane . Fog was used to mask the model 's unconvincing appearance . Nevertheless , the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park in Orlando , Florida purchased a Lockheed 12A for its Great Movie Ride attraction , and initially claimed that it was the actual plane used in the film . Film critic Roger Ebert called Hal Wallis the " key creative force " for his attention to the details of production ( down to insisting on a real parrot in the Blue Parrot bar ) . The difference between Bergman 's and Bogart 's height caused some problems . She was some two inches ( 5 cm ) taller than Bogart , and claimed Curtiz had Bogart stand on blocks or sit on cushions in their scenes together . Later , there were plans for a further scene , showing Rick , Renault and a detachment of Free French soldiers on a ship , to incorporate the Allies ' 1942 invasion of North Africa . It proved too difficult to get Claude Rains for the shoot , and the scene was finally abandoned after David O. Selznick judged " it would be a terrible mistake to change the ending . " = = = Writing = = = The original play was inspired by a trip to Europe made by Murray Burnett and his wife in 1938 , during which they visited Vienna shortly after the Anschluss and were affected by the anti @-@ Semitism they saw . In the south of France , they went to a nightclub that had a multinational clientele , among them many exiles and refugees , and the prototype of Sam . The first writers assigned to the script were twins Julius and Philip Epstein , who , against the wishes of Warner Brothers , left at Frank Capra 's request early in 1942 to work on the Why We Fight series in Washington , D.C. While they were gone , the other credited writer , Howard Koch , was assigned ; he produced some thirty to forty pages . When the Epstein brothers returned after about a month , they were reassigned to Casablanca and — contrary to what Koch claimed in two published books — his work was not used . In the final Warner Bros. budget for the film , the Epsteins were paid $ 30 @,@ 416 , while Koch earned $ 4 @,@ 200 . In the play , the Ilsa character is an American named Lois Meredith ; she does not meet Laszlo until after her relationship with Rick in Paris has ended . Rick is a lawyer . To make Rick 's motivation more believable , Wallis , Curtiz , and the screenwriters decided to set the film before the attack on Pearl Harbor . The uncredited Casey Robinson assisted with three weeks of rewrites , including contributing the series of meetings between Rick and Ilsa in the cafe . Koch highlighted the political and melodramatic elements , while Curtiz seems to have favored the romantic parts , insisting on retaining the Paris flashbacks . Wallis wrote the final line , " Louis , I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship , " after shooting had been completed . Bogart had to be called in a month after the end of filming to dub it . Despite the many writers , the film has what Ebert describes as a " wonderfully unified and consistent " script . Koch later claimed it was the tension between his own approach and Curtiz 's which accounted for this : " Surprisingly , these disparate approaches somehow meshed , and perhaps it was partly this tug of war between Curtiz and me that gave the film a certain balance . " Julius Epstein would later note the screenplay contained " more corn than in the states of Kansas and Iowa combined . But when corn works , there 's nothing better . " The film ran into some trouble with Joseph Breen of the Production Code Administration ( the Hollywood self @-@ censorship body ) , who opposed the suggestions that Captain Renault extorted sexual favors from his supplicants , and that Rick and Ilsa had slept together in Paris . Extensive changes were made , with several lines of dialogue removed or altered . All direct references to sex were deleted ; Renault 's selling of visas for sex , and Rick and Ilsa 's previous sexual relationship were implied elliptically rather than referenced explicitly . Also , in the original script , when Sam plays " As Time Goes By " , Rick remarks , " What the — — are you playing ? " This line implying a curse word was removed at the behest of the Hays Office . = = = Direction = = = Wallis ' first choice for director was William Wyler , but he was unavailable , so Wallis turned to his close friend Michael Curtiz . Curtiz was a Hungarian Jewish émigré ; he had come to the U.S. in the 1920s , but some of his family were refugees from Nazi Europe . Roger Ebert has commented that in Casablanca " very few shots ... are memorable as shots , " as Curtiz wanted images to express the story rather than to stand alone . He contributed relatively little to development of the plot . Casey Robinson said Curtiz " knew nothing whatever about story ... he saw it in pictures , and you supplied the stories . " Critic Andrew Sarris called the film " the most decisive exception to the auteur theory " , of which Sarris was the most prominent proponent in the United States . Aljean Harmetz has responded , " nearly every Warner Bros. picture was an exception to the auteur theory " . Other critics give more credit to Curtiz . Sidney Rosenzweig , in his study of the director 's work , sees the film as a typical example of Curtiz 's highlighting of moral dilemmas . The second unit montages , such as the opening sequence of the refugee trail and the invasion of France , were directed by Don Siegel . = = = Cinematography = = = The cinematographer was Arthur Edeson , a veteran who had previously shot The Maltese Falcon and Frankenstein . Particular attention was paid to photographing Bergman . She was shot mainly from her preferred left side , often with a softening gauze filter and with catch lights to make her eyes sparkle ; the whole effect was designed to make her face seem " ineffably sad and tender and nostalgic " . Bars of shadow across the characters and in the background variously imply imprisonment , the crucifix , the symbol of the Free French Forces and emotional turmoil . Dark film noir and expressionist lighting was used in several scenes , particularly towards the end of the picture . Rosenzweig argues these shadow and lighting effects are classic elements of the Curtiz style , along with the fluid camera work and the use of the environment as a framing device . = = = Music = = = The music was written by Max Steiner , who was best known for the score for Gone with the Wind . The song " As Time Goes By " by Herman Hupfeld had been part of the story from the original play ; Steiner wanted to write his own composition to replace it , but Bergman had already cut her hair short for her next role ( María in For Whom the Bell Tolls ) and could not re @-@ shoot the scenes which incorporated the song , so Steiner based the entire score on it and " La Marseillaise " , the French national anthem , transforming them to reflect changing moods . Particularly notable is the " duel of the songs " between Strasser and Laszlo at Rick 's cafe . In the soundtrack , " La Marseillaise " is played by a full orchestra . Originally , the opposing piece for this iconic sequence was to be the " Horst Wessel Lied " , a Nazi anthem , but this was still under international copyright in non @-@ Allied countries . Instead " Die Wacht am Rhein " was used . The opening bars of the " Deutschlandlied " , the national anthem of Germany , are featured throughout the score as a motif to represent the Germans , much as " La Marseillaise " is used to represent the Allies . Other songs include : " It Had to Be You " , music by Isham Jones , lyrics by Gus Kahn " Shine " , music by Ford Dabney , lyrics by Cecil Mack and Lew Brown " Avalon " , music and lyrics by Al Jolson , Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose " Perfidia " , by Alberto Dominguez " The Very Thought of You " , by Ray Noble , and " Knock on Wood " , music by M. K. Jerome , lyrics by Jack Scholl , the only original song . The piano featured in the Paris flashback sequences was sold in New York City on December 14 , 2012 , at Sotheby 's for more than $ 600 @,@ 000 to an anonymous bidder . The piano Sam " plays " in Rick 's Café Américain , put up for auction with other film memorabilia by Turner Classic Movies and Bonhams in New York in November 2014 , sold for $ 3 @.@ 4 million . = = Timing of release = = Although an initial release date was anticipated for spring 1943 , the film premiered at the Hollywood Theater in New York City on November 26 , 1942 , to coincide with the Allied invasion of North Africa and the capture of Casablanca . In the 1 @,@ 500 @-@ seat theater , the film grossed $ 255 @,@ 000 over ten weeks . It went into general release on January 23 , 1943 , to take advantage of the Casablanca Conference , a high @-@ level meeting in the city between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin D. Roosevelt . It was a substantial but not spectacular box @-@ office success , taking $ 3 @.@ 7 million on its initial U.S. release , making it the seventh highest @-@ grossing film of 1943 . The Office of War Information prevented screening of the film to troops in North Africa , believing it would cause resentment among Vichy supporters in the region . = = Reception = = = = = Initial response = = = Casablanca received " consistently good reviews " . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote , " The Warners ... have a picture which makes the spine tingle and the heart take a leap . " The newspaper applauded the combination of " sentiment , humor and pathos with taut melodrama and bristling intrigue " . While Crowther noted its " devious convolutions of the plot " , he praised the screenplay quality as " of the best " and the cast 's performances as " all of the first order " . The trade paper Variety commended the film 's " combination of fine performances , engrossing story and neat direction " and the " variety of moods , action , suspense , comedy and drama that makes Casablanca an A @-@ 1 entry at the b.o. " " Film is splendid anti @-@ Axis propaganda , particularly inasmuch as the propaganda is strictly a by @-@ product of the principal action and contributes to it instead of getting in the way . " The review also applauded the performances of Bergman and Henreid and note that " Bogart , as might be expected , is more at ease as the bitter and cynical operator of a joint than as a lover , but handles both assignments with superb finesse . " Some other reviews were less enthusiastic . The New Yorker rated it only " pretty tolerable " . = = = Lasting influence = = = The film has grown in popularity . Murray Burnett called it " true yesterday , true today , true tomorrow " . By 1955 , the film had brought in $ 6 @.@ 8 million , making it the third most successful of Warners ' wartime movies ( behind Shine On , Harvest Moon and This Is the Army ) . On April 21 , 1957 , the Brattle Theater of Cambridge , Massachusetts , showed the film as part of a season of old movies . It was so popular that it began a tradition of screening Casablanca during the week of final exams at Harvard University , which continues to the present day . Other colleges have adopted the tradition . Todd Gitlin , a professor of sociology who had attended one of these screenings , has said that the experience was " the acting out of my own personal rite of passage " . The tradition helped the movie remain popular while other famous films of the 1940s have faded away . By 1977 , Casablanca was the most frequently broadcast film on American television . On the film 's 50th anniversary , the Los Angeles Times called Casablanca 's great strength " the purity of its Golden Age Hollywoodness [ and ] the enduring craftsmanship of its resonantly hokey dialogue " . Bob Strauss wrote in the newspaper that the film achieved a " near @-@ perfect entertainment balance " of comedy , romance , and suspense . According to Roger Ebert , Casablanca is " probably on more lists of the greatest films of all time than any other single title , including Citizen Kane " because of its wider appeal . Ebert opined that Citizen Kane is generally considered to be a " greater " film , but Casablanca is more loved . In his opinion , the film is popular because " the people in it are all so good " , and it is " a wonderful gem " . Ebert said that he has never heard of a negative review of the film , even though individual elements can be criticized , citing unrealistic special effects and the stiff character / portrayal of Laszlo . Critic Leonard Maltin considers Casablanca to be " the best Hollywood movie of all time . " Rick , according to Rudy Behlmer , is " not a hero ... not a bad guy " : he does what is necessary to get along with the authorities and " sticks his neck out for nobody " . The other characters , in Behlmer 's words , are " not cut and dried " and come into their goodness over the course of the film . Renault begins as a collaborator with the Nazis who extorts sexual favors from refugees and has Ugarte killed . Even Ilsa , the least active of the main characters , is " caught in the emotional struggle " over which man she really loves . By the end , however , " everybody is sacrificing . " Behlmer also emphasized the variety in the picture : " it 's a blend of drama , melodrama , comedy [ and ] intrigue " . A few reviewers have had reservations . To Pauline Kael , " It 's far from a great film , but it has a special appealingly schlocky romanticism ... " Umberto Eco wrote that " by any strict critical standards ... Casablanca is a very mediocre film . " He viewed the changes the characters undergo as inconsistent rather than complex : " It is a comic strip , a hotch @-@ potch , low on psychological credibility , and with little continuity in its dramatic effects . " However , he added that due to the presence of multiple archetypes which allow " the power of Narrative in its natural state without Art intervening to discipline it " , it is a movie reaching " Homeric depths " as a " phenomenon worthy of awe . " In the November / December 1982 issue of American Film , Chuck Ross claimed that he retyped the screenplay to Casablanca , changing the title back to Everybody Comes to Rick 's and the name of the piano player to Dooley Wilson , and submitted it to 217 agencies . Eighty @-@ five of them read it ; of those , thirty @-@ eight rejected it outright , thirty @-@ three generally recognized it ( but only eight specifically as Casablanca ) , three declared it commercially viable , and one suggested turning it into a novel . = = = Influence on later works = = = Many subsequent films have drawn on elements of Casablanca . Passage to Marseille reunited Bogart , Rains , Curtiz , Greenstreet and Lorre in 1944 . There are similarities between Casablanca and two later Bogart films , To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) and Sirocco ( 1951 ) . Parodies have included the Marx Brothers ' A Night in Casablanca ( 1946 ) , Neil Simon 's The Cheap Detective ( 1978 ) , and Out Cold ( 2001 ) . Indirectly , it provided the title for the 1995 neo @-@ noir film The Usual Suspects . Woody Allen 's Play It Again , Sam ( 1972 ) appropriated Bogart 's Casablanca persona as the fantasy mentor for Allen 's nebbishy character , featuring actor Jerry Lacy in the role of Bogart . The film Casablanca was a plot device in the science @-@ fiction television movie Overdrawn at the Memory Bank ( 1983 ) , based on John Varley 's story . It was referred to in Terry Gilliam 's dystopian Brazil ( 1985 ) . Warner Bros. produced its own parody in the homage Carrotblanca , a 1995 Bugs Bunny cartoon . In Casablanca , a novella by Argentine writer Edgar Brau , the protagonist somehow wanders into Rick 's Café Américain and listens to a strange tale related by Sam . = = Interpretation = = Casablanca has been subjected to many different readings . Semioticians account for the film 's popularity by claiming that its inclusion of a whole series of stereotypes paradoxically strengthens the film . Umberto Eco explained : Thus Casablanca is not just one film . It is many films , an anthology . Made haphazardly , it probably made itself , if not actually against the will of its authors and actors , then at least beyond their control . And this is the reason it works , in spite of aesthetic theories and theories of film making . For in it there unfolds with almost telluric force the power of Narrative in its natural state , without Art intervening to discipline it . ... When all the archetypes burst in shamelessly , we reach Homeric depths . Two clichés make us laugh . A hundred clichés move us . For we sense dimly that the clichés are talking among themselves , and celebrating a reunion . Eco also singled out sacrifice as one of the film 's key themes : " the myth of sacrifice runs through the whole film . " It was this theme which resonated with a wartime audience that was reassured by the idea that painful sacrifice and going off to war could be romantic gestures done for the greater good . Koch also considered the film a political allegory . Rick is compared to President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who gambled " on the odds of going to war until circumstance and his own submerged nobility force him to close his casino ( partisan politics ) and commit himself — first by financing the Side of Right and then by fighting for it . " The connection is reinforced by the film 's title , which means " white house " . Harvey Greenberg presents a Freudian reading in his The Movies on Your Mind , in which the transgressions which prevent Rick from returning to the United States constitute an Oedipus complex , which is resolved only when Rick begins to identify with the father figure of Laszlo and the cause which he represents . Sidney Rosenzweig argues that such readings are reductive , and that the most important aspect of the film is its ambiguity , above all in the central character of Rick ; he cites the different names which each character gives Rick ( Richard , Ricky , Mr. Rick , Herr Rick , boss , and so on ) as evidence of the different meanings which he has for each person . = = Awards and honors = = Because of its November 1942 release , the New York Film Critics decided to include the film in its 1942 award season for best picture . Casablanca lost to In Which We Serve . However , the Academy stated that since the film went into national release in the beginning of 1943 , it would be included in that year 's nominations . Casablanca was nominated for eight Academy Awards , and won three . As Bogart stepped out of his car at the Academy Awards ceremony , " the crowd surged forward , almost engulfing him and his wife , Mayo Methot . It took 12 police officers to rescue the two , and a red @-@ faced , startled , yet smiling Bogart heard a chorus of cries of ' good luck ' and ' here ’ s looking at you , kid ' as he was rushed into the theater . " When the award for Best Picture was announced , producer Hal B. Wallis got up to accept , but studio head Jack L. Warner rushed up to the stage " with a broad , flashing smile and a look of great self @-@ satisfaction , " Wallis later recalled . " I couldn 't believe it was happening . Casablanca had been my creation ; Jack had absolutely nothing to do with it . As the audience gasped , I tried to get out of the row of seats and into the aisle , but the entire Warner family sat blocking me . I had no alternative but to sit down again , humiliated and furious ... Almost forty years later , I still haven 't recovered from the shock . " This incident would lead Wallis to leave Warner Bros. in April . In 1989 , the film was one of the first 25 films selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . In 2005 , it was named one of the 100 greatest films of the last 80 years by Time magazine ( the selected films were not ranked ) . Screenwriting teacher Robert McKee maintains that the script is " the greatest screenplay of all time " . In 2006 , the Writers Guild of America , West agreed , voting it the best ever in its list of the 101 greatest screenplays . The film has been selected by the American Film Institute for many of their lists . = = Home media releases = = Casablanca was initially released on Betamax and VHS by Magnetic Video and later by CBS / Fox Video ( as United Artists owned the rights at the time ) . It was next released on laserdisc in 1991 , and on VHS in 1992 — both from MGM / UA Home Entertainment ( distributing for Turner Entertainment Co . ) , which at the time was distributed by Warner Home Video . It was first released on DVD in 1997 by MGM , containing the trailer and a making @-@ of featurette ( Warner Home Video reissued the DVD in 2000 ) . A subsequent two @-@ disc special edition , containing audio commentaries , documentaries , and a newly remastered visual and audio presentation , was released in 2003 . An HD DVD was released on November 14 , 2006 , containing the same special features as the 2003 DVD . Reviewers were impressed with the new high @-@ definition transfer of the film . A Blu @-@ ray release with new special features came out on December 2 , 2008 ; it is also available on DVD . The Blu @-@ ray was initially only released as an expensive gift set with a booklet , a luggage tag and other assorted gift @-@ type items . It was eventually released as a stand @-@ alone Blu @-@ ray in September 2009 . On March 27 , 2012 , Warner released a new 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector 's Edition Blu @-@ ray / DVD combo set . It includes a brand @-@ new 4K restoration and new bonus material . = = Sequels and other versions = = Almost from the moment Casablanca became a hit , talk began of producing a sequel . One titled Brazzaville ( in the final scene , Renault recommends fleeing to that Free French @-@ held city ) was planned , but never produced . Since then , no studio has seriously considered filming a sequel or outright remake . François Truffaut refused an invitation to remake the film in 1974 , citing its cult status among American students as his reason . Attempts to recapture the magic of Casablanca in other settings , such as Caboblanco ( 1980 ) , " a South American @-@ set retooling of Casablanca " , and Havana ( 1990 ) have been poorly received . Stories of a Casablanca remake or sequel nonetheless persist . In 2008 , the Daily Mail reported that Madonna was pursuing a remake set in modern @-@ day Iraq . In 2012 , both The Daily Telegraph and Entertainment Weekly reported on efforts by Cass Warner , granddaughter of Harry Warner and friend of the late Howard Koch , to produce a sequel featuring the search by Rick Blaine and Ilsa Lund 's illegitimate son for the whereabouts of his biological father . The novel As Time Goes By , written by Michael Walsh and published in 1998 , was authorized by Warner . The novel picks up where the film leaves off , and also tells of Rick 's mysterious past in America . The book met with little success . David Thomson provided an unofficial sequel in his 1985 novel Suspects . There have been two short @-@ lived television series based upon Casablanca , both considered prequels . The first aired from 1955 to 1956 , with Charles McGraw as Rick and Marcel Dalio , who played Emil the croupier in the movie , as Renault ; it aired on ABC as part of the wheel series Warner Bros. Presents . There were ten hour @-@ long episodes . Another , briefly broadcast on NBC in 1983 , starred David Soul as Rick , Ray Liotta as Sacha , and Scatman Crothers as a somewhat elderly Sam . Five hour @-@ long episodes were produced . There were several radio adaptations of the film . The two best @-@ known were a thirty @-@ minute adaptation on The Screen Guild Theater on April 26 , 1943 , starring Bogart , Bergman , and Henreid , and an hour @-@ long version on the Lux Radio Theater on January 24 , 1944 , featuring Alan Ladd as Rick , Hedy Lamarr as Ilsa , and John Loder as Victor Laszlo . Two other thirty @-@ minute adaptations were aired : on Philip Morris Playhouse on September 3 , 1943 , and on Theater of Romance on December 19 , 1944 , in which Dooley Wilson reprised his role as Sam . Julius Epstein made two attempts to turn the film into a Broadway musical , in 1951 and 1967 , but neither made it to the stage . The original play , Everybody Comes to Rick 's , was produced in Newport , Rhode Island , in August 1946 , and again in London in April 1991 , but met with no success . The film was adapted into a musical by the Takarazuka Revue , an all @-@ female Japanese musical theater company , and ran from November 2009 through February 2010 . = = = Colorization = = = Casablanca was part of the film colorization controversy of the 1980s , when a colorized version aired on the television network WTBS . In 1984 , MGM / UA hired Color Systems Technology to colorize the film for $ 180 @,@ 000 . When Ted Turner of Turner Broadcasting System purchased MGM / UA 's film library two years later , he canceled the request , before contracting American Film Technologies ( AFT ) in 1988 . AFT completed the colorization in two months at a cost of $ 450 @,@ 000 . Turner later reacted to the criticism of the colorization , saying , " [ Casablanca ] is one of a handful of films that really doesn 't have to be colorized . I did it because I wanted to . All I 'm trying to do is protect my investment . " The Library of Congress deemed that the color change differed so much from the original film that it gave a new copyright to Turner Entertainment . When the colorized film debuted on WTBS , it was watched by three million viewers , not making the top @-@ ten viewed cable shows for the week . Although Jack Matthews of the Los Angeles Times called the finished product " state of the art " , it was mostly met with negative critical reception . It was briefly available on home video . Gary Edgerton , writing for the Journal of Popular Film & Television criticized the colorization , " ... Casablanca in color ended up being much blander in appearance and , overall , much less visually interesting than its 1942 predecessor . " Bogart 's son Stephen said , " if you 're going to colorize Casablanca , why not put arms on the Venus de Milo ? " = = Rumors = = Several rumors and misconceptions have grown up around the film , one being that Ronald Reagan was originally chosen to play Rick . This originates in a press release issued by the studio early on in the film 's development , but by that time the studio already knew that he was going into the Army , and he was never seriously considered . George Raft claimed that he had turned down the lead role . Studio records make clear , however , that Wallis was committed to Bogart from the start . Another well @-@ known story is that the actors did not know until the last day of shooting how the film was to end . The original play ( set entirely in the cafe ) ended with Rick sending Ilsa and Laszlo to the airport . During scriptwriting , the possibility was discussed of Laszlo being killed in Casablanca , allowing Rick and Ilsa to leave together , but as Casey Robinson wrote to Hal Wallis before filming began , the ending of the film " set up for a swell twist when Rick sends her away on the plane with Laszlo . For now , in doing so , he is not just solving a love triangle . He is forcing the girl to live up to the idealism of her nature , forcing her to carry on with the work that in these days is far more important than the love of two little people . " It was certainly impossible for Ilsa to leave Laszlo for Rick , as the production code forbade showing a woman leaving her husband for another man . The concern was not whether Ilsa would leave with Laszlo , but how this result could be engineered . The problem was solved when the Epstein brothers , Julius and Philip , were driving down Sunset Boulevard and stopped for the light at Beverly Glen . At that instant the identical twins turned to each other and simultaneously cried out , " Round up the usual suspects ! " By the time they had driven past Fairfax and the Cahuenga Pass and through the Warner Brothers studio 's portals at Burbank , in the words of Julius Epstein , " the idea for the farewell scene between a tearful Bergman and a suddenly noble Bogart " had been formed and all the problems of the ending had been solved . The confusion was probably caused by Bergman 's later statement that she did not know which man	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
she was meant to be in love with . While rewrites did occur during the filming , Aljean Harmetz 's examination of the scripts has shown that many of the key scenes were shot after Bergman knew how the film would end ; any confusion was , in critic Roger Ebert 's words , " emotional " , not " factual " . = = Errors and inaccuracies = = The film has several logical flaws , the foremost being the two " letters of transit " which enable their bearers to leave Vichy French territory . According to the audio , Ugarte says the letters had been signed by ( depending on the listener ) either Free French General Charles de Gaulle or Vichy General Maxime Weygand . The English subtitles on the official DVD read de Gaulle , while the French ones specify Weygand . Weygand had been the Vichy Delegate @-@ General for the North African colonies until November 1941 , a month before the film is set . De Gaulle was the head of the Free French government in exile , so a letter signed by him would have provided no benefit . A classic MacGuffin , the letters were invented by Joan Alison for the original play and never questioned . Rick suggests to Renault that the letters would not have allowed Ilsa to escape , let alone Laszlo : " People have been held in Casablanca in spite of their legal rights . " In the same vein , though Laszlo asserts that the Nazis cannot arrest him , saying , " This is still unoccupied France ; any violation of neutrality would reflect on Captain Renault , " Ebert points out , " It makes no sense that he could walk around freely . ... He would be arrested on sight . " Harmetz , however , suggests that Strasser intentionally allows Laszlo to move about , hoping that he will tell them the names of Resistance leaders in occupied Europe in exchange for Ilsa being allowed to leave for Lisbon . In addition , no uniformed German troops were stationed in Casablanca during World War II , and neither American nor French troops occupied Berlin in 1918 . According to Harmetz , few of the refugees portrayed would have gone to Casablanca at the time portrayed . The usual route out of Germany was via Vienna , Prague , Paris , and London . Others tried to go from Paris through the Pyrenees to Spain . The film 's technical advisor , Robert Aisner , traced the path to Morocco shown in Casablanca 's opening scene . = = Quotations = = One of the lines most closely associated with the film — " Play it again , Sam " — is a misquotation . When Ilsa first enters the Café Americain , she spots Sam and asks him to " Play it once , Sam , for old times ' sake . " After he feigns ignorance , she responds , " Play it , Sam . Play ' As Time Goes By ' . " Later that night , alone with Sam , Rick says , " You played it for her , you can play it for me , " and " If she can stand it , I can ! Play it ! " Rick 's toast to Ilsa , " Here 's looking at you , kid " , used four times , is not in the draft screenplays , but has been attributed to something Bogart said to Bergman as he taught her poker between takes . It was voted the fifth most memorable line in cinema in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes by the American Film Institute . Six lines from Casablanca appeared in the AFI list , the most of any film ( Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz tied for second with three apiece ) . The other five are : " Louis , I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship . " — 20th " Play it , Sam . Play ' As Time Goes By ' . " — 28th " Round up the usual suspects . " — 32nd " We 'll always have Paris . " — 43rd " Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world , she walks into mine . " — 67th Additionally , the line " Ilsa , I 'm no good at being noble , but it doesn 't take much to see that the problems of three little people don 't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world " was nominated for the list , but was not selected . = New Jersey Route 12 = Route 12 is a state highway located in Hunterdon County , New Jersey , United States . It runs 11 @.@ 69 mi ( 18 @.@ 81 km ) from the Uhlerstown @-@ Frenchtown Bridge at the Delaware River border with Pennsylvania in Frenchtown east to an intersection with U.S. Route 202 ( US 202 ) and Route 31 at the Flemington Circle in Flemington . The route is mostly a two @-@ lane undivided road that passes through rural areas of woodland and farmland . It intersects Route 29 and County Route 513 ( CR 513 ) in Frenchtown , CR 519 in Kingwood Township , CR 579 on the border of Delaware Township and Raritan Township , and CR 523 in Raritan Township . The route was designated in 1927 to run from Frenchtown to Raritan , Somerset County , running along its current alignment to Flemington and following present @-@ day US 202 between Flemington and Raritan . By the 1940s , US 202 and Route 29 replaced Route 12 east of Flemington , and the route was officially designated to end in Flemington in 1953 . There are currently plans to modify or eliminate three traffic circles along the route in Flemington to ease traffic congestion . = = Route description = = Route 12 begins at the Uhlerstown @-@ Frenchtown Bridge over the Delaware River in Frenchtown at the Pennsylvania / New Jersey border , where it connects to Pennsylvania Route 32 . The bridge and short portion of its eastern approach is maintained by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission . The route continues through the downtown area of Frenchtown as county @-@ maintained ( designated and signed by Hunterdon County as County Route 610 ) two @-@ lane undivided Bridge Street . Here , it intersects Trenton Avenue which is also the northern terminus of Route 29 before turning north onto Race Street and intersecting the southern terminus of CR 513 . Route 12 heads east on Kingwood Avenue and passes through residential areas . The route crosses into Kingwood Township , where it becomes maintained by the New Jersey Department of Transportation with two eastbound lanes and one westbound lane . As Route 12 climbs into the Hunterdon Plateau , it heads through a mix of woods and farms with intermittent residences , narrowing to one lane in each direction at the top of the plateau before crossing CR 519 in Baptistown . Route 12 continues southeast through rural areas , crossing the Lockatong Creek before intersecting CR 615 , where it becomes the Samuel Hill Highway . A short distance past this intersection , the route briefly passes through the southern corner of Franklin Township before entering Delaware Township . Here , the road crosses Wickecheoke Creek before coming to an intersection with CR 579 . Past this intersection , Route 12 enters Raritan Township , where it continues through rural areas with some residences . The residential development along the road increases before it reaches the Dvoor 's Circle ( a traffic circle ) with CR 523 . Past the traffic circle , the route crosses a small stream and enters Flemington . Here , Route 12 passes businesses before crossing the Black River & Western Railroad and coming to the Main Street Circle , a modern @-@ designed roundabout , where it intersects CR 611 and Reaville Avenue . From here , the route continues east a short distance as a four @-@ lane divided highway before ending at US 202 and Route 31 at the Flemington Circle . = = History = = Route 12 was legislated as a new route in the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering that was to run from Frenchtown east to Route 28 in Raritan borough , running along its current alignment to Flemington and following present @-@ day US 202 to Raritan . By the 1940s , US 202 and Route 29 were designated along the alignment of Route 12 between Flemington and Raritan , cutting the route 's eastern terminus back to Flemington . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 12 was officially legislated to run from Frenchtown to US 202 and Route 69 ( now Route 31 ) in Flemington . There are currently plans to modify or eliminate the three traffic circles along Route 12 in Flemington in order to ease traffic congestion along the route . The Main Street Circle was converted to a modern roundabout in 2010 while plans are still being thought out for the other two traffic circles . = = Major intersections = = = Deutschland @-@ class battleship = The Deutschland class was a group of five pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the German Kaiserliche Marine . The class comprised Deutschland , Hannover , Pommern , Schlesien , and Schleswig @-@ Holstein . Built between 1903 and 1908 , the ships closely resembled those of the preceding Braunschweig class , though they had stronger armor protection . They were made obsolete before they were even completed by the launch of the revolutionary Royal Navy battleship HMS Dreadnought in 1906 . As a result , they were the last ships of that type built for the German Navy . They were followed by the Nassau @-@ class battleships , Germany 's first dreadnought battleships . With the commissioning of the Deutschland class , the fleet had enough battleships to form two full battle squadrons ; the fleet was then reorganized into the High Seas Fleet , which saw combat during World War I. Despite their obsolescence , all five of these ships were present at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 . In the confused night actions , Pommern was torpedoed and sunk . After the battle , the four surviving ships were removed from the front @-@ line fleet and employed in secondary tasks . The Treaty of Versailles permitted Germany to retain several old battleships for coastal defense , including the four Deutschland @-@ class ships . However , instead of being used as a coastal defense ship , Deutschland was broken up in 1920 – 1922 . Hannover was to be converted into a target vessel , although this was never done . She was eventually broken up in 1944 – 1946 . Schlesien and Schleswig @-@ Holstein were the only two vessels of the class to see continued front @-@ line service in the Reichsmarine and later the Kriegsmarine . Both ships saw limited duty during World War II , which was inaugurated by the firing of Schleswig @-@ Holstein 's main guns at the Polish fortress at Westerplatte . Near the end of the war the two ships were both sunk . = = Design = = The five Deutschland @-@ class battleships were the last pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by the German Navy . They were similar to the preceding Braunschweig @-@ class ships — Deutschland was nearly identical , though the design was modified slightly after the lead ship was laid down . The four subsequent ships had a somewhat different boiler arrangement and slightly thicker armor compared to the Braunschweig @-@ class ships . All five vessels of the Deutschland class dispensed with the turret mountings for the secondary 17 centimeters ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) guns ; all of these guns were mounted in casemates in the hull . The ships were built despite rumors of the capabilities of the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought then under construction . Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz insisted on their construction , since larger ships would have necessitated widening the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal . This would have put a prohibitive strain on the naval budget for the year . = = = General characteristics = = = The Deutschland @-@ class ships were 125 @.@ 90 m ( 413 ft 1 in ) long at the waterline and 127 @.@ 60 m ( 418 ft 8 in ) overall . They had a beam of 22 @.@ 20 m ( 72 ft 10 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 21 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) forward . The ships were designed to displace 13 @,@ 191 metric tons ( 12 @,@ 983 long tons ) with a standard load , and displaced up to 14 @,@ 218 metric tons ( 13 @,@ 993 long tons ) at full load . The Deutschland @-@ class ships ' hulls were built with transverse and longitudinal steel frames . Steel hull plates were riveted to the structure created by the frames . The hull was split into twelve watertight compartments , although Pommern had thirteen compartments . The hull included a double bottom that ran for 84 percent of the length of the ship . The ships handled less easily than the preceding Braunschweig @-@ class ships , though they suffered less marked weather helm . Their metacentric height was .98 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) . The ships ' crews numbered 35 officers and 708 enlisted men . When one of them was a squadron flagship , the crew was augmented by 13 officers and 66 enlisted men ; while serving as a second command ship , 2 officers and 23 enlisted men were added to her standard crew . After she became a training ship in 1935 , Schlesien 's crew consisted of 29 officers and 559 enlisted men , plus up to 214 cadets . Schleswig @-@ Holstein differed somewhat ; her crew as a training ship numbered 31 officers and 565 men and up to 175 cadets . Deutschland and her sisters carried a number of smaller vessels , including two picket boats , one admiral 's barge , two launches , one pinnace , two cutters , two yawls , and two dinghies . = = = Machinery = = = Deutschland and her sisters were equipped with three @-@ shaft triple expansion steam engines . The ships had a single rudder and three screw propellers . The two outer propellers were three @-@ bladed , and 4 @.@ 80 m ( 15 ft 9 in ) in diameter . The center screw had four blades and was 4 @.@ 50 m ( 14 ft 9 in ) in diameter . Steam was supplied to the engines by twelve marine @-@ type boilers , four for each engine , with the exception of Deutschland . This ship was boilered as in Braunschweig , with eight marine @-@ type boilers and six cylindrical boilers . Deutschland 's engines were rated at 16 @,@ 000 PS ( 15 @,@ 781 ihp ; 11 @,@ 768 kW ) , while the other four ships ' engines were rated at 17 @,@ 000 PS ( 16 @,@ 767 ihp ; 12 @,@ 503 kW ) . The design speed for all of the ships was 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , though on trials all five ships exceeded the figure . The ships were designed to carry 700 metric tons ( 690 long tons ; 770 short tons ) of coal , though additional spaces could be utilized as fuel storage , which increased fuel capacity to 1 @,@ 540 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 520 long tons ; 1 @,@ 700 short tons ) . This provided a maximum range of 4 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 900 km ; 5 @,@ 500 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Electrical power was supplied from four turbo @-@ generators that supplied 260 kilowatts ( 350 hp ) each at 110 volts . = = = Armament = = = The armament of the Deutschland class was nearly identical to that of the preceding Braunschweig class , although it was rearranged slightly and increased in number . The primary armament consisted of four 28 cm ( 11 in ) SK L / 40 quick @-@ firing guns in two twin turrets , one forward and one to the rear of the main superstructure . The turrets were the Drh.L. C / 01 model , which allowed elevation to 30 ° and depression to − 5 ° . At maximum elevation , the guns could hit targets out to 18 @,@ 830 m ( 20 @,@ 590 yd ) . The guns fired 240 kg ( 530 lb ) shells in both high @-@ explosive and armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) types . Muzzle velocity for both types of shells was 820 m / s ( 2 @,@ 690 f / s ) . At a range of 12 @,@ 000 m ( 13 @,@ 000 yd ) , the AP shells could penetrate armor plating up to 160 mm ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) thick . The secondary battery consisted of fourteen 17 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) guns mounted in casemates amidships . Five were emplaced in the top deck and two one deck higher in the superstructure on either side . The casemates allowed elevation to 22 ° and depression to − 5 ° . At 22 ° , the guns could engage targets 14 @,@ 500 m ( 15 @,@ 900 yd ) . Each gun was supplied with 130 armor @-@ piercing shells , and fired at a rate of approximately 5 per minute . The guns had an arc of train of 160 ° . The ships were armed with twenty @-@ two 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) quick @-@ firing guns in single mounts , which were manually operated . The guns fired 14 @.@ 8 kg ( 33 lb ) high @-@ explosive shells at up to 12 rounds per minute . They were supplied with 140 shells each . The guns could hit targets out to 11 @,@ 000 m ( 12 @,@ 000 yd ) . = = = Armor = = = The Deutschland @-@ class ships were equipped with Krupp cemented armor . Deutschland had a slightly different arrangement in the belt armor and the citadel in the superstructure . Deutschland 's belt was 225 mm ( 8 @.@ 9 in ) at the waterline and tapered to 140 mm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) on the lower edge . Her sister ships ' belts was increased in thickness to 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) at the waterline and down to 170 mm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) on the bottom edge . In Deutschland , the citadel armor was 160 mm ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) thick , while on the other four ships the armor was 170 mm thick . All five ships had an armored deck that was 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick . The main battery gun turrets had armored sides that were 280 mm ( 11 in ) thick and roofs that were 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The barbettes that held the turrets were armored with 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) thick steel . The casemate guns were protected by 35 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) thick armor plating . Their forward conning towers were protected by 300 mm ( 12 in ) on the sides , while the rear conning towers had 140 mm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) worth of armor . = = Construction = = Deutschland was ordered for the German fleet under the contract designation " N. " She was laid down at the Germaniawerft dockyard in 1903 , under construction number 109 . She was launched on 20 November 1904 ; once she left the stocks fitting out work commenced . This included the installation of the ship 's armament , completion of the interior compartments , and the finishing of the superstructure . By mid 1906 work on the ship was finished . Deutschland was commissioned into the fleet on 3 August of that year . Hannover was ordered as " O " and laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven in 1904 . She was launched on 29 September 1905 and commissioned on 1 October 1907 . Pommern was laid down at the AG Vulcan dockyard in Stettin under the provisional name " P " in 1904 . She was launched on 2 December 1905 and commissioned into the fleet on 1 October 1907 . In 1904 , Schlesien was laid down at the Schichau @-@ Werke in Danzig under the provisional name " R. " She was launched on 28 May 1906 and commissioned on 5 May 1908 . Schleswig @-@ Holstein was ordered from the Germaniawerft dockyard under the contract name " Q. " Her keel was laid there in 1905 . Launched on 17 December 1906 , Schleswig @-@ Holstein was completed by July 1908 and commissioned on the 6th , the last ship of the five to join the fleet . = = = Ships = = = = = Service history = = Following their commissioning beginning in 1906 , the ships joined the II Battle Squadron of the Heimatflotte ( Home Fleet ) , which also included the Braunschweig @-@ class ships . Deutschland replaced Kaiser Wilhelm II as the flagship of the fleet . Once the II Battle Squadron was complete , the fleet was reorganized as the Hochseeflotte ( High Seas Fleet ) . The five ships conducted several training cruises and fleet maneuvers every year until 1914 ; these included cruises into the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea and annual tours of Norway . In 1913 , Deutschland was replaced as fleet flagship by the new dreadnought Friedrich der Grosse . The five ships were in Norway for the annual fleet visit in July 1914 . The threat of war forced the cruise to be cut short , and all of the ships were back in German ports by the end of the month . = = = World War I = = = The ships of the Deutschland class continued to serve in the II Battle Squadron during World War I. The ships conducted patrols in the mouth of the Elbe River in the first weeks of the war while the rest of the fleet was still being mobilized . They also took part in most of the major fleet actions in the first two years of the war . This primarily included acting as a support force for the battlecruisers that bombarded the English coast in the hopes of luring out a portion of the British fleet . The five ships participated in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 under the command of Admiral von Mauve , where they formed the Second Battle Squadron ( the Squadron was completed by a sixth pre @-@ Dreadnought , the Hessen of the Braunschweig class ) . Towards the end of the fleet battle on the evening of 31 May , the five Deutschland @-@ class ships came to the aid of the mauled battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group . The Deutschlands intervened and prevented the British battlecruisers under Admiral David Beatty from pursuing the German ships . In the darkness , the Germans had difficulty making out their targets and failed to score any hits ; the British , however , managed to hit three of the Deutschlands . Pommern was forced briefly to haul out of line . During the night actions , Pommern was torpedoed . The torpedo detonated an ammunition magazine and destroyed the ship , killing all hands on board . The German fleet reached Wilhelmshaven by mid @-@ day of 1 June , where the undamaged dreadnoughts of the Nassau and Helgoland classes took up defensive positions . By the end of 1916 , the four remaining ships were withdrawn from service with the fleet . They were placed into reserve on 15 August 1917 . Deutschland and Schleswig @-@ Holstein became barracks ships in Wilhelmshaven and Kiel , respectively . Hannover was used as a guard ship in the Danish belt , and Schlesien became a training ship in Kiel . Guns removed from these ships starting in 1917 were used by the Imperial Army in WWI as railway guns . = = = Inter @-@ war years = = = Following the German defeat in World War I , three of the Deutschland @-@ class battleships were allowed to be retained in the German Navy , which was reorganized as the Reichsmarine : Hannover , Schleswig @-@ Holstein and Schlesien , along with several of the Braunschweig @-@ class battleships . Deutschland was instead scrapped in 1922 . The three remaining pre @-@ dreadnought battleships were modernized in the 1920s , which included the replacement of the ships ' 17 cm guns with 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) pieces . Hannover was the first of all the old battleships to come in service with the Reichsmarine in February 1921 as fleet flagship in the Baltic . Her first homeport was Swinemünde but she was transferred to Kiel in 1922 . In 1923 the German Navy adopted a new command structure and Braunschweig became flagship of the Fleet . In October 1925 , Hannover was moved to the North Sea station . She was decommissioned in March 1927 when Schlesien returned to active service . With newly built masts but still three funnels she entered service again replacing Elsass in February 1930 until September 1931 . In 1932 , Schleswig @-@ Holstein was re @-@ boilered and converted into a cadet training ship . One of the most significant changes visually was the trunking of the two forward funnels into a single larger smoke stack . Schlesien was made the flagship of the battleship squadron in January 1933 . In May 1935 , the Reichsmarine was again reorganized as the Kriegsmarine . By this time , only Schlesien and Schleswig @-@ Holstein were still operating as warships ; the four Braunschweig @-@ class ships had been disposed of or converted into auxiliary ships . Hannover was struck from the navy list in 1936 and destined for the scrapyard . There were ideas to rebuilt her as a target ship especially for aircraft , although this never occurred . Schlesien was re @-@ boilered and converted into a training ship as well in 1936 . The following year , Schlesien toured South America , including a stop in Argentina in December . By 1939 , both ships had been replaced in front @-@ line service by newer ships , and were instead relegated to training duties . = = = World War II = = = In August 1939 , Schleswig @-@ Holstein conducted what was purported to be a ceremonial tour of the Baltic to commemorate the sinking of the light cruiser SMS Magdeburg in August 1914 . At the conclusion of the tour , the ship was towed into the port of Danzig opposite the Polish military depot at Westerplatte . At 04 : 47 on 1 September , Schleswig @-@ Holstein fired the first shots of World War II , when she opened fire on the base in Westerplatte . A detachment of marines then stormed the fortress , which resisted for seven days . Throughout the battle , Schleswig @-@ Holstein provided artillery support . During the operation Schlesien remained in her training ship role , though she briefly acted as an icebreaker for U @-@ boats . Schleswig @-@ Holstein and Schlesien then participated in the occupation of Denmark and invasion of Norway , respectively , in April 1940 . Afterward , Schleswig @-@ Holstein was again removed from front @-@ line service and used as a training ship , while Schlesien resumed her ice @-@ breaking duties . In March 1941 , Schlesien escorted mine @-@ layers in the Baltic . After returning from this operation , she became a barracks ship in Gotenhafen . In mid @-@ 1944 , Schlesien 's and Schleswig @-@ Holstein 's anti @-@ aircraft armament was considerably strengthened to allow them to be used as an air defense ships in the port of Gotenhafen . Schleswig @-@ Holstein was attacked by RAF bombers in December 1944 , and although she was sunk in shallow water , her weapons could still be used . After a fire permanently disabled the ship , her crew was sent ashore to assist in the defense of Marienburg . Starting in 1944 , Hannover was broken up for scrap ; work lasted until 1945 . Schlesien provided fire support for German troops in the vicinity of Gotenhafen between 15 and 21 March 1945 . In April , Schlesien was moved to Swinemünde to restock her ammunition supply as well as evacuate 1 @,@ 000 wounded soldiers from the front . On 3 May she struck a mine outside Swinemünde ; the following day she was scuttled by her crew in shallow water . Both ships were broken up in situ after the war . = Svalbard Satellite Station = Svalbard Satellite Station ( Norwegian : Svalbard satelittstasjon ) or SvalSat is a satellite ground station located on Platåberget near Longyearbyen in Svalbard , Norway . Opened in 1997 , it is operated by Kongsberg Satellite Services ( KSAT ) , a joint venture between Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace and the Norwegian Space Centre ( NSC ) . SvalSat and KSAT 's Troll Satellite Station ( TrollSat ) in Antarctica are the only ground stations that can see a low altitude polar orbiting satellite ( e.g. , in sun @-@ synchronous orbit ) on every revolution as the earth rotates . The facility consists of 31 multi @-@ mission and customer @-@ dedicated antennas which operate in the C , L , S and X bands . The station provides ground services to more satellites than any other facility in the world . Customers with their own installations include the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites ( EUMETSAT ) , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the European Space Agency ( ESA ) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . The station also reads and distributes data from the Japanese Hinode solar research satellite . The facility has seen a large increase in smaller customers after 2004 , when the Svalbard Undersea Cable System started providing a fiber Internet connection . Concessions for downloading are only issued to civilian satellites , yet some data has been indirectly used by armed forces . There is a disagreement as to whether this constitutes a breach of the Svalbard Treaty . = = History = = The European Space Research Organization ( ESRO ) established Kongsfjord Telemetry Station in Ny @-@ Ålesund as one of its four initial European Space Tracking Network stations . The facility remained in use from 1967 to 1974 , but was closed as it was not suitable for ESRO 's second generation of satellites . During the planning of the station , Longyearbyen had been proposed as a location , and it was largely political concerns by Norwegian authorities to create permanent activity in Ny @-@ Ålesund which lead ESRO to accept the location . In the 1990s , NSC operated Tromsø Satellite Station ( TSS ) , which was used as a ground station for a limited number of satellites . After Rolf Skår was appointed director of NSC , plans were launched to try to win the ground station contract for NASA 's planned Earth Observing System ( EOS ) . NASA was considering locating the ground station in Greenland , at McMurdo Station in Antarctica or at Esrange in Sweden . Skår invited a NASA delegation to visit Svalbard , and from 1996 NSC and NASA started negotiating a contract to establish a ground station at Longyearbyen . Svalbard was chosen because of its high latitude from which every polar @-@ orbiting satellite above 500 kilometers ( 310 mi ) can be seen on every revolution as the earth rotates within its orbital plane . For the EOS program , Svalbard was supplemented by Poker Flat Research Range in Fairbanks , Alaska . Construction of the road up to Platåberget started in 1996 and a relay station was built to send the data to Isfjord Radio before being sent onwards to a geostationary satellite . The first installation was an 11 @-@ meter ( 36 ft ) parabolic antenna with S and X band capability . The first satellite to use SvalSat was Landsat 7 , which was launched on 15 April 1999 . It was followed up by three other EOS satellites : Terra , Aqua and QuikSCAT . To ensure a sustainable financing of operations , NSC started negotiating with other potential customers . However , the project was rejected by the Indian Space Research Organisation . Instead , a cooperation was made with Kongsberg Aerospace and Defence and Lockheed Martin , who built the second antenna as a joint venture . In 2001 , a German research group applied for permission to establish a ground station in Ny @-@ Ålesund . NSC feared that the competition could undermine the financial capabilities of SvalSat . However , no facility in Ny @-@ Ålesund was built . In 2002 , ownership and operations of the facility were consolidated and taken over by the newly created Kongsberg Satellite Services . Lockheed Martin was no longer interested in owning a share of the facility , and sold their shares . NSC and Kongsberg merged their interests in the new company , which also took over TSS . By 2004 , six antennas , between 9 and 13 meters ( 30 and 43 ft ) in diameter , had been installed . Northrop Grumman and Raytheon decided in 2002 to locate its ground station for National Polar @-@ orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System , the successor of EOS , to Helsinki , Finland , instead of Svalbard . The reason was lack of optical fiber cable connection to the archipelago . NSC took initiative to build such a cable in July 2002 and gained interest from NASA , NOAA and Telenor . The cable was financed by the satellite operators paying the same fee for the transmission of data as they would have to pay for a satellite connection until the cable was paid for . A 40 million United States dollar contract was signed with Tyco International for two cables between Harstad on the mainland and Longyearbyen . Construction started in June 2003 and was completed in January 2004 . Starting in 2007 , SvalSat was expanded with 12 antennas . Five are used for Galileo , while the remaining are used for a large array of customers . In 2007 and 2008 , both Terra and Landsat 7 were hacked twice . The hackers were able to achieve all steps which would have been necessary to take control over the satellites , but did not actually take control . The operation commanded the satellites via SvalSat , which it was able to hack via the Internet connection . In his 2011 book Satellittkrigen , Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation journalist Bård Wormdal argues that SvalSat is used for military intelligence and thus is violating the Svalbard Treaty . Specifically , Wormdal provides evidence that downloaded images of the earth are used for intelligence and military activities . For instance , a Landsat image taken during the Libyan Civil War was sold by the Italian company e @-@ GEOS to the Italian Armed Forces . Similarly , an Technology Experiment Satellite image was sold to the United States Armed Forces during the War in Afghanistan and Arirang @-@ 2 images of North Korean installations have been sold to the United States . All three satellites use SvalSat as one of their ground stations . According to Governor Odd Olsen Ingerø , even if a military should indirectly use information downloaded from SvalSat , this would not be a breach of the treaty . A dissertation by Professor Geir Ulfstein concludes that even if a ground station was directly used for downloading military intelligence from military satellites , it would still be permitted by the treaty . = = Operation = = SvalSat is owned and operated by Kongsberg Satellite Services ( KSAT ) , which is again equally owned by the Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace and the Norwegian Space Centre , the latter which is again owned by the Ministry of Trade and Industry . Of KSAT 's 120 employees , 22 are stationed in Longyearbyen and work at SvalSat . KSAT is not tied to a particular operator of satellites and some of the antennas communicate with multiple satellites , thus reducing costs compared to dedicated ground stations . For a typical satellite , data is delivered to the end customer no more than 30 minutes after downloading . All ground stations are connected to KSAT 's Tromsø Network Operation Center , which is also connected to the TSS and TrollSat . This allows for redundancy as also TSS and TrollSat can be used to communicate with the satellites . Some customers have direct access to their installations in Longyearbyen without having to route via the Tromsø Network Operation Center . The operation center is responsible for backup , scheduling and conflict resolution . The facility uses interoperability and shared ground services , such as a common protocol for communication and similar design of the antennas , to increase flexibility and reduce costs and risk . KSAT operates two polar ground stations optimized for low Earth orbit ( LEO ) satellites , the other being TrollSat at Troll in Antarctica . These are the only two ground stations able to see a polar @-@ orbiting satellite on every revolution . By using both stations , customers can communicate with a satellite twice per orbit . All satellites which use SvalSat need a concession from the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority . Such a concession is only awarded to satellites which would abide by the treaty and explicitly excludes any military satellites . However , this does not prevent information from dual @-@ use satellites being sold to military organizations . The Governor of Svalbard inspects the station twice per year . This includes checking the logs of satellites SvalSat has communicated with , but not the actual information transferred . All SvalSat employees need a security clearance from NATO and the Norwegian Armed Forces . = = Facilities = = SvalSat is located on Platåberget , a mountain plateau 400 to 500 meters ( 1 @,@ 300 to 1 @,@ 600 ft ) above mean sea level just outside Longyearbyen on the island of Spitsbergen in Svalbard , Norway . The location on the 78th parallel north is favorable to communication with satellites in low polar orbits . The facility consists of 31 antenna systems , both multi @-@ mission and customer dedicated , making SvalSat the world 's largest commercial ground station . They are variously capable of communication in the C , L , S and X bands . SvalSat makes use of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems ' Space Link Extension protocols , an international standard for ground station to satellite communication . Most antennas use the S band for tracking , telemetry and commanding and the X band for high @-@ speed data download . Originally , SvalSat used a combination of a 2 megabits per second ( Mb / s ) leased line , several Integrated Services Digital Network lines and a 55 Mbit / s satellite Internet access via Intelsat for data transmission off the island . From 2004 , the Svalbard Undersea Cable System gives two redundant fiber lines to the mainland , each providing 10 gigabits per second . The fiber connection is operated by Telenor . Power is supplied from Longyearbyen Power Station , In case of a power outage , the facility is equipped with an uninterruptible power supply and has a standby generator capable of supplying power for two weeks . The facility consists of a 600 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 6 @,@ 500 sq ft ) main operations building , a 70 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 750 sq ft ) building for the emergency power supply , a transformer station , and a mobile research station , in addition to the radomes . The lot is located above Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani 's Mine 3 and is leased to KSAT . The facility is connected to Longyearbyen via a 3 @.@ 5 @-@ kilometer ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) long private road . When the road is closed because of avalanches and land slides , helicopter transport is used . There is a road connecting all the antennas to ease maintenance . Installations at SvalSat not related to satellite communication include a measuring station for radioactive particles in the air operated by Norwegian Seismic Array , a telecommunications installation operated by Telenor , a weather station operated by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute , with information relayed to Svalbard Airport , Longyear , and a weather station operated by SvalSat . Antennas are placed according to customer specifications , which normally involves a distance of 200 meters ( 660 ft ) between antennas . This is to ensure that antennas do not shade each other and that their electromagnetic noise and radio noise do not interfere with each other . Locations are chosen to maximize satellite pass durations , view a calibration station on Hiorthhamnfjellet , provide visibility of the Clarke Belt for geostationary satellite antennas , or visibility to Isfjord Radio for terrestrial communications antennas . = = Customers = = SvalSat is part of NASA 's Near Earth Network . This includes support for the Earth Observing System , which includes satellites such as Aqua , Aura , Ice , Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite , and QuikSCAT , as well as the Small Explorer program which includes Galaxy Evolution Explorer , the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite , Swift Gamma @-@ Ray Burst Mission , Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics , Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph , and Transition Region and Coronal Explorer . SvalSat and Poker Flat are collectively responsible for half of the network 's 140 daily passes . Satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration using SvalSat includes the Suomi National Polar @-@ Orbiting Partnership and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program . Other American satellites include the United States Geological Survey 's Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 and the private Iridium Communications ' satellites . The European Space Agency operates Svalbard @-@ 3 ( SG @-@ 3 ) , a 13 @-@ meter ( 43 ft ) dish antenna which is able to transmit in the S band and receive in the S and X band . ESA uses the facility for tacking , telemetry , telecommand , radiometric measurements and system validation . Satellites include European Remote @-@ Sensing Satellite 2 and Envisat . The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites uses SvalSat as a ground station for its MetOp satellites , which allows communication with all MetOp orbits . SvalSat serves as one of five uplink stations and as a sensor station for Galileo . Five antennas are used for Galileo , including one with a 10 @-@ meter ( 33 ft ) diameter and four at 4 meters ( 13 ft ) . The Norwegian Coastal Administration uses SvalSat to track ships ' Automatic Identification System in Norwegian waters via AISSat @-@ 1 . The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency uses SvalSat for its Hinode mission . Other customers include MacDonald , Dettwiler and Associates 's Radarsat @-@ 1 and Radarsat @-@ 2 , the Taiwanese National Space Organization 's Formosat @-@ 2 , the Korea Aerospace Research Institute of South Korea 's Arirang @-@ 2 , the Indian Space Research Organisation 's Technology Experiment Satellite , Cartosat @-@ 1 and Cartosat @-@ 2 , the German RapidEye constellation , the Italian Space Agency 's COSMO @-@ SkyMed and the German Aerospace Center 's TerraSAR @-@ X. = Operation Zeppelin ( deception plan ) = Operation Zeppelin ( along with its follow up subsidiaries , Vendetta and Turpitude ) was a major military deception operation run by the British during the Second World War . It formed part of Operation Bodyguard , the cover plan for the invasion of Normandy in 1944 , and was intended to mislead German intelligence as to the Allied invasion plans in the Mediterranean theatre that year . The operation was planned by ' A ' Force and implemented by means of visual deception and misinformation . Zeppelin was executed in five phases between February and July 1944 . The story behind each stage developed various invasion threats against Greece , Albania , Croatia , Turkey , Bulgaria and France . The latter portions of the operation received their own codenames . Vendetta referred to a threat toward Southern France close to D @-@ Day whilst Turpitude was the codename for the final stage of Zeppelin , an overland threat to Greece and Bulgaria . It is unclear how much impact Zeppelin had on German response in the region , though the aims of the deception were achieved ( tying up German defensive forces in the Mediterranean beyond D @-@ Day ) . Post @-@ war analysis of German intelligence documents indicated that they did overstate Allied forces in the way Zeppelin intended . However , the German high command did not come to expect a major invasion in the Balkans . = = Background = = In preparation for the 1944 invasion of Normandy , the Allied nations conducted a complex series of deceptions under the codename Bodyguard . This was a large strategic plan with the aim of misleading the German high command as to Allied intentions in 1944 . Whilst the main focus of Bodyguard was on the invasion of Western France , additional plans supported operations in the Mediterranean and Scandinavia . In 1941 , ' A ' Force ( the Cairo @-@ based department responsible for deception operations in the North Africa ) had begun an operation , codenamed Cascade , to inflate the number of troops in the region by creating fictional divisions . By 1943 the use of notional formations had proved a useful part of deception operations , and the practice formed the basis for key parts of Bodyguard . The Allies invaded Italy in September 1943 and by the end of the year had occupied most of the south of the country . Thirty @-@ eight divisions were deployed across the Mediterranean theatre , mostly in Italy with some in North Africa . The various deceptions to fulfil the Mediterranean portion of Bodyguard were given the codename Zeppelin , with follow up subsidiaries called Vendetta and Turpitude . Its initial overall aims were to tie down German defensive forces in the region , but without suggesting too great a threat to Southern France ( until the Allies had decided whether or not to conduct landings there ) . Planning for the operation was begun by ' A ' Force in January 1944 . The deception required an increase in the fictional troops that Operation Cascade had created . Operation Wantage succeeded from Cascade on 6 February with the aim over inflating Allied troops by thirty percent . = = Operation = = Zeppelin , and its constituent plans Vendetta and Turpitude , focused on tying down German resources in Southern France and The Balkans . Its aim was , during early 1944 , to distract attention from a potential Allied invasion of Southern France ( Operation Dragoon ) by creating a fictional threat against Crete and Croatia . It also intended to tie up troops in the Eastern Mediterranean so they would not be re @-@ deployed to France during the Allied campaign . Zeppelin 's " story " would be that the notional British Twelfth Army were preparing for an amphibious landing , from North Africa into The Balkans , supported by a Russian overland invasion into Albania and Polish forces staged out of Italy . Zeppelin was put across through various means . Double agents relayed messages about troop movements , dummy formations and radio traffic were created and searches were conducted for local guides and maps , as would be made in preparation for a real invasion . Nearly 600 messages were sent through agents , who were used extensively and at considerable risk of exposure . Dummy formations were created in Italy and Libya , Colonel Victor Jones began depicting both an Armoured and Airborne divisions near Tobruk for the first stage of the operation . The first stage of Zeppelin commenced on 8 February , with threats to Greece and Crete . A provisional date for the supposed invasion was set at 29 March ( to take advantage of the full moon ) . On 10 March the operation moved to a second stage , where the fictional operation was delayed until April and May to join up with a supposed Russian invasion of Bulgaria . Stage two was communicated through an sub @-@ plan called Dungloe , involving double agents back in England . The story passed to the Germans was that radio messages would inform friendly leaders in Yugoslavia of the intended invasion dates and any delays . The third stage of Zeppelin involved a delay until 21 May , on the basis that the Russians had asked for them to be synchronised with their own invasion plans . This ran from 21 April until 9 May , when a major revision to the plans ( stage four ) was introduced . The Twelfth Army and Polish forces would land in Albania and Croatia , bypassing Greece due to mutiny within Allied Greek forces in Africa , with an invasion set in June . A major invasion of Southern France was also added , codenamed Vendetta . = = = Vendetta = = = The Allies had already decided to mount an invasion of southern France ( Dragoon ) , which occurred in August 1944 . Vendetta 's story was agreed in the first week of May and deception work started on 9 May . Its aim was to detain German forces in Southern France for up to twenty five days following the Normandy landings . The plan threatened a landing near Sete ( chosen for its distance from the Dragoon landing site ) by the US Seventh Army , consisting of fictional divisions , and some French units . Vendetta was supported by a diplomatic deception , Operation Royal Flush , which requested support from the Spanish government to allow injured soldiers to be evacuated following an invasion . For Vendetta , stores were stockpiled in Algerian ports and Allied troops were given maps for the supposed landing zones . A naval exercise , involving sixty ships , was run between 9 and 11 June which included embarking thousands of men and vehicles from the US 91st Infantry Division . On 11 June , the Algerian borders were closed , a natural precursor to invasion . The deception could not be maintained for long . The British carriers Indomitable and Victorious , that had formed a key part of the naval deception , left for the Indian Ocean . Meanwhile the 91st left to deploy in Italy . From 24 June the Allies began to wind down Vendetta with the story that due to German forces remaining in the south of France ( rather than moving to Normandy ) that the invasion had been delayed . = = = Turpitude = = = The final phase of Zeppelin was codenamed Turpitude , the story for which was an overland invasion of Greece by British troops via Turkey and the Soviet Union via Bulgaria . It was planned in the most part by ' A ' Force 's Michael Crichton in Cairo . Deception efforts for Turpitude were focused in Syria , and around the ports of Tripoli and Lattakia . The Allies hoped to indicate a spoiling attack against the island of Rhodes before the main attack against Salonika . Turpitude finished on 26 June and Zeppelin officially came to a close on 6 July 1944 . Turpitude was communicated through visual deceptions in Syria by all three armed forces . The RAF flew reconnaissance flights across the supposed targets , whilst the Navy set up major facilities in the Syrian coastal ports ( anti @-@ aircraft guns , search lights and other efforts that might hide major activity ) . Along the Turkish border the British Ninth Army ( the small force protecting Syria ) , the 31st Indian Armoured Division and 20th Armoured Division ( a fictional division , really the dummy tanks of Jones ' 24th Armoured Brigade ) put on a show of readiness . Political deception , via Royal Flush , was also used to hint heavily at Allied actions in the region . = = Impact = = The Allies considered Zeppelin to have achieved its main objective of tying down German forces in the region until after the invasion of Normandy , although it did not appear to convince German high command that major Allied landings would occur in the Mediterranean . Instead , Zeppelin helped the Allies achieve their objective by convincing the Germans of the threat of small invasions , stopping them from removing the defensive forces . According to Jacob Field , the operation successfully detained 25 divisions in defensive positions in the region . The operation did affect German analysis of Allied troop strength . In early 1944 the Allies had 38 divisions in the region , but the German battle plan identified up to 71 . Whether directly related to Zeppelin or not , German forces remained in the Mediterranean throughout May 1944 , and so were not available to reinforce Normandy in June . With Vendetta the Allies may have oversold the deception . Vendetta 's various deceptions , coupled with political overtures in Spain ( Operation Royal Flush ) , created what German intelligence called " wealth of alarming reports " . However , these were assessed as deceptive in nature probably due to their volume . In mid @-@ June the German command decided that although the Allies had enough troops in North Africa to effect an invasion they lacked the landing craft to actually undertake the operation . Despite this , the reports had held enough credibility in late May and early June that , on the eve of the Normandy Landings , German divisions were deploying in defensive positions along the southern coast . Troops did not begin moving north until June and July . Turpitude had an impact in Turkey , with reports in early June of discussion within the country 's political and military spheres . On 10 June , the German ambassador to Turkey reported that the government were concerned about the possibility of the Allies using the country as a staging ground . The ambassador 's report , which included details of Allied military build up in the area , was treated with scepticism by German high command who were unable to verify some of the information . However , the German intelligence apparatus issued warnings of probable Allied operations in the region , and requested " exceptional vigilance " from forces stationed there . = French ironclad Couronne = The French ironclad Couronne ( " Crown " ) was the first iron @-@ hulled ironclad warship built for the French Navy in 1859 – 62 . She was the first such ship to be laid down , although the British armoured frigate HMS Warrior was completed first . The ship participated in the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 , but saw no combat . She was served as a gunnery training ship from 1885 to 1908 before she was hulked the following year and became a barracks ship in Toulon . Couronne was scrapped in 1934 , over 70 years after she was completed . = = Design and description = = Designed by the French naval architect Camille Audenet as an iron @-@ hulled version of the Gloire @-@ class ironclads , Couronne was also intended to fight in the line of battle , unlike the first British ironclads . The ship was classified as an armoured frigates because she only had a single gun deck and her traditional disposition of guns arrayed along the length of the hull also meant that she was a broadside ironclad . The ship was 80 @.@ 85 metres ( 265 ft 3 in ) long , with a beam of 17 metres ( 55 ft 9 in ) . She had a maximum draft of 7 @.@ 8 metres ( 25 ft 7 in ) , a depth of hold of 9 @.@ 7 metres ( 31 ft 10 in ) and displaced 6 @,@ 428 tonnes ( 6 @,@ 326 long tons ) . The ship 's metacentric height of 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 6 ft ) meant that she rolled less and was a better sea boat than the Gloires . Her gun ports were slightly higher above the waterline than those of her predecessors , 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) , and Couronne took aboard less water as well . She had a crew of 570 officers and enlisted men . The ship had a single horizontal return connecting @-@ rod compound steam engine that drove a six @-@ bladed , 5 @.@ 8 @-@ meter ( 19 ft 0 in ) propeller using steam provided by eight Indret oval boilers for a designed speed of 12 @.@ 5 knots ( 23 @.@ 2 km / h ; 14 @.@ 4 mph ) . Figures for the engine 's designed power vary wildly , from 2 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 200 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 400 kW ) , but Couronne reached 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) from 2 @,@ 597 metric horsepower ( 1 @,@ 910 kW ) during her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 675 tonnes ( 664 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 2 @,@ 410 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 460 km ; 2 @,@ 770 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The details of Couronne 's sailing rig are not precisely known , but presumably she was fitted with a light barquentine rig with three masts like that of the Gloire @-@ class ships . It is also unknown if she had the same multiple changes of rigging as those ships . Couronne was armed with 36 Modèle 1860 164 @.@ 7 @-@ millimetre ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) rifled breech @-@ loading guns , 30 of which were positioned on the single gun deck in the broadside . The remaining 4 guns were placed on the upper deck as chase guns . They fired a 44 @.@ 9 @-@ kilogram ( 99 @.@ 0 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of only 322 metres per second ( 1 @,@ 060 ft / s ) and proved to be ineffective against armour . The ship was rearmed multiple times during her career , the first of which was the replacement of the chase guns by four 220 @-@ millimetre ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) howitzers in 1864 and the replacement of the rest of the guns by improved Modèle 1864 guns . The ship was subsequently rearmed with 16 Modèle 1864 or 1866 194 @-@ millimetre ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) guns on her main deck and six 164 @.@ 7 @-@ millimetre guns on the upper deck as chase guns . Her final armament configuration before she became a gunnery training ship in 1881 was eight 240 @-@ millimetre ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) Modèle 1870 guns and four 194 @-@ millimetre Modèle 1870 guns on the main deck . A pair of 120 @-@ millimetre ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns and a dozen 37 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 5 @-@ barrelled Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted on the upper deck . Couronne 's wrought iron hull was completely protected by armour plates 120 millimetres thick . The armour backing consisted of two layers of teak , totaling 380 millimetres ( 15 in ) in thickness , an iron lattice work 33 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 3 in ) thick , and the 20 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) side of the hull . The ship had a conning tower with armour 100 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick and 12 @.@ 7 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) of armour underneath the wooden upper deck . = = Construction and service = = Ordered on 4 March 1858 , Couronne was laid down at the Arsenal de Lorient on 14 February 1859 , launched on 28 April 1861 and commissioned on 2 February 1862 at a cost of 6 @,@ 018 @,@ 885 francs . On 19 June 1864 , Couronne played an incidental role in the Battle of Cherbourg as she escorted the Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama out of French territorial waters to her fight with USS Kearsarge . While assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet , the ship made a port visit in August 1865 to Brest where the fleet hosted the British Channel Fleet . A few days later the French fleet made a reciprocal visit to Portsmouth where it was hosted by the Channel Fleet . During the Franco @-@ Prussian War the ship was assigned to Vice Admiral Léon Martin Fourichon 's squadron that blockaded German ports in the Heligoland Bight in August and September 1870 . The four German ironclads at Wilhelmshaven sortied in search of the French squadron in early August before the French arrived and in mid @-@ September after the French were forced to abandon the blockade for lack of coal . Couronne returned to Toulon on 10 December . In 1876 , she was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron . From 1881 to 1885 , Couronne was reconstructed to serve as a gunnery training ship , replacing Souverain : her armour was replaced by wood of the same thickness , two boilers were removed and her propeller was replaced . Her rigging was replaced by a full ship rig and iron spar deck and poop decks were fitted which gave her the appearance of a steam ship of the line of the Napoléon type . The ship was rearmed with an assortment of guns of various calibres for training purposes . Her crew and trainees numbered 1200 officers and enlisted men . Couronne was replaced as a gunnery training ship on 1 December 1908 and disarmed on 1 September 1909 . She was subsequently converted to a floating barracks at Toulon until she was scrapped in 1934 . = Angel Bakeries = Angel Bakeries ( Hebrew : מאפיות אנג 'ל Ma 'afiyot Angel ) , also known as Angel 's Bakery , is the largest commercial bakery in Israel , producing 275 @,@ 000 loaves of bread and 275 @,@ 000 rolls daily and controlling 30 percent of the country 's bread market . With a product line of 100 different types of bread products and 250 different types of cakes and cookies , Angel sells its goods in 32 company @-@ owned outlets nationwide and distributes to 6 @,@ 000 stores and hundreds of hotels and army bases . It also exports to the United States , United Kingdom , France , Belgium and Denmark . Founded in 1927 in Jerusalem by Salomon Angel , Angel Bakeries introduced to the Israeli market the first sliced bread , plant @-@ based emulsifiers , and new baking technologies . It has always been family @-@ run , at first by Salomon with his brothers and sons , then by Salomon 's grandsons , and today by Salomon 's great @-@ grandsons . The company , Salomon A. Angel Ltd . , is publicly traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange , with a turnover of $ 180 million in 2008 . = = History = = The original Angel 's Bakery was established in Bayit VeGan by Salomon ( Shlomo ) Angel , a seventh @-@ generation Jerusalemite and scion of a Sephardi family that traced its lineage back to Jews who were expelled from Spain in 1492 . Born in the Mishkenot Sha 'ananim neighborhood of Jerusalem , Angel was originally a teacher in an Alliance school in Jerusalem , where he fell in love with the principal ’ s daughter . But principal Chaim Farhi would only allow him to marry his daughter , Esther , if he left teaching and " earned a livelihood " . Salomon agreed and became a dry @-@ goods merchant . The couple married in 1916 and had three sons and three daughters . Angel became a successful dry @-@ goods merchant , traveling regularly to Alexandria , Damascus , and Beirut to buy flour and other basic foodstuffs to sell in Jerusalem . In 1927 one of Angel 's customers , the Trachtenberg Bakery in Bayit VeGan , went bankrupt . Angel decided to pay off the bakery 's debts and assume ownership , bringing in his father Avraham and three brothers as partners . A few years later , two of his brothers , Leon and Refael , left to open their own bakery in Haifa . Angel improved the bread @-@ making operation by introducing Israel 's first automated weighing machines and investing in new production lines . He often slept overnight at the bakery during the week and returned to his home in Talpiot when the bakery was closed on Shabbat . Later he built an apartment over the bakery to house his family . In the 1930s , the bakery employed 25 workers and had one production line that turned out 8 @,@ 500 loaves per day . It delivered bread to stores in two trucks and a horse and wagon . During World War II , the bakery contracted to supply bread to the British army , necessitating the purchase of large American @-@ made ovens that could turn out 540 loaves per hour . Angel 's Bakery played a key role in feeding Jerusalem residents during the 1948 War of Independence . When Arabs lay siege to the city and attacked convoys that attempted to bring food and supplies through the narrow mountain pass from Tel Aviv , water and flour were in short supply . Fire trucks were employed to shuttle water to the bakery and " flour was swept up off the bakery floor " . Angel 's son Danny , who was a Haganah fighter defending the besieged Old City , recalled that the bakery would send bread in convoys to the fighters in the Old City and Mount Scopus , and hide guns and ammunition in the sacks of bread . One of the first horses used for the Jewish assault on the Arabs ' Old City positions came from Angel 's Bakery ; its feet were wrapped in old flour sacks so the British wouldn 't detect it . = = = New baking technologies = = = In the 1950s Salomon 's three sons , Avraham , Ovadia and Danny , assumed managerial positions ; they became co @-@ CEOs after Salomon 's death in 1966 . In 1958 Angel 's Bakery moved to its present location in the Givat Shaul industrial zone at the corner of Beit Hadfus and Farbstein Streets . The site was chosen because it stood across the street from a flour mill . The Angel brothers built Israel 's first flour silo and commissioned a Texas company to construct a 750 @-@ foot pipeline to convey flour directly from the mill to the silo to the bakery . Today this pipeline brings 120 tons of flour to the bakery daily . The invention , initially opposed by the Jerusalem municipality for being above @-@ ground , won the Kaplan Prize for distinction in productivity and efficiency . Also in 1965 , the brothers introduced new long ovens and kneading machines . That same year , they produced the country 's first sliced bread and bread containing soy flour . To enter the whole wheat bread market , the bakery imported its own wheat @-@ cleaning machine from Hungary ; the machine actually had to be smuggled out since Hungary did not have diplomatic relations with Israel at the time . However , health @-@ food consumers were wary of the first whole @-@ wheat loaves because they were white , not brown . Working with the Health Food Association , Angel 's came up with the solution of adding all @-@ natural molasses to the bread to give it a brown color . Angel 's developed the only production line in Israel with the capacity to produce 3 @,@ 300 loaves of bread per hour . Thirteen other bread production lines in its various plants each yield over 2 @,@ 000 loaves per hour . One production line in Jerusalem has the capacity to turn out 10 @,@ 000 pitas in three hours . On each day of the eight @-@ day Hanukkah festival , the Jerusalem plant also fries up 250 @,@ 000 sufaniyot , the jelly @-@ filled doughnut favored by Israelis at this season . The bakery 's digitally controlled ovens continually adjust temperatures to accommodate the fermenting and baking processes ; these ovens can also bake different types of bread at different temperatures on the top and bottom of each oven . Despite the emphasis on innovation and automation , Angel 's challahs are still braided by hand . = = = Expansion and diversification = = = Angel 's Bakery opened its landmark factory store adjacent to the Givat Shaul plant in 1984 . The store offers a full selection of packaged breads , rolls , and muffins , bourekas , danishes , fancy cakes , handmade pastries , coffee and soft drinks . For many years , visitors could watch bakers braid challahs through a large side window . At the end of the Passover holiday , a long line of customers traditionally forms outside the store after midnight , waiting to buy the first bread off the production line . Also in 1984 , the company began producing pastries and cakes in a factory in Jerusalem , and beginning in the 1990s it began building and acquiring other bakeries in a move to diversify its products and marketing base . It built a new bakery in Lod in 1995 and purchased the Tuv Tam bakery in Netivot in 1999 . Today the company owns and operates five plants : Jerusalem – serving Jerusalem and its environs Kfar HaHoresh ( Oranim Bakery ) – serving Northern Israel Lod – serving Central Israel and the Gush Dan region Netivot – serving Southern Israel Beit Shemesh – dedicated factory for cakes and pastries distributed nationwide The company has branched into the baking of breads with special grains and added dietary fibers , reduced @-@ calorie and vitamin @-@ fortified breads , and certified organic products . In 2002 , it introduced parbaked pita , challah , rolls , ciabatta , " artisan " breads , and pizza bases , which are flash frozen and sold to customers or stores that complete the baking process themselves for a fresher product . In keeping with government regulations , Angel Bakeries also produces several varieties of price @-@ controlled bread ( Hebrew : לחם אחיד , lechem achid ) for the low @-@ income sector . In the late 1990s , the company opened a chain of cafe / bakeshops in four Jerusalem shopping districts . Besides selling the company 's bakery @-@ fresh goods , the Angel Cafe serves salads , sandwiches , pasta dishes , desserts , coffees , teas , and soft drinks . = = = Distribution = = = Angel Bakeries owns a fleet of 200 trucks that transport its products to 32 company @-@ owned outlets , 6 @,@ 000 stores , and hundreds of hotels and army bases throughout Israel . The distribution schedule is fully computerized and designed to operate on a " just in time " basis : All the bread that needs to be delivered to a specific location is programmed to come off the production line right before it is loaded onto a truck and sent off , guaranteeing maximum freshness . Angel Bakeries is an approved supplier to the Domino 's Pizza chain in Israel , and the sole supplier of hamburger buns to McDonald 's restaurants in Israel . It also exports to the United States , United Kingdom , France , Belgium and Denmark . In terms of input , the company uses over 5 @,@ 000 tons of flour per month . = = Compliance with Jewish law = = In the interests of keeping the bread kosher ( Angel Bakeries carries the hechsher of both the Edah HaChareidis and the Orthodox Union ) , Angel 's son Ovadia , a trained chemist , collaborated with others at the Angel 's @-@ owned Adumim Chemicals plant to develop a new formula for the emulsifiers that bind water and oil in the bread @-@ making process . In those early days , emulsifiers were made with animal @-@ based fats which were not kosher . Ovadia Angel and his team produced emulsifiers from hydrogenated fats , a vegetable @-@ based source , and later sold this new knowledge to other companies . Another kashrut challenge which the bakery overcame in the early 1950s concerned the ability to produce fresh bread for sale on Sunday mornings after the plant had been closed for Shabbat in accordance with Jewish law . Normally dough takes four to six hours to rise , but the bakery acquired a mixer made by Tweedy of Burnley , England , which could produce dough in only two hours , thus allowing the bakery to bake bread on Saturday night in time for Sunday @-@ morning deliveries . Today Angel Bakeries owns nine such mixers , five of which are used in its Jerusalem plant . Angel Bakeries operates year @-@ round except for Shabbat , Yom Tov , and Passover week . In accordance with Jewish law , it annually sells its stock to a non @-@ Jew before Passover so that it does not own chametz over the holiday . = = Family business = = Angel 's was the first Israeli bakery to go public on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange , in 1984 . However , it remains a family business . In the 1980s Salomon ’ s grandchildren moved into managerial positions . Avraham , the eldest brother , who headed the financial division , was succeeded by his daughter Ruthie . Ovadia passed down the directorship of production and technology to his son Gadi . Danny handed over the company directorship to his son Yaron . Angel Bakeries employs 1 @,@ 800 workers , including Israelis , Palestinians , and new immigrants . Some of its workers are third @-@ generation employees . In its over 80 @-@ year history , the bakery has never had a strike . = = Retail brands = = Angel Bakeries ( Hebrew : מאפיית אנג 'ל Ma 'afiyat Angel ) – white , " dark white " and whole @-@ wheat sliced bread , whole @-@ wheat and multi @-@ grain breads , challahs , pita bread , light / sugar @-@ free breads , rolls , buns Lechem Eynan ( Hebrew : לחם עינן ) – pre @-@ germinated whole @-@ wheat bread French @-@ style bread ( Hebrew : לחם אנג 'ל בסגנון צרפתי ) – handmade bread using traditional French baking methods Lachmaniyot ( Hebrew : לחמניות ) – bestselling children 's buns with free plastic sandwich bags in each package Wheat crisps ( Hebrew : קליליות ) – 19 @-@ calorie crackers = = Honors and awards = = The intersection of Kanfei Nesharim and Farbstein Streets , on the northeastern corner of the bakery , was named Shlomo Angel Square by the Jerusalem municipality in honor of the company 's founder . Danny Angel ( 1920 – 2009 ) , who worked in the family business from the age of 7 until his death at age 89 was the public face of the company . He was the recipient of many awards , including the Jerusalem Prize , Jerusalem Worthy , and Notable Industrialist . He was president of the Manufacturers Association of Israel , the Rotary Club of Israel , and the Variety Club of Israel , which he helped found . He had many friends in the political echelon as well . In recognition of their longtime friendship , Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek always gave Danny Angel an honorary spot at the bottom of his electoral list . In 2008 , mayoral candidate Nir Barkat continued the tradition and placed Angel 's name at the bottom of his electoral list . Angel 's funeral was attended by Prime Minister Ehud Olmert , Likud party leader Benjamin Netanyahu , and other government officials . = = Angel 's Bakery , Brooklyn = = Joe Angel , a great @-@ great @-@ grandson of Salomon Angel who , like his cousins , helped out at the family bakery in Jerusalem , moved to the United States in 1969 and earned a degree in bakery management from Kansas State University . In 1981 he opened his own Angel 's Bakery in Brooklyn , New York , specializing in muffins , cookies and cakes . = Sonnet 102 = Sonnet 102 is one of the 154 sonnets written by English playwright and poet William Shakespeare . It is one of the Fair Youth sonnets , in which Shakespeare writes of an unnamed youth with whom the poet is enamored . Sonnet 102 is among a series of seemingly connected sonnets , from Sonnet 100 to Sonnet 103 , in which the poet speaks of a silence between his Muse and himself . The exact date of writing is unknown , and there is contention among scholars about when they were written . Paul Hammond among other scholars believes that sonnets 61 @-@ 103 were written primarily during the early 1590s , and then being edited or added to later , during the early 1600s ( decade ) . Regardless of date of writing , it was published later along with the rest of the sonnets of the 1609 Quarto . In the sonnet , the poet writes of why he has stopped showering his muse with flowery praise and adoration . In his analysis of Shakespeare 's Sonnets , David West suggests that the sequence of sonnets 100 @-@ 103 and the silence described are a response to the infidelity of the Fair Youth in the Rival Poet sequence of sonnets ( 78 @-@ 86 ) , which has caused a rift between the poet and his Muse . He writes of how immediately following the Rival Poet sonnets , the Poet begins to speak of his lover being false and having forsaken him . West claims that this ultimately culminates in sonnets 100 @-@ 103 , where the Poet expresses his regret over what has transpired . = = Paraphrase = = In this sonnet , the speaker is explaining that though he has been writing poetry in adoration of his muse less frequently , his feelings for him are as strong as they 've ever been . Gwynne Blakemore Evans believes that this is an attempt to apologize for a period of silence . The poet goes on to explain that his silence is simply him not wanting to cheapen his praise by making it common . Below is a paraphrase of the sonnet written in prose : My love is stronger than it 's ever been , even though my love may seem to have diminished . I do not love less , even though I don 't show it as much . Love becomes a commodity when it 's spoken of too highly and too frequently . I used to sing my praises very frequently when our love was new , like the nightingale which sings in the summer and stops at summers end . It 's not that the summer is less pleasant for the nightingale , it 's simply that the songs of other birds fill the air , and when things become common , they become less dear . It 's for this reason , I , like the nightingale , have stopped writing . I do not wish my poems to become boring . = = Structure = = Sonnet 102 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet . The English sonnet has three quatrains , followed by a final rhyming couplet . It follows the typical rhyme scheme of the form abab cdcd efef gg and is composed in iambic pentameter , a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak / strong syllabic positions . The 8th line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter : × / × / × / × / × / And stops her pipe in growth of riper days . ( 102 @.@ 8 ) The 1st and 3rd lines have a final extrametrical syllable or feminine ending : × / × / × / × / × / ( × ) My love is strengthened , though more weak in seeming ; ( 102 @.@ 1 ) / = ictus , a metrically strong syllabic position . × = nonictus . ( × ) = extrametrical syllable . = = Context = = Sonnet 102 is a part of the Fair Youth sequence , and it is also connected with the surrounding sonnets ( 100 , 101 , and 103 ) in detailing a silence that has arisen between the poet and his muse . David West contends that this sequence may be in response to the Rival Poet sequence . The Rival Poet sequence of sonnets mention a rival for either the affections of the Fair Youth , or that they are addressing other writers that may be a " worthier pen " ( Sonnet 79 ) . There is a rather long list of people that scholars believe are likely candidates for the title of the fair youth addressed in the Sonnets : William Herbert , Earl of Pembroke ; Philip Herbert , Earl of Montgomery ; and Henry Wriothesley , Third Earl of Southampton are the most common candidates . There has also been speculation of the identity of the Rival Poet . George Chapman and Christopher Marlowe , are typically considered to be the two most likely rivals , due to their publicity , profession , relations , and standing with Shakespeare during the presumed time of writing . = = Exegesis = = = = = Overview = = = While there is no consensus as to what specifically has caused the silence that has grown between the speaker and his muse , sonnet 102 seems to be an attempt to mend the relationship by claiming that he still loves as strongly as he ever has . Katherine Duncan @-@ Jones has given the following overview : " Still claiming to have fallen silent , the poet claims that he loves just as much , though he shows it less , for fear of wearisome repetition . " = = = Quatrain 1 = = = In the first quatrain the poet describes that he has become quiet about the love he has for his muse , but this doesn 't mean that his love is less . Rather , he claims that it is for the exact opposite reason . Carl Aitkins feels that the tone established here is like an tangential thought from Sonnet 100 and Sonnet 101 . Publishing sonnets about his love have become a kind of currency . This is a use of a common proverb of the time : " He praises who wishes to sell . " David West suggests that this may also be viewed as an attack at the Rival Poet , in an attempt to cheapen the The Rival Poet 's love . = = = Quatrain 2 = = = In the second quatrain , the poet elaborates upon his sentiments made in the first quatrain , comparing the present silence to the relationship when it was new . He uses seasonal imagery to set up his atmosphere , which he continues to use in line three , where we also encounter an allusion to the myth of Philomela , which can be a poetic name for the nightingale . In Ovid 's Metamorphoses , the myth of Philomela involves Tereus , the King of Thrace , who kidnaps his wife 's sister , Philomela , and then he rapes her and cuts out her tongue to silence her . There is contention among scholars as to whether Shakespeare actively utilizes the Philomela allusion , Stephen Booth contends that there is " no active reference to Philomela . " This is to say that Stephen Booth feels that Shakespeare is not invoking Philomela for any reason beyond the poetic name for the nightingale . In A Moving Rhetoricke , however , Christina Luckyj contends that the Shakespeare views the Fair Youth 's silence as a violation of the same magnitude as Tereus 's rape of Philomela , and the cause of the poet 's silence . Since his lover has betrayed him in favor of the Rival Poet , he chooses to silence himself . On line 8 , " His " is the word which appears in the original 1609 Quarto . Katherine Duncan @-@ Jones has edited this to become " her , " as many scholars think that " his " may be a misreading of the manuscript , which may have read " hir " . This change is frequently made by editors , as Philomel is referred to as feminine throughout the rest of the sonnet . However , there are scholars who defend the use of " his " . Stephen Booth simply contends that this is done to move away from the mythological allusion and focuses on the nightingale : It is the male nightingale that sings . While David West also offers a defense of the use of " his , " his reasoning differs greatly from Booth . West contends that Shakespeare used his for a variety of reasons , among his reasons being to avoid " the embarrassment of comparing [ his lover ] to a female . " Another reason defense put forth by West is a difference in language . In Elizabethan times , his was used as a neutral pronoun , often used where a modern writer would use " its " . = = = Quatrain 3 = = = The third quatrain continues the metaphor of the nightingale and seasonal imagery to further stress that the poet 's silence is not because their love is less pleasant . The nightingale is used as a metaphor to explain that just because he doesn 't flatter the Fair Youth , doesn 't mean that he loves less . As one scholar put it , " too much praise ceases to please " . The poet explains his silence further in line 11 , that the wild birds physically burden the tree branches as well as crowd the air with their songs . This may represent the myriad of love sonnets being published in attempt to flatter and please their muses . A similar interpretation of line 12 by Katherine Duncan @-@ Jones is given , in which she claims that the poet is addressing the many circulating love sonnets as somewhat redundant , describes them as " pleasures which have become familiar are no longer intensely enjoyable " . This is a usage of another common proverb ; " Too much familiarity breeds contempt . " = = = Couplet = = = The couplet summarizes the sonnet in two lines , " Therefore , like her , I sometime hold my tongue , because I would not dull you with my song " . This is a clear statement from the poet vocalizing for the final time that he will not dull , bore , or represent his muse in a tedious way by creating a sonnet as exhausted and cliched as his contemporaries . In his analysis of the couplet , Stephen Booth compares the couplet to a proverb : " My desire is not to dull you , if I cannot delight you . " Booth suggests that the poet does not wish to make his lover seem common with overabundant praise . Aitkins similarly suggests that the poet does not wish his praises to become annoying . Helen Vendler suggests that the poet uses proverbial language here to address the Fair Youth 's seeming obsession with receiving praise ; a personal plea would fall on deaf ears , so he makes his case rather impersonal . = Do Somethin ' = " Do Somethin ' " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative ( 2004 ) . It was written and produced by Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg ( known collectively as Bloodshy & Avant ) , with additional writing by Henrik Jonback and Angela Hunte . Originally , the song was never intended to be released as a single . Spears , however , wanted to shoot a music video for it , and had to convince her record company . It was then released on February 14 , 2005 by Jive Records as the second single from the album worldwide except North America . The dance @-@ pop song features usage of electric guitars , and its lyrics allude to having a good time and not caring about other people 's judgement . " Do Somethin ' " received generally favorable reviews from critics , and received comparisons to Gwen Stefani 's 2004 single " What You Waiting For ? " . Although the single was not released in the United States , it charted on many of Billboard 's component charts due to digital downloads , managing to reach number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was also successful worldwide , reaching top ten positions in countries such as Australia , Denmark , Sweden and the United Kingdom . By the end of 2005 , " Do Somethin ' " was one of the best @-@ selling singles in Australia and Belgium that year . An accompanying music video , co @-@ directed by Billie Woodruff and Spears , who is credited as her alter ego " Mona Lisa " , portrays the singer and four female friends dancing and performing in a nightclub . The usage of a Louis Vuitton dashboard in the video resulted in a lawsuit against Jive Records , which ended with Louis Vuitton winning € 80 @,@ 000 in damages . The video was also banned in all European TV channels . Spears performed " Do Somethin ' " during the The M + M 's Tour in 2007 , The Circus Starring Britney Spears in 2009 and Britney : Piece of Me in 2013 – 15 . = = Background = = On August 13 , 2004 , Spears announced through Jive Records the release of her first greatest hits compilation titled Greatest Hits : My Prerogative , due November 16 , 2004 . The title was chosen after the album 's lead single , Spears 's cover version of Bobby Brown 's 1988 single " My Prerogative " . The cover was produced by Swedish production team Bloodshy & Avant , who produced her single " Toxic " from her fourth studio album , In the Zone ( 2003 ) . A DVD of the same name was also released the same day , containing Spears 's music videos . The tracklist was officially revealed on September 13 , 2004 . Greatest Hits : My Prerogative included three new tracks : " My Prerogative " , " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " and " Do Somethin ' " , all of them produced by Bloodshy & Avant . The producers recorded and arranged the main instrumentation of " Do Somethin ' " at Murlyn Studios , in Stockholm , Sweden . Spears recorded her vocals at Battery Studios in New York City . Background vocals were provided by Spears , Angelo Hunte and BlackCell . The song was never planned to be released as a single . However , Spears wanted to shoot a music video for the song and had to fight with her record label to do it . She explained she was " a little disappointed " that she had to convince them " that making this video was the right thing to do at th [ e ] time " . " Do Somethin ' " was released as the second single from Greatest Hits : My Prerogative on February 14 , 2005 . = = Composition = = " Do Somethin ' " is a dance @-@ pop song with usage of electric guitars and a " bump beat " , as described by Spence D. of IGN . He also noted the song is " filled with faux string bursts and mock- ' 70s synth gurgle ( think Zapp / Gap Band era ) and plenty of treated guitar and bass " . According to the sheetmusic published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , it is set at a moderately fast tempo with 130 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of E minor , and Spears ' vocal range spans from the low note of E3 to the high note of C6 . Lyrically , " Do Somethin ' " refers to having fun while being watched by other people , which is perceived in lines such as " Somebody pass my guitar / So I can look like a star . " Tim Lee of musicOMH compared the song 's style to Gwen Stefani 's " What You Waiting For ? " ( 2004 ) . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = " Do Somethin ' " received positive reviews from contemporary critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said that along with " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " , they are " two very good previously unreleased tunes " . Annabel Leathes of BBC Online commented , " two robust , unreleased tracks [ that ] suggest , however , that she may still be churning out a few more No.1s before taking time out to sing lullabies to her brood " , while Christy Lemire of the Associated Press noted that both songs " provide Britney with further opportunities to proclaim her need to have fun and be herself , which have been running themes throughout her last two albums " . Ann Powers of Blender called " Do Somethin ' " " a decent bit of crunk where she raps in a cutesy @-@ poo drawl that suggests she could have nabbed the Dukes of Hazzard sexpot role from Jessica Simpson " . Spence D. of IGN considered the song " interesting for its many interpretations , no less " . = = = Chart performance = = = Although " Do Somethin ' " was never physically released in the United States , the song peaked at number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 due to digital downloads on April 26 , 2005 . The song also charted on Billboard 's Pop 100 and Hot Digital Songs at number 63 and 49 , respectively . As of August 2010 , " Do Somethin ' " has sold 363 @,@ 000 paid digital downloads in the United States . In Australia , the song debuted at number 8 on the week of March 7 , 2005 . It has since been certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) with sales of over 35 @,@ 000 copies . On the same week , it debuted in the UK Singles Chart at number 6 . " Do Somethin ' " was also successful in Europe , inside the Top 10 in Belgium ( Flanders ) , Hungary , Sweden , Denmark and Ireland , and inside the Top 20 in Belgium ( Wallonia ) , Czech Republic , Germany , Norway , Switzerland and the Netherlands . = = Music video = = = = = Development and release = = = The music video for " Do Somethin ' " was filmed in December 2004 in Los Angeles , California . It was co @-@ directed by Spears and Billie Woodruff , who previously worked with her in " Born to Make You Happy " . Spears described the shoot as " hectic " , adding it was filmed " in a record @-@ breaking five hours " . She also commented about co @-@ directing with Woodruff , saying that " he had no no ego whatsoever , and the whole process was just so much fun " . Spears is credited as " Mona Lisa " in the video , as she said " I kinda think she 's like my alter ego whenever I feel like being mean or possibly like bustin ' people around to get stuff right ... It 's kinda easier to be called ' Mona Lisa ' instead of Britney " . The video was also choreographed and styled entirely by Spears , with clothing from Juicy Couture . Spears ultimately added that working behind the camera inspired her to become a director in the future , explaining , " After doing about 20 videos , it gets kind of boring playing the same role . I feel like being behind the camera is sometimes more satisfying than being in front of it " . = = = Synopsis and reception = = = In the music video , Spears wears a pink midriff T @-@ shirt reading " Love Boat " and a pin capelet going to a club named Hole in the Wall with four blond bandmates . During the first verse , they fly in a pink Hummer and move their heads to the beat on the song , while Spears puts the truck on autopilot . The Hummer 's dashboard has a Louis Vuitton pattern . They finally arrive to the club and dance in the dancefloor while being stared at by other people . Near the end of the video , Spears and her bandmates start performing on a stage . The video also includes intercut scenes of Spears in a separate room , wearing black underwear and a white mini fur coat , that was compared to the black @-@ and @-@ white scenes in the music video for " My Prerogative " . Jennifer Vineyard of MTV described Spears 's attitude in the video as " [ going ] back and forth between trying to look sexy and then goofy " . Since the music video was not going to be serviced in the United States , it was set to premiere in MTV UK on January 21 , 2005 . However , it was leaked online on January 18 , 2005 . On November 18 , 2007 , it was reported by Forbes that LVMH 's Louis Vuitton won a lawsuit on 80 @,@ 000 EUR in damages for the close @-@ up shots of the truck 's dashboard , which featured the brand 's logo without authorization . The tribunal found the director of the video had clearly emphasized the logo . The tribunal ruled that responsibility for the unauthorized use lay with Sony BMG , its subsidiary Zomba Group of Companies as well as MTV Online , and not Spears herself . The music video was also banned in all European TV channels . The edited video was re @-@ released through VEVO on July 19 , 2015 . = = Live performances = = Spears performed " Do Somethin ' " during The M + M 's Tour in May 2007 . After a performance of " Breathe on Me " from In the Zone , in which Spears and her four female dancers picked a man from the audience and danced seductively around him , the stage went dark for a few seconds . Shortly after , Spears took the stage again wearing a hot pink bra , a white fur coat and a jean skirt to perform the song . The choreography was a mimicry of the music video . The song was also performed at her 2009 tour , The Circus Starring Britney Spears . It was the second song of the fourth and last act , titled " Electro Circ " . In some parts of the performance , Spears and her dancers carried giant guns that shot sparks . During the first shows of the first North American leg , she wore a gold metal bodysuit . However , on March 8 , 2009 , at the Tampa show , Spears suffered a wardrobe malfunction after her performance of " I 'm a Slave 4 U " , which caused the outfit being changed to a sparkly black bodysuit . The song is currently being performed in Spears ' Las Vegas residency Britney : Piece of Me . She is seen wearing a bodysuit and doing a routine with black chairs . = = Track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Beth Phoenix = Elizabeth " Beth " Kocianski ( born November 24 , 1980 ) is an American retired professional wrestler , better known by her ring name Beth Phoenix . She is best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , where she is a former WWE Divas Champion and a three @-@ time WWE Women 's Champion . Kocianski had a successful amateur wrestling career in high school , before being trained by the All Knighters . After her debut in May 2001 , she wrestled for numerous independent promotions , and was the inaugural GLORY Champion . She also appeared at the inaugural Shimmer Women Athletes shows . In 2004 , she began working for Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , and signed a developmental contract with WWE in October 2005 . She debuted on WWE 's Raw brand in May 2006 , but suffered a legitimate broken jaw the following month . As a result , she had numerous surgeries and returned to OVW for further training . While there , she won the OVW Women 's Championship twice , although her second reign is not officially recognized by OVW . She returned to the Raw brand in July 2007 , and was heavily pushed , dominating the other WWE Divas and gaining the nickname , " The Glamazon " . She won her first WWE Women 's Championship at the No Mercy pay @-@ per @-@ view in October , and held it for six months . She then developed an on @-@ screen relationship with Santino Marella , dubbed " Glamarella " , and won the Women 's Championship for a second time in August 2008 , although she lost it in January 2009 . In January 2010 , at the Royal Rumble she became the second woman in the history to enter the Royal Rumble match , and went on to win the Women 's Championship for the third time in April , holding it for a month . In October 2011 , Phoenix won the WWE Divas Championship for the first time and lost it in April 2012 . = = Early life = = Kocianski was born in Elmira , New York and raised by Polish parents . When she was eleven years old , she won a coloring contest with a prize of tickets to a television taping for the World Wrestling Federation . Kocianski credits this as when she fell in love with professional wrestling . She cites Owen Hart and Ted DiBiase as her favorite wrestlers . Kocianski attended Notre Dame High School in Elmira , where she played tennis and ran track . She was voted prom queen in her senior year . Kocianski is a graduate from Canisius College in Buffalo , New York with a bachelor 's degree in criminal justice and Public Relations . While wrestling in OVW , Kocianski also worked as a waitress at a local restaurant . = = Amateur wrestling career = = Kocianski began wrestling on the Notre Dame High School scholastic wrestling team . She was the first female varsity wrestler in the school 's history . She became the North @-@ East freestyle women 's champion in 1999 , and also won at the New York State Fair Tournament the same year . At the time , she was also a member of USA Wrestling , a freestyle wrestling association . Her life goal was , according to her , to become a professional wrestler , and she believed that having a solid amateur background would help her reach it . = = Professional wrestling career = = = = = Training and independent circuit ( 2001 – 2005 ) = = = After graduating from high school in 1998 , she enrolled in both a professional wrestling school and Canisius College in Buffalo , New York . Her first choice for wrestling school was Stu Hart 's Dungeon , but because of the location , she decided on a more local school . At the school , she was trained by the All Knighters ( Joey Knight and Robin Knightwing ) , who themselves had trained in the Hart Dungeon . She later stated that Nora Greenwald , who was known in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) as Molly Holly , had paid for her to attend wrestling school after Carolan had given her a demo tape of her work . Her professional wrestling debut match was against Alexis Laree . She then worked for various independent promotions , including Cleveland All Pro Wrestling and Apocalypse Wrestling , against both male and female wrestlers , using the name " Phoenix " . In 2002 , she was one of the first wrestlers in GLORY , an independent organization for women , and was the inaugural champion . She then joined Far North Wrestling ( FNW ) , and was the only female wrestler in the promotion . She defeated Joey Knight and Kevin Grace in 2003 to become the FNW Cruiserweight Champion . Later in 2003 she took part in World Xtreme Wrestling 's annual Women 's Elite 8 tournament where she made it to the final , before losing to April Hunter . She returned two years later and defeated Nikki Roxx , but was bested in the second round by eventual winner Alicia . The following month , Phoenix appeared at the inaugural taping for the Ring of Honor sister promotion Shimmer Women Athletes ; during Volume 1 she was pinned by Shimmer founder Allison Danger but scored an upset victory in a non @-@ title match against NWA Midwest Women 's Champion MsChif . = = = World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE = = = = = = = Ohio Valley Wrestling ( 2004 – 2007 ) = = = = Kocianski was invited to a tryout with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) in May 2004 , and then relocated to Louisville , Kentucky to work for their then @-@ developmental territory , Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) . She debuted on OVW television in July 2004 , having changed her ring name to " Beth Phoenix " , and became the on @-@ screen girlfriend and valet of Chris Masters . The storyline was short lived , and the following month Phoenix was repackaged as the manager of Aaron " The Idol " Stevens . She signed a developmental contract with WWE on October 20 , 2005 , the same month that she broke her hand . The duo was then joined by Shelly Martinez , who Phoenix soon feuded with in early 2006 . Phoenix then stopped appearing regularly on OVW after debuting on WWE 's Raw television show . After sustaining an injury , Phoenix returned to action in OVW on August 16 , 2006 , defeating Serena . Phoenix began regularly competing for the OVW Women 's Championship , unsuccessfully challenging the champion ODB in a battle royal and a four @-@ way match , which was won by Serena . At the October 4 OVW television tapings , however , Phoenix defeated Serena to win the championship . She lost the championship to Victoria Crawford in a gauntlet match on October 20 , and won it back the next day ; however , Crawford 's title reign is not officially recognised , and as a result , neither is Phoenix 's second reign . Phoenix officially dropped the championship in a gauntlet match at the November 1 television taping , after she was eliminated by Katie Lea , who eventually won the match . On the November 6 episode of OVW , Phoenix came out with her own championship , and claimed to still be the women 's champion . As a result , a ladder match was set up , where the winner would become the undisputed OVW Women 's Champion . Lea won the match and was presented with the title belt on the first show of 2007 . Throughout 2007 , Phoenix continued to wrestle in numerous women 's matches in OVW . Phoenix made her last appearance in OVW at their August 15 television tapings where she lost to Lea in a number one contenders match . = = = = Trish Stratus ' ally ( 2006 ) = = = = Phoenix debuted on WWE 's main roster on the May 8 , 2006 , episode of Raw as a fan favorite by attacking Mickie James while James was assaulting Trish Stratus . After this incident , James berated Phoenix for " ruining everything " and questioned why she showed up in the first place . A week later , Phoenix was formally introduced by Stratus and then attacked a distracted James on Stratus 's behalf . When James finally escaped , Phoenix claimed that James had " ruined her life " , and would not let her get away with it , before calling her a " psycho " . On the following episode of Raw , Phoenix attacked James after her match with Torrie Wilson . Then , on the May 29 episode of Raw , Phoenix and Wilson , with Stratus in their corner , teamed together to defeat Candice Michelle and Victoria , who had James in their corner . During the June 5 episode of Raw , Phoenix suffered a legitimately fractured mandible during a match with Victoria , but was able to continue the match , and emerged victorious despite the injury . She spent a year having surgeries and recovering , including getting a titanium plate and nine screws placed in her jaw , but she was only out of action for two months , as she returned to action in OVW instead of on the main roster . = = = = The Glamazon ( 2007 – 2008 ) = = = = On the July 9 , 2007 , episode of Raw , Phoenix returned as a villain , when Melina claimed to be injured . Phoenix replaced Melina in a tag team match as Jillian Hall 's partner , and the two lost to Candice Michelle and Mickie James . At the SummerSlam pay @-@ per @-@ view , Phoenix won the Interpromotional Divas battle royal to become the number one contender for Michelle 's WWE Women 's Championship . Phoenix was then pushed as a dominating Diva , dubbing herself a " Glamazon " and attacking Mickie James , Jillian Hall , and Michelle on the September 10 episode of Raw . At Unforgiven , however , she failed to capture the Women 's Championship from Michelle . Their storyline rivalry continued when Phoenix pinned Michelle during a non @-@ title mixed tag team match on Raw on September 24 . At No Mercy in October , Phoenix defeated Michelle to win her first WWE Women 's Championship . She retained the title on the October 22 episode of Raw in a two out of three falls match , in which Candice Michelle was injured by Phoenix shaking the rope , causing her to fall off the top turnbuckle and legitimately break her clavicle . During a 10 @-@ Diva tag team match at Survivor Series , Phoenix 's team lost after Melina was pinned by Mickie James . On the November 26 episode of Raw , James defeated Melina in a number one contenders match for Phoenix 's Women 's Championship , setting up a title match between the two at Armageddon , a match in which Phoenix successfully defended her Women 's title . On New Year 's Eve 2007 , Phoenix successfully defended her title in a Triple Threat match against Melina and James , after pinning Melina . Phoenix , along with then @-@ ally Melina , took part in the Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjack match at WrestleMania XXIV , where she defeated the team of Ashley and Maria . On April 14 , 2008 Phoenix faced Mickie James with her Women 's Championship on the line and lost , ending her reign as champion . Phoenix received a rematch on the May 5 episode of Raw , but lost after Melina unintentionally hit her in the face with her boot . On the May 12 episode of Raw , Melina and Phoenix partnered to face Maria and James . Phoenix and Melina partnered up to face James and Maria . During the match , Melina unintentionally knocked Phoenix off of the ring apron , resulting in Phoenix abandoning Melina , which allowed James and Maria to pick up the win . Later that night , Melina and Phoenix brawled in a backstage segment , ending their alliance . At Judgment Day , Phoenix failed to regain the Women 's Championship in a Triple Threat match after James pinned Melina to retain the title . At One Night Stand , Phoenix defeated Melina in the first women 's " I Quit " match in WWE history . The next night on Raw , Phoenix teamed with Katie Lea Burchill to defeat Melina and James in a tag team match . She was pinned by James one week later in a non @-@ title match , and was once again attacked by Melina post @-@ match . = = = = Glamarella ( 2008 – 2009 ) = = = = After a month absence from television , Phoenix returned on the July 14 episode of Raw , where she defeated Santino Marella after he issued an open challenge to any WWE wrestler backstage . The storyline continued the following week after Marella lost to the returning D @-@ Lo Brown . Phoenix confronted Marella after the match , and they briefly grappled with each other before unexpectedly sharing a kiss , to which both expressed considerable confusion . The two then became an on @-@ screen power couple , and the pairing of Phoenix and Marella later became known by the portmanteau Glamarella . Within the team , she acted as the " straight @-@ woman " of sorts , berating Marella or reacting in disbelief to his over @-@ the @-@ top , embarrassing antics . At SummerSlam , they defeated Kofi Kingston and Mickie James in an intergender tag team match . Phoenix pinned James , winning the Women 's Championship , while Marella won Kingston 's Intercontinental Championship . She successfully defended the Women 's Championship against Candice Michelle at No Mercy . On December 8 , 2008 , Phoenix received the " Slammy Award " for Diva of the Year . Phoenix then began feuding with Melina , who had returned from injury in November . This storyline included the debut of Rosa Mendes , who was introduced as Phoenix 's " superfan " . At the Royal Rumble in January 2009 , Phoenix lost the Women 's Championship to Melina . At WrestleMania XXV , Phoenix competed in the 25 @-@ Diva battle royal , but was eliminated by Marella , who competed in drag , claiming to be his twin sister " Santina " . After WrestleMania , Glamarella separated , as Phoenix was unhappy with Santino pretending to be " Santina " . Phoenix had a brief scripted rivalry with both " Santina " and Marella , and challenged " Santina " for the " Miss WrestleMania " title , but was unsuccessful . = = = = Feuding with LayCool ( 2009 – 2011 ) = = = = After a brief hiatus , Phoenix returned on the July 27 episode of Raw , teaming with Alicia Fox and Rosa Mendes in a losing effort to Mickie James , Gail Kim , and Kelly Kelly . Phoenix had her first opportunity for the WWE Divas Championship , being narrowly defeated by the defending champion , Mickie James , on the August 31 episode of Raw , after winning a number one contender 's battle royal that same night . On the October 12 episode of Raw , it was announced that Phoenix had been traded to the SmackDown brand . Phoenix made her in @-@ ring debut for the brand on the October 30 episode of SmackDown , defeating Jenny Brooks , an " enhancement talent " . In January 2010 , at the Royal Rumble , she entered the Royal Rumble match and eliminated The Great Khali , before she was eliminated by CM Punk . With her entry , she became the second woman in history to enter the Royal Rumble match , with the first being Chyna . After being told by Vickie Guerrero , the SmackDown consultant , that she would not be receiving a Women 's Championship opportunity , Phoenix turned face after she saved Tiffany from an attack by Guerrero and LayCool ( Michelle McCool and Layla ) on the March 12 episode of SmackDown . She then went on to defeat McCool and Layla in a tag team match involving Tiffany . The feud with McCool continued at WrestleMania XXVI , where they were on opposing teams in a 10 @-@ Diva tag team match , which Phoenix 's team lost , although they won a rematch the following night on Raw . Phoenix received a match for the Women 's Championship against McCool at Extreme Rules in April , where she defeated McCool in an " Extreme Makeover " match to win her third Women 's Championship . On the May 6 episode of Superstars , Phoenix tore her ACL in a match against Rosa Mendes , and as a result , one week later on SmackDown , McCool invoked her rematch clause to face Phoenix in a two @-@ on @-@ one handicap match along with Layla , where Layla pinned Phoenix to become the new Women 's Champion . Phoenix returned from her injury at November 's Survivor Series pay @-@ per @-@ view , and attacked the former co @-@ Champions Michelle McCool and Layla , after they lost the WWE Divas Championship to Natalya . Phoenix and Natalya then formed an alliance , and at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs in December , Phoenix and Natalya defeated LayCool in the first Divas Tag Team Tables match in WWE history . = = = = Divas Champion / Divas Of Doom ( 2011 – 2012 ) = = = = As part of the 2011 Supplemental Draft on April 26 , 2011 , Phoenix returned to the Raw brand . On the August 1 episode of Raw , Phoenix won a battle royal to become the number one contender to the WWE Divas Championship , and afterward attacked champion Kelly Kelly to provoke a feud . Phoenix later declared that she was tired of the " perky bimbos " that comprised the rest of the Divas division , and was on a mission to make a mockery of the other Divas , and was joined by Natalya to form The Divas of Doom . Phoenix went on to unsuccessfully challenged Kelly for the championship at SummerSlam . Throughout September , The Divas of Doom feuded with Kelly and Eve Torres on Raw and The Chickbusters ( AJ and Kaitlyn ) on SmackDown . Phoenix challenged Kelly for the Divas Championship again at Night of Champions , but was unsuccessful . At Hell in a Cell in October , Phoenix defeated Kelly to win the Divas Championship for the first time , with help from Natalya . In a rematch on the October 14 episode of SmackDown , Phoenix successfully retained the championship . At Vengeance , Phoenix successfully defended the championship against Eve Torres , with both Natalya and Kelly banned from ringside . Phoenix successfully retained her championship against Torres again at Survivor Series on November 20 in a Lumberjill match , and against Kelly at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs on December 18 . Further successful defenses followed against Torres on the January 30 , 2012 , episode of Raw and Tamina Snuka at Elimination Chamber on February 19 . After this , Phoenix competed only sporadically for a few months , including a tag team match at WrestleMania XXVIII , where she and Eve Torres were defeated by Kelly Kelly and Maria Menounos . On the April 6 episode of SmackDown , Phoenix lost to Nikki Bella in a non @-@ title match , following Kelly 's interference . On the April 23 episode of Raw , Phoenix lost her Divas Championship to Nikki Bella in a Lumberjill match , after suffering a storyline ankle injury . At Extreme Rules , Phoenix was scheduled to face Nikki in a rematch for the Divas Championship , however she was not medically cleared to compete and was replaced by the returning Layla , who ended up winning the title . Phoenix made two unsuccessful attempts at regaining the Divas Championship from Layla at Over the Limit in May and at No Way Out in June , respectively . In September , Kaitlyn was attacked by an unknown assailant prior to her championship match at Night of Champions . Upon her return , she announced her assailant had blonde hair , and Assistant SmackDown General Manager Eve Torres accused Phoenix before attacking her . On the September 28 episode of SmackDown , Phoenix was suspended by Torres , but the suspension was later reversed by SmackDown General manager Booker T. On the October 1 episode of Raw , Phoenix lost to Torres . Phoenix reverted to her villainous persona on the October 18 episode of Superstars , when she berated Kaitlyn for thinking that Phoenix attacked her and demanded respect from Kaitlyn , before losing to her in a singles match . On the October 29 episode of Raw , Phoenix was defeated by AJ Lee in a singles match , but the match was restarted by Raw Managing Supervisor Vickie Guerrero , allowing Phoenix to win . After the match , in storyline , Guerrero fired Phoenix for her poor performance . In reality , Phoenix had given her notice to WWE in September and left the company for family reasons . = = Other media = = Phoenix , along with Candice Michelle and Layla El , appeared in the February 2009 issue of FLEX Magazine . = = Personal life = = Kocianski is a Christian . Kocianski was married to Joey Carolan , known by the ring name Joey Knight , but they have since divorced . In early February 2014 , Adam Copeland , who was known in WWE as Edge , announced the birth of their daughter , named Lyric Rose Copeland , born six weeks earlier on December 12 , 2013 . On June 4 , 2016 , it was announced that Kocianski and Copeland had welcomed their second child , a girl named Ruby Ever Copeland , born on May 31 , 2016 . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves Beth Valley Driver ( Death Valley driver , sometimes from the second rope ) Chokebomb Delayed fisherman suplex Down in Flames ( Michinoku driver II ) Glam Slam ( Elevated double chickenwing trasitioned to a wheelbarrow facebuster ) Signature moves Atomic drop , sometimes followed by a running double axe handle Bearhug Bodyscissors Canadian backbreaker rack Cloverleaf Dragon sleeper Military press transitioned into either a drop or a slam Modified full nelson Pendulum backbreaker Reverse chinlock Running hip attack to an opponent seated at the corner Running turnbuckle thrust Slingshot suplex Sidewalk slam Turnbuckle powerbomb Wrestlers managed Aaron Stevens Brent Albright Chris Masters Santino Marella Nicknames " The Fabulous Firebird " " The Glamazon " " The Total Package of Women 's Wrestling " " The Über Diva " Entrance themes " Count On It " by Jim Johnston ( June 5 , 2006 – September 24 , 2007 ) " Glamazon " by Jim Johnston ( October 7 , 2007 – October 29 , 2012 ) = = Championships and accomplishments = = = = = Amateur wrestling = = = North @-@ East Wrestling Women 's Champion ( 1999 ) New York State Fair Women 's Champion ( 1999 ) = = = Professional wrestling = = = Far North Wrestling FNW Cruiserweight Championship ( 1 time ) George Tragos / Lou Thesz International Wrestling Institute Frank Gotch Award ( 2015 ) GLORY Wrestling GLORY Championship ( 1 time ) Ohio Valley Wrestling OVW Women 's Championship ( 2 times ) Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked her 2 of the top 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008 and 2012 World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE WWE Divas Championship ( 1 time ) WWE Women 's Championship ( 3 times ) Slammy Award ( 1 time ) Diva of the Year ( 2008 ) = 2008 Belgian Grand Prix = The 2008 Belgian Grand Prix ( formally the LXIV ING Belgian Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 7 September 2008 at the Circuit de Spa @-@ Francorchamps near the town of Spa , Belgium . It was the 13th race of the 2008 Formula One season . The 44 @-@ lap race was won by Felipe Massa for the Ferrari team , after the initial winner , McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton , was penalised for cutting a chicane and gaining an advantage over Ferrari 's Kimi Räikkönen . Hamilton started from pole position alongside title rival Massa . Hamilton 's McLaren teammate Heikki Kovalainen started from third next to the 2007 winner Kimi Räikkönen . Following a spin by Hamilton on the second lap , Räikkönen led most of the race , until rain fell on lap 41 and Hamilton performed the penalised pass . Räikkönen crashed on the following lap as the rain became heavier . Massa finished second on the road after Hamilton , followed by Nick Heidfeld of BMW Sauber . Hamilton received a 25 @-@ second penalty , which demoted him to third place and advanced Massa and Heidfeld to first and second positions . McLaren appealed the decision at the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) International Court of Appeal . Their case , however , was declared inadmissible , with the Court ruling that 25 second penalties cannot be challenged . The penalty prompted global press discussion , primarily from the United Kingdom and Italy , with several former drivers questioning the decision . Massa 's retroactive victory , with Hamilton demoted to third , narrowed the gap in the Championship from six points to just two . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Heading into the 13th race of the season , McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton was leading the Drivers ' Championship with 70 points ; Ferrari driver Felipe Massa was in second place with 64 points . With 57 points , Ferrari 's Kimi Räikkönen was third , followed by Robert Kubica with 55 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari led 121 points to McLaren 's 113 . Following the 2008 European Grand Prix on 24 August , mid @-@ season testing took place at Italy 's Autodromo Nazionale Monza . Ferrari concentrated on their aerodynamic set @-@ up during tests on Monza 's long straights . Massa set the quickest times on the first day , ahead of McLaren driver Heikki Kovalainen . BMW Sauber 's Nick Heidfeld was quickest on the second day . Massa spun off into the gravel at the Ascari chicane , bringing a brief halt to testing . Hamilton was fastest on the third day . Kubica lost control of his car and drove off the track , limiting BMW 's testing time as minor repairs were performed on the underside of his car . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race – two on Friday , and one on Saturday . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted 90 minutes ; the third session , on Saturday morning , lasted for an hour . The first session was held on a dry track under cloudy skies ; Massa was fastest with a time of 1 : 47 @.@ 284 , just quicker than his Ferrari teammate Räikkönen . The McLarens of Hamilton and Kovalainen , Alonso , Webber , Bourdais and Vettel completed the top eight . Light rain during the second session grew momentarily heavier half @-@ way through , forcing the teams to switch to their wet set @-@ ups . Hamilton led for most of the running , before Alonso , Massa and Kovalainen set faster times late in the session on a drying track . Räikkönen , Piquet , Coulthard , Bourdais and Webber all had off @-@ track excursions with little damage done ; a Fisichella spin at Stavelot forced the session to be halted for ten minutes while the debris was removed and water was cleared from the track . Conditions had not improved by the following morning for the start of the final period of practice , but a drying track late in the session allowed Heidfeld to record the best time , a 1 : 47 @.@ 876 , ahead of Kovalainen , Alonso , Hamilton , Massa , Vettel and Räikkönen . Saturday afternoon 's qualifying session was divided into three parts . In the first 20 @-@ minute period , cars finishing 16th or lower were eliminated . The second qualifying period lasted for 15 minutes , at the end of which the fastest ten cars went into the final period , to determine their grid positions for the race . Cars failing to make the final period were allowed to be refuelled before the race but those competing in it were not , and so carried more fuel than they had done in the earlier qualifying sessions . Hamilton clinched his fifth pole position of the season with a time of 1 : 47 @.@ 338 , ahead of Felipe Massa , who qualified second 0 @.@ 34 seconds behind his McLaren rival . A mistake @-@ free run allowed Kovalainen to take third place on the grid , alongside Räikkönen in fourth . Heidfeld took fifth , ahead of Alonso , Webber and Kubica . Bourdais – after setting the quickest time in the first session – took ninth , one place ahead of his Toro Rosso teammate Vettel . Toyota driver Jarno Trulli qualified 11th after he experienced problems generating heat into his tyres ; his teammate Timo Glock experienced similar problems and lined up from 13th behind Piquet . Coulthard and Rosberg took the next two grid spots , ahead of the Honda pair of Rubens Barrichello and Jenson Button , who both believed they had maximised the performance of their cars . Force India driver Adrian Sutil , Williams driver Kazuki Nakajima and Fisichella took the final three positions . = = = Race = = = Nelson Piquet was the only driver not to start with the softer compound dry @-@ weather tyres on a track which was still drying from morning rain , with the Brazilian opting for the harder tyre available . There was a strong chance of showers predicted during the race . Several cars were slow away on the slippery track , most notably Kovalainen . The main beneficiaries off the line were Piquet and Trulli , who each gained five places . Trulli was hit from behind at the first corner by Bourdais , who also had a quick start . The Toyota suffered diffuser and gearbox damage from the incident , spinning later in the lap . Kovalainen and Heidfeld also collided at the start . This allowed Alonso to gain several places . Sebastian Vettel locked his brakes and ran wide , losing two places . Fisichella collided with Nakajima on the first lap and had to pit to fix a broken front wing and punctures . Hamilton led from Räikkönen who managed to pass his Ferrari teammate Felipe Massa on the Kemmel straight . On the second lap , Hamilton spun at La Source and lost his lead to Räikkönen on the next straight . Glock lost several places over the first few laps due to a lack of grip from his tyres . On lap ten , Heikki Kovalainen attempted to pass Webber at the Bus Stop chicane , but	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
its low population and numerous guns . When Rick refuses safe haven at the farm to Dave and Tony , Tony asks where else he would suggest they go . Rick 's reply , " I hear Nebraska 's nice " , triggers Tony and Dave to draw their guns on Rick , who shoots them first . Nebraska was also notable as " Ground Zero " ( i.e. , the target of ) Russian nuclear bombs in the 1950s and 60s , in the event of a nuclear war . Therefore , the Federal Civil Defense Administration ( FCDA ) devised plans that would give civilians a chance to survive a nuclear war , and cartons of " Nebraskits " ( compressed biscuits made from grain ) and dairy @-@ based milk bars , collectively designed to satisfy survivors ' nutritional requirements during a stay in a fallout shelter , were stored in fallout shelters throughout the United States . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Nebraska " was originally broadcast on February 12 , 2012 in the United States on AMC . Upon airing , the episode garnered 8 @.@ 10 million viewers and a 4 @.@ 2 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , making it the most @-@ viewed episode of the series thus far . Following two encore presentations , total viewership accumulated to 10 @.@ 1 million . The episode attained 5 @.@ 4 million viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic , while subsequently obtaining 4 @.@ 4 million viewers in the 25 – 54 demographic ; this makes " Nebraska " the highest @-@ rated basic cable telecast in history demographically up until the airing of the second season finale , " Beside the Dying Fire " . The accolade was previously held by the second season premiere , " What Lies Ahead " , which received 4 @.@ 8 million spectators amongst adults in the 18 – 49 demographic and 4 @.@ 2 million viewers in the 25 – 54 demographic . " Nebraska " became the highest @-@ rated basic cable program of the day , as well as the most @-@ watched basic cable telecast of the week dated February 12 . Ratings and total viewership increased significantly from the previous installment , " Pretty Much Dead Already " , which garnered 6 @.@ 62 million viewers and a 3 @.@ 5 ratings amongst key adults between 18 and 49 . " Nebraska " debuted in 122 countries worldwide in 35 languages . In the United Kingdom , the episode garnered 737 @,@ 200 viewers thus making it the most @-@ viewed television program of the week on FX . " Nebraska " attracted a 3 @.@ 05 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , translating to 558 @,@ 400 viewers . It subsequently becoming the highest @-@ rated telecast on pay television . Similarly , " Nebraska " achieved the highest demographic ratings out of any pay television program in Spain and Italy , where it attained a 3 @.@ 93 rating ( 193 @,@ 080 viewers ) and a 3 @.@ 26 rating ( 215 @,@ 264 ) in the 18 – 49 demographic , respectively . In Spain , the episode received 330 @,@ 000 viewers and aired simultaneously with an episode of Castle , ultimately outperforming it by 78 % . In Italy , it obtained 328 @,@ 180 spectators , denoting a 19 % increase from " What Lies Ahead " . " Nebraska " performed well demographically in several Latin American countries . In Chile , the episode garnered a 0 @.@ 78 in the 18 – 49 demographic , thereby becoming the highest @-@ rated telecast on pay television there . It outperformed its timeslot in that respective demographic by 136 % . Similarly , " Nebraska " outperformed the timeslot average by 24 % in Argentina , ultimately attaining a 0 @.@ 88 rating amongst adults in the 18 – 49 group . In Mexico and Colombia , the episode obtained a 2 @.@ 19 rating and a 1 @.@ 07 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , respectively . = = = Critical response = = = " Nebraska " was widely lauded by television commentators . Alex Strachan of the Ottawa Citizen felt that the episode was very poignant , adding that various scenes were " beautifully acted " . In his A – review , Verne Gay of Newsday opined that " Nebraska " accurately established the progression of a dark atmosphere for the second half of the season . Rawlings asserted that the episode gives the audience " plenty to chew on " , and that it nicely sets up a foundation for future storylines . The A.V. Club 's Zack Halden evoked similar sentiments ; " ' Nebraska ' doesn ’ t entirely rectify this concern , but it ’ s a solid hour of television , and a promising indication of where the series is headed . " Writing for IGN , Eric Goldman commended the installment 's sense of direction ; " I liked how this episode thrust us right back into it , and the understandable misery everyone was going through . [ ... ] It was a mixture of chaos , sadness and zombie killing — a mixture this show can do very well . " Concluding his review , Goldman issued " Nebraska " an eight out of ten , signifying a " great " rating . The Atlantic 's Scott Meslow iterated : " ' Nebraska ' largely spends its first two acts reiterating things that happened earlier in the season , which in this case can somewhat be forgiven [ ... ] . But just when it looks as though the series will devote another episode to wheel @-@ spinning , " Nebraska " surprises with a final act that serves as a reminder of why it 's too soon to give up on The Walking Dead . " Morgan Jeffrey of Digital Spy noted that it successfully addressed the concerns of fans about the episodic pace , while also raising expectations for succeeding installments . Not all reviewers were enthusiastic about the episode as the general consensus . Boston Herald journalist Mark Perigard affirmed that " Nebraska " was inferior to its predecessor , ultimately giving it a C + grade . Starlee Kine of New York wrote that it was " just one huge whirlpool of pointless drama , pulling everything in its path under with it " , while Entertainment Weekly writer Darren Franich thought that it was a setback from the previous episode . Commentators criticized the character development of Lori Grimes . Goldman was angry upon viewing the crash sequence , avouching that it stunted any development intended for the scene . He stated , " The Walking Dead really needs to work on strengthening its female characters , and it doesn 't help when Lori has a major accident for such a stupid reason , getting distracted as she looked at a map while she drove . Yeah , yeah , there was a zombie in the road , but it could have been an animal [ ... ] just as easily , and it really undercut the intended drama of her situation when it just seems so stupid that it happened at all . " Halden thought that the foundation set up for furthering storyline progression was contrived , while Aaron Rutkoff of The Wall Street Journal said that the premise of the dilemma made no sense . Jeffery was much more optimistic about the scene , ultimately evaluating it as a " jaw @-@ dropping moment " . Critics adulated the character development of Rick Grimes , as well as the concluding scene of " Nebraska " . Kine appreciated the attempt to incorporate a suspenseful feeling in the series . She wrote : " Mazzara wants to infuse some horror movie suspense back into the show and his intentions are evident in this scene . Even though I personally didn ’ t find it that tense , I appreciated the effort . It means that the show is trying to expand and become about something bigger . " Los Angeles Times ' Gina McIntyre felt that Rick emulated Justified character Raylan Givens , and Halden commented that Rick was becoming " something of a badass " . Halden further praised the conclusion of the episode , calling it the series ' best scenes . " This is one of the best scenes I ’ ve seen on the show so far , and it does any number of things that The Walking Dead has struggled with in the past , " he opined . " The tension builds naturally [ ... ] , the dialogue has actual subtext , and there ’ s a clear sense of risk here that never pauses to telegraph itself . " Meslow affirmed that the scene was an achievement for the writers . " There are characters with new information [ ... ] , " Meslow commented . " There is dialogue with subtext [ ... ] . There is intriguing parallel plotting [ ... ] . And there 's the surprisingly swift , violent dénouement , when Rick guns down Dave and Tony before they can do the same to him . It 's a necessary action , given the circumstances , but it also rings in an honest @-@ to @-@ god character change for our hero , who , having dispatched zombie Sophia , seems to have developed a new recognition of the ruthlessness and self @-@ centeredness it may take to survive in this new world order . " HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall appreciated James ' performance , and opined that the scene was " as suspenseful as any the show has ever done featuring actual monsters " . Jeffrey complimented Bernthal 's performance , while Josh Wigler of MTV celebrated his scene with DeMunn . Wigler summated : " Jon Bernthal and Jeffrey DeMunn are very likely the finest actors on The Walking Dead , and their increasingly tense interactions have been a highlight in recent episodes . ' Nebraska ' was no exception , with Shane giving Dale an earful about ' Barnageddon ' and why he did what he had to do . " = Western Area Command ( RAAF ) = Western Area Command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during World War II . It was formed in January 1941 , and controlled RAAF units located in Western Australia . Headquartered at Perth , Western Area Command was primarily responsible for air defence , aerial reconnaissance and protection of the sea lanes within its boundaries . Its aircraft conducted anti @-@ submarine operations throughout the war , and attacked targets in the Dutch East Indies during the Borneo campaign in 1945 . Western Area Command continued to operate following the end of the war , before its responsibilities were subsumed in 1954 by the RAAF 's new functional command @-@ and @-@ control system ; the headquarters was disbanded two years later . = = History = = = = = World War II = = = Prior to World War II , the Royal Australian Air Force was small enough for all its elements to be directly controlled by RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne . After war broke out in September 1939 , the Air Force began to decentralise its command structure , commensurate with expected increases in manpower and units . Between March 1940 and May 1941 , the RAAF divided Australia and New Guinea into four geographically based command @-@ and @-@ control zones : Central Area , Southern Area , Western Area , and Northern Area . The roles of these area commands were air defence , protection of adjacent sea lanes , and aerial reconnaissance . Each was led by an Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) responsible for the administration and operations of all air bases and units within his boundary . Western Area Command , headquartered in Perth , was formed on 9 January 1941 to control all RAAF units in Western Australia . These included No. 14 ( General Reconnaissance ) Squadron , No. 25 ( General Purpose ) Squadron and No. 5 Initial Training School at RAAF Station Pearce ; No. 9 Elementary Flying Training School at Cunderdin ; and the soon @-@ to @-@ be @-@ raised No. 4 Service Flying Training School at Geraldton . RAAF Headquarters had maintained control of Western Australian units pending the area 's formation . Western Area 's inaugural AOC was Group Captain ( acting Air Commodore ) Hippolyte " Kanga " De La Rue . His senior air staff officer was Group Captain Alan Charlesworth . Headquarters staff numbered forty @-@ one , including fifteen officers . No. 14 Squadron , operating Lockheed Hudsons , and No. 25 Squadron , flying CAC Wirraways , were responsible for convoy escort and anti @-@ submarine patrol . Shortly after taking command , De La Rue lobbied RAAF Headquarters for a force of long @-@ range Catalina flying boats to augment No. 14 Squadron 's Hudsons , but none were made available . By mid @-@ 1941 , RAAF Headquarters had determined to form training units in the southern and eastern states into semi @-@ geographical , semi @-@ functional groups separate to the area commands . This led to the establishment in August of No. 1 ( Training ) Group in Melbourne , covering Victoria , Tasmania and South Australia , and No. 2 ( Training ) Group in Sydney , covering New South Wales and Queensland ; at the same time , Central Area was dissolved and its responsibilities divided between Southern and Northern Areas , and No. 2 ( Training ) Group . Western Area , uniquely among the area commands , retained responsibility for training , as well as operations and maintenance , within its boundaries . In November 1941 , all available aircraft from Nos. 14 and 25 Squadrons , as well as eight Avro Ansons from No. 4 Service Flying Training School , took part in the search for HMAS Sydney after it was sunk by the German raider Kormoran ; a Hudson and an Anson each located lifeboats bearing Kormoran 's crew . Following the outbreak of the Pacific War , Northern Area was split in January 1942 into North @-@ Western and North @-@ Eastern Areas , to counter separate Japanese threats to Northern Australia and New Guinea , respectively . In May , a new area command , Eastern Area , was raised to control units within New South Wales and southern Queensland . The same month , the Air Board proposed raising No. 3 ( Training ) Group and No. 8 ( Maintenance ) Group to control training and maintenance units in Western Australia but , though approved by the Federal government , this did not take place . As of 31 May 1942 , Western Area headquarters staff numbered 247 , including seventy @-@ two officers . No. 35 ( Transport ) Squadron , operating de Havilland Fox Moth and DH.84 Dragon aircraft , was raised under Western Area 's control at Pearce on 4 March 1942 . No. 77 Squadron , equipped with P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks , was formed at Pearce on 16 March ; it was at this time the only fighter squadron available to defend Perth and Fremantle , and De La Rue worked assiduously to prepare it for operations . No. 6 Fighter Sector Headquarters , Perth , became operational on 2 May . As of 20 April , operational authority over all RAAF combat infrastructure , including area commands , was invested in the newly established Allied Air Forces ( AAF ) Headquarters under South West Pacific Area Command ( SWPA ) . Some finetuning of Western Area 's boundaries occurred in August : as well as the Northern Territory , North @-@ Western Area was given responsibility for the portion of Western Australia north of a line drawn south @-@ east from Yampi Sound to the Northern Territory border . September 1942 saw the formation of RAAF Command , led by Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock , to oversee the majority of Australian flying units in the SWPA . Bostock exercised control of air operations through the area commands , although RAAF Headquarters continued to hold overarching administrative authority over all Australian units . In November , construction began on an airfield under Western Area 's control at Corunna Downs , near Port Hedland . Australia 's closest air base to Surabaya , it would serve as a staging post for Allied bombers bound for targets in the Dutch East Indies , allowing them to avoid Japanese fighter stations between Darwin and Java . De la Rue handed Western Area over to Air Commodore Raymond Brownell in December 1942 ; by the end of the month , headquarters staff numbered 488 , including ninety @-@ five officers . By April 1943 , Western Area controlled four combat units : No. 14 Squadron , flying Bristol Beaufort reconnaissance @-@ bombers out of Pearce ; No. 25 Squadron , tasked with dive @-@ bombing missions in Wirraways based at Pearce ; No. 76 Squadron , flying P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks out of Potshot ( Exmouth Gulf ) ; and No. 85 Squadron , operating CAC Boomerang fighters from Pearce . The area command was also able to call on US Navy Catalinas of Patrol Wing 10 , based at Crawley , for reconnaissance and anti @-@ submarine missions . The Beauforts and Catalinas flew several hundred maritime patrols during 1943 . In March 1944 , Western Area went on high alert in response to concerns that a Japanese naval force would raid Western Australia . Perth was reinforced with Nos. 452 and 457 Squadrons , and Exmouth Gulf with Nos. 18 , 31 , and 120 Squadrons , but no attack ensued and the units were directed to return to their home bases . The US Navy withdrew Patrol Wing 10 mid @-@ year , curtailing Western Area 's ability to conduct long @-@ range maritime reconnaissance ; No. 14 Squadron 's fifteen serviceable Beauforts had to fly patrols of up to twenty @-@ two hours in duration to search for German submarines reported in the area . As of 31 May 1944 , Western Area headquarters staff numbered 686 , including 118 officers . Having converted to Vultee Vengeance dive bombers in August 1943 , No. 25 Squadron moved from Pearce to Cunderdin in January 1945 and re @-@ equipped with B @-@ 24 Liberator heavy bombers . The Liberators were employed on anti @-@ submarine patrol off Cape Leeuwin later that month , owing to No. 14 Squadron 's Beauforts being fully committed to other tasks . Between April and July , No. 25 Squadron provided Western Area 's contribution to the Borneo campaign , supporting the Allied invasions of Tarakan , Labuan – Brunei and Balikpapan . Staging through Corunna Downs , the Liberators bombed Japanese airfields in the Dutch East Indies that were within range of Tarakan , up until the day of the landings on 1 May . They attacked Malang near Surabaya at night prior to the landings at Labuan , and conducted daylight raids against Java in the lead @-@ up to the Balikpapan operation that commenced on 1 July . No. 14 Squadron had ceased its regular anti @-@ submarine patrols on 23 May following the end of hostilities in Europe , but remained on standby in case any U @-@ boats were found to be still active . In July 1945 , Brownell was appointed to command the newly formed No. 11 Group on Morotai ; he handed Western Area over to his senior air staff officer , Group Captain Colin Hannah , who held temporary command for the remainder of the war . = = = Post @-@ war activity and disbandment = = = Following the end of the Pacific War in August 1945 , SWPA was dissolved and RAAF Headquarters again assumed full control of all its operational formations , including the area commands . Hannah handed over command of Western Area to Group Captain Douglas Wilson in October . The RAAF shrank dramatically with demobilisation ; wartime units were scheduled for dissolution in several stages , including reconnaissance @-@ bomber squadrons by the end of 1945 , and other bomber units by September 1946 . No. 14 Squadron was disbanded at Pearce in December 1945 . No. 25 Squadron 's Liberators repatriated former prisoners of war from the Dutch East Indies to Australia until January 1946 ; the unit was disbanded in July that year . Wilson was placed on the retired list in February 1946 , and Hannah again assumed temporary command of Western Area until posted to Britain that October . Group Captain Bill Garing took over as Officer Commanding Western Area the following month , by which time headquarters staff numbered 117 , including thirty @-@ one officers . In September 1946 , the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Vice Marshal George Jones , proposed reducing the five extant mainland area commands ( North @-@ Western , North @-@ Eastern , Eastern , Southern , and Western Areas ) to three : Northern Area , covering Queensland and the Northern Territory ; Eastern Area , covering New South Wales ; and Southern Area , covering Western Australia , South Australia , Victoria and Tasmania . The Australian Government rejected the plan and the wartime area command boundaries essentially remained in place . No. 25 Squadron re @-@ formed as a Citizen Air Force unit at Pearce in April 1948 , operating P @-@ 51 Mustangs and , later , de Havilland Vampire fighters . As well as training reservists , the squadron was responsible for Western Australia 's air defence . Garing handed over command in November 1948 ; by the end of the month , Western Area headquarters staff numbered fourteen , including seven officers . Group Captain ( later Air Commodore ) Bill Hely took command of Western Area in October 1951 . During Operation Hurricane , the British atomic test in the Montebello Islands in October 1952 , Hely coordinated air support including supply and observation flights by Dakotas of No. 86 ( Transport ) Wing . He completed his term as AOC Western Area in September 1953 , by which time headquarters staff numbered thirty @-@ one , including fifteen officers . Commencing the next month , the RAAF was reorganised from a geographically based command @-@ and @-@ control system into one based on function . In February 1954 , the newly constituted functional organisations — Home , Training , and Maintenance Commands — assumed control of all operations , training and maintenance from Western Area Command . Western Area remained in existence , but only as one of Home Command 's " remote control points " . The headquarters was finally disbanded on 30 November 1956 . = = Order of battle = = As at 30 April 1942 , Western Area 's order of battle comprised : RAAF Station Pearce No. 14 ( General Reconnaissance ) Squadron No. 25 ( General Purpose ) Squadron No. 35 ( Transport ) Squadron No. 77 ( Fighter ) Squadron No. 6 Fighter Sector Headquarters , Perth = Punakha Dzong = The Punakha Dzong , also known as Pungtang Dechen Photrang Dzong ( meaning very awesome dzong " the palace of great happiness or bliss " ) , is the administrative centre of Punakha District in Punakha , Bhutan . Constructed by Ngawang Namgyal , 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche , in 1637 – 38 , it is the second oldest and second largest dzong in Bhutan and one of its most majestic structures . The dzong houses the sacred relics of the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism , including the Rangjung Kasarpani and the sacred remains of Ngawang Namgyal and the tertön Pema Lingpa . Punakha Dzong was the administrative centre and the seat of the Government of Bhutan until 1955 , when the capital was moved to Thimphu . It is listed as a tentative site in Bhutan 's Tentative List for UNESCO inclusion . = = Geography = = The Dzong is located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu ( father ) and Mo Chhu ( mother ) rivers in the Punakha – Wangdue valley . The source of the Mo chu river is in the northern hills of Lighsi and Laya in Bhutan , and in Tibet . The Po Chu River is fed by glaciers in the Lunana region of the Punakha valley . After the confluence of these two rivers , the main river is known as Puna Tsang chu or Sankosh River and flows down through Wangdue Phodrang , crosses the Bhutan – India border at Kalikhola and eventually meets the Brahmaputra River . In view of the healthy climate in the region , Punakha is the winter capital of Bhutan . The head of the clergy of Bhutan with his entourage of monks spend the winter in this dzong . Jacaranda trees grow around the dzong , blooming with mauve flowers in the spring . = = History = = According to a local legend , the sage Padmasambhava prophesized that “ a person named Namgyal will arrive at a hill that looks like an elephant ” . Ngawang Namgyal , 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche , found the peak of the hill , which appeared in the shape of trunk of an elephant as prophesized , and built the dzong in 1637 @-@ 38 . Another legend tells how Zowe Palep , the architect , had a vision in a dream after the Zhabdrung ordered him to sleep under a small structure which contained a statue of the Buddha , known as Dzong Chug " small dzong " . In his dream , prompted by the psychic powers of the Zhabdrung , he had a clear vision of a palace for Guru Rinpoche . The vision was imprinted on the architect 's mind , enabling him to conceive the plan for the dzong without putting the vision on paper and to build it . On the basis of the dream vision of the architect , the building of the dzong was started in 1637 and completed in 1638 , at the place where the Dzong Chug had existed . During this period , Ngawang Namgyal became the first leader of a unified Bhutan , following his concerted efforts to unify the country into one unit . The dzong was consecrated in the name of Pungthang Dechen Phodrang . In 1639 , a commemorative chapel was erected to house the arms seized from the Tibetans who were defeated by the Bhutanese on this spot . The Zhabdrung also set up a monastic order with 600 monks ( brought from Cheri Gompa of upper Thimphu valley ) and he lived here till his death . The spire at the top of the utse ( the dzong ’ s central tower or the main tower ) was added in 1676 by Gyaltsen Tenzin Rabgye – the abbot of the dzong . Further additions were made during the period 1744 to 1763 , when Sherab Wangchuk was the ruler . A large thangka known as chenma ( great ) thoundral of the Zhabdrung was donated to the Dzong by the Desi ( ruler ) . This thangka is displayed during the tshechu held once a year here . The 7th Dalai Lama donated the brass roof for the dzong . The House of Wangchuck currently rules the country . This monarchy was established in 1907 . The same year , Punakha Dzong was the site of the coronation of Ugyen Wangchuck ( or Deb Nagpo ) as the first Druk Gyalpo . At that time , Punakha was the capital of Bhutan . Three years later , a treaty was signed at Punakha whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs . From 1744 to 1763 , the dzong was enlarged substantially during the rule of the 13th desi , when Sherab Wangchuk was the chief abbot of Bhutan . Several fires between 1750 and 1849 caused damages to the Dzong . In the 1897 earthquake , the dzong was severely damaged and also suffered numerous fires . In 1986 , the dzong was partially destroyed by fire = = = Royal wedding = = = The wedding of the Druk Gyalpo , Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck , and his fiancée , Jetsun Pema , was held at the Punakha Dzong on 13 October 2011 . = = Architecture = = The dzong is part of the Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism in Bhutan . It is the second oldest and most majestic dzong in Bhutan built at the orders of Ngawang Namgyal . It is a six @-@ storied structure with a central tower or utse at an average elevation of 1 @,@ 200 metres ( 3 @,@ 900 ft ) with a scenic , mountainous background . The materials used in building the Dzong consisted of compacted earth , stones and timber in doors and windows . The dzong was constructed as an “ embodiment of Buddhist values ” and was one of the 16 dzongs built by the Zhabdrung during his rule from 1594 to 1691 . The dzong measures 180 metres ( 590 ft ) in length with a width of 72 metres ( 236 ft ) and has three docheys ( courtyards ) . The defensive fortifications built in the dzong to protect it from enemy attacks consist of a steep wooden draw stairway and a heavy wooden door that is closed at night . After the dzong suffered damage due to a fire , a large prayer hall was added in 1986 . Administrative offices of the dzong , a very large , white @-@ washed stupa and a bodhi tree are located in the first courtyard . Also seen in the same courtyard , on the far left , are a mound of stones and a chapel dedicated to the queen of the nāgas . The residential quarters of monks are located in the second courtyard , with the utse intervening in between the first and the second courtyards . There are two historic halls in this courtyard ; one of Ugyen Wangchuk , who subsequently became the King and another hall where the King was decorated in 1905 with the Order of the Knight Commander of the Indian Empire by John Claude White . The third courtyard is at the southernmost end of the dzong where the remains of Pema Lingpa and Ngawang Namgyal are preserved . Machey Lakhang ( ' machey ' literally means " sacred embalmed body " ) in the third courtyard has the well preserved embalmed body of Zhabdrung . This Lakhang was rebuilt in 1995 . The casket containing the embalmed body is not opened at all . However , the place is visited by the King and the Je Khenpo mainly to seek blessings before assuming their offices . Flash floods resulting from glacial lake outburst flooding in the upper reaches of the valley , are a common occurrence in the Mo Chu and Pho Chu rivers , and in the past caused flooding and damage to the dzong , especially in 1957 , 1960 and 1994 . Fires and earthquakes have also further added to the problem . In 1996 , flash floods in the Pho Chu river damaged the large stupa and caused several deaths . After a major refurbishing work carried out in the " zorig chusum tradition " ( an ancient tradition of crafts in wood carving , masonry , metal work , painting , and several other skills ) , the Dzong now has several new Lhakhangs , over 200 new religious images , and several other treasures . A consecration ceremony known as the “ Rabney ceremony ” performed by His Holiness the Je Khenpo and the monks of the Dratshang ( central monk body ) was held from May 13 to 15 , 2004 , corresponding to the 12th to 14th day of the third Bhutanese month . The restoration works were largely funded by the Government of India and the Dzong stands fully restored to its past glory . After complete restoration of the Dzong to its old glory , notable images , statues and thangkas are displayed in the Dzong . These include murals depicting life story of Buddha done during the rule of the second druk desi . Large gilded statues of Buddha , Guru Rinpoche and Zhabdrung which belong to mid 18th century , and gilded panels on pillars are also here . A covered wooden cantilever bridge crossing the Mo Chu river was built together with the Dzong in the 17th century . This bridge was washed away by a flash flood in 1957 . In 2006 , work started on a new wooden cantilever bridge in the traditional style , with a free span of 55 metres ( 180 ft ) . It was completed in 2008 . In 2008 , after completion of the cantilever bridge , the new bridge was hailed as a celebration of “ 100 years of Wangchuck Monarchy in 2008 and to the coronation of His Majesty King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck in the Punakha Dzong ” . Thus , the Dzong has been the venue for coronation of all the kings of Bhutan . A memorial honouring the 23 people who died in the dzong in the glacial floods in 1994 has also been erected just outside the dzong . = = Festivals = = Demoche is the annual festival held at the Dzong , which is largely attended by people from all villages and far places of the district . The ranghung " self @-@ created " image of Avalokiteśvara enshrined in the utse of the dzong ( brought by the Zhabdrung from Tibet ) is displayed during the festival . During this five @-@ day festival , also known as Punakha festival , held in February / March , there are some very impressive displays . The important display is a re @-@ enactment of the Tibetan invasion of Bhutan in 1639 where the Tibetans were defeated . In this theatrical display , which was conceived by the Zhamdrung , a mock throwing of a relic to the Mo chu river is dramatized . The final day of the festival marks the display of an image of Zhabdrung followed by a group dance performance by 136 people , dressed as warriors , in the main courtyard . At the end of the performance , the dancers descend down the front entrance of the dzong in revelry – whistling and shouting . The Monks led by the Je Khenpo of the Dzong then parade to the Mo chu river bank with lot of fan fare . Je Khenpo then flings oranges into the river marking the Rangjung Kharsapani , which is considered an offering to the nāgas residing below the river bed . After this act , the traditional mask dances commemorating the construction of the Dzong are performed in the Dzong premises . Another ritual observed every year at this dzong is called the Lhenkey Dungchhur , and is a worship for departed souls . Current Festivals Pel Khorlo Dompai Wangchen ( Charkrasamva ) = Japanese battleship Mikasa = Mikasa ( 三笠 ) is a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the late 1890s , and was the only ship of her class . Named after Mount Mikasa in Nara , Japan , the ship served as the flagship of Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō throughout the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 1905 , including the Battle of Port Arthur on the second day of the war and the Battles of the Yellow Sea and Tsushima . Days after the end of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , Mikasa 's magazine accidentally exploded and sank the ship . She was salvaged and her repairs took over two years to complete . Afterwards , the ship served as a coast @-@ defence ship during World War I and supported Japanese forces during the Siberian Intervention in the Russian Civil War . After 1922 , Mikasa was decommissioned in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty and preserved as a museum ship at Yokosuka . She was badly neglected during the post @-@ World War II Occupation of Japan and required extensive refurbishing in the late 1950s . She is now fully restored as a museum ship and can be visited at Mikasa Park in Yokosuka . Mikasa is the last remaining example of a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship anywhere in the world . = = Background = = Combat experience in the First Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 1895 convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy of weaknesses in the Jeune Ecole naval philosophy , which emphasized torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive heavily armoured ships , and Japan embarked on a program to modernize and expand its fleet in preparation for further confrontations . In particular , Japan promulgated a ten @-@ year naval build @-@ up programme , with the construction of six battleships and six armoured cruisers at its core . These ships were paid for from the £ 30 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino @-@ Japanese War . As with the earlier Fuji and Shikishima @-@ class battleships , Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships , and turned again to the United Kingdom for the four remaining battleships of the programme . Mikasa , the last of these ships , was ordered from the Vickers shipyard in Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness in 1898 at the cost of £ 880 @,@ 000 ( 8 @.@ 8 million yen at that time ) . Although she closely resembled several of the other ships ordered in this program , she was the only ship in her class . = = Design and description = = The design of Mikasa was a modified version of the Formidable @-@ class battleships of the Royal Navy with two additional 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns . Mikasa had an overall length of 432 feet ( 131 @.@ 7 m ) , a beam of 76 feet ( 23 @.@ 2 m ) , and a normal draught of 27 feet 2 inches ( 8 @.@ 3 m ) . She displaced 15 @,@ 140 long tons ( 15 @,@ 380 t ) at normal load . The crew numbered about 830 officers and enlisted men . The ship was powered by two vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one propeller , using steam generated by 25 Belleville boilers . The engines were rated at 15 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 000 kW ) , using forced draught , and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) although Mikasa proved to be faster during her sea trials in December 1901 . The ship reached a top speed of 18 @.@ 45 knots ( 34 @.@ 17 km / h ; 21 @.@ 23 mph ) using 16 @,@ 341 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 185 kW ) . She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 2 @,@ 000 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 9 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 000 km ; 10 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Mikasa 's main battery consisted of the same four Elswick Ordnance Company 40 @-@ calibre twelve @-@ inch guns used in all of the preceding Japanese battleships . They were mounted in twin @-@ gun barbettes fore and aft of the superstructure that had armoured hoods to protect the guns and were usually called gun turrets . The hydraulically powered mountings could be loaded at all angles of traverse while the guns were loaded at a fixed angle of + 13 @.@ 5 ° . They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 400 ft / s ( 730 m / s ) . The ship 's secondary armament consisted of fourteen 45 @-@ calibre 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing guns mounted in casemates . Ten of these guns were positioned on the main deck and the other four guns were placed above them at the corners of the superstructure . They fired 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ) . Protection against torpedo boat attacks was provided by twenty QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns . The 12 @-@ pounders fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) , 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 359 ft / s ( 719 m / s ) . Lighter guns consisted of eight 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) three @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns and eight 47 @-@ millimetre 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns . The three @-@ pounder gun fired 3 @.@ 19 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 45 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 927 ft / s ( 587 m / s ) while the 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder fired 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 1 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 420 ft / s ( 430 m / s ) . The ship was also equipped with four submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , two on each broadside . The waterline armour belt of Mikasa consisted of Krupp cemented armour that had a maximum thickness of 9 inches ( 229 mm ) over the middle of the ship . It was only 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick at the ends of the ship and was surmounted by a six @-@ inch strake of armour that ran between the barbettes . The barbettes were 14 inches ( 356 mm ) thick , but reduced to six inches at the level of the lower deck . The armour of the barbette hoods had a thickness of 8 – 10 inches ( 203 – 254 mm ) . The casemates protecting the secondary armament were 2 – 6 inches ( 51 – 152 mm ) thick and the deck armour was 2 – 3 inches ( 51 – 76 mm ) in thickness . The forward conning tower was protected by 14 inches of armour , but the aft conning tower only had four inches of armour . Mikasa , like all the other Japanese battleships of the time , was fitted with four Barr & Stroud FA3 coincidence rangefinders that had an effective range of 7 @,@ 300 metres ( 8 @,@ 000 yd ) . In addition the ships were also fitted with 24 @-@ power magnification telescopic gunsights . = = Career = = Mikasa , named after Mount Mikasa , was laid down by Vickers at their Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness shipyard on 24 January 1899 . She was launched on 8 November 1900 and completed on 1 March 1902 . After a visit to Devonport , she left Plymouth on 13 March 1902 , bound for Yokohama , under the command of Captain Hayasaki . At the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , Mikasa , commanded by Captain Hikojirō Ijichi , was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet . She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 when Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur . Tōgō had expected his surprise night attack on the Russians by his destroyers to be much more successful than it actually was and expected to find them badly disorganized and weakened , but the Russians had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . The Japanese ships were spotted by the cruiser Boyarin which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences . Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the Russian ships with his secondary guns . Splitting his fire proved to be a bad idea as the Japanese 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and six @-@ inch guns inflicted very little significant damage on the Russian ships who concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect . Although a large number of ships on both sides were hit , Russian casualties numbered only 17 while the Japanese suffered 60 killed and wounded before Tōgō disengaged . Mikasa was hit by two ten @-@ inch shells during the engagement that wounded seven crewmen . The ship participated in the action of 13 April when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron , including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov 's flagship , the battleship Petropavlovsk . When Makarov spotted the five battleships of the 1st Division , he turned back for Port Arthur and Petropavlovsk struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night . The Russian battleship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded , Makarov one of the 677 killed . Emboldened by his success , Tōgō resumed long @-@ range bombardment missions , which prompted the Russians to lay more minefields which sank two Japanese battleships the following month . During the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August , Mikasa was at the head of the column of Japanese battleships and was one of the primary targets of the Russian ships . She was hit twenty times , two of which knocked out her aft 12 @-@ inch gun turret , and suffered 125 casualties among her crew . In turn , she concentrated most of her fire upon the battleships Poltava and Tsesarevich although both ships were only lightly damaged by the Japanese shells which generally failed to penetrate any armour and detonated on impact . = = = Battle of Tsushima = = = At the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905 , Mikasa again led the 1st Fleet into combat , this time against the Second and Third Pacific Squadrons detached from the Baltic Fleet . The ship opened fire at the battleship Knyaz Suvorov , the Russian flagship , at 14 : 10 , and was joined by the battleship Asahi and the armoured cruiser Azuma shortly afterwards . Within an hour the Japanese ships had started a serious fire aboard the Russian ship , badly wounded the fleet commander , Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky , knocked out her rear twelve @-@ inch gun turret , and jammed Knyaz Suvorov 's steering so that she fell out of formation . During this time , Mikasa was the focus of the Russian fire as the leading ship in the Japanese column and was hit by 6 twelve @-@ inch and 19 six @-@ inch shells . They did very little damage and Tōgō was able to cross the T of the Russian squadrons . Knyaz Suvorov 's steering was later repaired , but she blundered between the Japanese and Russian fleets several times later in the battle and Mikasa fired three torpedoes at her to no avail . Later in the battle , the ship appears to have fired mostly on the battleship Borodino although Fuji fired the shots that caused the Russian ship 's magazines to explode and sink her . At 18 : 04 , a twelve @-@ inch shell detonated prematurely in the barrel of the right gun of the forward turret , disabling the gun and knocking out the left gun until 18 : 40 . Another twelve @-@ inch shell had exploded in that same barrel almost two hours earlier , but had not damaged the gun . One six @-@ inch gun jammed after firing 19 rounds , but the only other damage to any of the ship 's guns was one six @-@ inch gun that was disabled by a Russian shell of the same size that entered through the gunport . She fired 124 twelve @-@ inch shells during the battle , more than any other ship except Asahi 's 142 . In total , Mikasa was hit more than 40 times during the battle , including 10 twelve @-@ inch and 22 six @-@ inch shells , but none of them seriously damaged her . While Mikasa 's casualties are not precisely known , the entire Japanese force combined only lost 110 men killed and 590 wounded to all causes during the battle . Six days after the Treaty of Portsmouth that ended the war was signed , Mikasa sank at her moorings after a fire and magazine explosion at Sasebo on the night of 11 / 12 September 1905 that killed 251 crewmen . She was refloated on 7 August 1906 , reconstructed and repaired at Sasebo Naval Arsenal . The navy took the opportunity to upgrade her existing armament with more powerful 45 @-@ calibre twelve @-@ inch and six @-@ inch guns during the two years it took to repair the ship . Mikasa was restored to active service on 24 August 1908 . During World War I , she served on coast @-@ defence duties , based at Maizuru , during 1914 – 15 and was then assigned to the Second and Fifth Squadrons , in that order , for the rest of the war . The ship supported the Japanese intervention in Siberia during the Russian Civil War during 1921 and was reclassified on 1 September 1921 as a first @-@ class coast @-@ defence ship . On 17 September , Mikasa ran aground near Askold Island off Vladivostok , but was not seriously damaged . = = = Preservation = = = The ship was decommissioned on 23 September 1923 following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and scheduled for destruction . However , at the request of the Japanese government , each of the signatory countries to the treaty agreed that Mikasa could be preserved as a memorial ship with her hull encased in concrete . On 12 November 1926 , Mikasa was opened for display in Yokosuka in the presence of the Crown Prince , Prince Hirohito and Tōgō . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the ship deteriorated under control of the occupation forces , but was restored after another campaign led by the Japan Times and Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz that allowed the ship to reopen in 1961 . On 5 August 2009 , Mikasa was repainted by sailors from USS Nimitz . Mikasa is remembered in Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness , the town of its construction , by Mikasa Street on Walney Island . = Akshardham ( Delhi ) = Akshardham or Swaminarayan Akshardham complex is a Hindu mandir , and a spiritual @-@ cultural campus in New Delhi , India . Also referred to as Delhi Akshardham or Swaminarayan Akshardham , the complex displays millennia of traditional Hindu and Indian culture , spirituality , and architecture . The temple , which attracts approximately 70 percent of all tourists who visit Delhi , was officially opened on 6 November 2005 by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . It sits near the banks of the Yamuna adjacent to the 2010 Commonwealth Games village in eastern New Delhi . The temple , at the centre of the complex , was built according to the Vastu shastra and Pancharatra shastra . The complex features an Abhisheka Mandap , Sahaj Anand water show , a thematic garden and three exhibitions namely Sahajanand Darshan ( Hall of Values ) , Neelkanth Darshan ( an IMAX film on the early life of Swaminarayan as the teenage yogi , Neelkanth ) , and Sanskruti Darshan ( cultural boat ride ) . According to Swaminarayan Hinduism , the word Akshardham means the abode of God and believed by followers as a temporal home of God on earth . = = Features = = = = = Akshardham Mandir = = = The main attraction of the Swaminarayan Akshardham complex is the Akshardham Mandir . It rises 141 @-@ foot ( 43 m ) high , spans 316 @-@ foot ( 96 m ) wide , and extends 356 @-@ foot ( 109 m ) long . It is intricately carved with flora , fauna , dancers , musicians , and deities . Designed in accordance with the standards of Maharishi Vastu Architecture , it features a blend of architectural styles across India . It is entirely constructed from Rajasthani pink sandstone and Italian Carrara marble . Based on traditional Hindu architectural guidelines ( Shilpa shastras ) on maximum temple life span , it makes no use of ferrous metal . Thus , it has no support from steel or concrete . The mandir also consists of 234 ornately carved pillars , nine domes , and 20 @,@ 000 murtis of sadhus , devotees , and acharyas . The mandir also features the Gajendra Pith at its base , a plinth paying tribute to the elephant for its importance in Hindu culture and India 's history . It contains 148 life sized elephants in total weighing a total of 3000 tons . Under the temple 's central dome lies the 11 @-@ foot ( 3.4m ) high murti of Swaminarayan seated in abhayamudra to whom the temple is dedicated . Swaminarayan is surrounded by images of the faith 's lineage of Gurus depicted either in a devotional posture or in a posture of service . Each murti is made of paanch dhaatu or five metals in accordance to Hindu tradition . The temple also houses the murtis of Sita Ram , Radha Krishna , Shiv Parvati , and Lakshmi Narayan . = = = Exhibits = = = = = = = Sahajanand Darshan [ Hall of Values ] = = = = The Hall of Values features lifelike robotics and dioramas which display incidents from Swaminarayan 's life , portraying his message about the importance of peace , harmony , humility , service to others and devotion to God . Set in 18th century India , the audience experiences eternal messages gleaned from ancient Hindu culture such as non ‐ violence , vegetarianism , perseverance , prayers , morality , and family harmony through 15 3 @-@ D dioramas which make use of state of the art robotics , fibre optics , light and sound effects , dialogues , and music . The hall also features the world 's smallest animatronic robot in the form of Ghanshyam Maharaj , the child form of Swaminarayan . = = = = Nilkanth Darshan [ Theatre ] = = = = The theatre houses Delhi 's first and only large format screen , measuring 85 @-@ foot ( 26 m ) by 65 @-@ foot ( 20 m ) . The theatre shows a 40 @-@ minute film specially commissioned for the complex , Neelkanth Yatra , to recount a seven @-@ year pilgrimage made by Swaminarayan made during his teenage years throughout India . Mystic India , an international version of the film produced by BAPS Charities , was released in 2005 at IMAX theatres and giant screen cinemas worldwide . A 27 @-@ foot ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) tall bronze murti of Neelkanth Varni is located outside the theatre . = = = = Sanskruti Vihar [ Boat Ride ] = = = = The Boat Ride is a 15 @-@ minute journey through 10 @,@ 000 years glorious heritage , using life size figures and robotics to depict life in Vedic India , from family life to bazaars and teaching . It also shows the contributions of Vedic Indians to various fields such as science , astronomy , arts , literature , yoga , mathematics , etc. by eminent persons like mathematician @-@ astronomers Aryabhata and Brahmagupta , grammarian Pāṇini , contributors to the ancient art and science of Ayurveda like Sushruta and Charaka , Classical Sanskrit writer Kālidāsa , philosopher , economist and royal advisor Chanakya , among others . It shows the world 's first university , Takshashila and the subjects taught there such as horse riding and warfare . It moves on to the Middle Ages to Sufi saints like Kabir and saints from the Bhakti movement such as Meera and Ramananda and then to recent times highlighting the contributions of modern Indian mathematicians such as Jagadish Chandra Bose , Srinivasa Ramanujan , C. V. Raman and Satyendra Nath Bose and philosophers like Swami Vivekananda . = = = = Musical fountain = = = = Musical fountain , also Known as the Yagnapurush Kund , is India 's largest step well . It features a very large series of steps down to a traditional ' yagna kund ' . During the day , these steps provide rest for the visitors to the complex and at night , a musical fountain show representing the circle of life is played to an audience which is seated on the same steps . The fountain is named after the founder of the Hindu organisation , Shastriji Maharaj . The fountain measures 300 feet ( 91 m ) by 300 feet ( 91 m ) with 2 @,@ 870 steps and 108 small shrines . In its centre lies an eight @-@ petaled lotus shaped yagna kund designed according to the Jayaakhya Samhita of the Panchratra shastra . = = = = Garden of India = = = = Also known as the Bharat Upavan , this garden has lush manicured lawns , trees , and shrubs . The garden is lined with bronze sculptures of contributors to India 's culture and history . These sculptures include children , women , national figures , freedom fighters , and warriors of India , including notable figures such as Mahatma Gandhi . = = = Additional features = = = = = = = Yogi Hraday Kamal = = = = A sunken garden , shaped like a lotus when viewed from above , features large stones engraved with quotes from world luminaries ranging from Shakespeare and Martin Luther King to Swami Vivekananda and Swaminarayan . = = = = Nilkanth Abhishek = = = = Devotees offer abhishek , a ritual of pouring water on to the murti of Nilkanth Varni , and express their reverence and prayers for spiritual upliftment and fulfilment of wishes . = = = = Narayan Sarovar = = = = The Narayan Sarovar is a lake that surrounds the main monument . The lake contains holy waters from 151 rivers and lakes that are believed to have been sanctified by Swaminarayan , including Mansarovar . Surrounding the Narayan Sarovar are 108 gaumukhs , symbolising Janmangal Namavali or the 108 names for god , from which holy water issues forth . = = = = Premvati Ahargruh = = = = The Premati Ahargruh or the Premvati Food Court is a vegetarian restaurant modelled on the Ajanta and Ellora caves in Maharashtra , India and an Ayurvedic bazaar . The restaurant caters a variety of traditional dishes . = = = = AARSH Centre = = = = The Akshardham Centre for Applied Research in Social Harmony or the AARSH Centre is a centre within the complex that applies research of social harmony and related topics . Scholars and students may conduct practical research through AARSH . Researchers have the ability to carry out their research projects and affiliate their papers with AARSH . Studies on education , medicare , tribal and rural welfare , ecology , and culture are conducted within the centre . = = Planning and development = = = = = Planning = = = The building had been planned since 1968 as a vision of Yogiji Maharaj . Yogiji Maharaj , the spiritual head of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha at the time , expressed his desire for wanting a grand temple built on the banks of the Yamuna river to two or three devotee families of Swaminarayan that resided in New Delhi at the time . Attempts were made to start the project , however little progress was made . In 1971 , Yogiji Maharaj died . In 1982 , Pramukh Swami Maharaj , Yogiji Maharaj 's successor as the spiritual head of BAPS , started to continue fulfilling the dream of his guru Yogiji Maharaj and prompted devotees to look into the possibility of building the temple in Delhi . A request for the plan was put forward to the Delhi Development Authority ( DDA ) , and several different places were suggested , including Ghaziabad , Gurgaon , and Faridabad . Pramukh Swami Maharaj stood firm in following the wishes of Yogiji Maharaj to build a temple on the Yamuna . In April 2000 , after 18 years , the Delhi Development Authority offered 60 acres ( 240 @,@ 000 m2 ) of land , and the Uttar Pradesh Government offered 30 acres ( 120 @,@ 000 m2 ) for the project . Upon receiving the land , Pramukh Swami Maharaj performed puja on the site for success in the project . Construction on the temple began on 8 November 2000 and Akshardham was officially opened on 6 November 2005 , with the building being completed in two days short of five years . = = = Environmental Clearance = = = An amendment to the Government of India 's Environment Impact Assessment Notification of 1994 was made in 2004 , which required that environmental clearance be granted to any parcel of land that falls under the Yamuna floodplain before beginning any construction activities . Since Akshardham commenced construction activities in 2000 , prior to the enactment of this amendment , it did not apply to Akshardham . However certain NGOs and activists felt that the temple was constructed without obtaining the necessary environmental clearances . On January 2005 , the U.P. Employees Federation presented their case before the Supreme Court of India that the temple had not obtained necessary environmental clearances and that it would be harmful to the environment . After hearing the case , the Supreme Court observed that in the construction of Akshardham , all the Land Use Plans had been adhered to and clearance of expert bodies like the Central Water Commission and the National Environment Engineering Research Institute has been obtained . Thus , the Supreme Court ruled that the Akshardham construction was lawful and did not violate environmental norms . Despite this ruling , some activists and politicians continued to assert that the Akshardham construction was illegal and posed a threat to the Yamuna River floodplains . In a 2009 ruling on a related issue , the Supreme Court further clarified that it rejected as false the assertions that Akshardham did not have environmental permissions and was harmful to the Yamuna riverbed . It reiterated its earlier 2005 Ruling that Akshardham had received all necessary environmental permissions from Central Water Commission and NEERI , which is an autonomous body , and that the Akshardham site was not located on the Yamuna “ riverbed ” or “ floodplain ” , but 1700 meters away from the Yamuna River bank . = = = Development = = = A team of eight sadhus were assigned to oversee the Akshardham project . The majority of the team had gained experience from work on the Akshardham in Gandhinagar , Gujarat , Delhi Akshardham 's sister complex . During development , Pramukh Swami Maharaj was consulted in many aspects of the monument 's construction . Around 1997 and 1998 , the idea to start development on the temple , by beginning the stone carving , had been requested . However , this idea was denied by Pramukh Swami Maharaj who believed that the construction should only start after the land was acquired . The initial work done on the site was on the foundation . Due to the soft river bank , the site wasn 't considered ideal for construction . As a result , a deep foundation was imperative . To construct a stable foundation , 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) of rocks and sand were entwined with wire mesh and topped by five feet of concrete . Five million fired bricks raised the foundation another 21 @.@ 5 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 6 m ) . These bricks were then topped by three more feet of concrete to form the main support under the monument . On 2 July 2001 , the first sculpted stone was laid . The team of eight sadhus consisted of scholars in the field of the Pancharatra Shastra , a Hindu scripture on architecture and deity carving . The sadhus watched over stone work as well as the research on carvings on Indian craftsmanship from between eighth and twelfth century . This research was done at various sites such as Angkor Wat , as well as Jodhpur , Jagannath Puri , Konark & temples of Bhubaneswar of Odisha and other temples in South India . Seven thousand carvers and three thousand volunteers were put to work for the construction Akshardham . With over 6 @,@ 000 tons of pink sandstone coming from Rajasthan , workshop sites were set up around places within the state . Amongst the carvers were local farmers and fifteen hundred tribal women who had suffered from a drought and received economic gain due to this work . The initial stone cutting was done by machine , while the detailed carvings were done by hand . Every night , over one hundred trucks were sent to Akshardham , where four thousand workers and volunteers operated on the construction site . = = = Opening Ceremony = = = Akshardham was consecrated on 6 November 2005 by Pramukh Swami Maharaj and ceremoniously dedicated to the nation by the President of India , Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam , the Prime Minister , Manmohan Singh , and the Leader of the Opposition in the Indian Parliament , Lal Krishna Advani , with the presence of 25 @,@ 000 guests . After touring the central monument , president Kalam then gave a speech on where Akshardham fits with society , and finished by saying , " Pramukh Swamiji Maharaj has inspired thousands of people across the country and abroad and brought together the best of the minds for creating a beautiful cultural complex . It has become a place of education , experience and enlightenment . It creatively blends the traditional stone art and architecture , Indian culture and civilisation , ancient values and wisdom and the best of modern media and technology . Multiple layers of this complex expresses the strength of the mind , willpower of the human being , indomitable spirit , flowering kindness , fusion of scientific and medical talent , myriad colors of varied cultures and ultimately the power of knowledge . In essence , it is a dynamic complex with lively images . ... Akshardham has happened at the dawn of 21st century with the commitment and dedication of one million volunteers . What has happened today at Akshardham inspires me and gives me the confidence that we can do it ? The realisation of developed India is certainly possible before 2020 with the millions of ignited minds like you . " Prime Minister Singh followed by hoping that this would usher in religious tolerance and praised the architecture of the complex . He made note of it becoming a future landmark of India while L. K. Advani called it " the most unique monument of the world . " Pramukh Swami Maharaj ended the night 's speeches and expressed the wish that , " In this Akshardham , may one and all find inspiration to mould their lives and may their lives become divine . Such is my prayer to God . " = = = Garbhagruh renovation and other events = = = On 13 July 2010 , a newly designed garbhagruh , or inner sanctum , was inaugurated by Pramukh Swami Maharaj in the main monument within the Akshardham complex . The new garbhagruh includes a decorated , canopied sihasan , upon which the murti of Swaminarayan rests and features intricate carvings and gold @-@ leafed designs . Akshardham served as a featured attraction during the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi . Through the duration of the Games , hundreds of athletes , teams , and enthusiasts from around the world visited the complex . On 14 November 2010 , the Swaminarayan Research Institute at Akshardham was inaugurated through an event organised by the women 's faction of the organisation , highlighting the value of seva , or socially beneficial volunteer efforts , in society through mandirs , churches , mosques , and other places of worship . = = Guinness world record = = On 17 December 2007 , Michael Whitty , an official world record adjudicator for Guinness World Record , travelled to Ahmedabad , India to present a new world record to Pramukh Swami Maharaj , the spiritual leader of BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha , for the Akshardham complex . The record was presented for Akshardham as the World 's Largest Comprehensive Hindu Temple ( certificate ) . The certificate states , " BAPS Swaminarayan Akshardham in New Delhi , India , is the world 's largest comprehensive Hindu temple . It measures 356 ft ( 109 m ) . long , 316 ft ( 96 m ) . wide and 141 ft ( 43 m ) . high , covering an area of 86 @,@ 342 sq ft ( 8 @,@ 021 @.@ 4 m2 ) . The grand , ancient @-@ style , ornately hand @-@ carved stone temple has been built without structural steel within five years by 11 @,@ 000 artisans and volunteers . Pramukh Swami , revered spiritual leader of BAPS , consecrated the temple on 6 November 2005 . Akshardham showcases the essence of India 's ageless art , borderless culture and timeless values . Upon presentation of the award , Michael Whitty stated , " It took us three months of research , poring over the extensive architectural plans of the Akshardham and also those of other temples of comparable size , visiting and inspecting the site , before we were convinced that Akshardham deserved the title ... " = = = Disputes = = = Three temples , the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai , the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam , and the Annamalaiyar Temple in Thiruvannamalai , all located in Tamil Nadu , India , are claimed to be larger than Akshardham . The trustees of these temples have reportedly disputed the Guinness World Record . The Meenakshi temple in Madurai has the length of 850 feet ( 260 m ) and width of 800 feet ( 240 m ) . The entire area of this temple is 17 acres ( 0 @.@ 069 km2 ) , while the Sri Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam covers 15 @.@ 6 acres ( 0 @.@ 063 km2 ) and the Arunachaleswarar Temple in Thiruvannamalai is 24 acres ( 0 @.@ 097 km2 ) . Authorities at the Meenakshi temple have argued that construction area of the actual temple is more important than the land area . Authorities at the Meenakshi temple have also argued that temples are places for worship and therefore additional features and exhibitions are not components of a temple . According to Kurien , use of modern and most sophisticated technology is characteristic of BAPS . In Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad , a former Leicester professor in the Religion Department , Douglas Brear , points out BAPS ' concern to transmit comprehensive Hindu tradition in the twentieth @-@ century . He observes that the teachings are indeed transmitted , but the transmission mode " has to be sensitive to the needs of the times " . = 2002 FA Cup Final = The 2002 FA Cup Final was a football match between Arsenal and Chelsea on 4 May 2002 at the Millennium Stadium , Cardiff . It was the final match of the 2001 – 02 FA Cup , the 120th season of the world 's oldest football knockout competition , the FA Cup . Arsenal were appearing in their fifteenth final to Chelsea 's seventh . As both teams were in the highest tier of English football , the Premier League , they entered the competition in the third round . Matches up to the semi @-@ final were contested on a one @-@ off basis , with a replay taking place if the match ended in a draw . Arsenal 's progress was relatively comfortable ; they knocked out the holders Liverpool in the fourth round , but needed a replay to beat Newcastle United . After overcoming replays in the first two rounds and a difficult tie against Preston North End , Chelsea recorded an impressive win against Tottenham Hotspur . Both teams won their semi @-@ final match by a single goal . Graeme Le Saux and Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink were passed fit for Chelsea , but John Terry was omitted from the starting lineup , having woken up ill on the morning of the final . For Arsenal , goalkeeper David Seaman came in place of Richard Wright , who deputised for him in the earlier rounds of the competition . Chelsea were led onto the field by Roberto Di Matteo , who had been forced to retire from football earlier in the season due to a serious injury . After an uneventful first half , Chelsea settled much the quicker of the two and created several chances to score . Arsenal withstood the pressure and took the lead in the 70th minute , when Ray Parlour scored from 25 yards . They made sure of victory after Fredrik Ljungberg scored from a similar distance . The final took place with one week remaining in the Premier League calendar . Arsenal beat Manchester United a few days later to regain the league title and complete their second league and cup double under manager Arsène Wenger . = = Route to the final = = The FA Cup is English football 's primary cup competition . Clubs in the Premier League enter the FA Cup in the third round and are drawn randomly out of a hat with the remaining clubs . If a match is drawn , a replay comes into force , ordinarily at the ground of the team who were away for the first game . As with league fixtures , FA Cup matches are subject to change in the event of games being selected for television coverage and this often can be influenced by clashes with other competitions . = = = Arsenal = = = Arsenal entered the competition in the third round and was drawn to play Watford of the First Division . They took the lead in the eighth minute , where good play by Nwankwo Kanu allowed Thierry Henry to round goalkeeper Alec Chamberlain and tap the ball into the empty goal . The lead was doubled two minutes later : Kanu again found Henry , who " unselfishly squared the ball to midfielder Fredrik Ljungberg for another tap @-@ in . " Gifton Noel @-@ Williams moments later halved the scoreline , heading the ball in from a Gary Fisken cross . After squandering numerous chances to increase their lead , Arsenal added a late third and fourth goal from Kanu and Dennis Bergkamp , before Marcus Gayle scored what was a mere consolation for Watford in stoppage time . Arsenal faced cup holders Liverpool at home in the following round . A solitary goal scored by Bergkamp in the 27th minute saw the home side progress in a match layered with controversy : Martin Keown , Bergkamp and Liverpool 's Jamie Carragher were all sent off in the space of ten minutes , the latter for hurling back a coin at the crowd . Against Gillingham in the fifth round , Arsenal twice had their lead cancelled out , before Tony Adams scored the winning goal of the match . Arsenal played Newcastle United in the sixth round on 9 March 2002 . It was the second meeting between both teams in a week , and in spite of Arsenal winning the first fixture and scoring the opener in the cup tie , Newcastle held them to a 1 – 1 draw . A replay was scheduled two weeks later at noon . Arsenal won by three goals to nil , but during the match lost Robert Pirès to injury ; he was ruled out for the remainder of the season with medial knee ligament damage . An own goal by Middlesbrough 's Gianluca Festa , from an Henry free @-@ kick , was enough for Arsenal to win the semi @-@ final . = = = Chelsea = = = Chelsea 's route to the final began in the third round , with a trip to Carrow Road to face Norwich City . An uneventful tie , with Carlo Cudicini making a series of saves to deny Norwich finished goalless and was replayed at Stamford Bridge . Goals from Mario Stanić and Frank Lampard put Chelsea in a commanding lead and Gianfranco Zola scored the team 's third with a unique piece of skill . From a corner , the Italian made a near @-@ post run and flicked the ball airborne . Chelsea finished the match 4 – 0 winners and were drawn to face West Ham United in the next round . Frédéric Kanouté 's late goal cancelled out Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink 's opener for Chelsea and the tie was replayed at Upton Park the following Wednesday night . West Ham went a goal up when Jermain Defoe scored for West Ham , but their lead was short @-@ lived as Hasselbaink directly from a free @-@ kick . Defoe restored the home side 's advantage in the 50th minute , though substitute Mikael Forssell came on to equalise for Chelsea and in stoppage time John Terry headed @-@ in goalwards from a corner to complete the visitors comeback . In the fifth round Chelsea played Preston North End at home . The visitors started well and took the lead in the sixth minute through Richard Cresswell . Cudicini 's timely save denied Jon Macken from extending Preston 's lead soon after and Chelsea responded to the setback with an equaliser , scored by Eiður Guðjohnsen . Chelsea led after 26 minutes , but came close to conceding late on when Macken was denied once again by Cudicini . Forssell then scored Chelsea 's third to settle the home side 's nerves . Chelsea travelled to White Hart Lane to face Tottenham Hotspur in the sixth round . The team finished the tie as comfortable 4 – 0 winners , never looking as though they would crumble once William Gallas scored inside 12 minutes . The one negative from their performance was the dismissal of Graeme Le Saux for a second bookable offence in the second half . Local rivals Fulham were Chelsea 's semi @-@ final opponents . A scrappy match , which saw Fulham dominate much of the play but creating little , was settled in Chelsea 's favour . Terry scored just before half time , heading the ball through the legs of Louis Saha standing in Fulham 's goal . = = Pre @-@ match = = Arsenal were appearing in the final of the FA Cup for the fifteenth time , and for the second consecutive year . They had won the cup seven times previously ( in 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 and 1998 ) and were beaten in the final seven times , the most recent in last season 's showpiece event . By comparison , Chelsea were making their seventh appearance in a FA Cup final . The club won the cup three times ( 1970 , 1997 and 2000 ) and lost the same number of finals ( 1915 , 1967 and 1994 ) . Arsenal and Chelsea had previously met fourteen times in the FA Cup , including four replays . Arsenal had a slender advantage in those meetings , winning five times to Chelsea 's four , and defeated their London rivals a season ago in the fifth round of the competition . The most recent meeting between the two teams was in the Premier League on Boxing Day , when Arsenal came from behind to beat Chelsea . Arsenal were unbeaten domestically since December 2001 and on course to complete their first league and cup double in four years . Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger was buoyant his team would complete the task on hand : " We have been facing cup games in the league every week for a long time and this is just another . Chelsea will be a difficult team to beat if they are at their best on Saturday , but such is the confidence in this squad , we just feel we can win every game . " When asked what he made of Sir Alex Ferguson 's comments that Manchester United played the best football in England , Wenger retorted : " What do you want me to say ? Everybody thinks he has the prettiest wife . " The Arsenal manager was undecided whether to drop Richard Wright who started in every round of the FA Cup for David Seaman and to recall Sol Campbell who recovered from a hamstring injury . Chelsea manager Claudio Ranieri felt his team 's participation in the cup final showed " ... we are building something . It gives the young players confidence . " He noted their defence conceded fewer goals than the previous season , and targeted an improvement to their away record for the next campaign . Ranieri described the match against Arsenal as evenly balanced , adding : " Winning the FA Cup would make up for missing out on the Champions League . If the team can win , they will believe in themselves , but if they don 't , it won 't be the worst setback to the building process . " Le Saux resumed training having been absent with a calf injury , but Hasselbaink was a doubt for the final with a similar problem . The semi @-@ finals at Villa Park and Old Trafford presented traffic problems and lengthy delays for supporters going to and from the grounds . The Mayor of London , Ken Livingstone had written to the FA , expressing his concern about the possible travel chaos and urging to be	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
deliberations , are kept in the committee ’ s archives , which are deposited with the British Trust for Ornithology . Some older data is missing , as the committee 's files were originally held by the editors of British Birds , and they were not transferred to the new owners of the magazine when it was sold in the 1960s . = = Annual report and other publications = = The committee publishes an annual report on the rare birds occurring each year , in British Birds . This has usually been in the issue published in November of the following year , although the 2007 Report appeared in the October 2008 issue , and the committee has said that it plans to keep to this new timescale in future years . The report typically begins with an introduction , summarising the most significant birds occurring during the year , and discussing any current issues relating to the committee 's work . This is followed by a list of accepted records in taxonomic sequence . Records for each taxon are listed by county , followed by comments about its occurrence during the year . Late @-@ accepted records and decisions to reject a previously identified record are included . This section of the report contains painted illustrations and photographs of some of the birds . The report lists records that have not been accepted , often noting the most significant that remain under consideration . The committee also publishes frequent " Rarities Committee news " items ( previously called " Rarities Committee news and announcements " ) in British Birds . = = Record reviews = = BBRC reviews 1200 to 1500 records each year ( when it was first set up , the figure was around 200 per year ) . Of these , approximately 85 % are accepted : this acceptance rate has remained steady for many years . Species that have caused particular problems include black kite , great snipe , gyrfalcon , gull @-@ billed tern , and North Atlantic little shearwater . Peter Grant estimated that , during his tenure as chairman , approximately 2 % of accepted records are incorrectly accepted , and 5 % are incorrectly rejected . Wallace ( 1973 ) addressed a number of criticisms of the committee including that it provides too little information on the reasons for rarity rejection . Alan Vittery and Sara McMahon have both argued that the committee should inform observers whose records are rejected of the committee 's reasons for doing so . This view also has the support of the editor of Birdwatch , Dominic Mitchell , who has made this the topic of editorials on a number of occasions . BBRC has from time to time published material illustrating its assessment process in an attempt to explain to a wider audience how it arrives at its decisions . Much of these have appeared in a series called " From the Rarities Committees files " in British Birds magazine . Another short series was published in Birdwatch magazine : entitled " You : The Jury " , it featured six fictitious rarity accounts , with , in the subsequent issue , accounts from two rarities committee members stating how they would vote . = = = Re @-@ reviews = = = From time to time , BBRC has re @-@ reviewed records that it previously accepted , to ensure they are acceptable in the light of improved knowledge of the species in question . These reviews are carried out on a species @-@ by @-@ species basis . Old World warblers have proved particularly in need of re @-@ review . A review of greenish warbler records was initiated in 1983 . The purpose of this review was to establish whether records , particular those in late autumn and winter , of drab grey Phylloscopus warblers , which had previously been accepted as greenish warbler , were in fact this species , or were common chiffchaffs of the Siberian race tristis . 48 records between 1958 and 1970 were examined . Of these , 20 were rejected . A review of Arctic warbler records was begun in 1991 , with the aim of determining whether any greenish warblers had been mistakenly accepted as Arctics . The review was completed in 1994 , although as of 2009 , the results had not been published . A review of spectacled warbler records was initiated in 1984 . This review resulted in the species being removed from the British list ; of the three accepted records , one , at Spurn , Yorkshire in 1968 , was re @-@ identified as a first @-@ year female subalpine warbler , while descriptions of the other two , at Porthgwarra , Cornwall in October 1969 and on Fair Isle in June 1979 , were not considered sufficiently watertight to permit their continued acceptance . Spectacled warbler has since been re @-@ added to the British list following an individual at Filey , Yorkshire in 1992 , and there have been further subsequent records . In the late 1990s , BBRC reviewed some of the accepted records of moustached warbler , and concluded that one , from Sussex in 1979 , was unacceptable , but that one other , from Buckinghamshire in 1965 , should stand . Two further records , from Hampshire in 1951 and Kent in 1952 , were reviewed as part of the 1950 – 1957 review ( see below ) , and found to be unacceptable . Following these rejections , the Buckinghamshire record , and the remaining record , a breeding pair in Cambridgeshire in 1946 , previously accepted as Britain 's first , were scrutinised by the BOURC and found to be unacceptable , leading to the removal of moustached warbler from the British list ; it has not re @-@ occurred . A review of olivaceous warbler records commenced in 1986 , and continued through the 1990s . The results of this review were published in 1999 : six of the previously accepted records were rejected as not meeting modern identification standards . In 2003 , following the split of olivaceous warbler into two species , the accepted records were all reviewed again to ascertain which of the two they were — all nine proved to be eastern olivaceous warblers . Following the split of Bonelli 's warbler into two species , the committee reviewed all the 121 accepted records , and concluded that 51 were western and two were eastern ; for the remainder , not enough evidence was available to make a firm decision . The committee had previously stated that it would regard as western Bonelli 's warbler all except proven eastern Bonelli 's warblers , however , this announcement rescinded that decision . In 2003 – 04 , all desert warbler records were reviewed , and it was concluded that all were referable to the newly split Asian desert warbler , rather than African desert warbler . A review of American and Pacific golden plover records was begun in 1991 , with the purpose of evaluating whether any individuals previously accepted as " either American or Pacific " could now be definitely assigned to one species or the other ( and vice versa ) . The results ( a small decrease in the number of accepted American golden plovers , and a small increase in the number of accepted Pacifics ) were published in the committee 's report for 1996 , with a comment that a detailed paper on the subject was being prepared , although as of 2009 , this has not been published . A review of isabelline shrike records commenced in 1986 . This review , the results of which were published in 1989 , established a racial identification for a number of adult isabelline shrikes previously accepted to species level . A further review , with the same aim , was begun in the late 1990s . A preliminary set of results of this review was published in 2003 ; four previously accepted individuals were rejected , including one , in Cambridgeshire in 1978 , which is now thought have been a hybrid with red @-@ backed shrike . The full results of this second review were published in 2007 ; some of the previous racial attributions were withdrawn , but the committee felt able to confidently assign a race for a number of more recent individuals , although it stressed that this could only be done with adult birds ( the committee 's 2005 report mentions that a further article is in preparation ) . A review of black @-@ eared wheatears was conducted in 2002 – 04 , with the aim of assigning individuals to the eastern and western races where possible ; this was possible with nine records ; both western hispanica and eastern melanoleuca were shown to have occurred . A review of semipalmated sandpiper records took place in the 1970s , resulting in seven of the twelve records being rejected . A review of black @-@ headed wagtail records was initiated in 1983 . The results were published in 1994 and 1995 , and nine previously accepted records were judged to be unsound , due to possible confusion with grey @-@ headed wagtail . A review of rufous turtle dove records took place in 1994 , and concluded that three of the eight accepted records should no longer stand . A review of lesser kestrel records , begun in 1994 , and completed in 1995 , concluded that six accepted records of this species should no longer be regarded as acceptable . Five of the six were from autumn , whereas the overwhelming majority of records the committee continued to accept are from the spring / summer period . All 24 spring records of Siberian stonechat were reconsidered in 2002 – 04 , in the light of new information on the variability in appearance of European stonechats in spring ; the committee decided that all but five should remain accepted . In 2003 , the committee revised its assessment criteria for male pine buntings , redefining some birds previously considered hybrids as acceptable , but requiring an overall greater level of precision in descriptions , and reviewed past records in the light of these changes . As of 2007 , the following reviews are underway : a review of past records of Macaronesian shearwaters , reviews of all redhead and royal tern records , a review of great white egrets to establish if any are of the Nearctic race , a review of sandplovers , a review of records of the eastern race of redstart , a review of Orphean warbler records aimed at determining the race of each , and a review of subalpine warblers to determine which individuals are ascribable to the race albistriata . It has also been suggested that reviews should be conducted of records of great snipe , as older records show a very different temporal occurrence pattern than more recent birds , the large numbers of gull @-@ billed tern records from the English south coast from the 1960s , and desert wheatears , to establish racial identifications . = = = Problematic records = = = Most records received by the committee are processed within a year and published in its annual report in British Birds . Some records prove problematic , and for some species , it has taken the committee many years to come to a decision . This has particularly been the case where the species or subspecies in question was new to Britain — examples include northern harrier ( Britain 's first , in Scilly in 1982 , accepted in 2007 ) , long @-@ toed stint ( Britain 's first , in Cornwall in 1970 , accepted in 1994 ) , least tern ( Britain 's first , and to date only record , accepted in 2005 , after first occurring in 1983 ) , black lark ( Britain 's first , from Spurn , Yorkshire in 1984 , accepted in 2004 after a second set of notes came to light ) , Sykes 's warbler ( the first three records , from 1959 , 1977 , and 1993 , accepted in 2003 ) , Iberian chiffchaff ( the first two records , from 1972 and 1992 , accepted in 2000 ) , and Hume 's leaf warbler ( the first 27 records , the earliest from 1966 , accepted in 1998 ) . Occasionally , decisions have been delayed due to non @-@ ornithological factors , perhaps most notably with the loss by the Royal Mail of a file on Britain 's first lesser short @-@ toed lark . The first three field records of Blyth 's pipit , including an atypical pale individual on the Isles of Scilly , proved difficult , but following the occurrence of trapped individuals , on Fair Isle in 1993 and Suffolk in 1994 , these were accepted . Some records of citrine wagtail and short @-@ toed treecreeper were accepted only after prolonged consideration . Prior to the publication in 1984 of Jonsson and Grant 's stint identification paper , a number of stints ( Calidris ) proved difficult to assess ; a paper covering four such cases was published in 1986 . It included accounts of a bird on Fair Isle , originally thought Britain 's first red @-@ necked stint that turned out to be a sanderling ; and a bird in Suffolk , The " Felixstowe stint " , which most observers at the time believed was a western sandpiper , but was in fact a semipalmated sandpiper . A previous paper details four early claims of red @-@ necked stint , none of which were acceptable . As of 2007 , records of Wilson 's snipe ( from 1985 and 1998 ) , elegant terns ( from 2002 ) , a number of eastern whitethroats and lesser whitethroats , and several apparent North African common chaffinches , are still under consideration . = = = = Problematic seabird records = = = = BBRC has had particular problems with a number of rare seabirds . The " Chalice petrel " , a dark @-@ rumped storm petrel seen and photographed in the Southwest Approaches in 1988 , and believed by its observers to be a Matsudaira 's storm petrel , was eventually rejected as other similar species could not be ruled out . Martin Garner and Killian Mullarney subsequently wrote a critical review of this decision , arguing that the evidence points to the bird having been a Swinhoe 's storm petrel , the only dark @-@ rumped storm petrel species otherwise recorded in the North Atlantic . They argued that the Seabirds Advisory Panel 's assessment of the record was at fault , and a critical reappraisal of the evidence should have been prompted by the ( then relatively recent ) discovery in the North Atlantic of Swinhoe 's storm petrel , and that the committee was instead too heavily swayed by the views of a single expert . A petrel seen from Dungeness , Kent and believed by its observers to be Britain 's first herald petrel was rejected , although the committee noted that the bird was clearly " an amazing seabird " . This decision sparked a number of letters to British Birds questioning whether the committee 's stance is too strict . Fea 's petrel is now officially accepted as having occurred , but for many years , the identification of these birds was accepted only as Fea 's / Zino 's / soft @-@ plumaged petrel , followed by a period where they were referred to Fea 's or Zino 's ; however , following BOURC acceptance of two birds in Scilly waters as Fea 's petrels , BBRC published a paper arguing that all birds are likely to have been Fea 's . The occurrence in Britain of southern ( i.e. south polar / brown ) skuas is also unresolved . A series of reports of south polar skua , from 1982 to 1993 , were all eventually rejected after being assessed for several years . Two other birds ( from the Isles of Scilly in 2001 , and Glamorgan in 2002 have been accepted ( by the BOURC ) as belonging to one or other of these two species , while a bird from Dorset in 1996 remains under consideration . = = = = Criticisms of level of detail required and approach to single @-@ observer records = = = = In 1996 , Alan Vittery raised the question of whether the level of detail required by the committee for a description to be acceptable was too high . Similar points were made by Keith Vinicombe and Mike Pennington in 2001 . In the light of the rejection of a record of Blyth 's reed warbler on Shetland in 1997 , Vinicombe and Pennington wrote to British Birds to question the decision . They suggested that the committee was becoming too focussed on minutiae in assessing bird descriptions , ignoring more obvious evidence , Vinicombe saying that " the Committee has prevaricated to the point where it ' cannot see the wood for the trees ' " . David Walker and Owen Leyshon , David Ferguson , and Andrew Duff have criticised the committee on similar grounds in relation to its approach to the assessment of rare seabirds , citing the Dungeness herald petrel claim as an example . Vittery , and Moss Taylor both expressed concern that BBRC was adopting too strict an approach for records of birds seen only by their finder . In 1998 , BBRC explained its approach to the assessment of single @-@ observer records . The committee explained that while it understood that geographical and social circumstances make it likely that some people are more likely to find rare birds on their own , it is " very cautious about observers with a high proportion of single @-@ observer records " and that its policy is to watch patterns closely and review those observers ' past records on a regular basis . This approach has attracted criticism . Former BBRC chairman Ian Wallace and others have written about the subject in Birdwatch magazine . Wallace believes that the committee has a blacklist of observers , from whom it automatically rejects records unless there are other observers able to corroborate the sighting . He mentions two specific observers , both of whom live in remote parts of northern Scotland . Ken Shaw , a former BBRC member , has claimed that BBRC would not accept a single @-@ observer record of a species new to Britain without photographic evidence , regardless of the track record of the observer . Graham Bell , another former member , writing in response to Shaw 's article , has accused the committee of adopted unfounded suspicions , arguing that just because a competent observer moves to an underwatched part of the country , their abilities do not change . One of the observers who Wallace claimed was blacklisted , Alan Vittery , also contributed to the debate , stating that he had been informed by the BBRC that they would not consider any single @-@ observer record he submitted , unless supported by a photograph . Vittery contrasted the BBRC 's attitude with that of other national rarities committees , arguing that the result of the approach is to distort rarity statistics . Vittery invited the BBRC to reply in public , but this request was declined . = = = The Druridge Bay curlew = = = The BBRC conducted a detailed review into the controversial identification of a curlew seen at Druridge Bay in Northumberland in 1998 , coming to the conclusion that it was , as had been believed by many observers , a first @-@ summer slender @-@ billed curlew . This identification was accepted by the British Ornithologists Union 's Records Committee , leading to the addition of this species to the British List . The record is currently being reviewed again by BBRC to establish whether this earlier decision should be upheld . = = = Review of 1950 – 57 records including an Ascension frigatebird sighting = = = A subcommittee was set up in 1997 to undertake a review of rare bird records from the years immediately prior to BBRC 's establishment . The purpose of the review was to ensure that all records from 1950 onwards ( the cut @-@ off date for Category A of the BOU British List of birds ) have been subjected to a similar level of scrutiny . Not all of the 1 @,@ 100 records of species considered to be rarities at that time were assessed , but only those related to species not recorded more than 100 times by 1997 , as well as a few records of less rare species under particularly unusual circumstances , which were termed " sore thumbs " . Much of the original documentation was unavailable for the review , as it had been lost , and so for many records , the review was based solely on published accounts of the birds . The most notable outcome of this review was the reidentification of a frigatebird record from Tiree in 1953 . Previously identified as a magnificent frigatebird , the BBRC review concluded that the bird was in fact an Ascension frigatebird , the only individual of this species ever identified in Europe ( Walbridge , Small & McGowan 2003 ) . The full results of the review were published in 2006 . Of the 126 records reviewed , 37 were rejected as unacceptable . These included a claimed white @-@ tailed eagle , which broke into a chicken @-@ run in a garden and stole a chicken , three little crakes , three European scops owls , the only late December record of tawny pipit , three black @-@ eared wheatears , a record of two White 's thrushes together in April , a spring lanceolated warbler , two moustached warblers and a pine grosbeak . Furthermore , issues were found with the identification of Britain 's first western sandpiper , on Fair Isle in 1956 , and these led the BOURC to reject this record . The western sandpiper has been recorded several times subsequently in Britain however , and remains on the national list . The subcommittee 's final report also hints at the prospect that some records from immediately prior to 1950 may be incorrect ; because these fell outside the timeframes of the review they were not reassessed . = = = The Chipping Ongar hermit thrush = = = Only a single known case of fraud involving a record submitted to BBRC has become public . In autumn 1994 , Nigel Pepper , a birdwatcher from Essex , claimed to have recorded a hermit thrush in a garden in Chipping Ongar . Doubts about the record were raised in Birdwatch and BBRC reviewed the record in 2002 , but decided that it should stand . In 2009 , Pepper revealed in Birdwatch magazine ( Birdwatch 204 : 46 @-@ 47 ) that the record was a deception , made in protest at perceived secrecy surrounding rare birds in the county . = = = Principal works = = = = = = Annual reports = = = = Between You and Me = " Between You and Me " is a song by the American contemporary Christian music group DC Talk . Released in 1996 , it was the second radio and commercial single released from the group 's fourth album , Jesus Freak . Lyrically , “ Between You and Me ” stresses the importance of seeking forgiveness from a friend . In contrast to many of the DC Talk 's other singles , the Christian message of " Between You and Me " – the importance of forgiveness and confession – is heavily implied , although it is not blatantly stated in terms of any specific religion . The music video for the song features the band members – Michael Tait , Kevin Max , and Toby McKeehan – performing the song in a laundromat . Interspersed is footage of a man carrying a package while running from two other men . After the unexpected success of the grunge rock single " Jesus Freak , " " Between You and Me " helped to bring DC Talk to a new level of success and solidify them as mainstream artists . The song later earned DC Talk a GMA Dove Award and is the only DC Talk single to have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single was also a Christian radio success and peaked at number one on both the Christian Adult Contemporary and Christian Contemporary Hit Radio CCM Magazine charts . = = Meaning and composition = = Lyrically , “ Between You and Me ” stresses the importance of seeking forgiveness from a friend . In addition , the bridge of the song addresses the need for confessing one 's sins to God . DC Talk member Toby McKeehan , co @-@ writer of the song , said that the lyrics simply describe the way relationships work . McKeehan later elaborated in an interview that the song came from his relationship with fellow band members Michael Tait and Kevin Max . In contrast to many of the DC Talk 's other singles , the Christian message of " Between You and Me " – the importance of forgiveness and confession – is heavily implied , although it is not blatantly stated in terms of any specific religion . The only mention of God is featured during the breakdown of the song , which is absent in the radio edit . This removal of God from the song caused some fans of the band to wonder if the group 's record label made a " conscious effort to remove any overt Christian content from the song . " " Between You and Me " is built around acoustic strumming and synthesized drums , courtesy of Scott Williamson . The song begins with acoustic strumming in the key of G major . The song then moves into the key of E major during the verses . " Between You and Me " features a chorus that is in the key of G major ; in addition , the chorus is composed of " boyish lead vocals " , " sweet harmonies " , and " whirling organs " . During the verses , Michael Tait , Kevin Max , and Toby McKeehan take turns singing lead . The second chorus is followed by a melodic breakdown featuring minimalistic guitar and whispered vocals . The song then repeats the line " It 's my way to freedom " and " I 've got something to say " until the end . = = Music video = = The music video for the song features Michael Tait , Kevin Max , and Toby McKeehan performing the song in a laundromat . Interspersed is footage of a man carrying a package while running from two other men . Near the end , he runs into the laundromat where DC Talk are singing and deposits the box in a trash can before leaving . Tait , Max , and McKeehan then reach into the trash can to investigate the contents of the box . Just as the box is opened , the video ends . The video for " Between You and Me " received regular airtime on MTV and VH1 . While the video was popular , however , the band found it more and more difficult to get airplay on MTV for what they perceived as a bias against the Christian music scene . McKeehan explained that with " Between You and Me " , the group was able to " sneak one past the goalie " , but afterwards the DJs realized that " this group 's from the Christian market " . = = Release and acclaim = = The song was released as the second single for Jesus Freak in 1996 . Due to its wide appeal , however , the song was extensively played on many non @-@ Christian stations , leading the single to become a major crossover hit . The song 's surprising rise on the Billboard 's charts was a result of the partnership with Virgin Records . Phil Quartararo , then @-@ CEO of Virgin Records said that " Between You and Me " was " identified early in the game as a very radio @-@ friendly cut . " In addition to " Jesus Freak " and " Colored People , " " Between You and Me " was considered instrumental in breaking DC Talk into the mainstream . Commercially , the song was a smash hit . The song remains DC Talk 's highest @-@ charting single on mainstream radio , peaking at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 single chart . The single was also a Christian radio success . It peaked at number one on both the Christian Adult Contemporary and Christian Contemporary Hit Radio CCM Magazine charts . The fact that the band was able to achieve success impressed many fans and individuals in the music industry . Jay R. Howard and John M. Streck , in their book Apostles of Rock : The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music , called it " a significant validation of the music " . Critically , the song was also a success . Billboard magazine gave the single an extremely positive review and noted that the song and band were helping to shatter the myth that " Christian pop has to be heavy @-@ handed or steeping power @-@ ballad syrup " . The magazine also praised the song for " lyrics [ that ] remain subtle but forthright in the song 's positive message " . Michael Mehle of the Rocky Mountain News positively noted that the song possessed " Seal @-@ like R & B " qualities . Allmusic awarded the single two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars our of five . " Between You and Me " was successful when it came to the GMA Dove Awards . In 1997 , the song won an award for the best Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year . = = Other releases = = Various version of " Between You and Me " have appeared on several DC Talk official releases , including the band 's greatest hits album Intermission . Interestingly , a live version of " Between You and Me " is not included on the 1997 live release Welcome to the Freak Show . This is due to the fact that " Between You and Me " was not played until the last dates of the tour , after which the recording had already taken place . The music video , however , was included on the DVD release of the album . " Between You and Me " also appears on the compilation album WOW 1997 . The song was also covered by both Relient K and the team @-@ up of Paul Wright and Ayiesha Woods for the tribute album Freaked ! = = Track listing = = US Commercial Single " Between You and Me " ( Radio Edit ) – 3 : 47 " So Help Me God " – 4 : 39 European Commercial Single " Between You and Me " ( Radio Edit ) – 3 : 47 " So Help Me God " – 4 : 39 " The Hardway " – 5 : 18 " Between You and Me " ( Album Version ) – 4 : 59 = = Chart positions = = = = Album credits = = = The Boat Race 2014 = The 160th Boat Race took place on 6 April 2014 . Following a clash of oars which broke one of the Cambridge 's crew 's riggers , Oxford won the race by 11 lengths , the largest margin of victory since 1973 . In the reserve race Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie , while Oxford won the Women 's Boat Race . = = Background = = The Boat Race is an annual rowing eight competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge . First held in 1829 , the competition is a 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) race along The Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in the previous year 's race . However Cambridge held the overall lead , with 81 victories to Oxford 's 77 . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . = = Crews = = The Cambridge crew ( known as the " Light Blues " ) had a 5 @-@ kilogram ( 11 lb ) per person advantage , but Oxford ( the " Dark Blues " ) were the pre @-@ race favourites . The Cambridge crew was 24 years old on average , while Oxford averaged 26 years . The Oxford crew featured three British rowers , two Canadians , two New Zealanders , an American , and one member with dual Canadian @-@ American citizenship . The Cambridge crew consisted of three British rowers , four Americans , an Australian , and a German . Three of the Oxford rowers had competed in the Olympics . = = Race description = = At race time , conditions were mild with an overcast sky . A crowd of 250 @,@ 000 people were in attendance . It was sponsored by BNY Mellon and thus officially titled " The BNY Mellon Boat Race " . Oxford won the coin toss and elected to start from the southern bank of the Thames . In the first five minutes of the race , the lead changed hands three times . First Oxford , then Cambridge drifted towards the centre of the river and were warned by the umpire . Oxford turned away , but before Cambridge had time to do so , the two boats bumped . The clash caused a rowing error by Cambridge 's Luke Juckett , as he was bucked from his seat and nearly thrown overboard . He did not recover until five strokes later . Oxford took advantage , rowing out to a significant lead with two @-@ thirds of the course to go , and steadily increased the gap . Cambridge were unable to respond and in the end Oxford won by 11 lengths , the largest margin of victory since 1973 . Oxford finished with a time of 18 minutes , 36 seconds ; this was 32 seconds faster than Cambridge . It was their fifth victory in the last seven years , and tenth in the last fifteen . Stroke Constantine Louloudis was a member of a victorious Oxford crew for the third time ( 2011 , 2013 and 2014 – he competed in the Olympics instead in 2012 ) . Cambridge now lead the overall series 81 – 78 . At the finish , the Oxford crew threw their cox , Laurence Harvey , into the water in celebration . After the race , Cambridge appealed the result but umpire Richard Phelps ruled that the bump occurred on neutral water and that neither crew should be penalised . Oxford 's Sam O ’ Connor called it " very minor , one of the smallest clashes I ’ ve ever had " . Juckett said the clash broke his rigger and made it " really hard to keep rowing " , but added that " clashing is part of the race . " In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie . Earlier , Oxford also won the women 's race . = = Reaction = = O 'Connor said he was confident Oxford would have won even without the clash . Oxford Boat Club president Malcolm Howard remarked " You cannot help but feel for the two @-@ seat of Cambridge , it ’ s tough . " Cambridge Boat Club president Steve Dudek called it " a frustrating way to lose ... I would never wish that on anyone . " BBC commentator Tom James remarked it was " great for British rowing " that Louloudis won the race for the third time . An estimated 130 million people worldwide watched the event on television . = New York State Route 454 = New York State Route 454 ( NY 454 ) , also known as the Suffolk County Veterans Memorial Highway or simply Vets Highway , is a 13 @.@ 67 @-@ mile ( 22 @.@ 00 km ) east – west divided highway in western and central Suffolk County on Long Island in New York . It spans from NY 25 ( Jericho Turnpike ) in Commack to NY 27 ( Sunrise Highway ) in Holbrook . The route provides access to the Long Island MacArthur Airport , as well as New York State and Suffolk County government offices , and at one time the Long Island Arena . NY 454 serves as the northern terminus for the Northern State Parkway in Hauppauge , where a concurrency with NY 347 begins . The origins of NY 454 date back to the late 1940s when a new freeway was constructed from Commack to Holbrook for $ 1 @.@ 4 million ( 1949 USD ) . This new freeway was designated as a memorial for Suffolk County War Veterans . The route was designed and constructed by the Suffolk County Department of Public Works under watch and aid from the New York State Department of Public Works and the United States government . Upon completion in January 1950 , the route was designated as County Route 76 ( CR 76 ) west of Town Line Road and CR 78 southeast of Town Line Road until 1968 when the entire highway was designated CR 78 . In 1972 , the state took over control of the new highway and designated it NY 454 . Recently , there have been plans to expand the highway and the concurrency with Route 347 with new travel lanes and a new interchange being built between the two highways . = = Route description = = NY 454 begins at a fork along NY 25 ( Jericho Turnpike ) in Commack . The route heads southeastward as the four @-@ lane Veterans Memorial Highway , passing through a large commercial district built up around NY 454 's interchange with the Sunken Meadow State Parkway ( exit SM2 ) . From there , NY 454 continues eastward through a residential district for several miles and passes to the south of Whitman Hollow Park . The arterial continues southeastward through local residential areas with four lanes before meeting NY 347 and the Northern State Parkway at an interchange in Hauppauge . The junction serves as the western terminus of NY 347 and the eastern terminus of the Northern Parkway . NY 347 and NY 454 become concurrent , crossing through Hauppauge and residential properties for the next two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , intersecting with local roads . After bending around Forestwood Park , Routes 454 and 347 follow the town line and pass the Stoubrough Golf Course , where NY 347 forks to the northeast . From there , NY 454 turns to the southeast , intersecting with NY 111 ( Wheeler Road ) and narrowing to two lanes . After turning further to the south , the highway intersects with CR 67 , the former alignment of the Long Island Motor Parkway . Here , NY 454 returns to four lanes and meets the Long Island Expressway ( Interstate 495 ) and its frontage roads . The route enters the village of Islandia and enters a large commercial district , where the route intersects with CR 100 ( Old Nichols Road ) . After crossing the Long Island Rail Road , NY 454 enters Connetquot River State Park , bends to the east and traverses the park . Crossing over the Connetquot River , the arterial crosses a hiking trail and soon leaves the park . NY 454 continues as a four @-@ lane arterial through a large commercial district , intersecting with CR 93 ( Lakeland Avenue ) . There , the highway passes Long Island MacArthur Airport and bends to the east through another large commercial district remaining unchanged for several miles . The route turns to the southeast at Coates Avenue as a four @-@ lane arterial for the last two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of NY 454 . About three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from Lakeland Avenue , NY 454 connects to the Sunrise Highway ( NY 27 ) at exit 51 , a partial interchange in Holbrook . Here , the NY 454 designation ends and its right @-@ of @-@ way merges into the eastbound service road of NY 27 . There is no access to westbound Sunrise Highway from NY 454 itself ; instead , the connection is made by way of nearby Broadway Avenue . = = History = = Construction first began in 1948 for a new freeway from Commack to Holbrook by the Suffolk County Department of Public Works . The $ 1 @.@ 4 million ( 1949 USD ) project was funded by federal aid and was designated as a new memorial for the war veterans . People had been arguing since 1947 to get a new county @-@ funded war veteran memorial installed in Suffolk , including a number of other suggested projects such as trees at a park in Yaphank to a new general @-@ use hospital . On April 30 , 1949 , the sides came to agreement to name the new highway for the war veterans , and two agencies were hired to come up with a name . The design for the freeway between Commack and Holbrook included a 145 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 44 m ) right @-@ of @-@ way , and the road was constructed under the supervision of the New York State Department of Public Works . Construction continued throughout 1949 , with the new Veterans Memorial Highway opening on January 25 , 1950 . The new 13 @.@ 62 @-@ mile ( 21 @.@ 92 km ) highway was designated as CR 76 for 4 @.@ 18 miles ( 6 @.@ 73 km ) through Smithtown and CR 78 for the remaining 9 @.@ 44 miles ( 15 @.@ 19 km ) in the town of Islip . The new freeway 's wide right @-@ of @-@ way was built with room for additional lanes if the situation became necessary . Although the state of New York and the federal government both helped aid the project , the control of the new highway was turned over to the Suffolk County Superintendent of Highways . In March 1968 , CR 76 was truncated to begin at NY 347 while CR 78 was extended northwestward over CR 76 's former routing to NY 25 in Commack . In 1970 , the Nassau – Suffolk Regional Planning Board brought up plans to convert CR 78 into a six @-@ lane expressway with new service roads . A similar project was planned for the nearby four @-@ lane NY 347 through Islip . To aid this , ownership and maintenance of CR 78 was transferred to the New York State Department of Transportation on March 29 , 1972 , receiving the designation of NY 454 . The state immediately expanded NY 454 to six lanes , with three in each direction from Holbrook to the terminus of NY 347 . In 1977 , the state designated the portion of the highway in Hauppague as both NY 454 and NY 347 after it became clear that the Hauppauge Spur of the Long Island Expressway would not be constructed . The plans to expand NY 454 and NY 347 into full @-@ blown freeways were discarded by the 1980s . During the 1990s , the Department of Transportation looked into the expansion of NY 347 and NY 454 . The studies suggested that the state would add one additional traffic lane in each direction , giving most of the highway six lanes with eight travel lanes along the concurrency in Hauppauge . The new lanes would also be capable of holding rapid @-@ commute vehicles for the Long Island Rapid Commute . The interchange where Routes 347 and 454 fork in Hauppague is slated to go from an at @-@ grade fork to a grade @-@ separated interchange . The project , which will cost $ 359 million ( 2009 USD ) is scheduled to be completed between 2012 and 2015 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Suffolk County . = Treasure ( Bruno Mars song ) = " Treasure " is a song recorded by Bruno Mars for his second studio album titled Unorthodox Jukebox ( 2012 ) . It is inspired by Breakbot 's song " Baby I 'm Yours " . " Treasure " was written by Mars himself along with Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine and Phredley Brown , while production was handled by Mars , Lawrence and Levine under the name The Smeezingtons . The song is the album 's fourth track and was selected as its third single by Atlantic Records . " Treasure " was first released to mainstream radio in Italy on May 10 , 2013 , through Warner Music . The track details Mars ' band time of party and fun : Philip Lawrence described it as " the kind of song where the whole band can get up and jam " . It was described as a disco , funk , soul and post @-@ disco with R & B elements . " Treasure " became Mars ' seventh top 10 hit in the United States since his career began in 2010 . It has also reached the top @-@ five in countries like Canada , Israel and South Africa . " Treasure " ranked within the top 20 in eight territories . It received media attention for its " funk " vibe , that a few artists have brought back , including Mars . The single was certified three @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in October 2013 , representing sales of two million copies , since the certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . An accompanying music video for the song premiered on June 14 , 2013 . It was shot by Cameron Duddy and Bruno Mars in Las Vegas , Hollywood . The video presents Mars ' band , The Hooligans , in a live performance . = = Background and production = = " Treasure " is one of the eleven songs composed and produced by The Smeezingtons , Mars ' song @-@ writing and production team , for his second studio album , Unorthodox Jukebox . In an interview with Rob LeDonne , Philip Lawrence from The Smeezingtons explained the inspiration for the song : " Well , the thing we learned after touring with Doo Wops was how it is we like to feel on stage when performing . We ’ re fun , like to dance and party , and we didn 't really get to do a lot of that on the first album . Even going to festivals and seeing big bands live , like Coldplay or Bruce Springsteen , we knew the second time around we wanted something fun . It ’ s the kind of song where the whole band can get up and jam and have this Earth , Wind and Fire kind of moment " . " Treasure " was mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in Hollywood by Manny Marroquin . Ari Levine recorded the track at Levcon Studios in California . He was also responsible for the engineering of the song , which was done at the same studio . Charles Moniz served as the song 's additional engineer , and David Kutch mastered the single . = = Composition and lyrics = = " Treasure " was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine and Phredley Brown . Mars , Lawrence and Levine form The Smeezingtons ; they produced the song under that name . According to the digital sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing , the song was composed in common time and in the key of E ♭ major with a tempo of 112 beats per minute . The chord progression of [ Ab , Fm , Gm , Cm ] repeats throughout the song , changing only to end phrases on Bb7 , a deceptive cadence . Mars ' vocals range from the low note of B ♭ 3 to the high note of E ♭ 5 . Its instrumentation comes from the guitar , piano , electronic keyboard and bass . The song has been described as a disco , funk , soul and post @-@ disco track , heavily influenced by R & B. Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian called it a " sprightly disco thumper " . Josep R. Atilano of Philippine Daily Inquier wrote that Mars was " acknowledging artists synonymous with the 80s in the likes of The Police , New Edition , Billy Joel , Earth , Wind And Fire , and Michael Jackson " . Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly remarked that the song " makes silk @-@ jumpsuit disco feel contemporary , " Andy Gill of The Independent wrote that Mars " demonstrates a keen appreciation of Patrice Rushen 's funk @-@ pop " on the single . In a Slate magazine article , critic Ann Powers said that the song " was a direct homage to the sound and even the look of " P.Y.T. " -era Michael Jackson " . Tina Jamias from AXS.com called the song a " groovy , dance @-@ pop track with sounds and vocals similar to that of Michael Jackson ’ s " Off The Wall " and " Rock With You " , or Madonna 's " Holiday " . In December 2012 , Breakbot , a French electronic artist , tweeted to Mars regarding the similarity to " Treasure " and his own song " Baby I 'm Yours " , released in 2010 through Ed Banger Records . In May 2013 , during an interview in Tiny Mix Tapes , Breakbot explained that the boss of Because Music had mentioned , a year previously , that Mars wanted to cover " Baby I 'm Yours " . As Breakbot was busy finishing the album , however , " it did not happen " . Breakbot called " Treasure " a " rip @-@ off " of his song , however , he was " cool with it " ; he explained that he also had many influences on his music " with lots of bits taken from here and there " . Later in June 2013 , Ed Banger from Busy P responded in a Reddit AMA to a question about the song and said that they considered it a compliment and that Mars himself said that " Treasure " was inspired by " Baby I 'm Yours " . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = " Treasure " was well received by music critics . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard wrote that one " gets the feeling that ' Treasure ' , with its grand harmonies , classically kooky hooks and slyly sexual undertones , is the musical mode that makes Mars the happiest " , while Spin 's Dan Hyman favorably compared " Treasure " to the work of American disco artist Donna Summer . Journalist Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a rating of 4 out of 5 , and noted that it " sounds like a modern day ' Rock With You ' , a feat that few could get away with pulling off so authentically " . Katie Hasty , while reviewing the songs of the summer of 2013 , said " it looks like it was culled straight out of Soul Train " . Ryan Reed of Paste Magazine gave the song a positive review , and described " Treasure " as a " stripper @-@ theme funk @-@ pop with gooey synth pads and enormous slap @-@ bass fills that punch through like air @-@ humps " . Rolling Stone 's Jody Rosen commented that " Treasure " is " creamy Michael Jackson / Prince @-@ schooled disco soul " , while Matt Cibula from Pop Matters also compared the " funky " song to the work of those two musicians when he said that " Treasure " " knows that a flirt beats a bleat any day " . Matthew Horton from BBC Music wrote that the track has a " sugary early 80s funk " , and that it " is lathered in so much slap bass it starts to sting " . Evan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club wrote that for this " disco @-@ spiked " song , Mars " capably sells himself as a one @-@ man Maroon 5 " . Tim Sendra of AllMusic found that the song had a " easy @-@ going charm " of the previous album , and described it as " MJ @-@ inspired disco jam " . On a mixed review for The Scotsman , Fiona Shepherd wrote that " Treasure " is " likeable pop funk " . = = = Accolades = = = " Treasure " received a 2014 NAACP Image Awards nomination for Outstanding Song . In the same year , the song was one of the 50 winners of the 2014 ASCAP Pop Music Awards for Most Performed Song . The song was nominated in the Best Dance Performance category for the 2013 Soul Train Music Awards . It was also nominated for Love Song and Single Choice of Summer at the 2013 Teen Choice Awards , and for the 2013 NRJ Music Awards in the International Song of the Year category . According to , Rdio 's , an online music service , the song was the sixth most streamed track worldwide ; it was also eighth in the US . = = Commercial performance = = = = = North America = = = The Billboard Top 40 Mid @-@ Week Update of 18 April 2013 , reported that " Treasure " was the album 's third single , with no official date of release in the United States . Nevertheless , " Treasure " entered the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 71 on June 1 , 2013 . In the following week , it entered the top 40 after the first full week of sales and Mars ' performance of the song in the opening of the 2013 Billboard Music Awards . In the week of July 6 , 2013 , the song entered the top 10 of Billboard Hot 100 at number eight . On October 9 , 2013 , it was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . As of November 2013 , the song had sold two million copies in the US indicating inclusion of on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads to its certification . It also peaked at number five on Billboard 's Pop Songs chart . The song also rose to number five on the Canadian Hot 100 on July 6 , 2013 , having spent seven weeks on the chart . " Treasure " eventually peaked at number five on Billboard Hot 100 . In the week of July 11 , 2013 , the song entered the top 10 of radio and extended Mars ' streak on Radio Songs . All of his 11 first entries reached the top 10 of the chart , tying with T @-@ Pain among males and within one of tying Mariah Carey for the best start among all acts . The list tracks releases since December 1990 . Mars ' next single , " Gorilla " , peaked at number 21 , preventing him from extending the streak . Mediabase ranked the song as the 33rd most played on Top 40 radio stations in 2013 . = = = Europe and Oceania = = = " Treasure " first appeared in the UK Singles Chart on May 26 , 2013 . After three weeks , it reached its peak position at number 12 . More than 400 @,@ 000 copies of the song have been sold in the UK , including streams ; it thus received a Gold certification . The single made its debut at number 51 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 and peaked at number 15 . In France , the song entered the French singles chart at number 113 and ended up peaking at number six ; it was Mars ' fifth top ten single in that country . In Ireland it reached number nine and became Mars ' ninth top ten single . " Treasure " started at number 33 in the Ultratop 50 Wallonia on June 29 , 2013 , and peaked at number 10 in its eighth week on the chart . In Denmark it entered the singles chart at number 30 and climbed to number 14 , making it Mars ' eighth top @-@ fifteen single in that country . It entered the Australian ARIA Singles Chart at number 28 on May 19 , 2013 and eventually reached number 10 , thus becoming Mars ' ninth top @-@ ten single in Australia . In New Zealand , it first entered the singles chart at number 21 on May 27 , 2013 , and rose to number seven . On August 26 , 2013 , it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , nine weeks after it first charted . As of January 2016 , the song has sold over 6 @,@ 2 million digital copies worldwide . = = Live performances = = Mars has performed the song in several shows . On January 11 , 2013 , Mars sang " Treasure " and his previous single " Locked Out of Heaven " on Jimmy Kimmel Live . On May 19 , Mars began the 2013 Billboard Music Awards with a performance of the single on a set decorated with disco balls . The website Idolator described his style during the performance as " Michael Jackson @-@ esque , circa Off The Wall and Thriller " . Billboard considered the performance one of the best ten of the night . Mars sang " Treasure " at the finale of Germany 's Next Topmodel , Cycle 8 on May 30 , 2013 at SAP Arena in Mannheim and again a week later on Le Grand Journal . He performed the song with The Hooligans on the season finale of Season 4 of The Voice , on June 18 , 2015 . On February 2 , 2014 , the single was featured as the fourth song in Mars ' performance in the halftime performance of Super Bowl XLVIII at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey . Mars performed the song live at the 2014 Brit Awards ceremony . Ashley Lee , a writer for The Hollywood Reporter , noticed that Mars " added few well @-@ harmonized vocal interludes to the song bridge , while reprising the song 's vintage @-@ style choreography " . The song was also sung during the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 ) as the third item on the setlist . = = Music video = = = = = Development and synopsis = = = Mars filmed the music video for " Treasure " with Taja Riley , a model and dancer , in Las Vegas on May 20 , 2013 , the day after the live performance of the song at the 2013 Billboard Music Awards . It was directed by Cameron Duddy and Mars , who also directed the videos for the last two singles of the album , " Locked Out of Heaven " and " When I Was Your Man " . The video was released on June 14 , 2013 , by Mars on his official Twitter account and was the third of Mars series to feature simple effects from the late 1970s and early 1980s music videos . Mars and The Hooligans perform the song along with a simple synchronized choreography in matching red suits , leopard print shirts and gold chains . The set features a disco ball , vintage stage lights , the set up of the instruments in the background and other elements present in the disco era . The style of the music video greatly resembles the performance held at the 2013 Billboard Music Awards . Following the 1970s theme , the video is unavailable in high definition , and is rather shown in standard @-@ definition quality and with a 4 : 3 aspect ratio . For EW , Kyle Anderson , pointed out " It ’ s all there : The suits , the setting , and the bong @-@ water video effects " , while Melinda Newman for HitFix noticed that " to complete the look , the video features special effects , including crude back lighting , wacky dissolves , geometric shapes , and a Space Wars @-@ like background " . All of these and the videotape wear were also added to the footage to bring a retro @-@ feel to it . = = = Reception = = = Michael Lopez from The Huffington Post reviewed the video saying " Flossing a bright red blazer and a hefty afro , the part @-@ Puerto Rican crooner looks like he time traveled to a vintage Euro discotheque . But to be honest , the trend works ! And it ’ s certainly helped by ' Treasure 's ' bouncy beats " . Kyle Anderson from EW wrote " We should probably just change the name of this year from ' 2013 ' to ' 1978 ' , because there are more sparkly suits and disco guitars than we know what to do with " and that " Bruno Mars has gone full @-@ on Betamax for his new video for the track ' Treasure ' . It 's all there : the suits , the setting , and the bong @-@ water video effects " . Jordan Sargent of Spin said that Mars wasn 't trying to hide the Michael Jackson influence on the video , writing " new low @-@ def makes obvious — compare it next to , say , the video for " Rock With You " " . Similarly , Robbie Daw , from the Idolator website , drew attention to the fact that the song and dance had already been seen during the performance on Billboard Music Awards in May , since " Mars and his band seem to have recreated that very same performance for this clip " . He also wrote that the video was " still a fun three minutes to sit through " , mainly because " Bruno mimics MJ 's " Rock With You " moves so deftly " . According to Joseph Atilano of the Philippine Daily Inquirer , " everything from the choreography , stage lighting , and so on , serve as a heartfelt ode to that era " . He wrote " visually , the music video is tricked out with set pieces such as a disco ball and vintage stage lights . Even the manner by which the instruments were set up in the background show the attention given to even the minutest of details and the small things do matter when it comes to making a music video " . Mars , who choreographed the video , won the award for Best Choreography during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards . The video for the song was nominated for Outstanding Music Video at the 2014 NAACP Image Award . = = = Interactive music video = = = After the release of his music video , Mars and his label created a website that integrates fan footage shot using Instagram 's video function with the official video . This was the first project to be created using Instagram 's video functionality , which was launched in June 2013 . When fans visit TreasureDance.com they saw an old @-@ fashioned @-@ looking TV with a pair of knobs . After pressing play , the official video began to play , interspersed with fan footage that had been hashtagged with # treasuredance . When users clicked on the knobs they could to skip around footage ; they could also click on Instagram usernames to see those dancers ' accounts . Jules LaPlace , the Chief Technology Officer of OKFocus , who produced the website , and Ryder Ripps , the company 's creative director , said that the song 's " tempo , temperament and general vibe " made it perfect for the project . = = Cover versions and usage in media = = Max Schneider and Megan Nicole , two American singer @-@ songwriters , covered the song together . The song was available for purchase on July 30 , 2013 . It was also covered by Sabrina , a Filipina singer ; her acoustic version , which featured King Pichet , was included on her Love Acoustic 6 album , released on January 1 , 2013 . In 2015 , Olly Murs performed the song along with his own song " Wrapped Up " as the closing song of his Never Been Better Tour concerts . In 2015 , the song was used in a Nissan commercial . On February 9 , 2016 , the song was released as DLC for the music video game Rock Band 4 . = = Formats and track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California . Recorded at Avatar Studios in New York , New York . Recorded at Daptone Studios in Brooklyn , New York . Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unorthodox Jukebox = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = Since May 9 , 2013 , RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . = = Release = = = = = Process = = = In the April 18 , 2013 issue of Billboard Top 40 Mid @-@ Week Update , it was reported that Atlantic Records had selected " Treasure " as Unorthodox Jukebox 's third single . " Treasure " was released on Contemporary hit radio in Italy on May 10 , 2013 . On June 21 , 2013 , a CD single was released in Germany through Atlantic Records . A remix EP with five remixes of the song was released on August 13 , 2013 , for Digital Download . A 12 " picture disc was made available for purchase on February 20 , 2015 . = = = History = = = = My Kind of Town = " My Kind of Town " or " My Kind of Town ( Chicago Is ) " is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen , with lyrics by Sammy Cahn . It was originally part of the musical score for Robin and the 7 Hoods , a 1964 musical film starring several members of the Rat Pack . It was nominated for the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to " Chim Chim Cher @-@ ee " from Mary Poppins . Although the song predated the Grammy Award Best Original Song for a Motion Picture category , the entire score was nominated for the 1964 Grammy Award in the category Best Original Score Written for A Motion Picture , but it lost to the eponymously titled Mary Poppins score . Frank Sinatra recorded several versions which have appeared on many of his albums . Also , many artists have performed the song as a tribute to Sinatra in posthumous tribute albums . In addition , the song had been recorded by many other artists prior to Sinatra 's death . The lyrics , which praise the city of Chicago for its people and institutions , repeat the title phrase several times , usually in a line that says " My kind of town , Chicago is " . = = Versions = = The original context of the song , in the film Robin and the 7 Hoods , is the mob boss Robbo ( Sinatra ) having just been acquitted of murdering the sheriff , a crime for which he had been framed . He walks out of the courthouse and joyously sings the song in gratitude to the gathered crowd of Chicagoans . The people eventually join in the singing . Instrumental versions of the song make up the opening and closing credits , and a dance band also plays the song in Robbo 's speakeasy . Popularized by Sinatra , " My Kind of Town " was originally recorded on April 8 , 1964 in Los Angeles , California . The official B @-@ side song was " I Like To Lead When I Dance " . The song was recorded as a 45 on Reprise Records . The sheet music was copyrighted and published by Sergeant Music Co . , Glorste Inc. and Van Heusen Music Corp. The music is written in the key of A @-@ flat , in 2 / 2 meter ( known as cut time ) with an allegro tempo . Sinatra recorded " My Kind of Town " twice in a studio setting , and two live versions were officially released , on Sinatra at the Sands ( 1966 ) and The Main Event – Live ( 1974 ) . One of the more famous bootleg recordings is a concert of May 22 , 1968 at the Oakland Coliseum . On the 1966 album Sinatra at the Sands , the song appears both as the 20th and 22nd ( final ) track . However , the final track is merely a one @-@ minute reprise . On the 1994 album Duets II , Sinatra sings with his son , Frank Sinatra , Jr . , as the 13th of 14 tracks with a length of 2 : 36 . Sinatra would occasionally alter the lyrics slightly . In early versions , when the Union Stock Yards ( which closed in 1971 ) still existed , one of the final lines was " The Union Stock Yards , Chicago is ... " . In later versions , this line is replaced with " The Chicago Cubbies , Chicago is " . The song also appears on The Ultimate Rat Pack Collection : Live & Swingin ' , a 2003 DVD and CD release of the 1965 " Frank Sinatra Spectacular " benefit concert . However , since the concert takes place in St. Louis , Missouri , the lyrics were altered to reflect St. Louis as the town in Sinatra 's affections . Although some sources say the song was arranged by Nelson Riddle ( who had scored Robin and the 7 Hoods ) , the " Sinatra Reprise : Very Good Years " Album Cover credits Billy May as the arranger . The following is a list of notable compilation albums with Sinatra 's versions of the song : Sinatra : Vegas Oakland Coliseum Concert : May 22 , 1968 A Man and His Music Sinatra at the Sands The Reprise Collection Frank Sinatra in Hollywood 1940 @-@ 1964 Robin and the 7 Hoods The Complete Reprise Studio Recordings The Main Event – Live Duets II ( DVD ) = = Awards = = = = = Academy Awards = = = The song was one of 26 for which Cahn was nominated for an Academy Award as a writer and one of 14 for which Van Heusen was nominated as a composer . Both won 4 Academy Awards and 3 of them as a team . The April 5 , 1965 37th Academy Awards was the last of four times Cahn was nominated for two songs in the same year , and the second of two times for Van Heusen . It was the only time that they had two songs nominated as a team , with the other being " Where Love Has Gone " from Where Love Has Gone sung by Jack Jones . In addition to the winner , " Chim Chim Cher @-@ ee " from Mary Poppins , other songs nominated in 1964 were " Dear Heart from Dear Heart and " Hush ... Hush , Sweet Charlotte " from Hush ... Hush , Sweet Charlotte . = = = Grammy Awards = = = The Grammy Awards did not have a Best Song Written for a Motion Picture category until 1988 . However , the entire score was nominated for Best Original Score Written for A Motion Picture or Television Show in the April 13 , 1965 7th Grammy Awards ceremony for 1964 musical accomplishments where it lost to the Mary Poppins score . Other credited vocalists on the score were Dean Martin , Bing Crosby , and Sammy Davis , Jr . It also competed against A Hard Day 's Night , Goldfinger and The Pink Panther in this category . = = In popular culture = = In the 1979 film Buck Rogers in the 25th Century , Buck sings the song while he returns to Earth . In the 2012 series Lilyhammer , Steven Van Zandt sings the song , albeit switching the lyrics ' " Chicago " with the titular city of Lillehammer . During the 2012 Chicago Summit , the LED displays of police @-@ chartered CTA buses read " CHICAGO IS ... MY KIND OF TOWN . " = = Related songs = = Aaron Tippin sings a song with different lyrics by the same name . Frank Sinatra sings a popular version of " Chicago ( That Toddlin ' Town ) " that charted and was the B @-@ side to the 1957 Academy Award for Best Original Song winner , " All the Way " . On Ruby Braff 's 1981 tribute album , Very Sinatra he does a medley called " New York , New York / My Kind Of Town ( Chicago Is ) " . On Barry Manilow 's 1998 album Manilow Sings Sinatra , he includes a 3 : 00 version of the song . Jack Jones , who won two Grammy Awards in the 1960s and charted dozens of songs including the theme from The Love Boat , recorded an album entitled My Kind of Town with a title track by the same name . Among the other artists who have recorded versions of the song are Ray Anthony , Count Basie ( twice ) , Ray Conniff , Marvin Gaye , Jackie Gleason , Jeff Harnar , Biréli Lagrène , Steve Lawrence , Julie London , Frankie Randall ( several times ) , and West of Eden . In addition several albums by the Rat Pack , multiple karaoke albums and dozens of Frank Sinatra albums have versions of the song . The lyric , " Each time I roam / Chicago is calling me home " is echoed in a 1985 song , written and perform by Paul David Wilson , and featuring artist by Lee Montgomery called " Calling Me Home , Chicago " , [ 1 ] which includes the line " Chicago is calling me home " . Unlike the lively " My Kind of Town " , " Calling Me Home , Chicago " is a leisurely paced ballad . In 1966 , then Baltimore County Executive and future Vice President of the United States Spiro T. Agnew used a variation , substituting the lyric " My Kind of Man , Ted Agnew is ... " as a campaign song during his successful run for Governor of Maryland . = M @-@ 28 Business ( Newberry , Michigan ) = Business M @-@ 28 ( Bus . M @-@ 28 ) was a state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . It served as a business route running for 9 @.@ 010 miles ( 14 @.@ 500 km ) through the Newberry area . The business loop followed a U @-@ shaped routing to connect downtown Newberry with M @-@ 28 south of town . It ran west of the city of Newberry , passing through the community of Dollarville before entering downtown , turning south and ending near the county airport . Bus . M @-@ 28 was originally a section of M @-@ 28 before the latter was realigned in the late 1930s . The highway carried the M @-@ 28A designation before it was redesignated as Bus . M @-@ 28 in 1950 . The trunkline was partially turned back to local control in 1953 , and the business loop designation was removed at that time . The section of the roadway in downtown Newberry has carried several different designations in addition to the original M @-@ 28 . = = Route description = = Bus . M @-@ 28 started at the top of a small hill at an intersection with M @-@ 28 southwest of Newberry . The highway ran due north from the intersection along Engadine Road , running downhill towards Teaspoon Creek . Just south of the Tahquamenon River , Bus . M @-@ 28 turned east into the community of Dollarville . There the trunkline followed Dollarville Road and Engadine Road to the western city limits of Newberry . Once in the city of Newberry , Bus . M @-@ 28 followed West McMillan Avenue . At the intersection with M @-@ 117 ( Newberry Avenue ) , Bus . M @-@ 28 turned south concurrently with M @-@ 117 . The combined highway passed through the central business district . South of town , M @-@ 117 / Bus . M @-@ 28 turned east along Campbell Avenue and then south along Miller Road . West of the Luce County Airport , M @-@ 117 / Bus . M @-@ 28 met M @-@ 28 ; at this intersection , M @-@ 117 turned west along M @-@ 28 and the business loop ended . = = History = = The first highway through downtown Newberry was M @-@ 25 which was assigned by July 1 , 1919 . M @-@ 28 replaced this designation by the end of 1927 , when M @-@ 28 was extended eastward through the Upper Peninsula to end in downtown Sault Ste . Marie . M @-@ 28 was transferred to a new roadway south of Newberry in late 1935 or early 1936 as shown on the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) maps of the time . The segment of roadway between the new highway and downtown Newberry was given the M @-@ 28A designation . In downtown Newberry , M @-@ 28A followed M @-@ 48 south , returning to M @-@ 28 . Between late 1949 and early 1950 , M @-@ 48 was rerouted on its west end . The former M @-@ 48 that ran through downtown Newberry north to Roberts Corner was part of a relocated M @-@ 117 . The M @-@ 28A designation was also changed to Bus . M @-@ 28 at this time on the map , creating an M @-@ 117 / Bus . M @-@ 28 concurrency in place of the older M @-@ 28A / M @-@ 48 one . The Bus . M @-@ 28 designation remained in place until late 1952 on maps . The April 15 , 1953 MSHD map shows the highway turned back to local control . The concurrent M @-@ 117 / Bus . M @-@ 28 segment was redesignated as just M @-@ 117 . Later in 1953 , M @-@ 117 was shown rerouted due south of Newberry , avoiding the jog along Webber and Miller roads . The segment of M @-@ 117 north of Newberry , including part of the former Bus . M @-@ 28 became part of an extended M @-@ 123 by the publication of the 1962 MSHD map . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway was in Luce County . = System Shock = System Shock is a 1994 first @-@ person action role @-@ playing video game developed by Looking Glass Technologies and published by Origin Systems . It was directed by Doug Church with Warren Spector serving as producer . The game is set aboard a space station in a cyberpunk vision of the year 2072 . Assuming the role of a nameless hacker , the player attempts to hinder the plans of a malevolent artificial intelligence called SHODAN . System Shock 's 3D engine , physics simulation and complex gameplay have been cited as both innovative and influential . The developers sought to build on the emergent gameplay and immersive environments of their previous games , Ultima Underworld : The Stygian Abyss and Ultima Underworld II : Labyrinth of Worlds , by streamlining their mechanics into a more " integrated whole " . Critics praised System Shock and hailed it as a major breakthrough in its genre . It was later placed on multiple hall of fame lists . The game was a moderate commercial success , with sales exceeding 170 @,@ 000 copies , but Looking Glass ultimately lost money on the project . A sequel , System Shock 2 , was released by Looking Glass Studios and offshoot developer Irrational Games in 1999 . The 2000 game Deus Ex and the 2007 game BioShock are spiritual successors to the two games . = = Gameplay = = System Shock takes place from a first @-@ person perspective in a three @-@ dimensional ( 3D ) graphical environment . The game is set inside a large , multi @-@ level space station , in which players explore , combat enemies and solve puzzles . Progress is largely non @-@ linear and the game is designed to allow for emergent gameplay . As in Ultima Underworld , the player uses a freely movable mouse cursor to aim weapons , to interact with objects and to manipulate the heads @-@ up display ( HUD ) interface . View and posture controls on the HUD allow the player to lean left or right , look up or down , crouch , and crawl . Practical uses for these actions include taking cover , retrieving items from beneath the player character and navigating small passages , respectively . The HUD also features three " Multi @-@ Function Displays " , which may be configured to display information such as weapon readouts , an automap and an inventory . The player advances the plot by acquiring log discs and e @-@ mails : the game contains no non @-@ player characters with which to converse . Throughout the game , an evil artificial intelligence called SHODAN hinders the player 's progress with traps and blocked pathways . Specific computer terminals allow the player to temporarily enter Cyberspace ; inside , the player moves weightlessly through a wire frame 3D environment , while collecting data and fighting SHODAN 's security programs . Actions in Cyberspace sometimes cause events in the game 's physical world ; for example , certain locked doors may only be opened in Cyberspace . Outside of Cyberspace , the player uses the game 's sixteen weapons , of which a maximum of seven may be carried at one time , to combat robots , cyborgs and mutants controlled by SHODAN . Projectile weapons often have selectable ammunition types with varying effects ; for example , the " dart pistol " may fire either explosive needles or tranquilizers . Energy weapons and several types of explosives may also be found , with the latter ranging from percussion grenades to land mines . Along with weapons , the player collects items such as dermal patches and first @-@ aid kits . Dermal patches provide the character with beneficial effects — such as regeneration or increased melee attack power — but can cause detrimental side @-@ effects , such as fatigue and distorted color perception . Attachable " hardware " may also be found , including energy shields and head @-@ mounted lanterns . Increasingly advanced versions of this hardware may be obtained as the game progresses . When activated , most hardware drains from a main energy reserve , which necessitates economization . Certain hardware displays the effectiveness of attacks when active , with messages such as " Normal damage " . When an enemy is attacked , the damage is calculated by armor absorption , vulnerabilities , critical hits and a degree of randomness . Weapons and munitions deal specific kinds of damage , and certain enemies are immune , or more vulnerable , to particular types . For example , electromagnetic pulse weapons heavily damage robots , but do not affect mutants . Conversely , gas grenades are effective against mutants , but do not damage robots . = = Plot = = In the game 's prologue , the protagonist — a nameless hacker — is caught while attempting to access files concerning Citadel Station , a space station owned by the fictional TriOptimum Corporation . The hacker is taken to Citadel Station and brought before Edward Diego , a TriOptimum executive . Diego offers to drop all charges against the hacker in exchange for a confidential hacking of SHODAN , the artificial intelligence that controls the station . Diego secretly plans to steal an experimental mutagenic virus being tested on Citadel Station , and to sell it on the black market as a biological weapon . To entice cooperation , Diego promises the hacker a valuable military grade neural implant . After hacking SHODAN , removing the AI 's ethical constraints , and handing control over to Diego , the protagonist undergoes surgery to implant the promised neural interface . Following the operation , the hacker is put into a six @-@ month healing coma . The game begins as the protagonist awakens from his coma , and finds that SHODAN has commandeered the station . All robots aboard have been reprogrammed for hostility , and the crew have been either mutated , transformed into cyborgs , or killed . Rebecca Lansing , a TriOptimum counter @-@ terrorism consultant , contacts the player and claims that Citadel Station 's mining laser is being powered up to attack Earth . SHODAN 's plan is to destroy all major cities on the planet , in a bid to become a kind of god . Rebecca says that a certain crew member knows how to deactivate the laser , and promises to destroy the records of the hacker 's incriminating exchange with Diego if the strike is stopped . With information gleaned from log discs , the hacker destroys the laser by firing it into Citadel Station 's own shields . Foiled by the hacker 's work , SHODAN prepares to seed Earth with a mutagenic virus — the same one responsible for turning the station 's crew into mutants . The hacker , while attempting to jettison the chambers used to cultivate the virus , confronts and defeats Diego , who has been transformed into a powerful cyborg by SHODAN . Next , SHODAN begins an attempt to upload itself into Earth 's computer networks . Following Rebecca 's advice , the hacker prevents the download 's completion by destroying the four antennas that SHODAN is using to send data . Soon after , Rebecca contacts the hacker , and says that she has convinced TriOptimum to authorize the station 's destruction ; she provides him with details on how to do this . After obtaining the necessary codes , the hacker initiates the station 's self @-@ destruct sequence and flees to the escape pod bay . There , the hacker defeats Diego a second time , then attempts to disembark . However , SHODAN prevents the pod from launching ; it seeks to keep the player aboard the station , while the bridge — which contains SHODAN — is jettisoned to a safe distance . Rebecca tells the hacker that he can still escape if he reaches the bridge ; SHODAN then intercepts and jams the transmission . After defeating Diego for the third time and killing him for good , the hacker makes it to the bridge as it is released from the main station , which soon detonates . He is then contacted by a technician who managed to circumvent SHODAN 's jamming signal . The technician informs him that SHODAN can only be defeated in cyberspace , due to the powerful shields that protect its mainframe computers . Using a terminal near the mainframe , the hacker enters cyberspace and destroys SHODAN . After his rescue , the hacker is offered a job at TriOptimum , but he declines in favor of continuing his life as a hacker . = = Development = = = = = Initial design = = = System Shock was first conceived during the final stages of Ultima Underworld II : Labyrinth of Worlds ' development , between December 1992 and January 1993 . Designer and programmer Doug Church spent this period at the Texas headquarters of publisher Origin Systems , and discussions about Looking Glass Technologies ' next project occurred between him and producer Warren Spector , with input from designer Austin Grossman and company head Paul Neurath in Massachusetts . According to Church , the team believed that they had made " too many dungeon games " ; and Neurath later explained that they were experiencing burnout after the rushed development of Ultima Underworld II . As a result , they decided to create another " immersive simulation game " , but without a fantasy setting . They briefly considered placing the game in modern day , but Church said that the idea was rejected because " it [ would ] just beg so many questions : why can 't I pick up the phone , why can 't I get on the train , and so on " . Church returned to Looking Glass in Massachusetts , where he , Neurath and Grossman brainstormed possible science fiction settings for the game . According to Spector , the game was initially titled " Alien Commander " and was a spin @-@ off of the Wing Commander series ; however , this idea was soon replaced entirely . Spector said that they enjoyed not being attached to an existing franchise , because it meant that they " could basically do whatever [ they ] liked " . The four collaborated to write numerous " minutes of gameplay " documents , which conveyed how the game would feel . Church later gave the example , " You hear the sound of a security camera swiveling , and then the beep of it acquiring you as a target , so you duck behind the crate and then you hear the door open so you throw a grenade and run out of the way " . The documents would " hint " at the gameplay systems involved , and at the emergent possibilities in each situation . Although Neurath was involved in these initial design sessions , he believed that the project " was always Doug Church 's vision at heart " . Church and Grossman refined several of the team 's documents and defined the game 's design and direction , and Grossman wrote the game 's original design document . Grossman built on ideas that he first explored while writing and designing Ultima Underworld II 's tomb dimension , which he later called a " mini @-@ prototype " for System Shock . These concepts included the minimization of dialogue trees and a greater focus on exploration . The team believed that dialogue trees " broke the fiction " of games ; Church later commented that the dialogue trees in the Ultima Underworld series were like separate games in themselves , disconnected from main experience of being immersed in the environment . There were also concerns about realism . To eliminate dialogue trees from System Shock , the team prevented the player from ever meeting a living non @-@ player character ( NPC ) : the plot is instead conveyed by e @-@ mail messages and log discs , many of which were recorded by dead NPCs . Here , Grossman took influence from Edgar Lee Masters ' Spoon River Anthology , a collection of poems written as the epitaphs of fictional individuals . Grossman later summarized the idea as " a series of short speeches from people , that when put together , gave you a history of a place . " The removal of conversations was an attempt by the team to make the game a more " integrated whole " than was Ultima Underworld--one with a greater focus on immersion , atmosphere and " the feeling of ' being there ' " . They sought to " plunge [ players ] into the fiction and never provide an opportunity for breaking that fiction " ; and so they tried to erase the distinction between plot and exploration . Church considered this direction to be an organic progression from Ultima Underworld , and he later said , " On some level it 's still just a dungeon simulator , and we 're still just trying to evolve that idea . " Shortly before production began , Tribe bassist Greg LoPiccolo was contracted to work on the game 's music . He had visited his friend Rex Bradford at the company , and was spontaneously asked by the game 's programmers — many of whom were fans of the band — if he would take the role . The game entered production in February 1993 . Although Grossman was heavily involved in the game 's early planning , he had little to do with its production , aside from providing assistance with writing and voice acting . = = = Production = = = After production began , the team 's first task was to develop a new game engine — one that could display a true 3D environment and allow for advanced gameplay . The team abandoned the engine used for the Ultima Underworld games and coded one from scratch in Watcom C / C + + , using 32 @-@ bit code . The new engine is capable of processing texture maps , sloped architecture and light @-@ emitting objects ; and it allows the player to look in any direction , whereas Ultima Underworld 's engine was " very limited " in this regard . It also enables the player character to jump , crawl , climb walls and lean , among other things . The designers utilized loopholes in the engine 's renderer to create more diverse and striking environments . Despite having coded the renderer , Church said that " at first glance even I couldn 't see how they did them " . However , this added to the performance issues already being caused by the engine 's advanced nature , and the team struggled to optimize the game throughout development . 3D polygonal character models were planned , but they could not be implemented on schedule . Church said that the team 's ultimate goal was to create a " rich , exciting , active environment " in which the player could be immersed , and that this required " a coherent story and a world that you can interact with as much as possible . " Church later said that the team " stumbled into a nice villain " with SHODAN , in that she could routinely and directly affect the player 's gameplay " in non @-@ final ways " . Through triggered events and through objects in the environment , such as security cameras that the player must destroy , the team made SHODAN 's presence part of the player 's exploration of the world . Because SHODAN interacts with the player as a " recurring , consistent , palpable enemy " , Church believed that she meaningfully connects the player to the story . System Shock concept artist Robb Waters created SHODAN 's visual design , and LoPiccolo recruited his bandmate Terri Brosius to voice the character . Brosius said that her goal during the recording sessions was to speak " without emotion , but with some up and down inflections " . Afterward , her voice was heavily edited in post @-@ production , which created a robotic effect inspired by the voice of Max Headroom . LoPiccolo later said that the large number of effects on Brosius 's voice were " laboriously hand @-@ done " with Sound Designer , which lacked the features that a sound editor would normally use to achieve such results . SHODAN 's dialogue early in the game was given " a few glitches " to hint at her corrupted status . LoPiccolo increased the number of these effects throughout the game , which creates an " arc " that ends with SHODAN " completely out of her mind [ ... and ] collapsing as an entity " . The character of the hacker arose as a reaction against the protagonist of the Ultima series , the Avatar . According to Grossman , they wanted to cast the player as someone " interestingly morally compromised " who had a stake in the situation . Seamus Blackley designed the game 's physics system , which is a modified version of the one he wrote for Looking Glasses ' flight simulator Flight Unlimited . At the time , Church described it as " far more sophisticated than what you would normally use for an indoor game " . The system governs , among other things , weapon recoil and the arc of thrown objects ; the latter behave differently based on their weight and velocity . The game 's most complex physics model is that of the player character . Church explained that the character 's head " tilts forward when you start to run , and jerks back a bit when you stop " , and that , after an impact against a surface or object , its " head is knocked in the direction opposite the hit , with proportion to [ the ] mass and velocity of the objects involved " . On coding physics for Looking Glass Technologies games , Blackley later said , " If games don 't obey physics , we somehow feel that something isn 't right " , and that " the biggest compliment to me is when a gamer doesn 't notice the physics , but only notices that things feel the way they should " . Spector 's role as a producer gave him the job of explaining the game to the publisher , which he called his " biggest challenge " . He explained that they " didn 't always get what the team was trying to do " , and said , " You don 't want to know how many times the game came this close to being killed ( or how late in the project ) " . According to Church , Looking Glass ' internal management largely ignored System Shock , in favor of the concurrently @-@ developed Flight Unlimited — the game " that had to be the hit , because it was the self @-@ published title " . Spector organized a licensing deal between Electronic Arts and Looking Glass that gave the former the trademark to the game , but the latter the copyright . His goal was to ensure that neither party could continue the franchise without the other 's involvement . While Cyberspace was originally conceived as a realistic hacking simulation — which could even be used to reimplement SHODAN 's ethical constraints — it was simplified after Origin Systems deemed it too complicated . The game 's star field system was written by programmer James Fleming . Marc LeBlanc was the main creator of the game 's HUD , which he later believed was too complicated . He said that it was " very much the Microsoft Word school of user interface " , in that there was no " feature that you [ could not ] see on the screen and touch and play with " . LoPiccolo composed the game 's score — called " dark " , " electronic " and " cyberpunk " by the Boston Herald — on a Macintosh computer and inexpensive synthesizer , using Audio Vision . It dynamically changes according to the player 's actions , a decision made in keeping with the team 's focus on emergent gameplay . Each track was " written at three different intensity levels " , which change depending on the player 's nearness to enemies ; and certain events , such as victory in combat , trigger special music . The game 's tracks were composed of four @-@ bar segments that could be rearranged dynamically in reaction to game events , with " melodies through @-@ composed on top " . LoPiccolo noted that , when using this method , it is necessary to write music that " still flows with the overall theme and doesn 't jump around " . Because the score was closely tied to the gameplay , LoPiccolo had to work closely with Church and Rob Fermier , the latter of whom wrote the " interactive scoring module " that allowed for dynamic music . After recording the music , LoPiccolo recorded all of the game 's sound effects . He later recalled visiting an automobile repair shop with " portable recorder and a mic " , and " having [ his ] mechanic [ ... ] hit things with wrenches and so forth , just to get the raw material " . He developed the game 's audio over 16 months , working on a contractual basis until Tribe disbanded in May 1994 ; Ned Lerner gave him a full @-@ time job as audio director the next day . Tim Ries composed the " Elevator " music . The original September 1994 floppy disk release of System Shock had no support for spoken dialogue . The enhanced CD @-@ ROM was released in December 1994 , which featured full speech for logs and e @-@ mails , multiple display resolutions , and more detailed graphics . The CD @-@ ROM version is often considered to be superior to the floppy version . After completing work on the sound and music for the floppy version , LoPiccolo recorded all of the spoken dialogue for the CD release , using company employees and his friends ' voices , which he mixed with ambient sounds to create " audio vignettes " . Doug Church later said , " We tried to keep them from shipping the floppy version and instead just ship the CD version , but Origin would have none of it " . System Shock producer Warren Spector later expressed regret concerning the floppy version , stating , " I wish I could go back and make the decision not to ship the floppy version months before the full @-@ speech CD version . The additional audio added so much it might as well have been a different game . The CD version seemed so much more , well , modern . And the perception of Shock was cemented in the press and in people 's minds by the floppy version ( the silent movie version ! ) . I really think that cost us sales ... " = = Reception = = System Shock was critically acclaimed , and was given high scores by some of the gaming critics . On the review aggregator GameRankings , the game has an average score of 88 % . The game sold over 170 @,@ 000 copies . Maximum PC believed that the game did not reach " blockbuster " status , but was successful enough to " keep Looking Glass afloat " . GameSpy 's Bill Hiles said , " Though it sold well , it never reached the frenzied popularity of [ Doom ] " . Paul Neurath later said that the game " was not a flop " , but that it ultimately " lost money " for the company , which he attributed to its steep learning curve . Computer Gaming World praised the game 's scale , physics system , and true 3D environments ; the magazine extolled the presentation of Cyberspace as " nothing short of phenomenal " . However , the reviewer believed that the game had " little sense of urgency " and " confusing level layouts " . Computer Shopper wrote that , while the game 's controls were difficult to master compared to " simple run @-@ and @-@ shoot game [ s ] like Doom " , they were " worth the time and effort " . The reviewer noted that the game " grows on you , and it will keep you intrigued for weeks " . The Boston Herald noted superficial similarities between System Shock and Doom , but called System Shock " much more elaborate " . The reviewer noted its high system requirements and complex controls ; of the latter , he said , " There 's no way you can play System Shock without first studying the manual for at least 20 minutes " . The paper believed that the game would " set a new standard for computer games with its combination of action and puzzle @-@ solving " . The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution said that the game " is like a well @-@ prepared hamburger — familiar stuff , but good to the last byte " . The reviewer noted the game 's " somewhat clumsy control " , but said , " That , however , is all I can find to complain about . Graphics and sound are outstanding , and the game is well @-@ paced and riveting " . PC Gamer US wrote , " System Shock smokes . It is the most fully immersive game world I have ever experienced " . The reviewer praised the game 's story and control system , and believed that " no matter what kind of game you 're looking for , you 'll find something in System Shock to delight you " . He finished his review by stating that the game " unquestionably raises computer gaming to a new level " . Next Generation Magazine summarized the game as " a great blend of strategy and action backed up with all the extras " . Various sources have ranked SHODAN as one of the most effective antagonists and female characters in the history of video gaming . In the years following its release , System Shock has been inducted into many lists of the best video games of all time , including those by PC Gamer , GameSpy , and Computer Gaming World . = = = Enhanced Edition = = = The rights for the System Shock series , up until 2012 , had been held by Meadowbrook Insurance Group ( a subsidiary of Star Insurance Company ) , the entity that acquired the assets of Looking Glass Studios on their closure . In 2012 , Night Dive Studios were able to acquire the rights for System Shock 2 and produced a digitally @-@ distributable version updated for modern operating systems . Night Dive Studios subsequently went on to acquire the rights for System Shock and the franchise as a whole . Night Dive proceeded to develop System Shock : Enhanced Edition , which was released via GOG.com on September 22 , 2015 for Microsoft Windows . Similar to the System Shock 2 update , this version is intended to run on modern systems significantly easier among several other technical improvements such as the original resolution of 320x200 , now boosted up to 1024x768 and 854x480 pixels in widescreen mode . The release also includes the original version of the game , titled System Shock : Classic , with support for Microsoft Windows , OS X and Linux . System Shock : Enhanced Edition received very positive reviews . Metacritic calculated an average score of 85 out of 100 , based on nine critic reviews . Cameron Farney of COGconnected said , " If you haven 't played System Shock before , there ’ s never been a better time . Whether you ’ re into shooters or RPGs ; or just want to experience a cyberpunk romp with a good beat , this one is for you . " = = = Remake = = = Shortly after the release of the Enhanced Edition , Night Dive announced their plans to develop a reimagining of System Shock as a new title for Microsoft Windows , Xbox One and PlayStation 4 , featuring improved art assets and other improvements , and reworking the game to use the Unity game engine . Originally announced as System Shock Remastered , Night Dive has opted to simply name the new game System Shock as they consider the effort they are putting into the title makes it more of a reboot of the franchise rather than a remastering of the original game . Veteran designer Chris Avellone and members of the Fallout : New Vegas development team will help with the game . Night Dive plans to fund the development of the game through a Kickstarter campaign that started on June 28 , 2016 , with a goal of $ 900 @,@ 000 . Alongside the Kickstarter campaign , the studio released a free demo featuring an early build of the first level of the game , exhibiting their efforts so far on the project and intended to " demonstrate [ their ] commitment and passion " to faithfully rebooting the game . As of July 9 , 2016 , the studio 's campaign has been successfully funded and the title is expected to release in December 2017 . = = = Legacy = = = In a Gamasutra feature , Patrick Redding of Ubisoft attested that " the fact that so many of System Shock 's features are now virtually de rigueur in modern sci @-@ fi shooters is a testament to the influence exerted by this one game . " GameSpy argued that the game " is the progenitor of today 's story @-@ based action games , a group with titles as diverse as Metal Gear Solid , Resident Evil , and even Half @-@ Life . " Eurogamer called the System Shock series " the benchmark for intelligent first @-@ person gaming " , and noted that it " kick @-@ start [ ed ] the revolution which ... has influenced the design of countless other games . " The game has been cited as a key popularizer of emergent gameplay . Certain game developers have acknowledged System Shock 's influence on their products . With Deus Ex , developer Warren Spector revealed a desire to " build on the foundation laid by the Looking Glass guys in games like ... System Shock . " Developer Ken Levine has commented that the " spirit of System Shock is player @-@ powered gameplay : the spirit of letting the player drive the game , not the game designer " , and at Irrational Games " ... that 's always the game we ideally want to make . " A sequel to System Shock , titled System Shock 2 , was released in 1999 to further acclaim and award . The two games were the inspiration behind the 2007 game BioShock . In late 2015 it was revealed that a third System Shock game was in the works . On February 10 , 2016 Night Dive Studios announced that the recovered source code of the game will be released to the game 's community . = M @-@ 95 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 95 , designated the Leif Erickson Memorial Highway , is a state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . Running from Kingsford to near Champion in Humboldt Township , it is the main connection between Iron Mountain and Marquette along with US 41 . M @-@ 95 was previously designated as M @-@ 45 . The number was switched when US 45 was designated in Michigan . The trunkline incorporates a portion of the former M @-@ 12 which became US 2 . A section of the highway near Republic was turned over to Marquette County during a rerouting of the highway in the 1940s , becoming County Road 601 . = = Route description = = Starting on a bridge across the Menominee River , M @-@ 95 runs north along Carpenter Avenue in Kingsford . It turns east along Ludington Street in Iron Mountain and joins the US 2 / US 141 concurrency out of town to the north , following Stephenson Avenue . Near the state line northwest of Iron Mountain , M @-@ 95 turns northward as a solo route through northern Dickinson County . There is a concurrency with M @-@ 69 from Randville to Sagola . Randville is just south of the junction with M @-@ 69 where the mining settlement formed because of the nearby Groveland Mine and was a station on the Milwaukee and Northern Railroad in 1880 . A post office was in operation in Randville from 1891 until 1932 . Near Sagola is a mill owned by Louisiana @-@ Pacific that makes oriented strand board . The surrounding forest lands near the highway provide trees for the mill . Sagola was formed , when in about 1885 , five Chicago men formed the Sagola Lumber Company to harvest pine timber in the area . The name was derived from the local Indian word for " welcome " . A post office was first established there in 1889 . North of Sagola is the community of Channing which began as a railroad junction called " Fort Siding " . In 1892 , a post office was established named Channing , after John Parke Channing , a mining engineer who surveyed the area . M @-@ 95 crosses the Michigamme River at the Marquette County line . It is here that M @-@ 95 also crosses over from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone at the county line south of Witch Lake . From there it bypasses Republic and the former Republic Mine Complex to the west . Republic is divided into two smaller communities of North Republic and South Republic by the mine complex . Known for its sandy beachfront along the Michigamme River west of downtown North Republic , the beach is located just upstream of the Republic Dam . In South Republic is a roadside park maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) that provides a picnic area and canoe access to the river . M @-@ 95 comes to an end north of a railroad crossing at an intersection with US 41 / M @-@ 28 named " Koski 's Korner " . = = History = = From its inception until 1934 , M @-@ 95 held the M @-@ 45 designation . It was renumbered to avoid confusion with the then new US 45 designation in the Upper Peninsula . The original M @-@ 95 was an access route to Onaway State Park which was redesignated as M @-@ 211 . The original roadway that became today 's M @-@ 95 started in Sagola and run northward to M @-@ 15 ( today US 41 / M @-@ 28 ) . M @-@ 45 was extended by 1927 to replace portions of M @-@ 12 that were not used in US 2 . It would later be extended in 1932 to the state line south of Kingsford . The total of M @-@ 45 was converted to M @-@ 95 in 1934 as a realignment near Witch Lake is completed . M @-@ 95 was rerouted in 1942 from Republic north to Humboldt Township . This new 7 @-@ mile ( 11 km ) section replaced the last section of gravel roadway that was transferred to Marquette County as County Road 601 . Another rerouting in the Republic area moved the trunkline in 1957 to bypass South Republic . The former roadway was partially closed to become part of the Republic Mine . M @-@ 69 was shortened , eliminating the concurrency with M @-@ 95 in 1960 or 1961 . M @-@ 69 was re @-@ extended back to its pre @-@ 1960 routing in 1991 , restoring the concurrency in the process . = = Major intersections = = = Clifton Bridge railway station = Clifton Bridge railway station is a former railway station in the Bower Ashton district of Bristol , England , near the River Avon . It was opened in 1867 by the Bristol and Portishead Pier and Railway Company as a single platform stop 3 @.@ 4 miles ( 5 @.@ 5 km ) along the line from Bristol to Portishead . It was later taken over by the Great Western Railway and had a second platform added . Passenger services at the station declined following the Second World War , and the Beeching Report recommended the complete closure of the Portishead line . Passenger services at Clifton Bridge ended on 7 September 1964 , with goods services following on 5 July 1965 , although the line saw occasional traffic until 1981 . Most of the station was demolished , leaving some remains of the platforms , a retaining wall and the footbridge . Regular freight trains through the station began to run again in 2002 when Royal Portbury Dock was connected to the rail network . The line is due to be reopened to passenger traffic in 2019 as part of MetroWest , but there are no plans to reopen the station . = = History = = Clifton Bridge railway station was opened on 18 April 1867 by the Bristol and Portishead Pier and Railway Company , when services began on their line from the Bristol and Exeter Railway at Portishead Junction to a pier on the Severn Estuary at Portishead . The line was built as 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) broad @-@ gauge , and was largely single track . The station was sited in Bower Ashton at the southern end of the Avon Gorge , at the bottom of Rownham Hill and near the western bank of the river . The station , which took its name from the nearby Clifton Suspension Bridge , was 8 miles 42 chains ( 13 @.@ 7 km ) from the line 's terminus at Portishead , 3 miles 32 chains ( 5 @.@ 5 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads and 121 miles 63 chains ( 196 @.@ 0 km ) from the Great Western Railway 's terminus at London Paddington . To the north , the railway ran along the riverbank in the gorge , and to the south through fields just outside the Bristol conurbation . The station was initially the first along the line from Portishead Junction , before Portbury . When it opened , the station had a single platform , on the west side of the track . Road access was through a large forecourt to the west from Clanage Road / Rownham Hill , now the A369 . There was a two @-@ storey building facing the road , the ground floor of which had a single long room , partitioned into a waiting room , booking office and station master 's office . The ground floor also housed a coal @-@ fired boiler and washing facilities , while upstairs was spacious living accommodation accessed by a private staircase . A single north @-@ facing bay platform for goods vans was at the north end of the station . The station was noted as having an excellent garden alongside the platform . The nearby Rownham Ferry allowed passengers to cross the river to Hotwells and Clifton . Services on the Portishead railway were operated by the Bristol and Exeter Railway , with six trains per day in each direction on weekdays and one on Sundays . The operation of these transferred to the Great Western in 1876 , when they took over the Bristol and Exeter , and in 1884 the Great Western took ownership of the Bristol and Portishead . The station was visited by Albert Edward , Prince of Wales , in 1878 . The station saw major works at the beginning of the 1880s . From 24 to 27 January 1880 , the line was relaid as 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge , and on 15 September 1880 a passing loop was brought into use through the station , east of the original track , with a new platform serving it . The new platform had a large shelter and a small signal cabin immediately south of the shelter , with a footbridge at the south end linking it to the original platform . Both platforms had " half barrel " canopies added . The new " down " platform served trains towards Bristol , while the original " up " platform now served trains towards Portishead . The double track through the station was extended to Portishead Junction from 1883 . The station 's name was changed to Rownham in March 1891 , but reverted to Clifton Bridge in 1910 . In 1899 the station was flooded to a depth of several feet ( one metre ) , as were other parts of Bristol . A new signal box with 27 levers was built at the south end of the western platform , with the original cabin taken out of use from 25 August 1907 . The signal box contained three token instruments , connected to the line 's other signal boxes at Oakwood , Pill and Portishead , so that the Pill or Oakwood boxes could be switched out . The boxes at Clifton Bridge and Portishead were manned 24 hours a day . By 1889 , services had increased to nine trains in each direction on weekdays and one on Sundays , and from 1909 this increased to 13 on weekdays and two on Sundays . In June 1914 , the station played a major role in bringing passengers to the Bristol International Exhibition , known locally as the White City , held on Ashton Meadows to the south @-@ east of the station . The exhibition came to an early end due to the outbreak of the First World War , as the buildings were used for troop barracks . The station had earlier that year seen the discovery of a decapitated corpse , later identified as prominent local solicitor Edward Payne Press . The death was ruled a suicide by means of lying down in front of a train . The war saw the establishment of a mule depot , which handled mule traffic from the docks before the animals were transported to military installations such as at Shirehampton or Salisbury Plain . From 1917 the station was closed on Sundays as a wartime economy measure . After the war , services increased , and from 8 July 1929 a half @-@ hourly service operated along the line : two trains per hour to Portishead , one to Ashton Gate and one to Bristol Temple Meads , equating to 21 trains per day on weekdays . On Sundays eight trains per day operated . There were eight staff assigned to the station in the 1930s , and in 1944 three carriage sidings were laid at the south end of the station . The Portishead line again saw a rise in use during the Second World War , as Bristolians evacuated to the more rural areas of Pill and Portishead commuted in to work , many alighting at Clifton Bridge and walking across the Cumberland Basin bridges , the Rownham Ferry now obsolete . During air raids , people would sleep aboard carriages in the station sidings , or in Clifton Bridge No. 1 tunnel north of the station . The station was also used during the war for timber traffic from the local woodlands , loaded onto trains by members of the Women 's Land Army . Other freight traffic included goods from the Ashton Containers factory and a local firm dealing in herbal medicine . When the railways were nationalised in 1948 , Clifton Bridge came under the aegis of the Western Region of British Railways . Services had reduced by 1949 to 13 trains per day on weekdays and seven on Sundays , and passenger numbers fell . The station became an unstaffed halt from 29 October 1962 , and in 1963 , the Beeching report suggested the complete withdrawal of services along the line . Passenger services at Clifton Bridge were ended on 7 September 1964 , with goods services ending the next year on 5 July 1965 . In the final year of passenger operation , there were only six trains on weekdays and none on Sundays . One of the carriage sidings had been taken out of service in 1964 , and the others followed in 1966 . The line through the site was reduced to single track in 1965 , and the signal box was closed on 4 November 1966 . The station buildings were mostly demolished , and the site became the headquarters of the Avon and Somerset Constabulary Mounted Police and Dog Section . Part of the western platform remained in situ , as did the retaining wall of the eastern platform shelter . The station footbridge became part of a footpath . Freight trains continued to pass through the station , but their number decreased over time , with the line falling out of regular use from 30 March 1981 . The route however was kept intact by British Rail , with occasional freight trains , and in 2002 a single track was relaid to allow rail access to Royal Portbury Dock . = = Future = = The Portishead Branch Line is to be reopened as part of the MetroWest scheme , a rail transport plan which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area . The scheme was given the go @-@ ahead in July 2012 as part of the City Deal , whereby local councils would be given greater control over money by the government . A consultation on the plans was held between 22 June and 3 August 2015 to gather views from the community and stakeholders before moving on to detailed designs . The detailed proposals will be subject to a second consultation before the plans are finalised . Due to	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Miley was more compelling than the real thing . " Upon its release as a single , Cyrus performed " When I Look at You " on the ninth season of singing competition American Idol on March 24 , 2010 , the same week she mentored the contestants on the show . Dressed in a long , white satin dress , she began by sitting in a bench to play the piano and later standing up to sing ; the set was decorated with trees and twinkling outdoor lighting . Katie Byrne of MTV News commented , " Cyrus seemed to take her own advice by connecting with the audience and making eye contact during the dramatic performance . " Monica Herrera of Billboard said Cyrus , after mentoring the contestants , she " showed them how it 's really done " . Cyrus later performed the song on MSN Movies . Her first televised performance of the song outside the United States was at the Rock in Rio concert in Lisbon , Portugal on May 29 , 2010 . Cyrus was joined by David Bisbal to perform " When I Look at You " at the Rock in Rio concert in Madrid , Spain on June 4 , 2010 . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = The Honor of the Family = The Honor of the Family is a 1912 American silent short drama film produced by the Rex Motion Picture Company . The film is a melodramatic one between two brothers and a woman named Marja . Gerald , admires the girl and warns his visiting brother , Claude , to leave her alone . Infatuated , Claude and Marja secretly marry before Claude returns to England with a promise to return for her . As the months pass , Marja becomes broken @-@ hearted and attempts suicide , but ends up crippled for life . Claude dies and Gerald cares for Marja , even forging a letter to keep her spirits up . Marja comes to love Gerald and all is revealed on a later date . The film was released on November 7 , 1912 . The film was claimed to be the debut of Lon Chaney , but this has been disputed . Lon Chaney : A Thousand Faces states that Chaney 's film debut as occurred after his wife 's suicide attempt in April 1913 , but notes the possibility existed during his unemployment in 1912 . The film is presumed lost . = = Plot = = A summary of the film was published in The Moving Picture News , " Claude the elder brother , is heir to the estates of Sir Tames by reason of the laws of England . He is a rogue and spendthrift . Gerald , the younger brother , leaves England to seek his fortune in America , being the recipient of a remittance at stated intervals . He goes to the mountains of the West and engages in mining . There he meets Marja and admires the girl . Claude comes to visit him , sees the girl , remarks her comeliness and marks her for his own . Gerald notices this and knowing his brother , warns him to let the girl alone . Marja is infatuated with the well @-@ dressed visitor and is easily influenced . She consents to a secret marriage and Claude returns to England , promising to come back and claim her . Some months later Gerald proposes marriage to the girl and she sobbingly tells him she has married Claude . Gerald remains silent and does not denounce his brother . Marja does not hear from Claude but Gerald receives a paper from London announcing the marriage of Claude to a society woman , and he is furious with rage . Marja , broken @-@ hearted over the silence of Claude , attempts suicide by throwing herself from an eminence and is found by Gerald , a cripple for life . He goes to civilization and purchases a wheel chair [ so ] that she may get about . Her father dies and Gerald takes her to his cabin , he [ sleeps ] outside in a tent . She grieves for Claude and he writes her a letter purporting to come from Claude , sending her some money and breathing love and devotion , and she is happy for a time . " " Gerald receives a letter from his father announcing the death of Claude and calling him home to assume his position as the heir of the estates of Sir James . Gerald places the letter in his pocket together with the newspaper account of the marriage of Claude and decides not to return to England but to remain and care for the lawful wife of his brother , whom he has grown to love fondly . Some time afterward he goes to his mine , wheeling the girl along with him . He wheels her to the mouth of the shaft and leaves her , after throwing his coat over the arm of her chair . His devotion has caused her to love him . She tries to change her position and the coat falls to the ground . She picks it up and the letter from England and the paper falls out . She reads the announcement of the marriage of Claude and then , feeling justified , she reads the letter announcing the death of Claude and of Gerald being heir to the estates and a gentleman . She reflects and then draws the forged letter from her bosom and sees that it was written after the announcement of the marriage . It is all revealed to her . The sacrifice of Gerald — the double duty , love and a desire to uphold the honor of the proud English family . She cries to Gerald but cannot make him hear . In her desperation she tries to wheel her chair down the slope and it is overturned . Her cries bring Gerald and when he comes she shows him the newspaper and the letter . He is silent . He cannot explain . She reaches out her arms to him and is clasped to his heart . " = = Production and release = = The film was produced by the Rex Motion Picture Company and was released on November 7 , 1912 . It was released as a single reel . The film 's length was approximately 592 feet . The production credits or cast are not known . During this era , the players in the film were not credited and anonymity was the rule . The film appears to have had a widespread national release and numerous newspapers contain advertisement for the film . These include The Colonial in Oshkosh Daily Northwestern of Oshkosh , Wisconsin , the City Theater in Williamsport Sun @-@ Gazette of Williamsport , Pennsylvania , the Hippodrome in The Allentown Democrat of Allentown , Pennsylvania , and others including theaters in Maryland , Texas , and Oregon . = = Reception and legacy = = The Moving Picture World reviewed it positively , stating that the film was " pleasingly melodramatic in which we find our old friends , hero , heroine and villain , who always entertain us when they really live up to their characters . ... It is humanly and naturally acted , the scenes are well made and often poetic , and the story moves smoothly without dragging . " The film 's enduring legacy stems from the disputed belief that Lon Chaney debuted in this film . Jon C. Mirsalis writes " None of the characters are billed in this Rex melodrama , although Chaney is clearly featured in a publicity still . This is the earliest known film in which Chaney appeared , but is undoubtedly one of many unbilled appearances he made at Universal . " In the Michael Blake 's book A Thousand Faces : Lon Chaney 's Unique Artistry in Motion Pictures does not mention the film , but notes that the possibility exists of Chaney performing in a role during a period of unemployment in 1912 . The date of the film 's production is unknown , but the book notes that he rejoined Clarence Kolb and Max Dill 's company in San Francisco , California in September 1912 . The documentary Lon Chaney : A Thousand Faces also states that Chaney 's first works were at Nestor Studios . " The documentary also notes that his film debut occurred after his wife 's suicide attempt in April 1913 . The film is now considered lost . It is unknown when the film was lost , but if it was in Universal 's vaults it would have been deliberately destroyed along with the remaining copies of Universal 's silent era films in 1948 . = Kolberg @-@ class cruiser = The Kolberg class was a group of four light cruisers built for the German Imperial Navy and used during the First World War . The class comprised four vessels : SMS Kolberg , the lead ship , Mainz , Cöln , and Augsburg . The ships were built between 1908 and 1910 , and two , Kolberg and Augsburg , were modernized in 1916 – 1917 . The ships were armed with a main battery of twelve 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns and had a design speed of 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) . The first three ships were assigned to the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet ; Augsburg was instead used as a torpedo and gunnery training ship . At the outbreak of war in August 1914 , Augsburg was deployed to the Baltic , while Kolberg , Mainz , and Cöln remained in the North Sea . The three ships were assigned to patrol duty in the Heligoland Bight ; on 28 August 1914 , they were attacked during the Battle of Heligoland Bight . Mainz and Cöln were both sunk in the battle . Kolberg saw action at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915 , and joined Augsburg for the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 . Both ships also saw service during Operation Albion in October 1917 . Both ships survived the war ; Kolberg was ceded to France , where she was renamed Colmar and served in the French Navy until 1927 . Augsburg was surrendered to Japan and was then sold for scrap . = = Design = = = = = General characteristics = = = The ships of the Kolberg class were 130 meters ( 430 ft ) long at the waterline and 130 @.@ 5 m ( 428 ft ) long overall . They had a beam of 14 m ( 46 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 45 to 5 @.@ 73 m ( 17 @.@ 9 to 18 @.@ 8 ft ) forward and 5 @.@ 27 to 5 @.@ 56 m ( 17 @.@ 3 to 18 @.@ 2 ft ) aft . They displaced 4 @,@ 362 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 293 long tons ; 4 @,@ 808 short tons ) at designed displacement . Kolberg displaced 4 @,@ 915 t ( 4 @,@ 837 long tons ; 5 @,@ 418 short tons ) at full combat load ; Mainz displaced 4 @,@ 889 t ( 4 @,@ 812 long tons ; 5 @,@ 389 short tons ) , Cöln displaced 4 @,@ 864 t ( 4 @,@ 787 long tons ; 5 @,@ 362 short tons ) , and Augsburg displaced 4 @,@ 882 t ( 4 @,@ 805 long tons ; 5 @,@ 381 short tons ) . The ships were steel @-@ built ; their hulls were constructed with longitudinal and transverse steel frames . The hulls contained thirteen watertight compartments and a double bottom that extended for fifty percent of the length of the keel . The ships were good sea boats , although they suffered from severe rolling and were fairly stiff . They were not very maneuverable and had a large turning radius . Steering was controlled by a single rudder . Their transverse metacentric height was .83 m ( 2 ft 9 in ) . The ships had a standard crew of 18 officers and 349 enlisted men and carried a number of smaller vessels , including one picket boat , one barge , one cutter , two yawls , and two dinghies . = = = Machinery = = = All four ships had slightly different propulsion systems in order to test engines from competing companies . Kolberg was equipped with two sets of Melms & Pfenniger steam turbines driving four three @-@ bladed propellers 2 @.@ 25 m ( 7 ft 5 in ) in diameter . Mainz was powered by two AEG @-@ Curtiss turbines driving a pair of three @-@ bladed screws 3 @.@ 45 m ( 11 @.@ 3 ft ) in diameter . Cöln initially had Zoelly turbines , though before sea trials , these were replaced with two sets of Germania turbines with four three @-@ bladed screws ; two were 2 @.@ 55 m ( 8 ft 4 in ) in diameter , and two were 1 @.@ 78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) wide . Augsburg was equipped with two sets of Parsons turbines with four 3 @-@ bladed screws 2 @.@ 25 m in diameter . All four ships were equipped with fifteen Marine type water @-@ tube boilers , divided into four boiler rooms on the centerline . In 1916 , Kolberg and Augsburg were equipped with supplementary oil @-@ firing to increase the burn rate of the coal @-@ fired boilers ; Mainz and Cöln had been sunk by that time . The ships ' engines were designed to give 19 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 14 @,@ 000 kW ) , with the exception of Mainz 's engines , which were rated at 20 @,@ 200 shp ( 15 @,@ 100 kW ) . These were powered by fifteen coal @-@ fired Marine water @-@ tube boilers , which were trunked into three evenly spaced funnels . These gave the ships a top speed of 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) ; Mainz 's more powerful engines gave her a half @-@ knot speed advantage . All four ships exceeded these figures on speed trials , however , and all four cruisers reached speeds in excess of 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) . Kolberg carried 970 t ( 950 long tons ; 1 @,@ 070 short tons ) of coal , and after 1916 , 115 t ( 113 long tons ; 127 short tons ) of oil . This gave her a maximum range of approximately 3 @,@ 250 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 020 km ; 3 @,@ 740 mi ) at 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . Mainz carried 1 @,@ 010 t ( 990 long tons ; 1 @,@ 110 short tons ) of coal , which allowed her to steam for 3 @,@ 630 nmi ( 6 @,@ 720 km ; 4 @,@ 180 mi ) at the cruising speed . Cöln carried 960 t ( 940 long tons ; 1 @,@ 060 short tons ) of coal for a cruising radius of 3 @,@ 500 nmi ( 6 @,@ 500 km ; 4 @,@ 000 mi ) . Augsburg carried 940 t ( 930 long tons ; 1 @,@ 040 short tons ) , and had the same radius of action as Cöln . = = = Armament and armor = = = The ships were armed with twelve 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , eight were located amidships , four on either side , and two were side by side aft . For Kolberg and Augsburg , the 10 @.@ 5 cm guns were replaced in 1916 – 1917 with six 15 cm SK L / 45 guns . They also carried four 5 @.@ 2 cm SK L / 55 anti @-@ aircraft guns , though these were replaced on the surviving ships with a pair of two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns in 1918 . They were also equipped with a pair of 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . Two deck @-@ mounted 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tube launchers were added to Kolberg and Augsburg in 1918 . All four ships could also carry 100 mines . The ships were protected with a combination of normal steel and Krupp cemented steel ; the armor consisted of a layer of Krupp steel backed with two layers of steel . From stern to stem , the deck was covered with 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) thick armor aft , 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick armor plate over the machinery spaces , 20 mm thick armor forward of the machinery spaces , and 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) on the bow . The coamings for the ships ' funnels were 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm thick sides and a 20 mm thick roof . The main battery guns were equipped with shields that were 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick . = = Construction = = Kolberg was ordered under the contract name Ersatz Greif and was laid down in early 1908 at the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig under construction number 814 . She was launched on 14 November 1908 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 21 June 1910 . For the modifications in 1916 – 1917 , Kolberg went into drydock at the Kaiserliche Werft in Kiel . Mainz was ordered as Ersatz Jagd and was laid down in 1907 at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin . Built under construction number 288 , she was launched on 23 January 1909 , and was commissioned into the fleet on 1 October 1909 . Cöln was ordered under the contract name Ersatz Schwalbe and was laid down in 1908 at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel . Her construction number was 191 . She was launched on 5 June 1909 , and after fitting @-@ out was completed , she was commissioned into the fleet on 16 June 1911 . Augsburg was ordered as Ersatz Sperber from the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel . Her keel was laid in 1908 under building number 34 . She was launched on 10 July 1909 and was commissioned into the fleet on 1 October 1910 . She returned to the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel for her modernization in 1916 – 1917 . = = Service history = = After their commissioning , Kolberg , Mainz , and Cöln were assigned to the II Scouting Group , part of the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet . Augsburg was instead used as a training ship for torpedo crews and gunnery . Cöln was assigned as the flagship of Rear Admiral Leberecht Maass . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , the II Scouting Group was deployed to a patrol line based on the island of Heligoland . Augsburg meanwhile was mobilized for active service and sent into the Baltic . There , she participated in an operation that saw the first shots of the war fired against the Russians , on 2 August . On the morning of 28 August , the British Harwich Force , supported by the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral David Beatty 's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron , broke into the Heligoland Bight and attacked the II Scouting Group patrols . In the confused action , Mainz and Cöln were sunk , by light cruisers and battlecruisers , respectively . The majority of crewmen from Mainz were picked up by the British ships , but Cöln was lost with only one survivor . Kolberg was stationed in port during the attack , and steamed out to support the beleaguered German forces , but the British had departed by the time she reached the scene . Kolberg continued to serve with the reconnaissance forces in the North Sea , including seeing action at the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby in December 1914 , where she laid a minefield off the British coast , and the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915 . At Dogger Bank , she fired the first shots — and scored the first hits — of the engagement , at the cruiser HMS Aurora . Augsburg was meanwhile heavily engaged in the Baltic ; in June 1915 , she participated in a minelaying operation in the Gulf of Finland that saw the loss of the minelayer SMS Albatross . Kolberg then joined her sister in the Baltic during the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 . During the operation , Kolberg and the battlecruiser Von der Tann bombarded Russian positions on Utö , while Augsburg steamed into the Gulf with the battleship Posen , where they sank a Russian gunboat and damaged another . By 19 August , the danger of British and Russian submarines in the Gulf prompted the Germans to withdraw . Augsburg participated in another , unsuccessful attempt to force the Gulf in late 1916 . Both ships were present for Operation Albion , another large @-@ scale assault on the Gulf of Riga , in October 1917 . The ships were involved in a variety of operations , including minesweeping , and screening for the battleships König and Kronprinz while they destroyed Russian opposition in the Gulf . Men from Kolberg also landed on one of the islands to destroy a Russian gun battery . Both ships survived the war . As part of the Treaty of Versailles , which ended the war , the ships were awarded to the victorious powers as war prizes . Kolberg was allocated to France , where she was commissioned into the French Navy as Colmar . Augsburg was transferred to Japanese control ; having no use for her , they sold the ship for scrapping . Colmar saw one tour on colonial duty in Asia in 1924 , where she participated in a multinational operation to protect foreign nationals from Chinese unrest in Shanghai . She was subsequently stricken in 1927 and broken up for scrap in Brest , France . = The Boat Race 1845 = The 7th Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 17 March 1845 . The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge . It was the first time the event was contested along The Championship Course , from Putney to Mortlake . The race was won by Cambridge who beat Oxford by a distance of ten lengths . = = Background = = The Boat Race , first held in 1829 , is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having defeated Cambridge by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in the previous race held in 1842 . However , Cambridge led overall with four wins to Oxford 's two . The universities failed to agree on a location or a date for a race in 1843 or 1844 , so no contests were held those years . In November 1844 , the Cambridge University Boat Club secretary wrote to Oxford in an attempt to re @-@ start the Easter running of the Boat Race . The Oxford committee " seemed willing " and in the Lent term proposed a change to the course , to race above Putney Bridge rather than below it on 15 March . It was the first Boat Race to be conducted between Putney and Mortlake on The Championship Course , previous races having taken place between Westminster Bridge and Putney Bridge , or on the Thames at Henley between Hambleden Lock and Henley Bridge . Cambridge arrived in London on the Wednesday before the race , Oxford following two days later . Following their displays in practice rows , Cambridge were considered favourites for the race . The Cambridge boat was built by Logan and belonged to Second Trinity Boat Club , while Oxford 's was constructed by King 's of Oxford . The umpire for the race was W. H. Harrison , Commodore of the Royal Thames Yacht Club , while the starter was Edward Searle . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 11 st 9 lb ( 73 @.@ 8 kg ) , 6 @.@ 375 pounds ( 2 @.@ 9 kg ) per rower more than their Light Blue opposition . None of the crews had rowed in previous Boat Races . = = Race = = The conditions for the race were " of the most inclement possible " and the water " very rough " . Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey station to Oxford . The Light Blues made the better start but swell from a steamer dislodged the oar of Richardson and allowed Oxford to take the lead . Cambridge gradually recovered to draw level and by Bishop of London 's Walk were clear . Despite poor steering from both coxes ( and Henry Munster losing his hat while waving it at the crowds ) , Cambridge were three lengths ahead by Hammersmith Bridge . They continued to pull away and won by ten lengths in a time of 23 minutes 30 seconds . It was their fifth victory overall , to Oxford 's two since the first Boat Race of 1829 . Cambridge inflicted a second defeat on Oxford later that year , winning the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta . = Maranatha ( Millennium ) = " ' Maranatha " is the twenty @-@ first episode of the first season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on May 9 , 1997 . The episode was written by Chip Johannessen , and directed by Peter Markle . " Maranatha " featured guest appearances by Bill Nunn , Boris Krutonog and Levani Outchaneichvili . Millennium Group consultant Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) aids both the New York Police Department and a Russian investigator to track down the mysterious " Yupanchik " , a criminal from the Russian underworld who may be an incarnation of the biblical beast from the sea . " Maranatha " , a title which translates from Aramaic as " our lord has come " , connects the 1986 Chernobyl disaster to biblical prophecies of the star of Wormwood . The episode features the first of two directorial contributions from Markle , and sees future guest star Brian Downey appear in a minor role . = = Plot = = In New York City , a man named Yaponchik ( Levani Outchaneichvili ) shoots a man in the face , preventing the victim 's identification ; this is the third such murder committed this way . Millennium Group consultant Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) is asked to aid the New York Police Department investigate the case . Black is joined by a Muscovite investigator , Yura Surova ( Boris Krutonog ) , and an undercover agent , Andrei Medikov ( Dmitri Boudrine ) . Examining the victim 's body , a symbol is found on the corpse resembling an inverted V , but its meaning is unknown . Black , Medikov and Surova visit a Russian nightclub where the latter two are working undercover . As Surova and Black talk at one table , Medikov is approached by Yaponchik . Someone in the club recognizes Yaponchik , and the crowd stampede out of the building when they hear his name . After the crowd has dispersed , Black and Surova find Medikov 's body at a table , his face shot off . Surova explains to Black that Yaponchik has come to be regarded by Russians as a sort of evil folkloric figure . Meanwhile , Group member Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) determines that the " V " -like symbol found earlier is actually a fragment of the Chi Rho , a Christian symbol . Watts also informs Black that many Russians believe Yaponchik to have directly responsible for the Chernobyl disaster , a Soviet nuclear meltdown tied by some to Biblical prophecies of the apocalypse . Black researches the disaster , finding a picture of both Medikov and Surova at the Chernobyl nuclear plant , and realizes that both men have been tracking Yaponchik for revenge . One of Yaponchik 's victims is identified as a restorer of Russian icons . Her home is searched , and it is found that she had uncovered Yaponchik 's identity and attempted to appease him by sending him several icons . Black feels Yaponchik is killing in order to perpetuate the legends surrounding him by instilling fear in those who believe them . Watts and Black visit the Russian Embassy to find the man the icons were being mailed to — Sergei Stepanovich , identifiable as Yaponchik . Stepanovich is protected by diplomatic immunity ; however , it becomes clear that Surova , Medikov and an Orthodox priest who aided the investigation have all been stalking Stepanovich , who they believe to be the Antichrist . Yaponchik murders another two men at a bathhouse , but is confronted by Surova . Yaponchik tells Surova he cannot be killed . Surova ignores this , and shoots him in the head . Yaponchik is then found and rushed to hospital . Black sees the crime scene at the bathhouse , and draws a connection between Yaponchik and the beast from the sea in the Biblical Book of Revelation , who is said to survive a fatal head wound ; fearing that Yaponchik will likewise survive , Black heads to the hospital . Surova beats him there , however , and confronts the recovered Yaponchik . As Surova is about to shoot his quarry again , he is convinced instead that Yaponchik is " not the one " he is thought to be . Surova helps Yaponchik make his way to the helipad on the hospital 's roof . Black and Watts arrive on the roof in time to see Yaponchik escorted onto a helicopter by several men , who take off before they can be apprehended . = = Production = = " Maranatha " was directed by Peter Markle , making his first contribution to the series . Markle would later return to helm the third season episode " Seven and One " . The episode was written by Chip Johannessen , who went on to write a total of twelve episodes across all three seasons , including the series ' final episode " Goodbye to All That " . After Millennium 's cancellation , Johannessen would also contribute an episode to its sister show The X @-@ Files , 1999 's " Orison " . Johannessen would also become one of the series ' executive producers during its third season , alongside Ken Horton . The episode 's title , " Maranatha " , is an Aramaic language word translated as " our lord has come " or " come , our lord " ; the word is found in the biblical First Epistle to the Corinthians and is believed to have been used as a greeting among early Christians . During production , the episode used the working title " The Second Coming " . The character Peter Watts makes mention of the origin of the name of Chernobyl , a city in Ukraine that was the location of the Chernobyl disaster , a 1986 nuclear meltdown . According to Watts , the name " Chernobyl " translates as " wormwood " , causing the disaster to be likened to the Biblical star of Wormwood prophesied in the Book of Revelation , which was said to cause death through poisoning the waters . However , the word " chernobyl " can be translated as " black grass " or " black myth " . Actor Brian Downey , who portrayed a medical examiner in the episode , later appeared in an unrelated role in the two @-@ part second season episodes " Owls " and " Roosters " . = = Broadcast and reception = = " Maranatha " was first broadcast on the Fox Network on May 9 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 6 @.@ 7 during its original broadcast , meaning that 6 @.@ 7 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented 6 @.@ 5 million households , and left the episode the sixty @-@ fifth most @-@ viewed broadcast that week . The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen rated the episode a B + , describing it as " a ho @-@ hum X @-@ Files knock @-@ off " . Handlen felt that the acting was strong , and that the references to both Chernobyl and apocalyptic prophecies formed a good basis for the episode ; however , he noted that the script 's uncertainty as to whether its villain really was the Antichrist caused it to lose impact . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 , praising its " incredibly tight script " and describing it as " one of the best examples of Millennium 's careful balancing act between reality and the otherworldly " . However , Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode two stars out of five , finding that its plot " gets lost in the mix " amidst the details and atmosphere of the setting . Shearman compared the folkloric feel of Yaponchik as a Russian incarnation of the devil to the American view of the devil as an invasion of the family unit , as personified by the character Lucy Butler in " Lamentation " , finding the two symbols to work well in contrast to each other . However , he was unsure that the increasingly eschatological direction the series was taking was a positive move , as it left the central character Frank Black " largely forgotten " . = Sisimiut = Sisimiut , formerly Holsteinsborg , is the capital and largest city of the Qeqqata municipality , and the second @-@ largest city in Greenland . It is located in central @-@ western Greenland , on the coast of Davis Strait , approximately 320 km ( 200 mi ) north of Nuuk . Although now a place @-@ name , Sisimiut literally means " the people at the fox burrows " . The site has been inhabited for the last 4 @,@ 500 years , first by the Inuit peoples of the Saqqaq culture , Dorset culture , and then the Thule people , whose descendants form the majority of the current population . Artifacts from the early settlement era can be found throughout the region , favored in the past for its plentiful fauna , particularly the marine mammals providing subsistence for the early hunting societies . The population of modern Greenlanders in Sisimiut is a mix of the Inuit and Danish peoples , who first settled in the area in the 1720s , under the leadership of the Danish missionary , Hans Egede . Today , Sisimiut is the largest business center north of the national capital of Nuuk and is one of the fastest growing cities in Greenland . Fishing is the principal industry in Sisimiut , although the town has a growing industrial base . KNI and its subsidiary Pilersuisoq , a state @-@ owned chain of all @-@ purpose general stores in Greenland , have their base in Sisimiut . Architecturally , Sisimiut is a mix of traditional , single @-@ family houses , and communal housing , with apartment blocks raised in the 1960s during a period of town expansion in Greenland . Sisimiut is still expanding , with the area north of the port , on the shore of the small Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay reserved for a modern suburb @-@ style housing slated for construction in the 2010s . Several professional and general schools are based in Sisimiut , providing education to the inhabitants of the city and to those from smaller settlements in the region . The new Taseralik Culture Center is the second cultural center to be established in Greenland , after Katuaq in Nuuk . The city has its own bus line , and is the northernmost year @-@ round ice @-@ free port in the country , a shipping base for western and northwestern Greenland . Supply ships head from the commercial port towards smaller settlements in more remote regions of Uummannaq Fjord , Upernavik Archipelago , and as far as Qaanaaq in northern Greenland . The town airport is served by Air Greenland , providing connections to other towns on the western coast of Greenland , and through Kangerlussuaq Airport , to Europe . = = History = = = = = Prehistory = = = = = = = Saqqaq culture = = = = Sisimiut has been a settlement site for around 4 @,@ 500 years , with the people of the Saqqaq culture arriving from Arctic Canada during the first wave of immigration , occupying numerous sites on the coast of western Greenland . At that time , the shoreline was up to several dozen meters above the present line , gradually decreasing in time due to post @-@ glacial rebound . The Saqqaq remained in western Greenland for nearly two millennia . Unlike the following waves of migrants in the millennium following their disappearance , the Saqqaq left behind a substantial number of artifacts , with plentiful archeological finds on the coast of Davis Strait , from Disko Bay ( Greenlandic : Qeqertarsuup Tunua ) in the north — to the coast of Labrador Sea near Nuuk in the south. has uncovered the changing settlement pattern , exhibiting transition from the single @-@ family dwellings to tiny villages of several families . The types of dwelling varied from tent rings made of the hides of hunted mammals , to stone hearths , with no evidence of communal living in larger structures . In contrast , there is evidence for reindeer hunting as a coordinated effort of either villagers or groups of more loosely related individuals , with gathering places in proximity of the hunting grounds being found . Despite recent advances in DNA research based on hair samples from the ancient Saqqaq migrants ( which gives insight into their origin ) , the reason for the decline and subsequent disappearance of the culture are not yet known . = = = = Dorset culture = = = = After several hundred years of no permanent habitation , the second wave of migration arrived from Canada , bringing the Dorset people to western Greenland . The first wave of immigrants , known as Dorset I , arrived around 500 BCE , inhabiting the region for the next 700 years . The early Dorset people were followed later by the Dorset II people , although no artifacts have been discovered from the later era around Sisimiut , and few artifacts from the era of Dorset I have been uncovered in archaeological sites , with the finds often limited to harpoon heads and numerous animal bones . The largest number of Dorset culture artifacts can be found further north in the Disko Bay region , while the further to the south , the poorer the finds , disappearing completely on the coast of Labrador Sea in southwestern Greenland . = = = Thule people = = = The Inuit of the Thule culture — whose descendants form the majority of the current population — arrived nearly a thousand years ago , with the first arrivals dated to approximately 13th and 14th century . The Thule people were more technologically advanced than their Dorset predecessors , although they still relied on subsistence hunting , with walruses , reindeer , and particularly the fur seals constituting the base of the economy in the early period . The shoreline was still at a higher altitude than today , with the Sisimiut valley east of the Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay , partially under sea . Many artifacts and graves from the several centuries of permanent settlement remain scattered in the region . Rich in fauna , the coastal region from Sisimiut to Kangaamiut was particularly attractive for migrants , and due to a large number of historical artifacts it is currently listed as a candidate for the UNESCO World Heritage Site , with the application received in 2003 . = = = Colonial era = = = There are no signs of Norse settlement in the region . At the time of Hans Egede 's establishment of the first Danish colonies , Dutch whalers dominated the area and swiftly burnt down his Bergen Company whaling station on Nipisat Island , approximately 30 km ( 19 mi ) to the north of the present @-@ day town . It was not until Jacob Severin was granted a full monopoly on the Greenlandic trade and permitted to act as an agent of the Danish navy that the Dutch were finally removed in a series of battles in 1738 and 1739 . The present town was established in 1764 by the General Trade Company as the trading post of Holsteinsborg ( " Fort Holstein " ) , named for the first chairman of the Danish College of Missions in Copenhagen which underwrote and directed the missionary work in the colony . At the time of its founding , the Kalaallisut name of the place was Amerlok , after its fjord . The colonists formally established several villages in the region , of which only two remain to this day : Itilleq and Sarfannguit . Under the Royal Greenland Trading Department , Holsteinsborg was a center of the trade in reindeer skins . Several 18th @-@ century buildings still stand in Sisimiut , among them the 1725 Gammelhuset ( " Old House " ) and the 1775 Bethel @-@ kirken ( " Bethel Church " ) or Blå Kirke ( " Blue Church " ) , the oldest surviving church in Greenland . The buildings were moved from the former site of the settlement at Ukiivik ( Holsteinsborg ) together with the rest of the settlement . The new church on the rocky pedestal was built in 1926 , further extended in 1984 . The entrance to the yard with the old church and other protected historical buildings is decorated with a unique gate made of whale jawbone . In 1801 , a smallpox epidemic decimated the population of Sisimiut and other coastal settlements , although the population growth quickly resumed due to plentiful marine life on the coast . = = = 20th century - present = = = The 20th century saw industrialization , through the construction of a shipping port , and a fish processing factory of Royal Greenland in 1924 , the first such factory in Greenland . Fishing remains the primary occupation of Sisimiut inhabitants , with the town becoming the leading center of shrimping and shrimp processing . Until 2008 Sisimiut had been the administrative center of Sisimiut Municipality , which was then incorporated into the new Qeqqata Municipality on 1 January 2009 , with Sisimiut retaining its status as the administrative center of the new unit , consisting also of the former Maniitsoq Municipality and the previously unincorporated area of Kangerlussuaq . The municipal council , seated in the town hall and headed by Mayor Hermann Berthelsen , consists of 13 members , including the mayor and his deputies , and representatives of the four primary political parties of Greenland : Siumut , Atassut , Democrats and Inuit Ataqatigiit . = = Geography = = Sisimiut is located approximately 320 km ( 200 mi ) north of Nuuk , and 75 km ( 47 mi ) north of the Arctic Circle , on the eastern shores of Davis Strait , perched on a series of rocky outcrops at the western end of a large peninsula bounded from the north by the Kangerluarsuk Tulleq fjord and from the south by the wide Amerloq Fjord . = = = Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay = = = Immediately to the north of Sisimiut a small inlet of Davis Strait , the Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay ( Danish : Ulkebugten ) , separates the town from the Palasip Qaqqaa massif in the north , at the southern foot of which the town airport is located . The 544 m ( 1 @,@ 785 ft ) high twin summit commands a wide view in all directions , with the majority of the coast of the Qeqqata municipality visible in good conditions . The bay is navigable in its entirety , protected from the open sea by a series of skerries in the west . Both the local port and the local sailing harbor are located on the southern shore of the bay . The 2 @.@ 2 NM ( 4 @.@ 1 km ; 2 @.@ 5 mi ) road to the airport passes through the bridge over the Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay . Halfway between the town and the airport there is a small beach of dark sand . The beach , as well as the skerries off the coast , are very popular in the summer . = = = Alanngorsuaq = = = To the east , a wide valley extends into the interior of the peninsula , bounded from the north by the conjoint massif of Palasip Qaqqaa and Majoriaq , dissected by the Qerrortusup Majoriaa valley alongside which leads the Polar Route from Sisimiut to Kangerlussuaq . Depending on variants , the route is between 150 km ( 93 mi ) and 170 km ( 110 mi ) long . In the middle of the valley towers a standalone Alanngorsuaq mountain ( 411 m ( 1 @,@ 348 ft ) ) , surrounded by several lakes , one of which serves Sisimiut town as a water reservoir . The entire area of the valley is another popular picnic destination , with easy access to the water reservoirs by a gravel road in the middle part of the valley . The reservoirs in the valley provide the town waterworks with 882 @,@ 000 m3 ( 1 @,@ 154 @,@ 000 cu yd ) of water , with the potential for 7 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 m3 ( 9 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 cu yd ) annually . = = = Nasaasaaq = = = To the southeast , the valley is bounded by the Nasaasaaq massif with several distinct summits , the highest of which is 784 m ( 2 @,@ 572 ft ) . The Nasaasaaq ridge has several summits . The main summit is the most prominent , rising over the remainder of the ridge in a tall 150 m ( 490 ft ) cone at 784 m ( 2 @,@ 572 ft ) . The ridge terminates in a 611 m ( 2 @,@ 005 ft ) trabant overlooking Sisimiut . To the east the ridge gradually falls to nearly 300 m ( 980 ft ) , before turning east @-@ north @-@ east towards the Aappilattorsuaq massif . The southern wall of Nasaasaaq falls directly to Amerloq Fjord . The northern wall is not a uniform surface , dissected by ledges , dihedrals , and ramps . The main access route to the summit leads through one of the ramps to the saddle between the main summit and its western trabant . The passage on the top cone is secured by ropes for unprepared tourists . One of the variants of the Polar Route follows the coast of Amerloq Fjord at the base of the southern wall of Nasaasaaq . The main summit is visited for its long @-@ range view of the coast , although more limited to the north than that of Palasip Qaqqaa to the north of the town airport . An alternative route to the top of interest to mountaineers leads through the hard to find low pass to the east of the main summit , and from there directly on the summit cone ridge . = = Climate = = Sisimiut lies within the polar climate region , belonging to the E group of the Köppen climate classification . The average temperature is 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) or lower throughout the year . The coldest months on average are February and March which have average highs of − 10 @.@ 2 ° C ( 13 @.@ 6 ° F ) and − 10 @.@ 1 ° C ( 13 @.@ 8 ° F ) respectively . The warmest months are July and August which have average highs of 9 @.@ 8 ° C ( 49 @.@ 6 ° F ) and 9 @.@ 3 ° C ( 48 @.@ 7 ° F ) respectively and are the only months of the year in which the average lows are above 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) , both at 3 @.@ 3 ° C ( 37 @.@ 9 ° F ) . Precipitation is very low in Sisimiut , with the greatest amount of rainfall occurring in the second half of the year , between July and December , with August and September being the wettest months . The sea winds from Davis Strait moderate the climate , with the area known for its fogs . = = Demographics = = With 5 @,@ 598 inhabitants in 2013 , Sisimiut is one of the fastest @-@ growing towns in Greenland , with migrants from the smaller settlements reinforcing the trend . Apart from Kangerlussuaq , it is the only settlement in the Qeqqata municipality exhibiting stable growth patterns over the last two decades . The gender imbalance is evident in Sisimiut , with men consistently outnumbering women during the last two decades , running from 20 % in 1991 , to 13 % in 2000 and 2010 . Nearly 10 % of the town 's inhabitants in 2010 were born outside Greenland , a decline from 16 @.@ 5 % in 1990 and 11 @.@ 8 % in 2000 . = = = Housing = = = Most families in Sisimiut live in single @-@ family houses , most often the traditional colorful wooden prefabricated homes shipped from Denmark , and almost always raised or supported by a concrete foundation due to permafrost . In the 1960s , Danish authorities began construction of communal apartment blocks in most towns in Greenland , including Sisimiut . Unlike in Nuuk , the modern environmentally friendly construction technologies have not yet arrived to Sisimiut , and in 2010 the existing communal @-@ block district remained in a state of partial disrepair . The Qeqqata municipality however is planning the town expansion in the 2010s , with the area north of the Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay reserved for real estate . The new neighborhood will bear the name Akia . = = Economy and infrastructure = = = = = Industry and services = = = Fishing is the principal industry in Sisimiut , with harvested stocks of shrimps , salmon , halibut and cod . The Royal Greenland fish processing plant at the port is the largest within Greenland and is amongst the most modern shrimp @-@ shelling factories in the world . In 2008 , supplied by 8 boats and the factory trawlers , the plant processed an annual amount of 20 @,@ 180 tons of shrimp , around 1 @,@ 680 tons per month . This was roughly constant throughout the year , although when fish catches were larger the fish was frozen . The plant eventually sold around 6 @,@ 019 tonnes of shrimp . Hunting is also important to some of the local livelihoods , mainly seals , walrus , beluga whale , narwhale , reindeer and muskoxen . KNI and its subsidiary Pilersuisoq , a state @-@ owned chain of all @-@ purpose general stores in Greenland , are based in Sisimiut . The Pilersuisoq chain operates in all small settlements in the country , as well as smaller towns which are not covered by supermarket chains . A range of shops operate in Sisimiut , from chain supermarkets of Pisiffik and Brugsen to independent outlets , also serving supplies to the smaller settlements in the region . Polaroil , a liquid fuel distribution company , is headquartered in Sisimiut . It employs 70 staff and operates 70 stations in Greenland . The headquarters were moved from Maniitsoq to Sisimiut in the late 2000s . In 2010 KNI announced plans to also move the operational base of Polaroil from Maniitsoq to Sisimiut , causing protests in the former community already experiencing depopulation . Other facilities include two banks , a library , a Post Greenland office and a small hospital / health center with 19 beds . There are advanced plans for the Alcoa aluminium smelting plant . Maniitsoq , the second @-@ largest town in the municipality , is another proposed location alongside Sisimiut . The plant would provide employment for 600 – 700 people , or more than 10 % of the population . As it is a vital decision for the town , wide public consultations were carried out in 2008 – 2010 by both the town authorities and the Government of Greenland in order to address potential environmental and social concerns . The Sisimiut Hydro Power Plant is located north of the town . The plant has two turbines providing 15 megawatts of power and the electricity from the plant is transferred to Sisimiut by a 27 @.@ 4 km ( 17 @.@ 0 mi ) long high voltage line . Although rainfall is low , Sismiut has abundant natural supplies of fresh , drinkable surface water , collected from a reservoir under Alanngorsuaq . Water is also pumped to the waterworks from another lake around 2 @.@ 5 kilometers away in the mountains . The water mains are preinsulated and electrically anti @-@ freezed so supply the residents during the winter months . The water supply network is capable of producing some 882 @,@ 000 cubic meters of water per year ; two water @-@ supplying lakes by the town have a combined annual minimum capacity of more than 7 @.@ 2 million cubic meters . = = = Tourism = = = Tourist facilities in Sisimiut include several youth hostels and hotels , such as Hotel Sisimiut with Restaurant Nasaasaaq , and Seaman 's Home , and a conference center . The other restaurant of note is the Misigisaq Restaurant , located at the harbor . It is the only Chinese restaurant in the country and it uses Greenlandic ingredients cooked in the Chinese style . The town has a heated open @-@ air swimming pool , which is supported on stilts so that the heat does not melt the permafrost . Several camping sites are located in Sisimiut valley and near the Kangerluarsunnguaq bay . During winter , a ski lift operates at the foot of the Alanngorsuaq mountain , at the base of the northern slopes of Nasaasaaq . Tourism is becoming increasingly important , with several outfitter companies based in town . Year @-@ round operations offered include dogsledding , heliskiing , guided hiking , mountaineering , kayaking , and boating . The tough , 160 km ( 99 mi ) long Arctic Circle Race takes place each winter , with the trail partially overlapping with the Polar Route from Sisimiut to Kangerlussuaq . The race was inaugurated in 1998 , since then becoming an international competition . = = Education and culture = = The Knud Rasmussen High School ( Knud Rasmussenip Højskolia ) , founded in 1962 , is located on the eastern outskirts of the town , west of the old heliport site . Apart from the traditional curriculum , it provides specialized courses in Greenland history and culture including skin preparation and ski instruction . The school is also notable for its special unit , the Women 's High School ( Greenlandic : Arnat ilinniarfiat ) added in 1977 , and focusing on traditional arts . During summer , the school building is used as a hostel . In autumn 2002 , the school was responsible for erecting a series of stone sculptures around Sisimiut : near the airport , in the municipal building , at the Gertrud Rask Minde children 's home , at Arnat Ilinniarfiat and around the school itself . The other educational centers in Sisimiut are : Sanaartornermik Ilinniarfik , the construction engineering school with capacity for 200 students , the Arctic Technology Center ; Piareersarfik , the vocational institution for the service industry professionals , and Oqaatsinik Pikkorissarfik , a foreign language school . = = = Sisimiut Museum = = = Located in a historical building near the harbor , the Sisimiut Museum specializes in Greenlandic trade , industry and shipping , with artifacts based on ten years of archaeological research and excavations of the ancient Saqqaq culture settlements near the town , offering an insight into the culture of the region of 4 @,@ 000 years ago . The museum also hosts a collection of tools and domestic items collected during 1902 @-@ 22 , an inventory from the Old Church with the original altarpiece dated to approximately 1650 , and paintings from the 1790s . The peat house reconstruction of an early 20th @-@ century Greenlandic residence with domestic furniture is part of an outdoor exhibition . The exhibition includes the remains of a kayak from the 18th century and the Poul Madsen collection , a collection of handcraft , art , house items and ethnographic objects compiled over fifty years . The Greenlandic stone exhibition is housed in the Bygge og Anlægsskolen building . = = = Arts and crafts = = = The modern Taseralik Culture Center ( Greenlandic : Taseralik Kulturikkut ) is located in the eastern part of Sisimiut , on the shore of the Nalunnguarfik lake . The center often hosts traveling theatre troupes , as well as concerts , from classical to folk music . The Sisimiut Culture Day on 21 November is also celebrated at Taseralik . Greenlandic handicrafts , created in a workshop located in an old warehouse on the old harbor , are sold in the Greenland Travel Incoming 's Arts n ' Craft , and in several small shops along the main street . Greenland stones and sealskin products are created in the Natseq and Panigiit workshops . = = Transport = = = = = Air = = = Sisimiut Airport is located 4 @.@ 1 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) to the northwest of the town , at the mouth of the Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay . Before the airport was opened in the 1990s , Sisimiut had been served by the now @-@ closed heliport , located on the eastern outskirts of the town , in the Sisimiut valley . The airport has a short , 799 m ( 2 @,@ 621 ft ) runway suitable only for STOL airplanes . Travel outside of Greenland is routed with a change of planes at Kangerlussuaq Airport . Air Greenland operates scheduled services to Nuuk , Maniitsoq , and Ilulissat . Taxis as well as an infrequent town bus service connect the airport with the center of Sisimiut . = = = Sea = = = For most of the year , Sisimiut is served twice @-@ weekly by coastal ferries of Arctic Umiaq Line which link the communities of the western coast . There is also a weekly Royal Arctic Line ferry to Itilleq and Sarfannguit . The port in Sisimiut is the northernmost year @-@ round ice @-@ free port in Greenland , serving as the country 's primary maritime base north of Nuuk . Supply ships from the port head north , serving the entire coast , from the Uummannaq Fjord region , through Upernavik Archipelago , to Qaanaaq in the far north . M / S Akamalik , one of the largest ships in the fleet of Royal Greenland , is based in Sisimiut . Home to the first shipyard of Greenland dating from 1931 , the port also handles more than 50 cruise liners per year . The local kayak club operates at the bay harbor east of the port . = = = Ground = = = Roads in Sisimiut , including the road to the airport , are surfaced , but there is no road linking Sisimiut to any other settlement . In the 2000s construction of the 170 km ( 110 mi ) road to Kangerlussuaq was discussed for several years without resolution . The road would have been the first of its kind in Greenland , connecting two far @-@ away settlements , and reducing the need for passenger and freight exchange at Kangerlussuaq Airport , the Air Greenland hub . The cost of around € 40M ( € 700 per inhabitant of Greenland ) and € 1M in annual maintenance cost has prevented construction . The town has its own bus network . In winter dog sled routes are used to link to settlements further north . Snowmobiles are , as a more modern approach , also used . Transport within a town is usually done by foot , although both private cars and the city bus - which drives loops through town - are popular . = = Twin towns = = Sisimiut is twinned with : - Albertslund Municipality , Denmark - Klaksvík , Faroe Islands Sisimiut has friendship links with : - Whitstable , United Kingdom = Miniopterus mahafaliensis = Miniopterus mahafaliensis is a bat in the genus Miniopterus that occurs in southwestern Madagascar . Populations of this species have historically been included in Miniopterus manavi , but molecular data published in 2008 and 2009 indicate that this supposed species in fact consists of five separate species , including the newly described M. mahafaliensis . The species has been found in dry , spiny , and gallery forest , as well as more open habitats , in southwestern Madagascar . Miniopterus mahafaliensis is a small , brown Miniopterus ; its forearm length is 35 to 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 6 in ) . The hairs of the underparts have gray tips . The tragus ( a projection in the outer ear ) is thick and blunt @-@ tipped . The uropatagium ( tail membrane ) is well @-@ furred and the palate is concave . = = Taxonomy = = During the 2000s , molecular studies have revealed that the widely distributed African , Eurasian , and Australian genus Miniopterus is much more species @-@ rich than previously thought . In a 1995 contribution to Faune de Madagascar on Malagasy bats , Randolph Peterson and colleagues listed four species of Miniopterus on Madagascar and the nearby Comoros , including the small Miniopterus manavi with a broad distribution on both Madagascar and the Comoros . In 2008 and 2009 , however , Steven Goodman and colleagues presented evidence that the former concept of M. manavi in fact encompassed five morphologically and molecularly distinct species of small Miniopterus . These included M. manavi itself in the Central Highlands , M. griveaudi and M. aelleni in the Comoros and northern and western Madagascar , M. brachytragos in northern and western Madagascar only , and M. mahafaliensis in southwestern Madagascar . The five recognized species of M. manavi @-@ like bats are not each other 's closest relatives , but apparently acquired their similarities through convergent evolution . Miniopterus mahafaliensis was described as a new species in the second 2009 paper by Goodman and colleagues . The specific name is derived from the Malagasy word Mahafaly , which refers to the Mahafaly Plateau , where the specimen has been recorded , and to the Mahafaly ethnic group of the region . Analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene suggested that M. brachytragos is most closely related to another Malagasy species , M. sororculus . Although samples of M. mahafaliensis differed from each other by a maximum of 2 @.@ 2 % in their cytochrome b , Goodman and colleagues could not discern any phylogeographic structure within the species . = = Description = = Miniopterus mahafaliensis is a small , short @-@ tailed Miniopterus with long and dense fur . The fur of the upperparts is brown and the hairs on the underparts have gray tips . Miniopterus brachytragos is similar in color , but other small Malagasy Miniopterus are darker . The ears are partially haired above , but virtually naked below and end in a rounded tip . The tragus ( a projection on the inner side of the outer ear ) is relatively thick , has the sides mostly parallel , and ends in a curved , rounded tip . The wing membrane is also brown , but the uropatagium ( tail membrane ) is lighter . The wing membrane and uropatagium are attached to the upper leg at the same level , above the ankle . The uropatagium is relatively densely covered with hairs , particularly on the upper side . M. manavi and M. brachytragos also have a densely haired uropatagium , but in M. aelleni and M. griveaudi it is only sparsely haired or even mostly naked . In 66 to 74 specimens measured by Goodman and colleagues , total length was 87 to 96 mm ( 3 @.@ 4 to 3 @.@ 8 in ) , averaging 91 @.@ 1 mm ( 3 @.@ 59 in ) ; tail length was 38 to 48 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 9 in ) , averaging 42 @.@ 4 mm ( 1 @.@ 67 in ) ; hindfoot length is 6 to 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 3 in ) , averaging 6 @.@ 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 25 in ) ; tragus length was 5 to 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 2 in ) , averaging 5 @.@ 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 23 in ) ; ear length was 9 to 11 mm ( about 0 @.@ 4 in ) , averaging 9 @.@ 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 37 in ) ; forearm length was 35 to 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 6 in ) , averaging 37 @.@ 4 mm ( 1 @.@ 47 in ) ; and body mass was 3 @.@ 8 to 7 @.@ 3 g ( 0 @.@ 13 to 0 @.@ 26 oz ) , averaging 4 @.@ 9 g ( 0 @.@ 17 oz ) . There is no evidence for substantial size differences between males and females . In the skull , the rostrum ( front part ) is relatively long and line @-@ shaped . The central groove in the nasal depression is relatively narrow . The frontal bones are slightly rounded and bear a prominent sagittal crest . Further back on the braincase , the lambdoid crest is also prominent . The middle part of the palate is concave , not flat as in M. aelleni and M. manavi . At the palate 's back margin is a long , thin posterior palatal spine . Miniopterus mahafaliensis has 36 teeth in the dental formula 2 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 @.@ 33 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 3 ( three incisors , one canine , three premolars , and two molars in both upper toothrows and two incisors , one canine , two premolars , and three molars in the lower toothrows ) . As is characteristic of Miniopterus , the first upper premolar ( P1 ) is smaller and more simplified than the second ( P2 ) . = = Distribution and ecology = = The range of Miniopterus mahafaliensis extends through southwestern Madagascar in the spiny forest and dry forest , often but not always near caves ; it has been found on the Mahafaly Plateau , in the Forêt des Mikea , and the Kirindy Mitea National Park . Further inland , it has been found in disturbed gallery forest in Isalo National Park , in a cave in savanna habitat near Ihosy , and in unspecified habitat at Betroka . Little is known of the ecology of M. mahafaliensis , but species of Miniopterus generally feed on insects , breed seasonally , and roost in large colonies in caves . = Acetic acid = Acetic acid / əˈsiːtᵻk / , systematically named ethanoic acid / ˌɛθəˈnoʊᵻk / , is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH ( also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2 ) . When undiluted , it is sometimes called glacial acetic acid . Vinegar is roughly 3 – 9 % acetic acid by volume , making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water . Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell . In addition to household vinegar , it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate . Although it is classified as a weak acid , concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin . Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid ( after formic acid ) and consists of two small functional groups , an acetyl group ( sometimes symbolized as Ac ) and a hydroxyl group ( AcOH ) ; it can also be viewed as a methyl group and a carboxyl group linked . It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical , used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film , polyvinyl acetate for wood glue , and synthetic fibres and fabrics . In households , diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents . In the food industry , acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment . As a food additive it is approved for usage in many countries , including Canada , the European Union , the United States , Australia and New Zealand . In biochemistry , the acetyl group , derived from acetic acid , is fundamental to all forms of life . When bound to coenzyme A , it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats . The global demand for acetic acid is about 6 @.@ 5 million metric tons per year ( Mt / a ) , of which approximately 1 @.@ 5 Mt / a is met by recycling ; the remainder is manufactured from petrochemical feedstock . As a chemical reagent , biological sources of acetic acid are of interest , but generally cannot compete economically . Vinegar is dilute acetic acid , often produced by fermentation and subsequent oxidation of ethanol . = = Nomenclature = = The trivial name acetic acid is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name . The systematic name ethanoic acid , a valid IUPAC name , is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature . The name acetic acid derives from acetum , the Latin word for vinegar , and is related to the word acid itself . Glacial acetic acid is a name for water @-@ free ( anhydrous ) acetic acid . Similar to the German name Eisessig ( ice @-@ vinegar ) , the name comes from the ice @-@ like crystals that form slightly below room temperature at 16 @.@ 6 ° C ( 61 @.@ 9 ° F ) ( the presence of 0 @.@ 1 % water lowers its melting point by 0 @.@ 2 ° C ) . A common abbreviation for acetic acid is AcOH , where Ac stands for the acetyl group CH 3 − C ( = O ) − . Acetate ( CH 3COO − ) is abbreviated AcO − . The Ac is not to be confused with the abbreviation for the chemical element actinium . To better reflect its structure , acetic acid is often written as CH 3 – C ( O ) OH , CH 3 − C ( = O ) OH , CH 3COOH , and CH 3CO 2H . In the context of acid @-@ base reactions , the abbreviation HAc is sometimes used , where Ac in this case is a symbol for acetate ( rather than acetyl ) . Acetate is the ion resulting from loss of H + from acetic acid . The name acetate can also refer to a salt containing this anion , or an ester of acetic acid . = = Properties = = = = = Acidity = = = The hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group ( − COOH ) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization : CH3CO2H → CH3CO2 − + H + Because of this release of the proton ( H + ) , acetic acid has acidic character . Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid . In aqueous solution , it has a pKa value of 4 @.@ 76 . Its conjugate base is acetate ( CH3COO − ) . A 1 @.@ 0 M solution ( about the concentration of domestic vinegar ) has a pH of 2 @.@ 4 , indicating that merely 0 @.@ 4 % of the acetic acid molecules are dissociated . = = = Structure = = = In solid acetic acid , the molecules form pairs ( dimers ) , being connected by hydrogen bonds . The dimers can also be detected in the vapour at 120 ° C ( 248 ° F ) . Dimers also occur in the liquid phase in dilute solutions in non @-@ hydrogen @-@ bonding solvents , and a certain extent in pure acetic acid , but are disrupted by hydrogen @-@ bonding solvents . The dissociation enthalpy of the dimer is estimated at 65 @.@ 0 – 66 @.@ 0 kJ / mol , and the dissociation entropy at 154 – 157 J mol − 1 K − 1 . Other lower carboxylic acids dimerize in a similar fashion . = = = Solvent properties = = = Liquid acetic acid is a hydrophilic ( polar ) protic solvent , similar to ethanol and water . With a moderate relative static permittivity ( dielectric constant ) of 6 @.@ 2 , it dissolves not only polar compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars , but also non @-@ polar compounds such as oils and elements such as sulfur and iodine . It readily mixes with other polar and non @-@ polar solvents such as water , chloroform , and hexane . With higher alkanes ( starting with octane ) , acetic acid is not completely miscible , and its miscibility declines with longer n @-@ alkanes . The solvent and miscibility properties of acetic acid make it a useful industrial chemical , for example , as a solvent in the production of dimethyl terephthalate . = = = Biochemistry = = = At physiological pHs , acetic acid is usually fully ionised to acetate . The acetyl group , derived from acetic acid , is fundamental to all forms of life . When bound to coenzyme A , it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats . Unlike longer @-@ chain carboxylic acids ( the fatty acids ) , acetic acid does not occur in natural triglycerides . However , the artificial triglyceride triacetin ( glycerine triacetate ) is a common food additive and is found in cosmetics and topical medicines . Acetic acid is produced and excreted by acetic acid bacteria , notably the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum . These	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
and poetry . = = Poetry = = Angelou has been a prolific poet , and has published several volumes of poetry , many of which have been best @-@ sellers . She has experienced similar success as a poet as she did as an autobiographer . She began , early in her writing career , of alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry . Her first volume of poetry , Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie , published in 1971 shortly after Caged Bird , became a best @-@ seller and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize . Many of the poems in Diiie were songs that Angelou had previously performed and recorded . In 1994 , her publisher , Random House , placed this volume and her following four volumes of poetry in The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou . Random House has also published several more volumes of Angelou 's poetry , as well as stand @-@ alone publications of single poems . Angelou recited her most famous poem , " On the Pulse of Morning " , at President Bill Clinton 's inauguration in 1993 . In 1995 , she delivered what Richard Long called her " second ' public ' poem " , entitled " A Brave and Startling Truth " , which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations . Also in 1995 , she was chosen to recite one of her poems at the Million Man March . Angelou was the first African @-@ American woman and living poet selected by Sterling Publishing , who placed 25 of her poems in a volume of their Poetry for Young People series in 2004 . In 2009 , Angelou wrote " We Had Him " , a poem about Michael Jackson , which was read by Queen Latifah at his funeral . She wrote " His Day is Done " , a poem honoring Nelson Mandela after his death in 2013 . The poem was released in book form , along with a video of Angelou reciting it , by the U.S. State Department . = = = Collections = = = Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie ( 1971 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 394 @-@ 47142 @-@ 6 Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well ( 1975 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 @-@ 679 @-@ 45707 @-@ 0 And Still I Rise ( 1978 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 394 @-@ 50252 @-@ 6 Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing ? ( 1983 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 @-@ 394 @-@ 52144 @-@ 7 Poems ( 1986 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 @-@ 553 @-@ 25576 @-@ 2 Now Sheba Sings the Song ( 1987 ) . New York : Plume Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 452 @-@ 27143 @-@ 6 I Shall Not Be Moved ( 1990 ) . New York : Bantam Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 553 @-@ 35458 @-@ 2 The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou ( 1994 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 @-@ 679 @-@ 42895 @-@ X Phenomenal Woman : Four Poems Celebrating Women ( 1995 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 @-@ 679 @-@ 43924 @-@ 2 Poetry for Young People ( 2007 ) . Berkshire , U.K. : Sterling Books . ISBN 1 @-@ 4027 @-@ 2023 @-@ 8 = = = Single publications = = = " On the Pulse of Morning " ( 1993 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 @-@ 679 @-@ 74838 @-@ 5 " A Brave and Startling Truth " ( 1995 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 @-@ 679 @-@ 44904 @-@ 3 " From a Black Woman to a Black Man " ( 1995 ) . " Amazing Peace " ( 2005 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 1 @-@ 4000 @-@ 6558 @-@ 5 " Mother : A Cradle to Hold Me " ( 2006 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 1 @-@ 4000 @-@ 6601 @-@ 8 " Celebrations , Rituals of Peace and Prayer " ( 2006 ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 307 @-@ 77792 @-@ 8 " We Had Him " ( 2009 ) . " His Day is Done " ( 2013 ) = = Themes = = = = = General themes = = = Angelou explores many of the same themes throughout all her writings , in both her autobiographies and poetry . These themes include love , painful loss , music , discrimination and racism , and struggle . According to DeGout , Angelou 's poetry cannot easily be placed in categories of themes or techniques . Angelou sometimes pairs poems together in her collections to strengthen her themes , something she does , for example , throughout her second volume Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well ( 1975 ) . Many of her poems , especially those in Oh Pray , contain universal identifications with ordinary objects . She uses familiar and feminine metaphors , many of the same themes also found in blues songs , and the dialect of African Americans to express universal themes applicable to all races . Angelou uses rhyme and repetition , which critic Lyman B. Hagen calls " rather ordinary and unimaginative " throughout all her works , both prose and poetry , yet rhyme is found in only seven of the thirty @-@ eight poems in her first volume , Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie . Librarian John Alfred Avant states that many of Angelou 's poems could be set to music like that of jazz singer and musician Nina Simone . For example , " They Went Home " in Diiie was originally written as song lyrics . Angelou 's poems have been compared to music and musical forms . The poems in her fourth volume , Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing ? ( 1983 ) , have been compared to the music of French singer Édith Piaf . In her review of Shaker , Janet Blundell finds the best poems in the volume to be the ones that are structured like blues music . Critic Harold Bloom compares " Times @-@ Square @-@ Shoeshine @-@ Composition " in Diiie to Langston Hughes ' blues / protest poetry . He suggests that the best way to analyze the subjects , style , themes , and use of vernacular in this and most of Angelou 's poems is to use " a blues @-@ based model " , since like the blues singer , Angelou uses laughter or ridicule instead of tears to cope with minor irritations , sadness , and great suffering . Blundell , in her review of Angelou 's third volume And Still I Rise ( 1978 ) in Library Journal , finds Angelou 's poems which mimic speech patterns and songs the most effective . However , she finds Angelou 's other poems " mired in hackneyed metaphor and forced rhyme " . Many of Angelou 's poems are about love and relationships . For example , all the poems in the first section of Diiie focus on love . In Southern Women Writers , Carol A. Neubauer states that they " describe the whole gamut of love , from the first moment of passionate discovery to the first suspicion of painful loss " . Over half the poems in Shaker focus on love ( specifically its inevitable loss ) and doomed relationships . Critic William Sylvester states that the metaphors in Angelou 's poetry serve as " coding " , or litotes , for meanings understood by other Blacks . In her poem " Sepia Fashion Show " in Diiie , for example , the last lines ( " I 'd remind them please , look at those knees / you got a Miss Ann 's scrubbing " ) is a reference to slavery , when Black women had to show their knees to prove how hard they had cleaned . Sylvester states that Angelou uses this technique often in her poetry , and that it elicits a change in the reader 's emotions ; in this poem , from humor to anger . Sylvester says that Angelou uses the same technique in " Letter to an Aspiring Junkie " , also in Diiie , in which the understatement contained in the repeated phrase " nothing happens " is a litotes for the prevalence of violence in society . Hagen calls Angelou 's coding " signifying " and states , " A knowledge of black linguistic regionalisms and folklore enhances the appreciation of Angelou 's poems " . Hagen believes that despite the signifying that occurs in many of Angelou 's poems , the themes and topics are universal enough that all readers would understand and appreciate them . DeGout states that Angelou conveys meaning through literary imagery , denser vocabulary , and poetic techniques such as catachresis , ambiguity , and anthropomorphism . Angelou 's use of language frees her readers from their traditional perceptions and beliefs about human experience . She uses everyday language , the Black vernacular , Black music and forms , and rhetorical techniques such as shocking language , the occasional use of profanity , and traditionally unacceptable subjects . DeGout says that although this use of language is not the main technique she uses in her poetry , it appears in her more popular poems . = = = Racism / liberation = = = As she does throughout her autobiographies , Angelou speaks not only for herself , but for her entire gender and race . Her poems continue the themes of mild protest and survival also found in her autobiographies , and inject hope through humor . Many of Angelou 's poems are personal in nature , especially those in Diiie and Oh Pray , but the theme of racism and connected to it , liberation , is present in her poems and autobiographies . According to DeGout , " a particular gift of the Angelou muse is the translation of personal experience into political discourse " . Scholar Kathy M. Essick calls most of the poems in Diiie Angelou 's " protest poems " . The poems in the second section of Diiie , for example , are militant in tone ; according to Hagen , the poems in this section have " more bite " than the ones in the first section and express the experience of being Black in a white @-@ dominated world . DeGout states , however , that Angelou 's poems have levels of meaning , and that poems in the volume 's first section present the themes of racism , women 's power , and liberation more subtly . DeGout views " A Zorro Man " as an example of Angelou 's ability to translate her personal experience into political discourse and the textured liberation she places in all her poetry . Many of Angelou 's poems , especially those in Diiie , focus on women 's sexual and romantic experiences , but challenge the gender codes of poetry written in previous eras . She also challenges the male @-@ centered and militaristic themes and messages found in the poetry of the Black Arts movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s , leading up to the publication of Diiie . DeGout cites " The Couple " , which appears in Oh Pray , as another example of Angelou 's strategy of combining liberation ideology and poetic techniques . According to Bloom , the themes in Angelou 's poetry are common in the lives of many American Blacks . Angelou 's poems commend the survivors who have prevailed despite racism , difficulty , and challenges . Neubauer states that Angelou focuses on the lives of African Americans from the time of slavery to the 1960s , and that her themes " deal broadly with the painful anguish suffered by blacks forced into submission , with guilt over accepting too much , and with protest and basic survival " . Critic Robert B. Stepto states that the poem " One More Round " , in And Still I Rise is heavily influenced by the work and protest songs of the past . The even @-@ number stanzas in the eight @-@ stanza poem create a refrain like those found in many work songs and are variations of many protest poems . Stepto is impressed with Angelou 's creation of a new art form out of work and protest forms , but does not feel that she develops it enough . He places Angelou 's work in the tradition of other Black poets , and compares the poems in And Still I Rise to the works of Langston Hughes , Gwendolyn Brooks , and Sterling Brown . Stepto also praises Angelou for borrowing " various folk rhythms and forms and thereby buttresses her poems by evoking aspects of a culture 's written and unwritten heritage " . Despite Angelou 's strong criticism of racism , she also asserted in all her writings what Hagen calls a recurring theme , that " we are more alike than unalike " . = = = Struggle = = = Tied with Angelou 's theme of racism is her treatment of the struggle and hardships experienced by her race . Neubauer analyzes two poems in Diiie , " Times @-@ Square @-@ Shoeshine @-@ Composition " and " Harlem Hopscotch " , that support her assertion that for Angelou , " conditions must improve for the black race " . Neubauer states , " Both [ poems ] ring with a lively , invincible beat that carries defeated figures into at least momentary triumph " . In " Times @-@ Squares " , the narrator of the poem , a shoeshiner , takes on the role of the trickster , a common character in Black folklore . He retains his pride despite the humiliation he experiences in his occupation . " Harlem Hopscotch " celebrates survival and the strength , resilience , and energy necessary to accomplish it . Neubauer states , " These poems are the poet 's own defense against the incredible odds in the game of life " . According to DeGout , Angelou creates " a community of healing " for her readers , many of whom have experienced the same trauma and pain as the subjects of her poems . DeGout calls the technique " part of the blues mode in the Angelou canon " , and considers Angelou 's work as a precursor to the Black women writers of the 1970s , who used poetry to express liberation ideology and empowerment . Neubauer asserts that the themes in the poems in And Still I Rise , as the title of the volume suggests , focus on a hopeful determination to rise above difficulty and discouragement . Neubauer states , " These poems are inspired and spoken by a confident voice of strength that recognizes its own power and will no longer be pushed into passivity " . In Angelou 's favorite poem , " Still I Rise " , which has been compared with spirituals that express hope , she refers to the indomitable spirit of Black people . Despite adversity and racism , Angelou expresses her faith that one will overcome and triumph . Like her previous poetry collections , Angelou 's fourth volume , Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing ? , celebrates the ability to survive despite threatened freedom , lost love , and defeated dreams . Neubauer states that the poems in this volume are full of " the control and confidence that have become characteristic of Angelou 's work in general " . Their tone moves from themes of strength to humor and satire , and captures both the loneliness of lovers and the sacrifice that many slaves experienced without succumbing to defeat or despair . The poems in Shaker emphasize determination despite the " unabiding anguish over the oppression of the black race " , and deal with the cruel treatment of slaves in the South . = = Critical reception and response = = Many critics consider Angelou 's autobiographies to be more important than her poetry , including William Sylvester , who states that although Angelou 's books have been best @-@ sellers , her poetry has not been perceived as seriously as her prose . Despite her popular and critical acclaim garnered by her autobiographies , her poetry has been understudied , even after her recitation of " On the Pulse of Morning " in 1993 . Like many reviewers of Angelou 's poetry , Ellen Lippmann in her review of And Still I Rise in School Library Journal finds Angelou 's prose stronger than her poetry , but found her strength more apparent in the poems in this volume than in Caged Bird . In his negative review of And Still I Rise , Stepto expresses disbelief that Angelou 's poems would be produced by a major publishing house while poetry written by other lesser @-@ known talents could not . He explains her popularity as a poet with her autobiographies , which he calls " marvelous " and the real reason for her success as a poet . He states that her poetry serves as explanatory texts for her prose works , which he calls " more adeptly rendered self @-@ portraits " . Despite these reviews , many of Angelou 's readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second . Reviewer Elsie B. Washington has called her " the black woman 's poet laureate " , and has called Angelou 's poetry the anthems of African Americans . African @-@ American literature scholar Lynn Z. Bloom believes that Angelou 's poetry is more interesting when she recites them . He considers her performances dynamic , and says that Angelou " moves exuberantly , vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines , the tone of the words . Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases " . Critic Mary Jane Lupton states that " Angelou 's ultimate greatness will be attributed " to her most well @-@ known poem , " On the Pulse of Morning " , and that Angelou 's " theatrical " performance of it , using skills she learned as an actor and speaker , marks a return to the African @-@ American oral tradition of speakers such as Frederick Douglass , Martin Luther King , Jr. and Malcolm X. Angelou was the first poet to read an inaugural poem since Robert Frost at the 1961 inauguration of President John F. Kennedy , and the first Black and woman . Her recitation resulted in more fame and recognition for her previous works , and broadened her appeal " across racial , economic , and educational boundaries " . Gillespie states that Angelou 's poems " reflect the richness and subtlety of Black speech and sensibilities " and were meant to be read aloud . Angelou has supported Gillespie , telling an interviewer in 1983 that she wrote poetry so that it would be read aloud . Critic Harold Bloom , although he calls Angelou 's poetry " popular poetry " and states that it " makes no formal or cognitive demands upon the reader " , compares her poems to musical forms such as country music and ballads . He characterizes her poems as having a social rather than aesthetic function , " particularly in an era totally dominated by visual media " . Sylvester , who says that Angelou " has an uncanny ability to capture the sound of a voice on a page " , places her poems , especially the ones in Diiie , in the " background of black rhythms " . Chad Walsh , reviewing Diiie in Book World , calls Angelou 's poems " a moving blend of lyricism and harsh social observation " . Jessica Letkemann , writing for Billboard , traced the musical qualities of Angelou 's poems to her experience as a singer and musician , and said that they were " full of rhythm , melody , cadence buoying her powerful words " . Scholar Zofia Burr , who calls Angelou 's poetry " unabashedly public in its ambitions " , connects Angelou 's lack of critical acclaim to both the public nature of many of her poems and to Angelou 's popular success , and to critics ' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a verbal , performed one . Bloom agrees , stating that Angelou 's acclaim has been public rather than critical . Critic James Finn Cotter , in his review of Oh Pray , calls it an " unfortunate example of the dangers of success " and states that Angelou 's fame has " muted the private and personal quality that it takes to be essential to poetry " . Critic John Alfred Avant , despite the fact that the volume was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize , states that Diiie " isn 't accomplished , not by any means " . Even critics who value poetry as an oral tradition devalue Angelou 's poetry ; critic Bryan D. Bourn , who praises her for using African oral tradition , states that she " slips into banality when she abandons " them and criticizes her for not catering to poetry critics . Scholar Joanne Braxton asserts that " Angelou 's audience , composed largely of women and blacks , isn 't really affected by what white and / or male critics of the dominant literary tradition have to say about her work . This audience does not read literary critics ; it does read Maya Angelou " . Burr condemns Angelou 's critics for their narrow view of poetry , which has resulted in their negative reviews of her poetry , and for not taking into account Angelou 's larger purposes in her writing : " to be representative rather than individual , authoritative rather than confessional " . Angelou was an inspiration to the modern hip @-@ hop community . Artists such as Danny Brown , Lupe Fiasco , Jean Grae , and The Roots mention her in their songs . Tupac Shakur , who appeared in the film Poetic Justice , which featured Angelou 's poetry , named his album Still I Rise , released in 1999 after his death , for Angelou 's poem . Nicki Minaj wrote a song also called " Still I Rise " , for her 2009 mixtape Beam Me Up Scotty . Although Minaj 's song does not mention Angelou explicitly , its themes of overcoming hardship echo the themes in Angelou 's poem . Angelou inspired the work of Kanye West , who has referenced Angelou throughout his career , including in a remix of Talib Kweli 's " Get By " , which West produced in 2002 , and in his own song , " Hey Mama " from the album Late Registration , produced in 2005 . Common collaborated with Angelou in 2011 in his song , " The Dreamer " , which featured her reciting a poem at the end of the song . Angelou admitted later that his use of profanity in the song " surprised and disappointed " her . According to Time , Angelou believed that rap music was an avenue for young people to discover poetry , and that she was optimistic about the future of poetry , telling one of its reporters , " “ All I have to do is listen to hip @-@ hop or some of the rappers " . = = = Explanatory notes = = = = Zach Bogosian = Zachary M. Bogosian ( Armenian : Զաքարի Մ . Պողոսյան , born July 15 , 1990 ) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Buffalo Sabres . Bogosian attended Cushing Academy in Massachusetts before he joined the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) in 2006 . He played two seasons in the OHL , and was nominated for the Red Tilson Trophy as the league 's most outstanding player in his second season . Bogosian was regarded as a complete , physical defenseman who could contribute on both offense and defense ; he was rated as one of the top players heading into the 2008 NHL Entry Draft , where the Atlanta Thrashers selected him third overall . He signed a contract with the team a few weeks after the draft and began the season with the Thrashers , though he missed several weeks of his rookie year due to injury . In his second season , he tied a team record for goals by a defenseman . Bogosian first played in an international tournament when he joined the American national team at the 2009 IIHF World Championship . = = Playing career = = = = = Junior = = = In 2004 , Bogosian entered high school at Cushing Academy , a prep school in Massachusetts . The assistant coach of the school 's hockey team was Ray Bourque , a former NHL defenseman who was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame . Bogosian 's teammates at Cushing included his older brother , Aaron , and Bourque 's son , Ryan . While at Cushing he was used mostly as a fifth or sixth defenseman and played few minutes as a result . After his second year at the school , Bogosian was selected 19th overall in the 2006 Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) Priority Draft by the Peterborough Petes Bogosian 's decision to play in the OHL rather than go to the NCAA differed from most of his teammates , including his brother . As his father and uncle had also played college football in the NCAA , it was expected that Bogosian would follow them in going to university . He cited watching Ottawa 67 's games at age nine as a major influence in deciding to play in Canada . Bogosian began playing for the Petes in the 2006 – 07 season . He played 67 games for the team and finished with 7 goals and 26 assists for 33 points , which was second on the team in points for both rookies and defensemen . In recognition of his season , he was named to the OHL 's Second All @-@ Rookie Team , as one of the top four rookie defensemen in the league . The next season , Bogosian appeared in 60 games for the Petes . He led his team in scoring with 61 points ( 11 goals , 50 assists ) , the only defenseman in the league do so ; the 50 assists he scored were second in the league among defensemen . The Petes reached the playoffs after missing the previous year , and Bogosian added another three assists in five games . During the season , he participated in both the OHL All @-@ Star Classic and the CHL Top Prospects Game , an all @-@ star game of prospects from the three leagues in the Canadian Hockey League ( Western Hockey League , Quebec Major Junior Hockey League and OHL ) . At the conclusion of the season , Bogosian was named one of the five draft @-@ eligible finalists for the Red Tilson Trophy as most outstanding player in the OHL , and was also named to the OHL First All @-@ Star Team as one of the two best defensemen in the league . Prior to the 2008 NHL Entry Draft , Bogosian was ranked by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau as the second best North American skater for the draft and the third ranked prospect out of the OHL . He was drafted third overall by the Atlanta Thrashers behind Steven Stamkos and Drew Doughty . He was noted by his coach in Peterborough , Vince Malette , to be a " very physical defenseman who is a complete player " and defensively solid who could skate well with the puck and not lose speed . Thrashers general manager Don Waddell liked the physical aspect Bogosian brought to a game , as well as his ability to help score goals while at the same time stop other teams ' top players . Bogosian had been noted prior for the draft for his dedication to training , as he drove more than 90 minutes to Ottawa to get a better work out . = = = Professional = = = In July 2008 , Bogosian attended the Thrashers prospect development camp . The youngest player of the 32 at the camp , he stood out as one of the best players there and effectively assured himself a roster spot on the team . On September 4 , 2008 , Bogosian signed a three @-@ year , entry @-@ level contract worth $ 2 @.@ 625 million with the Thrashers . He was named to the team 's opening day lineup , and made his NHL debut in the first game of the season on October 10 against the Washington Capitals . Bogosian became the youngest person to play for the Thrashers that night at 18 years and 87 days , surpassing Ilya Kovalchuk ( 18 years , 172 days ) . Twenty @-@ four seconds into his first shift , Bogosian was called for a holding penalty , while later in the contest , he had a fight with Capitals enforcer Donald Brashear . Eight games into the season , however , on October 28 , Bogosian broke his left leg in a game against the Philadelphia Flyers . Prior to rejoining the Thrashers , Bogosian was sent to their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Chicago Wolves , for conditioning . After playing five games with the Wolves , including scoring his first professional goal on January 3 , 2009 , against the Rockford IceHogs , Bogosian rejoined the Thrashers for the remainder of the season . He scored his first NHL goal and recorded his first assist in his twelfth game on January 17 , 2009 , against Pekka Rinne of the Nashville Predators . Bogosian finished his first professional season with 19 points in 47 NHL games and 1 goal in 5 AHL games as the Thrashers finished out of the playoffs . Throughout the 2009 – 10 season Bogosian was bothered by an injury . During a game against the Ottawa Senators on October 31 , 2009 , Bogosian fell behind his team 's net ; with his left hand lying on the net 's iron frame along the ice , another player fell on top of him . The impact broke his left thumb and injured his wrist . Though he did not miss any time from the injury , it had an effect on his offensive play ; Bogosian was perceived to be more hesitant with the puck , choosing to pass it more often than shooting . In the first 17 games of the season , he had scored 8 goals , then went 29 contests without scoring . In the final 64 games , he only scored 2 goals . After he recovered , Bogosian admitted he did not play at his full capacity , but had decided not to disclose the injury to the team until the season finished in April 2010 . Regardless of his injury , Bogosian only missed one game throughout the season , a game on March 14 against the Phoenix Coyotes . Even with these setbacks , Bogosian set career highs for games played ( 81 ) , goals ( 10 ) , assists ( 13 ) and points ( 23 ) . The 10 goals he scored tied a team record for most by a defenseman in a season , first set by Yannick Tremblay in 1999 – 2000 , the Thrashers ' inaugural year . He also set a team record with 196 hits . Again the Thrashers missed the playoffs . After the Atlanta Thrashers were sold to True North Sports & Entertainment and were relocated to Winnipeg , Bogosian agreed to terms on a new two @-@ year , $ 5 million contract with the Winnipeg Jets on September 14 , 2011 . During the 2014 – 15 season , his seventh with the Thrashers / Jets franchise , Bogosian was traded alongside Evander Kane and the rights to Jason Kasdorf , to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Tyler Myers , Drew Stafford , two prospects and a conditional first @-@ round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft . = = International = = Bogosian made his international debut with the American national team at the 2009 IIHF World Championship in Switzerland . He appeared in all nine games for the team , and recorded one assist , in a game against France , as the Americans finished fourth overall . During the 2009 – 10 season he was mentioned as a candidate to join the American team at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , but a wrist and thumb injury led to a decrease in performance and he was ultimately not selected . He was invited to join the American team at the 2010 IIHF World Championship , but declined in order to heal his injuries . = = Personal life = = Bogosian was born to Ike and Vicky Bogosian in Massena , New York , a town of 13 @,@ 000 adjacent to the Saint Lawrence River . He is the first NHL player of Armenian descent ; his great @-@ grandfather , Stephen Bogosian , left Western Armenia in 1923 at the age of 16 as a result of the Armenian Genocide . At the age of 2 ½ , Bogosian first began to skate . He joined the Massena Minor Hockey Association when he was 3 , staying in the program until he was 14 , when he left for Cushing Academy . Bogosian first began to play defense at the Squirt level ( under @-@ 10 ) ; though he was smaller than most of his peers , he was a good skater . He alternated between forward and defense throughout minor hockey . When he began attending Cushing Academy he was a forward the first year , before he converted to a defender full @-@ time . After leaving the school and moving to Canada with two years of high school to complete , Bogosian took courses on the internet . Zach has two older brothers , Ike Jr. and Aaron . Aaron is also a professional ice hockey player who attended St. Lawrence University where he played four seasons with the Saints . Aaron currently plays in the American Hockey League with the Springfield Falcons . Ike was an athlete when he was younger , playing college football with Syracuse University from 1979 to 1981 . In his senior season at Syracuse he was co @-@ captain of the team with future New York Giants running back Joe Morris . He currently runs a carpet and floor cleaning business with his brother in Massena . Vicky works as a hairdresser . He is married to Boston Breakers and former United States women 's national under @-@ 23 soccer team midfielder Bianca D 'Agostino . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = All statistics taken from NHL.com = = Awards and honors = = = = = OHL = = = = Leonhard Euler = Leonhard Euler ( / ˈɔɪlər / OY @-@ lər ; Swiss Standard German [ ˈɔɪlər ] , German Standard German [ ˈɔʏlɐ ] ) ( 15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783 ) was a Swiss mathematician , physicist , astronomer , logician and engineer who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics like infinitesimal calculus and graph theory while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory . He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation , particularly for mathematical analysis , such as the notion of a mathematical function . He is also known for his work in mechanics , fluid dynamics , optics , astronomy , and music theory . Euler was one of the most eminent mathematicians of the 18th century , and is held to be one of the greatest in history . He is also widely considered to be the most prolific mathematician of all time . His collected works fill 60 to 80 quarto volumes , more than anybody in the field . He spent most of his adult life in St. Petersburg , Russia , and in Berlin , then the capital of Prussia . A statement attributed to Pierre @-@ Simon Laplace expresses Euler 's influence on mathematics : " Read Euler , read Euler , he is the master of us all . " = = Life = = = = = Early years = = = Leonhard Euler was born on 15 April 1707 , in Basel , Switzerland to Paul Euler , a pastor of the Reformed Church , and Marguerite née Brucker , a pastor 's daughter . He had two younger sisters : Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena , and a younger brother Johann Heinrich . Soon after the birth of Leonhard , the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen , where Euler spent most of his childhood . Paul Euler was a friend of the Bernoulli family ; Johann Bernoulli was then regarded as Europe 's foremost mathematician , and would eventually be the most important influence on young Leonhard . Euler 's formal education started in Basel , where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother . In 1720 , aged thirteen , he enrolled at the University of Basel , and in 1723 , he received a Master of Philosophy with a dissertation that compared the philosophies of Descartes and Newton . At that time , he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli , who quickly discovered his new pupil 's incredible talent for mathematics . At that time Euler 's main studies included theology , Greek , and Hebrew at his father 's urging in order to become a pastor , but Bernoulli convinced his father that Leonhard was destined to become a great mathematician . In 1726 , Euler completed a dissertation on the propagation of sound with the title De Sono . At that time , he was unsuccessfully attempting to obtain a position at the University of Basel . In 1727 , he first entered the Paris Academy Prize Problem competition ; the problem that year was to find the best way to place the masts on a ship . Pierre Bouguer , who became known as " the father of naval architecture " , won and Euler took second place . Euler later won this annual prize twelve times . = = = Saint Petersburg = = = Around this time Johann Bernoulli 's two sons , Daniel and Nicolaus , were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg . On 31 July 1726 , Nicolaus died of fever after spending less than a year in Russia , and when Daniel assumed his brother 's position in the mathematics / physics division , he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler . In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer , but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg while he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel . Euler arrived in Saint Petersburg on 17 May 1727 . He was promoted from his junior post in the medical department of the academy to a position in the mathematics department . He lodged with Daniel Bernoulli with whom he often worked in close collaboration . Euler mastered Russian and settled into life in Saint Petersburg . He also took on an additional job as a medic in the Russian Navy . The Academy at Saint Petersburg , established by Peter the Great , was intended to improve education in Russia and to close the scientific gap with Western Europe . As a result , it was made especially attractive to foreign scholars like Euler . The academy possessed ample financial resources and a comprehensive library drawn from the private libraries of Peter himself and of the nobility . Very few students were enrolled in the academy in order to lessen the faculty 's teaching burden , and the academy emphasized research and offered to its faculty both the time and the freedom to pursue scientific questions . The Academy 's benefactress , Catherine I , who had continued the progressive policies of her late husband , died on the day of Euler 's arrival . The Russian nobility then gained power upon the ascension of the twelve @-@ year @-@ old Peter II . The nobility were suspicious of the academy 's foreign scientists , and thus cut funding and caused other difficulties for Euler and his colleagues . Conditions improved slightly after the death of Peter II , and Euler swiftly rose through the ranks in the academy and was made professor of physics in 1731 . Two years later , Daniel Bernoulli , who was fed up with the censorship and hostility he faced at Saint Petersburg , left for Basel . Euler succeeded him as the head of the mathematics department . On 7 January 1734 , he married Katharina Gsell ( 1707 – 1773 ) , a daughter of Georg Gsell , a painter from the Academy Gymnasium . The young couple bought a house by the Neva River . Of their thirteen children , only five survived childhood . = = = Berlin = = = Concerned about the continuing turmoil in Russia , Euler left St. Petersburg on 19 June 1741 to take up a post at the Berlin Academy , which he had been offered by Frederick the Great of Prussia . He lived for twenty @-@ five years in Berlin , where he wrote over 380 articles . In Berlin , he published the two works for which he would become most renowned : The Introductio in analysin infinitorum , a text on functions published in 1748 , and the Institutiones calculi differentialis , published in 1755 on differential calculus . In 1755 , he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In addition , Euler was asked to tutor Friederike Charlotte of Brandenburg @-@ Schwedt , the Princess of Anhalt @-@ Dessau and Frederick 's niece . Euler wrote over 200 letters to her in the early 1760s , which were later compiled into a best @-@ selling volume entitled Letters of Euler on different Subjects in Natural Philosophy Addressed to a German Princess . This work contained Euler 's exposition on various subjects pertaining to physics and mathematics , as well as offering valuable insights into Euler 's personality and religious beliefs . This book became more widely read than any of his mathematical works , and was published across Europe and in the United States . The popularity of the ' Letters ' testifies to Euler 's ability to communicate scientific matters effectively to a lay audience , a rare ability for a dedicated research scientist . Despite Euler 's immense contribution to the Academy 's prestige , he eventually incurred the ire of Frederick and ended up having to leave Berlin . The Prussian king had a large circle of intellectuals in his court and he found the mathematician unsophisticated and ill @-@ informed on matters beyond numbers and figures . Euler was a simple , devoutly religious man who never questioned the existing social order or conventional beliefs , in many ways the polar opposite of Voltaire , who enjoyed a high place of prestige at Frederick 's court . Euler was not a skilled debater and often made it a point to argue subjects that he knew little about , making him the frequent target of Voltaire 's wit . Frederick also expressed disappointment with Euler 's practical engineering abilities : I wanted to have a water jet in my garden : Euler calculated the force of the wheels necessary to raise the water to a reservoir , from where it should fall back through channels , finally spurting out in Sanssouci . My mill was carried out geometrically and could not raise a mouthful of water closer than fifty paces to the reservoir . Vanity of vanities ! Vanity of geometry ! = = = Eyesight deterioration = = = Euler 's eyesight worsened throughout his mathematical career . In 1738 , three years after nearly expiring from fever , he became almost blind in his right eye , but Euler rather blamed the painstaking work on cartography he performed for the St. Petersburg Academy for his condition . Euler 's vision in that eye worsened throughout his stay in Germany , to the extent that Frederick referred to him as " Cyclops " . Euler later developed a cataract in his left eye , which was discovered in 1766 . Just a few weeks after its discovery , he was rendered almost totally blind . However , his condition appeared to have little effect on his productivity , as he compensated for it with his mental calculation skills and exceptional memory . For example , Euler could repeat the Aeneid of Virgil from beginning to end without hesitation , and for every page in the edition he could indicate which line was the first and which the last . With the aid of his scribes , Euler 's productivity on many areas of study actually increased . He produced on average , one mathematical paper every week in the year 1775 . = = = Return to Russia and death = = = In 1760 , with the Seven Years ' War raging , Euler 's farm in Charlottenburg was ransacked by advancing Russian troops . Upon learning of this event , General Ivan Petrovich Saltykov paid compensation for the damage caused to Euler 's estate , later Empress Elizabeth of Russia added a further payment of 4000 roubles - an exorbitant amount at the time . The political situation in Russia stabilized after Catherine the Great 's accession to the throne , so in 1766 Euler accepted an invitation to return to the St. Petersburg Academy . His conditions were quite exorbitant – a 3000 ruble annual salary , a pension for his wife , and the promise of high @-@ ranking appointments for his sons . All of these requests were granted . He spent the rest of his life in Russia . However , his second stay in the country was marred by tragedy . A fire in St. Petersburg in 1771 cost him his home , and almost his life . In 1773 , he lost his wife Katharina after 40 years of marriage . Three years after his wife 's death , Euler married her half @-@ sister , Salome Abigail Gsell ( 1723 – 1794 ) . This marriage lasted until his death . In 1782 he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In St. Petersburg on 18 September 1783 , after a lunch with his family , Euler was discussing the newly discovered planet Uranus and its orbit with a fellow academician Anders Johan Lexell , when he collapsed from a brain hemorrhage . He died a few hours later . Jacob von Staehlin @-@ Storcksburg wrote a short obituary for the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian mathematician Nicolas Fuss , one of Euler 's disciples , wrote a more detailed eulogy which he delivered at a memorial meeting . In his eulogy for the French Academy , French mathematician and philosopher Marquis de Condorcet , wrote : il cessa de calculer et de vivre — ... he ceased to calculate and to live . Euler was buried next to Katharina at the Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery on Vasilievsky Island . In 1785 , the Russian Academy of Sciences put a marble bust of Leonhard Euler on a pedestal next to the Director 's seat and , in 1837 , placed a headstone on Euler 's grave . To commemorate the 250th anniversary of Euler 's birth , the headstone was moved in 1956 , together with his remains , to the 18th @-@ century necropolis at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery . = = Contributions to mathematics and physics = = Euler worked in almost all areas of mathematics , such as geometry , infinitesimal calculus , trigonometry , algebra , and number theory , as well as continuum physics , lunar theory and other areas of physics . He is a seminal figure in the history of mathematics ; if printed , his works , many of which are of fundamental interest , would occupy between 60 and 80 quarto volumes . Euler 's name is associated with a large number of topics . Euler is the only mathematician to have two numbers named after him : the important Euler 's number in calculus , e , approximately equal to 2 @.@ 71828 , and the Euler – Mascheroni constant γ ( gamma ) sometimes referred to as just " Euler 's constant " , approximately equal to 0 @.@ 57721 . It is not known whether γ is rational or irrational . = = = Mathematical notation = = = Euler introduced and popularized several notational conventions through his numerous and widely circulated textbooks . Most notably , he introduced the concept of a function and was the first to write f ( x ) to denote the function f applied to the argument x . He also introduced the modern notation for the trigonometric functions , the letter e for the base of the natural logarithm ( now also known as Euler 's number ) , the Greek letter Σ for summations and the letter i to denote the imaginary unit . The use of the Greek letter π to denote the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter was also popularized by Euler , although it did not originate with him . = = = Analysis = = = The development of infinitesimal calculus was at the forefront of 18th Century mathematical research , and the Bernoullis — family friends of Euler — were responsible for much of the early progress in the field . Thanks to their influence , studying calculus became the major focus of Euler 's work . While some of Euler 's proofs are not acceptable by modern standards of mathematical rigour ( in particular his reliance on the principle of the generality of algebra ) , his ideas led to many great advances . Euler is well known in analysis for his frequent use and development of power series , the expression of functions as sums of infinitely many terms , such as <formula> Notably , Euler directly proved the power series expansions for e and the inverse tangent function . ( Indirect proof via the inverse power series technique was given by Newton and Leibniz between 1670 and 1680 . ) His daring use of power series enabled him to solve the famous Basel problem in 1735 ( he provided a more elaborate argument in 1741 ) : <formula> Euler introduced the use of the exponential function and logarithms in analytic proofs . He discovered ways to express various logarithmic functions using power series , and he successfully defined logarithms for negative and complex numbers , thus greatly expanding the scope of mathematical applications of logarithms . He also defined the exponential function for complex numbers , and discovered its relation to the trigonometric functions . For any real number φ ( taken to be radians ) , Euler 's formula states that the complex exponential function satisfies <formula> A special case of the above formula is known as Euler 's identity , <formula> called " the most remarkable formula in mathematics " by Richard P. Feynman , for its single uses of the notions of addition , multiplication , exponentiation , and equality , and the single uses of the important constants 0 , 1 , e , i and π . In 1988 , readers of the Mathematical Intelligencer voted it " the Most Beautiful Mathematical Formula Ever " . In total , Euler was responsible for three of the top five formulae in that poll . De Moivre 's formula is a direct consequence of Euler 's formula . In addition , Euler elaborated the theory of higher transcendental functions by introducing the gamma function and introduced a new method for solving quartic equations . He also found a way to calculate integrals with complex limits , foreshadowing the development of modern complex analysis . He also invented the calculus of variations including its best @-@ known result , the Euler – Lagrange equation . Euler also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems . In doing so , he united two disparate branches of mathematics and introduced a new field of study , analytic number theory . In breaking ground for this new field , Euler created the theory of hypergeometric series , q @-@ series , hyperbolic trigonometric functions and the analytic theory of continued fractions . For example , he proved the infinitude of primes using the divergence of the harmonic series , and he used analytic methods to gain some understanding of the way prime numbers are distributed . Euler 's work in this area led to the development of the prime number theorem . = = = Number theory = = = Euler 's interest in number theory can be traced to the influence of Christian Goldbach , his friend in the St. Petersburg Academy . A lot of Euler 's early work on number theory was based on the works of Pierre de Fermat . Euler developed some of Fermat 's ideas , and disproved some of his conjectures . Euler linked the nature of prime distribution with ideas in analysis . He proved that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges . In doing so , he discovered the connection between the Riemann zeta function and the prime numbers ; this is known as the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function . Euler proved Newton 's identities , Fermat 's little theorem , Fermat 's theorem on sums of two squares , and he made distinct contributions to Lagrange 's four @-@ square theorem . He also invented the totient function φ ( n ) , the number of positive integers less than or equal to the integer n that are coprime to n . Using properties of this function , he generalized Fermat 's little theorem to what is now known as Euler 's theorem . He contributed significantly to the theory of perfect numbers , which had fascinated mathematicians since Euclid . He proved that the relationship shown between perfect numbers and Mersenne primes earlier proved by Euclid was one @-@ to @-@ one , a result otherwise known as the Euclid – Euler theorem . Euler also conjectured the law of quadratic reciprocity . The concept is regarded as a fundamental theorem of number theory , and his ideas paved the way for the work of Carl Friedrich Gauss . By 1772 Euler had proved that 231 − 1 = 2 @,@ 147 @,@ 483 @,@ 647 is a Mersenne prime . It may have remained the largest known prime until 1867 . = = = Graph theory = = = In 1735 , Euler presented a solution to the problem known as the Seven Bridges of Königsberg . The city of Königsberg , Prussia was set on the Pregel River , and included two large islands that were connected to each other and the mainland by seven bridges . The problem is to decide whether it is possible to follow a path that crosses each bridge exactly once and returns to the starting point . It is not possible : there is no Eulerian circuit . This solution is considered to be the first theorem of graph theory , specifically of planar graph theory . Euler also discovered the formula V − E + F = 2 relating the number of vertices , edges and faces of a convex polyhedron , and hence of a planar graph . The constant in this formula is now known as the Euler characteristic for the graph ( or other mathematical object ) , and is related to the genus of the object . The study and generalization of this formula , specifically by Cauchy and L 'Huillier , is at the origin of topology . = = = Applied mathematics = = = Some of Euler 's greatest successes were in solving real @-@ world problems analytically , and in describing numerous applications of the Bernoulli numbers , Fourier series , Venn diagrams , Euler numbers , the constants e and π , continued fractions and integrals . He integrated Leibniz 's differential calculus with Newton 's Method of Fluxions , and developed tools that made it easier to apply calculus to physical problems . He made great strides in improving the numerical approximation of integrals , inventing what are now known as the Euler approximations . The most notable of these approximations are Euler 's method and the Euler – Maclaurin formula . He also facilitated the use of differential equations , in particular introducing the Euler – Mascheroni constant : <formula> One of Euler 's more unusual interests was the application of mathematical ideas in music . In 1739 he wrote the Tentamen novae theoriae musicae , hoping to eventually incorporate musical theory as part of mathematics . This part of his work , however , did not receive wide attention and was once described as too mathematical for musicians and too musical for mathematicians . = = = Physics and astronomy = = = Euler helped develop the Euler – Bernoulli beam equation , which became a cornerstone of engineering . Aside from successfully applying his analytic tools to problems in classical mechanics , Euler also applied these techniques to celestial problems . His work in astronomy was recognized by a number of Paris Academy Prizes over the course of his career . His accomplishments include determining with great accuracy the orbits of comets and other celestial bodies , understanding the nature of comets , and calculating the parallax of the sun . His calculations also contributed to the development of accurate longitude tables . In addition , Euler made important contributions in optics . He disagreed with Newton 's corpuscular theory of light in the Opticks , which was then the prevailing theory . His 1740s papers on optics helped ensure that the wave theory of light proposed by Christiaan Huygens would become the dominant mode of thought , at least until the development of the quantum theory of light . In 1757 he published an important set of equations for inviscid flow , that are now known as the Euler equations . In differential form , the equations are : <formula> where ρ is the fluid mass density , u is the fluid velocity vector , with components u , v , and w , E = ρ e + ½ ρ ( u2 + v2 + w2 ) is the total energy per unit volume , with e being the internal energy per unit mass for the fluid , p is the pressure , ⊗ denotes the tensor product , and 0 being the zero vector . Euler is also well known in structural engineering for his formula giving the critical buckling load of an ideal strut , which depends only on its length and flexural stiffness : <formula> where F = maximum or critical force ( vertical load on column ) , E = modulus of elasticity , I = area moment of inertia , L = unsupported length of column , K = column effective length factor , whose value depends on the conditions of end support of the column , as follows . For both ends pinned ( hinged , free to rotate ) , K = 1 @.@ 0 . For both ends fixed , K = 0 @.@ 50 . For one end fixed and the other end pinned , K = 0 @.@ 699 … For one end fixed and the other end free to move laterally , K = 2 @.@ 0 . K L is the effective length of the column . = = = Logic = = = Euler is also credited with using closed curves to illustrate syllogistic reasoning ( 1768 ) . These diagrams have become known as Euler diagrams . An Euler diagram is a diagrammatic means of representing sets and their relationships . Euler diagrams consist of simple closed curves ( usually circles ) in the plane that depict sets . Each Euler curve divides the plane into two regions or " zones " : the interior , which symbolically represents the elements of the set , and the exterior , which represents all elements that are not members of the set . The sizes or shapes of the curves are not important : the significance of the diagram is in how they overlap . The spatial relationships between the regions bounded by each curve ( overlap , containment or neither ) corresponds to set @-@ theoretic relationships ( intersection , subset and disjointness ) . Curves whose interior zones do not intersect represent disjoint sets . Two curves whose interior zones intersect represent sets that have common elements ; the zone inside both curves represents the set of elements common to both sets ( the intersection of the sets ) . A curve that is contained completely within the interior zone of another represents a subset of it . Euler diagrams were incorporated as part of instruction in set theory as part of the new math movement in the 1960s . Since then , they have also been adopted by other curriculum fields such as reading . = = = Music = = = Even when dealing with music , Euler ’ s approach is mainly mathematical . His writings on music are not particularly numerous ( a few hundred pages , in his total production of about thirty thousand pages ) , but they reflect an early preoccupation and one that did not leave him throughout his life . A first point of Euler ’ s musical theory is the definition of " genres " , i.e. of possible divisions of the octave using the prime numbers 3 and 5 . Euler describes 18 such genres , with the general definition 2mA , where A is the " exponent " of the genre ( i.e. the sum of the exponents of 3 and 5 ) and 2m ( where " m is an indefinite number , small or large , so long as the sounds are perceptible " ) , expresses that the relation holds independently of the number of octaves concerned . The first genre , with A = 1 , is the octave itself ( or its duplicates ) ; the second genre , 2m.3 , is the octave divided by the fifth ( fifth + fourth , C – G – C ) ; the third genre is 2m.5 , major third + minor sixth ( C – E – C ) ; the fourth is 2m.32 , two fourths and a tone ( C – F – Bb – C ) ; the fifth is 2m.3.5 ( C – E – G – B – C ) ; etc . Genres 12 ( 2m.33.5 ) , 13 ( 2m.32.52 ) and 14 ( 2m.3.53 ) are corrected versions of the diatonic , chromatic and enharmonic , respectively , of the Ancients . Genre 18 ( 2m.33.52 ) is the " diatonico @-@ chromatic " , " used generally in all compositions " , and which turns out to be identical with the system described by Johann Mattheson . Euler later envisaged the possibility of describing genres including the prime number 7 . Euler devised a specific graph , the Speculum musicum , to illustrate the diatonico @-@ chromatic genre , and discussed paths in this graph for specific intervals , reminding his interest for the Seven Bridges of Königsberg ( see above ) . The device knew a renewed interest as the Tonnetz in neo @-@ Riemannian theory ( see also Lattice ( music ) ) . Euler further used the principle of the " exponent " to propose a derivation of the gradus suavitatis ( degree of suavity , of agreeableness ) of intervals and chords from their prime factors – one must keep in mind that he considered just intonation , i.e. 1 and the prime numbers 3 and 5 only . Formulas have been proposed extending this system to any number of prime numbers , e.g. in the form ds = Σ ( kipi - ki ) + 1 where pi are prime numbers and ki their exponents . = = Personal philosophy and religious beliefs = = Euler and his friend Daniel Bernoulli were opponents of Leibniz 's monadism and the philosophy of Christian Wolff . Euler insisted that knowledge is founded in part on the basis of precise quantitative laws , something that monadism and Wolffian science were unable to provide . Euler 's religious leanings might also have had a bearing on his dislike of the doctrine ; he went so far as to label Wolff 's ideas as " heathen and atheistic " . Much of what is known of Euler 's religious beliefs can be deduced from his Letters to a German Princess and an earlier work , Rettung der Göttlichen Offenbahrung Gegen die Einwürfe der Freygeister ( Defense of the Divine Revelation against the Objections of the Freethinkers ) . These works show that Euler was a devout Christian who believed the Bible to be inspired ; the Rettung was primarily an argument for the divine inspiration of scripture . There is a famous legend inspired by Euler 's arguments with secular philosophers over religion , which is set during Euler 's second stint at the St. Petersburg academy . The French philosopher Denis Diderot was visiting Russia on Catherine the Great 's invitation . However , the Empress was alarmed that the philosopher 's arguments for atheism were influencing members of her court , and so Euler was asked to confront the Frenchman . Diderot was informed that a learned mathematician had produced a proof of the existence of God : he agreed to view the proof as it was presented in court . Euler appeared , advanced toward Diderot , and in a tone of perfect conviction announced this non @-@ sequitur : " Sir , a + bn / n = x , hence God exists — reply ! " Diderot , to whom ( says the story ) all mathematics was gibberish , stood dumbstruck as peals of laughter erupted from the court . Embarrassed , he asked to leave Russia , a request that was graciously granted by the Empress . However amusing the anecdote may be , it is apocryphal , given that Diderot himself did research in mathematics . The legend was apparently first told by Dieudonné Thiébault with significant embellishment by Augustus De Morgan . = = Commemorations = = Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10 @-@ franc banknote and on numerous Swiss , German , and Russian postage stamps . The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor . He is also commemorated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on 24 May — he was a devout Christian ( and believer in biblical inerrancy ) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time . = = Selected bibliography = = Euler has an extensive bibliography . His best @-@ known books include : Mechanica ( 1736 ) . Methodus inveniendi lineas curvas maximi minimive proprietate gaudentes , sive solutio problematis isoperimetrici latissimo sensu accepti ( 1744 ) . The Latin title translates as a method for finding curved lines enjoying properties of maximum or minimum , or solution of isoperimetric problems in the broadest accepted sense . Introductio in analysin infinitorum ( 1748 ) . English translation Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite by John Blanton ( Book I , ISBN 0 @-@ 387 @-@ 96824 @-@ 5 , Springer @-@ Verlag 1988 ; Book II , ISBN 0 @-@ 387 @-@ 97132 @-@ 7 , Springer @-@ Verlag 1989 ) . Elements of Algebra ( 1765 ) . This elementary algebra text starts with a discussion of the nature of numbers and gives a comprehensive introduction to algebra , including formulae for solutions of polynomial equations . Two influential textbooks on calculus : Institutiones calculi differentialis ( 1755 ) and Institutionum calculi integralis ( 1768 – 1770 ) . Letters to a German Princess ( 1768 – 1772 ) . A definitive collection of Euler 's works , entitled Opera Omnia , has been published since 1911 by the Euler Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences . A complete chronological list of Euler 's works is available at the following page : The Eneström Index ( PDF ) . = Hugh de Mapenor = Hugh de Mapenor ( or Hugh de Mapenore ; died April 1219 ) was a medieval Bishop of Hereford . Although educated and given the title of magister , or " master " , the details of his schooling are unknown . Mapenor was a clerk for Giles de Braose , his predecessor as bishop . Later , Mapenor served as Dean of Hereford before being elected as bishop against the wishes of King John of England . During his short episcopate , he supported John 's son and successor King Henry III of England , and was active in his diocese , as a number of surviving documents show . He also served as a diplomat for the king . = = Early life = = Mapenor was the son of Robert de Mapenore and his wife Matilda , who lived in Herefordshire at Hampton , Herefordshire near Leominster . Where or how he was educated is unknown , but he was given the title of magister , which implies he studied at some school and attained a degree of education . Mapenor served William de Braose as a clerk from 1189 to 1196 , and then served William 's son Giles de Braose , Bishop of Hereford . He occupied the office of Dean of Hereford before 29 September 1202 . During his time at Hereford , he was the subject of the Prose Salernitan Questions , which compared his sexual powers to three other clerks . He also served as a judge for the papacy and defended the cathedral chapter in two disputes over the chapter 's rights . When the Braose family fled England in 1208 , with Giles going to France and William going to Ireland , Mapenor left also , going to Ireland where he appears as a witness on documents of William de Braose 's . It is unclear when he returned to England , but by January 1212 Mapenor was once more in Hereford . = = Bishop of Hereford = = Mapenor was elected to the see of Hereford on 3 February 1216 . Mapenor was elected by the cathedral chapter in spite of the fact that his name was not on the list of possible candidates given the chapter by King John of England . The king objected to the election , and took the case to Pope Honorius III , but the king died before the case was decided . John had objected because he claimed the cathedral chapter , who elected Mapenor , was excommunicate when they met for the election of the new bishop , which would have made the election invalid . His election had been overseen by the papal legate Guala Bicchieri , who was also assigned the case by the papacy after John objected . Bicchieri decided the case shortly after the death of John on the night of 18 – 19 October 1216 , in Mapenor 's favour . Mapenor gave Stephen Langton , the Archbishop of Canterbury , and Mapenor 's ecclesiastical superior , a declaration of obedience on 27 October 1216 , and was consecrated on 18 December 1216 by Sylvester the Bishop of Worcester . Although Mapenor 's time as bishop was short – just over two years – over 20 of his charters survive . These include a number for Leominster Priory and Reading Abbey . He also dealt with a dispute over the rights of a Norman abbey , Lyre Abbey , over churches it possessed in the diocese of Hereford , settling it by making the churches part of a prebend in Hereford Cathedral held by the abbot of Lire . Mapenor supported the new king Henry III in his efforts to suppress the rebellion begun under Henry 's father , King John . Mapenor was with the forces of the king before the Battle of Lincoln in May 1217 . The bishop was also present when the king and Llywelyn of Gwynedd , a Welsh prince , concluded a peace treaty at Worcester in March 1218 . The king employed Mapenor in April as a diplomatic escort , ordering the bishop to bring some of the southern Welsh princes to Woodstock to swear fealty to Henry III . In June of that year , Mapenor attended the consecration of the new Worcester Cathedral . He was the recipient of one of a series of writs sent to bishops to stop the persecution of Jews . These writs may have resulted from a decision of the king 's council to oppose some acts of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 , which placed restrictions on Jews . = = Death = = Mapenor died in April 1219 , probably on the 16th , although older sources give a date of the 13th . He had issued a charter as recently as 14 April 1219 . He was buried in Hereford Cathedral . One of his surviving charters documents a licence given to Leominster Priory as alms for the souls of his parents and his predecessor as bishop , Giles de Braose . = Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru = Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru ( マリア様がみてる , lit . The Virgin Mary is Watching or Maria Watches Over Us ) , often shortened to Marimite ( マリみて ) , is a Japanese light novel series written by Oyuki Konno with illustrations by Reine Hibiki . Originally written as a short story in 1997 , Shueisha published 39 light novel volumes from April 1998 to April 2012 . The story focuses on a group of teenage girls attending the Catholic Lillian Girls ' Academy in Tokyo , Japan . Its storyline largely revolves around the lives and close relationships of the school 's student council known as the Yamayuri Council . A manga adaptation was published by Shueisha in Margaret and its sister magazine The Margaret . Between 2004 and 2009 , the series was adapted by Studio Deen into three 13 @-@ episode anime television series and a five @-@ episode original video animation ( OVA ) series . The anime adaptations have been released in North America by Nozomi Entertainment under the title Maria Watches Over Us . A live @-@ action film adaptation was released in Japan in November 2010 . Several audio dramas and music albums were also published . Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru received generally positive reviews by critics . It has been described as representative of yuri novels , and has been credited with starting " the modern yuri trend , " in addition to reviving the Class S genre . Critics have praised the series for its strong characterization , even among peripheral characters , and for its emphasis on romance and emotion over sexuality . The dramatization , however , has been criticized as being overly dramatic at times , but the lack of malicious characters has been described as reducing the chance for more drama . The extensive use of French titles has also been criticized as being distracting and initially difficult to follow . Over 5 @.@ 4 million copies of the light novels have been published . = = Plot = = = = = Setting and themes = = = The setting for Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru is Lillian Girls ' Academy ( 私立リリアン女学園 , Shiritsu Ririan Jogakuen ) , a fictional Catholic school founded in 1901 in Musashino , Tokyo , Japan ; the school is depicted as an elegant , clean , pure , and very prestigious institution . Among the facilities of Lillian , aside from the classrooms , there is a church , a greenhouse , a kendo dojo , an auditorium , a park , and the Rose Mansion , where the Yamayuri Council meet . The students are very respectable and in good standing . The uniform at the school is a long , black Japanese school uniform with a white collar . The school uses the fictional sœur system where any second- or third @-@ year student , the grande sœur ( " big sister " ) , might pick a younger girl who will become her " sœur " ( sister in French ) . The grande sœur gives her the petite sœur ( " little sister " ) a rosary and promises to look after her and guide her . The basic etiquette demands the petite sœur to call her grande sœur " onee @-@ sama " ( older sister in Japanese ) . Aside from being used in prayer , the rosary is the instrument that certifies the sœur union and relationship between two students . There is an implicit code of behavior between sœurs , especially in the Yamayuri Council — the student council of the school : quietness , measure and respect towards each other ; values deeply attached to traditional Japanese education . French is occasionally used throughout the story ; for example , the series is given the French subtitle La Vierge Marie vous regarde , which means " The Virgin Mary is watching you " . In keeping with the tone of the series , formal language is used : gokigen 'yō ( ごきげんよう ) is a strictly formal and respectful greeting in Japanese , and is used both to greet and to bid farewell . By custom , this greeting is used often in the Lillian School ; this has been one of the distinguishable and popular phrases of the series , and it is used to begin or to finish each volume . The Animax English @-@ language version translates the word as " good day to you " . The Lillian Girls ' Academy uses the lily symbolism as the white lily is the flower of the Virgin Mary . The white lily is a Christian symbol of virginity and purity . This lily imagery is also used as a reference to yuri : the story has some elements of romance between female characters ; the use of lilies reinforces this in subtext , as do the names of the student council and of the school itself . The series is only explicit about a romantic relationship once in a flashback , but many of the sisters have romantic friendships . The musical choices of the Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru anime adaptations are generally classical music @-@ inspired . The Christian hymn " Maria @-@ sama no Kokoro " ( マリア様のこころ , The Virgin Mary 's Heart ) is often referred to in the series . In the context of the series , it is a children 's song taught to the students at Lillian . = = = Story and characters = = = Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru 's story revolves around the students of the Lillian Girls ' Academy and is character @-@ driven , focusing on interactions between the characters rather than any sort of ongoing plot or goal to attain . When the story begins , Yumi Fukuzawa , a first @-@ year student at Lillian , is praying in front of the Virgin Mary statue near the school entrance when she is suddenly approached by a cold second @-@ year student named Sachiko Ogasawara who straightens Yumi 's uniform neckerchief . This seemingly simple act of kindness stays with Yumi the rest of the day , and she speaks of her meeting with Sachiko to her friends during class and lunch . After school is over , Yumi 's classmate Tsutako Takeshima meets with Yumi to show her that she took a photograph of Yumi 's meeting with Sachiko earlier that morning . Yumi asks if she can have the photo , but Tsutako says she will give her the snapshot under two conditions : one being that Tsutako can display it at the upcoming school festival , and two being that Yumi get Sachiko 's permission to do so as well . Yumi agrees to this , which sets in motion a series of events involving the entire Yamayuri Council . A few weeks after first meeting Sachiko , Yumi accepts Sachiko 's rosary and therefore agrees to become her petite sœur . This officially inducts Yumi into the Yamayuri Council where she assists them in school matters alongside Yoshino Shimazu and Shimako Tōdō — the petite sœurs of Rei Hasekura and Sei Satō , respectively . Through her activities in the Yamayuri Council , Yumi becomes closer to the other members and generally finds her experiences with the group to be enjoyable . = = = = Yamayuri Council = = = = Much of the story of Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru revolves around the Yamayuri Council ( 山百合会 , Yamayurikai , lit . " Mountain Lily Council " ) , which acts as the student council . The Yamayuri Council meet in a building called the Rose Mansion ( 薔薇の館 , Bara no Yakata ) . Located within the school , it consists of two stories , including a meeting room on the second story . The Yamayuri Council itself consists of three offices , named after roses : Rosa Foetida ( ロサ・フェティダ , Rosa Fetida ) , Rosa Gigantea ( ロサ・ギガンティア , Rosa Gigantia ) , and Rosa Chinensis ( ロサ・キネンシス , Rosa Kinenshisu ) . These are also referred to by their colors ; the Yellow Rose ( 黄薔薇 , Kibara ) is Rosa Foetida , the White Rose ( 白薔薇 , Shirobara ) is Rosa Gigantea , and the Red Rose ( 紅薔薇 , Benibara ) is Rosa Chinensis . Due to the high importance the three Rose families have in the development of the student activities within school , those who become petites sœurs of any of the mentioned families receive a functional " inheritance " through the grandes sœurs teachings , to adopt a position given certain circumstances . In this way , there are patrons recognized through the generations of the members of the Rose families . Still , after graduating , the grandes sœurs of the Yamayuri Council may continue with a fair participation in the events concerning their families , as shown in the novels . A Rose ( 薔薇 , Bara ) , or Rosa ( ロサ ) , is one of three senior members of the Yamayuri Council , although it is also possible to generally speak of all the members of the Yamayuri Council as roses . A Rose makes the important decisions within this group , since she has control over the student council . Candidates for the position , which lasts through the school year , are chosen through an election . Any student can run to become a Rose , although the position is usually given to the en boutons , the Roses ' petite sœurs . The petite sœur of a Rosa is called an en bouton ( アン・ブゥトン , an būton ) , otherwise known as a " rose bud " ( 薔薇のつぼみ , bara no tsubomi ) . En bouton is French for " in bud " — as used in the example Rosa Chinensis en bouton — and is unofficially considered part of the Yamayuri Council , as is the petite sœur of the en bouton , if she has one . The en boutons must be in a lower year than their Rosa , and generally the en boutons execute the plans discussed by the Roses , like assistants . Although the Rosa positions of the Yamayuri Council are traditionally passed to the en bouton on the graduation of the current holder , they are nonetheless elected offices which anyone may run for . The petite sœur of the en bouton is called en bouton petite sœur ( アン・ブゥトン・プティ・スール , an būton puti sūru ) — as used in the example Rosa Chinensis en bouton petite sœur — and is otherwise known as the " younger sister of a rose bud " ( 薔薇のつぼみの妹 , bara no tsubomi no imōto ) . She must be in a lower year than her en bouton and performs small duties , such as attending to the Roses ' en boutons , cleaning the Rose Mansion , and making tea and snacks for the Yamayuri Council . This lasts a school year , and the following year , when their en bouton is elected as Rosas , the petite sœurs become en boutons automatically . = = Production = = After writing her debut novel series Yume no Miya ( 夢の宮 , Palace of Dreams ) for three years starting in March 1994 , Oyuki Konno published a short story called " Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru " in the February 1997 issue of the shōjo magazine Cobalt with illustrations by Yuma Aoi . In 1993 , Konno had previously won both Cobalt 's Novel Award and Readers ' Award for Yume no Miya , and by February 1997 , nine volumes had been released . In the afterword of the first Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru light novel volume , Konno admitted that Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru was very different from her usual genre of story @-@ telling in Yume no Miya , which she described as an " imperial story " set in a fictionalized classical Japan . For the basis of Lillian Girls ' Academy , Konno drew from her own experiences attending an all @-@ girl high school , and some of the scenery of Lillian was also taken from this , such as a ginkgo pathway which stretched out from the main gate . The laid @-@ back atmosphere of the school was also incorporated into Lillian , although Konno 's school did not have a sœur system and it was not a Catholic school . Konno had been exposed to Christianity from a young age : she attended a completely Christian kindergarten which had a sanctuary and cloister in the middle of the school . Konno notes that she put her own questions about the Virgin Mary 's heart into the story via Yumi . Konno ultimately mixed together various sources and ended up with Lillian Girls ' Academy . = = Media = = = = = Light novels = = = After writing the Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru short story , Konno expanded it into a series of novels . The first volume was published on April 24 , 1998 , with illustrations by Reine Hibiki . In terms of the storyline , this first novel marks the beginning of the series ; the original 1997 short story was reworked and republished in the ninth volume Cherry Blossom in 2001 . Shueisha published 39 light novels in the series , ending with Farewell Bouquet on April 28 , 2012 . In February 2003 , with 12 volumes released , Konno began to publish more short stories in Cobalt , with illustrations by Hibiki . Counting the 1997 debut , 27 short stories were published , which were included in later novels . The first five volumes of the light novel series were translated into German by Tokyopop . Konno also wrote a spin @-@ off series of light novels titled Oshaka @-@ sama mo Miteru ( お釈迦様もみてる , Buddha Watches Too ) , also illustrated by Hibiki . These focus on Yumi 's younger brother Yūki and his schoolmates at Hanadera . Shueisha published 10 volumes between August 1 , 2008 and November 30 , 2013 . = = = Manga = = = A manga adaptation , drawn by Satoru Nagasawa , was serialized in Shueisha 's shōjo manga magazine Margaret between October 2003 and October 2005 . Following this , the manga was transferred to Shueisha 's sister magazine The Margaret between May 2006 and December 2007 . The manga was again serialized in The Margaret between May and August 2010 . The individual chapters were collected and published in nine tankōbon volumes released by Shueisha between February 2004 and October 2010 . The first eight volumes were republished in five omnibus volumes in Japan between April and July 2010 . The story in each volume follows the corresponding volume of the novels . The first eight volumes were translated into German by Tokyopop . Six brief manga one @-@ shots , illustrated by Reine Hibiki and based on some scenes from the novels , were published by Shueisha in Cobalt between February 2003 and December 2004 . They are : " Yumi 's Valentine Eve " ( 祐巳のヴァレンタイン・イブ , Yumi no Varentain Ibu , February 2003 ) , " Before the Festival " ( 祭りの前 , Matsuri no Mae , October 2003 ) , " Christmas Present " ( クリスマス・プレゼント , Kurisumasu Purezento , December 2003 ) , " By Graduation ... " ( 卒業までに … , Sotsugyō Made ni ... , February 2004 ) , " All Alone on Sunday " ( ひとりの日曜日 , Hitori no Nichiyōbi , April 2004 ) , and " The Beginning of the Year " ( 年の始めの , Toshi no Hajime no , December 2004 ) . " Before the Festival " was later included in volume 18 of the novels , Premium Book , and the other five were later published in volume 26 of the novels , Illustration Collection . A one @-@ shot of Oshaka @-@ sama mo Miteru , illustrated by Sakura Kenjō , was published in Shueisha 's Comic Cobalt magazine in August 2010 . = = = Anime = = = A 13 @-@ episode anime television series adaptation of Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru aired in Japan between January 7 and March 31 , 2004 on TV Tokyo . Produced by Studio Deen and directed by Yukihiro Matsushita , the screenplay was written by Reiko Yoshida , and Akira Matsushima based the character design used in the anime on Reine Hibiki 's original designs . The art director for the series is Nobuto Sakamoto . The sound director is Yoshikazu Iwanami , and the soundtrack is composed by Mikiya Katakura . The series was later released by Geneon to seven VHS and DVD compilation volumes from April to October 2004 . Most of the production staff would return to produce two additional television series and an original video animation ( OVA ) series . The 13 @-@ episode second season , titled Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru : Printemps ( マリア様がみてる〜春〜 , Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru ~ Haru ~ ) , aired between July 4 and September 26 , 2004 on TV Tokyo . The series was later released by Geneon to six VHS and DVD compilation volumes from October 2004 to April 2005 . The third season , a five @-@ episode OVA series titled Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru , was released on DVD from November 29 , 2006 to July 25 , 2007 ; each episode is approximately 50 minutes long . The 13 @-@ episode fourth season , again titled Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru , aired between January 3 and March 28 , 2009 on AT @-@ X. The series was released by Geneon to six DVD compilation volumes from March to August 2009 . Instead of Yukihiro Matsushita who had directed the first three seasons , the fourth season is directed by Toshiyuki Katō . In addition to the main anime series , a parody series called Maria @-@ sama ni wa Naisho ( マリア様にはないしょ , Keep it Secret from the Virgin Mary ) is included as a bonus on the DVD releases of the three televisions seasons and the OVA series . There are 29 episodes : seven from season one , six for season two , five for season three , and eleven for season four . The episodes consist of short segments of fake outtakes and parody skits drawn in a super deformed style and starring the cast of the anime . Nozomi Entertainment , the licensing branch of Right Stuf Inc . , have licensed the three television series and the OVA series under the title Maria Watches Over Us for North American distribution . The four series were released as DVD box sets with English subtitles as follows : July 29 , 2008 for season one , November 25 , 2008 for season two , March 24 , 2009 for season three , and July 6 , 2010 for season four . The second season was translated and dubbed into English for broadcast in Southeast Asia by the anime satellite TV network Animax from March 2007 . The first three seasons were licensed in Spain by Jonu Media . = = = Audio CDs = = = For the first Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru anime series , the opening theme " Pastel Pure " and the ending theme is " Sonata Blue " . Both songs are instrumental tracks composed by Mikiya Katakura of the band Ali Project and were released on a theme song album in February 2004 . The original soundtrack for the first anime series was released in February 2004 . For Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru : Printemps , the opening theme is a vocal version of " Pastel Pure " by Ali Project and the ending theme is again " Sonata Blue " . The single for " Pastel Pure " was released in August 2004 . The original soundtrack for Printemps was released in September 2004 . For the Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru OVA series , the opening theme is again the instrumental version of " Pastel Pure " , and there are two ending themes . The single for the first ending theme " Chercher " ( シャルシェ ) by Kotoko was released in October 2006 , and the single for the second ending theme " Kirei na Senritsu " ( きれいな旋律 ) by Kotoko was released in March 2007 . The original soundtrack for the OVA series was released in March 2007 . For the Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru fourth season , the single for the opening theme " Chizu Sanpo " ( 地図散歩 ) by Kukui was released in February 2009 , and the single for the ending theme " Kumori Garasu no Mukō " ( くもりガラスの向こう ) by Kaori Hikita was also released in February 2009 . For the Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru live @-@ action film , the theme song " Heavenly Days " by CooRie was released on her album Heavenly Days in October 2010 . Three volumes of albums titled Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru : Haru Image Album containing image songs and background music tracks were released between April and September 2005 . Each image album was assigned to one of the three families of roses ; the songs were sung by the voice actors of the anime series . A vocal album titled Christmas Album was released in December 2008 . Shueisha produced 12 drama CDs between January 14 , 2004 and December 14 , 2007 , and Frontier Works produced three additional drama CDs between July 24 , 2009 and July 22 , 2010 ; the CDs use the same voice actors from the anime series . The drama CDs are based on the stories in the novels . The fifth and tenth drama CDs by Shueisha were released in limited edition versions each with a slipcase and a pair of character mini @-@ figures . = = = Internet radio show = = = An Internet radio show to promote Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru called Web Radio Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru ( Webラジオマリア様がみてる ) was hosted by Kana Ueda , the voice of Yumi Fukuzawa , and featured other voice actors from the anime series as guests . The show features conversations and publicity , often commenting with news of the anime series and other funny situations from the plot of the novels . It had a pre @-@ broadcast special for Christmas on December 22 , 2005 , and later broadcast 19 episodes between March 9 and November 24 , 2006 . The show was streamed online every other Thursday , and was produced by Animate TV . Three additional broadcasts followed : a New Year 's Day special on January 25 , 2007 , a Hinamatsuri special on March 1 , 2007 , and another Christmas special on December 20 , 2007 . The radio show returned to broadcast 13 main episodes and 3 specials between August 27 , 2008 and September 30 , 2009 . Again hosted by Ueda , the show was streamed online every last Wednesday of the month , and was also produced by Animate TV . Combined , the two radio show seasons were later released on 13 CD compilation volumes by Frontier Works between August 4 , 2006 and February 24 , 2010 . = = = Live @-@ action film = = = A live @-@ action film adaptation premiered in Japanese theaters on November 6 , 2010 . The film is directed by Kōtarō Terauchi , and Terauchi co @-@ wrote the script with Keiji Sagami . The film 's music is composed by Chika Fujino . The film was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD in Japan on July 29 , 2011 . To tie in with the film , a new edition of the first light novel was published in June 2010 with a cover featuring stars Honoka Miki and Haru . = = Reception = = It was reported in April 2010 that 5 @.@ 4 million copies of the original light novels have been published . Reception to the Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru anime series has been generally positive , although Anime News Network ( ANN ) noted that the series leaves itself " wide open to cynical sniggering . " Carlos Ross from Them Anime regarded it as " one of the most beautiful and graceful anime " series , adding that the animation is sometimes of questionable quality but overall " very appealing " . Andrew Shelton from AMR found the series to be " fairly unique " compared to other shōjo works , explaining that although the story is " a little basic " and " overly dramatic " , what is most important is the " response and actions of the character on who the story is focused . " Stig Høgset , also from Them Anime , commented that the third season was criticized for being too short , but he personally did not feel " like it was lacking something . " Jason Thompson credits Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru with starting " the modern yuri trend . " Newer anime titles that Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru is compared to include Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru , Strawberry Panic ! , Best Student Council , and Aria . Carlos Ross , writing about the first novel in the series , felt the story was a " classic rags @-@ to @-@ riches tale , " but that it was " also sweet , touching and witty when it needs to be . " He criticized the lack of teachers and schoolwork in the series , which led to the plot being filled with extracurricular activities , which are common to high school series . He also criticized Yumi 's low self @-@ esteem . A characteristic element of the series is the extensive use of French titles , which Carlos Ross has criticized as " distracting " . Mania.com criticized the early anime episodes as being " difficult " , and saying that the first episode " throws a lot of terms and names at you " . On the other hand , Ross compared the " atmosphere " presented by the series ' artwork with those from other anime titles of similar setting , including the bright and vivid Revolutionary Girl Utena . Another reviewer from Them Anime also compared Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru with Oniisama e ... , but noted that the former is much less dramatic . Marc Hairston commented on the unusual character designs compared to other series , and said they are " ordinary students . " ANN also noted the " clear , expressive eyes and character designs that are gifted with an understated mobility , " praising the casting choices , and noting that even " peripheral " characters are " fully realized . " Holly Ellingwood of Active Anime described the relationships between the characters as " intensely platonic " and " pseudo @-@ gay " for the most part . ANN noted that the second anime season tends to overdramatize , especially in the last three episodes . ANN also describes the second season as " more embarrassing and shoujo @-@ ai oriented " than the first season , but that the solid characterization is still a strength of the series . Holly Ellingwood of Active Anime appreciated the focus on characters other than Yumi and Sachiko for the second season , regarding Shimako 's loss of Sei and befriending Noriko as being " one of the more moving " arcs of Printemps . ANN regarded the OVA season as the best of the first three seasons , citing the improved production standards and the less melodramatic storylines . ANN notes that the fourth season is " a return to dramatic form " after the relaxation of the OVA series , but it is not as melodramatic as the second season , due to the increased maturity of the cast . Chris Beveridge , writing for Mania.com , found it odd that Yumi and Sachiko did not spend so much time together in the fourth season , and felt that the series needed an epilogue , but enjoyed seeing Yumi taking on some " adult responsibilities . " Andrew Shelton has suggested that Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru 's " reduced capacity for epic drama " is due to the lack of malicious characters ; he considers the series " pure shōjo " , mostly due to its character @-@ driven storyline . Japanese reviewers for their part regard the story as a revival of the Class S genre , and specifically a modern @-@ day equivalent of Nobuko Yoshiya 's Hana Monogatari . Hairston notes that Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru emphasizes romance and emotion over sexuality , and it has a respectful treatment of its homoerotic themes . He describes the series as " one of the most interesting and touching anime series of the last two years " , adding that it is " about self @-@ discovery and self @-@ acceptance . " A Pizza Hut tie @-@ in campaign for the fourth anime series started on January 7 , 2008 . The Rose Mansion from the story was recreated in the Second Life virtual world and opened on February 8 , 2008 . = The Medico of Painted Springs = The Medico of Painted Springs ( also known as Doctor 's Alibi ) is a 1941 American western film produced by Columbia Pictures . Based on the novel of the same name by James Lyon Rubel , the film stars Charles Starrett , Terry Walker , Ben Taggart , Wheeler Oakman , and the Simp @-@ Phonies in a cameo appearance . It was directed by Lambert Hillyer and written by Wyndham Gittens and Winston Miller . In the film , Starrett 's character , Dr. Steven Monroe , travels to a tumultuous Painted Springs and attempts to resolve a raging conflict between two camps – the cattlemen and the sheep ranchers . The film received mixed reviews from contemporary film critics . After the release of the film in June 1941 , Columbia allowed the release of two more Medico films , Thunder Over the Prairie ( July 1941 ) and Prairie Stranger ( September 1941 ) . Starrett , who went on to star in around sixty other western flicks , found The Medico of Painted Springs to be his favorite film . The film has many noticeable differences from Rubel 's original work . = = Plot = = Upon arriving at Painted Springs , Dr. Steven Monroe witnesses a clash between sheep herders and cattle breeders . As Monroe starts to investigate the cause of the conflict , he finds out about Fred Burns ' diabolical scheme – he intends to steal John Richards ' cattle and frame sheep rancher Ed Gordon for the deed . After a series of fights , during which Burns and his men kidnap Richards ' daughter Nancy , Monroe rescues Nancy and manages to get Burns to confess . With his evil intentions revealed , the two camps cease battling , and Monroe quietly leaves Painted Springs . = = Cast = = = = Production = = Charles Starrett , who had previously appeared in the 1940 western film The Durango Kid , was cast as Dr. Steven Monroe . Terry Walker was chosen to play Nancy Richards , and Ben Taggart portrayed John Richards . Ray Bennett was announced to play Ed Gordon . Wheeler Oakman was cast as Fred Burns . The Simp @-@ Phonies made a cameo appearance in the film . Then @-@ novice actor Lloyd Bridges , who joined Columbia Pictures in 1941 , also had a brief and uncredited role in the film . It marked one of the earliest films he made an appearance in . Lambert Hillyer directed the film . Winston Miller and Wyndham Gittens wrote the screenplay based on James Lyon Rubel 's 1934 novel The Medico of Painted Springs . Jack Fier was in charge of production for Columbia Pictures . Benjamin Kline served as cinematographer , while Mel Thorsen edited the film . Filming began on May 5 , 1941 , and ended on May 14 , 1941 . All of the songs in The Medico of Painted Springs were sung by the Simp @-@ Phonies . There were a total of four distinct songs in the film , namely " Corny Troubles " , " We 'd Just as Soon Fiddle as Fight " , " Lonely Rangeland " , and " Rocking and Rolling in the Saddle " . = = Release and reception = = The film premiered at the Lido Theater , a cinema in Newport Beach , California . It was released in the United States in June 1941 . Up till at least January 1942 , screenings of the film were still available at cinemas . It was re @-@ screened in September 1957 at the Apollo Theatre . It received mixed reviews from contemporary film critics . A reviewer for Variety wrote , " Saddled with sophomoric episodes and dialog , The Medico of Painted Springs will find a groove for Saturday matinees , where the kids will stand for anything as long as it 's western . " In an entry for the film in his book The Western Film Encyclopedia , Phil Hardy commented that " [ t ] he picture 's main failing is Miller and Gittens ' dialogue which has Starrett oscillate between a brash cowboy and a wild @-@ mannered medico . " Michael R. Pitts , in his book Western Movies , found the film to be " [ a ] pretty good actioner in Charles Starrett 's Columbia series . " Towards the end of his film career spanning sixty @-@ odd western flicks , Starrett commented that his best films were from the 1940s , and that his favorite one was The Medico of Painted Springs . = = Differences between the film and the novel = = The film has a handful of differences from Rubel 's original work . Many character names were changed for the film , including Cliff Monroe to Steven Monroe , Puff Gordon to Ed Gordon , and Nancy Starweather to Nancy Richards . Additionally , the majority of the characters in the film were nameless in the book . The ending was also tweaked . In the novel , Monroe professes his love for Nancy Starweather and they happily marry in Painted Springs . In the film , this does not happen , and Monroe just leaves the area . = = Sequels = = The film marked the first entry of the Medico film series by Columbia Pictures . The following two films in the series were Thunder Over the Prairie ( July 1941 ) and Prairie Stranger ( September 1941 ) . However , they were not based on Rubel 's works . More sequels to The Medico of Painted Springs were planned for production , but were never greenlit after the dismal box office performance of the two released sequels . All three films had Charles Starrett playing the role of Dr. Steven Monroe . = Johann Jakob von Wunsch = Johann Jakob von Wunsch ( 1717 – 1788 ) was soldier of fortune and Prussian general of infantry , and a particularly adept commander of light infantry . The son of a Württemberg furrier , he served in several armies in the course of his lengthy career . Shortly after he turned 18 , his father enrolled him in Württemberg service . In the Württemberg Regiment , he supported the Austrians against the Ottoman Empire in 1737 . Later , he served in Bavarian army during the War of the Austrian Succession . In 1748 he came to the notice of Prince Henry , and enter Prussian service for the Seven Years ' War , where he led an autonomous corps in many raids and skirmishes that wrought havoc on the Austrian forces . His incursion over Prussia 's border with Bohemia in 1778 was the opening action of the War of the Bavarian Succession . In peace time , he devoted his efforts to training light infantry , developing an autonomous corps of skirmishers . Frederick the Great 's successor , Frederick Wilhem II , promoted him to general of infantry and raised him to the Prussian nobility . = = Family and early military career = = Wunsch was born on 22 December 1717 in Heidenheim , Württemberg to a furrier and died at Prenzlau , in the Kingdom of Prussia on 18 October 1788 . His grandfather served in the Austrian military , and his father had served for a few years in the Bavarian military . He received schooling locally , and on his eighteenth year , his father sent him to Officer Cadet training in the Duke of Württemberg 's Regiment . While with this regiment in Vienna , he married Josephine le Roi , the daughter of a Habsburg War Commissary . They had one son . = = Early military career = = The Duke of Württemberg 's regiment supported the Austrian military in its wars with the Ottoman Empire . Between 1737 and 1739 , Wunsch participated in several battles in the vicinity of Banja Luka , in modern @-@ day Bosnia and Herzegovina . By 1739 , he realized he had prospects in neither Austrian nor Württemberg service and he entered Bavarian service as the oldest second lieutenant in the Hussar Regiment Frangipani . Upon the death of Charles VII , Holy Roman Emperor , the new Duke of Bavaria , Maximilian III Joseph , agreed to forgo any imperial aspirations . Wunsch 's Bavarian regiment went into the service in the Netherlands , where it eventually liberated Brussels from the French in 1745 . In the course of this service , Wunsch advanced to the rank of Rittmeister , or captain of cavalry . At the conclusion of the war in 1749 , Rittmeister Wunsch acquired a staff position and a pension and remained in the Netherlands with his wife and son . When it became apparent that there would be another war , in 1756 he offered his services to Frederick the Great and became the oldest captain in Prussian service . His unit came under the command of Prince Henry of Prussia , an officer who understood the value of the new military formation of light troops for skirmishing and raids . = = = Seven Years ' War = = = Throughout the Seven Years ' War , Wunsch operated successfully as a light troops officer . After the Battle of Prague in 1757 , he was promoted to major . He followed this up with stellar action near Torgau in September , and the following day his troops overran Leipzig . The subsequent Prussian successes at the battles of Breslau and Leuthen led to his promotion , this time by Frederick himself , to lieutenant colonel . The King also gave him command of an independent battalion and awarded him the Order Pour le Mérite . Wunsch made a brief journey to his home town of Heidenheim and returned to his unit in Bohemia . Wunsch 's raids were so successful that , in 1758 , Frederick promoted him to the rank of colonel and gave him his own regiment of light troops to command . Two days later , at the Battle of Kunersdorf , the Prussian army was nearly destroyed . Frederick barely escaped with his life , assisted by his remaining cavalry . Wunsch 's small force remained intact and provided the rear guard for Frederick 's escape . In Berlin , Wunsch commanded the city 's defenses . From April to November 1759 , he led his regiment on a series of raids and skirmishes in Silesia , Bohemia , Franconia , and Thuringia , such as the Battle of Peterswalde ( Silesia ) in August 1759 . Wunsch took the pass of Reizenhain from the Austrians , skirmished with them at Königswarte and attacked and beat a small force of Austrians by Weinberg . He acquired two cannons in the engagement . He successfully raided various towns and cities held by Austria and her allies in Franconia , Saxony , and Bohemia , capturing supplies and cannons and frequently taking many prisoners . His son was a lieutenant in his regiment during these raids . Following this action , Frederick sent Wunsch into Saxony with a corps of 10 @,@ 000 – 12 @,@ 000 men in his first independent command . There he participated in the Battle of Hoyerswerda with General Frederick August Finck . Prince Henry , in overall command of the army , surprised von Daun at Hoyerswerda by punching a hole in the Austrian defensive line . This success gave Frederick the first good news he had had in weeks and confirmed to Frederick that Wunsch had been worthy of the trust placed in him . After two months of skirmishing in Bohemia , in November Wunsch participated in the Battle of Maxen . There , Count Leopold Joseph von Daun 's army isolated and captured Finck . Subsequently , Wunsch led both his corps and Finck 's until they too were surrounded : Daun 's army was three times the size of Finck 's and Wunsch 's combined force . Wunsch capitulated on 21 November 1759 and spent the remainder of the war as a prisoner in Innsbruck . After the war , Frederick reorganized his army , placing nine of his generals under command of General Hans Joachim von Zieten . An additional eight were placed under command of Finck . Wunsch remained the only general with an independent corps , further unusual in that he was not Prussian . = = Late military career = = Wunsch used the ensuing years of peace in garrison at Prenzlau to reorganize the light corps of Frederick 's army . In 1778 , he patrolled the border of Austrian Bohemia during the tense negotiations surrounding Bavarian Succession crisis . His entry into Bohemia in early July of that year was the first action of the War of the Bavarian Succession . There were no major engagements in the war , only a series of raids in which both sides tried to deny each other access to food and fodder . After his initial foray at the Silesia border , he and his command remained at the County of Glatz , guarding the military commissary and the bakery . In 1787 , Frederick Wilhelm II , Frederick the Great 's successor , named Wunsch a Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle for his excellent service . After a lengthy illness , Wunsch died of a pneumonia in Prenzlau on 18 October 1788 . = = Monument = = Prince Henry established a monument for him in 1790 , in Rheinsberg . Its inscription reads : Johann Jakob von Wunsch , the son of Heidenheim , the splendid monument which the Prussian people have established on behalf of their King , Frederick The Great . = Northern Woods and Water Route = The Northern Woods and Water Route is a 2 @,@ 400 @-@ kilometre ( 1 @,@ 500 mi ) route through northern British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan and Manitoba . As early as the 1950s community groups came together to establish a northern travel route ; this was proposed as the Northern Yellowhead Transportation Route . The Northern Woods and Water Route Association was established in 1974 , and encouraged promotion of the route with the promise of an increase in tourist travel . The route was designated in 1974 and is well signed throughout the connector highways . The route starts at Dawson Creek at the British Columbia Spirit River Highway 49 and ends at Winnipeg , Manitoba , running through the northern region of the western provinces . The Northern Woods and Water Route ( NWWR ) includes connector routes from west to east including British Columbia Highway 49 , Alberta Highway 49 , AB Hwy 2A , AB Hwy 2 , AB Hwy 55 , Saskatchewan Highway 55 , SK Hwy 9 , Manitoba Provincial Road 283 , Manitoba Highway 10 , MB PTH 5 , MB PTH 68 , MB PTH 6 . The halfway point of the NWWR is approximately at Goodsoil , Saskatchewan Fur traders and early settlers utilised the rivers and Red River cart roads such as Long Trail until the early 20th century when the railroad and bush planes supplemented travel to this northern boreal transition area . Corduroy roads provided a means for early land vehicles to cross over muskeg and swamp . Horse drawn ploughs filled low areas , settlers hauled gravel and cleared bush for the road ways surveyed along high elevations following lake and river shore lines . Municipalities would grade and gravel roads providing transportation between trading centres . The all weather road arrived alongside of the NWWR association 's impetus for a travel and tourism corridor along the northern area of the western provinces . Traffic volume along the route is a major factor to determine highway classification , surface type , and construction upgrades . = = Route description = = = = = British Columbia = = = In British Columbia ( BC ) , the route starts within 17 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 10 @.@ 9 mi ) of the BC and Alberta ( AB ) border in Dawson Creek at the intersection of BC Hwy 2 and British Columbia Spirit River Highway 49 west . The northern section of BC Hwy 97 is the Alaska Highway , and the southern sections are the Okanagan Highway , Cariboo Highway , and John Hart Highway from south to north , as well , BC Hwy 2 is known as Tupper Highway . The British Columbia Spirit River Highway 49 is the route designated in BC as the NWWR . = = = Alberta = = = The NWWR continues east into Alberta on Highway 49 , the Spirit River Highway . Alberta Highway 49 contributes 19 @.@ 5 km ( 12 @.@ 1 mi ) to the NWWR in northwestern Alberta between Donnelly and the Alberta and BC border . The town of Spirit River 's population is just over 1 @,@ 000 and is supported by agriculture and the oil and gas industry creating an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) near Spirit River that is about 2 @,@ 000 vehicles per day ( vpd ) . To the south is the Spirit River , a tributary of the Peace River , which is to the north . The village of Rycroft , " The Hub of the Peace " , has a population over 600 , and welcomes travellers with their tourism booth in a giant teepee at the junction of Highway 49 and Highway 2 where the traffic volume increases to about 3 @,@ 000 vpd . Wanham Grizzly Bear Prairie Museum is located at the junction of Highway 49 and Highway 773 , where the AADT declines to about 1 @,@ 000 vpd for the village of Wanham , which has a population around 600 . Watino is an unincorporated area within Birch Hills County and the traffic volume declines to between 800 and 900 vpd . Bad Heart River is a tributary of the Peace River and flows through Watino . Donnelly is near the junction of Highway 49 and Highway 2 and is also west of Kimiswan Lake . At Donnelly , traffic volume rises to around 1 @,@ 800 , and the NWWR turns south before arriving at Highway 2A . The next connecting highway along the NWWR is Highway 2 . One route would be to follow Highway 2 west from Donnelly to McLennan whenceforth it turns south through Kathleen and intersection Highway 679 until the junction with Highway 2A when the route turns east . This route following Highway 2 through McLennan is 49 @.@ 9 km ( 31 @.@ 0 mi ) . McLennan holds Northern Woods and Water Route caravans every August . The other route would be to follow Highway 2A , a designated alternative route to Highway 2 , by turning south at Donnelly staying on Highway 49 until the eastern turn on Highway 2A . This branch from Donnelly till the connection with Highway 2 is 312 @.@ 2 km ( 194 @.@ 0 mi ) . From Donnelly to Athabasca , Alberta , Highway 2 contributes 56 @.@ 5 km ( 35 @.@ 1 mi ) to the NWWR scenic route across the western provinces . High Prairie on the West Prairie River is west of the intersection of Highway 749 and Highway 2 , where traffic jumps to about 7 @,@ 000 vpd . Enilda is a hamlet on the East Prairie River that is within Big Lakes County . Driftpile is a community on the Driftpile River within the Drift Pile River 150 Indian reserve . The Hill and Hollow Campsite and Bay Shore Resort Inc. are located at Faust , which is located on the south shore of Lesser Slave Lake along Highway 2 . Within the Municipal District of Lesser Slave River No. 124 is the small hamlet of Wagner . Canyon Creek , Widewater and Slave Lake , “ The Jewel of the North " , are also on Lesser Slave Lake . The town of Athabasca , " Land of the Whispering Hills " , on the Athabasca River has a population over 2 @,@ 500 and marks the transition between the NWWR connector routes Highway 2 and Highway 55 . Traffic volume around Athabasca ranges from 6 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 vpd according to AADT traffic counts at various areas . Lac La Biche is located south of Lac la Biche and Beaver Lake on the junction of Highway 36 and Highway 55 , where traffic remains around 7 @,@ 000 vpd . Sir Winston Churchill Provincial Park on Lac la Biche is to the north of the NWWR at this point . Rich Lake is in Lac La Biche County municipal district , and the traffic volume declines to around 800 vpd . La Corey , Beaver Crossing are along Highway 55 , which is an asphalt highway and has yearly maintenance . = = = Saskatchewan = = = Saskatchewan ( SK ) has six travel corridors of which the Northern Woods and Water Route is the most northerly . The NWWR begins its journey in north western SK on SK Hwy 55 , which crosses 670 @.@ 9 km ( 416 @.@ 9 mi ) of northern Saskatchewan . Pierceland , a small hamlet of the Beaver River No. 622 rural municipality ( RM ) , is located at the junction of SK Hwy 55 , SK Hwy 950 north and SK Hwy 21 south where traffic volume is around 1 @,@ 000 vpd . The unincorporated area of Peerless , is located at the junction of SK Hwy 55 and SK Hwy 26 which bears a traffic volume between 600 and 70 vpd . Goodsoil , the approximate halfway point of the NWWR is located on SK Hwy 26 6 @.@ 2 km ( 3 @.@ 9 mi ) north of the NWWR en route to the Meadow Lake Provincial Park . Rapid View is an unincorporated area of the RM of Meadow Lake No. 588 RM . The town of Meadow Lake is located on the north @-@ western shore of Meadow Lake where the AADT is approximately 1 @,@ 700 to 2 @,@ 500 vpd . Green Lake , located at the intersection of SK Hwy 55 and SK Hwy 155 , is at the northern tip of Green Lake . Traffic volume is considerably higher west of Green River at about 900 vpd dropping to about 350 to the east . Between Green Lake and Shellbrook , the NWWR bears south east skirting around the western edge of the Prince Albert National Park . The NWWR follows the eastern shoreline of Cowan Lake until the southern tip at Big River which is just west of Delaronde Lake , and the highway volume at this point is about 1 @,@ 000 vpd . Big River No. 555 RM provides civic administration to Bodmin . Debden , a village of about 350 , is at the SK Hwy 55 and SK Hwy 793 junction where traffic volume is about 850 vpd to the north and around 1 @,@ 200 vpd to the south of the intersection . Polwarth , at the SK Hwy 55 and SK Hwy 793 south junction , is a hamlet of Canwood No. 494 RM . The village of Canwood , population of about 350 , is located between Polwarth and the town of Shellbrook . Shellbrook is at the intersection of SK Hwy 55 and SK Hwy 240 where the AADT increases to about 2 @,@ 000 vpd . At Shellbrook , the 42 @.@ 5 km ( 26 @.@ 4 mi ) concurrency with SK Hwy 3 begins and the multiplex ends in Prince Albert . Crutwell , a hamlet of Shellbrook No. 493 RM , is located south of the NWWR , and north of the North Saskatchewan River . On the NWWR , at Crutwell , the traffic volume rises to about 3 @,@ 100 . At the city of Prince Albert SK Hwy 55 connects with SK Hwy 3 and SK Hwy 2 . Traffic volume west of the city is about 4200 vpd , whereas east of the city the AADT drops to approximately 2 @,@ 090 vpd . Prince Albert , located on the North Saskatchewan River , is within 89 @.@ 8 km ( 55 @.@ 8 mi ) of the Prince Albert National Park . Meath Park is a village of about 200 at the junction of SK Hwy 55 , SK Hwy 355 and SK Hwy 120 where the traffic volume is heaviest west towards Prince Albert at about 2 @,@ 000 vpd , and the AADT trickles down to 1 @,@ 000 vpd east of Meath Park . The NWWR is located in the Boreal transition ecoregion which features agricultural fields on the parkland mixed with dense taiga and sparse population . Over the next 37 @.@ 5 km ( 23 @.@ 3 mi ) there are three small unincorporated areas with populations less than 100 ; Weirdale is found in the Garden River No. 490 RM ; Foxford in Paddockwood No. 520 , RM ; and Shipman of Torch River No. 488 RM . At the SK Hwy 55 and SK hwy 255 junction is the village of Smeaton , and at the SK Hwy 55 and SK Hwy 691 junction is the hamlet of Snowden . Choiceland is 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) north of the SK Hwy 55 and the SK Hwy 6 national highway intersection . Garrick is a part of Torch River No. 488 RM and Love , a village of around 60 , marks a turn south east for the NWWR . White Fox , a village of about 375 is near the SK Hwy 55 and SK Hwy 35 intersection where the traffic volume raises to 1 @,@ 700 vpd . At the intersection , the NWWR turns south and a 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) concurrency begins until the town of Nipawin . Nipawin on the Saskatchewan River , and near both Tobin Lake and Codette Lake is home to the Northern Woods and Water Route Association . West of Nipawin until the SK Hwy 23 intersection the traffic volume remain around 1 @,@ 300 vpd and following the intersection to the east the traffic falls to about 400 vpd . There are no communities along the SK Hwy 9 route which contributes 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the entire NWWR . At the junction between SK Hwy 55 and Sk hwy 9 , the AADT is less than 100 vpd . = = = Manitoba = = = Travel along the NWWR enters Manitoba via the MB PR 283 west ending at The Pas , a town of about 5 @,@ 500 where the AADT increases to 980 vpd . MB PR 283 provides 38 @.@ 6 km ( 24 @.@ 0 mi ) of the NWWR where the economy has been supported by the fur trade , trapping , mining , fishing , logging and agricultural industries . The Pas , which has not yet incorporated as a city ( requisite population of 5 @,@ 000 ) , is located south of the Saskatchewan River and south of the Clearwater Lake Provincial Park and Cormorant Provincial Forest . Travel along the NWWR out of The Pas continues south along MB PTH 10 and continues on MB PTH 10 for 411 @.@ 6 km ( 255 @.@ 8 mi ) . Pasquia River flows through The Pas , and travels west of the NWWR until it turns west to Saskatchewan near Westray . Freshford and Westray are both within the R.M. of Kelsey . Overflowing River , a small community with less than 100 residents is a part of the Unorganized Division No. 21 . Overflowing River community is located on the Overflowing River and at the north @-@ west tip of Dawson Bay of Lake Winnipegosis whereas Makefing is east of the Porcupine Provincial Forest . Bellsite , Novra , and Birch River are all small unorganised areas of Mountain ( North ) RM located west of Swan Lake . Bowsman with a population of over 300 , is the next largest village along the NWWR after The Pas . Swan River , in the Swan River valley , is between the Duck Mountains and Porcupine Mountains . North of Swan River , the AADT increases to about 2 @,@ 000 vpd and the NWWR changes course at Swan River and bears east . Minitonas is on the Favel River and at the junction of MB PTH 10 and MB PR 366 south . West of MB PTH 10 and MB PR 268 north intersection , traffic volume is over 1 @,@ 100 vpd , and east of MB PR 268 traffic declines to about 750 vpd . Renwer is a small community found in the Minitonas RM . The MB PTH 10 and MB PTH 20 intersection is located at the hamlet of Cowan in Mountain ( South ) RM and here the NWWR resumes its route south . Sclater and Pine River two places with populations less than 100 are also found in Mountain ( South ) RM . The NWWR is to the east of Duck Mountain Provincial Park and Duck Mountain Provincial Forest and west of Lake Winnipegosis . Garland is located at the intersection of MB PR 489 east , MB PR 367 west , MB PTH 10A and MB PTH 10 . Ethelbert , a small hamlet of the R.M. of Ethelbert , is located at the intersection of MB PR 269 west , MB PR 274 south and MB PTH 10 . The AADT along MB PTH 10 declines to about 680 vpd near this intersection . Ashville is located north of the MB PTH 10 and MB PTH 5 junction in this parkland area of R.M. of Gilbert Plains . The NWWR continues east along the MB PTH 5 , using this connector route for a total of 40 km ( 25 mi ) . The city of Dauphin is located north of Riding Mountain National Park and south of Dauphin Lake . Near this city , the traffic volume jumps to 2 @,@ 750 vpd , with the heaviest day of the week being Friday , and the highest volume occurring between April and October during daylight hours . Ochre River is located at the junction of MB PTH 10 and MB PR 582 south of Rainbow Beach Provincial Park . Ste . Rose du Lac , a town of about 1 @,@ 000 , is at the intersection of MB PTH 5 , MB PTH 68 and MB PR 276 . Near this intersection , the traffic volume declines to around 1 @,@ 800 vpd . At Ste . Rose du Lac , cattle capital of Manitoba , the NWWR continues west on MB PTH 68 and this connector highway will carry the NWWR for 128 @.@ 2 km ( 79 @.@ 7 mi ) . Shergrove is located close to the turn off north from the easterly direction of MB PTH 68 . Ebb and Flow Lake is east of Eddystone which is part of R.M. of Alonsa . Wapah , another small community , is between Ebb and Flow Lake , and Lake Manitoba . [ [ Rural Municipality of Siglunes \| R.M. of Siglunes ] ] administrates civic affairs for Vogar which is south of Dog Lake . At Vogar the NWWR returns to an east direction . At Mulvihill the NWWR turns south and the 10 @.@ 4 km ( 6 @.@ 5 mi ) concurrency between MB PTH 68 and MB PTH 6 begins . At Eriksdale , MB PTH 68 turns east and the concurrency between MB PTH 68 and MB PTH 6 ends , however the NWWR continues on MB PTH 6 in a southerly direction for the final 135 @.@ 6 km ( 84 @.@ 3 mi ) leg of the travel corridor . Deerhorn is found in the R.M. of Eriksdale . The NWWR continues south along PTH 6 and parallel to the eastern shores of Lake Manitoba . Lundar and Clarkleigh are both located in R.M. of Coldwell . The unincorporated area of Lundar is located at the intersection of MB PR 418 east , PTH 6 , and MB PR 419 . MB PR 419 west provides access to the Lundar Beach Provincial Park . The hamlet of Clarkleigh is located at the intersection of MB PTH 6 , and MB PR 229 east . Oakpoint is at the intersection of MB PTH 6 , and MB PR 419 , and St. Laurent is at MB PTH 6 and MB PR 415 . The hamlet of Lake Francis is located west of West Shoal Lake . Both Woodlands and Warren are unincorporated areas with small populations below 100 of R.M. of Woodlands . The AADT along the NWWR increases to over 2 @,@ 500 vpd near these communities . Woodlands is at thei intersection of PTH 6 and MB PR 518 and Warren is located at MB PTH 67 and MB PTH 6 . Grosse Isle is the last hamlet along NWWR before arriving at Perimeter Highway , the PTH 101 around Winnipeg , the ending terminus of the NWWR . = = History = = The Long Trail followed the Peace River 100 miles ( 160 km ) 530 across northern AB . As the flow of traffic increased due to the fur trade industry along the Long Trail , stopping places developed providing rest and food for travelers . In 1923 , the three routes out of Lac La Biche were to the west , which corresponds to the route of AB Hwy 55 along the south shores of Lesser Slave Lake . Edmonton or Saddle Lake trail departed to the south , which would be the initial stages of AB Hwy 55 out of Lac La Biche . Heart Lake trail traveled northeast from Lac La Biche , which would form a base for secondary AB Hwy 858 . Work was done on the Athabaska Trail to make it passable for motor traffic as many roads had been graded . Before stopping places developed , caches were set up at stopping points along the way . Before the arrival of rails the waterways such as the Lesser Slave Lake near Athabasca , Alberta and the Saskatchewan River near Prince Albert were traversed by long boat , canoe , and steamship . The rail did not reach the northern areas until the early twentieth century due to the geological hurdles of mountains , muskeg , swamp , boreal forest , and river systems to traverse . A huge flood in 1899 near The Pas left no ground to walk upon , yet the railway track construction work began in 1906 , with more continuing in 1911 . In 1928 , the Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) surveyed their line across the Saskatchewan River near Prince Albert , and contractors started work on the bridge . The upper deck served the train , and the lower deck was built for highway traffic opening for vehicles in 1932 . In 1929 , travel was overland on trails , and rivers were forded in many places . As early as 1896 oil wells were drilled at Athabasca supplementing the rich soils and grain growing economy . There was a rush of settlers to the area in the early 20th century , at this time transportation for goods was freighted on Lesser Slave Lake to connecting river routes or via early rail lines overland . Fortune seekers during the gold rush of 1896 traveled north through Edmonton or took the rail as far north as Prince Albert . The westerly route proceeded from Prince Albert to Green Lake , and from there to the Long Trail by following the Beaver River to the Churchill River , Athabaska , Slave and Mackenzie rivers until bearing north following the rivers of the Yukon to Dawson City . The first garage to service McLaughlin cars opened in High River as early as 1909 . In 1912 travelers could stop here at a filling station for their automobiles . This same year the speed limit through town was not over ten miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) and not over five miles per hour ( 8 km / h ) upon approaching another horse or pedestrian , the fine was not more than C $ 50 @.@ 00 . The Pas , Manitoba saw its first car arrive in 1916 , yet it had been active with fur trading posts and explorers in the area since 1741 . Settlers would not only haul gravel for the new roadways , but they also cleared brush for the road allowance . Early roads did not follow the road allowances of the Dominion Land Survey , but rather kept to higher ground , however due to the nature of the Boreal transition ecoregion , muskegs and swamps still needed to be traversed . The first pioneers filled these watery areas with branches and brush and proceeded along their trip . Later corduroy roads were built across these areas were traffic got mired in the mud . A corduroy road consisted of logs laid across the road as a rail tie is across the rail line , however the logs were placed one against another and mud filled between the logs for a smoother surface . One log provided about 6 inches ( 15 cm ) of roadway , so only the worst areas were constructed in this fashion . Debden , Saskatchewan had a horse and caboose taxi for settlers as early as 1912 providing regular trips to Prince Albert and taking children to school . In 1945 , the taxi service was provided by automobile . Bush planes arrived in the 1920s to the northern bus areas providing communication in an era where travel was limited when the snow fell , or the water froze . In 1968 , High Prairie was looking forward to hard surface construction for AB Hwy 2 which would supplement the economic trading base with tourism . A new bridge across the Saskatchewan River at Prince Albert was erected in 1974 , and caused re @-@ routing of the highway by one and a half miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) . Community groups came together as early as the 1950s to establish a northern travel route . The early name proposed for these travel corridor was the Northern Yellowhead Transportation Route . The Northern Woods and Water Route Association was established in 1974 , their further promotion of the route was to increase tourist travel . George R. Stephenson ( 1916 – 2003 ) , of McLennan was one of the first facilitators to organise the Northern Woods and Water Route across Western Canada in 1974 . Henry Andres was chairman of the Northern Woods and Water Association for eight years wherein the association worked on placing NWWR signs both on provincial highways and maps . Brochures promoting tourism were printed , and the association sponsored more than five cavalcades where wagons would traverse the route between Winnipeg and Dawson Creek promoting tourism and the creation of the travel corridor . On August 21 , 1975 , one of these Northern Woods and Water Cavalcades stopped at Nipawin Regional Park and toured Nipawin . Current engineering concerns would be to determine maintenance of the current travel corridor and construction upgrades . The route does contain a variety of road surfaces ranging from asphalt concrete , thin membrane surface ( TMS ) , granular pavements and gravel highway . Insight into current surface texture , traffic volume , traffic speed , percentage of loaded trucks , climate variations , construction costs and time as well as available materials will affect upgrade procedures . The entire route is paved except for a Class 4 gravel highway segment between Nipawin and the Manitoba border . Here the traffic volume declines to 80 and 85 vpd and two checkpoints near the Manitoba border . = = Major intersections from west to east = = = 610 Office = The 610 Office is a security agency in the People 's Republic of China . Named for the date of its creation on June 10 , 1999 , it was established for the purpose of coordinating and executing the persecution of Falun Gong . Because it is a Communist Party @-@ led office with no formal legal mandate , it is sometimes described as an extralegal organisation . The 610 Office is the implementation arm of the Central Leading Group on Dealing with the Falun Gong ( CLGDF ) , also known as the Central Leading Group on Dealing with Heretical Religions . The central 610 Office has traditionally been headed by a high @-@ ranking member of the Communist Party 's Politburo Standing Committee , and it frequently directs other state and party organs in the anti @-@ Falun Gong campaign . It is closely associated with the powerful Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the Communist Party of China . Local 610 Offices are also established at provincial , district , municipal and neighborhood levels , and are estimated to number approximately 1 @,@ 000 across the country . The main functions of the 610 Offices include coordinating anti @-@ Falun Gong propaganda , surveillance and intelligence collection , and the punishment and " reeducation " of Falun Gong adherents . The office is reportedly involved in the extrajudicial sentencing , coercive reeducation , torture , and sometimes death of Falun Gong practitioners . Since 2003 , the 610 Office 's mission has been expanded to include targeting other religious and qigong groups deemed heretical or harmful by the Communist Party ( CCP ) , though Falun Gong remains its main priority . = = Background = = Falun Gong , also known as Falun Dafa , is a form of spiritual qigong practice that involves meditation , energy exercises , and a moral philosophy drawing on Buddhist tradition . The practice was introduced by Li Hongzhi in Northeast China in the spring of 1992 , towards the end of China 's " qigong boom . " Falun Gong initially enjoyed considerable official support during the early years of its development , and amassed a following of millions . By the mid @-@ 1990s , however , Chinese authorities sought to rein in the influence of qigong practices , enacting more stringent requirements on the country ’ s various qigong denominations . In 1996 , possibly in response to the escalating pressure to formalize ties with the party @-@ state , Falun Gong filed to withdraw from the state @-@ run qigong association . Following this severance of ties to the state , the group came under increasing criticism and surveillance from the country ’ s security apparatus and propaganda department . Falun Gong books were banned from further publication in July 1996 , and state @-@ run news outlets began criticizing the group as a form of " feudal superstition , " whose " theistic " orientation was at odds with the official ideology and national agenda . On April 25 , 1999 , over 10 @,@ 000 Falun Gong adherents demonstrated quietly near the Zhongnanhai government compound to request official recognition and an end to the escalating harassment against them . Security czar and politburo member Luo Gan was the first to draw attention to the gathering crowd . Luo reportedly called Communist Party general secretary Jiang Zemin , and demanded a decisive solution to the Falun Gong problem . A group of five Falun Gong representatives presented their demands to then @-@ Premier Zhu Rongji and , apparently satisfied with his response , the group dispersed peacefully . Jiang Zemin was reported to have been deeply angered by the event , however , and expressed concern over the fact that a number of high @-@ ranking bureaucrats , Communist Party officials , and members of the military establishment had taken up Falun Gong . That evening , Jiang disseminated a letter through Party ranks ordering that Falun Gong must be crushed . = = Establishment = = On 7 June 1999 , Jiang Zemin convened a meeting of the Politburo to address the Falun Gong issue . In the meeting , Jiang described Falun Gong as a grave threat to Communist Party authority — " something unprecedented in the country since its founding 50 years ago " — and ordered the creation of a special leading group within the party 's Central Committee to " get fully prepared for the work of disintegrating [ Falun Gong ] . " On 10 June , the 610 Office was formed to handle day @-@ to @-@ day coordination of the anti @-	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
of human sacrifice was heart extraction , influenced by the method used by the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico ; this usually took place in the courtyard of a temple , or upon the summit of the pyramid . Depending upon the exact ritual , sometimes the corpse would be skinned by assistant priests , except for the hands and feet . The officiating priest would then remove his ritual attire and dress himself in the skin of the sacrificial victim before performing a ritual dance that symbolised the rebirth of life . Archaeological investigations indicate that heart sacrifice was practised as early as the Classic period . = = = Deities = = = The Maya world was populated by a great variety of deities , supernatural entities and sacred forces . The Maya had such a broad interpretation of what was sacred that identifying distinct deities with specific functions is inaccurate . The Maya interpretation of deities was intrinsically tied to the calendar , astronomy , and their cosmovision . The importance of a deity , its characteristics , and its associations varied according to the movement of celestial bodies . The priestly interpretation of astronomical records and books was therefore crucial , since the priest would understand which deity required ritual propitiation , when the correct ceremonies should be performed , and what would be an appropriate offering . Each deity had four manifestations , associated with the cardinal directions , each identified with a different colour . They also had a dual day @-@ night / life @-@ death aspect . Itzamna was the creator god , but he also embodied the cosmos , and was simultaneously a sun god ; K 'inich Ahau , the day sun , was one of his aspects . Maya kings frequently identified themselves with K 'inich Ahau . Itzamna also had a night sun aspect , the Night Jaguar , representing the sun in its journey through the underworld . The four Pawatuns supported the corners of the mortal realm ; in the heavens , the Bacabs performed the same function . As well as their four main aspects , the Bakabs had dozens of other aspects that are not well understood . The four Chaacs were storm gods , controlling thunder , lightning , and the rains . The nine lords of the night each governed one of the underworld realms . Other important deities included the moon goddess , the maize god , and the Hero Twins . The Popol Vuh was written in the Latin script in early colonial times , and was probably transcribed from a hieroglyphic book by an unknown K 'iche ' Maya nobleman . It is one of the most outstanding works of indigenous literature in the Americas . The Popul Vuh recounts the mythical creation of the world , the legend of the Hero Twins , and the history of the Postclassic K 'iche ' kingdom . Deities recorded in the Popul Vuh include Hun Hunahpu , the K 'iche ' maize god , and a triad of deities led by the K 'iche ' patron Tohil , and also including the moon goddess Awilix , and the mountain god Jacawitz . In common with other Mesoamerican cultures , the Maya worshipped feathered serpent deities . Such worship was rare during the Classic period , but by the Postclassic the feathered serpent had spread to both the Yucatán Peninsula and the Guatemalan Highlands . In Yucatán , the feathered serpent deity was Kukulkan , among the K 'iche ' it was Q 'uq 'umatz . Kukulkan had his origins in the Classic period War Serpent , Waxaklahun Ubah Kan , and has also been identified as the Postclassic version of the Vision Serpent of Classic Maya art . Although the cult of Kukulkan had its origins in these earlier Maya traditions , the worship of Kukulkan was heavily influenced by the Quetzalcoatl cult of central Mexico . Likewise , Q 'uq 'umatz had a composite origin , combining the attributes of Mexican Quetzalcoatl with aspects of the Classic period Itzamna . = = Agriculture = = The ancient Maya had diverse and sophisticated methods of food production . It was believed that shifting cultivation ( swidden ) agriculture provided most of their food , but it is now thought that permanent raised fields , terracing , intensive gardening , forest gardens , and managed fallows were also crucial to supporting the large populations of the Classic period in some areas . Indeed , evidence of these different agricultural systems persist today : raised fields connected by canals can be seen on aerial photographs . Contemporary rainforest species composition has significantly higher abundance of species of economic value to ancient Maya in areas that were densely populated in pre @-@ Columbian times , and pollen records in lake sediments suggest that maize , manioc , sunflower seeds , cotton , and other crops have been cultivated in association with deforestation in Mesoamerica since at least 2500 BC . The basic staples of the Maya diet were maize , beans , and squashes . These were supplemented with a wide variety of other plants either cultivated in gardens or gathered in the forest . At Joya de Cerén , a volcanic eruption preserved a record of foodstuffs stored in Maya homes , among them were chilies and tomatoes . Cotton seeds were in the process of being ground , perhaps to produce cooking oil . In addition to basic foodstuffs , the Maya also cultivated prestige crops such as cotton , cacao and vanilla . Cacao was especially prized by the elite , who consumed chocolate beverages . Cotton was spun , dyed , and woven into valuable textiles in order to be traded . The Maya had few domestic animals ; dogs were domesticated by 3000 BC , and the Muscovy duck by the Late Postclassic . Ocellated turkeys were unsuitable for domestication , but were rounded up in the wild and penned for fattening . All of these were used as food animals ; dogs were additionally used for hunting . It is possible that deer were also penned and fattened . = = Maya sites = = There are hundreds of Maya sites spread across five countries : Belize , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras and Mexico . The six sites with particularly outstanding architecture or sculpture are Chichen Itza , Palenque , Uxmal , and Yaxchilan in Mexico , Tikal in Guatemala and Copán in Honduras . Other important , but difficult to reach , sites include Calakmul and El Mirador . The principal sites in the Puuc region , after Uxmal , are Kabah , Labna , and Sayil . In the east of the Yucatán Peninsula are Coba and the small site of Tulum . The Río Bec sites of the base of the peninsula include Becan , Chicanná , Kohunlich , and Xpuhil . The most noteworthy sites in Chiapas , other than Palenque and Yaxchilan , are Bonampak and Toniná . In the Guatemalan Highlands are Iximche , Kaminaljuyu , Mixco Viejo , and Q 'umarkaj ( also known as Utatlán ) . In the northern Petén lowlands of Guatemala there are many sites , though apart from Tikal access is generally difficult . Some of the Petén sites are Dos Pilas , Seibal , and Uaxactún . Important sites in Belize include Altun Ha , Caracol , and Xunantunich . = = Museum collections = = There are a great many museums across the world with Maya artefacts in their collections . The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies lists over 250 museums in its Maya Museum database , and the European Association of Mayanists lists just under 50 museums in Europe alone . = The Legacy ( professional wrestling ) = The Legacy was a villainous alliance in the professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , that competed on its Raw brand from 2008 to 2010 . Originally , The Legacy was a group led by Randy Orton that contained the tag team of Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase . Two other wrestlers , Manu and Sim Snuka , were affiliated with the faction prior to its official formation . The concept behind the group was that each member was a multi @-@ generational wrestler . The name The Legacy was a reference to their extensive family histories in wrestling . In June 2008 , Rhodes and DiBiase first formed an alliance after winning the World Tag Team Championship at Night of Champions , when Rhodes betrayed his original partner , Hardcore Holly , to align with DiBiase . Soon after , the pair tried to earn Orton 's respect , which they eventually did . Together , the team helped Orton win the 2009 Royal Rumble match , giving Orton an opportunity to compete in the main event at WrestleMania XXV . The team also wrestled together in a tag team match to win the WWE Championship for Orton at Backlash . The team helped Orton win the championship three times over the course of 2009 despite a tumultuous relationship which saw Orton often physically attacking his two students . This led to Orton splitting from the group in early 2010 . Rhodes and DiBiase eventually turned on each other in their match with Orton at WrestleMania XXVI . The only member of the stable who is still currently employed by the WWE is Randy Orton , who is inactive due to an injury . = = Concept = = The concept behind the group was that each member is a multi @-@ generational wrestler . The name of the faction , The Legacy , referred to their extensive family histories in wrestling . Randy Orton 's father ( Bob Orton , Jr . ) , uncle ( Barry Orton ) and grandfather ( Bob Orton , Sr. ) were all professional wrestlers . Ted DiBiase , meanwhile , takes his name from his father , ( Ted DiBiase ) who wrestled before him along with both his grandparents ( adoptive grandfather , Mike DiBiase and grandmother Helen Hild ) . Cody Rhodes followed in the footsteps of his father ( Dusty Rhodes ) and his two uncles ( Jerry Sags and Fred Ottman ) , who preceded him in the business . Due to their status as multi @-@ generation wrestlers , all the members of The Legacy believed themselves to be superior to the other wrestlers in WWE , in storyline . In an interview , Orton said the point of The Legacy was to create " future opponents " for himself and the others who would be wrestling in main events in WWE over the next decade . The Legacy has been compared to the former WWE faction Evolution of which Orton was a member , but Rhodes and DiBiase have said that they see the comparison as an opportunity to prove themselves and show their potential . = = History = = = = = Formation ( 2008 ) = = = Cody Rhodes was a World Tag Team Champion throughout the beginning of 2008 alongside Hardcore Holly , who was acting as a mentor to him . Ted DiBiase made his first WWE appearance on the May 26 episode of Raw , in which he claimed that he and a mystery partner would take the World Tag Team Championship from Rhodes and Holly . At the Night of Champions pay @-@ per @-@ view event in June , DiBiase revealed his partner was running late and started the match without him , however Rhodes quickly betrayed Hardcore Holly by attacking him . This turned Rhodes into a villainous character and meant that he and DiBiase won the championship . In September , Randy Orton , who at the time was injured , made an appearance on Raw , where he criticized all the champions , mocking Rhodes and DiBiase for allowing their title belts to be stolen by Cryme Tyme ( Shad Gaspard and JTG ) . The two responded by assaulting Cryme Tyme and introducing Manu ( son of Afa the Wild Samoan ) as their new member at Unforgiven . This did little to impress Orton , so later that evening Rhodes , DiBiase , and Manu assaulted World Heavyweight Champion CM Punk as Orton confronted him backstage . This allowed Orton to punt Punk in the head , removing him from his championship match , and gaining Orton 's respect . When Orton was well enough to wrestle , Punk demanded a match with him , which he won via disqualification when DiBiase interfered . As a result , Orton punted DiBiase in the head , putting him out of action ; this storyline was put in place in order for DiBiase to take time off to film The Marine 2 . Orton then invited Rhodes and Manu to form a group with him called The Legacy , and used them to help in his rivalry with Batista leading to a three @-@ on @-@ two handicap match where Batista was put out of action for four months . After Sim Snuka , the son of Jimmy Snuka , also expressed interest in joining the group , Orton made them qualify through a series of tests which Manu failed the first week . On the January 5 episode of Raw , Snuka and Rhodes won a tag team match against Cryme Tyme . Before the match , Orton informed them that they had to win the match in order to be part of the group . After the match , Orton explained that since Snuka did not pick up the pinfall , he was out of the group . The following week , Manu and Snuka informed Rhodes that they were intending to assault Orton and had brought someone to help them do so , giving Rhodes an ultimatum to choose a side . When Rhodes refused to side with them , Manu and Snuka brought out a returning Ted DiBiase to aid them , and tried to assault Rhodes and Orton . Instead DiBiase joined The Legacy , attacking Manu and Snuka , and forgiving Orton for attacking him . = = = Feud with the McMahon family ( 2009 ) = = = With The Legacy finally formed , Manu and Snuka still wanted revenge on Orton . Fearing they would try to convince Raw general manager Stephanie McMahon to fire him , Orton went to speak to her himself but their conversation ended in an argument . When Vince McMahon , Stephanie 's father , made his return that night Orton maintained he was owed an apology . His brashness angered McMahon who responded by trying to fire Orton , but before he could finish his sentence Orton slapped McMahon and gave him a running punt which left him hospitalized in the storyline . During the 30 @-@ man Royal Rumble match that Sunday the group worked as a team , making them three of the last four contestants in the ring with Triple H as the other . Ultimately , in throwing out Rhodes and DiBiase , Triple H was distracted enough to allow Orton to throw him over the top rope and win the match . The next evening on Raw , The Legacy came to the ring accompanied by lawyers and doctors , with Orton explaining his outburst against McMahon was a result of intermittent explosive disorder ( IED ) and threatened to sue the company and cancel WrestleMania XXV if he was fired , as winning the Rumble guaranteed him a championship match at WrestleMania . Instead he was booked for a no holds barred match with Vince 's son , Shane , at No Way Out in February , which Orton won . The night after the event , they fought again until Orton punted Shane unconscious . Stephanie McMahon came to the ring to oversee her brother being carried away by the paramedics and shouted at Orton until he performed an RKO , his finishing move , to her.Triple H ran to the ring and chased away the group , standing over the body of Stephanie McMahon.The next week , Orton and The Legacy attacked Triple H.When Stephanie came out to stop The Legacy , Orton attacked and made out with her before hitting Triple H with a sledgehammer . In an interview on SmackDown that week , Triple H revealed his real life marriage to Stephanie ( even though they had divorced on @-@ screen in 2002 prior to their actual marriage ) . Originally , Orton announced he did not have intentions of facing Triple H , who at the time was the WWE Champion , but instead planned to face the World Heavyweight Champion . Triple H , however , goaded Orton into " avenging " his first World Championship loss and ousting from their previous stable , Evolution , and Orton changed his mind , leading to their match being booked for WrestleMania XXV . Orton revealed that he had targeted the McMahon family in order to avenge his unceremonious departure from Evolution in 2004 . Due to the intensity of the rivalry , the decision was made that the WWE Championship could change hands at WrestleMania due to a countout or disqualification ; despite this , Triple H won the match after hitting Orton with a sledgehammer while the referee was knocked down . The night after WrestleMania , Orton demanded a rematch , threatening Linda McMahon ( Vince 's wife ) as well as their grandchildren . McMahon did not grant him the rematch but scheduled a six @-@ man tag team match for the pay @-@ per @-@ view Backlash between Triple H and Shane and Vince McMahon and The Legacy , with a preview that evening between Vince and Orton . However , Raw 's general manager at that time , Vickie Guerrero , made their six @-@ man tag team match a WWE Championship match . The stipulation was that if Triple H 's team won , he retained the championship , while if The Legacy won , Orton would win the title . As the singles match progressed , Shane and Triple H came to Vince 's aid , causing both Rhodes and DiBiase to interfere until a returning Batista appeared and cleared the ring ; McMahon then announced that Batista was to replace him in the match at Backlash . At the event , Orton won by pinning Triple H after an RKO and a running punt , leaving Triple H hospitalized according to the storyline . In spite of Triple H 's absence , Shane McMahon continued his feud with the group , leading to another match between him and Orton on Raw . After the original match ended in a no contest due to interference , Rhodes and DiBiase won singles matches to be entered into a handicap match with all of The Legacy facing Shane later that night . This match was used to write him out of the storyline , as The Legacy members used the steel ring steps to shatter his ankle . = = = Orton as WWE Champion ( 2009 ) = = = Batista was left on his own as a result of The Legacy attacking Shane McMahon , but continued to challenge Orton for the WWE Championship . Orton and Batista had a match at Judgment Day , but it ended with Orton intentionally slapping the referee to cause a disqualification , which meant that the championship did not change hands . In their rematch , however , which was held inside a steel cage at the Extreme Rules pay @-@ per @-@ view , Batista won the championship . The following night on Raw , during Batista 's celebratory speech , The Legacy attacked Batista , and injured him in storyline . This storyline was used to cover a real injury Batista had sustained . Orton 's rematch that night , intended to be used despite Batista 's absence , The following week , a match was held to determine the new WWE Champion between Orton , Triple H , John Cena and The Big Show , which Orton won . At The Bash pay @-@ per @-@ view , signs of dissention between DiBiase and Orton appeared when DiBiase argued with Orton backstage . Despite this , DiBiase and Rhodes both helped Orton retain his WWE Championship later that night against Triple H. This tension was later expanded upon when DiBiase 's father booked Orton and DiBiase in a match on Raw while he was in charge ; Orton won the match but the team showed solidarity later in the same evening by interfering in a WWE Championship contender match between Triple H and Cena , leading to it being ruled a no contest . This made the subsequent match at Night of Champions a triple threat contest . Similar tensions arose briefly in the group late in August when Rhodes ' father , Dusty , booked Orton and Rhodes in a match on Raw . It quickly turned out to be a ruse with Dusty 's intention to allow The Legacy to attack Cena , who was special guest referee . Despite the four standing tall together , Orton quickly gave an RKO to Dusty which angered Rhodes though he would fall in line . After Orton retained the championship in July 's Night of Champions , the team worked together again to prevent Triple H from receiving a rematch against Orton by slowing his Beat The Clock Challenge match , so that he did not have the quickest time and did not receive a championship match . As a result , Triple H refocused his attention on Rhodes and DiBiase , losing to them in a handicap match , and reforming D @-@ Generation X ( DX ) with Shawn Michaels . Rhodes and DiBiase faced DX at SummerSlam , but lost the match , although they later defeated DX in a Submissions Count Anywhere match at the Breaking Point pay @-@ per @-@ view , using a combined figure @-@ four leg lock and Million Dollar Dream on Shawn Michaels . The following month DX defeated DiBiase and Rhodes at the Hell in a Cell pay @-@ per @-@ view by locking DiBiase out of the cell and double @-@ teaming Rhodes , just as the team had done to Michaels earlier in the match . Meanwhile , Orton retained the title against Cena at SummerSlam after the match was restarted a number of times to prevent Orton sneaking a win through disqualification and count out , with an unknown fan , later revealed to be Ted 's brother Brett , eventually coming in from the crowd to attack the referee and cause a distraction which helped Orton retain . At Breaking Point , Orton lost the WWE Championship to John Cena in an " I Quit " match only to win it the next month in a Hell in a Cell match at the eponymous event . At Bragging Rights , Orton lost the championship to Cena in a 60 @-@ minute Iron Man match with the stipulation that it would be the last championship match between the two . Earlier in the evening Rhodes appeared on Team Raw in a match that pitted Raw against SmackDown in a tag team match . He was seen backstage blaming Kofi Kingston for the loss and in retaliation Kingston ran out to chase away Rhodes and DiBiase when they interfered in the Iron Man match . Kingston won a return match against Chris Jericho the following night , who had pinned him at Bragging Rights , but after the match Orton attacked him . Kingston retaliated by vandalising a NASCAR that Rhodes and DiBiase bought him to cheer him up after his title loss . The rivalry continued when , at Madison Square Garden , Orton attacked Hall of Famer Roddy Piper , but just before he could deliver a punt Kingston came out and attacked Orton , making him bleed and leg dropping him through a table . Kofi headed a team at November 's Survivor Series against Orton 's team of The Legacy , William Regal and CM Punk which ended with Kingston eliminating Punk and then Orton in quick succession to become the sole survivor while Christian eliminated Rhodes and DiBiase earlier . The next night on Raw Jesse Ventura announced the contender for the WWE Championship would be determined by a series of matches contested for by wrestlers who had never held the title before . Despite this Orton managed to persuade Ventura to allow him into the tournament by defeating Evan Bourne while Rhodes and DiBiase defeated Cryme Tyme to make it through but in the Battle Royal final were eliminated by Mark Henry while Orton was pulled over by Kingston , who held on to the ropes after Orton had thrown him out . Orton defeated Kingston the following week on November 30 's Raw after he was attacked from behind by both Rhodes and DiBiase separately , while Kingston took a return win the following week after guest referee Mark Cuban made a fast count leading to a rubber match at the TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs pay @-@ per @-@ view , which Orton won . = = = Split from Orton and dissolution ( 2010 ) = = = On the January 11 , 2010 episode of Raw , guest host Mike Tyson announced that the winner of a triple threat match later that night between Orton , Kingston , and John Cena would challenge Sheamus for the WWE Championship at the Royal Rumble . Orton ultimately won with the help of The Legacy , who attacked Cena and Kingston . At the Royal Rumble , Orton failed to win the championship when he was disqualified when Rhodes tried to interfere . After the match , Orton attacked Rhodes and DiBiase , who attempted to aid Rhodes . On the February 15 episode of Raw , Orton took on Sheamus in a non @-@ title rematch , but was again disqualified after Rhodes and DiBiase interfered . During the WWE Championship Elimination Chamber match at the Elimination Chamber pay @-@ per @-@ view , in which both Orton and DiBiase participated , Rhodes passed a pipe to DiBiase . DiBiase hit Orton with it , and eliminated him . The next night on Raw , The Legacy participated in a six @-@ man tag team match against Kingston , Yoshi Tatsu , and Evan Bourne , designed to show their unity , but Orton attacked Rhodes and DiBiase and the following week on Raw , Rhodes and DiBiase attacked Orton in retaliation , although Orton was able to fight them off . Orton 's split from the group was cemented when he lost a handicap match against both Rhodes and DiBiase on Raw and showed increasing signs of becoming a fan favorite . This led to a Triple Threat Match between all three members at WrestleMania XXVI , where Rhodes and DiBiase proclaimed neither minded not winning so long as Orton was pinned , but in the match Orton pinned DiBiase . DiBiase and Rhodes attacked each other during the match , ending the duo , and Rhodes was punted by Orton and taken out of action for approximately a month . The split was confirmed when Rhodes moved to SmackDown brand during the 2010 WWE Supplemental Draft . = = = Rhodes and DiBiase short reunion and split ( 2011 ) = = = Cody Rhodes reformed his alliance with Ted DiBiase on the May 20 episode of SmackDown , and the duo went on to feud with Sin Cara and Daniel Bryan . In August , Rhodes attacked DiBiase after DiBiase lost a match to Orton , ending their alliance . On the September 16 episode of SmackDown , DiBiase disguised himself as a member of the audience by wearing a paper bag – part of Rhodes 's gimmick – to allow him to attack Rhodes . This led to DiBiase unsuccessfully challenging Rhodes for Rhodes 's Intercontinental Championship at Night of Champions . Rhodes and Orton spent much of the latter part of 2011 feuding with each other . Following his match with Rhodes , DiBiase introduced a new gimmick in 2011 ; known as the " DiBiase Posse " , DiBiase held tailgating parties with fans prior to the start of WWE events . In August 2013 , DiBiase announced his departure from WWE after opting not to re @-@ sign . = = In wrestling = = Orton 's finishing moves RKO ( Jumping cutter ) Running punt to an opponent 's head Rhodes 's finishing moves Cross Rhodes ( Rolling cutter ) Silver Spoon DDT ( Flowing DDT ) DiBiase 's finishing moves Cobra clutch legsweep Dream Street ( Cobra clutch slam ) Entrance themes " Voices " by Rich Luzzi and Jim Johnston " Priceless ( remix ) " by Jim Johnston ( Rhodes and DiBiase ) " It 's a New Day " by Adelitas Way ( Rhodes and DiBiase ) = = Championships and accomplishments = = World Wrestling Entertainment WWE Championship ( 3 times ) – Randy Orton World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – Ted DiBiase and Cody Rhodes Royal Rumble ( 2009 ) – Randy Orton = Balch Creek = Balch Creek is a 3 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) tributary of the Willamette River in the U.S. state of Oregon . Beginning at the crest of the Tualatin Mountains ( West Hills ) , the creek flows generally east down a canyon along Northwest Cornell Road in unincorporated Multnomah County and through the Macleay Park section of Forest Park , a large municipal park in Portland . At the lower end of the park , the stream enters a pipe and remains underground until reaching the river . Danford Balch , after whom the creek is named , settled a land claim along the creek in the mid @-@ 19th century . After murdering his son @-@ in @-@ law , he became the first person legally hanged in Oregon . Basalt , mostly covered by silt in the uplands and sediment in the lowlands , underlies the Balch Creek watershed . The upper part of the watershed includes private residential land , the Audubon Society of Portland nature sanctuary , and part of Forest Park . Mixed conifer forest of Coast Douglas @-@ fir , western redcedar , and western hemlock with a well @-@ developed understory of shrubs and flowering plants is the natural vegetation . Sixty @-@ two species of mammals and more than 112 species of birds use Forest Park . A small population of coastal cutthroat trout resides in the stream , which in 2005 was the only major water body in Portland that met state standards for bacteria , temperature , and dissolved oxygen . Although nature reserves cover much of the upper and middle parts of the watershed , industrial sites dominate the lower part . Historic Guild 's Lake occupied part of the lower watershed through the 19th century , and in 1905 city officials held the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition there on an artificial island . After the exposition , developers converted the lake and its surrounds to industrial use , and in 2001 the Portland City Council declared the site to be an " industrial sanctuary " . = = Course = = Balch Creek begins in the Forest Park neighborhood in unincorporated Multnomah County near the intersection of Northwest Skyline Boulevard and Northwest Thompson Road at the crest of the West Hills . It flows generally east about 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) to its confluence with the Willamette River , a major tributary of the Columbia River . The creek drops from 1 @,@ 116 feet ( 340 m ) above sea level at its source to 46 feet ( 14 m ) at its mouth , a total of 1 @,@ 070 feet ( 330 m ) . Most of this occurs in the first 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) . In the hills , the stream gradient ( slope ) generally ranges from 15 to 30 percent interspersed with sections of less than 15 percent along the middle reaches . From its source , the creek runs east on private property near Forest Park , a large municipal park in Portland , before turning briefly south about 3 miles ( 5 km ) from the mouth . Soon thereafter , the stream receives an unnamed tributary on the right bank and turns southeast on private property along Northwest Cornell Road . It enters the city and the Audubon Society of Portland simultaneously about 2 miles ( 3 km ) from the mouth , receives two more unnamed tributaries on the right , and flows northeast , entering the part of Forest Park known as Macleay Park . For about 0 @.@ 25 miles ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) the creek parallels Wildwood Trail , the main hiking trail in Forest Park , until reaching a former public restroom known as the Stone House . From here Balch Creek runs beside the Lower Macleay Trail , another hiking trail , for about 0 @.@ 8 miles ( 1 @.@ 3 km ) . Near Northwest Thurman Street , roughly 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the mouth , the creek flows through a trash rack into an 84 @-@ inch ( 210 cm ) diameter storm sewer . City workers first diverted the creek into a pipe in the early 20th century . The water empties into the Willamette River in the city 's Northwest Industrial neighborhood at Outfall 17 . About 10 miles ( 16 km ) below this outfall , the Willamette enters the Columbia River . = = = Discharge = = = The Bureau of Environmental Services ( BES ) of the city of Portland monitored the flow of Balch Creek from June 1996 through September 2002 at a site , Node ABB857 , where the stream leaves the surface and enters a storm sewer in Macleay Park . BES reported an average summer flow of 0 @.@ 2 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 0057 m3 / s ) , a maximum of 60 cubic feet per second ( 1 @.@ 7 m3 / s ) , and a minimum of 0 . The average flow in winter was 1 @.@ 9 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 054 m3 / s ) , with a maximum of 73 cubic feet per second ( 2 @.@ 1 m3 / s ) and a minimum of 0 . Measurements taken during an individual spring , from mid @-@ May to mid @-@ July 2002 , showed the flow starting at about 2 @.@ 5 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 071 m3 / s ) and dwindling to 0 by early June . The flow through June depended partly on the weather ; the highest flow , 4 @.@ 5 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 13 m3 / s ) , occurred after a rain . Measurements taken during an individual autumn , late August to late December 2001 , were close to zero until November . The largest flows during that season , 19 @.@ 2 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 54 m3 / s ) , occurred after many days of rain . = = Geology = = Solidified lava from Grande Ronde members of the Columbia River Basalt Group underlies the Balch Creek watershed . About 16 million years ago during the Middle Miocene , the Columbia River ran through a lowland south of its modern channel . Eruptions from linear vents in eastern Oregon and Washington flowed down this channel through what later became the Willamette Valley . These flows , some of which reached the Pacific Ocean , occurred between 16 @.@ 5 and 15 @.@ 6 million years ago and covered almost 60 @,@ 000 square miles ( 160 @,@ 000 km2 ) . Geologists have identified several basalt flows in the West Hills , where they underlie the steepest slopes of Forest Park and form the columned rocks visible in parts of Balch Creek Canyon . Wind @-@ deposited silts , unstable when wet , later covered most of the lava . Stream bank instability and siltation are common , and the threat of landslides has discouraged urban development in the hills . Between 19 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 years ago , cataclysmic ice age events known as the Missoula Floods or Bretz Floods originating in the Clark Fork region of northern Idaho inundated the Columbia River basin many times . These floods deposited huge amounts of debris and sediment and created new floodplains in the Willamette Valley . From then until the 19th century , the lower Balch Creek watershed consisted of swampy marshlands and shallow semi @-@ permanent lakes such as historic Guild 's Lake . The final 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) or so of historic Balch Creek flowed across this floodplain . = = History = = = = = Names = = = Multnomah County is named for Native Americans who lived in the area before settlement by non @-@ indigenous people in the 19th century . Members of the Multnomah tribe of the Chinookan people lived on Sauvie Island in the Willamette River and on the mainland across from the island , downstream from the mouth of Balch Creek . Much of the area near the lower creek was swampy , and was not favored by the Multnomah . By the 1830s , diseases carried by white explorers and traders reduced the native population by up to 90 percent in the lower Columbia basin . Historic Guild 's Lake , in the lower Balch Creek watershed near the Willamette River , was named for Peter Guild ( pronounced guile ) , one of the first European American settlers in the area . In 1847 , he acquired nearly 600 acres ( 2 @.@ 4 km2 ) of the watershed through a donation land claim . Although variations in the spelling of Guild 's Lake occur in historic newspapers , maps , and other documents , Guild 's Lake has been the preferred form since the beginning of the 20th century . The creek is named for Danford Balch , who settled a 346 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 40 km2 ) donation land claim upstream of the Guild property in 1850 . After a man from a neighboring family eloped with a Balch daughter , Balch killed him with a shotgun . On October 17 , 1859 , at a public gallows he became the first person to be hanged by the State of Oregon . Macleay Park takes its name from Donald Macleay , a Portland merchant and real @-@ estate developer who acquired what had been the Balch property . In 1897 , he donated the land for a park on condition that the city provide transport to the park for hospital patients and build paths wide enough for wheelchairs . = = = Early water supply = = = Balch Creek was one of Portland 's sources of drinking water in the mid @-@ 19th century . Stephen Coffin and Finice Caruthers , two early Portland entrepreneurs , established the first public water supply for the city in 1857 by piping water from Caruthers Creek in southwest Portland through round fir logs with 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 6 @.@ 4 cm ) holes bored in them . In the 1860s , the Portland Water Company , which had acquired the existing business , added water from Balch Creek to the system . It was piped to a wooden reservoir at Alder and Pacific streets . Water shortages and pollution led to a shift in the water supply from sources within the city to the Bull Run River in the Cascade Range . It began supplying most of Portland 's drinking water in 1895 . = = = Industry = = = One of the first industries in the Guild 's Lake area was a sawmill built in the 1880s . Although large parts of the land remained undeveloped until the early 20th century , lumber mills , grain storage structures , railroads , and docks appeared along the waterfront . The Guild 's Lake Rail Yard , built by the Northern Pacific Railway in the 1880s , became an important switching yard for trains . In 1905 , the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition , held on an artificial island in Guild 's Lake , helped spur growth in the area . After the exposition ended , developers filled the lake and its surrounds with soil sluiced from parts of the Balch Creek watershed in the West Hills above the floodplain or dredged from the Willamette River . Civic leaders promoted the Guild 's Lake area as a good place for industry , and by the mid @-@ 1920s the lake was gone . The USGS places historic Guild 's Lake at coordinates 45 @.@ 5470620 ° N 122 @.@ 7206530 ° W / 45 @.@ 5470620 ; -122.7206530 at an elevation of 33 feet ( 10 m ) above sea level between what later became Northwest Saint Helens Road and Northwest Yeon Street , slightly west of Northwest 35th Avenue in the Northwest Industrial district of Portland . Between the 1890s and the 1930s , channel @-@ deepening in the Willamette River improved the city 's status as a deep @-@ water seaport , as did completion in 1914 of a port terminal . Guild 's Lake , close to highways as well as marine and rail terminals , became the most important industrial area in Portland . After World War II , chemical and petroleum processing and storage , metals manufacturing , and other large industries expanded in the area . In 2001 , the Portland City Council adopted the Guild 's Lake Industrial Sanctuary Plan aimed at protecting the area 's " long @-@ term economic viability as an industrial district . " = = Watershed = = The Balch Creek watershed consists of 2 @,@ 248 acres ( 910 ha ) , equal to 3 @.@ 5 square miles ( 9 @.@ 1 km2 ) . About 27 percent is zoned for parks and other open space , and about 20 percent is zoned for heavy industry near the Willamette River . Multnomah County has jurisdiction over 586 acres ( 237 ha ) , about a quarter of the watershed . Lands zoned for residential farms and forests occupy about 13 percent of the total , mostly along the watershed 's western edge . A mixture of residential , commercial , and other designations make up smaller segments . About 1 @,@ 600 people lived in the Balch Creek watershed in 2000 , and about 6 @,@ 700 people worked there . Nearby watersheds include those of other small streams flowing directly into the Willamette along the east flank of the West Hills . The city refers to these as the Johnson @-@ Nicolai subwatershed to the southeast , and the Kittredge and Salzman subwatersheds to the northwest . Rainfall in the watershed from 1977 to 2002 averaged about 40 inches ( 1 @,@ 000 mm ) per year . About 30 inches ( 760 mm ) of the total fell from November through April , and about 10 inches ( 250 mm ) fell from May through October . Minor flooding has occurred near the trash rack — where the creek enters a pipe — and has caused occasional basement flooding along nearby streets . City officials are studying the rack design with a view to alterations by 2017 . = = = Flora = = = The watershed lies partly in the Coast Range ecoregion and partly in the Willamette Valley ecoregion designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . The historic lower Balch Creek watershed through the 1880s was a mixture of open water , wetlands , grassland , and forest , while above the flood plain the watershed consisted of closed canopy forest . People who settled here in the 19th century logged much of this forest and filled the wetlands . In 2002 , aerial photographs showed that buildings , parking lots , shoreline structures , and other cleared areas covered most of the lower floodplain . On the other hand , hill forests protected from major disturbance covered about 65 percent of the watershed . Above the floodplain , much of the habitat in the watershed consists of mixed conifer forest . Trees and shrubs , including stands of red alder and cottonwood trees , cover about 88 percent of the middle reaches . Near the headwaters , the forests consist mainly of mixed conifers and hardwoods with a few older Douglas firs . Common species include big leaf maple , willow , western hemlock , red alder , western red cedar , and Douglas @-@ fir . Most of this forest is relatively young . In Forest Park , old @-@ growth forest , undisturbed for 250 years or more , exists mainly in isolated patches . The largest tree in the park , Heritage Tree 134 , is a Douglas @-@ fir near the Stone House . It is 242 feet ( 74 m ) high , and the trunk is 18 @.@ 6 feet ( 5 @.@ 7 m ) in circumference . Forest Park and other areas of the watershed have an understory of well @-@ developed shrubs including ferns , Oregon @-@ grape , vine maple , salal , red huckleberry , Fendler 's waterleaf , Indian plum , salmonberry , and stinging nettle . Among the prominent wildflowers are wild ginger , Hooker 's fairy bells , vanilla leaf , evergreen violet , and trillium . Rare or uncommon species include old conifers , Western wahoo shrubs , and ornamental dawn redwoods . Invasive species are English ivy , European holly , clematis , morning glory , and Himalayan blackberry . = = = Fauna = = = The historic creek likely supported diverse fish species , including salmon . After people filled the wetlands and diverted the lower stretch of the creek into a pipe , fish could no longer migrate to and from the Willamette River . The industrial parts of the watershed have no remaining aquatic habitat , but above the pipe the aquatic habitat remains relatively high , and Balch Creek and its tributaries support a resident population of coastal cutthroat trout of up to about 7 inches ( 18 cm ) . In 2005 , Balch Creek was the only major water body in Portland that met state water quality standards for bacteria , temperature and dissolved oxygen . Nearby tracts of habitat strongly affect the wildlife in the Balch Creek watershed . This is especially true of Forest Park , which extends into other watersheds to the northwest . Birds and animals from these watersheds and from the Tualatin River valley , the Coast Range , the Willamette River , Sauvie Island , the Columbia River , and the Vancouver , Washington , lowlands , move in and out of the park with relative ease . Sixty @-@ two mammal species , including the northern flying squirrel , black @-@ tailed deer , creeping vole , bobcat , coyote , Mazama pocket gopher , little brown bat , Roosevelt elk , and Pacific jumping mouse use Forest Park. blue grouse , great horned owl , hairy woodpecker , Bewick 's wren , orange @-@ crowned warbler , osprey , and hermit thrush are among the 112 species of birds that frequent the area . Amphibian species seen at the Audubon Society pond include rough @-@ skinned newts , Pacific tree frogs , and salamanders . Pressure from habitat loss , pollution , hunting , and urban development has reduced or eliminated the large predators such as wolves , bears , and wild cats and has led to increased numbers of small predators such as weasels and raccoons . Roads through the watershed severely hamper the movement of large animals . Invasive plant species such as English ivy have made the habitat simpler and less supportive of native insects and the salamanders and other amphibians that feed on them . Citizen groups such as the No Ivy League and Friends of Forest Park have engaged in projects to remove ivy , to plant native species , and to widen and protect riparian zones . = Bill Shankly = William " Bill " Shankly OBE ( 2 September 1913 – 29 September 1981 ) was a Scottish footballer and manager who is best known for his time as manager of Liverpool . Shankly came from a small Scottish mining community as one of five brothers who played football professionally . He played as a ball @-@ winning right @-@ half and was capped twelve times for Scotland , including seven wartime internationals . He spent one season at Carlisle United before spending the rest of his career at Preston North End , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1938 . His playing career was interrupted by his service in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . He became a manager after he retired from playing in 1949 , returning to Carlisle United . He later managed Grimsby Town , Workington and Huddersfield Town before moving to become Liverpool manager in December 1959 . Shankly took charge of Liverpool when they were in the Second Division and rebuilt the team into a major force in English and European football . He led Liverpool to the Second Division Championship to gain promotion to the top @-@ flight First Division in 1962 , before going on to win three First Division Championships , two FA Cups , four Charity Shields and one UEFA Cup . Shankly announced his surprise retirement from football a few weeks after Liverpool won the 1974 FA Cup Final , having managed the club for fifteen years , and was succeeded by his long @-@ time assistant Bob Paisley . He led the Liverpool team out for the last time at Wembley for the 1974 FA Charity Shield . He died seven years later at the age of 68 . = = Early life = = Bill Shankly was born in a small Ayrshire coal mining village , called Glenbuck , whose population in 1913 , the year of Shankly 's birth , was around 700 . People born there would often move to find work in larger coal mines . As a result , Glenbuck became largely derelict and by the time Shankly 's ghost writer John Roberts visited it in 1976 , there were only twelve houses left , including a cottage owned by Shankly 's sister , Elizabeth , whom Roberts described as " the last of the children of Glenbuck " . Shankly 's parents , John and Barbara , lived in one of the Auchenstilloch Cottages with their ten children ; five boys and five girls . Shankly was the ninth child and the youngest boy . Although he was known as Bill throughout his football career , his name in the family was Willie , pronounced " Wullie " . His father was a postman who became a tailor of handmade suits but , despite the football pedigree in his family , he did not play himself . All five Shankly brothers played professional football and Shankly claimed that " once , when we were all at our peaks , we could have beaten any five brothers in the world " . His brothers were Alec , known as " Sandy " by the family , who played for Ayr United and Clyde ; Jimmy ( 1902 – 1972 ) , who played for various clubs including Sheffield United and Southend United ; John ( 1903 – 1960 ) , who played for Portsmouth and Luton Town ; and Bob ( 1910 – 1982 ) , who played for Alloa Athletic and Falkirk . Bob became a successful manager , guiding Dundee to victory in the Scottish championship in 1962 and the semi @-@ finals of the European Cup the following year . Their maternal uncles , Robert and William Blyth were also professional players and both became club directors at Portsmouth and Carlisle United respectively . Shankly wrote in his autobiography that times were hard during his upbringing and that hunger was a prevailing condition , especially during the winter months . He admitted that he and his friends used to steal vegetables from nearby farms ; bread , biscuits and fruit from suppliers ' wagons , and bags of coal from the pits . Shankly admitted the act was wrong but claimed it was " devilment more than badness " and the root cause was their constant hunger , but he insists that he and his friends learned from their mistakes and became better people in later years . He was at school from the age of five until he was fourteen . Discipline at both home and school was strict but Shankly said it was character @-@ building . His favourite subject was geography and he played football as often as possible , especially in the school playground , but there was no organised school team . After Shankly left school in 1928 , he worked at a local mine alongside his brother Bob . He did this for two years until the pit closed and he faced unemployment . In his autobiography , he described the life of a miner at some length and mentioned many of the problems such as the sheer hard work , rats , the difficulties of eating and drinking at the coal face , but above all the filth : " We were never really clean . It was unbelievable how we survived . Going home to wash in a tub was the biggest thing . The first time I was in a bath was when I was fifteen " . While Shankly was employed as a miner , he played football as often as possible and sometimes went to Glasgow to watch either Celtic or Rangers , sharing his allegiance between the two and ignoring the sectarianism that divides Glasgow . Shankly developed his skills to the point that he was unemployed for only a few months before Carlisle United signed him . He wrote that he had his football future worked out in his mind and that , even when working in the pit , he was only " killing time " . He always believed that it was only a matter of time before he became a professional player . He explained that , in football terms , he had always been an optimist with a belief in his destiny and that was the basis of his undying enthusiasm for the sport . Shankly 's village team was called the Glenbuck Cherrypickers , a name probably derived from the 11th Hussars ( the " Cherry Pickers " ) , but Shankly said : " the club was near extinction when I had a trial and I never actually played for them " . Shankly , aged 18 , then played part of the 1931 – 32 season for Cronberry Eglinton , about twelve miles from Glenbuck . He used to cycle to and from the ground . Cronberry were in the Cumnock & District League . Although Shankly had less than one full season at Cronberry , he acknowledged his debt to Scottish Junior Football as he " learnt a lot " , mainly by listening to older players and especially his brothers . = = Playing career = = = = = Carlisle United = = = Shankly had a single season , 1932 – 33 , at Carlisle United , then relatively new to The Football League and playing in the Third Division North , their reserve side playing in the North Eastern League . Shankly was recommended by a scout called Peter Carruthers who had seen him playing for Cronberry . He was invited for a month 's trial and said it was the first time he had left Scotland . He was signed after just one trial match for Carlisle 's reserves against Middlesbrough reserves , even though Carlisle reserves lost the match 6 – 0 . A local newspaper report said that " Shankly played strenuously and might develop into a useful left back " but , in fact , he developed into a top @-@ class right @-@ half . Shankly made his senior debut on 31 December 1932 in a 2 – 2 draw against Rochdale and made 16 appearances for the first team . At the end of the season , the reserves won the North Eastern League Cup , defeating Newcastle United reserves 1 – 0 in the final . In his 1976 autobiography , Shankly stated : " I 've still got the medal " . At this stage of his career , Shankly was assessed as " a hard running , gritty right @-@ half " whose displays brought him much praise and credit and he was " earmarked as a key young player capable of taking Carlisle on to greater things " . He was paid four pounds ten shillings a week at Carlisle which he considered a good wage as the top rate at that time was eight pounds . Shankly was happy at Carlisle which was close to his home at Glenbuck and he had settled in well with almost a guarantee of first team football . When the opportunity came for him to move on , he was not convinced he wanted to leave . = = = Preston North End = = = Soon after the 1932 – 33 season ended , Shankly received a telegram from Carlisle United asking him to return as soon as possible because another club wanted to sign him . Arriving at Carlisle , he discovered that the interested club was Preston North End who had offered a transfer fee of £ 500 . The terms for Shankly personally were a fee of £ 50 plus a £ 10 signing @-@ on fee and wages of five pounds a week . Shankly 's initial reaction was that it was not enough and the deal nearly fell through . Shankly 's brother Alec pointed out to him that Preston were in the Second Division and a bigger club than Carlisle with the potential to regain First Division status . Alec convinced Bill that the opportunity was more important than what he would be paid immediately : " it 's what you 're going to get later that counts " . Shankly took his brother 's advice and signed the Preston contract in a railway carriage . Shankly began his Preston career in the reserves , who played in the Central League which was a higher standard than the North Eastern League . He made his first team debut on 9 December 1933 , three months after his 20th birthday , against Hull City . Shankly created an early goal to help Preston win 5 – 0 , earning him praise in a national newspaper for his " clever passing " . With his wholehearted attitude and commitment to the team , he quickly established himself as a first @-@ team regular and became a crowd favourite . Preston fulfilled their potential and gained promotion to the First Division as runners @-@ up to Grimsby Town . It was therefore a successful debut season for Shankly who stayed with Preston until he retired in 1949 . His wage was increased to eight pounds a week with six pounds in the summer . In a summary of the 1933 – 34 season , a Preston correspondent , Walter Pilkington , wrote : " One of this season 's discoveries , Bill Shankly , played with rare tenacity and uncommonly good ideas for a lad of twenty . He is full of good football and possessed with unlimited energy ; he should go far " . In his autobiography , Shankly wrote that Preston had more than held their own in the 1934 – 35 season and the club was not relegated again until the end of the 1948 – 49 season in which he left them . Shankly developed into " as tough a half back as any in the Football League " . The outstanding Northern Ireland international Peter Doherty recalled how Shankly dogged his footsteps in one match and kept muttering : " Great wee team , North End , great wee team " , subduing Doherty completely as Preston defeated Manchester City 3 – 1 . In 1936 – 37 , Preston reached the FA Cup Final but were well beaten 3 – 1 by Sunderland at Wembley Stadium . Preston recovered to reach the 1938 FA Cup Final in which they defeated Huddersfield Town 1 – 0 with a penalty scored by George Mutch in the final minute of extra time . As well as winning the FA Cup , Preston finished third in the league . That season marked " the pinnacle of Shankly 's playing career " . Shankly had just reached his 26th birthday when the Second World War began and the war claimed the peak years of his playing career . He joined the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and managed to play in numerous wartime league , cup and exhibition matches for Norwich City , Arsenal , Luton Town and Partick Thistle , depending on where he was stationed . On 30 May 1942 , he played a single game for Liverpool in a 4 – 1 win over Everton at Anfield . Shankly was keen on boxing and fought as a middleweight in the RAF , winning a trophy when he was stationed in Manchester . He confirmed in his autobiography that his weight as an RAF boxer was 159 pounds ( 72 kg ) and he was only 6 pounds ( 2 @.@ 7 kg ) heavier than that in 1976 . Shankly met his wife , Nessie , in the RAF ( she was in the WAAF and stationed at the same camp ) and they married in 1944 . With the resumption of full League football again in the 1946 – 47 season , Shankly returned to Preston who held his registration , but he was now 33 and coming to the end of his playing days . By 1949 , he was Preston 's club captain but had lost his place in the first team , which was struggling against relegation despite having Tom Finney in the side . Shankly was a qualified masseur and had decided he wanted to become a coach so , when Carlisle United asked him to become their manager in March of that year , he retired as a player and accepted the job . Shankly 's departure from Preston was resented by some at the club and he was refused a benefit match , to which he felt entitled . He described Preston 's attitude as " the biggest let @-@ down of my life in football " . Shankly had enormous admiration for Tom Finney and devotes more than three pages of his autobiography to Finney 's prowess as a footballer . In the 1970s , Shankly was asked how a current star compared to Finney and Shankly replied : " Aye , he 's as good as Tommy – but then Tommy 's nearly 60 now " . Another Preston player admired by Shankly was his Scottish international teammate Andy Beattie , with whom he would later work in management . Shankly was succeeded in the Preston team by Tommy Docherty and Shankly told Docherty that he should " just put the number 4 shirt on and let it run round , it knows where to go " . = = = Scotland = = = Shankly played for Scotland twelve times from 1938 to 1943 in five full and seven wartime internationals . He spoke of his " unbelievable pride " when playing for Scotland against England and how , when confronted by the " Auld Enemy " , the Scottish players would become William Wallace or Robert the Bruce for ninety minutes after pulling on the blue jersey . Shankly himself certainly had that spirit when playing for Scotland as confirmed by Alex James : " He is a real Scotland player who will fight until he drops " . Shankly made his international debut on 9 April 1938 against England at Wembley ; Scotland winning the match 1 – 0 with a late goal by Tommy Walker . Nine of his Scotland appearances were against England and the others were against Northern Ireland , Wales and Hungary . Shankly was Scotland 's captain in the wartime match against England at Hampden Park , attended by 78 @,@ 000 people on 3 May 1941 , but Scotland lost that game 1 – 3 . Perhaps his most memorable international was the wartime game at Wembley on 18 April 1942 when Scotland won 5 – 4 and Shankly scored his only Scotland goal . A post @-@ match report said that Scotland 's success was inspired by " the Busby @-@ Shankly victory service " when Shankly and his future management rival Matt Busby combined to help Scotland 's cause . According to the Liverpool website , Shankly 's goal was " probably the strangest national goal ever " . He took a speculative shot goalwards from 50 yards and the ball bounced over the England goalkeeper 's head and into the net . In January 1973 , when Shankly was the subject of This Is Your Life , the goal was shown and Shankly commented that " they all count and we won " . = = = Style and technique = = = Shankly declared in his autobiography that he specialised in what he called " the art of tackling " , emphasising that it is an art . He claimed that he was never sent off or booked by a referee . In his view , the art of tackling is in the timing and the sole object is to win the ball . He wrote that even if the opponent is injured in the tackle , " it 's not a foul because you have timed everything right and you 've won it " . His philosophy , therefore , was to play " hard but fair " with no cheating . During his playing career , Shankly said he would not argue with referees . He realised after taking the advice of his brothers that it is a waste of time . The referee , he wrote , " always wins in the end " . Shankly was always noted for his dedication to football and , in his playing days , would do his own training during the summer months . The Liverpool website records that , during the summer of 1933 when he returned to Glenbuck after completing his first season as a professional , he decided to develop his throw @-@ in skills . He was an early exponent of the long throw @-@ in and , according to the site , he practiced by throwing balls over a row of houses and the small boys of the village helped by fetching them back for him . = = Management career = = Shankly wrote in his autobiography that he had long prepared himself for a career as a football manager . He pointed out that he had absorbed all the coaching systems with any useful qualifications and had full confidence in his ability and in himself to be a leader . For him , he had done the hard work and it was simply a question of waiting for an opportunity to present itself . Shankly summed up the essential criteria for success in football management when he said : " I could speak common sense about the game and I could spot a player " . In terms of the latter criterion , he always applied a basic formula which was that , first and foremost , the player must have both ability and courage . Other attributes were physical fitness and willingness to work , especially to struggle against the odds . = = = Carlisle United = = = Shankly began his managerial career at the club where his professional playing career had started . Carlisle in the 1948 – 49 season were struggling in the bottom half of the Third Division North and finding it difficult to attract southern @-@ based players because of the town 's geographic remoteness in the far north of England . Shankly 's work ethic transformed the team who finished 15th in 1948 – 49 after he had been in charge for only the last few matches . They improved to ninth in 1949 – 50 and then to third in 1950 – 51 , almost gaining promotion . One of Shankly 's players at Carlisle was Geoff Twentyman , then a promising young centre half , who was later transferred to Liverpool . After he retired from playing , Twentyman became chief scout at Liverpool , working with Shankly and finding several outstandingly talented players . Shankly used psychology to motivate his players , for example telling them that the opposition had had a very tiring journey and were not fit to play the match . He urged the local population to support the team and would use the public address system at matches to tell the crowd about his team changes and how his strategy was improving the team . Shankly recalled that Brunton Park was dilapidated , writing that " the main stand ( was ) falling to pieces and the terraces derelict " . He even burned all the kit . When the team was travelling to Lincoln City , he saw a sportswear shop in Doncaster and stopped the coach to buy a full set of kit in which the team played at Lincoln . Season ticket sales in 1950 – 51 reached an all @-@ time high and Carlisle challenged strongly for promotion as well as achieving a draw with Arsenal at Highbury in the FA Cup . But it ended badly because Shankly accused the club 's board of reneging on a bonus promise for the players should the team finish in the top three . Shankly resigned and took up an offer from Grimsby Town . Shankly 's overall record in league football at Carlisle was 42 wins and 22 defeats from 95 matches . = = = Grimsby Town = = = After a failed interview at Liverpool , Shankly moved to manage Grimsby Town in June 1951 . He said in his autobiography that there was greater potential at Grimsby than at Carlisle . His main problems were that Grimsby had been relegated twice in recent seasons , dropping from the First to the Third Division , and some good players had been transferred before he arrived . But Shankly believed he still had good players to work with and was able to buy some additional players on the transfer market for low fees . Grimsby made a strong challenge for promotion in 1951 – 52 but finished second , three points behind Lincoln City ( only one team was promoted from Division Three North , with one from Division Three South ) . Shankly insisted in his autobiography that his Grimsby team was : " Pound for pound , and class for class , the best football team I have seen in England since the war . In the league they were in they played football nobody else could play . Everything was measured , planned and perfected and you could not wish to see more entertaining football " . Stephen Kelly quotes the " pound for pound " analysis but qualifies it as " another slight exaggeration , but he meant well " . Kelly went on : " that kind of talk could only boost morale at the club " . Shankly made great use of five @-@ a @-@ side football in training at Grimsby , playing these " as if our lives were at stake " . The games would last an hour each time . Shankly also worked on set pieces such as throw @-@ ins and tried to devise a method of counter @-@ attacking from corners conceded . Grimsby 's ageing team made a bright start in 1952 – 53 with five straight wins but eventually slipped and finished in fifth place . In 1953 – 54 , Shankly became disillusioned when the board could not give him money to buy new players . He was reluctant to promote some promising reserves because of loyalty to the older players ( a fault that was to resurface at Liverpool years later ) and he finally resigned in January 1954 , citing the board 's lack of ambition as his main reason . In his autobiography , he said that he and his wife were feeling homesick in Grimsby and , when an opportunity came to manage Workington , he was attracted to the challenge partly because they would be closer to Scotland . Shankly 's record in league football at Grimsby was 62 wins and 35 defeats from 118 matches . = = = Workington = = = Although the Workington team was close to the bottom of the Third Division North , Shankly saw it as a challenge and " he attacked the job with all the enthusiasm and relish he always showed at whatever he did " . Workington rose to 18th by the end of the 1953 – 54 season and so did not have to apply for re @-@ election . In 1954 – 55 , the team finished a creditable 8th and saw a rise in attendances from 6 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 . Workington operated on a shoestring and Shankly had to do much of the administration work himself , including answering the telephone and dealing with the mail by using an old typewriter to answer letters . In addition , he had the risky job of going to the bank each week to collect the payroll . One of his main problems was sharing the ground with the local rugby league club and Shankly was very concerned about the damage done to the playing surface by the rugby players . The situation led to " numerous arguments " with the club 's board which , as Kelly records , " was stacked with rugby league men whose interest in football took second place to rugby " . Shankly resigned on 15 November 1955 to take up the post of assistant manager at Huddersfield Town , working with his old friend Andy Beattie . His record in league football at Workington was 35 wins and 27 defeats from 85 matches . = = = Huddersfield Town = = = Shankly 's initial role at Huddersfield was as reserve team coach . He found himself in charge of several promising youngsters who soon graduated to the first team after Town were relegated to the Second Division at the end of the 1955 – 56 season . Beattie resigned in the next season and , on 5 November 1956 , Shankly succeeded him as manager . On Christmas Eve , he gave a first team debut to 16 @-@ year @-@ old prospect Denis Law . Another prospect in his team was left back Ray Wilson who went on to become Huddersfield 's most capped player before joining Everton . Shankly did not gain promotion at Huddersfield , the team finishing 12th in 1956 – 57 , 9th in 1957 – 58 and 14th in 1958 – 59 . Other players in Shankly 's Huddersfield team were Ken Taylor , who was also an England Test cricketer ; striker Les Massie and captain Bill McGarry . On 21 December 1957 , Huddersfield lost 7 – 6 to Charlton Athletic , who played most of the match with ten men , after Huddersfield were leading 5 – 1 with just 27 minutes remaining . Shankly described it as " one of the most amazing games I have ever seen " . But , on another occasion , Huddersfield beat Liverpool 5 – 0 with ten men and Shankly recalled " the Liverpool directors leaving the ground in single file like a funeral procession " . Disillusioned by a board that wanted to sell his best players without offering money to buy replacements , Shankly felt stifled by Huddersfield 's lack of ambition and was delighted in November 1959 to receive an approach for his services by Liverpool . He recalled how Liverpool chairman Tom ( T.V. ) Williams asked him if he would like to manage the " best club in the country " , to which Shankly replied : " Why , is Matt Busby packing up ? " Shankly decided to think about the offer as he realised the great potential at Liverpool , who were also in the Second Division at that time . Rumours began and were fuelled by Liverpool 's visit to Leeds Road on 28 November . Although Huddersfield won the game 1 – 0 , Shankly accepted the Liverpool offer and resigned his position as Huddersfield manager at a board meeting on 1 December 1959 . His league record at Huddersfield was 49 wins and 47 defeats in 129 matches . = = = Liverpool = = = = = = = 1959 to 1964 = = = = When Shankly arrived at Anfield on Monday , 14 December 1959 , Liverpool had been in the Second Division for five years , and had been defeated by non @-@ league Worcester City in the 1958 – 59 FA Cup . Anfield itself was in disrepair with no means of watering the pitch and Shankly insisted the club spend £ 3 @,@ 000 to rectify that . Shankly described the training ground at Melwood as " a shambles " . The Liverpool squad he inherited consisted largely of average players and some promising reserves . In spite of the difficulties , Shankly felt immediately at home in his new club and he believed that he shared an immediate bond with the supporters , the Liverpool history site saying they " were his kind of people " . He quickly established working relationships with the coaching staff of Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett who shared his views about loyalty to each other and to the club . Paisley 's influence at Liverpool was " crucial " for , as Kelly puts it , Shankly was " the great motivating force behind Liverpool , but it was Paisley who was the tactician " . One aspect of the quartet 's legacy to football was the conversion of an old storage room into what became known as the " Boot Room " , which was used for tactical discussion whilst cleaning and repairing boots . Although Shankly believed he had an excellent coaching staff , the playing staff were not so impressive – indeed , Shankly said of the latter : " After only one match I knew that the team as a whole was not good enough . I made up my mind that we needed strengthening through the middle , a goalkeeper and a centre half who between them could stop goals , and somebody up front to create goals and score them " . To deal with what he saw as a below average playing squad , twenty four players were placed on the transfer list and all of these had left the club within one year . Melwood was overgrown and had only an old wooden cricket pavilion . One of the pitches " looked as if bombs had been dropped on it " and Shankly asked if the Germans had " been over " in the war . He instituted a development program to cultivate the site and modernise the facilities and , in the meantime , arranged for the players to meet and change at Anfield before going to and from Melwood by bus . According to biographer Stephen Kelly , Liverpool 's eventual success was based on hard work done in the training system that Shankly , Paisley , Fagan and Bennett introduced at Melwood . Shankly deplored long distance running on roads and insisted that , apart from warm @-@ up exercises or any special exercises needed to overcome injuries , the players trained on grass using a ball . Everything was done systematically with players rotating through exercise routines in groups with the purpose of achieving set targets . Five @-@ a @-@ side games , as at all Shankly 's earlier clubs , were at the heart of the system and he insisted on these being as competitive as league matches . One particular routine designed to develop stamina , reflexes and ball skills was the " sweat box " which Shankly described as " using boards like the walls of a house with players playing the ball off one wall and on to the next ; the ball was played against the boards , you controlled it , turned around and took it again " . Shankly got the idea from a routine he had seen Tom Finney use at Preston to hone his skills . After experimentating with the routine , he set the players a limit of two minutes per session . The system was geared to Shankly 's simple philosophy of " pass and move " , which formed the basis of Liverpool 's strategy . Shankly insisted on suitable cooling @-@ off periods after training ( now called " warming down " ) before the players took a bath and had a meal . The team changed the studs in their boots to suit all playing conditions . Shankly summarised the entire strategy as : " attention to detail ; we never left anything to chance " . Liverpool 's recovery depended on new players being acquired and , in his autobiography , Shankly recalled the struggles he had with the board to make them realise the club 's potential and the need to spend money on good players . He said there were times when he felt like walking out . He found a valuable ally in Eric Sawyer , of the Littlewoods pools organisation , who joined the board not long after Shankly 's appointment and shared Shankly 's vision of Liverpool as the best club in England . At one board meeting in 1961 when Shankly insisted the club make offers for two players in Scotland , the board 's initial response was that " we can 't afford them " but Sawyer stepped in and said : " We can 't afford not to buy them " . The two Scottish players were centre half Ron Yeats and centre forward Ian St John from Dundee United and Motherwell respectively . With Sawyer 's help , Shankly signed them both in the spring of 1961 and challenged the Liverpool board to " sack me if they can 't play " . At a press conference when Yeats came to Liverpool , Shankly emphasised Yeats 's huge size by inviting the journalists to " go and walk round him ; he 's a colossus ! " Goalkeeper Tommy Lawrence came through the club 's junior teams , so Shankly now had his " strength through the middle " and the team building continued with the transfer of wing half Gordon Milne from Preston . Other players developed at Anfield were Jimmy Melia , Ronnie Moran , Alan A 'Court and future England internationals Gerry Byrne and Roger Hunt . Shankly said of goalscorer Hunt the first time he saw him : " Christ , this one can play ! " Liverpool had finished third in both 1959 – 60 and 1960 – 61 ( only the top two clubs were promoted ) ; but the new team gained promotion in the 1961 – 62 season by winning the Second Division championship , Hunt scoring 41 goals . Liverpool consolidated in 1962 – 63 , finishing eighth in their first top flight season under Shankley 's command . Significant signings were wing half Willie Stevenson from Rangers in 1962 and left winger Peter Thompson from Preston in 1963 . Shankly described the Thompson deal as " daylight robbery " . Liverpool 's youth system produced future England internationals like Ian Callaghan , Tommy Smith and Chris Lawler . The hard work paid off in 1963 – 64 when Liverpool won their sixth League Championship title , ending the season with a 5 – 0 defeat of Arsenal at Anfield . According to Roger Hunt , the secret of Liverpool 's success was that , under Shankly , " we were the fittest team in the country " . In 1964 , Jimmy Melia was transferred to Wolverhampton Wanderers ; with Shankly buying Arsenal 's utility player Geoff Strong for £ 40 @,@ 000 but this was Liverpool 's last significant transfer activity until 1967 . = = = = 1964 to 1970 = = = = One of Shankly 's greatest ambitions when he joined Liverpool was to win the FA Cup and , after he signed Yeats and St John , he told the club directors that " these players will win us the FA Cup " . It was St John who scored the winning goal in May 1965 when Liverpool did win the FA Cup for the first time in the club 's history with a 2 – 1 extra time victory over Leeds United at Wembley . In his autobiography , Shankly recounted that among his many achievements , winning the 1965 FA Cup was his " greatest day " . Liverpool made their European debut in 1964 – 65 , competing in the European Cup reaching the semi @-@ finals . In the second round the club was drawn against the formidable Anderlecht . Immediately before the match , Shankly decided to experiment with the Liverpool kit . Liverpool played in red shirts with white shorts and white sock with red top but Shankly and Ian St John had the idea of an all @-@ red kit that would give the impression the players were taller . Liverpool played in all @-@ red only for European matches but quickly adopted the colour permanently . Three days after winning the FA Cup , Liverpool defeated European champions Internazionale 3 – 1 at Anfield in the semi @-@ final first leg with a performance that was saluted by Inter 's coach Helenio Herrera . The second leg at the San Siro , however , was according to Shankly " a war " , which Liverpool lost 3 – 0 and so were knocked out of the competition 4 – 3 on aggregate . Eleven years later , Shankly maintained that two of Inter 's goals were illegal . Even today , the Liverpool website describes the match by saying that " ( Liverpool were ) only denied at the semi @-@ final stage due to a dishonest referee in Milan " . According to Kelly , however , video evidence shows that the two disputed goals were actually legitimate . Shankly said after the defeat in Milan that the Inter fans were going mad because they were " so pleased to have beaten Liverpool " and insisted that this proved the high standard " you ( the team ) have raised yourselves up to " . In the 1964 – 65 Football League Championship , Liverpool dropped from first to seventh with thirteen fewer points than the previous season . According to the Liverpool site , this was due to the exertion of lengthy participation in the FA and European Cups . In 1965 – 66 , Liverpool regained the League Championship title and reached the final of the European Cup Winner 's Cup at Hampden Park , however the team lost 2 – 1 in extra time to Borussia Dortmund . Shankly 's summary of that final , played on a wet night , was : " We didn 't play well and we gave away two silly goals " . Shankly and Paisley had learned a great deal about European football which Liverpool would eventually turn into trophies . The key strategy in two @-@ leg ties was " containment away , attack at home " . Shankly applied the principle in a preliminary round tie against Juventus when Liverpool were away in the first leg . Despite Juventus taking the lead after 81 minutes , Shankly ordered his players to ensure the deficit was only one goal . Liverpool then switched to all @-@ out attack in the second leg at Anfield and won 2 – 0 . Liverpool began the 1966 – 67 season by beating neighbours Everton in the FA Charity Shield match but the team were never really in contention for major honours that season , finishing fifth in the league . Shankly recognised the potential of Blackpool teenager Emlyn Hughes , a future England captain , and signed him for £ 65 @,@ 000 in February 1967 . Liverpool 's performance in the 1966 @-@ 67 European Cup was poor and , after struggling to overcome FC Petrolul Ploiesti in the first round , they were well beaten in the last 16 by Ajax , inspired by 19 @-@ year @-@ old Johan Cruyff . Ajax won 7 – 3 on aggregate after defeating Liverpool 5 – 1 in Amsterdam . Several years later , in his autobiography , Shankly still complained that " the match in Amsterdam should never have started " due to fog and , although Liverpool lost 5 – 1 , he " still thought we ( would win the tie ) at Anfield " . Although Shankly claimed to have been unworried about the Ajax defeat , he acknowledged that " we were examining the team and planning ahead " . However , the Liverpool site argues that Shankly was mistaken in his decision at this time to postpone team rebuilding . Liverpool improved their League performances over the next two years , finishing third in 1967 – 68 and then second in 1968 – 69 , although to Shankly himself it was " a mediocre time in the late 1960s as we prepared for the 1970s " . Shankly made two controversial signings in this period which did not turn out as he had hoped . In 1967 , he signed striker Tony Hateley from Chelsea for a club record £ 96 @,@ 000 and then felt obliged to transfer him to Coventry City only a year later . He claimed bad luck and injuries disrupted the progress of two other prospects Alf Arrowsmith and Gordon Wallace ; Shankly compared the latter to Tom Finney . In September 1968 , Shankly paid £ 100 @,@ 000 to Wolverhampton Wanderers for their teenage striker Alun Evans who thus became " football 's first £ 100 @,@ 000 teenager " . Evans started well and produced some outstanding performances during his four years at the club but Shankly eventually had to sell him to Aston Villa . Shankly recalled that Evans was scarred by a glass in a nightclub incident which , in Shankly 's opinion , had a detrimental impact on his career . The only long @-@ term success that Shankly had in the transfer market in the late 1960s was his signing of Emlyn Hughes , who went on to captain Liverpool to victory in the European Cup . Otherwise , he did not significantly change the team until the 1969 – 70 season when Liverpool finished fifth in the league championship , a long way behind the winners : their local rivals Everton . Shankly was characteristically defiant whenever Everton got the better of Liverpool and , although he liked and respected everyone connected with Everton , would always talk up Liverpool at Everton 's expense . Typical of this was his view that : " This city has two great football teams – Liverpool and Liverpool reserves " . In the 1969 – 70 FA Cup quarter final , Liverpool played against struggling Second Division side Watford at Vicarage Road and lost 1 – 0 after a very poor performance . The Liverpool site records that the defeat signalled the end for St John , Hunt , Byrne , Yeats and Lawrence ; the incomers included Ray Clemence , Alec Lindsay , Larry Lloyd , John Toshack , Brian Hall and Steve Heighway . Apart from Hall who graduated through the reserves , they were all signed from clubs in lower divisions or even , in the case of Heighway , from non @-@ league football . Adding the new players to Tommy Smith , Ian Callaghan , Chris Lawler and Emlyn Hughes , Shankly formed the nucleus of a second great team which went on to dominate English and European football in the 1970s . Many of the new players came to Liverpool because of a new scouting system created by Shankly in 1967 and placed under the control of new chief scout Geoff Twentyman , who had played for Shankly at Carlisle and had then spent several seasons at Liverpool , retiring shortly before Shankly 's appointment . According to Stephen Kelly , hiring Twentyman as chief scout was " perhaps Shankly 's finest signing ever " . It was through Twentyman that Liverpool found the new players and , after Shankly retired , Twentyman gave sterling service to Bob Paisley and Joe Fagan by finding players like Phil Neal , Alan Hansen and Ian Rush . As always , Shankly kept things simple and Twentyman was told to look for a prospect 's basic qualities which were the abilities to pass the ball and move into position to receive a pass . Shankly also wanted Twentyman to check the player 's personality and ensure he had the right attitude for a professional footballer . Above all , said Twentyman , " he wanted to know if the lad had the heart to play for Liverpool " . Although Shankly sometimes paid large transfer fees he was loath to do so and Twentyman 's brief was " getting them young so he ( Shankly ) could mould them into what he wanted " . = = = = 1970 to 1974 = = = = The new team began promisingly in 1970 – 71 by retaining fifth place in the league and reaching the semi @-@ finals of the Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup where they lost 0 – 1 to a very experienced Leeds United side . The highlight of Liverpool 's European campaign that season was a 4 – 1 aggregate victory in the quarter @-@ final over Bayern Munich . For the first time since winning the competition in 1965 , Liverpool reached the FA Cup Final but , as in the Fairs Cup , experience was the key factor and Shankly 's young team were beaten 2 – 1 by league champions Arsenal despite having taken the lead in extra time through a Steve Heighway goal . Watching from the sidelines was another new player whom Shankly had recently signed from Scunthorpe United for £ 35 @,@ 000 on Twentyman 's recommendation . This was Kevin Keegan and he was such an important addition to the new Liverpool team that Shankly devoted an entire chapter of his autobiography to him entitled " A Boy Called Keegan " . Shankly summarised Keegan as " the inspiration of the new team " . In Keegan 's first season , 1971 – 72 , Liverpool missed out on winning the League Championship by a single point , the title going to Brian Clough 's Derby County . Shankly maintained that Liverpool were denied a definite penalty in their crucial away match against Derby and then had a good goal disallowed towards the end of their final match against Arsenal . Both decisions cost the team a vital point which would have been enough to claim first place . Shankly took encouragement from the team 's overall form , especially as they made a strong finish to the season , and he was confident of success in 1972 – 73 . Shankly had always been noted for his use of psychology , both to encourage his own players and to raise doubt in the minds of opponents . One of his lasting innovations is the THIS IS ANFIELD plaque secured to the wall above the players ' tunnel . Coupled with the roar of the crowd , it was designed to intimidate . In the first match after it was erected , Liverpool defeated Newcastle United 5 – 0 , despite an attempt by Malcolm Macdonald to joke about the sign . Shankly would also try to boost the confidence of his own players by announcing that a key opponent was unfit . When Kevin Keegan was about to play against Bobby Moore for the first time , Shankly told him that Moore had been out at a night club and was hung over . Afterwards , Keegan having produced an outstanding performance against the equally outstanding Moore , Shankly told him that Moore had been brilliant that day and Keegan would " never play against anyone better than him " . In 1972 – 73 , Liverpool won the club 's eighth league title and their third under Shankly . A massive bonus for the club was winning the UEFA Cup , the club 's first European success . In the two @-@ legged final they faced Borussia Mönchengladbach , whom Shankly rated " the best team in Europe " . The first leg at Anfield had to be played twice after an abandonment due to heavy rain which flooded the pitch . Shankly had left John Toshack out of the team but , having studied the Borussia defence , recalled him for the rematch the following night . Toshack used his height and heading ability to great effect and created two goals for Keegan as Liverpool won 3 – 0 . The second leg in Mönchengladbach was a different story as Borussia took an early 2 – 0 lead and Shankly admitted he thought the final was lost , but Liverpool held on to win the final by the aggregate score of 3 – 2 . It was the first time an English club had won both the league title and a European trophy in the same season . Liverpool were well beaten by Red Star Belgrade in the second round of the 1973 – 74 European Cup and lost out to Leeds in the League Championship , finishing second . In the third round of the FA Cup , Liverpool had to score a late equaliser to draw 2 – 2 at home against lowly Doncaster Rovers but recovered to win the replay and then go all the way to the final . In what proved to be Shankly 's last competitive game in charge , Liverpool produced a superb second half performance to defeat Newcastle 3 – 0 at Wembley . = = = Relationship with fans = = = In his autobiography , Shankly wrote : " Right from the start as a manager ( i.e. , when he was at Carlisle ) I tried to show that the fans are the people that matter . You 've got to know how to treat them ( and ) have them on your side " . This was particularly true at Liverpool and Shankly said he was " made for Liverpool ( where ) the people that matter most are the ones who come through the turnstiles " . He added that " a manager has got to identify himself with the people ( because ) football is their whole life " . In return , he said , the support of the Liverpool fans for their team had been " incredible " . In April 1973 , when Shankly and the team were showing off the League Championship trophy to the fans on the Kop , he saw a policeman fling aside a Liverpool scarf which had been thrown in Shankly 's direction . Shankly retrieved the scarf and wore it . He said to the policeman : " Don 't you do that . That 's precious " . Shankly saw the offer of the scarf as a mark of respect which deserved his respect in return . Shankly emphasised the importance of communication with the supporters . At Carlisle he used to speak to them over the public address system before matches . Rather than just putting a few lines in the match programme , he preferred to speak and explain his team changes and his views about the previous match . At Workington , he would answer supporters ' letters in person , using an old typewriter . But he said he preferred to phone business people as he would put as little as possible in writing when dealing with them . He would readily obtain match tickets for fans whom he considered to be deserving cases and wrote in his autobiography that he " would give people anything within reason " . Shankly formed a special bond with the Liverpool supporters and , at the end of the 1961 – 62 season when Liverpool won the Second Division championship , he told the Liverpool Echo : " In all sincerity , I can say that they are the greatest crowd of supporters in the game " . In Tommy Smith 's view , Shankly was completely in tune with the city of Liverpool ; he loved the supporters and they loved him , mainly " because they knew he understood them " . = = Retirement from Liverpool = = Shankly was 60 years old when Liverpool won the 1974 FA Cup and said in his autobiography that , on returning to the dressing room at the end of the match , he " felt tired from all the years " . His mind was made up and he knew he was going to retire . His wife , Nessie , had asked him to retire a year earlier but he decided that was not the right time . Tommy Smith said that Shankly 's feelings for Nessie were undoubtedly a major reason for his decision . In 1974 , he decided that he could leave Liverpool with pride in a job well done and only one regret , which was that he did not win the European Cup . Shankly had proposed to resign in previous years . The Liverpool secretary Peter Robinson was initially blasé in 1974 but , when he realised Shankly was serious this time , he tried to make him change his mind . Shankly 's granddaughter , Karen Gill , said to The Observer in 2009 : " I think that perhaps it was tiredness , that football had taken its toll on him " . Shankly 's retirement was officially and surprisingly announced at a press conference called by Liverpool on 12 July 1974 . The chairman , John Smith , said in his opening address : " It is with great regret that I as chairman of Liverpool Football Club have to inform you that Mr Shankly has intimated that he wishes to retire from active participation in league football . And the board has with extreme reluctance accepted his decision . I would like to at this stage place on record the board 's great appreciation of Mr Shankly 's magnificent achievements over the period of his managership " . But Shankly soon regretted his decision and tried to continue his involvement with the club , mainly by turning up for team training at Melwood . He said he still wanted the involvement as the club had become his life . He soon stopped going to Melwood because he felt there was some resentment and people were asking what he was doing there . He felt unwanted , but " I never resented the club after I left , as some stupid person wrote in the paper . " He still attended matches , but sat in the stand away from the directors and staff . He was especially annoyed that Liverpool did not invite him to attend away matches as the club 's guest . When , finally , he was invited to travel with them to the away leg of the 1976 UEFA Cup Final in Bruges , he was accommodated in a separate hotel and said he found that insulting . Shankly contrasted Liverpool 's attitude with what he encountered at other clubs , including Liverpool 's great rivals Everton and Manchester United , where he was received warmly . He recalled Manchester United manager Tommy Docherty 's reply to a Liverpool director : " Aye , Bill 's welcome here " . About Everton , once his greatest rivals , he wrote : " I have been received more warmly by Everton than I have by Liverpool . It is a scandal that I must write these words about the club I helped to build " . From Liverpool 's point of view , the situation was that Shankly had retired and the club had to move on . Shankly did not understand that by turning up for training at Melwood , he was effectively undermining Bob Paisley , who had succeeded him as manager , even to the point of actually taking over the training . Tommy Smith recalled that Shankly as manager never ran training and would only speak to Paisley , Fagan and Bennett about what needed to be done . But , as a visitor at Melwood he began to intervene and Paisley 's initial pleasure on seeing him soon turned to polite embarrassment . Eventually , Paisley had to point out to Shankly that he didn 't work there any more , that it was now Paisley 's team and that he had things which he wanted to do with the team . It is believed that Shankly wanted a seat on the Liverpool board , following the precedent of Matt Busby who joined the Manchester United board after he retired as manager in 1969 . But , again , what Shankly did not understand was that his relations with the board had often been acrimonious with several resignation threats and a statement made by Shankly that : " At a football club , there 's a holy trinity – the players , the manager and the supporters . Directors don 't come into it . They are only there to sign the cheques " . Although some club officials like secretary Peter Robinson wanted bygones to be bygones , Tommy Smith summarised the board 's view as " Right , that 's it , we 've got rid of him at last " . It should be remembered that Shankly was " an overpowering figure " who would certainly have used a position on the board to be a " back @-@ seat driver " and the board were well aware that Matt Busby 's time as a Manchester United director was disastrous , the team just having been relegated . Whilst Liverpool 's treatment of Shankly may have seemed disrespectful , they were acting in the best interests of the club and its new manager by pursuing the same relentless winning ethic that Shankly himself had instilled . In any event , their perceived ruthlessness was vindicated by the unprecedented haul of League Championship titles and European Cups won over the next decade under Bob Paisley and Joe Fagan . = = Later years = = Shankly was awarded the OBE in November 1974 , four months after he retired as Liverpool manager . He and Nessie went to Buckingham Palace and , according to Kelly , that was " a rare day out for them " . They continued to live in the semi @-@ detached house at West Derby , near the Everton training ground at Bellefield , which they bought when they moved to Liverpool in 1959 . After Shankly 's death in 1981 , Nessie lived there alone until she died in August 2002 . Shankly tried to keep busy in retirement and stay in touch with football . He worked for Radio City 96 @.@ 7 , a Liverpool station on which he presented his own chat show , once interviewing prime minister Harold Wilson , and was a pundit on its football coverage . He briefly took up advisory roles at Wrexham and then at Tranmere Rovers , helping former Liverpool captain Ron Yeats at the latter . In November 1976 , the press speculated that Shankly would make a return to management as the successor to Dave Mackay at Derby County , but the position went to Colin Murphy instead . John Toshack recalled that Shankly was a great help to him when he went into management with Swansea City in 1978 . Despite being in his sixties , Shankly kept himself fit and often took part in five @-@ a @-@ side football . If nothing else was available he would join teams of youngsters in kickabouts . = = Death and legacy = = On the morning of 26 September 1981 , Bill Shankly was admitted to Broadgreen Hospital following a heart attack . His condition appeared to be stable and there was no suggestion that his life was in danger . But , on the following Monday morning , his condition suddenly deteriorated and was transferred into intensive care . At 00 : 30 on 29 September , he suffered another cardiac arrest and was certified dead , aged 68 , at 01 : 20 . He was cremated at the Anfield Crematorium on 2 October and his ashes were scattered on the Anfield pitch at the Kop end . On the day of Shankly 's death , training was cancelled at both Melwood and Bellefield . The Labour Party conference stood in a minute 's silence for a man who had always been a socialist . Sir Matt Busby , the former Manchester United manager , was so upset that he refused to take any telephone calls from people asking him for a reaction . Tributes poured in from the world of football , especially from the former players of all Shankly 's clubs . Liverpool chairman John Smith summed them up with a simple but fitting : " In my opinion , he was the most outstanding and dynamic manager of the century " . Liverpool erected the 15 @-@ foot high cast @-@ iron Shankly Gates in front of the Anfield Road stand . Inscribed You 'll Never Walk Alone , they were opened by Nessie Shankly at a low @-@ key ceremony in August 1982 . In 1997 , a seven @-@ foot tall bronze statue of Shankly was unveiled outside the stadium . A hotel and museum opened in Liverpool in August 2015 dedicated to the life and career of Bill Shankly . From the mid @-@ 1990s Preston North End commenced a complete rebuilding of Deepdale to convert it into a modern all @-@ seater stadium . When the former Spion Kop end was replaced by a new stand in 1998 , it was named the Bill Shankly Kop and was designed with different coloured seats providing an image of Shankly 's head and shoulders . Shankly was made an inaugural inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 , in recognition of his impact on the English game as a manager . David Peace 's biographical novel Red or Dead , published in 2013 , is a fictionalised account of Shankly 's career as Liverpool manager . = = Personality = = Stephen Kelly , in his 1997 biography of Shankly , calls him " the ultimate obsessive " . Shankly was fanatical about Liverpool and about football in general . From coaching his players and arguing with journalists to buttonholing fans in pubs , all Shankly " ever wanted to do was talk about football " and to be involved in football . As a result , he had few interests outside the game other than his family . His wife Nessie told Kelly that Shankly would spend time in the garden , mowing and weeding . She could also rely on him to " clean the cooker when Liverpool lost " . Family holidays were limited to a week in Blackpool , where they always stayed at the Norbreck Hotel . One non @-@ football activity that Shankly did enjoy was playing cards and Ian St John said he " loved " it , always taking part on long coach trips to away matches . Shankly was noted for his personality and his wit ; as a result , he is oft @-@ quoted . His most famous quotation is probably one that is often misquoted : Kelly points out that , although it was said half @-@ jokingly , so far as Shankly was concerned there was a degree of truth in what he had said . Shankly had fully realised the importance of football to its die @-@ hard fans , himself included . It had become " too important " . Ian St John agreed that " much of Shankly 's behaviour was bizarre " , but everything was done with a purpose because " Shankly always knew what he was doing and what he was saying " . In his autobiography , Shankly gave insights into his character such as his world @-@ view as a socialist , explaining that the socialism he believed in was not about politics but about collectivism , with everyone working for each other and enjoying a share of the rewards . That was the basis of his approach to football which is a team game in which everyone works together and shares the rewards . He admitted to idolising Robert Burns , whose birthplace was only 26 miles from Glenbuck and he was inspired by many of Burns ' philosophical quotations , such as " A man 's a man for a ' that " . Shankly had no time for bigotry or prejudice , especially arising from differences of religion . He compared the cities of Glasgow and Liverpool by saying that " fortunately there is nothing like the Rangers – Celtic situation in Liverpool because the supporters of Liverpool and Everton are a mixed bunch whose religion is football " . Shankly 's public persona was that of a " tough guy " with the swagger of his favourite film star James Cagney but privately he was very different . Joe Mercer described his " heart of gold " and likened him to a Border Collie who drives his sheep but could never hurt them . Liverpool 's perceived failings in the late 1960s have been attributed to Shankly 's reluctance to drop his long @-@ serving players even though they were past their best . Bob Paisley said it was Shankly 's " one failing " and it was because he was " a softie at heart " . When asked by a TV interviewer how he would like to be remembered , Shankly replied : " Basically as an honest man in a game that is sometimes short on honesty . That I 've been working honestly for the people of Liverpool to try and give them entertainment " . = = Honours = = = = = As a player = = = Preston North End FA Cup ( 1 ) : 1937 – 38 = = = As a manager = = = Liverpool Football League First Division ( 3 ) : 1963 – 64 , 1965 – 66 , 1972 – 73 Football League Second Division ( 1 ) : 1961 – 62 FA Cup ( 2 ) : 1964 – 65 , 1973 – 74 FA Charity Shield ( 3 ) : 1964 , 1965 , 1966 UEFA Cup ( 1 ) : 1972 – 73 = = = As an individual = = = Manager of the Year Award ( 1 ) : 1972 – 73 Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( 1 ) : 1974 PFA Merit Award ( 1 ) : 1978 Inaugural Inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame ( 1 ) : 2002 Inaugural Inductee to the Scottish Football Hall of Fame ( 1 ) : 2004 In April 2013 , Shankly was honoured by Royal Mail in the United Kingdom , as one of six people selected as subjects for the " Great Britons " commemorative postage stamp issue . = = Managerial statistics = = = Elias Abraham Rosenberg = Elias Abraham Rosenberg ( Hebrew : אליאס אברהם רוזנברג ; Hawaiian : Elia Aberahama Roseraberka ; c . 1810 – July 10 , 1887 ) was a Jewish immigrant to the United States who , despite a questionable past , became a trusted friend and adviser of King Kalākaua of Hawaii . Regarded as eccentric , he lived in San Francisco in the 1880s and worked as a peddler selling illegal lottery tickets . In 1886 , he traveled to Hawaii and performed as a fortune @-@ teller . He came to Kalākaua 's attention , and endeared himself to the king with favorable predictions about the future of Hawaii . Rosenberg received royal appointments to several positions : kahuna @-@ kilokilo ( royal soothsayer ) , customs appraiser , and guard . He was given lavish gifts by the king , but was mistrusted by other royal advisers and satirized in the Hawaiian press . Rosenberg and Kalākaua often held long conversations and enjoyed drinking alcohol together ; Rosenberg told the king Bible stories and encouraged him to revive traditional Hawaiian religion , an idea that fascinated Kalākaua but angered his political rivals . In June 1887 , Rosenberg returned to California , possibly owing to poor health or fear of unrest in Hawaii ; a short time after arriving in San Francisco , he died in a local hospital . Soon after his departure from Hawaii , the June 1887 Constitution — which curtailed royal power — was forced upon Kalākaua . A Torah scroll and yad presented to the king by Rosenberg remained in the royal collection . These artifacts were later exhibited with other royal treasures and eventually donated to Temple Emanu @-@ El in Honolulu . = = San Francisco = = Few details are definitively known about Rosenberg 's life before he traveled to Hawaii . He is believed to have been a Russian Jew born c . 1810 , and possibly lived in Australia and England . He was married and divorced three times , and had several children . By the early 1880s , Rosenberg lived in San Francisco , California , where he was a well @-@ known figure , regarded as an eccentric , an " adventurer " , and a " curio " . There he worked as a peddler and , in 1884 , served as a director for the Chebra Beth Abraham benevolent society . He illegally sold lottery tickets for a time , but ceased the practice after he attracted attention from the San Francisco Police Department . These problems might have led to his move to Hawaii . = = Hawaii = = Rosenberg traveled from San Francisco to Hawaii , possibly on a whaler , arriving in Oahu sometime before December 1886 . He was the first Jew known to have visited Hawaii . At that time , Hawaii was a predominantly Christian kingdom ; Christian missionaries had successfully converted a large segment of the population after traditional Hawaiian religion was suppressed by the monarchy . In the 1880s , however , King Kalākaua encouraged the revival	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Stanford was enjoying " enormous success " . In the 1960s , the study of religion at Stanford focused not on academics , but on social and ethical issues like race and the Vietnam War . Leading this focus was Stanford Memorial Church Dean of the Chapel and Professor of Religion B. Davie Napier , who was " a powerful critic of U.S. policy in Vietnam " . Napier , along with Stanford professors Michael Novak and Robert McAfee Brown , who had previously been faculty members of seminaries , were the subject of a Time Magazine article in 1966 , describing " the renaissance of faith and learning at Stanford " . Students crowded into the church to hear anti @-@ war speeches by them , as well as by " notables " such as Linus Pauling and William Sloan Coffin . Harvey credited Napier for making the church a popular meeting place on campus for undergraduates and for turning it into " Christian theater — the introduction of jazz and other types of experimental worship as well as provocative preaching " . Stanford University was the first major educational institution in the United States that conducted same @-@ sex commitment ceremonies at its chapel . Its first ceremony was held in 1993 , and was officiated by Associate Dean Diana Akiyama . = = = Chaplains = = = Stanford Memorial Church , throughout its history , has been served by chaplains who have been influential amongst the Stanford University student body and community at large . R. Heber Newton , " distinguished writer " and former rector at All Souls Church in New York , was handpicked by Jane Stanford to serve as the church 's first pastor ; he resigned after four months in 1903 " because he disagreed with Mrs. Stanford on some aspects of church management " . According to Stanford biographer Robert W. P. Cutler , " Newton 's tenure had been a disappointment to Mrs. Stanford " . David Charles Gardner , who replaced Newton , served the church from 1902 to his retirement in 1936 . Stanford also handpicked Gardner as Newton 's assistant because she was impressed with his " parish work " in Palo Alto . Gardner went on to teach courses in Biblical history and literature at Stanford . Influential English professor and Stanford historian Edith Mirrielees called Gardner " a preacher of only indifferent ability " , but considered him " a strength to the whole university " . According to her he was the prime mover behind the creation of the Stanford Home for Convalescent Children , established in 1919 , which eventually became the Lucile Packard Children 's Hospital . D. Elton Trueblood , a lifelong Quaker , was the church 's chaplain from 1936 to 1946 . Trueblood was also a professor of philosophy of religion at Stanford and established the university 's first major in religious studies ; his tenure there provided him with national exposure . He wrote 33 books , including one about Abraham Lincoln . Trueblood and his wife hosted monthly Friends meetings in their home , and met weekly with Orthodox Jewish students in the vestry of Stanford Memorial Church . George J. Hall was the church 's chaplain from 1946 to 1947 , followed by Paul C. Johnson , who served between 1949 and 1950 . Robert M. Minto was chaplain twice , in 1947 @-@ 1948 , and again from 1950 @-@ 1973 . Minto , an associate chaplain at Stanford for two years prior , was a pastor in Scotland and a former British naval chaplain during World War II . Stanford 's next two chaplains , B. Davie Napier ( Dean of the Chapel , 1966 – 72 ) and Robert McAfee Brown ( Acting Dean of the Chapel , 1972 – 73 ) , were among the most politically active chaplains . Napier was an ordained Congregational minister . He was born in China to missionary parents , grew up in the American South , and went to seminary at Yale . He gained fame among Stanford students " for his efforts to relate Scripture to the turbulent political times of the late 1960s " . Napier was a " charismatic biblical scholar ... [ and ] a powerful critic of U.S. policy in Vietnam " . Napier was also a " gifted " preacher and jazz pianist . Brown , the author of 29 books , became " an international leader in civil rights , ecumenical and social justice causes " . He also protested U.S. involvement in Vietnam and taught religion and ethics in relation to contemporary life and literature . Robert Hamerton @-@ Kelly ( 1972 – 86 ) , born in South Africa , was a United Methodist minister . He taught religion , classics , and Greek at Stanford . Thomas Ambrogi was the acting dean in 1986 . He was a former Jesuit priest who was an elder in the First Presbyterian Church in Palo Alto , and referred to himself as " a transdenominational Christian with roots in the Catholic tradition " . Robert C. Gregg ( 1987 – 98 ) was born in Texas and ordained as an Episcopal priest . He was also Professor of Religious Studies . Kelly Denton @-@ Borhaug ( 1999 – 2000 ) , a Lutheran minister , came to Stanford in 1996 as an associate dean . The Rev. Scotty McLennan ( 2001 @-@ 2014 ) , a Unitarian Universalist minister , was " an activist neighborhood lawyer " in Boston before becoming a university chaplain , first at Tufts University . Garry Trudeau , who was McLennan 's roommate when they were students at Yale University , based his Doonesbury character , the Rev. Scot Sloan , in part on McLennan . He was replaced by a British historian and Anglican priest , the Very Rev. Jane Shaw in September 2014 . = = = = Staff = = = = Stanford Memorial Church is run by the Stanford Office for Religious Life , headed by the Dean for Religious Life . The Very Rev. Prof. Jane Shaw is Dean for Religious Life at Stanford . The dean , along with senior associate dean , Rabbi Patricia Karlin @-@ Neumann , and associate dean , the Rev. Joanne Sanders , oversee educational programs and serve on administrative committees on campus . Jane Shaw is an historian , Anglican priest , and professor in the Religious Studies Department at Stanford . Educated at Oxford University , Harvard University , and the University of California , Berkeley , she came to Stanford in 2014 from being Dean of Grace Cathedral , San Francisco , and from teaching history at Oxford University for sixteen years . Rabbi Karlin @-@ Neumann is Stanford 's first Jewish associate dean of religious life . Before the university hired her in 1996 , the chaplaincy position was called " Dean of Memorial Church " ; in order to accommodate Karlin @-@ Neumann , the position 's name was changed to " Dean of Religious Life at Stanford " . Before coming to Stanford , Karlin @-@ Neumann had been a Hillel director and chaplain at UCLA and Claremont College , a rabbi in Alameda , California , and was active in Reform Judaism . She has taught courses in Jewish feminism , rabbinical ethics , education , and social justice . She refers to her role at Stanford as " Mem Chu and a Jew , too " . Joanne Sanders , an Episcopal priest , has worked at Stanford since 2001 . She has degrees in theology , sports administration and physical education . Her career has focused on the connection between body , mind , and spirit . She serves as liturgical officer for Memorial Church , is responsible for coordinating and facilitating the religious services at the church , and is active in the athletic community on campus . She is also a member of Stanford 's Women 's Community Center . Robert Huw Morgan has been Stanford Memorial Church 's organist since 1999 . He is a lecturer in organ at the Stanford University School of Music . Morgan performs at up to thirty services , mostly weddings , each month at the church . Melissa Prestinario is the wedding coordinator at Stanford Memorial Church . = = Architecture = = Stanford Memorial Church was built during the American Renaissance period , a time of architectural eclecticism , so elements of styles from different eras are synthesized in its design . The architectural style of Stanford Memorial Church has been referred to as " a stunning example of late Victorian ecclesiastical art and architecture with echoes of Pre @-@ Raphaelitism " . As it stands today , having been altered after earthquake damage , Stanford Memorial Church has the plan and structure of a large Romanesque church while the extensive use of mosaic and the foliate forms of the stone carvings reflect Byzantine styles seen by Jane Stanford on her visits to the churches of Constantinople and St Mark 's Basilica in Venice . Charles A. Coolidge , a protégé of Henry Hobson Richardson , was the church 's architect ; he also developed the massing of Richardson 's Trinity Church in Boston in 1876 . Like Trinity Church , Memorial Church originally had a large central tower with turrets and a twelve @-@ sided spire , but this was lost as a result of the 1906 earthquake . The church 's blueprints were prepared by Clinton E. Day of San Francisco , and Charles E. Hodges was the supervising architect for the project . Jane Stanford hired builder John McGilvray , who was responsible for constructing the St. Francis Hotel , the City Hall complex in San Francisco , and much of Stanford University , for the actual construction of Stanford Memorial Church . Jane Stanford 's taste and knowledge of both contemporary and classical art is evident in several aspects of the plan , appearance , and architecture of the church , which " dazzle the eye yet also produce an atmosphere of quiet contemplation " . On her direction , Coolidge imitated the " glorious color " of the European cathedrals , especially those in Italy . Although the iconography in the church is Christian , Stanford was a " late Victorian progressive " , and chose the art less for its religious themes and more for its " humanitarian ethics " . She requested that the designs include women , " to show the uplifting influence of religion for women " ; there are many women depicted in the 24 mosaics throughout the church . Art historian Judy Oberhausen reports that Stanford used compendium of biblical illustrations like The Story of the Bible by Charles Foster , which contained 300 illustrations and summarized the events and stories she wished to depict in the church 's windows and mosaics . Jane Stanford 's design included inspirational messages placed throughout the church in the form of inscriptions carved into its walls and enclosed in carved frameworks . As Barbara Palmer of the Stanford Report stated , Stanford " had her religious beliefs literally carved into the church 's sandstone walls " . For example , the following quotations can be found in the church 's east transept : Religion is intended as a comfort , a solace , a necessity to the soul 's welfare ; and whichever form of religion furnishes the greatest comfort , the greatest solace , it is the form which should be adopted be its name what it will . The best form of religion is trust in God , and a firm belief in the immortality of the soul , life everlasting . = = = Plan = = = The church is a cruciform structure measuring 190 feet ( 58 m ) long and 150 feet ( 46 m ) wide , which originally included the clock and bell tower with an 80 @-@ foot ( 24 m ) spire . The facade faces the Inner Quad , and is connected to other buildings by arcades which extend laterally . The entry is through a narthex or vestibule extending across the building . The nave has a single aisle on either side , separated by an arcade with a clerestory above it . The crossing is formed by a structure of square plan which once supported the central tower . Over it is a shallow dome supported on pendentives and rising to a skylit oculus . High semicircular Romanesque arches separate the crossing from the nave , transepts and chancel . The chancel and transepts are apsidal . There are deep galleries with concave balustraded fronts in the transepts and an organ gallery above the narthex . The sanctuary , in the chancel , is elevated and approached by steps . = = = Exterior = = = The chief building material of the church is buff sandstone , which came from the Goodrich Quarry ( also called the Greystone Quarry ) in the Almaden area of San Jose , was delivered by train and rough @-@ cut in the university Quad . It is roofed with terracotta tiles of the Italian imbrex and tegula form . The nave , chancel and transepts appear to project from the robust square central structure which is now roofed with tiles and has a small skylight above its center . The ornate facade is divided into two zones with a gable roof of low pitch surmounted by a Celtic cross . In the lower zone , there are three arched entrances ; the central one is slightly larger than the others . The surrounding stonework is intricately carved with stylized flora , twisted @-@ cable moldings , and bosses of sculpted cherubim , a motif which occurs in different media throughout the church . In the spandrels are mosaic depictions of the biblical concepts of love , faith , hope and charity intertwined in a vine representing the " tree of life " . In the upper zone of the facade , surrounded by more elaborate stonework , is a large central window , with groups of three smaller windows on each side . The original central window was a quatrefoil @-@ shaped rose window , but after the 1906 earthquake , it was replaced by a " classical round @-@ head window that more grandly restates the smaller flanking , articulated openings " and that corresponded with the mission @-@ style architecture of the Quad . Beneath the windows are inlaid panels of colored marble . The gable and surrounding surfaces contain the church 's largest mosaic , created by Paoletti , and recreated by him after the 1906 earthquake . Measuring 84 feet ( 26 m ) wide at the base and 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) in height , at the time of its completion , it was the largest mosaic in the U.S. It depicts a group of men , women and children , 47 in all , surrounding and " paying close heed " to Christ , the mosaic 's central figure . Paoletti included a landscape with " waving palms and a gleaming sky " behind Christ . After Jane Stanford 's death , the mosaic popularly gained the name " The Sermon on the Mount " , although Stanford University historian Richard Joncas insists that the mosaic does not depict the scene as described in the Gospel of Matthew and has referred to it simply as " an indefinite biblical scene " . In the Stanford University press release about the gift of watercolor cartoons for the church 's mosaics , Paoletti 's design for the facade is described as " Christ Welcoming the Righteous into the Kingdom of God " , based on Matthew 25 : 34 . Paoletti created another unfinished watercolor depicting " The Last Judgment " , as another option for the facade mosaic , but it was evidently rejected by Stanford . = = = Interior = = = Jane Stanford has been described as having a " Victorian aversion to blank space " and so created a church that is " a dimly lit cavern of glowing mosaic surfaces ... and vibrant , stained @-@ glass windows " . The church is richly decorated throughout , its architectural features carved with formalized foliate ornament , and the walls adorned with mosaics in the Byzantine manner . The stained @-@ glass windows were crafted by J. and R. Lamb of New York . The chandeliers , installed in 1915 , are in the Art Nouveau tradition and have gold decorative patterns cast in pot metal . The church is entered through three bronze doors adorned with angels , a recurring motif throughout the church . The doors open up into a narthex or vestibule decorated with mosaics on the walls and stone carvings on the architectural details . There is a variety of styles and motifs reflecting the hands of different craftsmen . The mosaic that adorns the floor depicts the Lamb of God surrounded by the symbols of the four gospel writers : St. Matthew ( the winged angel ) , St. Mark ( the winged lion ) , St. Luke ( the ox ) , and St. John ( the eagle ) . These symbols also appear in other areas of the church . A Celtic cross adorns the central wooden door that leads into the nave , and Latin epigraphs have been engraved above the two side doors . Above the narthex is an organ gallery . The nave is arcaded and has a single aisle on each side with clerestory windows above . The exposed timber ceiling was inspired by Trinity Church and is constructed with tied hammer beams , which can be seen radiating in the chancel . The floor of the church slopes downward towards the crossing . The chancel and transepts are three semi @-@ circular apses . They are separated from the broad central space by large semi @-@ circular arches on stout columns with carved capitals . The transept apses each have a balcony with a concave balustrade . Directly above the crossing is a dome supported on pendentives . Around the base of the dome are decorative gilt bands , the lower depicting a scrolling vine . Jane Stanford intended the dome 's decoration of to be of mosaic tiles showing a variety of symbols , but the church 's builders thought it would make the dome too heavy , so the decorations were painted . On the spandrels of the pendentives are mosaics of four angels measuring 42 feet ( 13 m ) from wing tip to wing tip , rising from clouds . The angels survived the 1906 earthquake , but the angel looking downward was severely damaged during the 1989 earthquake because an 8 @-@ foot section of its left wing fell 70 feet ( 21 m ) . The chancel , according to Hall , contains " artistic work of a kind seldom seen anywhere " . The raised tiled floor of the chancel curves outward into the body of the church , and is approached by seven marble steps . The sanctuary is raised further , and enclosed by a marble altar rail behind which is an altar carved from white Carrara marble by L.M. Avenali . The altar supports a " simple unadorned brass cross that reflects the colors of the mosaics surrounding it . " The cross was made by William van Erp and was dedicated to the memory of Jane Stanford in 1948 . Behind the altar is a mosaic reproduction of Roselli 's " Last Supper " . Around the lower walls of the chancel are twelve niches decorated with golden mosaic tiles . They hold candles , but originally held statues of the twelve apostles , destroyed in 1906 and were never replaced . According to local legend , the cherubim carved in stone above the golden niches and in the pillars ' capitals are illustrations of children living on campus at the time of the church 's construction . To the west side of the chancel stands brass lectern in the form of a reading angel , which Jane Stanford brought from Europe and dedicated to her husband on the anniversary of his birth in 1902 . Three stained glass windows in the apse depict the nativity , crucifixion , and ascension of Christ . The mosaics between them show angels , those on the left carrying a cross , those on the right carrying a crown . On the longer sections of the chancel wall , on either side of the windows , are mosaics depicting a choir of angels . Above them is a tier of mosaics with representations of the prophets and kings of Israel . Other mosaics abound in the transepts , clerestory , and the choir loft at the northern end of the church . A series of mosaics in the upper transepts depict Old Testament figures on the east side and Christian saints on the west side . On Jane Stanford 's direction , they alternate male and female . The arches , balcony rails , and pillars throughout the church have relief carvings created by a team of 10 men who worked for two years from scaffolding . A large double pillar before the entrance of the west transept have inscriptions dedicated to members of the Stanford family . After the 1989 earthquake , a third of the west transept was converted into a small chapel . The altar and chairs in this chapel were designed by Bay Area artist Gail Fredell who decorated the chapel 's altar by using Salvatti 's original mosaics , which had been stored since the church 's reconstruction following the 1906 earthquake . = = = = Windows = = = = According to architectural historian Willis L. Hall , the church 's 20 large stained glass windows " are as much a feature of the church as the mosaics " . The windows , designed by Frederick Stymetz Lamb ( 1863 – 1928 ) and fabricated by J & R Lamb Studios , his father 's firm in New York City , took three years to complete , and eight months to install at Stanford . Jane Stanford hired Lamb because she felt he was more interested in " the ecclesiastical rather than commercial aspect of the work " . The installation of the windows at Stanford Memorial Church was the largest enterprise of its kind at the time , and the project is considered one of the best examples of Lamb 's work . Stanford chose the life of Christ for the windows ' theme , inspired by the religious paintings by European master painters such as Shields and Doré . Her personal touch is shown in one of the nave windows , which is based on a cartoon by Paoletti and depicts Christ welcoming the soul of a child into Heaven before the eyes of its grieving mother , an allusion to the death of Leland Stanford , Jr . , the Stanfords ' only child and the university 's namesake , who died in 1884 of typhoid shortly before his 16th birthday . Oberhausen , who has studied the source of the mosaics and windows , states that at least four stained glass windows were inspired by the paintings of Pre @-@ Raphaelite artists that were enjoying a resurgence in popularity at the time . These windows are : " Christ in the Temple " in the east transept , based upon a painting by William Holman Hunt ; " The Annunciation " in the east nave , inspired by a work by Frederic Shields ; " The Nativity " in the chancel , based upon a painting by Edward Fellowes @-@ Prynne ; and " The Good Shepherd " in the west transept , inspired by a painting by Sibyl C. Parker , the only female artist represented in the artwork of the church . None of the windows of Stanford Memorial Church required replacement after the 1906 quake , except for " the famous rose window of the original structure " in the organ loft which was replaced by the current large , central arch window . This window , entitled " Lilies of the Field " , is the only window in the church that cannot be viewed from the inside because it is blocked off by the central organ . There is a cross in the center of this window made of " faceted pieces of glass that are inset like gems " , which sparkle when light strikes it . The church 's clerestory contains many smaller windows of individuals from the Bible or Christian history . The windows in the nave above the east arcade depict the following Old Testament figures : Abraham , Hagar and her child Ishmael , Moses , Pharaoh 's Daughter , Joshua , and Deborah . The windows in the east transept depict David , Ruth , Solomon , The Queen of Sheba , Elijah , Esther , Isaiah , Judith , Daniel , and Hannah . In the nave above the west arcade feature saints and virtues : Stephen , Agnes , Peter , Priscilla , John , and Hope . In the west transept are Simeon , Anne , Matthew , Faith , Mark , Charity , Luke , Dorcas , Paul , and Martha . The clerestory above the east and west doors are two windows of angels . Unlike the other windows throughout the church , they do not receive natural light from outside and are artificially illuminated instead . = = = = Mosaics = = = = The mosaic project began in 1900 and took five years to complete . Jane Stanford chose mosaics to decorate her church because of the similar weather in Italy and Northern California , where the moderate climates and rainy seasons in both settings protect the images from erosion and clear the pollution that accumulates on many buildings in large cities . As Hall states , the " mosaics on the facade are always clear and brilliant . " Their " shimmering quality " was created by different tones of green and gold ; the artists that installed the mosaics had over 20 @,@ 000 shades of colors to choose from . The images cost US $ 97 @,@ 000 , and were based upon original watercolors created by artist Antonio Paoletti . Jane Stanford worked closely with Paoletti , planning a combination of Old Testament and New Testament scenes that represented men and women equally . After Stanford approved Paoletti 's designs , full @-@ sized images were created as patterns , and then divided into two @-@ foot @-@ square sections , which were made into glass by other artists . The mosaics were made in Venice , shipped by boat in pieces to New York and then by railroad to California , where they were placed on the church 's walls . The mosaic adorning the church 's chancel is a reproduction of Roselli 's fresco of the Last Supper from the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican . Camerino obtained permission from Pope Leo XIII to reproduce it at Stanford Memorial Church . Unlike other works , which were reproduced frequently , it was the only reproduction of Roselli 's fresco at the time . Artisan Lorenzo Zampato was given the task of supervising the in @-@ studio fabrication and final installation at Stanford . There are 12 mosaics in each transept balcony that are split into two sets of six , creating an arc of six mosaics , ten windows , and six mosaics . Most of the church 's mosaics were made from 1 / 8 @-@ inch tiles ; larger 3 / 4 @-@ inch tiles were used on the higher mosaics , and smaller 1 / 4 @-@ inch tiles were used in " The Last Supper " mosaic . Mosaics are " virtually everywhere " inside the church and have been described as " a perfect complement to Frederick Lamb 's stained @-@ glass windows " . = = = = Organs = = = = Stanford Memorial Church houses five organs , a " situation only a few places in the nation can boast " , since most churches only have one . The presence of multiple and high @-@ quality organs makes Stanford an ideal location for accomplished musicians , and the sanctuary one of California 's best settings for instrumental and choral performance . The church 's organist is Robert Huw Morgan . Stanford Memorial Church 's original organ is still in use . It was built by Murray M. Harris in 1901 and sits in the upstairs galley . In 1915 , an echo division with eight ranks of pipes was added . Damaged in the 1906 earthquake , the organ was rebuilt in 1925 , enlarged in 1933 , and thoroughly restored in 1996 . It features three manuals ( keyboards for the hands ) , 57 stops , and over 3 @,@ 700 pipes . Morgan compares the Murray @-@ Harris organ to a Rolls Royce and its successor , the Fisk @-@ Nanney organ , to a Maserati . The largest organ is the Fisk @-@ Nanney organ , built in 1985 by the C. B. Fisk company and described by Morgan as " a desperately famous instrument " . It is named after its designer , Charles Fisk , and for Herbert Nanney , who was the church 's organist for 39 years . The Fisk @-@ Nanney organ was commissioned in 1973 , when the church received a special endowment . Its completion was delayed for over 25 years due to logistical and financial problems . In order to accommodate the organ 's weight , the choir loft had to be rebuilt and reinforced . The Fisk @-@ Nanney is a four @-@ manual instrument with 73 ranks and almost 4 @,@ 500 pipes composed of various alloys of tin and lead . It uses a " combination of elements from historic East German , North German , and French organs plus dual temperaments " , and is the only organ in the church capable of authentically reproducing nearly all organ music written from the 16th through the 18th centuries . The organ features both French- and German @-@ style reeds and principal choruses . It is equipped with a Brustpositiv division in meantone temperament that offers two split keys per octave ( D @-@ sharp / E @-@ flat and G @-@ sharp / A @-@ flat ) . A lever allows the remaining divisions to alternate between well temperament and meantone temperament , a feature made possible by the inclusion of five extra pipes ( two for each sharp key ) per octave . The organ 's case is made of poplar and the keyboards are fashioned from grenadilla . The naturals and sharps are rosewood capped with bone . Morgan describes the organ as ringing with " ' incredible clarity ' and ' dark color ' " . It is able to " reproduce the sound of Baroque music as authentically as possible " . In 2005 Morgan performed the complete organ works of Dieterich Buxtehude during a series of recitals , eight hours in all , to celebrate the organ 's 20th anniversary . During the 2009 – 2010 season , Morgan commemorated the 25th anniversary of the Fisk @-@ Nanney organ and his 10th year at Stanford in a concert series of the complete organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach , which took 18 hours to complete . The side chapel houses the Katherine Potter @-@ Brinegar organ , a one @-@ manual Renaissance @-@ style instrument built by Paul Fritts and modeled after the work of the 17th @-@ century German organbuilder Esias Compenius . Built in 1995 , it " further enhances " the diversity of the church 's musical capacity . It has eight stops , of which three are reeds . The majority of its pipework is made of wood . The organ can be moved easily to different locations in the building with the aid of hidden retractable wheels . The continuo organ built by Martin Pasi of Roy , Washington was acquired in June 2001 . It contains three stops . The case and most of its pipes are made of walnut , and the keys are made of English boxwood and ebony . In 2010 the church received on long @-@ term loan a five @-@ rank Tudor @-@ style organ built by Hupalo and Repasky Pipe Organs . It is a recreation based upon the work of Martin Goetze and Dominic Gwynn of Nottinghamshire , England and the finding in 1995 of a few pieces of a Tudor organ . Few English organ survives from the sixteenth century and this is one of only two five @-@ rank Tudor @-@ style organs in the world . = = Services and facilities = = Although the Stanfords were religious and viewed " spiritual and moral values as essential to a young person 's education and future citizenship " , they were not formally committed to any Christian denomination . As a result , Jane Stanford decreed , from the beginning of Stanford Memorial Church 's history , that the church be non @-@ denominational . She believed that adopting this philosophy would " serve the broadest spiritual needs of the university community " . The church 's first chaplain , Charles Gardner , declared on the day of its dedication that the church 's goal was to serve the spiritual needs of the university in a non @-@ sectarian way . The Stanfords ' goal was that moral instruction would occur at the church , as demonstrated in the inscriptions carved into its walls , which was influenced by the late 19th @-@ century liberal Protestantism they embraced . As former Stanford chaplain Robert C. Gregg states , " The Stanfords sought to protect free intellectual inquiry — in classroom , laboratory , and church — from any interference prompted by the caution or dogmatism of religious authorities " . Stanford Memorial Church was the earliest interdenominational church on the west coast of the U.S. and has remained " among the most prominent " . Multi @-@ faith services are held at Stanford Memorial Church , in addition to denominational and non @-@ denominational Christian services . As many as 150 weddings take place in the church each year as well as many memorial services for people affiliated with the university . Members of the university community use it for " quiet , for reflection , and for private devotions " . The church also hosts frequent musical performances from Stanford 's own choirs and orchestra , as well as visiting groups such as the vocal ensemble Chanticleer . Catholic masses are held in the church several times a week . Offertories at the principal Sunday services are donated to local charitable organizations . = SaGa Frontier = SaGa Frontier ( サガフロンティア , SaGa Furontia ) is a role @-@ playing video game developed by Square for the PlayStation and released in Japan on July 11 , 1997 . The game was later published by Sony Computer Entertainment ( SCEA ) in North America on March 25 , 1998 . It is the seventh game in the SaGa series and the first to be released on the PlayStation . SaGa Frontier was developed by the then @-@ Square Production Team 2 ( referred to as 2nd Division in the game ) with Akitoshi Kawazu as director and producer , Koichi Ishii as planning chief , Kenji Ito as composer , and Tomomi Kobayashi as illustrator . Square Production Team 2 included Kyoji Koizumi , Miwa Shoda , Kazuko Shibuya , and Minoru Akao among others . The musical score for SaGa Frontier was composed and arranged by Kenji Ito , who provided music for many previous entries in the SaGa franchise . When development began , the game 's title was intended to be Romancing SaGa 4 . The focus shifted from the traditional SaGa style and began to focus on several different character on their own journeys . Nine stories were crafted , but two of them were dropped for being too comedic . The plot of SaGa Frontier takes place in a science fantasy universe called " The Regions " , a group of worlds with varying degrees of culture , unique races , technology , and magic . The game allows the player to follow the exploits of one of seven protagonists , each with his or her own storyline and goal . The game 's " Free Scenario System " offers a large amount of non @-@ linear gameplay , allowing the player to freely travel between many of the Regions , interact with other characters , and take part in turn @-@ based combat . SaGa Frontier enjoyed commercial success , having sold over one million copies . The game was generally well received in Japan and has been re @-@ released under a few best @-@ seller labels , as well as the PlayStation Store . However , it received largely mixed and average reviews in North America , mostly due to its ambitious Free Scenario System . = = Gameplay = = The basic concept of SaGa Frontier is based on its Free Scenario System , in which one can play as any of seven different protagonists , all of whom exist in the same setting : a solar system known as The Regions , a group of planets , each with its own culture , game @-@ level of technology , and form of magic . The game is considered non @-@ linear , in that from the beginning many of the characters are free to go almost anywhere and interact with almost anyone . Travel through most of the Regions is easy due to inter @-@ regional ships traveling regularly between them . The player controls the protagonist on the field screen , a set of interconnecting pre @-@ rendered backgrounds , and is able to speak with a slew of other characters in order to gather information , recruit party members , and initiate quests . Each character has his or her own storyline and a main quest to fulfill , but there are also several optional quests that any of the characters can participate in . Some of the main characters even encounter each other during their quests . The storyline of each character also changes depending on who is chosen , what is said in conversation , what events have already occurred , and who the protagonist has in his or her party , a concept first introduced in Romancing SaGa 2 . Combat in SaGa Frontier pits players against groups of enemies encountered on the field screen . The battle screen depicts 2D @-@ animated sprites amidst a 3D @-@ rotating background . Battles are turn @-@ based , in which the player chooses his or her actions and allow them , along those of the enemies , to play out . A variety of weapons , special skills , and magic spells are at the player 's disposal . Most skills are learned mid @-@ battle , while many spells are purchased in the game 's shops . If certain conditions are met within the battle , party members on either side can create combination attacks for added damage . Winning battles will increase player character statistics such as hit points ( HP ) , life points ( LP ) , strength , and quickness . Outside of combat , players can equip and unequip ( or " seal " ) weapons , armor , skills , spells , and items . First introduced in the Game Boy incarnations of the SaGa series , the game contains different races that exist within the Regions : the Humans , the Mystics , the Half @-@ Mystics ( half Human and half Mystic ) , Monsters , and the Mecs ( robots ) . The player is encouraged to complete each of the seven scenarios one after the other . For added incentive , beating a character 's game and saving its completion to the system data adds some bonuses . After beating one character 's game , essentially every character in the following game starts off stronger and with better gear than before , and may depend on how many battles players fought in their previous quest that they saved on the system data . Fulfilling all seven main quests allows the player access to the " 2nd Division " room , in which the player can fight all final bosses and talk to the game 's programmers . = = Plot = = At the outset , the player can choose any one of seven main characters to play as , each with their own storyline : Asellus , formerly a human girl , was run over by a carriage and given a blood transfusion by the Mystic Lord Orlouge . Chosen as the Charm Lord 's heir , she is despised by human and mystic alike due to her status as the only half @-@ Mystic in existence . She escapes Orlouge 's castle with the help of the Princess White Rose . Asellus and White Rose remain on the run from Orlouge 's many servants , but after White Rose sacrifices herself to save Asellus 's life and freedom , Asellus decides to return and defeat Orlouge , to end the struggle once and for all . Depending on the actions the player does , there are three endings , in which she end live on as a human , half Mystic , or complete Mystic . Blue is a young mage fresh out of magic school . His quest is to collect the " Gift " for as many magics as possible . After that he is destined to fight his twin Rouge who has gained the opposite magics . Whichever brother survives obtains the other 's magic and receives the sacred " Life " magic . It is revealed they were created artificially to produce the only wizard who could master all magical powers , even the conflicting pairs , and the duel is a mere formality to establish the dominant persona . Afterwards , Blue / Rouge descends into Hell to fight the demons who attacked his home . Emelia is a blonde ex @-@ con and secret agent formerly working as a model . Her story began when her fiancé Ren was murdered by a mysterious villain known as the " Joker " . Wrongfully accused of the crime , she was sentenced to imprisonment in Despair , where she met Annie and Liza . With their help , they complete a competition the warden created to receive a full pardon for their crimes . After their escape , Emelia was recruited by the two to join the secret organization Gradius , which was also hunting for the " Joker " . Lute is a carefree bard whose mother kicked him out of the house until Lute found a decent job . He stumbles face @-@ first into a plot involving Trinity general Mondo and resistance leader Captain Hamilton , and the legacy of Lute 's deceased father , who was betrayed and killed by Mondo . Red is a teenage boy whose family is destroyed by the criminal syndicate called Black X. After being rescued from the same fate by the masked superhero named Alkarl , he is granted the identity of the superhero Alkaiser . After destroying several Black X bases and their main stronghold , Red stands at his father 's grave , and Alkarl appears to take Red 's powers away , making him a normal man again . It turns out that Alkarl was Red 's father 's friend , Hawk , and Red will not be able to live a " normal " life for long . Riki ( Known as Coon in the Japanese release ) is a Lummox , a fox @-@ like creature , and one of the last remaining inhabitants of the mysterious world , Margmel . Determined to save his homeworld , he seeks the Rings of Margmel . In his search , he starts out in Scrap , where he finds the researcher Mei @-@ ling . Riki 's quest takes him around the regions to gather the Rings until he comes face to face with Virgil , a Mystic Lord . Following the battle , Riki returns home to attempt to restore Margmel . T260G is an ancient Mec , a model constructed from junk parts , awakened in modern times . Originally part of a combat ship with a secret mission against the RB3 ( Region Buster 3 ) , it lost its memory when it crashed into Junk . With help of Leonard , a human who transferred his memories into a Mec , and Gen , a master swordsman , it recovers its memory and finishes the job . = = Development = = SaGa Frontier was developed by the then @-@ Square Production Team 2 ( referred to as 2nd Division in the game ) with Akitoshi Kawazu as director and producer , Koichi Ishii as planning chief , Kenji Ito as composer , and Tomomi Kobayashi as illustrator . Square Production Team 2 included Kyoji Koizumi , Miwa Shoda , Kazuko Shibuya , and Minoru Akao among others . The musical score for SaGa Frontier was composed and arranged by Kenji Ito , who provided music for many previous entries in the SaGa franchise . Originally , the title of this game was " Romancing SaGa 4 " during early development . In that stage of development , two more heroes ' quests were also being planned , in addition to the existing seven lead characters . One of them was Fuse , the IRPO agent who may be enlisted as a playable character in the actual release . In his quest , Fuse was supposed to be able to take part in other characters ' scenarios , and the ultimate goal of his quest might be determined by what the player did in the course of gameplay . The " ninth " protagonist was to be the daughter of a channellers family who is engaging in a controversy as to who of them shall inherit the property of their former patriarch . This scenario seems to be dropped during the early development because of being too comedic . Due to time constraints , some plot points of Asellus story were removed . During those events , Asellus was supposed to visit Dr. Nusakan 's clinic , Bio Research Lab , Lambda Base , and Furdo 's Workshop so that she would find her true identity so that she would decide to live as a human being or as a mystic . These quests were also intended to affect her scenario 's ending . = = Release = = Due to its popularity in Japan , the game has been re @-@ released a number of times at a budget price : in 2000 as part of the Square Millennium Collection , in 2002 as part of the PSone Books best @-@ seller range , and again in 2004 as a part of Square Enix 's Ultimate Hits line . Most recently in 2008 , the game was released on the PlayStation Store in Japan . = = = Soundtracks = = = SaGa Frontier Original Sound Track comprises 75 tracks spanning three compact discs . It was released in Japan on April 21 , 1999 by DigiCube and was later reprinted by Square Enix on February 1 , 2006 . On disc 3 of the soundtrack , there is a hidden track , in the pregap , which can only be heard when rewinding the CD from the beginning ; this was originally supposed to be Riki 's theme . There also are alternate titles for those pieces of music which can be seen in the songlist in the in @-@ game " 2nd Division " . Itō states that he wanted to create an arranged album for the game as well , although one has yet to be released . = = = Merchandise = = = Two guidebooks for SaGa Frontier have been published in Japan by ASCII : The Essence of SaGa Frontier and The Complete of SaGa Frontier . Another companion book titled SaGa Frontier How To Walk In Regions was published by Kodansha . BradyGames released its own Saga Frontier : Official Strategy Guide in North America in 1998 . When the game was re @-@ issued in Japan in 2000 as part of the Square Millennium Collection , it included a collectible teacup set and a tee @-@ shirt depicting the character Blue . = = Reception = = SaGa Frontier received mostly mixed or average reviews in North America . The game currently holds a 73 % on GameRankings . Although many publications disagreed on positive aspects of the game , much criticism arose from its Free Scenario System . GameSpot called the game a " solid , if not exactly stellar , RPG that 'll certainly keep you busy for a while — or at least until you tire of its occasional lack of focus " . The website found the combat refreshing and many of its pre @-@ rendered visuals to be well @-@ done , but had many negative comments , specifically concerning the game 's nonlinear nature and unfocused scenarios . IGN proclaimed SaGa Frontier to be " the only bruised apple in Square 's current collection of role @-@ playing games " , similarly stating that the game 's Free Scenario System can become confusing and easily cause the player to become lost . However , it labelled the story and sprite @-@ based graphics its strong points . Game Informer notably found that the plot of SaGa Frontier is more of an outline than a descriptive formula as seen in other Square titles such as Final Fantasy VII and Chrono Trigger : the publication also criticized the game 's graphics , but praised its length and gameplay . Staff reviewers at RPGFan and RPGamer agreeably noted the game 's battle system to be its highlight ; both websites mention that discovering combinations attacks to be " fun " and " exciting " . Saga Frontier sold over 1 @.@ 05 million copies in Japan by the end of 1997 , which had not appreciably increased by 2008 . It was the 5th top @-@ selling game in Japan in 1997 and is currently the 15th top @-@ selling PlayStation game for the region . In 2000 , SaGa Frontier was voted the 18th best PlayStation game of all time by the editors of Famitsu magazine . = SMS Elbing = SMS Elbing was a light cruiser ordered by the Imperial Russian navy under the name Admiral Nevelskoy from the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig in 1913 . Following the outbreak of World War I , the ship was confiscated in August 1914 and launched on 21 November 1914 as SMS Elbing . She had one sister ship , Pillau , the lead ship of their class . The ship was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in September 1914 . She was armed with a main battery of eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns and had a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 kn ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . Elbing participated in only two major operations during her career . The first , the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft , occurred in April 1916 ; there , she briefly engaged the British Harwich Force . A month later , she took part in the Battle of Jutland , where she scored the first hit of the engagement . She was heavily engaged in the confused fighting on the night of 31 May – 1 June , and shortly after midnight she was accidentally rammed by the battleship Posen , which tore a hole in the ship 's hull . Flooding disabled the ship 's engines and electrical generators , rendering her immobilized and without power . At around 02 : 00 , a German torpedo boat took off most of her crew , and an hour later the remaining men scuttled the ship ; they escaped in the ship 's cutter and were later picked up by a Dutch steamer . = = Design = = Elbing was ordered by the Imperial Russian Navy as Admiral Nevelskoy from the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig . She was laid down in 1913 , requisitioned by the German Navy on 5 August 1914 , and was renamed Elbing . She was launched on 21 November 1914 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 4 September 1915 . The ship was 135 @.@ 3 meters ( 444 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 6 m ( 45 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 98 m ( 19 @.@ 6 ft ) forward . She displaced 5 @,@ 252 t ( 5 @,@ 169 long tons ; 5 @,@ 789 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of Marine steam turbines driving two 3 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 11 ft ) propellers . They were designed to give 30 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 22 @,@ 000 kW ) . These were powered by six coal @-@ fired Yarrow water @-@ tube boilers , and four oil @-@ fired Yarrow boilers . These gave the ship a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . Elbing carried 620 tonnes ( 610 long tons ) of coal , and an additional 580 tonnes ( 570 long tons ) of oil that gave her a range of approximately 4 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 000 km ; 4 @,@ 900 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Elbing had a standard crew of twenty @-@ one officers and 421 enlisted men , though this was expanded in wartime . The ship was armed with eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , four were located amidships , two on either side , and two were side by side aft . She also carried four 5 @.@ 2 cm SK L / 55 anti @-@ aircraft guns , though these were replaced with a pair of two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns . She was also equipped with a pair of 50 cm ( 19 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes mounted on the deck . She could also carry 120 mines . The conning tower had 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides , and the deck was covered with up to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick armor plate . = = Service history = = After her commissioning , Elbing was assigned to the II Scouting Group , which typically operated alongside the battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group . Her first major operation was the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24 – 25 April . On the approach to Lowestoft , Elbing and Rostock spotted the Harwich Force , a squadron of three light cruisers and eighteen destroyers , approaching the German formation from the south at 04 : 50 . Rear Admiral Friedrich Boedicker , the German commander , initially ordered his battlecruisers to continue with the bombardment , while Elbing and the other five light cruisers concentrated to engage the Harwich Force . At around 05 : 30 , the British and German light forces clashed , firing mostly at long range . The battlecruisers arrived on the scene at 05 : 47 , prompting the British squadron to retreat at high speed . A light cruiser and destroyer were damaged before Boedicker broke off the engagement after receiving reports of submarines in the area . = = = Battle of Jutland = = = In May 1916 , Admiral Reinhard Scheer , the fleet commander , planned to lure a portion of the British fleet away from its bases and destroy it with the entire High Seas Fleet . Elbing remained in the II Scouting Group , attached to the I Scouting Group , for the operation . The squadron left the Jade roadstead at 02 : 00 on 31 May , bound for the waters of the Skagerrak . The main body of the fleet followed an hour and a half later . At 15 : 00 , lookouts on Elbing spotted the Danish steamer N. J. Fjord ; Elbing detached a pair of torpedo boats to investigate the steamer . Two British cruisers , HMS Galatea and Phaeton , were simultaneously steaming to inspect the steamer , and upon spotting the German torpedo boats , opened fire shortly before 15 : 30 . Elbing turned to support the destroyers , opening fire at 15 : 32 . She quickly scored the first hit of the battle , on Galatea , though the shell failed to explode . The British turned to the north back toward the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron , with Elbing still firing at long range . She was joined by Frankfurt and Pillau , but the three cruisers had to cease fire by 16 : 17 , as the British had drawn out of range . About fifteen minutes later , the three cruisers engaged a seaplane launched by the seaplane tender HMS Engadine . They failed to score any hits , but the aircraft was forced off after which its engine broke down and it was forced to land . The three cruisers then returned to their stations ahead of the German battlecruisers . At around 18 : 30 , Elbing and the rest of the II Scouting Group encountered the cruiser HMS Chester ; they opened fire and scored several hits on the ship . As both sides ' cruisers disengaged , Rear Admiral Horace Hood 's three battlecruisers intervened . His flagship HMS Invincible scored a hit on Wiesbaden that exploded in her engine room and disabled the ship . Elbing and Frankfurt each fired a torpedo at the British battlecruisers , though both missed . Elbing was briefly engaged by the battlecruisers at very long range , though she was not hit . At around 20 : 15 , Elbing lost her port engine due to leaks in her boiler condensers . This limited her speed to 20 kn ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) for the next four hours . The II Scouting Group , along with the battlecruisers Seydlitz and Moltke had been ordered to take station ahead of the German line for its night cruising formation . Elbing was still having problems with her boiler condensers , and was unable to keep up the speed necessary to reach the front of the line , and so she fell in with the IV Scouting Group . At 23 : 15 , Elbing and Hamburg spotted the British cruiser Castor and several destroyers . They used the British recognition signal and closed to 1 @,@ 100 yards ( 1 @,@ 000 m ) before turning on their searchlights and opening fire . Castor was hit seven times and set on fire , forcing the British to turn away . As they did , they fired several torpedoes at Elbing and Hamburg . One passed underneath Elbing but failed to explode . While this engagement was still on @-@ going , the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron arrived and engaged the IV Scouting Group . Elbing was hit once , which destroyed her wireless transmitting station and killed four men and wounded twelve . Shortly after midnight , the German fleet ran into the British rear destroyer screen . Elbing was by this time steaming on the port side of the German line along with Hamburg and Rostock . The dreadnought Westfalen — the first ship in the German line — opened fire first , followed quickly by Elbing , the other two cruisers , and the battleships Nassau and Rheinland . The British destroyers launched a torpedo attack , which forced the three cruisers to turn to starboard to avoid them . This pointed the cruisers directly at the German line . Elbing attempted to steam between Nassau and Posen , but Posen 's captain wasn 't aware of the movement until it was too late to avoid a collision . Posen turned hard to starboard , but still collided with Elbing 's starboard quarter . The cruiser was holed below the waterline , which flooded the starboard engine room first . She initially took on a list of eighteen degrees , which allowed water to spread to the port engine room . With the engines shut down , steam began to condense in the pipes , which disabled the electric generators and caused the ship to lose electrical power . As water spread throughout the ship 's engine compartments , the list was reduced . The ship was completely immobilized , though she was not in danger of sinking . At 02 : 00 , the torpedo boat S53 came alongside and took off 477 officers and men of Elbing 's crew . Her commander and a small group of officers and men remained on board . They rigged an improvised sail in an attempt to bring the ship closer to shore , but at around 03 : 00 , British destroyers were spotted to the south and the order to scuttle the ship was given . They then lowered the ship 's cutter into the water and set off ; while steaming back to port , they rescued the surgeon from the destroyer HMS Tipperary . At around 07 : 00 , a Dutch trawler met the cutter and took the men to Holland . In the course of the Battle of Jutland , Elbing had fired 230 rounds of 15 cm ammunition and a single torpedo . Four of her crew were killed and twelve more were wounded . = Ralph Basset = Ralph Basset ( sometimes Bassett ; died c . 1127 ) was a medieval English royal justice during the reign of King Henry I of England . He was a native of Normandy , and may have come to Henry 's notice while Henry held land in Normandy prior to becoming king . Basset is first mentioned in documents about 1102 , and from then until his death around 1127 , he was frequently employed as a royal justice . His son Richard Basset also became a royal judge . = = Origins = = Basset was a native of Montreuil @-@ au @-@ Houlme near Domfront in Normandy , and possibly came to the notice of King Henry while Henry was count of Domfort during the reign of Henry 's older brother King William II of England ( 1087 – 1100 ) . Either Basset himself or an earlier person with the same name held lands of Robert d 'Oilly that were recorded in Domesday Book as in Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire . If the Ralph in Domesday was not the same as the judge , the Domesday Ralph may have been the judge 's father . Other Bassets in the area were also recorded in Domesday , including a Wiliam and a Richard . It is not clear how or if they were related to Ralph . Ralph the judge held lands in Montreuil that in 1150 were considered to be worth two English manors . He held lands in Wallingford and Colston Basset . The lands in Wallingford were worth 16 and a third knight 's fees . = = Royal service = = The first secure mentions of Basset are in royal charters dating to around 1102 , where he appears as a witness . He then appears as a judge in a royal dispute with the sheriff of Yorkshire . Basset is named as one of the commissioners of the Liber Winton , a survey of the landholdings in the city of Winchester which took place at some point between 1103 and 1115 , probably close to 1110 . From his Norman lands , Basset is recorded as donating lands to the Abbey of Saint @-@ Evroul in 1113 @.@ in 1111 Basset took part in the Michaelmas session of the Exchequer , and he continued to take part in financial affairs and can be considered as an early Baron of the Exchequer . Basset appears as a royal justice in 1116 , serving in Huntingdonshire . Basset was noted in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle entry for 1124 as hanging 44 thieves , during an eyre in Leicestershire . Possibly , Basset 's severity was part of an attempt to overawe the under @-@ tenants of the Beaumont twins , one of whom , Waleran , Count of Melun rebelled during 1124 . During the period 1110 – 1127 , Basset was one of the leading royal justices , and was described by the medieval chronicler Henry of Huntingdon as one of the " justices of all England " . Huntingdon 's implication is that Basset 's scope was over all of England , not limited to his own locality . Basset is recorded in the Pipe Roll of 1130 as having performed judicial functions in 11 different shires , even though by this point he was already dead . Basset also served on the informal vice @-@ regency council that assisted Henry 's wife and son when the king was out of England . Basset seems to have spent most of his judicial and royal career in England , as he only is a witness on one royal document that was drawn up in Normandy . According to the compiler of the Basset family charters , William Reedy , " there is more evidence for Ralph 's service for the king in England " than for any other royal servant who was not clergy . His most active period of royal service was from 1120 to 1130 . An older view from historians was that Basset was Chief Justiciar of England is not held by historians currently , nor can the idea that Basset was the head of justices or just the head of the itinerant justices during Henry 's reign cannot be determined with any confidence either . It is clear that Basset was employed by the king extensively and probably that the nobleman worked mostly full @-@ time for the king . Basset 's rewards for his royal service included a number of manors . Basset was granted the manor of Mixbury by the king , after the family that held it at the time of Domesday Book died out and it escheated to the king . Other lands held by Basset were probably royal rewards also . One was Quiddenham , which had been held in 1086 by crown . Another was Stoney Stanton , originally held in 1086 by Robert Despenser . = = Death and legacy = = Basset probably died in 1127 , and was certainly dead in 1130 . He is said to have taken ill at Northampton , and to have been clothed in a monk 's habit while on his deathbed . He was buried in the chapterhouse at Abingdon Abbey , which he left a bequest to . A copy of a charter from Archbishop Theobald of Bec , recorded in a cartulary , records most of Basset 's manors . While most of the estates seem to have been held by Basset as a sub @-@ tenant , four of the estates appear to have been held as a tenant @-@ in @-@ chief . These estates were not very valuable , and Basset can not be considered a baron , although his son Richard managed through marriage to become a member of the barons . He held lands in nine counties , perhaps centred in Berkshire . Basset was the founding member of a dynasty of royal servants who continued to serve the kings of England until around 1250 . The medieval writer and chronicler Orderic Vitalis described Basset as one of the new men of King Henry , who " raised them , so to say , from the dust " . Among Basset 's four sons were Richard Basset , and Nicholas . Another son was Ralph who became a cleric . A fourth son was Turstin , who held land around Wallingford . Basset also had daughters , but their names are not known . Only the first initial of his wife 's name is known , which was A. Richard received the Norman estates , but not most of the English lands , perhaps because he married an heiress . = Augvald = The name " Ofstad " or " af Awaldzstadom " comes from Augvald ( Old Norse : Ogvaldr ) was a semi @-@ legendary Norwegian petty king portrayed in the legendary Norse sagas . If considered historical , reconstructed estimates based on saga information would have Augvald living some time in the 7th century AD . His kingdom was said to have been based in Jøsursheid , somewhere in the interior of south @-@ western Norway . After a number of naval battles he succeeded in conquering the islands off the western coast of Rogaland . He subsequently moved his kingdom 's seat to the north @-@ east of Karmøy , the largest of those islands and adjacent to the strategically important Karmsund strait , to a site later given the name Avaldsnes , after the king . Augvald 's kingdom further expanded to incorporate parts of what is today south @-@ western Hordaland . Augvald had several daughters , including two who notably fought alongside him as so @-@ called shield @-@ maidens , or female warriors . He owned and worshipped a sacred cow , which he always kept with him , believing he owed his victories to the cow and the power of its milk . Augvald was killed during a battle with his rival Ferking , the native king of western Karmøy , with whom his story is interlinked . = = Name = = Augvald 's name ( originally Ogvaldr ) has been interpreted in several different ways , although usually taken to mean " he who is held in awe , " derived from the West @-@ Nordic agi meaning holy unrest and tremor . Other interpretations include " the ruler of the coast " , with ogð meaning stretch of coastline , or " the ruler of the island " , with ogn meaning dangerous waters / island , which would imply that the king 's name might originally have been either Ogðvaldr or Ognvaldr . It has also been suggested that Augvald was probably an epithet gained in adulthood rather than a given name , and there has been speculation that Augvald was actually Harald Agdekonge . Some historians have alternatively suggested that Augvald could have been a title , possibly shared by many , rather than the name of a single individual , but the saga 's account of Augvald may still have centred on one particularly notable individual . = = Background = = The sagas do not say when Augvald lived , but an early suggestion by Torfæus placed Augvald in the 3rd century AD . Modern estimates have been made based on two of his reported descendants , Geirmund and Håvard Heljarskinn , who are said to have settled Iceland as " old men " when Harald Fairhair consolidated his power in Norway . According to an estimate by Marit Synnøve Vea based on generation @-@ cycles of 30 years ( though she notes 25 years might be more accurate ) , Augvald would have lived in the Migration Period , with slightly varied interpretations around 580 – 630 , around 600 or in the early 7th century . Arnfrid Opedal has considered a shorter generation @-@ cycle of 20 years , which would place Augvald 90 years later , at the end of the 7th century . To justify their right to rule , Norse royal families , among other things , traced their bloodlines back to divine creatures . As a member of the West @-@ Nordic royal families , Augvald traced his ancestry back to the ancient giant Fornjót ( likely another name for Ymir ) . According to the sagas , Augvald was the son of Rognvald , in turn the son of Rugalf , son of Gard Agdi , son of Nór — a direct descendant of Fornjót . Augvald originally had his throne at " Roga " in " Jøsursheid " . Historian P. A. Munch located the name Jøsureid in Kviteseid in western Telemark , and thus placed Augvald 's kingdom in the mountains between Rogaland and Telemark , concluding that the kingdom had stretched to western Telemark . Per Hernæs has on the other hand identified Jøsursheid as an old name for the moorland within Jøsenfjorden in Hjelmeland , although he questions whether conditions in the area could have allowed for the rise of a great chieftain such as Augvald . Described as battle @-@ hungry , Augvald carried out raids into foreign territory , gaining great wealth and honour as a result . After a series of successful naval battles , he went on to conquer the land of the Holmrygr ( " island @-@ Rugi " ) people , based on the islands off the western coast of Rogaland . He banished the former chieftains from the newly conquered land , and set up his new base at the most favourable location on Karmøy , the largest island in Rogaland . The site he chose was later named Avaldsnes , after Augvald . Based on archaeological findings , it is believed that the ambitions of the increasingly powerful Norwegian chieftains of the time were influenced by the Merovingian Franks , and especially Dagobert and his empire . As a builder of dynasties , Augvald has also been compared to Clovis . Convinced that his cow was responsible for his victories , Augvald worshipped it and always kept it by his side . He also believed that the cow 's milk provided special strength and vitality . According to some accounts , the cow 's name was Audhumla ( after Auðumbla ) , and it wore a golden collar around its neck . Augvald had several daughters , including two who were female warriors , known as shield @-@ maidens ( Norwegian : skjøldmøyer ) , and who fought alongside their father in all his battles . Augvald 's ( unnamed ) queen also gave birth to a son , Jøsur , when Augvald was away hunting with his men . Jøsur was raised by Augvald 's earl Gunnvald on Stord . = = Rivalry with Ferking and death = = Augvald had set up his base in the north @-@ eastern part of Karmøy , but the western part of the island was still ruled by another king , Ferking . The two were not enemies at first , but that changed after Augvald and his men attended a midwinter sacrificial banquet in Ferkingstad . What started as a friendly visit turned sour , and Augvald returned home with his men , leaving his daughters held captive at Ferkingstad . Ferking apparently could not tolerate Augvald 's overlordship of Karmøy , and he went north with his army , meeting Augvald and his army at Skeie , near Avaldsnes . In the resulting battle there many fatalities , but no clear victor . The conclusive battle took place at the Field of Stava ( Stavasletta ) , near Ferkingstad . Ferking and his men hid between two gorges , waiting for Augvald to appear . In the fierce battle that followed Augvald and his cow were among the many who lost their lives . When his two daughters saw that Augvald was dead , they jumped into a river and drowned . According to Snorri Sturluson , Augvald was killed by a man named Varin , although the Flateyjarbok says it was someone called Dixin . The Saga of Half & His Heroes names Augvald 's killer as " Hækling 's men " , which possibly only refers to caped men . = = Aftermath = = According to historical sources , Augvald and his cow were taken from the battlefield and buried at Avaldsnes . In his Saga of Olav Tryggvason , Oddr Snorrason writes that Tryggvason excavated two mounds on Karmøy , revealing the bones of a man in one and those of a cow in the other . Local legends contradict Augvald 's burial at Avaldsnes , stating instead that he was buried in Ferkingstad , on the south side of the 12th @-@ century churchyard . A large memorial stone , still standing , was raised outside the churchyard in memory of Augvald . In the generations following Augvald 's death two royal dynasties appear to fight over the same region , the " Vikar dynasty " of Agder and Rogaland , and the " Jøsur dynasty " of Hordaland and Rogaland . If Augvald was indeed Harald Agdekonge , as suggested by some modern historians , Vikar and Jøsur could have been two warring brothers . In any event , Augvald 's son Jøsur became king of Rogaland after his father 's death , and reconquered parts of Hordaland . He was in turn succeeded by his son Hjør , who was buried in Rogaland . Hjør 's son , Hjørleiv the Womanizer , was king of Hordaland and Rogaland , and mounted expeditions to Bjarmaland and Denmark . He eventually also captured a kingdom in Zealand , in Denmark . Hjørleiv 's son Half appears as the protagonist in the Saga of Half & His Heroes . = = Family tree = = The following tables show the most common rendering of the family tree attributed to Augvald in the various sagas , including his ancestors and descendants . = = = Historical fiction = = = Utvik , Aadne ( 1995 ) . Augvalds saga og Avaldsnes . Haugesund : Worums Forlag . ISBN 8299367018 . = Lard of the Dance = " Lard of the Dance " is the first episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on August 23 , 1998 . Homer discovers he can make money by stealing and reselling grease , but eventually stops after negative encounters with Groundskeeper Willie and the Springfield Grease Company . Meanwhile , Lisa becomes jealous that a new student ( voiced by Lisa Kudrow ) is distracting all her friends by using her fashionable personality . The episode was written by Jane O 'Brien and directed by Dominic Polcino . = = Plot = = After going back @-@ to @-@ school shopping , Homer learns from Apu that he can sell grease to make a profit . At breakfast , Homer begins frying up various amounts of bacon to use the grease to make money and decides to have Bart help him with his " grease business " which forces Bart to quit school . Meanwhile , on the first day back at school , Lisa volunteers to help Alex Whitney , a fashion conscious new student , by showing her around the school . To help her make new friends , Lisa takes Alex , Sherri , Terri , Allison Taylor and Janey for lunch in the cafeteria after the two groups meet up , but shortly after abandon Lisa after seeing that Alex has adult items like a cell phone , a purse and perfume . Homer and Bart begin their grease business and make sixty @-@ three cents worth of grease from twenty @-@ seven dollars ' worth of bacon , much to Homer 's glee and Bart 's disappointment . After Bart points out that they need larger amounts of grease , the pair drive to Krusty Burger , where they attempt steal grease from the fryers . After loading it into Marge 's car , two employees of The Acne Grease and Shovel Company steal it , claiming they control the grease and shoveling business in the city . Alex convinces Principal Skinner to have a school @-@ dance rather than the regular yearly event of apple picking . Skinner agrees , so Alex and Lisa , accompanied by Sherri , Terri , Janey and Allison visit the mall to purchase party supplies , but the girls detour and begin trying on outfits for the dance , despite Lisa 's protests . The group leave the mall , none speaking to each other . Lisa decides not to attend the dance , but changes her mind and goes to the school to take tickets at the door , but later arrives and discovers the boys and girls are standing on different sides of the room , and explains to Alex that it is like this because they are only children , not adults . Homer and Bart arrive at the school during the school @-@ dance to steal the grease in the school 's kitchen which Bart told him about . They sneak into the kitchen and plants a hose in the fryer to suck it in to the car , but Willie spots them and attempts to stop them , claiming the grease to be his retirement plan . Homer tries to escape , but Willie grabs his legs and strangles him with the hose sucking the grease , which explodes due to the increased pressure , causing the grease to flood into the dance hall . A grease fight begins among the students , where Alex eventually joins in after being told by Lisa to act her own age . = = Production = = The origins of the episode come from a conversation between Jane O 'Brien and Mike Scully , when the two were talking about how girls always want to grow up so fast , as Scully has five daughters ; so they decided to produce an episode with a storyline based on this . The idea behind the episode plot came from Jace Richdale , who came up with the idea of Homer stealing grease and the grease business , having read about in a magazine . Several aspects of the characters used throughout the episode had been improvised significantly by Lisa Kudrow . Ron Hauge , a writer for The Simpsons , came up with the initial character of Alex , and Jane O 'Brien named the character after her best friend . The scene showing Homer 's hemorrhaged eye as Groundskeeper Willie strangles him got a big laugh in the studio . Mike Scully comments that he now uses it in college clip shows . = = Cultural references = = The title of the episode is a play on the hymn and later Irish musical Lord of the Dance . Marge sings her own , altered version of 1990 song " Gonna Make You Sweat ( Everybody Dance Now ) " when attempting to persuade Lisa to attend the dance . Much of the shop where the girls enter to buy clothes is based on Wet Seal . In the same mall is a party supply store , called Donner 's Party Supplies which has a window sign saying " Winter Madness Sale " , a reference to the Donner Party . Alex tells Lisa to not be " such a Phoebe " , a reference to Lisa Kudrow 's character Phoebe Buffay on the series Friends . = = Reception = = " Lard of the Dance " finished 31st in the weekly ratings for the week of August 17 – 23 , 1998 with a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 2 . It was the third highest rated show from the Fox Network that week . The episode aired during the summer so that it could serve as a lead @-@ in for the early premieres of That ' 70s Show and Holding the Baby . While That ' 70s Show would receive higher Nielsen ratings than The Simpsons , Holding the Baby was a ratings flop . In a 2008 article , Entertainment Weekly named Lisa Kudrow 's role as Alex as one of the sixteen great guest appearances on The Simpsons . Lisa Kudrow refers to her self in the episode , stating " Your name 's Lisa ? Shut up , I love that name ! " The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood commented that " The idea of Lisa being unpopular in the light of a new girl in the school hallways is not new ( see " Lisa 's Rival " ) but it is done here with such class , " concluding of Homer 's treatment that " this is an episode which shows that even he can find interesting ways to do things . " Wesley Mead noted , in a review of the tenth season that the episode " might deal with familiar territory ( " Lisa 's Rival " , anyone ? ) , but it doesn 't feel like a retread , and is also home to a superbly realised subplot that sees Homer and Bart go into the grease business . " In 2012 , The New York Times highlighted this episode in an article about grease theft from restaurants : " An episode of The Simpsons from 1998 has Homer Simpson trying to make a quick buck selling grease , but for years , law enforcement authorities seemed unaware that fryer oil was being stolen by unlicensed haulers , causing millions of dollars ' worth of losses each year for the rendering industry that collects and processes the grease . " = Andranik = Andranik Ozanian , commonly known as Andranik ( Armenian : Անդրանիկ ; 25 February 1865 – 31 August 1927 ) was an Armenian military commander and statesman , the best known fedayi and a key figure of the Armenian national liberation movement . He became active in an armed struggle against the Ottoman government and Kurdish irregulars in the late 1880s . He joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( Dashnaktustyun ) party and , along with other fedayi ( militias ) , sought to defend the Armenian peasantry living in their ancestral homeland , an area known as Turkish ( or Western ) Armenia — at the time part of the Ottoman Empire . His revolutionary activities ceased and he left the Ottoman Empire after the unsuccessful uprising in Sasun in 1904 . In 1907 , Andranik left Dashnaktustyun because he disapproved of its cooperation with the Young Turks , a party which years later perpetrated the Armenian Genocide . Between 1912 and 1913 , together with Garegin Nzhdeh , Andranik led a few hundred Armenian volunteers within the Bulgarian army against the Ottomans during the First Balkan War . From the early stages of World War I , Andranik commanded the first Armenian volunteer battalion and led them within the Russian Imperial army against the Ottoman Empire . After the Revolution of 1917 , the Russian army retreated and left the Armenian irregulars outnumbered against the Turks . Andranik led the defense of Erzurum in early 1918 , but was forced to retreat eastward . By May 1918 , Turkish forces stood near Yerevan — the future Armenian capital . The Dashnak @-@ dominated Armenian National Council declared the independence of Armenia and signed the Treaty of Batum with the Ottoman Empire , by which Armenia gave up its rights to Western Armenia . Andranik never accepted the existence of the First Republic of Armenia because it included only a small part of the area many Armenians hoped to make independent . Andranik , independently from the Republic of Armenia , fought in Zangezur against the Azerbaijani and Turkish armies and helped to keep it within Armenia . Andranik left Armenia in 1919 due to disagreements with the Armenian government and spent his last years of life in Europe and the United States seeking relief for Armenian refugees . He settled in Fresno , California in 1922 and died five years later in 1927 . Andranik is greatly admired as a national hero by Armenians ; numerous statues of him have been erected in several countries . Streets and squares were named after Andranik , and songs , poems and novels have been written about him , making him a legendary figure in Armenian culture . = = Early life = = Andranik Ozanian was born on 25 February 1865 , in Shabin @-@ Karahisar , Sivas Vilayet , Ottoman Empire — today in Turkey 's Giresun Province — to Mariam and Toros Ozanian . Andranik means " firstborn " in Armenian . His paternal ancestors came from the nearby Ozan village in the early 18th century and settled in Shabin @-@ Karahisar to avoid persecution from the Turks . His ancestors took the surname Ozanian in honor of their hometown . Andranik 's mother died when he was one year old and his elder sister Nazeli took care of him . Andranik went to the local Musheghian School from 1875 to 1882 and thereafter worked in his father 's carpentry shop . He married at the age of 17 , but his wife died a year later while giving birth to their son — who also died days after the birth . The situation of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire had worsened under the reign of Abdul Hamid II , who sought to unify all Muslims under his rule . In 1882 , Andranik was arrested for assaulting a Turkish gendarme for mistreating Armenians . With the help of his friends , he escaped from prison . He settled in the Ottoman capital Constantinople in 1884 and stayed there until 1886 , working as a carpenter . He began his revolutionary activities in 1888 in the province of Sivas . Andranik joined the Hunchak party in 1891 . He was arrested in 1892 for taking part in the assassination of Constantinople 's police chief , Yusup Mehmet Bey — known for his anti @-@ Armenianism — on 9 February . Andranik once again escaped from prison . In 1892 , he joined the newly created Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF or Dashnaktsutyun ) . During the Hamidian massacres , Andranik with other fedayi defended the Armenian villages of Mush and Sasun from attacks of the Turks and the Kurdish Hamidiye units . The massacres , which occurred between 1894 and 1896 and are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II , killed between 80 @,@ 000 and 300 @,@ 000 people . In 1897 , Andranik went to Tiflis — the largest city of the Caucasus and a major center of Armenian culture at the time — where the ARF headquarters was located . Andranik returned to Turkish Armenia " entrusted with extensive powers , and with a large supply of arms " for the fedayi . Several dozen Russian Armenians joined him , with whom he went to the Mush @-@ Sasun area where Aghbiur Serob was operating . Serob 's forces had already established semi @-@ independent Armenian areas by expelling the Ottoman government representatives . = = Leader of the fedayi = = Aghbiur Serob , the main leader of the fedayi in the 1890s , was killed in 1899 by a Kurdish chieftain , Bushare Khalil Bey . Months later , Bey committed further atrocities against the Armenians by killing a priest , two young men and 25 women and children in Sasun 's village of Talvorik . Andranik replaced Serob as the head of the Armenian irregular forces " with 38 villages under his command " in the Mush @-@ Sasun region of Western Armenia , where a " warlike semi @-@ independent Armenian peasantry " lived . Andranik sought to kill Bey ; he captured and reportedly decapitated the chieftain , and took the medal given to Bey by Sultan Abdul Hamid II . Andranik thus earned an undisputed authority among his fedayi . Although small groups of Armenian fedayi conducted an armed struggle against the Ottoman state and the Kurdish tribes , the situation in Turkish Armenia deteriorated as the European powers stood indifferent to the Armenian Question . Article 61 of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin intended the Ottoman government to " carry out , without further delay , the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by the Armenians , and to guarantee their security against the Circassians and Kurds " remained unimplemented . According to Christopher J. Walker , the attention of the European powers was on Macedonia , while Russia was " in no mood for reactivating the Armenian question " . = = = Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery = = = In November 1901 the fedayi clashed with the Ottoman troops in what later became known as the Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery . One of the best @-@ known episodes of Andranik 's revolutionary activities , it was an attempt by the Ottoman government to suppress his activities . Since Andranik had gained more influence over the region , more than 5 @,@ 000 Turkish soldiers were sent after him and his band . The Turks chased and eventually circled him and his men , numbering around 50 , at the Arakelots ( Holy Apostles ) Monastery in early November . A regiment under the command of Ferikh Pasha and Ali Pasha besieged the fort @-@ like monastery . The Turkish generals leading the army of twelve hundred men asked the fedayi to negotiate their surrender . After weeks of resistance and negotiations — in which Armenian clergy and the headman of Mush and foreign consuls took part — Andranik and his companions left the monastery and fled in small groups . According to Leon Trotsky , Andranik — dressed in the uniform of a Turkish officer — " went the rounds of the entire guard , talking to them in excellent Turkish " , and " at the same time showing the way out to his own men . " After breaking through the siege of the monastery , Andranik gained legendary stature among provincial Armenians . He became so popular that the men he led came to refer to him always by his first name . Andranik intended to attract the attention of the foreign consuls at Mush to the plight of the Armenian peasants and to provide hope for the oppressed Armenians of the eastern provinces . According to Trotsky , Andranik 's " political thinking took shape in a setting of Carbonarist activity and diplomatic intrigue . " = = = 1904 Sasun uprising and exodus = = = In 1903 , Andranik demanded the Ottoman government stop the harassment of Armenians and implement the reforms in the Armenian provinces . Most fedayi were concentrated in mountainous Sasun , an area of about 12 @,@ 000 km2 ( 4 @,@ 600 sq mi ) with an overwhelming Armenian majority — 1 @,@ 769 Armenian and 155 Kurdish households — which was traditionally considered their main operational area . The region was in " a state of revolutionary turmoil " because the local Armenians had refused to pay taxes for the past seven years . Andranik and tens of other fedayi — including Hrayr and Sebouh — held a meeting at Gelieguzan village in the third quarter of 1903 to manage the future defense of the Armenian villages from possible Turkish and Kurdish attacks . Andranik suggested a widespread uprising of the Armenians of Taron and Vaspurakan ; Hrayr opposed his view and suggested a small , local uprising in Sasun , because the Armenian irregulars lacked resources . Hrayr 's suggestion was eventually approved by the fedayi meeting . Andranik was chosen as the main commander of the uprising . The first clashes took place in January 1904 between the fedayi and Kurdish irregulars supported by the Ottoman government . The Turkish offensive started in early April with an estimated 10 @,@ 000 to 20 @,@ 000 soldiers and 7 @,@ 000 Kurdish irregulars put against 100 to 200 Armenian fedayi and 700 to 1 @,@ 000 local Armenian men . Hrayr was killed during the intense fighting ; Andranik survived and resumed the fight . Between 7 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 Armenian civilians were killed during the two months of the uprising , while about 9 @,@ 000 were left homeless . Around 4 @,@ 000 Sasun villagers were forced into exile after the uprising . After weeks of fighting and cannon bombardment of the Armenian villages , the Ottoman forces and Kurdish irregulars suppressed the uprising by May 1904 ; they outnumbered the Armenian forces several times . Minor clashes occurred thereafter . According to Christopher J. Walker , the fedayi came " near to organising an uprising and shaking Ottoman power in Armenia " , but " even then it was unthinkable that the empire would lose any of her territory , since the idea of intervention was far from Russia " . Trotsky wrote that international attention was on the Russo @-@ Japanese War and the uprising went largely unnoticed by the European powers and Russia . In July – August 1904 , Andranik and his fedayi reached Lake Van and got to Aghtamar Island with sailing ships . They escaped to Persia via Van in September 1904 , " leaving little more than a heroic memory . " Trotsky states that they were forced to leave Turkish Armenia to avoid further killings of Armenians and to lower the tensions , while Tsatur Aghayan wrote that Andranik left the Ottoman Empire because he sought to " gather new resources and find practical programs " for the Armenian struggle . = = Immigration and conflict with the ARF = = From Persia , Andranik moved to the Caucasus , where he met the Armenian leaders in Baku and Tiflis . He then left Russia and traveled to Europe , where he was engaged in advocacy in support of the Armenians ' national liberation struggle . In 1906 in Geneva , he published a book on military tactics . Most of the work was about his activities and the strategies he used during the 1904 Sasun uprising . In February – March 1907 , Andranik went to Vienna to participate in the fourth ARF Congress . The ARF , which had been associating with Turkish immigrant political groups in Europe since 1902 , discussed and approved the negotiations with the Young Turks — who later perpetrated the Armenian Genocide — to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II . Andranik strongly denounced this cooperation and left the party . In 1908 , the ARF asked Andranik to move to Constantinople and nominate his candidacy in the Ottoman parliament election , but he declined the offer , saying " I don 't want to sit there and do nothing " . Andranik distanced himself from active political and military affairs for several years . = = = First Balkan War = = = In 1907 Andranik settled in Sofia , where he met the leaders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization — including revolutionary Boris Sarafov — and the two pledged to work jointly for the oppressed peoples of Armenia and Macedonia . During the First Balkan War ( 1912 – 13 ) , Andranik led a company of 230 Armenian volunteers — part of the Macedonian @-@ Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps of Aleksandar Protogerov within the Bulgarian army — against the Ottoman Empire . He shared the command with Garegin Nzhdeh . On the opposite side , approximately 8 @,@ 000 Armenians fought for the Ottoman Empire . Andranik was given the rank of a first lieutenant by the Bulgarian government . He distinguished himself in several battles , including in the Battle of Merhamli , when he helped the Bulgarians to capture Turkish commander Yaver Pasha . Andranik was honored with the Order of Bravery by General Protogerov in 1913 . However , Andranik disbanded his men in May 1913 , and foreseeing the war between Bulgaria and Serbia he " retired to a village near Varna , and lived as a farmer until August 1914 " . = = World War I = = With the outbreak of World War I in July 1914 between Russia , France and Britain on one side and Germany , the Ottoman Empire and Austria on the other , Andranik left Bulgaria for Russia . He was appointed the commander of the first Armenian volunteer battalion by the Russian government . From November 1914 to August 1915 , Andranik took part in the Caucasus Campaign as the head commander of the first Armenian battalion of about 1 @,@ 200 volunteers within the Imperial Russian Army . Andranik 's battalion particularly stood out at the Battle of Dilman in April 1915 . By the victory at Dilman , the Russian and Armenian forces under the command of General Nazarbekian , effectively stopped the Turks from invading the Caucasus via Iranian Azerbaijan . Through 1915 , the Armenian Genocide was underway in the Ottoman Empire . By the end of the war , virtually all Armenians living in their ancestral homeland were either dead or forced into exile by the Ottoman government . An estimated 1 @.@ 5 million Armenians died in the process , ending two thousand years of Armenian presence in Western Armenia . The only major resistance to the Turkish atrocities took place in Van . The Turkish army besieged the city but the local Armenians , under the leadership of Aram Manukian , kept them out until the Armenian volunteers reached Van , forcing the Turks to retreat . Andranik with his unit entered Van on 19 May 1915 . Andranik subsequently helped the Russian army to take control of Shatakh , Moks and Tatvan on the southern shore of Lake Van . During the summer of 1915 , the Armenian volunteer units disintegrated and Andranik went to Tiflis to recruit more volunteers and continued the combat from November 1915 until March 1916 . With Andranik 's support , the city of Mush was captured by Russians in February 1916 . In recognition of lieutenant general Theodore G. Chernozubov , the successes of Russian army in numerous locations were significantly associated with the fighting of the first Armenian battalion , headed by Andranik . Chernozubov praised Andranik as a brave and experienced chief , who well understood the combat situation ; Chernozubov described him as always at the head of militia , enjoying great prestige among the volunteers . The situation drastically changed in 1916 when the Russian government ordered the Armenian volunteer units to be demobilized and prohibited any Armenian civic activity . Andranik resigned as the commander of the first Armenian battalion . Despite the earlier Russian promises , their plan for the region was to make Turkish Armenia an integral part of Russia and " possibly repopulate by Russian peasants and Cossacks " . Richard Hovannisian wrote that because the " Russian armies were in firm control of most of the Armenian plateau by the summer of 1916 , there was no longer any need to expend niceties upon the Armenians " . According to Tsatur Aghayan , Russia used the Armenian volunteers for its own interests . Andranik and other Armenian volunteers , disappointed by the Russian policy , left the front in July 1916 . = = = Russian Revolution and Turkish reoccupation = = = The February Revolution was positively accepted by the Armenians because it ended the autocratic rule of Nicholas II . The Special Transcaucasian Committee ( known as OZAKOM ) was set up in the South Caucasus by the Russian Provisional Government . In April 1917 , Andranik initiated the publication of the newspaper Hayastan ( Armenia ) in Tiflis . Vahan Totovents became the editor of this non @-@ partisan , Turkish Armenian @-@ orientated newspaper . Until December 1917 , Andranik remained in the South Caucasus where he sought to help the Armenian refugees from the Ottoman Empire in their search for basic needs . The provisional government decree of 9 May 1917 put Turkish Armenia under civil administration , with Armenians holding key positions . About 150 @,@ 000 local Armenians began to rebuild devastated Turkish Armenia ; however the Russian army units gradually disintegrated and many soldiers deserted and returned to Russia . After the 1917 October Revolution , the chaotic retreat of Russian troops from Turkish Armenia escalated . Bolshevik Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Erzincan on 5 December 1917 , ending the hostilities . The Soviet Russian government formally acknowledged the right of self @-@ determination of the Turkish Armenians in January 1918 , but on 3 March 1918 , Russia signed the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk with the Central Powers , ceding Turkish Armenia and large areas in Eastern Europe to concentrate its forces against the Whites in the Russian Civil War . In December 1917 , because the Russian divisions were deserting the region en masse , the Russian command authorized the formation of the Armenian Army Corps under the Transcaucasian Commissariat . Under the command of General Nazarbekian , the Corps was positioned in the front line from Van to Erzincan — a city of around about 20 @,@ 000 people . Two of the Corps ' three divisions were made up of Russian Armenians , while Andranik commanded the Turkish ( Western ) Armenian division . The Georgian forces patrolled the area between Erzincan and the Black Sea . Hovannisian states that the only " several thousand men now defended a 300 @-@ mile front formerly secured by a half million Russian regulars " . Since December 1917 , Andranik commanded the Armenian forces in Erzurum . In January 1918 , he was appointed commander of the Western Armenian division of the Armenian Army Corps and given the rank of major @-@ general by the Caucasus Front command . Andranik was unable to defend Erzurum for long and the outnumbering Turks captured the city on 12 March 1918 , forcing the Armenians to evacuate . While the Transcaucasian delegation and the Turks were holding a conference in Trebizond , through March and April the Turkish forces , according to Walker , " overran the temporary establishment of Armenian rule in Turkish Armenia , extinguishing the hope so recently raised " . Hovannisian wrote , " the battle for Turkish Armenia had been quickly decided ; the struggle for Russian Armenia was now at hand " . After the Turks captured Erzurum , the largest city in Turkish Armenia , Andranik retreated through Kars , passed through Alexandropol and Jalaloghly , and arrived in Dsegh by 18 May . By early April 1918 , the Turkish forces had reached the pre @-@ war international borders . Andranik and his unit in Dsegh were not able to take part in the battles of Sardarabad , Abaran and Karakilisa . = = First Republic of Armenia = = Since the Ottoman forces were effectively stopped at Sardarabad , the Armenian National Council declared the independence of the Russian Armenian lands on 28 May 1918 . Andranik condemned this move and denounced the Armenian Revolutionary Federation . Angry with the Dashnaks , he favored good relations with Bolshevik Russia instead . Andranik refused to acknowledge the Republic of Armenia because according to the Treaty of Batum it " was only a dusty province without Turkish Armenia whose salvation Armenians had been seeking for 40 years . " In early June , Andranik departed from Dilijan with thousands of refugees ; they traveled through Yelenovka , Nor Bayazet and Daralagyaz , and arrived in Nakhichevan on 17 June . He subsequently tried to help the Armenian refugees from Van at Khoy , Iran . He sought to join the British forces in northern Iran , but after encountering a large number of Turkish soldiers he retreated to Nakhichevan . On 14 July 1918 , he proclaimed Nakhichevan an integral part of Russia . His move was welcomed by Armenian Bolshevik Stepan Shahumyan and Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin . = = = Zangezur = = = As the Turkish forces moved towards Nakhichevan , Andranik with his Armenian Special Striking Division moved to the mountainous region of Zangezur to set up a defense . By mid @-@ 1918 , the relations between the Armenians and Azeris in Zangezur had deteriorated . Andranik arrived in Zangezur at a critical moment with around 30 @,@ 000 refugees and an estimated force of between 3 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 men . He established effective control of the region by September . The role of Zangezur was crucial because it was a connection point between Turkey and Azerbaijan . Under Andranik , the region became one of the last centers of Armenian resistance after the Treaty of Batum . Andranik 's irregulars remained in Zangezur surrounded by Muslim villages that controlled the key routes connecting the different parts of Zangezur . According to Donald Bloxham , Andranik initiated the change of Zangezur into a solidly Armenian land by destroying Muslim villages and trying to ethnically homogenize key areas of the Armenian state . In late 1918 , Azerbaijan accused Andranik of killing innocent Azerbaijani peasants in Zangezur and demanded that he withdraw Armenian units from the area . Antranig Chalabian wrote that , " Without the presence of General Andranik and his Special Striking Division , what is now the Zangezur district of Armenia would be party of Azerbaijan today . Without General Andranik and his men , only a miracle could have saved the sixty thousand Armenian inhabitants of the Zangezur district from complete annihilation by the Turko @-@ Tatar forces in the fall of 1918 " ; he further stated that Andranik " did not massacre peaceful Tatars " . Andranik 's activities in Zangezur were protested by Ottoman general Halil Pasha , who threatened the Dashnak government with retaliation for Andranik 's actions . Armenia 's Prime Minister Hovhannes Katchaznouni said he had no control over Andranik and his forces . = = = Karabakh = = = The Ottoman Empire was officially defeated in the First World War and the Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918 . The Ottoman forces evacuated Karabakh in November 1918 and by the end of October of that year , Andranik 's forces were concentrated between Zangezur and Karabakh . Before moving towards Karabakh , Andranik made sure that the local Armenians would support him in fighting the Azeris . In mid @-@ November 1918 , he received letters from Karabakh Armenian officials asking him to postpone the offensive for 10 days ton allow negotiations with the Muslims of the region . According to Hovannisian , " the time lost proved crucial " . In late November , Andranik 's forces headed towards Shusha — the main city of Karabakh and a major Armenian cultural center . After an intense fight against the Kurds , his forces broke through Abdallyar and the surrounding villages . By early December , Andranik was 40 km ( 25 mi ) away from Shusha when he received a message from British General W. M. Thomson in Baku , suggesting that he retreat from Karabakh because the World War was over and any further Armenian military activity would adversely affect the solution of the Armenian question , which was soon to be considered by the 1919 peace conference in Paris . Trusting the British , Andranik returned to Zangezur . The region was left under limited control of the Armenian Karabakh Council . The British mission under command of Thomson arrived in Karabakh in December 1918 . Thomson insisted the council " act only in local , nonpolitical matters " , which sparked discontent among the Armenians . An " ardent pan @-@ Turkist " Khosrov bey Sultanov was soon appointed the governor of Karabakh and Zangezur by Thomson to " squash any unrest in the region " . Christopher J. Walker wrote that " [ Karabakh ] with its large Armenian majority remained Azerbaijani throughout the pre @-@ Soviet and Soviet period " because of " Andranik 's trust of the word of a British officer " . = = = Departure = = = During the winter of 1918 – 19 , Zangezur was isolated from Karabakh and Yerevan by snow . The refugees intensified the famine and epidemic conditions and gave way to inflation . In December 1918 , Andranik withdrew from Karabakh to Goris . On his way , he met with British officers who suggested the Armenian units stay in Zangezur for the winter . Andranik agreed to such a proposal and on 23 December 1918 , a group of Armenian leaders met in a conference and concluded that Zangezur could not cope with the influx of refugees until spring . They agreed that the first logical step in relieving the tension was the reparation of more than 15 @,@ 000 refugees from Nakhichevan — the adjoining district that had been evacuated by the Ottoman armies . Andranik and the conference called upon the British to provide for the refugees in the interim . Major W. D. Gibbon arrived with limited supplies and money donated by the Armenians of Baku , but this was not enough to support the refugees . At the end of February 1919 , Andranik was ready to leave Zangezur . Gibbon suggested Andranik and his soldiers leave by Baku @-@ Tiflis railway at Yevlakh station . Andranik rejected this plan and on 22 March 1919 , he left Goris and traveled across Sisian through deep snowdrifts to Daralagyaz , then moved to the Ararat plain with his few thousand irregulars . After a three @-@ week march , his men and horses reached the railway station of Davalu . He was met by Dro , the Assistant Minister of Military Affairs and Sargis Manasian , the Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs , who offered to take him to visit Yerevan , but he rejected their invitation as he believed the Dashnak government had betrayed the Armenians and was responsible for the loss of his homeland and the annihilation of his people . Zangezur became more vulnerable to Azerbaijani threats after Andranik left the district . Earlier , before Andranik 's and his soldiers ' dismissal , the local Armenian forces had requested support from Yerevan . On 13 April 1919 , Andranik reached Etchmiadzin , the seat of Catholicos of All Armenians and the religious center of the Armenians , who helped the troops prepare for disbanding . His 5 @,@ 000 @-@ strong division had dwindled to 1 @,@ 350 soldiers . As a result of Andranik 's disagreements with the Dashnak government and the diplomatic machinations of the British in the Caucasus , Andranik disbanded his division and handed his belongings and weapons to the Catholicos George V. On 27 April 1919 , he left Etchmiadzin accompanied by 15 officers , and went to Tiflis on a special train ; according to Blackwood , " news of his journey traveled before him . At every station crowds were waiting to get a glimpse of their national hero . " He left Armenia for the last time ; in Tiflis he met with Georgia 's Foreign Minister Evgeni Gegechkori and discussed the Georgian – Armenian War with translation of Hovhannes Tumanyan . = = Last years = = From 1919 to 1922 , Andranik traveled around Europe and the United States seeking support for the Armenian refugees . He visited Paris and London , where he tried to persuade the Allied powers to occupy Turkish Armenia . In 1919 , during his visit to France , Andranik was bestowed the title of Legion of Honor Officier by President Raymond Poincaré . In late 1919 , Andranik led a delegation to the United States to lobby its support for a mandate for Armenia and fund @-@ raising for the Armenian army . He was accompanied by General Jaques Bagratuni and Hovhannes Katchaznouni . In Fresno , he directed a campaign which raised US $ 500 @,@ 000 for the relief of Armenian war refugees . When he returned to Europe , Andranik married Nevarte Kurkjian in Paris on 15 May 1922 ; Boghos Nubar was their best man . Andranik and Nevarte moved to the United States and settled in Fresno , California in 1922 . In his 1936 short story , Antranik of Armenia , Armenian @-@ American writer William Saroyan described Andranik 's arrival . He wrote , " It looked as if all Armenians of California were at the Southern Pacific depot at the day he arrived . " He said Andranik " was a man of about fifty in a neat Armenians suit of clothes . He was a little under six feet tall , very solid and very strong . He had an old @-@ style Armenian mustache that was white . The expression of his face was both ferocious and kind . " In his novel Call of the Plowmen ( 1979 ) , Khachik Dashtents describes Andranik 's life in Fresno ; he changed Andranik 's name to Shapinand : After clashing with the leaders of the Araratian Republic and leaving Armenia , Shapinand settled in the city of Fresno , California . The basement of his house was converted into a hotel . His sword , the Mosin – Nagant rifle and his military uniform hung from the wall . This is also where he kept his horse , which he had brought to America on a steamship . Those weapons , that uniform , the grey papakhi , the black boots , and lion @-@ like steed – this was the personal wealth he had come to possess throughout his life . His business no longer had to do with weapons . Shapinand spent his free time making small wooden chairs in his hotel . Many people , refusing to buy the quality American armchairs , bought his simple ones , some for use , others as souvenirs . = = Death = = In February 1926 , Andranik left Fresno to reside in San Francisco in an unsuccessful attempt to regain his health . According to his death certificate found in the Butte County , California records , Andranik died from angina on 31 August 1927 at Richardson Springs , California . On 7 September 1927 , city @-@ wide public attention was accorded to him for his funeral in the Ararat Cemetery , Fresno . The New York Times reported that more than 2 @,@ 500 members of the Armenian community attended memorial services in Carnegie Hall , New York City . He was initially buried at Ararat Cemetery in Fresno . After his first funeral , it was planned to take Andranik 's remains to Armenia for final burial ; however , when they arrived in France , the Soviet authorities refused permission to allow his remains to enter Soviet Armenia . Instead they remained in France and , after a second funeral service held in the Paris Armenian church , were buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris on 29 January 1928 . In early 2000 , the Armenian and French governments arranged the transfer of Andranik 's body from Paris to Yerevan . Asbarez wrote that the transfer was initiated by Armenia 's Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan . Andranik 's body was moved to Armenia on 17 February 2000 . It was placed in the Sport & Concert Complex in Yerevan for two days and was then taken to Etchmiadzin Cathedral , where Karekin II officiated the funeral service . Andranik was re @-@ interred at Yerablur military cemetery in Yerevan on 20 February 2000 , next to Vazgen Sargsyan . In his speech during the reburial ceremony , Armenia 's President Robert Kocharyan described Andranik as " one of the greatest sons of the Armenian nation " . Prime Minister Aram Sargsyan , Foreign Minister Vartan Oskanian , and one of Andranik 's soldiers , 102 @-@ year @-@ old Grigor Ghazarian , were also in attendance . A memorial was built on his grave with the phrase " Zoravar Hayots " — " General of the Armenians " — engraved on it . = = Legacy and recognition = = = = = Public image = = = Andranik was considered a hero during his lifetime . The Literary Digest , an influential American newspaper , described Andranik in 1920 as " the Armenian 's Robin Hood , Garibaldi , and Washington , all in one " . The same year , The Independent wrote that he is " worshiped by his countrymen for his heroic fighting in their defense against the Turks " . In a letter to Andranik , the noted Armenian writer Hovhannes Tumanyan praised him , while Bolshevik and Soviet statesman of Armenian origin Anastas Mikoyan wrote in his memoirs that " the name Andranik was surrounded by halo of glory " . Andranik is considered a national hero by Armenians worldwide . He is also seen as a legendary figure in Armenian culture . Five surveys conducted by Gallup , Inc . , International Republican Institute and the Armenian Sociological Association from 2006 to 2008 asked , " [ o ] f the prominent Armenian people and characters in Armenian history and folk culture , who is most suitable to be a national hero or leader at the present time ? " . Andranik was placed second after Vazgen Sargsyan ; 9 – 18 % of the respondents giving Andranik 's name . Andranik 's activities have also attracted some criticism ; for instance writer Ruben Angaladyan ( hy ) stated that Andranik " doesn 't have the right " to have a statue in Yerevan , because he did not do " anything real " for the First Republic and he left Armenia . Angaladyan wrote that Andranik is a popular hero ; however , he finds the term " national hero " in describing him unacceptable . Andranik is generally seen as a pro @-@ Russian / Soviet figure . During the Soviet period , his legacy and those of other Armenian national heroes were diminished and " any reference to them would be dangerous since they represented the strive for independence " , especially prior to the Khrushchev Thaw . Paruyr Sevak , a prominent Soviet Armenian author , wrote an essay about Andranik in 1963 after reading one of his soldier 's notes . Sevak wrote that his generation knew " little about Andranik , almost nothing . " He continued , " knowing nothing about Andranik means to know nothing about modern Armenian history . " In 1965 , Andranik 's 100th anniversary was celebrated in Soviet Armenia . = = = Memorials = = = Statues and memorials of Andranik have been erected around the world , including in Bucharest , Romania ( 1936 ) , Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris ( 1945 ) , Melkonian Educational Institute , Nicosia , Cyprus ( 1990 ) , Le Plessis @-@ Robinson , Paris ( 2005 ) , Varna , Bulgaria ( 2011 ) , and Armavir , Russia . A memorial exists in Richardson Springs , California , where Andranik died . In May 2011 , a statue of Andranik was erected in Volonka village near Sochi , Russia ; however , it was removed the same day , apparently under pressure from Turkey , which earlier announced that they would boycott the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics if the statue remained standing . The first statue of Andranik in Armenia was erected in 1967 in the village of Ujan . More statues have been erected after Armenia 's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 ; three of which can be found in Malatia @-@ Sebastia district ( 2000 ) , near the St. Gregory Cathedral ( by Ara Shiraz , 2002 ) and outside the Fedayi Movement Museum ( 2006 ) in the Armenian capital Yerevan . Also in Armenia , Andranik 's statues stand in Voskevan and Navur villages of Tavush , in Gyumri 's Victory Park ( 1994 ) , Arteni , Angeghakot , and others . Numerous streets and squares both inside and outside Armenia , including in Córdoba , Argentina , Plovdiv and Varna in Bulgaria , Meudon , Paris and a section of Connecticut Route 314 state highway running entirely within Wethersfield , Connecticut are named after Andranik . General Andranik Station of the Yerevan Metro was opened in 1989 as Hoktemberyan Station and was renamed for Andranik in 1992 . In 1995 , General Andranik 's Museum was founded in Komitas Park of Yerevan , but was soon closed because the building was privatized . It was reopened on 16 September 2006 , by Ilyich Beglarian as the Museum of Armenian Fedayi Movement , named after Andranik . According to Patrick Wilson , during the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War Andranik " inspired a new generation of Armenians " . A volunteer regiment from Masis named " General Andranik " operated in Armenia and Nagorno @-@ Karabakh during the conflict . Many organizations and groups in the Armenian diaspora are named after Andranik . On 11 September 2012 , during the Bulgaria vs. Armenia football match in Sofia 's Levski National Stadium , Armenian fans brought a giant poster with pictures of General Andranik and Armenian officer Gurgen Margaryan , who was murdered in 2004 by Azeri lieutenant Ramil Safarov . The text on the poster read , " Andranik 's children are also heroes ... The work will be done " . The manuscripts of General Andranik , 65 pages long and the only known memoir of General Andranik written by him , were returned to Armenia in May 2014 . Andranik , while in the United Kingdom , had sent them to Paris in order to be published in 1921 , from where they had been sent to Beirut in the 1960s for safe keeping until the Lebanese Civil War , then moved to Greece , and again back to England from where the manuscripts were finally sent to the National History Museum in Yerevan through Culture Minister Hasmik Poghosyan , almost a century after Andranik had parted with them . = = = In culture = = = Andranik has been figured prominently in the Armenian literature , sometimes as a fictional character . The Western Armenian writer Siamanto wrote a poem entitled " Andranik " , which was published in Geneva in 1905 . The first book about Andranik was published during his lifetime . In 1920 , Vahan Totovents , under the pen name Arsen Marmarian , published the book Gen. Andranik and his wars ( Զոր . Անդրանիկ և իր պատերազմները ) in the Entente @-@ occupied Constantinople . The famed Armenian @-@ American writer William Saroyan wrote a short story titled Antranik of Armenia , which was included in his collection of short stories Inhale and Exhale ( 1936 ) . Another US @-@ based Armenian writer Hamastegh 's novel The White Horseman ( Սպիտակ Ձիավորը , 1952 ) was based on Andranik and other fedayi . Hovhannes Shiraz , one of the most prominent Armenian poets of the 20th century , wrote at least two poems about Andranik ; one in 1963 and another in 1967 . The latter one , titled Statue to Andranik ( Արձան Անդրանիկին ) , was published in 1991 after Shiraz 's death . Sero Khanzadyan 's novel Andranik was suppressed for years and was published in 19	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
graphics , but was critical of the gameplay . Mackey wrote that " the graphics are far more impressive than any other Simpsons title at the time , outside of the arcade brawler . In fact , the graphics alone were responsible for my childlike [ ... ] excitement over House of Weirdness ; [ ... ] they 're pretty lush — even if they 're not entirely faithful to the show . Bart 's PC translation might be just a little off @-@ model , but it 's a gigantic leap over his duck @-@ like visage seen on the NES . " He added , however , that the game " is completely unintuitive , your goals aren 't made clear , it 's never certain if you 're doing the right thing , and you 're often locked into screens with no apparent way out but death . " Mackey also criticized the levels ' structure that " seems more randomly @-@ generated than anything " and the fact that the " big , beautiful " sprites sometimes do not move well . = The Arsenal of Freedom = " The Arsenal of Freedom " is the 21st episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , originally aired on April 11 , 1988 , in broadcast syndication . The teleplay was written by Richard Manning and Hans Beimler , based on a story by Beimler . The episode was directed by Les Landau . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise @-@ D. In this episode , the crew investigates the disappearance of the USS Drake . They travel to the planet Minos , where an away team and the ship are separately attacked by the demonstration of an automated weapons system . Maurice Hurley saw the episode as commentary on the sale of F @-@ 14 Tomcats to Iran . He intended to have Doctor Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) reveal her feelings for Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) in this episode , but Gene Roddenberry had it changed . Dan Curry created the model of the drone seen in this episode using a pantyhose container and a shampoo bottle . The opinions of critics were mixed , but singled out the appearance of Vincent Schiavelli for praise . = = Plot = = The Enterprise has been sent to the Lorenze Cluster to search for the USS Drake after it vanished while surveying the planet Minos . When the ship reaches the planet , they are met by a pre @-@ recorded holographic figure ( Vincent Schiavelli ) advertising " The Arsenal of Freedom " , and invites the crew to the surface . Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) , Lt. Data ( Brent Spiner ) and Lt. Tasha Yar ( Denise Crosby ) beam down to the surface to investigate . Riker separates from the other two , and is met by the Drake 's captain who asks what ship he is from . Riker realizes that it is a trick when told that the only life signs detected are the away team and tells the " captain " that he is from the Lollipop and it 's a " good ship " . After being further questioned about the Lollipop 's armament , the " captain " disappears , revealing a floating sentry probe that fires a stasis field around Riker before Data and Yar can destroy it . The stasis field around Riker prevents the Enterprise from beaming him up , so Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) and Doctor Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) travel to the surface , and Lt. Geordi La Forge ( LeVar Burton ) is left in command of the Enterprise . Picard and Crusher meet with the away team , and as they attempt to free Riker , another sentry probe appears and fires on them . Picard and Crusher are separated from Data and Yar and fall into a hole , where Crusher is severely injured . Meanwhile , Data and Yar discover that the second probe is more powerful than the first and requires their combined power to destroy it . While Picard attempts to tend to Crusher 's injuries , Data manages to release Riker from the stasis field . Riker , Yar and Data are again attacked , with this new probe requiring all three of them to combine their phaser power to destroy it . Data deduces that each probe learns from the tactics used to destroy the prior probes and adapts to become stronger , and that the next probe might be unbeatable . Meanwhile , the Enterprise is attacked by a cloaked ship . Each subsequent attack gets stronger and straining the ship 's shields . Chief Engineer Logan ( Vyto Ruginis ) comes up to the bridge to demand that the Enterprise flee the planet and attempts to take command under the pretext that he has the higher rank . La Forge correctly states that the only people who can relieve him of command are Picard and Riker , and he commands the chief to go back to Engineering and resume his duties . Soon the attacks threaten to disable the shields , so a resigned appearing La Forge asks Logan to return to the bridge . The smug Logan assumes that he will be given command , however , La Forge orders a saucer separation , leaving Logan in charge of the escaping saucer , while La Forge and the remaining bridge crew will helm the battle bridge of the star @-@ drive section as it returns to Minos . Picard discovers a computer terminal . He activates it , causing a hologram of the salesman to appear which explains that they are witnessing a demonstration of the " Echo @-@ Papa 607 " , a system of intelligent weapons which are able to upgrade in response to any enemy threat . Picard surmises that the Minosians and the Drake were destroyed by the weapon . He unsuccessfully attempts to coerce the hologram to end the demonstration . Data is able to find the hole leading to Picard 's location , and jumps down to try to assist . While examining the computer , Data concludes that while he could set the sentries to target their own power source , the explosion would probably take out the whole area , including the away @-@ team . Picard attempts to negotiate again with the salesman , eventually agreeing to buy the weapons system . Satisfied , the salesman disappears , and the computer system shuts down . Meanwhile , La Forge uses the planet 's atmosphere to reveal the location of the space @-@ born probe and destroys it . The away team return to the star @-@ drive section and set course to rendezvous with the saucer section , still under La Forge 's command , as Picard remarks that he left him with the ship intact and would like it returned in the same condition . = = Production = = Story editor Maurice Hurley saw the plot of " The Arsenal of Freedom " as commentary on the sale of American Grumman F @-@ 14 Tomcats to Iran taken to the " ultimate conclusion " . In 1974 , Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi purchased 80 Tomcats and missiles for $ 2 billion . That transaction prevented Grumman from going into bankruptcy as the United States Congress was no longer funding the project . Iran was the only country other than the United States to use the planes . The original story had Picard injured , and Crusher revealing her feelings for him while trying to save him from dying . However the show 's creator Gene Roddenberry did not want to do a love story and so it was changed . Les Landau made the suggestion to switch around the roles of Picard and Crusher in order to take them out of their elements . Landau had been an assistant director on staff , and became the first member of the production team to direct an episode with " The Arsenal of Freedom " . The model of the Echo Papa 607 drone was created by Dan Curry , from a L 'eggs pantyhose container and a shampoo bottle . He hand animated the model instead of using motion control photography , using his years of Tai Chi training to keep the movements fluid . In order to blend into the background , he wore a pair of green tights whilst he was manually moving the model on screen . = = Reception = = " The Arsenal of Freedom " first aired in broadcast syndication on April 11 , 1988 . It received a 10 @.@ 4 rating , meaning that it was seen by 10 @.@ 4 percent of all households . This was the first new episode for three weeks , the previous episode , " Heart of Glory " receiving a rating of 10 @.@ 7 . Several reviewers re @-@ watched the episode after the end of the series . Keith DeCandido reviewed the episode for Tor.com in July 2011 . He highlighted the appearance of Vincent Schiavelli , saying that he " totally owns every scene he ’ s in " . He thought that the situation which left La Forge in charge of the Enterprise was " horribly contrived " and said " Picard doesn ’ t even give a good excuse for going down to the planet beyond the script calling for it " . He gave the episode a score of six out of ten , summing up that it was a " fun , enjoyable , diverting episode " . Zack Handlen reviewed the episode in May 2010 for The A.V. Club . He criticised the episode , saying that there " are all kinds of problems , the biggest being that the episode doesn 't really have a third act , but the moral superiority of the crew is on full display , and it 's frustrating . " He summed up the moral story played out in this episode , saying that " On TOS , Kirk , Spock , and McCoy would 've hashed out the appeal of an unbeatable weapon as well as its drawbacks . Here , we 're all supposed to know that violence begets violence , and that 's it . " He gave the episode a grade of C + . James Hunt watched the episode for the website Den of Geek in March 2013 . He recalled it being a good episode , but found it wasn 't as good on the re @-@ watch for the review . He thought that the plot seemed reminiscent of the plot of a Philip K. Dick novel , but thought that the away team sequences on the planet were a little boring with the exception of Data jumping down into the pit where Picard and Crusher were . Michelle Erica Green reviewed the episode for the website TrekNation in August 2007 . She thought that the scenario with La Forge was the most forced but described Vincent Schiavelli as a " treat " . She said that the cast otherwise didn 't get to stretch much , but was pleased with the visuals where the star @-@ drive section enters the planet 's atmosphere . = Final Symphony = Final Symphony is a symphonic concert tour first held at the Historische Stadthalle Wuppertal in Wuppertal , Germany on May 11 , 2013 and continues to date . The concert tour features arrangements of video game music selected from the Final Fantasy series , specifically Final Fantasy VI , VII , and X. It is divided into three acts : a symphonic poem for VI , a piano concerto for X , and a symphony for VII . The concert is produced and directed by Thomas Böcker , with arrangements provided by Finnish composer and musician Jonne Valtonen , along with Roger Wanamo and Final Fantasy X composer Masashi Hamauzu with consultation from Final Fantasy composer Nobuo Uematsu . The original works were composed by Uematsu and Hamauzu , and an introductory piece was composed by Valtonen . The premiere concert was performed by the Wuppertal Symphony Orchestra under conduction from Eckehard Stier , with guest performer Benyamin Nuss joining the orchestra on piano . Following the initial performance , Final Symphony was performed in several other venues . It was first performed in London at the Barbican Centre by the London Symphony Orchestra and Benyamin Nuss on May 30 , 2013 . In 2014 it was performed five times : twice at the Tokyo Bunka Kaikan in Tokyo on May 4 , 2014 by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra and Katharina Treutler , on May 9 at the Musikhuset Aarhus in Aarhus , Denmark by the Aarhus Symfoniorkester and Treutler , on June 18 at the Stockholm Concert Hall in Stockholm , Sweden by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra and Treutler , and on September 12 at the Tampere Hall in Tampere , Finland by the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra and Mischa Cheung . A video of the Stockholm performance of the Final Fantasy VI Symphonic Poem was released on October 11 , 2014 , and a full album recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios was released on February 23 , 2015 by Merregnon Studios . The album , along with the concerts themselves , were heavily praised , both for the quality of the performance and for the quality of the arrangements , which overlaid themes from multiple pieces rather than relying on a more traditional medley . = = Concert = = = = = Production = = = Thomas Böcker first began producing orchestral concerts of video game music in 2003 with the first Symphonic Game Music Concert in Leipzig , Germany . In 2008 , he , through his production company Merregnon Studios , began a series of four concerts of video game music that used longer , more elaborate arrangements of themes from the individual pieces of music from the games . This Symphonic series of concerts stood in contrast to the more standard concerts , which played straightforward orchestral versions of individual songs . The four concerts were Symphonic Shades – Hülsbeck in Concert ( 2008 ) , Symphonic Fantasies : Music from Square Enix ( 2009 ) , Symphonic Legends – Music from Nintendo ( 2010 ) , and Symphonic Odysseys : Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu ( 2011 ) . Both Symphonic Fantasies and Symphonic Odysseys featured music from the Final Fantasy series composed by Nobuo Uematsu . Böcker has said that he considers Uematsu to be " the most famous composer of video game music and in general one of the most influential " , and that Uematsu 's 20020220 - Music from Final Fantasy concert in 2002 was a big influence on his own concerts . In May 2012 , Böcker announced that he was working on a concert of music solely from the Final Fantasy series , to be titled Final Symphony . The idea for the concert was first proposed by Uematsu in 2009 after Symphonic Fantasies ; the concert had featured Final Fantasy music as one of its four components , but unlike the other three the music had been a straightforward medley rather than a more complicated arrangement . While Uematsu had asked the team to keep the arrangements similar to those in other Final Fantasy concerts , after the concert he felt that an opportunity had been missed to create something unique like the other three arrangements , especially the Secret of Mana section . He encouraged Böcker to take more liberties with the source material if the opportunity arose , and hoped that another concert could be created in the future . Böcker proposed Final Symphony later that year to Uematsu , and got approval from Square Enix while coordinating a Tokyo concert of Symphonic Fantasies . Final Symphony is the first concert consisting entirely of new Final Fantasy arrangements in over ten years , since 20020220 - Music from Final Fantasy . Böcker and the arrangers intended the arrangements in the concert to be " about telling the stories of the games " . In order to " capture the atmosphere of the games " , they limited the concert to three games from the series , so as not to spread the concert too thin . They chose the games to be Final Fantasy VI , VII , and X , not only because they liked the music in the games but because they felt previous concerts , including to an extent Symphonic Fantasies and Odysseys , had failed to evoke the feeling of the games due to focusing on the battle music in an unbalanced manner . In an interview Böcker used Final Fantasy VII as an example , stating that only part of " the game 's dark , romantic , melancholic , and hopeful story " was being portrayed by solely orchestrating the battle music from the game . Böcker wanted to focus on " longer pieces [ and ] deeper storytelling " than other concerts like the Distant Worlds series , so as to offer fans " something they really never heard before " . Final Symphony was the first concert produced by Merregnon Studios without outside financial support , and Böcker regards it as the riskiest venture Merregnon Studios had undertaken to date , as they could only rely on their own belief that audiences would respond strongly enough to the concert for it to be successful despite the production costs of producing a concert of the quality they wanted . Jonne Valtonen , Roger Wanamo , and Masashi Hamauzu created the arrangements for the concert . Valtonen and Wanamo had previously worked with Böcker on the concerts in the Symphonic series , and Böcker has stated that if they had been unavailable for the project he would not have created Final Symphony at all . Hamauzu , in addition to arranging the Final Fantasy X music , was one of the composers of the original pieces he arranged . Uematsu , who composed music for all three games , served as a consultant for the project , though he did not arrange any pieces . When they first began the project , Böcker , Valtonen , and Wanamo took a few months to play through the games , watch playthrough videos , and read reviews and analyses of the games . They did not research other arrangements that have been done of the pieces , as they feel the general approach to video game music orchestration is very different from their style . They then got together to propose which tracks would be arranged , and decide which soundtracks worked best as a piano concerto , a symphonic poem , or a symphony . They chose a symphonic poem for VI , a piano concerto for X , and a symphony in three movements for VII . Böcker gave the team direction , and coordinated the arrangers in discussing and deciding which tracks to arrange . During the process of actually creating the arrangements , however , Böcker was not involved ; he feels that the arrangers are " masters of their art " and should have the freedom to create what they want . Nevertheless , the arrangers were communicating via e @-@ mail sharing their work in progress with Böcker : " If there are questions , or if they wish to know my opinion , I am there " . The Final Fantasy VI poem follows the journey of Terra Branford , " the heroine born with the gift of magic " . The poem explores the stages of her life through the game , as she escapes from slavery , faces her amnesia , discovers the source of her powers , and saves the world from the insane Kefka Palazzo . Final Fantasy VI was the first Final Fantasy game that Wanamo had played , and he wanted to tell the story of the game as it felt to him . Wanamo has described the arrangement as the most difficult one he had done to date . Originally , the poem was going to follow the story of the group of heroes , before Wanamo made Terra the focus , and ended up dropping the themes of the other heroes due to length . The Final Fantasy X piano concerto was arranged by Hamauzu not to tell the story of the game , but to express the " continuum " of the series through the lens of the game . While inspired by the game 's story , Hamauzu also drew inspiration from the rest of the franchise to make the concerto more than " a series of separate scenes and stories " . He feels that a hallmark of Böcker 's concerts is that they are not limited to directly translating the original works , but instead tie them to a wider creative process . Valtonen created the three movements of the Final Fantasy VII symphony to show three aspects of the game 's setting . The first movement , " Nibelheim Incident " , follows the villain Sephiroth in his journey through the game ; the second , " Words Drowned by Fireworks " , explores the relationship between Cloud Strife , Aerith Gainsborough , and Tifa Lockhart ; while the third movement , " The Planet 's Crisis " , depicts the final clash between Cloud and Sephiroth . He tried to " bring out both the darkest moments as well as the heart " of the game . = = = Performances = = = The first performance of Final Symphony was in Wuppertal , Germany at the Historische Stadthalle Wuppertal on May 11 , 2013 . The concert was held twice that day , and was conducted by Eckehard Stier , who had previously conducted for Symphonic Fantasies in Tokyo . It featured Benyamin Nuss , who had also performed in Symphonic Fantasies , on piano for the Final Fantasy X piano concerto . The concert was performed again on May 30 , 2013 , at the Barbican Centre in London , England by the London Symphony Orchestra . It was the first concert of video game music by the orchestra . Stier and Nuss repeated their performances from the premier . The following year , the concert was performed in four more locations : twice at the Tokyo Bunka Kaikan in Tokyo on May 4 , 2014 by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra , on May 9 at the Musikhuset Aarhus in Aarhus , Denmark by the Aarhus Symfoniorkester , on June 18 at the Stockholm Concert Hall in Stockholm , Sweden by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra , and on September 12 at the Tampere Hall in Tampere , Finland by the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra . Stier conducted for all four performances , while Katharina Treutler replaced Nuss for the Tokyo , Aarhus , and Stockholm concerts , and Mischa Cheung performed in Tampere . The arrangements were slightly modified for the 2014 performances , and a new encore piece , " Suteki da ne " , was performed at the Tampere concert . The Tokyo concert was the first video game music concert in Japan to receive a standing ovation , according to Merregnon Studios . It was described by both Dengeki Online and Famitsu as magnificent , with a bold and refreshing style that was met with " thunderous applause " . The London performance was also praised by critics ; Joe Hammond of Video Game Music Online , Ed Williams of The 405 , and Mariusz Borkowski of Gamemusic.pl all praised the concert for its powerful performance as both video game and classical music , and Audun Sorlie of Original Sound Version noted the fierce applause and standing ovations at both the London and Wuppertal performances . In 2016 , Final Symphony was performed by the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra . It will make its North American debut this summer with a performance by the San Diego Symphony on July 21 , followed by the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra on July 23 and the San Francisco Symphony on July 27 . An October 21 concert by the Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra in New Zealand has been scheduled as well . = = = Set List = = = = = Album = = On December 13 , 2014 , Merregnon Studios announced that they would be producing an album for the concert , to be published the following year . Unlike prior Merregnon Studios concert albums , the Final Symphony album would not be a recording of one of the performances but would instead be a studio recording of the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios , produced especially for the album . The version of the concert recorded was the one used in the final performance in Tampere , rather than the one originally performed by the London Symphony Orchestra in 2013 . The performance was recorded on December 15 – 17 , was conducted by Eckehard Stier , and featured a piano performance by Katharina Treutler . Nobuo Uematsu supervised the production of the album . The album was published by X5 Music Group , who had previously published the Symphonic Fantasies Tokyo album for Merregnon Studios . It was released as a digital album on February 23 , 2015 , while a preview of the album was performed on British radio station Classic FM on February 21 . Prior to the album 's release , the only available recording of the concert was a video of the Stockholm performance of the Final Fantasy VI symphonic poem by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra , released on their website on October 10 , 2014 . A physical version of the album was released on Blu @-@ ray in Japan on September 16 , 2015 , with releases in other countries to be announced . The album was highly praised by critics . Stephen Meyerink of RPGFan described it as " the absolute top of the mountain in the world of video game music arrangement " . He claimed that the " complexity and passion " of the concert could be appreciated by any music fan , but urged even mild fans of the source material to immediately buy the album . He praised the album 's production values , saying that it was the closest a listener could get to the live performances from their home . Joe Hammond of Video Game Music Online also enthusiastically praised the album , declaring it not only the best album Merregnon Studios had ever produced but also " one of the best video game music albums ever made " . He noted both the complexity and quality of the arrangements , calling them out as superior to the ones in Symphonic Fantasies and Symphonic Odysseys due to their narrow focus , as well as the " world class " performance of the London Symphony Orchestra on the recording . Classic FM noted the album as a " spectacular arrangement " that they compared to the best of film music while naming it their album of the week . The Final Symphony album reached the top position on the iTunes Classical Charts in over ten countries , as well as the top five classical albums on the Billboard charts and the Official UK Charts . = = Legacy = = Final Symphony was followed by Final Symphony II , a concert of music from Final Fantasy V , VIII , IX , and XIII . It features long arrangements like the Final Symphony concerts . The majority of the music was originally composed by Nobuo Uematsu , while the Final Fantasy XIII suite was originally composed by Masashi Hamauzu . Valtonen created the arrangements for the Final Fantasy V section , Wanamo worked on the VIII and IX portions , and Hamauzu arranged his own compositions from XIII with orchestration by Valtonen . First announced was a concert to be performed at the Barbican Centre in London by the London Symphony Orchestra on September 12 , 2015 , and later an earlier performance on August 29 in Bonn , Germany by the Beethoven Orchestra Bonn was also announced . After the debut performances , the London Symphony Orchestra traveled to Japan to perform the concert there three times : in Osaka on September 27 , and twice in Yokohama on October 4 . 2016 performances of the concert will include a concert on April 1 at the Tampere Hall in Tampere , Finland by the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra , and an June 9 concert by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra at the Konserthuset in Stockholm , Sweden . = SMS Habsburg ( 1865 ) = SMS Habsburg was the second and final member of the Erzherzog Ferdinand Max class of broadside ironclads built for the Austrian Navy in the 1860s . She was built by the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino ; her keel was laid down in June 1863 , she was launched in June 1865 , and commissioning in June 1866 at the outbreak of the Third Italian War of Independence and the Austro @-@ Prussian War , fought concurrently . The ship was armed with a main battery of sixteen 48 @-@ pounder guns , though the rifled guns originally intended , which had been ordered from Prussia , had to be replaced with old smoothbore guns until after the conflicts ended . Habsburg saw action at the Battle of Lissa in July 1866 , though she was not significantly engaged during the battle . In 1870 , she was used in a show of force to try to prevent the Italian annexation of Rome while the city 's protector , France , was distracted with the Franco @-@ Prussian War , though the Italians took the city regardless . The ship 's armament was revised several times in the 1870s and 1880s , before she was ultimately withdrawn from frontline service and employed as a guard ship and a barracks ship in Pola in 1886 . She served in this role until 1898 when she was stricken from the naval register and broken up for scrap in 1899 – 1900 . = = Description = = Habsburg was 83 @.@ 75 meters ( 274 ft 9 in ) long overall ; she had a beam of 15 @.@ 96 m ( 52 ft 4 in ) and an average draft of 7 @.@ 14 m ( 23 ft 5 in ) . She displaced 5 @,@ 130 metric tons ( 5 @,@ 050 long tons ; 5 @,@ 650 short tons ) . She had a crew of 511 . Her propulsion system consisted of one single @-@ expansion steam engine that drove a single screw propeller . The number and type of her coal @-@ fired boilers have not survived . Her engine produced a top speed of 12 @.@ 54 knots ( 23 @.@ 22 km / h ; 14 @.@ 43 mph ) from 2 @,@ 925 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 181 kW ) . Habsburg was a broadside ironclad , and she was armed with a main battery of sixteen 48 @-@ pounder muzzle @-@ loading smooth @-@ bore guns . She also carried several smaller guns , including four 8 @-@ pounder guns and two 3 @-@ pounders . The ship 's hull was sheathed with wrought iron armor that was 123 mm ( 4 @.@ 8 in ) thick on the battery and reduced to 87 mm ( 3 @.@ 4 in ) at the bow and stern . = = Service history = = Habsburg was built by the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino shipyard in Trieste . Her keel was laid down in June 1863 , and she was launched on 24 June 1865 . The builders were forced to complete fitting @-@ out work quickly , as tensions with neighboring Prussia and Italy erupted into the concurrent Austro @-@ Prussian War and the Third Italian War of Independence in June 1866 . Habsburg 's rifled heavy guns were still on order from Krupp , and they could not be delivered due to the conflict with Prussia . Instead , the ship was armed with old smooth @-@ bore guns . Rear Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff , the commander of the Austrian Fleet , immediately began to mobilize his fleet . As the ships became fully manned , they began to conduct training exercises in Fasana . On 26 June , Tegetthoff sortied with the Austrian fleet and steamed to Ancona in an attempt to draw out the Italians , but the Italian commander , Admiral Carlo Pellion di Persano , refused to engage Tegetthoff . Tegetthoff made another sortie on 6 July , but again could not bring the Italian fleet to battle . = = = Battle of Lissa = = = On 16 July , Persano took the Italian fleet , with twelve ironclads , out of Ancona , bound for the island of Lissa , where they arrived on the 18th . With them , they brought troop transports carrying 3 @,@ 000 soldiers . Persano then spent the next two days bombarding the Austrian defenses of the island and unsuccessfully attempting to force a landing . Tegetthoff received a series of telegrams between the 17 and 19 July notifying him of the Italian attack , which he initially believed to be a feint to draw the Austrian fleet away from its main base at Pola and Venice . By the morning of the 19th , however , he was convinced that Lissa was in fact the Italian objective , and so he requested permission to attack . As Tegetthoff 's fleet arrived off Lissa on the morning of 20 July , Persano 's fleet was arrayed for another landing attempt . The latter 's ships were divided into three groups , with only the first two able to concentrate in time to meet the Austrians . Tegetthoff had arranged his ironclad ships into a wedge @-@ shaped formation , with Habsburg on the right flank ; the wooden warships of the second and third divisions followed behind in the same formation . While he was forming up his ships , Persano transferred from his flagship , Re d 'Italia , to the turret ship Affondatore . This created a gap in the Italian line , and Tegetthoff seized the opportunity to divide the Italian fleet and create a melee . He made a pass through the gap , but failed to ram any of the Italian ships , forcing him to turn around and make another attempt . Habsburg was not as heavily engaged in the ensuing melee ; she did not attempt to ram any Italian vessels , instead employed converging fire , though without success . During this period , the leading Italian ironclads , Principe di Carignano and Castelfidardo , opened fire at long range on Habsburg , Kaiser Max , and Salamander , though they only inflicted splinter damage on Salamander . The battle ended after Tegetthoff 's flagship , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max , rammed and sank Re d 'Italia and heavy Austrian fire destroyed the coastal defense ship Palestro with a magazine explosion . Persano broke off the engagement , and though his ships still outnumbered the Austrians , he refused to counter @-@ attack with his badly demoralized forces . In addition , the fleet was low on coal and ammunition . The Italian fleet began to withdraw , followed by the Austrians ; Tegetthoff , having gotten the better of the action , kept his distance so as not to risk his success . In the course of the battle , Habsburg had fired 170 shells and had been hit 38 times in response , though she was not damaged and sustained no casualties . The Austrian fleet proceeded to Lissa and anchored in the harbor in Saint George Bay . That evening , Habsburg , Prinz Eugen , and a pair of gunboats patrolled outside the harbor . = = = Later career = = = After returning to Pola , Tegetthoff kept his fleet in the northern Adriatic , where it patrolled against a possible Italian attack . The Italian ships never came , and on 12 August , the two countries signed the Armistice of Cormons ; this ended the fighting and led to the Treaty of Vienna . Though Austria had defeated Italy at Lissa and on land at the Battle of Custoza , the Austrian army was decisively defeated by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz . As a result of Austria 's defeat , Kaiser Franz Joseph was forced to accede to Hungarian demands for greater autonomy , and the country became Austria @-@ Hungary in the Ausgleich of 1867 . The two halves of the Dual Monarchy held veto power over the other , and Hungarian disinterest in naval expansion led to severely reduced budgets for the fleet . In 1869 , Kaiser Franz Joseph took a tour of the Mediterranean Sea in his imperial yacht Greif ; Habsburg , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max , and a pair of paddle steamers escorted the Kaiser for the trip to Port Said at the mouth of the Suez Canal . The two ironclads remained in the Mediterranean while the other vessels passed through the Canal into the Red Sea in company with Empress Eugenie of France aboard her own yacht . The Austro @-@ Hungarian ships eventually returned to Trieste in December . The following year , Habsburg was the sole Austro @-@ Hungarian ironclad in active service , the rest having been disarmed and laid up in Pola . Following the outbreak of the Franco @-@ Prussian War that summer and the withdrawal of the French garrison from Rome , the Italy seemed likely to annex the city from the Papal States . Franz Joseph decided to attempt to deter an Italian attack on Rome , and since Habsburg was the only capital ship available , she was sent to several Italian ports as a show of force in August . She left Italian waters in September at the same time the Prussians decisively defeated the French at the Battle of Sedan . With the collapse of the Second French Empire , and Franz Joseph unwilling to unilaterally attack Italy to defend Rome , the Austro @-@ Hungarians backed down and Italy seized the city . In 1874 Habsburg was rearmed with a battery of fourteen 7 in ( 178 mm ) muzzle @-@ loading Armstrong guns and four light guns . Her battery was revised again in 1882 , with the addition of four 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) breech @-@ loading guns , two 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) breech @-@ loaders , a pair of 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) quick @-@ firing revolver guns , and three 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) auto @-@ cannon . Habsburg was withdrawn from service in 1886 and thereafter served as a guard ship and barracks ship in Pola . That year , these were removed and a single 26 cm ( 10 @.@ 2 in ) gun and a 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) gun were installed . She was stricken from the naval register on 22 October 1898 and broken up for scrap in 1899 – 1900 . = Get Back ( Demi Lovato song ) = " Get Back " is a song performed by American singer Demi Lovato . It was written by Lovato , Joe Jonas , Nick Jonas and Kevin Jonas and produced by the Jonas Brothers alongside John Fields , for Lovato 's debut studio album , Don 't Forget . The song features Jack Lawless on drums and John Taylor and the Jonas Brothers on guitars . The initial writing of the song took place when Lovato wanted to write a song about getting back together with an old boyfriend , as opposed to writing mean or heartbroken songs . " Get Back " was released as the album 's lead single on August 12 , 2008 , by Hollywood Records . Musically , the song is an upbeat rock song with a guitar @-@ driven sound . The song was met with positive reviews from critics and performed average commercially , peaking at number forty @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 and ninety @-@ three on the Canadian Hot 100 . In Australia , the song peaked at number ten on the ARIA Hitseekers chart . Lovato has performed the song on several occasions , including the opening of the 2008 Disney Channel Games and The Ellen DeGeneres Show . = = Background = = " Get Back " was written by Lovato , Joe Jonas , Nick Jonas and Kevin Jonas , and produced by the Jonas Brothers alongside John Fields . Lovato wanted to write a song about getting back together with someone , as she believed enough mean and heartbroken songs had already been made . She said , " It 's kind of a fun , upbeat song and it 's kind of just fun to sing to the person that I wrote it about . " The Jonas Brothers provided backing vocals and guitars on the track . In addition to co @-@ producing the song , Fields also provided bass , guitars and keyboards . Jack Lawless played the drums , and John Taylor contributed backing vocals and played the guitar . The song was released as the lead single for Don 't Forget on August 12 , 2008 , in the United States and Canada via digital download . The edited Radio Disney version was released on the same day . = = Composition = = " Get Back " is a upbeat guitar @-@ driven rock song . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is set in common time with a tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is performed in the key of C major and Lovato 's vocals span from the note of B3 to the note of G5 . Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic compared the song 's sound to works by Tommy Tutone . Lyrically , the song is about a desire to get back together with an old boyfriend , demonstrated in the lines " I want to get back to the old days " , and " Kiss me like you mean it " . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = The song received positive reviews from critics . Judy Coleman of The Boston Globe called " Get Back " a " welcome girl @-@ rock hit " . Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic included the song at number eight on his " Top 10 from the Disney girls " list , and said , " She wrote this with the Jonas Brothers , but it sounds more like a Tommy Tutone B @-@ side from the early ' 80s or the sort of thing Greg Kihn was pining for when he sang , ' They don 't write ' em like that anymore ' " . Masley noted that the song sounds better live , as does " nearly everything Lovato touches " . Masley concluded , writing , " When she sings ' I want to get back to the old days , ' what she means is when she and her boyfriend were happy , but power @-@ pop fans will hear it as a call to get back to much older days than that . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic noted it as one of the best tracks on Don 't Forget . Joey Guerra of The Houston Chronicle called it " undeniably kicky , and Lovato manages some surprisingly credible rock wails . " Ken Barnes of USA Today called it an " insidious , Go @-@ Go 's @-@ like single " . = = = Chart performance = = = On August 30 , 2008 , " Get Back " debuted at its peak position of number at number forty @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 . The following week , it fell fifty places to number ninety @-@ three . The song spent a total of six weeks on the chart , and it has sold 578 @,@ 000 digital copies to date , according to Nielsen SoundScan . > In Canada , it charted at number ninety @-@ three on the Canadian Hot 100 , which was its only appearance on that chart . In Australia , the song peaked at number ten on the ARIA Hitseekers chart on May 11 , 2009 . = = Music video and live performances = = " Get Back " was directed by Philip Andelman and shot in one day . The video premiered on Disney Channel on August 22 , 2008 , following the premiere of The Cheetah Girls : One World . It was later made available for digital download on iTunes Store on September 16 , 2008 . The video begins with a shot of the Manhattan Bridge , Lovato and her band are then seen on a small stage on top of a building . Lovato sports black clothing , a beaded scarf and red gloves . Throughout the first verse and chorus , Lovato dances around on stage with Manhattan Bridge visible in the background . Following the first chorus , the sun goes down and an aerial shot of the city 's nightlife is shown . The second verse and chorus are performed during night . During the song 's bridge , a daytime shot is shown of Lovato while sitting alone on the rooftop and looking away from the camera . After this , she is back on stage and performing the last chorus during nighttime with bright lights in the background . The video ends with the performance being finished , with Lovato turning around and walking towards her band . Lovato performed " Get Back " for the first time at the opening ceremony of the 2008 Disney Channel Games on May 4 , 2008 . On October 1 , 2008 , she performed it on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . On January 19 , 2009 , Lovato performed the song alongside " La La Land " at the Kids ' Inaugural : " We Are the Future " event in Washington , D.C. , at the Verizon Center . The event was held to celebrate the inauguration of Barack Obama as President of the United States . On April 24 , 2009 , Lovato performed an acoustic version of " Get Back " in Radio Disney 's network studio . Also in April 2009 , the song was performed as part of the iTunes Live from London series . The full performances were released as an iTunes Store @-@ exclusive extended play featuring recorded live versions on May 17 , 2009 . In May 2009 , Lovato performed the song at a Walmart concert , which was released as Demi Lovato : Live : Walmart Soundcheck , featuring recorded live versions on a CD , and the full performances on a DVD . Lovato performed " Get Back " on the Jonas Brothers ' Burnin ' Up Tour , for which she served as the opening act , during the summer of 2008 . Later in 2009 , the song was performed during her first headlining tour , Summer Tour 2009 . The song was performed last , and Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic called it " super @-@ charged " . In 2010 , she performed the song during her South American tour as the show 's finale . Lovato also performed the song as the opening number for her set during the Jonas Brothers Live in Concert World Tour 2010 . In September 2011 , Lovato performed the song during the revue concert An Evening with Demi Lovato . = = Track listings = = Digital download " Get Back " – 3 : 19 Radio Disney download " Get Back " ( Radio Disney version ) – 3 : 19 Music video version " Get Back " ( music video version ) – 3 : 20 Note : The only change in the music video version is the line " kiss me like you mean it " is changed to " hold me like you mean it " . = = Credits and personnel = = Demi Lovato – writer , lead vocals John Taylor – guitars , background vocals Kevin Jonas – writer , guitars , background vocals Nick Jonas – writer , guitars , background vocals Jack Lawless – drums John Fields – bass , guitars , keyboards , programming , producer Joe Jonas – writer , background vocals Jonas Brothers – producers Source : = = Charts and sales = = = = = Weekly charts = = = = = = Sales = = = = Taliesin ( studio ) = Taliesin / ˌtæliˈɛsᵻn / , sometimes known as Taliesin East or Taliesin Spring Green after 1937 , was the home and estate of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright . Located 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) south of the village of Spring Green in Iowa County , Wisconsin , United States , the 600 @-@ acre ( 240 ha ) property was developed on land that originally belonged to Wright 's maternal family . Wright designed the Taliesin structure two years after leaving his first wife and home in Oak Park , Illinois with a mistress , Mamah Borthwick . The design of the original building was consistent with the design principles of the Prairie School , emulating the flatness of the plains and the natural limestone outcroppings of Wisconsin 's Driftless Area . The structure ( which included an agricultural and studio wing ) was completed in 1911 . Wright rebuilt the Taliesin residential wing in 1914 after a disgruntled employee set fire to the living quarters and murdered Borthwick and six others . This second version was used only sparingly by Wright as he worked on projects abroad . He returned to the house in 1922 following completion of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo . A fire caused by electrical problems destroyed the living quarters in April 1925 . The third version of the living quarters was constructed by Wright by late 1925 . In 1927 , financial problems caused a foreclosure on the building by the Bank of Wisconsin . Wright was able to reacquire the building with the financial help of friends and was able to reoccupy it as of November , 1928 . Taliesin III was Wright 's home for the rest of his life , although he began to winter at Taliesin West in Scottsdale , Arizona upon its completion in 1937 . Many of Wright 's acclaimed buildings were designed here , including Fallingwater , " Jacobs I " ( the first Wright @-@ designed residence of Herbert and Katherine Jacobs ) , the Johnson Wax Headquarters , and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum . Wright was also an avid collector of Asian art and used Taliesin as a storehouse and private museum . Wright left Taliesin and the 600 @-@ acre Taliesin Estate to the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation ( founded by him and his third wife in 1940 ) upon his death in 1959 . This organization oversaw renovations to the estate until late 1992 upon the founding of Taliesin Preservation , Inc . , a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving the building and estate in Wisconsin . Taliesin mostly operates as a museum , however it is still occupied by former students of Wright 's in addition to students at the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture on a seasonal basis . The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 and is being considered as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site . = = Location = = Jones Valley , the Wisconsin River valley in which Taliesin sits , was formed during Pre @-@ Illinoian glaciation . This region of North America , known as the Driftless Area , was totally surrounded by ice during Wisconsin glaciation , but the area itself was not glaciated . The result is an unusually hilly landscape with deeply carved river valleys . The valley , approximately 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) south of the village of Spring Green , Wisconsin , was originally settled by Frank Lloyd Wright 's maternal grandfather , Richard Lloyd Jones , who came from Ixonia , Wisconsin with his family in 1858 to start a farm . By the 1870s , Richard 's sons had taken over operation of the farm , and they invited Wright work during summers as a farmhand . Wright 's aunts Jennie and Nell began a co @-@ educational school , Hillside Home School , in the family valley in 1887 and let Wright design the building ; this was Wright 's first independent commission . In 1896 , Wright 's aunts again commissioned Wright , this time to build a windmill . The resulting Romeo and Juliet Windmill was unorthodox but stable . In the winter of 1900 , Wright compiled a portfolio of photographs he took of the surrounding area for a promotional brochure for the Hillside School . Unsatisfied with his original design for the Hillside School , Wright replaced the school in 1902 with a Prairie School design . Wright later sent several of his children to receive an education at the school . Wright 's final commission on the farm was a house for his sister Jane Porter in 1907 . Tan @-@ Y @-@ Deri , Welsh for " Under the Oaks " , was a design based on his recent Ladies Home Journal article " A Fireproof House for $ 5000 . " The family , their ideas , religion , and ideals , greatly influenced the young Wright , who later changed his middle name from Lincoln ( in honor of Abraham Lincoln ) to Lloyd in deference to his mother 's family . When Wright decided to construct a home in this valley , he chose the name of the Welsh bard Taliesin , whose name means " shining brow " or " radiant brow " . Wright learned of the poet through Richard Hovey 's Taliesin : A Masque , a story about an artist 's struggle for identity . The Welsh name also suited Wright 's roots , as the Lloyd Joneses gave Welsh names to their properties . The hill upon which Taliesin was built was a favorite from Wright 's youth ; he saw the house as a " shining brow " on the hill . Although the name was originally only applied to the house , Wright later used the term to refer to the entire property . Wright and others used roman numerals to distinguish the three versions of the house . = = Early history = = From 1898 to 1909 , architect Frank Lloyd Wright lived and worked out of his home and studio in Oak Park , Illinois . In Oak Park , Wright had developed his concept of Prairie School architecture , designing houses primarily for local clients . In 1903 , Wright began designing a home for Edwin Cheney , but quickly took a liking for Cheney 's wife . Wright and Mamah Borthwick Cheney began an affair and separated from their spouses in 1909 . They met up in Florence , Italy , in February 1910 , where Wright made sketches of his future studio . He was particularly inspired by Michelozzo 's Villa Medici in Fiesole because it was built into a hill , had commanding views of its surroundings , and featured gardens on two levels . In 1911 , the pair sought to return to the United States , but knew they could not escape scandal if they returned to Oak Park . Wright saw an alternative — his family 's ancestral farm near Spring Green , Wisconsin . On April 3 , Wright wrote to a friend requesting money to purchase " a small house " for his mother . By the 10th , Wright 's mother Anne had a signed deed for the property . By using Anne 's name , Wright was able to secure the 31 @.@ 5 @-@ acre ( 12 @.@ 7 ha ) property without attracting any attention to the affair . Late in the summer , Mamah quietly moved into the property , staying with Wright 's sister at Tan @-@ Y @-@ Deri . However , Wright and Borthwick 's new property was discovered by a Chicago Examiner reporter that fall , and the affair made headlines in the Chicago Tribune on Christmas Eve . = = Taliesin I = = The Taliesin house had three sections : two broad portions on either end and a narrow connecting loggia . Typical of a Prairie School design , the house was , as Wright described , " low , wide , and snug . " As with most of his houses , Wright designed the furniture . One of these broad sections was used as Wright 's studio and workroom . A small apartment wing juts out of this wing ; the apartment may have originally been intended for Wright 's mother , but was used by Wright 's head draftsman . Wright and Borthwick lived in the other broad portion . The one @-@ story complex was accessed by a road leading up the hill to the rear of the building . The estate gateway was on County Road C , just west of Wisconsin Road 23 . Iron entry gates were flanked by limestone piers capped with planter urns . Wright chose yellow limestone for the house from a quarry of outcropping ledges on a nearby hill . Local farmers helped Wright move the stone up the Taliesin hill . Stones were laid in long , thin ledges , evoking the natural way that they were found in the quarry and across the Driftless Area . Plaster for the interior walls was mixed with sienna , giving the finished product a golden hue . This caused the plaster to resemble the sand on the banks of the nearby Wisconsin River . The outside plaster walls were similar , but mixed with cement , resulting in a grayer color . Windows were placed so that sun could come through openings in every room at every point of the day . Wright chose not to install gutters so that icicles would form in winter . Shingles on the gradually @-@ pitched roof were designed to weather to a silver @-@ grey color , matching the branches of nearby trees . A porte @-@ cochère was built over the main entrance of the living quarters to provide shelter for visiting automobiles . The finished house measured approximately 12 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 100 m2 ) of enclosed space . = = = Life at Taliesin = = = Upon moving in with Borthwick in the winter 1911 , Wright resumed work on his architectural projects , but he struggled to secure commissions because of the ongoing negative publicity over his affair with Borthwick ( whose husband , Edwin Cheney , maintained main custody of their son and daughter ) . However , Wright did produce some of his most acclaimed works during this time period , including the Midway Gardens in Chicago and the Avery Coonley Playhouse in Riverside . He also indulged his hobby for collecting Japanese art , and quickly became a renowned authority . Borthwick translated four works from Swedish difference feminist Ellen Key . In his spare time , Wright developed a fruit farm on the property with over a thousand fruit trees and bushes that he ordered from Jens Jensen in 1912 . It is unknown exactly how many were planted , because part of the order was destroyed during a railroad strike . Wright requested two hundred and eighty @-@ five apple trees planted , including one hundred McIntosh , fifty Wealthy , fifty Golden Russet , and fifty Fameuse . Among the bushes were three hundred gooseberry , two hundred blackberry , and two hundred raspberry . The property also grew pears , asparagus , rhubarb , and plums . The fruit and vegetable plants were placed along the contour of the estate , which may have been done to mimic the farms he saw while in Italy . Wright also dammed a creek on the property to create an artificial lake , which was stocked with fish and aquatic fowl . This water garden , probably inspired by the ones he saw in Japan , created a natural gateway to the property . In 1912 , Wright designed what he called a " tea circle " in the middle of the courtyard , adjacent to the crown of the hill . This circle was heavily inspired by Jens Jensen 's council circles , but also took influence from Japanese wabi @-@ sabi landscape architecture . Unlike Jensen 's circles , the rough @-@ cut limestone tea circle was much larger and featured a pool in the center . The circle featured a curved stone bench flanked with Chinese jars built during the Ming Dynasty . A large oak tree stood at the center until it blew down in a storm in 1998 . The tea garden also included a large plaster replica of Flower in the Crannied Wall , a statue originally designed by Richard Bock for the Susan Lawrence Dana House ; the namesake poem is inscribed on its rear . = = = Attack and fire = = = Julian Carlton was a 31 @-@ year @-@ old man who came to work as a chef and servant at Taliesin for the summer . Carlton was of African American descent , ostensibly from Barbados . He was recommended to Wright by John Vogelsong , Jr . , the caterer for the Midway Gardens project . Carlton and his wife Gertrude had previously served in the house of Vogelsong 's parents in Chicago . Originally a genial presence on the estate , Carlton grew increasingly paranoid . He stayed up late at night with a butcher knife , looking out the window . This behavior had been noticed by Wright and Borthwick , who issued an ad in a local paper for a replacement cook . Carlton was given notice that August 15 , 1914 would be his last day in their employ . Before he left , Carlton plotted to kill the residents of Taliesin . His primary target was draftsman Emil Brodelle , who had called Carlton a " black son @-@ of @-@ a @-@ bitch " on August 12 for not following an order . Brodelle and Carlton also engaged in a minor physical confrontation two days later . He planned the assault , targeting the noon hour , when Borthwick , her children , and the studio personnel would be on opposite sides of the property awaiting lunch . Wright was away in Chicago completing Midway Gardens while Borthwick stayed at home with her two children , 11 @-@ year old John and 9 @-@ year @-@ old Martha . On August 15 , Carlton grabbed a shingling hatchet and began an attack . He started with the Borthwicks , who were waiting on the porch off the living room . Mamah Borthwick was killed by a single blow to the face , and her son John was slaughtered as he sat in his chair . Martha managed to flee , but was hunted down and slain in the courtyard . He then coated the bodies in gasoline and lit them on fire , setting the house ablaze . Carlton then turned his attention to the other six residents , pouring gasoline underneath the door of the far end of the residence and setting it on fire . Draftsman Herbert Fritz managed to break open a window and escape , though he broke his arm in the process . Carlton then entered the other dining room and killed Brodelle . He then hid , waiting for the other residents to try to escape . As foreman William Weston and his 13 @-@ year @-@ old son Ernest ran through the door , Carlton attacked with the hatchet . The Westons escaped , but Ernest died from his wounds hours later . Carlton sought out the final two residents , laborer Thomas Brunker and gardener David Lindblom . Brunker and Lindblom managed to fight off Carlton and escape , but died days later from their burns and injuries . With the house empty , Carlton ran to the basement and into a fireproof furnace chamber . He brought a small vial of hydrochloric acid with him as a fallback plan in case the heat became too much for him to handle . Carlton did attempt suicide by swallowing the acid , but it failed to kill him . Lindblom and Weston alerted a neighboring farm of the attack . Weston then returned to the studio and used a garden hose to help extinguish the flames . His efforts saved the studio portion of the building and the many Wright manuscripts . Eventually , neighbors arrived to assist putting out the fire and search for survivors . Iowa County Sheriff John Williams located Carlton and arrested him . Carlton was transferred to the county jail in Dodgeville . Gertrude was found in a nearby field , apparently unaware of her husband 's intentions . She was dressed in travel clothes , expecting to catch a train to Chicago with Julian to seek a new job . Gertrude was released from police custody shortly after the incident . She was sent to Chicago with $ 7 and was never heard from again . The hydrochloric acid that Carlton ingested failed to kill him , but did badly burn his esophagus , which made it difficult for him to ingest food . Carlton was indicted on August 16 and was charged with the murder of Mamah Borthwick , the only death that was directly witnessed by a survivor . Carlton entered a not guilty plea . Forty @-@ seven days after the fire , before the case could be heard , Carlton died of starvation in his cell . = = = Aftermath = = = Bodies of the dead and injured were brought to Tan @-@ Y @-@ Deri , the nearby home of Wright 's sister , Jane Porter . Wright returned to Taliesin that night with his son John and Edwin Cheney . Cheney brought the remains of his children back to Chicago while Wright buried Mamah Borthwick on the property . Heartbroken over the loss of his lover , Wright did not mark the grave because he could not bear to be reminded of the tragedy . He also did not hold a funerary service for Borthwick , although he did fund and attend services for his employees . Wright struggled with the loss of Borthwick , experiencing symptoms of conversion disorder : insomnia , weight loss , and temporary blindness . After a few months of recovery , aided by his sister Jane Porter , Wright moved to an apartment he rented in Chicago at 25 Cedar Street . The attack also had a profound effect on Wright 's design principles ; biographer Robert Twombly writes that his Prairie School period ended after the loss of Borthwick . = = Taliesin II = = Within a few months of his recovery , Wright began work on rebuilding Taliesin . The new complex was mostly identical to the original building . The dam was rebuilt ; Wright added an observation platform , perhaps inspired by the one he designed in Baraboo . Later , he built a hydroelectric generator in an unsuccessful effort to make Taliesin completely self @-@ sufficient . The generator was built in the style of a Japanese temple . Within only a few years , parts of the structure eroded away . It was demolished in the 1940s . While designing the new residence , Wright received a sympathetic letter from Miriam Noel , a fan of his architecture . Wright exchanged correspondence with the wealthy divorcee and met with her at his Chicago office . Wright was quickly infatuated , and the two began a relationship . By Spring 1915 , Taliesin II was completed and Noel moved there with Wright . When Wright 's first wife Catherine finally granted him a divorce in 1925 , Wright and Miriam married . Although Wright admired Noel 's erratic personality at first , her behavior ( later identified as schizophrenia ) led to a miserable life together at Taliesin . In the new Taliesin , Wright worked to repair his tarnished reputation . He secured a commission to design the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo , Japan ; when the building was undamaged following the 1923 earthquake , Wright 's reputation was restored . Although he later expanded the agricultural wing , Wright spent little time at the second Taliesin house , often living near his construction sites abroad . Instead of serving as a full @-@ time residence , Wright treated Taliesin like an art museum for his collection of Asian works . Wright only truly lived at Taliesin II starting in 1922 , after his work at the Imperial Hotel was completed . On April 20 , 1925 , Wright returned from eating dinner in the detached dining room when he noticed smoke billowing from his bedroom . By that time of night , most of the employees had returned home ; only a driver and one apprentice were left in the complex . Unlike the first Taliesin fire , Wright was able to get help immediately . However , the fire quickly spread due to high winds . Despite the efforts of Wright and his neighbors to extinguish the flame , the living quarters of the second Taliesin estate were quickly destroyed . However , the workrooms where Wright kept his architectural drafts were spared . According to Wright 's autobiography , the fire appeared to have begun near a telephone in his bedroom . Wright also mentioned a lightning storm approaching immediately before noticing the fire . Wright scholars speculate that the storm may have caused an electrical surge through the telephone system , sparking the fire . = = Taliesin III = = Wright was deeply in debt following the destruction of Taliesin II . Aside from debts owed on the property , his divorce from Noel forced Wright to sell much of his farm machinery and livestock . Wright was also forced to sell his prized Japanese prints at half value to pay his debts . The Bank of Wisconsin foreclosed on Taliesin in 1927 and Wright was forced to move to La Jolla , California . Shortly before the bank was to begin an auction on the property , Wright 's former client Darwin Martin conceived a scheme to save the property . He formed a company called Frank Lloyd Wright Incorporated to issue stock on Wright 's future earnings . Many of Wright 's former clients and students purchased stock in Wright to raise $ 70 @,@ 000 . The company successfully bid on Taliesin for $ 40 @,@ 000 , returning it to Wright . Wright returned to Taliesin in the winter of 1928 and began to rebuild the complex , which he named Taliesin III , shortly afterward . Wright 's interaction with Taliesin lasted for the rest of his life , and eventually , he purchased the surrounding land , creating an estate of 593 acres ( 2 @.@ 4 km ² ) . Some of Wright 's best known buildings and most ambitious designs were created at Taliesin III . Works completed during this period include the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum , the First Unitarian Society Meeting House , and Price Tower ; he designed " The Illinois " , a mile @-@ high building , there in 1956 . In its final form , the Taliesin III building measured 37 @,@ 000 square feet ( 3 @,@ 400 m2 ) . All Wright buildings on the property combine for 75 @,@ 000 square feet ( 7 @,@ 000 m2 ) , just short of 2 acres ( 0 @.@ 81 ha ) , on 600 acres ( 240 ha ) of land . = = = Taliesin Fellowship = = = Wright inherited the Hillside Home School when it became insolvent in 1915 . The building sat empty until 1928 , when Wright conceived the idea of hosting a school there . He issued a proposal to the University of Wisconsin that would have created the Hillside Home School for the Allied Arts ; however , the plan was later abandoned . In 1932 , the Wrights instead established the private Taliesin Fellowship , where fifty to sixty apprentices could come to Taliesin to study under the architect . Students helped him develop the estate at a time when Wright received few commissions for his work . Once he began Taliesin West , a winter home in Scottsdale , Arizona , in 1937 , Wright and the fellowship " migrated " between the two homes each year . Wright did not consider the fellowship a formal school , instead viewing it as a benevolent educational institution . He also worked to ensure G.I. Bill eligibility for returning World War II veterans . The town of Wyoming , Wisconsin and Wright became embroiled in a legal dispute over his claim of tax @-@ exemption . A trial judge agreed with the town , stating that since apprentices did much of Wright 's work , it was not solely a benevolent institution . Wright fought the case to the Wisconsin Supreme Court . When Wright lost the case there in 1954 , he threatened to abandon the estate . However , he was persuaded to stay after some friends raised $ 800 @,@ 000 to cover the back taxes at a benefit dinner . = = Preservation = = In 1940 , Frank Lloyd Wright , his third wife Olgivanna , and his son @-@ in @-@ law William Wesley Peters formed the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation . Upon Wright 's death on April 9 , 1959 , ownership of the Taliesin estate in Spring Green , as well as Taliesin West , passed into the hands of the foundation . The Taliesin Fellowship continued to use the Hillside School as the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture . The fellowship allowed tours of the school , but initially did not permit visitation of the house or other grounds . When the group spent two summers in Switzerland , rumors started that they were planning on selling the house to S. C. Johnson , a former Wright client . Instead , the fellowship sold a surrounding piece of land to a developer associated with the company , intending to develop a tourist complex . The 3 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 1 @,@ 200 ha ) resort included an eighteen hole golf course , restaurant , and a visitor 's center . = = = Recognition = = = On January 7 , 1976 , Taliesin was recognized as a National Historic Landmark ( NHL ) District by the National Park Service . The nine properties contributing to the district are the landscape , Taliesin III , Hillside Home School , the Hillside Playhouse , the dam , Romeo and Juliet Windmill , Midway Farms , the pool and gardens in the courtyard , and Tan @-@ Y @-@ Deri . This designation also listed the property in the National Register of Historic Places . A National Historic Landmark is a site deemed to have " exceptional value to the nation . " In the late 1980s , Taliesin and Taliesin West were together nominated as a World Heritage Site , a UNESCO designation for properties with special worldwide significance . The nomination was rejected because the organization wanted to see a larger nomination with more Wright properties . In 2008 , the National Park Service submitted the Taliesin estate along with nine other Frank Lloyd Wright properties to a tentative list for World Heritage Status , which the National Park Service says is " a necessary first step in the process of nominating a site to the World Heritage List . " The properties are expected to first become eligible for the designation in 2016 . In 1987 , the National Park Service evaluated the 1 @,@ 811 NHLs nationwide for historical integrity and threat of damage . Taliesin was declared a " Priority 1 " NHL , a site that is " seriously damaged or imminently with such damage . " Furthermore , the site was listed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as one of America 's Most Endangered Places in 1994 , citing its " water damage , erosion , foundation settlement and wood decay . " Taliesin Preservation , Inc . ( TPI ) , a non @-@ profit organization , was established in 1991 to restore Taliesin . = = = Rehabilitation = = = On June 18 , 1998 , a severe storm damaged the estate . Heavy rains caused the drainage system to fail and a cascade of water surged over the retaining wall . This caused a mudslide , damaging the estate 's foundation . Furthermore , the large oak tree at the center of the courtyard fell down on top of the house . The next year , another storm collapsed a tunnel underneath the studio wing . A 1999 grant from Save America 's Treasures helped defray costs to re @-@ roof Taliesin III , to stabilize its foundation , and to connect it to a local sewage treatment plant . Over $ 11 million has been spent on the rehabilitation of Taliesin since 1998 . Unfortunately , its preservation is " fraught with epic difficulties " , because Wright never thought of it as a series of buildings with a long @-@ term future . It was built by inexperienced students , without solid foundations . Financing renovations has been challenging because revenue from Taliesin visitation has been lower than projected . TPI provides tours from May 1 through October 31 . In April and November , the association provides only an exterior shuttle and walking tour . Because the organization owns the property , it is inaccessible outside the confines of a tour . Roughly 25 @,@ 000 people visit Taliesin each year . = = = Assessment = = = Architectural historian James F. O 'Gorman compares Taliesin to Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello , calling it " not a mere building but an entire environment in which man , architecture and nature form a harmonious whole . " He continues that the building is an expression of Romanticism influence in architecture . William Barillas , in an assay of the Prairie School movement , agrees with O 'Gorman 's assessment and calls Taliesin " the ultimate prairie house . " In Taliesin 1911 – 1914 , a collection of essays about the first house , the authors and editor conclude that Taliesin was " Wright 's architectural self portrait . " In a 2009 publication for the Thoreau Society , Naomi Uechi notes thematic similarities between the architecture of Taliesin and the concept of simplicity advocated by philosopher Henry David Thoreau . Neil Levine highlighted the abstract nature of the complex , comparing it to the works of Pablo Picasso . = Daredevil ( season 1 ) = The first season of the American web television series Daredevil , which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , follows the early days of Matt Murdock / Daredevil , a lawyer @-@ by @-@ day who fights crime at night , juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios , DeKnight Prods. and Goddard Textiles , with Steven S. DeKnight serving as showrunner , and series creator Drew Goddard acting as consultant . Charlie Cox stars as Murdock , while Vincent D 'Onofrio plays Fisk . The two are joined by principal cast members Deborah Ann Woll , Elden Henson , Toby Leonard Moore , Vondie Curtis @-@ Hall , Bob Gunton , Ayelet Zurer , and Rosario Dawson . Daredevil entered development in late 2013 , with Goddard initially hired in December 2013 . DeKnight replaced him as showrunner and Cox was hired to star in May 2014 . Filmed in New York City from July to December 2014 , the season focuses on the darker , more mature elements of the source material . Stephanie Maslansky designed the costumes for the season , with the final red suit for Daredevil designed by Ryan Meinerding and the costume artists at Marvel Studios . The season features links and references to other MCU projects , including future Netflix series . The first two episodes of the season premiered in Los Angeles on April 2 , 2015 , with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on April 10 to an estimated high viewership and critical acclaim . Critics praised the performances , particularly D 'Onofrio 's , and the darker tone and action sequences of the series compared to other properties set in the MCU . However , some of the pacing during the season and the final red Daredevil suit received criticism . The first season received two nominations for Creative Emmy Awards , for the visual effects from Shade VFX , and the sound editing . The series was renewed for a second season on April 21 , 2015 . = = Episodes = = = = Cast and characters = = = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In October 2013 , Marvel and Disney announced that they would provide Netflix with live action series centered around Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Iron Fist , and Luke Cage , leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . Drew Goddard was hired to serve as executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil , however , in May 2014 it was announced that Goddard had stepped down as showrunner in order to focus on directing a feature film based on Marvel 's Sinister Six for Sony Pictures Entertainment . He was succeeded by Steven S. DeKnight . Goddard , who wrote the first two episodes , remained with the show as a consultant and executive producer . It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel 's Daredevil . The first season consists of 13 hour @-@ long episodes , and DeKnight , Goddard , Jeph Loeb , Jim Chory , Dan Buckley , Joe Quesada , Stan Lee , Alan Fine , Cindy Holland , Kris Henigman , Allie Goss , and Peter Friedlander serve as executive producers . = = = Writing = = = The season does not directly adapt any one storyline from the comics , with DeKnight feeling that it was more important to focus on " nailing the spirit of the comics " . He stated that Netflix 's support of " the creatives " coupled with Marvel 's restrictions on their properties led to him pushing the source material as far as he could while remaining respectful of the characters and their history , and being surprised at " how willing everyone is to take a really fresh look and really push what we ’ re doing . " Vincent D 'Onofrio compared telling a story on Netflix to more of a " 13 @-@ hour film " than a television series and noted that time can be taken to tell the story and " be much more specific " . Deborah Ann Woll explained that what she saw as one of the most important themes in the series was normal people having an impact in " seemingly insurmountable circumstances " , with the focus not being on Daredevil 's abilities or the characters ' qualifications , but on their willingness to help people . Though the season was much more violent than previous MCU works , DeKnight felt that sexual violence would be " too far " , saying that " Daredevil wasn ’ t asking for a lot of sexual situations , especially since Matt Murdock is not really in the position to get into a relationship , and it just didn ’ t fit the story for that season . I think that ’ ll change moving forward , but I never pushed any kind of sexual agenda on the show . I think once Daredevil was a hit and people were really responding positively , you can see the progression into more of an adult world in Jessica Jones . Speaking about the way the season reveals the name Daredevil , DeKnight explained that several options had been brought up , such as " one of the versions in the comics where when he was a kid people used to taunt him with the name Daredevil " , which did not fit in the world of the series , or having Ben Urich give the character the name , but the timing for that did not work due to Urich 's death before the final Daredevil suit was introduced . It was decided that instead of having the name Daredevil said onscreen , it would be easier to introduce it through the media as a newspaper headline . On why this was not done for Wilson Fisk as Kingpin , DeKnight stated that he felt it would " get a little bit silly .... [ if ] we went , ' Oh they called him Daredevil ! Oh they called him Kingpin ! ' , " and was unable to come up with another natural way for the name Kingpin to come up , so it was decided to leave that for a later time . = = = Casting = = = The main cast for the season includes Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page , Elden Henson as Franklin " Foggy " Nelson , Toby Leonard Moore as James Wesley , Vondie Curtis @-@ Hall as Ben Urich , Bob Gunton as Leland Owlsley , Ayelet Zurer as Vanessa Marianna , Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple , Vincent D 'Onofrio as Wilson Fisk . In July 2014 , Peter Shinkoda was reported to have a recurring role in the season , portraying Hashiro . In March 2015 , this character was revealed to actually be Nobu Yoshioka , while recurring opponents for Daredevil – Madame Gao , Vladimir Ranskahov , and Turk Barrett – were also announced , portrayed by Wai Ching Ho , Nikolai Nikolaeff , and Rob Morgan . Additionally , the following also recur throughout the season : Geoffrey Cantor as Mitchell Ellison ; Judith Delgado as Elena Cardenas ; Daryl Edwards as Carl Hoffman ; Royce Johnson as Brett Mahoney ; Adriane Lenox as Doris Urich ; Peter McRobbie as Father Lantom ; Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl ; Chris Tardio as Christian Blake ; Susan Varon as Josie ; and Tom Walker as Francis . = = = Design = = = Costume designer Stephanie Maslansky read the first two episodes ' scripts and some outlines of future scripts , and developed a " solid understanding " of the character arcs and overall story to begin the advanced planning needed for costume design . She also asked questions to prepare for character 's stunt requirements and the building or retro @-@ fitting of more complex costumes . Murdock begins the season wearing a black costume ( called the " vigilante outfit " by production ) , inspired by the one worn by the character in Frank Miller 's The Man Without Fear , rather than the more traditional red , horned suit . This was done to highlight the formation of Matt Murdock as Daredevil , with the costume evolving over time as the character develops . Marvel Comics ' Chief Creative Officer Quesada conceptualized the look based on DeKnight 's specifications . On the design process , DeKnight revealed that " we tried practically everything , design @-@ wise . We experimented with a lot of different head pieces . One version was a ski mask with the eyes sewn shut . We tried everything until we found something that just felt right . " DeKnight and Quesada explained that the idea was for Murdock to start out with a homemade outfit that fits more in the " real @-@ world " of the series , and to then evolve it into the classic Daredevil suit . Maslansky noted that they wanted the outfit to " look like something that Matt Murdock could put together himself , that he could either order off the Internet or shop around town .... we wound up with pretty practical choices for him . His shirts are compression shirts and his pants wound up being from an army / navy store . " Concerning the black mask , Maslansky noted that a balance between aesthetic and safety was required , and that it was made of layers of cotton mesh that " really conform to his head " but also allowed Cox to see through the mask . On the red suit , Maslansky said , " We wanted something that looked militaristic and functional , but also dramatic and sexy " adding that it was " tricky " making it practical . To begin the process of creating the suit , Quesada contacted Ryan Meinerding and the costume artists and design team at Marvel Studios , who all contributed design ideas , with one of Meinerding 's ultimately being picked . Quesada , who previously worked as an artist on Daredevil comics , gave several suggestions , including the incorporation of some of how New York was created into the suit , which led to the use of rivets and " architectural " shapes . The suit is intended to look like a Kevlar vest , and the black sections are an homage to comic panels where the artists highlighted certain areas with red , with " deeper portions " in shadow . On the mask , Meinerding noted the difficulty in designing the entire top half of a face that is intended to match the bottom half of an actor 's face , " because half of his face has to be covered and has its own expression and the actor ’ s face is going to be doing something else " . For the billy clubs used by Daredevil in the series , which were designed by Andy Park , discussions were had about having them holstered on the right leg , given that both Cox and his stunt double Chris Brewster are right handed , but it was ultimately decided to have the holster on the left hand side as it is in the " classic profile " of the comics . DeKnight explained that Murdock 's Daredevil suit does not have the " DD " emblem on the chest as seen in the comics , because Murdock receives his moniker only after the suit is introduced . He also felt that the emblem was " one of the more problematic emblems in superhero @-@ dom " , and that Daredevil 's suit in the comics was " very difficult to translate to screen , especially in this world that is grounded and gritty " . Many of the male characters in the series are often seen wearing suits , which Maslansky was comfortable with after working as the costume designer on White Collar . Murdock 's suits are differentiated more by texture than color , with a limited palette , given that the character cannot see what color his clothing is . Cox 's size changed throughout the series as he continued to work out . For Murdock 's sunglasses , Maslansky worked with series prop master Michael Jortner to make something that fit into the modern world , but paid homage to " what was familiar to fans " . Close to 100 different versions of the prop were created for Cox to try . For the women of the series , Maslansky looked to their backstories in the show , with Page having dreams and fantasies of a life in New York along the lines of Katharine Hepburn and Lauren Bacall , and dressing according to those thoughts ( " retro , slim skirts , tighter fitting tops and slim dresses " ) , while Marianna coming into the series as a mysterious yet glamorous femme fatale , dressing in high @-@ end , couture clothing ; " she needed to appeal to [ Fisk ] . He wouldn ’ t go for just any chick in a pair of old jeans and a t @-@ shirt . " = = = Filming = = = In February 2014 , Marvel announced that Daredevil would be filmed in New York City . In April 2014 , Quesada reiterated this , stating that the show would be filming in areas of Brooklyn and Long Island City that still look like the old Hell ’ s Kitchen , in addition to sound stage work . Loeb said that Daredevil would begin filming in July 2014 , and DeKnight confirmed that filming had started that month . In October 2014 , filming took place in the Williamsburg and Greenpoint neighborhoods in Brooklyn . Production concluded on December 21 , 2014 . It filmed under the working title Bluff , on a $ 56 million budget . The production received $ 14 @.@ 3 million under the New York Film & TV Tax Credit Program . " Cut Man " ends with a long action sequence filmed in a single take . DeKnight called it the " most complicated action scene " in the series , due to the technical difficulty in filming it , and credited Goddard , episodic director Phil Abraham , stunt coordinator Philip J Silvera , and series cinematographer Matt Lloyd with realizing it . He also named The Raid films as inspiration for the sequence . There were only a few days to plan and set up the fight , as opposed to a film which would allow " at least a couple of weeks " , and it took 7 or 8 takes to get the shot right . Silvera explained that the scene was always scripted to be a one @-@ shot , and that he had intended to work around it with wipes , but Abraham challenged the team to do it all for real , which allowed the fight to feel more grounded by having them " slow down the fight , and just have this raw , animalistic feeling happening . " The final shot does include some ' Texas Switches ' between actors and stunt doubles , but was ultimately filmed with no cuts . Talking about the scene where Fisk beheads Anatoly Ranskahov with a car door in " In the Blood " , DeKnight noted that series like Spartacus and The Walking Dead would have shown the head being crushed , which he felt was " the right choice " for them , but for Daredevil " we did very much a Psycho thing , we saw the aftereffects of it , but you never saw the car door crushing his head .... Sound effects , absolutely . It ’ s a very disturbing scene without crossing that line into a horror movie kind of deal . " = = = Visual effects = = = Visual effects for the series were completed by the New York studio Shade VFX ; Daredevil featured over 1000 visual effect shots . Executive visual effects supervisor Bryan Goswin explained that the company 's work included the creation of digital doubles when stunts were not safe for actors or stunt doubles , as well as blood @-@ hits and wounds , with " a lot of support to the idea of the violence and gore that happens in Daredevil " given to differentiate the series from other Marvel projects , and to try to set the series in a " more realistic and dark place , the real streets of New York . " One shot created by Shade VFX is when the audience sees Matt Murdock 's " vision " – the way that he " sees " using his other heightened senses . On why this was only used once in the season , DeKnight explained that it had in fact been budgeted to appear several more times , with the effect actually completed at least twice more for the season . It was removed for several reasons , including to avoid taking away the specialty of it , and to maintain the crime drama tone of the series . One instance where it would have been used again was in " Stick " , where the audience would have seen how Murdock saw Stick as he threw keys at him , and then when he is older and Stick throws fighting sticks at him and his senses are more refined . In that case , the effect was not finished on time . Another instance was in " The Ones We Leave Behind " when Murdock comes across a Chinese worker and realizes that he has been blinded . The final use of the effect was going to be in " Daredevil " when the camera pushes in on Page 's reaction Murdock telling her that they can work together . Here , the effect was hiding all of the nuances in her expression , so it was decided that it would be better to remove it . = = = Music = = = Composer John Paesano was brought on " a couple of weeks in to post @-@ production " , and scored an episode every four to five days . Paesano estimated that each episode has around 25 – 30 minutes of music in it . In approaching the series ' score , Paesano looked to DeKnight , who " had a very clear vision of what he wanted ... music you could feel and not necessarily hear . " The result was a more minimalist score than typical " superhero " music , although the music starts to " change color " and move closer to that of the MCU when the classic red costume is introduced . Most of the score was produced electronically , though live elements , such as a cello , were used where possible . Rather than " keep the drive and the energy up " with drums , Paesano elected to use a low pulsing heartbeat that was inline with the series ' minimalist approach , and tied into the fact that Dardevil can hear people 's heartbeats in the show . A soundtrack album for the season was released on iTunes on April 27 , 2015 . All music composed by John Paesano , unless otherwise noted . = = = Marvel Cinematic Universe tie @-@ ins = = = In February 2015 , Emma Fleisher of Marvel Television stated that Daredevil takes place in the aftermath of The Avengers , but would not " explicitly [ be ] in that Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. world . We 're in our own corner [ of the MCU ] . So the aliens came down and ruined the city , and this is the story of Hell 's Kitchen 's rebuild . " Connections to other MCU properties include the character of Carl " Crusher " Creel , who appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. portrayed by Brian Patrick Wade , and is mentioned as having fought Jack Murdock in the latter 's final boxing match ; St. Agnes Orphanage , where both Matt Murdock and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' s Skye are raised ; the insignia on Madame Gao 's heroin , which is a connection to the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent ; and mentions of Roxxon Oil , a company featured throughout the MCU . The final scene of " Stick " , featuring a conversation between Stick and Stone , was meant to hint at further ties between the series and other areas of the MCU in the same way as Marvel 's film post @-@ credits scenes , though it could not actually go after the episode 's credits due to the way that Netflix begins the next episode during the credits of the current one . There were discussions about having another such " coda " at the end of the season finale , one which would have featured Leland Owlsley attempting to escape New York , only to be killed by the Punisher in a surprise introduction . The scene would not have shown the actor 's face , but would have included the character 's iconic skull insignia . The idea was dropped , again because of Netflix 's playing system , and Owlsley was ultimately killed by Fisk in the episode , with the introduction of the Punisher saved for the series ' second season . = = Release = = The first season of Daredevil was released on April 10 , 2015 on the streaming service Netflix , in all territories where it is available , in Ultra HD 4K . On April 14 , 2015 , Daredevil was the first Netflix series to receive its Descriptive Video Service audio description track , " a narration track that describes what is happening on @-@ screen , including physical actions , facial expressions , costumes , settings and scene changes . " By April 16 , episodes for the series had been pirated by 2 @.@ 1 million individual users worldwide , according to Excipio , a piracy tracking firm , surpassed in that timeframe only by Game of Thrones . The biggest countries for piracy were Brazil ( 190 @,@ 274 torrent downloaders ) , India ( 149 @,@ 316 ) , the U.S. ( 144 @,@ 351 ) , the UK ( 119 @,@ 891 ) , France ( 105 @,@ 473 ) and Australia ( 101 @,@ 025 ) . Except for India , Netflix was available in each of those countries at the time . = = = Marketing = = = At the October 2014 New York Comic Con , footage from the series was shown . In January 2015 , a motion film poster was released to coincide with the revealing of the streaming date for the first season . The following month , on February 4 , a teaser trailer was released . Merrill Barr of Forbes noted the dark tone of the trailer in a similar vein to DC Comics ' Arrow and different from Marvel 's ABC series , but questioned the timing of the trailer debut after Super Bowl XLIX , especially as the company did not air trailers during the event for Avengers : Age of Ultron or Ant @-@ Man and could have benefited from introducing " its latest and riskiest show " to general audiences through it . In March 2015 , an additional motion poster was released , which featured all major characters and Avengers Tower in the background of the poster , as well as the possible reveal of Murdock 's red suit in his reflection . In the lead up to the first season premiere , a street marketing campaign appeared across the world in 12 cities with various artists creating murals . On April 2 , 2015 , the series had its premiere at the Regal Premiere House at L.A. Live where the first two episodes were previewed . = = = Home media = = = The season will be available in Region 2 on October 3 , 2016 , on Blu @-@ ray and DVD . = = Reception = = = = = Audience viewership = = = As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Luth Research compiled data for the season , based on a sample of 2 @,@ 500 Netflix subscribers watching via computers , tablets or smartphones . ( Luth Research does not track Netflix viewing on televisions , whether Internet @-@ connected sets or those linked to streaming @-@ media players or gaming consoles . ) According to Luth , an estimated 10 @.@ 7 % of subscribers ( approximately 4 @.@ 4 million ) watched at least one episode of Daredevil in its first 11 days on Netflix , with 2 @.@ 3 % ( 940 @,@ 000 ) watching on the first day . In a separate study , Netflix determined that the fifth episode of the season was the one to " hook " viewers , " to the point where they [ continued on to watch ] the entire first season . " = = = Critical response = = = The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 98 % approval rating with an average rating of 8 / 10 based on 51 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , " With tight adherence to its source material 's history , high production quality , and a no @-@ nonsense dramatic flair , Daredevil excels as an effective superhero origin story , a gritty procedural , and an exciting action adventure . " Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 22 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . In reviews for the first five episodes of the series , Brian Lowry of Variety felt that " Compared to Marvel 's experience with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. for ABC , operating in Netflix 's pay @-@ to @-@ view world is clearly liberating " in terms of what can be done and shown . Matt Patches of Esquire added , " The show 's exterior recasts the high fructose , splash page aesthethic of Iron Man , Thor , Captain America with neo @-@ noir attitude . Goddard and DeKnight drench Daredevil in shadows and blood . " He compared Daredevil to " a TV spinoff " of Christopher Nolan 's Batman films , and praised Cox and D 'Onofrio 's portrayals , while criticizing a subplot involving Nelson and Page and noting that the slow pacing of Daredevil , in which story may be stretched out more than needs be , could be a problem for binge @-@ watchers . Victoria McNally of MTV felt the early episodes ' fight sequences were " filmed beautifully " and enjoyed that they featured little CGI , while also calling Henson " perfectly cast and endlessly amusing " as Nelson . Eric Eisenberg of Cinema Blend also had positive thoughts on the initial episodes , saying , " It ’ s smart , entertaining , and has moments so shocking that you ’ ll have to repress screams . Suffice it to say , Marvel and Netflix have another big winner on their respective plates , " while also praising the acting . Speaking of the first two episodes , Mark Hughes of Forbes added additional praise , saying , " Quite simply , in Daredevil Marvel delivers one of the greatest live @-@ action superhero origin stories ever made . It is in the same top @-@ tier category of true superhero origin films along with Batman Begins , Iron Man , and Superman : The Movie . " Hughes stated that if the first two episodes were released in theaters with only minor tweaks , they " would ’ ve been hailed as one of Marvel ’ s best films to date . " Mike Hale at the New York Times was less positive about the series , calling it ordinary , but admitting having high expectations due to his love for the comics , and admiring the care and seriousness with which the series was made . He called the series pace " leisurely " , but " a pleasant change from the norm " , and called Cox 's performance " divided " , praising him as Murdock and criticizing him as Daredevil . Hale was positive about the cast overall , and ultimately surmised that after seeing the first five episodes , Daredevil is " eminently watchable " , but not the Daredevil he remembered from the comics . After reviewing each of the individual episodes , IGN reviewer Matt Fowler gave the entire first season a score of 9 out of 10 , indicating an " Amazing " season , saying that though it may have " spun a few wheels " while building up to its endgame , the series was " a thrilling , ultra @-@ satisfying take on Daredevil 's material and lore . One that , like Favreau 's first Iron Man film , helped breathe new life and fandom into a somewhat B @-@ tier Marvel character . " He particularly praised D 'Onofrio 's performance , the " edgy " fight sequences , the fact that the hero himself got " beat on – a lot " , and the unique dark take on the MCU . Liz Shannon Miller , reviewing the season for Indiewire , graded it a ' B + ' , and though feeling that it didn 't quite live up to DeKnight 's admitted influence , The Wire , praised the series , noting its characters and development , and the performances of the entire cast , especially those of D 'Onofrio , Curtis @-@ Hall , and Cox . She was positive of the level of violence the series depicted , and all of its " brutal " and " beautiful " fight sequences , as well as the way that the series explores the consequences of the films on average people , while committing to building its own universe within the already established MCU . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix also praised the cast and characters , particularly D 'Onofrio , and felt that series benefited from having a much narrower focus than the Marvel films or other series . He did wish that Murdock 's " world on fire " -sight was used more often , and felt that the classic Daredevil costume , which " may not translate well to live @-@ action " , could use " some tweaks " . = = = Accolades = = = Cox was honored at the American Foundation for the Blind 's 19th Annual Helen Keller Achievement Awards , for those " that have demonstrated outstanding achievement in improving quality of life for people with vision loss . " The series ' main title sequence , created initially for this season , won the Online Film & Television Association 's award for the Best New Titles Sequence , and was nominated for the Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Design , which went to Manhattan . The season was included on multiple Best / Top TV Shows of 2015 lists , ranking on People 's ( 1st , along with Jessica Jones ) , Business Insider 's ( 3rd ) , TV Guide and Digital Spy 's ( 7th ) , and Slate Magazine 's ( 23rd ) . It also was included on Vanity Fair ' Best New TV Shows of 2015 list . Daredevil 's first season was the seventh trending television show search on Google for 2015 . = Apocalypse ( Six Flags America ) = Apocalypse is a steel stand @-@ up roller coaster located at Six Flags America in Prince George 's County , Maryland . The ride made its debut in 1990 as Iron Wolf at Six Flags Great America before being relocated to Six Flags America and renamed to Apocalypse . The roller coaster was the first built by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard . When known as Iron Wolf , the roller coaster held the records of the highest ( 100 @-@ foot or 30 @-@ metre ) and fastest ( 55 miles per hour or 89 kilometres per hour ) stand @-@ up looping roller coaster in the world before losing them to other roller coasters in 1992 and 1996 . = = History = = = = = Six Flags Great America ( 1990 – 2011 ) = = = On April 28 , 1990 , Apocalypse opened as Iron Wolf at Six Flags Great America on the former site of Z @-@ Force ( the only Intamin Space Diver ever manufactured ) . At its debut in 1990 , it was the tallest and fastest stand @-@ up roller coaster in the world until 1992 when TOGO built Milky Way which stands at 125 feet ( 38 m ) and 1996 when Bolliger & Mabillard built Mantis at Cedar Point which has a top speed of 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) . In 1994 , Iron Wolf appeared in the movie Richie Rich as Richie 's backyard roller coaster . On August 5 , 2011 , Six Flags Great America announced on their official Facebook page that the Iron Wolf would be closed on September 5 , 2011 : " After a long 21 year history at the park , we will be removing Iron Wolf . Make sure to get your last rides in – Iron Wolf ’ s Last Stand is September 5 " . ' The Last Stand ' is also a reference to the slogan afforded to Apocalypse . = = = Six Flags America ( 2012 – present ) = = = On August 22 , 2011 , Six Flags America announced on their Facebook page that they would be adding a new attraction in 2012 . From this day , the park began to slowly remove burnt pieces from an envelope each days leading up to the official announcement on September 1 , 2011 . On September 1 , 2011 , Six Flags America announced that they would be adding Apocalypse in 2012 . Iron Wolf closed on September 5 , 2011 , and work began on preparing it for transport to its new location . The new owners planned to add the roller coaster to the Skull Island section of their park , but before the relocation could take place , the Skull Mountain ride at Six Flags America had to be closed and demolished to make room for the new attraction . Construction for the coaster continued until the end of March 2012 when the final piece of track was installed . The official Facebook page for Six Flags America had stated that the ride would officially open on May 25 , 2012 , but this was later changed to June 7 , 2012 . = = Ride experience = = After departing the station , the train makes a 180 degree turn leading to the 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) chain lift hill . Once at the top , the train goes through a pre @-@ drop before making a sharp left hand turn leading into the first drop . Once the train is at the bottom of the first drop , it immediately goes through the first of two inversions , a vertical loop . The train then makes an upward right turn before making a left turn back down to the ground . The train continues to go left before going through an upward helix . After , the train makes a downward right s @-@ bend leading into the second and final inversion , a corkscrew . The train makes a left turn back up before going through another s @-@ bend , small over @-@ banked turn which leads to the brake run . One cycle lasts about 2 minutes with riders reaching a top speed of 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) . = = = Trains = = = Apocalypse operates with two steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has seven cars with four seats each for a total of 28 riders per train . When the roller coaster was known as Iron Wolf , both trains featured the face of a wolf on the front of the train . After the ride was relocated to Six Flags America , the wolf was removed and the word " Apocalypse " replaced it . = = = Track = = = The steel track is approximately 2 @,@ 900 feet ( 880 m ) in length and the height of the lift is approximately 100 feet ( 30 m ) . The first drop is 90 feet ( 27 m ) . When the coaster was known as Iron Wolf at Six Flags Great America , the track was brown . Today , the coaster features orange and grey track with black supports to match the apocalypse theme . = = = Theme = = = Between 1990 and 2011 , when Apocalypse was known as Iron Wolf , there was no theme for the roller coaster . After its relocation to Six Flags America , to match the new name of the coaster , an end of the world apocalypse theme was added with fire , crashed planes and zombies located in the queue line and along the layout of the roller coaster . As guests go further in the queue line to the end at the station , it mimics an end of the world apocalypse scenario . The skull from Skull Mountain also serves as a backdrop to the ride . = Arnold Ross = Arnold Ephraim Ross ( August 24 , 1906 – September 25 , 2002 ) was a mathematician and educator who founded the Ross Mathematics Program , a number theory summer program for gifted high school students . He was born in Chicago , but spent his youth in Odessa , Ukraine , where he studied with Samuil Shatunovsky . Ross returned to Chicago and enrolled in University of Chicago graduate coursework under E. H. Moore , despite his lack of formal academic training . He received his Ph.D. and married his wife , Bee , in 1931 . Ross taught at several institutions including St. Louis University before becoming chair of University of Notre Dame 's mathematics department in 1946 . He started a teacher training program in mathematics that evolved into the Ross Mathematics Program in 1957 with the addition of high school students . The program moved with him to Ohio State University when he became their department chair in 1963 . Though forced to retire in 1976 , Ross ran the summer program until 2000 . He had worked with over 2 @,@ 000 students during more than forty summers . The program is known as Ross 's most significant work . Its attendees have since continued on to prominent research positions across the sciences . His program inspired several offshoots and was recognized by mathematicians as highly influential . Ross has received an honorary doctorate and several professional association awards for his instruction and service . = = Early life and career = = Ross was born Arnold Ephraim Chaimovich on August 24 , 1906 in Chicago to Ukrainian @-@ Jewish immigrants . He was an only child . His mother supported the family as a physical therapist . Ross returned to Odessa , Ukraine with his mother in 1909 for assistance from her extended family , and stayed once World War I and the Russian Revolution broke out . The two events led to widespread famine and economic woe in the region . Ross learned Russian at the behest of his mother , and developed a love of the theater and language . Ross 's mother encouraged him to read , which he did often , and subscribed to a private library since Odessa had no public library . He credited his favorite uncle , an X @-@ ray diagnostician , with introducing him to mathematics . The uncle had hired Samuil Shatunovsky to tutor his talented son , and Ross asked to join in . As money meant little due to inflation , Shatunovsky was paid to tutor the two boys with a pound of French hard candy . During this time , Ross was not taught with textbooks or lectured on geometric proofs . His geometry teacher would ask the class to prove and justify ideas on the blackboard per trial and error . Many universities were closed due to the famine , but Odessa University reopened and let a small group of adolescents attend , including Ross . Ross left Odessa — now part of the USSR — in 1922 with the intention of returning to Chicago and studying topology with E. H. Moore at the University of Chicago . After negotiating his way home , he worked at a family friend 's bookbinding shop and continued to learn English at the Lewis Institute . He also changed his surname from Chaimovich to Ross in 1922 . Ross used his salary from a year at the shop to enroll for one term at the University of Chicago in Moore 's course . Moore gave Ross special attention , knowing his untraditional background , and arranged for Ross to attend the topology class as the sole undergraduate . In Moore 's teaching style , he would propose a conjecture and task the students with proving it . Students could respond with counter @-@ conjectures that they would defend . Ross found Moore 's method exciting , and his pedagogy influenced Ross 's own . Ross graduated with a B.S. degree and continued his study as Leonard Eugene Dickson 's research assistant . Ross earned a M.S. degree and finished his Ph.D. in number theory at the University of Chicago in 1931 with Dickson as his adviser . Ross 's dissertation was entitled " On Representation of Integers by Indefinite Ternary Quadratic Forms " . He did not pay tuition after his first quarter , which he credits to Dickson . Ross married Bertha ( Bee ) Halley Horecker , a singer @-@ musician and daughter of Ross 's Chicago neighbors , in 1931 , received a National Research Council Fellowship for 1932 , and worked as a National Research Council postdoctoral fellow at California Institute of Technology with Eric Temple Bell until 1933 . Ross moved back to Chicago and led the mathematics department at an experimental school started by Ph.D.s during the Great Depression , People 's Junior College , where he also taught physics . Ross became an assistant professor at St. Louis University in 1935 and stayed for about 11 years . In an interview , he said he advocated for a student who became the first black woman in the South to receive a master 's degree in mathematics . This exception led the university to admit black students despite the idea 's widespread unpopularity . During World War II , Ross served as a research mathematician for the U.S. Navy . He befriended Hungarian mathematician Gábor Szegő while in St. Louis , who recommended Ross for a 1941 Brown University summer school that prepared young scientists to assist in the war , a program Ross attended . He occasionally worked on proximity fuzes for Stromberg @-@ Carlson 's laboratory from 1941 to 1945 before accepting a position as head of University of Notre Dame 's mathematics department in 1946 . He set out to change the school 's research climate by inviting distinguished mathematicians including Paul Erdős , whom Ross made a full professor . = = Ross Mathematics Program = = While at Notre Dame in 1947 , Ross began a mathematics program that prioritized what he described as " the act of personal discovery through observation and experimentation " for high school and junior college teachers . In 1957 , the program expanded via the National Science Foundation 's post @-@ Sputnik funds for teacher retraining , and Ross let high school students attend . This expansion became the Ross Mathematics Program , a summer mathematics program for gifted high school students . The program lasts eight weeks and brings students with no prior knowledge to topics such as Gaussian integers and quadratic reciprocity . Though the program teaches number theory , by its Gauss @-@ inspired motto , " Think deeply of simple things " , its primary goal is to offer precollege students an intellectual experience as what he described as " a vivid apprenticeship to a life of exploration " . The program is known for its intensity , and is considered America 's " most rigorous number theory program " , according to What High Schools Don 't Tell You . Ross was known to say , " No one leaves the program unchanged . " The program usually has 40 – 50 first @-@ year students , 15 advanced students , and 15 counselors . Students are admitted by application — which includes a set of mathematical questions — or by showing " a great eagerness to learn " . First @-@ year students meet daily for lectures in elementary number theory and thrice weekly for problem seminars . They are encouraged to think like scientists and devise their own proofs and conjectures to the problems posed , which occupies most of their free time . Ross designed the daily problem sets , and many questions contain his signature directions : " Prove or disprove and salvage if possible . " Successful students are asked to return as students and counselors in future summers . Returning students revisit the daily lectures and help first @-@ years with their questions . They also can take advanced courses such as combinatorics and graduate seminars . Student problem sets are graded daily by the live @-@ in counselors . The program was funded in the 1960s by a National Science Foundation ( NSF ) program that supported summer programs in science education , but not returning students . As NSF support fluctuates , the program has been funded by various means including gifts from donors , scholarships from businesses , a National Security Agency grant , the university , and its mathematics department . It also receives financial support from the Clay Mathematics Institute . The program grew rapidly with input from prominent mathematicians such as Ram Prakash Bambah , Hans Zassenhaus , Thoralf Skolem , and Max Dehn . In the 1960s and 1970s , Ross brought mathematicians including Zassenhaus , Kurt Mahler , and Dijen K. Ray @-@ Chaudhuri to teach there regularly . Ross left Notre Dame to become chair of Ohio State University 's mathematics department in 1963 , and the program followed in the 1964 summer . The program briefly moved to the University of Chicago in the summers of 1975 – 1978 at mathematician Felix Browder 's invitation . The program is unadvertised and depends on personal contacts and word of mouth to propagate . It is recognized by mathematicians as one of the best mathematics programs for high school students . = = Retirement and death = = Ross reached his mandatory retirement from Ohio State University in 1976 , when he became Professor Emeritus , but continued to run the summer program through 2000 , after which he had a stroke that left him physically impaired and unable to teach . Daniel Shapiro led the program upon Ross 's exit . Shapiro was a former counselor at the program . Ross received an honorary doctorate from Denison University in 1984 , the 1985 Mathematics Association of America ( MAA ) Award for Distinguished Service , the 1998 MAA Citation for Public Service , and was named an American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow in 1988 . His teaching awards include Ohio State 's Distinguished Teaching and Service Awards , and membership on the National Science Foundation 's science education advisory board . Ross helped begin similar programs in West Germany , India , and Australia . He consulted for an Indian gifted children program in 1973 , assisted in an Australian National University January summer program for talented youth based on Ross 's own from 1975 to 1983 , and helped start another program in Heidelberg , Germany in 1978 . He had previously created other mathematics programs , including the teacher training program ( before it included high school students ) and another program for Columbus , Ohio inner city middle and high school students called " Horizons Unlimited " in 1970 . Ross 's wife , Bee , died in 1983 and left Ross in a deep depression . His colleagues said he " lived only for his summer program " in this period . He later met a French widow of a diplomat , Madeleine Green , and they married in 1990 . Ross died on September 25 , 2002 . Notices of the American Mathematical Society and MAA FOCUS ran memorial articles on Ross . Mathematicians such as Karl Rubin expressed their personal debts to Ross . He did not have any children . = = Legacy = = Ross 's biggest contribution to his field was not through his research , but through his mathematics education programs . He had run each of his summer programs from 1957 to 2000 , working with over 2 @,@ 000 students . His summer program graduates found roles in prestigious research positions in fields across the sciences . The Ross Program was acclaimed by mathematicians as highly influential . The Ross Program inspired many similar programs , the closest in likeness being Program in Mathematics for Young Scientists ( PROMYS ) at Boston University and the Honors Math Camp at Southwest Texas State University . Other programs at University of Chicago and University of Texas at San Antonio were inspired by Ross . The founders of PROMYS were Ross Program alumni , and when the Ross Program went to the University of Chicago for several years , mathematics chair Paul Sally slowly became supportive of the program and later began his own gifted students program . Informally , Ross Program and Ross 's students are known as " Ross @-@ 1s " and those who study under them ( including PROMYS attendees ) are known as " Ross @-@ 2s " . The Arnold Ross Lecture Series founded in his name in 1993 and run by the American Mathematical Society puts mathematicians before high school audiences annually in cities across the United States . Ohio State University organized two reunion @-@ conferences for Ross with program alumni , friends of Ross , and a series of science lectures , in 1996 and 2001 . = Battle of Kleidion = The Battle of Kleidion ( or Clidium , after the medieval name of the village of Klyuch , " ( the ) key " ; also known as the Battle of Belasitsa ) took place on July 29 , 1014 between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire . It was the culmination of the nearly half @-@ century struggle between the Byzantine Emperor Basil II and the Bulgarian Emperor Samuel in the late 10th and early 11th centuries . The result was a decisive Byzantine victory . The battle took place in the valley between the mountains of Belasitsa and Ograzhden near the modern Bulgarian village of Klyuch . The decisive encounter occurred on July 29 with an attack in the rear by a force under the Byzantine general Nikephoros Xiphias , who had infiltrated the Bulgarian positions . The ensuing battle was a major defeat for the Bulgarians . Bulgarian soldiers were captured and reputedly blinded by order of Basil II , who would subsequently be known as the " Bulgar @-@ Slayer " . Samuel survived the battle , but died two months later from a heart attack , reportedly brought on by the sight of his blind soldiers . Although the engagement did not end the First Bulgarian Empire , the Battle of Kleidion reduced its ability to resist Byzantine advances and can be considered the pivotal encounter of the war with Byzantium . The heirs of Samuel could not subsequently hold off the Byzantine advance , and in 1018 the Bulgarian Empire was finally destroyed by Basil II . = = Background = = The origins of the conflict date back to the 7th century , when the Bulgars under Khan Asparukh established a state along the Danube in one of the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire . As a result , the Bulgarian state was forced to fight a series of wars with Byzantium in order to secure its continued existence . In 968 , Bulgaria was invaded from the north by the Kievan Prince Sviatoslav . By that time , the Bulgarian Empire , which had once threatened the existence of Byzantium under the reign of Simeon , had lost much of its power . During the conflict , the Kievan raids were repeatedly defeated by the Byzantines , who were also at war with the Bulgarians , a continuous conflict since the fall of the Bulgarian capital Preslav in 971 . This war had resulted in the Bulgarian Emperor Boris II being forced to renounce his Imperial title in Constantinople , and eastern Bulgaria came under Byzantine rule . The Byzantines assumed that this act would signify the end of independent Bulgaria , but the western Bulgarian lands remained autonomous and under the Comitopuli brothers David , Moses , Aaron and Samuel , resistance against the Byzantines emerged . When the Byzantine emperor Basil II ascended the throne in 976 , he made the destruction of independent Bulgaria his first ambition . Opposing him were the Western Bulgarians , now led by Samuel of Bulgaria . Basil II 's first campaign was disastrous , the emperor barely escaping with his life when the Bulgarians annihilated the Byzantine army in the Gates of Trajan Pass in 986 . Over the next fifteen years , while Basil was preoccupied with revolts against his rule and the Fatimid threat in the East , Samuel retook most of the previously conquered Bulgarian lands and carried the war into enemy territory in a series of campaigns . However , his invasion of southern Greece , that reached as far as Corinth , resulted in a major defeat in the Battle of Spercheios in 996 . The next phase of the war began in 1000 , when Basil , having secured his own position , launched a series of offensives against Bulgaria . He secured Moesia , and in 1003 , his forces took Vidin . The next year , Basil inflicted a heavy defeat on Samuel in the Battle of Skopie . By 1005 , Basil had regained control of Thessaly and parts of southern Macedonia . Over these and the next few years , a regular pattern emerged : the Byzantines would campaign in Bulgaria , laying siege to forts and pillaging the countryside , while the numerically inferior Bulgarians , unable to offer direct opposition , launched diversionary raids in Macedonia and Greece . Despite some successes , these did not achieve any permanent results , nor did they force Basil to abandon his campaigns in Bulgaria . A counter @-@ attack in 1009 failed at the Battle of Kreta , and although the Byzantines themselves did not achieve any decisive success , their methodical war of attrition deprived the Bulgarians of their strongholds and gradually weakened their forces . In the words of Byzantine historian John Skylitzes : " The Emperor Basil II continued to invade Bulgaria each year and destroy and devastate everything on his way . Samuel could not stop him in the open field or engage the Emperor in a decisive battle , and suffered many defeats and began to lose his strength . " The culmination of the war came in 1014 , when Samuel , at the head of his army , resolved to stop the Byzantine army before it could enter the Bulgarian heartland . = = Prelude = = Samuel knew that the Byzantine army would have to invade the country through a series of mountain passes , and so took precautions to bar them . The Bulgarians built ditches along the frontier and fortified many of the valleys and passes with walls and towers , especially the pass of Kleidion on the Struma River which Basil would need to pass through to reach the heart of Bulgaria . Samuel heavily fortified the northern slopes of the Belasitsa mountain to the south and east of Strumitsa Castle . The wide valley of the Strumitsa River was a convenient place for attack and it had been used by Byzantine forces for this purpose in previous years . The Bulgarians disposed a strong guard to keep the pass safe . In addition , the Bulgarian ruler chose Strumitsa for his defensive base — it was located on the road from Thessaloniki leading to Thrace to the east and Ohrid to the west . The rugged terrain to the south was dotted with earthworks and walls guarded by strong Bulgarian units . Samuel 's decision to face Basil II and the bulk of his army at Kleidion was not only prompted by the constant defeats and invasions which had devastated the country , but also by concerns over his authority among the nobility , which had been fatally weakened by Basil 's campaigns . In 1005 for example , the governor of the important Adriatic port of Dyrrhachium had surrendered the town to Basil II . To face this threat , Samuel gathered a large army to face the Byzantines , some claiming it numbered as many as 45 @,@ 000 soldiers . Basil II also prepared carefully , assembling a large army of his own and taking his most experienced commanders , including the governor of Philippopolis ( modern Plovdiv ) , Nicephorus Xiphias , who had conquered the old Bulgarian capitals Pliska and Preslav from Samuel in 1001 . = = Battle = = The Byzantine army marched from Constantinople through Komotini , Drama and Serres and reached the Rupel gorge on the Struma river . From there the army entered the Strumitsa valley and reached the vicinity of the village of Klyuch , where the river bent and approached Belasitsa and Ozgrazhden . There the army was stopped by a thick wooden wall , defended by Bulgarian soldiers . The Byzantines attacked the palisade immediately , but were repulsed with heavy casualties . In response , Samuel sent a large army under one of the most able Bulgarian nobles , Nestoritsa , to strike southwards and draw the attention of Basil away from the siege at Klyuch . Nestoritsa 's Bulgarians reached Thessalonika , but Byzantine troops under Theophylact Botaneiates , the strategos ( Governor @-@ General ) of the city and his son Mihail managed to defeat them outside the city walls in a bloody battle . Theophylactus captured many soldiers and a large quantity of military equipment and marched north to join Basil II at Klyuch . Basil II 's first attempt to overwhelm the defenders of the pass was unsuccessful and his army was unable to pass through the valley , which was defended by 15 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 Bulgarians . Despite the difficulties the Byzantine Emperor did not abandon the attack . He ordered his general Nicephorus Xiphias to manoeuvre his troops around the high Belasitsa mountain and surround the Bulgarians , while he continued the assaults on the wall . Xiphias led his troops along a steep path that led him into the Bulgarians ' rear . On July 29 , Xiphias attacked the guards , trapping them in the valley . The Bulgarian soldiers abandoned their towers to face this new threat and Basil was able to break through the front line and destroy the wall . In the confusion of the rout , thousands of Bulgarian troops were killed and the remainder desperately attempted to flee westwards . Samuel and his son Gabriel Radomir immediately headed to the east from their headquarters in the Strumitsa fortress to aid their army , but in desperate fighting near the village of Mokrievo ( present @-@ day Republic of Macedonia ) they were overwhelmed by the quickly advancing enemy . Many Bulgarian soldiers were killed at Mokrievo and many more were captured . Emperor Samuel himself barely escaped , only breaking free through the bravery of his son , who mounted his father on his own horse and took him to safety in Prilep . From Prilep , Samuel returned to Prespa while Gabriel Radomir headed towards Strumitsa to continue the struggle . = = Further developments = = After his victory , Basil II advanced towards Strumitsa , which was key to holding the whole Vardar valley . On their way to the city , the Byzantines seized the Matsukion fortress to the east of their advance . The Byzantine Emperor also sent an army under Botaneiates to surround Strumitsa and destroy all ramparts to the south and clear the passage to Thessalonica . With the remainder of his troops , Basil laid siege to the city itself . The Bulgarians allowed Botaneiates to destroy the fortifications , but he and his army were ambushed by Bulgarian raiders in a narrow valley , soon after their task was complete . In the ensuing battle Botaneiates was completely defeated and the Bulgarian commander Gabriel Radomir personally stabbed Botaneiates with his spear . As a result , Basil II was forced to abandon the siege of Strumitsa and retreat . On the return , the eloquence of the cubicularius Sergius convinced the defenders of Melnik to surrender , another heavy blow for the Bulgarians as the town guarded the main road to Sofia from the south . = = = Prisoners = = = Skylitzes records that Basil completely routed the Bulgarian army and took 15 @,@ 000 prisoners ( 14 @,@ 000 according to Kekaumenos ) . Modern historians however , such as Vasil Zlatarski , claim that these numbers are exaggerated . The 14th century Bulgarian translation of the Manasses Chronicle numbers the prisoners at 8 @,@ 000 . Basil divided the prisoners into groups of 100 men , blinded 99 men in each group and left one man in each with one eye so that he could lead the others home ; this was done in retaliation for the death of Botaneiates , who was Basil 's favourite general and advisor , and also to crush the Bulgarian morale . Another possible reason was that , in Byzantine eyes , the Bulgarians were rebels against their authority , and blinding was the usual punishment meted out to rebels . For this action , Basil gained the nickname Boulgaroktonos ( Greek : Βουλγαροκτόνος ) , " the Bulgar @-@ slayer " . Samuel died of a heart attack on October 6 , 1014 , reportedly due to seeing his soldiers blinded . = = Aftermath = = The death of Botaneiates and the four more years of war that followed indicate that the Byzantine success was not complete . Some modern historians doubt that the Bulgarian defeat was as complete as	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
-@ bred liver and white Pointer . She was born in a dog kennel in Shanghai , China , in 1936 . She had escaped as a puppy , and had been kept in a back alley by a shopkeeper until she was six months old . Following an altercation with some sailors from a Japanese Navy gunboat , she was found by a worker from the kennel and returned there . She was originally called Shudi , which was anglicised to become Judy . In the autumn of 1936 , the crew of the Insect class gunboat HMS Gnat voted to get a ship 's mascot . This was due in part to the competitive nature of the gunboats , with HMS Bee , Cicada and Cricket already having mascots of their own . The Captain and the Chief Bosun 's mate , Lt. Cmdr. J. Waldergrave and Chief Petty Officer Charles Jefferey , purchased Judy from the kennels and presented her to the crew . It was hoped to train her as a gundog , but the men began to treat her like a pet instead , and from her first day Jefferey 's log stated that " our chances of making her a trained gundog are very small . " = = Military career = = = = = HMS Gnat = = = Able seaman Jan " Tankey " Cooper was given the job of being the " Keeper of the Ship 's Dog " , who was also the ship 's butcher . She was given an open box and a blanket to sleep on , and was trained to stop her from going into certain areas of the ship , such as those inhabited by the Chinese cooks as they disliked her . In November 1936 , she fell overboard into the Yangtze River and was spotted by Jefferey . The ship was called to a full stop and a power boat deployed to retrieve her . The incident was recorded in the ship 's log as a man overboard exercise . After undergoing trials following a refit , the Gnat met up with the Ladybird , who also had a ship 's dog . However Judy had to be kept away as while he took a fancy to her , she did not care for him . In the early morning after the Ladybird departed , Judy alerted the ship to the presence of river pirates who were about to board the Gnat in the darkness . The attack was easily repelled as the pirates lost the surprise element . Several days later , Judy was taken ashore with a shooting party for the first time but she was unsuccessful as a gundog . Throughout her stay on the Gnat , the crew repeatedly tried to use her as a gundog , each time resulting in a failure . Judy was known for pointing out the approach of hostile Japanese aircraft long before any of the human crew could hear them . This first occurred prior to the outbreak of war , when the aircraft would fly low over the Gnat with Judy barking at them until they had passed . On an outing to Jiujiang , Jefferey took Judy for a walk outside of the city but she ran ahead , pulling him with her . He realised as he looked back that she had been pulling him away from a Leopard . In November 1937 , the Gnat met with the American river gunboat USS Panay . After the Panay held a party for the two ship 's companies , the Gnat crew departed and only realised afterwards that Judy was not with them . They contacted the Panay via signal lamp , but they insisted that they had not seen her . The following morning , the crew heard from a Chinese trader that Judy was on board the Panay after all . In retaliation , a party boarded the American vessel and stole the ship 's bell . Afterwards they contacted the Panay and offered them the bell back in return for Judy . She was returned within the hour . In early 1938 , both Jefferey and Cooper were sent back to Britain as part of the crew rotation . While docked in Hankou , Judy took a liking to another Pointer on board a French gunboat Francis Garnier . The two ship 's companies held an impromptu wedding ceremony for the two dogs . The French Pointer , Paul , remained on the Gnat for three days before returning to his ship . Judy fell pregnant , and gave birth to thirteen puppies . Ten of them survived and were eventually given away to a variety of sources including the Francis Garnier and the American gunboat USS Guam . Judy was involved in an incident in October that year that resulted in the ending of her trips ashore in Hankou . Whilst being walked by two sailors from the Gnat , they were confronted by Japanese soldiers who pointed a loaded rifle at Judy . One of the soldiers was thrown into the Yangtze River . During the following days , several Japanese officers came on board the Gnat and it was decided that it would be better for Judy to stay on the ship . = = = HMS Grasshopper = = = In June 1939 , several Locust class gunboats arrived on the Yangtze to take over operations from the existing Insect class vessels . Part of the crew of the Gnat transferred to HMS Grasshopper , including Judy . Following the British declaration of war on Germany in September that year , several of the river gunboats , Grasshopper included , were redeployed to the British base at Singapore . Judy was initially sea sick , but the crew ensured that she was properly exercised and by the time the ship arrived on station , she had recovered . Initially the stay at Singapore was peaceful , and Judy stayed with a customs official and his family for a week ashore . The ship was rarely deployed until January 1942 when it was deployed with other gunboats to provide covering bombardments along the coast of Malaya for retreating troops , and occasionally to carry out evacuations . The Battle of Singapore took place between 8 – 15 February . By 11 February , Grasshopper and its sister ship Dragonfly were the largest vessels left at Singapore . On 13 February , the vessels were ordered to evacuate personnel and leave Singapore . The ships left at 9pm that evening , and travelled together . The ships headed for Singkep Island in the Dutch East Indies , hoping that the island group it sat in could be used as a hiding place . As they approached , Judy indicated the approach of Japanese aircraft and the anti @-@ aircraft gunners took up their positions in readiness . The Grasshopper was hit with a single bomb before the planes departed . Judy was below decks when the planes returned . The Dragonfly was hit by three bombs and sank quickly . The Grasshopper was hit by a further two bombs , and the order was given to abandon ship as a fire spread close to an ammunition compartment . Boats were lowered and the crew and evacuees were ferried just over a hundred yards to shore whilst the Japanese planes strafed the vessels . It was only when they were ashore that they realised Judy was not with them . The island they arrived on turned out to be uninhabited with little food and no apparent water . After a camp had been set up ashore , Petty Officer George White was sent back to the still floating Grasshopper to scavenge supplies . He boarded the vessel and descended below decks to search for any items that might be of use . Whilst there , he felt Judy in the darkness , trapped under a row of lockers . He constructed a raft out of materials on the Grasshopper and rowed the items , along with Judy , back to the island . The lack of water was becoming an issue , until Judy began to dig at a point on the waterline . It took a couple of minutes , but Judy managed to unearth a fresh @-@ water spring and was credited with saving everyone 's lives . Five days after the Grasshopper was bombed , a tongkang arrived which took the survivors to Singkep . There they left their wounded , and Judy along with the other survivors travelled two days later on a Chinese junk to Sumatra where it was hoped that a British force remained which could take them to Sri Lanka . Upon arrival , they took the vessel up a series of rivers until they narrowed so much that the junk could not pass . They then embarked on a 200 @-@ mile cross @-@ country trek across the island in an attempt to reach Padang . During the journey through the jungle , Judy was attacked by a crocodile and suffered a cut to her shoulder . After a journey of five weeks , they arrived at Padang - but missed the last evacuation ship by a day as the Japanese were due to arrive to take over the city at any moment . After the arrival of the Japanese , the survivors from the Grasshopper along with Judy , were taken into custody as prisoners of war . = = = Prisoner of war = = = = = = = Medan = = = = The crew became prisoners of war , initially held in Padang , but were soon moved onto Balawan . They smuggled Judy on board the transport trucks , hidden under empty rice sacks . After five days they arrived at the Gloergoer prisoner of war camp in Medan . Chief Petty Officer Leonard Williams recorded , " thus began 3 @-@ 4 years of the most horrific labour , torture , starvation and every degradation the Japanese could inflict on us " . Once Judy arrived in the Medan camp , she met Leading Aircraftman Frank Williams , who adopted her and shared his daily handful of rice from August 1942 onwards . In the camp Judy would intervene by distracting the guards when they were administering punishment . She was the only animal to have been officially registered as a prisoner of war during the Second World War , after Frank William 's intervention to protect the dog from the guards , who would often threaten to shoot Judy as the dog growled and barked at them . Williams managed to convince the camp Commandant , who was drunk on sake , to sign the registration papers with the promise of one of Judy 's future puppies . Judy 's official prisoner @-@ of @-@ war name was ' 81A Gloergoer , Medan ' . During her stay at the camp , she would alert the prisoners to the approach of the Japanese guards and also if other animals such as snakes or scorpions were around . She also made excursions from the camp , looking for food , and would bring back rats and snakes to Williams . Judy had another group of puppies , of which five survived . One of them was given to the camp Commandant as promised and another puppy was smuggled into the women 's camp along with any food that the men could spare . A further puppy was given to the Red Cross in Medan , one more was beaten to death by a drunken guard and the final one remained in the camp after Judy and Williams left . In June 1944 , the men were transferred to Singapore aboard the SS Van Warwyck . Dogs were not allowed on board , but Frank Williams managed to teach Judy to lie still and silent inside a rice sack . When he boarded the ship , Judy climbed into a sack and Williams slung it over his shoulder to take on board . For three hours the men were forced to stand on deck in the searing heat , and for the entire time Judy remained still and silent in the bag on Wiliams 's back . The conditions on board the ship were cramped with more than 700 prisoners . On 26 June 1944 , the ship was torpedoed . Williams pushed Judy out of a porthole in an attempt to save her life , even though there was a 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) drop to the sea . He made his own escape from the ship , not knowing if Judy had survived . Over five hundred of the passengers did not survive . = = = = Return to Sumatra = = = = Frank Williams was recaptured and was sent to a new camp without news of Judy 's survival . However , stories began being told of a dog helping drowning men reach pieces of debris on which to hold , and others recalled how the dog would bring them flotsam to keep them afloat . The dog would also allow men to hold onto her back while swimming them to safety . She had been found in the water by other survivors of the sinking , and once again hidden from the Japanese . Upon arrival at a dock , she was found by Les Searle who tried to smuggle her onto a truck with him . However , she was discovered by a Japanese Captain who threatened to kill her - whose order was countermanded by the newly arrived former Commander of the Medan camp and she was allowed to travel with Searle onto the new camp . Williams was giving up hope of finding Judy when she arrived in his new camp . " I couldn ’ t believe my eyes . As I entered the camp , a scraggy dog hit me square between the shoulders and knocked me over ! I ’ d never been so glad to see the old girl . And I think she felt the same ! " After four weeks at the new camp , they were moved back to Sumatra by paddle steamer . They had been told that it was a " special mission " to pick fruit . Instead they spent a year in Sumatra , with the Japanese using the men to cut through the jungle to lay railway track . Rations were a handful of maggot @-@ ridden tapioca a day , which Frank continued to share with Judy . She also proved useful in conducting trades with the locals , as she would indicate when someone was hiding near to the track . Her barking deliberately alerted the guards to when there was something too large for her to handle in the jungle , such as tigers or elephants . Frank credited Judy with saving his life during his time spent there , " She saved my life in so many ways . The greatest way of all was giving me a reason to live . All I had to do was look at her and into those weary , bloodshot eyes and I would ask myself : What would happen to her if I died ? I had to keep going . Even if it meant waiting for a miracle . " = = Post war and awards = = Once hostilities ceased , the prisoners of war were told to remain until allied troops came to relieve the Japanese guards . But during this point a lice outbreak led to the Japanese condemning Judy to death . Williams hid the dog for two days from the guards until the Allies arrived . Judy was smuggled aboard the troopship Antenor heading to Liverpool . Together with Williams , Searle and two others , Judy managed to avoid the dock police and was delivered into the care of the ship 's cook , who ensured that she was fed on the voyage home . Upon her return to the UK , Judy stayed for six months in quarantine in Hackbridge , Surrey . Williams and Judy were reunited on 29 April 1946 and headed immediately to London . Williams was given the White Cross of St Giles , and Judy was awarded the Dickin Medal , " the animals ' VC " , in May 1946 by Major Viscount Tarbat MC , chairman of the Returned British POW Association , and was enrolled as the association 's only canine member . Her citation reads : " For magnificent courage and endurance in Japanese prison camps , which helped to maintain morale among her fellow prisoners and also for saving many lives through her intelligence and watchfulness " . The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross . She was interviewed by the BBC for their coverage of the London Victory Celebrations of 1946 on 8 June and her barks were broadcast to the nation on the radio as part of the programme In Town Tonight . Frank and Judy spent the year after the war visiting the relatives of PoWs who had not survived ; Frank remarked that Judy always seemed to give a comforting presence . On 10 May 1948 , the pair left to work on a government @-@ funded groundnut food scheme in East Africa . There was some difficulty in getting permission for Judy to travel , and it was feared that she and Williams would be split up . This issue was promoted in the Evening Standard , and after the involvement of William Lever , 2nd Viscount Leverhulme , permission was given for Judy to travel with Williams . She had a third and final litter of puppies during her time in Africa . After two years there , Judy was discovered to have a tumour , and was euthanized at the age of 13 . Frank spent two months building a granite and marble memorial in her memory , which included a plaque that told of her life story . On 27 February 1972 , Judy was remembered in church services across Gosport and Portsmouth , and in 1992 her story was featured in the British children 's TV show Blue Peter . In 2006 her collar and medal went on public display for the first time in the Imperial War Museum , London , as part of " The Animals ' War " exhibition . It was presented to the IWM by Alan Williams , Frank 's son . = Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper , 10th Earl of Shaftesbury = Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper , 10th Earl of Shaftesbury Bt ( 22 May 1938 – c . 5 November 2004 ) , styled Lord Ashley between 1947 and 1961 , and Earl of Shaftesbury from 1961 until his death , was a British peer from Wimborne St Giles , Dorset , located in South West England . He was the son of Major Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper , Lord Ashley , and Françoise Soulier . Ashley @-@ Cooper was the grandson of Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper , 9th Earl of Shaftesbury . Ashley @-@ Cooper 's father was the heir apparent to the earldom and its subsidiary titles , but he predeceased his father . His death made his son next in the line of succession . When his grandfather died in 1961 , Ashley @-@ Cooper became the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury , Baron Ashley of Wimborne St Giles and Baron Cooper of Pawlett . The 10th Earl of Shaftesbury was a wealthy landowner of over 9 @,@ 000 acres ( 3 @,@ 600 ha ) in East Dorset , and received honours and awards for his philanthropic and conservationist work , which included planting over a million trees in South West England . He served as president of the Shaftesbury Society , pursuing the same goals of his second great grandfather , the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury , who had founded the organization as Ragged Schools in 1840 . He also served as the vice president of Sir David Attenborough 's British Butterfly Conservation Society . In November 2004 , the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury went missing while in France , prompting an international police investigation . His remains were found at the bottom of a remote ravine in the foothills of the French Alps five months after his death . Investigations revealed that he was murdered by his brother @-@ in @-@ law during an argument regarding a divorce from his wife , Jamila M 'Barek , both of whom were convicted of his murder . = = Education and early years = = Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper was born on 22 May 1938 in Greater London , England . He was named after his father , as was tradition for firstborn sons in the Ashley @-@ Cooper family . His father , Major Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper , Lord Ashley , was the firstborn son of the 9th Earl of Shaftesbury . Notable among his ancestors were his seventh great grandfather , the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury and leader of the Whig party in Parliament ; and his second great grandfather , the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury and 19th @-@ century evangelical social reformer , who was honoured with the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain in London 's Piccadilly Circus . Ashley @-@ Cooper 's mother was the French @-@ born Françoise Soulier , daughter of Georges Soulier of Caudebec @-@ en @-@ Caux , France . Major Lord Ashley and Françoise remained married until his death in 1947 . Anthony 's younger sister was Lady Frances Mary Elizabeth Ashley @-@ Cooper ( born 9 April 1940 ) . Ashley @-@ Cooper was educated at Eton and Christ Church , Oxford . As a child , his primary pursuits outside of getting an education , included mountain climbing and skiing . He also expressed a love of music , which continued into adulthood with his service as chairman of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1966 to 1980 . On 8 March 1947 , his father died unexpectedly of a heart disease and Ashley @-@ Cooper became heir to the titles held by his grandfather and acquired the courtesy title of Lord Ashley . Lord Ashley 's mother decided to move back to her native France with the children . In August 1947 , she remarried Col François Goussault and the newly formed family settled in Paris . The children spent the next few years shuttling across the English Channel to their boarding schools , Eton for Lord Ashley and Heathfield School in Ascot for his sister , Frances . Holidays were alternately spent in France or with their grandparents at the Manor House in Wimborne St Giles . He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Royal Armoured Corps , where he did his national service , on 29 June 1957 . On 29 October 1958 , he was placed in the emergency reserve of the 10th Royal Hussars . Lord Ashley was 22 years old when he succeeded his grandfather . The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury , prior to his death , invested and arranged financial matters so that his heirs would avoid death duties . When his grandfather died , the newly titled 10th Earl of Shaftesbury came into a vast fortune of the Shaftesbury estates and other properties , including the family 's 17th @-@ century home and large estate in Dorset , as well as residences in Hove , London , Versailles and the French Riviera . Shaftesbury also inherited a collection of art , antiques , and other valuables worth over £ 3m . By the 1990s , the wealth of the family estate remained well worth millions . = = = St Giles House = = = The Shaftesbury estate in East Dorset is the home base and centre of business of the Ashley @-@ Coopers . In addition to St Giles House , the family owns a large estate , including over 9 @,@ 000 acres ( 3 @,@ 600 ha ) , along with property , land , and loughs , that establishes them as one of the wealthiest families in the United Kingdom . The Ashleys and Ashley @-@ Coopers have made Wimborne St Giles their home since the 15th century . The small village of Wimborne St Giles rests within the family estate itself . The Ashley family arrived in Dorset , originally from Wiltshire , where they owned the manor of Ashley , since the 11th century . The first ancestor to reside in Wimborne St Giles was Robert Ashley ( born c . 1415 ) , fifth great grandfather of Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury . Built in 1651 , the family seat of St Giles House was unoccupied for many years following the death of the 9th Earl of Shaftesbury , and fell into disrepair apart from one wing used as the estate office . In 2001 it was recorded on the Register of Buildings at Risk , as a Grade I listed building , indicating neglect and decay . Buildings recorded on the Grade I list include those of " exceptional interest , sometimes considered to be internationally important " . Following extensive repairs , in 2012 the house was reoccupied by the 12th Earl of Shaftesbury and his family . = = Conservation and philanthropy = = Shaftesbury received honours and awards for his conservationist work . He planted more than a million trees on his 9 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 3 @,@ 600 ha ) estate at Wimborne St Giles , Dorset . His generosity extended to the family 's property in Ulster . In 1992 , he was the joint winner of the Royal Forestry Society 's National Duke of Cornwall Award for Forestry and Conservation , presented by Charles , Prince of Wales . He also served as president of the Hawk and Owl Trust and as vice president of Sir David Attenborough 's British Butterfly Conservation Society . According to Philip Rymer , manager of the Shaftesbury Estates , the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury had also put quite a bit of energy into trying to save an endangered species of bat . Shaftesbury served as president of the Shaftesbury Society , which the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury had founded as Ragged Schools in 1840 . The charity provides free education , as well as food , clothing , lodging and other home missionary services for those too poor to pay . In 2007 , the Shaftesbury Society was merged with John Grooms Crippleage , reorganising under the new name of Livability . The benevolence of the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury also extended to the ownership and use of Lough Neagh , which is the largest freshwater lake in the British Isles and ranks among the 40 largest lakes of Europe . Five of the six counties of Northern Ireland have shores on the lough ( only County Fermanagh does not ) , and its area is split among them . The lake is the source of 40 percent of Northern Ireland 's drinking water . While this ownership could feasibly increase the financial outlook of the family estate , at Shaftesbury 's insistence , water continues to be extracted from the lough at no charge to either the citizens or civic government of Northern Ireland . = = House of Lords speech = = Although a member of the House of Lords , until the passage of the House of Lords Act in 1999 , the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury rarely attended . His maiden speech was made on 10 November 1999 . At this time , Shaftesbury made an eight @-@ minute presentation in a debate regarding arts and sport , a portion of which is presented below . The Earl of Clancarty rose to ask Her Majesty 's Government how they believe the arts and sport relate to the issue of " social exclusion " . 7 p.m. The Earl of Shaftesbury My Lords , I apologise to noble Lords for this dramatic last @-@ minute but not opportunistic maiden speech . Although I inherited my title 30 years ago and have attended spasmodically , particularly during the early 1970s when we rigorously debated the Industrial Relations Bill and the European Community Bill of Accession , both in Committee and on Report until extremely late at night , my heart has not entirely been in the thrust and cut of politics , unlike my more distinguished ancestors . In fact , building a society the Shaftesbury way is not a matter of imprisoning a presumed evil spirit of mankind . It is a matter of beauty and truth . Both Goethe and Voltaire were influenced by the 3rd Lord Shaftesbury . The former particularly reminded us that we must cultivate our garden . We all know about large prize @-@ winning marrows , but are not succulent baby courgettes more perfect ? Small is beautiful too ... One of the best sermons I have ever been privileged to hear was by the late Bishop of Winchester . Social exclusion ? He said virtually that if one sheep from a flock of 100 goes missing , the good shepherd worries frantically about that single sheep until it is safely found . There are too many sheep , men , women and children , being marginalised . John the Baptist had the answer : why do we not ? I remain concerned in these turbulent times , but thank you for your patience . It has been my privilege to be able to speak in your Lordships ' House . = = Marriages and children = = Shaftesbury was married three times . He expressed his attraction to foreign women . At Eton , he wrote an article for the college magazine in which he described English debutantes as " round @-@ shouldered , unsophisticated garglers of pink champagne " . His three marriages and scattered relationships with foreign women throughout his life reflected his earlier opinions of English women . = = = Bianca Maria de Paolis = = = Shaftesbury met his Italian @-@ born first wife , Bianca de Paolis , during a skiing holiday . They married in July 1966 . Bianca Maria de Paolis ( born c . 1926 ) , was the daughter of Gino de Paolis , a Roman banker . She had previously been married to the American film producer , Jack Le Vien . Shaftesbury and de Paolis were declared husband and wife at the Westminster Register Office in front of a few friends , with none of his family in attendance . They divorced 10 years later , on grounds of his adultery with an unnamed woman . The couple had no children . The former Countess Shaftesbury , who used the name Contessa Bianca Shaftesbury , released her memoirs in 2008 , entitled , A Life on Fire . She died on 16 March 2013 , in Rome , Italy . The funeral was held on 18 March 2013 at the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli in Piazza del Popolo . = = = Christina Eva Montan = = = In December 1976 , Shaftesbury married the Swedish @-@ born , Christina Eva Montan ( born c . 1940 ) . Styled The Countess of Shaftesbury after their marriage , she was the daughter of Nils Montan , the former Swedish Ambassador to Germany . Lady Shaftesbury was also a divorcée with a son and daughter from her first marriage , the half @-@ siblings of the 11th and 12th Earls of Shaftesbury . Frederic Casella is a television producer and director in Great Britain , while his sister , Cecilia is an attorney living in New York City . Shaftesbury and his second wife had two sons : Anthony Nils Christian Ashley @-@ Cooper , 11th Earl of Shaftesbury ( 24 June 1977 – 15 May 2005 ) , first @-@ born son of the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury and his wife . He died of a heart attack in Manhattan , New York while visiting his younger brother , Nicholas and older half @-@ siblings Frederic and Cecilia . Nicholas Edmund Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper , 12th Earl of Shaftesbury ( born 3 June 1979 ) , a former DJ and house music promoter in New York and Privilege in Ibiza , Spain . A short time following his brother 's death , Nicholas relocated to the family seat at Wimborne St Giles , returned to business school for a couple of years , and assumed the responsibilities of the earldom . He has shown an interest in supporting charitable organisations , primarily those addressing the needs of children with disabilities . In December 2009 , Nicholas suffered serious spinal injuries in a horse riding accident . He crushed his vertebrae in the fall . While he experienced initial paralysis necessitating the use of a wheelchair , physical therapy has helped restore his health to the point where he is able to walk , with limitations . With continued rehabilitation , doctors expect a full recovery . The second marriage of Shaftesbury was more successful than the first , producing two children . The 1999 death of his mother , however , had a profound effect on Shaftesbury , affecting his relationship with his wife and children . Lady Frances Ashley @-@ Cooper , sister of the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury stated the following . In August 1999 , our mother had died of cancer in tragic circumstances while we were all enjoying ourselves at my eldest son 's wedding . For my brother , her death was a catastrophe . He adored her . She had been his protector and greatest admirer since the death of our father in 1947 , when Anthony was eight and I was six . When our mother died , it was as though my brother had become an orphan at age 61 . Without her , he felt emotionally bereft . He lost his grip on reality . At one point , he had bought a flat in Versailles , and had entirely recreated two rooms from our late mother 's house . He had used all the furniture , books and knick @-@ knacks of our childhood in Paris . It was a bit much . — Lady Frances Ashley @-@ Cooper In 2000 , Shaftesbury unexpectedly moved out of the Manor House and divorced his wife . He left his former wife in charge and passed the running of the estate to his 23 @-@ year @-@ old son , Anthony . Christina , Countess of Shaftesbury , and their sons remained in residence in Wimborne St Giles , while the Earl relocated to France , embarking on a string of short @-@ lived and expensive love affairs with younger women distinguished by their exotic looks and equally colorful histories . Shaftesbury had an apartment in Versailles , ( furnished with £ 3m worth of antique art and furniture ) but spent much of his time on the Cote d 'Azur where he enjoyed a social life fueled by drugs and alcohol . His wealth attracted a variety of individuals , willing and ready to take advantage of his generosity . A friend described him as becoming a " philanthropist who specialised in rescuing lap dancers " while his French lawyer , Thierry Bensaude , more diplomatically referred to him as " a philosophical adventurer in society " . In early 2002 , an article in the Daily Telegraph described the 63 @-@ year @-@ old lord , " dressed in leather trousers and open @-@ necked , pink silk shirts , with a gold chain draped around his neck " . Shaftesbury had fallen hard for a 29 @-@ year @-@ old French model named Nathalie Lions . In 2006 , an article in the Guardian wrote of his relationship with Lions , with whom he would be found " frolicking at Bellini 's bar in Kensington , where he liberally wrote cheques and Lions spent them " . He refused to listen to others who warned him that she was taking advantage of him . They toured the party spots of London , Barbados , and the Riviera until a tabloid exposé revealed Lions ' past as a " Penthouse Pet " for Penthouse magazine and Shaftesbury called off the relationship . Rather than return to England , he remained on the French Riviera . = = = Jamila Ben M 'Barek = = = The 10th Earl of Shaftesbury became a familiar figure in some of the nightspots on the French Riviera . He was known for his black leather trousers , pink shirts , and large red and black eyeglasses . He had a habit of flashing his money around as he bought drinks for a wide variety of female companions . At one such establishment on the Riviera , he met Jamila Ben M 'Barek ( born c . 1961 ) , a divorcée and the mother of two children from a previous relationship . She was one of seven children born in Paris to a Tunisian mother and Moroccan father . In 1993 , M 'Barek had posed naked in Playboy , but it did not cause alarm . They were married on 5 November 2002 , at Hilversum in the Netherlands . To the disappointment of his family , he became infatuated with M 'Barek , buying her a flat in Cannes for £ 500 @,@ 000 and transferring other properties into her name after they married . By April 2004 , the couple were separated when Lord Shaftesbury started a new relationship with a young mother of two named Nadia Orche , who has been described as a " club hostess from Cannes " and a " Moroccan prostitute " . The difference in their ages did not bother her . She described him as " an attentive and generous man " . According to Orche , Shaftesbury was planning to marry her after getting a divorce from his third wife . = = Disappearance and murder = = On 3 November 2004 , Shaftesbury arrived in Nice , France , scheduled to meet with his estranged wife . On 4 November , he visited her at her home on Avenue Mareschal Koenig . He later checked into the £ 130 @-@ a @-@ night , four @-@ star Noga Hilton on the Cannes seafront . The following day , after checking out of the hotel , Shaftesbury vanished without a trace . From that point forward , the whereabouts of the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury were unknown until April of the following year . = = = Friends and family become concerned = = = It was normal for Shaftesbury to occasionally disappear for a few days from time to time , so no one , other than his girlfriend was initially concerned with his disappearance . " Anthony didn ’ t answer his telephone anymore . I was worried , " she says , " I called again . I called England . This wasn ’ t like him . I was sure that something bad had happened . " On 15 November 2004 , Shaftesbury 's Nice @-@ based lawyer , Thierry Bensaude reported him missing , after being contacted by his girlfriend , Orche . The peer divided his time between the Riviera and a home in Hove , East Sussex . He had been due to return home on 10 November . After not hearing from Shaftesbury in a week , they remained concerned when he failed to return to his rented flat in Adelaide Crescent , Hove . Bensaude and Orche both expressed fears for his safety . Shaftesbury had been taking legal action in relation to the theft of some family antiques and artwork . Some friends and acquaintances mentioned that he had complained of money problems , so they surmised that his disappearance may have had something to do with the theft and financial loss . On 18 November , the French police publicly appealed for information leading to Shaftesbury 's whereabouts and on 22 November , they opened a formal criminal inquiry . Anthony Nils , eldest son of the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury was regularly in touch with the police following his father 's disappearance , and travelled to Nice to confer with French authorities there . The Rev David Paskins of the Wimborne St Giles parish church said , " Everyone is anxious and concerned — it 's the unknown that is worrying . Lady Shaftesbury [ Christina ] is very concerned . " = = = Theories on Shaftesbury 's whereabouts = = = Family and concerned individuals initially feared that the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury had been kidnapped by Russian or North African gangsters who were plotting to steal his fortune . Thierry Bensaude stated that Shaftesbury is " extremely generous to his friends and may have been taken advantage of " . His wife claimed that she had warned her husband about the company he was keeping . The theory was that some of his more disreputable acquaintances had decided to kidnap the peer and were now engaged in some scheme to force him into signing away part of his inherited wealth . Commander Brunache said , " We took the case very seriously . There were a number of possible explanations for his disappearance . He could have decided to disappear , a suicide , or he could have been the victim of a crime . There were several possibilities and we were exploring all of them . " Within a month of Shaftesbury 's disappearance , Detective Chief Superintendent Graham Cox , head of Sussex Police CID , who had been contacted by Lady Frances Ashley @-@ Cooper , said that they were treating the matter as a murder case . The French police agreed with Cox , due to the lack of ransom demands or signs of fraud . Whether dead or alive , there were still no clues as to the whereabouts of the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury . = = = Confession and arrest = = = In February 2005 , his wife Jamila M 'Barek was admitted to a psychiatric hospital , where she had an emotional breakdown and began confessing to her involvement in her husband 's death . When interviewed by police , she claimed that Shaftesbury had been beaten to death by her brother during a fight at her flat in Cannes . Shaftesbury and his third wife had separated in April 2004 and divorce proceedings had been set in motion . By that time , he had given her a windmill in the Gers region of southwestern France , the € 700 @,@ 000 duplex in a villa in Cannes , which included staff , a 4x4 car , and a monthly allowance , ranging between € 7 @,@ 500 and € 10 @,@ 000 . Shaftesbury wanted to end this arrangement and the marriage , so that he could marry his new girlfriend . While Shaftesbury was discussing his desire with his wife , a fight broke out between him and his wife 's brother , Mohammed M 'Barek . Lord Shaftesbury died during the fight , when Mohammed strangled him , breaking his neck . According to Jamila M 'Barek , her brother placed her husband 's body in the boot of his BMW and dumped it in an unknown place . She was arrested on 25 February 2005 and her brother was arrested by German police the following day at his home in Munich . He was later extradited to France , continuing to deny his involvement and knowledge of the location of Lord Shaftesbury 's body . On 7 April 2005 , a body in an advanced state of decomposition was discovered by the French authorities in a valley at Théoule @-@ sur @-@ Mer , Alpes @-@ Maritimes on the outskirts of Cannes . The police were led to the area by examining the last @-@ known signal from Lord Shaftesbury 's cellphone records . After a two @-@ day search , they found a decomposed body that had been partly eaten by animals , hidden in the undergrowth next to the riverbed . A French police spokesman announced , " As far as we are concerned , there is absolutely no doubt it is him . " This belief was confirmed through DNA testing on 18 April 2005 . In June 2006 , pre @-@ trial proceedings began in Grasse , before the investigating Magistrate , Catherine Bonnici . The proceedings were part of the French investigative process that is used to determine whether prosecutors have enough evidence to send a case to trial . During the first week of June , the court travelled to the site where the peer 's body was found . Mohamed M 'Barek was transported in leg chains for the one @-@ day reenactment . Once they arrived , M 'Barek demonstrated that he had enough strength to have acted alone . He managed to lift a 182 lb ( 83 kg ) . dummy — the same weight as Shaftesbury 's body — out of the boot of a car and dump it down a ravine . Jamila M 'Barek told the court that she was not with her brother when he disposed of the body , and in fact , she stated that she had never been to the site . She claimed that she had no role in the killing other than helping her brother , under duress , load the body into his car . She told investigators , " I did not want him to die . I just wanted my brother to intimidate him so that he would continue to pay me my allowance . But he didn 't want to have anything to do with it , so a violent quarrel broke out . I left the room because I could not stand to see what was happening " . = = = Trial at the Palais de Justice = = = On 22 May 2007 , the trial of Jamila M 'Barek and Mohamed M 'Barek opened at the Palais de Justice in Nice , two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years after the death of the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury . The presiding judge of the jury trial was Nicole Besset , with Jean @-@ Louis Moreau serving as the state prosecutor . Shaftesbury 's widow was represented by attorney Franck De Vita , while her brother was represented by Melanie Juginger . The Ashley @-@ Cooper family was represented by attorney Philippe Soussi . A forensic examination of the skeletal remains revealed injuries including a broken ankle , and a double fracture to the larynx which indicated strangulation as the cause of death . At times , both Mme M 'Barek and her brother admitted their involvement in the death of Lord Shaftesbury and the French authorities decided to charge both her and her brother with the crime of premeditated murder . = = = = Magistrate 's investigative report = = = = The trial began with a presentation of the investigative report , which was read to the court by Jean @-@ Louis Moreau , the state prosecutor . The report described Shaftesbury 's widow as " an escort girl who loved the high life " who " chose the life of a kept woman , with multiple affairs with men she chose for their bank accounts and their assets " . Having struck gold when she married the 10th Earl of Shaftesbury , she then faced " looming financial disaster " in the event of a divorce and set out " consciously and without constraint , to accomplish his assassination " . Testimony was presented that in October 2002 , Mme M 'Barek had convinced the peer that she was pregnant with his child , and as a result , Shaftesbury married her on 5 November 2002 . Shaftesbury made out a new will leaving his new wife properties in Ireland and France . Two years later , with no child forthcoming , he began looking elsewhere for affection . When Shaftesbury initiated divorce proceedings , his wife feared losing her valuable inheritance and began to take steps to secure her financial future . Lady Frances Ashley @-@ Cooper testified . " When my brother said he would divorce her , she would not accept " . She stated that before the separation , Shaftesbury was convinced by his wife to sell the Versailles flat . Testimony continued , regarding the disappearance of antique furniture and family artifacts . [ Jamila ] and Mohammed arranged to empty the flat and when my brother asked where his mother 's furniture had gone to , she said it was on a boat to Tunisia where it was going to be sold . My brother was distraught . This was cruel emotional blackmail . In fact , the furniture was in storage in Cannes , but my brother never knew that . I have just managed to get hold of the key . — Lady Frances Ashley @-@ Cooper = = = = Defence statements = = = = Mme M 'Barek discounted the investigative report and stated that her marriage to Shaftesbury " was a curse " , describing her husband as " a loner " who " had no friends " which is why " he drank a lot " . She portrayed him as a " violent , sex @-@ crazed alcoholic , hooked on cocaine " . While she freely admitted that her brother had indeed killed her husband , she testified that it was all an accident . There was blood on the floor . I did not know if it was my brother or my husband 's blood . My brother could not believe my husband was dead . — Jamila M 'Barek She further admitted that after her husband was dead , she helped her brother load his body into the boot of his black BMW . She prefaced this admission with additional claims . He forced me to put the body in the boot of the car . He forced me to follow him as I thought we were going to a hospital . Then he asked me to go away . — Jamila M 'Barek Her brother Mohammed M 'Barek presented a similar defence . I am innocent , my sister is innocent . It was an accident . — Mohammed M 'Barek According to Monsieur M 'Barek 's account of events , he had been drinking heavily and smoking cannabis when he was confronted with the " excited and aggressive " 10th Earl of Shaftesbury . A fight then broke out during which he " accidentally " strangled his brother @-@ in @-@ law while attempting to restrain him . Although M 'Barek was rather hazy on the details , he testified , " I don 't know how it happened . It happened in a minute " . He further stated that he had done everything he could to save the Earl , including mouth @-@ to @-@ mouth resuscitation and heart massage , but it " was too late . He had left us " . Mohammed M 'Barek expressed frustration with the French authorities that had kept him " in prison for two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years for nothing " . He thought it was an outrage that the French regarded the dumping of an inconveniently dead body in a ravine as a crime . He even went so far as to appeal to the new French president Nicolas Sarkozy for justice . On the third day of the trial , the courtroom descended into chaos as Monsieur M 'Barek burst into tears then jumped to his feet pointing at Shaftesbury 's family . He attempted to blame the Ashley @-@ Cooper family for the peer 's death , claiming that they were the guilty ones . " You 're the guilty ones , you the rich , who want to take his inheritance ! " he shouted as police wrestled with him in the dock . After refusing requests from his lawyer and the judge to sit down and be quiet , M 'Barek was taken down to the cells and the hearing temporarily adjourned . The French authorities suspected that there was a conspiracy to murder Shaftesbury , when they discovered that Mme M 'Barek transferred € 150 @,@ 000 into her brother 's bank account the week following her husband 's disappearance . The prosecution viewed this as payment for services rendered , although Mme M 'Barek testified that she had given her brother the money in order for him to buy a house for their ailing mother . In her defence , Mme M 'Barek denied any financial motive in wishing her husband dead and claimed that she had no need of his fortune , stating that she had " always been prosperous " . She testified that the source of her prosperity was the generosity of wealthy individuals who were prepared to pay for her company . She named three prominent celebrities as her former clients . All three individuals denied ever meeting Jamila M 'Barek and declined to attend court to comment on her allegations or serve as character witnesses . Mme M 'Barek further stated that the arguments she had with her husband had nothing to do with money , but rather arose as a result of Lord Shaftesbury 's excessive sexual demands brought on by his seemingly endless injections of testosterone . = = = = Conviction and sentencing = = = = The strongest piece of evidence presented by the prosecution were details revealed in a secretly recorded telephone conversation between the defendant and her sister , Naima , in which LMme M 'Barek discussed £ 100 @,@ 000 ( € 150 @,@ 000 ) blood money paid to her brother . She additionally recounted precisely how she was going to blame her brother for her husband 's death . The wiretap also uncovered the truth about Mme M 'Barek 's visit to the remote spot where her husband 's body was found . This was supported when downloaded records from the GPS tracking device in her cellphone provided details that she ( or at least her cellphone ) had been there two days prior to Shaftesbury 's death . On 25 May 2007 , after deliberating for two hours , the jury returned guilty verdicts against both brother and sister . Mme M 'Barek and her brother were each sentenced to 25 years in prison . Under French law , they each have an automatic right to appeal their conviction , which results in a retrial of the case . After the trial , Mohammed M 'Barek was admitted to a psychiatric ward . His initial plans to appeal have been dropped . On appeal by his sister , the court was informed that he was in an " incoherent and mostly delirious state " and would be unable to testify on either his behalf or on the behalf of his sister . On 4 February 2009 , Mme M 'Barek appeared in a court in southern France to appeal her conviction . After the jury deliberated for four hours , her sentence was reduced from 25 to 20 years at a court of appeal in Aix @-@ en @-@ Provence . With all appeals exhausted , the late peer 's son , Nicholas Ashley @-@ Cooper , 12th Earl of Shaftesbury , expressed his relief at the verdict and said he could now get on with his life after closing a " very painful chapter " . = = Styles of address = = 1938 @-@ 1947 : The Honourable Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper 1947 @-@ 1961 : Lord Ashley 1961 @-@ 2004 : The Right Honourable The Earl of Shaftesbury = = Funeral and burial = = On 30 September 2005 , funeral services were held for Anthony Ashley @-@ Cooper , 10th Earl of Shaftesbury . Hundreds of mourners were in attendance , held at the parish church in Wimborne St Giles . Those in attendance included Shaftesbury 's second wife , Christina , Countess of Shaftesbury ; his son , Nicholas Ashley @-@ Cooper ; and his sister , Lady Frances Ashley @-@ Cooper . Charles Palmer @-@ Tomkinson read from Khalil Gibran 's The Prophet , while Shaftesbury 's sister read from For These Once Mine , by George Santayana . " The Prayer of St Francis of Assisi " was read by Shaftesbury 's son , Nicholas , who inherited the title of 12th Earl of Shaftesbury in 2005 . After the 45 @-@ minute service , Shaftesbury 's ashes were taken to the church and placed in the family crypt in Wimborne St Giles . He was buried next to his eldest son , Anthony Nils Christian Ashley @-@ Cooper , 11th Earl of Shaftesbury , who died on 15 May 2005 , six months after his father . Reverend David Paskins , parish priest said after the ceremony , " It was a very inspiring occasion . They have had a very difficult time and have borne it with great dignity and fortitude " . = Edward Elgar = Sir Edward William Elgar , 1st Baronet OM GCVO ( 2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934 ) was an English composer , many of whose works have entered the British and international classical concert repertoire . Among his best @-@ known compositions are orchestral works including the Enigma Variations , the Pomp and Circumstance Marches , concertos for violin and cello , and two symphonies . He also composed choral works , including The Dream of Gerontius , chamber music and songs . He was appointed Master of the King 's Musick in 1924 . Although Elgar is often regarded as a typically English composer , most of his musical influences were not from England but from continental Europe . He felt himself to be an outsider , not only musically , but socially . In musical circles dominated by academics , he was a self @-@ taught composer ; in Protestant Britain , his Roman Catholicism was regarded with suspicion in some quarters ; and in the class @-@ conscious society of Victorian and Edwardian Britain , he was acutely sensitive about his humble origins even after he achieved recognition . He nevertheless married the daughter of a senior British army officer . She inspired him both musically and socially , but he struggled to achieve success until his forties , when after a series of moderately successful works his Enigma Variations ( 1899 ) became immediately popular in Britain and overseas . He followed the Variations with a choral work , The Dream of Gerontius ( 1900 ) , based on a Roman Catholic text that caused some disquiet in the Anglican establishment in Britain , but it became , and has remained , a core repertory work in Britain and elsewhere . His later full @-@ length religious choral works were well received but have not entered the regular repertory . In his fifties , Elgar composed a symphony and a violin concerto that were immensely successful . His second symphony and his cello concerto did not gain immediate public popularity and took many years to achieve a regular place in the concert repertory of British orchestras . Elgar 's music came , in his later years , to be seen as appealing chiefly to British audiences . His stock remained low for a generation after his death . It began to revive significantly in the 1960s , helped by new recordings of his works . Some of his works have , in recent years , been taken up again internationally , but the music continues to be played more in Britain than elsewhere . Elgar has been described as the first composer to take the gramophone seriously . Between 1914 and 1925 , he conducted a series of acoustic recordings of his works . The introduction of the microphone in 1925 made far more accurate sound reproduction possible , and Elgar made new recordings of most of his major orchestral works and excerpts from The Dream of Gerontius . = = Biography = = = = = Early years = = = Edward Elgar was born in the small village of Lower Broadheath , outside Worcester , England . His father , William Henry Elgar ( 1821 – 1906 ) , was raised in Dover and had been apprenticed to a London music publisher . In 1841 William moved to Worcester , where he worked as a piano tuner and set up a shop selling sheet music and musical instruments . In 1848 he married Ann Greening ( 1822 – 1902 ) , daughter of a farm worker . Edward was the fourth of their seven children . Ann Elgar had converted to Roman Catholicism shortly before Edward 's birth , and he was baptised and brought up as a Roman Catholic , to the disapproval of his father . William Elgar was a violinist of professional standard and held the post of organist of St. George 's Roman Catholic Church , Worcester , from 1846 to 1885 . At his instigation , masses by Cherubini and Hummel were first heard at the Three Choirs Festival by the orchestra in which he played the violin . All the Elgar children received a musical upbringing . By the age of eight , Elgar was taking piano and violin lessons , and his father , who tuned the pianos at many grand houses in Worcestershire , would sometimes take him along , giving him the chance to display his skill to important local figures . Elgar 's mother was interested in the arts and encouraged his musical development . He inherited from her a discerning taste for literature and a passionate love of the countryside . His friend and biographer W. H. " Billy " Reed wrote that Elgar 's early surroundings had an influence that " permeated all his work and gave to his whole life that subtle but none the less true and sturdy English quality " . He began composing at an early age ; for a play written and acted by the Elgar children when he was about ten , he wrote music that forty years later he rearranged with only minor changes and orchestrated as the suites titled The Wand of Youth . Until he was fifteen , Elgar received a general education at Littleton ( now Lyttleton ) House school , near Worcester . However , his only formal musical training beyond piano and violin lessons from local teachers consisted of more advanced violin studies with Adolf Pollitzer , during brief visits to London in 1877 – 78 . Elgar said , " my first music was learnt in the Cathedral ... from books borrowed from the music library , when I was eight , nine or ten . " He worked through manuals of instruction on organ playing and read every book he could find on the theory of music . He later said that he had been most helped by Hubert Parry 's articles in the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Elgar began to learn German , in the hope of going to the Leipzig Conservatory for further musical studies , but his father could not afford to send him . Years later , a profile in The Musical Times considered that his failure to get to Leipzig was fortunate for Elgar 's musical development : " Thus the budding composer escaped the dogmatism of the schools . " However , it was a disappointment to Elgar that on leaving school in 1872 he went not to Leipzig but to the office of a local solicitor as a clerk . He did not find an office career congenial , and for fulfilment he turned not only to music but to literature , becoming a voracious reader . Around this time , he made his first public appearances as a violinist and organist . After a few months , Elgar left the solicitor to embark on a musical career , giving piano and violin lessons and working occasionally in his father 's shop . He was an active member of the Worcester Glee Club , along with his father , and he accompanied singers , played the violin , composed and arranged works , and conducted for the first time . Pollitzer believed that , as a violinist , Elgar had the potential to be one of the leading soloists in the country , but Elgar himself , having heard leading virtuosi at London concerts , felt his own violin playing lacked a full enough tone , and he abandoned his ambitions to be a soloist . At twenty @-@ two he took up the post of conductor of the attendants ' band at the Worcester and County Lunatic Asylum in Powick , three miles ( five km ) from Worcester . The band consisted of : piccolo , flute , clarinet , two cornets , euphonium , three or four first and a similar number of second violins , occasional viola , cello , double bass and piano . Elgar coached the players and wrote and arranged their music , including quadrilles and polkas , for the unusual combination of instruments . The Musical Times wrote , " This practical experience proved to be of the greatest value to the young musician . ... He acquired a practical knowledge of the capabilities of these different instruments . ... He thereby got to know intimately the tone colour , the ins and outs of these and many other instruments . " He held the post for five years , from 1879 , travelling to Powick once a week . Another post he held in his early days was professor of the violin at the Worcester College for the Blind Sons of Gentlemen . Although rather solitary and introspective by nature , Elgar thrived in Worcester 's musical circles . He played in the violins at the Worcester and Birmingham Festivals , and one great experience was to play Dvořák 's Symphony No. 6 and Stabat Mater under the composer 's baton . Elgar regularly played the bassoon in a wind quintet , alongside his brother Frank , an oboist ( and conductor who ran his own wind band ) . Elgar arranged numerous pieces by Mozart , Beethoven , Haydn , and others for the quintet , honing his arranging and compositional skills . In his first trips abroad , Elgar visited Paris in 1880 and Leipzig in 1882 . He heard Saint @-@ Saëns play the organ at the Madeleine and attended concerts by first @-@ rate orchestras . In 1882 he wrote , " I got pretty well dosed with Schumann ( my ideal ! ) , Brahms , Rubinstein & Wagner , so had no cause to complain . " In Leipzig he visited a friend , Helen Weaver , who was a student at the Conservatoire . They became engaged in the summer of 1883 , but for unknown reasons the engagement was broken off the next year . Elgar was greatly distressed , and some of his later cryptic dedications of romantic music may have alluded to Helen and his feelings for her . Throughout his life , Elgar was often inspired by close women friends ; Helen Weaver was succeeded by Mary Lygon , Dora Penny , Julia Worthington , Alice Stuart Wortley and finally Vera Hockman , who enlivened his old age . In 1883 , while a regular member of the orchestra for W. C. Stockley 's winter concert seasons in Birmingham , Elgar took part in a performance of one of his first works for full orchestra , the Sérénade mauresque . Stockley had invited him to conduct the piece , but , as Stockley later recalled , " he declined , and , further , insisted upon playing in his place in the orchestra . The consequence was that he had to appear , fiddle in hand , to acknowledge the genuine and hearty applause of the audience . " He often went to London in an attempt to get his works published , but this period in his life found him frequently despondent and low on money . He wrote to a friend in April 1884 , " My prospects are about as hopeless as ever ... I am not wanting in energy I think , so sometimes I conclude that ' tis want of ability . ... I have no money – not a cent . " = = = Marriage = = = When Elgar was twenty @-@ nine , he took on a new pupil , Caroline Alice Roberts , daughter of the late Major @-@ General Sir Henry Roberts , and a published author of verse and prose fiction . Eight years older than Elgar , Alice became his wife three years later . Elgar 's biographer Michael Kennedy writes , " Alice 's family was horrified by her intention to marry an unknown musician who worked in a shop and was a Roman Catholic . She was disinherited . " They were married on 8 May 1889 , at Brompton Oratory . From then until her death she acted as his business manager and social secretary , dealt with his mood swings and was a perceptive musical critic . She did her best to gain him the attention of influential society , though with limited success . In time he would learn to accept the honours given him , realising that they mattered more to her and her social class and recognising what she had given up to further his career . In her diary she wrote , " The care of a genius is enough of a life work for any woman . " As an engagement present , Elgar dedicated his short violin and piano piece Salut d 'Amour to her . With Alice 's encouragement , the Elgars moved to London to be closer to the centre of British musical life , and Elgar started devoting his time to composition . Their only child , Carice Irene , was born at their home in West Kensington on 14 August 1890 . Her name , revealed in Elgar 's dedication of Salut d 'Amour , was a contraction of her mother 's names Caroline and Alice . Elgar took full advantage of the opportunity to hear unfamiliar music . In the days before miniature scores and recordings were available , it was not easy for young composers to get to know new music . Elgar took every chance to do so at the Crystal Palace concerts . He and Alice attended day after day , hearing music by a wide range of composers . Among these were masters of orchestration from whom he learned much , such as Berlioz and Richard Wagner . His own compositions , however , made little impact on London 's musical scene . August Manns conducted Elgar 's orchestral version of Salut d 'amour and the Suite in D at the Crystal Palace , and two publishers accepted some of Elgar 's violin pieces , organ voluntaries , and partsongs . Some tantalising opportunities seemed to be within reach but vanished unexpectedly . For example , an offer from the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , to run through some of his works was withdrawn at the last second when Sir Arthur Sullivan arrived unannounced to rehearse some of his own music . Sullivan was horrified when Elgar later told him what had happened . Elgar 's only important commission while in London came from his home city : the Worcester Festival Committee invited him to compose a short orchestral work for the 1890 Three Choirs Festival . The result is described by Diana McVeagh in the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , as " his first major work , the assured and uninhibited Froissart . " Elgar conducted the first performance in Worcester in September 1890 . For lack of other work , he was obliged to leave London in 1891 and return with his wife and child to Worcestershire , where he could earn a living conducting local musical ensembles and teaching . They settled in Alice 's former home town , Great Malvern . = = = Growing reputation = = = During the 1890s , Elgar gradually built up a reputation as a composer , chiefly of works for the great choral festivals of the English Midlands . The Black Knight ( 1892 ) and King Olaf ( 1896 ) , both inspired by Longfellow , The Light of Life ( 1896 ) and Caractacus ( 1898 ) were all modestly successful , and he obtained a long @-@ standing publisher in Novello and Co . Other works of this decade included the Serenade for Strings ( 1892 ) and Three Bavarian Dances ( 1897 ) . Elgar was of enough consequence locally to recommend the young composer Samuel Coleridge @-@ Taylor to the Three Choirs Festival for a concert piece , which helped establish the younger man 's career . Elgar was catching the attention of prominent critics , but their reviews were polite rather than enthusiastic . Although he was in demand as a festival composer , he was only just getting by financially and felt unappreciated . In 1898 , he said he was " very sick at heart over music " and hoped to find a way to succeed with a larger work . His friend August Jaeger tried to lift his spirits : " A day 's attack of the blues ... will not drive away your desire , your necessity , which is to exercise those creative faculties which a kind providence has given you . Your time of universal recognition will come . " In 1899 , that prediction suddenly came true . At the age of forty @-@ two , Elgar produced the Enigma Variations , which were premiered in London under the baton of the eminent German conductor Hans Richter . In Elgar 's own words , " I have sketched a set of Variations on an original theme . The Variations have amused me because I 've labelled them with the nicknames of my particular friends ... that is to say I 've written the variations each one to represent the mood of the ' party ' ( the person ) ... and have written what I think they would have written – if they were asses enough to compose " . He dedicated the work " To my friends pictured within " . Probably the best known variation is " Nimrod " , depicting Jaeger . Purely musical considerations led Elgar to omit variations depicting Arthur Sullivan and Hubert Parry , whose styles he tried but failed to incorporate in the variations . The large @-@ scale work was received with general acclaim for its originality , charm and craftsmanship , and it established Elgar as the pre @-@ eminent British composer of his generation . The work is formally titled Variations on an Original Theme ; the word " Enigma " appears over the first six bars of music , which led to the familiar version of the title . The enigma is that , although there are fourteen variations on the " original theme " , there is another overarching theme , never identified by Elgar , which he said " runs through and over the whole set " but is never heard . Later commentators have observed that although Elgar is today regarded as a characteristically English composer , his orchestral music and this work in particular share much with the Central European tradition typified at the time by the work of Richard Strauss . The Enigma Variations were well received in Germany and Italy , and remain to the present day a worldwide concert staple . = = = National and international fame = = = Elgar 's biographer Basil Maine commented , " When Sir Arthur Sullivan died in 1900 it became apparent to many that Elgar , although a composer of another build , was his true successor as first musician of the land . " Elgar 's next major work was eagerly awaited . For the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival of 1900 , he set Cardinal John Henry Newman 's poem The Dream of Gerontius for soloists , chorus and orchestra . Richter conducted the premiere , which was marred by a poorly prepared chorus , which sang badly . Critics recognised the mastery of the piece despite the defects in performance . It was performed in Düsseldorf , Germany , in 1901 and again in 1902 , conducted by Julius Buths , who also conducted the European premiere of the Enigma Variations in 1901 . The German press was enthusiastic . The Cologne Gazette said , " In both parts we meet with beauties of imperishable value . ... Elgar stands on the shoulders of Berlioz , Wagner , and Liszt , from whose influences he has freed himself until he has become an important individuality . He is one of the leaders of musical art of modern times . " The Düsseldorfer Volksblatt wrote , " A memorable and epoch @-@ making first performance ! Since the days of Liszt nothing has been produced in the way of oratorio ... which reaches the greatness and importance of this sacred cantata . " Richard Strauss , then widely viewed as the leading composer of his day , was so impressed that in Elgar 's presence he proposed a toast to the success of " the first English progressive musician , Meister Elgar . " Performances in Vienna , Paris and New York followed , and The Dream of Gerontius soon became equally admired in Britain . According to Kennedy , " It is unquestionably the greatest British work in the oratorio form ... [ it ] opened a new chapter in the English choral tradition and liberated it from its Handelian preoccupation . " Elgar , as a Roman Catholic , was much moved by Newman 's poem about the death and redemption of a sinner , but some influential members of the Anglican establishment disagreed . His colleague , Charles Villiers Stanford complained that the work " stinks of incense " . The Dean of Gloucester banned Gerontius from his cathedral in 1901 , and at Worcester the following year , the Dean insisted on expurgations before allowing a performance . Elgar is probably best known for the first of the five Pomp and Circumstance Marches , which were composed between 1901 and 1930 . It is familiar to millions of television viewers all over the world every year who watch the Last Night of the Proms , where it is traditionally performed . When the theme of the slower middle section ( technically called the " trio " ) of the first march came into his head , he told his friend Dora Penny , " I 've got a tune that will knock ' em – will knock ' em flat " . When the first march was played in 1901 at a London Promenade Concert , it was conducted by Henry J. Wood , who later wrote that the audience " rose and yelled ... the one and only time in the history of the Promenade concerts that an orchestral item was accorded a double encore . " To mark the coronation of Edward VII , Elgar was commissioned to set A. C. Benson 's Coronation Ode for a gala concert at the Royal Opera House in June 1901 . The approval of the king was confirmed , and Elgar began work . The contralto Clara Butt had persuaded him that the trio of the first Pomp and Circumstance march could have words fitted to it , and Elgar invited Benson to do so . Elgar incorporated the new vocal version into the Ode . The publishers of the score recognised the potential of the vocal piece , " Land of Hope and Glory " , and asked Benson and Elgar to make a further revision for publication as a separate song . It was immensely popular and is now considered an unofficial British national anthem . In the United States , the trio , known simply as " Pomp and Circumstance " or " The Graduation March " , has been adopted since 1905 for virtually all high school and university graduations . In March 1904 a three @-@ day festival of Elgar 's works was presented at Covent Garden , an honour never before given to any English composer . The Times commented , " Four or five years ago if any one had predicted that the Opera @-@ house would be full from floor to ceiling for the performance of an oratorio by an English composer he would probably have been supposed to be out of his mind . " The king and queen attended the first concert , at which Richter conducted The Dream of Gerontius , and returned the next evening for the second , the London premiere of The Apostles ( first heard the previous year at the Birmingham Festival ) . The final concert of the festival , conducted by Elgar , was primarily orchestral , apart for an excerpt from Caractacus and the complete Sea Pictures ( sung by Clara Butt ) . The orchestral items were Froissart , the Enigma Variations , Cockaigne , the first two ( at that time the only two ) Pomp and Circumstance marches , and the premiere of a new orchestral work , In the South ( Alassio ) , inspired by a holiday in Italy . Elgar was knighted at Buckingham Palace on 5 July 1904 . The following month , he and his family moved to Plâs Gwyn , a large house on the outskirts of Hereford , overlooking the River Wye , where they lived until 1911 . Between 1902 and 1914 , Elgar was , in Kennedy 's words , at the zenith of popularity . He made four visits to the U.S. , including one conducting tour , and earned considerable fees from the performance of his music . Between 1905 and 1908 , he held the post of Peyton Professor of Music at the University of Birmingham . He had accepted the post reluctantly , feeling that a composer should not head a school of music . He was not at ease in the role , and his lectures caused controversy , with his attacks on the critics and on English music in general : " Vulgarity in the course of time may be refined . Vulgarity often goes with inventiveness ... but the commonplace mind can never be anything but commonplace . An Englishman will take you into a large room , beautifully proportioned , and will point out to you that it is white – all over white – and somebody will say , ' What exquisite taste ' . You know in your own mind , in your own soul , that it is not taste at all , that it is the want of taste , that is mere evasion . English music is white , and evades everything . " He regretted the controversy and was glad to hand on the post to his friend Granville Bantock in 1908 . His new life as a celebrity was a mixed blessing to the highly strung Elgar , as it interrupted his privacy , and he often was in ill @-@ health . He complained to Jaeger in 1903 , " My life is one continual giving up of little things which I love . " Both W. S. Gilbert and Thomas Hardy sought to collaborate with Elgar in this decade . Elgar refused , but would have collaborated with George Bernard Shaw had Shaw been willing . Elgar 's principal composition in 1905 was the Introduction and Allegro for Strings , dedicated to Samuel Sanford , professor at Yale University . Elgar visited America in that year to conduct his music and to accept a doctorate from Yale . His next large @-@ scale work was the sequel to The Apostles – the oratorio The Kingdom ( 1906 ) . It was well received but did not catch the public imagination as The Dream of Gerontius had done and continued to do . Among keen Elgarians , however , The Kingdom was sometimes preferred to the earlier work : Elgar 's friend Frank Schuster told the young Adrian Boult : " compared with The Kingdom , Gerontius is the work of a raw amateur . " As Elgar approached his fiftieth birthday , he began work on his first symphony , a project that had been in his mind in various forms for nearly ten years . His First Symphony ( 1908 ) was a national and international triumph . Within weeks of the premiere it was performed in New York under Walter Damrosch , Vienna under Ferdinand Löwe , St. Petersburg under Alexander Siloti , and Leipzig under Arthur Nikisch . There were performances in Rome , Chicago , Boston , Toronto and fifteen British towns and cities . In just over a year , it received a hundred performances in Britain , America and continental Europe . The Violin Concerto ( 1910 ) was commissioned by Fritz Kreisler , one of the leading international violinists of the time . Elgar wrote it during the summer of 1910 , with occasional help from W. H. Reed , the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra , who helped the composer with advice on technical points . Elgar and Reed formed a firm friendship , which lasted for the rest of Elgar 's life . Reed 's biography , Elgar As I Knew Him ( 1936 ) , records many details of Elgar 's methods of composition . The work was presented by the Royal Philharmonic Society , with Kreisler and the London Symphony Orchestra , conducted by the composer . Reed recalled , " the Concerto proved to be a complete triumph , the concert a brilliant and unforgettable occasion . " So great was the impact of the concerto that Kreisler 's rival Eugène Ysaÿe spent much time with Elgar going through the work . There was great disappointment when contractual difficulties prevented Ysaÿe from playing it in London . The Violin Concerto was Elgar 's last popular triumph . The following year he presented his Second Symphony in London , but was disappointed at its reception . Unlike the First Symphony , it ends not in a blaze of orchestral splendour but quietly and contemplatively . Reed , who played at the premiere , later wrote that Elgar was recalled to the platform several times to acknowledge the applause , " but missed that unmistakable note perceived when an audience , even an English audience , is thoroughly roused or worked up , as it was after the Violin Concerto or the First Symphony . " Elgar asked Reed , " What is the matter with them , Billy ? They sit there like a lot of stuffed pigs . " The work was , by normal standards , a success , with twenty @-@ seven performances within three years of its premiere , but it did not achieve the international furore of the First Symphony . = = = Last major works = = = In June 1911 , as part of the celebrations surrounding the coronation of King George V , Elgar was appointed to the Order of Merit , an honour limited to twenty @-@ four holders at any time . The following year , the Elgars moved back to London , to a large house in Netherhall Gardens , Hampstead , designed by Norman Shaw . There Elgar composed his last two large @-@ scale works of the pre @-@ war era , the choral ode , The Music Makers ( for the Birmingham Festival , 1912 ) and the symphonic study Falstaff ( for the Leeds Festival , 1913 ) . Both were received politely but without enthusiasm . Even the dedicatee of Falstaff , the conductor Landon Ronald , confessed privately that he could not " make head or tail of the piece , " while the musical scholar Percy Scholes wrote of Falstaff that it was a " great work " but , " so far as public appreciation goes , a comparative failure . " When World War I broke out , Elgar was horrified at the prospect of the carnage , but his patriotic feelings were nonetheless aroused . He composed " A Song for Soldiers " , which he later withdrew . He signed up as a special constable in the local police and later joined the Hampstead Volunteer Reserve of the army . He composed patriotic works , Carillon , a recitation for speaker and orchestra in honour of Belgium , and Polonia , an orchestral piece in honour of Poland . Land of Hope and Glory , already popular , became still more so , and Elgar wished in vain to have new , less nationalistic , words sung to the tune . Elgar 's other compositions during the war included incidental music for a children 's play , The Starlight Express ( 1915 ) ; a ballet , The Sanguine Fan ( 1917 ) ; and The Spirit of England ( 1915 – 17 , to poems by Laurence Binyon ) , three choral settings very different in character from the romantic patriotism of his earlier years . His last large @-@ scale composition of the war years was The Fringes of the Fleet , settings of verses by Rudyard Kipling , performed with great popular success around the country , until Kipling for unexplained reasons objected to their performance in theatres . Elgar conducted a recording of the work for the Gramophone Company . Towards the end of the war , Elgar was in poor health . His wife thought it best for him to move to the countryside , and she rented ' Brinkwells ' , a house near Fittleworth in Sussex , from the painter Rex Vicat Cole . There Elgar recovered his strength and , in 1918 and 1919 , he produced four large @-@ scale works . The first three of these were chamber pieces : the Violin Sonata in E minor , the Piano Quintet in A minor , and the String Quartet in E minor . On hearing the work in progress , Alice Elgar wrote in her diary , " E. writing wonderful new music " . All three works were well received . The Times wrote , " Elgar 's sonata contains much that we have heard before in other forms , but as we do not at all want him to change and be somebody else , that is as it should be . " The quartet and quintet were premiered at the Wigmore Hall on 21 May 1919 . The Manchester Guardian wrote , " This quartet , with its tremendous climaxes , curious refinements of dance @-@ rhythms , and its perfect symmetry , and the quintet , more lyrical and passionate , are as perfect examples of chamber music as the great oratorios were of their type . " By contrast , the remaining work , the Cello Concerto in E minor , had a disastrous premiere , at the opening concert of the London Symphony Orchestra 's 1919 – 20 season in October 1919 . Apart from the Elgar work , which the composer conducted , the rest of the programme was conducted by Albert Coates , who overran his rehearsal time at the expense of Elgar 's . Lady Elgar wrote , " that brutal selfish ill @-@ mannered bounder ... that brute Coates went on rehearsing . " The critic of The Observer , Ernest Newman , wrote , " There have been rumours about during the week of inadequate rehearsal . Whatever the explanation , the sad fact remains that never , in all probability , has so great an orchestra made so lamentable an exhibition of itself . ... The work itself is lovely stuff , very simple – that pregnant simplicity that has come upon Elgar 's music in the last couple of years – but with a profound wisdom and beauty underlying its simplicity . " Elgar attached no blame to his soloist , Felix Salmond , who played for him again later . In contrast with the First Symphony and its hundred performances in just over a year , the Cello Concerto did not have a second performance in London for more than a year . = = = Last years = = = Although in the 1920s Elgar 's music was no longer in fashion , his admirers continued to present his works when possible . Reed singles out a performance of the Second Symphony in March 1920 conducted by " a young man almost unknown to the public " , Adrian Boult , for bringing " the grandeur and nobility of the work " to a wider public . Also in 1920 , Landon Ronald presented an all @-@ Elgar concert at the Queen 's Hall . Alice Elgar wrote with enthusiasm about the reception of the symphony , but this was one of the last times she heard Elgar 's music played in public . After a short illness , she died of lung cancer on 7 April 1920 , at the age of seventy @-@ two . Elgar was devastated by the loss of his wife . With no public demand for new works , and deprived of Alice 's constant support and inspiration , he allowed himself to be deflected from composition . His daughter later wrote that Elgar inherited from his father a reluctance to " settle down to work on hand but could cheerfully spend hours over some perfectly unnecessary and entirely unremunerative undertaking " , a trait that became stronger after Alice 's death . For much of the rest of his life , Elgar indulged himself in his several hobbies . Throughout his life he was a keen amateur chemist , sometimes using a laboratory in his back garden . He even patented the " Elgar Sulphuretted Hydrogen Apparatus " in 1908 . He enjoyed football , supporting Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. , for whom he composed an anthem , " He Banged the Leather for Goal " , and in his later years he frequently attended horseraces . His protégés , the conductor Malcolm Sargent and violinist Yehudi Menuhin , both recalled rehearsals with Elgar at which he swiftly satisfied himself that all was well and then went off to the races . In his younger days , Elgar had been an enthusiastic cyclist , buying Royal Sunbeam bicycles for himself and his wife in 1903 ( he named his " Mr. Phoebus " ) . As an elderly widower , he enjoyed being driven about the countryside by his chauffeur . In November and December 1923 , he took a voyage to Brazil , journeying up the Amazon to Manaus , where he was impressed by its opera house , the Teatro Amazonas . Almost nothing is recorded about Elgar 's activities or the events that he encountered during the trip , which gave the novelist James Hamilton @-@ Paterson considerable latitude when writing Gerontius , a fictional account of the journey . After Alice 's death , Elgar sold the Hampstead house , and after living for a short time in a flat in St James 's in the heart of London , he moved back to Worcestershire , to the village of Kempsey , where he lived from 1923 to 1927 . He did not wholly abandon composition in these years . He made large @-@ scale symphonic arrangements of works by Bach and Handel and wrote his Empire March and eight songs Pageant of Empire for the 1924 British Empire Exhibition . Shortly after these were published , he was appointed Master of the King 's Musick on 13 May 1924 , following the death of Sir Walter Parratt . From 1926 onwards , Elgar made a series of recordings of his own works . Described by the music writer Robert Philip as " the first composer to take the gramophone seriously " , he had already recorded much of his music by the early acoustic @-@ recording process for His Master 's Voice ( HMV ) from 1914 onwards , but the introduction of electrical microphones in 1925 transformed the gramophone from a novelty into a realistic medium for reproducing orchestral and choral music . Elgar was the first composer to take full advantage of this technological advance . Fred Gaisberg of HMV , who produced Elgar 's recordings , set up a series of sessions to capture on disc the composer 's interpretations of his major orchestral works , including the Enigma Variations , Falstaff , the first and second symphonies , and the cello and violin concertos . For most of these , the orchestra was the LSO , but the Variations were played by the Royal Albert Hall Orchestra . Later in the series of recordings , Elgar also conducted two newly founded orchestras , Boult 's BBC Symphony Orchestra and Sir Thomas Beecham 's London Philharmonic Orchestra . Elgar 's recordings were released on 78 @-@ rpm discs by both HMV and RCA Victor . After World War II , the 1932 recording of the Violin Concerto with the teenage Menuhin as soloist remained available on 78 and later on LP , but the other recordings were out of the catalogues for some years . When they were reissued by EMI on LP in the 1970s , they caused surprise to many by their fast tempi , in contrast to the slower speeds adopted by many conductors in the years since Elgar 's death . The recordings were reissued on CD in the 1990s . In November 1931 , Elgar was filmed by Pathé for a newsreel depicting a recording session of Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 at the opening of EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London . It is believed to be the only surviving sound film of Elgar , who makes a brief remark before conducting the London Symphony Orchestra , asking the musicians to " play this tune as though you 've never heard it before . " A memorial plaque to Elgar at Abbey Road was unveiled on 24 June 1993 . A late piece of Elgar 's , the Nursery Suite , was an early example of a studio premiere : its first performance was in the Abbey Road studios . For this work , dedicated to the wife and daughters of the Duke of York , Elgar once again drew on his youthful sketch @-@ books . In his final years , Elgar experienced a musical revival . The BBC organised a festival of his works to celebrate his seventy @-@ fifth birthday , in 1932 . He flew to Paris in 1933 to conduct the Violin Concerto for Menuhin . While in France , he visited his fellow composer Frederick Delius at his house at Grez @-@ sur @-@ Loing . He was sought out by younger musicians such as Adrian Boult , Malcolm Sargent and John Barbirolli , who championed his music when it was out of fashion . He began work on an opera , The Spanish Lady , and accepted a commission from the BBC to compose a Third Symphony . His final illness , however , prevented their completion . He fretted about the unfinished works . He asked Reed to ensure that nobody would " tinker " with the sketches and attempt a completion of the symphony , but at other times he said , " If I can 't complete the Third Symphony , somebody will complete it – or write a better one . " After Elgar 's death , Percy M. Young , in cooperation with the BBC and Elgar 's daughter Carice , produced a version of The Spanish Lady , which was issued on CD . The Third Symphony sketches were elaborated by the composer Anthony Payne into a complete score in 1998 . Inoperable colorectal cancer was discovered during an operation on 8 October 1933 . He told his consulting doctor , Arthur Thomson , that he had no faith in an afterlife : " I believe there is nothing but complete oblivion . " Elgar died on 23 February 1934 at the age of seventy @-@ six and was buried next to his wife at St. Wulstan 's Roman Catholic Church in Little Malvern . = = Music = = = = = Influences , antecedents and early works = = = Elgar was contemptuous of folk music and had little interest in or respect for the early English composers , calling William Byrd and his contemporaries " museum pieces " . Of later English composers , he regarded Purcell as the greatest , and he said that he had learned much of his own technique from studying Hubert Parry 's writings . The continental composers who most influenced Elgar were Handel , Dvořák and , to some degree , Brahms . In Elgar 's chromaticism , the influence of Wagner is apparent , but Elgar 's individual style of orchestration owes much to the clarity of nineteenth @-@ century French composers , Berlioz , Massenet , Saint @-@ Saëns and , particularly , Delibes , whose music Elgar played and conducted at Worcester and greatly admired . Elgar began composing when still a child , and all his life he drew on his early sketchbooks for themes and inspiration . The habit of assembling his compositions , even large @-@ scale ones , from scraps of themes jotted down randomly remained throughout his life . His early adult works included violin and piano pieces , music for the wind quintet in which he and his brother played between 1878 – 81 , and music of many types for the Powick Asylum band . Diana McVeagh in Grove 's Dictionary finds many embryonic Elgarian touches in these pieces , but few of them are regularly played , except Salut d 'Amour and ( as arranged decades later into The Wand of Youth Suites ) some of the childhood sketches . Elgar 's sole work of note during his first spell in London in 1889 – 91 , the overture Froissart , was a romantic @-@ bravura piece , influenced by Mendelssohn and Wagner , but also showing further Elgarian characteristics . Orchestral works composed during the subsequent years in Worcestershire include the Serenade for Strings and Three Bavarian Dances . In this period and later , Elgar wrote songs and partsongs . W. H. Reed expressed reservations about these pieces , but praised the partsong The Snow , for female voices , and Sea Pictures , a cycle of five songs for contralto and orchestra which remains in the repertory . Elgar 's principal large @-@ scale early works were for chorus and orchestra for the Three Choirs and other festivals . These were The Black Knight , King Olaf , The Light of Life , The Banner of St George and Caractacus . He also wrote a Te Deum and Benedictus for the Hereford Festival . Of these , McVeagh comments favourably on his lavish orchestration and innovative use of leitmotifs , but less favourably on the qualities of his chosen texts and the patchiness of his inspiration . McVeagh makes the point that , because these works of the 1890s were for many years little known ( and performances remain rare ) , the mastery of his first great success , the Enigma Variations , appeared to be a sudden transformation from mediocrity to genius , but in fact his orchestral skills had been building up throughout the decade . = = = Peak creative years = = = Elgar 's best @-@ known works were composed within the twenty @-@ one years between 1899 and 1920 . Most of them are orchestral . Reed wrote , " Elgar 's genius rose to its greatest height in his orchestral works " and quoted the composer as saying that , even in his oratorios , the orchestral part is the most important . The Enigma Variations made Elgar 's name nationally . The variation form was ideal for him at this stage of his career , when his comprehensive mastery of orchestration was still in contrast to his tendency to write his melodies in short , sometimes rigid , phrases . His next orchestral works , Cockaigne ( In London Town ) , a concert @-@ overture ( 1900 – 1901 ) , the first two Pomp and Circumstance marches ( 1901 ) , and the gentle Dream Children ( 1902 ) , are all short : the longest of them , Cockaigne , lasting less than fifteen minutes . In the South ( Alassio ) ( 1903 – 1904 ) , although designated by Elgar as a concert @-@ overture , is , according to Kennedy , really a tone poem and the longest continuous piece of purely orchestral writing Elgar had essayed . He wrote it after setting aside an early attempt to compose a symphony . The work reveals his continuing progress in writing sustained themes and orchestral lines , although some critics , including Kennedy , find that in the middle part " Elgar 's inspiration burns at less than its brightest . " In 1905 Elgar completed the Introduction and Allegro for Strings . This work is based , unlike much of Elgar 's earlier writing , not on a profusion of themes but on only three . Kennedy called it a " masterly composition , equalled among English works for strings only by Vaughan Williams 's Tallis Fantasia . " Nevertheless , at less than a quarter of an hour , it was not by contemporary standards a lengthy composition . Gustav Mahler 's Seventh Symphony , composed at the same time , runs for well over an hour . During the next four years , however , Elgar composed three major concert pieces , which , though shorter than comparable works by some of his European contemporaries , are among the most substantial such works by an English composer . These were his First Symphony , Violin Concerto , and Second Symphony , which all play for between forty @-@ five minutes and an hour . McVeagh says of the symphonies that they " rank high not only in Elgar 's output but in English musical history . Both are long and powerful , without published programmes , only hints and quotations to indicate some inward drama from which they derive their vitality and eloquence . Both are based on classical form but differ from it to the extent that ... they were considered prolix and slackly constructed by some critics . Certainly the invention in them is copious ; each symphony would need several dozen music examples to chart its progress . " Elgar 's Violin Concerto and Cello Concerto , in the view of Kennedy , " rank not only among his finest works , but among the greatest of their kind " . They are , however , very different from each other . The Violin Concerto , composed in 1909 as Elgar reached the height of his popularity , and written for the instrument dearest to his heart , is lyrical throughout and rhapsodical and brilliant by turns . The Cello Concerto , composed a decade later , immediately after World War I , seems , in Kennedy 's words , " to belong to another age , another world ... the simplest of all Elgar 's major works ... also the least grandiloquent . " Between the two concertos came Elgar 's symphonic study Falstaff , which has divided opinion even among Elgar 's strongest admirers . Donald Tovey viewed it as " one of the immeasurably great things in music " , with power " identical with Shakespeare 's " , while Kennedy criticises the work for " too frequent reliance on sequences " and an over @-@ idealised depiction of the female characters . Reed thought that the principal themes show less distinction than some of Elgar 's earlier works . Elgar himself thought Falstaff the highest point of his purely orchestral work . The major works for voices and orchestra of the twenty @-@ one years of Elgar 's middle period are three large @-@ scale works for soloists , chorus and orchestra : The Dream of Gerontius ( 1900 ) , and the oratorios The Apostles ( 1903 ) and The Kingdom ( 1906 ) ; and two shorter odes , the Coronation Ode ( 1902 ) and The Music Makers ( 1912 ) . The first of the odes , as a pièce d 'occasion , has rarely been revived after its initial success , with the culminating " Land of Hope and Glory " . The second is , for Elgar , unusual in that it contains several quotations from his earlier works , as Richard Strauss quoted himself in Ein Heldenleben . The choral works were all successful , although the first , Gerontius , was and remains the best @-@ loved and most performed . On the manuscript Elgar wrote , quoting John Ruskin , " This is the best of me ; for the rest , I ate , and drank , and slept , loved and hated , like another . My life was as the vapour , and is not ; but this I saw , and knew ; this , if anything of mine , is worth your memory . " All three of the large @-@ scale works follow the traditional model with sections for soloists , chorus and both together . Elgar 's distinctive orchestration , as well as his melodic inspiration , lifts them to a higher level than most of their British predecessors . Elgar 's other works of his middle period include incidental music for Grania and Diarmid , a play by George Moore and W. B. Yeats ( 1901 ) , and for The Starlight Express , a play based on a story by Algernon Blackwood ( 1916 ) . Of the former , Yeats called Elgar 's music " wonderful in its heroic melancholy " . Elgar also wrote a number of songs during his peak period , of which Reed observes , " it cannot be said that he enriched the vocal repertory to the same extent as he did that of the orchestra . " = = = Final years and posthumous completions = = = After the Cello Concerto , Elgar completed no more large @-@ scale works . He made arrangements of works by Bach , Handel and Chopin , in distinctively Elgarian orchestration , and once again turned his youthful notebooks to use for the Nursery Suite ( 1931 ) . His other compositions of this period have not held a place in the regular repertory . For most of the rest of the twentieth century , it was generally agreed that Elgar 's creative impulse ceased after his wife 's death . Anthony Payne 's elaboration of the sketches for Elgar 's Third Symphony led to a reconsideration of this supposition . Elgar left the opening of the symphony complete in full score , and those pages , along with others , show Elgar 's orchestration changed markedly from the richness of his pre @-@ war work . The Gramophone described the opening of the new work as something " thrilling ... unforgettably gaunt " . Payne also subsequently produced a performing version of the sketches for a sixth Pomp and Circumstance March , premiered at the Proms in August 2006 . Elgar 's sketches for a piano concerto dating from 1913 were elaborated by the composer Robert Walker and first performed in August 1997 by the pianist David Owen Norris . The realisation has since been extensively revised . = = = Reputation = = = Views of Elgar 's stature have varied in the decades since his music came to prominence at the beginning of the twentieth century . Richard Strauss , as noted , hailed Elgar as a progressive composer ; even the hostile reviewer in The Observer , unimpressed by the thematic material of the First Symphony in 1908 , called the orchestration " magnificently modern " . Hans Richter rated Elgar as " the greatest modern composer " in any country , and Richter 's colleague Arthur Nikisch considered the First Symphony " a masterpiece of the first order " to be " justly ranked with the great symphonic models – Beethoven and Brahms . " By contrast , the critic W. J. Turner , in the mid @-@ twentieth century , wrote of Elgar 's " Salvation Army symphonies , " and Herbert von Karajan called the Enigma Variations " second @-@ hand Brahms " . Elgar 's immense popularity was not long @-@ lived . After the success of his First Symphony and Violin Concerto , his Second Symphony and Cello Concerto were politely received but without the earlier wild enthusiasm . His music was identified in the public mind with the Edwardian era , and after the First World War he no longer seemed a progressive or modern composer . In the early 1920s , even the First Symphony had only one London performance in more than three years . Henry Wood and younger conductors such as Boult , Sargent and Barbirolli championed Elgar 's music , but in the recording catalogues and the concert programmes of the middle of the century his works were not well represented . In 1924 , the music scholar Edward J. Dent wrote an article for a German music journal in which he identified four features of Elgar 's style that gave offence to a section of English opinion ( namely , Dent indicated , the academic and snobbish section ) : " too emotional " , " not quite free from vulgarity " , " pompous " , and " too deliberately noble in expression " . This article was reprinted in 1930 and caused controversy . In the later years of the century there was , in Britain at least , a revival of interest in Elgar 's music . The features that had offended austere taste in the inter @-@ war years were seen from a different perspective . In 1955 , the reference book The Record Guide wrote of the Edwardian background during the height of Elgar 's career : Boastful self @-@ confidence , emotional vulgarity , material extravagance , a ruthless philistinism expressed in tasteless architecture and every kind of expensive yet hideous accessory : such features of a late phase of Imperial England are faithfully reflected in Elgar 's larger works and are apt to prove indigestible today . But if it is difficult to overlook the bombastic , the sentimental , and the trivial elements in his music , the effort to do so should nevertheless be made , for the sake of the many inspired pages , the power and eloquence and lofty pathos , of Elgar 's best work . ... Anyone who doubts the fact of Elgar 's genius should take the first opportunity of hearing The Dream of Gerontius , which remains his masterpiece , as it is his largest and perhaps most deeply felt work ; the symphonic study , Falstaff ; the Introduction and Allegro for Strings ; the Enigma Variations ; and the Violoncello Concerto . By the 1960s , a less severe view was being taken of the Edwardian era . In 1966 the critic Frank Howes wrote that Elgar reflected the last blaze of opulence , expansiveness and full @-@ blooded life , before World War I swept so much away . In Howes 's view , there was a touch of vulgarity in both the era and Elgar 's music , but " a composer is entitled to be judged by posterity for his best work . ... Elgar is historically important for giving to English music a sense of the orchestra , for expressing what it felt like to be alive in the Edwardian age , for conferring on the world at least four unqualified masterpieces , and for thereby restoring England to the comity of musical nations . " In 1967 the critic and analyst David Cox considered the question of the supposed Englishness of Elgar 's music . Cox noted that Elgar disliked folk @-@ songs and never used them in his works , opting for an idiom that was essentially German , leavened by a lightness derived from French composers including Berlioz and Gounod . How then , asked Cox , could Elgar be " the most English of composers " ? Cox found the answer in Elgar 's own personality , which " could use the alien idioms in such a way as to make of them a vital form of expression that was his and his alone . And the personality that comes through in the music is English . " This point about Elgar 's transmuting his influences had been touched on before . In 1930 The Times wrote , " When Elgar 's first symphony came out , someone attempted to prove that its main tune on which all depends was like the Grail theme in Parsifal . ... but the attempt fell flat because everyone else , including those who disliked the tune , had instantly recognized it as typically ' Elgarian ' , while the Grail theme is as typically Wagnerian . " As for Elgar 's " Englishness " , his fellow @-@ composers recognised it : Richard Strauss and Stravinsky made particular reference to it , and Sibelius called him , " the personification of the true English character in music ... a noble personality and a born aristocrat " . Among Elgar 's admirers there is disagreement about which of his works are to be regarded as masterpieces . The Enigma Variations are generally counted among them . The Dream of Gerontius has also been given high praise by Elgarians , and the Cello Concerto is similarly rated . Many rate the Violin Concerto equally highly , but some do not . Sackville @-@ West omitted it from the list of Elgar masterpieces in The Record Guide , and in a long analytical article in The Musical Quarterly , Daniel Gregory Mason criticised the first movement of the concerto for a " kind of sing @-@ songiness ... as fatal to noble rhythm in music as it is in poetry . " Falstaff also divides opinion . It has never been a great popular favourite , and Kennedy and Reed identify shortcomings in it . In a Musical Times 1957 centenary symposium on Elgar led by Vaughan Williams , by contrast , several contributors share Eric Blom 's view that Falstaff is the greatest of all Elgar 's works . The two symphonies divide opinion even more sharply . Mason rates the Second poorly for its " over @-@ obvious rhythmic scheme " , but calls the First " Elgar 's masterpiece . ... It is hard to see how any candid student can deny the greatness of this symphony . " However , in the 1957 centenary symposium , several leading admirers of Elgar express reservations about one or both symphonies . In the same year , Roger Fiske wrote in The Gramophone , " For some reason few people seem to like the two Elgar symphonies equally ; each has its champions and often they are more than a little bored by the rival work . " The critic John Warrack wrote , " There are no sadder pages in symphonic literature than the close of the First Symphony 's Adagio , as horn and trombones twice softly intone a phrase of utter grief " , whereas to Michael Kennedy , the movement is notable for its lack of anguished yearning and angst and is marked instead by a " benevolent tranquillity . " Despite the fluctuating critical assessment of the various works over the years , Elgar 's major works taken as a whole have in the twenty @-@ first century recovered strongly from their neglect in the 1950s . The Record Guide in 1955 could list only one currently available recording of the First Symphony , none of the Second , one of the Violin Concerto , two of the Cello Concerto , two of the Enigma Variations , one of Falstaff , and none of The Dream of Gerontius . Since then there have been multiple recordings of all the major works . More than thirty recordings have been made of the First Symphony since 1955 , for example , and more than a dozen of The Dream of Gerontius . Similarly , in the concert hall , Elgar 's works , after a period of neglect , are once again frequently programmed . The Elgar Society 's website , in its diary of forthcoming performances , lists performances of Elgar 's works by orchestras , soloists and conductors across Europe , North America and Australia . = = Honours , awards and commemorations = = Elgar was knighted in 1904 , and in 1911 he was appointed a member of the Order of Merit . In 1920 he received the Cross of Commander of the Belgian Order of the Crown ; in 1924 he was made Master of the King 's Musick ; the following year he received the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society ; and in 1928 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) . Between 1900 and 1931 , Elgar received honorary degrees from the Universities of Cambridge , Durham , Leeds , Oxford , Yale ( USA ) , Aberdeen , Western Pennsylvania ( USA ) , Birmingham and London . Foreign academies of which he was made a member were Regia Accademia di Santa Cecilia , Rome ; Accademia del Reale Istituto Musicale , Florence ; Académie des Beaux Arts , Paris ; Institut de France ; and the American Academy . In 1931 he was created a Baronet , of Broadheath in the County of Worcester . In 1933 he was promoted within the Royal Victorian Order to Knight Grand Cross ( GCVO ) . In Kennedy 's words , he " shamelessly touted " for a peerage , but in vain . In Who 's Who , post World War I , he claimed to have been awarded " several Imperial Russian and German decorations ( lapsed ) " . The house in Lower Broadheath where Elgar was born is now the Elgar Birthplace Museum , devoted to his life and work . Elgar 's daughter , Carice , helped to found the museum in 1936 and bequeathed to it much of her collection of Elgar 's letters and documents on her death in 1970 . Carice left Elgar manuscripts to musical colleges : The Black Knight to Trinity College of Music ; King Olaf to the Royal Academy of Music ; The Music Makers to Birmingham University ; the Cello Concerto to the Royal College of Music ; The Kingdom to the Bodleian Library ; and other manuscripts to the British Museum . The Elgar Society dedicated to the composer and his works was formed in 1951 . The University of Birmingham 's Special Collections contain an archive of letters written by Elgar . Elgar 's statue at the end of Worcester High Street stands facing the cathedral , only yards from where his father 's shop once stood . Another statue of the composer by Rose Garrard is at the top of Church Street in Malvern , overlooking the town and giving visitors an opportunity to stand next to the composer in the shadow of the Hills that he so often regarded . In September 2005 , a third statue sculpted by Jemma Pearson was unveiled near Hereford Cathedral in honour of his many musical and other associations with the city . It depicts Elgar with his bicycle . From 1999 until early 2007 , new Bank of England twenty pound notes featured a portrait of Elgar . The change to remove his image generated controversy , particularly because 2007 was the 150th anniversary of Elgar 's birth . From 2007 the Elgar notes were phased out , ceasing to be legal tender on 30 June 2010 . There are around 65 roads in the UK named after Elgar , including six in the counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire . Elgar had three locomotives named in his honour . Elgar 's life and music have inspired works of literature including the novel Gerontius and several plays . Elgar 's Rondo , a 1993 stage play by David Pownall depicts the dead Jaeger offering ghostly advice on Elgar 's musical development . Pownall also wrote a radio play , Elgar 's Third ( 1994 ) ; another Elgar @-@ themed radio play is Alick Rowe 's The Dorabella Variation ( 2003 ) . David Rudkin 's BBC television " Play for Today " Penda 's Fen ( 1974 ) deals with themes including sex and adolescence , spying , and snobbery , with Elgar 's music , chiefly The Dream of Gerontius , as its background . In one scene , a ghostly Elgar whispers the secret of the " Enigma " tune to the youthful central character , with an injunction not to reveal it . Elgar on the Journey to Hanley , a novel by Keith Alldritt ( 1979 ) , tells of the composer 's attachment to Dora Penny , later Mrs Powell , ( depicted as " Dorabella " in the Enigma Variations ) , and covers the fifteen years from their first meeting in the mid @-@ 1890s to the genesis of the Violin Concerto when , in the novel , Dora has been supplanted in Elgar 's affections by Alice Stuart @-@ Wortley . Perhaps the best @-@ known work depicting Elgar is Ken Russell 's 1962 BBC television film Elgar , made when the composer was still largely out of fashion . This hour @-@ long film contradicted the view of Elgar as a jingoistic and bombastic composer , and evoked the more pastoral and melancholy side of his character and music . = = Selected works = = The following have been selected as representative of Elgar 's works , based on quality , significance and popularity . = = = Orchestral = = = Froissart , concert overture , Op. 19 ( 1890 ) Serenade for Strings , Op. 20 ( 1888 – 1892 ) Variations on an Original Theme ( Enigma ) , Op. 36 ( 1899 ) includes Variation 9 Nimrod Cockaigne ( In London Town ) , concert overture , Op. 40 ( 1900 – 1901 ) Pomp and Circumstance , five marches , all Op. 39 ( 1901 – 1930 ) March No. 1 in D ( 1901 ) ( The trio contains the tune known as Land of Hope and Glory ) In the South ( Alassio ) , concert overture , Op. 50 ( 1903 – 1904 ) Introduction and Allegro for strings ( quartet and orchestra ) , Op. 47 ( 1904 – 05 ) The Wand of Youth , suites Nos. 1 and 2 , Opp . 1a / b ( 1867 – 71 , rev. 1907 / 8 ) Symphony No. 1 in A @-@ flat , Op. 55 ( 1907 – 1908 ) Violin Concerto in B minor , Op. 61 ( 1909 – 1910 ) Romance for bassoon and orchestra , Op. 62 ( 1910 ) Symphony No. 2 in E @-@ flat , Op. 63 ( 1909 – 1911 ) Falstaff , symphonic study , Op. 68 ( 1913 ) Cello Concerto in E minor , Op. 85 ( 1918 – 1919 ) The Severn Suite , Op. 87 ( 1930 ) ( for brass band , trans. for orchestra 1932 ) = = = Cantatas and oratorios = = = The Black Knight , symphony / cantata for chorus and orchestra , Op. 25 ( 1889 – 1892 ) The Light of Life ( Lux Christi ) , oratorio for soprano , alto , tenor and bass soloists , chorus and orchestra , Op. 29 ( 1896 ) Scenes From The Saga Of King Olaf , cantata for soprano , tenor and bass soloists , chorus and orchestra , Op. 30 ( 1896 ) Caractacus , cantata for soprano , tenor , baritone and bass soloists , chorus and orchestra , Op. 35 ( 1897 – 1898 ) The Dream of Gerontius , for mezzo @-@ soprano , tenor and bass soloists , chorus and orchestra , Op. 38 ( 1899 – 1900 ) The Apostles , oratorio for soprano , contralto , tenor and three bass soloists , chorus and orchestra , Op. 49 ( 1902 – 1903 ) The Kingdom , oratorio for soprano , contralto , tenor and bass soloists , chorus and orchestra , Op. 51 ( 1901 – 1906 ) The Music Makers , ode for contralto or mezzo @-@ soprano soloist , chorus and orchestra , Op. 69 ( 1912 ) = = = Songs = = = " The Wind at Dawn " , poem by C. Alice Roberts ( 1888 ) Sea Pictures , ( Sea Pictures : A Cycle of Five Songs for Contralto ) , Op. 37 . ( 1897 – 1899 ) " Land of Hope and Glory " , words by Arthur Christopher Benson ( 1902 ) Seven Lieder of Edward Elgar ( 1907 ) = = = Partsongs = = = " O Happy Eyes " , SATB unacc . , words by C. Alice Elgar , Op. 18 No.1 ( 1890 ) " My Love Dwelt in a Northern Land " , SATB unacc . , words by Andrew Lang , dedicated to Rev. J. Hampton ( 1890 ) " The Snow " , SSA acc . 2 violins and piano , words by C. Alice Elgar , dedicated to Mrs. E. B. Fitton , Op. 26 No.1 ( 1894 ) ( also with orchestral accompaniment , 1903 , and various other combinations of voices SATB etc . ) " Go , Song of Mine " , SSAATB unacc . , words by Cavalcanti , tr . D. G. Rossetti , dedicated to Alfred H. Littleton , Op. 57 ( 1909 ) " The Shower " and " The Fountain " , SATB unacc . , words by Henry Vaughan , Op. 71 Nos.1 and 2 ( 1914 ) = = = Church music = = = Three motets : " Ave verum corpus " , " Ave Maria " and " Ave Maris Stella " , Op. 2 ( 1887 ) Te Deum and Benedictus , Op. 34 ( 1897 ) = = = Chamber music = = = Romance , violin and piano , Op. 1 ( 1878 ) Salut d 'Amour ( Liebesgruss ) , violin and piano , Op. 12 ( 1888 ) Chanson de Nuit and Chanson de Matin , violin and piano , Op. 15 Nos. 1 and 2 ( 1897 / 1899 ) . Violin Sonata in E minor , Op. 82 ( 1918 ) String Quartet in E minor , Op. 83 ( 1918 ) Piano Quintet in A minor , Op. 84 ( 1918 – 1919 ) = = = Keyboard = = = Organ Sonata in G , Op. 28 Concert Allegro , piano , Op. 46 ( 1901 ; unpublished ) = = = Arrangements = = = J. S. Bach , Fantasia and Fugue in C minor , BWV 537 , tr. for orchestra , Op. 86 ( 1921 – 1922 ) Handel , Overture in D minor ( Overture to Chandos Anthem " In the Lord put I my Trust " , HWV247 ) , tr. for orchestra ( 1923 ) = Anbe Sivam = Anbe Sivam ( English : Love Is God ) is a 2003 Indian Tamil @-@ language comedy @-@ drama film directed and co @-@ produced by Sundar C. The film 's story and screenplay were written by Kamal Haasan , and the dialogues were provided by Madhan . Anbe Sivam features Haasan , R. Madhavan and Kiran Rathod in the lead roles , with Nassar , Santhana Bharathi , Seema and Uma Riyaz Khan playing supporting characters . Inspired by the 1987 road film Planes , Trains and Automobiles , the film tells the story of an unexpected journey from Bhubaneswar to Chennai undertaken by two men of contrasting personalities , Nallasivam ( Haasan ) and Anbarasu ( Madhavan ) . The musical score was composed by Vidyasagar . Arthur A. Wilson and M. Prabhaharan undertook responsibility for cinematography and art direction , respectively . Produced on a budget of ₹ 120 million , Anbe Sivam takes on several themes , including communism , atheism , and altruism , and depicts Haasan 's views as a humanist . The film was screened as part of the Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India in 2003 . At the 51st Filmfare Awards South , it received a Special Jury Award and received nominations in the Best Film and Best Actor ( Haasan ) categories . Madhavan was awarded Best Actor at the 2003 Tamil Nadu State Film Awards . The film was released on 15 January 2003 to positive reviews from critics , but it underperformed at the box office . However , it is now regarded as a classic and a cult film in Tamil cinema . = = Plot = = Two men waiting for a flight to Chennai at the Biju Patnaik International Airport in Bhubaneswar engage in conversation . One is an advertisement filmmaker , Anbarasu ( R. Madhavan ) , who prefers the abbreviated name " A. Aras " , and the other is a scarred , deformed but witty socialist , Nallasivam , alias " Nalla " ( Kamal Haasan ) . When the flight is cancelled due to heavy rain , Aras suspects Nalla is a terrorist and informs the authorities , only to discover that he was mistaken . When the entire city becomes flooded , the two men find themselves forced to share a room for the night . Both need to return to Chennai : Aras to be present at his wedding , and Nalla so he can deliver a ₹ 300 @,@ 000 cheque , recently awarded to him after he won a court case , to a group of union workers . After a traumatic night , and no hope for a flight , the two men take a bus to board the Coromandel Express train . Aras ' bag gets stolen on the way leaving him with only his credit card , which no @-@ one accepts . Using his presence of mind , Nalla repeatedly bails Aras out of trouble while Aras tries escaping from him at every juncture , only to end up with him again . While waiting for the train at the Ichchapuram railway station , Nalla begins to tell Aras his story . A few years earlier , a healthy Nalla took part in various street theatre performances protesting against multinational corporation @-@ driven industrialisation , that resulted in the marginalisation of the labour force . He was at odds with Kandasamy Padayatchi ( Nassar ) , a manipulative factory owner who refused to give his workers a raise . Nalla satirically imitated Padayatchi in many of his shows . However , in an unexpected turn of events , Nalla and Padayatchi 's daughter Balasaraswathi , called Bala ( Kiran Rathod ) , fell in love with each other . Realising their chances of getting together would be slim if Padayatchi knew about their relationship , Nalla and Bala decided to elope to Kerala . Nalla boarded a bus bound for Kerala , and on his way to meet Bala , the bus crashed on a hillside leaving him scarred , disfigured , and partially paralysed for life . After recovering from his wounds , he visited Bala only to be informed by Padayatchi that his daughter was already married and has settled abroad . Padayatchi had earlier lied to Bala that Nalla died in the accident . It was also at this time that Nalla became a firm believer in kindness and love . Despite suffering from an inferiority complex due to his scarred and deformed body , Nalla performs community service and social work with renewed fervour while continuing to fight for union causes . Upon their arrival at Chennai , Aras delivers Nalla 's cheque to the union workers . He invites Nalla to his wedding , where , to his utter astonishment , Nalla sees that	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
In the 1960s , he helped establish the Freedom National Bank , an African @-@ American @-@ owned financial institution based in Harlem , New York . In recognition of his achievements on and off the field , Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom . = = Early life = = = = = Family and personal life = = = Robinson was born on January 31 , 1919 , into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo , Georgia . He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie ( McGriff ) and Jerry Robinson , after siblings Edgar , Frank , Matthew ( nicknamed " Mack " ) , and Willa Mae . His middle name was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt , who died 25 days before Robinson was born . After Robinson 's father left the family in 1920 , they moved to Pasadena , California . The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena . Robinson 's mother worked various odd jobs to support the family . Growing up in relative poverty in an otherwise affluent community , Robinson and his minority friends were excluded from many recreational opportunities . As a result , Robinson joined a neighborhood gang , but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it . = = = John Muir High School = = = In 1935 , Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School ( Muir Tech ) . Recognizing his athletic talents , Robinson 's older brothers Mack ( himself an accomplished athlete and silver medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics ) and Frank inspired Jackie to pursue his interest in sports . At Muir Tech , Robinson played several sports at the varsity level and lettered in four of them : football , basketball , track , and baseball . He played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team , quarterback on the football team , and guard on the basketball team . With the track and field squad , he won awards in the broad jump . He was also a member of the tennis team . In 1936 , Robinson won the junior boys singles championship in the annual Pacific Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a place on the Pomona annual baseball tournament all @-@ star team , which included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon . In late January 1937 , the Pasadena Star @-@ News newspaper reported that Robinson " for two years has been the outstanding athlete at Muir , starring in football , basketball , track , baseball and tennis . " = = = Pasadena Junior College = = = After Muir , Robinson attended Pasadena Junior College ( PJC ) , where he continued his athletic career by participating in basketball , football , baseball , and track . On the football team , he played quarterback and safety . He was a shortstop and leadoff hitter for the baseball team , and he broke school broad @-@ jump records held by his brother Mack . As at Muir High School , most of Jackie 's teammates were white . While playing football at PJC , Robinson suffered a fractured ankle , complications from which would eventually delay his deployment status while in the military . In 1938 , he was elected to the All @-@ Southland Junior College Team for baseball and selected as the region 's Most Valuable Player . That year , Robinson was one of 10 students named to the school 's Order of the Mast and Dagger ( Omicron Mu Delta ) , awarded to students performing " outstanding service to the school and whose scholastic and citizenship record is worthy of recognition . " Also while at PJC , he was elected to the Lancers , a student @-@ run police organization responsible for patrolling various school activities . An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson 's impatience with authority figures he perceived as racist — a character trait that would resurface repeatedly in his life . On January 25 , 1938 , he was arrested after vocally disputing the detention of a black friend by police . Robinson received a two @-@ year suspended sentence , but the incident — along with other rumored run @-@ ins between Robinson and police — gave Robinson a reputation for combativeness in the face of racial antagonism . Toward the end of his PJC tenure , Frank Robinson ( to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers ) was killed in a motorcycle accident . The event motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career at the nearby University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he could remain closer to Frank 's family . = = = UCLA and afterward = = = After graduating from PJC in spring 1939 , Robinson transferred to UCLA , where he became the school 's first athlete to win varsity letters in four sports : baseball , basketball , football , and track . He was one of four black players on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team ; the others were Woody Strode , Kenny Washington , and Ray Bartlett . Washington , Strode , and Robinson made up three of the team 's four backfield players . At a time when only a few black students played mainstream college football , this made UCLA college football 's most integrated team . In track and field , Robinson won the 1940 NCAA Men 's Track and Field Championships in the long jump , jumping 24 ft 10 1 ⁄ 4 in ( 7 @.@ 58 m ) . Belying his future career , baseball was Robinson 's " worst sport " at UCLA ; he hit .097 in his only season , although in his first game he went 4 @-@ for @-@ 4 and twice stole home . While a senior at UCLA , Robinson met his future wife , Rachel Isum ( born 1922 ) , a UCLA freshman who was familiar with Robinson 's athletic career at PJC . In the spring semester of 1941 , despite his mother 's and Isum 's reservations , Robinson left college just shy of graduation . He took a job as an assistant athletic director with the government 's National Youth Administration ( NYA ) in Atascadero , California . After the government ceased NYA operations , Robinson traveled to Honolulu in fall 1941 to play football for the semi @-@ professional , racially integrated Honolulu Bears . After a short season , Robinson returned to California in December 1941 to pursue a career as running back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League . By that time , however , the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had taken place , drawing the United States into World War II and ending Robinson 's nascent football career . = = Military career = = In 1942 , Robinson was drafted and assigned to a segregated Army cavalry unit in Fort Riley , Kansas . Having the requisite qualifications , Robinson and several other black soldiers applied for admission to an Officer Candidate School ( OCS ) then located at Fort Riley . Although the Army 's initial July 1941 guidelines for OCS had been drafted as race neutral , few black applicants were admitted into OCS until after subsequent directives by Army leadership . As a result , the applications of Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for several months . After protests by heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis ( then stationed at Fort Riley ) and the help of Truman Gibson ( then an assistant civilian aide to the Secretary of War ) , the men were accepted into OCS . This common military experience spawned a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis . Upon finishing OCS , Robinson was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1943 . Shortly afterward , Robinson and Isum were formally engaged . After receiving his commission , Robinson was reassigned to Fort Hood , Texas , where he joined the 761st " Black Panthers " Tank Battalion . While at Fort Hood , Robinson often used his weekend leave to visit the Rev. Karl Downs , President of Sam Huston College ( now Huston @-@ Tillotson University ) in nearby Austin , Texas ; Downs had been Robinson 's pastor at Scott United Methodist Church while Robinson attended PJC . An event on July 6 , 1944 derailed Robinson 's military career . While awaiting results of hospital tests on the ankle he had injured in junior college , Robinson boarded an Army bus with a fellow officer 's wife ; although the Army had commissioned its own unsegregated bus line , the bus driver ordered Robinson to move to the back of the bus . Robinson refused . The driver backed down , but after reaching the end of the line , summoned the military police , who took Robinson into custody . When Robinson later confronted the investigating duty officer about racist questioning by the officer and his assistant , the officer recommended Robinson be court @-@ martialed . After Robinson 's commander in the 761st , Paul L. Bates , refused to authorize the legal action , Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalion — where the commander quickly consented to charge Robinson with multiple offenses , including , among other charges , public drunkenness , even though Robinson did not drink . By the time of the court @-@ martial in August 1944 , the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination during questioning . Robinson was acquitted by an all @-@ white panel of nine officers . The experiences Robinson was subjected to during the court proceedings would be remembered when he later joined MLB and was subjected to racist attacks . Although his former unit , the 761st Tank Battalion , became the first black tank unit to see combat in World War II , Robinson 's court @-@ martial proceedings prohibited him from being deployed overseas ; thus , he never saw combat action . After his acquittal , he was transferred to Camp Breckinridge , Kentucky , where he served as a coach for army athletics until receiving an honorable discharge in November 1944 . While there , Robinson met a former player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League , who encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout . Robinson took the former player 's advice and wrote to Monarchs ' co @-@ owner Thomas Baird . = = Post @-@ military = = After his discharge , Robinson briefly returned to his old football club , the Los Angeles Bulldogs . Robinson then accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. Karl Downs to be the athletic director at Sam Huston College in Austin , then of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The job included coaching the school 's basketball team for the 1944 – 45 season . As it was a fledgling program , few students tried out for the basketball team , and Robinson even resorted to inserting himself into the lineup for exhibition games . Although his teams were outmatched by opponents , Robinson was respected as a disciplinarian coach , and drew the admiration of , among others , Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes , a future member of the Harlem Globetrotters . = = Playing career = = = = = Negro leagues = = = In early 1945 , while Robinson was at Sam Huston College , the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues . Robinson accepted a contract for $ 400 per month . Although he played well for the Monarchs , Robinson was frustrated with the experience . He had grown used to a structured playing environment in college , and the Negro leagues ' disorganization and embrace of gambling interests appalled him . The hectic travel schedule also placed a burden on his relationship with Isum , with whom he could now communicate only by letter . In all , Robinson played 47 games at shortstop for the Monarchs , hitting .387 with five home runs , and registering 13 stolen bases . He also appeared in the 1945 Negro League All @-@ Star Game , going hitless in five at @-@ bats . During the season , Robinson pursued potential major @-@ league interests . The Boston Red Sox held a tryout at Fenway Park for Robinson and other black players on April 16 . The tryout , however , was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Muchnick . Even with the stands limited to management , Robinson was subjected to racial epithets . Robinson left the tryout humiliated , and more than fourteen years later , in July 1959 , the Red Sox became the last major league team to integrate its roster . Other teams , however , had more serious interest in signing a black ballplayer . In the mid @-@ 1940s , Branch Rickey , club president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers , began to scout the Negro leagues for a possible addition to the Dodgers ' roster . Rickey selected Robinson from a list of promising black players and interviewed him for possible assignment to Brooklyn 's International League farm club , the Montreal Royals . Rickey was especially interested in making sure his eventual signee could withstand the inevitable racial abuse that would be directed at him . In a famous three @-@ hour exchange on August 28 , 1945 , Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily — a concern given Robinson 's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military . Robinson was aghast : " Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back ? " Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player " with guts enough not to fight back . " After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to " turn the other cheek " to racial antagonism , Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $ 600 a month , equal to $ 7 @,@ 887 today . Rickey did not offer compensation to the Monarchs , instead believing all Negro league players were free agents due to the contracts ' not containing a reserve clause . Among those Rickey discussed prospects with was Wendell Smith , writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier , who according to Cleveland Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck " influenced Rickey to take Jack Robinson , for which he 's never completely gotten credit . " Although he required Robinson to keep the arrangement a secret for the time being , Rickey committed to formally signing Robinson before November 1 , 1945 . On October 23 , it was publicly announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season . On the same day , with representatives of the Royals and Dodgers present , Robinson formally signed his contract with the Royals . In what was later referred to as " The Noble Experiment " , Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s . He was not necessarily the best player in the Negro leagues , and black talents Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was selected first . Larry Doby , who broke the color line in the American League the same year as Robinson , said , " One of the things that was disappointing and disheartening to a lot of the black players at the time was that Jack was not the best player . The best was Josh Gibson . I think that 's one of the reasons why Josh died so early – he was heartbroken . " Rickey 's offer allowed Robinson to leave behind the Monarchs and their grueling bus rides , and he went home to Pasadena . That September , he signed with Chet Brewer 's Kansas City Royals , a post @-@ season barnstorming team in the California Winter League . Later that off @-@ season , he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team , while his fiancée Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City . On February 10 , 1946 , Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend , the Rev. Karl Downs . = = = Minor leagues = = = In 1946 , Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach , Florida , for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League ( the designation of " AAA " for the highest level of minor league baseball was first used in the 1946 season ) . Clay Hopper , the manager of the Royals , asked Rickey to assign Robinson to any other Dodger affiliate , but Rickey refused . Robinson 's presence was controversial in racially charged Florida . As he was not allowed to stay with his teammates at the team hotel , he lodged instead at the home of a local black politician . Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility ( the Dodger @-@ controlled spring training compound in Vero Beach known as " Dodgertown " did not open until spring 1948 ) , scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities , several of which turned down any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright , another black player whom Rickey had signed to the Dodgers ' organization in January . In Sanford , Florida , the police chief threatened to cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not cease training activities there ; as a result , Robinson was sent back to Daytona Beach . In Jacksonville , the stadium was padlocked shut without warning on game day , by order of the city 's Parks and Public Property director . In DeLand , a scheduled day game was called off , ostensibly because of faulty electrical lighting . After much lobbying of local officials by Rickey himself , the Royals were allowed to host a game involving Robinson in Daytona Beach . Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach 's City Island Ballpark on March 17 , 1946 , in an exhibition game against the team 's parent club , the Dodgers . Robinson thus became the first black player to openly play for a minor league team against a major league team since the de facto baseball color line had been implemented in the 1880s . Later in spring training , after some less @-@ than @-@ stellar performances , Robinson was shifted from shortstop to second base , allowing him to make shorter throws to first base . Robinson 's performance soon rebounded . On April 18 , 1946 , Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants ' season opener against the Montreal Royals , marking the professional debut of the Royals ' Jackie Robinson and the first time the color barrier had been broken in a game between two minor league clubs . Pitching against Robinson was Warren Sandel who had played against him when they both lived in California . During Robinson 's first at bat , the Jersey City catcher , Dick Bouknight , demanded that Sandel throw at Robinson , but Sandel refused . Although Sandel induced Robinson to ground out at his first at bat , in his five trips to the plate , Robinson ended up with four hits , including his first hit , a three @-@ run home run , in the game 's third inning . He also scored four runs , drove in three , and stole two bases in the Royals ' 14 – 1 victory . Robinson proceeded to lead the International League that season with a .349 batting average and .985 fielding percentage , and he was named the league 's Most Valuable Player . Although he often faced hostility while on road trips ( the Royals were forced to cancel a Southern exhibition tour , for example ) , the Montreal fan base enthusiastically supported Robinson . Whether fans supported or opposed it , Robinson 's presence on the field was a boon to attendance ; more than one million people went to games involving Robinson in 1946 , an amazing figure by International League standards . In the fall of 1946 , following the baseball season , Robinson returned home to California and briefly played professional basketball for the short @-@ lived Los Angeles Red Devils . = = = Major leagues = = = = = = = Breaking the color barrier ( 1947 ) = = = = The following year , six days before the start of the 1947 season , the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues . With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers , Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman . On April 15 , 1947 , Robinson made his major league debut at the relatively advanced age of 28 at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26 @,@ 623 spectators , including more than 14 @,@ 000 black patrons . Although he failed to get a base hit , he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers ' 5 – 3 victory . Robinson became the first player since 1880 to openly break the major league baseball color line . Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town , abandoning their Negro league teams . Robinson 's promotion met a generally positive , although mixed , reception among newspapers and white major league players . However , racial tension existed in the Dodger clubhouse . Some Dodger players insinuated they would sit out rather than play alongside Robinson . The brewing mutiny ended when Dodgers management took a stand for Robinson . Manager Leo Durocher informed the team , " I do not care if the guy is yellow or black , or if he has stripes like a fuckin ' zebra . I 'm the manager of this team , and I say he plays . What 's more , I say he can make us all rich . And if any of you cannot use the money , I will see that you are all traded . " Robinson was also derided by opposing teams . Some , notably the St. Louis Cardinals , threatened to strike if Robinson played . After the threat , National League President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended . Robinson nonetheless became the target of rough physical play by opponents ( particularly the Cardinals ) . At one time , he received a seven @-@ inch gash in his leg from Enos Slaughter . On April 22 , 1947 , during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies , Phillies players and manager Ben Chapman called Robinson a " nigger " from their dugout and yelled that he should " go back to the cotton fields " . Rickey later recalled that Chapman " did more than anybody to unite the Dodgers . When he poured out that string of unconscionable abuse , he solidified and united thirty men . " Robinson did , however , receive significant encouragement from several major league players . Robinson named Lee " Jeep " Handley , who played for the Phillies at the time , as the first opposing player to wish him well . Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson 's defense with the famous line , " You can hate a man for many reasons . Color is not one of them . " In 1948 , Reese put his arm around Robinson in response to fans who shouted racial slurs at Robinson before a game in Cincinnati . A statue by sculptor William Behrends , unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1 , 2005 , commemorates this event by representing Reese with his arm around Robinson . Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg , who had to deal with racial epithets during his career , also encouraged Robinson . Following an incident where Greenberg collided with Robinson at first base , he " whispered a few words into Robinson 's ear " , which Robinson later characterized as " words of encouragement . " Greenberg had advised him to overcome his critics by defeating them in games . Robinson also talked frequently with Larry Doby , who endured his own hardships since becoming the first black player in the American League with the Cleveland Indians , as the two spoke to one another via telephone throughout the season . Robinson finished the season having played in 151 games for the Dodgers , with a batting average of .297 , an on @-@ base percentage of .383 , and a .427 slugging percentage . He had 175 hits ( scoring 125 runs ) including 31 doubles , 5 triples , and 12 home runs , driving in 48 runs for the year . Robinson led the league in sacrifice hits , with 28 , and in stolen bases , with 29 . His cumulative performance earned him the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award ( separate National and American League Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949 ) . = = = = MVP , Congressional testimony , and film biography ( 1948 – 1950 ) = = = = Following Stanky 's trade to the Boston Braves in March 1948 , Robinson took over second base , where he logged a .980 fielding percentage that year ( second in the National League at the position , fractionally behind Stanky ) . Robinson had a batting average of .296 and 22 stolen bases for the season . In a 12 – 7 win against the St. Louis Cardinals on August 29 , 1948 , he hit for the cycle — a home run , a triple , a double , and a single in the same game . The Dodgers briefly moved into first place in the National League in late August 1948 , but they ultimately finished third as the Braves went on to win the league title and lose to the Cleveland Indians in the World Series . Racial pressure on Robinson eased in 1948 as a number of other black players entered the major leagues . Larry Doby ( who broke the color barrier in the American League on July 5 , 1947 , just 11 weeks after Robinson ) and Satchel Paige played for the Cleveland Indians , and the Dodgers had three other black players besides Robinson . In February 1948 , he signed a $ 12 @,@ 500 contract ( equal to $ 123 @,@ 113 today ) with the Dodgers ; while a significant amount , this was less than Robinson made in the off @-@ season from a vaudeville tour , where he answered pre @-@ set baseball questions , and a speaking tour of the South . Between the tours , he underwent surgery on his right ankle . Because of his off @-@ season activities , Robinson reported to training camp 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) overweight . He lost the weight during training camp , but dieting left him weak at the plate . In the spring of 1949 , Robinson turned to Hall of Famer George Sisler , working as an advisor to the Dodgers , for batting help . At Sisler 's suggestion , Robinson spent hours at a batting tee , learning to hit the ball to right field . Sisler taught Robinson to anticipate a fastball , on the theory that it is easier to subsequently adjust to a slower curveball . Robinson also noted that " Sisler showed me how to stop lunging , how to check my swing until the last fraction of a second " . The tutelage helped Robinson raise his batting average from .296 in 1948 to .342 in 1949 . In addition to his improved batting average , Robinson stole 37 bases that season , was second place in the league for both doubles and triples , and registered 124 runs batted in with 122 runs scored . For the performance Robinson earned the Most Valuable Player Award for the National League . Baseball fans also voted Robinson as the starting second baseman for the 1949 All @-@ Star Game — the first All @-@ Star Game to include black players . That year , a song about Robinson by Buddy Johnson , " Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball ? " , reached number 13 on the charts ; Count Basie recorded a famous version . Ultimately , the Dodgers won the National League pennant , but lost in five games to the New York Yankees in the 1949 World Series . Summer 1949 brought an unwanted distraction for Robinson . In July , he was called to testify before the United States House of Representatives ' Committee on Un @-@ American Activities ( HUAC ) concerning statements made that April by black athlete and actor Paul Robeson . Robinson was reluctant to testify , but he eventually agreed to do so , fearing it might negatively affect his career if he declined . In 1950 , Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman with 133 . His salary that year was the highest any Dodger had been paid to that point : $ 35 @,@ 000 ( $ 344 @,@ 239 in 2016 dollars ) . He finished the year with 99 runs scored , a .328 batting average , and 12 stolen bases . The year saw the release of a film biography of Robinson 's life , The Jackie Robinson Story , in which Robinson played himself , and actress Ruby Dee played Rachael " Rae " ( Isum ) Robinson . The project had been previously delayed when the film 's producers refused to accede to demands of two Hollywood studios that the movie include scenes of Robinson being tutored in baseball by a white man . The New York Times wrote that Robinson , " doing that rare thing of playing himself in the picture 's leading role , displays a calm assurance and composure that might be envied by many a Hollywood star . " Robinson 's Hollywood exploits , however , did not sit well with Dodgers co @-@ owner Walter O 'Malley , who referred to Robinson as " Rickey 's prima donna " . In late 1950 , Rickey 's contract as the Dodgers ' team President expired . Weary of constant disagreements with O 'Malley , and with no hope of being re @-@ appointed as President of the Dodgers , Rickey cashed out his one @-@ quarter financial interest in the team , leaving O 'Malley in full control of the franchise . Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates . Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey , whom he considered a father figure , stating , " Regardless of what happens to me in the future , it all can be placed on what you have done and , believe me , I appreciate it . " = = = = Pennant races and outside interests ( 1951 – 1953 ) = = = = Before the 1951 season , O 'Malley reportedly offered Robinson the job of manager of the Montreal Royals , effective at the end of Robinson 's playing career . O 'Malley was quoted in the Montreal Standard as saying , " Jackie told me that he would be both delighted and honored to tackle this managerial post " — although reports differed as to whether a position was ever formally offered . During the 1951 season , Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman for the second year in a row , with 137 . He also kept the Dodgers in contention for the 1951 pennant . During the last game of the regular season , in the 13th inning , he had a hit to tie the game , and then won the game with a home run in the 14th . This forced a best @-@ of @-@ three playoff series against the crosstown rival New York Giants . Despite Robinson 's regular @-@ season heroics , the Dodgers lost the pennant on Bobby Thomson 's famous home run , known as the Shot Heard ' Round the World , on October 3 , 1951 . Overcoming his dejection , Robinson dutifully observed Thomson 's feet to ensure he touched all the bases . Dodgers sportscaster Vin Scully later noted that the incident showed " how much of a competitor Robinson was . " He finished the season with 106 runs scored , a batting average of .335 , and 25 stolen bases . Robinson had what was an average year for him in 1952 . He finished the year with 104 runs , a .308 batting average , and 24 stolen bases . He did , however , record a career @-@ high on @-@ base percentage of .436 . The Dodgers improved on their performance from the year before , winning the National League pennant before losing the 1952 World Series to the New York Yankees in seven games . That year , on the television show Youth Wants to Know , Robinson challenged the Yankees ' general manager , George Weiss , on the racial record of his team , which had yet to sign a black player . Sportswriter Dick Young , whom Robinson had described as a " bigot " , said , " If there was one flaw in Jackie , it was the common one . He believed that everything unpleasant that happened to him happened because of his blackness . " The 1952 season was the last year Robinson was an everyday starter at second base . Afterward , Robinson played variously at first , second , and third bases , shortstop , and in the outfield , with Jim Gilliam , another black player , taking over everyday second base duties . Robinson 's interests began to shift toward the prospect of managing a major league team . He had hoped to gain experience by managing in the Puerto Rican Winter League , but according to the New York Post , Commissioner Happy Chandler denied the request . In 1953 , Robinson had 109 runs , a .329 batting average , and 17 steals , leading the Dodgers to another National League pennant ( and another World Series loss to the Yankees , this time in six games ) . Robinson 's continued success spawned a string of death threats . He was not dissuaded , however , from addressing racial issues publicly . That year , he served as editor for Our Sports magazine , a periodical focusing on Negro sports issues ; contributions to the magazine included an article on golf course segregation by Robinson 's old friend Joe Louis . Robinson also openly criticized segregated hotels and restaurants that served the Dodger organization ; a number of these establishments integrated as a result , including the five @-@ star Chase Park Hotel in St. Louis . = = = = World Championship and retirement ( 1954 – 1956 ) = = = = In 1954 , Robinson had 62 runs , a .311 batting average , and 7 steals . His best day at the plate was on June 17 , when he hit two home runs and two doubles . The following autumn , Robinson won his only championship when the Dodgers beat the New York Yankees in the 1955 World Series . Although the team enjoyed ultimate success , 1955 was the worst year of Robinson 's individual career . He hit .256 and stole only 12 bases . The Dodgers tried Robinson in the outfield and as a third baseman , both because of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base . Robinson , then 37 years old , missed 49 games and did not play in Game 7 of the World Series . Robinson missed the game because manager Walter Alston decided to play Gilliam at second and Don Hoak at third base . That season , the Dodgers ' Don Newcombe became the first black major league pitcher to win twenty games in a year . In 1956 , Robinson had 61 runs , a .275 batting average , and 12 steals . By then , he had begun to exhibit the effects of diabetes , and to lose interest in the prospect of playing or managing professional baseball . After the season , Robinson was traded by the Dodgers to the arch @-@ rival New York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $ 35 @,@ 000 cash ( equal to $ 304 @,@ 633 today ) . The trade , however , was never completed ; unbeknownst to the Dodgers , Robinson had already agreed with the president of Chock full o 'Nuts to quit baseball and become an executive with the company . Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years previously , his retirement decision was revealed through the magazine , instead of through the Dodgers organization . = = Legacy = = Robinson 's major league debut brought an end to approximately sixty years of segregation in professional baseball , known as the baseball color line . After World War II , several other forces were also leading the country toward increased equality for blacks , including their accelerated migration to the North , where their political clout grew , and President Harry Truman 's desegregation of the military in 1948 . Robinson 's breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter . Martin Luther King , Jr. said that he was " a legend and a symbol in his own time " , and that he " challenged the dark skies of intolerance and frustration . " According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin , Robinson 's " efforts were a monumental step in the civil @-@ rights revolution in America ... [ His ] accomplishments allowed black and white Americans to be more respectful and open to one another and more appreciative of everyone 's abilities . " Beginning his major league career at the relatively advanced age of twenty @-@ eight , he played only ten seasons from 1947 to 1956 , all of them for the Brooklyn Dodgers . During his career , the Dodgers played in six World Series , and Robinson himself played in six All @-@ Star Games . In 1999 , he was posthumously named to the Major League Baseball All @-@ Century Team . Robinson 's career is generally considered to mark the beginning of the post – " long ball " era in baseball , in which a reliance on raw power @-@ hitting gave way to balanced offensive strategies that used footspeed to create runs through aggressive baserunning . Robinson exhibited the combination of hitting ability and speed which exemplified the new era . He scored more than 100 runs in six of his ten seasons ( averaging more than 110 runs from 1947 to 1953 ) , had a .311 career batting average , a .409 career on @-@ base percentage , a .474 slugging percentage , and substantially more walks than strikeouts ( 740 to 291 ) . Robinson was one of only two players during the span of 1947 – 56 to accumulate at least 125 steals while registering a slugging percentage over .425 ( Minnie Miñoso was the other ) . He accumulated 197 stolen bases in total , including 19 steals of home . None of the latter were double steals ( in which a player stealing home is assisted by a player stealing another base at the same time ) . Robinson has been referred to by author David Falkner as " the father of modern base @-@ stealing " . Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding fielder throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at virtually every position he played . After playing his rookie season at first base , Robinson spent most of his career as a second baseman . He led the league in fielding among second basemen in 1950 and 1951 . Toward the end of his career , he played about 2 @,@ 000 innings at third base and about 1 @,@ 175 innings in the outfield , excelling at both . Assessing himself , Robinson said , " I 'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being . " Regarding Robinson 's qualities on the field , Leo Durocher said , " Ya want a guy that comes to play . This guy didn 't just come to play . He come to beat ya . He come to stuff the goddamn bat right up your ass . " = = = Portrayals on stage , film and television = = = Robinson portrayed himself in the 1950 motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story . Other portrayals include : John Lafayette , in the 1978 ABC television special " A Home Run for Love " ( broadcast as an ABC Afterschool Special ) . David Alan Grier , in the 1981 Broadway production of the musical The First . Michael @-@ David Gordon , in the 1989 Off @-@ Broadway production of the musical Play to Win . Andre Braugher , in the 1990 TNT television movie The Court @-@ Martial of Jackie Robinson . Blair Underwood , in the 1996 HBO television movie Soul of the Game . Antonio Todd in " Colors " , a 2005 episode of the CBS television series Cold Case . Chadwick Boseman , in the 2013 motion picture 42 . Robinson was also the subject of a 2016 PBS documentary , Jackie Robinson , which was directed by Ken Burns and features Jamie Foxx doing voice @-@ over as Robinson . = = Post @-@ baseball life = = Robinson retired from baseball at age 37 on January 5 , 1957 . Later that year , after he complained of numerous physical ailments , his doctors diagnosed him with diabetes , a disease that also afflicted his brothers . Although Robinson adopted an insulin injection regimen , the state of medicine at the time could not prevent the continued deterioration of Robinson 's physical condition from the disease . In his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 , Robinson encouraged voters to consider only his on @-@ field qualifications , rather than his cultural impact on the game . He was elected on the first ballot , becoming the first black player inducted into the Cooperstown museum . In 1965 , Robinson served as an analyst for ABC 's Major League Baseball Game of the Week telecasts , the first black person to do so . In 1966 , Robinson was hired as general manager for the short @-@ lived Brooklyn Dodgers of the Continental Football League . In 1972 , he served as a part @-@ time commentator on Montreal Expos telecasts . On June 4 , 1972 , the Dodgers retired his uniform number , 42 , alongside those of Roy Campanella ( 39 ) and Sandy Koufax ( 32 ) . From 1957 to 1964 , Robinson was the vice president for personnel at Chock full o 'Nuts ; he was the first black person to serve as vice president of a major American corporation . Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of black people in commerce and industry . Robinson also chaired the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 's ( NAACP ) million @-@ dollar Freedom Fund Drive in 1957 , and served on the organization 's board until 1967 . In 1964 , he helped found , with Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin , Freedom National Bank — a black @-@ owned and operated commercial bank based in Harlem . He also served as the bank 's first Chairman of the Board . In 1970 , Robinson established the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low @-@ income families . Robinson was active in politics throughout his post @-@ baseball life . He identified himself as a political independent , although he held conservative opinions on several issues , including the Vietnam War ( he once wrote to Martin Luther King , Jr. to defend the Johnson Administration 's military policy ) . After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy , Robinson later praised Kennedy effusively for his stance on civil rights . Robinson was angered by conservative Republican opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , though a higher percentage of Democrats voted against it in both the House and Senate . He became one of six national directors for Nelson Rockefeller 's unsuccessful campaign to be nominated as the Republican candidate for the 1964 presidential election . After the party nominated Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona instead , Robinson left the party 's convention commenting that he now had " a better understanding of how it must have felt to be a Jew in Hitler 's Germany " . He later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re @-@ elected governor of New York in 1966 . Switching his allegiance to the Democrats , he subsequently supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in 1968 . Protesting the major leagues ' ongoing lack of minority managers and central office personnel , Robinson turned down an invitation to appear in an old @-@ timers ' game at Yankee Stadium in 1969 . He made his final public appearance on October 15 , 1972 , throwing the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 of the World Series . He gratefully accepted a plaque honoring the twenty @-@ fifth anniversary of his MLB debut , but also commented , " I 'm going to be tremendously more pleased and more proud when I look at that third base coaching line one day and see a black face managing in baseball . " This wish was fulfilled only after Robinson 's death : following the 1974 season , the Cleveland Indians gave their managerial post to Frank Robinson ( no relation ) , a Hall of Fame @-@ bound player who would go on to manage three other teams . Despite the success of these two Robinsons and other black players , the number of African @-@ American players in Major League Baseball has declined since the 1970s . = = Family life and death = = After Robinson 's retirement from baseball , his wife , Rachel Robinson , pursued a career in academic nursing . She became an assistant professor at the Yale School of Nursing and director of nursing at the Connecticut Mental Health Center . She also served on the board of the Freedom National Bank until it closed in 1990 . She and Jackie had three children : Jackie Robinson Jr . ( born November 18 , 1946 , died 1971 , the year before Jackie ) , Sharon Robinson ( born January 13 , 1950 ) , and David Robinson ( born May 14 , 1952 ) . Robinson 's eldest son , Jackie Robinson Jr . , had emotional trouble during his childhood and entered special education at an early age . He enrolled in the Army in search of a disciplined environment , served in the Vietnam War , and was wounded in action on November 19 , 1965 . After his discharge , he struggled with drug problems . Robinson Jr. eventually completed the treatment program at Daytop Village in Seymour , Connecticut , and became a counselor at the institution . On June 17 , 1971 , at the age of 24 , he was killed in an automobile accident . The experience with his son 's drug addiction turned Robinson Sr. into an avid anti @-@ drug crusader toward the end of his life . Robinson did not long outlive his son . Complications of heart disease and diabetes weakened Robinson and made him almost blind by middle age . On October 24 , 1972 , nine days after his appearance at the World Series , Robinson died of a heart attack in his home at 95 Cascade Road in North Stamford , Connecticut . Robinson 's funeral service on October 27 , 1972 , at Upper Manhattan 's Riverside Church adjacent to Grant 's Tomb in Morningside Heights attracted 2 @,@ 500 mourners . Many of his former teammates and other famous baseball players served as pallbearers , and the Rev. Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy . Tens of thousands of people lined the subsequent procession route to Robinson 's interment site at Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn , New York , where he is buried next to his son Jackie and mother @-@ in @-@ law Zellee Isum . Twenty @-@ five years after Robinson 's death , the Interboro Parkway was renamed the Jackie Robinson Parkway in his memory . This parkway bisects the cemetery in close proximity to Robinson 's gravesite . After Robinson 's death , his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation , of which she remains an officer as of 2015 . On April 15 , 2008 , she announced that in 2010 the foundation will be opening a museum devoted to Jackie in Lower Manhattan . Robinson 's daughter , Sharon , became a midwife , educator , director of educational programming for MLB , and the author of two books about her father . His youngest son , David , who has six children , is a coffee grower and social activist in Tanzania . = = Awards and recognition = = According to a poll conducted in 1947 , Robinson was the second most popular man in the country , behind Bing Crosby . In 1999 , he was named by Time on its list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century . Also in 1999 , he ranked number 44 on the Sporting News list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players and was elected to the Major League Baseball All @-@ Century Team as the top vote @-@ getter among second basemen . Baseball writer Bill James , in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract , ranked Robinson as the 32nd greatest player of all time strictly on the basis of his performance on the field , noting that he was one of the top players in the league throughout his career . Robinson was among the 25 charter members of UCLA 's Athletics Hall of Fame in 1984 . In 2002 , Molefi Kete Asante included Robinson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans . Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three separate postage stamps , in 1982 , 1999 , and 2000 . The City of Pasadena has recognized Robinson in several ways . Brookside Park , situated next to the Rose Bowl , features a baseball diamond and stadium named Jackie Robinson Field . The city 's Human Services Department operates the Jackie Robinson Center , a community outreach center that provides health services . In 1997 , a $ 325 @,@ 000 bronze sculpture ( equal to $ 479 @,@ 079 today ) by artists Ralph Helmick , Stu Schecter , and John Outterbridge depicting oversized nine @-@ foot busts of Robinson and his brother Mack was erected at Garfield Avenue , across from the main entrance of Pasadena City Hall ; a granite footprint lists multiple donors to the commission project , which was organized by the Robinson Memorial Foundation and supported by members of the Robinson family . Major League Baseball has honored Robinson many times since his death . In 1987 , both the National and American League Rookie of the Year Awards were renamed the " Jackie Robinson Award " in honor of the first recipient ( Robinson 's Major League Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 encompassed both leagues ) . On April 15 , 1997 , Robinson 's jersey number , 42 , was retired throughout Major League Baseball , the first time any jersey number had been retired throughout one of the four major American sports leagues . Under the terms of the retirement , a grandfather clause allowed the handful of players who wore number 42 to continue doing so in tribute to Robinson , until such time as they subsequently changed teams or jersey numbers . This affected players such as the Mets ' Butch Huskey and Boston 's Mo Vaughn . The Yankees ' Mariano Rivera , who retired at the end of the 2013 season , was the last player in Major League Baseball to wear jersey number 42 on a regular basis . Since 1997 , only Wayne Gretzky 's number 99 , retired by the NHL in 2000 , has been retired league @-@ wide . There have also been calls for MLB to retire number 21 league @-@ wide in honor of Roberto Clemente , a sentiment opposed by the Robinson family . The Hispanics Across America advocacy group wants Clemente 's number set aside the way the late Robinson 's No. 42 was in 1997 , but Sharon Robinson maintained the position that such an honor should remain in place for Jackie Robinson only . As an exception to the retired @-@ number policy , MLB in 2007 began honoring Robinson by allowing players to wear number 42 on April 15 , Jackie Robinson Day , which is now an annual observance . For the 60th anniversary of Robinson 's major league debut , MLB invited players to wear the number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day in 2007 . The gesture was originally the idea of outfielder Ken Griffey , Jr . , who sought Rachel Robinson 's permission to wear the number . After receiving her permission , Commissioner Bud Selig not only allowed Griffey to wear the number , but also extended an invitation to all major league teams to do the same . Ultimately , more than 200 players wore number 42 , including the entire rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers , New York Mets , Houston Astros , Philadelphia Phillies , St. Louis Cardinals , Milwaukee Brewers , and Pittsburgh Pirates . The tribute was continued in 2008 , when , during games on April 15 , all members of the Mets , Cardinals , Washington Nationals , and Tampa Bay Rays wore Robinson 's number 42 . On June 25 , 2008 , MLB installed a new plaque for Robinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame commemorating his off @-@ the @-@ field impact on the game as well as his playing statistics . In 2009 , all uniformed personnel ( players , managers , coaches , and umpires ) wore number 42 on April 15 . At the November 2006 groundbreaking for a new ballpark for the New York Mets , Citi Field , it was announced that the main entrance , modeled on the one in Brooklyn 's old Ebbets Field , would be called the Jackie Robinson Rotunda . The rotunda was dedicated at the opening of Citi Field on April 16 , 2009 . It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade and features a large freestanding statue of his number , 42 , which has become an attraction in itself . Mets owner Fred Wilpon announced that , in conjunction with Citigroup and the Jackie Robinson Foundation , the Mets will create a Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center , located at the headquarters of the Jackie Robinson Foundation at One Hudson Square , along Canal Street in lower Manhattan . Along with the museum , scholarships will be awarded to " young people who live by and embody Jackie 's ideals . " The museum hopes to open by 2015 . Since 2004 , the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the " Jackie Robinson Award " . Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball . In December 1956 , the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal , which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African @-@ American . President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26 , 1984 , and on March 2 , 2005 , President George W. Bush gave Robinson 's widow the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress ; Robinson was only the second baseball player to receive the award , after Roberto Clemente . On August 20 , 2007 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife , Maria Shriver , announced that Robinson was inducted into the California Hall of Fame , located at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts in Sacramento . A number of buildings have been named in Robinson 's honor . The UCLA Bruins baseball team plays in Jackie Robinson Stadium , which , because of the efforts of Jackie 's brother Mack , features a memorial statue of Robinson by sculptor Richard H. Ellis . The stadium also unveiled a new mural of Robinson by Mike Sullivan on April 14 , 2013 . City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach , Florida was renamed Jackie Robinson Ballpark in 1990 and a statue of Robinson with two children stands in front of the ballpark . His wife Rachel was present for the dedication on September 15 . 1990 . A number of facilities at Pasadena City College ( successor to PJC ) are named in Robinson 's honor , including Robinson Field , a football / soccer / track facility named jointly for Robinson and his brother Mack . The New York Public School system has named a middle school after Robinson , and Dorsey High School plays at a Los Angeles football stadium named after him . In 1976 , his home in Brooklyn , the Jackie Robinson House , was declared a National Historic Landmark . Brooklyn residents want to turn his home into a city landmark . Robinson also has an asteroid named after him , 4319 Jackierobinson . In 1997 , the United States Mint issued a Jackie Robinson commemorative silver dollar , and five dollar gold coin . That same year , New York City renamed the Interboro Parkway in his honor . In 2011 , the U.S. placed a plaque at Robinson 's Montreal home to honor the ending of segregation in baseball . The house , on 8232 avenue de Gaspé near Jarry Park , was Robinson 's residence when he played for the Montreal Royals during 1946 . In a letter read during the ceremony , Rachel Robinson , Jackie 's widow , wrote : " I remember Montreal and that house very well and have always had warm feeling for that great city . Before Jack and I moved to Montreal , we had just been through some very rough treatment in the racially biased South during spring training in Florida . In the end , Montreal was the perfect place for him to get his start . We never had a threatening or unpleasant experience there . The people were so welcoming and saw Jack as a player and as a man . " On November 22 , 2014 , UCLA announced that it would officially retire the number 42 across all university sports , effective immediately . While Robinson wore several different numbers during his UCLA career , the school chose 42 because it had become indelibly identified with him . The only sport this did not affect was men 's basketball , which had previously retired the number for Walt Hazzard ( although Kevin Love was actually the last player in that sport to wear 42 , with Hazzard 's blessing ) . In a move paralleling that of MLB when it retired the number , UCLA allowed three athletes ( in women 's soccer , softball , and football ) who were already wearing 42 to continue to do so for the remainder of their UCLA careers . The school also announced it would prominently display the number at all of its athletic venues . = Haldane Reforms = The Haldane Reforms were a series of far @-@ ranging reforms of the British Army made from 1906 to 1912 , and named after the Secretary of State for War , Richard Burdon Haldane . They were the first major reforms since the " Childers Reforms " of the early 1880s , and were made in the light of lessons newly learned in the Second Boer War . The major element of the reforms was the creation of an expeditionary force , specifically prepared and trained for intervening in a major war . This had existed before , but it had not been well @-@ prepared for overseas service , and the newly organised force would have a permanent peacetime organisation and a full complement of supporting troops . At the same time , the reserve forces were restructured and expanded to ensure that the overseas forces could be efficiently reinforced and supplied with new recruits . To ensure that home defence would not suffer from sending the regular forces overseas , the Militia formed the Special Reserve and the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry were reorganised into a new Territorial Force ; these latter two reforms were grouped together in the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 . To encourage the development of military skills , an Officer Training Corps was established in public schools and universities . Military strategy was revitalised by a new Imperial General Staff , which would ensure a common doctrine and common strategic aims among the various military forces of the British Empire , including the Dominions as well as British India . Finally , the Regular Army itself would be reformed by the development of a new operational and training doctrine , laid down in Douglas Haig 's new Field Service Pocket Book . The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 saw the bulk of the changes put to the test ; the Expeditionary Force was quickly sent to the Continent , whilst the Territorial Force and Reserves were mobilised as planned to provide a second line . = = Background = = In the middle of the 19th century , the British Army had seen two major operations in close succession - the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny - and it had become apparent that the existing organisation of the forces was not sufficient for large @-@ scale modern warfare . The first wave of reforms was from 1858 to 1860 . This period saw the creation of the Staff College , which helped to turn officers in the upper reaches of the Army into professional soldiers ; the transformation of the old East India Company army into the Indian Army to better control the forces in India ; and the creation of the Volunteer Force to help with home defence whilst the Regular Army was overseas . The second wave was from 1868 to 1872 , comprising a collection of administrative changes popularly known as the " Cardwell Reforms " after the then Secretary of State for War , Edward Cardwell . The purchase of commissions by officers was abolished , and recruits were now taken on for a short enlistment in a specified regiment or corps rather than the ( unpopular ) system of twenty @-@ one @-@ year general service enlistments . These measures at a stroke increased the quality of the manpower of the Army , and provided for a trained and efficient reserve of veterans which could be recalled to the colours in an emergency . A further part of the reforms was the reorganisation of the regimental system , linking " territorial " ( line ) regiments in paired regimental depots with a territory based recruiting area for simplified recruitment and training . The third set of reforms was the " Childers Reforms " ( again named after the Secretary of State who carried them out ) of the early 1880s , which carried through the Cardwell regimental reorganisations to their logical end by completing the amalgamation of linked regiments into single two @-@ battalion regiments along with the local units of militia and volunteers . The result of these reforms was to provide a sizable , well @-@ trained force in the British Isles , which could be sent overseas in time of crisis , with a system of reservists and home @-@ service volunteers to support it . However , with the outbreak of the South African War in October 1899 , the system immediately began to show some strain ; by the end of the first year of fighting , the reserves had been entirely exhausted . Various novel measures , including the extensive use of auxiliary forces , were experimented with for the remainder of the war ; the Militia provided garrison units to free up regulars , the Volunteers sent service companies to be attached to regular battalions , and the Imperial Yeomanry was created to supply much @-@ needed mounted infantry . A number of half @-@ hearted attempts were made at reform during the war and in its immediate aftermath , but with little effect . Two important Royal Commissions were established in 1902 - the Esher Committee and the Norfolk Commission - and reported in 1904 . The Esher Report called for wide @-@ ranging reforms in the administration of the Army and the War Office , whilst the Norfolk Commission , which had studied the auxiliary forces , declared them " unfit for service " and recommended various practical reforms alongside the much more sensational suggestion of universal military service . Some of these reforms were instituted under the Conservative Secretary of State for War , Hugh Arnold @-@ Forster , in 1904 @-@ 5 , but the broad thrust of his reform plans were strongly opposed . Attempts to reorganise the home forces into six Army Corps had begun , but only one of these had actually been organised , and even that lacked many of its support units and staff . = = Haldane 's reforms = = In December 1905 , the Balfour government collapsed , and Sir Henry Campbell @-@ Bannerman became Prime Minister , leading a minority Liberal government . Richard Haldane was appointed Secretary of State for War , an almost accidental selection — he himself had been aiming to be Lord Chancellor , whilst Campbell @-@ Bannerman offered him the post of Attorney @-@ General , then the Home Office , and had offered the War Office to two other men before Haldane offered to take it . Despite this inauspicious beginning , he would become , in the words of Douglas Haig , " the greatest Secretary of State for War England has ever had " . Haldane took the post with well hidden preconceived ideas as to the role of the Army having realised that the reform @-@ weary Generals in the War Office , after St John Brodrick , would not want another Secretary of State for War who was intent on changing things yet again . Haldane 's success was that he got the Generals on side having gained their trust and respect , then expunged the War Office of those officers who did not support his reforms and with the support of Lord Esher , Maj Gen Haig and Colonel Ellison , finally designed and implemented a set of reforms that would go some way to preparing the British Army for the opening salvos of the First World War . = = = Creation of an Expeditionary Force = = = After a brief hiatus during the 1906 general election , which the Liberals won by a landslide , obtaining a majority of 126 seats in the House of Commons , Haldane turned his attention to the Tangier Crisis , which had almost brought France and Germany to war in December . Sir Edward Grey , the Foreign Secretary , had privately agreed to commit the Army to the aid of France , if attacked , and Haldane began to consider how best to accomplish this . He quickly concluded that there was a need for a regular expeditionary force , specifically prepared and trained for use as a continental intervention force . The question now became how to provide this force , and after a short period Haldane settled on a strength of six infantry divisions and their supporting units . They would need to be organised in peacetime and prepared to mobilise in the United Kingdom , as they would be committed into action as soon as they reached the Continent . As the Army was now geared to a specific purpose , it could be reorganised to fit this role ; any elements which did not fit could be discarded to help pay for the changes ; this was to include the disbandment of ten infantry battalions and a number of surplus artillery batteries , and the withdrawal of some overseas garrisons . The Army at home was reorganised into six divisions by a Special Army Order dated 1 January 1907 , with one " heavy " four @-@ brigade Cavalry Division and two mounted brigades for reconnaissance , along with some Army troops . In February 1907 , Haldane announced the coming year 's spending estimates ; despite the creation of the new force , the disbanded units and other minor efficiencies had managed to reduce overall spending by two to three million pounds . = = = Creation of the Territorial Force = = = Once the Regular Army had been organised as a continental Expeditionary Force , it would be necessary to provide forces for home defence . Haldane 's proposal anticipated that the existing tripartite division of the Army - the Regular Army , the Volunteers / Yeomanry and the Militia - should be changed into a two @-@ part structure , with an Expeditionary Force and a home @-@ defence Territorial Force based on County Associations . These changes were embodied in the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 , which passed the Commons with little opposition save for a dispute over the future status of Militia regiments . It essentially abolished the existing Volunteers and Yeomanry , and used them to create a new Territorial Force of fourteen infantry divisions , fourteen cavalry brigades , and a large number of support units , all raised , organised and financed by local organisations but liable for service under War Office command . The Militia provided the Special Reserve , which would contain men who had not served in the regular Army but agreed to be liable for service with the regular forces in wartime . = = = Training and doctrine = = = In November 1906 , Douglas Haig was appointed Director of Staff Duties at the War Office , and took up the task of providing a new training doctrine for the Army . The Esher Report had suggested a new scheme for two sets of training manuals , but these had not been fully implemented . In 1907 , the new provisional " Field Service Pocket Book " was produced , revised the following year , and finally standardised as " Field Service Regulations , Part I - Operations " in 1909 . This was to serve as the training manual for all branches of the service , and was the synthesis of the generally agreed tactical and strategic principles which had emerged from the South African War . Part II , " Administration " , however , was more contentious . Haig was strongly in favour of an entirely new system , where the manual would cover the whole organisation of a field army , including base and lines @-@ of @-@ communication troops as well as field units . This was strongly opposed by the Adjutant @-@ General and Quartermaster @-@ General staff , who felt that it was unnecessary , and resented such an imposition on their ' territory ' by what they saw as an outsider . However , with Haldane 's support , Haig was able to push this through and ensure its adoption . = = = Officer Training Corps = = = One issue that was foreseen as a potential problem was the supply of skilled officers to the Army in wartime , and a committee was established in 1906 under Sir Edward Ward to study the matter . It issued two reports , one focusing on university and school corps , and one on the Special Reserve . The main recommendation of the former was to reorganise the existing school Cadet Corps and university Rifle Corps , which had been formed on an ad @-@ hoc basis as part of the broader Volunteer movement , into a uniform force , administered and supported by the War Office . Under Army Order 160 of 1908 , contingents of the " Senior Division " were established in universities , and contingents of the " Junior Division " in public schools . Army Order 178 , later the same year , provided a standard set of regulations , stating that the scheme was intended to provide " a standardized degree of elementary military training with a view to providing candidates for commissions " . The scheme was popular ; by the end of 1910 , there were 19 contingents of the " Senior Division " and 152 of the " Junior Division " , and one year later , at the start of 1912 , this had risen to 55 and 155 respectively . A total of 23 @,@ 700 cadets were enrolled as of 1 January 1912 , with 630 officers , and 830 former cadets had already gone on to take commissions in the auxiliary forces . = = = Imperial General Staff = = = In the later part of the nineteenth century , the emphasis of Imperial defence policy had shifted from a single centralised Army and Navy to an approach whereby the self @-@ governing Dominions began to provide forces for their own defence , and to begin to take responsibility for strategic interests and bases in their own geographic areas . The culmination of this was the South African War , where contingents from the Dominion militaries had played a significant role . However , whilst the forces were developing locally , the goals of a comprehensive Imperial defence policy remained constant . A proposal was made to a conference of Dominion leaders in 1907 , which recommended that all Imperial forces be organised along a standard model , similar to the recent divisional reorganisation of the British Army and the Army in India ( the combined British Army units in India and the Indian Army units ) . The conference approved this concept , but carried the idea further , and recommended the creation of a general staff drawn from the forces of the entire Empire . This Imperial General Staff would serve as a common link between the national forces , and could oversee the development of a single uniform defence scheme . It would also be able to help ensure greater consistency between the forces , though it was carefully laid down that the Imperial General Staff could only offer " guidance " to the local government and General Staff , and would not have any binding authority over the national forces . The new system was approved by an Imperial conference in July 1909 , which confirmed the support for the new structure , and the principle of standardisation , as well as emphasising that it was not to limit " the autonomy of the self @-@ governing Dominions " . = = World War I = = The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 saw the bulk of the changes put to the test ; the Expeditionary Force of six divisions was quickly sent to the Continent , whilst a Territorial Force of 14 divisions and Reserves were mobilised as planned to provide a second line . The mobilisation was carried out punctually and the divisions were armed . = To Autumn = " To Autumn " is a poem by English Romantic poet John Keats ( 31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821 ) . The work was composed on 19 September 1819 and published in 1820 in a volume of Keats 's poetry that included Lamia and The Eve of St. Agnes . " To Autumn " is the final work in a group of poems known as Keats 's " 1819 odes " . Although personal problems left him little time to devote to poetry in 1819 , he composed " To Autumn " after a walk near Winchester one autumnal evening . The work marks the end of his poetic career , as he needed to earn money and could no longer devote himself to the lifestyle of a poet . A little over a year following the publication of " To Autumn " , Keats died in Rome . The poem has three eleven @-@ line stanzas which describe a progression through the season , from the late maturation of the crops to the harvest and to the last days of autumn when winter is nearing . The imagery is richly achieved through the personification of Autumn , and the description of its bounty , its sights and sounds . It has parallels in the work of English landscape artists , with Keats himself describing the fields of stubble that he saw on his walk as being like that in a painting . The work has been interpreted as a meditation on death ; as an allegory of artistic creation ; as Keats 's response to the Peterloo Massacre , which took place in the same year ; and as an expression of nationalist sentiment . One of the most anthologised English lyric poems , " To Autumn " has been regarded by critics as one of the most perfect short poems in the English language . = = Background = = During the spring of 1819 , Keats wrote many of his major odes : " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , " Ode on Indolence " , " Ode on Melancholy " , " Ode to a Nightingale " , and " Ode to Psyche " . After the month of May , he began to pursue other forms of poetry , including the verse tragedy Otho the Great in collaboration with friend and roommate Charles Brown , the second half of Lamia , and a return to his unfinished epic Hyperion . His efforts from spring until autumn were dedicated completely to a career in poetry , alternating between writing long and short poems , and setting himself a goal to compose more than fifty lines of verse each day . In his free time he also read works as varied as Robert Burton 's Anatomy of Melancholy , Thomas Chatterton 's poetry , and Leigh Hunt 's essays . Although Keats managed to write many poems in 1819 , he was suffering from a multitude of financial troubles throughout the year , including concerns over his brother , George , who , after emigrating to America , was badly in need of money . Despite these distractions , on 19 September 1819 he found time to write " To Autumn " . The poem marks the final moment of his career as a poet . No longer able to afford to devote his time to the composition of poems , he began working on more lucrative projects . Keats 's declining health and personal responsibilities also raised obstacles to his continuing poetic efforts . On 19 September 1819 , Keats walked near Winchester along the River Itchen . In a letter to his friend John Hamilton Reynolds written on 21 September , Keats described the impression the scene had made upon him and its influence on the composition of " To Autumn " : " How beautiful the season is now – How fine the air . A temperate sharpness about it [ ... ] I never lik 'd stubble fields so much as now [ ... ] Somehow a stubble plain looks warm – in the same way that some pictures look warm – this struck me so much in my sunday 's walk that I composed upon it . " Not everything on Keats 's mind at the time was bright ; the poet knew in September that he would have to finally abandon Hyperion . Thus , in the letter that he wrote to Reynolds , Keats also included a note saying that he abandoned his long poem . Keats did not send " To Autumn " to Reynolds , but did include the poem within a letter to Richard Woodhouse , Keats 's publisher and friend , and dated it on the same day . The poem was revised and included in Keats 's 1820 collection of poetry titled Lamia , Isabella , the Eve of St. Agnes , and Other Poems . Although the publishers Taylor and Hessey feared the kind of bad reviews that had plagued Keats 's 1818 edition of Endymion , they were willing to publish the collection after the removal of any potentially controversial poems to ensure that there would be no politically motivated reviews that could give the volume a bad reputation . = = Poem = = Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness Close bosom @-@ friend of the maturing sun Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch @-@ eves run ; To bend with apples the moss 'd cottage @-@ trees , And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core ; To swell the gourd , and plump the hazel shells With a sweet kernel ; to set budding more , And still more , later flowers for the bees , Until they think warm days will never cease , For Summer has o 'er @-@ brimm 'd their clammy cells . Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store ? Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find Thee sitting careless on a granary floor , Thy hair soft @-@ lifted by the winnowing wind ; Or on a half @-@ reap 'd furrow sound asleep , Drows 'd with the fume of poppies , while thy hook Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers : And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep Steady thy laden head across a brook ; Or by a cider @-@ press , with patient look , Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours . Where are the songs of Spring ? Ay , where are they ? Think not of them , thou hast thy music too , – While barred clouds bloom the soft @-@ dying day , And touch the stubble @-@ plains with rosy hue ; Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn Among the river sallows , borne aloft Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies ; And full @-@ grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn ; Hedge @-@ crickets sing ; and now with treble soft The red @-@ breast whistles from a garden @-@ croft ; And gathering swallows twitter in the skies . = = Themes = = " To Autumn " describes , in its three stanzas , three different aspects of the season : its fruitfulness , its labour and its ultimate decline . Through the stanzas there is a progression from early autumn to mid autumn and then to the heralding of winter . Parallel to this , the poem depicts the day turning from morning to afternoon and into dusk . These progressions are joined with a shift from the tactile sense to that of sight and then of sound , creating a three @-@ part symmetry which is not present in Keats 's other odes . As the poem progresses , Autumn is represented metaphorically as one who conspires , who ripens fruit , who harvests , who makes music . The first stanza of the poem represents Autumn as involved with the promotion of natural processes , growth and ultimate maturation , two forces in opposition in nature , but together creating the impression that the season will not end . In this stanza the fruits are still ripening and the buds still opening in the warm weather . Stuart Sperry says that Keats emphasises the tactile sense here , suggested by the imagery of growth and gentle motion : swelling , bending and plumping . In the second stanza Autumn is personified as a harvester , to be seen by the viewer in various guises performing labouring tasks essential to the provision of food for the coming year . There is a lack of definitive action , all motion being gentle . Autumn is not depicted as actually harvesting but as seated , resting or watching . In lines 14 – 15 the personification of Autumn is as an exhausted labourer . Near the end of the stanza , the steadiness of the gleaner in lines 19 – 20 again emphasises a motionlessness within the poem . The progression through the day is revealed in actions that are all suggestive of the drowsiness of afternoon : the harvested grain is being winnowed , the harvester is asleep or returning home , the last drops issue from the cider press . The last stanza contrasts Autumn 's sounds with those of Spring . The sounds that are presented are not only those of Autumn but essentially the gentle sounds of the evening . Gnats wail and lambs bleat in the dusk . As night approaches within the final moments of the song , death is slowly approaching alongside the end of the year . The full @-@ grown lambs , like the grapes , gourds and hazel nuts , will be harvested for the winter . The twittering swallows gather for departure , leaving the fields bare . The whistling red @-@ breast and the chirping cricket are the common sounds of winter . The references to Spring , the growing lambs and the migrating swallows remind the reader that the seasons are a cycle , widening the scope of this stanza from a single season to life in general . Of all of Keats 's poems , " To Autumn " , with its catalog of concrete images , most closely describes a paradise as realized on earth while also focusing on archetypal symbols connected with the season . Within the poem , autumn represents growth , maturation , and finally an approaching death . There is a fulfilling union between the ideal and the real . Scholars have noted a number of literary influences on " To Autumn " , from Virgil 's Georgics , to Edmund Spenser 's " Mutability Cantos " , to the language of Thomas Chatterton , to Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's " Frost at Midnight " , to an essay on autumn by Leigh Hunt , which Keats had recently read . " To Autumn " is thematically connected to other odes that Keats wrote in 1819 . For example , in his " Ode to Melancholy " a major theme is the acceptance of the process of life . When this theme appears later in " To Autumn " , however , it is with a difference . This time the figure of the poet disappears , and there is no exhortation of an imaginary reader . There are no open conflicts , and " dramatic debate , protest , and qualification are absent " . In process there is a harmony between the finality of death and hints of renewal of life in the cycle of the seasons , paralleled by the renewal of a single day . Critics have tended to emphasize different aspects of the process . Some have focused on renewal ; Walter Jackson Bate points to the theme of each stanza including " its contrary " idea , here death implying , though only indirectly , the renewal of life . Also , noted by both Bate and Jennifer Wagner , the structure of the verse reinforces the sense of something to come ; the placing of the couplet before the end of each stanza creates a feeling of suspension , highlighting the theme of continuation . Others , like Harold Bloom , have emphasized the " exhausted landscape " , the completion , the finality of death , although " Winter descends here as a man might hope to die , with a natural sweetness " . If death in itself is final , here it comes with a lightness , a softness , also pointing to " an acceptance of process beyond the possibility of grief . " The progress of growth is no longer necessary ; maturation is complete , and life and death are in harmony . The rich description of the cycle of the seasons enables the reader to feel a belonging " to something larger than the self " , as James O 'Rourke expresses it , but the cycle comes to an end each year , analogous to the ending of single life . O 'Rourke suggests that something of a fear of that ending is subtly implied at the end of the poem , although , unlike the other great odes , in this poem the person of the poet is entirely submerged , so there is at most a faint hint of Keats 's own possible fear . According to Helen Vendler , " To Autumn " may be seen as an allegory of artistic creation . As the farmer processes the fruits of the soil into what sustains the human body , so the artist processes the experience of life into a symbolic structure that may sustain the human spirit . This process involves an element of self @-@ sacrifice by the artist , analogous to the living grain 's being sacrificed for human consumption . In " To Autumn " , as a result of this process , the " rhythms " of the harvesting " artist @-@ goddess " " permeate the whole world until all visual , tactile , and kinetic presence is transubstantiated into Apollonian music for the ear , " the sounds of the poem itself . In a 1979 essay , Jerome McGann argued that while the poem was indirectly influenced by historical events , Keats had deliberately ignored the political landscape of 1819 . Countering this view , Andrew Bennett , Nicholas Roe and others focused on what they believed were political allusions actually present in the poem , Roe arguing for a direct connection to the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 . Later , Paul Fry argued against McGann 's stance when he pointed out , " It scarcely seems pertinent to say that ' To Autumn ' is therefore an evasion of social violence when it is so clearly an encounter with death itself [ ... ] it is not a politically encoded escape from history reflecting the coerced betrayal [ ... ] of its author 's radicalism . McGann thinks to rescue Keats from the imputation of political naïveté by saying that he was a radical browbeaten into quietism " . In his 1999 study of the effect on British literature of the diseases and climates of the colonies , Alan Bewell read " the landscape of ' To Autumn ' " as " a kind of biomedical allegory of the coming into being of English climatic space out of its dangerous geographical alternatives . " Britain 's colonial reach over the previous century and a half had exposed the mother country to foreign diseases and awareness of the dangers of extreme tropical climates . Keats , with medical training , having suffered chronic illness himself , and influenced like his contemporaries by " colonial medical discourse " , was deeply aware of this threat . According to Bewell , the landscape of " To Autumn " presents the temperate climate of rural England as a healthful alternative to disease @-@ ridden foreign environments . Though the " clammy " aspect of " fever " , the excessive ripeness associated with tropical climates , intrude into the poem , these elements , less prominent than in Keats 's earlier poetry , are counterbalanced by the dry , crisp autumnal air of rural England . In presenting the particularly English elements of this environment , Keats was also influenced by contemporary poet and essayist Leigh Hunt , who had recently written of the arrival of autumn with its " migration of birds " , " finished harvest " , " cyder [ ... ] making " and migration of " the swallows " , as well as by English landscape painting and the " pure " English idiom of the poetry of Thomas Chatterton . In " To Autumn " , Bewell argues , Keats was at once voicing " a very personal expression of desire for health " and constructing a " myth of a national environment " . This " political " element in the poem , Bewell points out , has also been suggested by Geoffrey Hartman , who expounded a view of " To Autumn " as " an ideological poem whose form expresses a national idea " . Thomas McFarland , on the other hand , in 2000 cautioned against overemphasizing the " political , social , or historical readings " of the poem , which distract from its " consummate surface and bloom " . Most important about " To Autumn " is its concentration of imagery and allusion in its evocation of nature , conveying an " interpenetration of livingness and dyingness as contained in the very nature of autumn " . = = Structure = = " To Autumn " is a poem of three stanzas , each of eleven lines . Like others of Keats 's odes written in 1819 , the structure is that of an odal hymn , having three clearly defined sections corresponding to the Classical divisions of strophe , antistrophe , and epode . The stanzas differ from those of the other odes through use of eleven lines rather than ten , and have a couplet placed before the concluding line of each stanza . " To Autumn " employs poetical techniques which Keats had perfected in the five poems written in the Spring of the same year , but departs from them in some aspects , dispensing with the narrator and dealing with more concrete concepts . There is no dramatic movement in " To Autumn " as there is in many earlier poems ; the poem progresses in its focus while showing little change in the objects it is focusing on . There is , in the words of Walter Jackson Bate , " a union of process and stasis " , " energy caught in repose " , an effect that Keats himself termed " stationing " . At the beginning of the third stanza he employs the dramatic Ubi sunt device associated with a sense of melancholy , and questions the personified subject : " Where are the songs of Spring ? " Like the other odes , " To Autumn " is written in iambic pentameter ( but greatly modified from the very beginning ) with five stressed syllables to a line , each usually preceded by an unstressed syllable . Keats varies this form by the employment of Augustan inversion , sometimes using a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable at the beginning of a line , including the first : " Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness " ; and employing spondees in which two stressed syllables are placed together at the beginnings of both the following stanzas , adding emphasis to the questions that are asked : " Who hath not seen thee ... " , " Where are the songs ... ? " The rhyme of " To Autumn " follows a pattern of starting each stanza with an ABAB pattern which is followed by rhyme scheme of CDEDCCE in the first verse and CDECDDE in the second and third stanzas . In each case , there is a couplet before the final line . Some of the language of " To Autumn " resembles phrases found in earlier poems with similarities to Endymion , Sleep and Poetry , and Calidore . Keats characteristically uses monosyllabic words such as " ... how to load and bless with fruit the vines that round the thatch @-@ eves run . " The words are weighted by the emphasis of bilabial consonants ( b , m , p ) , with lines like " ... for Summer has o 'er @-@ brimm 'd their clammy cells . " There is also an emphasis on long vowels which control the flow of the poem , giving it a slow measured pace : " ... while barred clouds bloom the soft dying day " . Between the manuscript version and the published version of " To Autumn " Keats tightened the language of the poem . One of Keats 's changes emphasised by critics is the change in line 17 of " Drows 'd with red poppies " to " Drows 'd with the fume of poppies " , which emphasises the sense of smell instead of sight . The later edition relies more on passive , past participles , as apparent in the change of " While a gold cloud " in line 25 to " While barred clouds " . Other changes involve the strengthening of phrases , especially within the transformation of the phrase in line 13 " whoever seeks for thee may find " into " whoever seeks abroad may find " . Many of the lines within the second stanza were completely rewritten , especially those which did not fit into a rhyme scheme . Some of the minor changes involved adding punctuation missing from the original manuscript copy and altering capitalisation . = = Critical reception = = Critical and scholarly praise has been unanimous in declaring " To Autumn " one of the most perfect poems in the English language . A.C. Swinburne placed it with " Ode on a Grecian Urn " as " the nearest to absolute perfection " of Keats 's odes ; Aileen Ward declared it " Keats 's most perfect and untroubled poem " ; and Douglas Bush has stated that the poem is " flawless in structure , texture , tone , and rhythm " ; Walter Evert , in 1965 , stated that " To Autumn " is " the only perfect poem that Keats ever wrote – and if this should seem to take from him some measure of credit for his extraordinary enrichment of the English poetic tradition , I would quickly add that I am thinking of absolute perfection in whole poems , in which every part is wholly relevant to and consistent in effect with every other part . " Early reviews of " To Autumn " focused on it as part of Keats 's collection of poems Lamia , Isabella , the Eve of St. Agnes , and Other Poems . An anonymous critic in the July 1820 Monthly Review claimed , " this writer is very rich both in imagination and fancy ; and even a superabundance of the latter faculty is displayed in his lines ' On Autumn , ' which bring the reality of nature more before our eyes than almost any description that we remember . [ ... ] If we did not fear that , young as is Mr K. , his peculiarities are fixed beyond all the power of criticism to remove , we would exhort him to become somewhat less strikingly original , — to be less fond of the folly of too new or too old phrases , — and to believe that poetry does not consist in either the one or the other . " Josiah Conder in the September 1820 Eclectic Review mentioned , " One naturally turns first to the shorter pieces , in order to taste the flavour of the poetry . The following ode to Autumn is no unfavourable specimen . " An anonymous reviewer in The Edinburgh Magazine for October 1820 added to a discussion of some of Keats 's longer poems the afterthought that " The ode to ' Fancy , ' and the ode to ' Autumn , ' also have great merit . " Although , after Keats 's death , recognition of the merits of his poetry came slowly , by mid century , despite widespread Victorian disapproval of the alleged " weakness " of his character and the view often advanced " that Keats 's work represented mere sensuality without substance " , some of his poems began to find an appreciative audience , including " To Autumn " . In an 1844 essay on Keats 's poetry in the Dumfries Herald , George Gilfillian placed " To Autumn " among " the finest of Keats ' smaller pieces " . In an 1851 lecture , David Macbeth Moir acclaimed " four exquisite odes , — ' To a Nightingale , ' ' To a Grecian Urn , ' ' To Melancholy , ' and ' To Autumn , ' — all so pregnant with deep thought , so picturesque in their limning , and so suggestive . " In 1865 , Matthew Arnold singled out the " indefinable delicacy , charm , and perfection of [ ... ] Keats 's [ touch ] in his Autumn " . John Dennis , in an 1883 work about great poets , wrote that " the ' Ode to Autumn ' , ripe with the glory of the season it describes — must ever have a place among the most precious gems of lyrical poetry . " The 1888 Britannica declared , " Of these [ odes ] perhaps the two nearest to absolute perfection , to the triumphant achievement and accomplishment of the very utmost beauty possible to human words , may be that to Autumn and that on a Grecian Urn " . At the turn of the 20th century , a 1904 analysis of great poetry by Stephen Gwynn claimed , " above and before all [ of Keats 's poems are ] the three odes , To a Nightingale , On a Grecian Urn , and To Autumn . Among these odes criticism can hardly choose ; in each of them the whole magic of poetry seems to be contained . " Sidney Colvin , in his 1917 biography , pointed out that " the ode To Autumn [ ... ] opens up no such far @-@ reaching avenues to the mind and soul of the reader as the odes To a Grecian Urn , To a Nightingale , or On Melancholy , but in execution is more complete and faultless than any of them . " Following this in a 1934 analysis of Romantic poetry , Margaret Sherwood stated that the poem was " a perfect expression of the phase of primitive feeling and dim thought in regard to earth processes when these are passing into a thought of personality . " Harold Bloom , in 1961 , described " To Autumn " as " the most perfect shorter poem in the English language . " Following this , Walter Jackson Bate , in 1963 , claimed that " [ ... ] each generation has found it one of the most nearly perfect poems in English . " Later , in 1973 , Stuart Sperry wrote , " ' To Autumn ' succeeds through its acceptance of an order innate in our experience – the natural rhythm of the seasons . It is a poem that , without ever stating it , inevitably suggests the truth of ' ripeness is all ' by developing , with a richness of profundity of implication , the simple perception that ripeness is fall . " In 1981 , William Walsh argued that " Among the major Odes [ ... ] no one has questioned the place and supremacy of ' To Autumn ' , in which we see wholly realized , powerfully embodied in art , the complete maturity so earnestly laboured at in Keats 's life , so persuasively argued about in his letters . " Literary critic and academic Helen Vendler , in 1988 , declared that " in the ode ' To Autumn , ' Keats finds his most comprehensive and adequate symbol for the social value of art . " In 1997 , Andrew Motion summarised the critical view on " To Autumn " : " it has often been called Keats 's ' most ... untroubled poem ' [ ... ] To register the full force of its achievement , its tensions have to be felt as potent and demanding . " Following in 1998 , M. H. Abrams explained , " ' To Autumn ' was the last work of artistic consequence that Keats completed [ ... ] he achieved this celebratory poem , with its calm acquiescence to time , transience and mortality , at a time when he was possessed by a premonition [ ... ] that he had himself less than two years to live " . James Chandler , also in 1998 , pointed out that " If To Autumn is his greatest piece of writing , as has so often been said , it is because in it he arguably set himself the most ambitious challenge of his brief career and managed to meet it . " Timothy Corrigan , in 2000 , claimed that " ' To Autumn ' may be , as other critics have pointed out , his greatest achievement in its ability [ ... ] to redeem the English vernacular as the casual expression of everyday experience , becoming in this his most exterior poem even in all its bucolic charm . " In the same year , Thomas McFarland placed " To Autumn " with " Ode to a Nightingale " , " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , " The Eve of St. Agnes " and Hyperion as Keats 's greatest achievement , together elevating Keats " high in the ranks of the supreme makers of world literature " . In 2008 , Stanley Plumly wrote , " history , posterity , immortality are seeing ' Ode to a Nightingale , ' ' Ode on a Grecian Urn , ' and ' To Autumn ' as three of the most anthologized lyric poems of tragic vision in English . " = French ironclad Armide = The French ironclad Armide was a wooden @-@ hulled armored corvette built for the French Navy in the mid @-@ 1860s . Placed into reserve after completion , she was first mobilized for the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 . She spent the rest of her career in the Mediterranean and then in the Far East as flagship of the French squadrons there , until her decommissioning in 1880 . Armide was use as a target for gunnery trials in 1886 . = = Design and description = = The Alma @-@ class ironclads were designed as improved versions of the armored corvette Belliqueuse suitable for foreign deployments . Unlike their predecessor the Alma @-@ class ships were true central battery ironclads as they were fitted with armored transverse bulkheads . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal @-@ reinforced ram . Armide measured 68 @.@ 9 meters ( 226 ft 1 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 @.@ 06 meters ( 46 ft 2 in ) . She had a mean draft of 6 @.@ 43 meters ( 21 ft 1 in ) and displaced 3 @,@ 692 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 634 long tons ) . Her crew numbered 316 officers and men . = = = Propulsion = = = The ship had a single horizontal three @-@ cylinder return connecting @-@ rod steam engine driving a single four @-@ bladed propeller . Her engine was powered by four Creusot oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 1 @,@ 585 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 182 kW ) and the ship reached 10 @.@ 48 knots ( 19 @.@ 41 km / h ; 12 @.@ 06 mph ) . Armide carried 250 metric tons ( 250 long tons ) of coal which allowed the ship to steam for 1 @,@ 310 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 430 km ; 1 @,@ 510 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She was barque @-@ rigged and had a sail area of 1 @,@ 454 square meters ( 15 @,@ 650 sq ft ) . = = = Armament = = = Armide mounted her four 194 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) Modèle 1864 breech @-@ loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck . The other two 194 mm guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , sponsoned out over the sides of the ship . The four 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns were also mounted on the upper deck . She may have exchanged her Mle 1864 guns for Mle 1870 guns . The armor @-@ piercing shell of the 20 @-@ caliber Mle 1870 gun weighed 165 @.@ 3 pounds ( 75 @.@ 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 7 @.@ 83 long tons ( 7 @.@ 96 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 739 ft / s ( 530 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12 @.@ 5 inches ( 320 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . = = = Armor = = = Armide had a complete 150 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) wrought iron waterline belt , approximately 2 @.@ 4 meters ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) high . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) of wrought iron and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness . The barbette armor was 100 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick , backed by 240 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) of wood . The unarmored portions of her sides were protected by 15 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) iron plates . = = Service = = Armide was laid down at Rochefort in 1865 and launched on 12 April 1867 . The ship began her sea trials on 5 October 1867 and was put into reserve at Brest immediately after their completion . She was commissioned on 20 July 1870 to serve with the Baltic Squadron during the Franco @-@ Prussian War . The squadron was ordered to lift its blockade of the Prussian Baltic ports on 16 September and return to Cherbourg . Armide was decommissioned on 1 November , but was recommissioned on 12 January 1871 to blockade the Prussian corvette Arcona in Lisbon for the duration of the war . Afterward she was transferred to the Mediterranean where she remained until 1873 . Armide was decommissioned on 28 October 1873 at Toulon and had her armament reduced to six guns . She was recommissioned as the flagship of the Levant Squadron on 25 August 1874 . On 19 September 1875 Armide was in Algiers . The ship was reduced to reserve in December 1875 at Brest . She was recommissioned in 1877 as the flagship of the China Squadron under Rear Admiral Duburquois and departed Brest on 17 January 1878 . She was relieved by her sister Thétis on 22 January 1880 at Singapore . She was decommissioned at Toulon on 17 March 1880 and condemned on 25 October 1882 . Armide was used in gunnery trials in March 1886 and filled with watertight barrels to keep her from sinking . She was set adrift and fired at by a group of French ironclads at ranges up to 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 5 @,@ 500 yd ) ; she was towed back to port to examine the effects of the shells . = 2011 – 12 Sheffield United F.C. season = Sheffield United Football Club ( known as the Blades ) participated in League One , the third level of English football for the first time in 23 years having been relegated from the Championship at the end of the previous season . It was also their first appearance in both the Football League Trophy and the first round proper of the FA Cup for a similar length of time , as well as being the first season under new manager Danny Wilson . United began the season well , recording consistently sound results in Football League One and nearing the position required for an immediate return to the Championship . By the turn of the year , the squad was well positioned for promotion . Reasonable progress was made in the cup competitions , reaching the second round of the League Cup , the fourth round of the FA Cup and the regional quarter finals of the Football League Trophy . With only a handful of games left to play in the league , United looked set to finish in second place in the table but in the aftermath of leading scorer Ched Evans being jailed , results declined , and United slipped to third place in the final week of the season . Although reaching the Play @-@ off Final the team were beaten on penalties by Huddersfield Town at Wembley Stadium , thus failing to achieve promotion and being destined to spend the following season in League One . = = Team kit = = The team kit for the 2011 – 12 season was produced by Macron for the third successive year . The home kit consisted of the club 's traditional red and white stripes and was based on the kit worn by the team in the early 1970s , chosen following a poll of fans the previous year . As the pre @-@ season programme got under way the club also revealed a new all yellow away kit . By mid July the club announced that they had struck a joint sponsorship deal with cross @-@ city rivals Sheffield Wednesday which would see both teams sponsored by the same two local companies . The Blades home kit was sponsored by Westfield Health and the away kit by local car dealers Gilders Group ( with Sheffield Wednesday 's kit 's having the reverse ) . The club later announced that a new secondary sponsor , Nexis , would appear on the back of the home shirts for the coming season . = = Season overview = = = = = Pre @-@ season = = = Following relegation from the Championship at the end of the previous season , company chairman Kevin McCabe sacked manager Micky Adams , insisting that the club needed a new start to take them forward . After a few weeks of speculation , McCabe appointed former Sheffield Wednesday manager Danny Wilson as Adams ' successor . This appointment was met with outrage by sections of the Blades support due to Wilson 's perceived lack of managerial success and his links with the club 's bitter cross @-@ city rivals . Despite these protests , the club pressed ahead with the appointment and Wilson began to assemble his back room team , appointing former United defender Frank Barlow as his number two , fellow former Blade Billy Dearden as chief scout and Dave Morrison as fitness coach . Wilson stressed that he intended to bring a better style of play to the team in the coming season but admitted that players would have to be sold to balance the books . Deals were already in place to sell Jamie Ward to Derby County for an undisclosed fee , and sign Danny Philliskirk from Chelsea on a free transfer , but Wilson also added to the squad in June by signing Lecsinel Jean @-@ François from his former club Swindon Town , also on a free transfer . After much speculation , and with the players about to return for pre @-@ season training , Darius Henderson was sold to Millwall for an undisclosed fee in order to free up money on the wage bill . The club announced a low key series of friendlies for July , while Wilson continued to reshape his squad , allowing young defenders Kingsley James and Phil Roe , both products of the Blades Academy , to leave and rejoin former boss Micky Adams at Port Vale on free transfers . A youthful team were held to a draw by Sheffield FC but overcame Worksop Town a few days later . With the team about to leave for a training camp in Malta , Mark Yeates was sold to Watford for an undisclosed fee , Ryan Flynn was signed from Falkirk for a similarly undisclosed fee and Chris Porter arrived on a free transfer having been released by Derby County . Once in Malta , United took on local sides Sliema Wanderers and Hibernians in friendly games , beating both sides . Upon returning to England , the Blades completed their pre @-@ season schedule with two home fixtures , losing to Doncaster Rovers and drawing with Blackpool . With their pre @-@ season schedule completed the Blades signed young winger Nathaniel Mendez @-@ Laing from Wolverhampton Wanderers on a six @-@ month loan deal . Unfortunately the latter half of July also saw the club hit the national headlines for the wrong reasons . Firstly the club was identified by a Channel 4 undercover investigation as being offered for sale as part of an illegal ownership deal although the Blades themselves were not implicated in any wrongdoing . A fortnight later striker Ched Evans was arrested and charged with rape following an incident in May . = = = August – September : Early season optimism = = = The Blades won the opening game of the season away from home , outclassing Oldham Athletic , but a strong side needed penalties to overcome Hartlepool United at Victoria Park in the first round of the League Cup a few days later . Midfielder Kevin McDonald was added to the squad on a free transfer after a lengthy trial period , before the Blades resumed their league campaign , beating Brentford at home , and overturning a two @-@ nil deficit to overcome Walsall at Bramall Lane . Having spent the previous season on loan at United , Argentinian Elian Parrino returned to South Yorkshire on a one @-@ year deal from Estudiantes de La Plata , after which the Blades embarked on a four match run of away games in the space of eleven days . They dropped their first league points of the season as they were held to a draw by Tranmere Rovers , before suffering their first defeat of the season on a quick return to Merseyside , allowing the lead to slip once more as they crashed out of the League Cup at the hands of Premiership Everton . The team returned to league action and winning ways with an away trip to Yeovil , the first ever competitive meeting between the two clubs , after which they despatched Burton Albion to progress into the second round of the Football League Trophy . With Danny Wilson still needing to raise money and trim the wage bill the Blades had a relatively busy transfer deadline day , allowing Jordan Slew to join Blackburn Rovers for £ 1.1m , and Daniel Bogdanović to join Blackpool for an undisclosed fee , but turning down another offer from the Seasiders for Stephen Quinn . The Blades also agreed a deal to take two young midfielders , John Fleck and Kyle Hutton on loan from Rangers for the remainder of the season , but the deal subsequently fell through due to issues with the paperwork involved . The team kicked off September by crushing Bury 4 – 0 at Bramall Lane , and then travelled to Scunthorpe United where they maintained their unbeaten start after coming from behind to grab a 1 – 1 draw . Off the field the restructuring of the club continued with the appointment of former Blades player Julian Winter as Chief Executive to replace the departing Trevor Birch . Danny Wilson added to his defensive options by signing Marcus Williams on a months loan from Reading , with the defender making his début only hours later , although he was unable to prevent the Blades from crashing to their first league defeat of the season as they were trounced 3 – 0 at home by Huddersfield Town . Despite this setback the Blades quickly returned to winning ways , reversing the previous scoreline to crush Colchester United 3 – 0 at Bramall Lane . The month ended on a low note however as the team suffered a shock defeat at struggling Wycombe Wanderers , although they still managed to hold onto second place in the table . = = = October – November : Important points dropped = = = October started no better for the Blades as they were easily beaten 2 – 0 at home by league leaders Charlton Athletic and needed a last second goal to progress in the Football League Trophy as they struggled against League Two side Rotherham United . Meanwhile , Danny Wilson boosted his squad ahead of the Steel City derby , with Marcus Williams agreeing to stay on loan for a further two months and Matt Phillips and Billy Clarke arriving for a month each from Blackpool . The new arrivals failed to halt the disappointing run of results however as the Blades let a 2 – 0 lead slip to end up drawing with their cross – city rivals . Despite this disappointment the team bounced back to score an emphatic away win at Preston a few days later with both new signing Matt Phillips and old hand Lee Williamson netting two goals apiece . With increased competition for first team places , youngsters Danny Philliskirk and Corey Gregory were allowed to go out on loan to Oxford United and Hucknall Town respectively ; swiftly followed by Connor Brown who joined Eastwood Town on a months deal . Back in the league , the disappointing results continued as United threw away a lead once again , allowing ten @-@ men Leyton Orient to snatch a draw with the last kick of the game . Once again the Blades quickly responded to the setback by beating fellow promotion rivals MK Dons 2 – 1 at Bramall Lane , but then conspired to throw away yet more points , allowing Exeter City to come from behind twice in the closing minutes of the next game to snatch a 4 – 4 draw . Into November and back on the road , yet another late goal was handed Stevenage all three points , leaving United fifth in the table going into FA Cup week . With Phillips and Clarke playing the final game of their loan spell , United tamely exited the Football League Trophy , losing on penalties to League Two strugglers Bradford City . There was a more positive result in the FA Cup however as a brace from Ched Evans helped the Blades ease past Oxford United . By mid – November , and with Danny Wilson still seeking to add to his attacking options , it was reported that former striker and fans favourite James Beattie had returned to training with the club and could be handed a contract depending on match fitness , and a short term deal was duly signed a few days later . Back in League action United saw out a victory over Carlisle United despite seeing a Richard Cresswell spot – kick saved in the second half , and a week later Ched Evans scored his fifth goal in four games to beat Chesterfield by the same scoreline . The month ended on a sombre note however as former player and manager Gary Speed was found dead at his home after having taken his own life less than a year after leaving his post at Bramall Lane . = = = December – January : Maximum points for Christmas = = = December started with the second round of the FA Cup and despite conceding another late goal , the Blades progressed into the third round at the expense of Torquay United , thanks to another brace from in Ched Evans , who then scored for the fifth game in succession in the next game , netting twice more in a league victory over Rochdale . The team 's impressive form continued with an away win at Bourenmouth thanks to two own goals , Notts County making a similar gift of an own goal to contribute to their own defeat on Boxing Day , before the Blades rounded the year off by crushing Hartlepool United on New Year 's Eve ; meaning that the Blades ended 2011 in second place in the table following eight victories in a row in all competitions . With the transfer window reopening in January , Danny Wilson 's first signing was the return of former loan player Marcus Williams who agreed a two and a half year deal . The New Year started disappointingly as the Blades crashed to their first defeat since the beginning of November as they were beaten 3 – 2 at Carlisle United . Following Danny Wilson being awarded ' League One Manager of the Month ' for December , United soon got back to winning ways when they returned to home soil . The team saw off Salisbury City 3 – 1 in the third round of the FA Cup , the first meeting ever between the two clubs , and then outclassed Yeovil Town a few days later , hitting four without reply including a brace from Lee Williamson and a first ever club goal from captain Michael Doyle . With Danny Wilson looking to freshen up his squad United rewarded four of its younger players with contract extensions , with Erik Tønne and David McAllister set to remain with the club until the summer of 2014 , and youth team players Jordan Chapell and Jack Adams agreeing new deals until the end of the season . In a busy day the club saw the departure of Elian Parrino as his short term deal came to an end , and then allowed McAllister to join League Two club Shrewsbury Town on a months loan , with manager Danny Wilson bemoaning a lack of reserve games under the current system . The following week Wilson continued to overhaul the squad with reserve keeper Mihkel Aksalu leaving the club on mutual terms , but was boosted by ' fans favourite ' James Beattie agreeing a deal to remain at Bramall Lane until the end of the season . Meanwhile , back in the league the Blades then continued their fine run of form , completing their second league double of the week , as they hit three without reply away at Bury , but that form deserted them for a top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ table trip to Charlton Athletic where a bad tempered match resulted in both teams being reduced to ten men and a 1 – 0 loss for United . Seven days later United suffered their first back @-@ to @-@ back defeats of the season as they crashed out of the FA Cup at the hands of Birmingham City . With the transfer window about to close Bramall Lane was relatively quite on deadline day ; Danny Philliskirk was handed an extended deal , and striker Will Hoskins signed on loan from Brighton & Hove Albion until the end of the season , whilst youngster Erik Tønne was allowed to join Yorkshire neighbours York City , also until the end of the season . The club also gave a trial to experienced Scottish defender David Weir with a view to a potential short term contract . = = = February – March : Promotion charge takes shape then falls apart = = = After various match postponements due to a spell of bad weather and the various cup competitions United finally returned to league action in mid February with new signing Hoskins scoring on his début as the Blades ran out 3 – 0 victors over Wycombe Wanderers . After a successful spell , midfielder David McAllister opted to extend his loan deal at Shrewsbury until the end of March , whilst young keeper George Long agreed a new long – term deal at Bramall Lane . Meanwhile , on Valentine 's Day , the Blades beat Yorkshire and promotion rivals Huddersfield Town 1 – 0 at the Galpharm Stadium as defender Neill Collins scored his first ever goal for the club , before coming from behind to beat Preston North End at home a few days later , despite Ched Evans missing a penalty . With Mihkel Aksalu having departed , United agreed a two and a half year deal with keeper , and free agent , Mark Howard to provide cover for Steve Simonsen , before the club met their cross @-@ city rivals in the second Steel City derby of the season where United suffered a narrow defeat . Looking for a quick bounce – back , United were forced to come from behind to beat Scunthorpe United at home , to leave them in second place , five points clear of third , in the table at the start of March . Despite their form , United suffered a catastrophic start to March as they lost at home to Oldham Athletic having had a two @-@ goal lead only to see both Matthew Lowton and Harry Maguire sent off and the team subsequently collapse . With the entire back four unavailable , United were forced to draft in Matt Hill and John Egan on emergency loans , but this was not enough to prevent them slipping to their third defeat in four games as they capitulated at Walsall . Danny Wilson remained keen to find first team experience for the younger members of the squad and as such allowed Seamus Conneely to join Alfreton Town on loan before United returned to winning ways with two goals from Ched Evans being enough to defeat Brentford at Griffin Park . Unfortunately the Blades failed to take advantage of their game in hand , being held to a draw by Colchester United , before once again allowing a lead to slip as they drew with Tranmere Rovers at Bramall Lane . With the transfer deadline for loans approaching , the Blades ' longest serving player and vice @-@ captain Nick Montgomery was allowed to join Millwall until the end of the season due to an absence of first team football , allowing Danny Wilson to bring in winger Michael O 'Halloran on loan from Bolton Wanderers . Meanwhile , on the pitch , United put their recent poor form behind them as they outclassed Notts County 5 – 2 at Meadow Lane , before putting four goals past Chesterfield at Bramall Lane , including a hat – trick from in – form striker Ched Evans . Despite a low – key team performance , a second Ched Evans penalty in as many games was enough to finish the month with a third straight victory , with the Blades defeating Hartlepool United at Victoria Park . = = = April – May : The final straight ends in disappointment = = = With loan defender John Egan returning to his parent club at the start of April , Nick Montgomery 's loan at Millwall was all but cut short after only two substitute appearances when he sustained a calf injury likely to sideline him until the end of the season . David McAllister also saw his loan spell at Shrewsbury cut short shortly after receiving a red card , with the resulting three game ban ruling him out for the remainder of his time at the New Meadow . Back in the league a nervy display saw the Blades edge out Bournemouth at Bramall Lane , before a much more emphatic performance saw them bury Rochdale at the Spotland Stadium . With the Blades now in a straight fight with local rivals Sheffield Wednesday for the second automatic promotion spot they came from behind to beat Leyton Orient at Bramall Lane to open up a four @-@ point gap on third placed Wednesday . The next week however their campaign was dealt a crushing blow as star striker and top scorer Ched Evans 's case came to trial where he was found guilty of rape and sentenced to five years in prison . Without Evans and missing his injured strike partner Richard Cresswell , United slipped to a damaging defeat at MK Dons . Worse was to come as United could only resister a draw with Stevenage in a dramatic final home game at Bramall Lane , meaning they slipped out of the automatic promotion places for the first time since February . United went into the final league fixture with Exeter City requiring to win and hope that rivals Sheffield Wednesday were beaten to secure promotion ; a combination that failed to materialise as Wednesday registered a victory and the Blades could only draw meaning they were consigned to the play @-@ offs . = = = Another trip to Wembley = = = With James Beattie unavailable for the playoffs following a red card in the final game of the season against Exeter City , manager Danny Wilson was faced with a selection crisis ahead of the critical games against Stevenage . With only one senior striker available a patched up side contested a dour first @-@ leg where neither team created many chances . United did manage to keep a clean sheet however and took the tie back to Bramall Lane with the scores level at 0 – 0 . The Blades entered the second leg still bereft of forwards , with Richard Cresswell having contracted an illness on the morning of the game , so were forced to play with just Chris Porter as a lone striker once more . An even first half saw few opportunities for either side but following the break United began to attack with more purpose . Despite chances for both sides the game looked to be heading for another draw until Porter scored an 85th @-@ minute winner to put the Blades through to the final at Wembley . Richard Cresswell was passed fit for the final against Huddersfield but influential midfielder Kevin McDonald was left out through injury so the Blades were forced to make changes once more . The game was played under blistering heat and neither side created many chances . It remained 0 – 0 after ninety minutes and so extra – time was played but there was still no breakthrough . Ultimately the game went to penalties , which saw every player for both sides take a spot kick only for United to lose 8 – 7 when goalkeeper Steve Simonsen missed the final kick , consigning the Blades to another season in League One . = = = Academy and Reserve teams = = = = = = = Reserves = = = = Sheffield United Reserves played in the Central League : Central Division in the nearby Derbyshire town of Dronfield at the Coach and Horses ground , which was also the home of Sheffield FC during the season . Experienced defender Chris Morgan was appointed reserve team coach at the start of the season and given the responsibility of developing the young players which made up the bulk of the side . With many teams now opting not to enter a reserve side into an organised competition the Central Division consisted of just seven sides meaning fixtures were irregular throughout the season . In January 2012 Danny Wilson expressed the need to reform the reserve team structure due to this infrequent amount of matches citing that experienced players don 't gain much from them and the cost of staging the fixtures as issues . Despite this United 's side ended the season as Champions , finishing one point ahead of nearest rivals Derby County who had won the division in the previous season , ironically by one point from The Blades who had finished second . Following a nine match unbeaten run the title was clinched with the final game of the season as United held a strong Nottingham Forest side to a 1 – 1 draw at the coach and Horses ground . Danny Philliskirk ended the season as top scorer , having netted six goals , whilst he was also the joint leading appearance maker along with Matty Harriott and Shane Murray . = = = = Academy = = = = Sheffield United Academy U18s played in the FA Premier Academy League U18s Group D at the Shirecliffe ground at Firshill Crescent . Under the management of John Pemberton , the side were seeking to replicate the success of the previous season when they had reached the final of the FA Youth Cup final . Shorn of a number of key players ( who had either graduated to the first team or left the club ) , the team completed a solid but unspectacular season . Results fluctuated with impressive victories over the likes of Everton , Bolton and Sunderland being mixed with heavy defeats to Leeds United , Coventry City and West Ham United . Eventually finishing fifth ( out of ten teams ) in their division , manager John Pemberton described the season as " another successful one for everyone associated with the Academy . We have five players becoming professionals who will all be linking up with the first team next season and that is what we are judged on – producing players . " United 's hopes of repeating the previous season 's success in the FA Youth Cup did not come to fruition however . After a victory in the first round over Tranmere Rovers , they required penalties to see off Port Vale in the next round before finally being eliminated in round three when Southampton recorded a 7 – 0 victory over the Blades . = = Squad = = As of the end of the season = = = Squad = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Out on loan = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Players leaving before the end of the season = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = Transfers and Contracts = = = = = In = = = = = = = Summer = = = = = = = = Winter = = = = = = = = Loan in = = = = = = = Out = = = = = = = Summer = = = = = = = = Winter = = = = = = = = Loan out = = = = = = = Contracts = = = New contracts and contract extensions . = = League Table = = = = Season firsts = = = = = Player début = = = Players making their first team Sheffield United début in a fully competitive match . = = = Début goal = = = Players scoring their first goal for Sheffield United in a competitive fixture . = = = Competitive fixture = = = First ever meeting of the two clubs in a competitive fixture . = = = Stadia = = = First ever visit to a stadium for a competitive fixture = = Squad Statistics = = = = = Appearances and goals = = = As of 26 May 2012 = = = Top Scorers = = = Five additional own goals scored during the season , three in The Football League and two in the FA Cup . = = = Disciplinary Record = = = = = = = Suspensions = = = = Date of start of suspension assumed to be the date of the game during which the disciplinary incident occurred . = = = International Call @-@ ups = = = = = Matches = = = = = Key = = = Win Draw Loss = = = Football League One = = = = = = Playoffs = = = = = = FA Cup = = = = = = Football League Cup = = = = = = Football League Trophy = = = = = = Pre – season and friendlies = = = = = Honours and awards = = = = = PFA League One Team of the Year = = = Ched Evans Harry Maguire Stephen Quinn = = = League One Manager of the Month = = = December : Danny Wilson = = = League One Player of the Month = = = March : Ched Evans = = = Football League Young Player of the Month = = = August : Harry Maguire = = = Sheffield Star Young Player of the Year = = = Harry Maguire = = = League One Team of the Week = = = = = = Fans Player of the Month = = = = = = Club end of season awards = = = Player of the Year : Harry Maguire Young Player of the Year : Harry Maguire Goal of the Season : Nick Montgomery ( v Tranmere Rovers ) = Yao Ming = Yao Ming ( born September 12 , 1980 ) is a Chinese retired professional basketball player who played for the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA ) and the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected to start for the Western Conference in the NBA All @-@ Star Game eight times , and was named to the All @-@ NBA Team five times . At the time of his final season , he was the tallest active player in the NBA , at 2 @.@ 29 m ( 7 ft 6 in ) . He is also the only player outside of the US to lead the NBA All @-@ Star voting . Yao , who was born in Shanghai , China , started playing for the Shanghai Sharks as a teenager , and played on their senior team for five years in the Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA ) , winning a championship in his final year . After negotiating with the CBA and the Sharks to secure his release , Yao was selected by the Houston Rockets as the first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft . He reached the NBA Playoffs four times , and the Rockets won a first @-@ round series in the 2009 postseason , their first playoff series victory since 1997 . In July 2011 , Yao announced his retirement from professional basketball because of a series of foot and ankle injuries which forced him to miss 250 games in his last six seasons . In eight seasons with the Rockets , Yao ranks sixth among franchise leaders in total points and total rebounds , and second in total blocks . Yao is one of China 's best @-@ known athletes , with sponsorships with several major companies . His rookie year in the NBA was the subject of a documentary film , The Year of the Yao , and he co @-@ wrote , along with NBA analyst Ric Bucher , an autobiography titled Yao : A Life in Two Worlds . On April 4 , 2016 , Yao was elected into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , alongside Shaquille O 'Neal and Allen Iverson . = = Career in China = = = = = Early life and CBA career = = = Yao is the only child of 6 ft 7 in ( 2 @.@ 01 m ) Yao Zhiyuan and 6 ft 3 in ( 1 @.@ 90 m ) Fang Fengdi , both of whom were former professional basketball players . At 11 pounds ( 5 @.@ 0 kg ) , Yao weighed more than twice as much as the average Chinese newborn . When Yao was nine years old , he began playing basketball and attended a junior sports school . The following year , Yao measured 5 feet 5 inches ( 1 @.@ 65 m ) and was examined by sports doctors , who predicted he would grow to 7 feet 3 inches ( 2 @.@ 20 m ) . Yao first tried out for the Shanghai Sharks junior team of the Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA ) when he was thirteen years old , and practiced ten hours a day for his acceptance . After playing with the junior team for four years , Yao joined the senior team of the Sharks , where he averaged 10 points and 8 rebounds a game in his rookie season . His next season was cut short when he broke his foot for the second time in his career , which Yao said decreased his jumping ability by four to six inches ( 10 to 15 cm ) . The Sharks made the finals of the CBA in Yao ’ s third season and again the next year , but lost both times to the Bayi Rockets . When Wang Zhizhi left the Bayi Rockets to become the first NBA player from China the following year , the Sharks finally won their first CBA championship . During the playoffs in his final year with Shanghai , Yao averaged 38 @.@ 9 points and 20 @.@ 2 rebounds a game , while shooting 76 @.@ 6 % from the field , and made all 21 of his shots during one game in the finals . = = = Entering the NBA draft = = = Yao was pressured to enter the NBA draft in 1999 by Li Yaomin , the deputy general manager of the Shanghai Sharks . Li also influenced Yao to sign a contract for Evergreen Sports Inc. to serve as his agent . The agreement entitled Evergreen to 33 % of Yao 's earnings , but the contract was later determined to be invalid . When Yao decided to enter the 2002 NBA draft , a group of advisers was formed that came to be known as " Team Yao " . The team consisted of Yao ’ s negotiator , Erik Zhang ; his NBA agent , Bill Duffy ; his Chinese agent , Lu Hao ; University of Chicago economics professor John Huizinga ; and the vice president for marketing at BDA Sports Management , Bill Sanders . Yao was widely predicted to be picked number one overall . However , some teams were concerned about Yao 's NBA eligibility because of uncertainty over whether the CBA would let Yao play in the United States . Shortly after Wang Zhizhi refused to return to China to play for the national team and was subsequently banned from playing for China , the CBA stipulated that Yao would have to return to play for the national team . They also said they would not let him go to the United States unless the Houston Rockets would take him first overall . After assurances from Team Yao that the Rockets would draft Yao with their number one pick , the CBA gave permission on the morning of the draft for Yao to play in the U.S. When the Rockets selected Yao with the first pick of the draft , he became the first international player ever to be selected first overall without having previously played U.S. college basketball . = = NBA career = = = = = Beginning years ( 2002 – 2005 ) = = = Yao did not participate in the Rockets ' pre @-@ season training camp , instead playing for China in the 2002 FIBA World Championships . Before the season , several commentators , including Bill Simmons and Dick Vitale , predicted that Yao would fail in the NBA , and Charles Barkley said he would " kiss [ Kenny Smith 's ] ass " if Yao scored more than 19 points in one of his rookie @-@ season games . Yao played his first NBA game against the Indiana Pacers , scoring no points and grabbing two rebounds , and scored his first NBA basket against the Denver Nuggets . In his first seven games , he averaged only 14 minutes and 4 points , but on November 17 , he scored 20 points on a perfect 9 @-@ of @-@ 9 from the field and 2 @-@ of @-@ 2 from the free @-@ throw line against the Lakers . Barkley made good on his bet by kissing the buttock of a donkey purchased by Smith for the occasion ( Smith 's " ass " ) . In Yao 's first game in Miami on December 16 , 2002 , the Heat passed out 8 @,@ 000 fortune cookies , an Asian cultural stereotype . Yao was not angry with the promotion because he was not familiar with American stereotypes of Chinese . In an earlier interview in 2000 , Yao said he had never seen a fortune cookie in China and guessed it must have been an American invention . Before Yao ’ s first meeting with Shaquille O 'Neal on January 17 , 2003 , O 'Neal said , " Tell Yao Ming , Ching chong @-@ yang @-@ wah @-@ ah @-@ soh " , prompting accusations of racism . O 'Neal denied that his comments were racist , and said he was only joking . Yao also said he believed O 'Neal was joking , but he said a lot of Asians would not see the humor . In the game , Yao scored six points and blocked O 'Neal twice in the opening minutes , and made a game @-@ sealing dunk with 10 seconds left in overtime . Yao finished with 10 points , 10 rebounds , and 6 blocks ; O 'Neal recorded 31 points , 13 rebounds , and 0 blocks . O 'Neal later admitted that he regretted how he hazed Yao early in his career . The NBA began offering All @-@ Star ballots in three languages — English , Spanish and Chinese — for fan voting of the starters for the 2003 NBA All @-@ Star Game . Yao was voted to start for the West over O 'Neal , who was coming off three consecutive NBA Finals MVP Awards . Yao received nearly a quarter million more votes than O 'Neal , and he became the first rookie to start in the All @-@ Star Game since Grant Hill in 1995 . Yao finished his rookie season averaging 13 @.@ 5 points and 8 @.@ 2 rebounds per game , and was second in the NBA Rookie of the Year Award voting to Amar 'e Stoudemire , and a unanimous pick for the NBA All @-@ Rookie First Team selection . He was also voted the Sporting News Rookie of the Year , and won the Laureus Newcomer of the Year award . Before the start of Yao 's sophomore season , Rockets ' head coach Rudy Tomjanovich resigned because of health issues , and long @-@ time New York Knicks head coach Jeff Van Gundy was brought in . After Van Gundy began focusing the offense on Yao , Yao averaged career highs in points and rebounds for the season , and had a career @-@ high 41 points and 7 assists in a triple @-@ overtime win against the Atlanta Hawks in February 2004 . He was also voted to be the starting center for the Western Conference in the 2004 NBA All @-@ Star Game for the second straight year . Yao finished the season averaging 17 @.@ 5 points and 9 @.@ 0 rebounds a game . The Rockets made the playoffs for the first time in Yao 's career , claiming the seventh seed in the Western Conference . In the first round , however , the Los Angeles Lakers eliminated Houston in five games . Yao averaged 15 @.@ 0 points and 7 @.@ 4 rebounds in his first playoff series . In the summer of	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
2004 , the Rockets acquired Tracy McGrady from the Orlando Magic in a seven @-@ player trade that also sent Steve Francis and Cuttino Mobley to Orlando . Although Yao said that Francis and Mobley had " helped [ him ] in every way [ his ] first two seasons " , he added , " I 'm excited about playing with Tracy McGrady . He can do some amazing things . " After the trade , it was predicted that the Rockets would be title contenders . Both McGrady and Yao were voted to start in the 2005 NBA All @-@ Star Game , and Yao broke the record previously held by Michael Jordan for most All @-@ Star votes , with 2 @,@ 558 @,@ 278 total votes . The Rockets won 51 games and finished fifth in the West , and made the playoffs for the second consecutive year , where they faced the Dallas Mavericks . The Rockets won the first two games in Dallas , and Yao made 13 of 14 shots in the second game , the best shooting performance in the playoffs in Rockets history . However the Rockets lost four of their last five games and lost Game 7 by 40 points , the largest Game 7 deficit in NBA history . Yao 's final averages for the series were 21 @.@ 4 points on 65 % shooting and 7 @.@ 7 rebounds . = = = Injury @-@ plagued seasons ( 2005 – 2011 ) = = = After missing only two games out of 246 in his first three years of NBA play , Yao endured an extended period on the inactive list in his fourth season after developing osteomyelitis in the big toe on his left foot , and surgery was performed on the toe on December 18 , 2005 . Despite missing 21 games while recovering , Yao again had the most fan votes to start the 2006 NBA All @-@ Star Game . In 25 games after the All @-@ Star break , Yao averaged 25 @.@ 7 points and 11 @.@ 6 rebounds per game , while shooting 53 @.@ 7 % from the field and 87 @.@ 8 % at the free @-@ throw line . His final averages in 57 games were 22 @.@ 3 points and 10 @.@ 2 rebounds per game . It was the first time that he ended the season with a so @-@ called " 20 / 10 " average . However , Tracy McGrady played only 47 games in the season , missing time because of back spasms . Yao and McGrady played only 31 games together , and the Rockets did not make the playoffs , winning only 34 games . With only four games left in the season , Yao suffered another injury in a game against the Utah Jazz on April 10 , 2006 , which left him with a broken bone in his left foot . The injury required six months of rest . Early into his fifth season , Yao was injured again , this time breaking his right knee on December 23 , 2006 , while attempting to block a shot . Up to that point he had been averaging 26 @.@ 8 points , 9 @.@ 7 rebounds and 2 @.@ 3 blocks per game , and had been mentioned as an MVP candidate . Yao was unable to play in what would have been his fifth All @-@ Star game ; he was medically cleared to play on March 4 , 2007 , after missing 32 games . Despite Yao 's absence , the Rockets made the playoffs with the home court advantage against the Utah Jazz in the first round . The Rockets won the first two games , but then lost four of five games and were eliminated in Game 7 at home ; Yao scored 29 points — 15 in the fourth quarter . Although he averaged 25 @.@ 1 points and 10 @.@ 3 rebounds for the series , Yao said afterwards " I didn 't do my job " . At the end of the season , Yao was selected to the All @-@ NBA Second Team for the first time in his career , after being selected to the All @-@ NBA Third Team twice . On May 18 , 2007 , only weeks after the Rockets were eliminated from the playoffs , Jeff Van Gundy was dismissed as head coach . Three days later , the Rockets signed former Sacramento Kings coach Rick Adelman , who was thought to focus more on offense than the defensive @-@ minded Van Gundy . On November 9 , 2007 , Yao played against fellow Chinese NBA and Milwaukee Bucks player Yi Jianlian for the first time . The game , which the Rockets won 104 – 88 , was broadcast on 19 networks in China , and was watched by over 200 million people in China alone , making it one of the most @-@ watched NBA games in history . In the 2008 NBA All @-@ Star Game , Yao was once again voted to start at center for the Western Conference . Before the All @-@ Star weekend , the Rockets had won eight straight games , and after the break , they took their win streak to 12 games . On February 26 , 2008 , however , it was reported that Yao would miss the rest of the season with a stress fracture in his left foot . He missed the 2008 NBA Playoffs , but he did not miss the 2008 Summer Olympics at Beijing , China in August . After Yao 's injury , the Rockets stretched their winning streak to 22 games , at the time the second @-@ longest such streak in NBA history . Yao underwent a successful operation on March 3 , which placed screws in his foot to strengthen the bone , and recovery time was estimated at four months . Yao 's final averages in 55 games were 22 @.@ 0 points , 10 @.@ 8 rebounds , and 2 @.@ 0 blocks a game . The next season , Yao played 77 games , his first full season since the 2004 – 05 season , and averaged 19 @.@ 7 points and 9 @.@ 9 rebounds , while shooting 54 @.@ 8 % from the field , and a career @-@ high 86 @.@ 6 % from the free throw line . Despite McGrady suffering a season @-@ ending injury in February , the Rockets finished with 53 wins and the fifth seed in the Western Conference . Facing the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round , Yao finished with 24 points on 9 of 9 shooting in the first game , and the Rockets won 108 – 81 , in Portland . The Rockets won all their games in Houston , and advanced to the second round of the playoffs for the first time since 1997 , and the first time in Yao 's career . The Rockets faced the Lakers in the second round , and Yao scored 28 points , with 8 points in the final four minutes , to lead the Rockets to a 100 – 92 win in Los Angeles . However , the Rockets lost their next two games , and Yao was diagnosed with a sprained ankle after Game 3 . A follow @-@ up test revealed a hairline fracture in his left foot , and he was ruled out for the remainder of the playoffs . In reaction , Yao said the injury , which did not require surgery , was " better than last year " . However , follow @-@ up analysis has indicated that the injury could be career threatening . The Yao @-@ less Rockets went on to win Game 4 against the Lakers to even the series 2 – 2 . The Rockets eventually lost the series in seven games . In July 2009 , Yao discussed the injury with his doctors , and the Rockets applied for a disabled player exception , an exception to the NBA Salary Cap which grants the injured player 's team money to sign a free agent . The Rockets were granted the exception , and used approximately $ 5 @.@ 7 million on free agent Trevor Ariza . After weeks of consulting , it was decided that Yao would undergo surgery in order to repair the broken bone in his left foot . He did not play the entire 2009 – 10 season . For the 2010 – 11 season , the Rockets said they would limit Yao to 24 minutes a game , with no plan to play him on back @-@ to @-@ back nights . Their goal was to keep Yao healthy in the long term . On December 16 , 2010 , it was announced that Yao had developed a stress fracture in his left ankle , related to an older injury , and would miss the rest of the season . In January 2011 , he was voted as the Western Conference starting center for the 2011 All @-@ Star Game for the eighth time in nine seasons . Injured All @-@ Stars are usually required to attend the All @-@ Star functions and to be introduced at the game , but Yao was not in Los Angeles because of his rehabilitation schedule after his surgery . Yao 's contract with the Rockets expired at the end of the season , and he became a free agent . = = = Retirement = = = On July 20 , 2011 , Yao announced his retirement from basketball in a press conference in Shanghai . He cited injuries to his foot and ankle , including the third fracture to his left foot sustained near the end of 2010 . His retirement sparked over 1 @.@ 2 million comments on the Chinese social @-@ networking site Sina Weibo . Reacting to Yao 's retirement , NBA commissioner David Stern said Yao was a " bridge between Chinese and American fans " and that he had " a wonderful mixture of talent , dedication , humanitarian aspirations and a sense of humor . " Shaquille O 'Neal said Yao " was very agile . He could play inside , he could play outside , and if he didn 't have those injuries he could 've been up there in the top five centers to ever play the game . " Yao was nominated by a member of the Chinese media for the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor to the game . He would have been eligible for induction as early as 2012 , but Yao felt it was too soon and requested that the Hall of Fame delay consideration of the nomination . The Hall granted Yao 's request , and said it was Yao 's decision when the process would be restarted . He would be renominated in 2015 . = = International career = = = = = 2000 and 2004 Olympics = = = Yao first played for China in the Summer Olympics at the 2000 Olympics Basketball Tournament , and he was dubbed , together with 7 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) teammates Wang Zhizhi and Mengke Bateer , " The Walking Great Wall " . During the 2004 Athens Olympics , Yao carried the Chinese flag during the opening ceremony , which he said was a " long dream come true " . He then vowed to abstain from shaving his beard for half a year unless the Chinese national basketball team made it into the quarter @-@ finals of the 2004 Olympics Basketball Tournament . After Yao scored 39 points in a win against New Zealand , China lost 58 – 83 , 57 – 82 , and 52 – 89 against Spain , Argentina and Italy respectively . In the final group game , however , a 67 – 66 win over the reigning 2002 FIBA World Champions Serbia and Montenegro moved them into the quarterfinals . Yao scored 27 points and had 13 rebounds , and he hit two free throws with 28 seconds left that proved to be the winning margin . He averaged 20 @.@ 7 points and 9 @.@ 3 rebounds per game while shooting 55 @.@ 9 % from the field . = = = Asian championships = = = Yao led the Chinese national team to 3 consecutive FIBA Asian Championship gold medals , winning the 2001 FIBA Asian Championship , the 2003 FIBA Asian Championship , and the 2005 FIBA Asian Championship . He was also named the MVP of all three tournaments . = = = 2006 World championships = = = Yao ’ s injury at the end of the 2005 – 06 NBA season required a full six months of rest , threatening his participation in the 2006 FIBA World Championship . However , he recovered before the start of the tournament , and in the last game of the preliminary round , he had 36 points and 10 rebounds in a win against Slovenia to lead China into the Round of 16 . In the first knockout round , however , China was defeated by eventual finalist Greece . Yao 's final averages were 25 @.@ 3 points , the most in the tournament , and 9 @.@ 0 rebounds a game , which was fourth overall . = = = 2008 Olympics = = = After having surgery to repair his fractured foot , Yao stated if he could not play in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , " It would be the biggest loss in my career to right now " . He returned to play with the Chinese national team on July 17 , 2008 . On August 6 , Yao carried the Olympic Flame into Tiananmen Square , as part of the Olympic torch relay . He also carried the Chinese flag and led his country 's delegation during the opening ceremony . Yao scored the first basket of the game , a three @-@ pointer , in China 's opening game against the eventual gold medal @-@ winning United States . " I was just really happy to make that shot " , Yao said after the Americans ’ 101 – 70 victory . " It was the first score in our Olympic campaign here at home and I ’ ll always remember it . It represents that we can keep our heads up in the face of really tough odds . " Following an overtime defeat to Spain , Yao scored 30 points in a win over Angola , and 25 points in a three @-@ point win against Germany , which clinched China 's place in the quarterfinals . However , China lost to Lithuania in the quarterfinals by 26 points , eliminating them from the tournament . Yao 's 19 points a game were the second @-@ highest in the Olympics , and his averages of 8 @.@ 2 rebounds and 1 @.@ 5 blocks per game were third overall . = = Career statistics = = = = = CBA statistics = = = = = = NBA statistics = = = = = = = Regular season = = = = = = = = Playoffs = = = = = = Awards and achievements = = Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : Class of 2016 8 × NBA All @-@ Star : 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 5 × All @-@ NBA Team : Second Team : 2007 , 2009 Third Team : 2004 , 2006 , 2008 NBA All @-@ Rookie First Team : 2003 NBA Rookie All @-@ Star Game : 2004 Gold medal winner with Team China at the 2001 , 2003 , 2005 FIBA Asian Championship MVP of the 2001 , 2003 , 2005 FIBA Asian Championship All @-@ Tournament Team , FIBA World Championship : 2002 Chinese Basketball Association Champion : 2001 – 02 Rebounding leader in CBA in 2001 – 02 2003 Sporting News Rookie of the Year 2003 Laureus Newcomer of the Year = = Off the court = = = = = Personal life = = = Yao met Chinese female basketball player Ye Li when he was 17 years old . Ye was not fond of Yao at first , but finally accepted him after he gave her the team pins he had collected during the 2000 Summer Olympics . She is the only woman he has ever dated . Their relationship became public when they appeared together during the 2004 Olympics closing ceremony . On August 6 , 2007 , Yao and Ye married in a ceremony attended by close friends and family and closed to the media . On May 21 , 2010 , the couple 's daughter Yao Qinlei ( whose English name is Amy ) was born in Houston , Texas . In 2004 , Yao co @-@ wrote an autobiography with ESPN sportswriter Ric Bucher , entitled Yao : A Life in Two Worlds . In the same year , he was also the subject of a documentary film , The Year of the Yao , which focuses on his NBA rookie year . The film is narrated by his friend and former interpreter , Colin Pine , who stayed with Yao during Yao 's rookie year , and interpreted for him for three years . In 2005 , former Newsweek writer Brook Larmer published a book entitled Operation Yao Ming , in which he said that Yao 's parents were convinced to marry each other so that they would produce a dominant athlete , and that during Yao 's childhood , he was given special treatment to help him become a great basketball player . In a 2015 post on the website Reddit.com , Ming stated that this was not true and that he started playing basketball for fun at age 9 . In 2009 , Yao provided the voice for a character of a Chinese animated film The Magic Aster , released on June 19 . Yao enrolled at the Antai College of Economics & Management of Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2011 . He is taking a tailored degree program with mostly one @-@ on @-@ one lectures to avoid being a distraction on campus . = = = Public life = = = Yao is one of China 's most recognizable athletes , along with Liu Xiang . As of 2009 , he had led Forbes ' Chinese celebrities list in income and popularity for six straight years , earning US $ 51 million ( CN ¥ 357 million ) in 2008 . A major part of his income comes from his sponsorship deals , as he is under contract with several major companies to endorse their products . He was signed by Nike until the end of his rookie season . When Nike decided not to renew his contract , he signed with Reebok . He also had a deal with Pepsi , and he successfully sued Coca @-@ Cola in 2003 when they used his image on their bottles while promoting the national team . He eventually signed with Coca @-@ Cola for the 2008 Olympics . His other deals include partnerships with Visa , Apple , Garmin , and McDonald 's . Yao has also participated in many charity events during his career , including the NBA ’ s Basketball Without Borders program . In the NBA 's offseason in 2003 , Yao hosted a telethon , which raised 300 @,@ 000 U.S. dollars to help stop the spread of SARS . In September 2007 , he held an auction that raised 965 @,@ 000 U.S. dollars ( 6 @.@ 75 million yuan ) , and competed in a charity basketball match to raise money for underprivileged children in China . He was joined by fellow NBA stars Steve Nash , Carmelo Anthony , and Baron Davis , and movie star Jackie Chan . After the 2008 Sichuan earthquake , Yao donated $ 2 million to relief work , and created a foundation to help rebuild schools destroyed in the earthquake . Yao has also been a dedicated supporter of Special Olympics . He serves as Global Ambassador and member of the International Board of Directors . On July 16 , 2009 , Yao bought his former club team , the Shanghai Sharks , which were on the verge of not being able to play the next season of the Chinese Basketball Association because of financial troubles . In August 2012 , Yao started filming a documentary about the northern white rhinoceros . He is also an ambassador for elephant conservation . Yao has filmed a number of public service announcements for elephant and rhino conservation for the " Say No " Campaign with partners African Wildlife Foundation and WildAid . = Frost Bank Tower = The Frost Bank Tower is a skyscraper in Austin , Texas , United States . Standing 515 feet ( 157 m ) tall with 33 floors , it is the third tallest building in Austin , behind The Austonian and the 360 Condominiums . It was developed by Cousins Properties from November 2001 to December 2003 as a class A office building with 525 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 48 @,@ 774 m2 ) of leasable space . It was the first high @-@ rise building to be constructed in the United States after the 9 / 11 attacks . The building was officially dedicated in January 2004 . The Frost Bank Tower was designed by Duda / Paine Architects , LLP and HKS , Inc . It carries the highest logo in the city at 420 ft ( 128 m ) . This advertises the San Antonio @-@ based Frost National Bank , whose Austin headquarters and insurance division are in the building . Offices in the building besides Frost Bank include the Austin offices of Morgan Stanley and Ernst & Young , as well as the headquarters of the University of Texas Investment Management Company ( UTIMCO ) , managers of the Permanent University Fund . The silvery blue color glass facade was first used on the Reuters Building in New York City . Cousins sold the building in 2006 to Equity Office Properties Trust for $ 188 million before they sold the building to Thomas Properties the same year . In 2013 ownership of the building transferred to Parkway Properties . = = History = = In 1998 , T.Stacy & Associates consolidated tracts of land at the building site , at the time a vacant lot , and sold it to Cousins Properties in 2001 . Their original plan called for a 352 ft ( 107 m ) building with 27 floors , but the final plan called for a 515 ft ( 157 m ) tall building with 33 floors . As the building began construction on November 27 , 2001 , it became the tallest building in the United States of America to be constructed after the September 11 attacks . Construction was finished about 2 years later in 2003 , and the tower was officially dedicated in 2004 . It became the tallest building in Austin , Texas , and the fourth tallest building outside of Dallas and Houston , Texas ( excluding the Tower of the Americas in San Antonio ) . In August 2003 cost of the building was estimated at $ 137 million . After Austin 's skyscraper construction boom , which began in 2007 , Frost Bank Tower was soon surpassed in height by the 360 Condominiums at 581 ft ( 177 m ) in 2008 . As of March 2011 , it is the 54th tallest building in Texas . In 2006 , Cousins Properties decided to sell the building for $ 188 million to Equity Office Properties , whom eventually sold it to Thomas Properties . Currently , there are many notable tenants in the building , including Frost Bank , Morgan Stanley , Ernst & Young , UTIMCO , and Heritage Title Co . = = Architecture = = Designed by Duda / Paine Architects , LLP with HKS , Inc. as the Architect of Record , the Frost Bank Tower is considered one of the most recognizable buildings in Austin . The building starts with a rectangular shape on the ground that eventually becomes a square point in the crown . The base of the building is expressed in honed finish limestone while the main superstructure of the building is a blue low @-@ e glass skin , which is a thicker type of glass , that covers the entire tower . The Frost Bank Tower is one of only two places in the world with blue low @-@ e glass skin , the other being the Reuters Building in New York City , which was the earlier structure . The folded panes of the building step back to create a segmented pyramidal form . Lighting covers the crown , where a section of the building 150 ft ( 46 m ) lights up , and sometimes changes color for special occasions , such as the 2006 Rose Bowl , when the Austin @-@ based University of Texas Longhorns defeated the USC Trojans . More than 200 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 60 @,@ 960 sq m ) of glass was used for the facade of the building alone and 45 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 13 @,@ 716 sq m ) of glass was used in the crown . The building also contains an 11 level parking garage with spaces for more than 1 @,@ 400 vehicles . = = = Critics ' responses = = = There have been many critics and other people who have stated their comments on the building . John Kelso , a local newspaper columnist , says that the building resembles an enormous set of nose hair trimmers . Austin Chronicle readers voted the Frost Bank Tower as the " Best New Building ( Past Five Years ) " in 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2008 . It was also voted for best architecture in 2004 and 2005 . The newspaper also says that the " owl face of the Frost Bank Tower " helps keep Austin " characteristically weird " , meaning that it makes Austin unique . The tower was awarded the 2005 International Association of Lighting Designers ( IALD ) Award of Merit for lighting design by Cline Bettridge Bernstein Lighting Design Inc. for its " second set of narrowly focused accent lights that showcase the vertical mullions at the setback near the building top " and " monumental custom sconces that add scale and create a welcoming frame around the opening portals of the lobby " . The building also won the 2003 Texas Construction Magazine Award of Merit . = = = Amenities = = = The Frost Bank Tower contains a wide variety of amenities . Such amenities in the building include conference facilities , building concierge , 24 @-@ hour cardkey access , fully equipped fitness center , state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art telecommunication systems , tenant controlled HVAC , upscale restaurants , deli / carry @-@ out restaurants , a coffee shop , and a dry @-@ cleaner . Following tradition , a tin Christian cross was embedded into the concrete of each floor during construction , with the last being added on May 27 , 2003 . Also , a 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) cedar tree was hoisted to the top of the mechanical penthouse during the topping out ceremony . = = Position in Austin 's skyline = = Frost Bank Tower is the third tallest building in Austin at 515 ft ( 157 m ) , behind 360 Condominiums and The Austonian in height . The building covers most of its block , which is located near the center of downtown at 4th Street and Congress Avenue . Its location in the skyline , matched with its height , excited Austinites and was known as a centerpiece to the skyline . = = Gallery = = = Neil Aspinall = Neil Stanley Aspinall ( 13 October 1941 – 24 March 2008 ) was a Welsh @-@ born English music industry executive . A school friend of Paul McCartney and George Harrison , he went on to head the Beatles ' company Apple Corps . The Beatles employed Aspinall as their road manager and personal assistant , which included driving his old Commer van to and from shows , both day and night . After Mal Evans started work for the Beatles , Aspinall was promoted to become their personal assistant , later becoming chief executive of their company , Apple Corps . On behalf of Apple , Aspinall was involved in notable court cases against Allen Klein , EMI and Apple Computer . He supervised the marketing of music , videos and merchandising , as well being a director of Standby Films , which was run from his home in Twickenham , London . On 10 April 2007 , Aspinall retired from Apple Corps and died of lung cancer in New York in 2008 . = = Early life = = Aspinall was born in Prestatyn , North Wales , after his mother had been evacuated from the family home in Liverpool because of the air @-@ raids on Liverpool during the Second World War , while Aspinall 's father was away at sea with the Royal Navy . Aspinall and his mother returned to Liverpool later in 1942 after the bombing had subsided . Aspinall later attended West Derby School , where he passed his 11 @-@ Plus exams . When he was twelve years old , Aspinall gained a place at the Liverpool Institute in Mount Street , and was in the same class as Paul McCartney for English and Art lessons . Aspinall later commented about his first meeting with George Harrison , who also attended the Liverpool Institute : " My first encounter with George was behind the school ’ s air @-@ raid shelters . This great mass of shaggy hair loomed up and an out @-@ of @-@ breath voice requested a quick drag of my Woodbine . It was one of the first cigarettes either of us had smoked . We spluttered our way through it bravely but gleefully . After that the three of us did lots of ridiculous things together .... By the time we were ready to take the GCE exams we added John Lennon to our ' Mad Lad ' gang . He was doing his first term at Liverpool College of Art which overlooks the Liverpool Institute playground and we all got together in a students coffee bar at lunchtime . " Aspinall took nine GCEs at the Institute and passed eight of them , but failed the French exam . He left school in July 1959 , and studied accountancy . Aspinall worked for a Liverpool company for two years , receiving a wage of £ 2 @-@ 10s – 0d . ( £ 2 @.@ 50 decimal equivalent ) per week as a trainee accountant . = = The Beatles = = The Beatles played at the opening of the Casbah Coffee Club on 29 August 1959 , which was in the cellar of Mona Best 's house . Aspinall later rented a room in the house and became very good friends with then @-@ Beatle Pete Best . The Beatles had previously used public transport to get to local gigs , but by February 1961 , they were playing two or three concerts per night at different locations and needed someone to drive them . Best asked Aspinall to be a part @-@ time road manager for the band , so Aspinall bought an " old , grey and maroon Commer van " for £ 80 , and charged each of the group five shillings ( 25p ) per concert . Harrison later said : " Our early van became the centre of attention every time it pulled up . It was brush @-@ painted red and grey and from head to foot was covered in graffiti – girls ' names , and things like ' I love you , John ' . It looked interesting , but the moment anybody saw it they would feel free to write all over it . ” The Beatles returned from their second trip to Hamburg in July 1961 , and Aspinall left his job to become their permanent road manager , as he was earning more money driving them around than he was earning by being an accountant . The Beatles were driven down to London by Aspinall on New Year 's Eve in 1961 , for the now @-@ famous Decca audition , but Aspinall lost his way , and the trip took ten hours . They arrived at 10 o 'clock at night , and John Lennon said that they arrived " just in time to see the drunks jumping in the Trafalgar Square fountains . " In 1963 , he was joined by Mal Evans , who also helped set up the Beatles ' equipment ( and acted as a bodyguard ) which freed Aspinall to concentrate on other duties , like arranging appointments or buying things for them , such as suits , boots , meals , or drinks . Best was sacked from the Beatles on 16 August 1962 , by manager Brian Epstein acting on behalf of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison . Accounts vary of Aspinall during this event . According to MerseyBeat editor Bill Harry , Aspinall was waiting downstairs in Epstein 's NEMS record shop , and was the first one to talk to the by then ex @-@ Beatle in the Grapes pub , across from the Cavern . Aspinall was furious and said that he would stop working for the band as well , but Best strongly advised him not to . Aspinall asked McCartney and Lennon at the next concert why they had fired Best and was told , " It ’ s got nothing to do with you . You ’ re only the driver . " However , in a 2007 interview , Aspinall provided Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn with a distinctly different version of events , saying that he was physically present when Epstein sacked Best , that he told Best unprompted that he planned to continue working for the band , and that on his first subsequent encounter with the other band members , their first question to him was how Best had taken being sacked . At any rate , Aspinall stayed with the band , but he ended his affair with Best 's mother , a relationship that had led to the birth of baby Vincent " Roag " Best . Aspinall denied the story for years before publicly acknowledging that he was indeed Roag 's father . Aspinall worked closely with Epstein , who provided weekly notes for Aspinall to give to the group 's stage act , their concert appearances , and the fees they would receive . The Beatles had to travel in Aspinall 's van along with their equipment , but British roads in the early 1960s were notoriously pot @-@ holed and slow to navigate . Ringo Starr remembered that the travelling never seemed to stop during the early tours of Britain in Aspinall 's van , as they would be driven up and down Great Britain with one of the group in the passenger seat , but with the other three on a hard bench seat in the back . = = = Personal assistant = = = Aspinall 's job as personal assistant consisted of driving to concerts and meetings , but mostly meant just being there whenever someone needed something . Aspinall went on the first trip to America , and when George Harrison became ill with a fever and had a temperature of 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , he was ordered to stay in bed , so Aspinall stood in for him for The Ed Sullivan Show camera rehearsals . ; however , Harrison was back in time for the final shooting . Before the cover of Sgt. Pepper 's could be completed by Peter Blake , Aspinall was sent out to find photographs of all of the people that were to be shown on the front cover . Aspinall suggested the idea of Sergeant Pepper being the compere , who would introduce the group , and the reprise of the title song near the end of the album . After recording sessions , Lennon , Harrison and Starr would be chauffeured back to their houses in the ' stockbroker belt ' of Southern England , but Aspinall would often drive McCartney and Evans in an Austin Princess limousine to a late @-@ night club to eat . The Bag O 'Nails nightclub was one of their favourites , at 8 Kingly Street in Soho , London , as it also presented live music . They would eat steak , chips and mushy peas , but Aspinall would always take out a torch from his pocket ( in the dimly lit club ) to inspect the portions on each of their plates . This was to make sure that the portions were exactly as they had ordered , which McCartney always found amusing . Whilst Harrison , McCartney and Starr passed their driving tests , Lennon didn 't pass his driving test until 1965 ; however , he rarely drove himself due to being a notoriously bad driver by poorly navigating roads and failing to notice other traffic , and as a result , he was usually chauffeured to and from recording sessions and appointments by his own personal chauffeur . = = = Musical contributions = = = Although not a musician , Aspinall made minor contributions to a handful of the Beatles ' recordings . He played a tamboura on " Within You Without You " , harmonica on " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " , some percussion on " Magical Mystery Tour " , and was among the many participants singing on the chorus of " Yellow Submarine " . = = = Manager = = = Following the death of Epstein in August 1967 , there was a vacuum in the management of the Beatles ' affairs . The Beatles asked Aspinall to take over the management of Apple Corps in 1968 , which had been founded in April of the same year . Aspinall later said that he only accepted the position after being asked , but did not want to do it full @-@ time , and would only do it " until they found somebody else . " George Martin ( The Beatles ' record producer ) was against the idea , as he thought that Aspinall did not have the necessary social qualifications to be able to speak to the upper class executives at EMI . Aspinall accompanied McCartney and Lennon to New York on 11 May 1968 , to announce the formation of Apple to the American Media . Apple Corps had five divisions : electronics , film , publishing , records and retailing . Aspinall later spoke of the Beatles ' business arrangements : We did not have one single piece of paper . No contracts . The lawyer , the accountants and Brian , whoever , had that . The Beatles had been given copies of various contracts , maybe , I don 't know . I didn 't know what the [ recording ] contract was with EMI , or with the film people or the publishers or anything at all . So it was a case of building up a filing system , find out what was going on while we were trying to continue doing something . Derek Taylor ( Apple 's press officer ) said that Aspinall hated being stuck in the Apple office ( at 3 Savile Row ) all through the recording of The White Album and Let It Be album . Life in the Apple office , however , was improved by having a chef and various assistants at hand : " The liquor bill was £ 600 per month and the food bill was close to that . " This was mostly due to Aspinall 's and Peter Brown 's four @-@ course lunches with expensive wines in the dining room at Apple . After Allen Klein was brought in to be the Beatles ' manager Aspinall was dismissed , but reinstated after complaints from the group , and because Klein realised that Aspinall was no threat to his control of the company . Klein lost a High Court action in 1971 ( started by McCartney ) but lawsuits between Klein and Apple kept Aspinall busy until 1977 . = = = Apple Corps executive = = = In 1978 , Aspinall instigated the first of three lawsuits on behalf of Apple Corps against Apple Computer , Inc . ( now known as Apple , Inc . ) for trademark infringement . The first suit settled in 1981 with an amount of £ 41 @,@ 000 being paid to Apple by Apple Computer . As a condition of the settlement , Apple Computer was allowed to use its logo as long as it did not enter the music business . The second suit with Apple Computer arose in 1989 , when Apple Corps sued Apple Computer over its Apple IIGS ( which included a professional synthesiser chip ) claiming violation of the 1981 settlement agreement . In 1991 , a settlement of £ 13 @.@ 5 million was reached . McCartney praised Aspinall for trademarking the Apple name worldwide , and called Aspinall " Mr. X " in the Apple Corps organisation . In September 2003 , Apple Computer , Inc. was again sued by Apple Corps , this time for the introduction of the iTunes Music Store and the iPod , which Aspinall and Apple Corps believed was a violation of the previous agreement for Apple Computer to not distribute music . The trial began on 27 March 2006 in the UK , and ended on 8 May 2006 in a victory for Apple Computer ; the judge ruled the company 's iTunes Music Store did not infringe on the trademark of Apple Corps . Aspinall was also involved in several court cases in which Apple Corps took action against EMI : We have tried to reach a settlement through good faith negotiations and regret that our efforts have been in vain . Despite very clear provisions in our contracts , EMI persist in ignoring their obligations and duty to account fairly and with transparency . The Beatles and Apple are , once again , left with no choice but to sue EMI . In the early 1990s , Aspinall became the executive producer for The Beatles Anthology ; he , producer George Martin , and press officer Derek Taylor are the only non @-@ Beatles seen in new footage for the documentary . He continued to advise the surviving Beatles , as well as Lennon 's and Harrison 's estates , and to supervise the marketing of music , music videos and merchandising . On 10 April 2007 , it was announced by Apple that Aspinall had " decided to move on " and Jeff Jones — a longtime VP at Sony Legacy — was hired as CEO to oversee the back @-@ catalogue . One of Aspinall 's final tasks at Apple was to oversee the remastering of The Beatles ' back @-@ catalogue for an anticipated 2008 release . = = Personal life and death = = In 1961 and 1962 , Aspinall had become good friends with Pete Best and subsequently rented a room in the house where Best lived with his parents . During one of the extended business trips of Best 's father , the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Aspinall became romantically involved with Best 's mother , Mona Best , who was 17 years his senior . As a result , during this period , Aspinall fathered a child by Mona : Vincent " Roag " Best . Roag Best was born in late July 1962 , and just three weeks later , on 16 August 1962 , Best was dismissed from the Beatles . On 30 August 1968 , Aspinall married Suzy Ornstein at the Chelsea Register Office , London , with Magic Alex as best man . McCartney , Starr and his wife attended , and were also at a surprise party held later in the King 's Road , London . Suzy Aspinall is the daughter of Bud Ornstein , the late chief executive of United Artists Pictures ( UK ) . Aspinall had met her during 1964 / 1965 when her father was the United Artists representative overseeing the production of the first two Beatles ' films : A Hard Day 's Night and Help ! . They went on to have four children : daughters Gayla , Dhara , Mandy and son Julian . As well as his work for Apple Corps , Aspinall and his wife were the sole directors of their own Standby Films Ltd. company , which is run from their home in Twickenham , London . In 1999 , Standby Films released a film about Jimi Hendrix , called Hendrix : Band of Gypsys . Aspinall died of lung cancer in New York City in 2008 . His funeral was at the Church of St Mary the Virgin in Twickenham . Stella McCartney , Yoko Ono , Barbara Bach ( wife of Starr ) , George Martin , Pete Best and Pete Townshend attended the funeral , with Townshend playing Bob Dylan 's " Mr. Tambourine Man " as a tribute . The private service was followed by Aspinall 's burial at Teddington Cemetery . Aspinall left a sum of nearly £ 7 million in his will in a trust , with the income going to Suzy , his wife of 40 years . After her death it will be inherited by his five children : Roag , Gayla , Dhara , Julian and Mandy Aspinall . = John William Pitt Kinau = John William Pitt Kīnaʻu , sometimes called Liliulani ( December 21 , 1842 – September 9 , 1859 ) was a prince of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the only surviving son of High Chief William Pitt Leleiohoku I and Ruth Keʻelikōlani . As a descendant of King Kamehameha I , he was chosen to attend the Chiefs ' Children 's School ( later renamed Royal School ) taught by the American missionary Amos Starr Cooke and his wife , Juliette Montague Cooke , alongside fifteen of his royal cousins . At a young age , he inherited the landholdings of his father and his adoptive grandfather including Huliheʻe Palace , but the prince died under mysterious circumstances before his seventeenth birthday . = = Early life and family = = Kīnaʻu was born December 21 , 1842 . His father was High Chief William Pitt Leleiohoku I ( 1821 – 1848 ) and his mother was High Ruth Keʻelikōlani ( 1826 – 1883 ) . Through his mother he was Kamehameha I 's great @-@ great grandchild . His mother 's parentage was disputed , but she was a member of the House of Kamehameha through her own mother Pauahi . Through his father , he descended from King Kekaulike of Maui . His father was the biological son of Prime Minister Kalanimoku , who was called The Iron Cable of Hawaii because of his political savvy and military prowess . His name " William Pitt " , shared by his father and grandfather , was originally chosen by Kalanimoku in honor of Prime Minister William Pitt of England . His Hawaiian name Kīnaʻu was given in honor of the Kuhina Nui , Kīnaʻu , Keʻelikōlani 's stepmother and childhood guardian . She in turn was named after High Chief Kahōʻanokū Kīnaʻu . He had a younger brother who died in infancy . During his infancy , he was raised in a large hale pili ( thatched house ) named Auanakeo , which stood outside the Huliheʻe Palace , the principal residence of Leleiohoku 's hānai ( adoptive ) father Kuakini , who was the Governor of Hawaii Island . From 1842 until his death in 1844 , Governor Kuakini served as a grandfather figure to the child . In 1928 Lucy Kaopauli Kalanikiekie Peabody , a hapa @-@ haole ( part Caucasian ) chiefess , recalled a scuffle between her and Kīnaʻu in their youth during a visit she and her grandmother paid to the Governor : One day when we were living at Kawaihae my grandmother went to Hulihee to see Kuakini , who was not well . I went with her and when Kinau saw me he chased me as he always did . I think he did not like me . I ran to my grandmother and she protected me . Kuakini saw me and said to my grandmother to let the haole go and told us to " hakaka " ( fight ) . She did and we fought . I beat him . Kuakini made fun of Kinau who was about six years old then . = = Education and career = = Kīnaʻu entered the Chiefs ' Children 's School on February 26 , 1844 at the age of two as its sixteenth and last pupil . He was the youngest with Victoria Kamāmalu and Lydia Kamakaʻeha , both being four years older . He was chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii . He was taught in English by American missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and his wife , Juliette Montague Cooke , alongside his royal cousins . During their Sunday procession to church it was customary for boys and girls to walk side by side , Kīnaʻu would walk beside Lydia Kamakaʻeha , the future Queen Liliʻuokalani of Hawaii . In Liliʻuokalani 's memoir , he is mentioned as John Kīnaʻu Pitt . The boarding school discontinued in 1850 , and his family sent him to the day school ( renamed Royal School ) ran by Reverend Edward G. Beckwith along with his former classmates Victoria Kamāmalu and Lydia Kamakaʻeha and new classmates Gideon Laʻanui , Nancy Sumner , Jane and Martha Swinton , and Mary Waterhouse . During his youth , the prince was often found on the parade ground of the old Honolulu Fort , instructing his friends while they were drilling as boy scouts . Kīnaʻu was considered to be a promising young man with an extremely bright mind and leadership qualities . In 1848 his father died of measles , followed by his classmate Moses Kekūāiwa . Leleiohoku , the sixth @-@ largest landholder after the Great Mahele , had inherited the estates of his biological father Kalanimoku and his hānai ( adoptive ) father Kuakini , two of the most power chiefs in the kingdom . Leleiohoku had received thirty @-@ six ʻāina ( land parcels ) , mainly on the island of Hawaiʻi and Maui from King Kamehameha III . Thus after Leleiohoku 's death , Kīnaʻu became the heir to all his father 's property , including Huliheʻe Palace in Kailua @-@ Kona . His ample inheritance made him one of the wealthiest people in the kingdom . He was popularly called the " Prince of Kona " during his lifetime . On his sixteen birthday , the ambitious young prince asked his former classmate King Kamehameha IV to award him with all the lands whose names started with " Wai " ( Hawaiian for " water " ) such as Waimea , Waianae , Waikapu , Wailuku , Waihee , Waialua , Waikane and so on , a request that the King refused . After completing his education , Kīnaʻu served as aide @-@ de @-@ camp to King Kamehameha IV , and in his lifetime , he was considered " a very handsome young man " . = = Death and burial = = Kīnaʻu died on September 9 , 1859 in the Kohala district on the island of Hawaiʻi . The cause of his death was said to be an accident , although the details are unknown . An accusation of poisoning was forwarded by a noted priest and the whole of Kona became outraged over the rumors . One source claimed he was killed in a riding accident . While his obituary in the The Pacific Commercial Advertiser claimed it was consumption . Heartbroken over the loss of her husband and son , Keʻelikōlani kept his lead coffin in her house for weeks , with mourners chanting and reciting the kanikau ( poetic dirges ) night and day . His funeral service was held at Kawaiahaʻo Church on Sunday , November 6 , and attended by thousands of natives and foreign residents and visitors including John Henry Anderson and Aleksei Vysheslavtsev ; the latter wrote down a detail account of the events in Ocherki perom i karandashom , iz krugosvetnogo plavaniya ( Sketches in Pen and Pencil from a Voyage around the World ) . Initially buried in the Pohukaina Tomb , located on grounds of ʻIolani Palace , his remains were later transported along with those of his father 's and other royals in a midnight torchlight procession on October 30 , 1865 , to the newly constructed Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla in the Nuʻuanu Valley . His mother 's remain were also buried here after her death in 1883 . In 1887 , after the Mausoleum building became too crowded , the coffins belonging to members of the Kamehameha Dynasty including Kīnaʻu 's were moved to the newly built Kamehameha Tomb . The name " W. P. Kinau " was inscribed on the mauka ( mountainward ) side of the monument above his final resting place . His landholdings and properties along with Huliheʻe Palace were inherited by his mother ; beside his estates , Keʻelikōlani also inherited much of her son 's debt . These lands along with subsequent inheritances that Keʻelikōlani would receive over her lifetime later became part of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate which funds the Kamehameha Schools to this day . Historian Albert Pierce Taylor , calling him by the name of " Liliulani " , gave this posthumous description of the prince : He was one of the most ambitious and promising of the young princes of the Kamehameha realm . It is believed by old Hawaiians today that had he lived he would have become a real and constructive leader of the Hawaiian people . He had a splendid physique and a magnetic personality . The glance of his eyes made him friends everywhere . = 1978 American League East tie @-@ breaker game = The 1978 American League East tie @-@ breaker game was a one @-@ game extension to Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 1978 regular season , played between the rival New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox to determine the winner of the American League 's ( AL ) East Division . The game was played at Fenway Park in Boston , Massachusetts , on October 2 , 1978 . The tie @-@ breaker was necessitated after the Yankees and Red Sox finished the season tied for first place in the AL East with identical 99 – 63 records . The Red Sox were the home team by virtue of a coin toss . The playoff was counted as a regular @-@ season game for statistical purposes . In baseball statistics , the tie @-@ breaker counted as the 163rd regular season game for both teams , with all events in the game added to regular season statistics . Ron Guidry started for the Yankees , while Mike Torrez started for the Red Sox . The Yankees fell behind 2 – 0 , with a home run by Carl Yastrzemski and a run batted in single by Jim Rice . The Yankees took the lead on a three run home run by Bucky Dent . The Yankees defeated the Red Sox 5 – 4 , with Guidry getting the win , while Goose Gossage recorded a save . With the victory , the Yankees clinched the AL East championship , en route to winning the 1978 World Series . As of 2016 , the ' 78 Yankees remain the last team to have won the World Series after playing a tiebreaker . = = Background = = The Yankees and Red Sox had combined to win the past three American League ( AL ) pennants . The Red Sox lost the 1975 World Series . The Yankees lost the 1976 World Series , and then won the 1977 World Series . The Yankees and Red Sox were both seen as contenders for the AL East . The Yankees , Red Sox , and Baltimore Orioles , who competed for the AL East championship in 1977 , all expected that they would compete for the AL East in 1978 . The Orioles and Red Sox tied for second place in 1977 , 2 1 ⁄ 2 games behind the Yankees . The young Detroit Tigers , with Lou Whitaker and Alan Trammell , also appeared ready to challenge for the AL East . The Red Sox signed Mike Torrez , who won two games in the 1977 World Series for the Yankees , as a free agent during the offseason . Before the season , the Red Sox acquired Dennis Eckersley to join Torrez , Bill Lee , and Luis Tiant in their starting rotation . The Yankees acquired Goose Gossage and Rawly Eastwick to join Sparky Lyle , 1977 's AL Cy Young Award winner , in their bullpen during the offseason . Both teams placed five players on the AL squad for the 1978 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game : Gossage , Ron Guidry , Graig Nettles , Thurman Munson , and Reggie Jackson represented the Yankees , while Carl Yastrzemski , Fred Lynn , Rick Burleson , Carlton Fisk , and Jim Rice represented the Red Sox . The Red Sox had once led by 10 games ; the Milwaukee Brewers were in second place at the time , while the Yankees were in third . The Yankees experienced injuries to Don Gullett , Willie Randolph , Catfish Hunter , Bucky Dent , and Mickey Rivers , and fell to fourth place in the division . After a shake up engineered by owner George Steinbrenner , with Munson moving from catcher to right field , the Yankees fired their combustible manager Billy Martin , replacing him with Bob Lemon . The Yankees trailed Boston by 14 games by mid @-@ July . However , New York finished the season 53 – 21 in their last 74 games ( a .716 winning percentage ) , while the Red Sox went 38 – 36 ( .514 ) over the same time frame . This included a four @-@ game sweep of Boston in Fenway Park in early September . The Yankees outscored the Red Sox by a composite score of 42 – 9 , and the series was dubbed " The Boston Massacre " by the sports press . By the end of the four games , the two teams were tied for first place . The Yankees took the AL East lead three days later , and did not lose it until the final Sunday of the season . Holding a one @-@ game lead with seven games to play , New York finished on a 6 – 1 run . However , Boston was a perfect 7 – 0 , enabling them to tie the Yankees at season 's end . After New York lost to the Cleveland Indians on October 1 , the Fenway Park video screen flashed the happy news : " THANK YOU RICK WAITS , GAME TOMORROW . " = = The game = = The tie @-@ breaker game was the first in the AL since 1948 , when the Cleveland Indians defeated the Red Sox , and the first in MLB since the advent of the division system in 1969 . Guidry , who won 24 games in the 162 @-@ game regular season , started on three days of rest , less rest than usual . Torrez started the game for the Red Sox . He started for the Red Sox on Opening Day and had a 16 – 12 record , but contributed to the Red Sox struggles late in the season with six consecutive losses . Carl Yastrzemski hit a home run in the second inning , and Jim Rice drove in Rick Burleson with a single in the sixth inning . Meanwhile , the Yankees had been held to two hits through six innings . With one out in the seventh inning , Chris Chambliss and Roy White of the Yankees both singled off of Torrez , and pinch hitter Jim Spencer flied out . Dent then hit a fly ball that cleared the Green Monster wall in left field to give the Yankees a 3 – 2 lead . Torrez was removed from the game after walking Mickey Rivers . Reliever Bob Stanley came in , and after Rivers stole second Thurman Munson drove him in with a double . In the eighth inning , a home run by Reggie Jackson made the score 5 – 2 in favor of the Yankees . The Red Sox cut New York 's lead to just one run in the bottom of the eighth against closer Goose Gossage on RBI singles by Fred Lynn and Yastrzemski . But the Yankees would hold off the Red Sox , thanks in part to a heads @-@ up defensive play by right fielder Lou Piniella with one out in the bottom of the ninth . With Burleson on first base , Jerry Remy hit a line drive to Piniella in right field , but Piniella was blinded by the late afternoon sun and could not see the ball . However , he pretended to field the play normally , pounding his glove as though he would easily catch the ball . This prevented Burleson from advancing to third base . When Jim Rice followed with a deep fly to the outfield , Burleson could only move up to third base instead of scoring the tying run . Batting with two out and two men on , Yastrzemski popped out to third baseman Graig Nettles in foul territory for the game 's final out , and New York won the game , 5 – 4 . Guidry improved his record to 25 – 3 , while Torrez took the loss . Gossage recorded his 27th save . = = Line score = = = = Box score = = = = Broadcast = = This game was televised regionally by the respective teams ' rights holders , WSBK @-@ TV in Boston and WPIX in New York City . ABC Sports picked up the contest for national viewers , thus providing alternate coverage of the game on its New York and Boston affiliates . Keith Jackson , Howard Cosell and Don Drysdale narrated the action in the ABC booth . On radio , the CBS Radio Network offered national coverage of the game , with Ernie Harwell doing play @-@ by @-@ play and Win Elliot working as an analyst . Locally in the home markets , WINS in New York City and WITS in Boston fed the game to the teams ' respective radio networks . In the Red Sox ' broadcast booth , Dick Stockton and Ken " Hawk " Harrelson worked the television side while Ned Martin and Jim Woods were heard on radio . In the Yankees ' booth , Phil Rizzuto , Bill White and Frank Messer alternated play @-@ by @-@ play on both radio and television , and were backed up on radio by Fran Healy . = = Aftermath = = For the third straight year , the Yankees went on to face the Kansas City Royals in the 1978 American League Championship Series . The Yankees won the best @-@ of @-@ five series for their third consecutive pennant . New York defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series to win their second consecutive championship , and 22nd overall . The loss of the Red Sox was seen as a manifestation of the Curse of the Bambino , long thought to be the reason behind all things bad that ever happened to the Red Sox . Described as a " shocking blast " by the Sporting News , Dent 's home run silenced the Fenway Park crowd . For the light @-@ hitting Dent , it was just his fifth home run of the 1978 season . It sealed Dent 's reputation among Yankee fans , while inspiring the permanent nickname " Bucky Fucking Dent " in New England . Dent , later the manager of the Yankees , was fired during a series in Boston in 1990 . Twenty @-@ five years later , in Game 7 of the 2003 American League Championship Series , Aaron Boone received similar treatment by Red Sox fans after he hit the home run in the bottom of the 11th inning that clinched the pennant for the Yankees , but the Yankees would later lose to the Florida Marlins in the World Series , which went six games . Guidry and Rice were considered candidates for the AL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award for their strong seasons . Rice was named MVP , with Guidry finishing second in the voting . Guidry won the AL Cy Young Award . Lemon was named AL Manager of the Year . = Danny Shay = Daniel Charles Shay ( born Daniel Shea , November 8 , 1876 – December 1 , 1927 ) was a professional baseball player . He played all or part of four seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , for the Cleveland Blues in 1901 , the St. Louis Cardinals from 1904 to 1905 , and the New York Giants in 1907 , primarily as a shortstop . Even during his playing days , Shay owned a cigar shop , several race horses and a minor league baseball team . One of Shay 's fingers had to be amputated after a 1905 injury . His playing career made a brief comeback two seasons later . After retiring as a player , Shay served as a manager in minor league baseball . By 1917 , Shay was managing the Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association . On May 3 , 1917 , Shay shot a black waiter at a hotel cafe in an argument stemming from a request for sugar ; he claimed self @-@ defense and was acquitted of murder charges . In subsequent media coverage , the verdict was criticized as an injustice . Shay worked as a scout in his last role in baseball . Late in his life , he suffered a stroke and lost the use of his right arm and hand . Ten years after he was acquitted in the murder trial , he was found dead in a hotel room with a gunshot wound to the head . Authorities could not definitively rule out either suicide or murder . = = Early life and career = = Shay was born in Springfield , Ohio , on November 8 , 1876 to Irish immigrants . Around the time of Shay 's birth , Springfield was a town characterized by tense race relations . Large numbers of black settlers arrived in the city from Kentucky in the wake of the Civil War . Black residents soon outnumbered whites , and they competed for jobs with working class white citizens like Shay 's parents . Schools were integrated in Springfield when Shay was nine years old . He left Springfield by 1895 to begin his career in minor league baseball . Shay 's first recorded minor league appearances came in 1897 with three teams in the Interstate League and the Ohio @-@ West Virginia League . Statistics are sparse until 1899 , when he hit for a .288 batting average in 100 total games for four minor league teams . While playing minor league baseball for the 1900 Youngstown Little Giants , Shay was fined for leaving the team and for using improper language with the team 's manager . Shay made a brief appearance in the major leagues with the Cleveland Blues in 1901 . During the 1902 season , he hit a combined .239 in 167 minor league games . He was arrested in June 1902 after leaving the St. Paul Saints for another team in San Francisco . He was charged with running up an unpaid bill with St. Paul ; he was assessed a $ 25 fine and agreed to repay $ 138 . Shay played in 193 games for the 1903 San Francisco Seals , registering 721 at @-@ bats and a .243 batting average . = = MLB career = = In late 1903 , a baseball column suggested that the Detroit Tigers were interested in Shay , but he was said to be happy playing in California . During Shay 's tenure in San Francisco , he got married . Shay went to spring training with the St. Louis Cardinals before the 1904 season . He impressed the team , prompting speculation that shortstop Dave Brain would move to third base and third baseman Jimmy Burke would serve as a utility infielder . Shay played 99 games for the Cardinals in 1904 . Shay sustained an injury to his pinky finger during the 1905 season . The finger did not heal properly and it required amputation . He sat out of major league baseball in 1906 , refusing to play in St. Louis . Shay was a successful businessman during his early career ; he owned a cigar shop in Stockton , California , purchased an outlaw baseball team and owned several race horses . As Shay prepared to return to baseball after a year away , an article in The Pittsburgh Press said , " There have been many ball players who have quit the game and became wealthy on the turf , but Shay is the only specimen living who was wealthy on the turf and quit the game to play professional baseball . " In December 1906 , Shay announced that he was excited about the possibility of playing for the New York Giants . He was making plans to leave the tobacco business so that he could be available to join the team for 1907 . Giants manager John McGraw secured Shay 's release from St. Louis in January 1907 , but he was unable to sign Shay during initial negotiations with him . Shay signed with the team the next month . Reporting on the signing , The New York Times described Shay as " a trustworthy batsman , and a good fielder ... a splendid baserunner , cool at all times , and a player of considerable judgment . " The article said that Shay was one of three candidates to play second base . He appeared in 35 games for the Giants that season . = = Post @-@ MLB career = = In January 1908 , newspaper reports held that Shay would not return to the Giants and that McGraw would meet with him to begin arranging a trade that would send him to another team . That year he played for the Stockton Millers of the California League , an independent minor league . Stockton won the 1908 league championship . During the 1909 season , he became a player @-@ manager for the Kansas City Blues of the American Association . While Shay was managing at Kansas City in early 1910 , American Association president Thomas Chivington imposed new conduct rules for the league . The new system emphasized fines for players and managers rather than simply ejecting them when they behaved poorly . After Shay was ejected from three games in a four @-@ game span , a Minnesota newspaper article questioned whether his behavior would be subject to additional disciplinary action . The next month , Shay released 48 @-@ year @-@ old Jake Beckley , prompting his retirement after one of the longest careers in professional baseball history . The first baseman had tried to make the Kansas City team after 20 years in the National League . In the spring of 1911 , Shay was riding in a taxi that collided with a dray and he sustained severe cuts to his face . Shay was suspended indefinitely in late June 1911 after a fight with an umpire . In October 1911 , Shay abruptly resigned as the manager in Kansas City . He declined to say what prompted his resignation and said that he might not be permanently finished with baseball , but he said that he was finished with the Kansas City club . When asked about the possibility of a major league managing job , Shay responded , " There is nothing to be said now , but there may be something later . " When the Columbian Baseball League was forming in 1912 , The New York Times named Shay as one of two candidates to manage the league 's Kansas City team . The president of the new league , John T. Powers , said that the league would not serve as a third major league , but he noted that many players were eager to sign with the league after their contracts had expired in 1911 . The league never materialized . One of its main investors , brewer Otto Stifel , withdrew his support of the league before play began . Shay managed the 1913 Helena Senators in a minor league known as the Union Association . His wife was killed in a car accident in 1914 , and their two children were sent to live with relatives . Shay sat out of baseball that year . In 1915 , Kansas City manager Bill Armour was promoted to vice president , and the team rehired Shay as its manager . Late in the 1916 season , Shay was dismissed as manager . He had not been on the bench recently , and his absence was attributed to poor health . Art Phelan had been managing the team on an interim basis and was named as Shay 's replacement for the rest of the season . Shay was signed to manage the Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association in 1917 . His contract included a clause prohibiting him from drinking alcohol , though he was still known to visit bars and order Dubonnet , a liquor that Shay said was " soft as a milk shake . " Shay 's predecessor in Milwaukee , Harry " Pep " Clark , resigned in the middle of the 1916 season . Clark had led the team to league championships in 1913 and 1914 , but he experienced difficulty by the next year when the club 's ownership refused to sign new players to replace aging veterans . = = Shooting and trial = = On May 3 , 1917 , the Brewers traveled to Indianapolis and defeated the team there to improve their win @-@ loss record to 7 – 8 . Shay visited a local tavern that night and had some drinks . The tavern owner took Shay to a beauty parlor and introduced him to its owner , Gertrude Anderson . Anderson gave Shay a manicure and accompanied him to the Hotel English . Shay complained to busboy Eugene Jones about the placement of sugar bowls at his table . Clarence Euell , a black waiter at the cafe , came to address Shay 's concern . An argument ensued during which Shay pulled out a gun and shot Euell in the abdomen . Euell wrestled Shay to the ground , pressing his foot down on Shay 's head . Euell was taken to a hospital and died about an hour after the shooting . He was never able to formally identify Shay as the shooter . When Shay was arrested in his hotel room that night , police officers said that he appeared to be intoxicated . He refused to make any statements . He was held without bail and charged with second @-@ degree murder . A conviction carried the possibility of life imprisonment . A few days after the shooting , American Association owners were collecting funds to assist in Shay 's criminal defense . As the case was about to go to trial , one of the attorneys became ill , so the proceedings were delayed for several weeks . The trial was reset for November 12 , 1917 . At a coroner 's inquest , several witnesses had testified that they saw Shay shoot Euell after an argument over a sugar bowl . Anderson said that she did not see much after the initial verbal exchange because she fled the dining area as soon as the argument escalated . At trial , Anderson said that Shay had two drinks at the cafe . She said that Euell had been staring at her , was rude to them and lunged toward Shay before the shooting . The cafe 's manager said that Euell had not been rude to Shay . Two waiters denied that Euell had lunged at Shay . A cashier testified that when Shay asked for sugar , Euell pointed out that there was already some on his table , but he brought two more bowls . She said that Shay called Euell " smarty " and confronted Euell with the gun while the waiter was walking away . Shay denied being drunk and said that Euell hit him and threatened to kill him before the shooting . At 11 p.m. on November 21 , the case was sent to the jury . At 9 : 20 a.m. the next day , a not guilty verdict was announced . There was applause in the courtroom when Shay was cleared . An editorial in the local newspaper denounced the verdict the next day . Regarding Shay 's self @-@ defense assertion , the editorial said , " The only testimony that even tends to sustain that theory was his own . " Black newspapers also criticized the outcome of the case . = = Later life = = From the time of Shay 's arrest through the end of the 1918 season , the Brewers went through four more managers . Clark returned to the team in 1922 , spending several more years as manager . Shay ended his baseball career as a scout for Columbus of the American Association . Shay was found dead in a Kansas City hotel room on December 1 , 1927 . He was found with a gunshot wound to the head . Police officials initially said that the manner of death could have been either suicide or murder . Shay stayed in his room on the day that he died . A porter went to check on him that evening and found him on the floor with a pistol a few inches from his right hand . When physicians examined Shay 's body , they found that a bullet had entered the right ear and exited the back of the head . Shay had lost the use of his right arm and hand after a stroke . Police said that if Shay were holding the gun in his left hand , it would not have been easy for him to shoot himself in the right side of the head . After his death , sportswriter Manning Vaughan described Shay as a " fire eating , umpire hating player and just as hard when he became a manager . " He said that Shay was a " polished gentleman – with his friends . But he was everything else with people he did not like . He would fight at the least provocation , and as it was generally known he packed a gun the gentlemen involved never stuck around very long to argue . " = 1975 Australian constitutional crisis = The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , also known simply as " the Dismissal " , has been described as the greatest political and constitutional crisis in Australian history . It culminated on 11 November 1975 with the dismissal from office of the Prime Minister , Gough Whitlam of the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) , by Governor @-@ General Sir John Kerr , who then appointed the Leader of the Opposition , Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal Party , as caretaker Prime Minister . Whitlam 's Labor government had been elected in 1972 with a small majority in the House of Representatives , but with the Opposition controlling the Senate . Another election in 1974 resulted in little change . While the Whitlam Government introduced many new policies and programs , it was also rocked by scandals and political miscalculations . In October 1975 , the Opposition used its control of the Senate to defer passage of appropriation bills , which finance governmental operations and which had been passed by the House of Representatives . The Opposition stated that they would continue to do so unless Whitlam called an election for the House of Representatives and urged Kerr to dismiss Whitlam unless he agreed to their demand . Whitlam believed that Kerr would not dismiss him , and Kerr did nothing to disabuse Whitlam of this notion . On 11 November 1975 , Whitlam intended to call a half @-@ Senate election in an attempt to break the deadlock . When he went to seek Kerr 's approval of the election , Kerr instead dismissed him as Prime Minister and shortly thereafter installed Fraser in his place . Acting quickly before all ALP parliamentarians became aware of the change of government , Fraser and his allies were able to secure passage of the appropriation bills , and Kerr dissolved Parliament for a double dissolution election . Fraser and his government were returned with a massive majority in the election held the following month . The events of the Dismissal led to only minor constitutional change . The Senate retained its power to block supply , and the Governor @-@ General the power to dismiss government ministers . However , these powers have not since been used to force a government from office . Kerr was widely criticised by ALP supporters for his actions , resigned early as Governor @-@ General , and lived much of his remaining life abroad . Though Whitlam and Fraser later reconciled , Kerr , who died in 1991 , continues to be reviled by some . = = Background = = = = = Constitutional = = = As established by the Constitution of Australia , the Parliament of Australia is composed of two houses , the House of Representatives and the Senate , together with the Queen . The monarch is represented through the Governor @-@ General , who has executive powers granted in the Constitution , as well as rarely exercised reserve powers . The reserve powers are the legal authorities remaining in the Crown after most of its historic powers were transferred to Parliament or to officials . The Governor @-@ General ordinarily acts only upon the advice of the government , but can act independently and against advice in exercising the reserve powers . The Governor @-@ General is removable by the Queen on the advice of the Australian Prime Minister . As Liberal Party leader Malcolm Fraser , who would play a large part in the crisis , put it , " The Queen has tenure , and she couldn 't be sacked . But a Governor @-@ General holds office at pleasure , and if he ceases to please then he can be removed by a Prime Minister . " As in most Westminster system parliaments , Australia 's government is formed by the party enjoying the confidence of the lower House of Parliament , the House of Representatives . However , Australia 's Parliament also has a powerful upper house , the Senate , which must pass any legislation initiated by the House of Representatives if it is to become law . The composition of the Senate , in which each state has an equal number of senators regardless of that state 's population , was originally designed to attract the Australian colonies into one Federation . The Constitution forbids the Senate to originate or amend a money bill , but places no limitation on the Senate 's ability to defeat one . In 1970 , Gough Whitlam , as Leader of the Opposition , had stated of a budget bill , " Let me make it clear at the outset that our opposition to this Budget is no mere formality . We intend to press our opposition by all available means on all related measures in both Houses . If the motion is defeated , we will vote against the Bills here and in the Senate . Our purpose is to destroy this Budget and destroy the Government which has sponsored it . " Prior to the 1975 crisis , the Governor @-@ General 's power to dismiss a Prime Minister against the incumbent 's will under Section 64 of the Constitution had never been exercised . Twice since Federation , conflicts between state premiers and state governors , who perform analogous functions to the Prime Minister and Governor @-@ General at the state level , had resulted in the departure of one or the other . In 1916 , New South Wales Premier William Holman was expelled from the Australian Labor Party for supporting conscription . He managed to hold on to power with the aid of opposition parties and consulted the Governor , Sir Gerald Strickland , proposing to pass legislation to extend the term of the lower house of the state legislature by a year . When Strickland objected , stating that such a course was unfair to Labor , Holman had him replaced . In 1932 the New South Wales Labor Premier , Jack Lang , refused to pay moneys owing to the Federal government , which froze the state 's bank accounts , causing Lang to order that payments to the state government be only in cash . The governor , Sir Philip Game , wrote to Lang , warning him that ministers were breaking the law , and that if they continued , he would have to obtain ministers who could carry on government within legal bounds . Lang replied that he would not resign , and Game dismissed his government and commissioned the Leader of the Opposition , Bertram Stevens , to form a caretaker government pending a new election , in which Labor was defeated . Among the powers granted to the Governor @-@ General is the power to dissolve both houses of Parliament under Section 57 of the Constitution in the event that the House of Representatives twice passes a bill at least three months apart and the Senate will not agree to pass the bill . In both instances where those circumstances arose prior to the Whitlam Government , in 1914 and 1951 , the Governor @-@ General dissolved Parliament for a " double dissolution " election on the advice of the Prime Minister . = = = Political = = = Gough Whitlam 's Labor government was elected in 1972 after 23 years of rule by a coalition formed by the Liberal and Country parties . The ALP Government enjoyed a nine @-@ seat majority in the House of Representatives , but did not control the Senate . In accordance with pre @-@ election promises , it instituted a large number of policy changes , and offered much legislation . The Opposition , which still controlled the Senate , allowed some Government bills to pass the Senate , and blocked others . In April 1974 , faced with attempts by the Opposition to obstruct supply ( appropriation bills ) in the Senate , Whitlam obtained the concurrence of the Governor @-@ General , Sir Paul Hasluck , to a double dissolution . Labor was returned at the election on 18 May with a reduced House majority of five seats . The Coalition and Labor each had 29 Senate seats , with the balance of power held by two independents . Hasluck had been Governor @-@ General since 1969 , and his term was shortly due to expire . Whitlam wanted him to remain a further two years , but Hasluck declined , citing his wife 's refusal to remain at Yarralumla longer than the originally agreed five years . Whitlam offered the post to businessman Ken Myer , who turned it down . Whitlam then turned to Sir John Kerr , the Chief Justice of New South Wales . Kerr was reluctant to give up the Chief Justiceship , in which he intended to remain another ten years , for the Governor @-@ General 's post , which traditionally lasted five years . At Kerr 's request , Whitlam informally agreed that if both men were still in office in five years , Kerr would be reappointed . Whitlam also secured legislation to address Kerr 's financial concerns about the position , including authorising a pension for the Governor @-@ General or his widow . The Leader of the Opposition , Billy Snedden , was enthusiastic about the appointment and also agreed to reappoint Kerr in five years , were he Prime Minister at the time . Kerr then agreed to take the post , was duly appointed by Queen Elizabeth II , and was sworn in on 11 July 1974 . Six of the bills that had been the subject of the double dissolution were introduced in Parliament a third time and , as expected , were again rejected by the Senate . Section 57 of the Constitution provides that , after a double dissolution election , if bills that had been rejected twice by the Senate in the previous parliament were again passed by the House and again rejected by the Senate , they could then be put to a joint sitting of both houses . On 30 July , Whitlam gained Kerr 's agreement for a joint sitting , which was set for 6 – 7 August 1974 . The joint sitting , the only one in Australia 's history under Section 57 , passed all six bills , including the enabling legislation for Medibank . = = = Controversy and vacancies = = = In December 1974 , Whitlam was anxious to find new sources of money to finance his development plans . After a meeting at the Prime Minister 's residence , The Lodge , Whitlam and three of his ministers ( Deputy Prime Minister and Treasurer Jim Cairns , Attorney @-@ General Senator Lionel Murphy , and Minister for Minerals and Energy Rex Connor ) signed a letter of authority for Connor to borrow up to US $ 4 billion . This letter was described by author and journalist Alan Reid as the " death warrant of the Whitlam ALP government " . Connor and other ministers had made contact with a hitherto obscure Pakistani financier , Tirath Khemlani , as early as November 1974 . Khemlani was said to have contacts in the newly enriched Arab oil nations . None of the efforts to secure a loan , whether through Khemlani or by other routes , bore fruit but , as information about the " Loans Affair " trickled out , the government lost support . In February 1975 , Whitlam decided to appoint Senator Murphy a justice of the High Court of Australia , even though Murphy 's Senate seat would not be up for election if a half @-@ Senate election were held . Under proportional representation , Labor could win three of the five New South Wales seats , but if Murphy 's seat was also contested , it was most unlikely to win four out of six . Thus , appointing Murphy would almost certainly cost the ALP a Senate seat at the next half @-@ Senate election . Whitlam appointed Murphy anyway . By convention , senators appointed by the state legislature to fill casual vacancies were from the same political party as the former senator . The New South Wales premier , Tom Lewis , felt that this convention only applied to vacancies caused by deaths or ill @-@ health , and arranged for the legislature to elect Cleaver Bunton , former mayor of Albury and an independent . By March 1975 , many Liberal parliamentarians felt that Snedden was doing an inadequate job as Leader of the Opposition , and that Whitlam was dominating him in the House of Representatives . Malcolm Fraser challenged Snedden for the leadership , and defeated him on 21 March . At a press conference after winning the leadership , Fraser stated : The question of supply — let me deal with it this way . I generally believe if a government is elected to power in the lower House and has the numbers and can maintain the numbers in the lower House , it is entitled to expect that it will govern for the three @-@ year term unless quite extraordinary events intervene ... Having said that ... if we do make up our minds at some stage that the Government is so reprehensible that an Opposition must use whatever power is available to it , then I 'd want to find a situation in which Mr. Whitlam woke up one morning finding the decision had been made and finding that he had been caught with his pants well and truly down . Whitlam 's original deputy prime minister , Lance Barnard , had been challenged and defeated for his post by Cairns in late 1974 . Whitlam then offered Barnard a diplomatic post ; in early 1975 Barnard agreed to this . If the appointment went through , Barnard 's resignation from the House of Representatives would trigger a by @-@ election in his Tasmanian electorate of Bass . ALP officials felt that , given the party 's weakened state , Barnard should remain in Parliament and be given no preferment if he resigned ; party president and future Prime Minister Bob Hawke described the decision to appoint Barnard as " an act of lunacy " . Barnard had been losing support over the last several elections , and a swing of 4 % against Labor would be enough to defeat it . The Liberals had a candidate who had been nursing the electorate ; Labor had no candidate selected and a bitter preselection in the offing . Barnard resigned , and was appointed ambassador to Sweden . The election on 28 June proved a disaster for Labor , losing the seat with a swing against it of 17 % . The next week , Whitlam fired Cairns for misleading Parliament regarding the Loans Affair amid innuendo about his relationship with his Principal Private Secretary , Junie Morosi . He was replaced as deputy by Frank Crean . At the time of Cairns ' dismissal , one Senate seat was vacant , following the death on 30 June of Queensland ALP Senator Bertie Milliner . The state Labor party nominated Mal Colston , who was the highest unelected candidate on the party 's Queensland list in 1974 . This resulted in deadlock in Brisbane ; the unicameral Queensland legislature twice voted against Colston , and the party refused to submit any alternative candidates . Queensland Country Party Premier Joh Bjelke @-@ Petersen had evidence that Colston , a schoolteacher by trade , had set a school on fire during a labour dispute , though the police had refused to prosecute . After the legislature voted Colston down a second time , Bjelke @-@ Petersen instructed his majority in the legislature to elect a low @-@ level union official , Albert Field , who had contacted his office and expressed a willingness to serve . In interviews , Field made it clear he would not support Whitlam . Field was expelled from the ALP for standing against Colston , and Labor senators boycotted his swearing @-@ in . Whitlam argued that because of the vacancies being filled as they were , the Senate was " corrupted " and " tainted " , with the Opposition enjoying a majority they did not win at the ballot box . When Labor learned that Field had not given the required three weeks ' notice to the Queensland Department of Education , it challenged his appointment in the High Court , arguing that he was still technically a public servant--and thus ineligible to serve in the Senate . With Field on leave throughout the remainder of the crisis , the Coalition refused to provide a " pair " to account for his absence , giving it an effective majority of 30 – 29 in the Senate . = = Deadlock = = = = = Deferral of supply = = = On 10 October , the High Court ruled that the act passed at the joint sitting that gave the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) and the Northern Territory two senators each was valid . A half @-@ Senate election needed to be held by June 1976 ; most senators @-@ elect would take their seats on 1 July but the territorial senators , and those filling Field 's and Bunton 's seats would take their places at once . The ruling meant that it was possible for the ALP to gain a temporary majority in the Senate , at least until 1 July 1976 . To do so , the ALP would have to win Field 's and Bunton 's seats , and one seat in each territory , and have the second ACT seat fall to either a Labor candidate or an independent , former Liberal Prime Minister John Gorton , now estranged from his party . If this happened , Labor would have an effective 33 – 31 margin , would be able to pass supply if that was still an issue , and also could pass electoral redistribution laws ( which had been passed by the House , though twice defeated by the Senate ) that would give it an advantage at the next election . The journalist and author Alan Reid described the position of the Government and Opposition as the crisis became acute in mid @-@ October : While it was possibly an overstatement to describe the 1975 position as a choice between evils , neither of the two major political groupings reached the 15 October 1975 crunch position with completely clean hands . Fraser and the Liberal @-@ CP senators ... lacked the numbers to defer the Budget until the arrival in the Senate of Albert Patrick Field , whose arrival was not due to any decision by the Australian voters but to a decision by one of the rulers , the Whitlam @-@ hating Bjelke @-@ Petersen ... Whitlam for his part had decided even before the Budget was deferred to embark upon the bold , Cromwellian project of changing the Australian Constitution , not through the vote of the mass electorate ... but through prodigious personal exertions backed by the support of his parliamentary followers . In the wake of the High Court ruling , and with the appropriation bills due to be considered by the Senate on 16 October , Fraser was undecided whether to block supply . His biographer , Philip Ayres , contends that , had there been no further government scandals , he would not have done so . Khemlani , however , had alleged - contrary to government statements - that Connor had never revoked his authority to obtain loans and had been in regular contact with him even into mid @-@ 1975 . On 13 October , the Melbourne Herald printed documents in support of Khemlani 's allegations , and on the following day , Connor resigned . Fraser determined to block supply , convened a shadow cabinet meeting and received the unanimous support of the Coalition frontbench . At a press conference , Fraser cited the poor state of the economy and the continuing scandals as reasons for his decision . Without the passage of fresh appropriations , supply would be exhausted on 30 November . The Governor of Queensland , Sir Colin Hannah , gave a speech denigrating the Whitlam Government on 15 October , in violation of the convention that state governors remain neutral . Hannah held a dormant commission as Administrator of the Commonwealth to act as Governor @-@ General in the event of Kerr 's death , resignation , or absence from Australia . Whitlam immediately contacted Buckingham Palace to arrange for Hannah 's dormant commission to be revoked , a process which took ten days to complete . Although Whitlam later alleged that he never contemplated dismissing Kerr during the crisis , on 16 October , while speaking with Kerr and visiting Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak , he told Kerr that if the crisis continued , " It could be a question of whether I get to the Queen first for your recall , or whether you get in first with my dismissal " . Kerr saw the statement as a threat ; Whitlam later stated the comment was " flippant " and designed to turn the conversation to another subject . On 16 and 17 October , the Senate , with the unanimous support of the Coalition majority , deferred the appropriation bills . The Coalition took the position that Kerr could dismiss Whitlam if the Government could not secure supply . Whitlam 's former solicitor @-@ general Bob Ellicott , now a Liberal member of the House , issued a legal opinion on 16 October stating that the Governor @-@ General had the power to dismiss Whitlam , and should do so forthwith if Whitlam could not state how he would obtain supply . Ellicott indicated that Whitlam was treating Kerr as if he had no discretion but to follow prime ministerial advice , when in fact the Governor @-@ General could and should dismiss a ministry unable to secure supply . Ellicott stated that Kerr should ask the Prime Minister if the Government is prepared to advise him to dissolve the House of Representatives and the Senate or the House of Representatives alone as a means of assuring that the disagreement between the two Houses is resolved . If the Prime Minister refuses to do either , it is then open to the Governor @-@ General to dismiss his present Ministers and seek others who are prepared to give him the only proper advice open . This he should proceed to do . = = = Consultations and negotiations = = = Kerr rang Whitlam on Sunday 19 October , asking permission to consult with the Chief Justice of the High Court , Sir Garfield Barwick , concerning the crisis . Whitlam advised Kerr not to do so , noting that no Governor @-@ General had consulted with a Chief Justice under similar circumstances since 1914 , when Australia was at a much earlier stage of her constitutional development . On 21 October , Kerr phoned Whitlam regarding the Ellicott opinion , and asked , " It 's all bullshit , isn 't it ? " . Whitlam agreed with Kerr 's view . Kerr then requested that the Government provide him with a written legal opinion rebutting Ellicott 's views . Kerr would receive no written advice from the Government until 6 November . Journalist and author Paul Kelly , who wrote two books on the crisis , paints this delay as a major mistake by Whitlam , given Kerr 's judicial background . Kerr also asked on 21 October for Whitlam 's permission to interview Fraser , which the Prime Minister readily granted , and the two men met that night . Fraser told Kerr that the Opposition were determined to block supply . Fraser indicated that the Opposition 's decision to defer the appropriation bills , rather than defeating them , was a tactical decision , since then the bills would remain in the control of the Senate and could be passed at any time . He stated that the Coalition agreed with the Ellicott opinion , and proposed to continue deferring supply while it awaited events . The media were not told of the substance of the conversation , and instead reported that Kerr had reprimanded Fraser for blocking supply , causing the Governor @-@ General 's office to issue a denial . Throughout the crisis , Kerr did not tell Whitlam of his increasing concerns , nor did he suggest that he might dismiss Whitlam . He believed nothing he said would influence Whitlam , and feared that , if Whitlam perceived him as a possible opponent , the Prime Minister would procure his dismissal from the Queen . Accordingly , though Kerr dealt with Whitlam in an affable manner , he did not confide his thinking to the Prime Minister . Labor Senator Tony Mulvihill later related that " Whitlam would come back to each caucus meeting and say , ' I saw His Excellency ... No worry . He 's got to do it his way . ' ... at no time did he hint that the Governor @-@ General was frowning . " There was intense public interest and concern at the stalemate , and Fraser and his Liberals acted to shore up support . Liberal frontbenchers worked to build unity for the tactic in state organisations . The former longtime Premier of South Australia Sir Thomas Playford was speaking out against the blocking of supply , causing South Australia Senator Don Jessop to waver in his support for the tactic . Fraser was able to co @-@ ordinate a wave of communications from party members which served to neutralise both men . Fraser sought the backing of the retired longtime Liberal Prime Minister , Sir Robert Menzies , and went to see Menzies in person , taking with him a 1947 statement by Menzies supporting the blocking of supply in the upper house of the Victorian Parliament . He did not have to use the paper ; Menzies stated that he found the tactic distasteful , but in this case necessary . The former Prime Minister issued a statement in support of Fraser 's tactics . Kerr invited Whitlam and Minister for Labour Senator Jim McClelland to lunch on 30 October , immediately preceding an Executive Council meeting . At that meal , Kerr proposed a possible compromise . If the Opposition were to allow supply to pass , Whitlam would not advise a half @-@ Senate election until May or June 1976 , and the Senate would not convene until 1 July , thus obviating the threat of a possible temporary Labor majority . Whitlam , who was determined to destroy both Fraser 's leadership and the Senate 's right to block supply , refused any compromise . = = = Decision = = = Fraser chaired a summit of leaders of the Coalition parties on 2 November . The resulting communiqué urged the Coalition senators to continue deferring supply . It also threatened , should Kerr grant Whitlam a half @-@ Senate election , that the Coalition state premiers would advise their governors not to issue writs , thus blocking the election from taking place in the four states with non @-@ Labor premiers . After the meeting , Fraser proposed a compromise : that the Opposition would concede supply if Whitlam agreed to hold a House of Representatives election at the same time as the half @-@ Senate election . Whitlam rejected the idea . On 22 October , Whitlam had asked the Attorney @-@ General , Kep Enderby , to have a paper drafted rebutting the Ellicott opinion for presentation to Kerr . Enderby delegated this task to the Solicitor @-@ General , Maurice Byers , and other officials . On 6 November , Enderby was to see Kerr to give him a legal opinion regarding the Government 's alternative plans in case supply ran out . Vouchers were to be issued to Commonwealth employees and contractors instead of cheques , to be redeemed from banks after the crisis ended — transactions which were to be rejected by major banks as " tainted with illegality " . Enderby decided to present Kerr with the rebuttal to Ellicott . When Enderby reviewed the document , he found that , while it argued for the Government 's position , it recognised both that the Senate had the constitutional right to block supply , and that the reserve powers were still extant — matters with which Enderby did not agree . He presented Kerr with the rebuttal , but crossed out Byers ' signature on it and told Kerr of his disagreement . Enderby told Kerr that the Byers rebuttal was " background " for formal written advice , to be presented by Whitlam . Later that day , Kerr met with Fraser again . The Opposition leader told him that if Kerr did not dismiss Whitlam , the Opposition planned to criticise him in Parliament for failing to carry out his duty . Kerr concluded on 6 November that neither Government nor Opposition would yield , and that supply would run out . The Governor @-@ General decided that , as Whitlam could not secure supply , and would not resign or advise an election for the House of Representatives , he would have to sack him . As Kerr feared that Whitlam might advise the Queen to dismiss him , he considered it important that Whitlam be given no hint of the impending action . Kerr later stated that were Whitlam to seek his dismissal , it would involve the Queen in politics . Seeking confirmation of his decision , he contacted Chief Justice Barwick , met with him and asked for his views of a dismissal of Whitlam . Barwick furnished him with written advice containing his view that a Governor @-@ General could and should dismiss a Prime Minister who was unable to obtain supply . Barwick specified that the Prime Minister should also not have refused either to resign or to advise a general election , with which Kerr agreed . Another member of the High Court and a friend of Kerr , Sir Anthony Mason , gave Kerr similar advice privately on 9 November . But Mason added that the Governor @-@ General needed to notify the Prime Minister of his intention to proceed to dismissal . On 9 November , Fraser contacted Whitlam and invited him to negotiations with the Coalition aimed at settling the dispute . Whitlam agreed , and a meeting was set for 9 am on Tuesday 11 November , at Parliament House . That Tuesday was also the deadline for an election to be called if it were to be held before Christmas . Both Government and Opposition leaders were in Melbourne on the night of 10 November for the Lord Mayor 's banquet . To ensure the Opposition leaders could reach Canberra in time for the meeting , Whitlam brought them back in his VIP aircraft , which arrived in Canberra at midnight . = = Dismissal = = = = = Meeting at Yarralumla = = = At 9 a.m. on 11 November , Whitlam , together with deputy prime minister Frank Crean and Leader of the House Fred Daly , met with the Liberal and Country party leaders . No compromise could be reached . Whitlam informed the Coalition leaders that he would be advising Kerr to hold a half @-@ Senate election on 13 December , and he would not be seeking interim supply for the period before the election . Thinking it unlikely that Kerr would grant the election without supply , Fraser warned Whitlam that the Governor @-@ General might make up his own mind about the matter . Whitlam was dismissive and after the meeting broke , telephoned Kerr to tell him that he needed an appointment to advise him to hold a half @-@ Senate election . Both men were busy in the morning , Kerr with Remembrance Day commemorations , and Whitlam with a caucus meeting and a censure motion in the House which the Opposition had submitted . The two discussed a meeting for 1 : 00 p.m. , though Kerr 's office later called Whitlam 's and confirmed the time as 12 : 45 . Word of this change did not reach the Prime Minister . Whitlam announced the request for a half @-@ Senate election to his caucus , which approved it . After hearing from Whitlam , Kerr called Fraser . According to Fraser , Kerr asked him whether he , if commissioned Prime Minister , could secure supply , would immediately thereafter advise a double @-@ dissolution election , and would refrain from new policies and investigations of the Whitlam Government pending the election . Fraser stated that he agreed . Kerr denied the exchange took place via telephone , though both men agree those questions were asked later in the day before Kerr commissioned Fraser as Prime Minister . According to Kerr , Fraser was supposed to come to Yarralumla at 1 @.@ 00 pm . Whitlam was delayed in leaving Parliament House , while Fraser left slightly early , with the result that Fraser arrived at Yarralumla first . He was taken into an anteroom , and his car was moved . Whitlam maintained that the purpose in moving Fraser 's car was to ensure that the Prime Minister was not tipped off by seeing it , stating , " Had I known Mr. Fraser was already there , I would not have set foot in Yarralumla . " Kelly doubted Whitlam would have recognised Fraser 's car , which was an ordinary Ford LTD from the car pool . According to Fraser biographer Philip Ayres , " A white car pulled up at the front would signify nothing in particular — it would simply be in the way " . Whitlam arrived just before 1 : 00 p.m. and was taken to Kerr 's office by an aide . He brought with him the formal letter advising a half @-@ Senate election , and after the two men were seated , attempted to give it to Kerr . In their accounts of their meeting , both men agree that Kerr then told Whitlam that his commission as Prime Minister was withdrawn under Section 64 of the Constitution , and handed him a letter and statement of reasons . Kerr later wrote that at this point , Whitlam got to his feet , looked at the office 's phones , and stated , " I must get in touch with the Palace at once . " Whitlam , however disputed this , and stated that he asked Kerr if he had consulted the Palace , to which Kerr replied that he did not need to , and that he had the advice of Barwick . Both accounts agree that Kerr then stated that they would both have to live with this , to which Whitlam replied , " You certainly will . " The dismissal concluded with Kerr wishing Whitlam luck in the election , and offering his hand , which the former Prime Minister took . After Whitlam left , Kerr called in Fraser , informed him of the dismissal , and asked if he would form a caretaker government , to which Fraser agreed . Fraser later stated that his overwhelming sensation at the news was relief . Fraser left to return to Parliament House , where he conferred with Coalition leaders , while Kerr joined the luncheon party that had been waiting for him , apologising to his guests and offering the excuse that he had been busy dismissing the Government . = = = Parliamentary strategy = = = Whitlam returned to the Prime Minister 's residence , The Lodge , where he had lunch . As his aides arrived , he informed them of his sacking . Whitlam drafted a resolution for the House , expressing confidence in his Government . No ALP Senate leaders were at The Lodge , nor did Whitlam and his party contact any when they drove back to Parliament House , confining their strategy to the House of Representatives . Prior to Whitlam 's dismissal , the Labor leadership decided to introduce a motion that the Senate pass the appropriation bills . With ALP senators unaware of Whitlam 's sacking , that plan went ahead . Senator Doug McClelland , manager of the ALP Government 's business in the Senate , informed Coalition Senate leader Reg Withers of Labor 's intent at about 1 @.@ 30 . Withers then attended a leadership meeting and learned of Fraser 's appointment ; he assured the new Prime Minister he could secure supply . When the Senate convened , the ALP Senate leader , Ken Wriedt , made the motion . Even as Wriedt did so , he was told that the government had been sacked , which he initially refused to believe . Authoritative word did not reach Wriedt until 2 @.@ 15 pm , by which time it was too late to withdraw the motion and instead obstruct his party 's appropriation bill to hinder Fraser . At 2 @.@ 24 pm , Labor 's appropriation bills passed the Senate , fulfilling Fraser 's first promise . In the House , desultory debate on Fraser 's censure motion ended with it being amended by the ALP majority into a condemnation of Fraser and passed . By 2 @.@ 34 pm , when Fraser rose and announced that he had been commissioned as Prime Minister , word of the dismissal had spread through the House . Fraser announced his intent to advise a double dissolution , and moved that the House adjourn . His motion was defeated . Fraser 's new government suffered repeated defeats in the House , which passed a motion of no confidence in him , and asked the Speaker , Gordon Scholes , to urge the Governor @-@ General to recommission Whitlam . Scholes was initially told that an appointment might not be possible that day , but after stating that he would reconvene the House and tell them of the refusal , was given an appointment with Kerr for 4 @.@ 45 pm . = = = Dissolution = = = With the appropriation bills approved by both Houses , they were sent over to Yarralumla where Kerr gave them Royal Assent . With supply assured , he then received Fraser , who advised him that 21 bills ( including the electoral redistribution bills ) which had been introduced since the last election fulfilled the double dissolution provisions of Section 57 . Fraser asked that both Houses be dissolved for an election on 13 December . Kerr signed the proclamation dissolving Parliament , and sent his Official Secretary , David Smith , to proclaim the dissolution from the front steps of Parliament House . At 4 @.@ 45 , Kerr received Scholes , and informed him of the dissolution . Kerr wrote that " nothing else of relevance " took place between the two men , but by Scholes 's account , he accused Kerr of bad faith for making an appointment to receive the Speaker , and then not waiting to hear from him before dissolving Parliament . Whitlam later stated that it would have been wiser for Scholes to take the appropriation bills with him , rather than having them sent ahead . Even as Scholes and Kerr spoke , Smith reached Parliament House . The dismissal was by then publicly known , and an angry crowd of ALP supporters had gathered , filling the steps and spilling over both into the roadway and into Parliament House itself . Many of the demonstrators were ALP staffers ; others were from the Australian National University . Smith was forced to enter Parliament House through a side door and make his way to the steps from the inside . He read the proclamation , though the boos of the crowd drowned him out , and concluded with the traditional " God save the Queen " . Former Prime Minister Whitlam , who had been standing behind Smith , then addressed the crowd : Well may we say " God save the Queen " , because nothing will save the Governor @-@ General ! The Proclamation which you have just heard read by the Governor @-@ General 's Official Secretary was countersigned Malcolm Fraser , who will undoubtedly go down in Australian history from Remembrance Day 1975 as Kerr 's cur . They won 't silence the outskirts of Parliament House , even if the inside has been silenced for a few weeks ... Maintain your rage and enthusiasm for the campaign for the election now to be held and until polling day . = = Aftermath = = = = = Campaign = = = The news that Whitlam had been dismissed spread across Australia during the afternoon , triggering immediate protest demonstrations . On 12 November , Scholes wrote to the Queen , asking her to restore Whitlam as Prime Minister . The reply from the Queen 's Private Secretary , Sir Martin Charteris , dated 17 November 1975 , stated : As we understand the situation here , the Australian Constitution firmly places the prerogative powers of the Crown in the hands of the Governor @-@ General as the representative of the Queen of Australia . The only person competent to commission an Australian Prime Minister is the Governor @-@ General , and The Queen has no part in the decisions which the Governor @-@ General must take in accordance with the Constitution . Her Majesty , as Queen of Australia , is watching events in Canberra with close interest and attention , but it would not be proper for her to intervene in person in matters which are so clearly placed within the jurisdiction of the Governor @-@ General by the Constitution Act . On 12 November 1975 , the First Fraser Ministry was sworn in by Kerr . By some accounts , Kerr sought reassurance at that meeting that the Coalition senators would not have given in before supply ran out , " The Senate would never have caved in , would it ? " According to those accounts , Senator Margaret Guilfoyle laughed and said to a colleague , " That 's all he knows . " Guilfoyle later stated that , if she did make such a remark , it was not meant to imply that the Coalition senators would have broken . However , Kelly lists four Coalition senators who stated , in subsequent years , that they would have crossed the floor and voted for the appropriation bills . Labor believed it had a chance of winning the election , and that the dismissal would be an electoral asset for them . However , some Labor strategists believed the party was heading for a disaster , with few economic accomplishments to point to and an electorate whose emotions would have cooled before polling day . Nonetheless , Whitlam , who began campaigning almost immediately after the dismissal , was met with huge crowds wherever he went ; 30 @,@ 000 people overspilled the Sydney Domain for the official campaign launch on 24 November . That evening , Whitlam made a major speech at Festival Hall in Melbourne before 7 @,@ 500 people and a national TV audience , calling 11 November " Fraser 's day of shame — a day that will live in infamy " . Polls were released at the end of the first week of campaigning , and showed a nine @-@ point swing against Labor . Whitlam 's campaign did not believe it at first , but additional polling made it clear : the electorate was turning against the ALP . The Coalition attacked Labor for the economic conditions , and released television commercials " The Three Dark Years " showing images from the Whitlam government scandals . The ALP campaign , which had concentrated on the issue of Whitlam 's dismissal , did not begin to address the economy until its final days . By that time Fraser , confident of victory , was content to sit back , avoid specifics and make no mistakes . There was little violence in the campaign , but three letter bombs were placed in the post ; one wounded two people in Bjelke @-@ Petersen 's office , while the other two , addressed to Kerr and Fraser , were intercepted and defused . During the campaign , the Kerrs purchased a Sydney apartment , as Sir John was prepared to resign in the event that the ALP triumphed . In the 13 December election , the Coalition won a record victory , with 91 seats in the House of Representatives to the ALP 's 36 and a 35 – 27 majority in the expanded Senate . = = = Royal involvement = = = In 2015 , political historian Jenny Hocking revealed an exchange between Kerr and Prince Charles , who in 1975 was being mooted as a future Governor @-@ General . In Kerr 's private papers from September 1975 , a month before the dismissal , Kerr had informed Prince Charles that he was considering dismissing Whitlam , and was concerned that his commission might be revoked by Whitlam to prevent it . According to Kerr , Charles had responded : " But surely , Sir John , the Queen should not have to accept advice that you should be recalled at the very time when you were considering having to dismiss the government " . This information was also shared with Buckingham Palace because the Queen 's Private Secretary , Sir Martin Charteris , wrote to Kerr that should this " contingency " arise , the Queen would try to delay things for as long as possible . It has been suggested that the consultation between Kerr , Charteris and Charles was maintained to ensure that the Queen and UK Parliament were not part of the discussion . Assistant Private Secretary to the Queen in 1975 , Sir William Heseltine , who along with Charteris informed her of the dismissal , has maintained that it came as a surprise to all three of them ; that he considered Kerr 's actions imprudent ; and that he believed that this opinion was shared by Charteris . A memorandum by Sir Paul Hasluck of his conversation with Charteris supports this suggestion , and that disillusionment with Kerr 's character led the Palace to apply pressure for his resignation . The Queen 's opinion is unknown , but Heseltine has stated : " I think she is an old and wily bird about her own views ... to the extent that I could divine what she felt , I think she felt the same ... I ’ m reasonably confident myself that she thought it could have been handled better . ” After the dismissal Prince Charles wrote a letter to Kerr conveying his moral support . He urged Kerr “ not to lose heart ” in the face of domestic hostility . = = = Alleged CIA involvement = = = During the crisis , Whitlam had alleged that Country Party leader Anthony had close links to the US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Subsequently , it was alleged that Kerr acted on behalf of the United States government in procuring Whitlam 's dismissal . The most common allegation is that the CIA influenced Kerr 's decision to dismiss Whitlam . In 1966 Kerr had joined the Association for Cultural Freedom , a conservative group that was later revealed to have received CIA funding . Christopher Boyce , who was convicted for spying for the Soviet Union while an employee for a CIA contractor , claimed that the CIA wanted Whitlam removed from office because he threatened to close US military bases in Australia , including Pine Gap . Boyce said that Kerr was described by the CIA as " our man Kerr " . According to Jonathan Kwitny of the Wall Street Journal , the CIA " paid for Kerr ’ s travel , built his prestige . . . Kerr continued to go to the CIA for money " . In 1974 , the White House sent as ambassador to Australia Marshall Green , who was known as “ the coupmaster ” for his central role in the 1965 coup against Indonesian President Sukarno – which cost up to a million lives . Whitlam later wrote that Kerr did not need any encouragement from the CIA . However , he also said that in 1977 United States Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher made a special trip to Sydney to meet with him and told him , on behalf of US President Jimmy Carter , of his willingness to work with whatever government Australians elected , and that the US would never again interfere with Australia 's democratic processes . = = = Legacy = = = In his survey of the events of the crisis , November 1975 , Kelly places blame on Fraser for initiating the crisis and on Whitlam for using the crisis to try to break Fraser and the Senate . However , he places the most blame on Kerr , for failing to be candid with Whitlam . According to Kelly , [ Kerr ] should have unflinchingly and courageously met his responsibility to the Crown and to the Constitution . He should have spoken frankly with his Prime Minister from the start . He should have warned wherever and whenever appropriate . He should have realised that , whatever his fears , there was no justification for any other behaviour . Former Governor @-@ General Sir Paul Hasluck , believed that the fundamental reason for the crisis was the lack of trust and confidence between Whitlam and Kerr , and that the role of the Governor @-@ General to provide counsel , advice and warning . The dismissal has been considered the greatest political and constitutional crisis in Australia 's history . In 1977 , the Fraser Government proposed four constitutional amendments via referendum , three of which passed — the last time that the Australian Constitution has been amended . One of the amendments requires that a senator appointed to fill a casual vacancy be from the same party as the former senator . The Senate retains the power to block supply ; the Governor @-@ General retains the power to dismiss ministers ( including the Prime Minister ) . However , these powers have not since been used to force a government from office . In the wake of the dismissal , the ALP turned its anger on Kerr . Demonstrations marked his appearances , while the remaining ALP parliamentarians boycotted his opening of the new Parliament . Whitlam , now Leader of the Opposition , refused all invitations to events at Yarralumla , which the Kerrs continued to extend until his refusal of an invitation during the Queen 's 1977 visit caused them to feel that no further efforts need be made . Whitlam never spoke with Kerr again . Even ALP parliamentarians who had been friends of Kerr broke off their relationships , feeling Kerr had betrayed the party and had ambushed Whitlam . Lady Anne Kerr stated that she and her husband confronted a " new irrational scene swarming with instant enemies " . Whitlam resigned as ALP leader after the party suffered its second successive electoral defeat in 1977 . Fraser served over seven years as Prime Minister , and left the Liberal leadership after the Coalition was defeated in the March 1983 election . Whitlam repeatedly castigated Kerr for his role in the dismissal . When Kerr announced his resignation as Governor @-@ General on 14 July 1977 , Whitlam commented , " How fitting that the last of the Bourbons should bow out on Bastille Day " . In 1991 , Whitlam stated that no future Governor @-@ General was likely to act as Kerr did lest he also become the subject of " contempt and isolation " . In 2005 , Whitlam called Kerr " a contemptible person " . Country Party leader and deputy prime minister Doug Anthony said , " I can 't forgive Gough for crucifying him " . Sir Garfield Barwick was not spared Whitlam 's invective ; the former Prime Minister described him as " evil " . However , Whitlam and Fraser put aside their differences ; Whitlam wrote in 1997 that Fraser " did not set out to deceive me " . The two campaigned together in support of the 1999 referendum that would have made Australia a republic . According to Whitlam speechwriter Graham Freudenberg , " the residual rage over the conduct of the Queen 's representative found a constructive outlet in the movement for the Australian Republic " . After Kerr resigned as Governor @-@ General , he still sought a government position , reasoning that it had been his intent to remain for ten years as Governor @-@ General . However , Fraser 's attempt to appoint Kerr as ambassador to UNESCO ( a position later held by Whitlam ) provoked such public outcry that the nomination was withdrawn . The Kerrs spent the next several years living in Europe , and when he died in Australia in 1991 , his death was not announced until after he was buried . Freudenberg summed up Kerr 's fate after the dismissal : The beneficiaries of the Dismissal scarcely bothered to defend Kerr and in the end abandoned him . In the personal sense , Sir John Kerr himself became the real victim of the Dismissal , and history has accorded a brutal if poignant truth to Whitlam 's declaration on the steps of Parliament House on 11 November 1975 : " Well may we say ' God Save the Queen ' – because nothing will save the Governor @-@ General . " = Italian cruiser Amalfi = Amalfi was a Pisa @-@ class armored cruiser of the Italian Royal Navy ( Italian : Regia Marina ) built in the first decade of the 20th century . During the Italo @-@ Turkish War of 1911 – 12 , Amalfi operated with the Italian fleet off Tripoli in September 1911 and participated in the amphibious landings at Derna in October . In April 1912 , Amalfi and sister ship Pisa led the way in attacks on Turkish forts in the Dardanelles . After the rest of the fleet retired later in the month , the pair of armored cruisers remained in the area to attack Turkish communications facilities . After the Treaty of Lausanne signed in October 1912 ended the war , Amalfi escorted the Italian king and queen on the royal yacht to Germany and Sweden during a 1913 visit . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Italy declined to join her Triple Alliance partners , Germany and Austria @-@ Hungary . The country was eventually persuaded to side with the Entente Powers and declared war on neighboring Austria @-@ Hungary in May 1915 . After the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy raided the Italian coast with relative impunity in May and June , Amalfi , Pisa , and two other armored cruisers were sent to Venice to thwart future sorties by the Austrians . Shortly after their arrival , the ships were sent — in a show of force — to patrol near the main Austrian naval base at Pola on the night of 6 / 7 July 1915 . During Amalfi 's return from that mission , she was torpedoed by Austria @-@ Hungarian submarine U @-@ 26 ( in fact SM UB @-@ 14 flying the Austro @-@ Hungarian flag , since Germany and Italy were not yet at war ) and sunk with the loss of 67 men . Amalfi 's loss caused the Italians to keep the other armored cruisers at Venice in port for most of the next year before they were eventually relocated . = = Design and description = = As built , Amalfi was 461 feet ( 140 @.@ 5 m ) long overall by 68 feet 11 inches ( 21 @.@ 01 m ) abeam , with a draft of 22 feet 8 inches ( 6 @.@ 91 m ) . She had twin propeller shafts powered by two vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines . The steam engines were fed from 22 coal @-@ fired Belleville boilers . The projected output of her power plant was 20 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 15 @,@ 000 kW ) , but in service Amalfi was able to produce 20 @,@ 260 indicated horsepower ( 15 @,@ 110 kW ) — some 600 indicated horsepower ( 450 kW ) less than her sister ship , Pisa — which was enough to give a maxiumum speed of 23 @.@ 6 knots ( 43 @.@ 7 km / h ; 27 @.@ 2 mph ) . The main armament of the Pisa @-@ class ships consisted of four Cannone da 254 / 45 V Modello 1906 guns in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The ships mounted eight Cannone da 190 / 45 V Modello 1906 in four twin @-@ gun turrets , two in each side amidships , as their secondary armament . For defense against torpedo boats , they carried 16 quick @-@ firing ( QF ) Cannone da 76 / 40 V Modello 1908 guns and eight QF Cannone da 47 / 40 V Modello 1908 guns . They were also equipped with three submerged 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . During World War I , Pisa 's 76 and 47 mm guns were replaced by twenty 76 / 40 guns ; six of these were anti @-@ aircraft guns . Amalfi was protected by a main belt of armor 200 millimetres ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) thick . The 10 @-@ inch gun turrets were protected by 160 millimetres ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) of armor plate , and the 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch gun turrets by 130 millimetres ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) . The conning tower had armor 180 millimetres ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) thick , while the thickness of the deck armor was 130 millimeters . = = Construction and career = = Work began on the pair of Pisa @-@ class ships in August 1904 , nearly a year before the keel of Amalfi , named after the eponymous city , was laid down on 24 July 1905 at the Cantieri navali Odero shipyard in Sestri Ponente . It was nearly three years before Amalfi was launched on 5 May 1908 . The ship was	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
ities exist between the maiden guardians in the Hesperides myth and the Rhinemaidens of Das Rheingold ; three females guard a highly desired golden treasure that is stolen in the telling of each tale . Wagner was an enthusiastic reader of Aeschylus , including his Prometheus Bound which has a chorus of Oceanids or water nymphs . One author , Rudolph Sabor , sees a link between the Oceanids ' treatment of Prometheus and the Rhinemaidens ' initial tolerance of Alberich . Just as in Greek myth the Oceanids are the daughters of the titan sea god Oceanus , in Norse mythology — specifically the Poetic Edda — the jötunn ( similar to a giant ) sea god Ægir has nine daughters . The name of one of these means " wave " ( Welle in German ) and is a possible source for Wellgunde 's name . Wagner 's operas do not reveal where the Rhinemaidens came from , or whether they have any connection to other characters . Whereas most of the characters in the cycle are inter @-@ related , through birth , marriage , or sometimes both , the Rhinemaidens are seemingly independent . The identity of their father who entrusted them with the guardianship of the gold is not given in the text . Some Wagnerean scholars have suggested that he may be a " Supreme Being " who is the father of Wotan and all the gods — indeed , of all creation . Others take the German Rheintöchter literally and say that they are the daughters of the Rhine River . Whatever is surmised , the Rhinemaidens are in a different category from Wotan and the other gods , who are destroyed by fire at the end of Götterdämmerung , while the Rhinemaidens swim happily away in the river , bearing their recovered treasure . = = Nature and attributes = = The Rhinemaidens have been described as the drama 's " most seductive but most elusive characters " , and in one analysis as representatives of " seduction by infantile fantasy " . They act essentially as a unity , with a composite yet elusive personality . Apart from Flosshilde ’ s implied seniority , demonstrated by occasional light rebukes and illustrated musically by awarding the role to a deeper @-@ voiced contralto or mezzo , their characters are undifferentiated . In The Perfect Wagnerite , his 1886 analysis of the Ring drama as political allegory , George Bernard Shaw describes the Rhinemaidens as " thoughtless , elemental , only half @-@ real things , very much like modern young ladies " . The attributes most apparent initially are charm and playfulness , combined with a natural innocence ; their joy in the gold they guard derives from its beauty alone , even though they know its latent power . However , this veneer of childlike simplicity is misleading ; aside from proving themselves irresponsible as guardians , they are also provocative , sarcastic and cruel in their interaction with Alberich . When the demigod Loge reports that the Rhinemaidens need Wotan 's help to regain the gold , Fricka , the goddess of marriage , calls them a " watery brood " ( Wassergezücht ) and complains about the many men they have lured away with their " treacherous bathing " . They are beguiling and flirtatious with Siegfried , but finally wise as revealed by the undisclosed counsel which they give to Brünnhilde . Sabor sees the personality of the Rhinemaidens as a blend of the " good hearted nature " of the Oceanids and the " austerity " ( including the willingness to drown people ) of the daughters of Ægir . The first lines sung by Woglinde in the Ring are dominated by wordless vocalisations . Weia ! Waga ! ... Wagala weia ! Wallala weiala weia ! This attracted comment both at the 1869 premiere of Rheingold and the 1876 premiere of the entire Ring , with Wagner 's work being dismissed as " Wigalaweia @-@ Musik " . In a letter to Nietzsche dated 12 June 1872 , Wagner explained that he had derived Weiawaga from old German and that it was related to Weihwasser , meaning holy water . Other words were intended as parallels to those found in German nursery lullabies ( ' Eia Poppeia ' , ' Heija Poppeia ' and ' Aia Bubbeie ' are common forms ) . Thus Woglinde 's lines portray both the childish innocence of the Rhinemaidens and the holiness of Nature . The Rhinemaidens ' sorrow in the loss of the gold is deep and heartfelt . As the gods are crossing the rainbow bridge into Valhalla at the end of Das Rheingold , Loge ironically suggests that , in the absence of the gold , the maidens should " bask in the gods ’ new @-@ found radiance " . The maidens ' lament then becomes a stern reproof : " Tender and true are only the depths " , they sing ; " False and cowardly is all that rejoices up there " . In the final Götterdämmerung scene they show ruthlessness as , having recovered the ring , they drag the hapless Hagen down into the waters of the Rhine . The Rhinemaidens are the only prominent characters seen definitely alive at the end of the drama ; the fates of a few others are ambiguous , but most have certainly perished . Despite the relative brevity of their roles in the context of the four @-@ opera cycle , they are key figures ; their careless guardianship of the gold and their provocation of Alberich are the factors which determine all that follows . Wagner himself devised the " renunciation of love " provision whereby the gold could be stolen and then used to forge a ring with power to rule the world . Since the ring is made from the stolen gold , only its restoration to the Rhinemaidens ' care in the waters of the Rhine will lift the curse on it . Hence , the return of the stolen property provides a unifying thematic consistency to Wagner 's complex story . = = Role in the Ring Operas = = = = = Das Rheingold , Scene 1 = = = As the musical prelude climaxes , Woglinde and Wellgunde are seen at play in the depths of the Rhine . Flosshilde joins them after a gentle reminder of their responsibilities as guardians of the gold . They are observed by the Nibelung dwarf Alberich who calls out to them : " I 'd like to draw near if you would be kind to me " . The wary Flosshilde cries : " Guard the gold ! Father warned us of such a foe " . When Alberich begins his rough wooing the maidens relax : " Now I laugh at my fears , our enemy is in love " , says Flosshilde , and a cruel teasing game ensues . First , Woglinde pretends to respond to the dwarf 's advances but swims away as he tries to embrace her . Then Wellgunde takes over , and Alberich 's hopes rise until her sharp retort : " Ugh , you hairy hunchbacked clown ! " Flosshilde pretends to chastise her sisters for their cruelty and feigns her own courtship , by which Alberich is quite taken in until she suddenly tears away to join the others in a mocking song . Tormented with lust , Alberich furiously chases the maidens over the rocks , slipping and sliding as they elude him , before he sinks down in impotent rage . At this point the mood changes : as a sudden brightness penetrates the depths , a magical golden light reveals , for the first time , the Rhinegold on its rock . The maidens sing their ecstatic greeting to the gold , which rouses Alberich 's curiosity . In response to his question Woglinde and Wellgunde reveal the gold 's secret : measureless power would belong to the one who could forge a ring from it . Flosshilde scolds them for giving this secret away , but her concerns are dismissed — only someone who has forsworn love can obtain the gold , and Alberich is clearly so besotted as to present no danger . But their confidence is misplaced ; in his humiliation Alberich decides that world mastery is more desirable than love . As the maidens continue to jeer his antics he scrambles up the rock and , uttering a curse on love , seizes the gold and disappears , leaving the Rhinemaidens to dive after him bewailing their loss . = = = Das Rheingold , Scene 4 = = = As Wotan , Fricka and the other gods start to cross the rainbow bridge leading to Valhalla , they hear a melancholy song from the depths of the Rhine — the maidens , mourning the loss of the gold . Embarrassed and irritated , Wotan tells Loge to silence the maidens , but as the gods continue across the bridge the lament rises again , now with bitter words of reproach to the gods for their heartlessness . = = = Götterdämmerung , Act 3 Scene 1 = = = Some time has passed ( at least two generations ) . In a remote wooded valley where the Rhine flows , the ageless Rhinemaidens continue to mourn for the gold , pleading with the " Sun @-@ woman " to send them a champion who will return the gold to them . Siegfried 's horn is heard , and he soon appears , having lost his way while hunting . The maidens greet him with their old playfulness and offer to help him , for the price of the ring on his finger . After a flirtatious exchange , Siegfried offers , apparently sincerely , to give them the ring . But instead of wisely simply accepting his offer , the mood of the naive , formerly flirtatious Rhinemaidens suddenly becomes solemn : they warn Siegfreid he will be killed that very day unless he delivers the ring to them . But brave Siegfried will never submit to any such implied threat and declares : " By threatening my life and limb , even if it weren 't worth as much as a finger , you won 't get the ring from me ! " The maidens are scornful of his folly : " Farewell , Siegfried . A proud woman will today become your heir , scoundrel ! She 'll give us a better hearing " . Siegfried is not aware that it is to Brünnhilde that they refer . They swim off , leaving a puzzled Siegfried to ponder their words and to admit to himself that he could happily have seduced any one of them . = = = Götterdämmerung , Act 3 Scene 3 = = = In her final soliloquy , Brünnhilde thanks the Rhinemaidens for their " good advice " . They have apparently told her the full story of Siegfried 's ensnarement and betrayal , and advised that only the return of the ring to the waters of the Rhine can lift its curse . Brünnhilde sings : " What you desire I will give you : from my ashes take it to yourselves . The fire ... will cleanse the curse from the ring " . She exhorts the Rhinemaidens to " carefully guard it " in the future , then leaps into the flames of Siegfried 's pyre . The fire blazes up to fill the stage , representing the destruction of the gods . As the Rhine overflows its banks the Rhinemaidens appear , making for the ring . Hagen , who covets the ring , shouts to them " Get back from the ring ! " ( Zurück vom Ring ! ) , the last words of the drama . He is seized by Woglinde and Wellgunde and dragged into the Rhine 's depths , as Flosshilde grabs the ring , holds it aloft , and joins her sisters swimming in circles as the waters of the Rhine gradually subside . = = Rhinemaidens ' music = = The music associated with the Rhinemaidens has been portrayed by the Wagner commentator James Holman as " some of the seminal music in the Ring " ; other descriptions have noted its relative charm and relaxation . In Woglinde 's opening song to the Rhine : " Weia ! Waga ! Woge , du Welle , ... " ( Das Rheingold , Scene 1 ) the melody is pentatonic , using the notes E flat , F , A flat , B flat and C. The song begins with a two @-@ note falling step ( F followed by E flat ) , a figure which recurs in many musical motives throughout the Ring . The melody itself is reprised during Fricka 's denunciation of the Rhinemaidens in Das Rheingold , Scene 2 and , dramatically , at the end of Götterdämmerung when , after Brünnhilde 's immolation , the Rhinemaidens rise from the river to claim the ring from Siegfried 's funeral pyre . Its first five notes , with an altered rhythm , become the motive of the sleeping Brünnhilde in Die Walküre , Act 3 . A variant of the tune becomes the Woodbird 's greeting " Hei ! Siegfried " in Act 2 of Siegfried . The Rhinemaidens and the Woodbird , in Deryck Cooke 's analysis , are related through nature , as " fundamentally innocent allies of the natural world " . The " Rhinemaidens ' joy and greeting to the gold " : " Heiajaheia , Heiajaheia ! Wallalallalala leiajahei ! Rheingold ! Rheingold ! ... " ( Das Rheingold Scene 1 ) is a triumphant greeting song based on two elements , which are developed and transformed later in the Ring and put to many uses . For example , the joyful " heiajaheia " cries are converted , in Rheingold Scene 2 , into a dark minor version as Loge reports the theft of the gold to the gods and the consequent rising power of the Nibelungen . The " Rheingold ! " repetition is sung by the Rhinemaidens to the same falling step that marked the start of Woglinde 's song . This figure recurs constantly in the later stages of the drama ; in Das Rheingold Scene 3 a minor key version is used as a motive for the evil power of the ring that Alberich has forged from the gold . It comes to represent the theme of servitude to the ring ; in Götterdämmerung , enslaved to the ring by his desire for it , Hagen utters his " Hoi @-@ ho " call to his vassals using the same minor two @-@ note figure . The lament " Rheingold ! Rheingold ! Reines Gold ! ... " ( Das Rheingold Scene 4 ) is sung by the maidens at the end of Das Rheingold , as the gods begin to cross the Rainbow Bridge into Valhalla . It begins with the music from the greeting , but develops into what Ernest Newman describes as a " haunting song of loss " , which becomes increasingly poignant before it is drowned by the orchestral fortissimo that ends the opera . A slow version of the lament is played on the horns in Siegfried , Act 2 , as Siegfried enters Fafner 's cave to claim the gold — the lament , says Cooke , serves to remind us of the gold 's true ownership . The lament is played spiritedly during the Götterdämmerung prologue , as part of the orchestral interlude known as Siegfried 's Rhine Journey , before a shadow falls across the music as it descends into the minor key of the " servitude " motive . Newman describes the Rhinemaidens ' scene with Siegfried " : Frau Sonne ... " and " Weilalala leia ... " ( Götterdämmerung , Act 3 Scene 1 ) , as a " gracious woodland idyll " . The musical elements associated with the Rhinemaidens in this scene have not previously been heard ; Holman describes them as alluding to the maidens ' seductive nature , as well as conveying a sense of nostalgia and detachment , as the drama approaches its conclusion . = = On stage = = From the first complete production of the Ring , at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1876 , it was established that the Rhinemaidens should be depicted in conventional human form , rather than as mermaids or with other supernatural features , notwithstanding Alberich 's insult to Wellgunde : " Frigid bony fish ! " ( Kalter , grätiger Fisch ! ) . The staging of their scenes has always been a test of ingenuity and imagination , since Wagner 's stage directions include much swimming and diving and other aquatic gymnastics . Traditionally , therefore , much use has been made of backdrops and lighting to achieve the necessary watery effects . Until the Second World War , under the influence of Cosima Wagner and her ( and Wagner 's ) son Siegfried , a policy of " stifling conservatism " was applied to Bayreuth stagings of the Ring operas . Although there had been some innovation in productions staged elsewhere , it was not until the postwar revival of the Festival in 1951 that there were any significant changes in Bayreuth 's presentation of the Ring operas . Since 1976 , in particular , innovation at the Festival and elsewhere has been substantial and imaginative . In the original 1876 production , the Rhinemaidens were wheeled around on stands behind semi @-@ transparent screens . The stage machinery and the lighting effects were designed by Carl Brandt , who was the foremost stage technician of the time . One innovation which Cosima did eventually approve was the replacement of the wheeled stands with giant , invisible " fishing rods " on which the Rhinemaidens were dangled . Wires continued to be used in the Bayreuth productions of Siegfried Wagner and , later , those of his widow Winifred , who ran the Bayreuth Festival until the end of the Second World War . Similar techniques have been used in more modern productions . In the 1996 Lyric Opera of Chicago Ring cycle , repeated in 2004 – 05 , the Rhinemaidens were suspended on bungee cords anchored in the fly space above the stage , enabling them to dive up and down , as intended by Wagner . The Rhinemaidens were played on @-@ stage by gymnasts , mouthing words sung by singers standing in a corner of the stage . The 1951 Festival production , by Siegfried 's and Winifred 's son Wieland , broke with tradition and featured an austere staging which replaced scenery and props with skilful lighting effects . The Rhinemaidens , along with all the other characters , were plainly dressed in simple robes , and sang their roles without histrionics . Thus the music and the words became the main focus of attention . Wieland was influenced by Adolphe Appia , whose Notes sur l 'Anneau du Nibelungen ( 1924 – 25 ) had been dismissed by Cosima : " Appia seems to be unaware that the Ring was performed here in 1876 . It follows that the staging is definitive and sacrosanct . " However , Wieland and his brother Wolfgang praised Appia : " ... the stylised stage , inspired by the music and the realisation of three @-@ dimensional space – constitute the initial impulses for a reform of operatic stagings which led quite logically to the ' New Bayreuth ' style . " The innovative centenary Bayreuth Ring , directed by Patrice Chéreau , did away altogether with the underwater concept by setting the Rhinemaiden scenes in the lee of a large hydro @-@ electric dam , as part of a 19th @-@ century Industrial Revolution setting for the operas . For the scene with Siegfried in Götterdämmerung , Chéreau altered the perpetual youth aspect of the Rhine Maidens by depicting them as " no longer young girls merrily disporting themselves ; they have become tired , grey , careworn , and ungainly " . Since this production " the assumption of unrestricted interpretive license has become the norm " . For example , Nikolaus Lehnhoff , in his 1987 Bayerische Staatsoper production , placed the Rhinemaidens in a salon and had their lament at the end of Rheingold played on a gramophone by Loge . Peter Hall directed the Bayreuth Ring after Chéreau . His version , staged 1983 – 86 , portrayed the natural innocence of the Rhinemaidens in the simplest of ways ; they were naked . Keith Warner adapted this feature in his Ring production for the Royal Opera House Covent Garden , first staged 2004 – 06 . A Covent Garden spokesman explained " The maidens are children of innocence , a vision of nature – and as soon as someone appears they hastily throw on some clothes to protect their modesty . " While Warner relies on lighting to achieve an underwater effect , Hall used a Pepper 's ghost illusion : mirrors at a 45 ° angle made the Rhinemaidens appear to swim vertically when the performers were in fact swimming horizontally in a shallow basin . Although the roles of the Rhinemaidens are relatively small , they have been sung by notable singers better known for performing major roles in Wagnerian and other repertoire . The first person to sing the part of Woglinde in full was Lilli Lehmann at Bayreuth in 1876 . In 1951 , when the Bayreuth Festival re @-@ opened after the Second World War , the same part was taken by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf . Other Bayreuth Rhinemaidens include Helga Dernesch who sang Wellgunde there between 1965 and 1967 . Lotte Lehmann played Wellgunde at the Hamburg State Opera between 1912 and 1914 and the Vienna State Opera in 1916 . Recorded Rhinemaidens have included Sena Jurinac for Furtwängler and RAI , Lucia Popp and Gwyneth Jones for Georg Solti , and Helen Donath and Edda Moser for Karajan . = 4 ( Beyoncé album ) = 4 is the fourth studio album by American singer Beyoncé , released on June 24 , 2011 , by Parkwood Entertainment and Columbia Records . Following a career hiatus that reignited her creativity , Beyoncé was inspired to create a record with a basis in traditional rhythm and blues that stood apart from contemporary popular music . Her collaborations with songwriters and record producers The @-@ Dream , Tricky Stewart , and Shea Taylor produced a mellower tone , developing diverse vocal styles and influences from funk , hip hop , and soul . Severing professional ties with father and manager Mathew Knowles , Beyoncé eschewed the music of her previous releases in favor of an intimate , personal album . 4 's lyrics emphasize monogamy , female empowerment and self @-@ reflection , a result of Beyoncé considering a maturer message to contend artistic credibility . The album was praised by critics for its fusion of various genres and for Beyoncé 's vocals ; many publications included it on their year @-@ end lists . In May 2011 , Beyoncé submitted seventy @-@ two songs to Columbia Records for consideration , twelve songs of which appeared on the standard edition . 4 was promoted in mid @-@ 2011 by television performances and festival appearances , such as Beyoncé 's headlining Glastonbury Festival set . It was her fourth consecutive album to debut at number one on the US Billboard 200 , and it also reached number one in Brazil , France , Ireland , South Korea , Spain , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . 4 spawned the international singles " Run the World ( Girls ) " , " Best Thing I Never Had " , " Party " , " Love on Top " and " Countdown " . " Love on Top " won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional R & B Performance at the 55th annual ceremony . As of December 2015 , 4 has sold 3 @.@ 3 million copies worldwide and 1 @.@ 5 million copies in the United States . = = Development = = Following the release of her third album I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) and a world tour , Beyoncé took a career hiatus in 2010 " to live life [ and ] to be inspired by things again " . During her hiatus , she " killed " Sasha Fierce , the alter @-@ ego used in her previous album , as she felt she could now merge her two personalities . She severed professional ties with father and manager Mathew Knowles , who had guided her career since the 1990s with Destiny 's Child , noting that the decision made her feel vulnerable . In an interview for Complex , Beyoncé expressed dissatisfaction with contemporary radio . She intended 4 to help change that status , commenting , " Figuring out a way to get R & B back on the radio is challenging ... With 4 , I tried to mix R & B from the ' 70s and the ' 90s with rock ' n ' roll and a lot of horns to create something new and exciting . I wanted musical changes , bridges , vibrata , live instrumentation and classic songwriting . " On her website she wrote , " The album is definitely an evolution . It 's bolder than the music on my previous albums because I 'm bolder . The more mature I become and the more life experiences I have , the more I have to talk about . I really focused on songs being classics , songs that would last , songs that I could sing when I 'm 40 and when I 'm 60 . " Beyoncé also sought to make more artistic music , rather than purely commercially oriented songs . Although much of 4 's inspiration came from " touring , travelling , watching rock bands and attending festivals " , the album 's early musical direction was influenced by Nigerian Afrobeat musician Fela Kuti , whose passion for music motivated Beyoncé . She worked with the band from Fela ! , the Broadway musical based on Kuti 's life . DJ Swivel , one of 4 's engineers , later described how Kuti 's use of percussion and horns influenced the track " End of Time " . In 2015 , The @-@ Dream revealed that he and Beyoncé had composed a whole album based on Kuti 's music , although this was scrapped in favor of creating 4 , therefore explaining how " End of Time " became so heavily influenced . She also found additional influences in Earth , Wind & Fire , The Stylistics , Lauryn Hill , Stevie Wonder , and Michael Jackson . She used hip hop for a " broader sound " and looked to bring soul singing back , stating , " I used a lot of the brassiness and grittiness in my voice that people hear in my live performances , but not necessarily on my records . " = = Recording = = Three months into her hiatus in March 2010 , Beyoncé began recording at Jay @-@ Z 's Roc the Mic Studios in New York City . One song — " Party " — was recorded because she wanted to see what working relationship would develop with engineer DJ Swivel . Kanye West assisted the production of " Party " after Beyoncé was impressed by his work on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) . André 3000 , the only featured artist on 4 , contributed a rap verse to the song , which he recorded in Georgia , US . Six weeks later , in May 2010 , she asked Swivel to work on the entire project . Concerning his working relationship with Beyoncé , he commented , " There was no ' We 're doing this today . ' It was a very kind of open project , where whatever she felt like recording at that time was what we 'd work on . It was based on how she felt , her mood , and also her listening to the demos that writers would give us . " With Swivel , she experimented with horns , drums , guitars and percussion instruments . Mostly inspired by the Fela ! sessions , Swivel began to formulate beats using their own recordings and those from Fela ! The project was moved to KMA Studios for a week and a half because Roc the Mic was not large enough . There they began recording " I Care " , " Best Thing I Never Had " and " Rather Die Young " , and completed " Party " . They recorded the songs " Schoolin ' Life " , " 1 + 1 " and " Start Over " at Jungle City Studios in New York . MSR Studios was the final New York City @-@ based studio used , and where most of 4 was recorded — only " Party " and " I Was Here " were recorded entirely at other studios . At MSR , Beyoncé emphasized the use of live instruments on songs such as " I Care " and " End of Time " . Consequently , most of the instruments , including drums , keyboards , guitar and bass work , were recorded there and performed by Jeff Bhasker and Shea Taylor . Beyoncé asked Frank Ocean to write and record " I Miss You " at MSR , saying to Complex , " [ Jay @-@ Z ] had a CD playing in the car one Sunday when we were driving to Brooklyn . I noticed his tone , his arrangements , and his storytelling . I immediately reached out to him — literally the next morning . I asked him to fly to New York and work on my record . " After listening to each song , Beyoncé would often request the addition of specific instruments , leaving her production team to make the sounds cohesive . Her vocals were recorded through an Avalon Design 737 preamp and compressed in a 1176 Peak Limiter with a 4 : 1 ratio . After recording the lead vocals for a track , Swivel cut them in different ways and he and Beyoncé picked the best , then recording the backing vocals . Beyoncé composed her own vocal arrangements and harmonies for each song . Her microphones were carefully placed to achieve a blend of sounds with a clear quality . Swivel spoke of her work ethic in an interview for Sound on Sound : She 's so fast and good at what she does that you can 't afford to waste time on anything , so if we ’ re ready to record drums , for example , we ’ re going to work with whatever we have available right there and then . That 's why we worked in such great studios , because we know they have great gear , and we don 't need to worry about renting gear . Part of my job as an engineer is to make sure the sessions are not only moving along , but moving along at her pace . After the move to MSR , Beyoncé and her production team began travelling . In the United Kingdom , they worked at Peter Gabriel 's Real World Studios in Wiltshire — particularly using Gabriel 's multi @-@ instrument room — to create " Love on Top " . Soon after , Beyoncé joined Jay @-@ Z in a Sydney mansion , as he was working on his collaboration album Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) with Kanye West . There they created a " primitive studio " using a microphone , a rig out and Pro Tools software to record . Sessions were also held in Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Atlanta and Honolulu . In February 2011 , MTV reported the project was nearing completion . 4 was mixed mostly at MixStar Studios in Virginia and mastered at Sterling Sound in New York City . The audio mastering was delayed by a week following the unexpected recording of " I Was Here " . Diane Warren had played the song to Jay @-@ Z during a telephone conversation , leading him to put Warren and Beyoncé in contact . In May 2011 , Beyoncé submitted seventy @-@ two songs in preparation for the album 's release . According to Swivel , an eclectic range of songs were recorded , including ballads , " weird ethereal things " and 1990 's R & B and Afrobeat @-@ inspired songs . Columbia Records were reportedly overwhelmed with the " sheer volume of material she presented to them " . = = Composition = = The final cut of 4 comprises twelve tracks on the standard edition and eighteen on the deluxe edition — three of which are remixes of " Run the World ( Girls ) " . Critics viewed 4 as a major departure from Beyoncé 's previous catalogue , with a distinctive mellower sound . The album consists mostly of mid @-@ tempo R & B songs , with 1970s funk , 1980s pop and 1990s soul influences . The second half was more eclectic , exploring a variety of genres including hard rock , reggae and adult contemporary . The Guardian complimented the album 's divergence from the " layering [ of ] Euro @-@ synths on pop @-@ step woomphs " that characterize the music of Beyoncé 's contemporaries . The balladry of the first half of 4 combines diverse vocal styles with the use of live instrumentation . " 1 + 1 " demonstrates Beyoncé 's vocal @-@ flexing over " magnificent guitar bombast " and a soft backing beat , while " Start Over " , a mid tempo R & B ballad , uses a futuristic beat with electric elements and synthesizers . " I Miss You " , with its " layers of atmospheric keyboards " , ambient synthesizers and tinny 808 drums was sung in a half @-@ whisper to exhibit intense emotion . " I Was Here " , an understated pop @-@ R & B ballad with indie rock inflections , primarily concerns self @-@ reflection with dramatic vocals . On other songs , Beyoncé explores womanhood . " Best Thing I Never Had " , 4 's fourth track , was described as a moment of self @-@ realization and a " female call to arms " . With vocals that allude to a " wounded bird turned resilient lioness " , the song is built on a " winkly piano riff and beefy bass drums " . " Dance for You " conveys a more sexual tone through breathy vocals and blaring electric guitars . It forgoes her typical empowerment themes in favor of sensual imagery and comfort with one 's partner . " Run the World ( Girls ) " , a female empowerment anthem reminiscent of Beyoncé 's more contemporary work on I Am ... Sasha Fierce , uses an energetic sample of Major Lazer 's " Pon de Floor " . The song incorporates " layered melodics " , most prominently a military marching drumbeat , while Beyoncé 's near @-@ chanted delivery encompasses her full vocal range . The tracks " Countdown " and " End of Time " were distinguished by their musical and lyrical experimentalism . " Countdown " was described as " everywhere on the genre map " , although predominantly dancehall @-@ led with a " bristling brass arrangement " . Its chorus describes a relationship by counting backwards from ten , using a sample from Boyz II Men 's " Uhh Ahh " . " End of Time " ' s pulsating , brass sound — reminiscent of a marching @-@ band — was heavily influenced by Afrobeat musician Fela Kuti . Kuti 's use of horns and percussion instruments was recreated and combined with elements of electronic music and synthesizers . " Lay Up Under Me " is also built on retro horns , featuring upbeat vocals , a sound Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork associated with Michael Jackson 's 1979 album Off the Wall . Other tracks were noted for their retro stylization . " Rather Die Young " is a throwback to 1960s doo @-@ wop and Philadelphia soul , with a slow tempo and modern drums . " Party " achieves a vintage aesthetic through minimalistic production , replete with heavy synthesizers and a 1980s smooth @-@ funk groove . The song is unique for its conversation @-@ like structure , in which Beyoncé and guest @-@ vocalist André 3000 sing verses that allude to socialization at parties . Elements of Prince 's style was found on " Schoolin ' Life " and " I Care " . " Schoolin ' Life " is an uptempo funk song , with lyrics that advise the listener to live life to the fullest while cautioning them about the consequences of excess . The chorus of " I Care " was compared to " Purple Rain " , with themes of sadness and resentment , the song uses soft background vocals and dense percussion . " Love on Top " was noted for its energetic key changes with a joyful tone , evoking the work of Michael and Janet Jackson . Its retro sound is marked by a melding of horns as well as sweet backing harmonies that are most prominent on its bridge and chorus . = = Release and artwork = = On May 18 , 2011 , 4 's release date in the United States was confirmed on to be June 28 . On June 7 , the album was leaked onto the Internet in full ; Beyoncé 's legal representatives issued warnings to infringing websites and leaked tracks were soon removed from such sites . On June 9 , Beyoncé responded to the leak through Facebook , commenting , " My music was leaked and while this is not how I wanted to present my new songs , I appreciate the positive response from my fans . When I record music I always think about my fans singing every note and dancing to every beat . I make music to make people happy and I appreciate that everyone has been so anxious to hear my new songs . " Following the leak , reports circulated that Columbia Records executives hoped to cover their assets in fear that the album may be a commercial failure . Rumors had suggested that the label requested from Beyoncé to make changes to the record and reunite Destiny 's Child , claims Columbia denied . In August 2013 , NME reported that Sony Music were suing a forty @-@ seven @-@ year @-@ old man from Gothenburg for US $ 233 @,@ 000 concerning the leak of 4 . The deluxe version was released simultaneously with the standard edition in several countries . In the United States , it was available exclusively through Target stores . In an interview for Billboard , Beyoncé stated that despite having another concept for the album , she was ultimately influenced by her fans to name the album 4 . She described the number four as being " special " to her , as her and Jay @-@ Z 's birthday , several other family and friends ' birthdays , and her wedding anniversary fall on the fourth day of the month . The cover of the standard edition was revealed on Beyoncé 's website on May 18 , 2011 . Shot on the rooftop of the Hôtel Meurice in Paris , Beyoncé is looking into the distance with her arms raised over her head , wearing smokey eye makeup , thick gold cuffs and a fox @-@ fur stole by cult French designer Alexandre Vauthier , embellished with Swarovski crystals by the Lesage embroidery house . The cover of the deluxe version was shown on June 16 , where Beyoncé is dressed in a tight @-@ fitting blue @-@ purple dress by French designer Maxime Simoens , holding her hands in her hair . For its artwork , she opted for clothing made by lesser @-@ known designers . The promotional and interior @-@ package images for 4 were shot at the same time . = = Promotion = = Beyoncé made several appearances on television and in live shows to promote 4 . She performed " Run the World ( Girls ) " for the first time on May 17 , 2011 , on Surprise Oprah ! A Farewell Spectacular at the United Center in Chicago . She also performed the song at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards . On May 25 , " 1 + 1 " was made available for download through the iTunes Store in the United States . The same day , " 1 + 1 " was performed at the American Idol final ; she introduced it as her favorite song . In June , she performed at the Palais Nikaia in Nice , Zénith de Lille , and the Galaxie in Amnéville . On June 26 , Beyoncé was the closing act at the Glastonbury Festival 2011 in the United Kingdom . She was the first solo female artist to headline the Pyramid stage at the Glastonbury Festival in more than twenty years . A pre @-@ taped performance of " Best Thing I Never Had " and " End of Time " at the Glastonbury Festival was broadcast during the 2011 BET Awards . The following day , Beyoncé 's exclusive hour @-@ long interview with Piers Morgan in London was broadcast on Piers Morgan Tonight . She also appeared on the finale of France 's The X Factor to perform " Run the World " and " Best Thing I Never Had " . An MTV television special , Beyoncé : Year of 4 , premiered on June 30 , documenting Beyoncé 's life during 4 's production . On July 1 , Beyoncé appeared on Good Morning America as part of its " Summer Concert Series " in New York City . She also projected images from 4 on a number of London 's landmarks , including Madame Tussauds and Battersea Power Station . She then traveled to Scotland to perform at the T in the Park Festival on July 10 , 2011 . The next day , she performed at the Oxegen Festival in Ireland . On July 28 , 2011 , Beyoncé performed " 1 + 1 " and " Best Thing I Never Had " on The View ; the latter was also performed on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon the same day . From August 16 – 19 , Beyoncé held the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts at the Roseland Ballroom to a standing room only audience . Subsequently , the Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 DVD was released in November . " Love on Top " was sung at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28 , Beyoncé finished the performance by unbuttoning her blazer and rubbing her stomach to confirm her pregnancy . A live performance of " Countdown " recorded in July was broadcast on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in November . = = = Singles = = = 4 was Beyoncé ' first album that yielded no number one singles in the United States , as no song from 4 reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Run the World ( Girls ) " was released internationally as the lead single from 4 on April 21 , 2011 . It reached number twenty @-@ nine on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number eleven on the UK Singles Chart . " Best Thing I Never Had " followed on June 1 , 2011 . It fared much better on national charts , reaching number sixteen in the United States , number five in New Zealand and number three in the United Kingdom . " Party " was released as an urban contemporary single in the US on August 30 , 2011 ; its remix , featuring J. Cole , was released in the United States , Canada and some European countries on October 24 , 2011 . " Love on Top " was released in Australia as a contemporary hit radio single in September 2011 ; it was released in Italy , Belgium and the United States later . It topped the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart for seven consecutive weeks . " Countdown " was released in the United States and parts of Europe , beginning October 4 , 2011 . " I Care " was released in Italy only on March 23 , 2012 , while " End of Time " was released in the UK only on April 23 , 2012 . = = Critical reception = = 4 received generally positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 73 , based on 36 reviews . Michael Cragg of The Observer called it Beyoncé 's " most accomplished album yet " . Slant Magazine 's Eric Henderson believed 4 succeeds vocally as an album of mostly intimate and slow @-@ tempo ballads . Mikael Wood of Spin magazine applauded its ballads , mid @-@ tempo songs , and evocations of late 1970s and early 1980s pop @-@ soul . In his review for Rolling Stone , Jody Rosen wrote that Beyoncé eschews contemporary production styles for a more personal and idiosyncratic album . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times viewed it as a good showcase for Beyoncé as a torch singer , because she convincingly sings about heartbreak and the strong emotional effect of love . Pitchfork Media critic Ryan Dombal found it easygoing , retro @-@ informed , and engaging because it shows " one of the world 's biggest stars exploring her talent in ways few could 've predicted " . AllMusic 's Andy Kellman said that the quality of Beyoncé 's singing and the songwriting compensate for the assorted arrangement of the songs . Uncut viewed it is an exceptional album in spite of occasionally trite lyrics . In a less enthusiastic review , Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly said the first @-@ half of 4 is marred by boring ballads and the songwriting in general are not on @-@ par with Beyoncé 's vocal talent . In his review for The Guardian , Alexis Petridis was ambivalent towards the album 's 1980s influence and argued that , despite well written songs , it is not very consequential . Time magazine 's Claire Suddath said the songs lack lyrical substance , even though they are performed well . Greg Kot , writing in the Chicago Tribune , called 4 inconsistent , short , and unfinished . NME magazine 's Hamish MacBain felt Beyoncé did not progress from her past work and that " even the OK bits here " sounded " uninspired " . = = = Accolades = = = 4 was included on various publication 's year @-@ end lists . It was ranked as the best album of the year by The New Yorker , and came in the runner @-@ up spot on lists produced by Spin and Amazon . The album was ranked within the top 10 by MSN , where it came in at number three , The Guardian and MTV , which placed it at number four , and the Chicago Sun Times , which placed it at number six . The BBC ranked it at number seven , while The New York Times listed it as the 10th best album of the year . The album had strong showings on other lists , where it was placed number 13 by Consequence of Sound , number 18 by Stereogum , number 25 by Rolling Stone , and number 27 by Pitchfork . 4 was included in NPR 's Top 50 Favorite Albums of 2011 , and was ranked at number 26 in the Pazz & Jop 's critics poll . It was listed at 37 on Rolling Stone 's Women Who Rock : 50 Greatest Albums of All Time . Pitchfork Media ranked the album at 39 on their list of the Top 100 Best Albums of the decade thus far , Kyle Kramer wrote that 4 " avoided the trappings of safe , later @-@ career bids , instead setting up the perfect platform for Beyoncé as the pop star , a queen for all the people . " The album was included on Consequence of Sound 's list of The 10 Best Summer Albums of All Time with Kenneth Partridge writing that " whether she 's hopelessly heartbroken or crazy in love , Queen Bey works damn hard to make you feel exactly what she 's feeling " . 4 won R & B Album of the Year at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards and received nominations at the 2011 American Music Awards , the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards , the 38th People 's Choice Awards , the 43rd NAACP Image Awards and the 2012 Grammis . At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards , " Love on Top " won the Best Traditional R & B Performance Award . = = Commercial performance = = On its first day of release , 4 sold around 32 @,@ 000 copies in the United Kingdom . According to the Official Charts Company data , this was more than the combined sales of its three nearest challengers : Adele 's 19 ( 2008 ) and 21 ( 2011 ) and Lady Gaga 's Born This Way ( 2011 ) . After a week of sales , 4 debuted atop the UK Albums Chart on July 4 , 2011 , with first @-@ week sales of 89 @,@ 211 copies , staying there for a second week with sales of 44 @,@ 929 copies . By May 2013 , it had sold 603 @,@ 548 copies in the UK . 4 opened at number two on the Australian ARIA Charts , giving Beyoncé her highest chart debut there . 4 debuted at number three on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling 8 @,@ 700 copies in its first week . It debuted at number one in France , selling 12 @,@ 393 copies in its first week . According to the Japanese music charting site Oricon , the album debuted at number ten , selling 18 @,@ 984 copies for the week ending July 11 , 2011 . In the United States , 4 debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of 310 @,@ 000 copies . This gave Beyoncé her fourth consecutive solo album to debut at number one on The Billboard album chart , making her the second female artist and third artist overall to have her first four studio albums debut atop the Billboard 200 . 4 's first @-@ week sales became Beyoncé 's lowest sales start with a studio album to date . Keith Caulfield of Billboard magazine noted that the album was not released during the festive season and that Beyoncé was so far lacking a hit single , which could help explain the album 's softer entry . It marks the third @-@ largest sales week of the year , after the number one bows of Lady Gaga 's Born This Way and Adele 's 21 . " 4 became the ninth numerically titled album to top the chart since 1956 . In its second week , the album remained at number one on the Billboard 200 , despite a 63 % sales decrease , selling 115 @,@ 000 copies . It hence became the first album by Beyoncé to top the Billboard 200 albums chart for more than one week ; an effort succeeded by her fifth album Beyoncé ( 2013 ) that remained there for three weeks . On August 1 , 2011 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores . As of 2015 , 4 had sold 3 @.@ 8 million copies worldwide , and by December 2015 , reached sales of 1 @.@ 5 million copies in the US . = = Track listings = = Notes ^ a signifies a co @-@ producer ^ b signifies an additional producer ^ c signifies a vocal producer ^ d signifies a remixer The deluxe edition contains an exclusive version of the music video for " Run the World ( Girls ) " . " Party " samples " La Di Da Di " as performed by Doug E. Fresh and the Get Fresh Crew featuring MC Ricky D. and written by Douglas Davis and Ricky Walters . " Countdown " samples " Uhh Ahh " as performed by Boyz II Men and written by Michael Bivins , Nathan Morris and Wanya Morris . " Run the World ( Girls ) " samples " Pon de Floor " as performed by Major Lazer and written by Afrojack , Vybz Cartel , Diplo and Switch . = = Personnel = = The following people are credited on the album : Managerial Performance credits Visuals and imagery Instruments Technical and production = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Moving On ( The Office ) = " Moving On " is the sixteenth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the 192nd episode overall . The episode was written by Graham Wagner . It was directed by Jon Favreau . It originally aired on NBC on February 14 , 2013 . The episode guest stars Bob Odenkirk , Mary Gillis , Collette Wolfe , and Andy Buckley . The episode also features the return of former series regular Zach Woods as Gabe Lewis . The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) interviews for a job in Philadelphia , but her potential manager Mark ( Bob Odenkirk ) reminds her of her former boss , Michael Scott . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) acquires the help of Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ) in order to give his elderly Aunt Shirley ( Mary Gillis ) a bath . Meanwhile , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) attempts to make Pete Miller ( Jake Lacy ) and Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) feel uncomfortable by hiring their ex @-@ lovers . On February 8 , 2013 , NBC announced that the episode would be expanded to fill a one @-@ hour television block , although it still counts as one official episode . The episode received largely positive reviews , although many were critical of the episode 's extended length , which they argued felt padded . The episode was viewed by 4 @.@ 06 million viewers and received a 2 / 6 percent rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked third in its timeslot , and it was the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night . = = Plot = = Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) learns that Pete Miller ( Jake Lacy ) and Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) are dating each other , which they 've been holding in secrecy from him in order to make his breakup with Erin easier . Andy attempts to fire Pete , but Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) points out that he can 't do this since Pete and Erin already disclosed their relationship . Erin and Pete then both lecture Andy about moving on , claiming that working alongside one 's ex @-@ lover doesn 't have to be awkward . To refute this claim , Andy hires both Pete 's ex @-@ girlfriend Alice ( Collette Wolfe ) and Erin 's ex @-@ boyfriend Gabe Lewis ( Zach Woods ) . After giving Pete and Erin time to appreciate how uncomfortable this is , he holds a meeting with them and their ex @-@ lovers , leading the two couples to argue with each other . Andy tells the camera that seeing Erin and Pete unhappy has made him feel better . Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) interviews for a job in Philadelphia , where she finds her potential manager , Mark ( Bob Odenkirk ) , is remarkably like her former Dunder Mifflin regional manager Michael Scott . While this initially amuses her , Pam gradually realizes that the prospect of working under another Michael Scott is abhorrent , and her horror increases when Mark reveals that she is interviewing for a glorified receptionist 's job . During a romantic dinner , Pam finally admits to Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) that even had the prospective job and boss been perfect she would not have wanted to take it , since she does not really want to move to Philadelphia , despite Jim having started his own business there . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) requests the help of Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ) in caring for his ailing Aunt Shirley . Angela initially refuses , but gives in when Dwight begins describing her ailments in grotesque detail . At the house , Angela is horrified by Dwight 's treatment of his Aunt : he consistently speaks to her in a condescending tone , proposes to cut off her worn @-@ out clothing with a utility knife , and " bathes " her by spraying her with a high @-@ pressure water hose like a cow . After subduing Dwight by spraying him with the hose , Angela insists on washing and grooming Shirley in a more dignified manner . Through the process , Dwight and Angela begin to remember their feelings for each other . At the end of the day , Angela and Dwight begin kissing , but Angela reminds Dwight that she is married and says she won 't leave her husband even though he does not care for her . Dwight admits that he 'd want that same blind loyalty from her if she were his wife . Toby had been discussing the details of the Scranton Strangler case with Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) for some time . Having grown weary of the subject , she snaps at him that he should do something about it , or stop talking . Toby accordingly goes to the local prison to talk to the person convicted of being the notorious local murderer and tell him he believes he is innocent . The convict begins strangling Toby for his part in the conviction . However , he does have his spirits lifted after Nellie gives him a lift from the hospital and commends him for his bravery . Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) queues up a television show on his computer , and while the ad loads , he does gravity boot sit @-@ ups . While he is struggling to get down , the camera zooms in on an upcoming television guide on Oscar 's computer screen that reveals that the in @-@ series documentary — called The Office : An American Workplace — will air in May . = = Production = = " Moving On " was written by series producer Graham Wagner , making it his second episode for the series after the earlier ninth season episode " The Target " . The episode was directed by filmmaker Jon Favreau , marking his first directing credit for the series and the first time he has directed for a television comedy since Fox 's Undeclared . Fischer noted that , because Favreau got his start as an actor in " quiet , character based comedies " , his directing of The Office was a " return to that " type of comedy . On February 8 , 2013 , NBC announced that the episode would be expanded to fill a one @-@ hour television block , although it still counts as one official episode . The episode guest stars Bob Odenkirk — who had previously been considered for the role of Michael Scott — as Pam 's potential employer , Mary Gillis as Aunt Shirley , and Andy Buckley as David Wallace . The episode also features the return of former series regular Zach Woods as Gabe Lewis . Woods was introduced in the sixth season episode " Sabre " and was added to the series as a regular with the premiere of the seventh season . Woods 's contract was not renewed at the beginning of the ninth season , but series showrunner Greg Daniels revealed that Woods would be returning ; he noted " It ’ s kind of a neat story turn [ ... ] He ’ s going to come back and we ’ re all excited to see him back " . = = Cultural references = = When he is being yelled at by Wallace , Andy references American rapper Vanilla Ice and musician Jon Bon Jovi . Andy gives Clark ( Clark Duke ) various nicknames , including Clarker Posey ( a reference to American actress Parker Posey ) , Clarkwork Orange ( a reference to the novel A Clockwork Orange and the film of the same name ) , and Zero Clark Thirty ( a reference to the film Zero Dark Thirty ) . At the Philadelphia office , Mark alludes to pop culture , with references to the 2011 film Horrible Bosses and the 2012 film Django Unchained . He also sings the K @-@ pop hit " Gangnam Style " by Psy , and reads Pam 's resume as if he were Bob Dylan . Mark also makes a reference to the Spanish Inquisition sketch from Monty Python , but misattributes it to the Canadian sketch comedy group The Kids in the Hall . Near the end of Pam 's interview , Mark questions her on whether she enjoys the HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm . The title of the in @-@ series documentary , The Office : An American Workplace , is the name given to the series itself when it was broadcast in the UK to differentiate it from the British version of the show . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Moving On " originally aired on NBC on February 14 , 2013 . In its original American broadcast , the episode was viewed by an estimated 4 @.@ 06 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 0 rating / 6 percent share . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 0 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a slight decrease in the ratings from the previous episode , " Vandalism " . The Office ranked third in its timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the CBS police procedural Person of Interest which received a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 percent rating , and an entry of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 2 @.@ 8 / 8 percent rating . The ratings for " Moving On " were the best for NBC in the 9 @-@ 10 pm Thursday timeslot since November 8 , 2012 . = = = Reviews = = = Jeff Alexander of Television Without Pity awarded the episode an " A – " . Damon Houx of Screen Crush called the episode the " highlight " of the season . In particular , he was pleased with the way Pam and Jim 's strife was portrayed ; he wrote that " tonight the [ ... ] drama felt earned in a way it hadn 't previous " and that " Jim and Pam were used well " . Houx was also extremely pleased with Odenkirk 's performance , writing that , " Even if Odenkirk is doing an impression of Steve Carell 's character , not only is it great for the non @-@ comedy comedy , but you can totally see a parallel universe where Odenkirk played Michael Scott and nailed it as well as Carell did . " He concluded that , with Odenkirk 's presences , " In about twenty seconds this became the best episode of the season . " Kelly West of Cinema Blend gave a moderately positive review , noting that the entry " dealt with some of the ongoing issues among the staff of Dunder Mifflin . With the exception of a pretty great guest appearance by Breaking Bad 's Bob Odenkirk ( Better call Saul ! ) and some interesting developments in the relationship department for some of the characters , the episode was fairly standard . And then came the very end , which offered an interesting reveal and a teaser of something big . " IGN writer Roth Cornet awarded the episode a 6 @.@ 9 , denoting a " okay " episode . She called the episode " the real beginning of the end " . Cornet , however , was critical of the episode 's length , specifically pin @-@ pointing the Philadelphia scenes , noting that they " went on too long " . She concluded that " I feel for the writers , who I honestly believe were forced to stretch their content this season " , as well as for the episode . Nick Campbell of TV.com was unhappy that the episode did not show or comment on Pam and Jim 's fight in the previous episode . He felt that the beginning of the dinner scene was nice , due to the two 's banter . However , he felt that the end pretended as if they had not discussed the move in any previous episodes . Campbell felt that Odenkirk was used in a good way , but that was " a waste of amazing talent at the real estate office " . He also felt that Dwight and Angela 's kiss was a good progression for their story . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode " C – " , and criticized its extended nature . He said that it was " both brimming with narrative yet straining to fill its allotted time . " Adams argued that elements , like Toby 's visit to the prison , seemed like tacked on codas intended to increase the length of the show . He also felt that Odenkirk 's performance was humorous , but dragged on too long and played the joke too far . Adams , however , was complimentary towards Angela and Dwight 's subplot , calling it the most " daring " of the episode 's various subplots , and saying it provided momentum for the episode . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix called the episode " unpleasant ' , largely due to Andy 's presence ; he felt that the character " continues to dominate the action and crush all the goodwill generated earlier in the season " . However , he was very pleased with Odenkirk 's performance , calling his acting " a pretty spot @-@ on recreation of the early years [ of The Office ] " . Bob Odenkirk 's performance was later submitted by the producers of The Office for an " Outstanding Guest Actor in Comedy Series " Emmy consideration . = Hurricane Darby ( 1992 ) = Hurricane Darby was the fourth named storm of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season . The origins of Darby were from a tropical wave which moved off the coast of Africa on June 19 . It traversed the Atlantic , and moved across Mexico , where it re @-@ emerged in the Pacific on June 29 and became a tropical depression on July 2 , a tropical storm on July 5 , and a hurricane on July 6 . The storm remained well offshore , although it killed three people . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Darby can be traced back to a tropical wave that emerged off the African coast on June 19 . The wave tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean without further development , eventually passing over the Caribbean Sea and tracked over Mexico . The wave reached in the Pacific on June 29 , as its organization began to improve . The system was designated Tropical Depression 5 @-@ E on July 2 while moving southwest as it continued to organize . On July 4 , the depression attained tropical storm status and was named " Darby " . The tropical storm intensified to hurricane status as it brushed by the southern tip of Baja California . Although the storm remained well offshore , it contained a large circulation which produced tropical storm force winds extending up to 300 miles ( 480 km ) away from the center . As Darby passed by , Socorro Island recorded a minimum pressure of 974 hPa . The storm then reached its peak intensity of 968 hPa before beginning a weakening trend due to colder waters . The hurricane , now as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , was moving to the northwest near 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) . Darby continued on a northwest track as it moved away from the Baja California on July 6 . As the storm moved over cooler waters , deep convection decreased , and Darby was downgraded to a tropical storm on July 7 . Darby , now losing tropical characteristics , was downgraded to a tropical depression on July 9 . Darby soon dissipated , and moved into the southwest United States producing light rainfall . By July 10 , Darby had lost all of its tropical characteristics . As the remnant low pressure meandered across the southwest United States it moved north , and tracked offshore of California , where it persisted as a remnant low and produced shower activity to parts of California . = = Preparations and Impact = = Although Darby remained well offshore , the large size of the hurricane 's circulation prompted the government of Mexico to issue tropical storm warnings for the southern tip of Baja California . The United States Coast Guard reported two separate boating accidents in Los Angeles , which were directly related to Darby . The first was a boat that experienced engine failure off the California coast . The seven people on board abandoned the boat , and were rescued . The second report was a boat that reported to be taking on water off the coast of California , on July 8 . A news source also reported that a tuna fishing boat experienced technical difficulties , but this is not official . The effects from Darby were mostly minor , with three deaths reported by a Mexican newspaper . Four fishermen were reported missing , and onshore , 180 small stores were damaged along the Acapulco city port . Rainfall was mainly light , although some locations picked up 5 inches ( 125 mm ) . In California , Darby 's remnants produced overcast skies around the Edwards Air Force Base . This caused the landing of the Space Shuttle Columbia to be postponed for a day at the conclusion of STS @-@ 50 , as well as the landing happening at Kennedy Space Center . Darby produced high humidity , fog , and heavy rain around Los Angeles . A .5 in ( 13 mm ) fell in San Diego , setting daily records . = Complicated ( Rihanna song ) = " Complicated " is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fifth studio album Loud ( 2010 ) . It was written and produced by Tricky Stewart and Ester Dean . " Complicated " is a dance @-@ pop , hip hop and trance music song , which also displays elements of pop , dance @-@ pop and R & B. It contains lyrical content explaining how two people in a relationship can find one another complicated at times . The song was acclaimed by critics , as the majority of reviewers concluded that it was one of the best tracks to be included on Loud . Reviewers also praised Rihanna 's vocal performance in the song . Upon the release of the album in November 2010 , the song charted at number 50 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart . = = Background and inspiration = = " Complicated " was written and produced by Tricky Stewart and Ester Dean , for Rihanna 's fifth studio album , Loud . The song was recorded in 2010 at Westlake Recording Studios , and Larrabee Sound Studios , both located in Los Angeles , California . In an interview with Sway Calloway for MTV , Rihanna explained the meaning behind " Complicated " and how it is applicable for both men and women , saying : [ Complicated is ] not a sex thing . It 's not like only women can sing this song or only women can relate to this song , ' cause it 's an individual thing and sometimes , sometimes [ sic ] men are just too complicated and then again , men can find women complicated . But it all depends on the individual , because not all women think love is complicated and not all men think that , but there are some women and some men who strongly believe that love is just too complicated . Women , they 're the first to say , ' It 's your fault , ' but most of the time it is [ the man 's ] fault . But men are also great at turning that [ shit ] around on us and making us believe that we 're wrong for something that we didn 't even do . At the end of the day , love is [ fucking ] complicated . = = Composition = = " Complicated " is dance @-@ pop , hip hop and trance song , which lasts for 4 : 17 ( four minutes , 17 seconds ) . It also displays elements of pop , dance @-@ pop and R & B. Emily Mackay of NME described the song as " a clean , sharp dancepop number , backed by a dark and shuffling hip @-@ hop beat . " According to the digital sheet music published by EMI , " Complicated " is written in the key of A minor and is set in common time with a moderate electro @-@ ballad groove . The instrumentation of " Complicated " consists of synth beats and " crackling outbursts " of percussion and drums . It also makes use of piano keys and guitar strings . Rihanna 's vocal range in the song spans from the lower note of G3 to the higher note of C5 . Mackay noted that the singer adopts a " melancholic pop vocal " for the duration of the song . Chad Grischow of IGN stated that Rihanna appears to be screaming the vocals during the hook , citing the key of the " jittery dance beat " as the reason for oversinging . However , Grischow commented that the singer sounds more pleasant to listen to during the verses , writing : " The song actually sounds great when the light , plucky verses are quietly building to the hook , allowing her to sing rather than shout . " Rihanna sings about the complications of a relationship , as well as how the protagonist can experience mood swings , whereby his or her feelings frequently change toward their lover . = = Critical reception = = " Complicated " garnered critical acclaim from music critics . Colin Gentry of 4Music named the song the highlight of the album , continuing to write that Rihanna pours her heart out to the listener as she sings about the intensity of her " despair " . Jon Parales of The New York Times described " Complicated " as being one of the more " emotional " songs on Loud . Emily Mackay of NME noted that the lyrics " Why do you make it so hard to love you ? / I hate it " were reminiscent of songs by English pop girl group , Sugababes . Steve Jones of USA Today observed that Rihanna 's opinions of men are not just present on " Complicated " , but rather that it is a recurring theme on Loud , writing " On more than one occasion , she makes it clear that she likes her men complicated and that they can expect her to be the same . " Jones also listed it as one of his top songs to download from the album . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly commented that the " spiraling dance @-@ floor siren " persona Rihanna adopted on the lead single from Loud , " Only Girl ( In the World ) " , was carried through onto " Complicated " . Greenblatt continued to praise Rihanna 's vocal performance , writing : " Even while telling a recalcitrant man how hard he is to love , she sounds almost buoyant , her newly expanded vocals eager to scale the song 's high @-@ altitude house beat . " Nima Baniamer of Contactmusic.com praised Rihanna 's vocal performance and liked it to single track from Loud , " California King Bed " , writing : " Taking a seat back from the thumping club classics , tracks like California King Bed and Complicated are both emotional singles that reveal Rihanna 's surprisingly brilliant vocals . " Baniamer also expressed that it would be a " travesty " if the song was not chosen as a single from the album . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club was complimentary of the song , as well as single track " What 's My Name ? " , writing : " Her bubbly patois and soaring divatronics elevate the generic R & B and Euro @-@ dance flavors of ' What 's My Name ' and ' Complicated , ' respectively . " However , Bill Lamb of About.com was critical of the song , labeling it as " cluttered " and the album 's " low @-@ point " . = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California and Larrabee Sound Studios , Los Angeles , California . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Loud , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records . = = Charts = = Upon the release of Loud , " Complicated " debuted and peaked at number 50 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart for the issue dated November 14 , 2010 . = Conquest of the Western Turks = The conquest of the Western Turks , known as the Western Tujue in Chinese sources , was a military campaign in 657 led by the Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang against the Western Turkic Khaganate ruled by Ashina Helu . The Chinese war against the Western Turks began in 640 with the annexation of the Tarim Basin oasis state Gaochang , an ally of the Western Turks . Several of the oasis states had once been vassals of the Tang Dynasty , but switched their allegiance to the Western Turks when they grew suspicious of the military ambitions of the Tang . Tang expansion into Central Asia continued with the conquest of Karasahr in 644 and Kucha in 648 . Su Dingfang commanded the main army dispatched against the Western Turks , while the Turkic generals Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen led the side divisions . The Tang troops were reinforced by cavalry supplied by the Uyghurs , a tribe that had been allied with the Tang since their support for the Uyghur revolt against the Xueyantuo . Su Dingfang 's army defeated Helu at the battle of Irtysh River . The victory strengthened Tang control of the Western Regions , now modern Xinjiang , and brought the regions formerly ruled by the Khaganate into the Tang empire . Puppet qaghans , the Turkic title for ruler , and military garrisons were installed to administer the newly acquired territories . The Tang Dynasty achieved its maximum extent as China 's western borders reached the eastern frontier of the Arabic Umayyad Caliphate . Later on , Turkic revolts ended Chinese hegemony beyond the Pamir Mountains in modern Tajikistan and Afghanistan , but a Tang military presence remained in Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin . Central Asia absorbed cultural influences from the conflict . Turkic culture and language spread into Central Asia , as did artistic and political influences from the Tang Dynasty . Many of the Tang generals and soldiers stationed in the region were ethnically Turkic , and the prevalence of Indo @-@ European languages in Central Asia declined with acceleration of Turkic migration . The Turks , Tibetans , and the Tang competed for control over Central Asia for the next few centuries . = = Background = = The empire of the Tang Dynasty ( June 18 , 618 – June 1 , 907 ) , successor of the Sui Dynasty , was a cosmopolitan hegemon that ruled one of China 's most expansive empires . Raids by the nomadic Khitans and Turks challenged Tang rule , and Tang rulers responded by pursuing strategies of divide and conquer , proxy warfare , tributes , and marriages . Hostilities between the Tang and the Western Turks had existed since the founding of the dynasty . Emperor Gaozu , the first emperor of the Tang Dynasty , aided the assassination of a Western Turk qaghan in November 2 , 619 . Facing the threat of both the Western and Eastern Turkic Khaganates , Gaozu 's successor Emperor Taizong formed an alliance with the Western Turks against the Eastern Turks , adopting a policy of allying " with those who are far away to fight those who are close . " The westward expansion of the Tang Dynasty began with their wars against the Eastern Turks , Eastern Tujue in Chinese . Taking advantage of the political discord in the Eastern Turkic Khaganate , Taizong annexed the territory of the Eastern Turks in 629 , beginning a period of rule that would last for the next fifty years . The nomads were driven out of the Ordos region and southern Mongolia and Taizong was declared a Great Khan by the defeated tribes , who surrendered and submitted to Tang rule . = = = Battles in the Western Regions = = = Several of the Tarim Basin oasis states switched their allegiance from the Tang Dynasty to the Western Turks . The oasis states Kashgar and Khotan surrendered to the Chinese in 632 , as did the kingdom of Yarkand in 635 . Tang military campaigns expanded further west against the remaining	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
kingdoms of the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang beginning in 640 . The king of Gaochang refused to submit to the Tang Dynasty as a suzerain . In 638 , Emperor Taizong ordered a campaign led by general Hou Junji to invade Gaochang . Tang troops arrived in 640 and annexed the kingdom . A Western Turk army , sent to support Gaochang , retreated as the Tang forces approached . The nearby kingdom of Karasahr grew wary of the Chinese troops stationed at Gaochang , now under Tang domination . It refused to send tribute to the Tang court and formed an alliance with the Western Turks . A Tang campaign led by commander Guoxiao Ke captured the kingdom in 644 and installed a Tang loyalist as ruler . Military assistance by the Western Turks failed to deter the Tang forces . With the support of the Western Turks , the puppet ruler was later deposed , and another military campaign , led by the Tang general Ashina She 'er , a member of the Turkic Ashina royal family , arrived in 648 to re @-@ establish Tang control . After conquering Karasahr , She 'er led his forces to the kingdom of Kucha . The army of Kucha , comprising 50 @,@ 000 soldiers , lost to She 'er . The king of Kucha fled with his soldiers to the kingdom of Aksu . After a forty @-@ day siege , the king was captured and the Kucha forces surrendered on 19 January 649 . Tang military garrisons were installed in the region to administer the annexed oasis states . These garrisons , known as the Four Garrisons of Anxi , were located in Kucha , Kashgar , Khotan , and Karasahr . = = Campaign = = Ashina Helu , a member of the Ashina royal family , was previously a general under Emperor Taizong commanding Tang forces in Gansu . He led a revolt against the Tang and migrated westward , declaring himself Shabulou Qaghan and ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate . Helu 's rise to power unified the divided Turkic tribes under a single leader . After he established himself as qaghan , Ashina Helu led repeated raids on Tang settlements to the east . He also attacked the Tarim Basin , bringing the territory under Turkic rule for the next six years . Emperor Gaozong , the successor of Taizong , responded by sending Tang forces consisting of a main division led by Su Dingfang , and another led by Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen , Western Turk rivals of Ashina Helu . Su Dingfang was a commander from south @-@ central Hebei who , earlier in his career as an officer , was responsible for leading the attack against the military camp of Illig Qaghan , qaghan of the Eastern Turks . He also gained military experience as a leader of a regional militia during the civil war fought between the transition from Sui to Tang . Su was a general with military experience in Central Asia , and was familiar with the culture of the steppes . He had been in contact with military leaders from the region . He was one of nine multi @-@ ethnic commanders invited by Emperor Gaozong to a military event in 655 . The Turkic general Ashina Zhong , second cousin of Ashina She 'er , was another commander in attendance . Su Dingfang 's forces comprised Tang soldiers and 10 @,@ 000 Uyghur horsemen . The Uyghur troops were provided by Porun , son of the Uyghur leader Tumidu Eltabar and enthroned by Taizong . The Uyghurs were allied with Tang China , who had supported their revolt against the reign of the Xueyantuo , a tribe of Tiele people . Porun joined Su Dingfang as a vice commander of the Uyghur cavalry in the military campaign against the Western Turks . The commanders of the Uyghur cavalry were the Yanran Protector @-@ General and Vice Protector @-@ General , administrators of the Yanran Protectorate near the Tang Xishouxiang military garrison . Su 's army marched through the Central Asian steppes from Ordos , Inner Mongolia to the Altai Mountains region . His troops left Ordos in March and arrived in Kyrgyzstan in November , a journey spanning 3 @,@ 000 miles across steppes and desert . Su avoided stopping at the resource rich oasis states , and historian Jonathan Karam Skaff speculates that the Chinese troops may have relied on livestock for food instead of a supply train , a tactic used by the steppe nomads . The campaign continued through the winter , when the steppes were covered in snow . Describing the journey 's ordeal , Su Dingfang is reported to have said : " The fog shed darkness everywhere . The wind is icy . The barbarians do not believe that we can campaign at this season . Let us hasten to surprise them ! " Commanders in the Tang army were familiar with the political culture of nomadic empires . Nomadic alliances were formed through distributing war plunder and ensuring the security of tribal property , and grew tenuous when rulers failed to deliver their promises . The Chinese understood that disaffected tribes were vulnerable to switching allegiances , and used this to their advantage . Su Dingfang recruited tribes to side with Tang , and these former tribal vassals of the Western Turks contributed additional soldiers . The tribe Chumukun offered their support after they were defeated by Su , and the tribe Nishu aided Su after their children and wives , originally captured by Helu , were returned along with gifts offered by the Tang . The battle was fought along the Irtysh River near the Altai Mountains . Helu 's forces , consisting of 100 @,@ 000 cavalry , were ambushed by Su as Helu chased decoy Tang troops that Su had deployed . Helu was defeated during Su 's surprise attack , and lost most of his soldiers . Turkic tribes loyal to Helu surrendered , and Helu escaped to Tashkent in modern Uzbekistan . The retreating Helu was captured the next day after residents of Tashkent handed the qaghan over to the Tang . On the way back to the Tang capital , Helu is reported to have written : I am a defeated and ruined war captive , that 's it ! The former emperor [ Taizong ] treated me generously , but I betrayed him . In my present defeat , Heaven has vented its fury at me . In the past I have heard that Han law stipulates that executions of men be carried out in the city marketplace . When we arrive in the capital , I request to Zhaling [ the tomb of the previous Tang emperor Taizong ] to atone for my crimes to the former emperor . This is my sincere desire . Gaozong received Helu 's plea and agreed to his request , despite a Tang law ordering the execution of captured rebel generals and kings . In accordance with Confucian rituals , he was sent to Taizong 's tomb where Gaozong spared his life , and then to the capital 's Ancestral Temple where the captive was presented again , mirroring ancient rituals celebrating victorious armies . Helu felt disgraced by Taizong and committed suicide a year later while still in captivity . He was buried in a mound decorated with a stele outside the emperor 's park . The tomb served as a military trophy , visible to the emperor 's visitors entering the park , symbolizing the loyalty of the qaghan to the emperor and the Tang military victories against the Western Turks . = = Historical significance = = = = = Aftermath = = = The conquest strengthened Tang rule over modern Xinjiang , administered by the Anxi Protectorate , and led to Tang suzerainty over the regions previously under the control of the Western Turks . The fall of the Khaganate brought the Altai Mountain region under Tang control and the residing Three Qarluq tribes were governed in newly established prefectures led by tribal chiefs , now commander @-@ in @-@ chiefs under the Tang . Another prefecture , the Jinman Bridle Prefecture , was created for the Chuyue tribes living in the southern Dzungar basin . The Amu Darya valley , the Tarim Basin , and the area beyond the Pamir Mountains , all former suzerains of the Western Turks , were placed under Tang control . Su continued his career as military general , and later commanded Tang forces in a war against Baekje in 660 . The Tang Dynasty achieved its maximum extent following its conquest of the Khaganate . The inhabitants of the new territory did not become sinicized like many of the other kingdoms and tribes conquered by the Tang . Tang military activity in Central Asia brought in a wave of Turkic migrants serving in the Tang military as soldiers and generals , leading to the spread of Turkic language and culture . At the same time , the prevalence of Indo @-@ European languages in the Western Regions was on the decline . Central Asia also absorbed cultural influences from Tang China . Central Asian art incorporated Tang stylistic features , like the sancai three color glaze used in pottery . Chinese coins remained in circulation in Xinjiang after the decline of the Tang . Cultural remnants of Tang architectural influence are still visible in the Buddhist architecture of Dunhuang , on the border between the Western Regions and the Hexi Corridor . The sheer size of the newly conquered lands made it difficult to govern through the Tang military garrisons . The Tang emperor Gaozong appointed two puppet qaghans to rule over the Western Turks , who were later overthrown in a rebellion that began in 662 . The revolt reduced Tang 's western extent to Beshbalik , Dzungaria in northern Xinjiang and ended direct Tang control of Central Asia beyond the Pamir Mountains in modern Tajikistan and Afghanistan . The expansion of the Tibetan Empire from the south threatened China 's hold on southern Xinjiang . Tibet invaded the Tarim Basin in 670 , but Tang forces regained the area in 693 and Kashgar in 728 , restoring the Anxi Protectorate and Four Garrisons . The conflict between Tibet and the Tang continued for the remainder of the Tang Dynasty . At its maximum extent , Tang expansion brought China into direct contact with the rising Umayyad Caliphate . China 's western borders reached the eastern frontier of the Caliphate . Following the Arab defeat of Sassanid Persia in 651 , the Caliphate began its expansion into Central Asia , competing with the Tang 's sphere of influence in the region . Chinese and Islamic troops finally clashed at the Battle of Talas in 751 . The Chinese lost against the Arabs , now under Abbasid rule , and the Arab army captured Chinese papermaking craftsmen . An Arabic record of the conflict claims that the battle led to the introduction of papermaking to the Islamic world . = = = Puppet qaghans = = = The Tang emperor Gaozong installed two puppet qaghans , the cousins Ashina Buzhen and Ashina Mishe , and controlled the region by proxy . Buzhen and Mishe were enemies of Helu who had aided Su Dingfang during his campaign against Helu and the Western Turkic Khaganate . Gaozong divided the ten tribes of the area among the two cousins . Buzhen governed half of the tribes located in the west , while Mishe governed the other half located in the east . The son of Buzhen , Khusrau , and the son of Mishe , Yuanqing , resided in Chang 'an , the capital of Tang , while their fathers administered the former khaganate as qaghans . Empress Wu Zetian sent Yuanqing and Kusrau westward in 685 to succeed their fathers as proxy rulers . Neither of the qaghans were able to successfully exert control . Turkic tribes resisted Yuanqing 's rule , defeating the qaghan and forcing Yuanqing to return to Chang 'an . Kusrau was able to bring the western tribes temporarily under his rule , but was defeated in 690 during an invasion by the Second Turkic Khaganate , and he too was forced to escape the region with his loyalists . Later attempts to install puppet qaghans failed , and the title was reduced to a symbolic position in the Tang court . = HMS Crusader ( H60 ) = HMS Crusader was a C @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . She saw service in the Home and Mediterranean Fleets and spent six months during the Spanish Civil War in late 1936 in Spanish waters , enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict . Crusader was sold to the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) in 1938 and renamed HMCS Ottawa . She was initially deployed on the Canadian Pacific Coast before World War II , but was transferred to the Atlantic three months after the war began . She served as a convoy escort during the battle of the Atlantic until sunk by the German submarine U @-@ 91 on 14 September 1942 . Together with a British destroyer , she sank an Italian submarine in the North Atlantic in November 1941 . = = Design and construction = = Crusader displaced 1 @,@ 375 long tons ( 1 @,@ 397 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 865 long tons ( 1 @,@ 895 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 36 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers . Crusader carried a maximum of 473 long tons ( 481 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 200 km ; 6 @,@ 300 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 145 officers and men . The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch Mk IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , Crusader had a single QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt AA gun between her funnels , and two 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on the aft end of her forecastle deck . The 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) AA gun was removed in 1936 and the 2 @-@ pounders were relocated to between the funnels . She was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch torpedoes . Three depth @-@ charge chutes were fitted , each with a capacity of two depth charges . After World War II began this was increased to 33 depth charges , delivered by one or two rails and two throwers . The ship was ordered on 15 July 1930 from Portsmouth Dockyard under the 1929 Naval Programme . Crusader was laid down on 12 September 1930 , launched on 30 September 1931 , as the second ship to carry the name , and completed on 2 May 1932 . = = Service history = = Crusader was initially assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of Home Fleet and remained with this flotilla for the next four years . She received her first refit at Portsmouth from 30 July to 4 September 1934 . Following the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in August 1935 , Crusader was sent with the rest of her flotilla to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet the following month . From October to March 1936 she was deployed in the Red Sea to monitor Italian warship movements . Upon her return in April , the ship was refitted at Portsmouth from 27 April to 30 May . During the beginning of the Spanish Civil War in August – September 1936 , the ship evacuated British nationals from Spanish ports on the Bay of Biscay . Crusader was assigned as the plane guard for the aircraft carrier Courageous from January 1937 to March 1938 , aside from a brief refit between 30 March and 27 April 1937 . The ship began a major refit at Sheerness on 28 April 1938 to bring her up to Canadian specifications that included the installation of Type 124 ASDIC . = = = Transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy = = = The ship was purchased for C $ 817 @,@ 500 by the Royal Canadian Navy and she was commissioned on 15 June as HMCS Ottawa . The ship was assigned to the Canadian Pacific Coast and arrived at Esquimalt on 7 November 1938 . She remained there until she was ordered to Halifax , Nova Scotia on 15 November 1939 where she escorted local convoys , including the convoy carrying half of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division to the UK on 10 December . Ottawa 's stern was damaged in a collision with the tugboat Bansurf in April 1940 , and repairs took two months to complete . On 27 August 1940 , Ottawa was sailed to Greenock , Scotland , and assigned to the 10th Escort Group of the Western Approaches Command upon her arrival on 4 September for convoy escort duties . In October , the ship 's rear torpedo tube mount was exchanged for a 12 @-@ pounder AA gun . On 24 – 26 September , she rescued survivors of two British merchant ships ; 55 from SS Sulairia that had been sunk by German submarine U @-@ 43 and 60 from SS Eurymedon that had been sunk by U @-@ 29 . Ottawa assisted the British destroyer Harvester in sinking the Italian submarine Comandante Faà di Bruno on 7 November . By mid @-@ November , Ottawa had been fitted with a Type 286M short @-@ range surface @-@ search radar , adapted from the Royal Air Force 's ASV radar . This early model , however , could only scan directly forward and had to be aimed by turning the entire ship . On 23 November , she rescued 29 survivors of the grain carrier SS Bussum which had been sunk by U @-@ 100 . Ottawa returned to Canada in June 1941 and was assigned to the RCN 's Newfoundland Escort Force which covered convoys in the Mid @-@ Atlantic . She was transferred to Escort Group C4 in May 1942 . In early September , the ship 's captain refused to allow her director @-@ control tower and rangefinder to be removed in exchange for a Type 271 target indication radar . On 14 September , while escorting Convoy ON 127 500 nautical miles ( 930 km ) east of St. John 's , Newfoundland , Ottawa was torpedoed by U @-@ 91 . Ten minutes later , unable to manoeuvre , she was hit by a second torpedo . She sank ten minutes later ; 114 crewmen lost their lives , including the commanding officer , while nearby vessels rescued 69 survivors . The armament changes undergone by the ship during the war are not entirely clear . Photographic evidence shows that four Oerlikon 20 mm AA guns were added , one pair to her searchlight platform and the other pair on the bridge wings , although Ottawa retained her 2 @-@ pounder guns even after the Oerlikons were added . ' Y ' gun was also removed to allow her depth charge stowage to be increased to at least 60 depth charges . = = = Trans @-@ Atlantic convoys escorted = = = = Rachel Barrett = Rachel Barrett ( 12 November 1874 – 26 August 1953 ) was a suffragette and newspaper editor born in Carmarthen , Wales . After attending the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth she became a science teacher . In 1906 she quit her job after hearing Nellie Martel speak on women 's suffrage ; she then became a member of the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) and moved to London . In 1907 she became an organiser for the WSPU and after Christabel Pankhurst fled to Paris , Barrett was asked to be the joint organiser of the national WSPU campaign . In 1912 , despite having no journalistic background , she was put in charge of the newly formed newspaper The Suffragette . Barrett was arrested on more than one occasion for activities linked to the suffrage movement and between 1913 and 1914 she spent time incognito avoiding re @-@ arrest . In her later life she was in a relationship with the Australian author I. A. R. Wylie ; the two of them supported Radclyffe Hall during the obscenity trial of Hall 's book , The Well of Loneliness . = = Early life = = Barrett was born in Carmarthen in 1874 to Rees Barrett , a land and road surveyor , and his second wife Anne Jones , both Welsh @-@ speakers . She grew up in the town of Llandeilo with her elder brother Rees and a younger sister , Janette . By the 1881 Census , her mother Anne was the lone adult living at their address on Alan Road , her father having died in 1878 . Barrett was educated at a boarding school in Stroud , along with her sister , and won a scholarship to the University College of Wales , Aberystwyth . She graduated in 1904 with an external London BSc degree and became a science teacher . She taught in Llangefni , Carmarthen and Penarth . = = Life as a suffragette = = = = = Early activism with the WSPU = = = Towards the end of 1906 Barrett attended a suffrage rally in Cardiff and was inspired by a speech from Nellie Martel to join the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) at the end of the meeting . By the following year Barrett was active as a WSPU activist and helped organise Adela Pankhurst 's meetings in Cardiff and Barry that year , sharing the stage with her as one of the speakers . Barrett spoke on behalf of the WSPU at many meetings , often in Welsh , which conflicted with her role as a schoolteacher as her headmistress disapproved of the publicity , especially after news of Barrett being flour @-@ bombed at a rally in Cardiff Docks made the local papers . In July 1907 Barrett resigned as a teacher and enrolled at the London School of Economics , intending to study economics and sociology and to work towards her DSc . That August she was heavily active for the WSPU , campaigning at the Bury St Edmunds by @-@ election with Gladice Keevil , Nellie Martel , Emmeline Pankhurst , Aeta Lamb and Elsa Gye . Barrett was also active with Adela Pankhurst at Bradford . With her campaign activities over Barrett was free to attend the LSE , which proved useful for attending WSPU activities in nearby Clement 's Inn . Over the Christmas period Barrett was again busy campaigning for the WSPU , this time in the lead up to the Ashburton by @-@ election . Shortly afterwards she was asked by Christabel Pankhurst to become a full @-@ time organiser of the WSPU , an offer which would see her leave her course at the LSE . Barrett regretted giving up her studies but accepted the position stating , " It was a definite call and I obeyed . " Barrett spent 1908 first organinsing a campaign in Nottingham and then working on the by @-@ elections in both Dewsbury and Dundee . In June of that year she was the chairman of one of the platforms at the Hyde Park rally , but the work took its toll on her health and shortly afterwards she was forced to temporarily step down from her position to recuperate , which included a period of time at a sanatorium . After recovering she moved closer to home , volunteering for Annie Kenney in Bristol . She soon agreed to resume her role as a paid organiser for he WSPU and was sent to Newport in south @-@ east Wales to continue her duties . In 1910 Barrett was chosen to lead a group of women to talk to the Chancellor of the Exchequer , David Lloyd George , regarding the Liberal Party 's role in supporting the first Conciliation Bill . The meeting lasted two and a half hours , and by its end she was convinced that Lloyd George had been insincere over his support for equal voting rights and believed him to be against women 's suffrage . By the end of the year her post was changed to organising all WSPU activities in Wales and she was relocated to the country 's headquarters in Cardiff . According to Ryland Wallace , writing in 2009 , " No individual worked harder than Rachel Barrett to promote the campaign in Wales . " = = = Editor of The Suffragette = = = In 1912 Barrett was selected by Kenney to help run the WPSU national campaign , following the raid by police on Clement 's Inn and Christabel Pankhurst 's subsequent flight to Paris . Barrett moved back to London and within a few months she was given the role of assistant editor of the WSPU newspaper , The Suffragette , on its launch in October 1912 . Writing in her autobiography Barrett described becoming an editor as " an appalling task as I knew nothing whatever of journalism " . By taking on the job she also took on the risks connected with the increasingly militant WSPU . She travelled under cover to Paris to meet with Christabel Pankhurst , and when speaking to her on the phone she recalled how she " could always hear the click of Scotland Yard listening in . " Over the next two years Barrett was a key figure in keeping the newspaper in print despite the Home Secretary 's efforts to suppress it . In April 1913 the offices of The Suffragette were raided by the police and the staff were arrested on charges of conspiring to damage property . Barrett was sentenced to nine months ' imprisonment at Holloway . She immediately went on hunger strike , was transferred to Canterbury Prison , and after five days she was released under the " Cat and Mouse Act " . She moved into " Mouse Castle " , 2 Campden Hill Square , home of the Brackenbury family who were sympathetic suffragists . After three weeks at the house , Barrett emerged and was re @-@ arrested . She went back on hunger strike and after four days was again released to " Mouse Castle " . This time she was smuggled out of the house in disguise to allow her to speak at meetings , before being re @-@ arrested for a second time . For the third time Barrett was released after a hunger strike , but this time she successfully eluded the authorities and fled to a nursing home in Edinburgh where she remained until December 2013 . On leaving Scotland she returned in secret to London ; she hid at Lincoln 's Inn House where she lived in a bedsit . Barrett continued to edit The Suffragette , but she travelled to Paris to discuss the future of the newspaper with Christabel Pankhurst after its offices were raided in May 1914 . The result of their meeting was the relocation of The Suffragette to Edinburgh where the printers were at less risk of arrest . Barrett moved to Edinburgh and assumed the pseudonym " Miss Ashworth " . Barrett continued to publish the paper until its final edition on the week after the First World War was declared . During the war Barrett was a vocal supporter of British military action , as were the majority of the suffragette movement . She was a contributor to the WSPU ' Victory Fund ' which was launched in 1916 to sponsor campaigns against " a compromise peace " and industrial strikes . After the passing of the Representation of the People Act 1918 , in which some women within the United Kingdom were first given the right to vote , Barrett busied herself in continuing the fight for full emancipation . When full voting rights were won in 1928 she helped raise funds for commemorations and was an important figure in raising the money needed to erect a statue of Emmeline Pankhurst in Victoria Tower Gardens , near the Palace of Westminster in London . Barrett understood the international connections of suffrage and contacted important Canadian and American campaigners for financial support . In Barrett 's obituary in the Women 's Bulletin it read that the raising of the statue " ... stands as a permanent memorial to Rachel 's organising ability . " In 1929 Barrett was appointed secretary of the Equal Political Rights Campaign Committee , an organisation that sought equality between men and women in all political spheres . = = Relationship with I. A. R. Wylie = = During her time editing The Suffragette , Barrett struck up a friendship with the Australian author I. A. R. Wylie , who contributed to the paper in 1913 . The two of them started a relationship and became lovers . In 1919 both Barrett and Wylie travelled to the United States , where they bought a car and spent over a year travelling the country . They stayed in New York and San Francisco and were recorded in the 1920 census as living in Carmel @-@ By @-@ The @-@ Sea in California , where Wylie is classed as the head of the household and Barrett her friend . The two women remained close for some time , and in 1928 were supporters of their close friend Radclyffe Hall , during the trial of The Well of Loneliness . When Barrett died she left the residue of her estate to Wylie . = = Later life = = In her later life Barrett joined the Suffragette Fellowship and was particularly close to Kitty Marshall who lived near by . She attempted to publish a memoir of Marshall in the late 1940s , but it was turned down for publication . Barrett moved to Sible Hedingham in Essex in the early 1930s and joined the Sible Hedingham Women 's Institute in 1934 , remaining a member until 1948 . There she lived at Lamb Cottage . Barrett died of a cerebral haemorrhage on 26 August 1953 at the Carylls Nursing Home in Faygate , Sussex . She was seventy @-@ eight years old . She left Lamb Cottage to her niece Gwyneth Anderson , who lived there with her husband , the British poet , J. Redwood Anderson . = = Further Reading = = Cline , Sally ( 1999 ) . Radclyffe Hall : A Woman Called John . The Overlook Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0879517083 . Wylie , I. A. R. ( 2010 ) . My Life with George : An Unconventional Autobiography . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 @-@ 1163188477 . = Ghost Stories ( magazine ) = Ghost Stories was a pulp magazine which published 64 issues between 1926 and 1932 . It was one of the earliest competitors to Weird Tales , the first magazine to specialize in the fantasy and occult fiction genre . It was a companion magazine to True Story and True Detective Stories , and focused almost entirely on stories about ghosts , with many of the stories written by staff writers but presented under pseudonyms in a " true confession " style . These were often accompanied by faked photographs to make the stories appear more believable . Ghost Stories also ran original and reprinted contributions , including works by Robert E. Howard , Carl Jacobi , and Frank Belknap Long . Among the reprints were Agatha Christie 's " The Last Seance " ( under the title " The Woman Who Stole a Ghost " ) , several stories by H.G. Wells , and Charles Dickens ' " The Signalman " . The magazine was initially successful , but began to lose readers , and in 1930 was sold to Harold Hersey . Hersey was unable to reverse the magazine 's decline , and Ghost Stories ceased publication at the start of 1932 . = = Publishing history and contents = = Fantasy and occult fiction had often appeared in popular magazines prior to the twentieth century , but the first magazine to specialize in the genre , Weird Tales , did not appear until 1923 . Ghost Stories , which was launched in July 1926 , was one of Weird Tales ' earliest competitors . The publisher , Bernarr Macfadden , also published true confession magazines such as True Story ; Ghost Stories followed this format , with the contents mostly written by the publisher 's staff writers , and attributed in print to a first @-@ person narrator . The magazine was initially printed on slick paper , which was sufficiently good quality to allow photographs to be used , and many of the stories had accompanied photographs purporting to be of their protagonists . These were replaced by line drawings when the magazine switched to a pulp layout in July 1928 . Ghost Stories did occasionally print contributions from outside writers , including " The Apparition in the Prize Ring " , by Robert E. Howard , under the pseudonym " John Taverel " . Frank Belknap Long , Hugh B. Cave , Victor Rousseau , Stuart Palmer , and Robert W. Sneddon all sold stories to Ghost Stories , and Carl Jacobi 's first published story , " The Haunted Ring " , appeared in the final issue , though this was not his first sale — " Mive " , which he had sold to Weird Tales , did not appear in print until the following month . In addition to original material , Ghost Stories included a substantial number of reprints , including well @-@ known Victorian ghost stories such as " The Signalman " by Charles Dickens , and " The Open Door " by Mrs. Oliphant . Agatha Christie 's " The Last Seance " appeared in the November 1926 issue , under the title " The Woman Who Stole a Ghost " , and six stories by H.G. Wells were reprinted , including both ghost stories such as " The Red Room " and stories with less obvious appeal to Ghost Stories ' readership , such as " Pollock and the Porroh Man " . Arthur Conan Doyle 's " The Captain of the Polestar " appeared in the April 1931 issue , and he also contributed a non @-@ fiction piece , " Houdini 's Last Escape " , which appeared in March 1930 . An arrangement was set up by Macfadden with Walter Hutchinson , a U.K. publisher , to exchange suitable material with The Sovereign Magazine and Mystery @-@ Story Magazine , two of Hutchinson 's U.K. genre pulps , and many stories appeared on both sides of the Atlantic as a result . The magazine was initially fairly successful , but sales soon began to fall . In March 1930 Harold Hersey bought the magazine from Macfadden and took over as editor , but he was unable to revive the magazine 's fortunes . In 1931 the schedule slipped to bimonthly , and three issues later the magazine ceased publication , probably because readers grew bored : the limited scope meant that the contents of the magazine eventually became predictable . The final issue was dated December 1931 / January 1932 . = = Bibliographic details = = Ghost Stories was published by Bernarr Macfadden , under the imprint Constructive Publishing Co . , of Dunellin , New Jersey , until the March 1930 issue , after which it was taken over by Good Story Magazine Co. of New York , which was run by Harold Hersey , who had earlier edited The Thrill Book . The editorial director of Constructive Publishing during MacFadden 's ownership was Fulton Oursler ; his assistants , who worked on the magazine , were Harry A. Keller , W. Adolphe Roberts , George Bond , Daniel Wheeler , and Arthur B. Howland , who ( in that order ) each spent close to a year editing , though the dates of transition for each are not known . When Hersey took over , his assistant was Stuart Palmer . The magazine began as a slick , in bedsheet format and switched to pulp layout with the July 1928 issue ; it remained as a pulp until the end of its run with the exception of eight issues in large pulp format from April to December 1929 . There were six issues per volume , with the last volume including only four issues . The price was 25 cents throughout ; it had 128 pages when it was pulp @-@ sized , and 96 pages when it was a bedsheet and when it was a large pulp . No anthologies have selected their contents solely from Ghost Stories , but two magazines have done so : True Twilight Tales and Prize Ghost Stories , both published by League Publications , a subsidiary of the company which owned the rights to the original stories , MacFadden @-@ Bartell . Prize Ghost Stories published one issue , dated 1963 , and True Twilight Tales published two , dated Fall 1963 and Spring 1964 . Both magazines were in large pulp format , with 96 pages , and both were priced at 50 cents . The first issue of True Twilight Tales was edited by Helen Gardiner , who probably also was the editor of Prize Ghost Stories ; the second issue of True Twilight Tales was edited by John M. Williams . There may have been other issues of both titles , as neither was numbered . = Uroš Drenović = Uroš Drenović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Урош Дреновић ; 11 November 1911 – 29 May 1944 ) was a Bosnian Serb military commander in the Central Bosnia region of the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) during World War II . Following the German @-@ led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , he joined the Yugoslav Partisans and distinguished himself during the initial uprising against NDH authorities by capturing Mrkonjić Grad in August 1941 . Drenović subsequently led Serb @-@ chauvinist agitation within the Partisan 3rd Krajina Detachment . After some vacillation , he eventually sided with the royalist Chetniks and became a Chetnik commander ( vojvoda ) . In April 1942 , he was defeated by the Partisans and fled to Banja Luka , where he concluded an alliance with the Ustaše to fight the Partisans . He continued to oppose the Partisans until his death during an Allied bombing raid on Banja Luka in May 1944 . = = Early life = = Uroš Drenović was born in Sitnica , Ribnik near Mount Manjača in 1911 . He finished teachers ' college in Sarajevo , and became a schoolmaster in the Banja Luka area . Prior to the outbreak of the war , he was a reserve officer in the Royal Yugoslav Army ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije , VKJ ) . = = World War II = = = = = Bosanska Krajina uprising = = = A matter of months after the German @-@ led invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , uprisings began to occur throughout the newly created Axis puppet state , the Independent State of Croatia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH ) . On 4 July , the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Komunistička partija Jugoslavije , KPJ ) decided to launch a general uprising against the occupying forces across Yugoslavia , and rebellion broke out in Bosnia on 27 July . This included local uprisings in southwest Bosnia , which spread across the NDH , but the KPJ organisation was initially swept along rather than leading the rebellion . On 29 August , Drenović distinguished himself by planning and leading the capture of Mrkonjić Grad by the rebels , but when the town was recaptured by NDH forces four days later , the KPJ blamed him and his troops , citing their poor discipline and anti @-@ Muslim chauvinism . In September , four battalions of fighters were formed in the Ribnik , Janj and Pliva region . One of these , the 3rd " Petar Kočić " Battalion , was commanded by Drenović , who , unlike the other battalion commanders in the region , did not allow the KPJ to appoint political commissars to his companies . In an area largely free of KPJ activity , but under the sway of the sectarian Serb elite of Mrkonjić Grad , Drenović arrested Muslim communists in the area , even confronting senior members of the Partisan staff for Bosanska Krajina . On 26 September 1941 at Stolice in German @-@ occupied Serbia , the Partisan leadership decided to standardise its military organisation across occupied Yugoslavia . As result , during October and November , three detachments were formed in the Bosanska Krajina from existing units such as the 3rd " Petar Kočić " Battalion , and Drenović was appointed as deputy commander of the 3rd Krajina Detachment responsible for the territory of central Bosnia . This region had strong pro @-@ Chetnik currents , and of the 34 companies in the detachment , only 13 had KPJ organisations , only 11 had commanders that were members of the KPJ , and only 18 had a political commissar . Many KPJ activists in the region were Muslims or Croats , not easily accepted by the mass of the rank @-@ and @-@ file who were Serb @-@ chauvinist peasants . Drenović himself was the leading exponent of Chetnik ideology in Central Bosnia . He despised Muslims and Croats but , according to the historian Marko Attila Hoare , was " diplomatic enough to keep his feelings in check when necessary " . In October , the Staff of the 3rd Krajina Detachment attempted to win over the Muslim village of Crljeni by gaining the agreement of the headman to contribute five armed men to the detachment . When the headman reneged on the deal , the bulk of the detachment attacked the village , but the rest of the detachment had to prevent Drenović 's battalion from burning and looting it . On 26 November 1941 , at a meeting of the Staff of the 3rd Krajina Detachment , Drenović advocated collaboration with the Italian occupation forces on the basis that the Italians were protecting Serbs from the Ustaše . This was rejected by the senior KPJ members of the staff , but they were not in a position to force him to abandon the idea . At the same meeting , Drenović refused to commit the 3rd " Petar Kočić " Battalion to fight the Italians . Under pressure , he agreed to advise neighbouring battalions if the Italians moved through his territory . In return , the Staff of the 3rd Krajina Detachment agreed that Drenović could refer to his force as a " Military @-@ Chetnik Detachment " . On 10 December , the senior KPJ members of the 3rd Krajina Detachment concluded that 50 percent of their command staff did not support the leading role of the KPJ in the uprising . The Partisan staff for Bosanska Krajina later observed that the Staff of the 3rd Krajina Detachment had made no effort to remove Chetnik elements from its ranks or stop their Serb @-@ chauvinist agitation . In early February 1942 , Drenović took a leading role in a conference intended to bring the 7th Glamoč Battalion , which had declared itself as " Chetnik " , back into the Partisan structure . Drenović argued for the Chetnik side , and was expelled from the meeting along with his supporters , and the battalion returned to the fold . On 6 February , a meeting of the leaders of the 1st , 2nd and 4th battalions of the 3rd Krajina Detachment met and decided to bring Drenović back into the Partisan movement by organising an attack on the Italian and Ustaše garrison of Mrkonjić Grad . Under pressure from his own rank @-@ and @-@ file , Drenović formally participated in the attack , but he was able to prevent its success through allowing the Italians to move past his battalion and attack the Partisan rear . According to Partisan sources , he forewarned the Italians and Ustaše forces , and divulged the Partisan plan to them . = = = Alliance with the NDH = = = In response to highly effective pro @-@ Chetnik agitation from within , many Partisan units defected to the Chetniks . In the second half of April 1942 , the Partisans responded with aggressive military action against the defectors . The unit that led this offensive was the Grmeč Shock Anti @-@ Chetnik Battalion , formed earlier that month from wholly loyal and reliable troops . This offensive spelt the end of Drenović 's " Petar Kočić " Chetnik Detachment , and Drenović took refuge with the Ustaše in Mrkonjić Grad . On 27 April , he and other defeated Chetnik commanders signed an agreement with the NDH . The agreement had eight points , requiring that hostilities between the Ustaše and Drenović 's Chetniks come to an end , that NDH forces protect Serb villages from the Partisans and that Ustaše units assist the Chetniks in fighting the Partisans . The agreement also required the Ustaše to restore religious and civil rights to Serbs of the Krajina . In turn , Drenović issued a declaration in which he recognized the sovereignty of the NDH . Historian Enver Redžić argues that the agreement was reached out of military and political necessity . He writes : " The Ustaše – Chetnik accords were driven neither by a confluence of Serbian and Croatian national interests nor by mutual desire for acceptance and respect , but rather because each side needed to obstruct Partisan advances . The Ustaše and Chetniks , two long @-@ time foes , sought help from one another at a time when the Ustaše were facing national political disgrace among the Croats and the Chetniks were losing the support of the Serbs . " The NDH authorities considered that the alliance would mean that the Chetniks could continue to subvert Partisan units . On 30 April , the NDH authorities recognised the rights of Drenović and his troops to remain armed in order to fight the Partisans . The agreement between the NDH and Drenović 's Chetniks was soon made public by the entire Ustaše press ; Serb public opinion remained divided . By May , Drenović had a force of about 350 Chetniks . At mid @-@ month , he signed an agreement with a Croatian general staff officer in Banja Luka agreeing to cooperate with the NDH in fighting the Partisans . Drenović soon emerged as one of the most important Chetnik leaders in western Bosnia . That summer , when order had been established in significant parts of the Italian occupation zone , Drenović and other Chetnik detachment leaders and their principal political spokesmen with Italian Second Army headquarters were recognized by the Italians as auxiliaries and early in the summer Italian commander Mario Roatta allowed for the delivery of arms , munitions , and supplies to the Chetniks . Other Chetnik leaders in Bosnia who had concluded alliances with the NDH by June 1942 included Mane Rokvić , Branko Bogunović , Stevo Rađenović and Momčilo Đujić . Historian Sabrina P. Ramet observes that this co @-@ operation must be seen as a function of their mutual fear of the Partisans , and emphasizes the uncertainty and distrust that accompanied it . By June , Drenović 's Chetniks numbered about 600 men . In 1943 , Drenović was awarded the Order of Karađorđe 's Star by King Peter , based on a recommendation by Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović . Following the Italian capitulation , Drenović agreed to all the actions of his Chetniks being performed in close cooperation with local German units , and was informed at the end of the year that Ustaše units would again be stationed in Serb @-@ inhabited areas . In October 1943 , a team from the 1st Battalion of the 4th Brandenburg Division under Oberleutnant Hermann Kirchner began working alongside Drenović 's Chetniks in northwest Bosnia , operating forward reconnaissance groups and developing contact with anti @-@ communist farmers to keep an eye on Partisan troop movements . There were about 950 Chetniks serving under Drenović that year , positioned around Manjača and Glamoč . Drenović had about 400 Chetniks under his command by the following year . His was the only Chetnik band that the Ustaše trusted fully during the war . According to BN Televizija , Drenović is considered a Chetnik vojvoda . = = = Death = = = On 29 May 1944 , Drenović was killed in an Allied bombing raid on Banja Luka . The Ravna Gora Movement and Serbian Orthodox Church in Klisina organise a ceremony each year to commemorate Drenović 's actions in 1941 . In 2014 , the ceremony was not attended by any officials of the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina , or by any representatives of the Prijedor municipality . = = = Books = = = = = = Documents = = = = = = News = = = = Domingo Faustino Sarmiento = Domingo Faustino Sarmiento ( February 15 , 1811 – September 11 , 1888 ) was an Argentine activist , intellectual , writer , statesman and the seventh President of Argentina . His writing spanned a wide range of genres and topics , from journalism to autobiography , to political philosophy and history . He was a member of a group of intellectuals , known as the Generation of 1837 , who had a great influence on nineteenth @-@ century Argentina . He was particularly concerned with educational issues and was also an important influence on the region 's literature . Sarmiento grew up in a poor but politically active family that paved the way for much of his future accomplishments . Between 1843 and 1850 he was frequently in exile , and wrote in both Chile and in Argentina . His greatest literary achievement was Facundo , a critique of Juan Manuel de Rosas , that Sarmiento wrote while working for the newspaper El Progreso during his exile in Chile . The book brought him far more than just literary recognition ; he expended his efforts and energy on the war against dictatorships , specifically that of Rosas , and contrasted enlightened Europe — a world where , in his eyes , democracy , social services , and intelligent thought were valued — with the barbarism of the gaucho and especially the caudillo , the ruthless strongmen of nineteenth @-@ century Argentina . While president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874 , Sarmiento championed intelligent thought — including education for children and women — and democracy for Latin America . He also took advantage of the opportunity to modernize and develop train systems , a postal system , and a comprehensive education system . He spent many years in ministerial roles on the federal and state levels where he travelled abroad and examined other education systems . Sarmiento died in Asunción , Paraguay , at the age of 77 from a heart attack . He was buried in Buenos Aires . Today , he is respected as a political innovator and writer . = = Youth and influences = = Sarmiento was born in Carrascal , a poor suburb of San Juan , Argentina on February 15 , 1811 . His father , José Clemente Quiroga Sarmiento y Funes , had served in the military during the wars of independence , returning prisoners of war to San Juan . His mother , Doña Paula Zoila de Albarracín e Irrázabal , was a very pious woman , who lost her father at a young age and was left with very little to support herself . As a result , she took to selling her weaving in order to afford to build a house of her own . On September 21 , 1801 , José and Paula were married . They had 15 children , 9 of whom died ; Domingo was the only son to survive to adulthood . Sarmiento was greatly influenced by his parents , his mother who was always working hard , and his father who told stories of being a patriot and serving his country , something Sarmiento strongly believed in . In Sarmiento 's own words : " I was born in a family that lived long years in mediocrity bordering on destitution , and which is to this day poor in every sense of the word . My father is a good man whose life has nothing remarkable except [ for his ] having served in subordinate positions in the War of Independence ... My mother is the true figure of Christianity in its purest sense ; with her , trust in Providence was always the solution to all difficulties in life . " At the age of four , Sarmiento was taught to read by his father and his uncle , José Eufrasio Quiroga Sarmiento , who later became Bishop of Cuyo . Another uncle who influenced him in his youth was Domingo de Oro , a notable figure in the young Argentine Republic who was influential in bringing Juan Manuel de Rosas to power . Though Sarmiento did not follow de Oro 's political and religious leanings , he learned the value of intellectual integrity and honesty . He developed scholarly and oratorical skills , qualities which de Oro was famous for . In 1816 , at the age of five , Sarmiento began attending the primary school La Escuela de la Patria . He was a good student , and earned the title of First Citizen ( Primer Ciudadano ) of the school . After completing primary school , his mother wanted him to go to Córdoba to become a priest . He had spent a year reading the Bible and often spent time as a child helping his uncle with church services , but Sarmiento soon became bored with religion and school , and got involved with a group of aggressive children . Sarmiento 's father took him to the Loreto Seminary in 1821 , but for reasons unknown , Sarmiento did not enter the seminary , returning instead to San Juan with his father . In 1823 , the Minister of State , Bernardino Rivadavia , announced that the six top pupils of each state would be selected to receive higher education in Buenos Aires . Sarmiento was at the top of the list in San Juan , but it was then announced that only ten pupils would receive the scholarship . The selection was made by lot , and Sarmiento was not one of the scholars whose name was drawn . = = Political background and exiles = = In 1826 , an assembly elected Bernardino Rivadavia as president of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata . This action roused the ire of the provinces , and civil war was the result . Support for a strong , centralized Argentine government was based in Buenos Aires , and gave rise to two opposing groups . The wealthy and educated of the Unitarian Party , such as Sarmiento , favored centralized government . In opposition to them were the Federalists , who were mainly based in rural areas and tended to reject European mores . Numbering figures such as Manuel Dorrego and Juan Facundo Quiroga among their ranks , they were in favor of a loose federation with more autonomy for the individual provinces . Opinion of the Rivadavia government was divided between the two ideologies . For Unitarians like Sarmiento , Rivadavia 's presidency was a positive experience . He set up a European @-@ staffed university and supported a public education program for rural male children . He also supported theater and opera groups , publishing houses and a museum . These contributions were considered as civilizing influences by the Unitarians , but they upset the Federalist constituency . Common laborers had their salaries subjected to a government cap , and the gauchos were arrested by Rivadavia for vagrancy and forced to work on public projects , usually without pay . In 1827 , the Unitarians were challenged by Federalist forces . After the resignation of Rivadavia , Manuel Dorrego was installed as governor of Buenos Aires province . He quickly made peace with Brazil but , on returning to Argentina , was overthrown and executed by the Unitarian general Juan Lavalle , who took Dorrego 's place . However , Lavalle did not spend long as governor either : he was soon overthrown by militias composed largely of gauchos led by Rosas and Estanislao López . By the end of 1829 the old legislature that Lavalle had disbanded was back in place and had appointed Rosas as governor of Buenos Aires . The first time Sarmiento was forced to leave home was with his uncle , José de Oro , in 1827 , because of his military activities . José de Oro was a priest who had fought in the Battle of Chacabuco under General San Martín . Together , Sarmiento and de Oro went to San Francisco del Monte , in the neighbour province of San Luis . He spent much of his time with his uncle learning and began to teach at the only school in town . Later that year , his mother wrote to him asking him to come home . Sarmiento refused , only to receive a response from his father that he was coming to collect him . His father had persuaded the governor of San Juan to send Sarmiento to Buenos Aires to study at the College of Moral Sciences ( Colegio de Ciencias Morales ) . Soon after Sarmiento 's return , the province of San Juan broke out into civil war and Facundo Quiroga invaded Sarmiento 's town . As historian William Katra describes this " traumatic experience " : At sixteen years of age , he stood in front of the shop he tended and viewed the entrance into San Juan of Facundo Quiroga and some six hundred mounted montonera horsemen . They constituted an unsettling presence [ . . . ] . That sight , with its overwhelmingly negative associations , left an indelible impression on his budding consciousness . For the impressionable youth Quiroga 's ascent to protagonist status in the province 's affairs was akin to the rape of civilized society by incarnated evil . Unable to attend school in Buenos Aires due to the political turmoil , Sarmiento chose to fight against Quiroga . He joined and fought in the unitarian army , only to be placed under house arrest when San Juan was eventually taken over by Quiroga after the battle of Pilar . He is later released , only to join the forces of General Paz , a key unitarian figure . = = = First exile in Chile = = = Fighting and war soon again resumed , but , one by one , Quiroga vanquished the main allies of General Paz , including the Governor of San Juan , and in 1831 Sarmiento fled to Chile . He did not return to Argentina for five years . At the time , Chile was noted for its good public administration , its constitutional organization , and the rare freedom to criticize the regime . In Sarmiento 's view , Chile had " Security of property , the continuation of order , and with both of these , the love of work and the spirit of enterprise that causes the development of wealth and prosperity . " As a form of freedom of expression , Sarmiento began to write political commentary . In addition to writing , he also began teaching in Los Andes . Due to his innovative style of teaching , he found himself in conflict with the governor of the province . He founded his own school in Pocuro as a response to the governor . During this time , Sarmiento fell in love and had an illegitimate daughter named Ana Faustina , who Sarmiento did not acknowledge until she married . = = = San Juan and second and third exiles in Chile = = = In 1836 , Sarmiento returned to San Juan , seriously ill with typhoid fever ; his family and friends thought he would die upon his return , but he recovered and established an anti @-@ federalist journal called El Zonda . The government of San Juan did not like Sarmiento 's criticisms and censored the magazine by imposing an unaffordable tax upon each purchase . Sarmiento was forced to cease publication of the magazine in 1840 . He also founded a school for girls during this time called the Santa Rosa High School , which was a preparatory school . In addition to the school , he founded a Literary Society . It is around this time that Sarmiento became associated with the so @-@ called " Generation of 1837 " . This was a group of activists , who included Esteban Echeverría , Juan Bautista Alberdi , and Bartolomé Mitre , who spent much of the 1830s to 1880s first agitating for and then bringing about social change , advocating republicanism , free trade , freedom of speech , and material progress . Though , based in San Juan , Sarmiento was absent from the initial creation of this group , in 1838 he wrote to Alberdi seeking the latter 's advice ; and in time he would become the group most fervent supporter . In 1840 , after being arrested and accused of conspiracy , Sarmiento was forced into exile in Chile again . It was en route to Chile that , in the baths of Zonda , he wrote the graffiti " On ne tue point les idées , " an incident that would later serve as the preface to his book Facundo . Once on the other side of the Andes , in 1841 Samiento started writing for the Valparaíso newspaper El Mercurio , as well working as a publisher of the Crónica Contemporánea de Latino América ( " Contemporary Latin American Chronicle " ) . In 1842 , Sarmiento was appointed the Director of the first Normal School in South America ; the same year he also founded the newspaper El Progreso . During this time he sent for his family from San Juan to Chile . In 1843 , Sarmiento published Mi Defensa ( " My Defence " ) , while continuing to teach . And in May 1845 , El Progreso started the serial publication of the first edition of his best @-@ known work , Facundo ; in July , Facundo appeared in book form . Between the years 1845 and 1847 , Sarmiento travelled on behalf of the Chilean government across parts of South America to Uruguay , Brazil , to Europe , France , Spain , Algeria , Italy , Armenia , Switzerland , England , to Cuba , and to North America , the United States and Canada in order to examine different education systems and the levels of education and communication . Based on his travels , he wrote the book Viajes por Europa , África , y América which was published in 1849 . In 1848 , Sarmiento voluntarily left to Chile once again . During the same year , he met widow Benita Martínez Pastoriza , married her , and adopted her son , Domingo Fidel , or Dominguito , who would be killed in action during the War of the Triple Alliance at Curupaytí in 1866 . Sarmiento continued to exercise the idea of freedom of the press and began two new periodicals entitled La Tribuna and La Crónica respectively , which strongly attacked Juan Manuel de Rosas . During this stay in Chile , Sarmiento 's essays became more strongly opposed to Juan Manuel de Rosas . The Argentine government tried to have Sarmiento extradited from Chile to Argentina , but the Chilean government refused to hand him over . In 1850 , he published both Argirópolis and Recuerdos de Provincia ( Recollections of a Provincial Past ) . In 1852 , Rosas 's regime was finally brought down . Sarmiento became involved in debates about the country 's new constitution . = = = Return to Argentina = = = In 1854 , Sarmiento briefly visited Mendoza , just across the border from Chile in Western Argentina , but he was arrested and imprisoned . Upon his release , he went back to Chile . But in 1855 he put an end to what was now his " self @-@ imposed " exile in Chile : he arrived in Buenos Aires , soon to become editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the newspaper El Nacional . He was also appointed town councillor in 1856 , and 1857 he joined the provincial Senate , a position he held until 1861 . It was in 1861 , shortly after Mitre became Argentine president , that Sarmiento left Buenos Aires and returned to San Juan , where he was elected governor , a post he took up in 1862 . It was then that he passed the Statutory Law of Public Education , making it mandatory for children to attend primary school . It allowed for a number of institutions to be opened including secondary schools , military schools and an all @-@ girls school . While governor , he developed roads and infrastructure , built public buildings and hospitals , encouraged agriculture and allowed for mineral mining . He resumed his post as editor of El Zonda . In 1863 , Sarmiento fought against the power of the caudillo of La Rioja and found himself in conflict with the Interior Minister of General Mitre 's government , Guillermo Rawson . Sarmiento stepped down as governor of San Juan , but ran unsuccessfully for president of the Argentine Republic in 1864 against General Mitre . He did , however , become the Plenipotentiary Minister to the United States where he was sent in 1865 , soon after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln . Moved by the story of Lincoln , Sarmiento ended up writing his book Vida de Lincoln . It was on this trip that Sarmiento received an honorary degree from the University of Michigan . A bust of him stood in the Modern Languages Building at the University of Michigan until multiple student protests prompted its removal . Students installed plaques and painted the bust red to represent the controversies surrounding his policies towards the indigenous people in Argentina . There still stands a statue of Sarmiento at Brown University . While on this trip , he was asked to run for President again . He won , taking office on October 12 , 1868 . = = President of Argentina , 1868 @-@ 1874 = = Domingo Faustino Sarmiento served as President of the Republic of Argentina from 1868 – 1874 , becoming president despite the maneuverings of his predecessor Bartolomé Mitre . According to biographer Allison Bunkley , his presidency " marks the advent of the middle , or land @-@ owning classes as the pivot power of the nation . The age of the gaucho had ended , and the age of the merchant and cattleman had begun . " Sarmiento sought to create basic freedoms , and wanted to ensure civil safety and progress for everyone , not just the few . Sarmiento 's tour of the United States had given him many new ideas about politics , democracy , and the structure of society , especially when he was the Argentine ambassador to the country from 1865 to 1868 . He found New England , specifically the Boston @-@ Cambridge area to be the source of much of his influence , writing in an Argentine newspaper that New England was " the cradle of the modern republic , the school for all of America . " He described Boston as " The pioneer city of the modern world , the Zion of the ancient Puritans ... Europe contemplates in New England the power which in the future will supplant her . " Not only did Sarmiento evolve political ideas , but also structural ones by transitioning Argentina from a primarily agricultural economy to one focused on cities and industry . Historian David Rock notes that , beyond putting an end to caudillismo , Sarmiento 's main achievements in government concerned his promotion of education . As Rock reports , " between 1868 and 1874 educational subsidies from the central government to the provinces quadrupled . " He established 800 educational and military institutions , and his improvements to the educational system enabled 100 @,@ 000 children to attend school . He also pushed forward modernization more generally , building infrastructure including 5 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 3 @,@ 100 mi ) of telegraph line across the country for improved communications , making it easier for the government in Buenos Aires and the provinces to communicate ; modernizing the postal and train systems which he believed to be integral for interregional and national economies , as well as building the Red Line , a train line that would bring goods to Buenos Aires in order to better facilitate trade with Great Britain . By the end of his presidency , the Red Line extended 1 @,@ 331 kilometres ( 827 mi ) . In 1869 , he conducted Argentina 's first national census . Though Sarmiento is well known historically , he was not a popular president . Indeed , Rock judges that " by and large his administration was a disappointment " . During his presidency , Argentina conducted an unpopular war against Paraguay ; at the same time , people were displeased with him for not fighting for the Straits of Magellan from Chile . Although he increased productivity , he increased expenditures , which also negatively affected his popularity . In addition , the arrival of a large influx of European immigrants was blamed for the outbreak of Yellow Fever in Buenos Aires and the risk of civil war . Moreover , Sarmiento 's presidency was further marked by ongoing rivalry between Buenos Aires and the provinces . In the war against Paraguay , Sarmiento 's adopted son was killed . Sarmiento suffered from immense grief and was thought to never have been the same again . On August 22 , 1873 , Sarmiento was the target of an unsuccessful assassination attempt , when two Italian anarchist brothers shot at his coach . They had been hired by federal caudillo Ricardo López Jordán . A year later in 1874 , he completed his term as President and stepped down , handing his presidency over to Nicolás Avellaneda , his former Minister of Education . = = Final years = = In 1875 , following his term as President , Sarmiento became the General Director of Schools for the Province of Buenos Aires . That same year , he became the Senator for San Juan , a post that he held until 1879 , when he became Interior Minister . But he soon resigned , following conflict with the Governor of Buenos Aires , Carlos Tejedor . He then assumed the post of Superintendent General of Schools for the National Education Ministry under President Roca and published El Monitor de la Educación Común , which is a fundamental reference for Argentine education . In 1882 , Sarmiento was successful in passing the sanction of Free Education allowing schools to be free , mandatory , and separate from that of religion . In May 1888 , Sarmiento left Argentina for Paraguay . He was accompanied by his daughter , Ana , and his companion Aurelia Vélez . He died in Asunción on September 11 , 1888 , from a heart attack , and was buried in Buenos Aires . His tomb at La Recoleta Cemetery lies under a sculpture , a condor upon a pylon , designed by himself and executed by Victor de Pol . Pedro II , the Emperor of Brazil and a great admirer of Sarmiento , sent to his funeral procession a green and gold crown of flowers with a message written in Spanish remembering the highlights of his life : " Civilization and Barbarism , Tonelero , Monte Caseros , Petrópolis , Public Education . Remembrance and Homage from Pedro de Alcântara . " = = Philosophy = = Sarmiento was well known for his modernization of the country , and for his improvements to the educational system . He firmly believed in democracy and European liberalism , but was most often seen as a romantic . Sarmiento was well versed in Western philosophy including the works of Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill . He was particularly fascinated with the liberty given to those living in the United States , which he witnessed as a representative of the Peruvian government . He did , however , see pitfalls to liberty , pointing for example to the aftermath of the French Revolution , which he compared to Argentina 's own May Revolution . He believed that liberty could turn into anarchy and thus civil war , which is what happened in France and in Argentina . Therefore , his use of the term " liberty " was more in reference to a laissez @-@ faire approach to the economy , and religious liberty . Though a Catholic himself , he began to adopt the ideas of separation of church and state modeled after the US . He believed that there should be more religious freedom , and less religious affiliation in schools . This was one of many ways in which Sarmiento tried to connect South America to North America . Sarmiento believed that the material and social needs of people had to be satisfied but not at the cost of order and decorum . He put great importance on law and citizen participation . These ideas he most equated to Rome and to the United States , a society which he viewed as exhibiting similar qualities . In order to civilize the Argentine society and make it equal to that of Rome or the United States , Sarmiento believed in eliminating the caudillos , or the larger landholdings and establishing multiple agricultural colonies run by European immigrants . Coming from a family of writers , orators , and clerics , Domingo Sarmiento placed a great value on education and learning . He opened a number of schools including the first school in Latin America for teachers in Santiago in 1842 : La Escuela Normal Preceptores de Chile . He proceeded to open 18 more schools and had mostly female teachers from the USA come to Argentina to instruct graduates how to be effective when teaching . Sarmiento 's belief was that education was the key to happiness and success , and that a nation could not be democratic if it was not educated . " We must educate our rulers , " he said . " An ignorant people will always choose Rosas . " = = Publications = = = = = Major works = = = Facundo - Civilización y Barbarie - Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga , 1845 . Written during his long exile in Chile . Originally published in 1845 in Chile in installments in El Progreso newspaper , Facundo is Sarmiento 's most famous work . It was first published in book form in 1851 , and the first English translation , by Mary Mann , appeared in 1868 . A recent modern edition in English was translated by Kathleen Ross . Facundo promotes further civilization and European influence to Argentine culture through the use of anecdotes and references to Juan Facundo Quiroga , Argentine caudillo general . As well as being a call to progress , Sarmiento discusses the nature of Argentine peoples as well as including his thoughts and objections to Juan Manuel de Rosas , governor of Buenos Aires from 1829 to 1832 and again from 1835 , due to the turmoil generated by Facundo 's death , to 1852 . As literary critic Sylvia Molloy observes ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
during the Industrial Revolution , and Malvern 's boom years as a spa town , by wealthy families from the nearby Birmingham area . Following the collapse of the spa industry , many of the hotels and villas became schools , and some have since been further converted to apartments , while some of the smaller hotels are now retirement homes . The Imperial Hotel in red brick with stone dressings , which later became a school , is one of the largest buildings in Malvern . It was built in 1860 by the architect E. W. Elmslie who also designed the Great Malvern railway station , and the Council House on the plot where Dr. Gully 's original house stood . The Grove in Avenue Road in 1867 , originally to be his private residence in 1927 became part of the Lawnside School for girls , and in 1860 Whitbourne Hall , a Grade II * listed building , in Herefordshire . The Imperial was the first hotel to be lit by incandescent gas . It was equipped with all types of baths and brine was brought specially by rail from Droitwich . Much architecture and statuary in the town centre is dedicated to Malvern water , including the St Ann 's Well , which is housed in a building dating from 1813 . = = = Music = = = Sir Edward Elgar , British composer and Master of the King 's Musick , lived much of his life around Malvern and is buried in Little Malvern cemetery . His Pomp and Circumstance , March No. 1 , composed in 1901 and to which the words of Land of Hope and Glory were later set , was first performed in the Wyche School next to the church in the presence of Elgar . A sculpture group by artist Rose Garrard comprising the Enigma fountain together with a statue of Elgar gazing over Great Malvern stands on Belle Vue Terrace in the town centre . The Elgar Route , a 40 @-@ mile ( 64 km ) drive passing some key landmarks from Elgar 's life , passes through Malvern . Malvern Concert Club , founded in 1903 by Elgar , holds concerts held in the Forum Theatre , Malvern Theatres . Its programmes focus on renaissance , baroque , classical , romantic and contemporary music . The Chandos Symphony Orchestra , under the professional direction of Michael Lloyd , has over 100 players . It specialises in performances of major works of the 19th and 20th Centuries . The Autumn in Malvern Festival is an annual event featuring performances of artists of music , poetry , writers and film makers held during October every year . The Colwell and other brass bands of the early century were part of the music of the town . The opera singer Jenny Lind lived and died in Malvern , and is buried in Great Malvern cemetery . The British violinist Nigel Kennedy had a home in Malvern . Julius Harrison ( 1885 – 1963 ) , who was a contemporary of Elgar and Professor of Composition at the Royal Academy of Music , lived in Pickersleigh Road for most of the 1940s . He was music director at Malvern College and director of the early Elgar Festivals in Malvern . In the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s , the Malvern Winter Gardens was a major regional venue for concerts by popular rock bands , including The Rolling Stones , Dave Berry , T @-@ Rex , The Jam , AC / DC , Black Sabbath , The Undertones , and Joy Division . Many of the 1960s concerts were staged by Bannister promotions while later events were promoted by Cherry Red , a London @-@ based independent record label formed in 1978 . Stephen Duffy and his folk pop group The Lilac Time were resident in the Malverns in the late 1980s , renting a house in West Malvern in which to write and rehearse the group 's first albums . His songs of that era reference Madresfield Court , the lanes of West Malvern , the locality of Cowleigh Park and renowned Upper Colwall tea rooms The Kettle Sings ( 1928- ) . Soon after this , Duffy collaborated on albums with - and toured with - Nigel Kennedy , also a one @-@ time resident of Malvern . = = = Drama = = = Malvern Theatres , housed in the Winter Gardens complex in the town centre , is a provincial centre for the arts . The first Malvern Drama Festival , which took place in 1929 , was dedicated to Bernard Shaw and planned by Sir Barry Jackson . A number of works have had their first performances at Malvern , six by Shaw including In Good King Charles 's Golden Days , the 1929 English première of The Apple Cart , and the world première of Geneva in 1938 . In 1956 Malvern held a Shaw centenary week . In February 1965 a Malvern Festival Theatre Trust was set up , and extensive refurbishment was undertaken . J B Priestley presided over the opening ceremony of the first summer season . In 1998 , a further £ 7 @.@ 2 million major redesign and refurbishment took place with the help of contributions from the National Lottery Distribution Fund ( NLDF ) , administered by the government Department for Culture , Media and Sport . The Theatre of Small Convenience entered the Guinness Book of World Records in 2002 as the smallest theatre in the world . Located in a former Victorian public convenience in the centre of the town in Edith Walk in , the theatre has a capacity of 12 people . The theatre regularly hosts puppetry , professional and amateur actors , drama , poetry , storytelling and opera , and has become a regular venue of the Malvern Fringe Festival . Malvern Fringe Festival , officially founded 1977 , takes place over three days in June as a fringe to the Elgar Festival . The Fringe also organise an annual May Day celebration , and various musical and other live events throughout the year . The Fringe aims to be inclusive ; bridging the generation gap by providing a varied programme of events for the local people of Malvern aimed at all ages . = = = Literature = = = William Langland 's famous 14th @-@ century poem The Visions of Piers Plowman ( 1362 ) was inspired by the Malvern Hills and the earliest poetic allusion to them occurs in the poem And on a Maye mornynge on Malverne hylles . Langland , the reputed writer , was possibly educated at the priory of Great Malvern . Several roads and buildings in Malvern are named after him . Malvern entered the writings and lives of several 17th – 19th century poets . These include Michael Drayton : " While Malvern , king of hills , Severn overlooks " , ( Poly @-@ Olbion , 1613 , song 7 ) , John Dyer : " By the blue steeps of distant Malvern wall 'd " ( The fleece , 1757 , about sheep farming ) , Thomas Warton : " Health opes the healing power her chosen fount / In ... Malvern 's ample mount " , ( 1790 , Ode on his Majesty 's birthday ) , Thomas Gray visited in 1770 during his final travels , Joseph Cottle : " As I climb ... One mass of glory ... A fairy vision ! " ( The Malvern Hills , 1798 ) , William Wordsworth : church bells ring as " high as Malvern 's cloudy crest " ( 1835 , St. Catherine of Ledbury ) , Patrick Tytler died in Great Malvern , in 1849 @,@ Lord Macaulay : " Till twelve fair counties saw the blaze on Malvern ’ s lonely height " ( The Armada ) . C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien are among the authors that have frequented Malvern . Legend states that , after drinking in a Malvern pub one winter evening , they were walking home when it started to snow . They saw a lamp post shining out through the snow and Lewis turned to his friends and said " that would make a very nice opening line to a book " . The novel The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe by Lewis later used that image as the characters enter the realm of Narnia . J.R.R. Tolkien found inspiration in the Malvern landscape which he had viewed from his childhood home in Birmingham and his brother Hilary 's home near Evesham . He was introduced to the area by C. S. Lewis , who had brought him here to meet George Sayer , the Head of English at Malvern College . Sayer had been a student of Lewis , and became his biographer , and together with them Tolkien would walk the Malvern Hills . Recordings of Tolkien reading excerpts from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings were made in Malvern in 1952 , at the home of George Sayer . The recordings were later issued on long @-@ playing gramophone records . In the liner notes for J.R.R Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Fellowship of the Rings , George Sayer wrote that Tolkien would relive the book as they walked and compared parts of the Malvern Hills to the White Mountains of Gondor . The poet W. H. Auden taught for three years in the 1930s at The Downs School , in the Malvern Hills . He wrote many poems there , including : This Lunar Beauty ; Let Your Sleeping Head ; My Love , Fish in the Unruffled Lakes ; and Out on the Lawn I Lie in Bed . He also wrote the long poem about the hills and their views , called simply The Malverns . In his 1941 novel Mr Lucton 's Freedom Halesowen @-@ born novelist Francis Brett Young describes sleeping out on the Malvern Hills and seeing the sunrise over the town . = = = Art = = = Works of art in Malvern include fountains , statues , and Malvern water spouts by the sculptor Rose Garrard . Among her sculptures are the statue of Sir Edward Elgar and the Enigma Fountain ( Unveiled by Prince Andrew , Duke of York on Belle Vue Terrace , Malvern on 26 May 2000 ) . and the drinking spout , Malvhina , also on Belle Vue Terrace , which was unveiled on 4 September 1998 . Garrard 's Hand of Peace war memorial , a sculpture in Portland stone is located in the Barnards Green suburb of Malvern . Paintings of Malvern include Little Malvern Church by Joseph Farington now held by the Royal Academy , and a squared drawing by the art historian Robert Witt in the collection of the Courtauld Institute , Joseph Powell 's Great Malvern Priory ... from the North East ( 1797 ) , now in the British Watercolours collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum . David Prentice , artist and one of the founder members of Birmingham 's Ikon Gallery , has lived and worked in Malvern since 1990 . He started painting the Malvern Hills when he retired in 1983 . A sculpture of two buzzards by Walenty Pytel was installed in Rosebank Gardens , Great Malvern to commemorate the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee in November 2012 . = = = Television = = = Elgar , a drama documentary made in 1962 by the British director Ken Russell , was filmed on location in Malvern and Worcester . Several scenes were filmed in Malvern at locations including ' Forli ' in Alexandra Road , ' Craeg Lea ' in Malvern Wells and St Ann 's Well in Great Malvern . Made for BBC Television 's long @-@ running Monitor programme , it dramatised the life of the composer Edward Elgar . The film significantly raised the public profile of the composer . The Malvern landscape forms the backdrop for Penda 's Fen , a 1974 British television play written by David Rudkin and directed by Alan Clarke for the BBC 's Play for Today series . It tells the story of Stephen , a vicar 's son who has visions of angels , Edward Elgar , and King Penda , the last pagan ruler of England . The final scene of the play , where the protagonist has an apparitional experience of King Penda and the " mother and father of England " and King Penda , is set on the Malvern Hills . The Tank Quarry on North Hill and West of England Quarry on the Worcestershire Beacon were used as locations in the Doctor Who serial The Krotons , starring Patrick Troughton . The serial was broadcast in four weekly parts from 28 December 1968 to 18 January 1969 . Great Malvern railway station featured in 1975 as the commuter @-@ belt railway station in the first episode of Survivors ( 1975 TV series ) , the post @-@ apocalyptic fiction drama television series created by Terry Nation and produced by Terence Dudley at the BBC . = = = Malvern water = = = Malvern spring water flows freely from a number of fountains or spouts throughout the Malvern area . Upkeep of these historical springs is funded by several organisations , including the Town Council , the Heritage Lottery Fund , The Malvern Spa Association , and the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The water became famous for containing " nothing at all " . It was the reason for Malvern becoming a spa town and has formed a part of both local and national culture since Queen Elizabeth I made a point of drinking it in public in the 16th century , and Queen Victoria refused to travel without it . It is also a bottled water used by Queen Elizabeth II Until November 2010 when the plant was closed due to lack of profitability , millions of litres of Malvern water were bottled annually by Coca @-@ Cola Enterprises under the Schweppes brand in a factory near Malvern and distributed worldwide . Malvern water is still being bottled from the original source by a family run business under the name Holywell Spring Water . = = = Twin town = = = Malvern has since 2013 been twinned with Mariánské Lázně , a spa town in the Czech Republic , and since 2016 also with Bagnères @-@ de @-@ Bigorre , a spa town in France . = = = Malvern pudding = = = = = Places of worship = = In addition to the 12th century priory , during and shortly after Malvern 's expansion throughout the second half of the 19th century over twenty Christian churches were built . Many of these are reproductions of 13th and 14th century architecture including St Mathias , Malvern Link ( C of E ) c1896 , which has a full set of ten ringing bells on which the first full peal of Grandsire Triples was rung on 1 June 1901 . One of the most recent buildings is St Mary 's Church ( C of E ) , in Sherrards Green , a modern church built c1960 . Pevsner mentions the following 19th and early 20th century churches in Malvern in his book on Worcestershire : All Saints , ( The Wyche ) , 1903 , by Nevinson and Newton ( or possibly Troyte Griffith ) ; St. Andrew in Poolbrook , 1885 , contains a font inscribed 1724 , by Blomfield ; Ascension ( Leigh Sinton Road ) 1903 , by Sir Walter Tapper , with a high metal screen by G. Bainbridge Reynolds ; Christ Church ( Avenue Road ) , 1875 @-@ 6 , by T.D.Barry & Sons , with unexpected cross gable ; Chapel of the Convent of the Holy Name , ( Ranelagh Road ) , 1893 , by Comper , with wagon roof and stained glass ; St. Joseph ( Newtown Road ) , 1876 , by T.R. Donnelly ; St. Matthias ( Church Road ) , original by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott , 1844 – 46 , enlarged and altered by F.W. Hunt , 1880 – 81 , painted dado and stained glass ; Our Lady and St. Edmund ( College Road ) , 1905 , by P. P. Pugin ; St. Peter ( St. Peter 's Road ) , 1863 @-@ 6 , by G. E. Street , with crazy paving of Malvern granite ; Holy Trinity , ( Worcester Road ) , 1850 @-@ 1 , by S. Daukes , enlarged 1872 by Haddon brothers ; with plate and stained glass ; Congregational Church , ( Queen 's Drive ) , 1875 , by J. Tait of Leicester ; Emmanuel , ( Countess of Huntingdon 's Connexion ) , 1874 , by Haddon brothers . = = Health and emergency services = = Malvern has a community hospital in Malvern Link . The hospital was constructed on the grounds of a former independent school , Seeford Court , and began operation in 2010 . It was officially opened by The Princess Royal in March 2011 . Major health facilities are provided by hospitals in Worcester . The town has seven health centres , including a health complex in Malvern Link and a group practice on Pickersleigh Road . Malvern also has several nursing and retirement homes for the care of senior citizens . The Malvern area is covered by the Midlands Air Ambulance service , which has operated from the site of Strensham motorway services since 1991 . Malvern is served by the West Midlands Ambulance Service operated by the NHS Trust . The ambulance station is located in Victoria Road , Great Malvern , near the town centre . Other emergency services are provided by West Mercia Police from a station in Victoria Road , and the Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service that has a station in Worcester Road , Malvern Link . = = Transport = = Major road access to the area is provided by the A449 road that runs through the centre of Malvern , connecting it to Worcester and Ledbury . The M5 motorway ( West Bromwich near Birmingham to Exeter in Devon ) is accessible at junctions 7 and 8 to the east of Malvern . The M50 motorway ( Tewkesbury to Ross @-@ on @-@ Wye ) , also known as the Ross Spur to the south is accessed at junction 1 on the A38 road between Tewkesbury and Malvern . Two railway stations approximately one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) apart at Great Malvern and Malvern Link , provide direct services to Worcester , Hereford , Birmingham , Oxford , Cheltenham , Gloucester , South West England and London Paddington . Malvern bus services include several circular local routes connecting the main residential and commercial areas and out @-@ of @-@ town shopping malls . Other routes serve the surrounding towns and villages , Cheltenham , and the cities of Gloucester , Hereford , and Worcester , while long @-@ distance direct bus services connect Malvern with other cities in the country , including the National Express route 321 through eleven counties from Aberdare in South Wales via Birmingham and other major cities , to Bradford in West Yorkshire , and route 444 from Worcester to London ( Victoria ) . Operators include Astons Coaches , Diamond Bus , DRM Coaches , and First Midland Red . Air services operate from Birmingham Airport approximately one hour by road via the M5 and M42 motorways . Gloucestershire Airport located at Staverton , in the borough of Tewkesbury is a busy general aviation airport used mainly for private charter and scheduled flights to destinations such as the islands of Jersey , Guernsey , and the Isle of Man , pilot training , and by the aircraft of emergency services . Taxi services are provided by numerous local firms . = = Education = = = = = Primary schools = = = Elementary education is provided by thirteen primary schools in the town and its suburbs including eight Church of England , one Roman Catholic , and four non @-@ denominational state schools . With the exception of The Grove ( 1962 ) , Poolbrook Primary School ( 1977 ) , and Northleigh ( 1991 ) that replaced the Cowleigh C of E school destroyed by arson in 1989 , all the Malvern primary schools were established between 1836 and 1916 , during and shortly after the town 's rapid development as a spa . = = = High schools = = = The Chase Technology College in Barnards Green is a secondary school with over 1700 pupils . It is a specialist Technology , Language and Science college under the specialist schools programme , and has been awarded Beacon School status . Its most recent OFSTED inspection , in February 2014 , described the school as " Requiring improvement " . Dyson Perrins Church of England Academy in Malvern Link , a Church of England school with almost 1000 pupils , is a specialist Sports College . An OFSTED inspection in January 2015 rated the school as " Good " Hanley Castle High School , with around 1000 pupils including its sixth form centre , is a specialist Language College and was founded in 1326 as a chantry school , making it one of the oldest schools in England . Although located in the village Hanley Castle about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) from the town , a large number of its pupils are drawn from the Malvern area . = = = Independent schools = = = Two large independent ' public ' schools – Malvern College for boys and girls and Malvern St James for girls – now remain following mergers of Malvern 's many private primary and secondary schools . Malvern College is a coeducational public school , founded in 1865 . Until 1992 , it was a school for boys aged 13 to 18 . Following a merger with Ellerslie School for Girls in 1992 it became coeducational . Further mergers with Hillstone and The Downs preparatory schools has created a coeducational school for pupils from 3 to 18 years old . Among its alumni are two Nobel Laureates ( James Meade and Francis William Aston ) , an Olympic Gold medalist ( Arnold Jackson ) , and leading politicians . Malvern St James was formed in 2006 by the merger of Malvern Girls ' College and St. James 's School , West Malvern ( formerly St James 's and The Abbey ) and other mergers with local private schools over the last thirty years . It is now the last of the independent girls ' schools in the Malvern area . The main building of Malvern St James on the campus of the former Malvern Girls ' College is the former Imperial Hotel , built in the second half of the 19th century . The Abbey College is an international boarding school providing education mainly for students from countries outside the United Kingdom . Founded in 1974 , it provides pre university preparation for mixed gender students aged 14 to 20 . = = = Further education = = = The Malvern campus of South Worcestershire College is a centre for further education providing government certificate vocational courses for adults and post 14 @-@ year @-@ old students . Malvern also has an active University of the Third Age that was founded at Malvern Hills College in 1995 . Its inaugural meeting was attended by around 150 members of the public , and by 2011 it had over 80 interest groups and 1 @,@ 100 members . = = Leisure = = The Priory Park with its adjoining Malvern Splash pool and Winter Gardens complex occupies a large area in the centre of the town . The Winter Gardens complex is home to the Malvern Theatres , a cinema , a concert venue / banqueting room , bars and cafeterias . For almost half a century , the Malvern Winter Gardens has also been a leisure centre and a major regional venue for classical music , and concerts by major rock bands of the 60s , 70s and 80s . The Splash Leisure Complex flanks the eastern boundary of Priory Park and has an indoor swimming pool and gymnasium . In the town centre is also an extensive public Library that includes access to the Internet and many community services . The Worcestershire Way , a waymarked long @-@ distance trail located within the county of Worcestershire , runs 31 miles ( 50 km ) from Bewdley to Great Malvern . = = Sport = = The Manor Park Club multi @-@ sports complex , close to the town centre , provides the area with indoor and outdoor sports facilities including tennis , squash , indoor bowls , racketball , archery and table tennis . It is assisted by grants from various bodies , including the Malvern Hills District Council , the Sport England Lottery , and the Lawn Tennis Association . In 2010 , a new indoor facility was unveiled at the club by tennis player Tim Henman . Traditional outdoor bowls is played on a green in Priory Park . Other public areas such as Victoria Park in Malvern Link provide space for field sports and tennis . Malvern Town FC has a football first team that plays in the West Midlands Regional League and which has twice reached the third qualifying round of the FA Cup . The Malvern Hills are a popular launching site for hang gliding and paragliding and Malvern has a local hang gliding club . Cricket is provided for at Barnards Green Cricket Club , a professional class ground . = = Notable people = = In addition to those born in Malvern , notable people came to the town to be cured ( mentioned above ) , to be educated or teach at the many independent schools : see articles on Malvern College , Malvern St James , the merger of St. James School and Malvern College for Girls , and Malvern College Prep . ( The Downs ) , or to work at TRE , RRDE , their merger RRE and its successor organisations leading ( as of 2011 ) to QinetiQ , The Hills have inspired poets and novelists . Thomas Attwood , British economist and campaigner for electoral reform , died in Malvern , on 9 March 1859 . William Algernon Churchill ( 1865 – 1947 ) British diplomat and art historian retired to Worlfield House , Malvern in early 1920s . Nigel Coates , architect and Emeritus professor of the Royal College of Arts grew up in Malvern and was educated at Hanley Castle Grammar School . Anne , Charles Darwin 's daughter , is buried in the graveyard of Malvern Priory . David Davis ( 1908 – 1996 ) BBC radio executive and broadcaster , was born and raised in Malvern . Anne Diamond , television journalist and presenter , grew up in Malvern . Stephen Duffy and his folk pop group The Lilac Time were resident in the Malverns in the late 1980s , renting a house in West Malvern in which to write and rehearse the group 's first albums . His songs of that era reference Madresfield Court , the lanes of West Malvern , the locality of Cowleigh Park and renowned Upper Colwall tea rooms The Kettle Sings ( 1928- ) . Edward Elgar , composer , taught in Great Malvern . Elgar is buried at St. Wulstan 's , Little Malvern . Brigadier Hugh Gregory Fitton CB , DSO ( 1864 – 1916 ) , born in Malvern , buried at Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery Basil Foster ( 1882 – 1959 ) , English cricketer who played 34 first @-@ class matches in the early 20th century , was born in Malvern . Arthur Troyte Griffith , architect and friend of Elgar Julius Harrison ( 1885 – 1963 ) , was a contemporary of Elgar , and Professor of Composition at the Royal Academy of Music . He was music director at Malvern College and director of the early Elgar Festivals in Malvern . He lived in Pickersleigh Road from most of the 1940s . Charles Hastings , founder of the British Medical Association , spent his final years at Hastings House , Barnards Green . Graeme Hick , cricketer , currently resides in the Malvern area , and coaches at Malvern College . Elsie Howey , suffragette , lived most of her life and died in Malvern . Nigel Kennedy , violinist and composer , and his Polish wife Agnieszka , have a home in Malvern . William Langland 's allegorical narrative poem Piers Plowman ( written c.1360 – 1387 ) begins on the Malvern Hills . C. S. Lewis , novelist , was a pupil at the preparatory school Cherbourg House and Malvern College . He boarded at these two establishments between early 1911 and June 1914 . Jenny Lind , opera singer , lived and died in Malvern , and is buried in Great Malvern cemetery . Cher Lloyd , contestant and 4th place on The X Factor ( UK Series 7 ) , notable for having the most watched audition in history . Ellen Marriage , Balzac translator , died in Malvern in 1946 . Jamie McKelvie , British comic book artist and writer . His work Suburban Glamour was set in a fictional version of Malvern David Mitchell , author whose works include Cloud Atlas ( also a 2012 Hollywood movie ) and Black Swan Green , the latter taking place in Malvern . Mitchel was educated at Hanley Castle Grammar School . Malcolm Nokes MC , ( 1897 – 1986 ) , teacher , soldier , Olympic medallist , nuclear scientist and CENTO official . Charles William Dyson Perrins , ( 1864 – 1958 ) , art collector , philanthropist and local government office holder . Charles Ranken , chess champion , lived in Malvern from 1871 until his death in 1905 . Franklin D. Roosevelt , later President of the USA , stayed at the Aldwyn Tower Hotel while convalescing from an illness at the age of 7 . George Sayer , biographer of C. S. Lewis . Haile Selassie , emperor of Ethiopia , visited Malvern during his 1936 – 1941 exile , staying at the Abbey Hotel and attending the Holy Trinity Church . Jacqui Smith , former British Home Secretary , was born and raised in Malvern . Philip Woodward ( born 1919 ) , a British mathematician , who worked on radar and related topics at the government TRE / RRE laboratory in Malvern for forty years , and also made major contributions to horology . = = Compass = = = 1st Airlanding Brigade ( United Kingdom ) = The 1st Airlanding Brigade was an airborne infantry brigade of the British Army during the Second World War and the only glider infantry formation assigned to the 1st Airborne Division , serving alongside the 1st Parachute Brigade and 4th Parachute Brigade . The brigade was formed in late 1941 during World War II through the conversion of an existing infantry brigade previously stationed in India , the 31st Independent Infantry Brigade . Two of the initial four infantry battalions left in May 1943 to form the new 6th Airlanding Brigade of the 6th Airborne Division and were replaced by a single new battalion , thereby reducing the brigade 's strength by one quarter . The brigade only saw action on two occasions during the Second World War , in Operation Ladbroke , as part of the Allied invasion of Sicily , in July 1943 and later in Operation Market Garden in September 1944 . During the second operation , in the fighting around Arnhem , 1st Airlanding Brigade along with the rest of 1st Airborne Division held out against overwhelming German odds , sustaining very heavy losses . Only around 20 percent of the brigade were evacuated south of the River Rhine . The rest had either been killed , were missing or became prisoners of war . Following the German surrender in mid @-@ 1945 , 1st Airlanding Brigade were sent to Norway to disarm the German garrison . Later the same year the brigade was disbanded . = = Formation = = Under the command of Brigadier George F. Hopkinson , the 1st Airlanding Brigade Group was formed on 10 October 1941 through the re @-@ designation of the 31st Independent Infantry Brigade , which had just returned to the United Kingdom after training for mountain warfare in British India . Upon formation , the brigade consisted of the 1st Battalion , Border Regiment ( Borders ) , the 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment ( Staffords ) , the 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry ( OBLI ) , the 1st Battalion , Royal Ulster Rifles ( Ulsters ) and supporting units . These were the brigade 's original infantry battalions and all remained part of its order of battle . Men in the battalions who were unsuitable for airborne service were weeded out and replaced by volunteers . The strength of the airlanding brigade almost equalled that of an airborne division 's two parachute brigades . To support the four infantry battalions , the brigade also had its own artillery , engineer and reconnaissance units until 1942 , when they became divisional assets . Another change that affected the brigade occurred in May 1943 , when the Ulsters and the OBLI left to form the 6th Airlanding Brigade , of the 6th Airborne Division . When the brigade returned to the United Kingdom , it was assigned the 7th Battalion , King 's Own Scottish Borderers ( KOSB ) in December 1943 , a 2nd Line Territorial Army unit , which had until then been on home defence duties , stationed in the Orkney and Shetland islands . The brigade 's glider infantry battalions consisted of 806 men in four rifle companies , each with four platoons along with a support company consisting of two Anti @-@ tank platoons each with four 6 pounder guns , two mortar platoons armed with six 3 inch mortars , and two Vickers machine gun platoons . Transport for the brigade was normally the Airspeed Horsa glider , piloted by two men from the Glider Pilot Regiment . With a wingspan of 88 feet ( 27 m ) and a length of 67 feet ( 20 m ) , the Horsa had a maximum load capacity of 15 @,@ 750 pounds ( 7 @,@ 140 kg ) — space for two pilots , a maximum of twenty @-@ eight troops or two jeeps , one jeep and an artillery gun or one jeep with a trailer . Sixty – two Horsa and one General Aircraft Hamilcar gliders were required to carry the airlanding battalion into action . The Hamilcar carried the battalion 's two Universal Carriers used to support the mortar and machine @-@ gun platoons . = = Operations = = = = = Sicily = = = The 1st Airborne Division , including the 1st Airlanding Brigade left England for North Africa in June 1943 . The brigade now comprised only two battalions , the Borders and the Staffords , with Brigadier Philip " Pip " Hicks , in command , Brigadier Hopkinson having been promoted to major @-@ general and given command of the 1st Airborne Division . Once they arrived in theatre the brigade was based in the Oran area on the north @-@ western Mediterranean coast of Algeria . Now part of the British Eighth Army training for the invasion of Sicily , code @-@ named Operation Husky , started in earnest . Major @-@ General Hopkinson had persuaded General Bernard Montgomery , commander of the Eighth Army , to include the 1st Airborne Division in the invasion of Sicily , against the wishes of both the commander of the British Airborne Forces , Major @-@ General Frederick Browning and the commander of the Glider Pilot Regiment , Lieutenant Colonel Chatterton . Both men were concerned that they had insufficient aircraft for the complete division to take part while British pilots and infantry were not familiar with the Waco CG @-@ 4 gliders that were to be used . Their concerns proved correct as there were only enough aircraft for two of the division 's four brigades to take part in the invasion . The 1st Parachute Brigade was assigned to Operation Fustian with orders to seize and hold the Primosole Bridge over the River Simeto . Prior to that , the 1st Airlanding Brigade was to take part in Operation Ladbroke , a glider assault on the Ponte Grande bridge across the Anapo river south of Syracuse . The brigade was to hold the bridge until relieved by the advance of the British 5th Infantry Division . The 1st Airlanding Brigade was allocated 136 Waco and eight Airspeed Horsa gliders for the operation . Six of the Horsas carrying two infantry companies were scheduled to land at the bridge at 23 : 15 on 9 July in a coup @-@ de @-@ main operation . The remainder of the brigade would arrive at 01 : 15 on 10 July using a number of landing @-@ zones between 1 @.@ 5 and 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 and 4 @.@ 8 km ) away , then converge on the bridge to reinforce the defence . On 9 July , 2 @,@ 075 men of the brigade along with seven jeeps , six artillery guns and ten mortars , boarded their gliders in Tunisia and took off at 18 : 00 bound for Sicily . En route they encountered strong winds , poor visibility and at times were subjected to anti @-@ aircraft fire . To avoid gunfire and searchlights , pilots of the towing aircraft climbed higher or took evasive action . In the confusion surrounding these manoeuvres , some gliders were released too early and 65 of them crashed into the sea , drowning around 252 men . Of the remaining gliders only 12 landed at the correct landing @-@ zones . Another 59 landed up to 25 miles ( 40 km ) away while the remainder were either shot down or failed to release and returned to Tunisia . Only one Horsa with a platoon of infantry from the Staffords landed near the bridge . Its commander Lieutenant Withers divided his men into two groups then swam across the river with half of them to take up positions on the opposite bank . Thereafter the bridge was captured following a simultaneous assault from both sides . The platoon then dismantled demolition charges that had been fitted to the bridge and dug in to wait for reinforcement or relief . Another Horsa landed about 200 yards ( 180 m ) from the bridge but exploded on landing , killing all on board . Three of the other Horsas carrying the coup @-@ de @-@ main party , landed within 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of the bridge — their occupants eventually finding their way to the site . Reinforcements began to arrive at the bridge but by 06 : 30 they numbered only 87 men . Elsewhere , about 150 men landed at Cape Murro di Porco and captured a radio station . Based on a warning of imminent glider landings transmitted by the station 's previous occupants , the local Italian commander ordered a counter @-@ attack but his troops failed to get the message . The scattered nature of the landings now worked in the brigade 's favour as they were able to cut all telephone wires in the immediate area . Forces at the bridge came under repeated attacks from the Italians while the expected 5th Infantry Division relief did not appear at 10 : 00 as planned . By 15 : 30 only 15 of men at the bridge remained fit to fight and they were out of ammunition , as a result the Italians then recaptured the bridge . The first unit from 5th Infantry Division arrived at the bridge at 16 : 15 and mounted a successful counter @-@ attack . The prior removal of demolition charges from the bridge had prevented the Italians from destroying it . The 1st Airlanding Brigade then took no further part in the fighting and was withdrawn back to North Africa on 13 July . During the landings in Sicily , the losses by 1st Airlanding Brigade were the worst of all the British units involved so far . They amounted to 313 killed and 174 missing or wounded . The accompanying glider pilots lost 14 killed moreover 87 were missing or wounded . = = = Arnhem = = = After service in the Mediterranean the brigade returned to Woodhall Spa in Lincolnshire , where it was reinforced by the arrival of the 7th Battalion , King 's Own Scottish Borderers in November 1943 . During the D @-@ Day landings of 6 June 1944 , the 1st Airlanding Brigade was part of the strategic reserve , on standby to deploy wherever they were needed to support the invasion . The division and brigade were next assigned to Operation Market Garden at Arnhem in the Netherlands . This entailed three airborne divisions capturing bridges to be used subsequently by the British Second Army . Prior to the operation , more than 15 planned airborne missions into France and Belgium had been cancelled due to the speed of the Allied advance . A shortage of transport aircraft meant that it would take three days to transport the division to Arnhem . The plan called for the majority of the 1st Airlanding Brigade and the 1st Parachute Brigade to land on day one . The parachute brigade would head for Arnhem and capture the bridges over the Lower Rhine while the airlanding brigade secured drop zones for units arriving on the second and third days . When all the division 's units had arrived the brigade would take up defensive positions to the west of Arnhem . The 1st Airlanding Brigade units arriving on the second lift were to be two companies plus one mortar , one machine gun and one anti @-@ tank platoon of the Staffords , along with three platoons and sections from the mortar , machine gun and anti @-@ tank platoons of the KOSB . The Borders contingent amounted to a further eight platoons . On 17 September 1944 , the first lift successfully carried the majority of the brigade to Arnhem — only 12 gliders failed to arrive due to technical problems . While the 1st Parachute Brigade headed for Arnhem the airlanding brigade dug in to secure the landing grounds . The Staffords dug in around landing zone ' S ' , the KOSB around drop zone ' Y ' and the Borders around landing zone ' X ' . Also under command of the brigade , co @-@ located with brigade headquarters at Wolfheze were the Glider pilots of No. 2 Wing , Glider Pilot Regiment , the equivalent of a small infantry battalion . On the night of 17 – 18 September , divisional commander Major @-@ General Roy Urquhart was reported missing . Brigadier Hicks assumed command of the division while Colonel Hilaro Barlow replaced Hicks as brigade commander . On day two , problems in Arnhem forced Hicks to change the divisional plan . Only the 2nd Parachute Battalion had reached the road bridge — strong German defences had halted the other battalions so Hicks decided that the Staffords would link up with the 1st Parachute Brigade in an attempt to reach their objective . However , the Staffords also failed to break through the German defenders . Bad weather over England kept the planned second lift on the ground . The first troops did not arrive until 15 : 00 , a delay that gave the Germans time to approach the landing grounds and engage the KOSB in numerous probing attacks on the northern perimeter . At one stage KOSB commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Payton @-@ Reid led a bayonet charge to clear the Germans from the area . Meanwhile , the Borders were repeatedly attacked from the south of landing zone 's ' X ' and ' Z ' , and were eventually forced to call on the 75 mm guns of the 1st Airlanding Light Regiment to break up the attacks . Hicks had previously decided to send the Staffords on the second lift to join their battalion fighting in Arnhem , while he also sent the 11th Parachute Battalion on the same lift to support 1st Parachute Brigade . The KOSB , until then responsible for defending the landing ground , were attached to 4th Parachute Brigade to replace the 11th Parachute Battalion . However they were still responsible for defending landing ground ' L ' , for the arrival of the Poles gliders on day three . This left only the Borders , No. 2 Wing GPR and the field ambulance under brigade command . As day three dawned , the Staffords , and the 1st Parachute Battalion attacked at 04 : 00 , their first objective being to link up with the 3rd Parachute Battalion trapped around St Elizabeth 's Hospital . The attack failed but allowed Major @-@ General Urquhart to rejoin the division from a position where he had been trapped by the Germans . This allowed Brigadier Hicks to resume command of the brigade , whereupon Urquhart dispatched Colonel Barlow to take over command of 1st Parachute Brigade and co @-@ ordinate the attack in Arnhem . He left in a jeep and was killed in a mortar barrage just outside Arnhem . The 1st Airlanding Brigade , still holding landing zone ' L ' for the expected Polish and resupply gliders , then came under attack from the west and north @-@ west . During the night the KOSB had tried to take the high ground at Koepel , but were stopped by heavy machine gun fire and instead dug in . The remainder of 4th Parachute Brigade advancing north of the railway line also encountered a strong German defence line and were unable to progress any further . All three battalions were ordered to withdraw south of the railway line towards Wolfheze . Although the northern most battalion of the KOSB had thus far enjoyed a quiet morning , in the two hours it took them to advance south of the railway , two companies were now cut off and the entire battalion transport lost . Still under fire from the pursuing Germans , the battalions crossed landing zone ' L ' just as the third lift gliders were landing . While attempting to unload the gliders the Poles came under fire . Assuming the approaching men were Germans , they opened fire and caused some casualties . With no one in command , around 100 men , the remnants of the Staffords , along with about 400 troops from the 1st Parachute Brigade , pulled back towards Oosterbeek . Here they were gathered together in an ad hoc formation known as the " Lonsdale Force " after Major Richard Lonsdale who was put in command . The Lonsdale Force deployed to the south @-@ east of Oosterbeek to defend the division 's artillery line . Here , as dusk approached , Lance Serjeant John Baskeyfield of the Staffords , although wounded and with the rest of his men dead or wounded , engaged three tanks as they emerged from the woods with his anti @-@ tank gun . He destroyed the first tank and disabled the second before his own weapon was destroyed . Moving to a nearby gun where the crew were already dead , he continued to fight the third tank alone . Shortly after he managed to disable it , he was killed a shell from a German tank . For his actions Baskeyfield received a posthumous Victoria Cross , the highest British military decoration . The KOSB had by now arrived at the perimeter being formed around Oosterbeek and took up positions south of the railway line just north of division headquarters . By day four , the battalions of the 1st Airlanding Brigade were dispersed over a wide area . While the Borders were to the west on a line from the River Rhine east of Heveadorp to the Heelsum road , the remaining KOSB companies lay to the north with the remnants of the Staffords forming part of Lonsdale Force in the east . Brigade headquarters was established on open ground at the centre of the divisional area . On day five ( 21 September ) , defence of the divisional area was divided between the two remaining brigade headquarters . The 1st Airlanding Brigade in the west now commanded the remaining three companies of Borders , the remnants of the KOSB , and what remained of the Royal Engineers , 21st Independent Company , Glider Pilots and Poles . Lonsdale Force Major Robert Henry Cain of the Staffords disabled a tank with a PIAT and then , although wounded by machine gun fire , positioned one of the division 's artillery guns and destroyed it . This was the first of a number of actions by Major Cain which led to the award of a Victoria Cross . This second medal for the Staffords meant it became the only British battalion to receive two Victoria Crosses in one battle during the Second World War . The Germans did not mount an all @-@ out infantry assault on the divisional area , which was under continuous mortar and artillery attack . Instead , each sector was subjected to small scale assaults at times supported by tanks or self @-@ propelled guns . Enemy troops first attacked the Independent Company , then the Borders who were forced off the high ground overlooking the river , and finally the KOSB . The Germans mounted a strong assault following the landing of the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade south of the river beside Driel . This attack forced the KOSB out of their positions , which were only regained after a bayonet charge . Fighting was so fierce that first reports suggested the KOSB had been annihilated , although it turned out that the counter @-@ attack had in fact reduced the battalion 's strength to only 150 men . By day six , 22 September , the battle had settled into a routine of mortaring and small probing attacks at times supported by armoured vehicles and sniper fire . The Poles , dug in south of the river , relieved part of the pressure on the division , as some German forces were diverted to confront them . The following day began in a similar way to previous days with a mortar and artillery bombardment , followed by infantry and armour trying to find a gap in the perimeter . The KOSB , Glider Pilots and the 21st Independent Company who were all defending the brigade area were repeatedly attacked . Furthermore , food and water shortages also took their toll on the men , with foraging parties subjected to sniper fire . On day eight , 24 September , although German attacks continued , the enemy were engaged by artillery of the XXX Corps south of the river and aircraft from the Royal Air Force . This broke up most assaults before they got started . On 25 September Lieutenant @-@ General Brian Horrocks , commander of XXX Corps , decided not to reinforce the position north of the Rhine and instead prepare for the evacuation of all survivors in Operation Berlin . The evacuation took place on the night of 25 – 26 September . Of the 2 @,@ 526 men of 1st Airlanding Brigade that left England for Operation Market Garden , there were 230 killed , 476 evacuated and 1 @,@ 822 were missing or prisoners of war . = = = Norway = = = After Arnhem , replacements for the 1st Airlanding Brigade began to bring the brigade up to strength . Among the replacements was Brigadier Roger Bower who took the place of the injured Brigadier Hicks . However , the Germans surrendered before they were involved in further action . The 1st Airborne Division including the airlanding brigade , the Special Air Service Brigade and an ad hoc brigade formed from the divisional artillery were sent to disarm the German occupation forces in Norway in May 1945 . On entering Norway , the division would be responsible for maintaining law and order in the areas it occupied , ensuring that German units followed the terms of their surrender , securing and then protecting captured airfields , and finally preventing the sabotage of essential military and civilian structures . After landing nearby , 1st Airlanding Brigade occupied the Norwegian capital Oslo , where Brigadier Bower became Commander , Oslo Area for the duration of the division 's time in Norway . The city was chosen because as well as being the Norwegian capital it was also the centre of the Norwegian and German administration . The brigade returned to the United Kingdom in August 1945 , when the 1st Airborne Division was disbanded and the airlanding battalions returned to a conventional infantry role . = = Brigade composition = = = = = Commanding Officers = = = Brigadier George F. Hopkinson Brigadier Philip Hugh Whitby Hicks Brigadier Roger Bower = = = On formation 1941 = = = 1st Battalion , Border Regiment 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 1st Battalion , Royal Ulster Rifles 1st Airlanding Reconnaissance Squadron , Royal Armoured Corps 9th Field Company , Royal Engineers 223rd Anti @-@ Tank Battery , Royal Artillery 458th Light Battery , Royal Artillery = = = From December 1943 = = = 1st Battalion , Border Regiment 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment 7th ( Galloway ) Battalion , King 's Own Scottish Borderers 181st Airlanding Field Ambulance , Royal Army Medical Corps = Conspiracy Encyclopedia = Conspiracy Encyclopedia : The Encyclopedia of Conspiracy Theories is a non @-@ fiction reference book about conspiracy theories , with an introduction by editor Thom Burnett . It was published in 2005 by Chamberlain Bros. , and in 2006 by Collins & Brown . Contributors to the work include Thom Burnett , Nigel Cawthorne , Richard Emerson , Mick Farren , Alex Games , John Gill , Sandy Gort , Rod Green , Emma Hooley , Esther Selsdon , and Kenn Thomas.The encyclopedia discusses 365 conspiracy theories , most of which are political . The encyclopedia was positively reviewed in The Guardian , where it was referred to as a " beautifully @-@ produced tome " . It received both a positive and a negative review from two different writers in The Times . In 2008 the encyclopedia was listed as required reading in a course on conspiracy at Harvard University . = = Background = = Conspiracy Encyclopedia was published in 2005 by Chamberlain Bros. , and in 2006 by Collins & Brown . Contributors to the work include Thom Burnett , Nigel Cawthorne , Richard Emerson , Mick Farren , Alex Games , John Gill , Sandy Gort , Rod Green , Emma Hooley , Esther Selsdon , and Kenn Thomas . Burnett has written multiple other works on international politics , including Who Really Won the Space Race ? : Uncovering the Conspiracy That Kept America Second to the Russians ( 2005 ) , and Who Really Runs the World ? : The War Between Globalization and Democracy ( 2007 ) . Burnett is a pseudonym for an individual who first garnered security experience while a member of United Kingdom Special Forces . After his military service , he became a writer and pursued postgraduate education in Britain within the field of conspiracy theory . = = Contents = = Thom Burnett begins the encyclopedia by introducing the reader to the contents and concepts in the work . Burnett notes that the German term Verschwörungsmythos means " Conspiracy Myth " , and has value as a descriptive label . " Perhaps the conspiracy world is an updated version of ancient myths , where monsters and the gods of Olympus and Valhalla have been replaced by aliens and the Illuminati of Washington and Buckingham Palace , " writes Burnett . Three hundred and sixty @-@ five conspiracy theories are discussed in the work , the majority of which are political in nature . It contains many pictures to illustrate the points it makes . Topics discussed include the moon landing conspiracy theories , the Bilderberg Group , the Illuminati , the Warren Commission and the Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories , the views of David Icke , and chupacabras . The encyclopedia has a section on assassinations , and those discussed include the deaths of Kenneth Bigley in 2004 , Danny Casolaro in 1991 , John F. Kennedy in 1963 , and Tutankhamun in 1323 BC . = = Reception = = The Bookseller called the book " the first comprehensive encyclopedia of its kind " . In a review of the encyclopedia for The Guardian , Andrew Mueller called it a " beautifully @-@ produced tome " and commented that the work " succeeds , as was probably intentional , in offering some fascinating tours of the byways of history and providing a tantalising alternative universe in which much of what you know may not be what it seems " . John Cooper reviewed the encyclopedia for The Times , and described it as " an entertaining compilation of ideas ranging from who was the ' real William Shakespeare ' to the BCCI case and al @-@ Qaeda " . Cooper noted , " The most fascinating section relates to ' Assassinations ' ... an unusual fairytale book for Christmas . " Martin Samuel gave a more critical review of the encyclopedia for The Times , commenting , " For all the encyclopedia 's pretence at sifting the evidence in search of a verdict , if the truth is out there , the authors are damned if they can find it . " Conspiracy Encyclopedia was listed as required reading in a 2008 course on conspiracy at Harvard University . Writing in Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies , authors Christopher Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon comment that Burnett asserts " the spirit of our times has had the crap kicked out of it by global domination " . The encyclopedia is recommended for further reading by David Southwell and Sean Twist in their book Unsolved Political Mysteries . Writing for The Star , James Mitchell observed , " There 's a huge amount packed in here , simply presented . " Mitchell concluded , " Read the Conspiracy Encyclopedia , and you 'll either have your worst fears confirmed that there 's a grand , unified conspiracy affecting everything ... or less exciting , that most of the time , vanilla rules : What you see is what you get ! " = Agapemonites = The Agapemonites or Community of The Son of Man was a Christian religious group or sect that existed in England from 1846 to 1956 . It was named from the Greek : Agapemone meaning " Abode of Love " . The Agapemone community was founded by the Reverend Henry Prince in Spaxton , Somerset . The sect also built a church in Upper Clapton , London , and briefly had bases in Stoke @-@ by @-@ Clare in Suffolk , Brighton and Weymouth . The ideas of the community were based on the theories of various German religious mystics and its primary object was the spiritualization of the matrimonial state . The Church of England had dismissed Prince earlier in his career for his radical teachings . The Agapemonites predicted the imminent return of Jesus Christ . According to newspaper accounts Prince 's successor , John Hugh Smyth @-@ Pigott , declared himself Jesus Christ reincarnate . The Agapemone community consisted mostly of wealthy , unmarried women . Both Prince and Smyth @-@ Pigott took many spiritual brides . Later investigations have shown that these " brides " were not solely spiritual , and some produced illegitimate children . In 1860 Prince lost a lawsuit brought on behalf of Louisa Nottidge by the Nottidge family , and the group vanished from the public eye . It finally closed in 1956 when the last member , sister Ruth , died . = = Henry James Prince = = The Reverend Henry James Prince ( 1811 – 99 ) studied medicine at Guy 's Hospital , obtained his qualifications in 1832 and was appointed medical officer to the General Hospital in Bath , his native city . Compelled by ill health to abandon his profession , he entered himself in 1837 as a student at St David 's College , Lampeter ( now the Lampeter campus of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David ) , where he gathered about him a band of earnest religious enthusiasts , known as the Lampeter Brethren . The vice principal of the college contacted the Bishop of Bath and Wells who , in 1846 , installed Prince as the curate of Charlinch in Somerset , where he had sole charge during the illness and absence of the rector , the Reverend Samuel Starkey . Attendances at the church were small until , during one of the services , Prince acted as if he was possessed , throwing himself around the church . Congregations grew each week as the " possession " was repeated . The congregation were then divided with separate services for men and women . Subsequently he separated them again into sinners and the righteous , which generally included females who were wealthy . The Bishop was summoned to investigate the practices . By that time Prince had contracted his first “ spiritual marriage ” , and had persuaded himself that he had been absorbed into the personality of God and had become a visible embodiment of the Holy Spirit . During his illness Starkey read one of his curate 's sermons , and was not only “ cured ” forthwith , but embraced his strange doctrines . Together they procured many conversions in the countryside and the neighbouring towns . In the end the rector was deprived of his living and Prince was defrocked . Together with a few disciples they started the Charlinch Free Church , which had a very brief existence , meeting in a supportive farmer 's barn . Prince used money inherited on the death of his first wife , Martha , to marry Julia Starkey the sister of the rector . They all moved to Stoke @-@ by @-@ Clare in Suffolk where Prince started again to build up a congregation , which grew over the subsequent one to two years . The Bishop of Ely then expelled them . Prince opened Adullam Chapel , which was also known as Cave Adullam , in the North Laine area of Brighton . Meanwhile Starkey established himself at Weymouth . Their chief success lay in the latter town , and Prince soon moved there . = = Followers = = A number of followers , estimated by Prince at 500 , but by his critics at one fifth of the number , were got together , and it was given out by “ Beloved ” or “ The Lamb ” ( the names by which the Agapemonites designated their leader ) that his disciples must divest themselves of their possessions and throw them into the common stock . This was done , even by the poor , all of whom looked forward to the speedy end of the present dispensation , and were content , for the short remainder of this world , to live in common , and , while not repudiating earthly ties , to treat them as purely spiritual . With the money thus obtained the house at Spaxton that was to become the “ Abode of Love ” was enlarged and furnished luxuriously , and the three Nottidge sisters , who contributed £ 6 @,@ 000 each , were immediately married to three of Prince 's nearest disciples . Agnes , the eldest of the Nottidge sisters , objected to the spiritual marriage which entailed a celibate life and , as one writer reports , became pregnant by another member of the community ; however , it is unlikely that she committed adultery because her husband never accused her , and she later gained sole custody of their child in 1850 , after proving herself of good moral character before a court . Agnes wrote to her younger sister Louisa warning her not to come to Spaxton . Despite this Louisa travelled to Somerset to join them . Her mother Emily feared the spiritual and financial influence that Prince had established over her daughters . Emily instructed her son Edmund , her nephew Edward Nottidge , and her son @-@ in @-@ law , Frederick Ripley , to travel down to Somerset and to rescue her unmarried daughter , Louisa after her arrival . The three men succeeded in removing Louisa against her will in November 1846 , and imprisoned her in 12 Woburn Place , a villa by Regents Park . Following Louisa 's persistent claims regarding the divinity of Henry Prince , her mother enlisted medical aid and had Louisa certified insane , and then placed her in Moorcroft House Asylum , Hillingdon . Her treatment and forced incarceration in the asylum has remained of interest with respect to the rights of psychiatric patients ; Dr Arthur Stillwell , the presiding physician , made notes on Louisa 's condition and treatment , recorded in The Lancet . Louisa escaped from the asylum in January 1848 , travelling across London to meet the Reverend William Cobbe from The Agapemone at a hotel in Cavendish Square , but was recaptured two days later at Paddington railway station . Cobbe alerted the Commissioners in Lunacy , whose report by Bryan Procter led to her release in May 1848 . Louisa then sued her brother , cousin and brother @-@ in @-@ law , Frederick Ripley , for abduction and false imprisonment in Nottidge v. Ripley and Another ( 1849 ) ; the trial was reported daily in The Times newspaper . In 1860 Louisa 's brother , Ralph Nottidge , sued Prince to recoup the money that Louisa had given him as a result of his undue influence over her , in the case of Nottidge v. Prince ( 1860 ) . The Nottidges won the case , with costs . After the cases were resolved Louisa Nottidge returned to Spaxton and spent the rest of her life as one of the Agapemonites . In 1856 , a few years after the establishment of the “ Abode of Love ” , Prince and Zoe Patterson , one of his virginal female followers , engaged in public ceremonial sexual intercourse on a billiard table in front of a large audience . The scandal led to the secession of some of his most faithful friends , who were unable any longer to endure what they regarded as the amazing mixture of blasphemy and immorality offered for their acceptance . The most prominent of those who remained received such titles as the “ Anointed Ones ” , the “ Angel of the Last Trumpet ” , the “ Seven Witnesses ” and so forth . = = Spaxton = = Extensive building work was undertaken to accommodate members and followers at Four Forks in Spaxton , to which Prince and his followers moved in the summer of 1846 . Behind 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) high walls were built a 20 @-@ bedroom house and attached chapel , as well as a gazebo , stables , and cottages , all set within landscaped gardens . The buildings were designed by William Cobbe . The buttressed chapel , with its pinnacles and stained glass , was completed in 1845 ; today , together with the attached house , it is a Grade II listed building . Prince died in 1899 aged 88 . His followers buried Prince in the grounds of the chapel , with his coffin positioned vertically so that he would be standing on the day of his resurrection . In the early 20th century several houses ( some in the Arts and Crafts style ) were built at Four Forks by members of the Agapemonites including Joseph Morris and his daughter Violet . Since closure of the community , the chapel has been used as a studio for the production of children 's television programmes , including Trumpton and Camberwick Green . The complex of buildings became known as Barford Gables and was put on the market in 1997 . The chapel received planning permission for conversion into a residential house and was put on the market again in 2004 . = = Upper Clapton = = Between 1892 and 1895 the Agapemonites built the Church of the Good Shepherd in Upper Clapton , London . It was designed by Joseph Morris in a Gothic style . Although it is fairly conventional in floor plan , the outside of the church is a riot of statuary and symbolism . The main doorways sport large carvings of angels and the four evangelists symbolised by a man , an eagle , a bull and a lion . The same four figures , cast in bronze , look out over the four quarters of the Earth from the base of the steeple . The two flanking weather vanes show a certain symbolic debt to William Blake 's Jerusalem depicting , as they do , a fiery chariot and a sheaf of arrows ( presumably of desire ) , while the main steeple is clearly surmounted by a spear . The stained glass windows , designed by noted children 's book illustrator Walter Crane , and made by J S Sparrow , betray the unconventional nature of the sect as they illustrate the ' true station of womankind ' . The church was abandoned after 1956 and now is used by the Georgian Orthodox Church . = = John Hugh Smyth @-@ Pigott = = After Prince died in 1899 he was replaced by Reverend John Hugh Smyth @-@ Pigott . Around 1890 Smyth @-@ Pigott started leading meetings of the community again and recruited 50 young female followers to supplement the ageing population of Agapemonites . He took Ruth Anne Preece as his second wife and she had three children named Glory , Power and Hallelujah . By 1902 his fame had spread as far as India , from where Mirza Ghulam Ahmad warned him of his false teachings and predicted his miserable end . The house which may have belonged to Smyth @-@ Pigott in St John 's Wood was visited by John Betjeman in his film Metro @-@ land . It is built in the neo @-@ gothic style . It is currently the home of the television presenter Vanessa Feltz and was previously the home of Charles Saatchi . Smyth @-@ Pigott died in 1927 and the sect gradually declined until the last member , sister Ruth , died in 1956 . Her funeral in 1956 was the only time when outsiders were admitted to the chapel . = = Books about the sect = = The Abode of Love by Aubrey Menen – " an appallingly inaccurate popular account " according to one review – is a novelisation of the history of the Agapemonites under Prince 's leadership . In 2006 Smyth @-@ Pigott 's granddaughter , Kate Barlow , published an account of life as a child with her family in the sect . The book includes family photographs and details of conversations she had as a child with the then elderly sect members . = Kanhopatra = Kanhopatra ( or Kanhupatra ) was a 15th @-@ century Marathi saint @-@ poet , venerated by the Varkari sect of Hinduism . Little is known about Kanhopatra . According to most traditional accounts , Kanhopatra was a courtesan and dancing @-@ girl . These accounts typically concentrate on her death when she chose to surrender to the Hindu god Vithoba — the patron god of the Varkaris — rather than becoming a concubine of the Badshah ( king ) of Bidar . She died in the central shrine of Vithoba in Pandharpur . She is the only person whose samadhi ( mausoleum ) is within the precincts of the temple . Kanhopatra wrote Marathi ovi and abhanga poetry telling of her devotion to Vithoba and her struggle to balance her piety with her profession . In her poetry , she implores Vithoba to be her saviour and release her from the clutches of her profession . About thirty of her abhangas have survived , and continue to be sung today . She is the only female Varkari saint to have attained sainthood based solely on her devotion , without the support of any guru , male Varkari saint , or parampara ( tradition or lineage ) . = = Life = = Kanhopatra 's history is known through stories passed down over centuries , making it hard to separate fact and fiction . Most accounts agree about her birth to Shama the courtesan and her death in the Vithoba temple when the Badshah of Bidar sought her . However , the characters of Sadashiva Malagujar ( her alleged father ) and Hausa the maid do not appear in all accounts . = = = Early life = = = Kanhopatra was a daughter of a rich prostitute and courtesan named Shama or Shyama , who lived in the town of Mangalvedhe , near Pandharpur , the site of Vithoba 's chief temple . Apart from Kanhopatra , Mangalwedhe is also the birthplace of the Varkari saints Chokhamela and Damaji . Shama was uncertain about the identity of Kanhopatra 's father , but suspected that it was the town 's head @-@ man Sadashiva Malagujar . Kanhopatra spent her childhood in the palatial house of her mother , served by several maids , but because of her mother 's profession , Kanhopatra 's social status was demeaningly low . Kanhopatra was trained in dance and song from early childhood so that she could join her mother 's profession . She became a talented dancer and singer . Her beauty was compared to the apsara ( heavenly nymph ) Menaka . Shama suggested that Kanhopatra should visit the Badshah ( Muslim king ) , who will adore her beauty and gift her money and jewelry , but Kanhopatra flatly refused . Traditional tales narrate that Shama wanted Kanhopatra to marry , but Kanhopatra longed to marry a man who was more beautiful than her . Scholar Tara Bhavalkar states that Kanhopatra 's marriage was forbidden , as it was not socially acceptable for a daughter of a courtesan to marry . Most accounts declare that Kanhopatra was forced into the courtesan 's life , though she detested it , while some say that Kanhopatra firmly declined to become a courtesan . Some authors believe that she may have also worked as a prostitute . = = = Path to devotion = = = Sadashiva Malagujar , Kanhopatra 's supposed father , heard of Kanhopatra 's beauty and wished to see her dance , but Kanhopatra refused . Accordingly Sadashiva started to harass Kanhopatra and Shama . Shama tried to convince him that he was the father of Kanhopatra and thus should spare them , but Sadashiva did not believe her . As he continued his harassment , Shama 's wealth slowly depleted . Eventually , Shama apologised to Sadashiva and offered to present Kanhopatra to him . Kanhopatra , however , fled to Pandharpur disguised as a maid , with the help of her aged maid Hausa . In some legends , Hausa — described as a Varkari — is credited for Kanhopatra 's journey to devotion . Other accounts credit the Varkari pilgrims who passed Kanhopatra 's house on their way to the temple of Vithoba in Pandharpur . According to one story , for example , she asked a passing Varkari about Vithoba . The Varkari said that Vithoba is " generous , wise , beautiful and perfect " , his glory is beyond description and his beauty surpasses that of Lakshmi , the goddess of beauty . Kanhopatra further asked if Vithoba would accept her as a devotee . The Varkari assured her that Vithoba would accept her as he accepted the maid Kubja , the sinful king Ajamila and the so @-@ called " untouchable " saint Chokhamela . This assurance strengthened her resolve to go to Pandharpur . In versions of the legend where Sadashiva does not appear , Kanhopatra immediately leaves for Pandharpur — singing the praises of Vithoba — with the Varkari pilgrims or coaxes her mother to accompany her to Pandharpur . When Kanhopatra first saw the Vithoba image of Pandharpur , she sang in an abhanga that her spiritual merit was fulfilled and she was blessed to have seen Vithoba 's feet . She had found the unparalleled beauty she sought in her groom in Vithoba . She " wedded " herself to the god and settled in Pandharpur . She withdrew from society . Kanhopatra moved into a hut in Pandharpur with Hausa and lived an ascetic 's life . She sang and danced at the Vithoba temple , and cleaned it twice a day . She gained the respect of the people , who believed her to be a poor farmer 's daughter maddened by the love of Vithoba . In this period , Kanhopatra composed ovi poems dedicated to Vithoba . = = = Death = = = During this same time , however , Sadashiva — who felt insulted by Kanhopatra 's refusal — sought the help of the Badshah ( king ) of Bidar . Hearing tales of Kanhopatra 's beauty , the Badshah ordered her to be his concubine . When she refused , the king sent his men to get her by force . Kanhopatra took refuge in the Vithoba temple . The soldiers of the king besieged the temple and threatened to destroy it if Kanhopatra was not handed over to them . Kanhopatra requested a last meeting with Vithoba before being taken . By all accounts , Kanhopatra then died at the feet of the Vithoba image , but the circumstances were unclear . According to popular tradition , Kanhopatra merged with the image of Vithoba in a form of marriage — something that Kanhopatra longed for . Other theories suggest that she killed herself , or that she was killed for her rebelliousness . Most accounts say that Kanhopatra 's body was laid at feet of Vithoba and then buried near the southern part of the temple , in accordance with her last wishes . In some accounts , the nearby Bhima river ( Chandrabhaga ) flooded , inundating the temple and killing the army that sought Kanhopatra . The next day , her body was found near a rock . According to all versions of the legend , a tarati tree — which is worshipped by pilgrims in her remembrance — arose on the spot where Kanhopatra was buried . Kanhopatra is the only person whose samadhi ( mausoleum ) is in the precincts of the Vithoba temple . = = = Dating = = = Several historians have attempted to establish the dates of Kanhopatra 's life and death . One estimate places her life circa 1428 CE by relating her to a Bahamani king of Bidar who is often associated with the Kanhopatra story — although in most accounts , that king is never explicitly named . Pawar estimates that she died in 1480 . Others suggest dates of 1448 , 1468 or 1470 , or simply say that she lived in the 15th century — or in rare instances , the 13th or 16th century . According to Zelliot , she was a contemporary of saint @-@ poets Chokhamela ( 14th century ) and Namadeva ( c.1270 @-@ c.1350 ) . = = Literary works and teachings = = Kanhopatra is believed to have composed many abhangas , but most were not in written form : only thirty of her abhangas or ovis survive today . Twenty @-@ three verses of her poems are included in the anthology of Varkari saints called Sakal sant @-@ gatha . Most of these verses are autobiographical , with an element of pathos . Her style is described as unadorned by poetic devices , easy to understand , and with a simplicity of expression . According to Deshpande , Kanhopatra 's poetry reflects the " awakening of the downtrodden " and the rise of female creative expression , ignited by the sense of gender equality enforced by the Varkari tradition . Kanhopatra 's abhangas frequently portray her struggle between her profession and her devotion to Vithoba , the patron deity of the Varkaris . She presents herself as a woman deeply devoted to Vithoba , and pleads for him to save her from the unbearable bondage of her profession . Kanhopatra speaks of her humiliation and her banishment from society owing to her profession and social stature . She expresses disgust for the society which adored her as an object of beauty rather than as a human being , and abhorred her for profession . She describes how she has been the object of lustful thoughts . She worries that she was beyond the " scope of God 's love " . In Nako Devaraya Anta Aata — believed to be the last abhanga of her life — unable to bear the thought of separation from her Lord , Kanhopatra begs Vithoba to end her misery . In the abhanga Patita tu pavanahe , she acknowledges her Lord as the saviour of the fallen and asks him to save her as well : Kanhopatra refers to Vithoba by names such as Narayana ( a name of Vishnu , who is identified with Vithoba ) , Krishna ( an incarnation of Vishnu , identified with Vithoba ) , Sripati ( " husband of goddess Sri , " an epithet of Vishnu ) and Manmatha ( a name of Kamadeva , the god of love , used by Vaishnava saints to describe Vishnu ) . She refers to Krishna @-@ Vithoba as the " champion of the low " , and as a mother . Kanhopatra also asserts the importance of repeating the names of God and reveals how chanting His names has helped her . She says that even Death would fear God 's name , which purified the sinner king Ajamila – who ascended to heaven when he coincendentally called to God at his death bed , the " robber " Valmiki – who was transformed into a great sage by utterance of God 's name – and even the prostitute Pingala . Kanhopatra says , she wears the garland of His names . She hoped that her chanting would ultimately lead her to salvation . Kanhopatra also extols the deeds of Dnyaneshwar — the first great saint of the Varkaris — and his siblings . Kanhopatra 's abhangas also show her concern for her body , her sense of vulnerability and her will to " remain untouched in the midst of turbulence " . She compares herself to food being devoured by wild animals – an expression never used by male saints : According to Ranade , this abhanga was composed by Kanhopatra when invited by the Bidar king . Kanhopatra advises against seeking mere sexual pleasure ; she speaks of the evils of sexual attraction , citing mythological characters who suffered the consequences of sexual temptation : the demon @-@ king Ravana , the demon Bhasmasura , the god @-@ king of heaven Indra and the moon @-@ god Chandra . = = Legacy and remembrance = = Kanhopatra is formally included in the list of Sants , meaning saints in Marathi in the text Bhaktavijaya . Mahipati ( 1715 – 1790 ) , a traditional biographer of Marathi saints , devotes an entire chapter to her in his Bhaktavijaya extolling her devotion to Vithoba . In his Bhaktalilamrita Mahipati refers to Kanhopatra as one of the saints who sit surrounding Krishna ( identified with Vithoba in Maharashtra ) . Kanhopatra is cited by the Vakari saint @-@ poets as " an example of the real downtrodden and deserving people persons that are saved by the merciful God " . In one of his abhangas , the Varkari saint and poet Tukaram ( 1577 – c.1650 ) uses the example of Kanhopatra and other famous saints who were low in the social caste hierarchy , to illustrate that caste is irrelevant when compared with devotion and merit . Her death and her surrender to Vithoba is regarded as a " great legacy of self respect combined with spiritualism . " Kanhopatra is considered unique since she is the only prominent woman in Maharashtra who rose to fame without a traditional family backing . She was born in a household where devotion was unthinkable . She is the only woman Varkari saint , who is not associated with any male Varkari saint , who has no guru , nor any parampara ( tradition or lineage ) . She is credited	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
control over what we 're allowed to see . " After the film 's initial release , critical reception continues to be positive . Film scholar Andy Klein wrote that the film is " almost a distillation of [ Woo 's ] post @-@ 1986 work . Even if the plot is full of holes , and the emotional tug isn 't quite as strong as in The Killer , the action sequences ( nearly the whole movie ) are among the greatest ever filmed " . Mark Salisbury of Empire Magazine gave the film four stars out of five , calling it " Infinitely more exciting than a dozen Die Hards , action cinema doesn 't come any better than this . " Salisbury compared Hard Boiled to Woo 's American films , stating that his Hong Kong films are " not as slick as his later films , [ Hard Boiled is ] more inventive and stylised and [ has ] great early performances from Fat and Leung " . Empire placed the film at number 70 in their list of " The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema " in 2010 . Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine gave the film the highest rating of four stars , proclaiming it to be one of Woo 's best films . The British film magazine Empire ranked the character of Tequila as 33rd in their " The 100 Greatest Movie Characters " poll . = = = Accolades = = = At the 12th Hong Kong Film Awards , David Wu and John Woo won the award for " Best Film Editing " . Tony Leung was nominated for " Best Supporting Male Actor " , but lost the award to Liu Kai @-@ Chi in Cageman . = = Video game = = In 2007 , Midway Games released the game Stranglehold . The game 's story and storyboards were made in collaboration with John Woo . The game features the character Tequila from Hard Boiled , who is travelling the globe in search of his kidnapped daughter . John Woo 's production company Lion Rock Entertainment is developing a film version of the game which will be written by Jeremy Passmore and Andre Fabrizio . = Raghunath Temple = Raghunath Temple consists of a complex of seven Hindu shrines , each with its own Shikhara . It is one of the largest temple complexes of north India . It is located in Jammu in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . The temple was built during the period 1822 – 1860 by order of Maharaja Ranjit Singh , while Jammu was under his administration by Maharaja Gulab Singh . The temple has many gods in its complex of shrines , but the presiding deity is Rama , an Avatar of Vishnu . The Mughal architectural influence is seen in all the spiral shaped towers which have gold plated spires , except the tower over the main shrine which is said to be in Sikh architectural style . The niches in the walls of the shrines are decorated with 300 well crafted images of deities . The paintings in the 15 panels of the main shrine are based on themes from Ramayana , Mahabharata , and Bhagavad Gita . The temple was also in the news during 2002 when suicide bombers Fidayeen of the Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Toiba attacked it twice with grenades and indulged in indiscriminate firing which resulted in death of many devotees and also in injuries to many people . = = Location = = The temple complex is located at Sui 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) , west of Jammu city in Jammu and Kashmir . The city is well connected by road , rail and air services . The National Highway 1 A passes through Jammu and connects with all parts of the country . The National Highway 1B is entirely within the state . Jammu city has a railway station called Jammu Tawi , on the northern railway line , that is well connected with major cities of India . Express trains operate from this station to Delhi , Mumbai , Chennai , Kolkata and Amritsar . Jammu Airport operates flights to many cities in India such as Delhi , Leh and Srinagar . = = History = = During the reign of the rulers of Jammu Shivaliks , after 1765 , there was a spurt in temple building activity in Jammu area , which continued during the early period of the 19th century . The rulers built spiral shaped temples with brick and crowned each tower with bright Kalashas in the shape of shikhara ( rising tower ) . One such temple complex was started in 1822 ( 1835 is also mentioned ) by Gulab Singh , the ruler of Jammu and was dedicated to his guru Baba Prem Das . Its construction was completed in 1860 by his son Maharaja Ranbir Singh . However , according to an inscription in Brahmic script ( Takri ) at the entrance of the temple , Gulab Singh and his brother Dhyan Singh are credited with building the temple in 1827 in honour of Mahant Jagannath . = = = Religious school = = = During the reign of Ranbir Singh , the temple complex became the centre of Sanskrit teachings to a large number of Brahmin students . A translation centre was also established as part of the temple where books on philosophy and history in Arabic and Persian languages were translated by Muslim scholars into Sanskrit . Like wise , Pundits translated many scriptures into Hindi and Dogri languages . This initiative taken by Maharaja Ranbir Singh to bring amity between the Hindu and Muslim communities was praised by Sir Aurel Stein as in : order to facilitate the exchange of ideas which the Maharaja in a spirit of true enlightenment desired to promote between the representatives of Hindu and Mohammedan scholars in his domain . The temple also houses a library , which has rare Sanskrit works . = = Features = = The Hindu temple complex , one of the largest in North India , which has seven shrines , is built over a raised platform of 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) height in an octagonal shape . The front fascia is 40 feet ( 12 m ) in width while the main shrine is set 50 feet ( 15 m ) away from the entrance . Within the enclosed space of the yard there are residential buildings and open cattle yards on its eastern and northern directions . The front fascia of the temple has three entry doors . The main shrine which is 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) x20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) in size , is surrounded by a circumambulatory passage ( pradakshina path ) of 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) width . The entrance door , set on one side of this octagonal chamber of the shrine , faces east . The interior of the inner chamber is gold plated . The main walls of the outer chamber have 15 panels , each of 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) height . These interior panels have a surfeit of paintings of the Jammu School of painting consisting of images from the Hindu epics Ramayana , Mahabharata , and Bhagavad Gita , represented by gods such as Ganesha , Krishna , Sheshashayi Vishnu ( reclining Vishnu ) and also a large painting depicting the Sita Swayamvara scene ( Sita choosing her husband from an elite gathering of princesses ) . Apart from the mythology related themes , some paintings relate to secular aspects , like Kabir , a saint , engaged in weaving and army personnel of Dogra and Sikh communities . The paintings also reveal the type of attire and the weaponry prevalent during the period of temple building . In the main shrine , the idol of Lord Rama , which is the family deity of the then king and the Dogra people , is deified in the garbhagriha ( sanctum sanctorum ) . The shrine has a dome instead of the normal shikara in a pyramidal shape , which is in the Sikh architectural style . All the seven shrines have gold plated spires . Gods and Goddesses enshrined in the seven shrines are all related to the epic Ramayana . In one of the shrines there is a Shiva linga , which is carved out of black stone and measures 7 @.@ 5 feet ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) . The shrines are also enshrined with a very large number of Saligramas ( fossil ammonite stones specially obtained from the Gandaki river , in Nepal – a Vaishnava ( Hindu ) aniconic representation of Vishnu ) . The architectural features of the shrines are stated to be largely influenced by Mughal architecture . A distinct feature noted in the entire temple complex is the stucco style embellishments built with brick masonry and finished with plaster . The motifs crafted are of floral ( lotuses ) and geometric designs , on the walls , in the niches and on arches . Apart from paintings on the walls , the niches in the interior parts of the shrines have 300 well crafted images of deities . The profusion of paintings and images on the internal and external faces of the temple was considered an auspicious feature , instead of leaving the wall surfaces blank . However , the images and murals on the outer walls of the temple have since been demolished . = = Terrorist attacks = = On 30 March 2002 , a terrorist outfit first attacked in the market area by lobbing grenades and firing and then entered the temple . The security forces surrounded them . However , ten persons , including four security forces personnel and two militants , were killed and many more were injured . The second attack took place at the temple on 24 November 2002 , when the Hindus were performing puja in the temple ; this attack was made by bombers of the Lashkar @-@ e @-@ Toiba and resulted in the deaths of 13 devotees and injuries to several more . = Outliers ( book ) = Outliers : The Story of Success is the third non @-@ fiction book written by Malcolm Gladwell and published by Little , Brown and Company on November 18 , 2008 . In Outliers , Gladwell examines the factors that contribute to high levels of success . To support his thesis , he examines the causes of why the majority of Canadian ice hockey players are born in the first few months of the calendar year , how Microsoft co @-@ founder Bill Gates achieved his extreme wealth , how The Beatles became one of the most successful musical acts in human history , how Joseph Flom built Skadden , Arps , Slate , Meagher & Flom into one of the most successful law firms in the world , how cultural differences play a large part in perceived intelligence and rational decision making , and how two people with exceptional intelligence , Christopher Langan and J. Robert Oppenheimer , end up with such vastly different fortunes . Throughout the publication , Gladwell repeatedly mentions the " 10 @,@ 000 @-@ Hour Rule " , claiming that the key to achieving world class expertise in any skill , is , to a large extent , a matter of practicing the correct way , for a total of around 10 @,@ 000 hours . The publication debuted at number one on the bestseller lists for The New York Times and The Globe and Mail , holding the position on the former for eleven consecutive weeks . Generally well received by critics , Outliers was considered more personal than Gladwell 's other works , and some reviews commented on how much Outliers felt like an autobiography . Reviews praised the connection that Gladwell draws between his own background and the rest of the publication to conclude the book . Reviewers also appreciated the questions posed by Outliers , finding it important to determine how much individual potential is ignored by society . However , the lessons learned were considered anticlimactic and dispiriting . The writing style , though deemed easy to understand , was criticized for oversimplifying complex social phenomena . = = Background = = Malcolm Gladwell , the author of Outliers , was a journalist for The Washington Post before writing for The New Yorker . The subjects for his articles , usually non @-@ fiction , range from " Ron Popeil 's infomercial empire to computers that analyze pop songs " . His familiarity with academic material has allowed him to write about " psychology experiments , sociological studies , law articles , statistical surveys of plane crashes and classical musicians and hockey players " , which he converts into prose accessible to a general audience and which sometimes pass as memes into the popular imagination . Before Outliers , Gladwell , who typically writes from a contrarian viewpoint , wrote two best @-@ selling books : The Tipping Point ( 2000 ) and Blink ( 2005 ) . Both books have been described as " pop economics " . The Tipping Point focuses on how ideas and behaviors reach critical mass , such as how Hush Puppies rapidly grew popular in the 1990s . Blink explains " what happens during the first two seconds we encounter something , before we actually start to think " . All Gladwell 's books focus on singularities : singular events in The Tipping Point , singular moments in Blink , and singular people in Outliers . Gladwell was drawn to writing about singular things after he discovered that " they always made the best stories " . Convinced that the most unusual stories had the best chance of reaching the front page of a newspaper , he was " quickly weaned off the notion that [ he ] should be interested in the mundane " . For Outliers , Gladwell spent time looking for research that made claims that were contrary to what he considered to be popularly held beliefs . In one of the book 's chapters , in which Gladwell focuses on the American public school system , he used research conducted by university sociologist Karl Alexander that suggested that " the way in which education is discussed in the United States is backwards " . In another chapter , Gladwell cites pioneering research performed by Canadian psychologist Roger Barnsley when discussing how the birthdate of a young hockey player can determine their skill level in the future . While writing the book , Gladwell noted that " the biggest misconception about success is that we do it solely on our smarts , ambition , hustle and hard work . " In Outliers , he hopes to show that there are a lot more variables involved in an individual 's success than society cares to admit , and he wants people to " move away from the notion that everything that happens to a person is up to that person " . Gladwell noted that , although there was little that could be done with regard to a person 's fate , society can still impact the " man " -affected part of an individual 's success . When asked what message he wanted people to take away after reading Outliers , Gladwell responded , " What we do as a community , as a society , for each other , matters as much as what we do for ourselves . It sounds a little trite , but there 's a powerful amount of truth in that , I think . " = = Synopsis = = Outliers has two parts : " Part One : Opportunity " contains five chapters , and " Part Two : Legacy " has four . The book also contains an Introduction and Epilogue . Focusing on outliers , defined by Gladwell as people who do not fit into our normal understanding of achievement , Outliers deals with exceptional people , especially those who are smart , rich , and successful , and those who operate at the extreme outer edge of what is statistically plausible . The book offers examples that include the musical ensemble The Beatles , Microsoft 's co @-@ founder Bill Gates , and the theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer . In the introduction , Gladwell lays out the purpose of Outliers : " It 's not enough to ask what successful people are like . [ ... ] It is only by asking where they are from that we can unravel the logic behind who succeeds and who doesn 't . " Throughout the publication , he discusses how family , culture , and friendship each play a role in an individual 's success , and he constantly asks whether successful people deserve the praise that we give them . The book begins with the observation that a disproportionate number of elite Canadian hockey players are born in the first few months of the calendar year . The reason is that since youth hockey leagues determine eligibility by calendar year , children born on January 1 play in the same league as those born on December 31 in the same year . Because children born earlier in the year are bigger and more mature than their younger competitors , and they are often identified as better athletes , this leads to extra coaching and a higher likelihood of being selected for elite hockey leagues . This phenomenon in which " the rich get richer and the poor get poorer " is dubbed " accumulative advantage " by Gladwell , while sociologist Robert K. Merton calls it " the Matthew Effect " , named after a biblical verse in the Gospel of Matthew : " For unto everyone that hath shall be given , and he shall have abundance . But from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath . " Outliers asserts that success depends on the idiosyncrasies of the selection process used to identify talent just as much as it does on the athletes ' natural abilities . A common theme that appears throughout Outliers is the " 10 @,@ 000 @-@ Hour Rule " , based on a study by Anders Ericsson . Gladwell claims that greatness requires enormous time , using the source of The Beatles ' musical talents and Gates ' computer savvy as examples . The Beatles performed live in Hamburg , Germany over 1 @,@ 200 times from 1960 to 1964 , amassing more than 10 @,@ 000 hours of playing time , therefore meeting the 10 @,@ 000 @-@ Hour Rule . Gladwell asserts that all of the time The Beatles spent performing shaped their talent , and quotes Beatles ' biographer Philip Norman as saying , " So by the time they returned to England from Hamburg , Germany , ' they sounded like no one else . It was the making of them . ' " Gates met the 10 @,@ 000 @-@ Hour Rule when he gained access to a high school computer in 1968 at the age of 13 , and spent 10 @,@ 000 hours programming on it . In Outliers , Gladwell interviews Gates , who says that unique access to a computer at a time when they were not commonplace helped him succeed . Without that access , Gladwell states that Gates would still be " a highly intelligent , driven , charming person and a successful professional " , but that he might not be worth US $ 50 billion . Gladwell chooses his words carefully to never mention that Gates ' mother was on the board of directors of IBM with access to the whole of IBM , and not just an ordinary daughter of wealthy businessmen as he says . Gladwell explains that reaching the 10 @,@ 000 @-@ Hour Rule , which he considers the key to success in any field , is simply a matter of practicing a specific task that can be accomplished with 20 hours of work a week for 10 years . He also notes that he himself took exactly 10 years to meet the 10 @,@ 000 @-@ Hour Rule , during his brief tenure at The American Spectator and his more recent job at The Washington Post . Reemphasizing his theme , Gladwell continuously reminds the reader that genius is not the only or even the most important thing when determining a person 's success . Using an anecdote to illustrate his claim , he discusses the story of Christopher Langan , a man who ended up owning a horse farm in rural Missouri despite having an IQ of 195 ( Gladwell claims that Einstein 's was 150 ) . Gladwell points out that Langan has not reached a high level of success because of the dysfunctional environment in which he grew up . With no one in Langan 's life and nothing in his background to help him take advantage of his exceptional gifts , he had to find success by himself . " No one — not rock stars , not professional athletes , not software billionaires , and not even geniuses — ever makes it alone " , writes Gladwell . Later , Gladwell compares Langan with Oppenheimer , the father of the atomic bomb . Noting that they typify innate natural abilities that should have helped them both succeed in life , Gladwell argues that Oppenheimer 's upbringing made a pivotal difference in his life . Oppenheimer grew up in one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in Manhattan , was the son of a successful businessman and a painter , attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School on Central Park West , and was afforded a childhood of concerted cultivation . Outliers argues that these opportunities gave Oppenheimer the chance to develop the practical intelligence necessary for success . Gladwell then provides an anecdote : When Oppenheimer was a student at University of Cambridge he attempted to poison one of his tutors . He avoided punishment , and continued his studies by using the skills gained from his cultivated upbringing in his negotiation with the university 's administrators , who had wanted to expel him . In chapter nine , Marita 's Bargain , Gladwell advances the notion that the success of students of different cultures or different socio @-@ economic backgrounds is in fact highly correlated to the time students spent in school or in educationally rich environments . He describes the Knowledge is Power Program ( KIPP ) which helps students from about 50 inner city schools across the United States achieve much better results than other inner city schools ' students and explains that their success stems from the fact that they simply spent more hours at school during the school year and the summer . Gladwell also analyzes a 5 @-@ year study done by Karl Alexander of Johns Hopkins University , demonstrating that summer holidays have a detrimental effect on students of disadvantaged backgrounds , who paradoxically progress more during the school year than students from the highest socio @-@ economic group . Before the book concludes , Gladwell writes about the unique roots of his Jamaican mother , Joyce , a descendant of African slaves . Joyce attended University College in London , where she met and fell in love with Graham Gladwell , a young mathematician . After moving together to Canada , Graham became a math professor and Joyce a writer and therapist . While Gladwell acknowledges his mother 's ambition and intelligence , he also points out opportunities offered to his parents that helped them live a life better than those of other slave descendants in the West Indies . Gladwell also explains that , in the 18th century , a white plantation owner in Jamaica bought a female slave and made her his mistress . This act inadvertently saved the slave and her offspring from a life of brutal servitude . As one of the slave 's descendants , this turn of luck led to Gladwell 's relatively successful position in life . Summarizing the publication , Gladwell notes that success " is not exceptional or mysterious . It is grounded in a web of advantages and inheritances , some deserved , some not , some earned , some just plain lucky " , and at the end of the book , he remarks , " Outliers wasn 't intended as autobiography . But you could read it as an extended apology for my success . " = = Style = = Outliers has been described as a form of autobiography , as Gladwell mixes in elements from his own life into the book to give it a more personal touch . Lev Grossman , writing in Time magazine , called Outliers a " more personal book than its predecessors " , noting , " If you hold it up to the light , at the right angle , you can read it as a coded autobiography : a successful man trying to figure out his own context , how success happened to him and what it means . " He also surmised that Gladwell feels guilty about his success and believes that Christopher Langan should have experienced the same success that he had . = = Reception = = Published by Little , Brown and Company on November 18 , 2008 , Outliers debuted at number one on the bestseller lists for The New York Times in the United States and The Globe and Mail in Canada on November 28 , 2008 , holding the position on the former for eleven consecutive weeks . As in his other books , Gladwell 's engaging and vivid prose drew praise in Outliers , though Gladwell 's methodology has been criticized for too often falling prey to fallacious reasoning , inadequate and anecdotally based sampling , and oversimplified analysis . David A. Shaywitz , reviewing the book in The Wall Street Journal , praised Gladwell 's writing style as " iconic " , and asserted that " many new nonfiction authors seek to define themselves as the ' Malcolm Gladwell of ' their chosen topic . " He complimented its clarity and easy grace , but also pointed to these as possible Achilles ' heels for Gladwell because of his oversimplification of complex sociological phenomena to " compact , pithy explanations " . Furthermore , he praised the book for asking some important questions , such as " How much potential out there is being ignored ? How much raw talent remains uncultivated and ultimately lost because we cling to outmoded ideas of what success looks like and what is required to achieve it ? " In a discussion about the book in Slate magazine , John Horgan was particularly moved by Gladwell 's family history . He felt that the links between race and achievement were given substantive analysis , but found the lessons mentioned in Outliers to be " oddly anticlimactic , even dispiriting " . His contribution concluded by remarking , " Outliers represents a squandered opportunity for Gladwell — himself an outlier , an enormously talented and influential writer and the descendant of an African slave — to make a major contribution to our ongoing discourse about nature , nurture , and race . " BusinessWeek gave the book four out of five stars and appreciated its " Aha ! " moments , but wondered if Gladwell purposely omits evidence that contradicts his thesis . The review remarked that Outliers was repetitive in parts , but that Gladwell eventually pulls the stories together into an overarching narrative . Criticism focused on the book 's style and oversimplified conceptualizations . Displeased with Gladwell 's generalizations drawn from small amounts of data , Roger Gathman wrote in The Austin American @-@ Statesman that this was uncharacteristic of him , and believed that the approach points to a " certain exhaustion in his favorite method " . He remarked that in Outliers , the experiments , analyses , and conclusions drawn are too mechanically applied to historical or cultural phenomena to " create a cognitive ' gotcha ' moment " , that Gladwell 's analytical method was no longer working , and that " it 's high time for Gladwell to produce something more challenging than his beautifully executed tomb robberies of old sociology papers . " Boyd Tonkin in The Independent held a similar opinion , and wondered why Gladwell " does not yet hold a tenured professorship at the University of the Bleedin ' Obvious " . Jason Cowley , reviewing the book in The Guardian , felt that Outliers was an argument between Gladwell and himself , referring to the many times that he uses the word " we " when defining his position , such as in the example : " There is something profoundly wrong with the way we look at success . [ ... ] We cling to the idea that success is a simple function of individual merit and that the world in which we grow up and the rules we choose to write as a society don 't matter at all . " He also believed that there was a " certain one @-@ dimensional Americanness at work " , observing that many of Gladwell 's examples are from the United States , particularly in New York City . In an article about the book for The New York Times , Steven Pinker wrote , " The reasoning in ' Outliers , ' which consists of cherry @-@ picked anecdotes , post @-@ hoc sophistry and false dichotomies , had me gnawing on my Kindle . " In a review in The New Republic , Isaac Chotiner called the final chapter of Outliers " impervious to all forms of critical thinking " . Finding it ironic that Outliers provided suggestions on how to resolve cultural biases , the Sunday Times review by Kevin Jackson agreed that the book itself suffered from an unbalanced focus on American subjects , predicting that this would lead to better sales in the United States than in the United Kingdom . Jackson was disappointed in the book 's lack of new ideas , noting that it merely expands on the concept that " you have to be born at the right moment ; at the right place ; to the right family ( posh usually helps ) ; and then you have to work really , really hard . That 's about it . " He was also skeptical towards Gladwell 's arguments for the 10 @,@ 000 @-@ Hour Rule by countering that The Beatles ' success had more to do with " the youthful spirit of the age , the vogue for guitar bands and a spark of collaborative chemistry " . Regarding the book , Paul McCartney , former member of The Beatles , said in an interview on August 6 , 2010 : [ ... ] I 've read the book . I think there is a lot of truth in it [ ... ] I mean there were an awful lot of bands that were out in Hamburg who put in 10 @,@ 000 hours and didn 't make it , so it 's not a cast @-@ iron theory . I think , however , when you look at a group who has been successful ... I think you always will find that amount of work in the background . But I don 't think it 's a rule that if you do that amount of work , you 're going to be as successful as the Beatles . Case Western Reserve University 's assistant professor of psychology Brooke N. Macnamara , PhD , and colleagues have subsequently performed a comprehensive review of 9 @,@ 331 research papers about practice relating to acquiring skills . They focused specifically on 88 papers that collected and recorded data about practice times . In their paper , they note regarding the 10 @,@ 000 hour rule that " This view is a frequent topic of popular @-@ science writing " but " we conducted a meta @-@ analysis covering all major domains in which deliberate practice has been investigated . We found that deliberate practice explained 26 % of the variance in performance for games , 21 % for music , 18 % for sports , 4 % for education , and less than 1 % for professions . We conclude that deliberate practice is important , but not as important as has been argued " . Statistical analyst Jeff Sauro looked at Gladwell 's claim that between 1952 and 1958 was the best time to be born to become a software millionaire . Sauro found that , although the 1952 – 1958 category held the most births , " [ a ] software millionaire is more than twice as likely to be born outside the 1952 to 1958 window than within it . " Sauro notes that Gladwell 's claims are used more as a means of getting the reader to think about patterns in general , rather than a pursuit of verifiable fact . Sociologist Shayne Lee referenced Outliers in his opinion editorial for CNN.com that commemorated Martin Luther King Jr . ' s birthday . Professor Lee discussed the strategic timing of Dr. King 's ascent from a " Gladwellian " perspective , citing Outliers as the inspiration for his argument . = Barack Obama " Hope " poster = The Barack Obama " Hope " poster is an image of Barack Obama designed by artist Shepard Fairey , which was widely described as iconic and came to represent his 2008 presidential campaign . It consists of a stylized stencil portrait of Obama in solid red , beige and ( light and dark ) blue , with the word " progress " , " hope " or " change " below ( and other words in some versions ) . The design was created in one day and printed first as a poster . Fairey sold 290 of the posters on the street immediately after printing them . It was then more widely distributed — both as a digital image and other paraphernalia — during the 2008 election season , initially independently but with the approval of the official Obama campaign . The image became one of the most widely recognized symbols of Obama 's campaign message , spawning many variations and imitations , including some commissioned by the Obama campaign . This led The Guardian 's Laura Barton to proclaim that the image " acquired the kind of instant recognition of Jim Fitzpatrick 's Che Guevara poster , and is surely set to grace T @-@ shirts , coffee mugs and the walls of student bedrooms in the years to come . " In January 2009 , after Obama had won the election , Fairey 's mixed @-@ media stenciled portrait version of the image was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution for its National Portrait Gallery . Later in January 2009 , the photograph on which Fairey based the poster was revealed : a June 2006 shot by former Associated Press freelance photographer Mannie Garcia . In response to claims by the Associated Press for compensation , Fairey sued for a declaratory judgment that his poster was a fair use of the original photograph . The parties settled out of court in January 2011 , with details of the settlement remaining confidential . On February 29 , 2012 , Fairey pleaded guilty in a New York federal court to destroying and fabricating documents during his legal battle with the Associated Press . Fairey had sued the news service in 2008 after it claimed that the famous poster was based on one of its photos . Fairey claimed that he used a different photograph for the poster . But he admitted that , in fact , he was wrong and tried to hide the error by destroying documents and manufacturing others , which is the source of the one count of criminal contempt to which he pleaded guilty . In September , Fairey was sentenced to two years of probation , 300 hours of community service , and a fine of $ 25 @,@ 000 . In 2009 Fairey 's Obama portrait was featured in the book Art For Obama : Designing Manifest Hope and the Campaign for Change which Fairey also edited . In an interview with Esquire in 2015 Fairey said that Obama had not lived up , " not even close , " to his expectations . He continued , " Obama has had a really tough time , but there have been a lot of things that he 's compromised on that I never would have expected . I mean , drones and domestic spying are the last things I would have thought [ he 'd support ] . " = = Concept and design = = Shepard Fairey , who had created earlier political street art critical of government and of George W. Bush , discussed the nascent Obama campaign with publicist Yosi Sergant in late October 2007 . Sergant suggested Fairey create some art in support of Obama . Sergant contacted the Obama campaign to seek its permission for Fairey to design an Obama poster , which was granted a few weeks before Super Tuesday . Fairey has said that his decision to create a portrait of Obama stemmed from Fairey 's feeling that Obama 's " power and sincerity as a speaker would create a positive association with his likeness . " Fairey found a photograph of Obama using Google Image Search ( eventually revealed to be an April 2006 photo by freelancer Mannie Garcia for The Associated Press ) and created the original poster design in a single day . The original image had the word " progress " and featured Fairey 's signature obey star — a symbol associated with his Andre the Giant Has a Posse street art campaign — embedded in the Obama campaign 's sunrise logo . Due to the Obama campaign ’ s concerns about the troublesome connotations of the original wording , Fairey changed the slogan printed under Obama ’ s image from " progress " to " hope . " According to design writer Steven Heller , the poster was inspired by Social Realism and , while widely praised as original and unique , can be seen as part of a long tradition of contemporary artists drawing inspiration from political candidates and producing " posters that break the mold not only in terms of color and style but also in message and tone . " Fairey has said , " My historical inspiration was the well @-@ known JFK portrait where he is posed in a three @-@ quarters view looking slightly upward and out into the distance . The image of Lincoln on the five @-@ dollar bill has a similar feel . " The design also resembles the poster for the 1987 film " Walker " directed by Alex Cox . = = Distribution during the 2008 campaign = = Fairey began screen @-@ printing posters soon after completing the design and showing it to Yosi Sergant . Initially , he sold 350 and put 350 more up in public . Beginning with that sale and continuing throughout the campaign , Fairey used proceeds from selling the image to produce more of it ; after first printing , he made 4 @,@ 000 more that were distributed at Obama rallies before Super Tuesday . He also put a printable digital version on his website . As Fairey explained in an October 2008 interview , the image quickly went viral , spreading spontaneously through social media and word of mouth . After the initial 700 posters , the Obama campaign conveyed through Sergant that they wanted to promote the theme of hope , and most of the posters sold by Fairey subsequently had the word " hope " and later " change " instead of " progress " ; the obey star was also absent from later versions . By October 2008 , Fairey and Sergant claimed to have printed 300 @,@ 000 posters ( with less than 2 @,@ 000 sold and the rest given away or displayed ) and 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 stickers , as well as clothing and other items with the image sold through Fairey 's website , in addition to copies printed by others . According to Fairey and Sergant , proceeds from sales of the image were used to produce more posters and other merchandise in support of the Obama campaign , rather than direct profit for Fairey . = = Parodies and imitations = = As the campaign progressed , many parodies and imitations of Fairey 's design appeared . For example , one anti @-@ Obama version replaced the word " hope " with " hype " , while parody posters featuring opponents Sarah Palin and John McCain had the word " nope " . In January 2009 Paste magazine launched a site allowing users to create their own versions of the poster . More than 10 @,@ 000 images were uploaded to the site in its first two weeks . Mad magazine parodied the " hope " poster with an " Alfred E. Neuman for President ! " poster . Alfred was on the poster , and the word " hope " was replaced with " hopeless " . Anti @-@ Gaddafi protesters in Chicago , in solidarity with the 2011 Libyan civil war , have co @-@ opted the image . Dynamite Comics released a four @-@ part crossover with Obama and Ash Williams of their " Army Of Darkness " comics and the Evil Dead films . One of the issues covers had a picture of Ash Williams ( played by Bruce Campbell in the films ) in the style of the " Hope " poster with the bottom text reading " Hope ? " Fairey was also commissioned to create a number of works in the same style . He produced two other versions , based on different photographs , officially on behalf of the Obama campaign , and another to serve as the cover of the Person of the Year issue of Time . He also created a portrait of comedian Stephen Colbert in the same style , which appeared in an issue of Entertainment Weekly honoring Colbert 's television show The Colbert Report . Firas Alkhateeb , the student who designed the controversial Obama " Joker " image , cited Fairey as being his greatest influence . Alkhateeb described the " Joker " image as a corrective to Fairey 's glowing portrayal of Obama . Fairey has both criticized and praised the " Joker " poster , stating " The artwork is great in that it gets a point across really quickly " , but " I don 't agree with the political content of the poster " . Conservative satire site The People 's Cube made visual and verbal punning images , such as " Chaos " with an image of Rush Limbaugh ( " Operation Chaos " ) , " Shrugged " with an image of Ayn Rand ( for her novel Atlas Shrugged ) and " Marxism " with an image of Groucho Marx . The September 2009 issue of The Advocate , America 's oldest @-@ continuing LGBT publication , featured a cover image similar to Fairey 's design . The blue and red coloring was replaced with pink and purple , but instead of " hope " , the caption was " nope ? " . Jon Barrett , the magazine 's editor @-@ in @-@ chief , said the cover expressed the frustration among some Democratic members of the LGBT community . The poster has also been parodied in popular culture . In the Futurama episode " Proposition Infinity , " a similar poster of President Richard Nixon can be seen , with the slogan " DESPAIR " . In the 2010 movie Megamind , a version of the poster can be seen using Megamind 's visage and the caption " NO YOU CAN 'T " , parodying Obama 's campaign slogan " Yes we can " . Disney 's animated series Phineas and Ferb has two episodes , " Nerds of a Feather " and " She 's the Mayor " , both with Obama 's poster parodied with Candace 's face . American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch has released a version with their mascot and the words " WAR " , referring to their album War Is The Answer . In Iron Man 2 , Tony Stark receives a similar poster of the Iron Man armor and hangs it in his Malibu garage , much to the displeasure of his assistant and love interest Pepper Potts . = = = Honest Gil Fulbright = = = Shepard Fairey created an adaptation of the Obama HOPE poster for satirical Kentucky politician Honest Gil Fulbright . The poster for Honest Gil Fulbright features a portrait of Frank L. Ridley , the actor who portrays Fulbright , with the words " SOLD , " which refers to Fulbright 's " honest " political message : " I 'm only in this thing for the money , but at least I 'm honest about it . " = = = Fairey 's adaptation for the Occupy movement = = = Sympathizing with the Occupy movement , in November 2011 Shepard Fairey introduced a variation of his " Hope " poster . In the new poster , he featured a Guy Fawkes mask , and the message " Mister President , we HOPE you 're on our side " , with the word " HOPE " in large font and the rest of the sentence in small font . The Obama campaign logo on the right was replaced by a similar logo with the inscription " We are the 99 % " . = = Acquisition by Smithsonian = = On January 7 , 2009 , the Smithsonian Institution 's National Portrait Gallery announced it had acquired Fairey 's hand @-@ finished collage ( stencil and acrylic on paper ) version of the image ( with the word " hope " ) , which the gallery said would go on display shortly before Obama 's inauguration on January 20 , 2009 . The work was commissioned and later donated by art collectors Heather and Tony Podesta ( Tony is the brother of Obama 's transition co @-@ chairman John Podesta ) . It is an unusual acquisition , in that the National Portrait Gallery normally collects official portraits as presidents are leaving office rather than before they take office . = = Origin and copyright issues = = The original source photograph Fairey based the poster on was not publicly known until after Obama had won the election . After a mistaken attribution to Reuters photographer Jim Young for a similar @-@ looking January 2007 photograph , in January 2009 photographer and blogger Tom Gralish discovered that the poster was based on an Associated Press photograph by freelance photographer Mannie Garcia . It was taken at a 2006 media event with Kansas Senator Sam Brownback , where the actor George Clooney was raising awareness of the War in Darfur after a trip to Sudan he had taken with his father . On February 4 , 2009 , the Associated Press announced that it determined " that the photograph used in the poster is an AP photo and that its use required permission . " In a press release , the AP announced they were in discussions with Fairey 's attorney to discuss an amicable solution . Fairey was represented by Anthony Falzone , executive director of the Fair Use Project at Stanford University . Falzone was quoted in the press release : " We believe fair use protects Shepard 's right to do what he did here . " Fairey subsequently filed a federal lawsuit against the Associated Press , seeking a declaratory judgment that his use of the AP photograph was protected by the fair use doctrine and so did not infringe their copyright . On October 16 , 2009 , Fairey admitted that he had based the poster on the AP photograph and had fabricated and destroyed evidence to hide the fact . Fairey 's admission came after one of his employees informed Fairey that he had discovered damning documents on an old hard drive . Realizing that these documents would expose his cover @-@ up attempt , Fairey chose to come clean to his attorney . Photographer Manny Garcia contended that he retained copyright to the photo according to his AP contract . He said that he was " so proud of the photograph and that Fairey did what he did artistically with it , and the effect it 's had , " but that he did not " condone people taking things , just because they can , off the Internet . " Fairey countered that his conduct did not constitute " improper appropriation " because he had not taken any protected expression from Garcia 's original photo . In addition , he claimed his behavior would qualify as a fair use . At trial AP would have to address both arguments . A judge urged a settlement , stating that AP would win the case . The AP and Shepard Fairey settled out of court in January 2011 . In a press release , the AP announced that the AP and Fairey " agreed to work together going forward with the Hope image and share the rights to make the posters and merchandise bearing the Hope image and to collaborate on a series of images that Fairey will create based on AP photographs . The parties have agreed to additional financial terms that will remain confidential . " In a separate criminal action , federal prosecutors suggested that Fairey should face prison time for the destruction of evidence in the case , with the government sentencing request stating that " A sentence without any term of imprisonment sends a terrible message to those who might commit the same sort of criminal conduct . Encouraging parties to game the civil litigation system … creates terrible incentives and subverts the truth @-@ finding function of civil litigation . " However , his sentence was ultimately limited to 300 hours of community service and a $ 30 @,@ 000 fine . = Hugh de Puiset = Hugh de Puiset ( sometimes Hugh du Puiset or Hugh Pudsey ; c . 1125 – 3 March 1195 ) was a medieval Bishop of Durham and Chief Justiciar of England under King Richard I. He was the nephew of King Stephen of England and Henry of Blois , who both assisted Hugh 's ecclesiastical career . He held the office of treasurer of York for a number of years , which led him into conflict with Henry Murdac , Archbishop of York . In 1153 , Hugh was elected bishop of Durham despite the opposition of Murdac . Hugh was not involved in the controversy between King Henry II and Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury . The king did suspect Hugh of supporting Henry 's heir , Henry the Young King , when the prince rebelled and Hugh was also suspected of aiding the King of Scots , William I , during an invasion of Northern England in 1174 . After the accession of Henry 's second son Richard as king , Hugh bought the office of Sheriff of Northumberland , as well as the earldom of Northumbria . He also acquired the office of Justiciar , which he was supposed to share with William de Mandeville , but with Mandeville 's death Hugh shared the office with William Longchamp . Longchamp had managed to secure the office for himself by the middle of 1190 . As a bishop , Hugh was noted as a builder , including a stone bridge in the city of Durham and the Galilee Chapel in Durham Cathedral . His administration of the episcopal lands included an inquest into the exact holdings of the bishopric . As a patron , Hugh sponsored the career of the medieval chronicler Roger of Hoveden . Hugh had a long @-@ term mistress , by whom he had at least two sons , and possibly two more . = = Early life = = Hugh was the nephew of brothers King Stephen of England and Henry of Blois , born as the younger son of Hugh , lord of Puiset and Agnes , sister of Stephen and Henry . Agnes ' parents were Stephen , Count of Blois and Adela , a daughter of King William the Conqueror . His paternal family held a lordship in Northern France . Hugh was born in approximately 1125 , for in 1153 with his election as bishop he was still under the canonical age limit for bishops of 28 . Henry acquired for Hugh the office of archdeacon in the see of Winchester , sometime before 1139 . Hugh afterwards became archdeacon of York and treasurer of York , sometime around 1143 , probably through the patronage of William FitzHerbert while he was serving his first term as Archbishop of York . While treasurer , he was a member of the party at York that wanted to elect Hilary as archbishop after William FitzHerbert 's deposition in 1147 . The successful candidate was Henry Murdac , the Abbot of Fountains , who was supported by the bishops of Durham and Carlisle , William of St. Barbara and Æthelwold respectively . Murdac excommunicated Hugh , who returned the gesture . = = Bishop of Durham under Henry II = = On 22 January 1153 Hugh was elected to the see of Durham by the cathedral chapter , in spite of the opposition of Henry Murdac , who excommunicated the chapter in response . Because of Murdac 's opposition and refusal to confirm the election , Hugh only obtained consecration by making a personal visit to Rome , where the pope was able to over @-@ rule the Archbishop of York . He was consecrated on 20 December 1153 , by Pope Anastasius IV . Hugh was enthroned , or ceremonially installed as bishop in his cathedral , at Durham on 2 May 1154 . King Stephen granted to Puiset as bishop of Durham , the mineral rights at Weardale , which included lead mines . Silver was also extracted from the lead ore mined there , and that silver probably helped the bishops form their own mint . Hugh may not have attended the coronation of King Henry II of England and his queen Eleanor of Aquitaine . Some sources place him at the coronation , others do not . He also did not attend the Council of Clarendon in 1164 that issued the Constitutions of Clarendon , that was the cause of the quarrel between the king and Thomas Becket . In the ensuing dispute between the king and Becket , Hugh did not take sides . He was , however , present with Roger de Pont L 'Evêque the Archbishop of York at the coronation of the king 's eldest son Henry the Young King in 1170 , and consequently was suspended by Alexander III . The coronation of the Young King eventually led to Becket 's martyrdom in December 1170 . Hugh obtained an exemption allowing him to keep his castle at Northallerton in Yorkshire when Henry was ordering the destruction of most of the illegal castles that had been built during King Stephen 's reign . He also built a castle at Norham , designed to help defend the north of England against raids from Scotland . Hugh was suspected of involvement in the Young King 's revolt in 1173 . He does not seem to have taken an active part , but King Henry II suspected him of supporting the rebellion . When King William the Lion of Scotland invaded northern England in the spring of 1174 , Hugh either connived at the invasion or helped the rebels and the Scottish king . Suspicion fell upon the bishop because he was cautious in defending against the Scottish raids . Hugh also concluded truces with the Scots that allowed them free passage through the ecclesiastical lands in return for no damage being done to those lands . Lastly , the bishop 's nephew Hugh IV de Puiset , who was Count of Bar in France , brought an armed force to Hartlepool , supposedly to help defend Hugh , but King Henry feared that this was an attempt to aid the rebellion of the Young King . After the revolt had been put down , King Henry II ordered Hugh 's castle of Northallerton destroyed . Hugh also was required to surrender his other castles . In ecclesiastical affairs , Hugh attended the 1163 Council of Tours that was held by Pope Alexander III . In 1179 he attended the Lateran Council at Rome . It was while he was there that he became involved in the conflict between the king of Scots and the chapter of St Andrews over the election of the bishop of St Andrews . The king wanted his chaplain , another Hugh , and the chapter wanted John the Scot . The pope ordered Puiset to compel the king to obey , but in 1183 the controversy was solved by a compromise . When King Richard I began his reign in 1189 , Hugh bought the offices of Earl of Northumbria and Sheriff of Northumberland . Hugh paid 2000 pounds for the office , and paid a further 1000 pounds for the office of Justiciar and a release from his crusading vow . The charter granting Hugh the earldom mentioned that Richard had invested the bishop with the earldom " by the sword and ring " which is the earliest mention in a charter of that method of investing an honour . Richard also filled the office of Archbishop of York , which had been vacant since 1181 , with Richard 's illegitimate half @-@ brother Geoffrey . The continued vacancy at York had increased Hugh 's power , as he had no superior as long as there was no archbishop . For two years , Geoffrey was unable to secure consecration , but in 1191 , a new pope , Celestine III was elected and Celestine consecrated Geoffrey and ordered Hugh to submit to Geoffrey . Hugh shared the office of justiciar with William de Mandeville , but Mandeville died soon after taking office . Richard then promoted William Longchamp to share the office with Hugh . The two men did not get along , and in March 1190 Richard split the authority , giving Hugh authority north of the Humber River and giving authority over the rest of England to Longchamp . This arrangement was not permanent , and Longchamp outmanoeuvered Hugh to become sole justiciar by the middle of 1190 . Longchamp arrested Hugh for overstepping his authority and made him surrender his castle , his earldom and hostages , although the real cause wasn 't overstepping authority but Longchamp 's animosity towards Hugh . William of Newburgh , the medieval chronicler , felt that a bishop taking the office of Justiciar was wrong , and stated that God would not accept the loyalties of " a bishop who wishes to please both the heavenly and the earthly king . " When Prince John , Richard 's younger brother , rebelled during King Richard 's captivity in 1193 , Hugh opposed the rebellion . Hugh attacked some of John 's northern holdings . In concert with Archbishop Geoffrey he laid siege to Tickhill Castle . = = Death and legacy = = Hugh ordered an inquest into the revenues and resources of his bishopric , along with the customs of the see . This took place in 1183 , and when it was finished , the results were entered into a register that became known as the Boldon Book . Hugh also fought a long @-@ running disagreement with his own cathedral chapter over the right to oversee the monks , a conflict that lasted about 40 years . This led to the monks forging many documents purporting to show that earlier bishops had granted the monks rights and privileges exempting them from episcopal oversight . He also fought with Archbishop Roger of York over lands they both held in each other 's see . As a builder , Hugh built the New Bridge , now Elvet Bridge , in Durham , the second stone bridge in the town . Hugh also oversaw work on Durham Cathedral , decorating the inside with marble , installing stained glass windows , putting in a shrine for the bones of Bede , and building the Galilee Chapel on the west end of the cathedral . Originally , Puiset had planned to put in a Lady Chapel on the east side of the cathedral , but the ground was unsuitable , and instead work began on the Galilee Chapel on the west side of the cathedral . The Galilee Chapel is unusual in that it has five aisles , and quatrefoil , or four lobed , piers . A model for the chapel may have been the work being done on York Minster in rebuilding the choir . The current Norman doorway and the gallery that is above the doorway in Durham Castle were also the work of Hugh , which was part of a hall built in the bailey of the castle . Along with the king of Scots , he built the first bridge over the River Tweed at Berwick . He also rebuilt Norham Castle , replacing the previous buildings built by Ranulf Flambard , an earlier bishop , with a stone castle . Hugh was known for his extravagant tastes and opulent lifestyle , as well as his possession of a large library . He had a son , Henry , who was one of the hostages demanded by Longchamp in 1190 . Another son was Hugh , who became chancellor for King Philip II of France . Both Henry and Hugh were the sons of the bishop 's long term mistress , Alice de Percy . Alice may have been the mother of two more of the bishop 's sons , William , archdeacon of Northumberland , and Burchard , archdeacon of Durham and treasurer of York . He had a number of other mistresses but Alice was the most public , so much so that it caused a scandal , and closely resembled a marriage . Hugh was not well known as a scholar . He did , however , serve as a patron to Roger of Hoveden , the medieval chronicler who started writing about 1169 . He also commissioned two large Bibles , one of which still remains at Durham and is considered a masterpiece of book creation . This is Durham Cathedral Library Manuscript A. II . 1 . Hugh died on 3 March 1195 , having ruled his diocese for an exceptionally long time , forty @-@ two years . = Feminist economics = Feminist economics is the critical study of economics including its methodology , epistemology , history and empirical research , attempting to overcome androcentric ( male and patriarchal ) biases . It focuses on topics of particular relevance to women , such as care work or occupational segregation ( exclusion of women and minorities from certain fields ) ; deficiencies of economic models , such as disregarding intra @-@ household bargaining ; new forms of data collection and measurement such as the Gender Empowerment Measure ( GEM ) , and more gender @-@ aware theories such as the capabilities approach . Feminist economics ultimately seeks to produce a more gender inclusive economics . Feminist economists call attention to the social constructions of traditional economics , questioning the extent to which it is positive and objective , and showing how its models and methods are biased by an exclusive attention to masculine @-@ associated topics and a one @-@ sided favoring of masculine @-@ associated assumptions and methods . While economics traditionally focused on markets and masculine @-@ associated ideas of autonomy , abstraction and logic , feminist economists call for a fuller exploration of economic life , including such " culturally feminine " topics such as family economics , and examining the importance of connections , concreteness , and emotion in explaining economic phenomena . Inclusion of such topics has helped create policies that have reduced gender , racial , and ethnic discrimination and inequity , satisfying normative goals central to all economics . Many scholars including Ester Boserup , Marianne Ferber , Julie A. Nelson , Marilyn Waring , Nancy Folbre , Diane Elson and Ailsa McKay have contributed to feminist economics . Waring 's 1988 book If Women Counted is often regarded as the " founding document " of the discipline . By the 1990s feminist economics had become recognised as an established field within economics . = = Origins and history = = Early on , feminist ethicists , economists , political scientists , and systems scientists argued that women 's traditional work ( e.g. child @-@ raising , caring for sick elders ) and occupations ( e.g. nursing , teaching ) are systematically undervalued with respect to that of men . For example , Jane Jacobs ' thesis of the " Guardian Ethic " and its contrast to the " Trader Ethic " sought to explain the undervaluing of guardianship activity , including the child @-@ protecting , nurturing , and healing tasks that were traditionally assigned to women . Written in 1969 and later published in the Houseworker 's Handbook Betsy Warrior presents a cogent argument that the production and reproduction of domestic labor performed by women constitutes the foundation of all economic transactions and survival ; although , unremunerated and not included in the GDP . According to Warrior : " Economics , as it 's presented today , lacks any basis in reality as it leaves out the very foundation of economic life . That foundation is built on women 's labor ; first her reproductive labor which produces every new laborer ( and the first commodity , which is mother 's milk and which sustains every new consumer / laborer ) ; secondly , women 's labor entails environmentally necessary cleaning , cooking to make raw materials consumable , negotiating to maintain social stability and nurturing , which prepares for market and maintains each laborer . This constitutes women 's continuing industry enabling laborers to occupy every position in the work force . Without this fundamental labor and commodity there would be no economic activity nor we would have survived to continue to evolve . " Warrior also notes that the unacknowledged income of men from illegal activities like arms , drugs and human trafficking , political graft , religious emoluments and various other undisclosed activities provide a rich revenue stream to men , which further invalidates GDP figures . Even in underground economies where women predominate numerically , like trafficking in humans , prostitution and domestic servitude , only a tiny fraction of the pimp 's revenue filters down to the women and children he deploys . Usually the amount spent on them is merely for the maintenance of their lives and , in the case of those prostituted , some money may be spent on clothing and such accouterments as will make them more salable to the pimp 's clients . For instance , focusing on just the U.S.A. , according to a government sponsored report by the Urban Institute in 2014 , " A street prostitute in Dallas may make as little as $ 5 per sex act . But pimps can take in $ 33 @,@ 000 a week in Atlanta , where the sex business brings in an estimated $ 290 million per year . " Warrior believes that only an inclusive , facts @-@ based economic analysis will provide a reliable bases for future planning for environmental and reproductive / population needs . In 1970 , Ester Boserup published Woman 's Role in Economic Development and provided the first systematic examination of the gendered effects of agricultural transformation , industrialization and other structural changes . This evidence illuminated the negative outcomes that these changes had for women . This work , among others , laid the basis for the broad claim that " women and men weather the storm of macroeconomic shocks , neoliberal policies , and the forces of globalization in different ways . " Moreover , measures such as employment equity were implemented in developed nations in the 1970s to 1990s , but these were not entirely successful in removing wage gaps even in nations with strong equity traditions . In 1988 , Marilyn Waring published If Women Counted : A New Feminist Economics , a groundbreaking and systematic critique of the system of national accounts , the international standard of measuring economic growth , and the ways in which women 's unpaid work as well as the value of Nature have been excluded from what counts as productive in the economy . In the foreword to the 2014 anthology Counting on Marilyn Waring , Julie A. Nelson wrote : " Marilyn Waring 's work woke people up . She showed exactly how the unpaid work traditionally done by women has been made invisible within national accounting systems , and the damage this causes . Her book ... encouraged and influenced a wide range of work on ways , both numerical and otherwise , of valuing , preserving , and rewarding the work of care that sustains our lives . By pointing to a similar neglect of the natural environment , she also issued a wake @-@ up call to issues of ecological sustainability that have only grown more pressing over time . In recent decades , the field of feminist economics has broadened and widened to encompass these topics and more . " Supported by formation of the Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession ( CSWEP ) in 1972 , gender @-@ based critiques of traditional economics appeared in the 1970s and 80s . The subsequent emergence of Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era ( DAWN ) and the 1992 founding of the International Association for Feminist Economics ( IAFFE ) along with its journal Feminist Economics in 1994 encouraged the rapid growth of feminist economics . As in other disciplines , the initial emphasis of feminist economists was to critique the established theory , methodology , and policy approaches . The critique began in microeconomics of the household and labor markets and spread to macroeconomics and international trade , ultimately extending to all areas of traditional economic analysis . Feminist economists pushed for and produced gender aware theory and analysis , broadened the focus on economics and sought pluralism of methodology and research methods . Feminist economics shares many of its perspectives with ecological economics and the more applied field of green economy , including the focus on sustainability , nature , justice and care values . = = Critiques of traditional economics = = Although there is no definitive list of the principles of feminist economics , feminist economists offer a variety of critiques of standard approaches in economics . For example , prominent feminist economist Paula England provided one of the earliest feminist critiques of traditional economics as she challenged the claims that : That interpersonal utility comparisons are impossible ; That tastes are exogenous and unchanging ; That actors are selfish ; and That household heads act altruistically . This list is not exhaustive but does represent some of the central feminist economic critiques of traditional economics , out of the wide variety of such viewpoints and critiques . = = = Normativity = = = Many feminists call attention to value judgments in economic analysis . This idea is contrary to the typical conception of economics as a positive science held by many practitioners . For example , Geoff Schneider and Jean Shackelford suggest that " the issues that economists choose to study , the kinds of questions they ask , and the type of analysis undertaken all are a product of a belief system which is influenced by numerous factors , some of them ideological in character . " Similarly , Diana Strassmann comments , " All economic statistics are based on an underlying story forming the basis of the definition . In this way , narrative constructions necessarily underlie all definitions of variables and statistics . Therefore , economic research cannot escape being inherently qualitative , regardless of how it is labeled . " Feminist economists call attention to the value judgements in all aspects economics and criticize its depiction of an objective science . = = = Free trade = = = A central principle of mainstream economics is that trade can make everyone better off through comparative advantage and efficiency gains from specialization and greater efficiency . Many feminist economists question this claim . Diane Elson , Caren Grown and Nilufer Cagatay explore the role that gender inequalities play in international trade and how such trade reshapes gender inequality itself . They and other feminist economists explore whose interests specific trade practices serve . For example , they may highlight that in Africa , specialization in the cultivation of a single cash crop for export in many countries made those countries extremely vulnerable to price fluctuations , weather patterns , and pests . Feminist economists may also consider the specific gendered effects of trade @-@ decisions . For instance , " in countries such as Kenya , men generally controlled the earnings from cash crops while women were still expected to provide food and clothing for the household , their traditional role in the African family , along with labor to produce cash crops . Thus women suffered significantly from the transition away from subsistence food production towards specialization and trade . " Similarly , since women often lack economic power as business owners , they are more likely to be hired as cheap labor , often involving them in exploitative situations . = = = Exclusion of non @-@ market activity = = = Feminist economics call attention to the importance of non @-@ market activities , such as childcare and domestic work , to economic development . This stands in sharp contrast to neoclassical economics where those forms of labor are unaccounted for as " non @-@ economic " phenomena . Including such labor in economic accounts removes substantial gender bias because women disproportionately perform those tasks . When that labor is unaccounted for in economic models , much work done by women is ignored , literally devaluing their effort . More specifically , for example , Nancy Folbre examines the role of children as public goods and how the non @-@ market labor of parents contributes to the development of human capital as a public service . In this sense , children are positive externality which is under @-@ invested according to traditional analysis . Folbre indicates that this oversight partially results from failing to properly examine non @-@ market activities . Marilyn Waring described how the exclusion of non @-@ market activities in the national accounting systems relied on the deliberate choice and the design of the international standard of national accounts that explicitly excluded non @-@ market activities . In some countries , such as Norway , which had included unpaid household work in the GDP in the first half of the 19th century , it was left out in 1950 for reasons of compatibility with the new international standard . Ailsa McKay argues for a basic income as " a tool for promoting gender @-@ neutral social citizenship rights " partially to address these concerns . = = = Omission of power relations = = = Feminist economics often assert that power relations exist within the economy , and therefore , must be assessed in economic models in ways that they previously have been overlooked . For example , in " neoclassical texts , the sale of labor is viewed as a mutually beneficial exchange that benefits both parties . No mention is made of the power inequities in the exchange which tend to give the employer power over the employee . " These power relations often favor men and there is " never any mention made of the particular difficulties that confront women in the workplace . " Consequently , " Understanding power and patriarchy helps us to analyze how male @-@ dominated economic institutions actually function and why women are often at a disadvantage in the workplace . " Feminist economists often extend these criticisms to many aspects of the social world , arguing that power relations are an endemic and important feature of society . = = = Omission of gender and race = = = Feminist economics argue that gender and race must be considered in economic analysis . Amartya Sen argues that " the systematically inferior position of women inside and outside the household in many societies points to the necessity of treating gender as a force of its own in development analysis . " He goes on to say that experiences of men and women , even within the same household , are often so different that examining economics without gender can be misleading . Economic models can often be improved by explicitly considering gender , race , class , and caste . Julie Matthaie describes their importance : " Not only did gender and racial @-@ ethnic differences and inequality precede capitalism , they have been built into it in key ways . In other words , every aspect of our capitalist economy is gendered and racialized ; a theory and practice that ignores this is inherently flawed . " Feminist economist Eiman Zein @-@ Elabdin says racial and gender differences should be examined since both have traditionally been ignored and thus are equally described as " feminist difference . " The July 2002 issue of the Feminist Economics journal was dedicated to issues of " gender , color , caste and class . " = = = Exaggeration of gender differences = = = In other cases gender differences have been exaggerated , potentially encouraging unjustified stereotyping . In recent works Julie A. Nelson has shown how the idea that " women are more risk averse than men , " a now @-@ popular assertion from behavioral economics , actually rests on extremely thin empirical evidence . Conducting meta @-@ analyses of recent studies , she demonstrates that , while statistically significant differences in measures of mean risk aversion are sometimes found , the substantive size of these group @-@ level differences tend to be small ( on the order of a fraction of a standard deviation ) , and many other studies fail to find a statistically significant difference at all . Yet the studies that fail to find " difference " are less likely to be published or highlighted . In addition , claims that men and women have " different " preferences ( such as for risk , competition , or altruism ) often tend to be misinterpreted as categorical , that is , as applying to all women and all men , as individuals . In fact , small differences in average behavior , such as are found in some studies , are generally accompanied by large overlaps in men 's and women 's distributions . That is , both men and women can generally be found in the most risk @-@ averse ( or competitive or altruistic ) groups , as well as in the least . = = = Homo economicus = = = The neoclassical economic model of a person is called Homo economicus , describing a person who " interacts in society without being influenced by society , " because " his mode of interaction is through an ideal market , " in which prices are the only necessary considerations . In this view , people are considered rational actors who engage in marginal analysis to make many or all of their decisions . Feminist economists argue that people are more complex than such models , and call for " a more holistic vision of an economic actor , which includes group interactions and actions motivated by factors other than greed . " Feminist economics holds that such a reformation provides a better description of the actual experiences of both men and women in the market , arguing that mainstream economics overemphasizes the role of individualism , competition and selfishness of all actors . Instead , feminist economists like Nancy Folbre show that cooperation also plays a role in the economy . Feminist economists also point out that agency is not available to everyone , such as children , the sick , and the frail elderly . Responsibilities for their care can compromise the agency of caregivers as well . This is a critical departure from the homo economicus model . Moreover , feminist economists critique the focus of neoclassical economics on monetary rewards . Nancy Folbre notes , " legal rules and cultural norms can affect market outcomes in ways distinctly disadvantageous to women . " This includes occupational segregation resulting in unequal pay for women . Feminist research in these areas contradicts the neoclassical description of labor markets in which occupations are chosen freely by individuals acting alone and out of their own free will . Feminist economics also includes study of norms relevant to economics , challenging the traditional view that material incentives will reliably provide the goods we want and need ( consumer sovereignty ) , which does not hold true for many people . Institutional economics is one means by which feminist economists improve upon the homo economicus model . This theory examines the role of institutions and evolutionary social processes in shaping economic behavior , emphasizing " the complexity of human motives and the importance of culture and relations of power . " This provides a more holistic view of the economic actor than homo economicus . The work of George Akerlof and Janet Yellen on efficiency wages based on notions of fairness provides an example of a feminist model of economic actors . In their work , agents are not hyperrational or isolated , but instead act in concert and with fairness , are capable of experiencing jealousy , and are interested in personal relationships . This work is based on empirical sociology and psychology , and suggests that wages can be influenced by fairness considerations rather than purely market forces . = = = Limited methodology = = = Economics is often thought of as " the study of how society manages its scarce resources " and as such is limited to mathematical inquiry . Traditional economists often say such an approach assures objectivity and separates economics from " softer " fields such as sociology and political science . Feminist economists , argue on the contrary that a mathematical conception of economics limited to scarce resources is a holdover from the early years of science and Cartesian philosophy , and limits economic analysis . So feminist economists often call for more diverse data collection and broader economic models . = = = Economic pedagogy = = = Feminist economists suggest that both the content and teaching style of economics courses would benefit from certain changes . Some recommend including experimental learning , laboratory sessions , individual research and more chances to " do economics . " Some want more dialogue between instructors and students . Many feminist economists are urgently interested in how course content influences the demographic composition of future economists , suggesting that the " classroom climate " affects some students ' perceptions of their own ability . = = = The 2000s financial crisis = = = Margunn Bjørnholt and Ailsa McKay argue that the financial crisis of 2007 – 08 and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession . They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible , sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet . = = Major areas of inquiry = = = = = Economic epistemology = = = Feminist critiques of economics include that " economics , like any science , is socially constructed . " Feminist economists show that social constructs act to privilege male @-@ identified , western , and heterosexual interpretations of economics . They generally incorporate feminist theory and frameworks to show how traditional economics communities signal expectations regarding appropriate participants , to the exclusion of outsiders . Such criticisms extend to the theories , methodologies and research areas of economics , in order to show that accounts of economic life are deeply influenced by biased histories , social structures , norms , cultural practices , interpersonal interactions , and politics . Feminist economists often make a critical distinction that masculine bias in economics is primarily a result of gender , not sex . In other words , when feminist economists highlight the biases of mainstream economics , they focus on its social beliefs about masculinity like objectivity , separation , logical consistency , individual accomplishment , mathematics , abstraction , and lack of emotion , but not on the gender of authorities and subjects . However , the over @-@ representation of men among economists and their subjects of study is also a concern . = = = Economic history = = = Feminist economists say that mainstream economics has been disproportionately developed by European @-@ descended , heterosexual , middle and upper @-@ middle class men , and that this has led to suppression of the life experiences of the full diversity of the world 's people , especially women , children and those in non @-@ traditional families . For example , Colin Danby emphasizes how heteronormative assumptions have remained in economic models , including those of feminist economists , and offers strategies by which they may be overcome to better represent the diversity of the world 's people . Additionally , feminist economists claim that the historical bases of economics are inherently exclusionary to women . Michèle Pujol points to five specific historical assumptions about woman that arose , became embedded in the formulation of economics , and continue to be used to maintain that women are different from the masculinized norms and exclude them . These include the ideas that : All women are married , or if not yet , they will be and all women will have children . All women are economically dependent on a male relative . All women are ( and should be ) housewives due to their reproductive capacities . Women are unproductive in the industrial workforce . Women are irrational , unfit economic agents , and cannot be trusted to make the right economic decisions . Feminist economists also examine early economic thinkers ' interaction or lack of interaction with gender and women 's issues , showing examples of women 's historical engagement with economic thought . For example , Edith Kuiper discusses Adam Smith 's engagement with feminist discourse on the role of women in the eighteenth century , France and England . She finds that through his writings , Smith typically supported the status quo on women 's issues and " lost sight of the division of labor in the family and the contribution of women 's economic work . " In response , she points to Mary Collier 's works such as The Woman 's Labour ( 1739 ) to help understand Smith 's contemporaneous experiences of women and fill in such gaps . = = = Engendering macroeconomic theories = = = Central to feminist economics is an effort to alter the theoretical modeling of the economy , to reduce gender bias and inequity . Feminist macroeconomic inquiries focus on international capital flows , fiscal austerity , deregulation and privatization , monetary policy , international trade and more . In general , these modifications take three main forms : gender disaggregation , the addition of gender @-@ based macroeconomic variables , and the creation of a two @-@ sector system . = = = = Gender disaggregation = = = = This method of economic analysis seeks to overcome gender bias by showing how men and women differ in their consumption , investment or saving behavior . Gender disaggregation strategies justify the separation of macroeconomic variables by gender . Korkut Ertürk and Nilüfer Çağatay show how the feminization of labor stimulates investment , while an increase in female activity in housework raises savings . This model highlights how gender effects macroeconomic variables and shows that economies have a higher likelihood of recovering from downturns if women participate in the labor force more , instead of devoting their time to housework . = = = = Gendered macroeconomic variables = = = = This approach demonstrates the effects of gender inequalities by enhancing macroeconomic models . Bernard Walters shows that traditional neoclassical models fail to adequately assess work related to reproduction by assuming that the population and labor are determined exogenously . That fails to account for the fact that inputs are produced through caring labor , which is disproportionately performed by women . Stephen Knowels et al. use a neoclassical growth model to show that women 's education has a positive statistically significant effect on labor productivity , more robust than that of men 's education . In both of these cases , economists highlight and address the gender biases of macroeconomic variables to show that gender plays a significant role in models ' outcomes . = = = = Two @-@ sector system = = = = The two @-@ sector system approach models the economy as two separate systems : one involving the standard macroeconomic variables , while the other includes gender @-@ specific variables . William Darity developed a two @-@ sector approach for low @-@ income , farm @-@ based economies . Darity shows that subsistence farming depended on the labor of women , while the production of income depended on the labor of both men and women in cash @-@ crop activities . This model shows that when men control production and income , they seek to maximize income by persuading women to put additional effort into cash @-@ crop production , causing increases in cash crops come at the expense of subsistence production . = = = Well @-@ being = = = Many feminist economists argue economics should be focused less on mechanisms ( like income ) or theories ( such as utilitarianism ) and more on well @-@ being , a multidimensional concept including income , health , education , empowerment and social status . They argue that economic success can not be measured only by goods or gross domestic product , but must also be measured by human well @-@ being . Aggregate income is not sufficient to evaluate general well @-@ being , because individual entitlements and needs must also be considered , leading feminist economists to study health , longevity , access to property , education , and related factors . Bina Agarwal and Pradeep Panda illustrate that a woman 's property status ( such as owning a house or land ) directly and significantly reduces her chances of experiencing domestic violence , while employment makes little difference . They argue that such immovable property increases women 's self @-@ esteem , economic security , and strengthens their fall @-@ back positions , enhancing their options and bargaining clout . They show that property ownership is an important contributor to women 's economic well @-@ being because it reduces their susceptibility to violence . In order to measure well @-@ being more generally , Amartya Sen , Sakiko Fukuda @-@ Parr , and other feminist economists helped develop alternatives to Gross Domestic Product , such as the Human Development Index . Other models of interest to feminist economists include the labor theory of value , which was most thoroughly developed in Das Capital by Karl Marx . That model considers production as a socially constructed human project and redefines wages as means to earning a living . This refocuses economic models on human innate desires and needs as opposed to monetary incentives . = = = = Human capabilities approach = = = = Feminist economists Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum created the human capabilities approach as an alternative way to assess economic success rooted in the ideas of welfare economics and focused on the individual 's potential to do and be what he or she may choose to value . Unlike traditional economic measures of success , focused on GDP , utility , income , assets or other monetary measures , the capabilities approach focuses on what individuals are able to do . This approach emphasizes processes as well as outcomes , and draws attention to cultural , social and material dynamics of well @-@ being . Martha Nussbaum , expanded on the model with a more complete list of central capabilities including life , health , bodily integrity , thought , and more . In recent years , the capabilities approach has influenced the creation of new models including the UN 's Human Development Index ( HDI ) . = = = Household bargaining = = = Central to feminist economics is a different approach to the " family " and " household . " In classical economics , those units are typically described as amicable and homogeneous . Gary Becker and new home economists introduced the study of " the family " to traditional economics , which usually assumes the family is a single , altruistic unit among which money is distributed equally . Others have concluded that an optimal distribution of commodities and provisions takes place within the family as a result of which they view families in the same manner as individuals . These models , according to feminist economists , " endorsed traditional expectations about the sexes , " and applied individualistic rational @-@ choice models to explain home behavior . Feminist economists modify these assumptions to account for exploitative sexual and gender relations , single @-@ parent families , same @-@ sex relationships , familial relations with children , and the consequences of reproduction . Specifically , feminist economists move beyond unitary household models and game theory to show the diversity of household experiences . For example , Bina Agarwal and others have critiqued the mainstream model and helped provide a better understanding of intra @-@ household bargaining power . Agarwal shows that a lack of power and outside options for women hinders their ability to negotiate within their families . Amartya Sen shows how social norms that devalue women 's unpaid work in the household often disadvantage women in intra @-@ household bargaining . These feminist economists argue that such claims have important economic outcomes which must be recognized within economic frameworks . = = = Care economy = = = Feminist economists join the UN and others in acknowledging care work , as a kind of work which includes all tasks involving caregiving , as central to economic development and human well @-@ being . Feminist economists study both paid and unpaid care work . They argue that traditional analysis of economics often ignores the value of household unpaid work . Feminist economists have argued that unpaid domestic work is as valuable as paid work , so measures of economic success should include unpaid work . They have shown that women are disproportionately responsible for performing such care work . Sabine O 'Hara argues that care is the basis for all economic activity and market economies , concluding that " everything needs care , " not only people , but animals and things . She highlights the sustaining nature of care services offered outwith the formal economy . Feminist economists have also highlighted power and inequality issues within families and households . For example , Randy Albelda shows that responsibility for care work influences the time poverty experienced by single mothers in the United States . Similarly , Sarah Gammage examines the effects of unpaid care work performed by women in Guatemala . The work of the Equality Studies Department at University College Dublin such as that of Sara Cantillon has focused on inequalities of domestic arrangements within even affluent households . While much care work is performed in the home , it may also be done for pay . As such , feminist economics examine its implications , including the increasing involvement of women in paid care work , the potential for exploitation , and effects on the lives of care workers . Systemic study of the ways women 's work is measured , or not measured at all , have been undertaken by Marilyn Waring ( see If Women Counted ) and others in the 1980s and 1990s . These studies began to justify different means of determining value — some of which influenced the theory of social capital and individual capital , that emerged in the late 1990s and , along with ecological economics , influenced modern human development theory . ( See also the entry on Gender and Social Capital . ) = = = Unpaid work = = = Unpaid work can include domestic work , care work , subsistence work , unpaid market labor and voluntary work . There is no clear consensus on the definition of these categories . But broadly speaking , these kinds of work can be seen as contributing to the reproduction of society . Domestic work is maintenance of the home , and is usually universally recognizable , e.g. doing the laundry . Care work is looking " after a relative or friend who needs support because of age , physical or learning disability , or illness , including mental illness ; " this also includes raising children . Care work also involves " close personal or emotional interaction . " Also included in this category is " self @-@ care , " in which leisure time and activities are included . Subsistence work is work done in order to meet basic needs , such as collecting water , but does not have market values assigned to it . Although some of these efforts " are categorized as productive activities according to the latest revision of the international System of National Accounts ( SNA ) ... [ they ] are poorly measured by most surveys . " Unpaid market work is " the direct contributions of unpaid family members to market work that officially belongs to another member of the household . " Voluntary work is usually work done for non @-@ household members , but in return for little to no remuneration . = = = = System of National Accounts = = = = Each country measures its economic output according to the System of National Accounts ( SNA ) , sponsored mainly by the United Nations ( UN ) , but implemented mainly by other organizations such as the European Commission , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Organization for Economic Co @-@ operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Bank . The SNA recognizes that unpaid work is an area of interest , but " unpaid household services are excluded from [ its ] production boundary . " Feminist economists have criticized the SNA for this exclusion , because by leaving out unpaid work , basic and necessary labor is ignored . Even accounting measures intended to recognize gender disparities are criticized for ignoring unpaid work . Two such examples are the Gender @-@ related Development Index ( GDI ) and the Gender Empowerment Measure ( GEM ) , neither of which include much unpaid work . So feminist economics calls for a more comprehensive index which includes participation in unpaid work . In more recent years there has been increasing attention to this issue , such as recognition of unpaid work within SNA reports and a commitment by the UN to the measurement and valuation of unpaid work , emphasizing care work done by women . This goal was restated at the 1995 UN Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing . = = = = Measurement of unpaid work = = = = The method most widely used to measure unpaid work is gathering information on time use , which has " been implemented by at least 20 developing countries and more are underway " as of 2006 . Time use measurement involves collecting data on how much time men and women spend on a daily , weekly , or monthly basis on certain activities that fall under the categories of unpaid work . Techniques to gather this data include surveys , in @-@ depth interviews , diaries , and participant observation . Proponents of time use diaries believe that this method " generate [ s ] more detailed information and tend [ s ] to capture greater variation than predetermined questions . " However , others argue that participant observation , " where the researcher spends lengthy periods of time in households helping out and observing the labor process , " generates more accurate information because the researcher can ascertain whether or not those studied are accurately reporting what activities they perform . = = = = = Accuracy = = = = = The first problem of measuring unpaid work is the issue of collecting accurate information . This is always a concern in research studies , but is particularly difficult when evaluating unpaid work . " Time @-@ use surveys may reveal relatively little time devoted to unpaid direct care activities [ because ] the demands of subsistence production in those countries are great , " and may not take into account multitasking — for example , a mother may collect wood fuel while a child is in the same location , so the child is in her care while she is performing other work . Usually such indirect care should be included , as it is in many time use studies . But it is not always , and as a result some studies may undervalue the amount of certain types of unpaid work . Participant observation has been criticized for being " so time @-@ consuming that it can only focus on small numbers of households , " and thus limited in the amount of information it can be used to gather . All data gathering involves difficulties with the potential inaccuracy of research subjects ' reports . For instance , when " people doing domestic labor have no reason to pay close attention to the amount of time tasks take ... they [ may ] often underestimate time spent in familiar activities . " Measuring time can also be problematic because " the slowest and most inefficient workers [ appear to carry ] the greatest workload . " Time use in assessing childcare is criticized as " easily obscur [ ing ] gender differences in workload . Men and women may both put in the same amount of time being responsible for children but as participant observation studies have shown , many men are more likely to ' babysit ' their children while doing something for themselves , such as watching TV . Men 's standards of care may be limited to ensuring the children are not hurt . Dirty diapers may be ignored or deliberately left until the mother returns . " A paradoxical aspect of this problem is that those most burdened may not be able to participate in the studies : " It is usually those women with the heaviest work loads who choose not to participate in these studies . " In general , measurement of time causes " some of the most demanding aspects of unpaid work [ to be unexplored ] and the premise that time is an appropriate tool for measuring women 's unpaid work goes unchallenged . " Surveys have also been criticized for lacking " depth and complexity " as questions cannot be specifically tailored to particular circumstances . = = = = = Comparability = = = = = A second problem is the difficulty of comparisons across cultures . " Comparisons across countries are currently hampered by differences in activity classification and nomenclature . " In @-@ depth surveys may be the only way to get necessary information desired , but they make it difficult to perform cross @-@ cultural comparisons . The lack of adequate universal terminology in discussing unpaid work is an example . " Despite increasing recognition that domestic labor is work , existing vocabularies do not easily convey the new appreciations . People still tend to talk about work and home as if they were separate spheres . ' Working mothers ' are usually assumed to be in the paid labor force , despite feminist assertions that ' every mother is a working mother . ' There are no readily accepted terms to express different work activities or job titles . Housewife , home manager , homemaker are all problematic and none of them conveys the sense of a women who juggles both domestic labor and paid employment . " = = = = = Complexity = = = = = A third problem is the complexity of domestic labor and the issues of separating unpaid work categories . Time use studies now take multitasking issues into account , separating primary and secondary activities . However , not all studies do this , and even those that do may not take into account " the fact that frequently several tasks are done simultaneously , that tasks overlap , and that the boundaries between work and relationships are often unclear . How does a woman determine her primary activity when she is preparing dinner while putting the laundry away , making coffee for her spouse , having coffee and chatting with him , and attending to the children ? " Some activities may not even be considered work , such as playing with a child ( this has been categorized as developmental care work ) and so may not be included in a study 's responses . As mentioned above , child supervision ( indirect care work ) may not be construed as an activity at all , which " suggests that activity @-@ based surveys should be supplemented by more stylized questions regarding care responsibilities " as otherwise such activities can be undercounted . In the past , time use studies tended to measure only primary activities , and " respondents doing two or more things at once were asked to indicate which was the more important . " This has been changing in more recent years . = = = = Valuation of time = = = = Feminist economists point out three main ways of determining the value of unpaid work : the opportunity cost method , replacement cost method , and input @-@ output cost method . The opportunity cost method " uses the wage a person would earn in the market " to see how much value their labor @-@ time has . This method extrapolates from the opportunity cost idea in mainstream economics . The second method of valuation uses replacement costs . In simple terms , this is done by measuring the amount of money a third @-@ party would make for doing the same work if it was part of the market . In other words , the value of a person cleaning the house in an hour is the same as the hourly wage for a maid . Within this method there are two approaches : the first is a generalist replacement cost method , which examines if " it would be possible , for example , to take the wage of a general domestic worker who could perform a variety of tasks including childcare " . The second approach is the specialist replacement cost method , which aims to " distinguish between the different household tasks and choose replacements accordingly " . The third method is the input @-@ output cost method . This looks at both the costs of inputs and includes any value added by the household . " For instance , the value of time devoted to cooking a meal can be determined by asking what it could cost to purchase a similar meal ( the output ) in the market , then subtracting the cost of the capital goods , utilities and raw materials devoted to that meal . This remainder represents the value of the other factors of production , primarily labor . " These types of models try to value household output by determining monetary values for the inputs — in the dinner example , the ingredients and production of the meal — and compares those with market equivalents . = = = = = Difficulty establishing monetary levels = = = = = One criticism of time valuation concerns the choice of monetary levels . How should unpaid work be valued when more than one activity is being performed or more than one output is produced ? Another issue concerns differences in quality between market and household products . Some feminist economists take issue with using the market system to determine values for a variety of reasons : it may lead to the conclusion that the market provides perfect substitutes for non @-@ market work ; the wage produced in the market for services may not accurately reflect the actual opportunity cost of time spent in household production ; and the wages used in valuation methods come from industries where wages are already depressed because of gender inequalities , and so will not accurately value unpaid work . A related argument is that the market " accepts existing sex / gender divisions of labor and pay inequalities as normal and unproblematic . With this basic assumption underlying their calculations , the valuations produced serve to reinforce gender inequalities rather than challenge women 's subordination . " = = = = = Criticisms of opportunity cost = = = = = Criticisms are leveled against each method of valuation . The opportunity cost method " depends on the lost earnings of the worker so that a toilet cleaned by a lawyer has much greater value than one cleaned by a janitor " , which means that the value varies too drastically . There are also issues with the uniformity of this method not just across multiple individuals , but also for a single person : it " may not be uniform across the entire day or across days of the week . " There is also the issue of whether any enjoyment of the activity should be deducted from the opportunity cost estimate . = = = = = Difficulties with replacement cost = = = = = The replacement cost method also has its critics . What types of jobs should be used as substitutes ? For example , should childcare activities " be calculated using the wages of daycare workers or child psychiatrists ? " This relates to the problem of depressed wages in female @-@ dominated industries , and whether using such jobs as an equivalent leads to the undervaluing of unpaid work . Some have argued that education levels ought to be comparable , for example , " the value of time that a college @-@ educated parent spends reading aloud to a child should be ascertained by asking how much it would cost to hire a college @-@ educated worker to do the same , not by an average housekeeper 's wage . " = = = = = Difficulties with input @-@ output methods = = = = = Critiques against the input @-@ output methods include the difficulty of identifying and measuring household outputs , and the issues of variation of households and these effects . = = = = Findings and economic effects of unpaid work = = = = In 2011 , a wide @-@ ranging study was conducted to determine the amount of unpaid household work engaged in by residents of different countries . This study , incorporating the results of time @-@ use surveys from 26 OECD countries , found that , in each country , the average hours spent per day on unpaid household work was between about 2 to 4 hours per day . As domestic work is widely seen as " women 's work " , the majority of it is performed by women , even for women who also participate in the labor force . One study found that , when adding the time spent on unpaid household work to the time spent engaging in paid work , married mothers accumulate 84 hours of work per week , compared to 79 hours per week for unmarried mothers , and 72 hours per week for all fathers , whether married or not . Efforts to calculate the true economic value of unpaid work , which is not included in measures such as gross domestic product , have shown that this value is enormous . In the United States , it has been estimated to be between 20 – 50 % , meaning that the true value of unpaid work is trillions of dollars per year . For other countries , the percentage of GDP may be even higher , such as the United Kingdom , where is may be as high as 70 % . Because this unpaid work is largely done by women and is unreported in economic indicators , it results in these contributions by women being devalued in a society . = = = The formal economy = = = Research into the causes and consequences of occupational segregation , the gender pay gap , and the " glass ceiling " have been a significant part of feminist economics . While conventional neoclassical economic theories of the 1960s and 1970s explained these as the result of free choices made by women and men who simply had different abilities or preferences , feminist economists pointed out the important roles played by stereotyping , sexism , patriarchal beliefs and institutions , sexual harassment , and discrimination . The rationales for , and the effects of , anti @-@ discrimination laws adopted in many industrial countries beginning in the 1970s , has also been studied . Women moved in large numbers into previous male bastions — especially professions like medicine and law — during the last decades of the 20th century . The gender pay gap remains and is shrinking more slowly . Feminist economists such as Marilyn Power , Ellen Mutari and Deborah M. Figart have examined the gender pay gap and found that wage setting procedures are not primarily driven by market forces , but instead by the power of actors , cultural understandings of the value of work and what constitutes a proper living , and social gender norms . Consequently , they assert that economic models must take these typically exogenous variables into account . While overt employment discrimination by sex remains a concern of feminist economists , in recent years more attention has been paid to discrimination against caregivers — those women , and some men , who give hands @-@ on care to children or sick or elderly friends or relatives . Because many business and government policies were designed to accommodate the " ideal worker " ( that is , the traditional male worker who had no such responsibilities ) rather than caregiver @-@ workers , inefficient and inequitable treatment has resulted . = = = Globalization = = = Feminist economists ' work on globalization is diverse and multifaceted . But much of it is tied together through detailed and nuanced studies of the ways in which globalization affects women in particular and how these effects relate to socially just outcomes . Often country case studies are used for these data . Some feminist economists focus on policies involving the development of globalization . For example , Lourdes Benería argues that economic development in the Global South depends in large part on improved reproductive rights , gender equitable laws on ownership and inheritance , and policies that are sensitive to the proportion of women in the informal economy . Additionally , Nalia Kabeer discusses the impacts of a social clause that would enforce global labor standards through international trade agreements , drawing on fieldwork from Bangladesh . She argues that although these jobs may appear exploitative , for many workers in those areas they present opportunities and ways to avoid more exploitative situations in the informal economy . Alternatively , Suzanne Bergeron , for example , raises examples of studies that illustrate the multifaceted effects of globalization on women , including Kumudhini Rosa 's study of Sri Lankan , Malaysian , and Philippine , workers in free trade zones as an example of local resistance to globalization . Women there use their wages to create women 's centers aimed at providing legal and medical services , libraries and cooperative housing , to local community members . Such efforts , Bergeron highlights , allow women the chance to take control of economic conditions , increase their sense of individualism , and alter the pace and direction of globalization itself . In other cases , feminist economists work on removing gender biases from the theoretical bases of globalization itself . Suzanne Bergeron , for example , focuses on the typical theories of globalization as the " rapid integration of the world into one economic space " through the flow of goods , capital , and money , in order to show how they exclude some women and the disadvantaged . She argues that traditional understandings of globalization over @-@ emphasize the power of global capital flows , the uniformity of globalization experiences across all populations , and technical and abstract economic processes , and therefore depict the political economy of globalization inappropriately . She highlights the alternative views of globalization created by feminists . First , she describes how feminists may de @-@ emphasize the idea of the market as " a natural and unstoppable force , " instead depicting the process of globalization as alterable and movable by individual economic actors including women . She also explains that the concept of globalization itself is gender biased , because its depiction as " dominant , unified , [ and ] intentional " is inherently masculinized and misleading . She suggests that feminists critique such narratives by showing how a " global economy " is highly complex , de @-@ centered and unclear . = = Methodology = = = = = Interdisciplinary data collection = = = Many feminist economists challenge the perception that only " objective " ( often presumed to be quantitative ) data are valid . Instead , they say economists should enrich their analysis by using data sets generated from other disciplines or through increased use of qualitative methods . Additionally , many feminist economists propose utilizing non @-@ traditional data collection strategies such as " utilizing growth accounting frameworks , conducting empirical tests of economic theories , developing country case studies , and pursuing research at the conceptual and empirical levels . " Interdisciplinary data collection looks at systems from a specific moral position and viewpoint instead of attempting the perspective of a neutral observer . The intention is not to create a more " subjective " methodology , but to counter biases in existing methodologies , by recognizing that all explanations for world phenomena arise from socially @-@ influenced viewpoints . Feminist economists say too many theories claim to present universal principles but actually present a masculine viewpoint in the guise of a " view from nowhere , " so more varied sources of data collection are needed to mediate those issues . = = = Ethical judgment = = = Feminist economists depart from traditional economics in that they say " ethical judgments are a valid , inescapable , and in fact desirable part of economic analysis . " For example , Lourdes Beneria argues that judgments about policies leading to greater well @-@ being should be central to economic analysis . Similarly , Shahra Razavi says better understanding of care work " would allow us to shift our priorities from ' making money ' or ' making stuff ' to ' making livable lives ' and ' enriching networks of care and relationship ' " which should be central to economics . = = = Country case studies = = = Often feminist economists use country @-@ level or smaller case studies focused on developing and often understudied countries or populations . For example , Michael Kevane and Leslie C. Gray examine how gendered social norms are central to understanding agricultural activities in Burkina Faso . Cristina Carrasco and Arantxa Rodriquez examine the care economy in Spain to suggest that women 's entrance into the labor market requires more equitable caregiving responsibilities . Such studies show the importance of local social norms , government policies and cultural situations . Feminist economists see such variation as a crucial factor to be included in economics . = = = Alternative measures of success = = = Feminist economists call for a shift in how economic success is measured . These changes include an increased focus on a policy 's ability to bring society toward social justice and improve people 's lives , through specific goals including distributive fairness , equity , the universal provisioning of needs , elimination of poverty , freedom from discrimination and the protection of human capabilities . = = = = Human Development Index ( HDI ) = = = = Feminist economists often support use of the Human Development Index as a composite statistic in order to assess countries by their overall level of human development , as opposed to other measures . The HDI takes into account a broad array of measures beyond monetary considerations including life expectancy , literacy , education , and standards of living for all countries worldwide . = = = = Gender @-@ related Development Index ( GDI ) = = = = The Gender @-@ related Development Index ( GDI ) was introduced in 1995 in the Human Development Report written by the United Nations Development Program in order to add a gender @-@ sensitive dimension to the Human Development Index . The GDI takes into account not only the average or general level of well @-@ being and wealth within a given country , but also how this wealth and well @-@ being is distributed between different groups within society , especially between genders . However , feminist economists do not universally agree on the use of the GDI and some offer improvements to it . = = = = Social Institutions and Gender Index ( SIGI ) = = = = The Social Institutions and Gender Index ( SIGI ) is a recently developed measure of gender inequality calculated by analyzing social institutions , societal practices , and legal norms and how these factors largely frame gender norms within a society . By combining these sources of inequality , SIGI is able to penalize high levels of inequality in each of the applicable dimensions , allowing for only partial compensation by the gaps between the remaining dimensions and the highly inequitable one . Through its analysis of the institutional sources of gender inequality in over 100 countries , SIGI has been proven to add new insights into outcomes for women , even when other factors such as religion and region of the world are controlled for . SIGI rankings largely mirror those of the HDI , with countries such as Portugal and Argentina leading the pack , while countries like Afghanistan and Sudan are significantly behind . = = Organizations = = Feminist economics continues to become more widely recognized and reputed as evidenced by the numerous organizations dedicated to it or widely influenced by its principles . = = = International Association for Feminist Economics = = = Formed in 1992 , the International Association for Feminist Economics ( IAFFE ) , is independent of the American Economic Association ( AEA ) and seeks to challenge the masculine biases in neoclassical economics . While the majority of members are economists , it is open " not only to female and male economists but to academics from other fields , as well as activists who are not academics " and currently has over 600 members in 64 countries . Although its founding members were mostly based in the US , a majority of IAFFE 's current members are based outside of the US . In 1997 , IAFFE gained Non @-@ Governmental Organization status in the United Nations . = = = Feminist Economics journal = = = Feminist Economics , edited by Diana Strassmann of Rice University and Günseli Berik of the University of Utah , is a peer @-@ reviewed journal established to provide an open forum for dialogue and debate about feminist economic perspectives . The journal endorses a normative agenda to promote policies that will better the lives of the world 's people , both women and men . In 1997 , the journal was awarded the Council of Editors and Learned Journals ( CELJ ) Award as Best New Journal . The 2007 ISI Social Science Citation Index ranked the journal Feminist Economics 20th out of 175 among economics journals and 2nd out of 27 among Women 's Studies journals . = = Relation to other disciplines = = Green economics incorporates ideas from feminist economics and Greens list feminism as an explicit goal of their political measures , seeking greater economic and general gender equality . Feminist economics is also often linked with welfare economics or labour economics , since it emphasizes child welfare , and the value of labour in itself , as opposed to the traditional focus exclusively on production for a marketplace . = = Graduate programs = = A small , but growing number of graduate programs around the world offer courses and concentrations in feminist economics . ( Unless otherwise noted below , these offerings are in departments of economics . ) = Motul de San José = Motul de San José is an ancient Maya site located just north of Lake Petén Itzá in the Petén Basin region of the southern Maya lowlands . It is a few kilometres from the modern village of San José , in Guatemala 's northern department of Petén . A medium @-@ sized civic @-@ ceremonial centre , it was an important political and economic centre during the Late Classic period ( AD 650 – 950 ) . The site was first settled between 600 and 300 BC , in the latter portion of the Middle Preclassic period , when it most likely was a fairly small site . This Maya city then had a long and continuous occupational history until the Early Postclassic , up to around AD 1250 , with peaks in the Late Preclassic and Late Classic periods . Motul de San José had begun to refer to Tikal as its overlord in the late 4th century AD ; by the 7th century it had switched its allegiance to Calakmul , Tikal 's great rival , before returning its allegiance to Tikal in the early 8th century . In the late 8th century Motul de San José appears to have been conquered by Dos Pilas , capital of the Petexbatún kingdom . Most natural resources were easily available in the immediate vicinity of the city . The nearby port at La Trinidad de Nosotros was an important hub for the import of exotic goods and export of local products such as chert and ceramics . Other goods not immediately available were likely to have been provided by the city ’ s satellite sites . The local area provided a number of different soils suitable for varied agricultural use , and the port at La Trinidad de Nosotros provided the city with freshwater products such as turtles , crocodiles and freshwater molluscs . Deer were hunted locally and provided an important source of protein for the upper class , while freshwater snails were the main source of protein for commoners . Motul de San José has been identified as the source of Ik @-@ style polychrome ceramics bearing painted scenes of the Late Classic Maya aristocracy involved in a variety of courtly activities . The Ik @-@ style was characterised by hieroglyphs painted in a pink or pale red colour , scenes with dancers wearing masks , and the realistic representation of subjects as they appeared in life . The city was the capital of a polity that included various satellite sites of varying importance , including a port on the shore of Lake Petén Itzá . = = Location = = Motul de San José is located 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) from the north shore of Lake Petén Itzá , in the centre of the department of El Petén . The nearest town is Flores , 10 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 5 mi ) to the south , on the other side of the lake . The nearest villages are San José , 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) away , and San Andrés , 6 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 0 mi ) away , both are to the south of the site , on the northern shore of the lake . The archaeological site is connected to Nuevo San José , a northern expansion of San José , by a dirt road . It lies among land that has been cleared of forest within the last century and is now used to plant maize and graze cattle . Motul de San José lies on a limestone plateau at the northern edge of the fault depression that underlies the central lakes of the Petén Basin . The local topography consists of ridges , generally running east @-@ west or northeast @-@ southwest alternating with lower @-@ lying areas with clay soils . These low @-@ lying areas tend to feed into drainage systems flowing into either Lake Petén Itzá itself or into the Akte River . The Kantetul River is a seasonal watercourse with its origin 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) to the northeast of the site and flowing westwards into the Akte River , passing 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the site core . The Akte River in turn flows west into the San Pedro River , which flows northwest into Mexico where it joins the Usumacinta River and ultimately empties into the Gulf of Mexico . A mixture of ancient and modern agricultural terraces line the riverbank , 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) north of the site core . Access to water was crucial for Maya cities , since much of the Maya lowlands have been described as a seasonal desert due to the combination of a prolonged dry season lasting between four and six months together with the limestone geography that makes surface water scarce . In addition the Maya greatly preferred water to land transport and used canoes to trade extensively by river and sea , and access to river routes connected cities to extensive trade routes . Motul de San José lies within a dense cluster of smaller satellite sites . It is 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) to the southwest of the major Classic Period ruins of Tikal . The site is about 275 kilometres ( 171 mi ) north of Guatemala City . The ruins are located on a hill about 180 metres ( 590 ft ) above mean sea level . The site forms part of the Motul Ecological Park ( Parque Ecológico Motul in Spanish ) , which is administered by Instituto de Antropología e Historia ( IDAEH ) , the Guatemalan Institute of Anthropology and History ) , the University of San Carlos of Guatemala ( USAC ) and the local communities of San José and Nuevo San José . The park covers an area of approximately 2 @.@ 2 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 85 sq mi ) . = = Emblem glyph = = Maya cities and kingdoms in the Classic Period were identified in hieroglyphic texts by a distinctive emblem glyph ; they are essentially royal titles composed of three distinct parts - the glyphs representing k 'uhul and ajau ( meaning " divine " and " lord " ) followed by the name of the polity this person ruled over . The decipherment of emblem glyphs was crucial to the interpreting the political makeup of Classic Period Maya civilization . The emblem glyph of Motul de San José contains the main sign ik , " breath " or " wind " . It is found on monuments and ceramics from the 8th and 9th centuries . A vessel bearing this emblem and depicting king Lamaw Ek ' was found as far away as Altar de Sacrificios . Analysis has revealed that it was manufactured in Motul de San José , indicating some form of interaction between these distant sites . = = Economy = = The majority of basic natural resources were readily available in the immediate vecinity of the city , with local soils being suitable for the production of maize and mixed crops to support the local populace . The subsidiary site of La Trinidad de Nosotros , located on the shore of Lake Petén Itzá some 2 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) southeast of the site core , appears to have been an important port for the import and export of goods to and from Motul de San José . Food resources not available in the immediate vicinity of the city were probably provided by the satellite sites dispersed at some distance from the site core , and La Trinidad is likely to have played an important part in supplying exotic goods to the city as well as freshwater foodstuffs such as crocodiles , fish and turtles . Chert nodules were locally available from the first ridges to the north of the lake . A chert workshop has been discovered in the northern sector of Motul de San José . Ceramic figurines were produced in the Acropolis palace complex in Group C and also in a medium @-@ sized palace complex in Group B , an elite plaza in Group E and also in two elite plazas in the northern part of the site . The small satellite site of Chak Maman Tok ' several kilometers to the southwest of Motul de San José , appears to have been an important centre for the production of chert tools , with only a few other centres within the Maya lowlands manufacturing chert on such a scale . Although very small , Chak Maman Tok ' probably played a major part within the economy of the Motul de San José polity . Differences in architectural style between elite residential complexes and in the activities carried out at them suggest that the aristocracy of Motul de San José was divided into several distinct classes , including the royal family resident in Group C , royal courtiers and low to middle rank nobles . The Kantetul River , although now seasonal , is reported to have been a navigable water channel until relatively recently . During the height of Motul de San José 's power , it may have provided an important link to the San Pedro River , a significant trade route in ancient times . = = Ik style ceramics = = Motul de San José is possibly the source of the so @-@ called " Ik @-@ style " painted polychrome ceramics , a theory that has recently received additional support from archaeological excavations at the site . These ceramic vessels , including finely painted plates and cylindrical vessels , were first associated with the then @-@ unidentified site of Ik in the 1970s by the Emblem Glyph included in the hieroglyphic texts on them . The confirmation of Motul de San José as Ik came from investigations carried out from 1998 to 2004 . Chemical analysis of Ik @-@ style ceramics have revealed that they were not only produced in workshops in Motul itself but also in satellite sites in the vicinity . The Ik @-@ style ceramic corpus includes a set of features such as hieroglyphs painted in a pink or pale red colour and scenes with dancers wearing masks . One of the most distinctive features is the realistic representation of subjects as they appeared in life , something that is very rare in Mesoamerican art . The corpus is represented by more than 30 intact vessels , the majority of unknown provenance , which have been compared to ceramic fragments recovered from Motul de San José and its satellite sites . The subject matter of the vessels includes courtly life from the Petén region in the 8th century AD , such as diplomatic representations , feasting , bloodletting , scenes of warriors and the sacrifice of prisoners of war . The variations in artistic style and chemical composition of the Ik @-@ style ceramics suggests that they were produced in a number of workshops local to the Motul de San José area . They have been subdivided into five types , four from Motul de San José itself and one from one of its satellite sites . There are also various lower @-@ quality examples that are presumed to have been manufactured in sites of lesser importance within the Motul de San José polity . The Ik @-@ style ceramics are believed to have been produced in the period from 740 – 800 AD . In spite of differences , all the Ik @-@ style ceramics are thought to have been made within a network of allied workshops dedicated to producing vessels for use in the banquets of the aristocracy of Motul de San José and of the petty nobility of the capital 's satellites . The ceramics were distributed widely in the Maya region as gifts in order to seal alliances between the elites of various Maya kingdoms . Of particular note is that chemical analysis of ceramic fragments has revealed that the very same workshops not only produced the highest @-@ quality Ik @-@ style polychrome ceramics but also general low @-@ quality ceramics for household use . High quality Ik @-@ style ceramics made at Motul de San José have been excavated from across the Maya region , including Tikal and Uaxactún to the northeast of the city , Copán far to the south , and Altar de Sacrificios , Tamarindito and Seibal , in western Petén . A particularly rare feature found on Motul de San José ceramics is the so @-@ called X @-@ ray style , showing a figure wearing a mask but also portraying his face underneath it . All the other representations using this rare style are depicted on Late Classic sculptures at sites with which it is known that Motul de San José had contact at this time , including Dos Pilas , Machaquila , Tikal and Yaxchilan . This X @-@ ray style has been found on at least nine painted vessels from Motul de San José and is also used on the west side of Stela 2 . = = Occupation and diet = = Motul de San José was occupied from the Middle Preclassic right through to the Early Postclassic . However , the height of the city 's occupation was the Late Classic . Settlement density averages 250 structures per square kilometer ( 650 structures per square mile ) in the site 's monumental core , 125 structures per square kilometer ( 325 structures per square mile ) in the city 's suburban area and 79 structures per square kilometer ( 205 structures per square mile ) in the site 's periphery . Motul de San José 's likely resource catchment zone probably extended between 5 and 7 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 and 4 @.@ 3 mi ) around the site core and included a number of satellite sites including Kantetul , La Trinidad de Nosotros , Akte , Buena Vista , Chachaklum and Chakokot . This region also includes two major water sources in the form of Lake Péten Itzá to the south and the Kantetul river 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) to the north . The area around the city included a variety of soils suitable for agriculture , with 20 % of this being very fertile soil highly suited to agriculture , just over 50 % of the area was very fertile but required high maintenance ( consisting of either fertilization or crop rotation ) and 14 % being low fertility soil consisting of lowland clay and suitable only for maize or being left unfarmed . Soil analysis has revealed that maize was not only grown in peripheral areas but also close to residential areas throughout Motul de San José . Archaeological investigations have revealed that the diet of the inhabitants of Motul de San José included dogs ( Canis familiaris ) , turtles including Pond Sliders ( Trachemys scripta ) and Mesoamerican River Turtles ( Dermatemys mawii ) , freshwater snails ( mostly Pomacea flagellata but also Jute snails ( Pachychilus spp . ) ) , White @-@ tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) , Red Brocket ( Mazama americana , a species of small deer ) , White @-@ lipped Peccary ( Tayassu pecari ) , rabbits ( Sylvilagus spp . ) , Lowland Pacas ( Cuniculus paca ) , Central American Agouti ( Dasyprocta punctata ) and Nine @-@ banded Armadillos ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) . Only the dog had been domesticated by the Late Classic Maya so the majority of protein in the diet of the inhabitants came from hunting and fishing within the catchment area around the city . The most common food animals were the white @-@ tailed deer , river clam and river turtle . Some animal remains were recovered that were clearly associated with elite status occupation , such as those of the jaguar , the ocelot or other small feline and the crocodile ( crocodilus spp . ) . These latter three appear more related to ritual and economic activity than nutritional needs . Freshwater snails were more an ingredient in the diet of lower status families while deer remains were associated with the elite residents of the city . Among Motul de San José and its most important satellite La Trinidad de Nosotros , the majority of remains from Trinidad were from aquatic species , while at Motul de San José the majority were from terrestrial species . 10 % of animal remains from Motul had been modified to form artefacts , compared with only 4 % of animal remains at Trinidad . Artefact remains found at La Trinidad de Nosotros were more likely to be waste products from artefact manufacture while at Motul de San José they were more likely to be artefacts at the end of their usable life . Aquatic animal products arriving at Motul de San José were far more likely to be consumed by the elite than by commoners , whether used as food or to craft artefacts . = = History = = = = = Preclassic Period = = = = = = = Middle Preclassic = = = = Motul de San José was first settled between 600 and 300 BC , in the latter portion of the Middle Preclassic period , when it was probably a fairly small site . At this time some of its satellite sites were also settled , including La Trinidad de Nosotros and Buena Vista , both of which would have been small villages at this time , and they may have been settled even earlier in the Middle Preclassic , between 800 and 600 BC . = = = = Late Preclassic = = = = Although investigation of Preclassic remains is difficult at Motul de San José due to the overlying Late Classic construction , it is evident that the site experienced major growth during the Late Preclassic ( 300 BC – AD 300 ) and became a sizeable centre . At roughly the same time , most of the major structures were built at Akte , and Chakokot experienced its earliest occupation during the Late Preclassic . In contrast , Buena Vista appears to have been lightly occupied . La Trinidad de Nosotros also underwent major expansion in the Late Preclassic and became larger and more important than Motul de San José , with its architectural layout being finalised in this period – later Classic period construction was superimposed upon pre @-@ existing Late Preclassic structures . = = = Classic Period = = = Although Motul de San José had begun to refer to Tikal as its overlord in the late 4th century , by the 7th century various hieroglyphic texts mention that it was under the dominion of Calakmul , Tikal 's greatest enemy , before again coming under the power of Tikal in the early 8th century . = = = = Early Classic = = = = Early Classic ceramic finds are scarce at Motul de San José and those that have been found were a minor component in mixed fill deposits . This suggests that Motul de San José was largely abandoned in the Early Classic . The best examples of Early Classic pottery come from outside of Motul de San José itself , with several complete ceramic vessels being recovered during the construction of a modern language school in Trinidad de Nosotros and some fragments of Early Classic pottery being retrieved from a looted chultun at Wakutal . In the late 4th century Motul de San José began to refer to Tikal as its overlord . = = = = Late Classic = = = = Motul de San José experienced its second major peak in occupation during the Late Classic period , between AD 600 and AD 830 . Most of the major architecture at the site was built during this surge in activity and the city reached its maximum size . Motul de San José became one of the three most important cities around Lake Petén Itzá and was approximately the same size as Tayasal , while it was slightly smaller than Nixtun Ch 'ich ' . There was renewed growth in the city 's satellite sites , Chakokot reached its peak population and most of its residential complexes were built in the Late Classic . Buena Vista experienced only light occupation at this time . Major construction work took place at Akte including the building of the principal platform and its causeway . It also appears that the rulers of Akte erected several stelae . La Trinidad de Nosotros took on its final form and most of its major architecture was built at this time including the Mesoamerican ballcourt , the major residential complexes , four plazas and the port facilities . In the 8th century AD the city had important relationships with Maya cities to the southwest , especially in the Petexbatún region , and on the Pasión and Usumacinta rivers , including Seibal ( on the Pasión ) , Altar de Sacrificios ( near where the Pasión becomes the Usumacinta ) , and Dos Pilas , Aguateca , Tamarindito , Arroyo de Piedra and Cueva de Sangre ( all five in the Petexbatún region ) . It is possible that the widespread distribution of Ik @-@ style ceramics in elite tombs at sites in the Petexbatún region may be linked to the military defeat of Motul de San José by Dos Pilas , with these high quality ceramics forming a part of the tribute payment made to the Petexbatún kingdom . After its defeat at the hands of the Petexbatún kingdom , Motul de San José no longer erected sculpted stelae but the history of the site continued to be recorded to a certain extent in texts on Ik @-@ style ceramics . = = = = = Politics = = = = = In the Late Classic period Motul de San José was located between two mutually hostile powers , the great city of Tikal to the north and the breakaway kingdom of Petexbatún to the southwest , which had become a vassal of Tikal 's implacable enemy Calakmul . In Mesoamerica , such border states as Motul de San José became centres of political activity as they tried to manipulate the shifting political fortunes of their neighbours to their own advantage . This seems to be the case at Motul de San José with its rich ceramic tradition being a testament to the politically motivated banqueting that took place in the city . In the 8th century , although Motul de San José was the capital of the Ik polity , the aristocracy of its satellite sites wielded great power and were able to challenge their own position within the political hierarchy of the state while remaining subordinate to the ruling lord of the capital city . During the 7th century AD , Motul de San José is recorded in hieroglyphic inscriptions as being a vassal of Calakmul . By the early 8th century the city had switched its allegiance to Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I , king of Tikal , then falling under the power of Petexbatún , itself a vassal of Calakmul , in the middle of the 8th century , before once again switching its allegiance to Tikal . In 711 , Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I , Lord of Tikal , was recorded as overlord of Motul , perhaps reflecting Tikal 's traditional overlordship of the city . In spite of these shifting alliances , Motul de San José acted with a degree of independence and was a powerful kingdom in the 8th century AD , with its ruler using the kaloomte title given to high kings . The city 's rulers became very successful on the political scene in the wider Maya region , with the use of politically motivated feasting , war , economics and political marriages . There is a glyphic record that sometime before 731 a lord of Motul was captured by a lord ( Ruler B ) of Machaquilá . In 740 , Machaquila attacked Motul de San José . Hieroglyphic Stairway 3 at Dos Pilas records that in 745 a lord of Motul was captured by K 'awiil Chan K 'inich of Dos Pilas . In the middle of the 8th century AD , Motul de San José was closely allied with the important city of Yaxchilan on the Usumacinta River , as demonstrated by the fact that the king of Yaxchilan Yaxun B 'alam IV ( " Bird Jaguar IV " ) who ruled from 752 to 768 , took two wives from Motul de San José . They are named in inscriptions at Yaxchilan as Lady Wak Tuun and Lady Wak Jalam Chan Ajaw . Lady Wak Jalam Chan Ajaw is shown preparing her husband for a battle that took place in 755 on Yaxchilan Lintel 41 , now in the British Museum in London . In fact , the alliance with Yaxchilan may date further back to the early 8th century since Yaxchilan Lintel 25 ( dedicated in AD 723 ) used the so @-@ called X @-@ ray style of imagery that is closely associated with the Motul de San José polity . However , relations with Yaxchilan were not always peaceful and Hieroglyphic Stairway 5 at Yaxchilan records that Itzamnaaj B 'alam III of Yaxchilan defeated the lord of Motul some time in the latter part of the 8th century . = = = = = Known rulers = = = = = All dates A.D. An Ik @-@ style vessel possesses a hieroglyphic text declaring that it was the property of Chuy @-@ ti Chan , the son of Sak Muwaan , divine lord of Motul de San Jose who ruled between AD 700 and 726 . Chuy @-@ ti Chan is described as an artist and ballplayer and appears to have been appointed as an ambassador to the site known as Maan . Two rulers feature prominently on Ik @-@ style ceramics , they are named as Yajawte ' K 'inich and Lamaw Ek ' . Lamaw Ek ' appears to have ruled directly after Yajawte ' K 'inich but was not his son , on one vessel his father is given the title k 'uhul Ik 'nal , a " divine noble of Motul de San José " but not the king ( whose title is k 'uhul ajaw or " divine lord " ) . Each of these two rulers had his own dedicated master painter . The artist of Yajawte ' K 'inich is named on the ceramics as T 'uubal Ajaw , Lord of T 'uubal . This latter site , T 'uubal , is thought to be located in Petén somewhere between Tikal and Naranjo . Yajawte ' K 'inich is depicted on one Ik @-@ style vessel wearing a mask and dancing , he is also depicted on Stelae 2 and 6 in the site core . Yajawte ' K 'inich is recorded on one vessel as possibly having died in AD 755 . The name of the painter who produced the ceramic vessels for Lamaw Ek ' is only partially deciphered , as well as painting the vessel that possibly records the death of Yajawte ' K 'inich , he also painted a vessel recording the death of Lamaw Ek ' as having taken place in AD 779 . = = = = Terminal Classic = = = = Motul de San José underwent a major decline in population at the end of the Classic Period , between AD 830 and AD 1000 , and construction also suffered . Terminal Classic ceramics are common but limited to the major centres of Motul de San José itself and its principal satellite La Trinidad de Nosotros . Although it declined , construction did not halt . Occupation at Group D in the site core continued while Late Classic structures at La Trinidad de Nosotros were modified in the Terminal Classic . There is little evidence for Terminal Classic occupation at the smaller satellite sites . An inscription dating to AD 830 mentions the last known ruler of Machaquilá , which may be evidence of a long @-@ standing relationship between the two sites . If this is the case , then Machaquilá appears to have been the dominant city out of the two . Seibal Stela 10 , dating to roughly 849 AD ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
has an inscription naming Kan Ek ' as ruler of Motul de San José , which is recorded as being one of the four paramount polities in the mid @-@ 9th century ( ca . 849 ) , along with Calakmul , Tikal and Seibal itself . = = = = = Itza migration = = = = = It has been suggested that Itza Maya from Motul de San José began the northward migration of Maya peoples to the Yucatán Peninsula at the end of the Classic Period . Classic period stelae at the site refer to the King of the Itzá , demonstrating that the Itza were already in the Petén region at this time . The nearby village of San José , on the shore of Lake Petén Itzá , is one of the last Itzá communities in Petén . = = = Postclassic Period = = = The full extent of occupation and activity in the Motul de San José area is not well understood for the Postclassic Period . It is known that there was a moderate occupation of the area during the Early Postclassic period , between AD 1000 and AD 1250 . Early Postclassic construction and ceramics have been identified at Motul de San José and all of its satellite sites , but construction was small scale and distribution of pottery was limited . La Trinidad de Nosotros was apparently a small village at this time and has produced some of the best examples of Early Postclassic ceramics . There is little evidence of occupation in the Motul de San José area during the Late Postclassic , from AD 1250 to AD 1697 . It is possible that La Trinidad de Nosotros was Xililchi , a settlement visited by conquistador Martín de Ursúa after the fall of the Itza capital Noj Petén to the Spanish in 1697 , but no Late Postclassic remains have yet been identified by archaeologists . = = = Modern history = = = It is likely that the satellite site of Akte was the ruin that Spanish friar Andrés de Avendaño referred to as Tanxulukmul in early 1695 . Teoberto Maler visited Motul de San José in May 1895 , and described one of the stelae in his report Explorations in the Department of Peten , Guatemala , published by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of Harvard University in 1910 . Ian Graham and Arlen Chase have separately mapped portions of the site core . Before the establishment of the Motul Ecological Park , the site was used for agriculture , specifically the cultivation of maize . The site has been damaged several times by wildfires caused by uncontrolled stubble burning in 1986 , 1987 and again in 1998 . This last fire badly damaged the stelae in the site core . In 1998 , the mayor of San José oversaw the improvement of the road to Motul de San José , which involved surfacing the road with gravel and opened the archaeological site to easier access , resulting in increased tourism at the site . The Proyecto Arqueológico Motul de San José ( Motul de San José Archaeological Project ) has been investigating Motul de San José and its satellites from 1998 to 2008 , under the direction of Antonia Foias of Williams College and Kitty Emery of the Florida Museum of Natural History . The core of the satellite site of Akte was mapped in 2002 and Trinidad de Nosotros was investigated by the project in 2003 . = = Site description = = Around 230 structures have been mapped in an area covering 2 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 77 sq mi ) , however , the total area occupied by the city was probably much greater than this . The total size of Motul de San José is estimated at 4 @.@ 18 square kilometres ( 1 @.@ 61 sq mi ) , with only about a third of this having been mapped . The ceremonial centre of the city covers an area of 0 @.@ 4 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 15 sq mi ) , an area which encompasses more than 144 structures including a sizeable palace , 6 stelae , 33 plazas of widely differing sizes , and various temples and elite residential areas . Further residential areas of the city cover an additional 1 @.@ 2 square kilometres ( 13 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , which includes both elite and commoner residences , with outlying settlements located for several kilometers to the north and east , with one residential group associated with agricultural terraces being situated 2 km to the north of the site . In total , 33 plaza groups have been mapped at Motul de San José . By 2003 , around 1 @,@ 800 fragments of figurines had been excavated from the site , its periphery and its satellites , with 239 of these being either heads or complete figurines . The site can be generally divided into three broad areas , the site core , a North Zone and an East Zone . The North Zone is separated from the site core by a wide depression containing clay soil that may have served as a reservoir for the city . Several quarries have been identified on the northern and southern edges of this depression . The major architecture can be divided into five groups , labelled A to E. Each of these groups has at least one pyramid and various palace type structures . The major residential complexes of the site are found in Groups A , B and D , not including the royal palace in Group C. The major architectural groups are divided by lower lying areas that may have been used for intensive agriculture . The urban area of the site extends for 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) around the site core , with this area having been continuously occupied with a full range of structures from elite down to commoner in status . Two distinct architectural styles date to the last period of the site 's occupation in the Late Classic . One uses well @-@ carved stone blocks for construction and is possibly earlier than the second style , which is believed to date to the Terminal Classic and uses thin , flat stones . = = = Architectural groups = = = = = = = Group A = = = = Group A is the largest group west of the site core . The group includes a 5 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 18 ft ) tall pyramid , severely damaged by looters ' pits , with one in the summit and one each on the north , east , south and west sides . IDAEH has since refilled all five pits . Six large rectangular palace @-@ type structures are situated to the west of this pyramid , measuring up to 5 metres ( 16 ft ) high . A plaza is formed in Group A by the pyramid on the east side and a palace on the west side , accessed from the plaza via a stairway . Southeast of the palace is another plaza surrounded on three sides by palace @-@ type structures . = = = = Group B = = = = Group B includes a 7 @.@ 7 @-@ metre ( 25 ft ) high pyramid located about 90 metres ( 300 ft ) south of a palace complex laid out around two small plazas . The main complex in Group B closely resembles a complex at Dos Pilas in the Petexbatún region . The pyramid has been looted , with the looters ' pits having been refilled by IDAEH . The highest structure in the palace complex measures 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) high and is on the south side of the west plaza , its stairways stylistically resemble stairways from the Petexbatún . The palace complex has been looted , with one of the smaller structures around the east plaza having been completely destroyed . A low wall runs north for 120 metres ( 390 ft ) from the northeast corner of the east plaza , it measures between 0 @.@ 3 and 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 12 and 20 in ) high and 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 20 in ) wide . The wall ends in a platform supporting several structures , it may have divided different parts of the site or marked the edge of an avenue . To the north of Group B are several smaller groups of structures . They consist of residential complexes laid out around small plazas and their occupation was limited purely to the Late Classic period . Stela 2 is situated on a low platform to the west of the main pyramid . = = = = Group C = = = = Group C is the principal group at Motul de San José . It includes the Main Plaza , which is surrounded by pyramids and palaces . The tallest pyramid is 20 metres ( 66 ft ) high . The three largest pyramids in Group C belong to the architectural style possibly dating to the Terminal Classic , being built of thin , flat stones . Excavations have revealed that Group C was occupied from around 300 BC , in the Late Preclassic . The Main Plaza in Group C measures approximately 100 by 200 metres ( 330 by 660 ft ) and is bordered by the Acropolis on the north and west sides , twin pyramids on the east side and the South Pyramid on the south side . It is the largest plaza at Motul de San José , encompassing an area greater than 11 @,@ 000 square metres ( 120 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . There are five stelae in the plaza commemorating Classic Period rulers , they have all been badly damaged by bushfires . On the west side of the plaza is a lower pyramid , measuring 7 @.@ 8 metres ( 26 ft ) high , that has been damaged by looters . A badly eroded stela was found close to this pyramid , another stela was erected in front of the South Pyramid . All three of the principal pyramids in Group C still support the remains of their summit shrines , possibly even with parts of their roofs and roof combs . The construction of these remaining structures consists of the thin , flat stones associated with the Terminal Classic occupation of the site . The Twin Temples were both built on the same platform on the east side of the Main Plaza and have heights of 17 metres ( 56 ft ) and 18 metres ( 59 ft ) , three stelae ( Stelae 3 , 4 and 5 ) were erected in front of them in a north @-@ south line . The south pyramid of the two has been somewhat damaged by looters . Both of these pyramids probably originally supported roof combs and were accessed by twin stairways rising from the plaza to the west . The Acropolis is a palace complex laid out around six small plazas , which it completely encloses , and forms the north side of the Main Plaza . It is a massive architectural complex covering an area of more than 83 @,@ 000 square metres ( 890 @,@ 000 sq ft ) and is likely to have been the palace of the royal family . Two structures lying immediately to the south of the central plaza within the complex itself measure as high as 10 @.@ 8 metres ( 35 ft ) and 8 @.@ 7 metres ( 29 ft ) respectively . Investigations at the northern extreme of the Acropolis uncovered a piece of a plate dated to the Terminal Classic period . Excavations in the northwestern portion of the Acropolis have revealed a series of stucco floors and large amounts of ceramic remains , as well as fragments of worked stone , obsidian , bone and shell . Among the artefacts recovered were three polychrome vessels , two tripod vessels , a flute and a drum . Ceramic remains dated to the Late Classic have been found in all levels of the Acropolis . One of the ceramic vessels excavated from the acropolis was in a style associated with Tikal . Investigations behind the west structure of the northwest plaza in the Acropolis recovered fill that included ceramic fragments dating as far back as the Late Preclassic and Early Classic . The South Pyramid is the highest structure at the site , measuring 20 metres ( 66 ft ) tall . As its name suggests , it forms the south side of the Main Plaza . Excavations on the north ( plaza ) side of this temple uncovered Stela 6 . = = = = Group D = = = = Group D is an elaborate residential complex located to the north of the twin pyramids in Group C and northeast of the Acropolis , like the other groups it consists of various structures laid out around a plaza . The group includes two palaces , including one on the west side of the plaza that has been badly damaged by looters . A 5 @-@ metre ( 16 ft ) pyramid is situated on the east side of the Group D plaza . A looters ' trench that was cut into the pyramid revealed earlier levels of construction consisting of well made stone blocks , archaeological investigation of the looters ' tunnel revealed that the looters had probably plundered a high @-@ ranking noble , or royal , tomb . Items recovered from the looted tomb included polychrome ceramic fragments , 10 pieces of jade beads , 77 pieces of shell beads , 20 jade mosaic fragments , 145 shell mosaic fragments , 98 pyrite mosaic fragments , a shell necklace and a stingray spine . The human bones in the tomb had been painted red . The presence of the royal tomb suggests either that the palaces in Group D were royal residences or those of the priesthood dedicated to the rituals of the dead king . The occupation of Group D dates as far back as the Middle Preclassic period . Group D was occupied as late as the Terminal Classic , when a termination ritual was apparently performed , after which the northern building of the group was abandoned . The ritual included scattering a large amount of rubbish in front of the south entrance to the building and then possibly burning the building itself . The rubbish is presumed to have come from the area of Group D itself and included some items associated with weaving and the manufacture of paper . The south structure in Group D had a patio with two circular columns , an architectural style that is characteristic of the Terminal Classic period . = = = = Group E = = = = Group E is the second largest group at Motul de San José , after Group C. It is situated to the west of Groups C and D. The group includes two pyramids , measuring 7 metres ( 23 ft ) and 4 metres ( 13 ft ) high , both have been looted and the taller pyramid being located north of the smaller pyramid . Residential groups lie to the south and east of the pyramids , they are made up of three to four rectangular structures laid out around small central plazas , the structures are all less than 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) high . Two palaces investigated in Group E are architecturally quite different from the palaces in Groups C and D. A notable feature is that their doors possess projecting corners . The western structure has a vaulted room with a central bench and also a cross @-@ shaped exterior bench , the walls of the structure still stand 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) high . The north structure 's walls stand 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) high and its western room had been divided in two by the placement of vertical stone slabs . This north structure did not possess any interior benches . It may be that the different architectural styles of Group E and the other main groups at Motul de San José result from their association with different lineages , each with its own style . Group E is distinguished by a 200 @-@ metre ( 660 ft ) long avenue , known as the North South Avenue , with residential groups on the east side . On the west side the avenue is bordered by a 1 @-@ metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) high wall . The northern end of the avenue terminates at a small temple while the south ends at Plaza B. = = = Stelae = = = Six stelae are known from Motul de San José , all were found in Group C , with five of them being located in the Main Plaza . Stela 1 , dating to the 8th century AD , contains the first known mention anywhere of the phrase Itza Chul Ahau ( " Divine Lord of the Itza " ) . It is situated on the west side of the Main Plaza in Group C and has the most well preserved hieroglyphic text at the site . The text describes the accession to the throne of a local lord under the supervision of Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I of Tikal . Stela 1 also provides the best evidence yet found identifying Motul de San José as the Late Classic Ik polity . Stela 2 is situated some distance to the west of the Main Plaza in Group C , in Plaza B , in front of a small temple . This stela was photographed by Teoberto Maler in the first decade of the 20th century . The stela depicts king Yajawte ' K 'inich , it shows dancing figures on its east face . On its west face it depicts a figure sculpted using the so @-@ called X @-@ ray style found on Ik @-@ style ceramics , which depicts the face in profile wearing a mask that has been cut away to show the face underneath . Stela 3 is located on the east side of the Main Plaza in Group C , north of Stela 4 . Stela 4 is situated on the east side of the Main Plaza in Group C , near the Twin Temples , just south of Stela 3 and north of Stela 5 . The stela shows king Yajawte ' K 'inich performing a dance , with one foot raised . Stela 5 is also located on the east side of the Main Plaza , just south of Stela 4 . Stela 6 is located on the south side of the Main Plaza in Group C , just north of the South Pyramid . It was discovered in 1988 and had been broken into many pieces , although the base of the stela was still in situ . Two other large fragments were lying on the surface and more than 100 smaller fragments were collected . The stela appears to have shattered when it fell , some time after Motul de San José had been abandoned . The north and south faces of the stela bore sculpted designs , the remaining butt of the stela has the left foot of a human figure worked in profile on the south side . The sculpture on the north side has been pieced together in part and appears to have shown the figure of a ruler of the city dressed in rich clothing and regalia . The figure was positioned performing a dance , with one foot half lifted off the ground . In his right hand the ruler held a God K sceptre . The prelimanry reconstruction of the sculpture indicates that the figure of the king measured between 2 @.@ 5 and 3 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 and 9 @.@ 8 ft ) high . Stela 6 is very similar to Stela 1 from Dos Pilas with both depicting the ruler in an identical position . The stela appears to have been a relatively late addition to the plaza and dates to the Late Postclassic period . = = Satellite sites = = There are a number of smaller satellite sites located around Motul de San José : = = = Akte = = = Akte is situated 7 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 4 mi ) northwest of Motul de San José and is known for its sculptured monuments . The centre of Akte covers an area of 35 hectares ( 0 @.@ 14 sq mi ) and includes 32 structures on a 40 @-@ metre ( 130 ft ) high artificially landscaped hill , with a number of other structures scattered through the surrounding area . The hill supporting the site core overlooks the rivers Akte and Kantetul . The main periods of occupation date to the Late Preclassic and Late Classic with further occupation in the Terminal Classic and Early Postclassic . The overall area of Akte is probably larger than that of Trinidad de Nosotros , covering a 2 to 3 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 77 to 1 @.@ 16 sq mi ) area , but this includes less structures than at Trinidad , with small residential groups widely scattered on hilltops around the site core . The main residential complex at Akte rests upon a 3 to 5 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 to 16 @.@ 4 ft ) platform and contains three patios , with other residential groups clustered around the east , south and west side of the platform 's base . A small temple is located on the east side of the north patio . Akte may have served as a rural administrative centre or perhaps as a royal estate of the Motul de San José elite . Seven sculpted monuments have been found at Akte , an unusual number for such a small site . If these monuments were originally erected at Akte , then this may mean that the site was actually outside of the Motul de San José polity . Archaeological investigations of the stelae carried out in 2003 were unable to determine if the monuments had been moved to Akte or not . Stela 1 is the best preserved monument at Akte . It is badly eroded and can be dated by a damaged Long Count date inscribed on the back , which dates it to the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 8th . The front of the stela bears the representation of a standing " divine lord " with attributes typical of the Late Classic . Stela 2 is badly damaged , being broken into a number of fragments . Stela 3 had a cache of 44 pieces of obsidian buried near its base . = = = Buena Vista = = = Buena Vista lies 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) to the southwest of the site core and 0 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) from the northwest shore of Lake Petén Itzá . 13 structures have been mapped , situated around a small plaza , with a small temple on the east side . The site is located on a hilltop and was once much larger but has been partially covered by the modern development of Nuevo San José . Structures 4 and 8 have been investigated , revealing that Buena Vista was probably occupied from the Middle Preclassic through to the Late Classic , with a much reduced population in the Early Postclassic . The site was surveyed in 2000 and preliminary excavations took place in 2001 . The main pyramids of Motul de San José are visible from Buena Vista , as is a large part of the lake . Buena Vista has fairly good soil and the surviving portions of the site are currently used for milpa cultivation . The earliest ceramic evidence excavated at Buena Vista dates to the very end of the Early Preclassic period , indicating that the site was initially settled at the transition between the Early and Middle Preclassic periods . The long occupational history of Buena Vista may be linked to its proximity to chert @-@ rich hills . Excavations have revealed evidence of chert workshops dedicated to the production of tools , together with dumps of waste flakes . Buena Vista features an early architectural style that differs from that at Motul de San José , consisting of platforms built from unworked stone , with wide front stairways and probably without superstructures . They were built in the Middle to Late Preclassic periods and then reused in the Late Classic . The differences in style between Buena Vista and Motul probably results from differing epochs of construction . Group A is arranged around the main plaza . Group B is located a little to the southeast , and contains structures 11 to 14 . Structure 1 is the East Pyramid , it is located on the hillside a short distance from the rest of the mounds . It was a 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) high Late Classic funerary structure containing a looted tomb . From the summit of this temple both Lake Petén Itzá and the Twin Temples of Group C at Motul de San José are visible . Structure 4 is the North Structure . It dates to the Late Classic but overlies construction dating to the Middle Preclassic . A stairway ascended the front of the building , under which were found the remains of Late Classic polychrome ceramics , perhaps belonging to a pre @-@ construction ritual offering . The stucco floors on top of the mound supported asymmetric walls that perhaps date to the Postclassic Period , being associated with a mix of Late Classic and Postclassic pottery . Structures 7 , 8 and 9 were long , low rectangular platforms . They measure 15 metres ( 49 ft ) long by 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 11 ft ) wide and 0 @.@ 6 metres ( 2 @.@ 0 ft ) high . They had perishable roofs and date to the Late Classic , although Structures 7 and 8 may overlie Middle Preclassic remains . = = = Chachaklum = = = Chachaklum ( also spelt Chächäklu 'um ) is situated 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) east of the site core and may also have formed a part of the Motul de San José polity . It is a large site covering over 2 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 77 sq mi ) , an area that includes over 141 structures . Chachaklum includes a small ceremonial centre where a possible E @-@ Group has been identified . The site is located in an area of savanna with poor soils considered unsuitable for the growing of maize , somewhat at odds with the settlement density of the site . The contrast between the settlement density and poor soils has highlighted the need for further research into Maya agriculture in a savanna environment . Chachaklum was a relatively large site of secondary rank within the Motul de San José polity . Chachaklum 's principal phase of occupation appears to date to the Terminal Classic period , during the 10th and 11th centuries AD . However , the site possesses massive basal platforms and these , together with the presence of the E @-@ Group , suggests a longer occupational period than was immediately evident from the first excavations of the site . Further investigations have revealed a long occupational history beginning in the Late Preclassic period and continuing right through to the Late Classic . = = = Chak Maman Tok ' ( La Estrella ) = = = Chak Maman Tok ' is a very small site located 3 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) southwest of Motul de San José and about 0 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) from Buena Vista . The site includes a small number of mounds spread along the hillside overlooking Lake Petén Itzá . The site was investigated by archaeologists in 2005 and 2006 . Although the site is very small , it seems to have been an important centre for the production of high @-@ quality chert tools , and one of the major manufacturers of chert tools in the Petén lowlands with considerable economic importance within the Motul de San José polity . The site has been severely damaged by modern construction with the chert deposits being reused as construction material . = = = Chakokot = = = Chakokot is located 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) to the east of the Main Plaza . It occupies an area of 16 hectares ( 0 @.@ 062 sq mi ) and consists of 59 structures widely dispersed around a small plaza upon the flat summit of a 40 @-@ metre ( 130 ft ) high hill . Principal occupation dates from the Late Preclassic and Late Classic periods . The soils at Chakokot are considered good for agriculture and maize was grown within the site itself . The area between Chakokot and Motul de San José is occupied by a bajo , or low @-@ lying seasonal swamp . The Plaza at Chakokot is small and covers an area of about 1 @,@ 200 square metres ( 13 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . On the north and east sides it is bordered by residential groups , a 3 @-@ metre ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) square platform is to the south and on the west by two low parallel structures measuring just 0 @.@ 50 metres ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) high . The largest structure at Chakokot is a 10 @-@ metre ( 33 ft ) tall temple to the east of a large residential area bordering the Plaza on the east side . Most of the residential areas at Chakokot possess one or more bottle @-@ shaped underground storage chambers , known as chultunob , with 14 having been found as of 2001 . Because of the thick vegetation at the site , investigators consider that there are probably more to be found . These chultunob were closed with disc @-@ shaped stone lids , many of which were found either still in place or close to the aperture of the chultun to which it belonged . The stone lids were without perforations so it is supposed that the chambers were used to store dry goods rather than water . = = = Kantetul = = = Kantetul is located 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) north of the site core . = = = Ox Ool = = = Ox Ool is located in the hill country a few kilometers south of Motul de San José , and has fertile soil for agriculture . = = = Tikalito = = = Tikalito is located in the hills a few kilometers north @-@ northwest of Motul de San José , and possesses rich soils for agriculture . = = = La Trinidad de Nosotros = = = La Trinidad is known as Sik 'u ' in the Itza language . It is located 2 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) southeast of Motul de San José on the northern shore of Lake Petén Itzá . The site is located at the closest point to Motul on the lake shore and it may have served as a Maya port . The site has more than 115 structures located in an area of 35 hectares ( 0 @.@ 14 sq mi ) , and the site may actually cover 55 hectares ( 0 @.@ 21 sq mi ) and contain about 150 structures . The site had a long occupational history stretching right through from the Middle Preclassic to the Early Postclassic , with two phases of greater activity in the Early Classic around AD 350 and in the Late Classic from AD 650 – 830 . The Terminal Classic occupation was largely limited to the lake shore but was fairly dense . The monumental architecture , port and the ballcourt all identify La Trinidad de Nosotros as an important secondary centre within the Motul de San José polity . Additionally , the site was situated close to a source of chert and probably manufactured chert tools . La Trinidad de Nosotros has been tentatively identified as Xililchi , a settlement visited by conquistador Martín de Ursúa after Spanish Conquest of the Itza capital Noj Petén in 1697 , but no Late Postclassic remains have yet been securely identified . The site is divided into two areas . The site core is located on a hill 40 metres ( 130 ft ) above the lake and with a good view across it . The second area is spread along the lake shore and the hillside leading to the site core . The site core has at least 80 structures arranged around five plazas . The majority of the structures are residential in nature but La Trinidad has an unusual amount of ceremonial architecture for such a small site . La Trinidad seems to have been an important port for the import and export of goods to and from Motul de San José . Group C is the main residential complex of the site , it has a small shrine at the eastern end . La Trinidad de Nosotros has five main plazas within its site core , labelled I through to V. All of them were resurfaced multiple times between the Late Preclassic and Late Classic . The combined surface areas of the five plazas cover over 20 @,@ 000 square metres ( 220 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , with Plaza V making up about half of this , making it slightly smaller than the main plaza at Motul de San José itself . Structure A @-@ 1 is the main temple , it is a 12 @-@ metre ( 39 ft ) high radial pyramid . Structure C @-@ 1 is an elite residence . Structure E @-@ 1 may originally have been a circular building . Structure G @-@ 1 is a sub @-@ elite residence . The ballcourt is located in Group F. It is in the form of a T @-@ shape , with 25 @-@ metre ( 82 ft ) long sides , a closed northern end zone and a small temple adjoining the eastern side . The last phase of construction dates to the Late Classic . The ballcourt is similar in design to the ballcourt on the Main Plaza of Dos Pilas in the Petexbatún region . No ballcourt has been identified at the Motul de San José site itself , making the presence of one here of especial interest . Rich deposits were found associated with the ballcourt , including 21 @,@ 000 potsherds , 239 pieces of obsidian , 155 fragments of ceramic figurines and 84 stone tools . Group O is a small residential group to the west of Plaza V. Various structures have been identified in the area of the port , including retaining walls , a possible breakwater and a quay . The port appears to have been partially enclosed by an artificial peninsula . = Rhein @-@ class monitor = The Rhein class of ironclad riverine monitors ( Flußkanonenboote ) were a pair of ships built by the German Imperial Navy in the aftermath of the Franco @-@ Prussian War . The class comprised two ships , Rhein and Mosel ; both were built by the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen , in 1872 – 1874 . They were armed with a pair of 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) bronze cannon in a revolving gun turret . The ships were intended to protect the German border with France in the event of a conflict , but had short service lives , as war did not come . They served briefly in the defenses of Coblenz , starting in 1875 , before being withdraw from service . The two ships were sold for scrap , apparently in December 1884 . = = Design = = In the aftermath of the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 , the Imperial German Navy decided that it needed to build river gunboats for service on the Rhine and Moselle to defend the German border . This decision came despite the Navy having seen the French Navy 's negative experiences with similar gunboats during the war . The German Navy decided that two armored gunboats were necessary , and awarded the contract to AG Weser to design and build the vessels . The design staff based their work on a pair of Austro @-@ Hungarian monitors , Leitha and Maros , that had been recently built for service on the Danube . = = = Characteristics = = = Rhein and Mosel were 47 @.@ 85 meters ( 157 @.@ 0 ft ) long at the waterline and 49 @.@ 60 m ( 162 @.@ 7 ft ) long overall , and had a beam of 7 @.@ 85 m ( 25 @.@ 8 ft ) . At cruising load , the monitors had a forward draft of .70 m ( 2 ft 4 in ) , an aft draft of 1 @.@ 07 m ( 3 ft 6 in ) , and a maximum draft of 1 @.@ 60 m ( 5 ft 3 in ) . Freeboard was .60 m ( 2 ft 0 in ) forward and .75 m ( 2 ft 6 in ) aft . The ships were designed to partially flood for combat , which would submerge the hull so only the upper casemate and gun turret would be above water . This reduced the freeboard to .05 m ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) and .20 m ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) , respectively . The ships had a designed displacement of 200 metric tons ( 200 long tons ; 220 short tons ) , and at full load they displaced 283 t ( 279 long tons ; 312 short tons ) . The hulls were constructed with transverse iron frames . The ships had a crew of one officer and twenty @-@ two enlisted men , and both carried a single boat . The ships were powered by two horizontal 2 @-@ cylinder single @-@ expansion steam engines ; these drove a pair of 3 @-@ bladed screws .95 m ( 3 ft 1 in ) on diameter . The engines were placed in a single engine room . Two locomotive boilers with two fireboxes apiece supplied steam to the engines ; they were located in a separate boiler room . The engines were rated at 320 indicated horsepower ( 240 kW ) and a top speed of 6 @.@ 5 knots ( 12 @.@ 0 km / h ; 7 @.@ 5 mph ) . In service , they were capable of 48 nominal horsepower and 8 @.@ 25 kn ( 15 @.@ 28 km / h ; 9 @.@ 49 mph ) . The ships maneuvered slowly and turned poorly , especially steaming downstream . They did not handle well upstream either , particularly in turning against the current . Handling while the ships were flooded for combat was especially dangerous . The ships were each armed with a pair of 12 @-@ centimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) L / 19 bronze cannon manufactured by Krupp ; they were rifled , muzzle @-@ loading guns , mounted in a single revolving gun turret placed on an armored casemate amidships . The guns fired a 36 @-@ pound shot , and were supplied with 300 rounds of ammunition . The ships were protected with a combination of wrought iron armor and teak . The turret sides were armored with 55 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) of iron , backed with 150 to 200 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 to 7 @.@ 9 in ) of teak ; the roofs were 65 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) thick . The conning tower had 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick sides and a 16 mm ( 0 @.@ 63 in ) thick roof . The casemate was protected with 65 mm of armor plate on the sides . = = Service history = = The intention for Rhein and Mosel was to use them to defend the railway bridges on the Rhine in the event of a French war of revenge after the Franco @-@ Prussian War in 1870 – 1871 . The ships were both built at the AG Weser dockyard in Bremen , under construction numbers 23 and 24 , respectively . The Rhine Railway Company was compelled to contribute 300 @,@ 000 Thalers to the construction of the ships , as they were intended to defend the railway bridges the company used at Rheinhausen . Both ships were laid down in 1872 and launched later that year ; they were both commissioned into the Imperial Navy on 25 April 1874 . They spent the first year of their career at Rheinhausen , until 7 April 1875 , when they were transferred to the defenses of Coblenz . By the time the two monitors entered service , the prospect of a French attack had decreased , prompting the Navy to question the usefulness of retaining the vessels . As a result , they were quickly removed from service . The ultimate fate of the two ships is unclear ; according to naval historian Erich Gröner , both ships were sold for 3 @,@ 500 gold marks in December 1875 . Robert Gardiner , however , states that the ships remained , out of service , until 1884 , when they were sold for scrapping . The latter version would appear to be correct , as J.F. von Kronenfels published an elevation and deckplan of Rhein in 1881 , with the inference that Rhein and Mosel were still extant at that time . = Barmherziges Herze der ewigen Liebe , BWV 185 = Barmherziges Herze der ewigen Liebe ( Merciful heart of eternal love ) , BWV 185 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in Weimar for the fourth Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 14 July 1715 . Bach composed the cantata as concertmaster in Weimar , responsible for one church cantata per month . The text was written by the court poet Salomon Franck for the occasion and published in 1715 . He included as the closing choral the first stanza of Johannes Agricola 's hymn " Ich ruf zu dir , Herr Jesus Christ " . The cantata is structured in six movements begins with a duet , followed by a sequence of alternating arias and recitatives and closed by a four @-@ part chorale . It is scored for a small ensemble of four vocal parts , oboe , strings and continuo . Bach led the first performance in the court chapel of Schloss Weimar on 14 July 1715 . He performed the cantata again , with small instrumental revisions , at the beginning of his tenure as Thomaskantor in Leipzig , coupled with the new cantata Ein ungefärbt Gemüte , BWV 24 . = = History and words = = On 2 March 1714 Bach was appointed concertmaster of the Weimar court capelle of the co @-@ reigning dukes Wilhelm Ernst and Ernst August of Saxe @-@ Weimar . As concertmaster , he assumed the principal responsibility for composing new works , specifically cantatas for the Schlosskirche ( palace church ) , on a monthly schedule . He wrote this cantata for the Fourth Sunday after Trinity . The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Epistle to the Romans , " For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God " ( Romans 8 : 18 – 23 ) , and from the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Luke : the injunctions to " be merciful " , " judge not " ( Luke 6 : 36 – 42 ) . The cantata text was written by the court poet Salomon Franck for the occasion and published in 1715 in Evangelisches Andachts @-@ Opffer . Franck stayed close to the theme of the gospel , recalling the injunctions and the parables of the mote and the beam and the blind leading the blind . The last aria summarizes the admonitions as " Das ist der Christen Kunst " ( This is the Christians ' art ) . The cantata is closed by the first stanza of Johannes Agricola 's hymn " Ich ruf zu dir , Herr Jesus Christ " ( 1531 ) . Albert Schweitzer criticized the libretto as " bland , lesson @-@ like " . Bach first performed the cantata on 14 July 1715 . He dated it himself " 1715 " . When Bach performed the cantata again in Leipzig on 20 June 1723 , he transposed it from F @-@ sharp minor to G minor and made changes to the instrumentation . In that service , his fourth in Leipzig , he performed it together with a new cantata Ein ungefärbt Gemüte , BWV 24 , after he had started his tenure as cantor with cantatas in two parts , Die Elenden sollen essen , BWV 75 , and Die Himmel erzählen die Ehre Gottes , BWV 76 . He treated the same chorale in the chorale cantata Ich ruf zu dir , Herr Jesu Christ , BWV 177 , for the same occasion in 1724 . Bach revived the cantata once more in 1746 or 1747 . = = Scoring and structure = = The cantata in structured in six movements , beginning with a duet , followed by a series of alternating recitatives and arias and concluded by a chorale . Similar to several other cantatas on words by Franck , it is scored for a small ensemble : four vocal soloists ( soprano ( S ) , alto ( A ) , tenor ( T ) and bass ( B ) ) , oboe ( Ob ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , and basso continuo ( Bc ) including bassoon ( Fg ) . A choir is only needed for the chorale , if at all . The score , partly an autograph , is titled " Concerto . / Dominica post Trinit : / Brmhertziges Hertze der ewigen Liebe. ect . / â 5 Strom . 4 Voci / Tromba / 1 Hautb 2 Violini . 1 Viola . / Violoncello / è Fagotto . S. A. T. è Baßo con Cont . / di JSbach . / 1715 " , while " tromba " ( trumpet ) is struck in the cover of the set of parts . In Leipzig the oboe was replaced by a clarino ( trumpet ) for the instrumental cantus firmus of the chorale in movement 1 . The duration is given as 16 minutes . In the following table of the movements , the scoring and keys are given for the version performed in Weimar in 1714 . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings , while the continuo , playing throughout , is not shown . = = Music = = = = = 1 = = = The opening movement is a duet of soprano and tenor , " Barmherziges Herze der ewigen Liebe " ( Compassionate heart of eternal love ) . It is in two ways connected to the chorale which closes the work . The melody is played line by line as a cantus firmus by the oboe , embellished and in a dancing 6 / 4 time instead of 4 / 4 . The first interval in the voices and the continuo is the same as in the chorale . The countersubject is the inversion of the theme , in German " Spiegelung " ( reflection in a mirror ) . iIt reflects the theme as human mercy should reflect divine mercy . John Eliot Gardiner , who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage with the Monteverdi Choir in 2000 , comments in his diary of the project : " Cast as a siciliano for soprano and tenor with cello continuo , there is a warm glow to this opening duet , with trills on each of the main beats to signify the flickering flame of love , and a plea to ' come melt my heart ' . Agricola 's chorale tune [ ... ] is meanwhile intoned by a clarino hovering above the two amorous vocal lines . = = = 2 = = = The alto recitative , " Ihr Herzen , die ihr euch in Stein und Fels verkehret " ( You hearts , which have changed yourselves into rocks and stones ) , is first accompanied by the strings , but ends as an arioso with continuo . = = = 3 = = = The alto aria , " Sei bemüht in dieser Zeit " ( Be inspired at the present time ) shows the richest instrumentation , with figurative oboe solos . = = = 4 = = = The bass recitative " Die Eigenliebe schmeichelt sich ! " ( Self @-@ love flatters itself ! ) is accompanied only by the continuo . = = = 5 = = = The text of the bass aria with continuo , " Das ist der Christen Kunst " ( This is the Christian 's art ) , summarizes all injunctions in one long sentence , but Bach splits it in parts , all introduced by the keywords " Das ist der Christen Kunst " . The bass as the vox Christi ( voice of Christ ) delivers the " sermon " . In Leipzig , the continuo of cello and bass in octaves was doubled by the strings , another octave higher . Gardiner admires Bach 's treatment as a " gentle , parodistic way he portrays the rhetorical displays of a pompous preacher " . = = = 6 = = = The closing chorale , " Ich ruf zu dir , Herr Jesu Christ " ( I call to You , Lord Jesus Christ ) , summarizes the topic of the cantata to love and serve the neighbour . It is illuminated by a " soaring " violin as a fifth part , similar to the treatment in the cantata for Pentecost the previous year , Erschallet , ihr Lieder , BWV 172 . = = = Reception = = = The musicologist Isoyama summarizes : " ... we are bound to admire the emotional wealth with which Bach 's music infuses the poetry . In that it gives living reality to a potentially dry text , this work may be numbered among Bach 's masterpieces " . = = Recordings = = The sortable listing is taken from the selection provided by Aryeh Oron on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . The type of choir and orchestra is roughly shown as a large group by red background , and as an ensemble with period instruments in historically informed performance by green background . = Galiella rufa = Galiella rufa , commonly known as the rubber cup , the rufous rubber cup , or the hairy rubber cup , is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae . The fungus produces cup @-@ shaped fruit bodies that typically grow in clusters on branches and exposed portions of buried wood throughout eastern and Midwest North America and in Malaysia . The fruit bodies have the texture of tough , gelatinous rubber , and have a rough , blackish @-@ brown , felt @-@ like outer surface and a smooth reddish @-@ brown inner surface . Although generally considered inedible by North American mushroom field guides , it is commonly consumed in Malaysia . The fungus produces several chemicals with a variety of bioactive properties . = = Taxonomy and naming = = The species was originally named Bulgaria rufa in 1832 by Lewis David de Schweinitz , based on material collected from Bethlehem , Pennsylvania . In 1913 , Pier Andrea Saccardo transferred it to the genus Gloeocalyx as defined by George Edward Massee in 1901 ( a genus now synonymous with Plectania ) due to its hyaline ( translucent ) spores . Richard Korf made it the type species of his newly created Galiella in 1957 , a genus that encompasses bulgarioid species ( those with a morphology similar to those in Bulgaria ) with spores that feature surface warts that are made of callose @-@ pectic substances that stain with methyl blue dye . In 1906 , Charles Horton Peck described the variety magna from material collected in North Elba , New York . Peck explained that the variety differed from the typical species in several ways : var. magna grew among fallen leaves under balsam fir trees , or among mosses on the ground , not on buried wood ; it lacked a stem , and was instead broad and rounded underneath ; its hymenium was more yellow @-@ brown then the nominate variety ; and , its spore were slightly longer . The specific epithet rufa means " rusty " or reddish @-@ brown " , and refers to the color of the hymenium . The species is commonly named the " rubber cup " , the " rufous rubber cup " , or the " hairy rubber cup " . In Sabah , it is known as mata rusa ( deer eyes ) , and in Sarawak , mata kerbau ( buffalo eyes ) . = = Description = = The fruit bodies of G. rufa are initially closed and roughly spherical to top @-@ shaped , and resemble minute puffballs . They later open in the shape of a shallow cup , and reach diameters of 15 – 35 mm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 4 in ) wide . The cup margin is curved inwards and irregularly toothed ; the teeth are a lighter color than the hymenium . The interior surface of the cup , which bears the spore @-@ bearing surface ( the hymenium ) is reddish @-@ brown to orange @-@ brown . The exterior surface is blackish @-@ brown , and covered with hairs that measure 7 – 8 μm long that give it a felt @-@ like or hairy texture . The flesh of the fruit body lacks any distinctive taste or odor , and is grayish , translucent , gelatinous and rubbery . The fungus sometimes has a short stem that is up to 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) long by 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) wide , but it may be missing in some specimens . Dried fruit bodies become leathery and wrinkled . Although the fruit bodies are generally considered by North American field guides to be inedible , or of unknown edibility , in parts of Malaysia it is commonly eaten and even " prized for its edibility " . The spores are thin @-@ walled , elliptical with narrowed ends , and covered with fine warts ; they have dimensions of 10 – 22 by 8 – 10 μm . Both the spores and the asci ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are nonamyloid . The asci are narrow and typically 275 – 300 μm long . The paraphyses ( sterile cells interspersed among the asci in the hymenium ) are slender threadlike . Ultrastructural studies have demonstrated that the development of the spore wall in G. rufa is similar to the genus Discina ( in the Helvellaceae family ) and to the other Sarcosomataceae , especially Plectania nannfeldtii ; both of these species have fine secondary wall spore ornaments . = = = Similar species = = = Galiella amurense is similar in appearance to G. rufa . It is found in north temperate Asia , where it grows on the rotting wood of Spruce trees . It has larger ascospores than G. rufa , typically 26 – 41 by 13 – 16 µm . Bulgaria inquinans is similar in shape and size , but has a shiny black hymenium . Sarcosoma globosum , another species found in eastern North American , is black , has a more liquid interior than G. rufa , and is larger — up to 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) across . Wolfina aurantiopsis has a shallower , woodier fruit body with a yellowish inner surface . = = Habitat and distribution = = Galiella rufa is a saprobic species , and grows either solitarily , but more usually in groups or in clusters on decaying hardwood branches and logs . The fungus fruits in late summer and autumn . The fungus has been noted to fruit readily on logs used for the cultivation of the shiitake mushroom . The fruit bodies are readily overlooked as they blend in with their surroundings . Galiella rufa is found in Midwest and eastern North America , and has been collected in areas between New York and Minnesota , Missouri and North Carolina . The species is also found in Malaysia . = = Bioactive compounds = = Galiella rufa produces several structurally related hexaketide compounds that have attracted attention for their biological properties : pregaliellalactone , galiellalactone . The compounds have anti @-@ nematodal activity , killing the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Meloidogyne incognita . These compounds have been shown in laboratory tests to inhibit the early steps of the biosynthetic pathways induced by plant hormones known as gibberellic acids , and they also inhibit the germination of seeds of several plants . Galiellalactone is additionally a highly selective and potent inhibitor of interleukin @-@ 6 ( IL @-@ 6 ) signaling in HepG2 cells . IL @-@ 6 is a multifunctional cytokine which is produced by a large variety of cells and functions as a regulator of immune response , acute phase reactions , and hematopoiesis . Researchers are interested in the potential of small @-@ molecule inhibitors ( such as the ones produced by G. rufa ) to interfere with the IL @-@ 6 signaling cascade that leads to the expression of genes involved in disease . = My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic = My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic is a children 's animated fantasy television series produced by Hasbro Studios and DHX Media Vancouver . The series is based on Hasbro 's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation or " G4 " of the My Little Pony franchise . The series premiered on October 10 , 2010 , on The Hub cable channel . Hasbro selected animator Lauren Faust as the creative director and executive producer for the show . Faust sought to challenge the established nature of the existing My Little Pony line , creating more in @-@ depth characters and adventurous settings . The show follows a studious unicorn pony named Twilight Sparkle as her mentor Princess Celestia guides her to learn about friendship in the town of Ponyville . Twilight becomes close friends with five other ponies : Applejack , Rarity , Fluttershy , Rainbow Dash , and Pinkie Pie . Each represents a different facet of friendship , and Twilight discovers herself to be a key part of the magical artifacts known as the " Elements of Harmony " . The ponies travel on adventures and help others around Equestria while working out problems that arise in their own friendships . The series has become a major commercial success , becoming the most highly rated original production in the Hub Network 's broadcast history and leading to new merchandising opportunities for Hasbro , including books , clothing , collectible trading cards , and comics . Despite the target demographic of young girls , Friendship Is Magic has also gained a large following of older viewers , mainly young and middle @-@ aged men , who call themselves " bronies " . Portions of the show have become part of the remix culture , and have formed the basis for a variety of Internet memes . A spin @-@ off feature film series , My Little Pony : Equestria Girls , has been made and shown in limited theatrical screenings prior to television broadcast and home media release . A feature @-@ length film adaptation directly based on the TV series itself has been announced for a theatrical release on October 6 , 2017 . = = Origin = = Hasbro , Inc. has produced several incarnations and lines of toys and entertainment related to the My Little Pony franchise , often labeled by collectors as " generations " . The animated series My Little Pony Tales which premiered in 1992 was the toy line 's most recent television series before Friendship Is Magic , featuring the pony designs of the first toy line . It was followed by various direct @-@ to @-@ video releases , which featured later designs up to the third incarnation of the franchise . Just as Michael Bay 's film had helped to boost the new Transformers toy line , Hasbro wanted to retool the My Little Pony franchise and update it to better suit the current demographic and taste of young girls . According to Margaret Loesch , CEO of Hub Network , revisiting properties that had worked in the past was an important programming decision , influenced to an extent by the opinions of the network 's programming executives , a number of whom were once fans of such shows . Senior Vice President Linda Steiner also stated that they " intended to have the show appeal to a larger demographic " , with the concept of " co @-@ viewing " of parents with their children being a central theme of the Hub Network 's programming . Central themes that Hasbro sought for the show included friendships and working together , factors they determined from market research in how girls played with their toys . Animator and writer Lauren Faust approached Hasbro , seeking to develop her girls ' toys property " Galaxy Girls " into an animated series . Faust , who had previously worked on Cartoon Network 's The Powerpuff Girls and Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends , had been pitching original animation aimed at girls for years , but had always been rejected by studios and networks because cartoons for girls were considered unsuccessful . When she pitched to Lisa Licht of Hasbro Studios , Licht showed Faust one of their recent My Little Pony animated works , Princess Promenade , " completely on the fly " . Licht considered that Faust 's style was well suited to that line , and asked her to consider " some ideas where to take a new version of the franchise " . Faust was initially hired by Hasbro to create a pitch bible for the show , allowing her to get additional help with conceptualization . Faust said she was " extremely skeptical " about taking the job at first because she had always found shows based on girls ' toys to be boring and unrelatable . My Little Pony was one of her favorite childhood toys , but she was disappointed that her imagination at the time was nothing like the animated shows , in which the characters , according to Faust , " just had endless tea parties , giggled over nothing and defeated villains by either sharing with them or crying " . With the chance to work on My Little Pony , she hoped to prove that " cartoons for girls don 't have to be a puddle of smooshy , cutesy @-@ wootsy , goody @-@ two @-@ shoeness " . To do this , she incorporated into the design of the characters and the show many elements that contradicted idealized stereotypes of girls , such as diverse personalities , the message that friends can be different and can get into arguments but still be friends , and the idea that girls should not be limited by what others say they can or cannot do . Elements of the characters ' personalities and the show 's settings were based on her own childhood imagination of the ponies ' adventures , in part inspired by the animated shows that her brothers would watch while growing up , such as Transformers and G.I. Joe ; she considered that she was making Friendship Is Magic " for me as an eight @-@ year @-@ old " . Faust still aimed for the characters to be " relatable " characters , using stereotypical " icons of girliness " ( such as the waif or the bookworm ) in order to broaden the appeal of the characters for the young female audience . Faust stated that as she provided Hasbro with more of her ideas for the show , she was inspired by their positive response to the non @-@ traditional elements . Faust had initially pitched the show to include " adventure stories " in a similar proportion to " relationship stories " , but recognizing the younger target audience , as well as the difficulty of basing complex plots on the adventure elements , she trimmed back this content , focusing more on exchanges between the characters . The show still incorporates episodic creatures intended to be frightening to children , such as dragons and hydras , but it places more emphasis on the friendships among the characters , displayed with a comedic tone . By the time the show was approved , Faust had developed three full scripts for the series . Faust began to work out concept sketches , several of which appeared on her DeviantArt page , including ponies from the original series ( Twilight , Applejack , Firefly , Surprise , Posey and Sparkler ) , which later provided the core for the main cast of the show . Hasbro approved the show with Faust as Executive Producer and asked her to complete the pitch bible . In order to do so , Faust brought in Martin Ansolabehere and Paul Rudish , who had worked on other animated shows with her . Faust credits Rudish for the inspiration of the pegasus ponies controlling the weather in Equestria , as well as the character of Nightmare Moon during this period . Faust also consulted Craig McCracken , her husband and also an animator and creator of The Powerpuff Girls and Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends . After seeing the initial version of the pitch bible , Hasbro requested more character designs from Faust 's team ; subsequently , Faust brought aboard Dave Dunnet and Lynne Naylor to further refine the background and character styles . On completion of the pitch bible , Hasbro and Faust began looking at studios for the animation . Studio B Productions ( renamed to DHX Media on September 8 , 2010 , after its parent company , along with DHX 's other subsidiaries ) had previously worked on Adobe Flash @-@ based animations and on shows that featured a large number of animals , and Faust felt they would be a good selection . Studio B requested that Jayson Thiessen be the director , a choice Faust agreed with . She , Thiessen , and James Wootton led the completion of a two @-@ minute short to pitch the final product to Hasbro , resulting in the company 's sanctioning the full production . Faust estimates that from being initially asked to develop the show until this point took roughly one year . = = Production = = The show is developed at Hasbro Studios in Los Angeles , where most of the writing staff is located , and at DHX Media Vancouver in Vancouver , British Columbia , for the animation work . Faust 's initial writing staff at Hasbro Studios included several writers who had worked with her on her previous shows and were approved by Hasbro . These included Amy Keating Rogers , Cindy Morrow , Meghan McCarthy , Chris Savino , Charlotte Fullerton , M.A. Larson , and Dave Polsky . The writing process began with Faust and Renzetti coming up with broad plots for each show . The two would then hold a brainstorming session with each episode 's writer , allowing the writer to script out scenes and dialog . Faust and Renzetti then worked with the writer to finalize the scripts and assign some basic storyboard instructions . Hasbro was involved throughout this process and laid down some of the concepts to be incorporated into the show . Examples of Hasbro 's influence include having Celestia be a princess rather than a queen , making one of the ponies focused on fashion , and portraying toy sets in relevant places within the story , such as Rarity 's boutique . In some cases , Hasbro requested that the show include a setting , but allowed Faust and her team to create its visual style , and Hasbro then based the toy set on it ; an example is the Ponyville schoolhouse . Faust also had to write to the E / I ( " educational and informational " ) standards that Hasbro required of the show , making the crafting of some of the situations she would have normally done on other animated shows more difficult ; for example , Faust cited having one character call another an " egghead " as " treading a very delicate line " , and having one character cheat in a competition as " worrisome to some " . Each episode also generally includes a moral or life lesson , but these were chosen to " cross a broad spectrum of personal experiences " , and not just to suit children . Because intellectual property issues had caused Hasbro to lose some of the rights on the original pony names , the show includes a mix of original characters from the toy line and new characters developed for the show . Completed scripts were sent to Studio B for pre @-@ production and animation using Adobe Flash . Thiessen 's production team was also allowed to select key personnel subject to Hasbro 's approval ; one of those selected was art director Ridd Sorensen . The Studio B team would storyboard the provided scripts , incorporating any direction and sometimes managing to create scenes that the writers had believed impossible to show in animation . The animators would then prepare the key character poses , layout , background art , and other main elements , and send these versions back to the production team in Los Angeles for review by Hasbro and suggestions from the writers . Thiessen credited much of the technical expertise in the show to Wooton , who created Flash programs to optimize the placement and posing of the pony characters and other elements , simplifying and economizing on the amount of work needed from the other animators . For example , the ponies ' manes and tails are generally fixed shapes , animated by bending and stretching them in curves in three dimensions and giving them a sense of movement without the high cost of individual animated hairs . The storyboard artists and animators also need to fill in background characters for otherwise scripted scenes as to populate the world . According to writer Meghan McCarthy , many of the small nods to the fandom , pop culture references , or other easter eggs would be added at this point by the studio . Once the pre @-@ production work was approved and completed , the episode would then be animated . Though Studio B performed the initial animation work , the final steps were passed to Top Draw Animation in the Philippines , an animation studio that Studio B had worked with in the later part of season one and beyond . The voice casting and production is handled by Voicebox Productions , with Terry Klassen as the series ' voice director . Faust , Thiessen , and others participated in selecting voice actors , and Hasbro gave final approval . The voice work is performed prior to the animation , with the animators in the room to help provide direction ; according to Libman , this allows herself and the other actors to play the character without certain limitations . Libman noted that for recording her lines as the hyperactive Pinkie Pie , " I learned that I can go as over the top as I want and they [ the animators ] rarely pull me back . " The series ' background music is composed by William Kevin Anderson , and Daniel Ingram composes the songs , which are only included if they would make sense in the episode 's script . The production team identifies specific parts of the episode where they want music cues , allowing Anderson to create appropriate music for each . Ingram works alongside Anderson 's compositions to create vocal songs that mesh with the background music while filling out the show 's fantasy setting . The composition of the music and songs far precedes the broadcast of the episode ; for example , songs for the show 's third season that began airing in November 2012 were composed in 2011 . Ingram considered that songs from previous shows of My Little Pony were " a little bit dated " and decided to bring more interesting work to the Friendship Is Magic series . Such changes include making songs with more emotional depth than typical for children 's animation , and tending to write songs that can be enjoyed musically outside of the context of the episode . Ingram 's songs have " became bigger and more epic , more Broadway and more cinematic over time " with Hasbro blessing the effort to try " something groundbreaking for daytime television " , according to Ingram . Lyrics and overall musical themes may be suggested by the writers ; two examples include songs written by Amy Keating Rogers , who is a self @-@ professed Stephen Sondheim fan . The song " The Art of the Dress " in the first season episode " Suited for Success " is inspired by " Putting it Together " from the musical Sunday in the Park with George , while the season one finale 's song , " At The Gala " , is based on Sondheim 's Into the Woods . A large musical number in the episode " The Super Speedy Cider Squeezy 6000 " paid homage to the song " Ya Got Trouble " from Meredith Willson 's musical , The Music Man . Before the show was approved , Hasbro and Faust had planned for episodes to be 11 minutes long , to which Faust conformed in her first full @-@ length script , " The Ticket Master " , which was part of the pitch bible . However , Faust preferred more traditional 22 @-@ minute episodes , and Hasbro eventually agreed to this . The initial production stages were very tight , requiring a schedule twice as fast as Faust had previously experienced , and frequent remote communication between the Los Angeles writing offices and the animation studio in Vancouver . At times , the two teams would hold " writer 's summits " to propose new ideas for characters and situations , at which the animation team would provide suggestions on visuals , body language , and characterization . Faust estimates that the time to complete one episode was one year ; at one point , the team was simultaneously working on various stages of all 26 episodes of the first season , and when the second season was approved , that number rose temporarily to 32 . Episodes then aired about a month after completion . Thiessen explained that they had pushed to start work on the second season as soon as the first was completed , to prevent staff turnover . After the airing of the first season 's finale , Faust announced that she had left the show , and would be credited in the future as Consulting Producer . Her involvement in the second season consists mainly of story conception and scripts , and the involvement ceased after the second season . Despite leaving , she still has high hopes for the staff members , stating that " the gaps I have left are being filled by the same amazing artists , writers , and directors who brought you Season 1 . I 'm certain the show will be as entertaining as ever " . In an interview with New York Magazine , Faust stated her reasons for leaving were a combination of a hectic production schedules and a lack of creative control she had with the series . According to her husband McCracken , Faust 's departure was due to the fact that as a toy company @-@ driven show , " there were things she wanted to do with that series that she just wasn 't able to do " , and that there is " still some frustration with " not being able to bring some of her ideas to screen . = = Premise = = Friendship Is Magic takes place in the land of Equestria , populated by varieties of ponies including variants of Pegasus and unicorn , along with other sentient and non @-@ sentient creatures . The central character is Twilight Sparkle , a unicorn mare sent by her mentor Princess Celestia , ruler of Equestria , to the town of Ponyville to study the magic of friendship . In the show 's opening episodes , Twilight resents this assignment , as she is more concerned about the foretold appearance of Nightmare Moon . When Nightmare Moon does appear , vowing everlasting night and causing Celestia to disappear , Twilight sets off with five other ponies — Applejack , Fluttershy , Pinkie Pie , Rainbow Dash , and Rarity — to obtain the Elements of Harmony and defeat Nightmare Moon . Before Twilight can activate the Elements , Nightmare Moon appears and shatters them . In a flash of inspiration , Twilight realizes that each of her new friends represents one of the Elements of Harmony ( Honesty , Loyalty , Laughter , Generosity , and Kindness ) , and that she herself is the final piece , Magic . The magical power of the ponies ' friendship reverts Nightmare Moon to a repentant Princess Luna . Celestia reappears , reunites with her sister Princess Luna , and decrees that Twilight shall stay in Ponyville to continue studying the magic of friendship , much to the happiness of Twilight and her new friends . Later episodes follow Twilight and her friends dealing with various problems around Ponyville , including interpersonal problems between friends and family , as well as more adventurous stories involving creatures like dragons and hydras . At the end of each episode , Twilight sends a report back to Celestia explaining what she learned about friendship from these adventures . This part of the formula is abandoned in " Lesson Zero " , the second season episode in which Twilight is convinced to be less rigid in her perceived duties ; after this , all the principals contribute reports , although the formality is disregarded when appropriate . In the fourth season , with the request for reports no longer applicable , the six resolve to keep a collective personal journal in which they record their thoughts about life for posterity . There is a loose continuity in these episodes ; a theme throughout the first season , for example , is the ponies ' preparation for the Grand Galloping Gala that occurs in the final episode of that season . In the third season , Twilight Sparkle is shown to be tasked on a journey to test her abilities , ultimately ending up being crowned Princess Twilight and transformed into an " alicorn " — a winged unicorn . The fourth season has a loose story arc in which Twilight Sparkle accepts the challenge of finding the keys to a mysterious box revealed after the six relinquish the Elements of Harmony to their original source , the Tree of Harmony , to save Equestria . Eventually , she and her friends are able to find newfound power through their friendship to defeat a powerful foe , and Twilight is named Equestria 's Princess of Friendship . Episodes are otherwise designed to stand alone , though callbacks to previous episodes are included to reward those that have followed the show , according to Thiessen . The show is developed to give a " timeless " feel , limiting the world 's technology to simpler devices , such as record players and filmstrip projectors . However , there are occasional sophisticated items of technology shown or at least referenced to such as electrocardiography monitors , arcade video games and laser fences . A central theme of the show is " cutie marks " , iconic symbols that magically appear on a pony 's flank once they have discovered their special talent in life . While physically young adults , the six main characters are envisioned as similar in maturity to humans between twelve and eighteen years old . One episode , " The Cutie Mark Chronicles " , highlights how each main character received her cutie mark as a younger filly . Several episodes focus on the exploits of a much younger trio of pony characters , related to the main cast , that call themselves the " Cutie Mark Crusaders " , who have yet to receive their cutie marks and are teased by other young ponies as " blank flanks " . In response , they desperately hurry to try to discover their talents and receive their own cutie marks , often doing so in comical fashions . This goal is achieved in the fifth season episode , " Crusaders of the Lost Mark " , when the Crusaders learn their destiny is to help others achieve their own cutie marks and related purposes of life . = = Cast and characters = = The show revolves around the adventures and daily life of the unicorn pony Twilight Sparkle ( voiced by Tara Strong ) , her baby dragon assistant Spike ( voiced by Cathy Weseluck ) , and her friends in Ponyville ( colloquially referred to as the " Mane Six " ) : Rainbow Dash ( voiced by Ashleigh Ball ) , a tomboyish pegasus pony who helps control the weather , and aspires to be a Wonderbolt ; Rarity ( voiced by Tabitha St. Germain ) , a glamorous unicorn with a flair for fashion design ; Fluttershy ( voiced by Andrea Libman ) , a shy and timid pegasus pony who is fond of nature and takes care of animals ; Pinkie Pie ( voiced by Libman ) , a hyperactive pony who loves throwing parties ; Applejack ( voiced by Ball ) , a hard @-@ working pony who works on her family 's apple farm . The younger Cutie Mark Crusaders include Apple Bloom , Applejack 's younger sister ( voiced by Michelle Creber ) ; Sweetie Belle , Rarity 's younger sister ( voiced by Claire Corlett ) ; and Scootaloo , a pegasus filly that idolizes Rainbow Dash ( voiced by Madeleine Peters ) . The show takes place in the fictional land of Equestria , which is ruled by two alicorn pony sisters : Twilight 's teacher Princess Celestia ( voiced by Nicole Oliver ) , and the younger Princess Luna ( voiced by St. Germain ) . Another alicorn , Princess Cadance ( voiced by Britt McKillip ) , is introduced within season two and oversees the northern Crystal Empire alongside Twilight 's older brother Shining Armor ( voiced by Andrew Francis ) , who weds her . Many friends , family members , and other residents of Ponyville appear frequently , including the local schoolteacher Cheerilee ( Oliver ) ; the town 's mayor Mayor Mare ( Weseluck ) ; Applejack 's older brother Big McIntosh ( Peter New ) and grandmother Granny Smith ( St. Germain ) ; and the eccentric zebra Zecora ( Brenda Crichlow ) , who lives in the nearby Everfree Forest and dabbles in herbal medicine . The characters also face several villains in various episodes , two of whom — the chimera @-@ like trickster Discord ( John de Lancie ) introduced in " The Return of Harmony " , and the unicorn Starlight Glimmer ( Kelly Sheridan ) introduced in " The Cutie Map " — become reformed and live with the ponies . = = Episodes = = In total , 129 episodes have been produced and broadcast . = = = Series overview = = = = = Distribution = = = = = United States = = = My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic is one of several animated shows used to premiere The Hub , a retooling of the Discovery Kids channel of Discovery Communications in United States markets . The block of programming is a joint development of Hasbro and Discovery , designed to compete with similar family @-@ friendly programming blocks on other networks such as the Disney Channel and Nickelodeon . The first episode of Friendship Is Magic premiered on the first Hub broadcast , on October 10 , 2010 . In March 2011 , the show was renewed for a second season to air in 2011 – 12 . The season two premiere on September 17 , 2011 , had 339 @,@ 000 viewers , and Hasbro reported that the second season finale , " A Canterlot Wedding " , produced the best ratings of the history of the network in its core and other demographics , with an estimated 1 @,@ 032 @,@ 400 viewers . The series is rated TV @-@ Y ( designed for ages 2 and up ) and targeted at girls 4 – 7 years old . The first season was produced and broadcast to " E / I " ( " educational and informational " ) standards , but Hasbro allowed the standard to be dropped in the second season . = = = International = = = My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic has been distributed to international markets , including Treehouse TV for the English @-@ speaking audience in Canada , Boomerang in the United Kingdom until 2012 and on Tiny Pop and Pop ( UK and Ireland ) , two British free @-@ to @-@ air children 's television channels owned and operated by CSC Media Group , from September 2013 , Cartoon Network and later Boomerang with Eleven airing repeats in Australia and TV2 in New Zealand . Some of these international broadcasts , including language translations , were arranged with Turner Broadcasting System , which had broadcast Friendship Is Magic and other Hasbro shows on many of their European and Middle Eastern channels . According to Hasbro Studio 's CEO Stephen Davis , they have marketed the show to over 180 territories around the world . = = = Home media = = = In the United States , episodes of Friendship Is Magic are available for digital download through the iTunes Store . The show 's episodes , along with several other Hasbro properties , were added to the Netflix video streaming service on April 1 , 2012 . A two @-@ episode DVD , " Celebration at Canterlot " , was offered to Target Corporation stores as an exclusive , packaged with certain toys from the franchise . Shout ! Factory has the DVD publishing rights for the series within Region 1 . Ten five @-@ episode DVDs , two six @-@ episode DVDs , and three Equestria Girls DVDs as well as a DVD box set containing all 3 films , has been released . The first five seasons of the series have been released in complete DVD box sets . United Kingdom @-@ based Clear Vision has the publishing rights for the first two seasons throughout Region 2 , including most of Western Europe and the Middle East ; however , the company abruptly entered administration in December 2013 , and has managed to only release three My Little Pony DVD volume sets as of April 2014 , and a DVD / Blu @-@ ray release of Equestria Girls by August 2014 . Another Region 2 distributor known as Primal Screen had since taken over the license from Clear Vision . Madman Entertainment has the license for publishing the series via DVDs and digital downloads in Region 4 but since Season 4 , Beyond Home Entertainment took over the license . Hasbro has also signed a deal with Leapfrog Enterprises to release episodes of the show for the Leapfrog Explorer tablet system . = = Merchandise and other media = = Friendship Is Magic is associated with the 2010 relaunch of My Little Pony toy line , having figurines and playsets based on it . A section of the Hasbro website gives information about Friendship Is Magic for children and their parents , including character backgrounds , videos , and interactive games and media . Due in part to the older fans , Hasbro has come to see My Little Pony as a " lifestyle " brand , with over 200 licenses in 15 categories of products , including clothing , houseware , and digital media . The brand grossed one billion USD in retail sales in 2014 and 650 million USD in retail sales in 2013 . = = = My Little Pony : Equestria Girls = = = A companion film , titled My Little Pony : Equestria Girls , premiered on Family Day of the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 15 , 2013 , followed by limited release in theaters across the United States starting the following day . This film was released as part of the brand 's 30th anniversary . Taking place after the season three finale , the film follows Twilight Sparkle on a mission through a magic mirror to recover her stolen crown . She ends up in a world populated by humans while being transformed into a teenage girl herself , and must overcome the difficulties of her new body and interacting with students of the nearby school as she looks for the culprit . While there , she discovers and befriends similar human counterparts to other characters from Ponyville . The film was produced by Hasbro Studios and is designed to extend the toy line . To maintain continuity with the show , Hasbro used the same writing staff as the show , including the series ' current lead writer Meghan McCarthy , who considered the story to be " an extension of our mythology " . DHX Studios animated the work , and the primary voice cast reprised their respective roles . The movie was made available on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on August 6 , 2013 , along with the television premiere on Hub Network a few weeks later on September 1 , 2013 . A sequel , Rainbow Rocks , was released on September 27 , 2014 , in select movie theaters across the United States and Canada . A third film , titled Friendship Games , premiered on Discovery Family on September 26 , 2015 instead of having a theatrical release like its two predecessors . A fourth Equestria Girls film , subtitled Legend of Everfree , is currently in development and will be released sometime in late 2016 . = = = Feature film = = = An animated feature film based directly on the television series was first announced on October 20 , 2014 by Variety . Scheduled for a theatrical release on October 6 , 2017 in the United States , the film is Hasbro 's first animated feature film from its Allspark Pictures film division . It will be distributed worldwide by Lionsgate , with the exception of China . Thiessen will be directing the film with McCarthy writing the film and act as the film 's co @-@ executive producer alongside Mike Vogel . Originally , Joe Ballarini was the scriptwriter for the film . The film concerns the " Mane Six " ponies — Twilight Sparkle , Applejack , Fluttershy , Pinkie Pie , Rainbow Dash , and Rarity — journeying beyond Equestria to stop a threat looming over their hometown of Ponyville . Hasbro 's president , Stephan Davis , said of the film that " I think it gives us an opportunity to tell a bigger story , that maybe we [ can 't ] tell on television " and that " [ it 's ] also an opportunity to broaden the franchise " . The main cast from the animated television series will be reprising their roles alongside original characters voiced by Kristin Chenoweth , Emily Blunt , Michael Peña , Uzo Aduba , Liev Schreiber , Taye Diggs , and Sia Furler . = = = Comics and manga = = = IDW Publishing and Hasbro have licensed the use of the show for a comic book series , drawn and written by Katie Cook and Andy Price , which began publication in November 2012 . The first issue , by early October , had already gained over 90 @,@ 000 pre @-@ orders , making it a better seller than other comics for that month . By early November , the title had exceeded 100 @,@ 000 pre @-@ orders , and IDW committed to a second run of the issue to meet the additional demand . The first issue features 19 different covers , most exclusive to specific comic book shops and chains and only available in limited numbers . The comic , through its first eight issues , remains IDW 's most successful title , and along with The Walking Dead , remain one of the few non @-@ DC , non @-@ Marvel comics to regularly break the top 100 comics sold each month . The success of the comic has led to a limited @-@ run secondary " micro @-@ series " featuring one @-@ issue stories dedicated to specific characters , an ongoing Friends Forever series featuring single @-@ issues stories of characters pairs , and stories based on the Equestria Girls film . Tying in with the Japanese broadcast of the series in April 2013 , a manga adaptation by Akira Himekawa began serialization in Shogakukan 's Pucchigumi magazine in Japan on August 12 , 2013 . The first manga adaptation completed its serialization in February 2014 , and as a result , the IDW comics were then translated into Japanese as well . An 80 @-@ page second manga was released on October 16 , 2014 . = = = Soundtracks = = = A twelve @-@ track soundtrack , Friendship is Magic : Songs of Friendship and Magic ( Music from the Original TV Series ) , was released on iTunes on December 6 , 2013 , featuring select songs from the first and second seasons of the show . An eleven @-@ track soundtrack , Friendship is Magic : Songs of Ponyville ( Music from the Original TV Series ) , was released on iTunes on April 21 , 2014 , featuring select songs from the third and fourth seasons of the show . A ten @-@ track soundtrack , Friendship Is Magic : Songs of Harmony , was released on iTunes on April 13 , 2015 , featuring select songs from the show 's fourth season , plus the season two song " The Perfect Stallion " ( from " Hearts and Hooves Day " ) , full versions of both " Find the Music in You " ( from " Filli Vanilli " ) and " Let the Rainbow Remind You " ( from " Twilight 's Kingdom - Part 2 " ) , as well as a mash @-@ up between " Winter Wrap Up " and " A True , True Friend " . Another ten @-@ track soundtrack , " Friendship is Magic : Pinkie 's Party Playlist " , was released on iTunes on July 7 , 2016 , featuring select songs from the show 's fourth and fifth seasons , as well as a re @-@ recorded version of the " Pony Pokey " song from season one . = = = = Remix album = = = = Based on the popularity of brony fandom 's remixing of songs from the show , Hasbro and Lakeshore Records developed an EDM remix album entitled DJ PON @-@ 3 Presents My Little Pony Friendship is Magic Remixed . The album , originally set for release in late 2014 but ultimately released digitally on June 2 , 2015 and in retail June 23 , 2015 , contains 13 tracks that remix the original show compositions from Ingram with various artists . The album was produced by Justin Lassen who wanted to keep an all @-@ ages enjoyment and avoid excessive repetition of dubstep @-@ based remixes . = = = = Christmas album = = = = A Christmas @-@ themed album , titled It 's a Pony Kind of Christmas , was released for on @-@ demand streaming and digital release on November 6 , 2015 . Featuring performances by the cast of " My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic " as well as the Phoenix Chamber Choir from Vancouver , the album contains original holiday @-@ themed songs as well as covers of traditional Christmas songs and an extended version of " The Heart Carol " ( from the episode " Hearth 's Warming Eve " ) . Within 24 hours after its release , the album peaked at # 1 on both iTunes and Amazon . = = = Others = = = In April 2013 , Hasbro and Build @-@ A @-@ Bear Workshop began offering Friendship Is Magic @-@ based plush toys for customization . Sales of My Little Pony toys were three times as large in 2013 than in 2003 , and have helped Hasbro to promote other lines of toys aimed at girls . Hasbro stated that merchandising tied to Friendship Is Magic lead to franchise sales over $ 650 million in 2014 , and others have considered the show 's popularity to make 2015 the " year of the unicorn " for toy and related manufacturers . Hasbro has partnered with Little , Brown and Company to publish several children 's books aimed at different reading levels involving the Friendship Is Magic franchise , including an official series guidebook , starting in April 2013 . As of January 2016 , more than 3 million My Little Pony books published by the company have been sold , and they have extended their Hasbro deal through to 2018 , as well as adding other Hasbro properties such as Transformers. have In conjunction with Ruckus Media , Hasbro released an iOS application Twilight Sparkle , Teacher for a Day in October 2011 . It gives children practice in reading , incorporating mini @-@ games . Several eBooks based on Friendship Is Magic , including story versions of the Ruckus applications , have been released for the Barnes & Noble Nook , in partnership with Hasbro . Hasbro has licensed Gameloft to create Friendship Is Magic video games for mobile devices , with the first game , My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , reaching the market on November 8 , 2012 . The first game is a village @-@ building game , featuring action @-@ based mini @-@ games for iOS and Android devices . Though the game is aimed at younger players , Gameloft 's Barnabé Anglade stated that there are nods to the show 's brony fandom , such as the inclusion of fan @-@ favorite characters and popular background ponies . Enterplay , LLC has been licensed to create trading cards based on Friendship Is Magic , with a first set released in early 2012 and a second set to be published in 2013 . In addition to the base cards , Enterplay has offered limited edition cards at various fan conventions , which have since become of card collector 's value . A Friendship Is Magic @-@ themed collectible card game by Enterplay , My Little Pony Collectible Card Game , was released in November 2013 . The card game has been considered successful by Enterplay , helping them to boost their sales within the hobby game sector , and have led to several expansions to the card series . On April 16 , 2013 , World Trade Jewelers signed a deal with Hasbro to make Friendship Is Magic jewelry . The collection was released for consumer release in October 2013 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = The series has received positive reviews from critics . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club favorably noted its " sheer and utter joyfulness " and lack of cynicism , unlike many other shows that garnered a cult following of parents and adults . He complimented the characters ' stylized appearance , the stories ' relative complexity for children 's television , and the solid jokes which make the show enjoyable for parents as well as children . He gave the series a B + . The show has been critically praised for its humor and moral outlook by Brian Truitt of USA Today . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club later commented that Friendship Is Magic is an example of a show that , while considered " girly " , has been able to tap into the nerd culture to allow it to gain wider acceptance than other comparable forms . Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media , an organization focusing on the parenting aspect of children 's media , gave the show a rating of four out of five stars , emphasizing its messages of friendship , tolerance and respect , but advised parents to be wary of the " influence the characters might have on their kids ' desires , since it 's rooted in a well @-@ known product line of books , toys , and just about everything in between . " Liz Ohanesian , for L.A. Weekly , said that the show is " absolutely genuine in its messages about friendship but never takes itself too seriously " . Matt Morgan , writing for Wired 's " GeekDad " column , praised the show for having " rebooted the long @-@ time Hasbro property while managing to lace it with geeky undertones " and being one of the few " girl @-@ focused shows that a geeky dad can appreciate with his daughter " . Los Angeles Times critic Robert Lloyd called the show " smarter and sassier and more aesthetically sophisticated " than any of the previous My Little Pony cartoons , and praised its ability to appeal to both children and their parents , in that it is " smart and sprightly and well @-@ staged , and never horribly cute " . TV Guide listed Friendship Is Magic as one of the top sixty animated shows of all time in a September 2013 list . Kathleen Richter of Ms. believed that Friendship Is Magic did little to change the nature of older animations for girls , which she considered " so sexist and racist and heteronormative . " For example , she suggested that , through the character of Rainbow Dash , the show was promoting the stereotype that " all feminists are angry , tomboyish lesbians . " She also considered that the only darker @-@ colored ponies shown to date were in positions of servitude towards the " white pony overlord . " Lauren Faust responded to these claims by stating that while Rainbow Dash was a tomboy , " nowhere in the show is her sexual orientation ever referenced " and " assuming [ tomboys ] are lesbians is extremely unfair to both straight and lesbian tomboys " , and further stating that " Color has never , ever been depicted as a race indicator for the ponies . " Amid Amidi , writing for the animation website Cartoon Brew , was more critical of the concept of the show , calling it a sign of " the end of the creator @-@ driven era in TV animation " . Amidi 's essay expressed concern that assigning a talent like Faust to a toy @-@ centric show was part of a trend towards a focus on profitable genres of animation , such as toy tie @-@ ins , to deal with a fragmented viewing audience , and overall " an admission of defeat for the entire movement , a white flag @-@ waving moment for the TV animation industry . " = = = Ratings = = = Friendship Is Magic originally premiered with an average viewership of 1 @.@ 4 million per month , but expanded to 4 million per month by the end of the first season , making it the highest @-@ rated of any Hasbro offering at the time . Advertising Age reports that the viewership doubled between the first and the second season . The Hub Network reported that " Hearts and Hooves Day " , an episode on the theme of Valentine 's Day , which aired on February 11 , 2012 , in the middle of the second season , was the show 's most @-@ viewed episode ever , and the second highest of any program of the Hub network ; its viewership exceeded 150 % of that of the previous year . This was surpassed by the two @-@ part season two finale , " A Canterlot Wedding " , airing in April 2012 , marking the broadcast as the highest viewership for the Hub Network to that date . = = = Awards and nominations = = = Friendship Is Magic was nominated for three British Columbia Leo Awards for Animation , " Best Program " , " Best Direction " , and " Best Overall Sound " . Additionally , the songs " Becoming Popular ( The Pony Everypony Should Know ) " ( from season 2 episode 9 , " Sweet and Elite " ) and " Find A Pet Song " ( from season 2 episode 7 , " May the Best Pet Win ! " ) , both written by Daniel Ingram , were nominated , but did not win , for " Outstanding Original Song — Children 's and Animation " at the 39th Daytime Emmy Awards . The show was named the best animated show for the 2011 – 12 television season in a user poll on the website Television Without Pity . Marcel Duperreault , Todd Araki , Jason Fredrickson , and Adam McGhie received a 2014 Leo Award for their work on " Power Ponies " for " Best Overall Sound in an Animation Program or Series " on June 1 , 2014 . = = = Fandom = = = Despite Hasbro 's target demographic of young girls and their parents , My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic has become a cultural and Internet phenomenon , with many male fans between 13 and 35 . The response from the Internet has been traced to cartoon and animation fans on the Internet board 4chan , responding to Amidi 's negative essay regarding the show and current trends in animation . As a result of the discussion on 4chan , interest in the show spread throughout other parts of the Internet , creating a large fanbase and a multitude of creative works , fan sites , and conventions . The fanbase has adopted the name " brony " ( a portmanteau of " bro " and " pony " ) to describe themselves . The older fanbase had come as a surprise to Hasbro and staff members involved with the show . They have appreciated and embraced the fandom , adding nods to the fans within the show and the toys , while , early on , allowing the creative elements of the fandom to flourish without legal interference . = = = Other = = = Director Adam McKay was inspired by the visuals of Friendship Is Magic , which his daughters had watched frequently , in creating a short for Morgan Spurlock 's 2014 educational / documentary web series , " We the Economy " , using cartoon alpacas in the same style as the show to explain about income inequality . In early 2016 , Hasbro was sued by Font Brothers over Hasbro 's use of the font " Generation B " for much of its product packaging and marketing with the Friendship Is Magic show and toyline , including the " Friendship Is Magic " text in the show 's logo . Font Brothers claim that Hasbro has been using this font in an unlicensed manner and is seeking up to $ 150 @,@ 000 for each violation of its use . Dialog from a My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic episode was brought up during the 2016 Republican National Convention by a member of the Convention to defend Melania Trump against accusations of plaugarism . = Jarrow March = The Jarrow March , also known as the Jarrow Crusade , was a protest march in England in October 1936 against the unemployment and poverty suffered in the northeast Tyneside town of Jarrow during the 1930s . Around 200 men marched from Jarrow to London over 26 days , carrying a petition to the British government requesting the re @-@ establishment of industry in the town following the closure in 1934 of its main employer , Palmer 's shipyard . The petition was received by the House of Commons but not debated , and the march produced few immediate results . The Jarrovians went home believing that they had failed . Jarrow 's earliest claim to fame was as the home of the 8th @-@ century saint Bede . In the early 19th century a coal industry developed , before the establishment of the shipyard in 1851 . Over the following 80 years more than 1 @,@ 000 ships were launched in Jarrow . In the 1920s , a combination of mismanagement and changed world trade conditions following the Great War brought a decline which led to the yard 's closure . Plans for its replacement by a modern steelworks plant were frustrated by opposition from the British Iron and Steel Federation , an employers ' organisation with its own plans for the industry . The loss of the steelworks , and the lack of any prospect of large @-@ scale employment in the town , was the final factor that led to residents ' organising the march . Marches of the unemployed to London , termed " hunger marches " , had taken place since the early 1920s , mainly organised by the National Unemployed Workers ' Movement ( NUWM ) , a communist @-@ led body . For fear of being associated with communist agitation , the Labour Party and Trade Union Congress ( TUC ) leadership stood aloof from these marches . They exercised the same policy of detachment towards the Jarrow March , which was organised by the borough council with the support of all sections of the town and without any connection with the NUWM . The Jarrow marchers received sustenance and hospitality from local branches of all the main political parties on their way , and on their reception in London . Despite the initial sense of failure among the marchers , in subsequent years the Jarrow March became recognised by historians as a defining event of the 1930s . It helped to foster the change in attitudes which prepared the way to social reform after the Second World War . The town holds numerous memorials to the march . Re @-@ enactments celebrated the 50th and 75th anniversaries , in both cases invoking the " spirit of Jarrow " in their campaigns against unemployment . In contrast to the Labour leadership 's coldness in 1936 , the postwar party adopted the march as a metaphor for governmental callousness and working @-@ class fortitude . = = National background = = = = = UK unemployment between the wars = = = In the period immediately after the end of the First World War , Britain 's economy enjoyed a brief boom . Businesses rushed to replenish stocks and re @-@ establish peacetime conditions of trade , and while prices rose rapidly , wages rose faster and unemployment was negligible . By April 1920 this boom had given way to Britain 's first post @-@ war slump , which ushered in an era of high unemployment . Britain 's adoption of generally deflationary economic policies , including a return to the gold standard in 1925 , helped to ensure that the percentage of the workforce without jobs remained at around 10 % for the rest of the 1920s and beyond , well above the normal pre @-@ war levels . During the world recession that began in 1929 and lasted until 1932 , the percentage of unemployed peaked at 22 % , representing more than 3 million workers . Unemployment was particularly heavy in Britain 's traditional staple export industries — coal mining , shipbuilding , iron and steel and textiles — all of which were in a slow decline from their Victorian heyday . Because of the concentration of these industries in the north of England , in Scotland and in Wales , the numbers of persons out of work in these regions were significantly higher , sometimes more than double the percentage , than in the south throughout the interwar period . The decline of these industries helped to create an additional problem , that of long @-@ term unemployment outside the normal cyclical variations ; some workers had no work for years . = = = Hunger marches = = = In 1921 , in reaction to the rising levels of unemployment , the newly formed British Communist Party set up the National Unemployed Workers ' Movement ( NUWM ) . From 1922 until the late 1930s , under its charismatic leader Wal Hannington , the NUWM organised regular marches in which unemployed workers converged on London to confront Parliament . These became known as " hunger marches " , reviving a name coined by the press in 1908 , when a group of London 's unemployed marched to Hyde Park . The 1922 marchers sought a meeting with the new prime minister , Andrew Bonar Law , who refused to see them . The march leaders were denounced in The Times as " avowed Communists ... who have been identified with disturbances in their own localities " . The Labour Party and the TUC kept aloof , fearful of being tainted by association with the communist organisers . The same pattern was followed with subsequent NUWM marches ; successive prime ministers — Stanley Baldwin in 1929 , Ramsay Macdonald in 1930 and 1934 — declined to meet the marchers ' representatives , and the Labour Party and the TUC continued to keep their distance . In 1931 Macdonald became head of a Conservative @-@ dominated National Government that imposed a means test on unemployment benefits . Anger at the means test was the rationale for the 1932 hunger march , in which a series of rallies and demonstrations across London broke out into considerable violence ; clashes with opponents and police in Hyde Park , Trafalgar Square and Westminster led to the arrest and imprisonment of the march 's leaders . Two additional national marches were held in 1934 and 1936 . By this time the country had made a substantial recovery from the worst depression years of 1929 – 32 . Unemployment was significantly down , annual growth was averaging 4 % , and many parts of the country were enjoying a substantial boom in housing and consumer goods . The increasing prosperity was not , however , uniformly spread , and there were sharp contrasts between economic conditions in the south and those in the north @-@ east , South Wales , Scotland and elsewhere , where the rate of recovery was much slower . At the same time , the national mood was changing ; external factors such as the rise of fascism in Europe helped to unify the British left , and there were more supportive voices in parliament on behalf of the unemployed . The idea of marching as a means of expressing political or social grievances had by now become an accepted and well @-@ established tactic . The historian A.J.P. Taylor considered that the hunger marchers had " displayed the failure of capitalism in a way that mere figures or literary description could not . Middle @-@ class people felt the call of conscience " . = = Local background : Jarrow = = = = = Town history = = = Jarrow , situated on the River Tyne in County Durham , northern England , entered British history in the 8th century , as the home of Bede , the early Christian monk and scholar . After Bede , little changed in the remote rural community for a thousand years , although his monastery was dissolved under Henry VIII in the 16th century . The discovery of coal in the 17th century led to major changes . It was not mined on an industrial scale until the early 1800s , resulting in the population of Jarrow more than doubling between 1801 and 1821 to around 3 @,@ 500 , largely from the influx of mineworkers . The town 's years as a coalfield were unhappy . Living conditions in many of the hastily erected cottages were insanitary , lacking water and drainage . There was a serious outbreak of cholera in Jarrow and northeast England in the winter of 1831 – 32 as part of a pandemic that had originated in Bengal five years before . In England cholera arrived at Sunderland , carried by passengers on a ship from the Baltic . It spread throughout the country . Relations in Jarrow between employer and employee were poor ; workers were held by the " bond " system whereby they were tied to a particular employer for a year , whether or not that employer could provide work . Working conditions in the mines were dangerous : there were explosions in 1826 , 1828 and 1845 , each with large loss of life . Attempts by workers to organise into a trade union were fiercely opposed by the employers . Nevertheless , workers conducted lengthy strikes in 1832 and 1844 , each ending when hunger forced the miners back to work . After the easier seams of coal were exhausted , the Jarrow pits became less profitable , and in 1851 the owners abandoned them altogether . = = = Shipbuilding = = = Jarrow began its development as a shipbuilding town with the establishment in 1851 of Palmer 's shipyard on the banks of the River Tyne . The first ship from the yard was launched in 1852 , an iron @-@ built and steam @-@ powered collier ; many more such carriers followed . In 1856 the yard began building warships , and was soon supplying many of the world 's navies . With its associated iron and steel works , it became the largest shipbuilding centre in the country , employing thousands of men . Jarrow 's population , at around 3 @,@ 800 in 1850 , had increased nearly tenfold to 35 @,@ 000 by 1891 . Palmer 's was central to Jarrow 's economy , both for the numbers employed there and for the ancillary businesses that served the needs of both the yard and town . The shipyard generated high employment to Jarrow , but the industrial works created a harsh environment . Ellen Wilkinson , the town 's historian and member of parliament from 1935 to 1947 , quotes a newspaper source from 1858 : " There is a prevailing blackness about the neighbourhood . The houses are black , the ships are black , the sky is black , and if you go there for an hour or two , reader , you will be black " . According to Wilkinson , the yard 's founder , Sir Charles Palmer , " regarded it as no part of his duty to see that the conditions under which his workers had to live were either sanitary or tolerable " . In the 1890s , Britain held a near monopoly of the world 's shipbuilding , with a share of around 80 % . This proportion fell during the early years of the 20th century to about 60 % , as other countries increased their production . Palmer 's remained busy , and during the years of the First World War built many of Britain 's warships : the battleship HMS Resolution , the light cruiser HMS Dauntless ( D45 ) , and numerous smaller vessels were all built in Jarrow . During the brief postwar boom of 1919 – 20 , orders remained plentiful and Palmer 's prospered . However , the firm 's management had not anticipated the conditions that developed in the 1920s when , as Wilkinson says , " every industrial country that had bought ships from Britain was now building for itself " . The firm made over @-@ optimistic assessments of future demand , and invested accordingly . The anticipated demand did not materialise ; by the mid @-@ 1920s , Palmer 's was incurring heavy losses , and was close to bankruptcy . It was temporarily reprieved by a short @-@ lived boom in 1929 , when orders rose and the town briefly enjoyed the prospect of an economic recovery . = = = Closure of Palmer 's = = = On 24 July 1930 Palmer 's launched its thousandth ship , the tanker Peter Hurll , but by this time the brief shipbuilding boom had been ended by the Great Depression , and there were no new orders on the firm 's books . Rumours of impending reorganisation and rationalisation in the industry gave the workforce cause for anxiety , which deepened with the formation in 1930 of National Shipbuilders Security Ltd ( NSS ) . This was a company created by the government to assist shipbuilders by acquiring failing yards and dismantling them , so that production was concentrated within a smaller number of profitable yards . To ensure this rationalisation was sustained , the closed yards were banned from any shipbuilding activity for at least 40 years . During 1931 NSS was busy closing shipyards elsewhere in the country , while an order from the Admiralty for two destroyers kept Palmer 's working until mid @-@ 1932 . The second of these ships , HMS Duchess , was the last ship launched from the yard , on 19 July 1932 . By this time , Palmer 's was insolvent , but retained a faint hope of further naval contracts . These failed to materialise , and in June 1933 the firm 's creditors appointed a receiver . By December 1933 rumours of NSS interest in the yard were appearing in the press , and in the House of Commons Walter Runciman , the President of the Board of Trade , told members : " There is nothing to be gained by giving Jarrow the impression that Palmer 's can be revived " . He continued : " Would it not be very much better to make a clean sweep of that as a shipyard , and throw open to the world for sale what is one of the finest and most convenient sites anywhere in Europe ? " Despite efforts by management and workers to find an alternative solution , in the early summer of 1934 NSS acquired the yard , closed it , and began to dismantle its plant . Blythe wrote : " The only sound to compete with the unfamiliar noise of the marsh birds ... was the ring of the breakers ' hammers . " Following the Palmer 's closure , a small hope of relief and some industrial resurrection was offered by the industrialist Sir John Jarvis , who held the ceremonial office of High Sheriff of Surrey . He was the prospective Conservative candidate for Guildford . On 4 October 1934 , Jarvis announced the " adoption " of Jarrow by the county of Surrey , and promised to bring new industries to the town ; he mentioned ship @-@ breaking , bottle manufacture and furniture @-@ making . While acknowledging the generous principle behind Jarvis 's scheme , Betty Vernon ( biographer of Jarrow politician Ellen Wilkinson ) describes it as ultimately superficial , offering little more than patchwork assistance . Blythe observes : " This excellent man failed , as anyone must fail who tries to play the good squire to a town of nearly forty thousand people " . = = = Ellen Wilkinson = = = In the 1931 general election , in the nationwide rout of Labour , the Jarrow constituency was won by the National Government 's candidate , William Pearson , a Conservative borough councillor and former mayor . In 1932 , when the mood in Jarrow was desperate — " a workhouse without walls " according to one commentator — the local Labour Party selected Ellen Wilkinson as its parliamentary candidate for the next general election . Wilkinson had helped to found the British Communist Party in 1920 , and had a firebrand reputation . She had been associated with Hannington and the NUWM in the early 1920s , but had left the Communist Party in 1923 and had served as Labour MP for Middlesbrough East between 1924 and 1931 . Wilkinson felt a deep bond of sympathy with the people of Jarrow and the loss of the shipyard which was the life @-@ source of the town . Early in 1934 she led a deputation of Jarrow 's unemployed to meet the prime minister , MacDonald , in his nearby Seaham constituency . She records that at the end of the meeting MacDonald said to her : " Ellen , why don 't you go out and preach socialism , which is the only remedy for all this ? " This " priceless remark " , she says , brought home the " reality and sham ... of that warm but so easy sympathy " . She became Jarrow 's MP in the general election of November 1935 , when she won the seat with a majority of 2 @,@ 360 . In the opening debate of the new parliamentary session , on 9 December 1935 , she pleaded on behalf of her new constituents : " These are skilled fitters , men who have built destroyers and battleships and the finest passenger ships ... The years go on and nothing is done ... this is a desperately urgent matter and something should be done to get work to these areas which , Heaven knows , want work . " = = = Proposed steelworks = = = While Jarvis 's palliative measures were being developed , a more substantial project to bring industry back to Jarrow was under consideration . An American entrepreneur , T. Vosper Salt , became aware of the impending sale and break @-@ up of Palmer 's yard . He was convinced that the world demand for steel was about to rise , and thought that the site , with its ready @-@ made docking and rail facilities , would be ideal for a new , modern steelworks . In January 1934 , when an initial feasibility study report had proved favourable , Salt began discussions with the British Iron and Steel Federation ( BISF ) , a steel producers ' organisation formed that year as part of the National Government 's rationalisation of the iron and steel industry . The British steel industry was protected from more efficient foreign competition by the government 's high tariff wall . The BISF , through its control of pricing , could also present a united front against new competition at home . When the feasibility report was received by the BISF in March 1935 the Federation 's chairman , Sir Andrew Duncan , at first reacted positively ; his members from the north @-@ east were rather less enthusiastic . Only one of the large steel firms in the region , the Consett Iron Company , offered support for a Jarrow steelworks , while other BISF members put pressure on London 's financial institutions to withhold capital from the new scheme . Reports of such tactics caused great anxiety in the Jarrow area , where the people were desperate for the new works to come about . In a reassuring speech shortly before the November 1935 general election , Baldwin , now leading the National Government , informed his listeners in Newcastle : " There is no truth in any of the reports that either the banks or any other authorities ... are making a dead set to prevent anything of the kind being done in the area " . After the election and the return of the National Government , little happened to support Baldwin 's optimistic words . In the House of Commons on 2 March 1936 , Wilkinson spoke of the " atmosphere of mystery " that surrounded the Jarrow scheme : " Publicly one sees tremendous optimism ... but when you see people privately there is a great deal of humming and ha 'ing , and they are not quite sure " . Meanwhile , the BISF argued that increased steel production should be achieved by expanding capacity in existing facilities , rather than by building new plant . Duncan , in a reversal of his earlier attitude , now opposed the provision of finance for Jarrow which , he felt , might create a precedent that other distressed areas could exploit . The BISF finally succeeded in watering down the scheme to the extent that it became unviable ; Salt and his syndicate withdrew , and the scheme was dead , " strangled at birth " according to Wilkinson . In a series of exchanges in the Commons with Runciman on 30 June , Wilkinson requested in vain that the matter be reconsidered by an independent body , rather than being decided by the BISF . One of the government 's own negotiators , who had been involved in the project since its early stages , wrote in The Times : " A system which permits the adjudication on a proposal of national importance ... to be left in the hands of parties whose financial interests may run counter to that project , is not conducive to the enterprising development of the steel industry " . When , later in the summer , Runciman met workers from Jarrow the deputation encountered , in Wilkinson 's words , " a figure of ice . Icily correct , icily polite , apparently completely indifferent to the woes of others . " His insistence that " Jarrow must work out its own salvation " , was described by Blythe as " the last straw in official cruelty " ; to Wilkinson , the phrase " kindled the town " , and inspired it to action . = = March = = = = = Preparation = = = After the loss of the steelworks , David Riley , the chairman of Jarrow Borough Council , told a rally of the town 's unemployed in July 1936 : " If I had my way I would organise the unemployed of the whole country ... and march them on London so they would all arrive at the same time . The government would then be forced to listen , or turn the military on us " . The idea of a march was taken up with enthusiasm by the mayor Billy Thompson , by Wilkinson , and by political , commercial and religious groups . It was decided that the march would be a local affair , representing the town , with no political connotations . It would be limited to 200 fit men who would arrive in London at the start of the new parliamentary session on 3 November 1936 , when a petition from the town would be presented to the House of Common . Riley was appointed chief marshal , with four subcommittees to deal with organisational detail . All the local political parties — Labour , Conservative and Liberal — gave their support , as did the town 's churches and the business community . Relays of medical students from the Inter @-@ Hospital Socialist Society agreed to accompany the march as medical attendants . A fund was begun , with an initial target of £ 800 , to meet the costs of the march ; ultimately , nearly double that amount was raised , locally and on the route . Public meetings were planned for the overnight stops , to publicise the plight of Jarrow and of other areas like it . One marcher explained : " We were more or less missionaries of the distressed areas , [ not just ] Jarrow " . On Monday 5 October the marchers , selected from over 1 @,@ 200 volunteers , attended an ecumenical dedication service in Christ Church , Jarrow , where the blessing was given by James Gordon , the Bishop of Jarrow . This apparent endorsement by a senior cleric gained considerable press attention , but earned a sharp response from Hensley Henson , the Bishop of Durham . Henson , a severe critic of socialism and trade unionism , described the march as " revolutionary mob pressure " , and regretted his colleague 's association with " these fatuous demonstrations , which are mainly designed in the interest , not of the Unemployed , but of the Labour party " . As Jarrow 's representatives prepared to leave , six regional contingents of the sixth National Hunger March were taking the road to London , where they were due to arrive a week after the Jarrow marchers . A group of blind veterans , organised by the National League of the Blind and Disabled , was also on the march , demanding better allowances for the country 's 67 @,@ 000 blind persons . = = = On the road = = = = = = = Jarrow to Ripon = = = = After the service of dedication , the marchers left Jarrow , cheered on by most of the town and bearing banners announcing themselves as the " Jarrow Crusade " . By the following weekend they had travelled 69 miles ( 111 km ) to the cathedral city of Ripon , where they were welcomed by the Bishop of Ripon and a delegation representing local churches . Receptions at the intervening stops had been mixed : lukewarm at Chester @-@ le @-@ Street , warm and friendly from the people in Ferryhill and also from the Conservative @-@ controlled council in Darlington . Wilkinson had left the march at Chester @-@ le @-@ Street to attend the Labour Party 's annual conference , taking place in Edinburgh . The conference was not supportive of the march — one delegate criticised Wilkinson for " sending hungry and ill @-@ clad men on a march to London " . The Labour conference 's negative stance brought angry responses from the marchers ; Riley considered that they had been " stabbed in the back " . The marchers were further dismayed to learn that the Ministry of Labour 's Unemployment Assistance Board had ruled that their benefits would be reduced , since they were unavailable for work should jobs arise . = = = = Ripon to Chesterfield = = = = After a weekend 's rest , the marchers proceeded to Harrogate . In this solidly Conservative , prosperous town the marchers were greeted warmly by the civic authorities and were fed by the Rotary Club . They were given sleeping quarters by the Territorial Army , a change from the school and church halls , and occasional workhouse accommodation , that was provided at most overnight stops . It was becoming evident that local Conservatives were often as likely to provide practical assistance as Labour , whose local parties were constrained by the attitude of the party 's national leadership . The marchers ' claim that theirs was a unique situation , arising from specific actions ( the closing of the shipyard and the blocking of the proposed steelworks ) that could be remedied by immediate government action , may also have alienated local working @-@ class communities . Cross @-@ party support was important in maintaining the march 's non @-@ partisan ethos , a factor that led Riley to refuse a donation of £ 20 from a communist group , stating : " We are determined at all costs to preserve the non @-@ political character of this Crusade " . At Harrogate Wilkinson rejoined the march , as it proceeded through southern Yorkshire towards Chesterfield in Derbyshire . The march was attracting wide publicity ; in London the government worried that King Edward might exceed his constitutional limits and receive the marchers . The cabinet issued a statement that emphasised the constitutional means for expressing grievances , and condemned marches for causing " unnecessary hardship for those taking part in them " — " crocodile tears " , according to Wilkinson . In reaching Chesterfield on 17 October , the marchers had travelled 70 miles ( 110 km ) during the week , and were at the approximate half @-@ way point in their journey . That day , the Bishop of Durham was gratified and the marchers correspondingly disappointed , when in a letter to The Times the Bishop of Jarrow denied that his blessing on the march had indicated his support for the venture . The blessing was , he said an act of Christian duty ; in general he believed that such marches should be discouraged . Wilkinson was forgiving of the bishop 's volte @-@ face , knowing , she later said , " the difficulties he had to face " . = = = = Chesterfield to Northampton = = = = The third week of the march covered the greatest distance of the four weeks — 83 miles ( 134 km ) . At Mansfield , the Labour @-@ controlled council defied the national leadership to give the marchers a warm welcome . This was matched by the reception from Nottingham 's Conservative mayor and councillors , and supplemented by gifts of clothing and underwear from the city 's manufacturers . At Leicester , the Co @-@ operative Society 's bootmakers worked through the night without pay , repairing the marchers ' boots . According to some accounts , the marchers presented the vicar of the Church of St Mark , Leicester , with a wooden cross , although Matt Perry , in his history of the Jarrow March , indicates that this cross was donated in 1934 by the national hunger march . From Leicester the march moved to Market Harborough . This was one of the least welcoming of all the overnight stops . No member of the local council greeted or visited the marchers , and they were forced to spend the night on the stone floor of an unfinished building ( the local press later denied that this was so ) . On Saturday 24 October the marchers reached Northampton , arriving at the same time as the blind group . Wilkinson left to supervise arrangements in London , and would thereafter only participate intermittently until the final day , a week hence . = = = = Northampton to London = = = = The leg on Monday 26 October , from Northampton to Bedford , was the longest daily march — 21 miles ( 34 km ) . Of the original contingent , 185 were still on the road , together with 10 replacements . To maintain the timetable for arrival at Marble Arch , the marchers took an extra rest day on Tuesday before marching , in teeming rain , the 19 miles ( 31 km ) to Luton . On 29 October , as the marchers walked from Luton to St Albans , the plight of Jarrow was the subject of exchanges in the House of Commons between Wilkinson and Baldwin . The prime minister drew attention to the recent decrease in Jarrow 's unemployed , and said : " There is every reason to hope that the revival of industry now in progress in the Tyneside area will result in further opportunities for employment for those still unemployed at Jarrow . " Wilkinson replied that the apparent decrease in Jarrow 's unemployment figures arose from the amalgamation of the figures of Jarrow with those of a neighbouring town , and did not represent an increase in employment . She asked Baldwin whether he would break with tradition and meet a deputation of the marchers ; the prime minister declined . On the penultimate stage , from St Albans to Edgware , as the march neared its end , marchers began to contemplate the return home , and the prospect of " looking out of the window ... knowing that there 's nothing , nothing at all to do " . On the final day , for the short 8 @-@ mile ( 13 km ) stretch , large crowds watched the column proceed through the London suburbs towards Marble Arch , marching to the accompaniment of their own mouth @-@ organ band despite relentless rain . On arrival , as their leaders talked to the press , the marchers retired to their overnight accommodation in London 's East End . = = = London = = = On Sunday 1 November the marchers proceeded to Hyde Park for a hastily organised public meeting . The Communist Party was holding a general rally in the park against unemployment ; Wilkinson records that they " generously gave way for an hour and asked their great audience to swell our Crusade meeting " . The police made a low estimate of 3 @,@ 000 for the crowd , but the journalist Ritchie Calder , who was present , put the figure at 50 @,@ 000 . After a day 's rest , the marchers ' main event on Tuesday was a public meeting in the Memorial Hall , Farringdon Street . Among the guest speakers was the Rev. Canon Dick Sheppard , founder of the Peace Pledge Union . He told the marchers : " You have so aroused the conscience of the country that things are bound to happen " . Sir John Jarvis , without prior warning , then revealed plans for a steel tubes mill on the Palmers site . The impression that Jarrow 's problems could be solved thus , without government action , disconcerted the listening marchers . Wilkinson commented that such plans were in the future , and were no substitute for the town 's requirement for immediate government intervention . On Wednesday 4 November Wilkinson presented the Jarrow petition to the House of Commons . With over 11 @,@ 000 signatures , it asked that " His Majesty 's Government and this honourable House should realise the urgent need that work should be provided for the town without further delay . " In the brief discussion that followed , Runciman said that " the unemployment position at Jarrow , while still far from satisfactory , has improved during recent months " , to which a Labour backbencher replied that " the Government 's complacency is regarded throughout the country as an affront to the national conscience " . Blythe summarises the marchers ' anger and disillusionment : " And that was that . The result of three months ' excited preparation and one month 's march has led to a few minutes of flaccid argument during which the Government speakers had hardly mustered enough energy to roll to their feet " . A " stay @-@ in " strike was briefly proposed , before Wilkinson arranged a meeting with a cross @-@ party group of MPs . The marchers ' case was heard sympathetically ; the meeting was warned that , given international uncertainties , they might come to regret the dismantling of an important shipbuilding facility for reasons of private profit . Such statements , according to Wilkinson , made members " distinctly uncomfortable " . The next day the marchers returned by train to Jarrow , where they received an ecstatic welcome from the town . = = Appraisal and legacy = = Before the start of the Second World War , and the establishment of war @-@ based industries , Jarvis 's initiatives brought modest relief to Jarrow . By 1939 , about 100 men were employed in a small furniture factory and up to a further 500 in various metal @-@ based industries set up on the Palmer 's site . Jarvis had acquired the obsolete liners Olympic and Berengaria , to be broken up at the yard . However , after their triumphant homecoming many of the marchers felt that their endeavour had failed . Con Whalen , who at his death in 2003 was the last survivor of those who marched the full distance , said that the march was " a waste of time " , but added that he had enjoyed every step . His fellow marcher Guy Waller , on the 40th anniversary of the march in 1976 , said that " [ t ] he march produced no immediate startling upsurge in employment in the town . It took the war to do that " . These views are shared by most commentators and historians . The Daily Mirror columnist Kevin Maguire calls the march " a heroic failure " , while Matt Dobson , in The Socialist , writes that " out of all the hunger marches its aims were the most diluted and it made the most modest gains " . The historians Malcolm Pearce and Geoffrey Stewart provide a positive perspective , arguing that the Jarrow March " helped to shape [ post @-@ Second World War ] perceptions of the 1930s " , and thus paved the way to social reform . Perry observes that " the passage of time has transformed the Jarrow Crusade ... into a potent talisman with which many apparently seek association " . Thus the Labour Party , which in 1936 shunned the march , later adopted it as " a badge of credibility " . In 1950 the party featured the Jarrow banners on its election posters ; the march then disappeared from view in an era of high employment , only to be invoked again when unemployment again became a political issue in the 1980s . In the late 20th century and beyond , Labour leaders — Michael Foot , Neil Kinnock , Tony Blair — have all associated themselves with the march . In October 1986 , on the 50th anniversary , a group from Jarrow and other towns along the way retraced the route to London . At that time of industrial recession , Jarrow once again had the highest level of unemployment in the country . The 75th anniversary in 2011 was marked by a " March for Jobs " , that drew the ire of a Conservative MP , Robert Goodwill , who noted the high level of withdrawals in its early stages and dismissed it as " an insult to the memory of the Jarrow marchers ... They are not fit to walk in [ their ] footsteps " . Shortly after the return home in November 1936 Riley , together with three other Jarrow councillors who had led the march — James Hanlon , Paddy Scullion and Joseph Symonds — left Labour to form a breakaway group committed to a more direct fight for employment . All four later rejoined the party ; Scullion and Symonds both served as the town 's mayor , and Symonds was Labour MP for Whitehaven from 1959 to 1970 . In 1939 Wilkinson published her history of Jarrow , The Town that Was Murdered . A reviewer for The Economic Journal found the book " not quite as polemical as one might have expected " , but felt that in her denunciation of the BISF Wilkinson had not taken full account of the state of the iron and steel industry in the 1930s . Wilkinson continued her parliamentary career , and from 1940 to 1945 held junior ministerial office in Churchill 's wartime coalition government . In the 1945 Labour government she was appointed Minister of Education , with a seat in the cabinet , a post in which she served until her death , aged 55 , in February 1947 . Among dramatisations based on the Jarrow March is a play , Whistling at the Milestones ( 1977 ) by Alex Glasgow , and an opera , Burning Road ( 1996 ) , by Will Todd and Ben Dunwell . In what Perry describes as one of the ironies surrounding the march , the opera was performed in Durham Cathedral in May 1997 , in retrospective defiance of the bishop who had condemned the march . The town of Jarrow contains several commemorations , including a steel relief sculpture by Vince Rea at the new railway station , a tile mural designed by local schoolchildren , and a bronze sculpture — " The Spirit of the Crusade " by Graham Ibbeson — in the town centre . Buildings and	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
males and family groups travel drastically less during winter . = = = Playing = = = River otters are renowned for their sense of play . Otter play mostly consists of wrestling with conspecifics . Chasing is also a common game . River otters rely upon play to learn survival skills such as fighting and hunting . However , playful behavior was found in only 6 % of 294 observations in a study in Idaho , and was limited mostly to immature otters . = = = Hunting = = = Prey is captured with a quick lunge from ambush , or more rarely , after a sustained chase . River otters can remain underwater for nearly 4 minutes , swim at speeds approaching 11 km / h ( 6 @.@ 8 mph ) , dive to depths nearing 20 m ( 22 yd ) , and travel up to 400 m ( 440 yd ) while underwater . Several river otters may even cooperate while fishing . Small fish are eaten at the surface , but larger ones are taken to the shore to be consumed . Live fish are typically eaten from the head . River otters dry themselves and uphold the insulative quality of their fur by frequent rubbing and rolling on grass , bare ground , and logs . A highly active predator , the river otter has adapted to hunting in water , and eats aquatic and semiaquatic animals . The vulnerability and seasonal availability of prey animals mainly governs its food habits and prey choices . This availability is influenced by the following factors : detectability and mobility of the prey , habitat availability for the various prey species , environmental factors , such as water depth and temperature , and seasonal changes in prey supply and distribution in correspondence with otter foraging habitat . The diet of the river otter can be deduced by analyzing either scat obtained in the field , or gut contents removed from trapped otters . Fish are the primary component of the river otter 's diet throughout the year . Every study done on the food habits of the river otter has identified varying fish species as being the primary component of its diet . For instance , an Alberta , Canada study involved the collection and analysis of 1 @,@ 191 samples of river otter scats collected during each season . Fish remnants were found present in 91 @.@ 9 % of the scat samples . Moreover , a western Oregon study revealed fish remains were present in 80 % of the 103 digestive tracts examined . Crustaceans ( crayfish ) , where regionally available , are the second @-@ most important prey for otters . Crustaceans may even be consumed more than fish . For example , a study conducted in a central California marshland indicated crayfish formed nearly 100 % of the river otter 's diet at certain times of the year . However , river otters , as foragers , will immediately take advantage of other prey when readily obtainable . Other prey consumed by river otters includes fruits , reptiles , amphibians , birds ( most especially moulting ducks which render the birds flightless and thus makes them easier to capture ) , aquatic insects , small mammals , and mollusks . River otters are not scavengers ; they avoid consuming carrion . Northern river otters do not generally handle prey of a large size relative to themselves but there are occasions where they 've been observed ambushing and killing adult common snapping turtles while the large turtles ( which are roughly equal in average body weight to a river otter ) are hibernating . Remains of the much larger American beaver have been found in otter scat in some regions , although most otter dietary studies in areas where otters and beaver are sympatric do not show them to be regular predators of beavers ( despite the claims of fur @-@ trappers that otters frequently hunt beavers ) and perhaps only young beaver kits may be attacked . Otters do not dramatically reduce prey populations in the wild , generally speaking . When a copious supply of food dwindles or other prey becomes available , otters either transfer to a new location or convert their dietary choices to the most adequate prey . When left unchecked , though , otter depredations can be quite significant under certain circumstances ( e.g. in hatcheries or other fish culture facilities ) . Likewise , the potential predatory impact of otters may be considerable whenever fish are physically confined ( most commonly in smaller ponds offering sparse cover or other escape options ) . Resolution of such conflicts will usually require removal and / or relocation of nuisance otters . Even in larger bodies of water , they may take disproportional advantage of any seasonal concentrations of fish when and where only very limited areas of suitable spawning , low @-@ flow , or over @-@ wintering habitat may exist . Even such fast @-@ swimming species as trout become lethargic in extremely cold water , with a commensurate increase in their vulnerability to predation . As such , careful consideration of any threatened , endangered , or fish species of special interest is warranted prior to reintroduction of otters to a watershed . Although other prey species are of temporary significance to the river otter , the deciding factor whether the river otter can establish itself as a permanent resident of one location is the year @-@ round availability of fish . There are reports of photographs of retrieving otters that were used by hunters near Butte , Nebraska . = = = Social behavior = = = The North American river otter is more social than most mustelids . In all habitats , their basic social group is the family , consisting of an adult female and her progeny . Adult males also commonly establish enduring social groupings , some documented to comprise as many as 17 individuals . In coastal areas , males may remain gregarious even during the estrous period of females . Family groups may include helpers , which can be made up of unrelated adults , yearlings , or juveniles . Male otters disperse from such family groups more often than females . When females leave , they tend to move much further away ( 60 – 90 km or 37 – 56 mi ) than males ( up to 30 km or 19 mi ) , which tend to move shorter distances . Male river otters do not seem to be territorial , and newly dispersing males may join established male groups . On occasion , groups of unrelated juveniles are observed . River otters living in groups hunt and travel together , use the same dens , resting sites , and latrines , and perform allogrooming . In freshwater systems , groups occur most often in autumn and during early winter . From mid @-@ winter through the breeding season , adult females move and den alone . River otters are not territorial , but individual otters of different groups portray mutual avoidance . Home ranges of males are larger than those of females , and both sexes exhibit intra- and intersexual overlap of their domains . = = = Communication = = = Communication among North American river otters is accomplished mainly by olfactory and auditory signals . Scent marking is imperative for intergroup communication . The river otter scent @-@ marks with feces , urine , and possibly anal sac secretions . Musk from the scent glands may also be secreted when otters are frightened or angry . River otters can produce a snarling growl or hissing bark when bothered , and a shrill whistle when in pain . When at play or traveling , they sometimes give off low , purring grunts . The alarm call , given when shocked or distressed by potential danger , is an explosive snort , made by expelling air through the nostrils . River otters also may use a birdlike chirp for communication over longer distances , but the most common sound heard among a group of otters is low @-@ frequency chuckling . = = = Reproduction and life cycle = = = North American river otters are polygynous . Females usually do not reproduce until two years of age , although yearlings produce offspring on occasion . Males are sexually mature at two years of age . The number of corpora lutea increases directly with age . River otters typically breed from December to April . Copulation lasts from 16 – 73 minutes and may occur in water or on land . During the breeding , the male grabs the female by the neck with his teeth . Copulation is vigorous , and is interrupted by periods of rest . Females may caterwaul during or shortly after mating . Female estrus lasts about a month per year , and true gestation lasts 61 – 63 days . Because the otters delay implantation for at least eight months , the interval between copulation and parturition can reach 10 – 12 months . Delayed implantation distinguishes the species from the European otter , which lacks this feature . Young are born between February and April , and parturition lasts three to eight hours . In early spring , expectant mothers begin to look for a den where they can give birth . The female otters do not dig their own dens ; instead , they rely on other animals , such as beavers , to provide suitable environments to raise their offspring . When the mothers have established their domains , they give birth to several kits . Litter size can reach five , but usually ranges from one to three . Each otter pup weighs approximately five ounces . At birth , the river otters are fully furred , blind , and toothless . The claws are well @-@ formed and facial vibrissae ( about 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) long ) are present . The kits open their eyes after 30 – 38 days . The newborns start playing at five to six weeks , and begin consuming solid food at 9 – 10 weeks . Weaning occurs at 12 weeks , and females provide solid food for their progeny until 37 – 38 weeks have transpired . The maximum weight and length of both sexes are attained at three to four years of age . The mothers raise their young without aid from adult males . When the pups are about two months old and their coats grow in , their mother introduces them to the water . Otters are natural swimmers and , with parental supervision , they acquire the skills necessary to swim . The otters may leave the den by eight weeks and are capable of sustaining themselves upon the arrival of fall , but they usually stay with their families , which sometimes include the father , until the following spring . Prior to the arrival of the next litter , the otter yearlings venture out in search of their own home ranges . = = Geographic range = = The North American river otter is found throughout North America , inhabiting inland waterways and coastal areas in Canada , the Pacific Northwest , the Atlantic states , and the Gulf of Mexico . River otters also currently inhabit coastal regions throughout the United States and Canada . North American river otters also inhabit the forested regions of the Pacific coast in North America . The species is also present throughout Alaska , including the Aleutian Islands , and the north slope of the Brooks Range . However , urbanization and pollution instigated reductions in range area . They are now absent or rare in Arizona , Hawaii , Kansas , Kentucky , Nebraska , New Mexico , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Tennessee , and West Virginia . Reintroduction projects have expanded their distribution in recent years , especially in the Midwestern United States . In 2010 , the Colorado Department of Wildlife reported the species , reintroduced in the 1980s , was " thriving " and recommended its protection status be reconsidered . In late 2012 , a river otter nicknamed Sutro Sam took up residence around the former site of the Sutro Baths in San Francisco , the first river otter sighting in that city in more than half a century . In Canada , North American river otters occupy all provinces and territories , except for Prince Edward Island . Historical records indicate river otters were once populous throughout most major drainages in the continental United States and Canada prior to European settlement . North America ’ s largest otter populations were found in areas with an abundance and diversity of aquatic habitats , such as coastal marshes , the Great Lakes region , and glaciated areas of New England . In addition , riverine habitats in interior regions supported smaller , but practical , otter populations . The otter existed on all parts of the Pacific Coast , including the seashore and inland streams and lakes . However , large populations never occurred in areas of Southern California such as the chaparral and oak woodlands and Mojave Desert seasonal waterway regions , or in the xeric shrubland regions in New Mexico , Texas , Nevada , and Colorado . In Mexico , the otters lived in the Rio Grande and Colorado River Deltas . = = Habitat = = Although commonly called a " river otter " , the North American river otter is found in a wide variety of aquatic habitats , both freshwater and coastal marine , including lakes , rivers , inland wetlands , coastal shorelines , marshes , and estuaries . It can tolerate a great range of temperature and elevations . A river otter 's main requirements are a steady food supply and easy access to a body of water . However , it is sensitive to pollution , and will disappear from tainted areas . Like other otters , the North American river otter lives in a holt , or den , constructed in the burrows of other animals , or in natural hollows , such as under a log or in river banks . An entrance , which may be under water or above ground , leads to a nest chamber lined with leaves , grass , moss , bark , and hair . Den sites include burrows dug by woodchucks ( Marmota monax ) , red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) , nutria ( Myocastor coypus ) , or beaver and muskrat lodges . River otters also may use hollow trees or logs , undercut banks , rock formations , backwater sloughs , and flood debris . The use of den and resting sites is chiefly opportunistic , although locations that provide protection and seclusion are preferred . = = = Population localization = = = Aquatic life ties North American river otters almost exclusively to permanent watersheds . The river otters favor bog lakes with banked shores containing semiaquatic mammal burrows and lakes with beaver lodges . The otters avoid water bodies with gradually sloping shorelines of sand or gravel . In Maine , use of watersheds by river otters is negatively associated with the proportion of mixed hardwood @-@ softwood stands in forested areas adjacent to waterways . However , it is positively associated with the number of beaver flowages , watershed length , and average shoreline diversity . In Idaho , river otters prefer valley habitats over mountainous terrain , and they select valley streams over valley lakes , reservoirs , and ponds . Log jams are heavily used when present . In Florida , inhabitation of North American river otters is lowest in freshwater marshes , intermediate in salt marshes , and highest in swamp forests . During the dry season , they will recede from the marshland and move to permanent ponds , where water is available and food is in greater supply . In Idaho and Massachusetts , ecological elements preferred for latrine sites include large conifers , points of land , beaver bank dens and lodges , isthmuses , mouths of permanent streams , or any object that protrudes from the water . River otters often reside in beaver ponds . Encounters between otters and beavers are not necessarily hostile . In Idaho , otters and beavers were recorded in the same beaver lodge simultaneously on three separate occasions . The otters may compete with the American mink ( Mustela vison ) for resources . In Alaska , the two species living in marine environments indicate niche separation through resource partitioning , probably related to the swimming abilities of these mustelids . = = = Fish = = = River otters consume an extensive assortment of fish species ranging in size from 2 to 50 centimeters ( 0 @.@ 79 to 19 @.@ 69 in ) that impart sufficient caloric intake for a minute amount of energy expenditure . River otters generally feed on prey that is in larger supply and easier to catch . As a result , slow @-@ swimming fish are consumed more often than game fishes when both are equally available . Slow @-@ moving species include suckers ( Catostomidae ) , catfish , sunfish and bass ( Centrarchidae ) ; and daces , carp , and shiners ( Cyprinidae ) . For instance , Catostomidae are the primary dietary component of river otters in Colorado 's Upper Colorado River Basin . Likewise , the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) is a preferred fish species for the otter in other regions of Colorado . Fish species frequently found in the diets of the North American river otters include : Catostomidae , which consists of suckers ( Catostomus spp . ) and redhorses ( Moxostoma spp . ) ; Cyprinidae , made up of carp ( Cyprinus spp . ) , chubs ( Semotilus spp . ) , daces ( Rhinichthys spp . ) , shiners ( Notropis and Richardsonius spp . ) , and squawfishes ( Ptychocheilus spp . ) ; and Ictaluridae , which consists of bullheads and catfish ( Ictalurus spp . ) . Other fish an integral part of the river otters ' diets are those that are often plentiful and found in large schools : sunfish ( Lepomis spp . ) ; darters ( Etheostoma spp . ) ; and perches ( Perca spp . ) . Bottom @-@ dwelling species , which have the tendency to remain immobile until a predator is very close , are susceptible to river otters . These include mudminnows ( Umbra limi ) and sculpins ( Cottus spp . ) . Game fish , such as trout ( Salmonidae ) and pike ( Esocidae ) , are not a significant component of their diets . They are less likely to be prey for the North American river otters since they are fast @-@ swimming and can find good escape cover . However , river otters will prey on trout , pike , walleye ( Sander vitreus vitreus ) , salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp . ) , and other game fish during spawning . Adult river otters are capable of consuming 1 to 1 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 2 @.@ 2 to 3 @.@ 3 lb ) of fish per day . A study conducted on captive otters revealed they preferred larger fish , ranging from 15 to 17 centimeters ( 5 @.@ 9 to 6 @.@ 7 in ) , more than smaller fish , ranging from 8 to 10 centimeters ( 3 @.@ 1 to 3 @.@ 9 in ) , and they had difficulty catching fish species less than 10 centimeters ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) or larger than 17 centimeters ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) . Otters are known to take larger fish on land to eat , whereas smaller fish are consumed in the water . = = = Crustaceans = = = Otters may prefer to feed on crustaceans , especially crayfish ( Cambarus , Pacifasticus , and others ) more than fish where they are locally and seasonally plentiful . In Georgia , crayfish accounted for two @-@ thirds of the prey in the summer diet , and their remnants were present in 98 % of the summer spraint . In the winter , crayfish made up one @-@ third of the otter 's diet . A study conducted on North American river otters in a southwestern Arkansas swamp identified a correlation between crayfish consumption , fish consumption , and water levels . During the winter and spring , when the water levels were higher , otters had a greater tendency to prey upon crayfish ( 73 % of scats had crayfish remains ) rather than fish . However , when water levels are lower , crayfish will seek out shelter while fish become more highly concentrated and susceptible to predation . Therefore , fish are more vulnerable to being preyed upon by otters because the crayfish have become more difficult to obtain . = = = Reptiles and amphibians = = = Amphibians , where regionally accessible , have been found in the river otter 's diet during the spring and summer months , as indicated in many of the food habit studies . The most common amphibians recognized were frogs ( Rana and Hyla ) . Specific species of reptiles and amphibians prey include : boreal chorus frogs ( Pseudacris maculata ) ; Canadian toads ( Bufo hemiophrys ) ; wood frogs ( Rana sylvatica ) ; bullfrogs ( Rana catesbeiana ) ; green frogs ( Rana clamitans ) ; northwestern salamanders ( Ambystoma gracile ) ; Pacific giant salamander ( Dicamptodon ensatus ) ; rough @-@ skinned newt ( Taricha granulosa ) ; and garter snakes ( Thamnophis ) . Amphibians and reptiles are more obtainable by the river otter during the spring and summer as a result of breeding activity , appropriate temperatures , and water supply for the prey . = = = Birds = = = Waterfowl , rails , and some colonial nesting birds are preyed upon by otters in various areas . Susceptibility of these species is greatest during the summer ( when waterfowl broods are vulnerable ) and autumn . The otters have also been known to catch and consume moulting American wigeon ( Mareca americana ) and green @-@ winged teal ( Anas crecca ) . Other species of birds found within their diets include : northern pintail ( Anas acuta ) ; mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) ; canvasback ( Aythya valisineria ) ; ruddy duck ( Oxyura jamaicensis ) ; and the American coot ( Fulica americana ) . Although they consume birds , river otters do not feed on bird eggs . = = = Insects = = = Aquatic invertebrates have been recognized as an integral part of the river otter 's diet . Otters consume more aquatic insects in the summer as the populations increase and specific life stages heighten their susceptibility . Most aquatic invertebrates preyed upon by the otters are from the families Odonata ( dragonfly nymphs ) , Plecoptera ( stonefly nymphs ) , and Coleoptera ( adult beetles ) . Invertebrates discovered within scats or digestive tracts could most likely be a secondary food item , first being consumed by the fish that are subsequently preyed upon by the otters . = = = Mammals = = = Mammals are rarely consumed by river otters , and are not a major dietary component . Mammals preyed upon by otters are characteristically small or are a type species found in riparian zones . The few occurrences of mammals found in the river otter 's diet include : muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus ) ; meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) ; eastern cottontails ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) ; and snowshoe hares ( Lepus americanus ) . Records of otters preying upon beavers ( Castor canadensis ) vary ; it has been reported in the southern boreal forest of Manitoba . Trappers in Alberta , Canada commonly assert otters are major predators of beavers . A 1994 river otter study reported findings of beaver remains in 27 of 1 @,@ 191 scats analyzed . However , many other studies did not report any findings of beaver remains in the scat sampled . = = Threats = = The otter has few natural predators when in water . Aquatic predators include the alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) , American crocodile ( Crocodylus acutus ) , killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) , and sharks , none of which commonly coexist with this otter and thus rarely pose a threat . On land or ice , the river otter is considerably more vulnerable . Terrestrial predators include the coyote ( Canis latrans ) , bobcat ( Lynx rufus ) , lynx ( Lynx canadensis ) , domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) , wolf ( Canis lupus ) , mountain lion ( Felis concolor ) , black bear ( Ursus americanus ) and ( in young or small otters ) red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) . Most river otter mortality is caused by human @-@ related factors , such as trapping , illegal shooting , roadkills , and accidental captures in fish nets or set lines . Accidental deaths may be the result of ice flows or shifting rocks . Starvation may occur due to excessive tooth damage . Threats to otter populations in North America vary regionally . Otter inhabitation is affected by type , distribution , and density of aquatic habitats and characteristics of human activities . Preceding the settlement of North America by Europeans , otters were prevalent among aquatic habitats throughout most of the continent . Trapping , loss or degradation of aquatic habitats through filling of wetlands , and development of coal , oil , gas , tanning , timber , and other industries , resulted in extirpations , or declines , in otter populations in many areas . In 1980 , an examination conducted on U.S. river otter populations determined they were extirpated in 11 states , and had experienced drastic lapses in 9 others . The most severe population declines occurred in interior regions where fewer aquatic habitats supported fewer otter populations . Although the distribution became reduced in some regions of southern Canada , the only province @-@ wide extirpation occurred on Prince Edward Island . During the 1970s , improvements in natural resource management techniques emerged , along with increased concerns about otter population declines in North America . Consequently , many wildlife management agencies developed strategies to restore or enhance otter populations , including the use of reintroduction projects . Since 1976 , over 4 @,@ 000 otters have been reintroduced in 21 U.S. states . All Canadian provinces except Prince Edward Island and 29 U.S. states have viable populations that sustain annual harvests . Annual harvest numbers of northern river otters are similar for Canada and the United States , with most pelts being used in the garment industry . In the late 1970s , annual harvest in North America reached approximately 50 @,@ 000 pelts , for a value of US $ 3 million . Otters are inadvertently harvested by traps set for beavers , and therefore management plans should consider both species simultaneously . While current harvest strategies do not pose a threat to maintaining otter populations , harvest may limit expansion of otter populations in some areas . Otter harvests correlate positively with the beaver harvests and with the average beaver pelt price from the preceding year . Fur of the river otter is thick and lustrous and is the most durable of Native American furs . River otter pelts are used as the standard for rating the quality of other pelts . Oil spills present a localized threat to otter populations , especially in coastal areas . Water pollution and other diminution of aquatic and wetland habitats may limit distribution and pose long @-@ term threats if the enforcement of water quality standards is not upheld . Acid drainage from coal mines is a persistent water quality issue in some areas , as it eliminates otter prey . This dilemma prevents , and consequently inhibits , recolonization or growth of otter populations . Recently , long @-@ term genetic consequences of reintroduction projects on remnant otter populations has been discussed . Similarly , many perceived threats to otters , such as pollution and habitat alterations , have not been rigorously evaluated . Little effort has gone into assessing the threat of disease to wild river otter populations , so it is poorly understood and documented . River otters may be victims of canine distemper , rabies , respiratory tract disease , and urinary infection . In addition , North American river otters can contract jaundice , hepatitis , feline panleucopenia , and pneumonia . They host numerous endoparasites , such as nematodes , cestodes , trematodes , the sporozoan Isopora , and acanthocephalans . Ectoparasites include ticks , sucking lice ( Latagophthirus rauschi ) , and fleas ( Oropsylla arctomys ) . = = = Conservation status = = = Lontra canadensis is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora . They have been virtually eliminated through many parts of their range , especially around heavily populated areas in the midwestern and eastern United States . Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction currently , but may become so unless trade is closely controlled . The North American river otter is considered a species of least concern according to the IUCN Red List , as it is not currently declining at a rate sufficient for a threat category . By the early 1900s , river otter populations had declined throughout large portions of their historic range in North America . However , improvements in water quality ( through enactment of clean water regulations ) and furbearer management techniques have permitted river otters to regain portions of their range in many areas . Reintroduction projects have been particularly valuable in restoring populations in many areas of the United States . However , river otters remain rare or absent in the southwestern United States . Water quality and development inhibit recovery of populations in some areas . The species is widely distributed throughout its range . In many places , the populations have re @-@ established themselves because of conservation initiatives . Reintroduction of river otters may present a problem in that it may contaminate the genetic structure of the native population . Habitat degradation and pollution are major threats to their conservation ; river otters are highly sensitive to pollution and readily accumulate high levels of mercury , organochloride compounds , and other chemical elements . The species is often used as a bioindicator because of its position at the top of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems . Environmental disasters , such as oil spills , may increase levels of blood haptoglobin and interleukin @-@ 6 immunoreactive protein , but decrease body mass . Home ranges of river otters increase in size on oiled areas compared to unoiled areas , and individual otters also modify their habitat use . Declines in the richness and diversity of prey species may explain these changes . = Dales pony = The Dales pony is one of the United Kingdom 's native mountain and moorland pony breeds . The breed is known for its strength , hardiness , stamina , courage , intelligence , and good disposition . The history of the modern Dales pony is strongly linked to the history of lead mining in the Dales area of England , and it was originally a working pony descended from a number of breeds . A breed registry was created in 1916 , and the breed was used extensively by the British Army in both world wars . The Dales pony almost became extinct during the Second World War , but post @-@ war conservation efforts have had some success in rebuilding the population . Today it is used for many different activities , but population numbers are still low and this has led to it being considered " critical " by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust and " threatened " by The Livestock Conservancy . = = Breed characteristics = = The Dales pony is ideally 13 to 14 hands ( 52 to 56 inches , 132 to 142 cm ) . The head is straight , neat , and broad between the eyes , with a fine muzzle and incurving ears . The body is fairly short in the back , with a broad and deep rib cage , long , broad and well @-@ muscled quarters , a well @-@ muscled neck of a good length joining neatly into strong withers and strong sloping shoulders . The legs are very muscular , with hard , dense bone , clearly defined tendons , flexible pasterns , and large round hooves with open heels . The mane , tail and leg feathers are straight , silky and abundant . The majority of Dales ponies are black , though brown , bay , grey and roan colours are also acceptable . The only white markings permitted on the head are a star and / or a snip ; stripes , blazes , and white muzzles are not allowed . The hind legs may have a small amount of white , not extending above the fetlock joint , though ponies with excess white markings may be registered in the B register of the stud book . A Dales pony should move with a great deal of energy and power , lifting the hooves well clear of the ground . The over @-@ all impression should be of an alert , courageous but calm and kind animal . Ponies which do not meet the physical standard set by the breed registry may be registered as " B @-@ status " , meaning that they are of Dales Pony bloodlines but do not have the proper appearance or gaits . Foals by Dales stallions and non @-@ Dales mares may be registered as part @-@ breds . Foals out of Dales mares and non @-@ Dales stallions may not be registered , as the stud book wishes to promote breeding of purebred ponies to maintain the current population levels . = = History = = Horses have been present and used in the Dales area from early times . Horse remains dating to Roman times were found in the Ribchester area of the Dales , during North Pennines Archaeology 's excavations at land behind the Black Bull Inn in 2009 . The Romans themselves named an ancient British tribe to the east of the Pennines the Gabrantovici , or ' horse @-@ riding warriors ' . The history of the modern Dales pony is strongly linked to the history of lead mining in the Dales area of England , which stretches from the Derbyshire peaks to the Scottish borders . Lead has been mined in this area since Roman times , and Richard Scrope , then Chancellor of England , owned lead mines at Wensleydale in the 14th century . Iron ore , fuel for smelting , and finished lead were all carried on pack ponies , with each pony carrying up to 240 lb ( 110 kg ) at a time . Pack pony trains of up to 20 ponies worked ' loose ' ( not led ) , under the supervision of one mounted train leader . The modern Dales pony is descended from a number of breeds , with the original working ponies being bred by crossing the Scottish Galloway pony with native Pennine pony mares in the Dales area in the late 1600s . A century later Norfolk Cob bloodlines were brought into the breed , which traced back to the Darley Arabian , and most Dales ponies today have pedigrees which can trace back directly to this influential horse ( one of the foundation sires of the modern Thoroughbred ) . Clydesdale , Norfolk Trotter , and Yorkshire Roadster blood was added to improve the trotting ability of the Dales . The bloodline of the Welsh Cob stallion Comet was also added during the 19th century to increase the size of the Dales ponies , leaving a lasting resemblance between the two breeds . With their agility , power and speed , the Dales had great success in trotting races of the 18th century and were also used in organized hunts . The Fell pony continued to intermingle with the Dales into the early 20th century . In 1912 , Dalesman was chosen as a Fell premium stallion by the Board of Agriculture . In 1924 , he was re @-@ registered as a Dales pony . The Dales pony stud book was opened in 1916 , with the formation of the Dales Pony Improvement Society , after the introduction of Clydesdale blood threatened to affect the quality of the Dales ponies . Stallion premiums were awarded first by the Board of Agriculture , and later by the War Office , to ensure that stallions displaying the best of the breed characteristics were used for breeding . Members of the breed served with the British army in Europe during the First World War . In the early 1920s , 200 Dales ponies were purchased by the British army . The army took only the finest stock , with the least amount of draft blood . The specifications for the purchased ponies were very specific : all were older than five years , stood 14 @.@ 0 to 14 @.@ 2 hands high , weighed at least 1 @,@ 000 pounds ( 450 kg ) with a girth measurement of 68 inches ( 170 cm ) , and were able to pack at least 294 pounds ( 133 kg ) in mountainous terrain . The breed almost disappeared during the Second World War as ponies were taken for breeding vanners ( animals which pulled commercial wagons ) , for work in towns and cities , and for use by the British Army as pack and artillery ponies . Many ponies used by the military in Europe were left behind after the war , and in many cases they were slaughtered for food . The population declined during the war to such an extent that only four new fillies were registered in 1955 . However , the post @-@ war future of the Dales pony was preserved by a small group of breeders , who began to search for unregistered ponies of the proper type . The 1960s saw three Fell pony stallions interbred with Dale mares , to help save the breed . In 1964 the Dales Pony Society underwent reorganisation . At the same time , a " Grading @-@ Up Register " was developed , with the aim of identifying and breeding ponies with characteristics of the original Dales type . The grading @-@ up program was successful , and by 1971 , populations had been rebuilt to the point that the program was discontinued . By the 1990s , the population had grown enough to allow some ponies to be exported – twelve to Canada in 1991 and four to the US in 1994 . By 1999 , there were 60 registered ponies in North America , and an estimated 800 worldwide . In the same year , the Dales Pony Society of America was formed as the official US sub @-@ registry of the UK breed registry . The Dales pony has moved to " critical " status with the Rare Breeds Survival Trust , meaning there is a United Kingdom population of fewer than 300 registered breeding females . The US @-@ based Livestock Conservancy lists the breed as " threatened " , meaning that population numbers worldwide are sub @-@ 5 @,@ 000 and annual US registrations are less than 1 @,@ 000 . = = Uses = = Dales ponies today compete in show jumping , cross @-@ country , dressage , driving , and eventing . Their calm , kind temperament , combined with their ability to carry heavy weights for long distances , has made them an ideal pony for endurance riding and trekking holidays , as they can carry novice or experienced riders , adults or children alike , over all kinds of terrain and for long distances . Small herds still roam free in the eastern Pennines , and in 2007 there were estimated to be around 30 mares of breeding age in feral herds . = Manor House , Sleaford = The Manor House is a set of connected buildings located on Northgate in the English town of Sleaford , Lincolnshire . A complex arrangement , parts of the Manor House date to the 16th century , but they were extended with the addition of the Georgian Rhodes House and later Gothic @-@ Revival work . It was a private residence until the 20th century , and is now divided into commercial properties and residential apartments . The house was owned by a number of families and individuals , including local banker and businessman Benjamin Handley and Sophia Peacock , whose nephews , Cecil and Frank Rhodes , spent their summers at the estate as children . The building is divided into two plots : The Manor House ( No. 31 ) and Rhodes House ( No. 33 ) . The former is a complex of buildings , mostly in stone . It is accessed through a cobbled courtyard , with a 19th @-@ century Gothic west front , including a small tower ; part of the north side of the yard is a 17th @-@ century gabled building . The brick @-@ built Rhodes House faces directly onto the street . Described by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner and John Harris as " a jigsaw puzzle " , the Manor House is notable for its re @-@ use of medieval masonry , some dating 14th century and others likely being removed from Sleaford Castle . In 1949 , it was recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II * listed building , recognising it as " particularly important ... of more than special interest . " = = History = = = = = Origins = = = The origins of the Manor House and its early history have not been fully studied . In 1872 , Edward Trollope mentioned it in his history of Sleaford , writing that " all its details are not honestly known " . English Heritage and the architectural historians Sir Nikolaus Pevsner and John Harris date parts of No. 31 to the 17th century and categorise most of No. 33 as mid @-@ 18th century and " mid @-@ Georgian " respectively ; however , local historian Dr Simon Pawley , states that No. 33 is 19th century . An estate map of 1766 shows that the plot was not part of the open field system around Sleaford . A more detailed map , dated to c . 1770 , has a building on a plot owned by Robert Banks , corresponding to the location of Rhodes House . An enclosure map completed in 1794 shows a small building at the site , set back slightly from the road and adjoined by a larger one to the north , which faced onto the street ; the location and layout also correspond closely to the arrangement of the older parts of Nos. 31 and 33 . = = = Nineteenth century = = = By the 19th century , the house was occupied by the banker , businessman and solicitor Benjamin Handley ( 1754 – 1828 ) . He was Treasurer of the Sleaford Navigation and solicitor to the enclosure commission for Sleaford and several fenland villages , through which service he " amassed a great fortune " . It is not clear when ownership of the house changed , but Maurice Peter Moore ( 1809 – 1866 ) , clerk of the peace for Kesteven , lived there from at least 1851 until his death . The son of Rev. Dr William Moore , vicar of Spalding , he was admitted as a solicitor in 1831 . Moore was living in Sleaford by 1834 , when he is recorded as owning as property on North Street , and was in partnership with William Forbes by 1841 . Moore married Ann Gardiner Peacock in 1834 . Their first daughter , Florence , died an infant in 1838 and Ann Moore died giving birth to their only surviving child , Anne Louisa Russell ( known as Russell ) , in 1839 . Moore considered disinheriting his daughter , writing that " Russell 's conduct towards me continues to be cold and heartless ... and I must look on her as not deserving to inherit from me " . Sophia Peacock , a sister of his wife , was closely involved in Russell 's up @-@ bringing and Moore developed romantic feelings for her ; in 1858 , he changed his will to give her his property instead of Russell , but Sophia rejected his marriage proposal and he disinherited her the following year . Despite Moore 's " vehement objections " , his daughter married George Edward Corrance in 1860 . After a year she eloped with Colonel Edward William de Lancy Lowe ; they married in 1866 , after Corrance divorced her on grounds of adultery . Her father " had always reason to be dissatisfied with her conduct " and , three months before his death , he made a new will and bequeathed all of his property to Peacock . After Moore 's death , Russell Lowe and her paternal uncle , Rev. Edward Moore opened a court case to contest the will . In March 1868 , the courts found that the will was legal . Sophia Peacock inherited nearly all of Moore 's estate . Sophia and Ann Gardiner Peacock 's father , Anthony Taylor Peacock of South Kyme , was a wealthy banker and his father , Anthony Peacock , was a land @-@ owner , who had worked closely with Benjamin Handley as a sponsor of the Sleaford Navigation and commissioner of enclosures in the 1790s . Among the younger Peacock 's other daughters was Louisa , who married Rev. Francis William Rhodes in 1844 . Louisa and Francis Rhodes 's nine children included Cecil Rhodes and Frank Rhodes ; they spent their childhood summers with their aunt Sophia at the Manor House in Sleaford and in the Channel Islands . Frank and Cecil learnt to ride at the Manor and it was during these visits to Sleaford that Cecil began his long friendship with Robert Yerburgh , a son of the town 's vicar . On Sophia Peacock 's death in 1892 , Frank Rhodes inherited the Manor House . He was still living there in 1897 . = = = Later history = = = In 1897 , Elizabeth Cross rented the Manor House from Rhodes , remaining there until her death in 1923 . She moved to Sleaford after the death of her husband , Rev. John Edward Cross ( 1821 − 1897 ) , a prebendary of Lincoln . She purchased " ancient buildings " around Lincolnshire so that their old stonework could be incorporated into the house . It was put up for sale in 1924 and James Gordon Jeudwine and his wife were resident at the house the following year . Jeudwine was a son of Canon George Wynne Jeudwine ; a solicitor , he became a partner in the firm Peake , Snow and Peake in 1937 , the same year that he was appointed Clerk to the Justices of the Sleaford petty sessional division . He lived at the house until his death from injuries received in a car accident in 1941 . The buildings were divided so that the old Manor House became No. 31 and the 18th century part became No. 33 ( known as Rhodes House ) . By the 1960s , ownership had changed hands again : the Manor House was sold by C. B. Cliff to H. A. Mills of Newark in 1967 . Mills became headmaster of the William Alvey School in Sleaford . In the 1970s , the owner of No. 31 , R. W. Edgely , submitted an application for planning permission to demolish the stables at No. 31 and build a house to its rear ; Mills , along with Sleaford and District Civic Trust opposed the plans . From the 1960s to 1992 , Sleaford Medical Group practised at Rhodes House and in a building behind it . As of 2015 , the building is divided into residential apartments . = = Architecture = = The Manor House is a complicated group of buildings . Its earliest part dates from the 16th century , although it is built with stone @-@ work from two centuries earlier . No. 31 is largely 19th century , incorporating older buildings and inset with medieval elements . Sir Nikolaus Pevsner summarised that " it is hard to discriminate between what is genuine and what is 19th century fancy " . No. 33 is mid @-@ Georgian . No. 31 is accessed through two 18th century gate @-@ piers adorned with pineapple finials which open onto a cobbled courtyard in front of the house . The western façade is 19th century and stone ; a single @-@ storey , it incorporates a tower , in the centre of which is a 14th @-@ century door , beneath a small pointed window . The rear contains a blend of medieval features , including a 14th @-@ century head of a king , set into a chimney . The north side of the courtyard contains a projected square bay dated to 1637 and incorporates an octagonal 14th century chimney piece , reckoned to have belonged to the Old Deanery in Lincoln . This joins to an 18th @-@ century brick section , which is connected to the right with a 17th @-@ century crow @-@ stepped gabled stone house . A stone wall attached to that section is inset by a blocked door , the base of which forms a dog 's drinking fountain . The doorway , along with some of the other imported stonework , was probably taken from the decaying Sleaford Castle , now ruined . The interior includes a room dated to the early 17th century , with panelling and Tudor Revival motifs . Rhodes House , No. 33 , dates to the mid @-@ 18th century . A three @-@ storey brick building with five bays and a classical stone door @-@ case , with Doric columns and an entabulature . To the north is a two @-@ storey mid @-@ 19th century extension , also in brick , and an adjoining former garden wall . The rear has seven bays and two projecting wings , dating to the 18th century . Internally , one room has 17th century panelling of a Tudor design . = A7 ( Croatia ) = The A7 motorway ( Croatian : Autocesta A7 ) is a 42 @.@ 4 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 26 @.@ 3 mi ) motorway in Croatia . It connects the nation 's largest port in Rijeka , to the Croatian motorway network , as well as to the Rupa and Pasjak border crossings to Slovenia . The motorway forms part of a longitudinal transportation corridor in Croatia , and it is a part of European route E61 Villach – Ljubljana – Trieste – Rijeka . The A7 motorway route south of Orehovica interchange , where it also intersects Pan @-@ European corridor Vb , is a part of European route E65 . The A7 motorway runs near a number of Croatian cities and provides access to Učka Nature Park and , indirectly , to numerous resorts in the Istria and Kvarner Gulf regions . The motorway is nationally significant because of its positive economic impact on the cities and towns it connects , and because of its contribution to tourism in Croatia . The importance of the motorway as a transit route will be further increased upon completion of a proposed expansion of the Port of Rijeka and Rijeka transport node . The motorway consists of two traffic lanes and an emergency lane in each driving direction , separated by a central reservation . There are no emergency lanes in the tunnels . All intersections of the A7 motorway are grade separated . Numerous bridges , viaducts , tunnels , and other structures were required as the route traverses rugged terrain . As of 2010 , there are ten exits and two rest areas situated along the route . Most of the motorway is not tolled , but a single section is tolled using an open toll system with pricing tied to vehicle classification . Plans for the motorway were officially formulated in 1974 and the construction was started in 1977 . The first 8 @.@ 3 @-@ kilometre ( 5 @.@ 2 mi ) sections were completed as a two @-@ lane expressway with grade @-@ separated intersections , in 1988 and 1990 , comprising the western arm of Rijeka bypass . As the first stage of the A6 motorway construction spanning between Zagreb and Rijeka neared completion in the 2000s , construction of a proper motorway along the A7 route started . In December 2009 , the Diračje – Orehovica section was upgraded to a six @-@ lane motorway , bringing the entire route between Rupa border crossing and Sveti Kuzam interchange to a uniform standard . Two new sections of the A7 motorway are currently under construction , extending the route eastward into vicinity of Kraljevica , Crikvenica , and Krk Bridge . The two sections are scheduled to be completed by 2012 . Current long @-@ term plans for developing the A7 motorway define its ultimate southern terminus in Žuta Lokva at the interchange of the A1 motorway . This section is no longer part of any short @-@ term plans , as no funding until 2012 is currently scheduled for the section . Further long term plans specify an outer Rijeka bypass and a new interchange with the A8 expressway . = = Route description = = The A7 motorway is an important north – south motorway in western Croatia , connecting the nation 's largest port and the city of Rijeka to the Slovenian road network at the Rupa border crossing . The A7 motorway currently connects to the rest of the Croatian motorway network via the A6 motorway in Orehovica interchange . The motorway is a part of International E @-@ road network routes E65 and E61 . The sections south of Orehovica interchange are a part of the E65 , while the remaining sections are a part of the E61 . The motorway is of major importance to Croatia in terms of its development of the economy of Croatia , most notably in tourism , as it represents the shortest and the most convenient route between Trieste , Italy or Ljubljana , Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea . This particularly applies to tourist resorts in the Kvarner Gulf area and to the Port of Rijeka , but it is also true for resorts in Istria , served via the A8 expressway . The genuine importance of the motorway as a transit route will be demonstrated upon completion of the A7 route to Žuta Lokva interchange of the A1 motorway and proposed expansion of the Port of Rijeka and Rijeka transport node . The former is planned as a part of completion of the Adriatic – Ionian motorway , while the latter is planned to encompass the growth of the Port of Rijeka 's cargo handling capacity , improved railroad links and a new Rijeka bypass motorway linking the A7 , via a number of new interchanges , to the A6 and A8 motorways . The project is , among other goals , aiming to increase traffic along the Croatian part of Pan @-@ European corridor Vb , which connects to the A7 near Rijeka . As of 2014 , the motorway spans 42 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 26 @.@ 3 mi ) between the Rupa border crossing to Slovenia and Križišće where southbound A7 traffic currently ends at a roundabout connecting to the state roads D8 and D102 . It connects to Rijeka as it forms Rijeka bypass , the A8 expressway of the Istrian Y and the A6 which represents motorway connection to Zagreb and Split . Future development of the motorway will include southward extensions of the motorway towards Crikvenica , Novi Vinodolski , Senj , and ultimately Žuta Lokva interchange on the A1 motorway . The A7 motorway consists of two traffic lanes and an emergency lane in each driving direction along its entire length , except in tunnels where there are emergency bays rather than lanes . All existing interchanges are trumpet interchanges . There are two rest areas along the motorway , providing various types of services ranging from parking spaces and restrooms to filling stations and restaurants . As of October 2010 , the motorway has 10 interchanges , providing access to a number of towns and cities and to the Croatian state road network . The motorway is operated by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb . An automatic traffic monitoring and guidance system is in place along the motorway . It consists of measuring , control , and signaling devices , located in zones where driving conditions may vary — at interchanges , near viaducts , beside bridges , in tunnels , and in zones where fog and strong winds are known to occur . The system consists of variable traffic signs used to communicate changing driving conditions , possible restrictions , and other information to motorway users . The A7 motorway runs through hills , rugged coastal terrain , and urban areas , requiring a substantial number of bridges , viaducts , and tunnels along the route . Particular attention to the environment is also required since the route is situated in karst topography , which is particularly susceptible to water pollution , and the urbanized areas requiring special attention to be paid to noise pollution . Noise pollution was assessed as especially severe in the Rastočine neighborhood of Rijeka , where residential buildings are particularly close to the motorway route , most notably a 26 story high @-@ rise only 40 metres ( 130 ft ) away from the route . The noise pollution was addressed by building a noise barrier 352 metres ( 1 @,@ 155 ft ) long which largely encloses that motorway section like a tunnel . Curved overhead sections of the noise barrier are covered with 2 @,@ 300 square metres ( 25 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of solar panels with annual electricity production capacity of 248 @,@ 000 kWh . = = Toll = = Only one section of the A7 motorway is tolled based on the vehicle classification in Croatia using an open toll system in place between the Rupa and Jurdani interchanges . The toll is payable in Croatian kuna , euros , and major credit and debit cards . A number of prepaid toll collection systems are also used , including various types of smart cards issued by the motorway operator and ENC — an electronic toll collection ( ETC ) system which is shared by most motorways in Croatia and provides drivers with discounted toll rates for dedicated lanes at toll plazas . As of December 2010 , Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb collects toll on a single section of the motorway , between Rupa and Jurdani interchanges , close to the northern terminus of the motorway . Unlike those sections further south , which are used as bypass road of the city of Rijeka , therefore carrying substantial suburban and commuter traffic , the tolled section carries almost exclusively transit traffic . The Rupa toll plaza , located on the section reported 240 @,@ 975 kuna ( € 32 @,@ 400 ) collected during a single , peak season , weekend in July . Even though motorway traffic volume and thus toll revenue , decreased slightly elsewhere in the country , this particular tolled section reported virtually no change in income by 2010 . = = Notable structures = = As the A7 motorway route runs through rugged terrain , it utilizes a substantial number of major structures — bridges , viaducts , tunnels , underpasses , flyovers , and culverts . A significant number of interchanges present along Rijeka bypass the 18 @-@ kilometre ( 11 mi ) A7 section between Matulji and Sveti Kuzam which consists of seven interchanges ( including the Orehovica interchange with the A6 motorway ) , thus yielding an average distance of only 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) between them . The longest structures on the A7 motorway are the 858 @-@ metre ( 2 @,@ 815 ft ) Trsat Tunnel located on the Orehovica interchange – Škurinje section , the 595 @-@ metre ( 1 @,@ 952 ft ) Škurinje II Tunnel situated between Škurinje and Rujevica exits , and the 588 @-@ metre ( 1 @,@ 929 ft ) Vežica Viaduct built on Orehovica – Draga section of the motorway . Rječina Bridge , a 210 @-@ metre ( 690 ft ) inclined strut reinforced concrete bridge spanning the Rječina River canyon , is also noteworthy because its design and construction conditions are different from normal since it spans a protected water supply zone . The bridge consists of two parallel structures , and the first one to be completed was the northern span in 1984 . The southern span was the last structure completed on the present A7 motorway route , and it was opened to traffic in 2009 , 25 years after the original span . = = History = = = = = Rijeka bypass = = = Development of the city of Rijeka and the surrounding region ( particularly in relation to the development of Port of Rijeka ) , associated transit transport of cargo , tourism and associated passenger traffic to the northern Adriatic resorts , rugged coastal topography , and the existing road routes running through the city of Rijeka itself , necessitated development of a high capacity bypass road to further the development and relieve congestion on the city streets . This was first officially formulated in spatial planning documents in 1974 , and construction started in 1977 . The first , 8 @.@ 3 @-@ kilometre ( 5 @.@ 2 mi ) section was completed in July 1988 , between Diračje and Orehovica interchange , executed as a two @-@ lane expressway with grade separated intersections . The 4 @.@ 0 @-@ kilometre ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) Diračje – Matulji and Matulji – Jušići sections , completed in 1990 and 1991 respectively , were built as four @-@ lane expressways without emergency lanes . Those completed the western arm of Rijeka bypass , but traffic proceeding east from Orehovica interchange to Krk Island , Crikvenica , and Senj still had to switch to streets of Rijeka . = = = Modern motorway = = = In the 2000s , as the first stage of the A6 motorway construction spanning between Zagreb and Rijeka neared completion , construction of a proper motorway along the A7 route started . In 2004 , when the first stage of Rijeka – Zagreb motorway was completed , the A7 route was extended by 3 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 mi ) to Jurdani , and in 2005 , another 11 @-@ kilometre ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) section was completed between Jurdani and the Slovenian border . The two new sections were the first ones built as a six @-@ lane motorway . In May 2006 , the motorway extended 6 @.@ 35 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 95 mi ) east to Sveti Kuzam , forming the eastern arm of Rijeka bypass , relieving that part of the city from the transit traffic . Finally , after the Rijeka – Zagreb motorway was completed in 2008 , the works on the remaining single @-@ carriageway section of the route intensified . In December 2009 , the Diračje – Orehovica section was upgraded to six @-@ lane motorway , thus bringing the entire route between Rupa border crossing and Sveti Kuzam interchange to a uniform standard . Even though Hrvatske autoceste normally develops motorways in Croatia , as of September 2007 , Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb was granted expansion of the concession previously awarded . The new concession contract included development and maintenance of the A7 motorway north of Križišće interchange , Krk Bridge , and a number of motorway access roads . At the same time , the concession period was extended to 32 years and 11 months , starting on the date of the original concession contract . Therefore , the concession , in its present form , will expire on May 28 , 2031 . Construction costs incurred after 2007 , when Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb took over the motorway development , were estimated at 105 million euros . = = Future = = Two new sections of the A7 motorway are currently under construction , extending the route eastward into vicinity of Kraljevica , Crikvenica , and Krk Bridge . The first section , between Sveti Kuzam and Meja , Croatia , will connect the A7 motorway to D501 state road , while the second one will connect it to extend D102 state road . The two sections combined are only 5 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 3 mi ) long , but since they use very constricted routes defined by rugged terrain , proximity of coastline , numerous towns and villages , existing dense road network , and further transport corridors reserved for planned lowland railroad between Rijeka and Zagreb , the sections will include five viaducts and three tunnels in addition to the new interchanges . The two sections are scheduled to be completed by summer of 2012 , later delayed to November or December 2012 . Long @-@ term plans of development of the A7 motorway , published in the 2000s , involved an extension of the southern terminus to the interchange with the A1 motorway at Žuta Lokva . The section between Križišće and the Žuta Lokva was initially planned to be opened as an expressway by 2009 , but those plans have been put on hold and the section is no longer included in any short @-@ term plans , as no funding is going to be appropriated for it until 2012 . In 2012 , Croatian government announced that no funds shall be made available in near future for construction of A7 south of Križišće . Further long term plans specify an outer Rijeka bypass which is planned on the route Jurdani @-@ Marčelji @-@ Kikovica @-@ Kraljevica , and it would be wider and longer . Similarly , a new interchange of the A8 and A7 motorways is planned near Jušići ; however , these long @-@ term plans , even though they are well documented in government studies , still have no funding approved . = = Traffic volume = = Traffic is regularly counted by means of a traffic census at Rupa mainline toll plaza as well as at two other sections of the motorway which are not tolled . The traffic volume is reported by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb , the operator of the motorway , and are published by Hrvatske ceste . The traffic is the heaviest along the western arm of Rijeka bypass as the section serves the city and acts as a link between the A8 and the A6 motorways while carrying regular A7 traffic . That part of the A7 motorway carries a 20 @,@ 100 @-@ vehicle annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , and a 31 @,@ 700 @-@ vehicle average summer daily traffic ( ASDT ) figure . Substantial variations observed between AADT and ASDT are normally attributed to the fact that the motorway carries significant tourist traffic to Istria and Kvarner Gulf area . The seasonal increase in traffic volume ranges from 10 % on the south of Oštrovica interchange to 120 % as measured on the Rupa – Matulji section . The central part of the motorway exhibits summer @-@ season traffic volume increase of approximately 50 % . = = Rest areas = = As of November 2010 , there are only two rest areas operating along the A7 motorway . Applicable legislation provides for four types of rest areas designated as types A through D : A @-@ type rest areas comprise a full range of amenities including a filling station , a restaurant , and a hotel or motel ; B @-@ type rest areas have no lodging ; C @-@ type rest areas are very common and include a filling station and a café but no restaurants or accommodations ; and D @-@ type rest areas offer parking spaces only , with possibly some picnic tables , benches , and restrooms . Even though the rest areas found along the A7 motorway follow this ranking system , the Vrata Jadrana rest area is a C @-@ type rest area and the Rupa rest area is a B @-@ type facility . The filling stations also offer LPG fuel and include small convenience stores . The primary motorway operator , Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb , leases the rest areas to various operators through public tenders . As of November 2010 , both rest areas found along the A7 motorway are operated by OMV . The rest area operators are not permitted to sub @-@ lease the fuel operations , but they are also penalized if some facilities required by the lease contract are not operating . All of the A7 motorway rest areas , are accessible from both traffic directions of the motorway . The rest areas normally operate 24 hours a day , seven days a week . = = Exit list = = = HMS Minotaur ( 1863 ) = HMS Minotaur was the lead ship of the Minotaur @-@ class armoured frigates built for the Royal Navy during the 1860s . They were the longest single @-@ screw warships ever built . Minotaur took nearly four years between her launching and commissioning because she was used for evaluations of her armament and different sailing rigs . The ship spent the bulk of her active career as flagship of the Channel Fleet , including during Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee Fleet Review in 1887 . She became a training ship in 1893 and was then hulked in 1905 when she became part of the training school at Harwich . Minotaur was renamed several times before being sold for scrap in 1922 and broken up the following year . = = Design and description = = The Minotaur @-@ class armoured frigates were essentially enlarged versions of the ironclad HMS Achilles with heavier armament , armour , and more powerful engines . They retained the broadside ironclad layout of their predecessor , but their sides were fully armoured to protect the 50 guns they were designed to carry . Each was equipped with a plough @-@ shaped ram that was also more prominent than that of Achilles . The Minotaur @-@ class ships were 400 feet ( 121 @.@ 9 m ) long between perpendiculars and 411 feet ( 125 @.@ 3 m ) long overall . They had a beam of 58 feet 6 inches ( 17 @.@ 8 m ) and a draft of 26 feet 10 inches ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . The ships displaced 10 @,@ 627 long tons ( 10 @,@ 798 t ) . The hull was subdivided by 15 watertight transverse bulkheads and had a double bottom underneath the engine and boiler rooms . Minotaur was considered " an excellent sea @-@ boat and a steady gun platform , but unhandy under steam and practically unmanageable under sail " as built . Steam @-@ powered steering improved her maneouvring qualities significantly when it was installed in 1875 and she was judged " one of our very best manoeuvrers we have in the Navy " by Vice Admiral Philip Colomb in 1890 . The ship 's steadiness was partially a result of her metacentric height of 3 @.@ 87 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) . = = = Propulsion = = = Minotaur had a two @-@ cylinder trunk steam engine , made by John Penn and Sons , that drove a single 24 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) propeller . Ten rectangular fire @-@ tube boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of 25 psi ( 172 kPa ; 2 kgf / cm2 ) . The engine produced a total of 6 @,@ 949 indicated horsepower ( 5 @,@ 182 kW ) during the ship 's sea trials on 10 May 1867 and Minotaur had a maximum speed of 14 @.@ 33 knots ( 26 @.@ 54 km / h ; 16 @.@ 49 mph ) . The ships carried 750 long tons ( 760 t ) of coal , enough to steam 1 @,@ 500 nmi ( 2 @,@ 800 km ; 1 @,@ 700 mi ) at 7 @.@ 5 knots ( 13 @.@ 9 km / h ; 8 @.@ 6 mph ) . Minotaur was reboilered in 1893 and reached 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) with 6 @,@ 288 ihp ( 4 @,@ 689 kW ) . The ship had five masts and a sail area of 32 @,@ 377 square feet ( 3 @,@ 008 m2 ) . Because her propeller could only be disconnected and not hoisted up into the stern of the ship to reduce drag , Minotaur only made 9 @.@ 5 knots ( 17 @.@ 6 km / h ; 10 @.@ 9 mph ) under sail . Both funnels were semi @-@ retractable to reduce wind resistance while under sail . Admiral George A. Ballard described Minotaur and her sisters as " the dullest performers under canvas of the whole masted fleet of their day , and no ships ever carried so much dress to so little purpose . " In 1893 – 4 , after her withdrawal from active service , Minotaur had two masts removed and was re @-@ rigged as a barque . = = = Armament = = = The armament of the Minotaur @-@ class ships was intended to be 40 rifled 110 @-@ pounder breech @-@ loading guns on the main deck and 10 more on the upper deck on pivot mounts . The gun was a new design from Armstrong , but proved a failure a few years after its introduction . The gun was withdrawn before any were received by any of the Minotaur @-@ class ships . They were armed , instead , with a mix of seven @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) and nine @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) rifled muzzle @-@ loading guns . All four nine @-@ inch and 20 seven @-@ inch guns were mounted on the main deck while four seven @-@ inch guns were fitted on the upper deck as chase guns . The ship also received eight brass howitzers for use as saluting guns . The gun ports were 30 inches ( 0 @.@ 8 m ) wide which allowed each gun to fire 30 ° fore and aft of the beam . The shell of the 14 @-@ calibre 9 @-@ inch gun weighed 254 pounds ( 115 @.@ 2 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 12 long tons ( 12 t ) . It had a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 420 ft / s ( 430 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a 11 @.@ 3 inches ( 287 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The 16 @-@ calibre 7 @-@ inch gun weighed 6 @.@ 5 long tons ( 6 @.@ 6 t ) and fired a 112 @-@ pound ( 50 @.@ 8 kg ) shell . It was credited with the ability to penetrate 7 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 196 mm ) armour . Minotaur was rearmed in 1875 with a uniform armament of 17 nine @-@ inch guns , 14 on the main deck , two forward chase guns and one rear chase gun . The gun ports had to be enlarged to accommodate the larger guns by hand , at a cost of £ 250 each . About 1883 two 6 inches ( 152 mm ) breech @-@ loading guns replaced two 9 @-@ inch muzzle @-@ loading guns . Four quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 @-@ mm ) guns , eight QF 3 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns , eight machine guns and two torpedo tubes were installed in 1891 – 2 . = = = Armour = = = The entire side of the Minotaur @-@ class ships was protected by wrought iron armour that tapered from 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) at the ends to 5 @.@ 5 inches ( 140 mm ) amidships , except for a section of the bow between the upper and main decks . The armour extended 5 feet 9 inches ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) below the waterline . A single 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch transverse bulkhead protected the forward chase guns on the upper deck . The armour was backed by 10 inches ( 254 mm ) of teak . = = Construction and service = = HMS Minotaur was originally ordered on 2 September 1861 as HMS Elephant , in honour of the ship once commanded by Nelson seventy years before , but her name was changed to Minotaur during construction . She was laid down on 12 September 1861 by the Thames Ironworks in Blackwall , London . She was launched on 12 December 1863 , commissioned in April 1867 and completed on 1 June 1867 . The lengthy delay in completion was due to frequent changes in design details , and experiments with her armament and with her sailing rig . The ship cost a total of £ 478 @,@ 855 . Minotaur finally commissioned in Portsmouth as the flagship of the Channel Fleet , a position which she retained until 1873 . In 1868 the ship nearly rammed the ironclad HMS Bellerophon as they were leaving Belfast Lough . Minotaur lost her bowsprit and fore topgallant mast , but Bellerophon only suffered some minor flooding . She paid off for a long refit in 1873 and resumed her position in 1875 when she rejoined the Channel Fleet . Minotaur became the first ship in the Royal Navy to receive a permanent installation of an electric searchlight in 1876 . The ship was the flagship of Vice Admiral Sir William Hewett , who had earned the Victoria Cross in the Siege of Sevastopol in 1854 , during Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee Fleet Review on 23 July 1887 . Minotaur was paid off at the end of 1887 in Portsmouth and assigned to the Reserve until 1893 when she became a training ship at Portland . She was renamed HMS Boscawen II in March 1904 and transferred in 1905 to Harwich as part of the HMS Ganges training school . The ship was renamed 11 June 1906 as HMS Ganges and then to Ganges II on 25 April 1908 . She was sold on 30 January 1922 for scrap . = Whitley Castle = Whitley Castle is a large and uniquely shaped Roman fort ( Latin : castra ) north @-@ west of Alston , Cumbria , England that was known to the Romans as Epiacum . The fort was built early in the 2nd century and at least partly demolished and rebuilt around AD 200 . Whereas Roman forts are normally " playing @-@ card shaped " ( rectangular with rounded corners ) , Whitley Castle is lozenge @-@ shaped to fit the available site . In addition , it has the most complex defensive earthworks of any known fort in the Roman Empire , with multiple banks and ditches outside the usual stone ramparts . The fort appears to have been sited to control and protect lead mining in the area as well as to support the border defences of Hadrian 's Wall . The fort was surveyed by the geologist Thomas Sopwith in the 19th century and the historian R.G. Collingwood in the 20th , with a geophysics survey in the 21st , but it has not been fully excavated . Among finds at the fort are altars with inscriptions to Hercules by the 6th Legion of the Roman army ( normally stationed at York ) and to Apollo by the fort 's garrison of auxiliaries , the 2nd Cohort of Nervians . Other finds include a midden containing shoes ; coins , fragments of Samian pottery , beads , nails , and a bronze handle shaped like a dolphin . = = Situation = = Whitley Castle is about 1 @,@ 000 ft ( 300 m ) above sea level in the Pennine hills on the border of Cumbria and Northumberland . It lies to the west of the modern A689 road beside the Pennine Way long @-@ distance footpath . During the Roman era , Epiacum was situated about 15 mi ( 24 km ) south of Hadrian 's Wall and 20 mi ( 32 km ) north of the main road which ran between Luguvalium ( Carlisle ) in the northwest and Eboracum ( York ) in the southeast . The Maiden Way road connected it to Magnae ( Carvoran ) on the Wall and Bravoniacum ( Kirkby Thore ) on the Carlisle – York road . Whitley Castle is one of the most isolated Roman sites in Britain , which may help to explain both why it remains largely unexcavated as of 2012 and why so much of it has survived . The site is a lozenge @-@ shaped spur of high ground on Castle Nook hill farm under permanent pasture . The remains lie under the grass , and are most clearly seen in aerial photographs . The Roman fort itself covers about 4 acres ( 1 @.@ 6 ha ) ; outside it is a system of concentric defensive ditches . The fort may have been sited to exert control over the area near Alston and its lead mines , as well as to provide support for Hadrian 's Wall . = = Roman fort = = Epiacum was built early in the 2nd century . It was at least partly demolished and rebuilt around AD200 ; the destruction coincides with an uprising of the northern tribes in 196 . 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50 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , but this was changed to two guns and four torpedo tubes before the first boat was completed , in order to standardise the armament with the following F @-@ group . They could also carry 10 – 12 naval mines . 78 T was the fifth of its class to be completed , and was laid down on 22 October 1913 , launched on 4 March 1914 , and completed and commissioned on 23 August 1914 . Eight T @-@ group boats were completed between February and December 1914 , designated 74 T – 81 T. In 1914 , one 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) machine gun was added . = = Career = = = = = World War I and interwar period = = = The 250t @-@ class , T @-@ group were the first small Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy boats to use turbines , and this contributed to ongoing problems with the boats . During World War I , 78 T was used for convoy , escort and minesweeping tasks , and anti @-@ submarine operations , She also conducted patrols and supported seaplane raids against the Italian Adriatic coast . Due to inadequate funding , 78 T and the rest of the 250t @-@ class were essentially coastal vessels , despite the original intention that they would be used for " high seas " operations . In 1917 , one of the 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) guns on each boat was placed on an anti @-@ aircraft mount . She survived the war intact , and under the terms of the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye concluded in September 1919 , she was allocated to the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( KSCS , later Yugoslavia ) in 1920 , along with three other 250t class , T @-@ group boats , 76 T , 77 T and 79 T , which all served with the Royal Yugoslav Navy ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Kraljevska Jugoslovenska Ratna Mornarica , KJRM ; Кpaљeвcкa Југословенска Pатна Морнарица ) . In KJRM service , 78 T was renamed T3 . = = = World War II = = = In April 1941 , Yugoslavia entered World War II when it was invaded by the German @-@ led Axis powers . At the time of the invasion , T3 was assigned to the Southern Sector of the KJRM 's Coastal Defence Command based at the Bay of Kotor , along with her sister ship T1 and a number of minesweepers and other craft . T3 was captured by the Royal Italian Navy ( Italian : Regia Marina ) and was operated by them under her Yugoslav designation . She was fitted with two 76 mm ( 3 in ) L / 30 anti @-@ aircraft guns in place of her 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) guns , but no other significant alterations were made to her . When the Italians capitulated in September 1943 , the German Navy ( German : Kriegsmarine ) seized T3 in the port of Rijeka and renamed her TA48 . During her time in German service she was crewed exclusively by Croatian officers and sailors , and her complement was increased to 52 . The Germans fitted her with two single 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) anti @-@ aircraft guns . She was active in the northern Adriatic but saw little action . She was sunk in the port of Trieste by Allied aircraft on 20 February 1945 . = Ashurbanipal ( sculpture ) = Ashurbanipal , also known as the Ashurbanipal Monument or the Statue of Ashurbanipal , is a bronze sculpture by Fred Parhad , an artist of Assyrian descent . It is located in the Civic Center of San Francisco , California , in the United States . The 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) statue depicting the Assyrian king of the same name was commissioned by the Assyrian Foundation for the Arts and presented to the City of San Francisco in 1988 as a gift from the Assyrian people . The sculpture reportedly cost $ 100 @,@ 000 and was the first " sizable " bronze statue of Ashurbanipal . It is administered by the City and County of San Francisco and the San Francisco Arts Commission . Parhad 's work was met with some criticism by local Assyrians , who argued it was inaccurate to portray Ashurbanipal holding a book and a lion , or wearing a skirt . The critics thought the statue looked more like the Sumerian king Gilgamesh ; Renee Kovacs , a " scholar and self @-@ stated Assyriologist " , believed the sculpture depicted neither figure , but rather a Mesopotamian " protective figure " . Parhad defended the accuracy of his work , while also admitting that he took artistic liberties . = = Background = = Ashurbanipal was designed by Fred Parhad , an Iraqi @-@ born artist of Assyrian descent . Parhad rejected formal arts studies at the University of California , Berkeley and relocated to New York , where the Metropolitan Museum of Art allowed him to study its Assyrian collection . The work was commissioned by the Assyrian Foundation for the Arts under the direction of its president , Narsai David . The Assyrian Universal Alliance Foundation also claims to have commissioned the work . Funds were collected from Assyrians throughout the United States . In 1987 , The Telegraph reported that the work cost $ 100 @,@ 000 and was the first " sizable " bronze statue of Ashurbanipal . It was presented to the City of San Francisco as a gift from the Assyrian people on May 29 , 1988 , unveiled at the entry to the Asian Art Museum on Van Ness Avenue . The statue now stands on Fulton Street between the Main Library and Asian Art Museum , within the city 's Civic Center . It is administered by the City and County of San Francisco and the San Francisco Arts Commission . The Smithsonian Institution lists Frank Tomsick as the installation 's architect and MBT Associates as its architectural firm . Ashurbanipal was surveyed by the Smithsonian 's Save Outdoor Sculpture ! program in 1992 . In 1996 , plans for a Civic Center pedestrian mall were being developed by the San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association ; one planner advocated for construction of an Assyrian garden , including lotus blossoms , pomegranate trees and reeds , at the site of the statue . = = Description = = The 8 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) patinated bronze statue , mounted on a base and a plinth to reach a total height of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) , weighs approximately 1 @,@ 800 pounds ( 820 kg ) . It depicts Ashurbanipal , the Assyrian king known for building the eponymously named Library of Ashurbanipal , the first and largest library in Nineveh . The bearded king is shown wearing earrings and a tunic ; he is holding a book ( or clay tablet ) in one arm and a lion cub in the other . According to the Historical Marker Database , the tablet reads in cuneiform : " Peace unto heaven and earth / Peace unto countries and cities / Peace unto the dwellers in all lands / This is the statue presented to the City of San Francisco by the Assyrian people in the 210th year of America 's sovereignty " . The " larger @-@ than @-@ life " , full length statue stands above a plinth adorned with a lotus blossum design and a concrete base with an anti @-@ graffiti coating . The base includes rosettes and a bronze plaque . One inscription below the statue reads the text of the tablet in English , Akkadian cuneiform and Aramaic . The text " Ashurbanipal , King of Assyria , 669 – 627 B.C. " appears above and the text " Dedicated May 29 , 1988 " appears below , both in English . Another inscription below the statue reads , " Presented to the City of San Francisco by the Assyrian Foundation for the Arts through donations of American Assyrian Association of San Francisco / Assyrian American National Federation " , followed by a list of names of donors . In December 2010 , the San Francisco Chronicle reported that a large plaque from the sculpture was missing . = = Reception = = In December 1987 , as news began to circulate about the commissioned work , local Assyrians accused Parhad of misrepresenting Ashurbanipal . Criticisms included the depiction of the king holding both a book and a lion , which they argued he " wouldn 't do " , and for dressing him in a skirt , which they claimed he would never have worn . The critics thought the statue made a better portrayal of the Sumerian king Gilgamesh . One critic said : It 's very simple . The statue represents Gilgamesh .... No Assyrian has a right to imagine things about our king . It 's exactly like making a copy of the Statue of Liberty and saying it is George Washington .... Assyrian kings didn 't wear miniskirts . They wouldn 't have been holding a lion or a book . It 's an insult to the Assyrians . Narsai David responded : They are entitled to their opinion .... We have never said this is a museum @-@ quality reproduction .... We have always said this is a characterization of Ashurbanipal as done by a 20th @-@ century artist . If they choose to think of this as Gilgamesh , they are free to do so . Renee Kovacs , a " scholar and self @-@ stated Assyriologist " , said the statue depicted neither Ashurbanipal or Gilgamesh , but rather a Mesopotamian " protective figure , like a guard . " Parhad defended the accuracy of his work , while also admitting that he took artistic liberties and attempted to incorporate the various aspects of Assyrian culture , from its hunting mastery to its admiration for writing . He said of the sculpture : The piece has authentic qualities to it , but it is also my statue .... With the earrings and the clothing and the hair and his daggers , it is Ashurbanipal . But in the choice of ( stance ) , the fact that he is holding a tablet and a lion , that is mine . I wanted myself to be represented in the piece . = New York State Route 184 = New York State Route 184 ( NY 184 ) is a state highway in St. Lawrence County , New York , in the United States . The route is signed as east – west ; however , it runs more in a northeast – southwest direction . It extends for 13 @.@ 69 miles ( 22 @.@ 03 km ) between an intersection with NY 58 in the town of Macomb and a junction with NY 812 in the village of Heuvelton . The two @-@ lane route passes through mostly rural areas of the county . NY 184 was assigned in the early 1930s to most of its current alignment ; however , it initially veered southeastward in the town of De Peyster to serve the hamlet of De Peyster . The route was realigned to bypass the community shortly afterward . = = Route description = = NY 184 begins at an intersection with NY 58 in the hamlet of Pope Mills , located east of Black Lake in the town of Macomb . The route heads northeast through the heavily forested area as a two @-@ lane road , passing a small number of isolated houses along the way . It intersects with County Route 7 ( CR 7 or Macomb Road ) before entering a stretch with several farms ahead of the De Peyster town line . About 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) into De Peyster , the route crosses over Fish Creek and briefly traverses a marshy area surrounding the waterway . Past the stream , NY 184 curves northward for roughly 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) prior to taking a more pronounced northeasterly track toward the town of Oswegatchie . Near the De Peyster – Oswegatchie town line , the route begins to parallel the south bank of the Oswegatchie River as it merges with the alignment of CR 10 ( Old State Road ) . From here , NY 184 continues alongside the Oswegatchie River into the town of Oswegatchie and its village of Heuvelton not far from the town line , where the route becomes known as Union Street . As Union Street , NY 184 serves a mostly residential stretch of buildings along the riverbank before ending at a junction with NY 812 ( State Street ) across the river from the village center . = = History = = The origins of NY 184 date back to 1916 when the state of New York awarded a contract on July 18 to improve 11 @.@ 16 miles ( 17 @.@ 96 km ) of roads in the town of Oswegatchie to state highway standards . While the project mostly dealt with improving what is now NY 812 between Heuvelton and the city of Ogdensburg , it also covered a north – south highway connecting Heuvelton to the hamlet of De Peyster 4 @.@ 5 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) to the southwest . The rebuilt roads were added to the state highway system on October 13 , 1921 , as unsigned State Highway 1388 ( SH 1388 ) . The De Peyster – Heuvelton leg of SH 1388 did not receive a posted route number until c . 1931 when it became part of NY 184 , a new route extending from Pope Mills to Heuvelton via De Peyster . It was realigned c . 1933 to bypass De Peyster on a new highway to the northwest . NY 184 's former routing to De Peyster is now part of Plimpton Road west of De Peyster and part of CR 10 north of the hamlet . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in St. Lawrence County . = Yeah ! ( Usher song ) = " Yeah ! " is a song by American recording artist Usher . It was written by Usher , Lil Jon , Sean Garrett , Patrick J. Que Smith , Ludacris , Robert McDowell and LRoc , and features guest vocals from Lil Jon and Ludacris . It was also produced by Lil Jon , who incorporated crunk and R & B — which he coined as crunk & B — in the song 's production . The song was released as the lead single from Usher 's fourth studio album Confessions ( 2004 ) on January 27 , 2004 , after Usher was told by Arista Records , his label at the time , to record more tracks for the album . " Yeah ! " topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for twelve consecutive weeks , before being replaced by its follow @-@ up single " Burn " . " Yeah ! " was the longest @-@ running number one single in 2004 , subsequently topping the year @-@ end chart on the Hot 100 . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The song received a similar response in other countries , topping fourteen charts worldwide . It was certified platinum in several countries , including Australia , Belgium , Canada , Germany and Norway , and received a two times platinum certification in New Zealand . The song peaked in the top @-@ ten in several Year @-@ end charts . " Yeah ! " was met with critical acclaim , with critics lauding its production , more specifically its combination of crunk and R & B. An accompanying music video , directed by Mr. X , shows Usher performing choreography in a club in front of blue laser beams . " Yeah " won a Best Rap / Sung Collaboration at the 47th Grammy Awards , while being nominated for Record of the Year . The song ranked second on the Billboard Hot 100 2000 – 2009 Decade @-@ end chart . As of September 2013 , the song has sold over 4 million copies in the US . = = Background and release = = In the fall of 2003 , Usher submitted his fourth studio album , Confessions ( 2004 ) , to his record label Arista Records . However , when the singer and the company 's then @-@ president L.A. Reid listened to the songs , Reid felt the album lacked a song that had the potential to be released as the album 's lead single . In light of this , Usher was told to record a few more tracks , and so he enlisted American rapper @-@ producer Lil Jon to aid in musical production . Lil Jon recalled " He [ Usher ] needed a single . They had ' Burn ' , ' Burn ' was hot , but they needed that first powerful monster . That 's when I came in . " Several months prior to Lil Jon coming in to aid in the production of Confessions , he was commissioned by Jive Records to produce fifteen tracks for rapper Mystikal . The rapper would only select two tracks , which would give Lil Jon the opportunity to give leftover songs to other record labels . Without Lil Jon 's knowledge , Jive Records gave one of the leftover tracks to hip hop artist Petey Pablo , to which the track would eventually become " Freak @-@ a @-@ Leek " . Meanwhile , assuming that the song had not been used , Lil Jon gave the production to Usher , from which a rough version of " Yeah ! " was recorded , mixed and mastered . Eventually realizing the mistake after Pablo played " Freek @-@ a @-@ leek " to Lil Jon , the latter insisted on producing more tracks for Pablo ; however , Pablo did not give up the song , due to the fact that it was already recorded and had been getting responses from Southern radio . Lil Jon commented , " With so much invested , Jive wouldn 't give up the cut . " Lil Jon reworked the track and a new instrumental was used , from which " Yeah ! " was based . Though " Yeah ! " was now completed , the label still had " Burn " on queue for the lead single . Usher 's friend and former A & R rep Kawan " KP " Prather commented : " ' Burn ' being a great song is one thing , but it 's one of them things where people said , ' It 's strong , but can we make history with that ? ' At the end of the day , you want an event . " Usher was unsure if " Yeah ! " was the right choice . After Lil Jon leaked " Yeah ! " to street DJs across the United States , Usher opted " Burn " as the lead single of the album and was already planning for its music video . The song was not intended to be a proper single and only a teaser for Usher 's fans after waiting for years . However , the responses of " Yeah ! " were overwhelmingly favorable , and " Yeah ! " was released as the first single instead of " Burn " , which became the second single from the album . The single was released in the United States on January 27 , 2004 as a CD single and 12 " single . LaFace Records sent " Yeah ! " to US contemporary hit radio on February 7 , 2004 . In the United Kingdom , it was released as a CD single , containing the album and instrumental version of the song , and two unreleased tracks from the album , " Red Light " and " Sweet Lies " . = = Composition and reception = = " Yeah ! " combines the genres of crunk and R & B genres , to form Crunk & B , which Lil Jon described as " R & B songs that get you crunk , make you wanna wild out " . Entertainment Weekly 's Jem Aswad found the song to contain crunk and transition between hip hop , soul and ballad genres . The song was co @-@ written by Sean Garrett , Patrick J. Que Smith , Ludacris , Robert McDowell , and James Elbert " LRoc " Phillips . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , " Yeah ! " is written in common time with a moderately slow tempo of 105 beats per minute , It is written in the key of G minor , and boasts trance @-@ style synths . Usher 's vocal range spans from the low note of B ♭ 3 to the high note of B ♭ 4 . " Yeah ! " was lauded by contemporary critics for its production . Jem Aswad of Entertainment Weekly called it " irresistibly crunked @-@ out " , adding , " the ensuing track glides smoothly between club @-@ friendly hip @-@ hop soul and ballads . " Laura Sinagra of Rolling Stone commented that the song " creates sensual panic by combining Usher 's jumpy attacks with Jon 's sublime , frayed beats . " Jon Caramanica of Blender noted that " Yeah ! " is the first song to mix " mainstream R & B and menacing Southern crunk . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that the song has brought Usher to a " whole new level of crunk . " Andy Kellman of Allmusic described the song as a " crunk @-@ meets @-@ R & B foundation " which features an " instantly addictive eight @-@ note keyboard vamp " . He added that the song is " so absorbing that Ludacris ' 1500th guest verse floats by with little notice . " Matt Cibula of PopMatters characterized the song as a " full @-@ fledged club über @-@ crunk salacious " but he added that it fails to be a " club banger " . Steve Jones of USA Today referred to " Yeah ! " as a " club @-@ rattling " song from a combination of " Atlanta 's vibrant music scene " , Lil Jon 's " insistent beats " and Ludacris ' " racy rhymes " . Robert Hilburn of Los Angeles Times described " Yeah ! " as a " raucous tale of dance @-@ floor seduction " which pop musician Michael Jackson would have produced in 2004 , if he " still had the old Thriller magic " . Usher himself also garnered praise for the song ; Aswad called it the " grittiest song " Usher had sung and one that " reveals his newfound maturity " . Caramanica said that it is " probably the scariest record – in a good way – he 's ever made " and Usher " smartly shares the spotlight . " Cibula stated that Usher 's " smoove @-@ ass " singing and Ludacris ' presence contributes to the success of the single . " Yeah ! " was nominated at the 2005 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year , and won the Best Rap / Sung Collaboration award . At the 2005 Soul Train Music Awards , " Yeah ! " was nominated for best R & B / Soul or Rap Dance Cut . = = Chart performance = = " Yeah ! " debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number fifty @-@ three on January 13 , 2004 . On March 2 , the song peaked atop the chart and stayed at that position for twelve consecutive weeks . " Yeah ! " became Usher 's fourth number @-@ one single , Lil Jon 's first and Ludacris ' second . The single remained on the Hot 100 for forty @-@ five weeks . " Yeah ! " became the most played song in the United States in 2004 , with Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems reporting the song getting a total of 496 @,@ 805 plays . The commercial success of " Yeah ! " and follow @-@ up single " Burn " helped sustain Confessions atop the US Billboard 200 chart . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on June 11 , 2006 for shipping one million copies since its release . " Yeah ! " became the best @-@ performing single of 2004 in the United States . The single ranked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 All @-@ Time Top Songs , and second on the Hot 100 decade @-@ end chart , behind Mariah Carey 's " We Belong Together " . By September 2013 , the song had sold 4 million copies in the US . Internationally , " Yeah ! " received a similar response , topping several charts . In Australia , the song topped the chart on the week of April 4 , 2004 for one week . It remained on it for only seven weeks before dropping out , and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipping 70 @,@ 000 units . In New Zealand , " Yeah ! " had a better chart performance , peaking at number one for four non @-@ consecutive weeks . It remained on the chart for twenty @-@ seven weeks before dropping and was certified two times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . In Switzerland and Austria , " Yeah ! " peaked at number one and remained on the charts for thirty @-@ eight and thirty @-@ six weeks , respectively , and was certified gold in both countries . The song topped the charts in Denmark for three weeks , remaining on the chart for seventeen weeks . In Netherlands , " Yeah ! " remained number one for four weeks , and in Norway for seven weeks . The song remained number one in Ireland for two weeks , and number one for one week in France and the United Kingdom . In the latter country , by March 4 , 2010 , " Yeah ! " had sold 434 @,@ 739 copies . Compared to other countries , " Yeah ! " under performed in Finland , where it stayed on the charts for four weeks and peaked at number seventeen , and Spain where it peaked at number thirteen . The song did not top the charts in Italy and Sweden where it peaked at number three and four , respectively , and Belgium ( Flanders ) and Hungary where it charted at number two . Overall , the single remained on several charts worldwide for one year , from early 2004 to 2005 . On the 2004 year @-@ end charts , " Yeah ! " became the twenty @-@ eighth best @-@ selling single in Australia , and twenty @-@ sixth in France . It peaked in the top @-@ ten on the year @-@ end charts in Austria , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Belgium ( Wallonia ) , Netherlands , Ireland , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . = = Music video = = = = = Background = = = Mr. X , formerly Little X , had previously directed videos for Usher 's singles " U Don 't Have to Call " and " U Got It Bad " . Mr. X said that the song reminded him of laser beams . Usher and Mr. X combined ideas to create a dance video for " Yeah ! " . The development was handled by how Usher wanted to be portrayed in the video , particularly showcasing his dance moves . The music video was filmed in a vacant art gallery in Los Angeles over two days . When the shooting started , Mr. X recalled Michael Jackson 's " low @-@ tech " and " laser @-@ flashing " 1979 " Rock With You " video , and used it as a reference . Forty extra people were commissioned to dance with Usher , and two ladies to tempt him in different scenes . They went through photo browsing and phone calling , opting for Destiny Lightsy , a friend of Mr. X , who seduces Usher in the club in a Marilyn Monroe wardrobe to complement the lyrics . Canadian model Melyssa Ford , who was discovered by Mr. X , is portrayed as Usher 's second seductress . Lil Jon acted as an assistant director during the sessions . Usher took charge of his ideas on his wardrobe and choreography , with additional routines , specifically the Rockaway and the Thunderclap , which Mr. X learned from Jamaica . The Rockaway influenced Fat Joe and Terror Squad 's " Lean Back " video . = = = Synopsis and reception = = = The video begins with Usher entering a club , and in another scene dancing in front of blue lasers ; the video alternates between both the club and laser scenes throughout . In the former setting , Usher is sat down when a woman — portrayed by Destiny , video producer Mr. X 's friend — approaches him and attempts to seduce him . The woman stands up and walks to the dance @-@ floor , telling Usher to " come get me " and " baby let 's go " , in sync with the song . Usher goes and dances with her during the chorus . In the beginning of the second verse , the laser scene with Usher dancing now shows both blue and green lasers . Usher and the woman are still dancing , with the woman further attempting to seduce him . In the second chorus , Usher performs choreography in the club , backed up by several male dancers . Female dancers then come in , performing choreography along with Usher and the male dancers . After Lil Jon sprays champagne towards the camera in the laser scene , Ludacris performs his verse . He is dancing in both the club and laser scene , with the camera also alternating to female 's dancing in sync in the club . In the final chorus , Usher again performs choreography in the club , with another scene in the latter setting this time showing a different seductress , portrayed by model Melyssa Ford , walking away telling him to follow her . While following her , he is in a hallway , with the women then pulling Usher in a room , where they begin to romance . While Ludacris says his final verse , rapper Chingy and P. Diddy 's former assistant , Fonzworth Bentley , both make appearances with Bentley holding a violin . Lil Jon says his final verse , not present in the track version of " Yeah ! " , where he repeats numerous dance moves including the Rockaway and Thunderclap , with Usher performing them . The video ends with Lil Jon repeating " rock away " and then " cut " . At the 2005 Soul Train Music Awards , the video was nominated for the Michael Jackson Award for Best R & B / Soul or Rap Music Video . = = Track listings = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Museum of Contemporary Art , Chicago = The Museum of Contemporary Art ( MCA ) Chicago is a contemporary art museum near Water Tower Place in downtown Chicago in Cook County , Illinois , United States . The museum , which was established in 1967 , is one of the world 's largest contemporary art venues . The museum 's collection is composed of thousands of objects of Post @-@ World War II visual art . The museum is run gallery @-@ style , with individually curated exhibitions throughout the year . Each exhibition may be composed of temporary loans , pieces from their permanent collection , or a combination of the two . The museum has hosted several notable debut exhibitions including Frida Kahlo 's first U.S. exhibition and Jeff Koons ' first solo museum exhibition . Koons later presented an exhibit at the Museum that broke the museum 's attendance record . To date , the most attended exhibition has been the 2015 David Bowie Is exhibit , shattering previous records with over 193 @,@ 000 attendees . Its collection , which includes Jasper Johns , Andy Warhol , Cindy Sherman , Kara Walker , and Alexander Calder , contains historical samples of 1940s – 1970s late surrealism , pop art , minimalism , and conceptual art ; notable holdings 1980s postmodernism ; as well as contemporary painting , sculpture , photography , video , installation , and related media . The museum also presents dance , theater , music , and multidisciplinary arts . The current location at 220 East Chicago Avenue is in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area . Josef Paul Kleihues designed the current building after the museum conducted a 12 @-@ month search , reviewing more than 200 nominations . The museum opened at its new location June 21 – 22 , 1996 , with a 24 @-@ hour event that drew more than 25 @,@ 000 visitors . The museum was originally located at 237 East Ontario Street , which was originally designed as a bakery . The current building is known for its signature staircase leading to an elevated ground floor , which has an atrium , the full glass @-@ walled east and west façades giving a direct view of the city and Lake Michigan . = = History = = The Museum of Contemporary Art ( MCA ) Chicago was created as the result of a 1964 meeting of 30 critics , collectors and dealers at the home of critic Doris Lane Butler to bring the long @-@ discussed idea of a museum of contemporary art to complement the city 's Art Institute of Chicago , according to a grand opening story in Time . It opened in fall 1967 in a small space at 237 East Ontario Street that had for a time served as the corporate offices of Playboy Enterprises . Its first director was Jan van der Marck . In 1970 he invited Wolf Vostell to make the Concrete Traffic sculpture in Chicago . Initially , the museum was conceived primarily as a space for temporary exhibitions , in the German kunsthalle model . However , in 1974 , the museum began acquiring a permanent collection of contemporary art objects created after 1945 . The MCA expanded into adjacent buildings to increase gallery space ; and in 1977 , following a fundraising drive for its 10th anniversary , a three @-@ story neighboring townhouse was purchased , renovated , and connected to the museum . In 1978 , Gordon Matta @-@ Clark executed his final major project in the townhouse . In his work Circus Or The Caribbean Orange ( 1978 ) , Matta @-@ Clark made circle cuts in the walls and floors of the townhouse next @-@ door to the first museum . In 1991 , the museum 's Board of Trustees contributed $ 37 million ( $ 64 @.@ 3 million today ) of the expected $ 55 million ( $ 95 @.@ 6 million ) construction costs for Chicago 's first new museum building in 65 years . Six of the board members were central to the fundraising as major donors : Jerome Stone ( chairman emeritus of Stone Container Corporation ) , Beatrice C. Mayer ( daughter of Sara Lee Corporation founder Nathan Cummings ) and family , Mrs. Edwin Lindy Bergman , the Neison Harris ( president of Pittway Corporation ) and Irving Harris families , and Thomas and Frances Dittmer ( commodities ) . The Board of Trustees then weighed architectural proposals from six finalists : Emilio Ambasz of New York ; Tadao Ando of Osaka , Japan ; Josef Paul Kleihues of Berlin ; Fumihiko Maki of Tokyo ; Morphosis of Santa Monica , Calif . ; and Christian de Portzamparc of Paris . According to Chicago Tribune Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning architecture critic Blair Kamin , the list of contenders was controversial because no Chicago @-@ based architects were included as finalists despite the fact that prominent Chicago architects such as Helmut Jahn and Stanley Tigerman were among the 23 semi @-@ finalists . In fact , none of the finalists had made any prior structures in Chicago . The selection process , which started with 209 contenders , was based on professional qualifications , recent projects , and the ability to work closely with the staff of the aspiring museum . In 1996 , the MCA opened its current museum at 220 East Chicago Avenue , which was the site of a former National Guard Armory between Lake Michigan and Michigan Avenue from 1907 until it was demolished in 1993 to make way for the MCA . The four @-@ story 220 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 20 @,@ 000 m2 ) building designed by Josef Paul Kleihues , which was five times larger than its predecessor , made the Museum of Contemporary Art ( MCA ) Chicago the largest institution devoted to contemporary art in the world . The physical structure is said to reference the modernism of Mies van der Rohe as well as the tradition of Chicago architecture . = = Operation = = The museum operates as a tax @-@ exempt non @-@ profit organization , and its exhibitions , programming , and operations are member @-@ supported and privately funded . It has a board of trustees consisting of four officers , 18 life trustees , and more than 40 trustees . The current board chair is King Harris . The museum also has a director , who oversees the MCA 's staff of about 100 . Madeleine Grynsztejn replaced 10 @-@ year director Robert Fitzpatrick during the 2008 fiscal year in this capacity , and she is the MCA 's first female director . The museum operates with three programming departments : curatorial , performance , and education . Peter Taub is the director of performance programs , Heidi Reitmaier is the Beatrice C. Mayer Director of Education , and Teresa Samala de Guzman is the Chief Operating Officer . The curatorial staff consists of Chief Curator Michael Darling , Curator Naomi Beckwith , Curator Lynne Warren , and Associate Curator Julie Rodrigues Widholm . In 2009 , the museum reported $ 17 @.@ 5 million in both operating income , 50 % of which came from contributions , and operating expenses . Contributions were received from individuals , corporations , foundations , government entities , and fundraising . The museum is closed Mondays . While the museum has no mandatory admission charge and operates with a suggested admission ( $ 12 general , $ 7 students and seniors , free for MCA members , members of the military , and children 12 and under ) , it currently provides free admission every Tuesday , when it has extended hours of operation from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. During the summers , the museum provides free outdoor Tuesday Jazz concerts . On the first Friday of most months , the museum hosts First Fridays , which is an event featuring local DJs , artists , and other activities . In addition to art exhibits , the museum offers dance , theater , music , and multidisciplinary arts . The programming includes primary projects and festivals of a broad spectrum of artists presented in performance , discussion , and workshop formats . = = Exhibitions = = = = = Past = = = In its first year of operation , the museum hosted the exhibitions , Pictures To Be Read / Poetry To Be Seen , Claes Oldenburg : Projects for Monuments , and Dan Flavin : Pink and Gold , which was the artist 's first solo show . In 1969 , the museum served as the site of Christo 's first building wrap in the United States . It was wrapped in more than 8 @,@ 000 square feet ( 700 m ² ) of tarpaulin and rope . The following year it hosted one @-@ person shows for Roy Lichtenstein , Robert Rauschenberg , and Andy Warhol . The MCA has also played host to the first American and solo exhibitions of prominent artists such as Frida Kahlo in 1978 . Other exhibition highlights include the first solo museum shows of Dan Flavin , in 1967 , and Jeff Koons , in 1988 . In 1989 , the MCA hosted Robert Mapplethorpe , The Perfect Moment , a traveling exhibition organized by the Institute of Contemporary Art in Philadelphia . This exhibition set a record for the highest attendance in the institution 's history . Additional highlights of exhibitions organized or co @-@ organized by the MCA include : = = = Recent = = = In 2006 , the MCA was the only American museum to host Bruce Mau 's Massive Change exhibit , which concerned the social , economic , and political effects of design . Additional 2006 exhibitions featured photographers Catherine Opie and Wolfgang Tillmans as well as Chicago @-@ based cartoonist Chris Ware . The 2008 Koons retrospective broke the attendance record with 86 @,@ 584 visitors for the May 31 – September 21 , 2008 show . This was the culminating exhibit of the 2008 fiscal year , which celebrated the 40th anniversary of the museum . In 2009 , the MCA presented Jeremy Deller 's exhibition It Is What It Is : Conversations About Iraq . The exhibition was organized by the New Museum , and it was a new commission by the New Museum , New York ; the Museum of Contemporary Art , Chicago ; and the Hammer Museum , Los Angeles . Co @-@ organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the Wexner Center for the Arts , the MCA presented Luc Tuymans from October 2010 – January 2011 . Susan Philipsz : We Shall Be All was presented at the MCA February – June , 2011 . The Turner Prize @-@ winning artist 's sound exhibition featured protest songs and drew from Chicago 's labor history . The exhibition Eiko & Koma : Time is Not Even , Space is Not Empty is the first series of stage performances and a gallery exhibition presented at the MCA . The Japanese @-@ born choreographers and dance artists perform and exhibit at the MCA June – November , 2011 . = = = Recurring programs = = = After a 10 @-@ year run , the exhibition series UBS 12x12 : New Artists / New Work is moving from the second floor to the third floor , into a larger gallery space and will change its name to " Chicago Works . " The exhibition series will still feature Chicago @-@ area artists . Rather than each artist being displayed for one month , each exhibition in the series will now be displayed for three months . Starting in 2002 , the MCA began commissioning artists and architects to design and construct public art for the front plaza . The goal of the program is to link the museum to its neighboring community by extending its programmatic , educational , and outreach functions . While artists have been exhibited intermittently on the MCA plaza since 2002 , the summer 2011 plaza exhibit showcasing four works by Miami @-@ based sculptor Mark Handforth marks a revitalization of the plaza project . From October through May , the MCA hosts monthly Family Days , which feature artistic activities for all ages . Each summer , the museum hosts Tuesdays on the Terrace , a jazz performance series ; Summer Studios , designed for families to experience the creative process ; and a Farmers Market on the MCA plaza on Tuesdays from June through October . = = Performance = = In 2011 , the MCA celebrated its 15th anniversary of the MCA Stage . The MCA Stage has featured local , national , and international theater , dance , music , multimedia , and film performances in its 15 @-@ year history . It is known as the " most active interdisciplinary arts presenter in Chicago " and partners with local community organizations for the co @-@ presentations of performing arts . Notable past stage appearances include performances by Trisha Brown Dance Company , Abbey Theatre of Ireland , Olafur Arnalds , and Elevator Repair Service . = = New structure = = The new five @-@ storey limestone and cast @-@ aluminum structure was designed by Berlin architect Josef Paul Kleihues . The building , which opened in 1996 , contains 45 @,@ 000 square feet ( 4 @,@ 200 m2 ) of gallery space ( seven times the space of the old museum ) , a theater , studio @-@ classrooms , an education center , a museum store , a restaurant @-@ café , and a sculpture garden . The MCA building was Kleihues 's first American structure . Its construction cost US $ 46 @.@ 5 million ( $ 70 @.@ 2 million today ) . The sculpture garden , which is 34 @,@ 000 square feet ( 3 @,@ 200 m2 ) , includes a sculptural installation by Sol LeWitt and sculptures by George Rickey and Jane Highstein . The floor plan of both the building and the sculpture garden is a square , on which the proportions of the building is based . The building 's main entrance , which is accessed by scaling 32 steps , uses both symmetry and transparency as themes for its large central glass walls that compose the majority of both the east and west façades of the building . Two additional entrances — into the education center and into the museum store — are located on either side of the main staircase . The monumental staircase with projecting bays and plinths that may be used as the base for sculpture is reminiscent of the propyleia of the Acropolis in Athens . The main level entry hall has an adjacent 55 @-@ foot ( 16 @.@ 8 m ) atrium that connects it to a restaurant in the rear of the building . Two galleries for temporary exhibitions flank the atrium . The stairwell in the northwest corner is often cited as the buildings most interesting and dynamic artistic feature . The elevated views of Lake Michigan are considered to be a rewarding feature of the building . The building 's 56 @-@ foot ( 17 @.@ 1 m ) glass facade sits atop 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) of Indiana limestone . The building is known for its hand @-@ cast aluminum panels adjoined to the facade with stainless steel buttons . The building has two two @-@ story gallery spaces and a smaller one @-@ story gallery space on the second floor . The third floor has a gallery and exhibition space in its northwest section , and the fourth floor has two large galleries , an exhibition space on the west side of the building , and a gallery in the southwest section . The museum has a 296 @-@ seat multi @-@ use theater with a proscenium @-@ layout stage . The seats are laid out in 14 rows with two side aisles . The stage is 52 by 34 feet ( 16 m × 10 m ) and elevated 36 inches ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) above the floor level of the first row of seats . The house has a 12 degree incline . The stage has three curtains and four catwalks . = = = Critical review = = = Complaining that the structure has a more fortress @-@ like exterior than its predecessor , Kamin viewed the architectural attempt as a fumbled work . However , he considered the interior to be serene and contemplative in a manner that complements the contemporary art and compact and organized in a manner that is an improvement on the more traditional mazelike museums . Comparing the building to the Sullivan Center and the Art Institute of Chicago Building , Kamin describes the museum as an homage to two of Chicago 's architectural influences : Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Louis Sullivan . Other critics also note the presence of Mies van der Rohe 's spirit in the architecture . Chicago @-@ based architect Douglas Garofalo has described the building as stark , intimidating and " incongruous with contemporary sensibilities " . The interior atrium , which the architect claims links the city to the lake is part of a transcendent space that benefits from the sunlight that enters through the high glass walls . The building is said to be designed to separate the art from other distracting services and functions of the venue . Kamin was also pleased with the separate entrances on the main floor for the museum store and accessibility entrances . = = New Vision = = Announced by the Chicago Tribune in June 2011 , the MCA is in the process of reinventing its identity with new curators , a new floor plan , and a new vision . MCA Director Madeleine Grynsztejn says the museum seeks to be 50 / 50 artist @-@ activated / audience @-@ engaged . The main floor 's north and south galleries will present exhibitions showcasing the museum 's permanent collection and work by post @-@ emerging contemporary artists . The third floor will be for the " Chicago Works " series . The fourth floor will have gallery spaces for the MCA Screen and MCA DNA series , while the main barrel @-@ vaulted galleries will be for special exhibitions . = = Collection = = The museum 's collection consists of about 2 @,@ 700 objects , as well as more than 3 @,@ 000 artist 's books . The collection includes works of art from 1945 to the present . Former MCA Chief Curator Elizabeth Smith provided a narrative of the museum 's collection . She says the collection has examples of late surrealism , pop art , minimalism , and conceptual art from the 1940s through the 1970s ; work from the 1980s that can be grouped under postmodernism ; and painting , sculpture , photography , video , installation , and related media current artists explore . = = = Notable Works = = = Study for a Portrait , 1949 , by Francis Bacon Les merveilles de la nature ( The Wonders of Nature ) , 1953 , René Magritte Polychrome and Horizontal Bluebird , 1954 , by Alexander Calder In Memory of My Feelings - Frank O 'Hara , 1961 , by Jasper Johns Retroactive II , 1963 , by Robert Rauschenberg Jackie Frieze , 1964 , by Andy Warhol Untitled , 1970 , Donald Judd Untitled Film Still , # 14 , 1978 , by Cindy Sherman Rabbit , 1986 , by Jeff Koons Cindy , 1988 , by Chuck Close Presenting Negro Scenes Drawn Upon My Passage through the South and Reconfigured for the Benefit of Enlightened Audiences Wherever Such May Be Found , By Myself , Missus K.E.B. Walker , Colored , 1997 , by Kara Walker During the 2008 fiscal year the MCA celebrated its 40th anniversary , which inspired gifts of works by artists such as Dan Flavin , Alfredo Jaar , and Thomas Ruff . Additionally , the museum expanded its collection by acquiring the work of some of the artists it presented during its anniversary celebration such as Carlos Amorales , Tony Oursler , and Adam Pendleton . = Fantastic Universe = Fantastic Universe was a U.S. science fiction magazine which began publishing in the 1950s . It ran for 69 issues , from June 1953 to March 1960 , under two different publishers . It was part of the explosion of science fiction magazine publishing in the 1950s in the United States , and was moderately successful , outlasting almost all of its competitors . The main editors were Leo Margulies ( 1954 – 1956 ) and Hans Stefan Santesson ( 1956 – 1960 ) ; under Santesson 's tenure the quality declined somewhat , and the magazine became known for printing much UFO @-@ related material . A collection of stories from the magazine , edited by Santesson , appeared in 1960 from Prentice @-@ Hall , titled The Fantastic Universe Omnibus . = = Publication history = = The early 1950s saw dramatic changes in the world of U.S. science fiction publishing . At the start of 1949 , all but one of the major magazines in the field were in pulp format ; by the end of 1955 , all had either ceased publication or switched to digest format . This change was largely the work of the distributors , such as American News Company , who refused to carry the pulp magazines since they were no longer profitable ; the loss of profitability was in turn associated with the rise in mass @-@ market science fiction publishing , with paperback publishers such as Ace Books and Ballantine Books becoming established . Along with the increase in science fiction in book form came a flood of new U.S. magazines : from a low of eight active magazines in 1946 , the field expanded to twenty in 1950 , and a further twenty @-@ two had commenced publication by 1954 . Fantastic Universe published its first issue in the midst of this publishing boom . The issue , in digest format , was dated June – July 1953 , and was priced at 50 cents . This was higher than any of its competition , but it also had the highest page count in the field at the time , with 196 pages . The initial editorial team was Leo Margulies as publisher , and Sam Merwin as editor ; this was a combination familiar to science fiction fans from their years together at Thrilling Wonder Stories , which Merwin edited from 1945 to 1951 . The publisher , King @-@ Size Publications , also produced The Saint Detective Magazine , which was popular , so Fantastic Universe enjoyed good distribution from the start — a key factor in a magazine 's success . The first issue included stories by Arthur C. Clarke , Philip K. Dick , and Ray Bradbury . According to Donald Tuck , the author of an early SF encyclopaedia , the magazine kept a fairly high quality through Merwin 's departure after a year , and through the subsequent brief period of caretaker editorship by Beatrice Jones . Margulies took over the editor 's post with the May 1954 issue . In October 1955 , Hans Stefan Santesson , an American writer , editor , and reviewer , began contributing " Universe in Books " , the regular book review column . A year later , with the September 1956 issue , Santesson took over from Margulies as editor . One immediate change was an increase in the number of articles about UFOs . Santesson ran several articles by Ivan T. Sanderson , among others , including articles on auras and on the abominable snowman . However , he also ran polemical articles opposed to the UFO mania , including strongly worded pieces by Lester del Rey and C.M. Kornbluth . Del Rey , at least , felt that Santesson was not a believer in UFOs : " So far as I could determine , Santessen [ sic ] was skeptical about such things , but felt that all sides deserved a hearing and also that the controversies were good for circulation . " The quality of the fiction is thought by Donald Tuck to have generally fallen during Santesson 's period at the helm , though this was not entirely his fault — there were a great many other magazines competing for stories by the top writers . Santesson himself , despite a modicum of controversy over his heavy use of UFO and related material , was kind and helpful to writers , and was well liked as a result . In late 1959 the magazine was sold to Great American Publications , and it was significantly redesigned . The size was increased to that of a glossy magazine , although the magazine was still bound rather than saddle @-@ stapled . Under King @-@ Size Publications , the magazine had had no artwork except small " filler " illustrations ; now interior illustrations complementing the stories were introduced , and photographs and diagrams accompanied some of the articles . A fan column , by Belle C. Dietz , began , and Sam Moskowitz wrote two detailed historical articles about proto @-@ sf . However , the March 1960 issue was the last one . Fredric Brown 's " The Mind Thing " had begun serialization in that issue ; it was eventually published in book form later that year . Circulation figures for Fantastic Universe are unknown , since at that time circulation figures were not required to be published annually , as they were later . After the magazine folded , the publisher entertained plans to publish material bought for the magazine as a one @-@ shot issue to be titled " Summer SF " ; however , the issue never appeared . Santesson did later edit an anthology drawn from the magazine , titled The Fantastic Universe Omnibus . = = Contents = = Fantastic Universe published several significant stories during its seven @-@ year history . These included stories from Tales of Conan , a collection of four Robert E. Howard stories rewritten as Conan stories by L. Sprague de Camp . Three of the stories were published in Fantastic Universe , two before the book , and one after : " Hawks Over Shem " ( October 1955 ) " The Road of the Eagles " ( as " Conan , Man of Destiny " , December 1955 ) " The Blood @-@ Stained God " ( April 1956 ) Other notable and widely reprinted stories included : " Short in the Chest " , by Margaret St. Clair ( writing as Idris Seabright , July 1954 ) . " Who ? " , by Algis Budrys ( April 1955 ) . Formed the basis for Budrys 's novel , Who ? " The Minority Report " , by Philip K. Dick ( January 1956 ) . The basis for the movie Minority Report . " First Law " , by Isaac Asimov ( October 1956 ) . One of Asimov 's robot stories . " Curative Telepath " , by John Brunner ( December 1959 ) . Formed the basis of Brunner 's novel The Whole Man . " The Large Ant " , by Howard Fast ( February 1960 ) . Other writers who appeared in the magazine included Harlan Ellison , Theodore Sturgeon , Robert Silverberg , Clifford Simak , Robert F. Young , and Robert Bloch . One offbeat feature of the magazine was the habit of including very short ( less than a page ) vignettes of fiction , usually but not always relating to the cover , without credit . These were most probably the work of the editor in many cases , though Frank Belknap Long wrote several of these for the inside front cover of the magazine . There was never a letter column , though in the very last issue there was a note that one was planned for future issues . The book review column , always titled " Universe in Books " , appeared fairly regularly but was liable to be dropped if there was no room for it . It was originally signed " The Editor " , and was presumably written by Sam Merwin ; Robert Frazier took the column on when Merwin left at the end of 1953 . Santesson took over in October 1955 and wrote every column that appeared from that point on . After the first few issues , which contained editorial essays from both editor and publisher , the editorials disappeared , though Santesson did sometimes fill a blank space with a few editorial comments . Two articles by Moskowitz in the last few months of the magazine , " Two Thousand Years of Space Travel " , and " To Mars and Venus in the Gay Nineties " , were unusually early and well @-@ researched articles on proto @-@ science fiction . A couple of other non @-@ fiction articles appeared late on , but with the exception of UFO @-@ related material , and occasional filler paragraphs reporting science news , Fantastic Universe did not generally run science @-@ related articles . = = Bibliographic details = = The magazine began as a fat 196 @-@ page digest , priced at 50 cents , but this experiment did not last . The fourth issue , January 1954 , cut the price to 35 cents , and it stayed at that price for the rest of its life . The page count also dropped , to 164 pages with the fourth issue , then to 132 pages with the eighth issue , September 1954 . The page count stayed at 132 through the rest of the digest period , and for the first five issues of the " glossy " period under the new publisher . The very last issue cut the page count to 100 pages . The magazine was initially bimonthly . The first three issues were named with two months : " June – July 1953 " , and so on . At the end of 1953 the naming was changed to the odd numbered months ; and then after January , March , May , and July , the magazine went monthly , starting with the September 1954 issue . This lasted without a break until the November 1958 issue . Another bimonthly schedule , starting with January 1959 , followed ; the last King @-@ Size Publications issue was September 1959 , and it was followed by an October 1959 issue from Great American . The remaining five issues followed a regular monthly schedule ; the last issue was March 1960 . The volume numbering scheme was fairly regular ; the first five volumes had six numbers each . Volume 6 had only five numbers , in order to get the new volume 7 to start with the new year , in 1957 . This lasted until volume 10 was cut short at five numbers when the magazine returned to a bimonthly schedule at the end of 1958 . Volume 11 had six numbers ; volume 12 had five . The editors were : June – July 1953 to October – November 1953 : Sam Merwin , Jr . ( 3 issues ) January 1954 to March 1954 : Beatrice Jones ( 2 issues ) May 1954 to August 1956 : Leo Margulies ( 26 issues ) September 1956 to March 1960 : Hans Stefan Santesson ( 38 issues ) Cover art was initially mostly by Alex Schomburg . Other artists , including Ed Emshwiller , Kelly Freas , and Mel Hunter , contributed covers ; and towards the end there was a long sequence of covers by Virgil Finlay . Finlay also contributed much of the interior art in the last six issues ; generally Great American did not credit the artists , but along with Finlay , Emshwiller and John Giunta were featured . = School Days ( visual novel ) = School Days ( スクールデイズ , Sukūru Deizu ) is a Japanese visual novel developed by 0verflow , released on April 28 , 2005 for Windows as an adult game . It was later ported as a DVD game and for the PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) and PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) . The story , a dramatic slice @-@ of @-@ life , follows Makoto Ito , a high school student who becomes the ambivalent love @-@ interest of several girls during his second term , and the effects this has on himself and his relationships with other characters . Though the game requires little interaction from users , School Days engages the player through a plot that they are given opportunities to change the course of during play . The game concludes with an ending specific to the outcome of the story , some of which became notorious for their graphic violence . 0verflow announced work on School Days in October 2004 and marketed it through public venues that showcased the game 's innovative use of anime @-@ like cinematics and voice . The game ranked as the best @-@ selling visual novel in Japan for the time of its release , continuing to chart in the national top 50 for nearly five months afterward . 0verflow would then go on to produce multiple sequels including a spin @-@ off of the original story called Summer Days , and a parallel story called Cross Days . Another spin @-@ off , Island Days , has been developed by Klon for the Nintendo 3DS . School Days was remastered as School Days HQ on October 8 , 2010 and localized in North America on June 27 , 2012 . The original game was officially discontinued April 21 , 2011 . Following the game 's release , School Days made several transitions into other media . The original story was adapted into a manga and serialized in the Kadokawa Shoten magazine Comp Ace ; it was later published into two volumes . Comic anthologies , light novels and art books were also published , as were audio dramas and several albums of music . An animated television series , two direct @-@ to @-@ video ( OVA ) single releases , and a concert film were also produced , the first of which became a precursor for an internet meme when its finale was pulled from broadcast . = = Gameplay = = As a visual novel , School Days contains extremely minimal gameplay . The game 's core onscreen presentation is composed of scenes that are viewed from a mostly third @-@ person perspective . At predetermined intervals , the game pauses , and players are presented with one to two responses or actions relevant to the scene in progress to make , or not make , on behalf of characters . Each selection branches the game 's progress up to that point in an alternate direction , while also causing the player 's love toward a character to blossom , plateau , or diminish , thus providing for a nonlinear storytelling experience . Being an erotic title , relationships between characters may become sexual ; scenes of this kind depict a varying combination of French kissing , masturbation , oral sex and intercourse . Genitalia are pixelated in the original Japanese releases , but the Western release of School Days HQ is uncensored . Sex scenes are omitted from the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable ports of the game . Each route the game takes invariably concludes with an ending specific to the choices made up to that point . Depending on these choices , the outcome of the story will either be good or bad . School Days became popularly known for its bad endings , which depict the deaths of characters . In one ending titled " The Bloody Conclusion " , a character 's neck is slit open with a dōzuki , causing her to collapse and die in a fountain of blood to the manic laughter of her assailant . In another called " Eternally " , a character commits suicide leaning over and falling off the roof of a school , landing headfirst on a sidewalk to the horror of other characters . The game 's good endings , by contrast , depict the well @-@ being of characters and their relationships . In the ending " Christmas Eve " , a couple share an embrace in a hotel room as snow falls around a surrounding cityscape . In another titled " Two Lovers " , a pair of characters agree to have a polyamorous relationship with the male lead instead of rivaling with each other . Because of the numerous alternate endings that can be achieved , players who wish to watch additional endings and sex scenes will have to play through the game more than once . Unlike traditional visual novels that consist of static characters with subtitled dialogue , School Days is unusual in that it incorporates motion and voice , making it reminiscent of an animated series . Cinematics naturally play on their own , and players are afforded the ability to pause , fast @-@ forward , and even skip those they 've seen before . Male and female voices can be muted , subtitles can be turned on or off and the game can be played from a window or fullscreen ratio . Progress can be saved at any time in up to 100 slots and loaded from either the main menu or during play . = = Plot = = School Days focuses on the life of Makoto Ito , a first @-@ year high school student living with his divorced and unseen mother in the fictional city of Haramihama . During his second term , he becomes infatuated with Kotonoha Katsura , a soft @-@ spoken schoolmate who shares train rides with him to and from campus . When his homeroom seating plan is rearranged , he becomes acquaintances with Sekai Saionji , an upbeat girl who takes a special interest in his newfound crush , befriending the two and providing them the grounds to meet . In spite of her triumphant efforts however , Sekai becomes jealous of the new couple , having developed feelings for Makoto herself . = = Development = = School Days was 0verflow 's tenth game to develop . News of School Days first surfaced on October 5 , 2004 when 0verflow posted a link to the game 's then @-@ live website and development log on their official site . In the blog , 0verflow revealed that School Days had been in pre @-@ production for roughly two years and would be a fully animated game . Updates on the development of the game were scheduled for Tuesdays and Fridays , and the company encouraged fans to attend Dream Party 2004 , an upcoming anime convention at Tokyo Big Sight in Ariake , on October 11 , where it would make its first public showcase of the game and characters . A follow @-@ up of the venue was made on October 15 . Toward the end of the month on October 26 , 0verflow posted that new information about School Days would be circulated in the November issue of Tech Gian , an adult magazine published by Enterbrain . Promotion for the game began shortly after . In a November 6 development post , 0verflow announced that it was planning a public screening of new game material , but was experiencing difficulty acquiring space for it . The company had initially chosen to have the venue in Akihabara but was unable to find a retailer willing to host it , prompting a visit to Osaka the following week . News that the game would contain music by artists such as Minami Kuribayashi , Haruko Momoi , Yozuca * and YURIA was posted on November 30 , along with a release date change to February 25 , 2005 . On December 28 , 2004 , 0verflow released a public trial of School Days and announced that the company would be attending Comiket 67 at Tokyo Big Sight from December 29 to 30 , handing out phonecards to the first 50 visitors to their booth . Two months later , on February 2 , 2005 , the company announced that the game had been postponed again to April 28 . From April 5 to April 8 , 0verflow concluded their development log with comments from Soyogi Tōno , Kaname Yuzuki , Tatsuya Hirai , Yuki Matsunaga , Hikaru Isshiki and Hana Yamamoto , the respective voices of Kotonoha , Sekai , Makoto , Otome , Hikari and Setsuna . To address bugs that were later found in the game , 0verflow released a patch to bring School Days to a stable build of 1 @.@ 11 . On June 26 , 2007 , 0verflow and Lantis @-@ net radio began to air an internet radio drama called " Radio School Days " . Broadcasts finished up March 28 , 2008 with 39 episodes aired . On April 21 , 2011 , 0verflow announced via their blog that support for School Days was being discontinued . = = = Release history = = = School Days was ported to three other platforms . The first of these was by AiCherry , an interactive movie developer , who announced on August 20 , 2007 that it had picked up the game for development , releasing it as a four disc DVD game on September 28 . That same year , on August 31 , Interchannel posted a link on their blog to the official website of School Days L × H , a PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) port in development by Guyzware , that would be edited of explicit sexual content . The game was released on January 17 , 2008 and assessed by the Computer Entertainment Rating Organization ( CERO ) , Japan 's primary video game content rating system , receiving a 15 @-@ years @-@ or @-@ older " C " rating for sexual themes and profanity . The third and final port was developed by PalaceGame for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) . After postponing the game on May 11 , it was released as four UMDs on June 30 , 2010 . 0verflow opened what would become the homepage for School Days HQ on May 21 , 2010 , a remastering of the original game initially scheduled for release in August . The site was finished June 3 , and on July 16 , the game was postponed to September 24 . A trial was publicly released for download on August 7 , and from August 20 to September 28 , 0verflow promoted the game . Customers who had purchased the original School Days would be given the opportunity to upgrade to HQ for a fee until October 11 , by either mailing in their game disc or visiting stores in Akihabara , Osaka or Nagoya . Distributors offered collectable phonecards for reservations , and after a second date change on September 10 , the game was released October 8 . On March 3 , 2011 , 0verflow acknowledged Sekai Project , an unofficial fan translation group , who had reportedly begun localizing School Days in April 2006 . Partnering with American distributor JAST USA , School Days HQ , uncensored in English , was announced for a North American release on March 11 , 2011 . Development instead continued into 2012 , and on May 18 , JAST announced that the company had begun taking pre @-@ orders for the Collector 's Edition , a bundled release of the game packaged with a keychain and mousepad . The company announced weeks later on June 1 that School Days HQ had gone gold . Following news on June 26 that the company would exhibit the game at Anime Expo 2012 , JAST made an update to the June 1 announcement that School Days HQ had begun shipping . The downloadable version of the game was later released on August 6 . = = Sales = = In a national sales ranking of bishōjo games in PCNEWS , a now @-@ defunct Japanese online magazine , School Days premiered as the number one game sold for the second half of April 2005 , the second and seventeenth for the first and second halves of May , the fifth and twenty @-@ sixth for the first and second halves of June , and twenty @-@ seventh for the first half of July . The School Days renewal edition , released a week after the previous ranking , continued to chart on behalf of the game ; it ranked as the thirty @-@ third most sold game for the second half of July , before ending as the thirty @-@ fifth and forty @-@ ninth for the first and second halves of August . Getchu.com , a major distributor of visual novels and domestic anime products , recorded similar sales . School Days for Windows premiered as the number one game sold for the month of its release , and seventh most for May , ranking as the number one game sold for the first half of 2005 and ninth for the year . The following year , the School Days renewal edition charted as the twentieth most sold game for July 2007 , dropping to thirtieth from August to October . School Days HQ ranked as the sixth most sold game for October 2010 but failed to chart thereafter . According to Gamasutra , a video gaming news site , School Days L × H ranked as the number one PlayStation 2 game sold for January 2008 . = = Media = = = = = Related visual novels = = = 0verflow developed several visual novels related to School Days , sharing the same universe . Prior to the development of School Days , 0verflow developed the Radish Vacation visual novel series . The first is Snow Radish Vacation released on December 28 , 2001 , followed by Summer Radish Vacation on April 1 , 2003 and finally Summer Radish Vacation 2 on August 13 , 2004 . A spin @-@ off titled Summer Days , was released on June 23 , 2006 , retelling the original game during summer vacation and from the perspective of Setsuna Kiyoura . Unlike its predecessor , however , Summer Days was almost universally panned for its heavily bugged state , loads of patches , and recall . Another spin @-@ off titled Cross Days was released on March 19 , 2010 . Set in the same continuity as School Days , Cross Days follows the life of another protagonist , Yuuki Ashikaga , a high school freshman who also finds himself caught between the affection of two girls , Roka Kitsuregawa and Kotonoha Katsura , during his second term at Sakakino Academy . The game also features yaoi scenarios , during which Yuuki cross @-@ dresses as a maid . 0verflow released Shiny Days on February 2 , 2012 which establishes a solid link between the Days series and Radish Vacation series . A third spin @-@ off , Island Days , was developed for the Nintendo 3DS and was released in Japan on July 3 , 2014 . The game , developed by Klon , focuses on Makoto and the girls becoming trapped on a remote island and includes tower defense elements . = = = Manga = = = Based on the story of the original game , School Days was reimagined as a manga , illustrated by Homare Sakazuki and serialized in the Kadokawa Shoten magazine Comp Ace from May 26 , 2006 to September 26 , 2007 . On July 12 , 2007 , 0verflow announced that the manga had been collected into its first volume , comprising five chapters set to be released on July 26 . Later that year , the second and final volume , comprising the remaining seven chapters , was released on November 26 . Various artists also produced short manga of School Days that were compiled into two comic anthologies . The " School Days Comic Anthology " was released by Ohzora Publishing on October 25 , 2005 under their P @-@ mate Comics imprint , containing nine short manga by individual artists . On February 25 , 2008 , Ichijinsha printed the " School Days Kotonoha Anthology " under their DNA Media Comics imprint , a collection of manga primarily featuring the character Kotonoha Katsura . = = = Books and publications = = = In addition to the manga , School Days was adapted into other print media . The first of these was the " School Days Visual Guide Book " published by Jive on September 16 , 2005 , an artbook of character illustrations , model sheets , screenplay , storyboards and a visual hierarchy of the choices and corresponding scenes in the game . Separate editions for the anime television series and Playstation 2 game were also published , on December 1 , 2007 and March 21 , 2008 , respectively . Collections of production work from the Windows game such as character and environment art , screenplay , artist commentaries and all manufactured promotional items were collected in the " School Days Official Visual Art Works " ( School Days 公式ビジュアル・アートワークス , School Days Koushiki Bijuaru Atowa Kusu ) on December 16 , 2005 and also featured in the " SummerDays [ sic ] & School Days Visual Collection " on August 31 , 2006 . The first of four light novels , all illustrated by Junji Goto , was written by Ryuna Okada and printed by Harvest Publishing under their Harvest Novels imprint . Released on December 1 , 2005 , " School Days : Sekai Hen " ( School Days 世界編 ) retells the original story from the perspective of Sekai . Okada would follow up the book with " School Days : Kotonoha Hen " ( School Days 言葉編 ) on January 1 , 2006 , switching to the perspective of Kotonoha . Two light novels were also published by Jive , the first of which was written by Takuya Baba , " School Days : Kimi to Iru , Sora " ( School Days 君といる、空 ) and printed on December 16 , 2005 , and a second by Hiro Akiduki , " School Days : Innocent Blue " , released on April 28 . = = = Anime = = = School Days was adapted into a twelve @-@ episode anime television series by TNK . Concrete news of this first appeared on June 1 , 2007 , when 0verflow announced via its blog that the show 's official website had gone live . Stations participating in the broadcast included TV Kanagawa , Chiba TV , TV Aichi , TV Osaka , TV Saitama and AT @-@ X , the premiere of which would air on TV Kanagawa on July 3 . The anime was aired until September 27 and finished its broadcast on AT @-@ X. From September 26 , 2007 to February 27 , 2008 , the series was compiled into six limited and regular edition DVDs . TNK also produced two direct @-@ to @-@ video ( OVA ) episodes of School Days . The first , titled " Valentine Days " , was bundled with limited edition copies of School Days L × H , and features an unrelated comedic romp through Valentine 's Day as Kotonoha , Sekai , and Otome try to give Makoto giri chocos . The second , " Magical Heart Kokoro @-@ chan " , jaunts the series into magical girl territory , portraying Kokoro Katsura as the superheroine Magical Heart ; it was released on March 26 , 2008 . Discotek Media has acquired the television series and the " Magical Heart Kokoro @-@ chan " OVA to be released on DVD on June 24 , 2014 with English subtitles . = = = = Delay of finale = = = = On September 17 , 2007 , the day before the twelfth and final episode of the televised anime was to air on TV Kanagawa , a sixteen @-@ year @-@ old girl murdered her forty @-@ five @-@ year @-@ old father in their Kyoto home with an axe . TV Kanagawa promptly cancelled the Tuesday airing of the finale for its similarly violent content , replacing it instead with a thirty @-@ minute video slideshow of scenery footage played to August Wilhelmj 's " Air on the G String " . Newspapers such as The Japan Times and Mainichi Shimbun reported on the killing and episode preempt on September 19 . According to Mainichi Shimbun , Chiba TV and TV Aichi had also cancelled their airings , with AT @-@ X the only station remaining indecisive . 0verflow issued an apology through their blog the same day , asking viewers to stay tuned for updates . In the following week , 0verflow announced that it had arranged for two screenings of the edited finale at the Akihabara 3D Theater on September 27 . Those wishing to attend would be required to register a seat by email , be at least 18 years old with photo ID , and bring a Windows copy of School Days or Summer Days . That same day AT @-@ X announced that it had decided to air the unedited finale on September 27 and October 1 . In the wake of the broadcast change , a screen capture of the Norwegian M / S Skagastøl from the slideshow surfaced on the Internet alongside the caption " Nice boat . " , a phrase which gained popularity in Japan . Google Trends recorded a spike in " Nice Boat " searches around the third @-@ quarter of 2007 while Yomiuri Shinbun , a Japanese newspaper , reported that " Nice boat " was the tenth most popular Yahoo ! Japan search from September 17 to September 23 . Nice Boat had become so well known that it was used in other media . The meme appeared as an Easter egg in the first episode of Ef : A Tale of Memories . , and was parodied on February 13 , 2009 when the Kadokawa Pictures YouTube channel uploaded a short montage of sailboats instead of the previously scheduled premiere of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya . 0verflow capitalized on the popularity of the phrase , naming their booth at Comiket 73 " Nice boat . " and selling meme inspired merchandise . TNK also paid homage to the meme in " Magical Heart Kokoro @-@ chan " , a special direct @-@ to @-@ video episode of the animated series . = = = Concert film = = = Besides the video releases of the School Days anime , a concert film , the School Days Secret Live DVD , was also produced by HOBiRECORDS . Released on June 26 , 2006 in conjunction with Summer Days , the film contains footage of a concert held on June 15 , 2005 featuring the performances of Miyuki Hashimoto , YURIA , rino , yozuca * and Minami Kuribayashi . = = = Audio CDs = = = From 2005 to 2010 , Lantis published six albums of School Days music . The " School Days Vocal Album " , a compilation featuring all nine of the game 's closing themes , as performed by artists yozuca * , Miyuki Hashimoto , YURIA , Halko Momoi , Minami Kuribayashi , rino , and Kanako Ito was the first to be distributed , sharing its April 28 , 2005 date with the release of the game itself . The remaining twenty @-@ eight background scores , composed by KIRIKO / HIKO Sound , were released on July 21 , officially completing the game 's soundtrack . Another compilation , the " School Days Vocal Complete Album [ sic ] " featuring songs from Summer Days and Cross Days , was released on October 8 , 2010 . Three weeks after the premiere of the televised anime on July 25 , 2007 , Lantis published the single " Innocent Blue " by DeviceHigh , a four @-@ track disc featuring the anime opening of the same name , a disco @-@ inspired song called Dancin ' Joker , and their instrumentals . Lantis followed with " School Days : Ending Theme + " on August 22 , a sixteen @-@ track disc containing all of the show 's closing themes and background scores on September 26 . In addition to music albums , six audio dramas were also produced . " School Days Little Promise " , a chronicle of Sekai and Setsuna 's childhoods , was the first . Featuring music by KIRIKO / HIKO Sound and Kanako Ito , HOBiRECORDS published " Little Promise " as a two @-@ disc set , which 0verflow scheduled for release January 27 , 2006 . Pre @-@ releases were sold at Comiket 69 from December 29 to 30 , 2005 . Sometime afterward however , 0verflow announced that pre @-@ released copies of Little Promise were defective , and asked customers to mail in their discs for replacements . The release was also postponed to February 24 .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the ninth orbit of the Moon , and an estimated one @-@ fifth of the population of the world watched the live transmission of the Apollo 11 moonwalk . The Apollo program also affected environmental activism in the 1970s due to photos taken by the astronauts . The most famous , taken by the Apollo 17 astronauts , is The Blue Marble . This image , which was released during a surge in environmentalism , became a symbol of the environmental movement , as a depiction of Earth 's frailty , vulnerability , and isolation amid the vast expanse of space . According to The Economist , Apollo succeeded in accomplishing President Kennedy 's goal of taking on the Soviet Union in the Space Race , and beat it by accomplishing a singular and significant achievement , and thereby showcased the superiority of the capitalistic , free @-@ market system as represented by the US . The publication noted the irony that in order to achieve the goal , the program required the organization of tremendous public resources within a vast , centralized government bureaucracy . There are those who , despite evidence to the contrary , deny that the moon landings took place . The Apollo moon landing hoax claims helped propel conspiracy theories into a quasi @-@ political narrative . = = = Apollo 11 broadcast data restoration project = = = As part of Apollo 11 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , NASA spearheaded an effort to digitally restore the existing videotapes of the mission 's live televised moonwalk . After an exhaustive three @-@ year search for missing tapes of the original video of the Apollo 11 moonwalk , NASA concluded the data tapes had more than likely been accidentally erased . We 're all saddened that they 're not there . We all wish we had 20 @-@ 20 hindsight . I don 't think anyone in the NASA organization did anything wrong , I think it slipped through the cracks , and nobody 's happy about it . The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV . This resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes . During the following years , a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data . Stan Lebar , who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation , also worked with Nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes . So I don 't believe that the tapes exist today at all . It was a hard thing to accept . But there was just an overwhelming amount of evidence that led us to believe that they just don 't exist anymore . And you have to accept reality . With a budget of $ 230 @,@ 000 , the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration . The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy . The images were from tapes in Australia , the CBS News archive , and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center . The restored video , remaining in black and white , contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements . = = Depictions on film = = = = = Documentaries = = = Numerous documentary films cover the Apollo program and the Space Race , including : = = = Docudramas = = = The Apollo program , or certain missions , have been dramatized in Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , Apollo 11 ( 1996 ) , From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) , The Dish ( 2000 ) , Space Race ( 2005 ) , and Moonshot ( 2009 ) . = History of Aston Villa F.C. ( 1961 – present ) = The history of Aston Villa F.C. from 1961 to the current season covers the fluctuating fortunes of the club during the 1960s and 1970s , the European Cup victory in 1982 and the present day 's Premiership club . The late 1960s was a turbulent time for the club and pressure from fans led to a change of ownership and management . The problems started when the club was relegated from the first tier of English football for the third time , under manager Dick Taylor in 1967 . Within two years , pressure from supporters had led to the resignation of the board of directors . The club was then relegated to the Third Division . In the 1971 – 72 season Aston Villa returned to the Second Division as champions with a record 70 points . In 1974 Ron Saunders was appointed manager and by 1975 he had led the club back into the First Division and into European competition . The club was back among the elite and it continued to have much success under Saunders and won the league in the 1980 – 81 season . Saunders ' resignation halfway through the 1981 – 82 season came as a surprise , with the club in the quarter @-@ final of the European Cup . He was replaced by his assistant manager Tony Barton who guided them to 1 – 0 victory over Bayern Munich in the European Cup final in Rotterdam . However , winning the cup marked a pinnacle and the club fell steadily down the League standings over the next five years and was relegated in 1987 . However , the club was promoted the following year and achieved second place in the Football League in 1989 . Villa was one of the founding members of the Premier League in 1992 , and finished runners @-@ up to Manchester United in the inaugural season . The 1990s was a decade of inconsistency ; the club had three different managers and league positions were unpredictable , despite winning two League Cups . They reached the FA Cup Final for the first time since 1957 in 2000 , but lost 1 – 0 to Chelsea in the last game to be played at the old Wembley Stadium . Once again Villa 's league position fluctuated under various managers and in the summer of 2006 , David O 'Leary left under acrimonious circumstances . Martin O 'Neill soon arrived and received a rapturous reception . After 23 years as chairman and largest shareholder , owning approximately 38 % of the club , Doug Ellis decided to sell his stake to Randy Lerner , the owner of the NFL franchise Cleveland Browns . The arrival of a new owner and manager marked the start of sweeping changes throughout the club , including a new crest , a new kit sponsor and new players in the summer of 2007 . After several years of narrowly avoiding the drop , Villa were relegated at the end of the 2015 – 16 season . = = Instability = = Winning the League Cup in 1961 was a pinnacle for the club . Although Villa finished seventh in 1961 – 62 , the following season saw the beginning of a decline in form that would see them finish in 15th place in 1963 and fourth from bottom in 1964 . The manager Joe Mercer parted company with the club in July 1964 because of these results and his declining health . His replacement , Dick Taylor , managed to avoid relegation in the 1964 – 65 season as Villa finished 16th after a poor start to the season . The following year Villa finished 16th once again . Following a 4 – 2 final day defeat by Everton the club was relegated to the Second Division in the 1966 – 67 season . Manager Dick Taylor was sacked and Tommy Cummings was appointed in his place . The decline was not solely the responsibility of the manager ; the club had an ageing five @-@ man board " who had failed to adapt to the new football reality . " The club had neither developed a scouting network nor an effective coaching structure . The board had also sold two of Villa 's best players , Phil Woosnam and Tony Hateley . The fans ' calls for the board to resign became more and more pronounced when Villa finished 16th in the Second Division in 1968 . Events on the pitch came to a head in November 1968 , with Villa lying at the bottom of Division Two ; the board sacked Cummings . On 21 November 1968 the problems in the boardroom were highlighted when a board member , George Robinson , resigned . Following his resignation the board issued a statement : " [ The board ] would make available , by their resignation , such seats as new financial arrangements might require . " Aston Villa F.C was up for sale . After much speculation , control of the club was bought by London financier Pat Matthews , who brought in local travel @-@ agent Doug Ellis as chairman of the new board that was convened on 16 December 1968 . Two days later Tommy Docherty was appointed as manager . = = Rebuilding = = Docherty rebuilt confidence in the team and Villa went on to win five consecutive games and retained a place in the Second Division . In the short time that Docherty had been at the club , attendances rose significantly from a low of just over 12 @,@ 000 against Charlton Athletic in December . In the summer of 1969 the first share issue since 1896 raised £ 200 @,@ 000 for the club , £ 140 @,@ 000 of which was spent on new players . In the following season , however , Villa took ten games to register a win . By Christmas 1969 , Villa were at the bottom of the Second Division and Docherty was sacked . His successor , Vic Crowe , was unable to prevent Aston Villa from being relegated to the third tier of English football for the first time in its history in the 1969 – 70 season . Despite finishing fourth in the Third Division in the 1970 – 71 season , Villa reached the League Cup final after beating Manchester United in the semi @-@ final . They were defeated in the final by Tottenham Hotspur 2 – 0 . The 1971 – 72 season saw the club return to the Second Division as champions with a then divisional record 70 points . They were invited to take part in the 1972 FA Charity Shield but lost 1 – 0 to Manchester City . In the autumn of 1972 , there was a revolt in the boardroom and four of the five directors voted to oust Doug Ellis from the board . Within 43 days though , Ellis was reinstated as chairman after he received the support of the largest shareholder Pat Matthews , and the supporters at an EGM , who also voted to replace the existing directors . Their first season back in the Second Division in 1972 – 73 saw Villa narrowly miss out on a second successive promotion when they finished third . However , the following season Villa finished 14th and Ellis sacked Crowe , replacing him with Ron Saunders . For the club 's centenary season of 1974 – 75 , Saunders brought in only two new players , Frank Carrodus and Leighton Phillips . At the end of his first season in charge , Villa were back in the First Division after finishing second , and had won the 1975 League Cup final at Wembley Stadium . Villa beat Norwich City 1 – 0 with Ray Graydon scoring the winning goal . At the beginning of the 1975 – 76 season Doug Ellis resigned as chairman but remained on the board . Ellis left the club in a good position on the field . They were in the First Division and the UEFA Cup for the first time due to the League Cup win of 1975 . The club 's first season of European football was short @-@ lived though as they were beaten 5 – 1 by Antwerp in the first round . In the following season , Villa finished fourth in the League , and reached the quarter @-@ finals of the FA Cup . In the 1976 – 77 season , two years after their last League Cup win , they beat Everton 3 – 2 in the 1977 Final after a second replay . = = League and European victories = = In the 1977 – 78 season Villa reached the quarter @-@ final of the UEFA Cup where they went out 4 – 3 on aggregate against Barcelona . In the domestic league , however , they struggled and Saunders started rebuilding the team . As Saunders began restructuring his team in the summer of 1979 , there were more changes in the boardroom . Doug Ellis set a resolution to have several directors removed from the board . The resolution was not successful and as a result , Ellis resigned from the board . Meanwhile , Saunders brought in several new players who were to become some of Villa 's most prolific players in terms of goals and appearances . Allan Evans , Ken McNaught and Kenny Swain were brought into the defence and Des Bremner was brought into the midfield to play alongside Dennis Mortimer and Gordon Cowans . Tony Morley and Gary Shaw were the new strike partnership . When Peter Withe was signed from Newcastle United in the summer of 1980 , Saunders had built a team that was to see much success in the next few years . The first success was to come in the 1980 – 81 season when Villa won their first League Championship for 71 years , fighting off competition from Liverpool and Ipswich Town using only 14 playing staff in the whole season . The title was sealed on the final day of the season when they lost 2 @-@ 0 at Arsenal but still finished top as Ipswich Town , the only side still in contention for the title , lost to Middlesbrough . This triumph was popularly known as the " transistor championship " as Villa fans had turned up at the game listening to the progress of the Ipswich game on their transistor audio sets . The next season Villa did not start well and they were in mid @-@ table at Christmas although the club was still in the European Cup . In the first round Villa beat Valur 7 – 0 on aggregate . In the second round they scored twice at Dynamo Berlin to achieve a 2 – 2 draw , which saw them go through due to the away goals rule . These victories were in contrast to their poor performance in the league . By February 1982 , the club were lying 19th in the First Division and Saunders resigned . It was later disclosed that the then chairman , Ron Bendall , had offered him a revised , shorter term , contract , which he had refused to accept . Saunders ' assistant Tony Barton was promoted in his place . When Barton took over , although Villa were in a poor league position , they were in the quarter @-@ final of the European Cup . In the quarter @-@ finals , they beat Dynamo Kiev over two legs . Gordon Cowans is quoted as saying , " Once we got past Dynamo Kiev we began thinking we could go all the way . " In the semi @-@ final , they played Anderlecht over two legs , with Tony Morley scoring to secure Aston Villa 's place in the final . = = European Champions and subsequent decline = = On 26 May 1982 , just three months after being appointed manager , Barton guided Villa to a 1 – 0 victory over Bayern Munich in the European Cup final in Rotterdam . As of January 2008 , Villa remain one of only five English teams to have won the European Cup , along with Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester United and Nottingham Forest . They were the underdogs in the final and were expected to lose . The final was held in Feyenoord Stadium , Rotterdam , with an attendance of 39 @,@ 776 . Only nine minutes into the game , Villa lost their experienced goalkeeper Jimmy Rimmer to a shoulder injury . He was replaced by 23 @-@ year @-@ old reserve goalkeeper Nigel Spink , who had only played one match for the club in five years since joining from Chelmsford . Spink went on to make one of his best performances for the club against the highly experienced Bayern strikeforce , which included Karl @-@ Heinz Rummenigge . Other key players in this Villa side included Tony Morley , Gordon Cowans and Dennis Mortimer . The win was not followed with more success and the team performed badly in the following seasons . At the AGM in October 1982 , it was revealed that the club were in £ 1 @.@ 6 million of debt , mainly due to escalating wages and building costs , including the construction of the North Stand . At the end of November Ron and Donald Bendall resigned from the board to be replaced by Doug Ellis , who bought Ron Bendall 's 42 % shareholding . In January 1983 , Villa beat Barcelona 3 – 1 on aggregate to win the 1982 UEFA Super Cup . Barton remained in charge for two seasons after the European Cup triumph , but was sacked at the end of the 1983 – 84 season despite Villa finishing tenth in the First Division and reaching the semi @-@ finals of the League Cup . Shrewsbury Town manager Graham Turner was brought in as his successor . Turner was unable to reverse the decline , and in 1986 Villa narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division . A lacklustre start to the following season saw Turner sacked halfway through September . Billy McNeill was hired in his place , but was unable to save Villa from relegation . They were relegated to the Second Division just five years after winning the European Cup . McNeill handed in his notice and moved to Celtic when the season ended . Chairman Ellis persuaded Watford manager Graham Taylor to take over the reins and set about rebuilding the team . = = Taylor , Vengloš and Atkinson = = Taylor 's first season at Villa ended with automatic promotion as Second Division runners @-@ up , being pipped to the title by Millwall . One player who contributed to that season 's success was the recently signed David Platt , a former Manchester United reserve who had signed from Crewe Alexandra for £ 200 @,@ 000 just after Taylor 's arrival . Before he left in 1991 , Platt scored 68 goals in his 155 appearances for the club . Villa avoided relegation on the last day of the 1988 – 89 season as other results favoured them . In the 1989 – 90 season they emerged as surprise contenders for the title , leading for three weeks in the latter stages of the season before finishing in second place , nine points behind Liverpool . Taylor departed for the England manager 's job and was succeeded by Slovak coach Jozef Vengloš , the first foreign manager in the First Division . The 1990 – 91 season was Vengloš 's only season as manager of Aston Villa . Their second @-@ place finish the previous season earned them qualification for the UEFA Cup as one of the first English clubs to enter European competition after ban resulting from the Heysel Stadium disaster was lifted . They beat first round opponents Baník Ostrava over two legs , and won the first leg of the second round tie against Inter Milan . However , this lead was overturned by Inter in the return leg 3 – 0 , and Villa were eliminated . The defeat started a decline , and by the end of the season they were two places above the relegation zone . Vengloš stepped down and David Platt was sold to Italian side Bari for £ 5 million . Aston Villa 's new manager was Ron Atkinson , who had taken West Bromwich Albion to the quarter @-@ finals of the UEFA Cup and had won the League Cup with Sheffield Wednesday . In his first season in charge , 1991 – 92 , Villa finished in sixth place and thus became one of the founder members of the FA Premier League . = = Villa in the Premiership = = In his first 18 months in charge , Atkinson bought Earl Barrett , Dean Saunders , Andy Townsend , Dalian Atkinson , Kevin Richardson , Ray Houghton and Shaun Teale . They all helped the club to finish as runners @-@ up to Manchester United in the inaugural Premier League season of 1992 – 93 . The strike partnership of Saunders and Atkinson established itself as one of the most successful partnerships in the Premiership . On 27 March 1994 Villa won the League Cup final 3 – 1 , to secure a second successive UEFA Cup campaign , although their Premier League form dipped and they finished 10th . At the end of the 1993 – 94 season , they played their last game at a terraced Villa Park before it was converted over the summer to an all @-@ seater stadium to comply with the Taylor Report . In November 1994 , Atkinson was dismissed following a poor start to the season . Leicester City 's manager Brian Little was forbidden to speak to Aston Villa by their board , after rumours began circulating that Ellis wanted to hire him . Although maintaining that he had not spoken to Ellis about the possibility of taking over at Villa , Little resigned from his post at Leicester even though he was contracted to the club until the end of the 1997 – 98 season . Three days after his resignation , Ellis hired him as the new Villa manager . Little kept Villa in the Premiership , and then reshaped the squad in the 1995 close @-@ season by selling most of the club 's older players and buying in several younger ones . Villa won the 1996 League Cup with a win over Leeds United , reached the FA Cup semi @-@ finals and finished fourth in the Premiership in the 1995 – 96 season . In February 1998 , with Villa standing 15th in the Premiership and speculation rife that he would be sacked , Little resigned , stating that , " There were certain things going on behind the scenes which were affecting my own managerial position . " Ellis came out with a statement directly challenging that it had anything to do with the management at Villa Park . Instead , he suggested it was due to a " variety of pressures " including abuse directed towards Little and his family by irate fans . Ellis appointed John Gregory , a former Aston Villa coach , as Little 's successor . Gregory revitalised the team and Villa finished seventh in the Premiership and qualified for the UEFA Cup . Usually , only the top six teams qualified for European competition , but due to the progress of other teams in the top seven it was the first time that a seventh placed club had automatically qualified for the UEFA Cup . Despite the £ 12 @.@ 6 million sale of Dwight Yorke , a player who had scored 97 goals in 287 appearances for the club , to Manchester United in August 1998 , John Gregory had guided Aston Villa to the top of the Premiership by the middle of the 1998 – 99 season . Villa reached the FA Cup final in 2000 for the first time since 1957 , but lost 1 – 0 to Chelsea in the last final to be played at the old Wembley Stadium . The 2000 – 01 season saw Villa finish eighth in the Premiership , although they did eventually qualify for the UEFA Cup by winning the Intertoto Cup in the summer of 2001 . In November 2001 , Gregory accused Ellis of " living in a time @-@ warp " , but was forced to apologise a few days later after provoking an uproar . While Gregory remained in his job , the relationship between him and Ellis was strained . Gregory resigned on 24 January 2002 , with Villa occupying a familiar mid @-@ table position in the league . In January 2002 , chairman Doug Ellis once again appointed Graham Taylor as manager . Villa finished the 2001 – 02 season in eighth place , which was similar to most of their other Premiership finishes . Taylor quit as manager for the second time after the end of the 2002 – 03 season . Villa had just finished 16th in the Premiership , losing twice to arch rivals Birmingham City . David O 'Leary , who had taken Leeds United to the semi @-@ finals of the 2000 – 01 Champions League , was brought in as Taylor 's replacement . O 'Leary took the team to sixth in the table , with a 2 – 0 home defeat against Manchester United on the final day meaning that they narrowly missed out on a UEFA Cup place . In 2005 – 06 , Villa slowly fell down the table and finished in 16th place . The poor placing came despite O 'Leary having spent more than £ 13 million the previous summer on players such as Milan Baroš , Kevin Phillips and Wilfred Bouma . Frustration within the club soon reared its head when , on 14 July 2006 , a group of Villa players criticised the chairman 's alleged parsimony and lack of ambition in an interview with a local newspaper . The club immediately dismissed the report as " ridiculous " , but it emerged over the following few days that a group of senior players had indeed instigated the move , possibly with O 'Leary 's backing . The following week , David O 'Leary left the club by mutual consent after three years as Aston Villa manager and his assistant Roy Aitken became caretaker manager . = = Lerner era = = At a press conference on 4 August 2006 , Doug Ellis introduced Martin O 'Neill as the new manager and O 'Neill said , After several years of speculation and failed bids , the 23 @-@ year reign of Doug Ellis as chairman came to an end . Ellis , the largest shareholder with approximately 38 % , decided to sell his stake . For many years supporters groups had been urging Ellis to resign , though the actions including two " Ellis out " protests , and an " Ellis out " march marked an increase in intensity . The decision to leave the club was likely to have been prompted by Ellis ' ill @-@ health . Randy Lerner , the owner of the NFL franchise Cleveland Browns , was announced as the preferred bidder . On 25 August , it was announced that he had secured 59 @.@ 69 % of the club 's shares . By 26 September 2006 , Lerner had achieved a 90 % shareholding , and could complete his buy @-@ out of the rest of the shares . Lerner appointed several new people to the Board including General Charles C Krulak . Ellis was given an President Emeritus ( Life President ) role . Aston Villa started the 2006 – 07 Premiership campaign well , with Olof Mellberg scoring the first competitive goal at Arsenal 's new Emirates Stadium . The January signings of John Carew , Ashley Young and Shaun Maloney bolstered the squad . Villa finished in 11th place in the league with 50 points , ending the season with an unbeaten run of nine league games . The last home game of the season , a 3 – 0 victory over Sheffield United , was used to mark the 25th anniversary of Villa winning the European Cup in 1982 . Before kick @-@ off , the 1982 winning team paraded the trophy in front of a full stadium . Scarves bearing the words " Proud History — Bright Future " were given out to all home team supporters attending the match . 2007 @-@ 08 saw Villa progress further , finishing sixth to qualify for the Intertoto Cup . A victory against Danish side Odense BK over two legs in the final , during the summer of 2008 , put Villa into European competition for the 2008 – 09 season , the first time in seven years . They reached the group stage of the UEFA Cup that season with relative ease , and played their first match against Dutch club Ajax at Villa Park , winning 2 – 1 . The first major final of the Lerner era was the 2010 Football League Cup Final ; Villa lost 2 – 1 to Manchester United at Wembley Stadium . Five days before the opening day of the 2010 – 11 season , O 'Neill resigned as manager with immediate effect . The reserve team coach , Kevin MacDonald , took over as caretaker manager for the opening games of the season . Randy Lerner returned to England from the United States to interview potential candidates for the post . On 8 September 2010 , the club announced that Gérard Houllier would become the manager of Aston Villa , the first managerial appointment of Lerner 's reign . On 20 April 2011 , Houllier was admitted to hospital suffering from chest pains . Further tests showed that Houllier had suffered from a recurrence of a heart problem . The last games of the season saw Houllier 's assistant , Gary McAllister , take over in a caretaker capacity . On 1 June 2011 , the club issued a statement that Houllier had left the club by mutual consent leaving the club looking for their fifth manager , including caretakers , of the year . Houllier was replaced by the former Birmingham City manager Alex McLeish on 17 June 2011 , despite numerous protests from fans against his appointment . McLeish 's appointment marked the first time in history that a manager had moved directly from Birmingham to Villa . = = = Crisis ( 2012 – present ) = = = McLeish 's contract was terminated at the end of the 2011 – 12 season after Villa finished in 16th place , only just above the relegation zone . On 2 July 2012 , Aston Villa confirmed the appointment of former Norwich City manager Paul Lambert as the replacement for McLeish . On 28 February 2012 , the club announced a financial loss of £ 53 @.@ 9 million . Lerner put the club up for sale on 12 May 2014 , with an estimated value of £ 200 million . With Lerner still on board , in the 2014 – 15 season Aston Villa scored just 12 goals in 25 league games , the lowest in Premier League history , and Lambert was sacked on 11 February 2015 . He was replaced by Tim Sherwood , who saved Villa from relegation in the 2014 – 15 season and took them to the 2015 FA Cup Final . Despite saving them from relegation the previous season , Sherwood was sacked as manager on 15 October 2015 , after six consecutive league losses , with Kevin MacDonald taking the role of interim manager . On 2 November 2015 , Frenchman Rémi Garde agreed a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half year deal to become the manager , but he left on 29 March 2016 with the club rooted to the bottom of the table . The club was eventually relegated from the Premier League on 16 April . = Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! = Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! ( HAHK ; English : Who am I to You ) is a 1994 Indian musical romantic @-@ comedy film , written and directed by Sooraj R. Barjatya , and produced by Rajshri Productions . Starring Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan , it celebrates Indian wedding traditions by relating to the story of a married couple and the relationship between their families ; a story about sacrificing ones love for ones family . It is an adaptation of the studio 's own film Nadiya Ke Paar ( 1982 ) . Earning over ₹ 1 @.@ 35 billion ( US $ 20 million ) worldwide , the film became the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film of all time . It contributed to a change in the Indian film industry , with new methods of distribution and a turn towards less violent stories . It was the first Hindi film to gross over ₹ 1 billion , and when adjusted for inflation , is the highest grossing Hindi film of the 1990s and also still one of the highest @-@ earning Bollywood films ever . Box Office India described it as " the biggest blockbuster of the modern era . " The 14 @-@ song soundtrack , an unusually large number , is also one of the most popular in Bollywood history , with popular singer Lata Mangeshkar lending her voice for 11 of the 14 songs in the film . Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! won five Filmfare Awards , including Best Film , Best Director , and Best Actress , as well as winning the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . It made a lasting impact on wedding celebrations in India , which often include songs and games from the film . = = Plot = = Prem ( Salman Khan ) lost his parents at an early age . He lives with his elder brother Rajesh ( Mohnish Bahl ) and uncle Kailashnath ( Alok Nath ) . Rajesh manages the family business and his family is on the look @-@ out for a suitable bride for him . Professor Siddharth Chaudhary ( Anupam Kher ) and Mrs. Chaudhary ( Reema Lagoo ) have two daughters , Pooja ( Renuka Shahane ) and Nisha ( Madhuri Dixit ) . The Chaudhary couple and Kailashnath are old friends who meet again after several years . They arrange a marriage between Rajesh and Pooja . From their first meeting , Nisha and Prem start bickering lightheartedly with each other , and the fun and mischief continues throughout Pooja and Rajesh 's wedding . Prem has an amicable relationship with his warm @-@ hearted sister @-@ in @-@ law . In time , Pooja and Rajesh discover that they are expecting a child . Professor and Mrs. Chaudhary are unable to come to Kailashnath 's house for the ceremony marking the impending arrival of the baby . They send Nisha instead , who is present at the birth . Meanwhile , Nisha and Prem fall in love with each other , but keep it a secret . Professor and Mrs. Chaudhary come over to Kailashnath 's house to celebrate the birth of their grandchild . When the time comes to part , their hosts are dejected , especially Prem . He and Nisha promise each other that they will soon reunite for ever . Pooja is invited to stay at her parents ' house , and Prem takes her there . When they arrive , Pooja learns that Prem and Nisha are in love , and gives Nisha a necklace as a token , promising to get them married . Shortly afterwards , Pooja accidentally slips and falls down the stairs , and dies from a head injury . Everybody is shattered by the tragedy . Nisha takes good care of her dead sister 's son . Hence , her parents and Kailashnath feel that Nisha will be a great mother to the baby . They decide to have Nisha marry Rajesh . Nisha overhears her parents talking about her marrying into Kailashnath 's family and thinks that they are discussing her marriage to Prem , to which she agrees . Later , at a pre @-@ nuptial ceremony , she finds out that she is actually going to marry Rajesh . Prem and Nisha vow to sacrifice their love for Rajesh and the baby . Moments before the wedding , Nisha asks Prem 's dog Tuffy to give Prem the necklace that Pooja had given her , along with a letter . The letter and necklace fall into the hands of Rajesh . When he realizes that Prem and Nisha love each other , he halts the wedding and confronts both of them . In the end , Nisha and Prem marry each other with the consent of their families . The film 's title Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! appears and then rephrases to Hum Aapke Hain .. ! ( English : I am yours ! ) . = = Cast = = Madhuri Dixit as Nisha Choudhury Salman Khan as Prem Nath Mohnish Bahl as Rajesh Nath Renuka Shahane as Pooja Choudhury Anupam Kher as Prof. Siddharth Choudhury Reema Lagoo as Mrs. Choudhury Alok Nath as Kailash Nath Bindu as Bhagwanti a.k.a. Mami Ajit Vachani as Professor a.k.a. Mama Satish Shah as Doctor Himani Shivpuri as Razia ( Doctor 's wife ) Sahila Chadha as Rita Dilip Joshi as Bhola Prasad Laxmikant Berde as Lalloo Prasad Priya Arun as Chameli Redo as Tuffy the dog = = Production = = Director / writer Sooraj Barjatya devoted one year and nine months to the screenplay of Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! . He spent the first five months trying to write another Maine Pyar Kiya , but then started over after his father Rajkumar Barjatya suggested that he rework one of the family company Rajshri Productions earlier offerings . Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! then became a loose adaptation of their 1982 production Nadiya Ke Paar . Barjatya used musical numbers to avoid treating some situations in a cliche manner , which resulted in so many songs that there were complaints during initial screenings of the film concerning its length and number of songs . Barjayta 's grandfather , company founder Tarachand Barjatya loved the song " Dhiktana " so much that the film was nearly given that title . Barjatya later told India Abroad , " My attempt in this movie has been to reexpose the cinema @-@ going public to the quintessential family life ... not to make people feel that they have come to see a movie , but make them feel as if they have come to visit a big joint family that is preparing for a wedding " . The story was constructed differently than what was popular at the time . There were no villains , violence , or battles between good and evil . From conception to finished product , the film took four years . Madhuri Dixit was paid a salary of ₹ 27 @,@ 540 @,@ 000 for playing the role of Nisha . The producers / distributors exercised a higher than normal level of control over their work . There was a limited release , a new form of television publicity , safeguards against video piracy , and a delay in the releasing of video tapes . The film was also dubbed into the Telugu language and released with the title Premalayam . = = Soundtrack = = The soundtrack for Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! was composed by Raamlaxman , with lyrics penned by Ravinder Rawal and Dev Kohli . It was produced under the Sa Re Ga Ma label and featured veteran playback singers such as Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam . Raamlaxman had about 50 sessions with the director Barjatya during scripting . The finished soundtrack included an unusually large number of songs at 14 , plus the song " Hasta Hua Noorani Chehra " ( from the film Parasmani ) , that was used when the characters play a game . The track " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " is said to be inspired by Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan 's song " Saare Nabian " . That song became one of the most popular film songs ever , and was on the charts for over a year . The soundtrack was very successful upon release , becoming the best selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year , and one of the top four sellers of the 1990s , with 10 million units sold . It is ranked the number 29 all @-@ time best Hindi soundtrack by Planet Bollywood . = = Reception = = = = = Release = = = Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! premiered at Liberty Cinema in southern Mumbai on 5 August 1994 ; it eventually ran there for over 100 weeks . The film initially saw a very limited release , also showing at the Regal and Eros theatres , with only 26 prints total . Eventually it started to appear in many more theatres . When initial viewers complained about the film 's length , 2 of the 14 song sequences were removed . These were later restored when film goers were found to enjoy all of the songs . Early reviewers of Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! predicted that it would be a huge flop ; hence the industry was stunned when it went on to become the most successful film of all time up to that point . = = = Box Office = = = Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! is one of the biggest grossers ever in the history of Hindi cinema , and is said to have changed film business forever in the country . Made on a budget of around ₹ 42 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 630 @,@ 000 ) , it went on to collect ₹ 1 @.@ 23 billion ( US $ 18 million ) in India and ₹ 1 @.@ 35 billion ( US $ 20 million ) worldwide . It was the first Hindi film to gross over ₹ 1 billion . Adjusted for inflation , the film has grossed over ₹ 3 @.@ 1 billion ( US $ 46 million ) at the domestic box office . Box Office India gave it the verdict " All Time Blockbuster " , and described it as " the biggest blockbuster of the modern era . " Much of the success was due to repeat business . For example , painter M. F. Husain was reported to have seen the film over 60 times . Adjusted for inflation , Hum Aapke Hain Kaun is believed to be among the top five highest grossing Hindi films . Its adjusted gross is approximately ₹ 3 @.@ 09 billion ( US $ 46 million ) . = = = Reviews = = = Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! received generally positive reviews . India Abroad called it a " cloyingly familial and touchingly sad melodrama replete with typical Indian social situations " . Redo , an Indian Spitz , received favourable recognition as Tuffy the dog . He was included in the " Best pets in Hindi films " list compiled by Daily News and Analysis . After the film , Redo was reportedly adopted by actress Madhuri Dixit . = = = Accolades = = = Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . The film was nominated for 12 Filmfare Awards , Including Best Film , Best Director , and Best Actress . The film went on to win five awards making it one of the biggest winners of the year , behind 1942 : A Love Story , which won nine Filmfares . Lata Mangeshkar , who sang more than 10 songs in the movie , had long retired from accepting awards , but the public demand for the song " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " was such that she received the Filmfare Special Award that year . The film also won major awards at the newly introduced ' Screen Awards ' , where it won six awards . = = Analysis = = Author Patricia Uberoi classified Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! a family film in two ways ; it is about family relationships , and it is suitable for the entire family to watch . She said that the film is not about the two leads , but about the family , an ideal family . Tejaswini Ganti has called the film a " paean to filial duty " for how the children are willing to sacrifice their love for the good of their families . The family relationships are also noted for being different from the normal cinematic families of the time due to their mutual civility . Rediff.com noted that " Though the film was initially dismissed as a wedding video , its success indicated that post @-@ liberalisation , Indian audiences still clung to the comfort of the familiar . " Jigna Desai said that the film 's popularity was due to interactions of the families around the traditional folk wedding practices . In his study on the response to the film , academic Vamsee Juluri concluded that the celebration of the family is HAHK 's " most useful contribution to history " . = = Legacy and influence = = Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! is credited as being a defining moment in Hindi cinema 's box office history , and the beginning of a revolution in the Indian film distribution system . When it was released , cinema was in decline in India due to improved cable television , home video , and film piracy . The film was originally released in only a small number of theatres that agreed to upgrade their facilities . Due to widespread demand for the film , many other theatres upgraded in order to get the film . Although ticket prices were raised , the upgraded theatres brought people back who had been lost to television . Also , the film 's lack of vulgarity was a sign to middle @-@ class family patrons that they could return to the theatre . This film , in addition to the following year 's Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , contributed to an increase in Indian cinema attendance of 40 % in just two years . The film was so successful that it literally gave the term blockbuster new meaning in India . Box Office India said , " Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! [ ... ] took business for films released afterwards to another level . To put into perspective how business changed [ ... ] before Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! an all India share of 10 crore for a big film was regarded as blockbuster business but after Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! the blockbuster business figure went to 20 crore . " Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! influenced many subsequent Hindi films . The film was also a trendsetter for glamorous family dramas and NRI @-@ related films , and started Bollywood 's " big @-@ fat @-@ wedding @-@ film " trend . In 1998 a theatre company in London , where the film had played for a year , staged a production based on the film titled Fourteen Songs , Two Weddings and a Funeral . Planet Bollywood has noted that no wedding is complete without some songs from this film , and it has been used as a script to design wedding plans . For years afterwards , women wanted to wear a purple sari like the one worn by Madhuri Dixit in the song " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " . Filmmaker Karan Johar named it as the one film that changed his life . He said , " After seeing Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! I realized Indian cinema is about values , tradition , subtlety , romance . There is so much soul in it . [ ... ] I decided to go ahead and be a filmmaker only after watching this film . " Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! belongs to a small collection of films , including Kismet ( 1943 ) , Mother India ( 1957 ) , Mughal @-@ e @-@ Azam ( 1960 ) and Sholay ( 1975 ) , which are repeatedly watched throughout India and are viewed as definitive Hindi films with cultural significance . = First Dance ( song ) = " First Dance " is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber , included as a track on his debut release , My World , released on November 17 , 2009 . Featuring his mentor , R & B singer Usher , the song was written by the two with Jesse Wilson , Ryan Lovette , Dwight Reynolds , and Alexander " Prettyboifresh " Parhm , Jr . , with the latter also producing the track . " First Dance " is a R & B and teen pop song , that sees Bieber and Usher trade lines , with lyrics literally about a first dance . Most music critics were skeptical of the lyrical content presented in the song , and according to Jon Caramanica of The New York Times , the song 's melody is similar to that of Michael Jackson 's " You Are Not Alone . " After the release of My World , due to digital sales , the song charted in the lower regions of charts in the United States , Canada , and the United Kingdom . = = Background = = " First Dance " was written by Bieber , Usher , Jesse Wilson , Ryan Lovette , Dwight Reynolds , Alexander " Prettyboifresh " Parhm , Jr . With the exception of Usher , all other contributors to the song do not have any other credits on the album . The track was one of three songs on the standard edition of the album that Bieber co @-@ wrote . The song was recorded by Jeremy Stevens at Icon Studios in Atlanta , Georgia , and was mixed at Larrabee Studios in North Hollywood , California , by Jaycen Joshua and Dave Pensado , assisted by Giancarlo Lino . Dwight " Skrapp " Reynolds is responsible for the keyboards in the song . " First Dance " , described to be in a moderate pace , is a R & B song with a length of three minutes and forty @-@ two , with inclinations toward teen pop . Bieber described the song as " a slow groovy song that people can dance to " . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that the song echoed Michael Jackson 's " You Are Not Alone . " The song is set in the time signature of common time , and has a tempo of 100 beats per minute . It is written in the key of A minor , and vocals in the piece span from the low note of G3 to the high note of E5 , and features the chord Em7 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Ashante Infantry of Toronto Star complimented the song containing the album 's only feature , commenting " but good to see the business minds didn 't overwhelm the young ' un 's [ sic ] first recording with guests or gimmicks " . Allison Stewart of The Washington Post called the song as a " yearning ballad " . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times was skeptical of the lyrical content presented in the song , commenting , " unlike teen @-@ pop stars a whole two or three years older than he is , Mr. Bieber isn ’ t shy about planting the seeds of corruption " . Marc Hirsh of the Boston Globe said that the song combines the Disney route of songs comparing love to a fairytale , and unintentional comedy in the lines " ' Ain ’ t no chaperones . . . Girl , I promise I ’ ll be gentle / I know we gotta do it slowly ’ in a song literally about prom . " = = = Chart performance = = = On the week ending December 5 , 2009 , due to digital sales after the release of My World , " First Dance " debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 , at the positions of ninety @-@ nine and eighty @-@ eight , respectively . It dropped off both charts the following week . In both territories , it was also the lowest non @-@ previously released song from My World to appear on the charts . In the United Kingdom , after the release of My World , " First Dance " appeared at number 156 . = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting – Justin Bieber , Usher Raymond IV , Jesse Wilson , Ryan Lovette , Dwight Reynolds , Alexander " Prettyboifresh " Parhm , Jr . Production – Prettyboifresh Vocal recording – Jeremy Stevenson Mixing – Jaycen Joshua and Dave Pensado , assisted by Giancarlo Lino . Source = = Charts = = = Arab street = The Arab street ( Arabic : الشارع العربي , ash @-@ shāriʿ al @-@ ʿarabī ) is an expression referring to the spectrum of public opinion in the Arab world , often as opposed or contrasted to the opinions of Arab governments . In some contexts it refers more specifically to the lower socioeconomic strata of Arab society . It is used primarily in the United States and Arab countries . While it is sometimes assumed , particularly in the United States , to have been borrowed from Arabic political discourse , its evolution has followed a circular course from Arabic to English and then back . Lebanese newspapers began referring to just " the street " during the 1950s ; later in the decade reports in The New York Times used the term in English to explain Gamal Abdel Nasser 's broad appeal not just in his native Egypt but across the Arab world . Later commentators added the " Arab " and eventually dropped the scare quotes to create the current usage , which became widespread in American media during the First Palestinian Intifada in 1987 . Arab media began using it themselves a decade later . However , its usage still differs between the two languages . In the Western English @-@ language media , only Arab popular sentiment is referred to as the " street " ; Arabic commentators use the expression in the same sense to refer to not just public opinion in their countries but in the West as well . Due to the many negative connotations attached to the use of " street " as a modifier , the use of the term in English has been criticized as fostering stereotypes of a population easily roused to violence . The " Arab street " thus alternately justifies the need for an authoritarian ruler , or constrains the potentially moderate actions of those rulers . In the wake of the Arab Spring early in the 2010s , the concept of the Arab street has been revisited and challenged . The revolutions that toppled governments have , to some , shown how deficient and outdated Western understandings of Arab public opinion , shaped by the concept of the " Arab street " , had been and have even led some to suggest it no longer be used . Others , including some Arabs , saw the uprisings as vindicating the importance of public opinion in their cultures and changing the popular concept of the street within them . = = Definition = = Attempts to directly define the Arab street have usually equated it with Arab public opinion . New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman , who once covered the Middle East and frequently writes about the region , called it " the broad mass of public opinion " there in 2002 , as distinct from extremist opinion , which he calls the " Arab basement " . As of 2013 , Collins English Dictionary defines " the Arab street " as an informal term for " public opinion in the Arab world . " Nevertheless , even as the term came into wide use , there was disagreement about its exact meaning . In 2002 a U.S. State Department official , reporting on a meeting between President George W. Bush and the leaders of Japan and Pakistan , said that the latter , Pervez Musharraf , had referred to the " possibility of trouble in the Arab street , whatever that is " over the upcoming invasion of Iraq . This uncertainty has led to confusion over what the term represents . During the same period of time , Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld later recalled , Arab leaders urged him to make sure the operation went quickly as they " were worried about the ' Arab street ' erupting in anger at the West 's invasion of a Muslim country . I was skeptical of the idea that a monolithic Arab street existed ... but I did understand that popular discontent could cause them difficulties . " According to a 2009 paper on the evolution and use of the term by professors Terry Regier and Muhammad Ali Khalidi , some of that confusion results from a frequent second meaning. encompassing the majority of Arab public opinion , they observe , another usage seems to associate it more specifically with " a presumed seething underclass within Arab society , one that is viewed primarily as a source of political trouble . " In a 1993 exploration of the Arab street 's existence , David Pollock of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy began by acknowledging these connotations : " The very name evokes images of mystery , mobs and mullahs ; it sounds vaguely subterranean , if not sinister ; and it is most often regarded in the West with a peculiar mixture of fascination , dismissal and fear . " In November 2001 , a front @-@ page story in The New York Times on the Arab street 's rising power in the wake of the terrorist attacks in the U.S. two months earlier began by evoking the term 's visual connotations and the corresponding power vested in it by fearful Western observers : " The Arab street : the well @-@ worn phrase evokes men clustered around dusty coffeehouse tables , discussing the events of the day with well @-@ earned cynicism between puffs on a hookah — yet suddenly able to turn into a mob , powerful enough to sweep away governments . " Ten years later , columnist Edwin Black wrote on the Fox News website , after protesters in Egypt began calling for longtime president Hosni Mubarak to step down , something that had previously been unthinkable , that the leader had fallen afoul of the Arab street , ... a dusty , unimproved and irrepressible thoroughfare of fury whose frequent itinerary has been known and feared for generations in the Middle East ... Quite simply , the Arab Street refers to the unexpected potential for popular upheaval at any time in any Arab locale . With no democratic venues to express popular wrath , this wrath pours onto the street and acts out en masse against the established order . = = = Arabic = = = In Arabic , the word for street ( الشارع , ash @-@ shāriʿ ) is derived from a root whose other forms denote a place of entry or beginning , the point of a weapon , and law or lawfulness and legitimacy in both the secular and religious sense . Among those words are sharia , the term for Islamic religious and moral law . Shāriʿ itself can also be used to refer to a legislator or lawgiver , and when used with the definite article al- in a religious context is a reference to God as the source of all religious law . According to Regier and Khalidi , Arabic commentators use the term much as it is used in the West , when they discuss public opinion in the Arab world . However , they also refer to the " streets " of other , non @-@ Arab countries in much the same way — " feelings of anger and shock are running very high in the American street [ after the September 11 attacks ] " , for example . And in contrast to the fear of political upheaval frequently implied by Western writers , their use of " the Arab street " often carries positive and respectful overtones , such as when Al @-@ Ayyam praised " the great Egyptian street , which has always been the heart and conscience of the Arabs " in 1997 . Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah provided an example of both differences in usage when he praised " the Israeli street " for its reaction to the Winograd report on Israel 's conduct of the 2006 Lebanon War . = = History = = " Arab street " arises originally from Arabic usage , but only became widely recognized through English adaptation . = = = English = = = In English , the earliest use of the word " street " in reference to the political role of popular opinion Regier and Khalidi found was that cited in the Oxford English Dictionary 's ( OED ) entry on the word , where one of its definitions in the plural is " loosely as the realm of the common man , and esp. the source of popular political support . " Wyndham Lewis 's 1931 book Hitler , a defense of the German dictator that he later disowned , credited Hitler 's political success in part to his " mastery of the street " , which the OED reported as the earliest use of the word in that political sense . It did not enter widespread use at that time . The earliest use of " street " in a political context that Regier and Khalidi could find was a 1950 editorial in the Lebanese newspaper An @-@ Nahar : This poor street , or rather the poor sons of the street , or rather poor me and you , sons of the street ! ! ... The government pulls us to and fro ... and the opposition also pulls this way and that . All of them make grand claims on our behalf , on behalf of the street , on behalf of the children of the street ... By God , leave this street to its own problems , for it is dizzy , dizzy from the opium of politics and politicians , and the hashish of merchants and extortionists . Leave it , may God have mercy on you . " The street , " they wrote , " is here conceived as an aggrieved everyman , manipulated and exploited by the political class , " a sense that later manifested itself in Western discourse . This usage made its debut in the American media early in 1957 . Times correspondent Hanson Baldwin , in an article on the personalities in the Middle East in the wake of the previous year 's Suez Crisis , focused on Gamal Abdel Nasser , president and prime minister of Egypt . Baldwin credited Nasser 's success to " his appeal to ' the street ' , which carries great political power in the Arab world . " He also inaugurated the concept of the street as a source of political danger to established hierarchies , saying Nasser 's prestige was " probably at a new high with the Arab street mobs , by which Arab governments are so often made or broken . " Two years later , the title and subtitle of a Times Magazine article made explicitly clear that the Arab mob and the street were related : " Power of ' The Street ' in the Arab World ; Here is an analysis of that frightening phenomenon , the mob , and the role it plays in the contest between freedom and tyranny in the Mideast . " Nasser himself , in speeches , often cited not the street but " al @-@ gamāhīr " ( الجماهير ) as his political base . The Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic defines it as " the masses " , or " the people " ; in the singular it can mean " the public " or a crowd or throng of people . Another form of the same root is jumhūrīah , the word for republic . Gamāhīr , rendered in English as " the masses " , carries Marxist overtones of class struggle . Northwestern University professor Joe Khalil , who studies the Arab media , explains that it can " refer to everything from the indoctrinated members of a political party to a group of enthusiasts at a pop performance . " Within a political context it most often denotes " several groups of people bound together by a common activity or ideology and easily recognizable within a larger population . " The term , like the Pan @-@ Arabism it was also associated with , gradually fell into disuse after Egypt was defeated by Israel both in the Suez Crisis and the Six @-@ Day War of 1967 . " Street " was first grammatically modified by " Arab " in English in a 1970 article in The Review of Politics , a political science journal . The writer , Robert Sullivan , alluded to the role of " radio propaganda aimed at mobilizing the Arab ' street ' " during military conflicts . Seven years later , another journal article by Steve J. Rosen argued that Israel 's development of nuclear weapons would lead to " a revolution of declining expectations in the Arab ' street . ' " Regier and Khalidi speculate that the use of scare quotes by both Rosen and Sullivan suggest that they are using a term not familiar to them , something they may have adapted from a foreign language . Since both of them were academics specializing in Middle Eastern studies , it could be presumed that they had at least a reading knowledge of Arabic and were familiar with the term 's use in Arabic media in the region , Regier and Khalidi argued . The two further speculated that Rosen , who often took strongly pro @-@ Israel positions and later became policy director of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee , may have also perhaps picked up the term from Israeli media and scholars , as the " street " terminology for popular opinion is also used sometimes in Hebrew . An Israeli attorney 's 1987 comment to the Christian Science Monitor , that his country had never " tried to root out the PLO in the Arab street " was the first modern use in its present sense without the scare quotes . By the end of the decade it came into wide use in both American academic and popular media , as coverage of the First Palestinian Intifada dominated news from the region . This may have been the result of geopolitical shifts taking place at the same time . New York Times language columnist William Safire anonymously quoted a Middle East expert who told him that before the late 1980s the term " Arab masses " had been used instead . " With the eclipse of the Soviet Union , that phrase disappeared because [ it ] had too much of a Marxist – Soviet – Communist tilt to it . " In his 1992 paper on the Arab street as a political phenomenon , David Pollock uses " Arab masses " only once , and in quotes . = = = Arabic = = = The first use of the term " Arab street " in Arabic media occurred in 1997 . The two researchers were not certain whether it had seen any use prior to that year as the database they used only went as far back as 1995 . It has become quite common in Arabic media since then , suggesting , according to Regier and Khalidi , that a term created in English from a borrowed Arabic term has been " re @-@ imported " into Arabic . = = Criticism = = = = = Negative connotations = = = While sometimes the American media used " Arab street " as to be interchangeable with " Arab public opinion , " suggesting rationality and calm , Regier and Khalidi found that most uses carried the connotations of incipient unrest . " We propose that a central association of the Arab street is indeed that of a volatile potential mob , dangerous to the established order of Arab states , and thus to any agreements Western powers may have with those states . " While users may not always have intended it that way , in many cases they did . They identified three factors that gave rise to these connotations . First , other common English phrases such as " man in / on the street " , " street smart " and " the word on the street " suggest the street is associated with uneducated and possibly misinformed opinion . The street is further associated with illegality through terms like " street crime " and the " street value " of contraband such as illicit drugs . Both of these , Regier and Khalidi observe , help strengthen the sense that the Arab street 's opinions are uninfluenced and uncontrollable by any official source or body . Lastly , terms like " street person " for one who is homeless and " streetwalker " for a prostitute link the street to desperate personal circumstances . Regier and Khalidi note that this has historical connections to the term " street Arab " , for a homeless child , now out of regular use but still encountered by readers of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes mysteries , where the titular character relied at times on a network of such individuals as informants . Edward Said , a Palestinian @-@ born professor of English literature at Columbia University who frequently spoke and wrote on behalf of his people 's cause , along with casting a critical eye on Western " orientalism " and how it affected perceptions of non @-@ Western cultures such as the Arab world , explicitly and critically drew the connection between the two terms , they note , quoting him as saying : There 's a kind of unconscious identification between the word " street " in connection with the Arabs , and the late 19th and early 20th @-@ century usage of the term " street Arab " . Street Arabs are vagrants ... So I think referring to the " Arab street " in this way suggests that these are riff @-@ raff , the kind of unimportant flotsam and jetsam of a society which is basically made up of barbarians and subhuman people . I think it 's not an accident that this term is always used to talk about Arab public opinion . Regier and Khalidi write that the view of the Arab street , and by extension all Arab public opinion , as that of a mob always poised to rise violently , does Western publics a disservice . Not only is it inaccurate , it confronts them with " something quite unlike Westerners ' conception of their own publics ... It has the potential to contribute to an ongoing misreading of the Arab public among U.S. readers . " = = = Harmful to Arab @-@ American relations = = = In late 1990 after Iraqi forces under Saddam Hussein invaded and occupied Kuwait , ultimately leading to the Gulf War , American commentators and Middle East experts expressed concern about the possible consequences of the Arab street in the region rising up in support of Saddam against their own governments , many of whom ( particularly Egypt ) had joined the military coalition led by the United States . This did not happen when the actual war began , nor for the hundred days of combat before Iraqi forces retreated and surrendered . A year later , in 1992 , David Pollock of the United States Information Agency ( USIA ) wrote a lengthy paper arguing that those commentators had seriously misunderstood the Arab street and , by extension , all Arab public opinion . As applied , Pollock saw two predominant conceptualizations of the Arab street . One , he called the " underrated " school , which usually claimed that " in the absence of Arab democratic institutions public opinion in those countries is politically irrelevant . " Other members of that school went further , claiming that Arab public opinion was " unknowable , and therefore unfit for serious discussion . " A small minority considered the Arab street a concept bound with Pan @-@ Arabism , by then largely discredited , and by extension similarly irrelevant . On the opposite side was what he called the " exaggerated " school , which saw the Arab elites as " already hopelessly alienated from the masses ... As a result , popular revolution ( or at least paralyzing instability ) is always around the corner in the Arab world . " Proponents argued that , for that reason , the U.S. should turn its attention towards those who might hold power in a more democratic Arab world ; otherwise , its relationships with Arab states will always be tenuous and unstable . A key foundation of the " underrated " school 's argument , Pollock wrote , was the tendency of the media in most Arab countries to be under state control or influence to a greater degree than in the West and therefore filtering information to the public and not reporting public opinion accurately , an experience informed by contemporary events in Eastern Europe . However , even in Syria , a coalition country where the government had the greatest control over the media , citizens still listened to the BBC , Radio Monte Carlo and Israeli and Saudi radio stations . In other countries , particularly some in North Africa , the media was relatively unrestricted during the conflict . Those mystified by the quiet on the Arab street during the conflict , he said , " neglected ... the possibility that different Arab publics generally supported the different policies pursued by their own governments towards the crisis . " In addition , it was also entirely possible that those governments had based their policies in part on public opinion . Arab governments , Pollock observed , were not indifferent to public opinion despite the absence of real democratic institutions . Officials in Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states held regular informal majlises ( مجلس ) and the Egyptian government took note of what was said at neighborhood discussion centers known as " listening posts . " Some also consulted opinion polls . It was data from those that led him to believe that Jordan and Yemen both stayed out of the coalition in part because their leaders were aware that popular sentiment in their countries was strongly against participating , and they might have faced destabilizing civil unrest if they had . Pollock was especially scornful of those who viewed the Arab street as irrelevant because it was unknowable . " This assumption sounds at once pathetic and presumptuous , a sorry combination of self @-@ confessed intellectual ignorance and impotence ... For one thing , it should be self @-@ evident that you cannot dismiss the Arab street just because you don 't understand it . " As for the " exaggerated " school , he first observed that there was , in fact , little history of real popular revolutions deposing governments in the modern Middle East with what he called the " debatable " exception of the 1958 Lebanon crisis , and not even many more unsuccessful attempts to do so via street uprisings . So , he noted with some bemusement , " the beauty of this argument is that it is invulnerable to disproof — because its proof lies in the future , which of course always lies ahead . " At the beginning of the next decade , the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks again made it likely that the U.S. would find itself fighting another war against a Muslim country , and again fears rose in the American media about the damage an angered Arab street could inflict on American interests in the region when actual combat began , especially with the Second Palestinian Intifada already underway . Another USIA employee , Nancy Snow , wrote about the problems created by the connotations of the term in 2011 , when she had become a professor at Syracuse University 's Newhouse School of Public Communications : The term " Arab street " seemed to position a region of the world as particularly prone to mob rule ... I came to believe that part of the United States ' problem with the Arab region was that the language we used in talking about it was overly paternalistic and stereotypical — that is , racist . Millions of Americans would hear about the Arab street in the media and assume that it meant a place where terrorism flourished , danger lurked around every corner and religious and political fanaticism were the norm . The way it is often presented , the Arab street could not possibly produce people with a healthy attitude towards the United States . It underscores a bigoted view in the West that Arabs are incapable of self @-@ government because they lack sufficient logic to organize society out of so much chaos . " In the narratives of the Western media , " Asef Bayat wrote in 2011 , " the ' Arab street ' is damned if it does and damned if it doesn 't " , echoing a theme of Pollock 's critique . After fears of violence across the Arab world proved exaggerated following the beginning of the Afghan War , commentators dismissed the Arab street as apathetic and harmless , only to suddenly reclaim it as an object of fear when popular protests erupted all over the region in response to Israel 's 2002 invasion of the West Bank . He denounced the term as a colonialist and Orientalist creation , similar to an earlier term " the Arab mind " , which " reified the culture and collective conduct of an entire people in a violent abstraction . " While Tunisian writer Larbi Sadiki agrees that the negative connotations of " Arab street " are harmful to public discourse about the region in the West , he puts some of the blame for its widespread use on Arabs themselves . " It is no exaggeration to say that ' public opinion ' has not had any presence to speak of in the Arabic political vocabulary , " he wrote in 2009 . It did not emerge into Arabic political discussion alongside the idea of universal suffrage when that became a goal of Arab activists in the early 20th century , he notes , and polling organizations did not consequently form as they did in the West . Thus the notion of the Arab street filled the void . The Arabic term for public opinion , الرءئ العمم ( ar @-@ raʾī al @-@ ʿamm ) , is a direct translation of the English expression . " There is no other Arabic term that conveys an equivalent meaning . " To make the distinction between mainstream and extremist Arab opinion clear , in 2002 Jordanian journalist Rami George Khouri suggested calling the latter the " Arab basement . " New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman picked it up , noting that the Arab street , in opposition to the " basement " , is " largely passive and nonviolent . " While the U.S. and the West had no choice but to defeat the basement , since it was beyond reason , he said it was not too late to work with Arab states to address the very real grievances that led from the street to the basement . " If America made clear that it was going into Iraq , " he wrote , " not just to disarm Iraq but to empower Iraq 's people to implement the Arab Human Development Report , well , the Arab basement still wouldn 't be with us , but the Arab street just might . " = = Arab Spring = = Beginning in 2011 , popular uprisings that came to be collectively known as the Arab Spring deposed dictatorships in Tunisia , Egypt and Yemen . Similar mass movements were put down in Bahrain and touched off the Syrian Civil War Libyan strongman Muammar Gaddafi was killed after a civil war . " Those accustomed to the region 's repressive status quo have been caught by surprise " , wrote two editors of an anthology of writings by younger Arabs . " Young Middle Easterners — typically viewed with trepidation as part of a reactionary ' Arab street ' or simply overlooked as masses passively acquiescing to despots — have shattered stereotypes by leading dignified struggles in the face of overwhelming repression . " Western commentators , particularly after the protests in Egypt forced Hosni Mubarak to step down , reconsidered the concept of the Arab street and whether or not it had , indeed , ever been an accurate representation of public opinion in the region . " I 'm convinced the country has what it takes to build a decent , representative society — one that gives the lie to all the stereotypes associated with that dismissive shorthand ' The Arab Street . ' " Roger Cohen wrote from Cairo the day afterward in The New York Times . " In fact , post @-@ Tahrir , let 's retire that phrase . " " [ F ] arewell to it , once and for all , " agreed Fouad Ajami shortly afterwards , noting that Arabs had never risen up in response to violence against Kurds or Shiites , particularly the 1978 disappearance of popular Shiite Imam Musa al @-@ Sadr , widely believed to have been ordered by Gaddafi . Arab commentators agreed . " [ E ] vents in Egypt and elsewhere have exposed the myth of ' the Arab street ' as a shallow caricature of the complex reality behind the revolutionary movements now sweeping the Arab world , " wrote Hassan Malik , a Harvard graduate student . He noted that in both Tunisia and Egypt the protesters had been a diverse group in every way that had been motivated by a desire for political freedom , not the Islamic fundamentalism so often feared to be motivating the street in the West . " It is time for Washington and its allies to drop their fears of ' the Arab street ' and unequivocally and genuinely support the popular revolution in Egypt — or to get out of the way . " On the English @-@ language website of the Lebanese newspaper Al Akhbar , Syrian journalist Ula Shaybeddine recalled how the uprisings had changed the meaning of the word " street " for his generation . Once , much as it had been in English , it had been " a space for thieves , drug addicts , prostitutes , beggars , and ' riffraff . ' " But now there was " a new understanding of the Arab ' street , ' " he wrote . " We are beginning to understand why the powers that be wanted us to believe all those lies about [ it ] . " He said it had now become " a place of righteousness and honor , beauty and justice ... the space where our youth came of age , as they rebelled against injustice , abuse , and humiliation . " = Band on the Run ( song ) = " Band on the Run " is the title song of Paul McCartney and Wings ' 1973 album Band on the Run . The song was released as a single in 1974 , following the success of " Jet " , and became an international chart success . The song topped the charts in the United States , also reaching number 3 in the United Kingdom . The single sold over one million copies in 1974 in America . It has since become one of the band 's most famous songs . A medley of song fragments that vary in style from folk rock to funk , " Band on the Run " is one of McCartney 's longest singles at 5 : 09 . The song was partly inspired by a comment that George Harrison had made during a meeting of the Beatles ' Apple record label . The song @-@ wide theme is one of freedom and escape , and its creation coincided with Harrison , John Lennon and Ringo Starr having parted with manager Allen Klein in March 1973 , leading to improved relations between McCartney and his fellow ex @-@ Beatles . The original demos for this and other tracks on Band on the Run were stolen shortly after Wings arrived in Lagos , Nigeria , to begin recording the album . With the band reduced to a trio consisting of McCartney , his wife Linda , and Denny Laine , " Band on the Run " was recorded at EMI 's Lagos studio and completed at AIR Studios in London . = = Background = = In a 1973 interview with Paul Gambaccini , McCartney stated that the lyric " if we ever get out of here " was inspired by a remark made by George Harrison during one of the Beatles ' many business meetings . McCartney recalled : " He was saying that we were all prisoners in some way [ due to the ongoing problems with their company Apple ] … I thought it would be a nice way to start an album . " McCartney added , referring to his inspiration for " Band on the Run " : " It 's a million things … all put together . Band on the run – escaping , freedom , criminals . You name it , it 's there . " In a 1988 interview with Musician magazine , McCartney noted the drug busts musicians of the late 1960s and early 1970s experienced as an inspiration for the " Band on the Run " , also referencing the " desperado " image he attributed to bands like the Byrds and the Eagles as an influence . McCartney , who had been having legal trouble involving pot possession , said , " We were being outlawed for pot ... And our argument on [ ' Band on the Run ' ] was ' Don 't put us on the wrong side ... We 're not criminals , we don 't want to be . So I just made up a story about people breaking out of prison . ' " According to Mojo contributor Tom Doyle , the song 's lyrics , recalled through memory following the robbery of the band 's demo tapes for the Band on the Run album , were altered to reflect on the band 's then @-@ current status , " stuck inside the four walls of the small , cell @-@ like studio , faced with grim uncertainty . " " Nineteen Hundred and Eighty @-@ Five " , the closing track of the Band on the Run album , concludes with a brief excerpt of the chorus . = = = Composition = = = " Band on the Run " is a three @-@ part medley , with the first section being a slow ballad , the second featuring a funk rock style , and the final a country @-@ esque section . The lyrics of the entire song , however , are related , with all being based around a general theme of freedom and escape . = = Recording = = The original demo recording for " Band on the Run " , as well as multiple other tracks from the album , was stolen from the McCartneys by a group of thugs while Paul McCartney and Wings were recording in Lagos , Nigeria . Robbed at knife @-@ point , they relinquished the demos , only recovering the songs through memory . Paul McCartney later remarked , " It was stuff that would be worth a bit on eBay these days , you know ? But no , we figured the guys who mugged us wouldn ’ t even be remotely interested . If they ’ d have known , they could have just held on to them and made themselves a little fortune . But they didn ’ t know , and we reckoned they ’ d probably record over them . " The song was recorded in two parts , in different sessions . The first two were taped in Lagos while the third section was recorded in October 1973 at AIR Studios in London . = = Release = = Originally , Paul McCartney planned not to release any singles from Band on the Run , a strategy he compared to that used by The Beatles . However , he was convinced by Capitol Records promotion man Al Coury to release singles from the album , resulting in the single release of " Jet " and " Band on the Run " . " Band on the Run " , backed with " Nineteen Hundred and Eighty @-@ Five " , was released in America on 8 April 1974 as the follow @-@ up single to Paul McCartney and Wings ' top @-@ ten hit " Jet " . The song was a smash hit for the band , becoming McCartney 's third solo American chart @-@ topping single and Wings ' second . The single was later released in Britain ( instead backed with " Zoo Gang " , the theme song to the television show of the same name ) , reaching number 3 on the British charts . The song was also a top 40 single in multiple European countries , such as the Netherlands ( number 7 ) , Belgium ( number 21 ) , and Germany ( number 22 ) . The US radio edit was 3 : 50 in length . The difference was largely caused by the removal of the middle or the second part of the song , as well as the verse that starts with " Well , the undertaker drew a heavy sigh … " The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies . It was the second of five number @-@ one singles for the band on the Billboard Hot 100 . In 1974 , Billboard ranked it number 22 on its Top Pop Singles year @-@ end chart . Billboard also listed the song as Paul McCartney 's sixth most successful chart hit of all time , excluding Beatles releases . " Band on the Run " has also been featured on numerous McCartney / Wings compilation albums , including Wings Greatest , All the Best ! , and Wingspan : Hits and History . The song is also performed in many of McCartney 's live shows , with a live version being included on the 1976 live album Wings over America . = = Videos = = An independent film produced by Michael Coulson while he was a college student in the mid 1970s was later included in The McCartney Years video compilation as well as the 2010 re @-@ issue of the album Band on the Run . It served mostly as a tribute to the Beatles , featuring montages of still pictures from their career . Wings were not shown . The video ends with a collage of Beatles pictures much like the album cover of Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . In 2014 , a new video for " Band on the Run " was created . The video designed by Ben Ib , an artist who created tour visuals for Paul McCartney ( as well as Roger Waters and The Smashing Pumpkins ) and the cover for Paul McCartney 's 2013 solo album New . In the video , all of the objects , including the " band on the run " itself , are made up of words . = = Reception = = The song was praised by former bandmate and songwriting partner , John Lennon , who considered it " a great song and a great album " . In 2014 , Billboard praised " Band on the Run " for having " three distinct parts that don 't depend on a chorus yet still manage to feel anthemic . " AllMusic critic Stewart Mason called the track " classic McCartney " , lauding the song for " manag [ ing ] to be experimental in form yet so deliciously melodic that its structural oddities largely go unnoticed . " " Band on the Run " also won the Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus at the 17th Annual Grammy Awards . NME ranked the song as the tenth best song of the 1970s , as well as the fifteenth best solo song by an ex @-@ Beatle . In 2010 , AOL Radio listeners voted " Band on the Run " the best song of Paul McCartney 's solo career , achieving a better ranking than " Maybe I 'm Amazed " and " Silly Love Songs " . In 2012 , Rolling Stone readers ranked the song as McCartney 's fourth best song of all time , behind " Maybe I 'm Amazed " , " Hey Jude " , and " Yesterday " . Rolling Stone readers also ranked the song the fifth best solo song by ex @-@ members of The Beatles . = = Personnel = = Paul McCartney – lead and backing vocals , electric guitar , 12 @-@ string acoustic guitar , bass guitar , drums Linda McCartney – backing vocals , keyboards Denny Laine – backing vocals , electric guitar = = Chart performance = = = = Other appearances = = The song is featured on Guitar Hero World Tour on the main set list . Both the master recording and a live version were added to the Rock Band series as downloadable content . " Band on the Run " appeared in the 2014 film Boyhood . " Band on the Run " appears as diegetic music during the execution of a Khmer Rouge rebel in the 1984 film The Killing Fields . = = Cover versions = = Former Wings member Denny Laine covered " Band on the Run " on his 1996 album Wings at the Sound of Denny Laine . A cover version by Owsley was included on the 2001 tribute album Listen to What the Man Said . A cover version was recorded in 2007 by Foo Fighters as their contribution to the Radio 1 Established 1967 album . On 1 June 2008 McCartney was joined onstage by Foo Fighters lead singer Dave Grohl for a special performance in Liverpool . Grohl played guitar and sang backing vocals on " Band on the Run " and then played drums on Beatles songs " Back in the U.S.S.R. " and " I Saw Her Standing There " . Grohl later performed the song with Paul 's band in 2010 at the White House , when Paul was given the Gershwin Award . A cover version by Heart was included on the 2014 tribute album The Art of McCartney . = Consorts of Ganesha = The marital status of Ganesha varies widely in mythological stories and the issue has been the subject of considerable scholarly review . Several patterns of associations with different consorts are identifiable . One pattern of myths identifies Ganesha as an unmarried brahmacārin with no consorts . Another pattern associates him with the concepts of Buddhi ( intellect ) , Siddhi ( spiritual power ) , and Riddhi ( prosperity ) ; these qualities are sometimes personified as goddesses who are considered to be Ganesha 's wives . Another pattern connects Ganesha with the goddess of culture and the arts , Sarasvati , and the goddess of luck and prosperity , Lakshmi . In the Bengal region he is linked with the banana tree , Kala Bo ( or Kola Bou ) . He also may be shown with a single consort or a nameless servant ( Sanskrit : daşi ) . Some of the differences between these patterns can be understood by looking at regional variations across India , the time periods in which the patterns are found , and the traditions in which the beliefs are held . Some differences pertain to the preferred meditation form used by the devotee , with many different traditional forms ranging from Ganesha as a young boy ( Sanskrit : बाल गणपति ; bālagāņapati ) to Ganesha as a Tantric deity . = = Unmarried = = According to one tradition , Ganesha was a brahmacārin , that is , unmarried . This pattern is primarily popular in southern India . This tradition was linked to Hindu concepts of the relationship between celibacy and the development of spiritual power . Bhaskaraya alludes to the tradition in which Ganesha was considered to be a lifelong bachelor in his commentary on the Ganesha Purana version of the Ganesha Sahasranama , which includes the name Abhīru ( verse 9a ) . In his commentary on this verse Bhaskaraya says the name Abhīru means " without a woman , " but the term can also mean " not fearful . " = = Sidhi , Ridhi , and Budhi = = The Ganesha Purana and the Mudgala Purana contain descriptions of Ganesha flanked by Siddhi and Buddhi . In these two Puranas they appear as an intrinsic part of Ganapati and according to Thapan do not require any special rituals associated with shakti worship . In Chapter I.18.24 – 39 of the Ganesha Purana , Brahmā performs worship in honor of Ganesha , and during it Ganesha himself causes Buddhi and Siddhi to appear so that Brahmā can offer them back to Ganesha . Ganesha accepts them as offerings . In Ganesha Purana I.65.10 – 12 there is a variant of this incident , in which various gods are giving presents to Ganesha , but in this case Siddhi and Buddhi are born from Brahmā 's mind and are given by Brahmā to Ganesha . The Ganesha Temple at Morgaon is the central shrine for the regional aṣṭavināyaka complex . The most sacred area within the Moragaon temple is the sanctum ( garbhagŗha ) , a small enclosure containing an image of Ganesha . To the right and left sides of the image stand Siddhi and Buddhi . In northern India the two female figures are said to be Siddhi and Riddhi . There is no Purāṇic evidence for the pair , but the pairing parallels those of Buddhi and Siddhi in Shiva Purana and Riddhi and Buddhi from Matsya Purana . = = = Interpretation of relationships = = = The Śiva Purāṇa has a story in which Ganesha and his brother Skanda compete for the right to marry the two desirable daughters of Prajāpati , Siddhi and Buddhi , and Ganesha wins through a clever approach . This story adds that after some time Ganesha begat two sons : Kshema ( Kşema ) ( Prosperity ) , born to Siddhi , and Lābha ( Acquisition , Profit ) born to Buddhi . In Northern Indian variants of this story the sons are often said to be Śubha ( Hindi Shubh ) ( auspiciousness ) and Lābha . In discussing the Shiva Purana version , Courtright comments that while Ganesha is sometimes depicted as sitting between these two feminine deities , " these women are more like feminine emanations of his androgynous nature , Shaktis rather than spouses having their own characters and spouses . " Ludo Rocher says that " descriptions of Gaṇeśa as siddhi @-@ buddhi @-@ samanvita ' accompanied by , followed by siddhi and buddhi . ' often seem to mean no more than that , when Gaṇeśa is present , siddhi ' success ' and buddhi ' wisdom ' are not far behind . Such may well have been the original conception , of which the marriage was a later development . " In verse 49a of the Ganesha Purana version of the Ganesha Sahasranama , one of Ganesha 's names is Ŗddhisiddhipravardhana ( " Enhancer of material and spiritual success " ) . The Matsya Purana identifies Gaṇesha as the " owner " of Riddhi ( prosperity ) and Buddhi ( wisdom ) . In discussing the northern Indian sources , Cohen remarks : " They are depersonalized figures , interchangeable , and given their frequent depiction fanning Gaṇeśa are often referred to as dasīs — servants . Their names represent the benefits accrued by the worshipper of Gaṇeśa , and thus Gaṇeśa is said to be the owner of Ṛddhi and Siddhi ; he similarly functions as the father of Śubha ( auspiciousness ) and Lābha ( profit ) , a pair similar to the Śiva Purāṇa 's Kṣema ( prosperity ) and Lābha . Though in Varanasi the paired figures were usually called Ṛddhi and Siddhi , Gaṇeśa 's relationship to them was often vague . He was their mālik , their owner ; they were more often dasīs than patnīs ( wives ) . " In the Ajitāgama , a Tantric form of Ganesha called Haridra Ganapati is described as turmeric @-@ colored and flanked by two unnamed wives . The word " wives " ( Sanskrit : दारा ; dārā ) is specifically used ( Sanskrit : दारायुगलम ् ; dārāyugalam ) . These wives are distinct from shaktis . = = = Ashta Siddhi = = = Ganesha 's relationship with the Ashtasiddhi — the eight spiritual attaintments obtained by the practice of yoga — is also of this depersonalized type . In later iconography , these eight marvellous powers are represented by a group of young women who surround Ganesha . Raja Ravi Varma 's painting ( shown in this section ) illustrates a recent example of this iconographic form . The painting includes fans and Fly @-@ whisks , which establish the feminine figures as attendants . In cosmopolitan Śākta worship of Ganesha , the Aṣṭa Siddhi are addressed as eight goddesses . In Ganesha Purana , these personified Aṣṭa Siddhi are used by Ganesha to attack demon Devantaka . These eight consorts are fused in a single devi , Ganesha ’ s śakti , according to Getty . She speculates as to whether the Aṣṭa Siddhi are a transformation of the saptamātṝ	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
ikas with whom Ganesha is often sculpturally represented . = = = Santoshi Ma = = = Ganesha was depicted as a householder married to Riddhi and Siddhi and the father of Santoshi Ma ( Devanagari : संतोषी माँ ) , a new goddess of satisfaction , in the 1975 Hindi film Jai Santoshi Maa . The movie script is not based on scriptural sources . The fact that a cult has developed around the figure of Santoshi Ma has been cited by Anita Raina Thapan and Lawrence Cohen as evidence of Ganesha 's continuing evolution as a popular deity . = = Buddhi ( Wisdom ) = = Ganesha is considered to be the Lord of Intelligence . In Sanskrit the word buddhi is a feminine noun that is variously translated as intelligence , wisdom , or intellect . The concept of buddhi is closely associated with the personality of Ganesha as of the Puranic period , where many stories develop that showcase his cleverness and love of intelligence . One of Ganesha 's names in the Ganesha Purana and in the Ganesha Sahasranama is Buddhipriya . The name Buddhipriya also appears in a special list of twenty @-@ one names that Gaṇeśa says are of special importance at the end of the Ganesha Sahasranama . The word priya can mean " fond of " or in a marital context it can mean " a lover , husband " , so Buddhipriya means " fond of intelligence " or " Buddhi 's husband " . This association with wisdom also appears in the name Buddha , which appears as a name of Ganesha in the second verse of the Ganesha Purana version of the Ganesha Sahasranama . The positioning of this name at the beginning of the Ganesha Sahasranama indicates that the name was of importance . Bhaskararaya 's commentary on the Ganesha Sahasranama says that this name for Ganesha means that the Buddha was an avatar of Ganesha . This interpretation is not widely known even among Ganapatya , and the Buddha is not mentioned in the lists of Ganesha 's incarnations given in the main sections of the Ganesha Purana and Mudgala Purana . Bhaskararaya also provides a more general interpretation of this name as simply meaning that Ganesha 's very form is " eternal enlightenment " ( nityabuddaḥ ) , so he is named Buddha . = = Motif of shaktis = = A distinct type of iconographic image of Ganesha shows him with a single human @-@ looking shakti ( Sanskrit : śakti ) . According to Ananda Coomaraswamy , the oldest known depiction of Ganesha with a shakti of this type dates from the sixth century . The consort lacks a distinctive personality or iconographic repertoire . According to Cohen and Getty , the appearance of this shakti motif parallels the emergence of tantric branches of the Ganapatya cult . Getty mentions a specific cult of " Shakti Ganapati " that was set up by the Ganapatyas involving five distinct forms . Of the thirty @-@ two standard meditation forms for Ganesha that appear in the Sritattvanidhi ( Śrītattvanidhi ) , six include a shakti . A common form of this motif shows Ganesha seated with the shakti upon his left hip , holding a bowl of flat cakes or round sweets . Ganesha turns his trunk to his own left in order to touch the tasty food . In some of the tantric forms of this image , the gesture is modified to take on erotic overtones . Some tantric variants of this form are described in the Śāradātilaka Tantram . Prithvi Kumar Agrawala has traced at least six different lists of fifty or more aspects or forms of Ganesha each with their specific female consorts or shaktis . In these lists of paired shaktis are found such goddess names as Hrī , Śrī , Puṣṭī , etc . The names Buddhi , Siddhi , and Riddhi do not appear on any of these lists . The lists provide no details about the personalities or distinguishing iconographic forms for these shaktis . Agrawala concludes that all of the lists were derived from one original set of names . The earliest of the lists appears in the Nārada Purāṇa ( I.66.124 @-@ 38 ) , and appears to have been used with minor variations in the Ucchiṣṭagaṇapati Upāsanā . These lists are of two types . In the first type the names of various forms of Ganesha are given with a clear @-@ cut pairing of a named shakti for that form . The second type , as found in the Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa ( II.IV.44.63 – 76 ) and the commentary of Rāghavabhaṭṭa on the Śāradātilaka ( I.115 ) , gives fifty or more names of Ganesha collectively in one group , with the names of the shaktis provided collectively in a second group . The second type of list poses problems in separating and properly connecting the names into pairs due to ambiguities in the formation of Sanskrit compound words . = = Sarasvati and Lakshmi = = Throughout India , on contemporary poster art , Ganesha is portrayed with Sarasvati ( goddess of culture and art ) or Lakshmi ( goddess of luck and prosperity ) or both . Ganesha , Lakshmi and Sarswati are often grouped together as the divinities immediately responsible for material welfare . Ganesha and Saraswati share control over Buddhi ( Wisdom ) , while Ganesha and Lakshmi are both deities of Ṝddhi and Siddhi ( material and spiritual success ) . Particularly in Maharashtra , Ganesha is associated with Śarda or Sarasvati . Some identify the two goddesses as the same person and thus the single consort of Ganesha while others consider them distinct and one or both of them as married to Ganesha . Lakshmi 's association with Ganesha is rarely tied with the Tantric tradition of Lakshmi as Ganesha 's śakti . Other reasons are variously offered for their relationship : their functional equivance and their joint worship on Diwali and in general by the " business community . " Conversely , in Calcutta , Ganesha is said to be the brother of Sarasvati and Lakshmi . = = Kola Bo = = In Bengal , Ganesha on Durga Puja is associated with a plantain ( banana ) tree , the " Kola Bo " ( also spelled Kalobou or Kolabau ) , ritually transformed into a goddess during the festival . On the first day of Durga Puja the Kala Bo is draped with a red @-@ bordered white sari and vermilion is smeared on its leaves . She is then placed on a decorated pedestal and worshipped with flowers , sandalwood paste , and incense sticks . The Kala Bo is set on Ganesha 's right side , along with other deities . For most who view her , the new sari indicates her role as a new bride , and many Bengalis see it as symbolizing the wife of Ganesha . A different view is that the Kala Bo represents Durga herself , who in Bengal is considered the mother of Ganesha . Those who know of that tradition do not consider Ganesha 's association with Kala Bo as a marital one . Haridas Mitra says that the Kala Bo is intended to serve as a symbolic summary for the nine types of leaves ( nava patrika ) that together form a sacred complex on Durga Puja . The officiating priests who carry out the ceremony tie a bunch of eight plants on the trunk of the plantain tree and it is the grouping of all nine plants that constitute the Kala Bo . The nine plants all have beneficial medicinal properties . According to Martin @-@ Dubost , the Kala Bo does not represent a bride or shakti of Ganesha , but rather is the plant form of Durga . He connects the plant symbol back to the festival enactment of Durga 's return of the blood of the buffalo demon to the earth so that the order of the world may be re @-@ established and luxuriant vegetation reappear . He links Ganesha to this vegetation myth and notes that Astadasausadhisristi ( Aṣṭādaśauṣadhisṛṣṭi , " Creator of the eighteen medicinal plants " ) is a name of Ganesha . = All You Need Is Love ( The JAMs song ) = " All You Need Is Love " is a song by The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu , independently released as their debut single on 9 March 1987 . A politically topical song concerning the British media 's AIDS furore , the track was initially given a 12 " white label release because of its sampling of other records . The artistic attitude of " All You Need Is Love " epitomised that of The JAMs ' subsequent recordings : making use of popular music by taking extensive samples of other artists ' work , and juxtaposing these with each other , adding beatbox rhythms and Bill Drummond 's Scottish @-@ accented raps , poems and narrations . The JAMs ' promotional tactics were similarly unconventional , including the use of promotional graffiti , a guerrilla communication method which would be employed regularly by Drummond and Cauty throughout their career . = = Recording and release = = Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty started working together early in 1987 . They assumed alter egos — Kingboy D and Rockman Rock respectively — and adopted the name " The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu " ( The JAMs ) , after the fictional conspiratorial group " The Justified Ancients of Mummu " from The Illuminatus ! Trilogy . " All You Need Is Love " was their debut single . Initially , the song was released as a limited edition one @-@ sided white label promotional 12 " , on 9 March 1987 , by The JAMs ' own label The Sound Of Mu ( sic ) . This version included a 15 @-@ second sample of The Beatles ' " All You Need Is Love " , as well as samples of the MC5 's " Kick Out the Jams " and Samantha Fox 's " Touch Me ( I Want Your Body ) " . The song had been declined by distributors fearful of prosecution , but copies of the white label were sent to DJs and the music press . The identities of Drummond and Cauty were not made known to these recipients ( Drummond was actually something of a music business veteran , and Cauty a former member of the much @-@ hyped but unsuccessful band Brilliant ) . Underground Magazine speculated on this in March 1987 : " The whole affair is mysterious , a telephone number only and a threat that the group will soon be releasing more material ... ' No , we 've not been in bands before , and yes , I suppose we were originally influenced by the Beastie Boys to actually get up and do something ... ' Too true , but these colonials seem a touch wiser , world weary a bit , but not angry ... " . In the 28 March 1987 edition , NME revealed King Boy D 's identity as Bill Drummond . The JAMs re @-@ edited the single in such a way that — they hoped — " brought [ them ] inside the " law " but still got up peoples noses " , removing all but a snatch of The Beatles , replacing or doctoring the MC5 sample , and rerecording the Samantha Fox vocal . This new version — named " All You Need Is Love ( 106bpm ) " — was released on 18 May 1987 as JAMS 23T , and was included on The JAMs debut album 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) . Indeed , according to Drummond , the recording of 1987 was funded by the sales of " All You Need Is Love ( 106bpm ) " . = = Composition = = The central theme of " All You Need Is Love " was the media coverage given to the AIDS crisis . The original version opens with a 15 @-@ second sample of The Beatles ' " All You Need Is Love " , followed by Rob Tyner 's cry of " Kick out the Jams , motherfuckers ! " from the MC5 's album Kick Out the Jams . A simple beatbox rhythm begins , along with samples of John Hurt from a British public information film — entitled Don 't Die of Ignorance — about the dangers of AIDS . The samples misquote the film : " sexual intercourse — no known cure " . Bill Drummond performs a heavily accented Clydeside rap , beginning " We 're back again , they never kicked us out , twenty thousand years of ' shout shout shout ' " , a reference to the fictional JAMs of The Illuminatus ! Trilogy . Later , he raps : " With this killer virus who needs war ? Immanentize the eschaton , I said shag shag shag some more ! " " Immanentize the eschaton " is a reference to the opening line of Illuminatus ! , referring to the end of the world , and " shag " is a British slang word for sexual intercourse . Between verses , the rhythm is punctuated by samples of former glamour model Samantha Fox ( " Touch me , touch me , I want to feel your body " ) , as well as a sample " Ancients of Mu Mu " ( by The JAMs ' associate rapper Chike ) which recurred throughout the next ten years ' work of Drummond and Cauty . Also heard is a rendition by children of " Ring a Ring o ' Roses " , rhythmic panting , and an original female vocal line concerning infant mortality . Sounds magazine stated that the deliberate placement of Fox 's sexually provocative " Touch Me " alongside " Ring a Ring O 'Roses " ( " the nursery rhyme about the Plague " ) " highlights explicitly the depth of contradiction embedded in society 's attitude towards death through sex " . More succinctly , NME said : " ' All You Need ... ' is by everyone " ( so many samples ) " and about everything " ( and a variety of thematic nuances ) . Drummond has said he was inspired by the hip @-@ hop and scratch he was hearing regularly on John Peel 's BBC Radio 1 show , but looking back in 1991 he said " If you listen to it now , it sounds nothing like a hip hop record , you know , it sounds a lot more like British punk ... [ a ] punk version of a hip hop record , I suppose . " = = Reviews = = The original white label release of " All You Need Is Love " was made " single of the week " in Sounds magazine , who announced that The JAMs had " produced the first single to capture realistically the musical and social climate of 1987 " . Calling the result " a seething terror ridden pulp " , Sounds elaborated : " How have [ The JAMs ] produced a record more powerful than Lydon / Bambaataa 's " World Destruction " without laying a finger on a synthesiser or guitar ? THEFT ! By stealing all the various beats , noises and sounds they 've wanted , and building it into their own stunning audio collage , [ The JAMs ] are making a direct assault on the way records are put together . " Underground magazine were also enthusiastic : " This month I 'm pleased to say , what 's really moving is entirely British . The best groove so far this year is from Scotland and it shows London and New York exactly how it should be done , a one @-@ sided , one @-@ track 12 inch ( it doesn 't need any dub or instrumentals ) . ' All You Need Is Love ' by The Jamms is more than rife with a bit of The Beatles ( with a dash of MC5 and Samantha Fox ) . It seems to be anti @-@ AIDS , but as I know nothing about the band it could easily be a piss take . Either way this is a superb jam , if you can find it , buy it ( it 's so dodgily constructed in legal terms that no distributor info is given ) . " In a July 1987 review of 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) , Q magazine recalled that the original release of " All You Need Is Love " " seemed an inspired moment of pure wildness . Here were Red Clydeside beatbox rappers pointing a finger at society , putting their record together from samples pirated directly from other people 's recordings , while at the same time crossing almost all contemporary music tribal boundaries by including everyone from Samantha Fox to The MC5 among their victims . " This was contrasted with 1987 which the reviewer felt was a " disappointment " with " too few ideas being spread too thin " . The re @-@ release of " All You Need Is Love " rewarded The JAMs with further praise , including NME " single of the week " , in which Danny Kelly thought that " its maverick requisition of the hip @-@ hop idiom , its fanatical confrontation of copyright laws overrun by music 's new technologies , its central subject matters and its termination with the year 's most incisively searching question — ' 1987 : what the f * * k 's going on ? ' — combine to make ' All You Need Is Love ' a triumph of nowness over mere newness " [ sic ] . Reviewing 1987 later in the year , the same writer described " All You Need Is Love " as " mighty " but he was unable to hide his disappointment in the album as a whole : " is it the runaway juggernaut hyperbrill monster crack that the outriding 45 threatened ? No . " A retrospective piece in The Guardian called " All You Need Is Love " a " jagged slice of agit @-@ prop " and " shockingly effective " , adding that " [ the original ] was a club hit ( i.e. everybody danced to it though nobody bought it ) , and after being re @-@ edited to avoid copyright restrictions , it reached number three in the Indie chart " . = = Promotion and themes = = The artistic attitude of " All You Need Is Love " epitomised that of The JAMs ' subsequent recordings : plagiarising popular music by taking extensive samples of other artists ' work , and juxtaposing these with each other , adding beatbox rhythms and Drummond 's Scottish @-@ accented raps , poems and narrations . The albums 1987 and Who Killed The JAMs ? , and the singles " All You Need Is Love " , " Whitney Joins The JAMs " and " Down Town " all had small @-@ scale production budgets and little mainstream popularity , yet their novel construction and The JAMs ' provocative disregard for copyright gained the duo enduring media attention . The JAMs ' promotional tactics were similarly unconventional , including the use of promotional graffiti , a guerrilla communication method employed repeatedly by Drummond and Cauty , beginning around the time of their first releases . Some copies of the re @-@ released single were supplied in a picture sleeve which showed The JAMs ' " Shag Shag Shag " graffiti defacing a billboard ( advertising the Today newspaper ) that depicted police chief James Anderton . Anderton , a self @-@ declared Christian , had courted controversy when he said " I see increasing evidence of people swirling about in a human cesspit of their own making … We must ask why homosexuals freely engage in sodomy and other obnoxious practices , knowing the dangers involved " . As with much of The JAMs ' graffiti , the potency of " Shag Shag Shag " was derived from the context it in which it was placed . Further graffiti followed , " JAMs " and " Shag Shag Shag " slogans defacing billboards and Government @-@ funded AIDS warnings in London . The JAMs also made available " Shag Shag Shag " T @-@ shirts which King Boy D told the NME were " selling like hot cakes " . The JAMs later revisited the word " shag " when they named their early career retrospective compilation album Shag Times . Drummond and Cauty 's output as The JAMs and later The KLF extensively referenced The Illuminatus ! Trilogy , and their debut recordings were no exception . The lyrical references in " All You Need Is Love " are complemented by the first of many iconographic and numerical allusions that soon came to characterise the duo 's work . Their " pyramid blaster " logo — a pyramid with a ghetto blaster suspended in front — appeared for the first time on the re @-@ released " All You Need Is Love " . The " pyramid blaster " references the " All Seeing I " icon — an eye suspended before a pyramid — associated with The Illuminatus ! Trilogy . The catalogue numbers of the single ( JAMS 23 , JAMS 23S , JAMS 23T ) also reference Illuminatus ! , in which the number 23 is a recurring element . The JAMs actively enshrouded themselves with the mythology of the conspiratorial Illuminatus ! , and by adopting the subversive attitude of the fictional JAMs they quickly developed their own mythology . = = Formats and track listings = = " All You Need Is Love " was originally released in the UK as a limited edition one @-@ side promotional 12 " on 9 March 1987 . The UK re @-@ release of 18 May 1987 consisted of a 7 " and a 12 " that were also limited editions , along with a widely available 12 " . The re @-@ release included the tracks " Ivum Naya ( Ibo Version ) " ( a version of " All You Need Is Love " with Chike on lead vocals ) , and " Rap , Rhyme and Scratch Yourself " ( an instrumental version of the song , " a stripped down beatbox track for anybody to feel free to do what they want with " according to King Boy D ) . The 7 " A @-@ side was " All You Need Is Love ( Me Ru Con Mix ) " , a Vietnamese song originally titled " Ca Dao Mẹ " , written by Trịnh Công Sơn as sung by Duy Khiem , in which The JAMs " [ took ] remixing as far as we could " . " Me Ru Con " featured on The JAMs ' 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) . The formats and track listings of " All You Need Is Love " are tabulated below : Key O : " All You Need Is Love " ( original mix ) ( 5 : 02 ) A : " All You Need Is Love ( 106 bpm ) " ( 4 : 56 ) M : " All You Need Is Love ( Me Ru Con Mix ) " ( 2 : 22 ) I : " Ivum Naya ( Ibo Version ) " ( 3 : 39 ) R : " Rap , Rhyme and Scratch Yourself " ( 4 : 46 ) = Lady Saigō = Lady Saigō ( 西郷の局 or 西郷局 , Saigō @-@ no @-@ Tsubone ) ( 1552 – 1 July 1589 ) , also known as Oai , was the first consort and trusted confidante of Tokugawa Ieyasu , the samurai lord who unified Japan at the end of the sixteenth century and then ruled as Shogun . She was also the mother of the second Tokugawa shogun , Tokugawa Hidetada . During their relationship , Lady Saigō influenced Ieyasu 's philosophies , choice of allies , and policies as he rose to power during the late Sengoku period , and she thus had an indirect effect on the organization and composition of the Tokugawa shogunate . Although less is known of her than some other figures of the era , she is generally regarded as the " power behind the throne " , and her life has been compared to a " Cinderella story " of feudal Japan . Her contributions were considered so significant that she was posthumously inducted to the Senior First Rank of the Imperial Court , the highest honor that could be conferred by the Emperor of Japan . Once she was in a respected and secure position as first consort and mother to Ieyasu 's heir , Lady Saigō used her influence and wealth for charitable purposes . A devout Buddhist , she donated money to temples in Suruga Province , where she resided as the consort of Ieyasu , first in Hamamatsu Castle and later in Sunpu Castle . As she was quite near @-@ sighted , she also established a charitable organization that assisted visually impaired women with no other means of support . Lady Saigō died at a fairly young age , under somewhat mysterious circumstances . Although murder was suspected , no culprit was identified . Lady Saigō bore four children : she had a son and a daughter ( Saigō Katsutada and Tokuhime ) while married , and she later bore two sons as the consort of Tokugawa Ieyasu : Tokugawa Hidetada and Matsudaira Tadayoshi . Among the descendants of Lady Saigō was the Empress Meishō ( 1624 – 1696 ) , one of very few women to accede to the Chrysanthemum Throne as empress regnant . = = Name = = The term " Saigō @-@ no @-@ Tsubone " , used in most historical texts , is an official title rather than a name . As an adult she was adopted into the Saigō clan , so she was permitted to use the surname . Later , when she was named first consort of Tokugawa Ieyasu , the title " tsubone " ( pronounced [ tsu ͍ bone ] ) was appended to the surname . The title was one of several titular suffixes conferred on high @-@ ranking women ( others include -kata and -dono ) . The bestowal of a title depended on social class and the relationship with her samurai lord , such as whether she was a legitimate wife or a concubine , and whether or not she had had children by him . The word tsubone indicates the living quarters reserved for ladies of a court , and it became the title for those who had been granted private quarters , such as high @-@ ranking concubines with children . This title , tsubone , was in use for concubines from the Heian Period until the Meiji Period ( from the eighth century to the early twentieth century ) , and is commonly translated to the English title " Lady " . Though Lady Saigō 's given name does not appear in surviving documents from the time , there is good evidence it was Masako ( 昌子 ) , but this name is very rarely used . Her most commonly used name was Oai ( お愛 or 於愛 , meaning " love " ) and most sources agree this was a nickname she gained as a child . Intimate friends and family would call her Oai throughout her life , and it is the name most often used in modern popular cultural references . Following death , she was bestowed with a Buddhist posthumous name , and an abbreviation of that name , Hōdai @-@ in ( 宝台院 ) , is sometimes used out of pious respect . = = Background = = The Saigō family was one branch of the distinguished Kikuchi clan of Kyushu that had migrated northward to Mikawa Province in the fifteenth century . In 1524 , the forces of Matsudaira Kiyoyasu ( 1511 – 1536 ) , the grandfather of Tokugawa Ieyasu , stormed and took the Saigō clan 's headquarters at Yamanaka Castle during his conquest of the Mikawa region . Shortly after the battle , Saigō Nobusada , the third head of the Saigō , submitted to the Matsudaira clan . Following the untimely death of Kiyoyasu in 1536 , and the ineffectual leadership and early death of Matsudaira Hirotada ( 1526 – 1549 ) , the leaderless Matsudaira clan finally submitted to Imagawa Yoshimoto ( 1519 – 1560 ) of Suruga Province , east of Mikawa . When the Matsudaira fell to the Imagawa , the clans of their retainers , which included the Saigō , likewise submitted to the Imagawa . Following the Battle of Okehazama ( 1560 ) , Saigō Masakatsu attempted to re @-@ assert the independence of the clan while yielding some land concessions to the Imagawa . In response , Imagawa Ujizane arrested thirteen Saigō men , and had them vertically impaled near Yoshida Castle . The executions did not deter the Saigō , and in 1562 the Imagawa launched punitive invasions of east Mikawa and attacked the two main Saigō castles . Masakatsu was killed in the battle of Gohonmatsu Castle ; his eldest son Motomasa was killed during the battle for Wachigaya Castle . Clan leadership passed to Masakatsu 's son , Saigō Kiyokazu ( 1533 – 1594 ) , who pledged his loyalty to the Matsudaira clan , under the leadership of Tokugawa Ieyasu , in their mutual struggle against the Imagawa . In 1569 , the power of the Imagawa ended with the Siege of Kakegawa Castle . Neither the name of Lady Saigō 's mother nor her dates of birth or death are recorded in any existing documents , although it is known that she was the elder sister of Saigō Kiyokazu . Lady Saigō 's father was Tozuka Tadaharu of Tōtōmi Province , under direct control of the Imagawa clan . The marriage between Tadaharu and his wife was very likely arranged by the Imagawa clan . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Lady Saigō was born in 1552 at Nishikawa Castle , a branch castle of the Saigō clan , and very likely given the name of Masako soon after birth . Japanese marriages are not usually matrilocal , but Tadaharu may have been assigned to Nishikawa Castle as an agent of the Imagawa . Masako spent her childhood with her two siblings in bucolic eastern Mikawa Province , and at some point gained the nickname Oai . In 1554 , her father Tadaharu died in the Battle of Enshu @-@ Omori , between the Imagawa and the Hōjō clan . Two years later her mother married Hattori Masanao ; the union resulted in four children , though only two survived to adulthood . Some sources state that upon reaching " adulthood " Oai married , Note a but was widowed soon afterward . The husband 's name is not mentioned and there were apparently no children . Other sources do not mention the marriage , or suggest that there never was an earlier " first " marriage . It is known with certainty that in 1567 , Oai married Saigō Yoshikatsu , her cousin and the son of Motomasa , who had already had two children by his late wife . Oai bore two children by Yoshikatsu : their son , Saigō Katsutada , was born about 1570 ; they also had a daughter , possibly named Tokuhime.Note b In 1571 , Saigō Yoshikatsu was killed at the Battle of Takehiro , fighting the invading forces of the Takeda clan led by Akiyama Nobutomo . Soon after Yoshikatsu 's death , Oai was formally adopted by her uncle , Saigō Kiyokazu , then the head of the Saigō clan , though she chose to live with her mother in the house of her stepfather . = = = Tokugawa Ieyasu = = = Oai first met Tokugawa Ieyasu at about the age of 17 or 18 , when he visited the Saigō family and Oai served him tea . It is believed she caught his eye on that occasion , but as she was still married , nothing came of it at the time . Later , during the 1570s , it is believed that friendship and genuine affection developed between the two . This view contradicts a common impression which maintains that Ieyasu was a ruthless leader who treated all the women in his life , and all of his offspring , as commodities to be used as needed to serve the clan or his own ambitions . However , it is also known that he valued personal merit over bloodlines . During this time , Ieyasu had a house built in eastern Mikawa , far from the residence of his wife , the Lady Tsukiyama , in Okazaki . The marriage between Ieyasu and Lady Tsukiyama had been arranged by her uncle , Imagawa Yoshimoto , ostensibly to help cement ties between the two clans , though Ieyasu found it difficult to live with his wife 's jealousy , tempestuous moods , and eccentric habits . Starting around the time of the Battle of Mikatagahara ( 1573 ) , perhaps in its aftermath , Ieyasu began to confide in Oai and sought her counsel on various matters . It may have been during this period that the two commenced an amorous relationship . Oai is credited with advising Ieyasu as the Battle of Nagashino ( 1575 ) approached , a major turning point in both Ieyasu 's career and the history of Japan . It is also thought that Ieyasu continued to seek her advice concerning other battles and alliances , even as late as the Komaki @-@ Nagakute Campaign ( 1584 ) . In the spring of 1578 , Oai moved to Hamamatsu Castle , where she took over management of the kitchen . She became very popular with the unit of warriors from her native province , who not only admired her beauty , but regarded her as a gentle and virtuous example of the women of Mikawa . While her manners and gentility were exemplary , she could , when the occasion warranted , be outspoken or sarcastic in speech , the probable result of growing up around rustic warriors in a remote castle outpost . With her move to the court of Ieyasu , Oai entered a bitter arena where prospective concubines schemed and competed with each other for a chance to bear Ieyasu 's child . Bearing the child of a powerful samurai , especially a son , was one way an ambitious young woman of the period could elevate her status , ensure a comfortable life , and guarantee the prosperity of her family . These women usually relied on their physical attributes and sexual prowess to keep their lord 's attention , and some resorted to the use of aphrodisiacs . Unlike these courtesans , Oai already had the attention of Ieyasu , which would have undermined the ambitions of some and very likely made her a target of resentment , hostility , and the intrigues that were common in Japanese harems . While Ieyasu 's marriage was arranged for political reasons , and many of his later concubines were chosen in the same spirit , it is thought that he chose his relationship with Lady Saigō . Despite the image of Ieyasu as a calculating and stoic warlord , there was no new political advantage to the match , as the Saigō were already loyal vassals , and thus texts about Lady Saigō refer to her as the " most beloved " of Ieyasu 's women . Moreover , Ieyasu valued her for her intelligence and sound advice and it is believed that he enjoyed her company and calm demeanor as well as their common background in Mikawa province . On May 2 , 1579 , Oai gave birth to Ieyasu 's third son , who would become known as Tokugawa Hidetada . The news was probably a shock to all who had an interest in Ieyasu , but with the event , Oai 's position became more secure and she was accepted as the first consort of Ieyasu . Based on this relationship , and out of respect for her gentle manner and devotion to Ieyasu , she became known by the respectful title of Saigō @-@ no @-@ Tsubone , or Lady Saigō . In the same year , Oda Nobunaga was informed that Lady Tsukiyama had conspired against him with the Takeda clan . Although evidence was weak , Ieyasu re @-@ assured his ally by having his wife executed by the shore of Lake Sanaru in Hamamatsu . Tokugawa Nobuyasu , Ieyasu 's first son by Lady Tsukiyama , was held in confinement until Ieyasu ordered him to commit seppuku . With their deaths , Lady Saigō 's position at court was unassailable . With the death of Nobuyasu , Hidetada became Ieyasu 's heir apparent.Note c Ieyasu 's fourth son , the second by Lady Saigō , was born on October 18 , 1580 . He would become known as Matsudaira Tadayoshi , after he was adopted by Matsudaira Ietada , the head of the Fukōzu branch of the Matsudaira clan . In the same year , Lady Saigō had a temple founded in her mother 's memory , indicating she had died by that point . In 1586 , Lady Saigō was at the side of Ieyasu when he entered the newly reconstructed Sunpu Castle in triumph . This was a highly symbolic celebration of his victories over his enemies and the subjugation of the region , but it was also a visible and symbolic gesture to Lady Saigō , a way that Ieyasu could credit her for her assistance , and publicly demonstrate the esteem in which he regarded her . = = = Charity = = = While at Sunpu Castle , Lady Saigō worshipped at a Buddhist temple called Ryusen @-@ ji . She became devoted to the teachings of the Pure Land sect and was known for her piety and charity . Because she suffered a high degree of myopia , she often donated money , clothing , food , and other necessities to blind women and organizations that assisted them . She eventually founded a co @-@ operative school with living quarters near Ryusen @-@ ji that assisted indigent blind women by teaching them how to play the shamisen ( traditional stringed instrument ) as a vocation , and helped them to find employment . These women were known as goze , and were akin to traveling minstrels in Edo period Japan . The women were granted membership to the guild @-@ like organization , and musicians with apprentices were dispatched to various destinations . They played pieces from a sanctioned repertoire , and operated under a strict code of rules on behavior and permissible business transactions intended to maintain an upstanding reputation . On her deathbed , Lady Saigō wrote a letter pleading for the continued maintenance of the organization . = = = Death = = = Within a short time after taking up residence in Sunpu Castle , Lady Saigō 's health began to deteriorate . It was said that " physical and emotional hardships " were taking their toll on her health , but nothing could be done to help her . Lady Saigō died on July 1 , 1589 , at the age of 37 . The cause of her early death was never determined , and while murder was suspected at the time , no culprit was identified . There were later rumors that she was poisoned by a maidservant devoted to Ieyasu 's late wife , the Lady Tsukiyama . By the time of her death , Lady Saigō was treated as Ieyasu 's wife in deed if not in word . The remains of Lady Saigō were interred at Ryusen @-@ ji . At her death , a number of blind women reportedly gathered in front of the temple and prayed . = = Legacy = = Tokugawa Ieyasu continued his campaigns allied with Toyotomi Hideyoshi . After their victory at the Siege of Odawara Castle in 1590 , Ieyasu agreed to relinquish all of his domains to Hideyoshi in exchange for the Kantō region to the east . Hideyoshi died in 1598 . By 1603 , Ieyasu had recovered Sunpu Castle and completed his unification of Japan , and had been named shogun by the Emperor . The following year , he had Ryusen @-@ ji moved from Yunoki to KoyamachiNote d near Sunpu Castle and attended Buddhist funeral rites conducted in honor of the late Lady Saigō on the anniversary of her death . To mark the occasion , Ieyasu presented the temple priests with the katana he inherited from his father , and a portrait of himself as he looked at the time . These items can still be viewed at the temple in Shizuoka city . In 1628 , Tokugawa Hidetada , by then the retired second shogun , attended ceremonies conducted in honor of his late mother on the anniversary of her death . These ceremonies were meant to help her spirit achieve buddha status . He also saw to it that she was made the honored tutelary patron of the temple by having her posthumous name changed and the first three characters appended to the name of the temple . Today , the temple Ryusen @-@ ji is known mainly by that appellation , Hōdai @-@ in ( 宝台院 ) . At the same time , the Emperor Go @-@ Mizunoo conferred the name Minamoto Masako ( 源晶子 ) upon Lady Saigō , in effect posthumously adopting her into the Minamoto clan , the extended family of the Imperial line . The new name was then inducted into the Lower First Rank of the Imperial Court . Her status was later upgraded to Senior First Rank , the highest and most prominent award , then or now , bestowed by the Emperor to a few subjects outside the Imperial family who had significantly and positively affected the history of Japan . In 1938 , the mausoleum of Lady Saigō at Hōdai @-@ in , which consisted of a five @-@ tiered stupa over her grave and a sanctuary for the veneration of her spirit , was designated an Important Cultural Property . The designation was rescinded after the entire temple complex was destroyed in the Great Shizuoka Fire on January 15 , 1940 . The stupa remains , though evidence of the damage suffered when it toppled over is plainly visible . Many of the treasures of the temple , including a portrait of Lady Saigō and the sword and portrait bequeathed by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1604 , were saved by the priests who flung the objects out of windows and doorways before fleeing the burning temple . The temple was rebuilt using steel @-@ reinforced concrete in 1970 . Historical artifacts saved from the fire of 1940 are on display at the new Hōdai @-@ in temple in Shizuoka city . = = Notable descendants = = Lady Saigō was the ancestral mother to the line of shoguns that began with the second Edo period shogun , Tokugawa Hidetada , and ended with the seventh , Tokugawa Ietsugu ( 1709 – 1716 ) . Aside from this , Lady Saigō also became connected to the Imperial line . In 1620 , Hidetada 's daughter , Tokugawa Masako ( 1607 – 1678 ) , married Emperor Go @-@ Mizunoo and entered the Imperial palace . As empress consort , Masako helped maintain the Imperial Court , supported the arts , and significantly influenced the next three monarchs : the first was her daughter , and the two that followed , Emperors Go @-@ Kōmyō and Go @-@ Sai , were sons of Emperor Go @-@ Mizunoo by different concubines . The daughter of Masako , and thus great @-@ granddaughter of Lady Saigō , was Princess Okiko ( 1624 – 1696 ) , who acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne in 1629 as Empress Meishō . She reigned for fifteen years as the 109th monarch of Japan , the seventh of only eight empresses regnant in the history of Japan , until she abdicated in 1643 . = The Bob Next Door = " The Bob Next Door " is the twenty @-@ second episode of The Simpsons ' twenty @-@ first season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 16 , 2010 . Bart becomes convinced that their new neighbor is Sideshow Bob in disguise , but after a trip to the Springfield Penitentiary they find a distressed Bob still incarcerated . Eventually Bart discovers that Bob has surgically swapped faces with their neighbor and still plans to kill him , although he is ultimately defeated . The episode was written by John Frink and directed by Nancy Kruse . The episode guest stars Kelsey Grammer as Sideshow Bob Terwilliger . The episode 's plot is based on the film Face / Off . " The Bob Next Door " received positive reviews from critics ; most agreed that it was a funny return for Sideshow Bob and an improvement over " Funeral for a Fiend " and " The Italian Bob " . = = Plot = = A financial crisis in Springfield causes the sale of many houses and the release of all low @-@ level criminals from Springfield Penitentiary , including a man named Walt Warren . Walt purchases a house next door to the Simpson family ( where The Winfields and Ruth and Laura Powers used to live ) , and he immediately charms the neighborhood . However , Bart is convinced that Walt is Sideshow Bob in disguise , because they have the same voice . He tries several times to find proof , but fails . Marge convinces him otherwise by taking him to visit the penitentiary , where they see Bob locked in a padded cell , wearing a straitjacket and writing " Bart Simpson Will Die ! " on the walls . A reassured Bart decides to go to a baseball game with Walt . However , Bart 's initial instincts prove right when " Walt " removes his small shoes to show his long feet folded inside , revealing himself to be Sideshow Bob . Bob restrains Bart in the car and gags him with duct tape , planning to take him to Five Corners , a location where five states meet , to kill him . Meanwhile , the real Walt Warren escapes prison while bearing Bob 's hair and face and comes to the Simpsons ' home . At first , everyone thinks Bob has escaped prison , but Walt 's short feet ( which was also used as a clue in " Krusty Gets Busted " to clear Krusty 's name for robbing the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart ) reveal his true identity . Walt explains that he and Bob were cellmates and , prior to Walt 's release , Bob drugged him and performed a transplant to switch their faces . The transplant left Walt unable to talk properly , and his garbled speech led the guards to put him in the padded cell . He wrote his message on the wall as a warning , but it was misinterpreted as a threat . Walt and the Simpsons immediately go after Bob , knowing that Bart 's life is in danger . Meanwhile , a waitress at a roadside diner becomes infatuated with Bob @-@ as @-@ Walt until Bob 's new face peels off . Amidst a distraction outside the diner , Homer , Marge , and Lisa travel to Mexico in search of Bart while Walt gets away and continues to Five Corners to save Bart. At Five Corners , Bob intends to kill Bart in such a way that the crime takes place in five separate states , thus making it impossible to prosecute . Bart stalls by repeatedly jumping into the same state as Bob until Walt arrives . Walt and Bob struggle over the gun , but just before Bob can fire on either Walt or Bart , Chief Wiggum and the Springfield Police Department arrive to arrest Bob , having been tipped off by Bart. Bob jumps into the other states in order to escape their jurisdiction , only to be promptly confronted by police from each state , and he is taken into custody by officers with a strong New Jersey accent . His house is bought by Ned Flanders ' cousin Ted , and Homer groans at the realization that he now lives next door to two Flanders families . The Sideshow Bob leitmotif first introduced in the episode " Cape Feare " plays over the credits . = = Production = = The episode was written by John Frink , his second writing of the season after " Stealing First Base " . It is also his third Sideshow Bob writing credit after " The Great Louse Detective " and " The Italian Bob " . The episode was directed by Nancy Kruse , her second director 's credit for the season after " The Devil Wears Nada " . It features the return of recurring guest voice Kelsey Grammer to voice recurring character Sideshow Bob , making it his 12th vocal appearance . The episode was originally slated to air on January 14 , 2010 , along with " Once Upon a Time in Springfield " and The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3 @-@ D ! On Ice ! . = = Cultural references = = The plot of " The Bob Next Door " is based on the movie Face / Off . The opening couch gag also features Harold from the 1955 children 's book Harold and the Purple Crayon . Bart tries to tempt Walt to sing " Three Little Maids from School Are We " from The Mikado ; the same song was also used in an earlier episode , " Cape Feare " , which also featured Sideshow Bob . Later in the show , when Sideshow Bob reveals his true identity , he exclaims he is now " able to sing all the Gilbert & Sullivan I damn well please " , followed by him pulling a Japanese fan out of the glove box and singing the opening notes of " Behold The Lord High Executioner " , another number from The Mikado , to Bart 's horror . Marge and Homer tell Bart that a lot of people have voices like Sideshow Bob 's , such as " Frasier on Cheers , Frasier on Frasier or Lt. Cmdr. Tom Dodge in Down Periscope . " Both of these characters were played by Sideshow Bob 's voice , Kelsey Grammer . When Sideshow Bob steps on the rake it is a call back to the famous scene from " Cape Feare " in which he steps on multiple rakes . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on the Fox network on May 16 , 2010 , " The Bob Next Door " was viewed by an estimated 6 @.@ 258 million households and got a 2 @.@ 9 rating / 9 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic , rising 9 % from " Moe Letter Blues " . It came second in its time slot after the season finale of Survivor : Heroes v. Villains and became the second highest @-@ rated show in Fox 's " Animation Domination " programming block after a new episode of Family Guy , according to the Nielsen Media Research . The episode received positive reviews . Robert Canning of IGN gave it an 8 @.@ 5 rating , stating that it was " Great " and " Overall , this was a great return to form for an appearance from Sideshow Bob . The vengeful character has been let down by recent episodes , but ' The Bob Next Door ' has reminded us what makes Bob so much fun . " Canning later named " The Bob Next Door " the best episode of the season tied with " The Squirt and the Whale " . TV Fanatic gave the episode four out of five and stated that they enjoyed the plot twists but thought the jokes were unfunny , remarking that " the episode just didn 't have the same humor as say , ' Cape Feare ' . " John Teti of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B + , which tied it for the best grade of " Animation Domination " after American Dad ! . He stated that " The showdown at Five Corners played out just like ' Cape Feare , ' complete with rake gag , which is not a bad thing . If The Simpsons intends to self @-@ plagiarize ( and it obviously does ) , that 's a good episode to copy . " Sharon Knolle of AOL TV said , " I 'd say overall this ep ranks with some of the better Sideshow Bob eps , if not the very best . Certainly , it beats the heck out of ' The Italian Bob ' and ' Funeral for a Fiend . ' " = Granat = The International Astrophysical Observatory " GRANAT " ( usually known as Granat ; Russian : Гранат ) , was a Soviet ( later Russian ) space observatory developed in collaboration with France , Denmark and Bulgaria . It was launched on 1 December 1989 aboard a Proton rocket and placed in a highly eccentric four @-@ day orbit , of which three were devoted to observations . It operated for almost nine years . In September 1994 , after nearly five years of directed observations , the gas supply for its attitude control was exhausted and the observatory was placed in a non @-@ directed survey mode . Transmissions finally ceased on 27 November 1998 . With seven different instruments on board , Granat was designed to observe the universe at energies ranging from X @-@ ray to gamma ray . Its main instrument , SIGMA , was capable of imaging both hard X @-@ ray and soft gamma @-@ ray sources . The PHEBUS instrument was meant to study gamma @-@ ray bursts and other transient X @-@ Ray sources . Other experiments such as ART @-@ P were intended to image X @-@ Ray sources in the 35 to 100 keV range . One instrument , WATCH , was designed to monitor the sky continuously and alert the other instruments to new or interesting X @-@ Ray sources . The ART @-@ S spectrometer covered the X @-@ ray energy range while the KONUS @-@ B and TOURNESOL experiments covered both the X @-@ ray and gamma ray spectrum . = = Spacecraft = = Granat was a three @-@ axis @-@ stabilized spacecraft and the last of the Venera @-@ class spacecraft produced by the Lavochkin Scientific Production Association . It was similar to the Astron observatory which was functional from 1983 to 1989 ; for this reason , the spacecraft was originally known as the Astron 2 . It weighed 4 @.@ 4 metric tons and carried almost 2 @.@ 3 metric tons of international scientific instrumentation . Granat stood 6 @.@ 5 m tall and had a total span of 8 @.@ 5 m across its solar arrays . The power made available to the scientific instruments was approximately 400 W. = = Launch and orbit = = The spacecraft was launched on 1 December 1989 aboard a Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakh SSR . It was placed in a highly eccentric 98 @-@ hour orbit with an initial apogee / perigee of 202 @,@ 480 km / 1 @,@ 760 km respectively and an inclination of 51 @.@ 9 degrees . This meant that solar and lunar perturbations would significantly increase the orbits inclination while reducing its eccentricity , such that the orbit had become near @-@ circular by the time Granat completed its directed observations in September 1994 . ( By 1991 , the perigee had increased to 20 @,@ 000 km ; by September 1994 , the apogee / perigee was 59 @,@ 025 km / 144 @,@ 550 km at an inclination of 86 @.@ 7 degrees . ) Three days out of the four @-@ day orbit were devoted to observations . After over nine years in orbit , the observatory finally reentered the Earth 's atmosphere on May 25 , 1999 . = = Instrumentation = = = = = SIGMA = = = The hard X @-@ ray and low @-@ energy gamma @-@ ray SIGMA telescope was a collaboration between CESR ( Toulouse ) and CEA ( Saclay ) . It covered the energy range 35 – 1300 keV , with an effective area of 800 cm2 and a maximum sensitivity field of view of ~ 5 ° × 5 ° . The maximum angular resolution was 15 arcmin . The energy resolution was 8 % at 511 keV . Its imaging capabilities were derived from the association of a coded mask and a position sensitive detector based on the Anger camera principle . = = = ART @-@ P = = = The ART @-@ P X @-@ ray telescope was the responsibility of the IKI in Moscow . The instrument covered the energy range 4 to 60 keV for imaging and 4 to 100 keV for spectroscopy and timing . There were four identical modules of the ART @-@ P telescope , each consisting of a position sensitive multi @-@ wire proportional counter ( MWPC ) together with a URA coded mask . Each module had an effective area of approximately 600 cm ² , producing a field of view of 1 @.@ 8 ° by 1 @.@ 8 ° . The angular resolution was 5 arcmin ; temporal and energy resolutions were 3 @.@ 9 ms and 22 % at 6 keV , respectively . The instrument achieved a sensitivity of 0 @.@ 001 of the Crab nebula source ( = 1 " mCrab " ) in an eight @-@ hour exposure . The maximum time resolution was 4 ms . = = = ART @-@ S = = = The ART @-@ S X @-@ ray spectrometer , also built by the IKI , covered the energy range 3 to 100 keV . Its field of view was 2 ° by 2 ° . The instrument consisted of four detectors based on spectroscopic MWPCs , making an effective area of 2 @,@ 400 cm ² at 10 keV and 800 cm ² at 100 keV . The time resolution was 200 microseconds . = = = PHEBUS = = = The PHEBUS experiment was designed by CESR ( Toulouse ) to record high energy transient events in the range 100 keV to 100 MeV . It consisted of two independent detectors and their associated electronics . Each detector consisted of a bismuth germanate ( BGO ) crystal 78 mm in diameter by 120 mm thick , surrounded by a plastic anti @-@ coincidence jacket . The two detectors were arranged on the spacecraft so as to observe 4π steradians . The burst mode was triggered when the count rate in the 0 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 5 MeV energy range exceeded the background level by 8 sigma in either 0 @.@ 25 or 1 @.@ 0 seconds . There were 116 energy channels . = = = WATCH = = = Starting in January 1990 , four WATCH instruments , designed by the Danish Space Research Institute , were in operation on the Granat observatory . The instruments could localize bright sources in the 6 to 180 keV range to within 0 @.@ 5 ° using a Rotation Modulation Collimator . Taken together , the instruments ' three fields of view covered approximately 75 % of the sky . The energy resolution was 30 % FWHM at 60 keV . During quiet periods , count rates in two energy bands ( 6 to 15 and 15 to 180 keV ) were accumulated for 4 , 8 , or 16 seconds , depending on onboard computer memory availability . During a burst or transient event , count rates were accumulated with a time resolution of 1 second per 36 energy channels . = = = KONUS @-@ B = = = The KONUS @-@ B instrument , designed by the Ioffe Physico @-@ Technical Institute in St. Petersburg , consisted of seven detectors distributed around the spacecraft that responded to photons of 10 keV to 8 MeV energy . They consisted of NaI ( Tl ) scintillator crystals 200 mm in diameter by 50 mm thick behind a Be entrance window . The side surfaces were protected by a 5 mm thick lead layer . The burst detection threshold was 500 to 50 microjoules per square meter ( 5 × 10 @-@ 7 to 5 × 10 @-@ 8 erg / cm ² ) , depending on the burst spectrum and rise time . Spectra were taken in two 31 @-@ channel pulse height analyzers ( PHAs ) , of which the first eight were measured with 1 / 16 s time resolution and the remaining with variable time resolutions depending on the count rate . The range of resolutions covered 0 @.@ 25 to 8 s . The KONUS @-@ B instrument operated from 11 December 1989 until 20 February 1990 . Over that period , the " on " time for the experiment was 27 days . Some 60 solar flares and 19 cosmic gamma @-@ ray bursts were detected . = = = TOURNESOL = = = The French TOURNESOL instrument consisted of four proportional counters and two optical detectors . The proportional counters detected photons between 2 keV and 20 MeV in a 6 ° by 6 ° field of view . The visible detectors had a field of view of 5 ° by 5 ° . The instrument was designed to look for optical counterparts of high @-@ energy burst sources , as well as performing spectral analysis of the high @-@ energy events . = = Science results = = Over the initial four years of directed observations , Granat observed many galactic and extra @-@ galactic X @-@ ray sources with emphasis on the deep imaging and spectroscopy of the galactic center , broad @-@ band observations of black hole candidates , and X @-@ ray novae . After 1994 , the observatory was switched to survey mode and carried out a sensitive all @-@ sky survey in the 40 to 200 keV energy band . Some of the highlights included : A very deep imaging ( more than 5 million seconds duration ) of the galactic center region . Discovery of electron @-@ positron annihilation lines from the galactic microquasar 1E1740 @-@ 294 and the X @-@ ray Nova Muscae . Study of spectra and time variability of black hole candidates . Across eight years of observations , Granat discovered some twenty new X @-@ ray sources , i.e. candidate black holes and neutron stars . Consequently , their designations begin with " GRS " meaning " GRANAT source " . Examples are GRS 1915 + 105 ( the first microquasar discovered in our galaxy ) and GRS 1124 @-@ 683 . = = Impact of the dissolution of the Soviet Union = = After the end of the Soviet Union , two problems arose for the project . The first was geopolitical in nature : the main spacecraft control center was located at the Yevpatoria facility in the Crimea region . This control center was significant in the Soviet space program , being one of only two in the country equipped with a 70 m dish antenna . With the breakup of the Union , the Crimea region , although mostly populated by ethnic Russians , found itself part of the newly independent Ukraine and the center was put under Ukrainian national control , prompting new political hurdles . The main and most urgent problem , however , was in finding funds to support the continued operation of the spacecraft amid the spending crunch in post @-@ Soviet Russia . The French space agency , having already contributed significantly to the project ( both scientifically and financially ) , took upon itself to fund the continuing operations directly . = New Jersey Route 56 = Route 56 is a state highway in the southern part of New Jersey , United States . Also known as Landis Avenue , it runs 9 @.@ 19 mi ( 14 @.@ 79 km ) from an intersection with Route 77 and County Route 622 in Upper Deerfield Township , Cumberland County , to an intersection with Route 47 ( Delsea Drive ) in Vineland , Cumberland County . The route serves as a connector between Bridgeton and Vineland . West of the interchange with Route 55 in Vineland , Route 56 is a two @-@ lane undivided road that passes through rural areas of Cumberland County , also entering a corner of Salem County . East of Route 55 , the route is a four @-@ lane locally maintained road that runs through commercial areas of Vineland . The portion of current Route 56 in Vineland was built as a 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) wide road when Vineland was planned in the 1860s , serving as the main east – west road through the community . In the past , the Route 56 number was used twice for a never @-@ built road between the Laurelton Circle and Mantoloking in Ocean County legislated in 1938 and for the portion of U.S. Route 30 between current Route 157 and Atlantic City between 1938 and 1953 . The current iteration of Route 56 was legislated in 1977 to run from Route 77 north of Bridgeton to Route 47 in Vineland , replacing County Route 22 between Route 77 and the Salem County border , County Route 6 within Salem County , and County Route 23 between the Salem County border and Route 47 . This portion of road was designated as Route 56 by the 1990s . In 2007 , two bridges along the route were replaced . The Rainbow Lake Bridge in Pittsgrove Township was rebuilt after it was washed out by the April 2007 Nor 'easter while the Maurice River bridge was reconstructed to make it wider and higher . = = Route description = = Route 56 begins at Route 77 and CR 622 in Upper Deerfield Township , Cumberland County , a short distance north of Bridgeton . From this intersection , the route heads to the northeast as two @-@ lane undivided Landis Avenue . Shortly after it begins , it passes businesses and intersects CR 611 . From here , Route 56 turns to the east @-@ northeast and passes a mix of residences and farm fields . The route comes to a five @-@ way junction with CR 553 and CR 687 before intersecting County Route 645 . The road heads into Deerfield Township , coming to a junction with CR 686 . Past this intersection , Route 56 continues toward the community of Rosenhayn . Here , the road intersects CR 737 before running past homes and crossing CR 634 , where there are some businesses along the road . A short distance later , the route intersects CR 717 , where it crosses into Pittsgrove Township in Salem County . Route 56 heads through a mix of farms and woodland , passing to the south of Rainbow Lake . Past the lake , the road turns to the east and continues into agricultural areas and intersects CR 655 . Traveling eastward , the road crosses CR 638 and a Winchester and Western Railroad line . The route heads into forested areas , where it passes over the Maurice River into Vineland in Cumberland County . Here , it widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway and comes to a cloverleaf interchange with Route 55 . Past this interchange , Route 56 becomes a four @-@ lane undivided road that is locally maintained . The route heads through commercial sectors of Vineland before coming to a crossroads with CR 628 . The route continues past more inhabited areas and businesses before reaching its end at Route 47 ( Delsea Drive ) . From here , Landis Avenue continues to the east toward the downtown area of Vineland . = = History = = The portion of Route 56 in Vineland was built as a 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) wide road when Vineland was planned in the 1860s , serving as the main east – west road through the community . In 1938 , two separate roads numbered Route 56 were legislated . One was located in Ocean County and was to run from the Laurelton Circle east to Mantoloking ; this road was never built . The other was located in the Atlantic City area along U.S. Route 30 ( Absecon Boulevard ) east of current Route 157 ; the Route 56 designation on this road was dropped in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering . What is modern @-@ day Route 56 was originally designated as County Route 22 between Route 77 and the Salem County border , County Route 6 in Salem County , and County Route 23 between the Salem County border and Route 47 . In 1977 , Route 56 was legislated onto its current alignment between Route 77 in Upper Deerfield Township and Route 47 in Vineland , replacing County Routes 6 , 22 , and 23 . The Route 56 designation was applied to this road by the 1990s . Due to the April 2007 Nor 'easter , the Rainbow Lake Bridge in Pittsgrove Township was washed out and the New Jersey Department of Transportation had to replace it with a new bridge . This closure led to detours for traffic traveling between Vineland and Bridgeton . The new Rainbow Lake Bridge was opened in November 2007 . The bridge spanning the Maurice River , which connects Vineland and Pittsgrove Township , was closed in July 2007 for planned repairs . This bridge replacement , which was completed in December 2007 , cost $ 5 million and provided a wider and higher crossing of the river . = = Major intersections = = = Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics = A cricket tournament , played as part of the 1900 Summer Olympics , took place on 19 – 20 August at the Vélodrome de Vincennes . The only match of the tournament was played between teams representing Great Britain and France , and was won by 158 runs by Great Britain . Originally , teams representing Belgium , France , Great Britain , and the Netherlands were scheduled to compete in the tournament . Belgium and the Netherlands pulled out of the competition , leaving Great Britain to play France . Neither team was nationally selected . The British side was a touring club , the Devon and Somerset Wanderers ( alias Devon County Wanderers ) , while the French team , the French Athletic Club Union , comprised mainly British expatriates living in Paris . The two @-@ day game commenced on 19 August 1900 . Great Britain batted first and scored 117 , and bowled France out for 78 . Great Britain then scored 145 for 5 in their second innings , setting the hosts a target of 185 . The tourists bowled out France for 26 to win the match by 158 runs , a significant margin , but with only five minutes of the match remaining . The Great Britain team was awarded silver medals and the French team bronze medals , together with miniature statues of the Eiffel Tower . The match was formally recognised as being an Olympic contest in 1912 , and the medals were later reassigned as gold and silver . = = Background = = Cricket had been scheduled as an event at the first modern Olympics , the 1896 Summer Olympics , being listed in the original programme for the Athens Games . Due to an insufficient number of entries , the event was cancelled . Four years later , at the Paris Games , there was also a shortage of entries . Belgium and the Netherlands , who for a time had been considered as possibilities to co @-@ host the Olympics with France , withdrew from the cricket tournament when their co @-@ hosting bids fell through . Their withdrawal left only Great Britain and the host nation , France . The slightly haphazard nature of the cricket tournament was mirrored throughout the rest of the 1900 Olympics . Events took place throughout a six @-@ month period from May through until October , and like the Games themselves , were often considered part of the Exposition Universelle , a world 's fair held in Paris from 15 April until 12 November 1900 . = = Team selection = = Neither side was nationally selected , nor representative . Great Britain , or England as they were called in the advertising handbills , were represented by a touring club side , the Devon and Somerset Wanderers . The side , formed by William Donne in 1894 for a tour of the Isle of Wight , had completed five other tours before travelling to France . The Wanderers were primarily formed from players of Castle Cary Cricket Club , five of whom played in the match , and also included four former pupils of Blundell 's School , a public school in Devon . The side was completed by a number of players from the surrounding areas who were able to get away from business and personal commitments for the two @-@ week period of the tour . Writing in the Journal of Olympic History , Ian Buchanan describes that both sides " were made up of distinctly average club cricketers " . Only two members of the Wanderers side , and none of the French side , played first @-@ class cricket . Montagu Toller played six times for Somerset County Cricket Club , all in 1897 , while Alfred Bowerman played for Somerset once in 1900 , and again in 1905 . The French side was officially drawn from all the member clubs of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques . Few of these clubs actually sported cricket teams , and so the eventual side was selected from just two clubs : the Union Club and the Standard Athletic Club . Both sides had strong English influences , and the majority of the team that competed for France in the Olympic match were British expatriates . The Standard Athletic Club had been formed ten years earlier by English workers who had moved to the country to help build the Eiffel Tower . = = Match = = = = = Summary = = = The match had been intended to be a standard eleven @-@ a @-@ side contest , but by mutual agreement from the captains this was increased to twelve @-@ a @-@ side , a move which the scorecard printers had not expected , resulting in the extra name having to be added by hand . Play commenced at 11 : 00AM on Sunday , 19 August with the touring Wanderers batting first . They were bowled out for 117 , with only four members of the team reaching double figures . Frederick Cuming , one of the four Old Blundellians , top @-@ scored for the side with 38 , followed by their captain , and Exeter Cricket Club opening batsman , C. B. K. Beachcroft with 23 . The French were then bowled out for 78 , the bowling led by Frederick Christian who claimed seven wickets . Play closed at 5 : 00PM after both sides had completed their first innings , and the Wanderers had a lead of 39 runs . The Wanderers batting improved the following morning , and they added 145 runs for the second innings , declaring their innings closed with five wickets down . Beachcroft was again successful , reaching a half @-@ century , a feat also achieved by Bowerman , who top @-@ scored with 59 runs . The French required 185 runs to win , but lost their first ten wickets for eleven runs . At this point they attempted to play out time , which would have meant the match was drawn . They succeeded for a time , and the match was just five minutes from the end when their eleventh , and final , wicket fell , granting the Wanderers a 158 @-@ run victory . Toller was the pick of the Wanderers bowlers in the second innings , claiming seven wickets and conceding nine runs . After the match , the English side were awarded Silver medals , and the French side were given Bronze medals , and both teams were also given miniature statues of the Eiffel Tower . The match was not covered in any national newspapers in England or France , although some of the local Devon and West Country newspapers did publish reports . = = = Scorecard = = = Scorecard notes = = Aftermath = = The Devon and Somerset Wanderers played two further matches during their tour of France , both one @-@ day contests , and won them both . They were not impressed by the French , whom a journalist at the time described as " too excitable to enjoy the game " . Neither of the teams realised that they had competed in the Olympic Games , with the match advertised as part of the world 's fair . The event was retrospectively recognised as an Olympic contest by the International Olympic Committee in 1912 , and the medals won by the teams were upgraded to Gold for Great Britain and Silver for France . The scheduled competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics , held in St Louis , was cancelled at short notice due to a lack of facilities , and the sport has not been included in the Olympic Games since . As the match was 12 @-@ a @-@ side and scheduled for only two days it does not have first @-@ class status . = = Medalists = = = Midshipman = A midshipman is an officer cadet or a commissioned officer candidate of the junior @-@ most rank , in the Royal Navy , United States Navy , and many Commonwealth navies . Commonwealth countries which use the rank include Australia , Bangladesh , Namibia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , Pakistan , Singapore , Sri Lanka , and Kenya . In the 17th century , a midshipman was a rating for an experienced seaman , and the word derives from the area aboard a ship , amidships , either where the original rating worked on the ship , or where he was berthed . Beginning in the 18th century , a commissioned officer candidate was rated as a midshipman , and the seaman rating began to slowly die out . By the Napoleonic era ( 1793 – 1815 ) , a midshipman was an apprentice officer who had previously served at least three years as a volunteer , officer 's servant or able seaman , and was roughly equivalent to a present @-@ day petty officer in rank and responsibilities . After serving at least three years as a midshipman or master 's mate , he was eligible to take the examination for lieutenant . Promotion to lieutenant was not automatic , and many midshipmen took positions as master 's mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship . Midshipmen in the United States Navy were trained and served similarly to midshipman in the Royal Navy , although unlike their counterparts in the Royal Navy , a midshipman was a warrant officer rank until 1912 . During the 19th century , changes in the training of naval officers in both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy led to the replacement of apprenticeship aboard ships with formal schooling in a naval college . Midshipman began to mean an officer cadet at a naval college . Trainees now spent around four years in a college and two years at sea prior to promotion to commissioned officer rank . Between the mid @-@ 19th and mid @-@ 20th centuries , time at sea declined to less than a year as the entry age was increased from 12 to 18 . Ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many other navies . Using US midshipman or pre @-@ fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison , the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer . Using post @-@ fleet board UK midshipman for comparison , the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure , and similar to a US ensign in role and responsibility . In many Romance languages , the literal translation of the local term for " midshipman " into English is " Navy Guard " , including the French garde marine , Spanish guardia marina , Portuguese guarda @-@ marinha , and Italian guardiamarina . Today , these ranks all refer to naval cadets , but historically they were selected by the monarchy , and were trained mostly on land as soldiers . = = History = = = = = Apprentice officers = = = = = = = Royal Navy ( 1662 – 1836 ) = = = = = = = = = Origins = = = = = The rank of midshipman originated during the Tudor and Stuart eras , and originally referred to a post for an experienced seaman promoted from the ordinary deck hands , who worked in between the main and mizzen masts and had more responsibility than an ordinary seaman , but was not a military officer or an officer in training . The first published use of the term midshipman was in 1662 . The word derives from an area aboard a ship , amidships , but it refers either to the location where midshipmen worked on the ship , or the location where midshipmen were berthed . By the 18th century , four types of midshipman existed : midshipman ( original rating ) , midshipman extraordinary , midshipman ( apprentice officer ) , and midshipman ordinary . Some midshipmen were older men , and while most were officer candidates who failed to pass the lieutenant examination or were passed over for promotion , some members of the original rating served , as late as 1822 , alongside apprentice officers without themselves aspiring to a commission . By 1794 , all midshipmen were considered officer candidates , and the original rating was phased out . = = = = = Entry = = = = = Beginning in 1661 , boys who aspired to become officers were sent by their families to serve on ships with a " letter of service " from the crown , and were paid at the same rate as midshipmen . The letter instructed the admirals and captains that the bearer was to be shown " such kindness as you shall judge fit for a gentleman , both in accommodating him in your ship and in furthering his improvement " . Their official rating was volunteer @-@ per @-@ order , but they were often known as King 's letter boys , to distinguish their higher social class from the original midshipman rating . Beginning in 1677 , Royal Navy regulations for promotion to lieutenant required service as a midshipman , and promotion to midshipman required some time at sea . By the Napoleonic era , the regulations required at least three years of services as a midshipman or master 's mate and six years of total sea time . Sea time was earned in various ways , most boys served this period at sea in any lower rating , either as a servant of one of the ship 's officers , a volunteer , or a seaman . By the 1730s , the rating volunteer @-@ per @-@ order was phased out and replaced with a system where prospective midshipmen served as servants for officers . For example , a captain was allowed four servants for every 100 men aboard his ship ; many of these servants were young men destined to become officers . In 1729 , the Royal Naval Academy in Portsmouth – renamed the Royal Naval College in 1806 – was founded , for 40 students aged between 13 and 16 , who would take three years to complete a course of study defined in an illustrated book , and would earn two years of sea time as part of their studies . The rating of midshipman @-@ by @-@ order , or midshipman ordinary , was used specifically for graduates of the Royal Naval College , to distinguish them from midshipmen who had served aboard ship , who were paid more . The school was unpopular in the Navy , because officers enjoyed the privilege of having servants and preferred the traditional method of training officers via apprenticeship . In 1794 , officers ' servants were abolished and a new class of volunteers called ' volunteer class I ' was created for boys between the ages of 11 and 13 who were considered future midshipmen and lived in the gunroom on a ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line or with the midshipmen on a frigate or smaller vessel . Volunteers were paid £ 6 per year . By 1816 , the rating of midshipman ordinary was phased out , and all apprentice officers were rated as midshipmen . = = = = = Social background and uniform = = = = = In the 18th century Royal Navy , rank and position on board ship was defined by a mix of two hierarchies , an official hierarchy of ranks and a conventionally recognized social divide between gentlemen and non @-@ gentlemen . Boys aspiring for a commission were often called young gentlemen instead of their substantive rating to distinguish their higher social standing from the ordinary sailors . Generally , aboard most warships common seamen berthed in the fo 'c'sle , while officers were quartered at the stern . Occasionally , a midshipman would be posted aboard a ship in a lower rating such as able seaman but would eat and sleep with his social equals in the cockpit . Approximately 50 percent of midshipmen were the sons of professional men , which included the sons of naval officers , and there were notable sailing families throughout the Age of Sail , such as the Saumarez , Hood , and Parker families . The niceties of preferment and promotion made family connections an obvious advantage for prospective officers . Members of the peerage and landed gentry formed the next largest group , about 27 percent of officers . The numbers were smaller , but similarly , their connections gave them excellent prospects for promotion , and they had a considerable influence on the Royal Navy . A notable member of this group was Prince William , later William IV , who served as a midshipman from 1780 – 1785 . The rest were from commercial or working class backgrounds , and because of the advantages possessed by the nobility and professional sailors , their chances of promotion to lieutenant were slim . Since most midshipmen were from the gentry or had family connections with sailing ships , many used their connections to have their names placed on a ship 's books . The practice , known colloquially as " false muster " was common even though it was technically illegal and frowned upon . This allowed some boys to be promoted to midshipmen , or in some cases lieutenant , without having completed the required amount of time at sea . A notable example was Thomas Cochrane , whose uncle had him entered at the age of five ; his name was carried on various ships until he was 18 and received his commission . When uniforms were introduced in the Navy in 1748 , midshipmen started wearing the same uniform as commissioned officers . They also began wearing their traditional badge of rank , a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar . The uniform emphasized that midshipmen were gentlemen and officers under instruction . = = = = = Duties and promotion = = = = = Midshipmen were expected to work on the ship , but were also expected to learn navigation and seamanship . They were expected to have learned already , as able seamen and volunteers , to rig sails , other duties included keeping watch , relaying messages between decks , supervising gun batteries , commanding small boats , and taking command of a sub @-@ division of the ship 's company under the supervision of one of the lieutenants . On smaller ships , midshipmen were instructed by a senior master 's mate , often a passed midshipman , who taught them mathematics , navigation , and sailing lore . Larger ships would carry a schoolmaster , who was rated as a midshipman but usually was a civilian like the chaplain . Midshipmen were expected to keep detailed navigational logs , which were shown to the captain to assess their progress . Prior to promotion to lieutenant , a commissioned officer candidate in the Royal Navy had to pass a formal examination . Officially , a prospective lieutenant was at least 19 , and was expected to produce proof of his service , which would include certificates from his commanders and journals kept while a midshipman . However , most midshipmen aspired to take the lieutenant examination at age 17 or 18 , and the typical age of a midshipman was between 15 and 22 . The candidate was summoned before a board of three captains and questioned about seamanship , navigation , and discipline . The board would ask questions such as : An enemy is observed ; give orders for clearing your ship , and make all the necessary preparations for engaging . Like the board , which might be an ad hoc affair , the actual exam questions were not standardized and their content depended mostly on individual captains . In seamanship , the candidate was expected to be able to splice ropes , reef a sail , work a ship in sailing and shift his tides . In navigation , he was expected to be able to keep a reckoning of the ship 's way by plane sailing , to use Mercator projection maps and observation of the sun and stars to determine the course and position of the ship , and to understand the variation of the compass . He was also expected to be qualified to do the duty of an able seaman and midshipman . Failure usually meant six more months of sea service before the examination could again be attempted . Some men never passed it . Successful completion made the midshipman a ' passed midshipman ' . From the 18th century until the second half of the 19th century , a midshipman in the Royal Navy who passed the lieutenant 's examination did not automatically receive a commission . Midshipmen with political connections were promoted first , while others would wait their turn on a roster . During wartime , when large numbers of ships and men might be lost in battle , most passed midshipman would be promoted in a year or two , but during peacetime the wait might be so long that the midshipman would eventually be considered too old and lose his chance for a commission . Passed midshipmen awaiting promotion often elected to become master 's mates , a high @-@ ranking petty officer who assisted the master with his duties , served on watch as deputy to the lieutenants , and commanded small boats . A midshipman who became master 's mate earned an increase in pay from £ 2 5s to £ 3 16s per month but initially reduced his chances at a commission because master 's mates , along with masters , were assumed to have a working @-@ class background . Over time , however , appointment to master 's mate became considered a normal part of the path to a commission ; the situation caused some confusion during the last part of the 18th century , when two parallel roles – master 's mates trying to become masters , and former midshipmen working toward a commission – held the same title and responsibilities aboard ship . By the first years of the 19th century , the term ' mate ' , without the prefix master 's , was used for passed midshipmen , to distinguish them from master 's mates who had not served as midshipmen . In 1824 , the rating of master 's assistant replaced master 's mate , and mate continued to be used unofficially by passed midshipmen . These changes helped eliminate the confusion caused by the mingling of midshipmen in the navigator 's branch . In 1838 a Royal Commission , presided over by the Duke of Wellington , recommended the institution of the rank of mate as an official step between midshipman and lieutenant . In 1861 mate was abolished in favor of sub @-@ lieutenant . = = = = United States Navy ( 1794 – 1845 ) = = = = When Congress created the United States Navy in 1794 , midshipman was listed as a rank of warrant officer in the Naval Act of 1794 , and they were appointed by the President of the United States . Midshipmen had similar duties and responsibilities as in the Royal Navy , and were typically young men between the age of 14 and 22 in training to become a naval officer . " Passed midshipman " was first used in 1819 , and was an official rank of the US Navy . During the long period of peace between 1815 and 1846 midshipmen had few opportunities for promotion , and their warrants were often obtained via patronage . The poor quality of officer training in the US Navy became visible after the Somers Affair , an alleged mutiny aboard the training ship USS Somers in 1842 , and the subsequent execution of midshipman Philip Spencer . Spencer had gained his post aboard the Somers via the influence of his father , United States Secretary of War John C. Spencer . = = = Cadet officers = = = = = = = Royal Navy from 1836 = = = = The original Royal Naval College closed in 1837 , after which the only method for training midshipmen in the Royal Navy was aboard ships . In 1844 the rank of naval cadet was created , and to qualify as a midshipman a candidate had to be 14 years old , successfully pass an admiralty examination and have two years of service as a naval cadet or three years of service in the Navy . A decline in qualified officers prompted the Navy to order training in a ship at anchor for all cadets , which began in 1857 aboard HMS Illustrious , which was replaced by HMS Britannia in 1859 . Britannia was moved to Portland in 1862 , and to the present location of the Britannia Royal Naval College , Dartmouth in 1863 . Beginning in the 1840s , the normal entry age for executive officer cadets , those destined to command ships and fleets , was between 12 and 13 , and instruction consisted of two years of classroom training , during which time trainees were rated as naval cadets . Cadets who received a first @-@ class passing grade in studies , seamanship and conduct on their final examination could receive a credit for up to a year of sea time , and could be rated as midshipmen immediately after passing out of the college . After passing out of the college , cadets served aboard a special training vessel for one year . Cadets were then rated as midshipmen , and served aboard the fleet another two years . Midshipmen lived in the gunroom , kept watches , and ran the ship 's boats . They received instruction in navigation every day . After five total years of training and having reached the age of 19 , the midshipmen were eligible to take the examination for lieutenant . After passing the examination for lieutenant , midshipmen were commissioned as sub @-@ lieutenants , and were transferred to the Royal Naval College , Greenwich , which opened in 1873 as the ' University of the Navy ' . Beginning in 1903 , officer training of military and engineering students was reformed by the Selborne @-@ Fisher scheme , and engineering and executive officer candidates began to enter the Navy in the same way , which was termed ' Common Entry ' . Previously , engineer cadets had been trained separately at the Royal Naval Engineering College , Keyham which was closed in 1910 . In 1903 a new preparatory school was opened at Royal Naval College , Osborne , which was Queen Victoria 's favorite residence but was not a favorite of her successor Edward VII who had donated it to the nation in 1902 . Training initially consisted of two years at Osborne and two years at Dartmouth as cadets , later four years at Dartmouth , followed by approximately 3 years of sea duty as midshipmen prior to promotion to sub @-@ lieutenant . In 1905 , a new building was completed on shore to replace Britannia , which was named Britannia Royal Naval College . In 1913 , increasing demand for officers led to recruitment of 18 @-@ year @-@ old graduates of public schools , which was called ' Special Entry ' , and was conducted separately from Selborne scheme cadets . Special entry cadets trained for approximately 6 months prior to service in the fleet as midshipmen . When World War I began in 1914 , all the cadets at Dartmouth were quickly mobilized as midshipmen in the Reserve Fleet . During the war , two midshipmen , George Drewry and Wilfred Malleson were awarded the Victoria Cross , the highest award of the British Commonwealth for gallantry , during the Landing at Cape Helles . After World War I ended , opposition to the Selborne @-@ Fisher scheme led to re @-@ segregating executive and engineering officers into separate branches , while common entry and special entry were maintained . After World War II another series of reforms , influenced by the quality of officers produced by the special entry scheme and other nations ' experience with training officer candidates in a university setting , were initiated to increase the quality of officers in the Navy . In 1949 the entry age was increased to 16 , and by 1955 the entry age was increased to 18 and entry required a minimum of two A levels . After 1957 midshipmen no longer served in the fleet . In 1972 , all cadets became midshipmen when the rank of cadet was abolished . = = = = United States Navy from 1845 = = = = Congress formally authorized the establishment of the United States Military Academy in 1802 , but it took almost 50 years to approve a similar school for naval officers . One major reason for the delay was that Navy leaders preferred the apprenticeship system , citing famous officers such as Nelson and the captains of the War of 1812 who did not attend a formal naval school . However , after the Somers Affair , officers realized that the system for training officers had to change to be more efficient . George Bancroft , appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1845 , decided to work outside of congressional approval and create a new academy for officers . He formed a council led by Commodore Perry to create a new system for training officers , and turned the old Fort Severn at Annapolis into a new institution which would be designated as the United States Naval Academy in 1851 . Midshipmen studied at the Academy for four years and trained aboard ships each summer . Midshipman began to mean " passed midshipman " at this time , and a student at the Naval Academy was a cadet midshipman . The rank of ensign was created in 1862 , and passed midshipmen were promoted to ensign when vacancies occurred . In 1865 , the Department of Steam Enginery was created and cadet engineers were admitted to the Academy for the first time . In 1874 , Congress changed the curriculum to include four years of classroom training and two years of sea duty aboard a regular vessel prior to examinations as warranted midshipmen . In 1882 , Congress eliminated the distinction in training between engineer and naval cadets , and designated the student officers as naval cadets ; the name reverted to midshipmen in 1902 . By an act of Congress passed in 1903 , two appointments as midshipmen were allowed for each senator , representative , and delegate in Congress , two for the District of Columbia , and five each year at large . In 1912 , Congress authorized commissioning midshipmen as ensigns on graduation day , and ended the previously required two years of post @-@ graduation sea service as warrant officers . In 1930 , the Naval Academy received accreditation as an approved technological institution . In 1933 , a new law enabled the Naval , Military , and Coast Guard Academies to award bachelor of science degrees , and the class of 1933 was the first to receive this degree and have it written in the diploma . In 1937 , the superintendent of the Naval Academy was granted the authority to award bachelor of science degrees to all living graduates . = = = = Commonwealth navies = = = = As Dominions of the British Empire formed their own navies during the 20th century , further countries began using the rank of midshipman . Today Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Pakistan , India , Singapore , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh and Kenya use the rank . Prior to 1968 Canada also used the rank of midshipman , until the National Defence Act consolidated the Royal Canadian Navy with the Army and Air Force into a single military , called the Canadian Forces . As part of the act , the rank of midshipman was replaced with the rank of naval cadet . = = = Snotty = = = In Royal Navy slang , a midshipman is sometimes referred to as a " snotty " . Two popular stories give origins for the term : the first claims that it arose from a shortage of handkerchiefs among midshipmen , who would consequently use their sleeves to wipe their noses . Prince William , later William IV , is sometimes cited as a notorious example of this practice among midshipmen . The other story claims that the three buttons formerly sewn onto midshipmen 's jacket cuffs were placed there to prevent them from wiping their noses on their sleeves . = = Modern usage = = = = = Royal Navy = = = In the modern Royal Navy a midshipman is the lowest rank of officer , and ranks with second lieutenant in the British Army and pilot officer in the Royal Air Force and above all enlisted and warrant ranks . A midshipman 's rank insignia , which has changed little since Napoleonic times , is called a " turnback " : a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar . Prospective officers must have at least five GCSEs , including English and maths , plus at least 180 UCAS points from A levels or other suitable qualifications ( each qualification must be over 45 UCAS points ) . They must pass a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ day assessment , called the Admiralty Interview Board , and a medical examination . As of 2013 , it is no longer the case that those joining the Navy as university graduates start as sub @-@ lieutenants , with non @-@ graduates joining as midshipmen . Graduates and non @-@ graduates all start as midshipmen , and wait to be promoted at the same time . General basic training ( initial officer training ) for Royal Navy officers takes place at the Britannia Royal Naval College . Training takes up to a year depending on specialisation ; all midshipmen participate in at least the first two terms , which are 14 weeks each . Until they have completed initial fleet training , both midshipmen and sub @-@ lieutenants at Britannia Royal Naval College do not use their substantive ranks , but instead use the rank of officer cadet . During the first seven weeks of training , officer cadets learn militarization and sea sense , focusing on learning about the military environment , along with team and leadership skills . During the second seven weeks , officer cadets learn essential sea officer skills , including navigation and the marine environment , strategic studies , and basic sea survival . During the second term officer cadets spend 10 weeks in Initial Fleet Time , serving aboard capital warships as junior ratings . Upon completion of Initial Fleet Time , officer cadets return to Dartmouth for four weeks to complete their final leadership assessment , the Maritime Leadership Exercise ( MARL ) , and a week spent with different areas of the Royal Navy . If they have been successful , officers of all branches then pass out of the college . Upon completion of initial officer training , university cadet entrants , engineering , logistics and flight specialization officer cadets move to their second phase of training elsewhere within the Royal Navy . Midshipmen specializing in warfare remain at the college for the Initial Warfare Officer 's Foundation course , which completes part of a foundation degree in naval studies ( equating to two thirds of a bachelor 's degree ) , on completion of initial professional training . Officers can complete degrees via distance learning with the Open University , although completion is not required . = = = Other Commonwealth nations = = = = = = = Royal Australian Navy = = = = A midshipman in the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) holds a commission , which is usually not issued until promotion to sub @-@ lieutenant or lieutenant . Officer candidates enter the RAN at various ranks depending on previous experience or degree qualifications ; graduates from a three @-@ year course , non @-@ degree qualified entrants , and sailor changeovers below the rank of leading seaman enter as midshipman . On joining the RAN , midshipmen complete six months ' initial officer training ( New Entry Officer 's Course ) at the Royal Australian Naval College . Following this all members serve six months in the fleet completing Primary Qualification ( PQ ) continuation training . Direct entry midshipmen continue their normal training and Australian Defence Force Academy ( ADFA ) entry midshipmen post to Canberra to study at the ADFA in their second year in the Navy . Midshipmen undertake an undergraduate degree over the course of three years , whilst also completing elements of their naval training . ADFA midshipmen are also undergraduate students of the University of New South Wales ( UNSW ) . When they graduate from UNSW at ADFA at the completion of their three- or four @-@ year undergraduate program , they do so with a fully recognized degree from UNSW – the same degree received by graduates of UNSW 's campus in Sydney . During Single Service Training ( SST ) at ADFA midshipmen have the opportunity to return to sea during the SST period as well as visiting shore establishments for PQ related training . = = = = Royal New Zealand Navy = = = = In the Royal New Zealand Navy ( RNZN ) , midshipman is the lowest commissioned officer rank , for officers under training and retained upon completion of initial training by those without a university degree . Unlike officer cadet ranks in the Army , midshipmen are treated as officers and hold a commission . The RNZN has approximately 60 midshipman commissioned at a time . Midshipman begin their career at Junior Officer Common Training , which lasts 23 weeks . After completing their initial training course , midshipmen serve aboard ships for a short time , followed by specialty training for 16 weeks . After approximately two years in the Navy , midshipmen are promoted to ensign . Officers who entered the service with a university degree are promoted to sub @-@ lieutenant after completion of Junior Officer Common Training . Officers without a degree have the option of earning a university degree while serving in the Navy . = = = = South African Navy = = = = A midshipman in the South African Navy ( SAN ) is an officer of the lowest rank . Officer candidates are citizens between the ages of 18 and 22 , either in grade 12 or graduated from high school with an academic background in mathematics and science . Cadets initially spend a year training at the South African Naval College in Gordon 's Bay , about 55 km southeast of Cape Town , and upon graduation are commissioned as midshipmen . Midshipmen can then study for three more years at the South African Military Academy , and upon graduation receive a B Mil degree from Stellenbosch University . = = = = Indian Navy = = = = Midshipmen in the Indian Navy begin their career as cadets at the National Defence Academy or the Indian Naval Academy , where they study for approximately three years . After graduation they receive a B Tech degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University and are assigned to training ships for one year . After six months aboard the training ship , the cadets are promoted to midshipman . At the end of their training midshipmen are examined by a board and are cleared for promotion to sub @-@ lieutenant . = = = = Pakistan Navy = = = = Cadets in the Pakistan Navy undertake an initial 18 months ' training at the Pakistan Naval Academy . They study humanities , engineering , professional and technical subjects . After passing out they are appointed midshipmen , and undertake another six months of training at sea . They are assigned to operations , weapons engineering , mechanical engineering , or logistics . After passing the final fleet examination , they are promoted to the rank of sub @-@ lieutenant . = = = United States Navy and Marine Corps = = = In the modern United States Navy a midshipman is classified as an officer of the line , though their exercise of authority is limited by their training status . Legally , midshipmen are a special grade of officer that ranks between the senior enlisted grade ( E @-@ 9 ) and the lowest grade of chief warrant officer ( W @-@ 2 , U. S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard ) or warrant officer ( W @-@ 1 , U. S. Army or U. S. Marine Corps . ( Note : The U. S. Air Force no longer uses the warrant officer ranks , the U.S. Public Health Service and U.S. Maritime Service , while authorized warrant officers , have never appointed or commissioned warrant officers , and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is not authorized warrant officers . ) Students at the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) are appointed as midshipman , United States Navy by the President . Students in the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps ( NROTC ) are appointed as midshipman , United States Navy Reserve by the Secretary of the Navy . Students at the United States Merchant Marine Academy ( USMMA ) are appointed as midshipmen in the United States Navy Reserve . The student body at the USNA is the Brigade of Midshipmen and the student body at the USMMA is the Regiment of Midshipmen . Generally , a nomination from a member of Congress or the vice president is required to receive an appointment to the United States Naval Academy . A nomination does not guarantee an appointment and in a typical year only about 38 % of nominees receive an appointment . Currently each member of Congress and the vice president can have five appointees attending the Naval Academy at any time . Other nomination sources include the secretary of the Navy , who may appoint 170 enlisted members of the regular and reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year , and the president may nominate an unlimited number of children of career military personnel for up to 100 appointments each year . Additionally , children of Medal of Honor recipients and select cadets of JROTC Honor Unit with Distinction units do not need a nomination but need only qualify for admission . The United States Merchant Marine Academy only accepts nominations from members of Congress . There are no Presidential , Vice @-@ Presidential , military @-@ affiliated , JROTC @-@ honor unit , ROTC or Unit Commander , or Medal of Honor nominations permitted to the USMMA . Midshipmen at the US Naval Academy , US Merchant Marine Academy and in the NROTC wear uniforms that comply with standards established for commissioned officers of the Navy , with shoulder board and sleeve insignia varying by school year or midshipman officer rank as prescribed by Chapter 6 of Navy Uniform Regulations . Midshipmen wear gold fouled anchors as the primary insignia on caps and shoulder boards and gold plain anchors as collar insignia on service dress and full dress uniforms . Marine option midshipmen in the NROTC wear gold Eagle , Globe and Anchor insignia in place of the anchor insignia worn by other midshipmen . Midshipmen at the US Naval Academy study a core curriculum plus 21 major fields of study , a wide variety of elective courses and advanced study and research opportunities , as well as a required " surface cruise " with an active vessel during the summer . Upon graduation , midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps . Midshipmen at the United States Merchant Marine Academy study a similar core curriculum , except they are split into deck ( navigation oriented ) and engineering programs . Additionally , they spend a year at sea working as cadets on U.S. flagged merchant ships , visiting ports around the world . At graduation they have two options , a job in the maritime industry ashore or sailing aboard commercial vessels plus a naval reserve commission , or an active @-@ duty commission in the United States Army , Navy , Marine Corps , Air Force , or Coast Guard as an ensign or second lieutenant . = = Other countries = = Today , ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many countries . Using U.S. midshipman or pre @-@ fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison , the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer . Using post @-@ fleet board UK midshipman for comparison , the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure , and similar to a U.S. ensign in role and responsibility . The Dutch navy has since the early 17th century included a midshipman rank which literally means ' young gentleman ' ( Dutch : Adelborst ) ; today , adelborsten train at the Royal Netherlands Naval College ( Dutch : Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine ) for 3 years . Officer cadets in the German navy begin their training at the Naval Academy Mürwik ( German : Marineschule Mürwik ) in Flensburg @-@ Mürwik holding enlisted ranks with the qualifier officer candidate ( German : Offizieranwärter ) , abbreviated as OA . After about a year , they are promoted to Seekadetten , equivalent to the non @-@ commissioned officer ( NCO ) rank Mate ( German : Maat ) , and move to the University of the German Federal Armed Forces . About nine months later , they are promoted to Fähnrich zur See rank , equivalent to the NCO rank Boatswain ( German : Bootsmann ) . After 30 months of total training they are promoted to the final officer candidate rank , Oberfähnrich zur See , equivalent to the NCO rank Hauptbootsmann , and after about 4 years of total training graduate with a bachelor 's degree . In many romance languages , the literal translation of the local term for " midshipman " into English is " Navy Guard " , including the French garde @-@ marine , Spanish guardia marina , Portuguese guarda @-@ marinha , and Italian guardiamarina . These ranks all refer to young naval officer cadets , but the selection , training and responsibilities of each diverge from the British tradition . The French rank of garde de la marine was established in 1670 , when an office of the monarchy selected young gentlemen from the nobility to serve the King in the Gardes de la Marine . The concept of the Gardes was borrowed from the various guards units within the Maison militaire du roi de France . In 1686 these guards were organized into companies of cadets at the ports of Brest , Rochefort and Toulon . Unlike midshipmen in the Royal Navy , the Gardes trained mostly on shore and focused on military drill and theory rather than practical skills in gunnery , navigation and seamanship . After the succession of the Bourbon Philip V of Spain to the Spanish throne , the French system of naval officer education spread to Spain . The Spanish navy created the rank of guardia marina in 1717 , with the formation at Cadiz of the Royal Company of Midshipmen ( Spanish : Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas ) . By restricting the French officer corps to members of the nobility , there were not enough Gardes to man all of the ships during wartime . To fill the gaps , volunteers were temporarily recruited from the merchant service ; they were allowed to hold permanent rank in the navy starting in 1763 . These professional officers wore blue uniforms to distinguish them from the Gardes de la Marine who wore red uniforms . After the revolution , the royal connotations of the term garde marine led to its replacement with aspirant ( officer cadet ) , and later élèves de la Marine ( naval officer candidate ) . Contemporary French naval officer training still reflects this structure : students at the École navale begin their the first year as élève @-@ officier , are promoted in their second year to aspirant , and in their third year are commissioned as an acting sub @-@ lieutenant ( French : Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe ) . In a modern French @-@ English dictionary , élève officier translates to midshipman , but both the historical term garde @-@ marine and the modern term for an officer candidate , aspirant , are also equivalent to midshipman . In most Spanish- and Portuguese @-@ speaking countries , officers begin training at the rank of naval cadet , called aspirante in both languages . They are promoted to the rank guardia marina / guarda @-@ marinha during training ( in Spain , Venezuela , Ecuador and Brazil ) or after graduation ( as is the case in Portugal , Chile and Argentina ) . Similarly , in Italy naval officer cadets , called allievo dell 'accademia navale , are promoted to the rank of aspirante guardiamarina in their final year , and the lowest rank of commissioned officer is guardiamarina , both terms which translate to midshipman . = = = Comparative ranks and insignia = = = = Dick Bavetta = Richard W. " Dick " Bavetta ( born December 10 , 1939 ) is an American retired professional basketball referee for the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Since starting in 1975 , he had never missed an assigned game and holds the league record for most officiated games . His game on April 12 , 2013 in Washington was his 2,600th consecutive game as an NBA official . = = Early life = = Bavetta was born in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn , New York on December 10 , 1939 . His father was an officer for the New York Police Department , and his mother was a homemaker . Bavetta attended Power Memorial Academy in New York City ( the same school future NBA star Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar attended ) and is a 1962 graduate of St. Francis College in New York and played on the schools ' basketball teams . He began officiating after his brother , Joe , who officiated for the American Basketball Association , convinced him that it would be an interesting career . A Wall Street broker for Salomon Brothers with an MBA in finance from the New York Institute of Finance , Bavetta began officiating games between fellow brokers in the Wall Street League , played at New York 's Downtown Athletic Club , and later worked high school games . For ten years , he officiated Public and Catholic High School leagues in New York and later nine years in the Eastern Professional Basketball League , which later became the Continental Basketball Association . = = NBA officiating career = = In mid @-@ 1960s , he began to attend regional referee tryouts in the hopes of becoming an NBA referee ; however , he was rejected for nine straight years due to his small physique and unimposing size . Bavetta was finally hired by the NBA in 1975 following the retirement of Mendy Rudolph . He debuted December 2 , 1975 at Madison Square Garden in an NBA game between the New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics . His first ten years in the league were tough as he was constantly ranked bottom among NBA referees in performance evaluations and led the league in technical fouls and ejections called . To improve his officiating , Bavetta refereed games for the New Jersey pro league and Rucker League in Harlem during the off @-@ seasons and studied NBA rulebooks . In 1983 , he became the first referee to undergo rigorous physical training . He ran six to eight miles and took three @-@ hour naps every day . His effort paid off when he emerged as one of the best referees . In the 1980s , he was named chief referee , who has the power to approve or overrule calls made by other officials . He was assigned to officiate his first playoff game in 1986 . Bavetta 's most memorable game occurred during a 1980s nationally televised contest between the Philadelphia 76ers and Boston Celtics when he was forced to officiate an NBA game by himself after his partner , Jack Madden , broke his leg in a collision with Celtics guard Dennis Johnson . At one point in the game , Celtics forward Larry Bird and 76ers guard Julius Erving began to strangle each other and were ejected by Bavetta . Bavetta believed that this game assisted in the progression of his career in the NBA . From 1990 to 2000 , Bavetta regularly refereed playoff games and was ranked at the top among referees in terms of performance evaluation . In 2000 , he was one of the highest @-@ paid referees in the NBA , earning over $ 200 @,@ 000 a year . Among those playoff games included Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals , in which Bavetta ruled that a three @-@ point basket made by Howard Eisley of the Utah Jazz was released after the shot clock buzzer sounded and thus would not count . However , television replays on NBC showed otherwise . Bavetta 's career was threatened when he was accidentally hit in the nose by Pacers forward Jalen Rose , who was trying to punch Knicks center Patrick Ewing during a 1999 game between the Indiana Pacers and the New York Knicks . Bavetta did not leave the game immediately , opting to wait until later in the day to have surgery . He returned the next day to officiate a New Jersey Nets game . On February 8 , 2006 , Bavetta officiated his 2,135th NBA game , setting a league record for most games officiated that was previously held by Jake O 'Donnell . Bavetta said the secret to his longevity was " wearing five pairs of socks " , which he claims helped keep his feet in good shape . Contributing to his good health , Bavetta says he runs five to eight miles every day . For his longevity in the league , he has received the nickname " the Cal Ripken , Jr. of referees " . During the 2006 – 07 season , Bavetta officiated a December 16 , 2006 game between the New York Knicks and Denver Nuggets . The game involved a brawl where all ten players on the court were ejected by Bavetta and his officiating crew . The league eventually suspended seven players for a total of 47 games and fined both teams $ 500 @,@ 000 . After 39 years of officiating in the NBA , Bavetta officially retired on August 19 , 2014 . = = = Charitable works = = = Bavetta is also actively involved in charitable works . He has established and financed the Lady Bavetta Scholarships since 1986 in honor of his daughters , awarded to high school minority children based on their needs . He has volunteered since 1992 with Double H @-@ Hole in the Woods Ranch working with children with cancer and HIV . He also works with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and serves as the Upstate New York Regional Director for the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation . During the 2007 NBA All @-@ Star Weekend , Bavetta raced Turner Network Television ( TNT ) studio analyst and former NBA player Charles Barkley for a $ 75 @,@ 000 charitable donation ( $ 50 @,@ 000 contributed by the NBA and $ 25 @,@ 000 by TNT ) to the Las Vegas , Nevada Boys & Girls Clubs of America , but lost by a narrow margin . The distance of the race was three and one half full lengths of the court ( or 329 feet ) . Bavetta lost the race despite a last @-@ second dive and Barkley running the last portion of the race backwards . The dive resulted in an abrasion injury to Bavetta 's right knee . = = Controversies = = = = = Altercations with Earl Strom = = = According to Darryl Dawkins 's autobiography , Bavetta was officiating an NBA game during the mid @-@ 1970s between the Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Nets with Earl Strom as his partner for that game . Bavetta overruled Strom on a crucial last @-@ second personal foul call against the Nets , which would have been a victory for the 76ers . When the game ended and players were walking to their respective locker rooms , the door to the referees ' locker room flew open and Bavetta came staggering out . His uniform was allegedly ripped and he was wearing a big welt over his eye , running to get away from Strom . Strom stepped out into the hallway and hollered after Bavetta , " You 'll take another one of my fucking calls again , right , you motherfucker ? " Strom was fined for the incident . Bavetta had another altercation with Strom when Strom tried to choke Bavetta during halftime of an NBA game in 1989 for allegedly siding with the home crowd . Strom reportedly apologized two weeks later . = = = Allegations of game fixing = = = Bavetta was one of three referees for the Game 6 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals between the Kings and the Lakers . Former referee Tim Donaghy has alleged that at least one of the referees working this game had subjective motives for wanting the Lakers to defeat the Kings , and made officiating calls to effectuate this outcome . The NBA has not permitted Bavetta to speak publicly regarding the incident , though The New York Times reported on June 12 , 2008 that the FBI is investigating allegations that Game 6 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals had been manipulated to further the series to a seventh game . Even the television announcers commented on how obvious it was that the fix was in . In a 2002 article , Bill Simmons named the worst officiated games of the prior four years , alleging that the games involved either extending a series so it did not end quickly or advancing a large market team for the NBA 's benefit . All seven games named had been officiated by Bavetta . = = Other achievements = = Inducted into the New York City Catholic High School Hall of Fame on June 1 , 2000 Received the National Pro @-@ Am Lifetime Achievement Award on October 14 , 2002 Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2015 . Was the recipient of the 2016 Jerry Colangelo Award at the Athletes in Action All Star Breakfast , which is held each year during the NBA All Star Weekend = Voliminal : Inside the Nine = Voliminal : Inside the Nine is the third video album by American metal band Slipknot . Released December 5 , 2006 through Roadrunner Records , the 2 @-@ disc DVD set features an 84 @-@ minute movie created by band member Shawn " Clown " Crahan . The set also includes live performances , music videos from songs on the band 's third studio album , Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) , and the first unmasked interviews with all of the band members . The movie featured footage recorded from the recording of Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) through the end of the tour in support of the album spanning a total of 28 months . The DVD was promoted on various websites for the weeks leading up to its limited theatrical release . Critical reception of the album was mixed , Dawn wrote the album has " a raw sound " calling it " an audible treat for thrash and speed metal fans " . However , Billboard would tell fans to " save your cash for the band 's next tour " . Voliminal would be certified gold , platinum , and double platinum in Australia , the United States , and Canada respectively . = = Conception and recording = = The initial idea for the DVD came to percussionist Shawn Crahan , three weeks before the band entered The Mansion in 2003 , where they would work on their third studio album Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) . Crahan received help from the band 's record label Roadrunner , who supplied them with tapes , camera cleaning equipment and funds to hire people to operate the cameras when Crahan himself couldn 't . Recording began when Slipknot entered The Mansion and continued until they had finished touring in 2005 , reportedly covering 28 months of the bands time together . Crahan 's intentions were to capture as many different Slipknot situations as he could , so when the opportunity to produce a DVD came , he would be in a position to begin work immediately . During the period in which the footage was being shot , Crahan began making little tests of the footage and revealed them to his fellow band mates , judging their reactions to help him establish areas of interest from them . The whole recording process produced over 300 60 @-@ minute tapes of footage . = = Production and promotion = = Similarly to the editing process of their previous DVD Disasterpieces , Crahan watched and analysed all of the footage recorded for the DVD . However in contrast to Disasterpeices this DVD was intended to show a previously unseen side to the band . During an interview in 2006 guitarist Mick Thomson explained that with the DVD the band intended to " bring something new " , he also went on to add " [ there 's ] more backstage stuff , getting to see more inside stuff as opposed to just a concert performance . " Crahan explained how he wanted to allow the viewer in on more of their time instead of just their performance , recalling a moment when the band were in Australia . He included the footage in the film , explaining ; " So I go down to Australia and I go ‘ Jesus , there ’ s bats in the air . ’ I ’ m going to film it and share it with you because it ’ s part of our lives together . But most bands and people don ’ t want to share that side of it and I think that ’ s wrong . " Throughout the movie whenever the band members appear unmasked , their faces are blurred , whereas on the second disc , during the interviews , they are completely revealed . When questioned on the subject during an interview on The Sauce in 2007 , Crahan explained that when the band perform , the masks are always a part of their show and footage of them unmasked is blurred to represent this . Further adding ; " We chose to blur it because , it 's really an intrusion . [ ... ] That 's our safe place and I kind of broke the veil a little bit by grabbing a camera and trying to show everybody those kinds of things that go on . " Prior to the release of the DVD , a promotional website was launched which featured two short teaser videos . Also , for the five weeks prior to its release five short teaser videos were released through the Roadrunner Records website respectively . The DVD was released on December 5 , 2006 and was premiered in 22 separate theatres across the United States . Following the release of the DVD , a music video for the song " The Blister Exists " was released , the video featured footage from Voliminal : Inside the Nine and was of the same style as the movie . The DVD is rated R16 in New Zealand for graphic violence , sexual references and offensive language = = Reception = = Critical reception for Voliminal was mixed . The newspaper Dawn called the DVD " an audible treat for thrash and speed metal fans " , he went on to compliment drummer Joey Jordison , stating that he " structures his beats and percussions in a very traditional thrash set @-@ up , almost as well as ( dare I say it ) the great Dave Lombardo of Slayer fame " . Ultimate Guitar called the DVD " behind @-@ the @-@ scene action in an unorthodox format , complete with choppy editing and absolutely no specific chronology " . They would go on to state though the DVD " only gives partial attention to the music " , " The best moment in the 2 @-@ disc collection comes during a chat with Corey Taylor , who shares his feelings about everything from his less @-@ than @-@ perfect relationship with his father to the obstacles that the band faced in its early days " . TuneLab wrote " Slipknot takes a unique approach to their latest film , as they turn what could have been a mundane video of live footage and band antics into a rather peculiar and extremely interesting movie " . The " scatterbrained and choppy " style of Voliminal " [ will cause ] the viewer to feel like he or she is " outside looking in " , rather than being truly involved with the band 's happenings " . Reviewing for Blogcritics , Chris Beaumont wrote " [ he ] was enthralled and bored by the documentary " . He went on to state , " the best part is watching them perform " , despite the " audio is near unlistenable " ; " these guys know their way around the stage ... this shows the whole package " . Reviewing for Billboard , Christa Titus criticized the DVD writing it " randomly [ strings ] footage from concerts and the usual backstage antics with images of pigeons and overflowing toilets , then tossing in whatever visual effects struck M. Shawn Crahan 's fancy while he edited it . " She concluded " Save your cash for the band 's next tour ... that 's where you 'll get your money 's worth " . Film School Rejects 's Cole Abaius wrote of the DVD , " [ Except fans ] , probably no one else will purchase or enjoy this DVD " . He added that with no narration , " the images are left to speak for themselves " , only " some just don ’ t speak loudly enough " . Despite the mixed reviews , Voliminal was certified gold in Australia , platinum in the United States , and double platinum in Canada . The album peaked at the 5th spot on Billboard 's Music Video charts , and remained on the chart for 10 weeks . = = Contents = = The first disc of Voliminal : Inside The Nine is an 84 @-@ minute movie constructed of a mixture of live performance , backstage and studio footage . The film was shot on handheld digital cameras and features rapid edits between footage which follows no chronological order . Throughout the movie there are also ten " rabbit holes " , nine of which feature additional footage for each band member respectively . Interviews The second disc includes interviews with all nine members of the band which are the first formal interviews of Slipknot to be released without their masks , excluding members appearances outside of Slipknot . = = Personnel = = Aside from their real names , members of the band are referred to by numbers zero through eight . = Battle of Tory Island = The Battle of Tory Island ( sometimes called the Battle of Donegal , Battle of Lough Swilly or Warren 's Action ) was a naval action of the French Revolutionary Wars , fought on 12 October 1798 between French and British squadrons off the northwest coast of County Donegal , then in the Kingdom of Ireland . The last action of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , the Battle of Tory Island ended the final attempt by the French Navy to land substantial numbers of soldiers in Ireland during the war . The Society of United Irishmen , led by Wolfe Tone , launched an uprising against British rule in Ireland in May 1798 . At the request of the rebels , a small French force under General Humbert was landed at Killala , County Mayo , but by early September both this expedition and the rebellion had been defeated . Unaware of Humbert 's surrender , the French despatched reinforcements on 16 September . Having missed one invasion force , the Royal Navy was on alert for another , and when the squadron carrying the reinforcements left Brest they were soon spotted . After a long chase , the French were brought to battle in a bay off the rugged County Donegal coast in the west of Ulster , very close to Tory Island . During the action the outnumbered French attempted to escape , but were run down and defeated piecemeal , with the British capturing four ships and scattering the survivors . Over the next fortnight , British frigate patrols scoured the passage back to Brest , capturing three more ships . Of the ten ships in the original French squadron , only two frigates and a schooner reached safety . British losses in the campaign were minimal . The battle marked the last attempt by the French Navy to launch an invasion of any part of the British Isles . It also ended the last hopes the United Irishmen had of obtaining outside support in their struggle with the British . After the action , Tone was recognised aboard the captured French flagship and arrested . He was brought ashore by the British at Buncrana , on the Inishowen Peninsula . He was later tried for treason , convicted , and committed suicide while in prison in Dublin , hours before he was to be hanged . = = Background = = Britain 's enemies in continental Europe had long recognised Ireland as a weak point in Britain 's defences . Landing troops there was a popular strategic goal , not only because an invader could expect the support of a large proportion of the native population , but also because at least initially they would face fewer and less reliable troops than elsewhere in the British Isles . Additionally , embroiling the British Army in a protracted Irish campaign would reduce its availability for other theatres of war . Finally , French planners considered that a successful invasion of Ireland might act as the ideal platform for a subsequent invasion of Great Britain . The rhetoric of the French Revolution inspired many Irishmen to fight for similar principles of liberty , equality , and brotherhood in their own nation ; liberty in this context largely meant independence from Great Britain . With these goals in mind , in 1791 Dublin lawyer Wolfe Tone founded the Society of United Irishmen . Allying itself with the French Republic , the society was suppressed by the British authorities and forced to go underground when war broke out between France and Great Britain in 1793 . Tone and other members secretly travelled to France to convince the French National Convention to invade Ireland . Such an invasion , they argued , could rely on support from large numbers of Irish irregulars , and if successful would strike a severe blow to the British war effort — perhaps even severe enough to force Britain to seek peace . = = = Invasion attempts = = = French political divisions made organising an operation against Ireland difficult . The process was further hampered by the French Atlantic Fleet 's defeat in 1794 at the Glorious First of June and the disastrous Croisière du Grand Hiver operation in 1795 . Having lost many of its best officers during the political purges of The Terror , these defeats bred a negative mentality in the French Navy , discouraging adventurous strategic thinking . Eventually , the Expédition d 'Irlande was despatched in December 1796 under Admiral Morard de Galles , consisting of 17 ships of the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Shakira and Hill also served as the producers for the song . A Spanish @-@ language translation of the song titled " Loba " , which features additional lyrical contributions by Jorge Drexler , was also released earlier on 6 July . Musically , " She Wolf " is a disco , hi @-@ NRG and synthpop @-@ inspired track that details Shakira 's boredom due to her uncaring partner , and how she looks for others to please her . Upon its release , " She Wolf " was met with favourable reception from music critics , many of whom praised it for being different from the other songs released at that time . Commercially , " She Wolf " performed well on record charts . It peaked in the top 10 of charts of countries like Canada , Germany , Italy , Spain and the United Kingdom . In the United States , " She Wolf " peaked at numbers 11 and one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and Dance / Club Play Songs charts , respectively . The Spanish @-@ language translation " Loba " peaked at number one on both the Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs component charts . " She Wolf " was certified double @-@ platinum in Spain and platinum in Italy , Mexico , and the United States . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Jake Nava , and features Shakira dancing in various locations , such as a red cave and a golden cage . Critical reception towards the video was also positive , many of whom praised Shakira 's dancing ability . For additional promotion , Shakira performed the song on a number of shows and music festivals . It was also a part of the setlist for The Sun Comes Out World Tour in 2010 . = = Background and composition = = " She Wolf " was written by Shakira , John Hill , and Sam Endicott . Shakira and Hill also served as the producers of the song . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Shakira said that the idea for " She Wolf " came to her " very mysteriously " , revealing " I was in the studio in a bad mood that day , then I got inspired and went to a corner and I wrote the lyrics and the melody in 10 minutes . The image of the she wolf just came to my head , and when I least expected it I was howling and panting " . Endicott , musician and lead singer of American post @-@ punk band The Bravery , explained how he and Hill began working with Shakira , saying she " contacted him ( Hill ) , asking if he had any stuff . We never had her in mind . We just made the thing independently of her , and then she liked it a lot , and she sang over it . She used some of the melodies we put in there and then wrote these crazy lyrics about being a werewolf . And that 's how it happened " . " She Wolf " was described by Slant Magazine as a " sleek , hi @-@ NRG / Italo throwback that 's drenched in disco strings " . Mikael Wood from Spin identified the song 's genre as synthpop . Shakira also howls and pants at various times during the song . It is written in B minor key and is a moderate dance groove with a tempo of 120 beats per minute . Shakira 's vocal range on the song spans from B3 to D5 . One of the lines of the song , in which Shakira sings " I 'm starting to feel just a little abused , like a coffee machine in an office " , is often cited as an example of the unusual lyrics present in Shakira 's songs . The song was released by Epic Records as the lead single from the album of the same name . " She Wolf " was made available for digital download on ITunes on 10 July 2009 . It was released as a CD single later on 21 September . A Spanish @-@ language translation of the song titled " Loba " , which features additional lyrical contributions from Jorge Drexler , was released on 6 July 2009 . = = Critical reception = = The song was well received by most music critics . David Balls from Digital Spy gave the song a positive review and said that the song " manages to be fresh and quirky while still sounding like a smash " . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine labelled " She Wolf " as a " sleek , hi @-@ NRG / Italo throwback " and said that its lyrics " walk a fine line between campy and really campy " . Michael Cragg from MusicOMH called it " three minutes of delicious pop , as camp as it is clever " , and concluded that the song is " the kind of wonderfully bizarre couplet we ’ ve come to expect from Columbia ’ s shrinking violet " . Jonathan Goss from Sabotage Times praised its lyrics and commended Shakira 's use of the word " lycanthropy " . He summed up the review by calling " She Wolf " a " modern classic " . Spin critic Mikael Wood complemented it as " lovably bonkers . " Fraser McAlpine from BBC Chart Blog gave it an overall positive review , but criticized Shakira 's howling , calling it " half @-@ hearted " . Ben Ratliff from The New York Times , however , gave it a negative review , saying that the song is " undercooked and overwritten " and that it " reaches a special class of fascinating @-@ awful " . At the 2009 International Dance Music Awards ceremony , " She Wolf " was nominated for " Best Latin Track " , but lost to American rapper Pitbull 's song " I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) " . At the 2009 Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica awards ceremony , the song was nominated in the category " Canción Del Año " ( " Song of the Year " ) . At the 2009 Premios 40 Principales awards ceremony , " Loba " won the award for " Best International Song In Spanish Language " . At the 2009 Premios Shock award ceremony , the song was nominated " Best Radio Song " . At the 2010 Premios Juventud awards ceremony , the song was nominated for " Mi Ringtone " ( " My Ringtone " ) , but lost to Tito El Bambino 's song " El Amor " . At the 2010 2010 Latin Billboard Music Awards , the song was nominated for " Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year " and " Latin Digital Download of the Year " , but lost both . At the 2010 ASCAP awards ceremony , Jorge Drexler won an award for his composition of " Loba " . It was acknowledged as an award winning song at the 2011 BMI Latin Awards . = = Commercial performance = = In Austria , the song entered and peaked at number three on the Austrian Singles Chart , spending a total of 19 weeks on the chart . In the Dutch @-@ speaking Flanders region of Belgium , the song entered the Ultratop chart at number 48 and peaked at 16 , spending a total of 15 weeks on the chart . It performed much better in the French @-@ speaking Wallonia region of Belgium , where it entered the Ultratop chart at number eight and peaked at number five , spending a total of 21 weeks on the chart . " She Wolf " was Shakira 's second consecutive single to peak at number five in the region , after " Beautiful Liar " ( 2007 ) . In Finland , the song entered the Finnish Singles Chart at number 13 and peaked at number 6 , spending a total of 13 weeks on the chart . In Germany , the song peaked at number two on the German Singles Chart . In Ireland , the song peaked at number two on the Irish Singles Chart , spending a total of 12 weeks on the chart . In Italy , " Loba " entered the Italian Singles Chart at number 12 and peaked at number three , spending a total of 22 weeks on the chart . It became Shakira 's first single to receive a record certification in the country after the Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana ( FIMI ) certified the song platinum for selling 30 @,@ 000 units . In Norway , " She Wolf " narrowly missed charting inside the top ten of the Norwegian Singles Chart by peaking at number 11 . In Spain , " Loba " entered the Spanish Singles Chart at number 25 and peaked at number two , being kept from the top position by American rapper Pitbull 's song " I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) " . In this region , it was certified double @-@ platinum by the Productores de Música de España ( PROMUSICAE ) for selling 80 @,@ 000 units . In Switzerland , the song entered and peaked at number three on the Swiss Singles Chart , spending a total of 23 weeks on the chart . In this territory , it was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for selling 10 @,@ 000 units . In the United Kingdom , the song peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart and spent a total of 16 weeks on the chart . The British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) certified " She Wolf " silver for shipments of 200 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , it peaked at number five on the Canadian Hot 100 chart , spending a total of 20 weeks on the chart . " Loba " became a success in Mexico , peaking at number one on the Monitor Latino airplay chart and receiving a platinum certification from the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) . In the United States , " She Wolf " debuted at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Shakira 's highest debuting song on the chart . It later narrowly missed reaching inside the top 10 of the chart by peaking at number 11 . " She Wolf " spent a total of 20 weeks on the chart . On the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , it peaked at number one and spent a total of 15 weeks on the chart . " She Wolf " became Shakira 's second solo consecutive single to peak atop the chart after " Illegal " ( 2006 ) . On the Pop Songs chart , it peaked at number 11 and spent 12 weeks on the chart . " She Wolf " remained as Shakira 's highest @-@ debuting single on the Billboard Hot 100 until " Can 't Remember to Forget You " broke its record in 2014 by debuting at number 28 . The Spanish @-@ language translation " Loba " peaked at number one on Hot Latin Songs chart , spending a total of 22 weeks on the chart . It became Shakira 's fourteenth top @-@ ten single on the chart and tied her with American singer @-@ songwriter Selena for having the fifth @-@ most top @-@ ten singles for a female artist . Later in 2010 , Shakira became the third @-@ ranking female artist with the highest number of top @-@ ten singles on the chart after the release of " Loca " . On the Tropical Songs chart , " Loba " peaked at number one , spending a total of 20 weeks on the chart . " She Wolf " was certified platinum in the United States for digital downloads of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . As of March 2014 , " She Wolf " stands as Shakira 's second highest @-@ selling digital song in the United States with sales of 1 @,@ 812 @,@ 000 units , behind her 2006 hit " Hips Don 't Lie " . = = Music video = = = = = Development and synopsis = = = The accompanying music video for the single was directed by Jake Nava , who had previously collaborated with Shakira on the video for " Beautiful Liar " . The dance sequences in the video were choreographed by Nadine " Hi @-@ Hat " Ruffin , and are said to incorporate ballet , popping and locking , tribal dance and moves similar to the ones in the eighties drama Flashdance . Talking about her dancing in the video , Shakira said , " I start doing all kinds of outrageous stuff and hanging upside down and doing stuff that wasn 't planned . But it was kind of an improvisation . I just got caught in the moment . " The music video premiered on 30 July 2009 , on MTV and was made available for download on iTunes a day later on 31 July . The video for the Spanish @-@ language translation " Loba " was released on the same day . The video begins with Shakira getting out of bed in the middle of a full @-@ moon night . Her nails begin to grow and she is shown lacing a pair of boots . Shakira then enters a closet , which leads to the inside of a glittering ruby @-@ red cave , where she begins dancing wearing a black asymmetric bodysuit . The next scene depicts Shakira striking different poses inside a golden cage ( with the sign " Do Not Feed the Animal " on top ) , clad in a skin @-@ toned leotard . Shakira explained the usage of the golden cage in the video , saying that " I just wanted to express what it feels like for a she @-@ wolf to be in captivity . To be in a golden cage . I think I 've been in a golden cage most of my life . And now not anymore " . The setting changes and Shakira is seen performing a dance routine in a club with many back @-@ up dancers . A wolf is also shown walking in the club and transforming into a woman . Near to the end of the video , Shakira dances on a rooftop with a backdrop resembling San Francisco . As the song ends , she falls backwards from the roof and lands in her closet . The video ends with Shakira lying back in her bed and smiling as thunder cracks . = = = Reception = = = Critical reception towards the video was mostly positive . Adam Fairholm from the Internet Music Video Database praised Shakira 's dance moves and flexibility in the video and complimented Nava 's direction . James Montgomery from MTV also commended Shakira 's dancing , noting that she " even manages to out @-@ Beyoncé " . He also complimented Shakira 's body , commenting that her posterior is the " breakout star of the video " . Anna Pickard from The Guardian appreciated the originality of the video and noted that " the moves contained in this video are not the kind of thing you see every day " . Andrew Bast from The Daily Beast , however , gave the video a negative review and criticized it for being overly sexual . At the 2009 Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica awards ceremony , the video received a nomination in the category " Video del Año " ( " Video of the Year " ) . At the 2010 Premios Juventud awards ceremony , the video won the award for " Mi Video Favorito " ( " My Favourite Video " ) . At the 2010 Premios Lo Nuestro , the video won the award for " Video del Año " ( " Video of the Year " ) . On 28 April 2014 , the video reached 100 million views on video @-@ sharing website YouTube and was hence marked " Vevo Certified " by video hosting service Vevo . It is Shakira 's tenth " Vevo Certified " video . = = Live performances = = Shakira performed the song live for the first time on the finale of the season four of America 's Got Talent , on 16 September 2009 . On 17 September , she performed the song at the 2009 ALMA Awards ceremony . She performed " She Wolf " along with " Did It Again " , the second single off the album , on 18 September episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and the 17 October episode of Saturday Night Live . On 24 September , Shakira performed " She Wolf " and " Hips Don 't Lie " on the BBC Radio 1Xtra Live Lounge . On 28 September , she performed the song on T4 , a scheduling slot on Channel 4 . On 25 September , she performed the song on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross , along with her hits " Whenever , Wherever " and " Hips Don 't Lie " . On 14 February 2010 , Shakira performed " She Wolf " and " Give It Up to Me " , the third single off the album , during the halftime of the 2010 NBA All @-@ Star Game . She wore a low @-@ cut leotard and a sparkling fur gilet for the performance . At the 2010 Rock in Rio festival held in Madrid , Spain , Shakira performed " Loba " , the Spanish @-@ language translation of the song . On 10 June , at the 2010 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony , Shakira performed " She Wolf " , " Hips Don 't Lie " , and the official 2010 FIFA World Cup song , " Waka Waka ( This Time For Africa ) " . On 26 June , Shakira performed the song at the Glastonbury Festival , which took place in Pilton , Somerset . The song was also included on the setlist of The Sun Comes Out World Tour in 2010 and 2011 . The tour performance began with Shakira letting out a long howl and proceeding to dance with two female back @-@ up dancers . The performance marked the first time back @-@ up dancers were featured in the show . Dave Simpson from The Guardian commented that Shakira was " howling like a banshee " during the performance . = = Track listings = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Somebody to Love ( Justin Bieber song ) = " Somebody to Love " is a song performed by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber . The song served as the second single from his album , My World 2 @.@ 0 . It was written by Heather B and The Stereotypes , and produced by the latter . The song was originally recorded as a demo by Bieber 's mentor , R & B singer , Usher , for his sixth studio album , Raymond v. Raymond ( 2010 ) . After things went stale with Usher 's label , The Stereotypes were encouraged to give the song to Bieber , who recorded it , with Usher performing background vocals . The song is an upbeat dance @-@ pop song , which also derives from R & B genre , while making use of Eurodisco influences . It impacted US mainstream and rhythmic radio on April 20 , 2010 . The remix of the song featuring Usher was featured on Bieber 's first compilation album My Worlds : The Collection and his second remix album Never Say Never : The Remixes . Usher re @-@ recorded featured vocals for the official remix of the song , which was released on June 25 , 2010 . A variation of the track with slightly different production done by Benny Blanco , features Usher on lead vocals and Bieber as the featured artist . It is included on the follow @-@ up release of Raymond v. Raymond , titled Versus . In Japan , the song was released dually with " Never Say Never " as a double A @-@ side single . The song received positive reviews , with critics complimenting the track 's dance feel , and the lyrical content . " Somebody to Love " became Bieber 's third consecutive top ten hit in Canada , and his fourth consecutive top twenty single in the United States . It also reached the top twenty in Germany , New Zealand and Australia . The accompanying music video for the official remix , directed by Dave Meyers , was intended to rely solely on choreography , and integrate different styles of dance . It features appearances from several dance crews , such as Beat Freaks and Poreotics . According to critics , the video makes allusions to previous dance @-@ heavy clips by Usher and Chris Brown . Bieber performed the song at a number of venues , including the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards and on the seventh series of The X Factor in the United Kingdom . = = Background = = In a Q & A with Rap @-@ Up , Jonathan Yip of The Stereotypes confirmed that record was originally made for Usher , but things did not go through right with his label . According to Yip , Perez Hilton was the one who recommended the song for Bieber , and after that the producers agreed . Yip said that Usher 's label , Jive Records " wasn 't sure what they wanted to do with the record for Usher " , so they contacted Bieber 's manager , Scooter Braun , and Bieber was able to record the track . On the remix , Jonathan Yip commented , " Usher 's now back on the record , on the remix , so we can 't really complain . " A variation of the track with slightly different production , featuring Usher as lead vocalist and Bieber as the guest vocalist , is included on a follow @-@ up release to his sixth studio album , titled Versus . The Versus version of the song was produced by Benny Blanco . = = Composition and critical reception = = " Somebody to Love " is an urban and dance @-@ pop song that is set in common time with a moderate @-@ tempo of 125 beats per minute . Bieber 's R & B vocals are blended throughout the song . The song also integrates elements of Euro disco . Set it common time , the song is written in the key of C minor , and Bieber 's vocals span from the low note of G3 to high note of C5 . It follows the basic chord progression of Cm – E ♭ – F. The song has been described by Jocelyn Vena of MTV News as a " dance track in which he professes his love for a girl and tells her he 'd do anything for her " and a " club @-@ friendly pop tune . " Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone said the song was a " thumping Eurodisco . " Lauren Carter of the Boston Herald called the track " fun and upbeat " and said , " is a standout and the track to download – give listeners time to dance or daydream , as the case may be . " Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music wrote that " Somebody to Love is a straightforward plea for a soul mate ; it says something we ’ ve all felt . " Monica Herrera of Billboard commented , " Somebody to Love " offers the clearest evidence yet that he 's more than capable of clearing the hurdle from teen to adult stardom . " = = Chart performance = = In the United States , " Somebody to Love " entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number ninety @-@ eight . After weeks of steadily ascending the charts , the single reached a peak of fifteen on the issue week July 17 , 2010 . The song received digital sales after the release of My World 2 @.@ 0 , propelling it to debut at ninety @-@ four on the Canadian Hot 100 . The song fell off the chart the following week and re @-@ entered on the week of June 12 , 2010 at its previous peak of ninety @-@ one . After re @-@ entering and steadily ascending the charts , the single reached a new peak of ten on the week issued July 3 , 2010 . It also peaked at twenty and thirty @-@ six on the US Pop Songs chart and US Latin Pop Songs , respectively . The song performed well in several international markets . " Somebody to Love " entered the UK Singles Chart at forty @-@ seven on the issue date of June 6 , 2010 . The following week the song fell to position sixty @-@ two . In the succeeding week the single reached thirty @-@ three where it reached its peak . In Australia , " Somebody to Love " entered the chart at forty @-@ seven on the week of July 5 , 2010 . The following week , the single rose to its peak position of number twenty . On the Japan Hot 100 , the song peaked within the top ten , at number three . " Somebody to Love " also peaked within the top twenty in Germany and New Zealand , the top thirty of Austria , and elsewhere in Switzerland and on the Belgian charts . Its numerous chartings in Europe allowed the song to peak at number thirty @-@ three on the European Hot 100 . = = Music video = = = = = Background = = = The music video for the official remix version featuring Usher was filmed during the week of May 9 , 2010 , directed by Dave Meyers . The video was choreographed by Jamaica Craft , notable for her work with choreography on videos for Usher and Ciara . Rather than a storyline as in Bieber 's previous videos , the video focuses on a dance and choreography aspect . Meyers stated that he wanted the video to be more playful , stating , We 're bringing Justin into the world of dance on this one , giving Justin the chance to integrate to different styles of dance . So we kind of kept it simple with the art direction , just real graphic and really highlighting the dance . No big story lines , no crowds of people , just real clean . A preview of the video was posted on AOL 's PopEater.com , and subsequently on Bieber 's VEVO channel , including behind the scenes clips of Bieber with the dancers , and highlights of the video with Usher and in front of a green screen . Bieber said , " It 's really awesome to be able to work with professional dancers , you know , people that were in , like , ABDC , and also got an approval from choreographer Jamaica , who said Bieber was " killing it " and that she didn 't have to give him any corrections . It made its premiere during the June 17 , 2010 results show of the seventh season of So You Think You Can Dance , and was introduced by Usher after his performance of " OMG " . It later premiered that night on VEVO and on June 18 , 2010 on 20 / 20 . The video features dance crews including , America 's Best Dance Crew season 5 winners Poreotics , and Season 3 's runner up Beat Freaks , as well as The Syrenz , LXD , Medea Sirkas , solo acts Simrin Player and Bboy Fly , and other dancers and crews . Singer / actress and model Katerina Graham makes a cameo in a scene with Poreotics . Bieber 's best friend Ryan Butler , who appeared in the " One Time " video , also appears alongside Bieber , wearing a T @-@ shirt advertising his Twitter account . According to Tamar Antai of MTV News the video " makes vague allusions " to clips for Busta Rhymes ' " Pass the Courvoisier , Part II " and Chris Brown 's " Wall to Wall " . A backpack choreography scene with LXD recalls Usher 's 1997 video for " You Make Me Wanna " . = = = Synopsis and reception = = = The video features Bieber dancing along several dance crews along a black backdrop , and a scene with ninjas and a flame outline . The video begins with Bieber dancing with different members of the crews with use of a spotlight effect , followed by Bieber being flaunted by a single female dancer . Then the video cuts to Bieber performing Stepping ( African @-@ American ) -style choreography with two male dancers , shirtless with red hats and red suspenders . With the aid of smoke , the video moves to Bieber dancing with Beat Freaks . Usher sings his verse along with The Syrenz as dancers in a room with metal chandeliers before uniting with Bieber dancing in the scene aided by Poreotics . Then Bieber and Usher sing and dance with Medea Sirkas in ninja attire in front of a background of Chinese calligraphy ( " Love " ) and flames , before returning to the black backdrop and metal chandeliers as Bieber dances with Simrin Player and LXD in a scene with bookbags . The ending features Bieber and several of the dancers featured performing group choreography before cutting to Bieber and Usher with the in front of the calligraphy and flames . Monica Herrera of Billboard said Usher 's " star power is clearly rubbing off on the 16 @-@ year @-@ old " , commenting that Bieber " shows off his smoothest moves yet " and " tackles his toughest choreography . " Jocelyn Vena of MTV News commented , " While Bieber had previously teased his dancing skills in the " Baby " video , he really channeled Usher 's smooth moves in this newest clip . " Tamar Antai also of MTV said , " Usher does most of the heavy lifting where dancing is concerned , and Justin Bieber , who 's more of a singer than a dancer , is in no danger of upstaging Usher on the dance floor . " Antai compared Bieber 's moves to Usher in his " Caught Up " video , commenting " it 's nice to see Justin expanding the scope of talents to include pelvic thrusts , Matrix @-@ style slo @-@ mo leans " and , " it 's also nice to see Justin looking a little more mature and sophisticated in a hoodie and leather jacket .... and his videos are growing up with him , as this is his flashiest , most grandiose video yet . Antai also commented on the appeal of the video , commending Meyers , " who put that classic early ' 00s @-@ style big @-@ money polish on the piece – for employing fire , shirtless dudes , white ninjas ... " = = Live performances = = Bieber performed " Somebody to Love " on multiple occasions , including as a part of his set list on the My World Tour . On most televised performances the song was performed alongside " Baby " and more of his previous songs . He performed the song at a number of venues , in Wales at Radio 1 's Big Weekend on May 22 , 2010 . Additionally Bieber performed it on Today with " Baby " and " One Time " on June 4 , 2010 He performed the song with " Baby , " assisted by Drake on June 21 , 2010 at the 2010 MuchMusic Video Awards . The song was performed with " Baby " at Macy 's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular on July 4 , 2010 . " Somebody to Love " was also performed with " U Smile " and " Baby " at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12 , 2010 , accompanied by a full dance team and band . For the performance , Bieber , donning a black and red letter jacket and a ' 50 's style cardigan , drove into the Nokia Theater in a 1957 red Chevrolet car , and was chased by girls ( paying homage to The Beatles ' " A Hard Day 's Night . " He then proceeded to perform " U Smile " as an introduction , followed by " Baby " and " Somebody to Love " , which had dance parts in which his background dancers wore the same attire as him . During the " Somebody to Love " performance Bieber and backup dancers performed an elaborate dance routine including younger children , which was followed by a drum solo by the singer . During the performance of the song , black and red confetti fell from the sky . Critics appreciated the performance , with a Jocelyn Vena of MTV News calling Bieber a " triple threat . " " Baby " and " Somebody to Love " were performed by Bieber on the seventh series of The X Factor in the United Kingdom on November 28 , 2010 . = = In popular culture = = In 2011 , the song was performed by Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) , Puck ( Mark Salling ) , Artie ( Kevin McHale ) and Mike ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) in the Glee episode " Comeback " . = = Track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting – Heather Bright , Jonathan Yip , Ray Romulus , Jeremy Reeves Production – Jonathan Yip , Ray Romulus , Jeremy Reeves Background vocals – Usher Mixing – Jaycen Joshua , assisted by Giancarlo Lino Engineering – additional by Pat Thrall Source = = Charts = = = = = Year @-@ end charts = = = = = = Sales and certifications = = = Notes All chartings are conjunctions of the single / album version and remix , with the exception of Australia and Sweden , which are chartings of the official remix version exclusively . = = Release history = = = Ruby Blue ( album ) = Ruby Blue is the debut solo album of Irish singer Róisín Murphy , released by Echo Records on 13 June 2005 ( see 2005 in music ) . After she and Mark Brydon dissolved their electronic duo Moloko , Murphy began working with producer and musician Matthew Herbert , known for his experimental work in jazz and electronic music . The songs were first released through three extended plays and were then compiled into a studio album . The album often samples sounds made by everyday objects and actions , including cosmetics , brass mice , dancing and ornaments . It mixes the electronic music for which Moloko was known with jazz and pop styles . The album received positive reviews from music critics . Ruby Blue , upon its June 2005 European release , charted at No. 88 in the United Kingdom . It produced two singles , " If We 're in Love " and " Sow into You " . = = Background = = Murphy and Mark Brydon ended their romantic relationship but were still contractually obligated to record another album , which became Moloko 's 2003 album Statues . When she finished touring , she found herself alone and had to re @-@ evaluate the friendships she had built . During this time , she got to know Matthew Herbert , whom she had met when he remixed several of Moloko 's songs . Murphy had wanted to work with him again , commenting that " it felt very natural … because Matthew makes things seem quicker and easier " . During the first day of recording with Herbert , he had her bring an unspecified object so that they could hit it against a microphone and record the sound it made . Herbert 's approach was that for Murphy to go solo , the album should revolve around her and the sounds that surround her . They wanted to carry out recording and audio mixing in one room , so Herbert invested in a studio . There , Herbert recorded Murphy 's voice without accompaniment so that she could better hear how her voice naturally sounded . On occasion , the two added instruments to a track by having her hire an instrumentalist , sometimes to play an unusual instrument such as a hammered dulcimer . After the pair had recorded a few songs , Murphy found that she enjoyed working with Herbert , and her label let her work freely without any deadline . When she presented them the album , they found it odd and did not hear any songs that would make successful singles . The A & R division suggested that Murphy make some changes to make it more radio @-@ friendly . Murphy refused , stating that she " wanted it to be as pure as possible " . The label later came to support her . The songs on Ruby Blue were gradually released on 12 " vinyl EPs titled Sequins 1 , Sequins 2 , and Sequins 3 , in January , February , and May 2005 respectively . The cover of Ruby Blue was painted by Simon Henwood . Murphy met Henwood in a pub , and Henwood , who was known for his simplified paintings of teenagers , thought that she would be a good subject for a painting . Henwood came to Murphy 's house the next week and , while they were looking through her wardrobe , decided to have her dressed in sequins . Murphy positioned her body in abstract shapes for Henwood to paint . She developed a character , which Henwood described as a " disco electro pop diva with a 1940s look " . His canvases were displayed at The Hospital in Victoria , London , and Murphy purchased them " for [ her ] kids so they can see what [ she ] once looked like " . The three EPs and both singles used Henwood 's paintings in the cover , and he later directed the music videos for the singles . = = Composition = = Ruby Blue mixes electronica with early twentieth century vocal jazz , an interest of Herbert 's . The instruments , primarily brass and woodwinds , are layered over sampled noises such as alarm clocks , a water cooler , hairspray and helmets . Murphy 's vocals were described as a combination of " a less @-@ pained Billie Holiday and a less @-@ sheltered Doris Day " . She identified OutKast 's 2003 double album Speakerboxxx / The Love Below as an influence , stating that " it was experimental , it was soulful and funky " . The album 's lyrics are based on her romantic relationships with Brydon and then with Henwood . The opening track " Leaving the City " slowly builds up during the introduction and uses out of tune instrumentation and a repetitive chorus . Following " Sinking Feeling " , which uses a beat constructed from clicking sounds , is " Night of the Dancing Flame " , which combines synthesisers with 1920s jazz . It is written in waltz time and was compared to Stevie Wonder 's work during his peak . After opening with noises such as rustling and coughing , the longest track " Through Time " proceeds into a ballad that was compared to those by Carole King . The fifth track " Sow into You " was released as the album 's second single . The song uses a metaphor of rain and harvests to describe love and sex , atop a baroque pop brass arrangement . " Dear Diary " is a torch song mixing northern soul with disco music with the sounds of doorbells and telephones ringing . The seventh track " If We 're in Love " was released as the album 's lead single . It is a downtempo song featuring a boogie swing rhythm and sharp brass parts , opening with phased vocals and closing with a call and response between brass and keyboard parts . " Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) " , the eighth track , contains a chorus of onomatopoeic lyrics delivered over a tribal rhythm . The title track uses overdriven guitar parts and layers of overdubbed vocals . Its lyrics caution a woman who has become out of control and its title was chosen to contrast feelings of passion and melancholy . " Off on It " , a more experimental song with an unsteady rhythm , precedes " Prelude to Love in the Making " , an excerpt of less than one minute taken from " Love in the Making " on Sequins 2 . The album closes with " The Closing of the Doors " , a cabaret @-@ style ballad driven by the piano . = = Critical reception = = The album received positive reviews from music critics . The Guardian called it " the kind of ambitious avant @-@ pop hybrid that gets Björk rapturous acclaim " . AllMusic wrote that " Murphy keeps the alluring sensuality and unpredictable quirks that made Moloko unique , without sounding like she 's rehashing where she 's already been " . Stylus Magazine said the album " happily represents something of a midpoint between the downright oddity of Moloko 's early albums ... and the mix of disco sensibility and wrenching balladry of their swansong " . PopMatters referred to the album as " one of the best examples of production shaping but not overwhelming the artist 's vision " . The Guardian agreed , stating that because of Herbert 's production , Murphy sounded " sonically enticing and varied … at times sultry , rude , powerful and tender across white noise , waltz time signatures and jazz sass " but was mixed on the album overall , adding that the pair " their noodling eclipse the songs , leaving few you 'll actually be able to sing back to anyone " . Pitchfork Media remarked that " it 's hard to imagine anyone not ranking this is [ sic ] the best thing Murphy has ever done " and that " when the songwriting is on , Ruby Blue seems perfect , the ultimate combination of human warmth and technological know @-@ how " . The publication listed the album at number forty @-@ one in its list of the top fifty albums of 2005 . = = Chart performance = = Ruby Blue was released in Europe on 13 June 2005 and was less successful than Murphy 's work with Moloko . The album reached number eighty on the Billboard European Top 100 Albums , dropping off the chart the next week , and charted at number eighty @-@ eight on the UK Albums Chart . It had the most success in Belgium , where it reached number seven and remained on the albums chart for twelve weeks . Elsewhere in Europe , it reached the top forty in Finland and the top fifty in Austria , Germany , the Netherlands and Switzerland . Echo released the album in the United States on 25 April 2006 , but it did not chart on the Billboard 200 . = = Soundtrack appearances = = A third of the album 's songs were used in the second season of medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . " Ruby Blue " , " Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) " , " Love in the Making " and " Night of the Dancing Flame " were used for " Make Me Lose Control " , " Deny , Deny , Deny " , " Bring the Pain " and " Much Too Much " respectively . The show 's music supervisor , Alexandra Patsavas , stated that she had been a fan of Moloko and gave Ruby Blue a positive review . " Ruby Blue " is included in the first volume of the show 's soundtrack . Three songs have been used for reality show So You Think You Can Dance . " Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) " was used for a group performance on the sixth week of the second season . Contestants wore costumes and make @-@ up to show them as zombies in a performance combining the 1968 horror film Night of the Living Dead with Michael Jackson 's 1983 music video for " Thriller " . At the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , the performance was part of a three @-@ way tie for Outstanding Choreography with a So You Think You Can Dance performance of Céline Dion 's " Calling You " , choreographed by Mia Michaels , and the television special Tony Bennett : An American Classic . " Night of the Dancing Flame " was used for a couple 's jazz dance in the fourth week of the following season with contestants Neil Haskell and Lauren Gottlieb . The performances were choreographed by Wade Robson . Robson also did a number to " Ruby Blue " in the fifth season of So You Think You Can Dance . = = Track listing = = All songs written by Róisín Murphy and Matthew Herbert . " Leaving the City " – 4 : 49 " Sinking Feeling " – 3 : 32 " Night of the Dancing Flame " – 3 : 26 " Through Time " – 5 : 58 " Sow into You " – 3 : 56 " Dear Diary " – 5 : 50 " If We 're in Love " – 4 : 31 " Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) " – 3 : 35 " Ruby Blue " – 2 : 48 " Off on It " – 5 : 22 " Prelude to Love in the Making " – 0 : 53 " The Closing of the Doors " – 3 : 29 = = Personnel = = = = Charts = = = Italian cruiser Montebello = Montebello was the second of four Goito @-@ class torpedo cruisers built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . She was built at the Arsenale di La Spezia between September 1885 and January 1889 , when she entered service . She was armed with a variety of light guns and four 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes , and was capable of a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . Montebello spent her active @-@ duty career with the main Italian fleet , where she frequently took part in annual training exercises . In 1903 , she was withdrawn from front @-@ line service and converted into a training ship for engine room personnel ; she served in this capacity until 1920 , when she was sold for scrap . = = Design = = Montebello was 73 @.@ 4 meters ( 241 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 7 @.@ 88 m ( 25 @.@ 9 ft ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 31 m ( 10 @.@ 9 ft ) . She displaced 801 metric tons ( 788 long tons ; 883 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of three triple @-@ expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by six coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Exact figures for the ship 's performance have not survived , but the members of the Goito class could steam at a speed of about 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) from 2 @,@ 500 to 3 @,@ 180 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 860 to 2 @,@ 370 kW ) . Montebello had a cruising radius of 1 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 000 km ; 1 @,@ 300 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 105 and 121 . The primary armament for Montebello was four 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes . She was also equipped with six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) 40 @-@ caliber guns and two 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 20 @-@ cal. guns , all mounted singly . The ship was protected with an armored deck that was 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) thick . = = Service history = = The keel for Montebello was laid down at the Arsenale di La Spezia shipyard on 25 September 1885 . She was launched on 14 March 1888 and completed on 21 January 1889 . In 1893 , Montebello was laid up in Naples for the year ; at the time , the Italian fleet mobilized only a handful of vessels for the annual training maneuvers , preferring to keep the most modern vessels in reserve to reduce maintenance costs . In 1895 , Montebello was stationed in the 2nd Maritime Department , split between Taranto and Naples , along with most of the torpedo cruisers in the Italian fleet . These included her sister ships Monzambano , Goito , and Confienza , the eight Partenope @-@ class cruisers , and Tripoli . In 1898 , Montebello was assigned to the Levant Squadron that patrolled the eastern Mediterranean . She served on the station with the ironclad battleship Sardegna , the protected cruiser Etruria , Monzambano , and the torpedo cruiser Aretusa . Later in 1898 , Montebello was withdrawn from front @-@ line service and employed as a training ship for engine room personnel . In 1903 , her boilers were replaced with a variety of coal and oil @-@ burning boilers manufactured by Pattison , Yarrow , and Thornycroft to give trainees several types of equipment to operate . At the outbreak of the Italo @-@ Turkish War in September 1911 , Montebello was stationed in Venice along with Tripoli and Goito . None of the vessels saw action during the war . The ship did not see action after Italy entered World War I either , as both the Italian and Austro @-@ Hungarian fleets adopted cautious strategies . Montebello continued in service as a training ship until 26 January 1920 , when she was stricken from the naval register and broken up for scrap . = 1950 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1950 Atlantic hurricane season was the first year in the Atlantic hurricane database ( HURDAT ) that storms were given names in the Atlantic basin . Names were taken from the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet , with the first named storm being designated " Able " , the second " Baker " , and so on . It was an active season with sixteen tropical storms , with eleven of them developing into hurricanes . Six of these hurricanes were intense enough to be classified as major hurricanes — a denomination reserved for storms that attained sustained winds equivalent to a Category 3 or greater on the present @-@ day Saffir – Simpson scale . One storm , the twelfth of the season , was unnamed and was originally excluded from the yearly summary , and three additional storms were discovered in re @-@ analysis . The large quantity of strong storms during the year yielded , prior to modern reanalysis , what was the highest seasonal accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) of the 20th century in the Atlantic basin ; 1950 held the seasonal ACE record until broken by the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . However , later examination by researchers determined that several storms in the 1950 season were weaker than thought , leading to a lower ACE than assessed originally . The tropical cyclones of the season produced a total of 88 fatalities and $ 38 @.@ 5 million in property damage ( 1950 USD ) . The first officially named Atlantic hurricane was Hurricane Able , which formed on August 12 , brushed the North Carolina coastline , and later moved across Atlantic Canada . The strongest hurricane of the season , Hurricane Dog , reached the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson scale , and caused extensive damage to the Leeward Islands . Two major hurricanes affected Florida : Easy produced the highest 24 @-@ hour rainfall total recorded in the United States , while King struck downtown Miami as a Category 4 hurricane and caused $ 27 @.@ 75 million ( 1950 USD ) of damage . The two major landfalls made the 1945 – 1950 period the only five @-@ year period to feature five major hurricane landfalls in the United States — a record that held until tied in 2000 – 2005 . The last storm of the year , an unnamed tropical storm , dissipated on November 13 . = = Summary = = The season officially began on June 15 and ended on November 15 ; these dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . This season was the first time that the United States Weather Bureau operated with radar technology to observe hurricanes 200 mi ( 320 km ) away from land . Although the season began on June 15 , tropical activity typically does not begin before August . The tropics remained tranquil through early August , and the U.S. Weather Bureau noted that the season had been " remarkably quiet " . The inactive period ended on August 12 , when the first tropical storm developed east of the Lesser Antilles . This storm received the name " Able " as part of the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet . ( The same alphabet was also used in the 1951 and 1952 seasons , before being replaced by female naming in 1953 . ) Before the end of August , four hurricanes had formed in the Atlantic , two of which attained major hurricane status . A major hurricane is a tropical cyclone with winds of at least 111 mph ( 178 km / h ) ; a storm of this intensity would be classified as a Category 3 or greater on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale introduced in the 1970s . In contrast to the busy August , only three named storms developed in September — although three of the August hurricanes lasted into September . Hurricane Dog became the strongest hurricane of the season on September 6 with winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) ; its peak strength occurred over the open Atlantic Ocean , so it did not cause significant damage when it was at its strongest . It was among the most severe hurricanes on record in Antigua , where the hurricane struck early in its duration . Eight tropical storms or hurricanes formed in October , which is greater than in any other year . In total , there were sixteen tropical storms during the season , of which five ( Tropical Storm How , Tropical Storm Mike and three unnamed tropical storms ) did not attain hurricane status . Overall , six major hurricanes occurred during the year . The Hurricane Hunters made about 300 flights into hurricanes during the season , the most since the practice began in 1943 . The number of storms was above average ; in a typical year , eleven tropical storms , six hurricanes , and between two and three major hurricanes take place . With the numerous major hurricanes , the season produced a high accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) of 211 , although it was originally assessed as 243 before reanalysis . At one point , the 1950 total was the highest on record , before being surpassed by the 2005 season . This value is an approximation of the combined kinetic energy used by all tropical cyclones throughout the season . = = Storms = = = = = Hurricane Able = = = The beginning of the hurricane season was inactive , with the formation of no tropical cyclones during June or July . In the middle of August a tropical wave spawned the first tropical storm of the year . Tropical Storm Able formed east of the Lesser Antilles on August 12 , and strengthened to hurricane status on August 14 . It likely formed earlier , as a Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane , but data in the eastern Atlantic was sparse . Able gradually intensified as it tracked generally west @-@ northwestward , and by 12 : 00 UTC on August 17 , Able became a major hurricane . Initially , Able was thought to pose a threat to the Bahamas and Florida . Instead , the hurricane turned to the northwest , reaching its peak intensity as a strong Category 3 hurricane , and later turned to the northeast , passing just offshore Cape Hatteras , North Carolina and Cape Cod . Steadily weakening and accelerating , Able struck Nova Scotia as a minimal hurricane , and later struck Newfoundland as an extratropical storm . It dissipated early on August 24 in the far northern Atlantic Ocean . Along the coast of North Carolina , the hurricane produced light winds and rough waves , as well as moderate precipitation . Heavier rainfall occurred in southern New England , causing flooding in portions of New York City and producing slick roads that caused nine traffic fatalities . Able produced hurricane @-@ force winds in Nova Scotia , and damage across Canada totaled over $ 1 million ( 1950 CAD , $ 10 @.@ 2 million 2016 USD ) in the agriculture , communications , and fishing industries . Two people died in Canada when their raft was overturned . = = = Hurricane Baker = = = Tropical Storm Baker developed on August 18 east of the Lesser Antilles . It moved northwestward and later turned to the west , attaining hurricane status on August 21 . The next day , the hurricane attained Category 2 intensity just as it crossed over Antigua , where heavy damage was reported . More than 100 homes were damaged or destroyed , which left thousands homeless . Afterward , the hurricane began to weaken , and later on August 22 its winds decreased to tropical storm status . The cyclone then struck Montserrat as a strong tropical storm . The next day it struck southwestern Puerto Rico , and shortly thereafter weakened into a tropical depression , passing over the Dominican Republic . Baker turned more to the west , re @-@ attaining tropical storm status before striking eastern Cuba on August 24 . In Cuba , 37 people died , and the property losses reached several million dollars . On August 25 , Baker weakened to tropical depression status while crossing Cuba , but soon thereafter regained tropical storm intensity in the western Caribbean Sea . Two days later , Baker entered the Gulf of Mexico , and by the next day Baker had regained hurricane status . It turned northward , reaching a peak intensity of 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) on August 30 . Baker weakened slightly before making landfall near Gulf Shores , Alabama with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) on August 31 . Property and crop damage totaled $ 2 @.@ 55 million ( 1950 USD ) , primarily between Mobile , Alabama and Saint Marks , Florida . Torrential rainfall fell throughout the region , with the largest total occurring in Caryville , Florida , where 15 @.@ 49 in ( 393 mm ) of precipitation were recorded . The heavy precipitation was responsible for extensive crop damage across the region . The hurricane also spawned two tornadoes , one of which destroyed four houses and a building in Apalachicola , Florida . In Birmingham , Alabama , high wind downed power lines , which caused one death and two injuries due to live wires . While inland , Baker tracked northwestward and eventually dissipated over southeastern Missouri on September 1 . = = = Hurricane Charlie = = = Hurricane Charlie developed on August 21 to the southwest of the Cape Verde islands , although this was discovered in subsequent analyses — at the time , the Weather Bureau did not consider Charlie to be a tropical cyclone until almost a week later . For four days , the storm tracked generally to the west as a weak tropical storm . On August 25 , it turned to the northwest and intensified , becoming a hurricane on August 28 . The next day , after Charlie had turned to the north , reconnaissance flights from the Hurricane Hunters reported peak winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) about 450 mi ( 740 km ) east @-@ southeast of Bermuda . On August 30 , the hurricane was posthumously estimated to have been a strong Category 2 hurricane . On September 2 , Charlie turned to the north and northeast . At the time , it co @-@ existed with two other hurricanes , Dog and Easy ; it is a rare occurrence for three hurricanes to exist simultaneously in the Atlantic . Charlie slowly weakened and lost tropical characteristics , and by September 5 Charlie had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 480 mi ( 775 km ) southeast of Halifax , Nova Scotia . It dissipated later on September 5 without having affected land . = = = Hurricane Dog = = = Hurricane Dog is believed to have developed from a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on August 24 . Its first observation as a tropical cyclone occurred on August 30 , when it was a 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) hurricane ; the storm is believed to have begun farther east as a Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane , but was not detectable before August 30 . At the time , Dog was located east of the Lesser Antilles , and it quickly attained major hurricane status as it moved to the west @-@ northwest . Dog passed through the Lesser Antilles with winds of 130 mph ( 210 km / h ) . It was considered among the worst hurricanes in the history of Antigua , where thousands were left homeless . Damage was estimated at $ 1 million ( 1950 USD , $ 9 @.@ 84 million 2016 USD ) , and there were two deaths from drowning in the region . After passing through the Leeward Islands , the hurricane turned to a northerly drift with continued intensification . On September 5 , it attained wind speeds that would be equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the present @-@ day Saffir @-@ Simpson scale , with sustained winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) . Operationally , the wind intensity value was estimated by Hurricane Hunters at 185 mph ( 298 km / h ) when the hurricane was located about 450 mi ( 720 km ) south @-@ southwest of Bermuda ; this estimate is now believed to have been an overestimation of the peak winds in Hurricane Dog , though the storm produced enormous wave heights at sea . Maintaining peak intensity for about 18 hours , Dog began a weakening trend as it made a sharp turn to the west . It accelerated to the north on September 10 , and two days later Dog passed within 200 mi ( 320 km ) of Cape Cod . Newspapers attributed heavy rainfall in the Mid @-@ Atlantic states — which resulted in five deaths — to the hurricane . Further north , the hurricane killed 12 people in New England , and produced a total of $ 2 million ( 1950 USD , $ 19 @.@ 7 million 2016 USD ) of property damage . Twelve others died in two shipwrecks off the coast of Canada . The hurricane later became a strong extratropical cyclone , maintaining hurricane @-@ force winds while passing south of Nova Scotia and eventually hitting Scotland with hurricane @-@ force gusts on September 18 . = = = Hurricane Easy = = = Hurricane Easy developed on September 1 from a trough in the western Caribbean , which persisted after Hurricane Baker moved through the region in late August . Moving northeastward , the hurricane crossed Cuba on September 3 and entered the Gulf of Mexico . Easy turned to the northwest and strengthened to its peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane . At the time , Easy was located just off the west coast of Florida ; however , a ridge to its north caused the hurricane to stall , execute a small loop , and make landfall near Cedar Key . Following the landfall , Easy moved offshore , turned to the southeast , and made a second landfall near Hernando Beach on September 6 . The hurricane turned northwestward over the Florida Peninsula , and gradually weakened as it moved into Georgia and the southeastern United States . On September 9 , Easy dissipated over northeastern Arkansas . Damage in Cuba was minor , although large portions of western Florida experienced hurricane @-@ force winds and heavy rainfall . Yankeetown reported 38 @.@ 70 in ( 983 mm ) of precipitation in 24 hours , which was , at the time , the largest 24 @-@ hour rainfall total on record in the United States . The cumulative total rainfall on Yankeetown from Easy was 45 @.@ 20 in ( 1 @,@ 148 mm ) , which still retains the record for the wettest tropical cyclone in Florida . Damage was heaviest in Cedar Key , where half of the houses were destroyed and most of the remaining were damaged . The rainfall caused heavy crop damage in the region . Across the state , Easy caused $ 3 million in damage ( 1950 USD ) , the total was less than expected , due to the sparse population of the affected area . Additionally , the hurricane was indirectly responsible for two deaths by electrocution . At the time , Easy was also known as the " Cedar Keys Hurricane " . = = = Hurricane Fox = = = Hurricane Fox was first discovered by Hurricane Hunters on September 10 , when it was located about 1 @,@ 000 mi ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) east of Puerto Rico . Subsequent analysis indicated that the system formed at least two days earlier . A small system , the hurricane moved generally northwestward and gradually intensified . After turning toward the north , Fox reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) on September 14 , as it passed about 300 mi ( 485 km ) east of Bermuda . Following its peak intensity , the hurricane accelerated to the north and northeast . By September 17 , Fox had lost all tropical characteristics , and later that day the circulation dissipated about halfway between the Azores and Newfoundland . Fox never affected land along its path . When Fox dissipated , it was the first time in 36 days without an active tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean . = = = Hurricane George = = = George originated from a strong tropical wave when it was located several hundred miles northeast of the Lesser Antilles , and southeast of Bermuda . Forming on September 27 , George initially moved toward the north , although it curved westward over the subsequent days . Initially weak , George began strengthening on September 30 as it decreased its forward speed . The next day , while remaining nearly stationary , a nearby ship reported that George had reached hurricane status . It continued moving very slowly , passing only 100 mi ( 160 km ) south of Bermuda . The island experienced winds of 30 to 40 mph ( 40 to 65 km / h ) . Aside from rainbands , little impact was reported on Bermuda . The hurricane passed west of Bermuda on October 3 . A day later , George reached its maximum intensity , attaining sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) ; in its small eye , an Air Force Hurricane Hunter plane measured a central pressure of 960 mb ( 28 @.@ 35 inHg ) . It accelerated to the north and later to the northeast , and on October 5 George transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . Shortly thereafter , it passed just south of Newfoundland , and on October 7 the remnants of George dissipated south of Iceland . = = = Tropical Storm How = = = A tropical depression formed in the central Gulf of Mexico on October 1 , and quickly intensified into Tropical Storm How . Initially , the tropical storm moved west @-@ northwestward and its sustained winds peaked by October 2 . Officials advised small boats to remain at port along the Louisiana coast due to the storm . On October 3 , Tropical Storm How turned toward the southwest as it began weakening , and the next day it moved ashore near La Pesca , Tamaulipas , as a rapidly weakening tropical cyclone . About six hours after making landfall , How dissipated over the Sierra Madre Oriental in northeastern Mexico . How was the only named storm in the season not to attain hurricane status . = = = Hurricane Item = = = On October 8 , another tropical storm formed in the Gulf of Mexico just off the northwest coast of the Yucatán Peninsula . Given the name Item , the storm moved westward at first , and attained hurricane status on October 9 . Reconnaissance flights by the Hurricane Hunters reported winds of 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) ; soon after that measurement , Hurricane Item turned to the southwest . On October 11 , the hurricane made landfall at peak intensity near Nautla , Veracruz , where wind gusts reached 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) . It quickly dissipated over land . In the sparsely populated area where Item moved ashore , the hurricane dropped heavy rainfall . Newspaper reports considered it the worst storm to hit Mexico in ten years , with damage in Veracruz totaling around $ 1 @.@ 5 million ( 1950 USD , $ 14 @.@ 8 million 2016 USD ) . The strong winds sank 20 ships , and although there were no reports of casualties , Item caused 15 injuries . Communications were disrupted across the region , and downed trees blocked roads . Near Tuxpam , the winds damaged large areas of banana plantations . = = = Hurricane Jig = = = A tropical storm was first observed on October 11 in the central Atlantic Ocean , northeast of the Lesser Antilles and southeast of Bermuda . Two days later , a ship reported strong winds and a rapid pressure drop , indicating a hurricane was in the region ; the tropical cyclone was given the name Jig . It moved northwestward , steadily intensifying before turning to the north and northeast . On October 15 , Hurricane Jig passed about 300 mi ( 480 km ) east of Bermuda , and later that day its sustained winds reached their peak strength , which is considered to be highly uncertain . The hurricane began weakening on October 16 . Jig became an extratropical cyclone later that day and quickly dissipated , never having affected land due to its small size . = = = Hurricane King = = = The origins of Hurricane King can be traced to the formation of a tropical storm just off the north coast of Honduras on October 13 . Given the name King , the tropical storm was a small weather system throughout its duration . During its first 72 hours as a tropical cyclone , King initially toward the east and east @-@ northeast . On October 16 , King 's maximum sustained winds reached hurricane strength while the storm was located between Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . The next day , King struck Cuba near Camagüey with winds of 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) , equivalent to an upper @-@ end Category 1 hurricane . The hurricane killed seven people and caused $ 2 million ( 1950 USD , $ 19 @.@ 7 million 2016 USD ) in damage throughout the country . After crossing Cuba , King rapidly deepened over the Gulf Stream as it turned toward South Florida , becoming the sixth and final major hurricane of the season . After reaching the southwestern Atlantic Ocean , King turned northward and later northwestward , striking downtown Miami on October 18 as a Category 4 hurricane . It was the most severe hurricane to impact the city since the 1926 Miami hurricane . Across Florida , damage totaled $ 27 @.@ 75 million ( 1950 USD , $ 273 million 2016 USD ) , of which $ 15 million ( 1950 USD , $ 148 million 2016 USD ) was in the Miami metropolitan area . A preliminary survey indicated there were 12 @,@ 290 houses damaged in the region , with an additional eight destroyed . Along its path through the state , strong winds were observed around Lake Okeechobee , with a 93 mph ( 150 km / h ) gust in Clewiston . Overall , there were three deaths in the state . Early on October 19 , King weakened to tropical storm status over north @-@ central Florida , and on the next day it dissipated over western Georgia . There was one additional death in Georgia . = = = Tropical Storm Twelve = = = A tropical storm developed in the east @-@ central Atlantic on October 17 . It moved northwestward at first before turning to the northeast on October 19 . The storm steadily intensified as it tracked toward the Azores , and it reached a peak intensity of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) on October 21 . Maintaining its peak strength for 30 hours , the storm began a steady weakening trend before crossing through the southern Azores . It turned to the southeast , weakening to tropical depression status on October 24 . Subsequently , the system turned to the southwest and quickly dissipated . This tropical storm was not considered to be a tropical storm at the time , and thus the system was not included in the Monthly Weather Review 's summary of the 1950 hurricane season . It is unknown when the storm was added to the Atlantic hurricane database , although by 1962 , the storm was included in seasonal statistics . = = = Hurricane Love = = = In the wake of Hurricane King moving northward through Florida , an area of low pressure developed into a tropical cyclone on October 18 south of Louisiana . This storm was given the name Love and quickly strengthened , reaching hurricane status shortly thereafter . The storm initially moved westward across the Gulf of Mexico , but soon swung southward into the central portion of the Gulf on October 19 . Hurricane Love 's maximum sustained winds are believed to have reached their peak intensity early on October 20 . Throughout the hurricane 's track , dry air infringed on the western side of the tropical cyclone 's circulation , which produced unfavorable conditions for additional tropical cyclogenesis . On October 20 , the storm began curving northeastward towards the coast of western Florida ; however , the dry air completely circled Love 's center of circulation , drastically weakening the cyclone in the process . On October 21 , Love weakened to a tropical storm , and it struck the Big Bend region of Florida , north of Cedar Key . At the time , its winds were only of moderate gale force , and the storm dissipated shortly thereafter . Certain areas began preparing for the storm along Florida 's west coast . Hospitals set up emergency facilities in case of power failure , and some coastal residents left their homes . Initially , the storm was forecast to strike the Tampa area , but missed to the north as it weakened . It reportedly left little damage in the sparsely populated land where it made landfall . = = = Tropical Storm Mike = = = Mike was not classified as a tropical storm until post @-@ analysis . = = = Tropical Storm Fifteen = = = Only existed for two days . = = = Tropical Storm Sixteen = = = Sparse information on this storm . Only existed for two days , just like Fifteen . = = Storm names = = This was the first season in the Atlantic hurricane database in which cyclones that attained at least tropical storm status were given names . The names used to name storms during the 1950 season were taken from the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet , which was also used in the 1951 and 1952 hurricane seasons before being replaced by female names in 1953 . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray . = Charles Scott ( governor ) = Charles Scott ( April 1739 – October 22 , 1813 ) was an 18th @-@ century American soldier who was elected the fourth governor of Kentucky in 1808 . Orphaned at an early age , Scott enlisted in the Virginia Regiment in October 1755 and served as a scout and escort during the French and Indian War . He quickly rose through the ranks to become a captain . After the war , he married and engaged in agricultural pursuits on land left to him by his father , but he returned to active military service in 1775 as the American Revolution began to grow in intensity . In August 1776 , he was promoted to colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia Regiment . The 5th Virginia joined George Washington in New Jersey later that year , serving with him for the duration of the Philadelphia campaign . Scott commanded Washington 's light infantry , and by late 1778 was also serving as his chief of intelligence . Furloughed at the end of the Philadelphia campaign , Scott returned to active service in March 1779 and was ordered to South Carolina to assist General Benjamin Lincoln in the southern theater . He arrived in Charleston , South Carolina , just as Henry Clinton had begun his siege of the city . Scott was taken as a prisoner of war when Charleston surrendered . Paroled in March 1781 and exchanged for Lord Rawdon in July 1782 , Scott managed to complete a few recruiting assignments before the war ended . After the war , Scott visited the western frontier in 1785 and began to make preparations for a permanent relocation . He resettled near present @-@ day Versailles , Kentucky , in 1787 . Confronted by the dangers of Indian raids , Scott raised a company of volunteers in 1790 and joined Josiah Harmar for an expedition against the Indians . After Harmar 's Defeat , President Washington ordered Arthur St. Clair to prepare for an invasion of Indian lands in the Northwest Territory . In the meantime , Scott , by now holding the rank of brigadier general in the Virginia militia , was ordered to conduct a series of preliminary raids . In July 1791 , he led the most notable and successful of these raids against the village of Ouiatenon . St. Clair 's main invasion , conducted later that year , was a failure . Shortly after the separation of Kentucky from Virginia in 1792 , the Kentucky General Assembly commissioned Scott as a major general and gave him command of the 2nd division of the Kentucky militia . Scott 's division cooperated with " Mad " Anthony Wayne 's Legion of the United States for the rest of the Northwest Indian War , including their decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers . Having previously served in the Virginia House of Delegates and as a presidential elector , the aging Scott now ran for governor . His 1808 campaign was skillfully managed by his step @-@ son @-@ in @-@ law , Jesse Bledsoe , and he won a convincing victory over John Allen and Green Clay . A fall on the icy steps of the governor 's mansion early in his term confined Scott to crutches for the rest of his life , and left him heavily reliant on Bledsoe , whom he appointed Secretary of State . Although he frequently clashed with the state legislature over domestic matters , the primary concern of his administration was the increasing tension between the United States and Great Britain that eventually led to the War of 1812 . Scott 's decision to appoint William Henry Harrison as brevet major general in the Kentucky militia , although probably in violation of the state constitution as Harrison was not a resident of the state , was nonetheless praised by the state 's citizens . After his term expired , Scott returned to his Canewood estate . His health declined rapidly , and he died on October 22 , 1813 . Scott County , Kentucky , and Scott County , Indiana , are named in his honor , as are the cities of Scottsville , Kentucky , and Scottsville , Virginia . = = Early life and family = = Charles Scott was born in 1739 , probably in April , in the part of Goochland County , Virginia , that is now Powhatan County . His father , Samuel Scott , was a farmer and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses . His mother , whose name is not known , died most likely around 1745 . Scott had an older brother , John , and three younger siblings , Edward , Joseph , and Martha . He received only a basic education from his parents and in the rural Virginia schools near his home . Shortly after his father died in 1755 , Scott was apprenticed to a carpenter . In late July 1755 , a local court was preparing to place him with a guardian , but in October , before the court acted , Scott enlisted in the Virginia Regiment . He was assigned to David Bell 's company . During the early part of the French and Indian War , he won praise from his superiors as a frontier scout and woodsman . Most of his fellow soldiers were undisciplined and poorly trained , allowing Scott to stand out and quickly rise to the rank of corporal . By June 1756 , he had been promoted to sergeant . Scott served under George Washington in the Braddock Expedition , a failed attempt to capture Fort Duquesne from the French . For most of 1756 and the early part of 1757 , he divided his time between Fort Cumberland and Fort Washington , conducting scouting and escort missions . In April 1757 , David Bell was relieved of his command as part of a general downsizing of Washington 's regiment , and Scott was assigned to Captain Robert McKenzie at Fort Pearsall . In August and September , Washington sent Scott and a small scouting party on two reconnaissance missions to Fort Duquesne in preparation for an assault on that fort , but the party learned little on either mission . In November , Scott was part of the Forbes Expedition that captured the fort . He spent the latter part of the year at Fort Loudoun , where Washington promoted him to ensign . Scott spent most of 1759 conducting escort missions and constructing roads and forts . During this time , Virginia 's forces were taken from George Washington and put under the control of Colonel William Byrd . In July 1760 , Scott was named the fifth captain of a group of Virginia troops that Byrd led on an expedition against the Cherokee in 1760 . Scott 's exact role in the campaign is not known . The expedition was a success , and Virginia Governor Francis Fauquier ordered the force disbanded in February 1762 ; Scott had left the army at some unknown date prior to that . Sometime prior to 1762 , Scott 's older brother , John , died , leaving Scott to inherit his father 's land near the James River and Muddy Creek . Having left the army , he had settled on his inherited farm by late 1761 . On February 25 , 1762 , he married Frances Sweeney from Cumberland County , Virginia . With the help of approximately 10 slaves , Scott engaged in growing tobacco and milling flour on his farm . In July 1766 , he was named one of two captains in the local militia . Over the next several years , Scott and his wife had four boys and four or five girls . = = Revolutionary War = = As the American Revolution intensified in 1775 , Scott raised a company of volunteers in Cumberland County . It was the first company formed south of the James River to participate in the Revolution . The company stood ready to aid Patrick Henry in an anticipated clash with Lord Dunmore at Williamsburg , Virginia , in May 1775 , but Dunmore abandoned the city in June , and they joined units from the surrounding counties in Williamsburg later that month . In July , the Virginia Conventions created two regiments of Virginia troops , one under Patrick Henry and the other under William Woodford . As those leaders departed for Williamsburg , the Conventions acknowledged Scott as temporary commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the volunteers already assembled there . On August 17 , 1775 , he was elected lieutenant colonel of Woodford 's regiment , the 2nd Virginia . His younger brother , Joseph , served as a lieutenant in the regiment . In December , Woodford dispatched Scott and 150 men to Great Bridge , Virginia , to defend a crossing point on the Elizabeth River . Days later , this force played a significant role in the December 9 , 1775 , Battle of Great Bridge by killing British Captain Charles Fordyce , thereby halting the British advance on the crossing . Following the battle , colonial forces were able to occupy the city of Norfolk , Virginia , and Lord Dunmore eventually departed from Virginia . On February 13 , 1776 , the 2nd Virginia became a part of the Continental Army ; Scott retained his rank of lieutenant colonel during the transition . After spending the winter with part of the 2nd Virginia in Suffolk , Scott was chosen by the Second Continental Congress as colonel of the 5th Virginia Regiment on August 12 , 1776 ; he replaced Colonel William Peachy , who had resigned . The 5th Virginia was stationed in the cities of Hampton and Portsmouth through the end of September . They were then ordered to join George Washington in New Jersey , eventually repairing to the city of Trenton in November . = = = Philadelphia campaign = = = Serving as part of Adam Stephen 's brigade , Scott 's 5th Virginia Regiment fought in the colonial victory at the December 26 Battle of Trenton . During the subsequent Battle of the Assunpink Creek on January 2 , 1777 , the 5th Virginia helped slow the advance of a combined force of British light infantry and Hessian mercenaries toward Trenton . Major George Johnston , a member of the 5th Virginia , opined that Scott had " acquired immortal honor " from his performance at Assunpink Creek . Following these battles , Washington 's main force prepared to spend the winter at Morristown , New Jersey , while Scott 's regiment was based at nearby Chatham . From this base , he led light infantry raids against British foraging parties . In his most notable engagement – the February 1 Battle of Drake 's Farm – he defeated a superior combination of British and Hessian soldiers . In March 1777 , Scott returned to his Virginia farm , taking his first furlough in more than a year . In recognition of his service with Washington , Congress commissioned him a brigadier general on April 2 , 1777 . At Washington 's request , he returned to Trenton on May 10 , 1777 . His 4th Virginia Brigade and another brigade under William Woodford constituted the Virginia division , commanded by Adam Stephen , who had been promoted to major general . With Stephen and Brigadier General William Maxwell ill , Scott assumed temporary command of the division between May 19 and May 24 . Washington spent much of the summer of 1777 trying to anticipate and counter the moves of British General William Howe , and the lull in the fighting allowed Scott time to file a protest with Congress regarding how his seniority and rank had been calculated . After eight months of deliberation , Congress concurred with Scott 's protest , placing him ahead of fellow brigadier general George Weedon in seniority . At the September 11 Battle of Brandywine , the 4th Virginia Brigade stubbornly resisted the advance of General Charles Cornwallis , but was ultimately forced to retreat . Following the British victory , Howe marched toward Philadelphia , stopping briefly at Germantown . Scott persistently advocated for an attack on Howe 's position at Germantown , and although he was initially in the minority among Washington 's generals , he ultimately prevailed upon Washington to conduct the attack . On October 4 , 1777 , the 4th Virginia attacked the British in the Battle of Germantown . Because of their circuitous route to the battle , however , the field was already covered by heavy smoke from muskets and a fire set by the British in a dry buckwheat field when they arrived ; eventually , they and the other colonial forces were lost in the smoke and retreated . After the defeat at Germantown , Washington 's troops took a position in the hills surrounding Whitemarsh , Pennsylvania , about 14 miles ( 23 km ) from Philadelphia . Scott and four other generals initially favored an attack on Philadelphia in December , but after hearing Washington 's assessment of the enemy 's defenses there , they abandoned the idea . After a series of skirmishes with Howe 's men near Whitemarsh , Washington 's army camped for the winter at Valley Forge . Scott was afforded the luxury of boarding at the farm of Samuel Jones , about three miles from the camp , but rode out to inspect his brigade daily . Washington granted him a furlough in mid @-@ March 1778 , and he returned to Valley Forge on May 20 , 1778 . When Washington and his men abandoned Valley Forge in mid @-@ June 1778 , Scott was ordered to take 1 @,@ 500 light infantrymen and harass the British forces as they marched across New Jersey . On June 26 , the Marquis de Lafayette joined Scott with an additional 1 @,@ 000 men , in anticipation of a major offensive the next day . General Charles Lee was chosen to command the operation , which was delayed by one day due to inadequate communications and delays in forwarding provisions . Lee shared no battle plan with his generals , later claiming he had insufficient intelligence to form one . On the morning of June 28 , Lee launched the attack , beginning the Battle of Monmouth . During the battle , Scott observed American artillerymen retreating . Not realizing that the men had only run out of ammunition , Scott believed the retreat was a sign of the collapse of the American offensive and ordered his men to retreat as well . Lacking a battle plan for guidance , William Maxwell and Anthony Wayne , whose units were fighting adjacent to Scott 's men , also ordered a retreat . With such a great number of his men retreating , Lee fell back and eventually aborted the offensive . Although Washington 's main force arrived and stopped the British advance , Scott 's retreat was partially blamed for giving them control of the battle . Tradition holds that , in the aftermath of the battle , Scott witnessed Washington excoriating Lee in a profanity @-@ laden tirade , but biographer Harry M. Ward considered it unlikely that Scott was present at the meeting . Lee was later court @-@ martialed for the retreat and suspended from command . Following the Battle of Monmouth , the British retreated to New York City . On August 14 , Scott was given command of a new light infantry corps organized by Washington . He also served as Washington 's chief of intelligence , conducting constant scouting missions from the Americans ' new base at White Plains , New York . While Scott 's men engaged in a few skirmishes with British scouting parties , neither Washington 's army nor the British force at New York City conducted any major operations before Scott was furloughed in November 1778 . = = = Service in the southern theater and capture = = = A March 1779 letter from Washington to Scott , still on furlough in Virginia , ordered him to recruit volunteers in Virginia and join Washington at Middlebrook on May 1 . Men and supplies proved difficult to obtain , delaying Scott 's return ; during the delay , Washington ordered the recruits to South Carolina to join Benjamin Lincoln , who was in command of the militia forces there . Reports of significant British troop movements toward Georgia had convinced Washington that the enemy was preparing an invasion from the south . Soon after Washington 's orders were delivered , a British raiding party under George Collier and Edward Mathew arrived in Virginia to capture or destroy supplies that might otherwise be sent southward to aid the reinforcements going to South Carolina . Scott 's orders changed again ; the Virginia House of Delegates ordered him to immediately prepare defenses against Collier and Mathew 's raids . When it became clear to both the legislature and Washington that Collier and Mathew intended only to raid supplies , not to invade , they concluded that the local militia would be able to sufficiently protect Virginia 's interests and that Scott should continue to recruit men to reinforce the south . The legislators presented him with a horse , a firearm , and 500 pounds sterling for his quick response to the threat . Scott 's recruiting difficulties in Virginia continued , despite the implementation of a draft by the state legislature . Finally , in October 1779 , he forwarded troops sent to him from Washington 's Northern Army on to Lincoln in South Carolina , fulfilling his quota . He retained only Abraham Buford 's regiment with him in Virginia . In February 1780 , about 750 men sent by Washington under William Woodford arrived at Scott 's camp in Petersburg , Virginia . Virginia authorities , fearing that the British force to the south under General Henry Clinton would turn north to Virginia , detained Scott and Woodford until it was clear that Clinton 's object was Lincoln 's position at Charleston , South Carolina . On March 30 , 1780 , Scott arrived in Charleston just as Clinton was laying siege to the city . He was captured when the city surrendered on May 12 , 1780 , and was held as a prisoner of war at Haddrell 's Point near Charleston . Although he was a prisoner , he was given freedom to move within a six @-@ mile radius and was allowed to correspond and trade with acquaintances in Virginia . With the death of William Woodford on November 13 , 1780 , he became primarily responsible for the welfare of the Virginia troops at Haddrell 's Point . He requested his parole on account of ill health on January 30 , 1781 , and in late March , Charles Cornwallis granted the request . In July 1782 , Scott was exchanged for Lord Rawdon , ending his parole . Washington informed him that he was back on active duty and ordered him to assist General Peter Muhlenberg 's recruiting efforts in Virginia , then to report to General Nathanael Greene . Greene wrote that he did not have a command for Scott , however , and requested that he remain with Muhlenberg in Virginia . The few troops he was able to recruit were sent to a depot at Winchester , Virginia . When the preliminary articles of peace between the United States and Great Britain were signed in March 1783 , recruiting stopped altogether . Scott was brevetted to major general on September 30 , 1783 , just prior to his discharge from the Continental Army . Following the war , he became one of the founding members of the Society of the Cincinnati . = = Settlement in Kentucky and early political career = = In October 1783 , the Virginia Legislature authorized Scott to commission superintendents and surveyors to survey the lands given to soldiers for their service in the Revolutionary War . Enticed by glowing reports of Kentucky by his friend , James Wilkinson , he arranged for a cabin to be built for him near the Kentucky River , although the builder apparently laid only the cornerstone . Scott first visited Kentucky in mid @-@ 1785 . Traveling with Peyton Short , one of Wilkinson 's business partners , he came to Limestone ( present @-@ day Maysville , Kentucky ) via the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers . Scott and Short then traveled overland to the Kentucky River to examine the land they would later claim . Scott 's stay in Kentucky was a short one ; he had returned to his farm in Virginia by September 1785 . On his return to Virginia , Scott employed Edward Carrington , former quartermaster general of the Southern Army , to set his financial affairs in order in preparation for a move to Kentucky . Carrington purchased Scott 's Virginia farm in 1785 , but allowed the family to live there until they moved to the frontier . In 1787 , Scott settled near the city of Versailles , Kentucky . Between his military claims and those of his children , the Scott family was entitled to 21 @,@ 035 acres ( 8 @,@ 513 ha ) in Fayette and Bourbon counties . Scott constructed a two @-@ story log cabin , a stockade , and a tobacco inspection warehouse . In June 1787 , Shawnee warriors killed and scalped his son , Samuel , while he was crossing the Ohio River in a canoe ; the elder Scott watched helplessly from the riverbank . Although a small party of settlers pursued the Shawnees back across the river , they were not able to overtake them . In volume three of Theodore Roosevelt 's The Winning of the West , he stated that Scott " delighted in war " against the Indians after the death of his son . Scott focused on the development of his homestead as a way to deal with the grief of losing his son . The settlement became known as Scott 's Landing , and Scott briefly served as a tobacco inspector for the area . Determined to make Scott 's Landing the centerpiece of a larger settlement called Petersburg , he began selling lots near the settlement in November 1788 . Among those who purchased lots were James Wilkinson , Abraham Buford , Judge George Muter , and future Congressman and Kentucky Governor Christopher Greenup . Scott was one of 37 men who founded the Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge in 1787 . Although he did not participate in any of the ten statehood conventions that sought to separate Kentucky from Virginia , he supported the idea in principle . When Woodford County was formed from the part of Fayette County that included Scott 's fledgling settlement , Scott declined appointment as the new county 's lieutenant . He did , however , consent to be a candidate to represent the county in the Virginia House of Delegates . During his single term , he served on the committee on privileges and election and on several special committees , including one that recommended that President George Washington supply a military guard at Big Bone Lick to facilitate the establishment of a saltworks there . = = Northwest Indian War = = As tensions mounted between the Indians in the Northwest Territory and settlers on the Kentucky frontier , President Washington began sanctioning joint operations between federal army troops and local frontier militia against the Indians . In April 1790 , Scott raised a contingent of volunteers from Bourbon and Fayette counties to join Josiah Harmar in a raid against the Western Confederacy along the Scioto River in what would become the U.S. state of Ohio . The combined force of regulars and militia departed from Limestone on April 18 , 1790 , crossing the Ohio River and marching to the upper Scioto . From there , they headed south , toward the present @-@ day city of Portsmouth , Ohio , and discovered an abandoned Indian camp . Fresh footprints , including those of a well @-@ known Shawnee warrior – nicknamed Reel Foot because of his two club feet – led away from the camp site . Scott sent a small detachment to follow the tracks ; ultimately , they discovered and killed four Shawnee , including Reel Foot . Other than this , the expedition accomplished nothing , and it disbanded on August 27 , 1790 . In June 1790 , Harmar and Arthur St. Clair were ordered to lead another expedition against the Indians . Harmar had hoped that Scott , Isaac Shelby , or Benjamin Logan would join the campaign and lead the Kentucky militia , but all three declined . Scott had been elected to represent Woodford County in the Virginia General Assembly , and his legislative duty prevented his service . He believed that the Kentucky militiamen would only serve under Colonel Robert Trotter , a veteran of Logan 's earlier Indian fighting campaigns . Ultimately , command of the Kentucky militiamen was given to Major John Hardin , and many militiamen refused to join the campaign , just as Scott had predicted . During the expedition , Scott 's son , Merritt , who was serving as a captain in the Woodford County militia , was killed and scalped . The entire expedition was a failure , and it solidified the Kentucky militiamen 's strong distrust of Harmar ; most vowed never to fight alongside him again . During Harmar 's Campaign , Scott was serving in the state legislature in Richmond , Virginia . He was once again appointed to the committee on privileges and election . He also served on the committee on propositions and grievances and several special committees . On December 30 , 1790 , Virginia Governor Beverley Randolph , possibly acting on a recommendation from Washington , appointed Scott brigadier general in the Virginia militia and gave him command of the entire District of Kentucky . His primary responsibility was overseeing a line of 18 outposts along the Ohio River . In January 1791 , President Washington accepted U.S. Senator John Brown 's suggestion to appoint a Kentucky Board of War , composed of Brown , Scott , Isaac Shelby , Harry Innes , and Benjamin Logan . The committee was empowered to call out local militia to act in conjunction with federal troops against the Indians . They recommended assembling an army of volunteers to locate and destroy Indian settlements north of the Ohio River . Later that month , Washington approved a plan to invade the Indians ' homelands via a raid from Fort Washington ( near present @-@ day Cincinnati , Ohio ) . Most Kentuckians were displeased with Washington 's choice of Arthur St. Clair , by then suffering from gout and unable to mount his own horse unassisted , as overall commander of the invasion . Scott was chosen to serve under St. Clair as commander of the 1 @,@ 000 militiamen who took part in the invasion , about one @-@ third of the total force . = = = The Blackberry Campaign = = = Washington ordered Scott to conduct a series of preliminary raids in mid @-@ 1791 that would keep the enemy occupied while St. Clair assembled the primary invasion force . Both Isaac Shelby and Benjamin Logan had hoped to lead the campaign , and neither would accept a lesser position . Shelby nevertheless supported the campaign , while Logan actively opposed it . Scott issued a call for volunteers to assemble at Frankfort , Kentucky , on May 15 , 1791 , to carry out these raids . Kentuckians responded favorably to the idea of an all @-@ militia campaign , and 852 men volunteered for service , although Scott was only authorized to take 750 ; Senator John Brown was among the volunteers . After a brief delay to learn the fate of a failed diplomatic mission to the Miami tribes in the Northwest Territory , Scott 's men departed from Fort Washington on May 24 . The militiamen crossed the Ohio toward a clutch of Miami , Kickapoo , Wea , and Potawatomi settlements near the location of present @-@ day Lafayette , Indiana . For eight days , they crossed rugged terrain and were bedraggled by frequent rainstorms . The harsh conditions spoiled the militia 's supplies , and they resorted to gathering the blackberries that were growing in the area ; for this reason , the expedition earned the nickname the " Blackberry Campaign " . As Scott 's men reached an open prairie near the Wea settlement of Ouiatenon on June 1 , they were discovered by an enemy scout and hurried to attack the villages before the residents could react . When the main force reached the villages , they found the residents hurriedly fleeing across the Wabash River in canoes . Aided by cover fire from a Kickapoo village on the other side of the river , they were able to escape before Scott 's men could attack . The river was too wide to ford at Scott 's location , so he sent a detachment under James Wilkinson in one direction and a detachment under Thomas Barbee in the other to find a place to ford the river . Wilkinson did not find a suitable location , but located and killed a small band of Indians before returning . Barbee located a crossing and conducted a brief raid against the Indians on the other side before returning to Scott . The next morning , Scott 's main force burned the nearby villages and crops , while a detachment under Wilkinson set out for the settlement of Kethtippecannunk . The inhabitants of this village had fled across Eel Creek , and after a brief and ineffective firefight , Wilkinson 's men burned the city and returned to Scott . In his official report , Scott noted that many of Kethtippecannunk 's residents were French and speculated that it was connected to , perhaps dependent upon , the French settlement of Detroit . Low on supplies , Scott and his men ended their campaign . On the return trip , two men drowned in the White River ; these were the only deaths among Scott 's men . Five others were wounded but survived . In total , they had killed 38 Indians and taken 57 more prisoner . Scott sent 12 men ahead with the official report for Arthur St. Clair 's review ; the rest of the men arrived at Fort Steuben ( present @-@ day Clarksville , Indiana ) on June 15 . The next day , they recrossed the Ohio River and received their discharge papers at Louisville , Kentucky . = = = St. Clair expedition = = = Scott 's Wabash Campaign was well @-@ received both in Kentucky and by the Washington administration . On June 24 , 1791 , Arthur St. Clair encouraged the Board of War to organize a second expedition into the Wabash region and to remove their outposts along the Ohio River to free up manpower and finances as a prelude to his larger invasion . Scott questioned the wisdom of removing the outposts and convinced his fellow members of the Board of War to retain one at Big Bone Lick and one guarding an ironworks at the mouth of the Kentucky River . His instincts later proved to be right ; a month later , Indian raiders tried to deny the frontier settlers access to salt by capturing Big Bone Lick , but they were repelled by the militia stationed at the outpost there . Scott also did not believe that 500 men , St. Clair 's requested number for the second Wabash expedition , was sufficient for an effective operation . In July , Scott gave permission to Bourbon County resident John Edwards to lead 300 men against a band of Indians suspected of stealing horses on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River . Although Edwards ' expedition almost reached the Sandusky River , they found only deserted villages . Unknown to the volunteers , they narrowly missed being ambushed by the Indians in the area . Many of the men who accompanied Edwards accused him of cowardice . Due to illness , Scott was unable to lead the expedition St. Clair requested ; instead , he chose his friend , James Wilkinson , to lead it . Wilkinson 's men departed on August 1 . During their expedition , they destroyed the evacuated village of Kikiah ( also called Kenapocomoco ) , the rebuilt settlement of Ouiatenon , a small Kickapoo village , and several other small settlements in the area . Returning by the same route that Scott 's previous expedition had , Wilkinson 's men were back in Kentucky by August 21 . Scott 's and Wilkinson 's campaigns took a heavy toll on the Northwest Indians . In particular , the Weas and Kickapoos signed a peace treaty with the United States the following year , and the Kickapoos migrated farther into Illinois and Missouri . St. Clair continued his preparations for invading the northwest despite the fact that , by now , he admitted he was unfit for combat due to his ill health . Like Harmar , he was also unpopular in Kentucky , and Scott had to conduct a draft to raise the militiamen needed for St. Clair 's expedition . He and most other officers in Kentucky claimed they were too ill to lead the men ; most actually feared losing the respect of Kentuckians through their association with St. Clair . Colonel William Oldham was the highest @-@ ranking soldier willing to lead the Kentuckians . St. Clair 's party left Fort Washington on October 1 . On November 3 , he ordered his men to make camp on a small tributary of the Wabash River , mistakenly believing they were camping on the St. Marys River . His intent was for the men to construct some protective works the next day , but before sunrise , a combined group of Miami and Canadians attacked the party , routing them and capturing part of their artillery and most of their supplies . Of St. Clair 's force of 1 @,@ 400 men , 600 were killed and 300 captured during the attack . The Kentucky militiamen scattered during the attack , and their leader , Colonel Oldham , was killed . Nevertheless , they and most citizens in Kentucky blamed St. Clair for the entire debacle . St. Clair retreated to Fort Washington , and on November 24 , Scott joined him there with 200 mounted volunteers in case the Indians decided to pursue him and invade Kentucky . When it became apparent that no Indian invasion was imminent , Scott 's men returned home . As a result of St. Clair 's campaign , tribes that had previously been neutral in the conflict – including the Delawares and Wyandots – allied with the Miami and Shawnee against the frontiersmen . = = = Service with the Legion of the United States = = = After St. Clair 's Defeat , President Washington asked Congress to authorize the formation of the Legion of the United States , a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ man force to fight the Indians in the Northwest . Congress approved the proposal in March 1792 , and Scott learned from a friend in Philadelphia that he was being considered as commander of the Legion . Ultimately , however , Washington concluded that he was " of inadequate abilities " ; his known vice of drinking too much alcohol also concerned Washington . Instead , Washington chose " Mad " Anthony Wayne to command the Legion . On June 4 , 1792 – just days after Kentucky officially gained statehood – the Kentucky General Assembly commissioned Scott and Benjamin Logan as major generals in the state militia . On June 25 , Scott was given command of the militia 's 2nd Division , which was charged with operating north of the Kentucky River ; Logan 's 1st Division operated south of the river . The new state legislature had also appointed a five @-@ man committee to select a city to be the new state capital . Scott applied to have Petersburg , still a fledgling settlement , designated as the capital . Other localities – including Frankfort , Lexington , Louisville , and Boonesborough – also applied . Frankfort was eventually chosen , as Scott 's failure to secure Petersburg 's designation as the state capital contributed more than anything else to the settlement 's failure to even become a viable city . Scott 's son , Charles , Jr . , wrote to his brother Daniel that their father was planning to run for Congress in 1792 ; although Charles , Jr. expressed confidence that his father would be elected , his campaign apparently never materialized or faltered shortly after it began . He was , however , chosen as a presidential elector in 1793 . Wayne originally intended to use Kentucky militiamen in preemptive strikes against the Indians and to conduct the main invasion using only federal troops , but by the time he moved to Fort Washington in mid @-@ 1793 , he had assembled fewer than 3 @,@ 000 of the 5 @,@ 000 troops he had anticipated . He now requested that Scott 's and Logan 's men join his main force . Logan flatly refused to cooperate with a federal officer , but Scott eventually agreed , and Wayne commissioned him an officer in the federal army on July 1 , 1793 . He and Governor Isaac Shelby instituted a draft to raise the 1	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
service , Gage 's sole reward after Lord George Germain ( who succeeded Dartmouth as the Secretary of State for North America ) formally gave his command to Howe in April 1776 was that he retained the governorship of Massachusetts . On the Gages ' return to England , the family eventually settled into a house on Portland Place in London . Although he was presumably given a friendly reception in his interview with a sympathetic King George , the public and private writings about him and his fall from power were at times vicious . One correspondent wrote that Gage had " run his race of glory ... let him alone to the hell of his own conscience and the infamy which must inevitably attend him ! " Others were kinder ; New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth characterised him as " a good and wise man ... surrounded by difficulties . " Gage was briefly reactivated to duty in April 1781 , when Amherst appointed him to mobilise troops for a possible French invasion . The next year , Gage assumed command of the 17th Light Dragoons . He was promoted to full general on 20 November 1782 , and later transferred to command the 11th Dragoons . = = Final years and legacy = = As the war machinery was reduced in the mid @-@ 1780s , Gage 's military activities declined . He supported the efforts of Loyalists to recover losses incurred when they were forced to leave the colonies , notably confirming the treachery of Benjamin Church in order to further his widow 's claims for compensation . He received visitors at Portland Place and at Firle , including Frederick Haldimand and Thomas Hutchinson . His health began to decline early in the 1780s . Gage died at Portland Place on 2 April 1787 , and was buried in the family plot at Firle . His wife survived him by almost 37 years . His son Henry inherited the family title upon the death of Gage 's brother William , and became one of the wealthiest men in England . His youngest son , William Hall Gage , became an admiral in the Royal Navy , and all three daughters married into well @-@ known families . The town of Gagetown , New Brunswick was named in his honour . Consequently , the Canadian Forces base CFB Gagetown also carries his name . In 1792 Lieutenant @-@ Governor of Upper Canada John Graves Simcoe renamed the archipelago of islands in the mouth of the St. Lawrence River for the victorious generals of the Conquest of Canada : Wolfe Island , Amherst Island , Howe Island , Carleton Island and Gage Island . This last is now known as Simcoe Island . = Fleance = Fleance ( or Fléance ) / ˈfleɪɒns / is a figure in legendary Scottish history . He was depicted by 16th @-@ century historians as the son of Lord Banquo , Thane of Lochaber , and the ancestor of the kings of the House of Stuart . Fleance is best known as a character in William Shakespeare 's play Macbeth , in which the Three Witches prophesise that Banquo 's descendants shall be kings . Some screen adaptations of the story expand on Fleance 's role by showing his return to the kingdom after Macbeth 's death . Shakespeare 's play is adapted from Holinshed 's Chronicles , a history of the British Isles written during the late sixteenth century . In Holinshed , Fleance escapes Macbeth and flees to Wales , where he fathers a son who later becomes the first hereditary steward to the King of Scotland . In real life , ' Steward ' eventually became the name ' Stewart ' ( later changed to French ' Stuart ' ) , and Walter Stewart married Princess Marjorie , daughter of Robert the Bruce . Their son , Robert II , began the Stewart / Stuart line of kings in Scotland . James VI and I , son of Mary , Queen of Scots , was the ninth Stewart / Stuart monarch ( eighth king ) of Scotland and the first of the six Stuart monarchs of England and Ireland . James VI & I was the reigning monarch when William Shakespeare is believed to have written and first produced Macbeth , which may have been in the new king 's honour . = = History = = Fleance and his father Banquo are both fictional characters presented as historical fact by Hector Boece , whose Scotorum Historiae ( 1526 – 27 ) was a source for Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles , a history of the British Isles popular in Shakespeare 's time . In the Chronicles , Fleance — in fear of Macbeth — flees to Wales and marries Nesta verch Gruffydd , daughter of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn , the last native Prince of Wales . They have a son named Walter who makes his way back to Scotland and is appointed Royal Steward . According to legend , he fathered the Stuart monarchs of England and Scotland . The Stuarts used their connection with Fleance and his marriage to the Welsh princess to claim a genealogical link with the legendary King Arthur . This , they hoped , would strengthen the legitimacy of their throne . In 1722 , however , Richard Hay , a Scottish historian , presented strong evidence that not only was James not a descendant of Fleance , but also that both Fleance and Banquo never even existed . Most modern scholars now agree that Fleance is not a real historical figure . = = In Macbeth = = Fleance appears in Shakespeare 's Macbeth . However , only his childhood is portrayed ; the rest of his story , as it is described in Holinshed 's Chronicles , does not appear in Shakespeare 's play . Scholars suggest that Shakespeare does not elaborate on Fleance 's life after his escape from Scotland in order to avoid unnecessary distraction from the story of Macbeth himself . In Act 1 , Macbeth and Banquo meet the Three Witches who foretell that Macbeth will be king and that Banquo " shalt get kings , though thou be none " . Fleance also briefly appears in the first scene of Act 2 , when his father tells him of " cursed thoughts that nature / Gives way to in repose ! " . Macbeth , aware of the threat Banquo and his son pose to his new throne , plans to have them murdered . Before Banquo goes traveling , Macbeth asks " Goes Fleance with you ? " Macbeth sends three men to follow and kill them both , saying " Fleance [ ' s ] absence is no less material to me / Than is his father 's . " Macbeth holds a banquet that night and reveals to his wife his fears of what might happen unless Fleance and Banquo are both killed . Banquo and Fleance are ambushed and while Banquo holds the assailants off he cries " Fly , good Fleance , fly , fly , fly ! / Thou mayst revenge . " When the murderers return to Macbeth and report their failure to kill Fleance , he says , " Then comes my fit again : I had else been perfect , / Whole as the marble , founded as the rock , / As broad and general as the casing air : / But now I am cabin 'd , cribb 'd , confined , bound in / To saucy doubts and fears . " Macbeth later meets the Three Witches again and is shown a vision of a long line of kings descended from Banquo . = = = Analysis = = = In the first scene of Act 2 , Fleance meets his father , who asks him to take his sword and tells him he is reluctant to go to bed due to the " cursed thoughts that nature / gives way to in repose ! " On Macbeth 's approach , however , Banquo demands the sword be returned to him quickly . Scholars have interpreted this to mean that Banquo has been dreaming of murdering the king . Doing so would make the throne more available for Fleance , and would fulfill the Three Witches ' prophecy that his sons would become kings . Since Banquo 's good nature is revolted by these thoughts , he gives his sword and dagger to Fleance to be sure he does not act on them . Still , he is so nervous at Macbeth 's approach that he demands their return . Other scholars have responded that Banquo 's dreams have nothing to do with him killing the king , but that they have revealed to him Macbeth 's bloody nature . They argue that Banquo is merely setting aside his sword for the night , but when Macbeth approaches , Banquo , having had these dark dreams about Macbeth , takes back his sword as a precaution . In any case , this scene adds to the dark , uncertain , unsettling tone of the play . Fleance and his father are not even certain of what time it is throughout , as Fleance says when asked at the beginning of the scene " The moon is down ; I have not heard the clock . " The two scenes in which murderers attack Banquo and Fleance , Lady Macduff and Macduff 's son , have been compared to Herod 's attempt to murder Christ and save the throne for himself by killing all new @-@ born children in Bethlehem . The conversation between Fleance and Banquo in their own murder scene is especially dark . Banquo 's first line from within " Give us a light there , ho ! " communicates the nighttime setting . The stage direction " Enter BANQUO , and FLEANCE , with a torch " , seems to foreshadow the fact that Fleance is a light for Scotland in the midst of the play 's black deeds . When Macbeth returns to the witches later in the play , they show him an apparition of the murdered Banquo , along with eight kings of his family , descending through Fleance . King James , on the throne when Macbeth was written , was the ninth Stuart king . This scene thus suggests strong support for James ' right to the throne by lineage , and for audiences of Shakespeare 's day , was a tangible fulfillment of the witches ' prophecy . The apparition is also deeply unsettling to Macbeth , who not only wants the throne for himself , but also desires to father a line of kings . Theater expert Marvin Rosenberg theorizes that Macbeth has a son , and interprets the play as commenting on the rivalries between pairs of father and son : Banquo and Fleance , Macduff and his son , Macbeth and his . He argues that the tension that exists between Fleance and Macbeth is made stronger if Macbeth has a child : his motive is not just selfish striving , but also fatherly ambition for his own son . But this interpretation is flawed because in IV : iii , as soon as Macduff hears that MacBeth has murdered his whole family , he says : " He has no children . " Some productions of Macbeth imply that the Macbeths have lost a child , or show this tenderness by having the title character attempt to pat Fleance on the head , when Fleance withdraws to his father 's side . = = = Theatre and screen versions = = = Theatre and screen versions of Macbeth have sometimes elaborated on Fleance 's role . In Orson Welles 's film version of Macbeth ( 1948 ) , Fleance is briefly seen again at the very end of the movie . He does not speak in this scene , but he has returned to Scotland with the army of Malcolm and Macduff , and is shown along with those hailing Malcolm as the new king after the killing of Macbeth . The BBC Shakespeare version of Macbeth shows Fleance in the final scene , implying his future role in bringing Banquo 's line to the throne . In Joe Macbeth ( 1955 ) , the first film to transpose Macbeth into a gang and Mafia @-@ like setting , Fleance is replaced by a character named Lenny . Lenny 's father , Banky , is killed , but Lenny escapes , and gathers a group of angry mobsters to overthrow Macbeth , who has , through a series of murders , made himself the kingpin gangster in the area . Lenny is successful in killing Macbeth in the end , but only after Macbeth has murdered most of his family . In another gangster adaptation , Men of Respect ( 1991 ) , Fleance is replaced by a character named Phil , who similarly helps overthrow Mike ( Macbeth ) after his father , Bankie ( Banquo ) , is murdered . Phil is inducted into the gang at the end of the film , when Mal ( Malcolm ) has taken over , suggesting that the violent gang culture will continue through generations . This sentiment echoes into the final scenes of Penny Woolcock 's Macbeth on the Estate . Macduff shoots Macbeth and takes a ring ( representing his high status ) off Macbeth 's finger . Entering a bar , he flips it to Malcolm , saying , " Hail , king . " Malcolm puts it on with some show and elbows his way to the front of the bar . One of the characters he elbows is Fleance ( a skinhead ) , who makes a mock gun out of his fingers and " shoots " at the back of the darker @-@ skinned Malcolm 's skull . Again this makes it clear that the violence will not end with the new generation . In Throne of Blood , a Japanese adaptation of the play , Fleance is replaced by Yoshiteru , a character played by Akira Kobu . The Macbeth and Banquo characters , Washizu and Miki , are told by an old woman spinning wool in a hut that while Washizu will rule the Forest Castle one day , Miki 's son Yoshiteru will eventually inherit it for himself . Washizu takes the throne and at one point is about to make Yoshiteru his heir , but changes his mind when his wife tells him she is pregnant . Washizu instead arranges to have Yoshiteru and his father killed , but Yoshiteru escapes . Another adaptation filmed in India , Maqbool ( 2003 ) , replaces Fleance with a character named Guddu . Maqbool ( Macbeth ) attempts to have Guddu murdered in order to strengthen power within the organized crime circle . Guddu , however , survives and marries the daughter of the former crime lord . In Macbett , Eugène Ionesco 's 1972 stage adaptation , Fleance is merged with the Malcolm character . Macol ( Malcolm ) , who is thought to be King Duncan 's son , is revealed to be Banco 's ( Banquo 's ) . Duncan , wanting a male heir , adopted Macol . Macol fills the role of Malcolm in taking the kingdom from Macbett ( Macbeth ) at the end of the play . In the 2006 modern dress film adaptation , set among gangsters in Melbourne , Fleance ( Craig Stott ) is depicted as a teenage boy , looking slightly older than in the original play . He also appears a bit more often , mainly in the scenes of Act V , where he sneaks on board a truck full of timber and witnesses the death of Macbeth before killing the maid and being directed home by Macduff . = = = Influence = = = Fleance 's line " The moon is down , I have not heard the clock " was the inspiration for the title of John Steinbeck 's 1942 short novel The Moon is Down . Fleance 's line foreshadows the evil encompassing the kingdom . The book was published just as the United States entered World War II and signaled the threat of the Axis powers by outlining the events in a European town occupied by foreign powers . Steinbeck 's book became a Broadway play and a film . In 2008 , Pegasus Books published The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II : The Seed of Banquo , a play by American author and playwright Noah Lukeman that endeavored to pick up where the original Macbeth left off , and to resolve its many loose ends , particularly the prophesied ascension of the seed of Banquo . Written in blank verse , the play was published to critical acclaim . Another book published in 2009 by Penguin Books , Banquo 's Son , is the first in a trilogy that follows on from the Shakespearean story . The novels are written by New Zealand author and English teacher , T.K. Roxborogh . = Scutellinia scutellata = Scutellinia scutellata , commonly known as the eyelash cup , the Molly eye @-@ winker , the scarlet elf cap , the eyelash fungus or the eyelash pixie cup , is a small saprophytic fungus of the genus Scutellinia . It is the type species of Scutellinia , as well as being the most common and widespread . The fruiting bodies are small red cups with distinct long , dark hairs or " eyelashes " . These eyelashes are the most distinctive feature and are easily visible with a magnifying glass . The species is common in North America and Europe , and has been recorded on every continent . S. scutellata is found on rotting wood and in other damp habitats , typically growing in small groups , sometimes forming clusters . It is sometimes described as inedible , but its small size means it is not suitable for culinary use . Despite this , it is popular among mushroom hunters due to its unusual " eyelash " hairs , making it memorable and easy to identify . = = Taxonomy = = S. scutellata was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in his book Species Plantarum as Peziza scutellata , and it was given its current name by Jean Baptiste Émil Lambotte in Memoires societe royale des sciences de Liege in 1887 . It was also named Patella scutellata in 1902 . The specific name scutellata is from the Latin for " like a small shield " . Common names include the eyelash fungus , the eyelash cup , the scarlet elf cap , the Molly eye @-@ winker and the eyelash pixie cup . The Scutellinia genus is currently placed in the Pyronemataceae family . However , genera of the Pyronemataceae lack unifying macroscopic or microscopic characteristics ; this lack of uniting characters has led various authors to propose a variety of classification schemes . A 1996 study of British specimens of Scutellinia revealed that the species S. crinita , originally described as Peziza crinita in 1789 by French botanist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard , was synonymous with S. scutellata . = = Description = = The fruiting body of S. scutellata is a shallow disc shape , typically between 0 @.@ 2 to 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 4 in ) in diameter . The youngest specimens are almost entirely spherical ; the cups open up and expand to a disc during maturity . The inner surface of the cup ( the fertile spore @-@ bearing surface , known as the hymenium ) is bright orange @-@ red , while the outer surface ( the sterile surface ) is pale brown . The flesh is red and thin . The outer surface is covered in dark coloured , stiff hairs , measuring up to 1 centimetre ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) in length . At the base , these hairs are up to 40 µm ( 0 @.@ 0016 in ) thick , and they taper towards the pointed apices . The hairs form distinctive " eyelashes " on the margin of the cup that are visible to the naked eye. or easily visible through a magnifying glass . S. scutellata is sessile — it does not have a stalk . = = = Microscopic features = = = S. scutellata has asci of approximately 300 µm by 25 µm in size , and releases elliptical spores measuring 18 to 19 µm by 10 to 12 µm . The translucent ( hyaline ) ascospores have a rough exterior , ( with very small warts ) and contain small droplets of oil . They are white when present in large numbers , like a spore print . The paraphyses are cylindrical in shape and feature septa partitioning the hypha into distinct cells . Electron microscopy of the top of the ascus has revealed a roughly delimited operculum ( a flap @-@ like covering of the ascus ) and ascostome ( a pore in the apex of the ascus ) , and a subapical ring . = = Edibility = = While some list S. scutellata as inedible , others list it as having an unknown edibility . David Arora considers it too small to be of any culinary interest , and it lacks a distinctive smell or taste . = = Distribution and habitat = = S. scutellata is common in both Europe , where it can be found from late spring to late autumn , and North America , where it fruits in winter and spring . It has also been collected in Cameroon , Colombia , East Asia , India , Iceland , Israel , New Guinea and the Solomon Islands , Russia , and Turkey . A saprobic species , it grows generally in subalpine regions , fruiting on rotten wood and damp soil , and can also sometimes be found on ashes , wet leaves or bracket fungi . In Alaska it has been found growing on humus in the tundra . A six @-@ year study of the succession of fungal flora appearing on freshly cut stumps of Poplar trees ( Populus canadensis ) showed that S. scutellata appeared roughly in the middle of the fungal succession ( about 2 – 4 years after the tree had been cut ) , along with the species Ascocoryne sarcoides , Scutellinia cervorum , and Lasiosphaeria spermoides . When growing on wood , it is often obscured by surrounding moss . Though sometimes found alone , they typically fruit in groups , sometimes forming dense clusters on rotting wood or other plant detritus . Due to its small size , it is often overlooked , but mycologist Vera Evenson has observed that " the discovery of the Eyelash Cup is always a great pleasure " , due to " the beauty of the eyelashes " . Vera McKnight describes it as " a most attractive little fungus " , and claims it is easy to notice due to its bright colouration . = = Carotenoids = = The carotenoids are pigmented molecules found naturally in plants , and some types of fungi , including S. scutellata . A 1965 study reported the carotenoid composition of this fungus , found to contain a high proportion of monocyclic carotenes — carotenes with only one cyclohexene ring , such as beta @-@ carotene . Also present were minor amounts of xanthophyll , a molecule structurally related to the carotenes . = = Similar species = = Of more than a dozen species of Scutellinia , S. scutellata is the most common and widespread , though a microscope is required to differentiate between some of them . It is also the type species of the genus . It is differentiated from most other Scutellinia by its larger size , and its distinctive " eyelashes " . Although David Arora describes S. scutellata as " easily recognizable " , it can be mistaken for S. umbrarum ( which has a larger fruiting body and larger spores , as well as having shorter , less obvious hairs ) S. erinaceus ( which is slightly smaller , and orange to yellow in colour , with smooth spores ) , Cheilymenia crucipila ( which is much smaller , with short , pale hairs and spores lacking oil droplets ) and Melastiza chateri , which is bright orange with small brown hairs . The " Pennsylvania eyelash cup " ( S. pennsylvanica ) is a smaller North American version that has smaller hairs and spores that are more coarsely warted than S. scutellata . S. barlae is very similar as well , and can only be reliably distinguished by its roughly spherical ascospores that are typically 17 – 23 µm in diameter . Species from the Lamprospora genus are smaller and hairless . Similar fungi that favour dung over rotting wood include Cheilymenia coprinaria , C. theleboides , and Coprobia granulata while species such as Anthracobia macrocystis , Anthracobia melaloma , Trichophaea abundans , Pyronema omphalodes , Pulvinula carbonaria and Pulvinula archeri are cup fungi that favour burned @-@ over ground . = Joanne Gair = Joanne " Kiwi Jo " or " Kiwi Joe " Gair ( born c . 1958 ) is a New Zealand @-@ born and raised make @-@ up artist and body painter whose body paintings have been featured in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue from 1999 to the most recent edition . She is considered the world 's leading trompe @-@ l 'œil body painter and make @-@ up artist , and she became famous with a Vanity Fair Demi 's Birthday Suit cover of Demi Moore in a body painting in 1992 . Her Disappearing Model was featured on the highest rated episode of Ripley 's Believe It or Not . She is the daughter of George Gair . In addition to achieving pop culture prominence and respect in the fashion and art worlds starting with her body painting of Demi Moore , she is an award @-@ winning make @-@ up artist in the rock and roll world who has helped several of her music clients win fashion and style awards . She is also considered a fashion and art trendsetter , and for a long time she was associated with Madonna . In 2001 , she had her first retrospective and in 2005 , she published her first book on body painting . At the peak of her pop culture fame after the Vanity Fair cover , she was seriously considered for an Absolut Vodka Absolute Gair ad campaign . She has done magazine editorial work , and in 2005 , she became a photographer of her own body paintings in both books and magazines . = = Career = = Gair , who is New Zealand @-@ born and was raised in Auckland , lives in the United States and is based in Los Angeles . In 1977 , she began teaching dance at a New Zealand primary school . She moved from New Zealand at the age of 21 and had a variety of stops on her way to Los Angeles . Most of the time was spent in Australia and Amsterdam , until she ventured to Los Angeles at the time of the 1984 Summer Olympics , after five years away from home . With the help of the Cloutier Agency she obtained a work permit . She then approached the Chanel and Gaultier beauty salons to offer her already well @-@ respected make @-@ up artist services . They both accepted her and she further solidified her reputation to the point where instead of being asked if she was George Gair 's daughter it was more common for her father to be asked if he was Joanne Gair 's father . Her early work in the music industry included album cover and music video work for David Lee Roth , Tina Turner , Grace Jones , Annie Lennox , and Mick Jagger . One of her early successes was being employed to do Roth 's 1986 Eat ' Em and Smile album cover . These experiences led to work with Madonna , which started with music videos for " Express Yourself " and " Vogue " . She has also done work on music videos for Aerosmith and Nine Inch Nails . Her work on the 1997 Nine Inch Nails video for " The Perfect Drug " won her the makeup portion of the best hair / makeup in a music video at the Music Video Production Awards . She had also won awards for Madonna 's Frozen . Among the other notable musicians she has worked with is Gwen Stefani , who won Most Stylish Video at the 1999 VH1 / Vogue Fashion Awards working with Gair on the video for No Doubt 's song " New " . Gair also worked on ad campaigns and for photo features in efforts to exhibit the artistic visions of others . Eventually she expanded beyond make @-@ up artistry to body painting to express her own artistic vision . In August 1991 , Demi Moore caused international artistic commotion by appearing on the cover of Vanity Fair seven months pregnant with her daughter Scout LaRue in the photo More Demi Moore , with Gair as the make @-@ up artist and Annie Leibovitz as the photographer . Exactly one year later , she returned to the cover of the same magazine nude as a product of Gair and Leibovitz in a nearly equally as shocking body painting , Demi 's Birthday Suit ( pictured right ) . Gair was the primary body painter of this art and the magazine cover art propelled Gair to fame . Fifteen years later , it continues to be considered the most well @-@ known example of modern body painting . The 1992 cover that entailed a thirteen @-@ hour sitting for Gair and her team of make @-@ up artists was a commemoration of the August 1991 photo . The shooting was storied because photographer Annie Leibovitz could not decide where to shoot and reserved two mobile homes , four hotel rooms and five houses . The pop culture attention given to Gair and her body painting led Absolut Vodka to consider an Absolut Gair body painting promotion in 1993 . Gair is considered a Trompe @-@ l 'œil body painter , but at times she describes herself more generally and colloquially as an illusionist . She also refers to herself and others refer to her as an image @-@ maker for her contributions to people 's perceptions of others . She was originally inspired to specialise in body painting by facial skin adornment of the indigenous Māori people of her native New Zealand . However , the glam rockers and heavy metal rockers as well as white @-@ face geishas , Native American Indians and Indian mehndi all contributed to her inspiration . She began using Sharpies to draw on people in 1977 . Her work , which became prominent with the August 1992 Vanity Fair cover of Demi Moore , has transcended various media and involved her with leading photographers , directors , super models and celebrities . Gair has worked with leading celebrities ( Madonna , Cindy Crawford , Michelle Pfeiffer , Kim Basinger , Christina Aguilera , Gwyneth Paltrow , Sophia Loren and Celine Dion ) and been in editorial ( Vogue , W , Vanity Fair , Rolling Stone , Playboy , BlackBook , and Harper 's Bazaar ) , fashion campaigns ( Donna Karan , Versace , Victoria 's Secret , Guess , and bebe ) , cosmetic companies ( L 'Oréal , Maybelline , Revlon , Oil of Olay , and Rimmel ) and mega @-@ brands such as Evian . At one point she was beauty editor of Black Book . Her work with Madonna includes music videos such as Express Yourself , Vogue , Fever , Rain , Frozen , the Blonde Ambition Tour and its subsequent feature documentary Truth or Dare . When Madonna teamed up with Herb Ritts for black and white photographs , Gair did the eyelashes and make @-@ up . Gair has been the subject of numerous television programs and magazine articles , including what was the highest rated episode of Ripley 's Believe It or Not ? . Her first retrospective was exhibited at the Auckland Museum as part of the Vodafone Body Art exhibition in 2001 and early 2002 . Gair has earned many motion picture credits for work as a make @-@ up artist . In 1996 & 1997 , she was employed on three of Moore 's films ( Striptease , If These Walls Could Talk & G.I. Jane ) . In addition , she earned a 1997 credit on Playboy : Farrah Fawcett , All of Me for Farrah Fawcett . In 2002 , she earned a make @-@ up credit on People I Know for working with Kim Basinger . She also earned a 2003 credit for work on the short documentary The Work of Director Chris Cunningham . = = Sports Illustrated = = In her first year in the Swimsuit Issue ( 1999 ) , she painted Rebecca Romijn , Heidi Klum , Sarah O 'Hare , Michelle Behennah , Yamila Díaz @-@ Rahi , and Daniela Peštová in a variety of beachware . The first Gair Sports Illustrated body paintings occurred at Richard Branson 's Necker Island in the British Virgin Islands . Some of these also appeared in a 2001 Sports Illustrated calendar , and Heidi Klum 's tie @-@ dyed swimsuit bodypainting earned her and Gair the cover of the German edition of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . In 2001 , the Swimsuit Issue had a goddess theme . The cover featuring Elsa Benítez used the caption " Goddess of the Mediterranean " . Gair contributed to this theme by body painting the models as statues of goddess : Klum ( Athena ) , Díaz @-@ Rahi ( Thalia ) , Veronika Vařeková ( Aphrodite , Venus ) , Molly Sims ( Flora ) , Noémie Lenoir ( Luna ) , Fernanda Tavares ( Aurora ) , and Shakara Ledard ( Diana ) as goddesses . At about the same time in 2001 , her work featuring Klum was featured on the cover of the tenth anniversary of Shape Magazine . In 2003 , she painted a seven continent world map on Rachel Hunter , a fellow New Zealander , and purposely represented Australia and New Zealand " down under " ( on the buttocks ) . In the 2004 issue , when she painted Jessica White , Petra Nemcova , Marisa Miller , Noemie Lenoir , Melissa Keller , and Hall , the paintings featured both body painting and real bathing suit portions in most images . However , bathing suit portions were not apparent in all images . In the 2005 issue , she painted Bridget Hall , White , Miller , Anne V , and Sarahyba with athletic team outfits . In the 2006 issue , she painted multiple bathing suits on Klum . One of these appeared on the cover of the German edition of Sports Illustrated . It was the ninth time that Gair and Klum worked together and the seventh time that they did so for Sports Illustrated . In the 2007 issue , where music was the theme and Beyoncé Knowles was featured on the cover , she painted rock and roll related tee shirts and bikini bottoms on Daniella Sarahyba , Miller , Praver and Ana Paula Araujo . In the 2008 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue , when she painted bathing suits on Quiana Grant , Jessica Gomes , Marisa Miller , and Tori Praver , the average sitting time for the subjects / objects was thirteen hours . The photographers in 1999 , 2001 , 2003 and 2004 were respectively Antoine Verglas , James Porto , Michael Zeppetello and Steven White for the Swimsuit Issue works . From 2005 – 2007 Gair took the photographs of her body paintings herself . Verglas again photographed the bodypainting for the 2008 Swimsuit Issue . No body painting pictures have been chosen as the main image on the cover of the Swimsuit Issue . However , in the 2005 Swimsuit Issue ( pictured left ) in which Carolyn Murphy is the cover model , Jessica White was shown as an inset on the cover in a Miami Dolphins jersey body painting by Gair . Thus , as a Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue photographer Gair debuted on the cover in a sense . In 2006 a small cropped portion of her photograph of a bodypainting of Klum appeared in an inset on the cover , but no bodypainting was apparent . = = Books = = Gair has produced two English books : Paint A ' Licious : The Pain @-@ Free Way to Achieving Your Naked Ambitions ( ISBN 0 @-@ 7407 @-@ 5537 @-@ 4 , Andrews McMeel Publishing , 2005 ) and Body Painting : Masterpieces By Joanne Gair ( with foreword by Heidi Klum ) ( ISBN 0 @-@ 7893 @-@ 1509 @-@ 2 , Universem , 2006 ) as well as one Spanish book : Arte en el cuerpo ( ISBN 970 @-@ 718 @-@ 470 @-@ 1 , Numen , 2007 ) . In her first book , Paint A ' Licious , she was both the painter and photographer as well as the arranger who conceived the scenes . Paint A ' Licious had a theme of helping people achieve their fantasies . Among the works included were one called ' It 's a Stretch but You 've Still Got It , ' which shows an old woman in a pink tutu doing the splits on a golden stage , with the help of an assistant painted to blend into the curtains and ' No Sweat ' which shows an overweight woman happily leading an aerobics class with her body painted so that she appears 30 pounds slimmer . In the book , washboard abs are achieved by sitting still for a few hours , as is an hourglass figure . The book was produced over the course of ten months in New Zealand . Her second book , Body Painting , includes seventy @-@ five works and some of the photographers involved were Annie Leibovitz , Herb Ritts and David LaChapelle . The book includes many works from Gair 's Auckland Museum exhibition as well as selected Swimsuit Issue images . Former model and current First Lady of France , Carla Bruni , was a subject of the book . Several Heidi Klum photos are included from various photo shoots , including the 1991 Shape magazine tenth anniversary shoot . Several photos of Demi Moore also appear including alternate photos from the Kauai , Hawaii portion of the 1992 Demi 's Birthday Suit week of shooting as well as both photos of her 1994 pregnancy with Tallulah Belle Willis and subsequent 1995 Barbie body paintings . A photo from the Disappearing Model work from Ripley 's Believe It or Not ? is also included . The book also includes magazine work such as a May 1990 Fame shoot with Goldie Hawn and Matthew Rolston and a November 1998 Interview shoot with Pamela Anderson and David LaChapelle as well as some Pirelli calendar work with Herb Ritts , Carolyn Murphy and Alek Wek . Sports Illustrated produced Sports Illustrated : In the Paint ( ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 933821 @-@ 20 @-@ 7 , Time , Inc . Home Entertainment , 2007 ) in November 2007 . The book is subtitled " The complete body @-@ painting collection from the SI Swimsuit Issue : The Art of Joanne Gair . " The book contains reproductions of photographs of all of the body paintings that have been included in the swimsuit issue since Gair has become involved and excludes all body painting that preceded Gair 's involvement . Thus , she is the featured artist of the book that includes photographs by all of the aforementioned photographers . The book also contains stories that accompanied some of the issues by Sports Illustrated writers such as Rick Reilly who observed the process . The cover image of Sarah O 'Hare was shot by Antoine Verglas who photographed Gair 's 1999 bodypaintings for the Swimsuit Issue . The book includes images produced in Gair 's earlier efforts for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue from 1999 – 2007 . It also includes several behind @-@ the @-@ scenes images not include in the magazine . = = Television = = Although to many she is best known for Demi 's Birthday Suit , art aficionados consider her most famous work Disappearing Model . The work appeared on Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! . In the trompe l 'oeil body painting , the face and body of the model are almost indistinguishable from the red and blue and yellow flowers of the wallpaper in the background . Her first body paintings was also memorable as she painted a moko on a female Ford Modeling Agency fashion model named Jana , which is a tabooed employment of a traditionally male ritual face mask . An example from Gair 's website of her ability to trick the eye into seeing a three @-@ dimensional subject blend with a two @-@ dimensional background is seen in a photograph of a pregnant Elle Macpherson . Other examples of this technique include the cover of her first book ( pictured below ) and images from within this book . She participated in Germany 's Next Topmodel by painting and photographing the final four contestants in leopard prints . During the episode , which was Cycle 1 episode 6 , she handled two models per day working for six to seven hours with each . The works covered the shoulders , legs , breasts and stomach and included long hair extensions . The episode resulted in work that was so successful that none of the contestants were eliminated . = = Style = = Gair has now developed a style as a body painter . Her typical job takes her and her team eight hours , but some jobs take twice that . She does not charge by the hour . Gair is always well prepared for her jobs , but does not generally sketch her work on paper . In fact , she claims to have only had to do so twice in over twenty years of body painting . When she needs to test something out she usually uses her opposite ( left ) arm or hand . In recent years , Gair has added photography to her professional skills . In addition to being the photographer of Paint A ' Licious , she has been the photographer in some years of her Sports Illustrated work . For example , she was the photographer of Heidi Klum in 2006 . At the end of 2007 , Gair was using a Canon 5D camera . = = Family = = Gair is from Takapuna on the North Island of New Zealand , but she now lives in both Los Angeles and New York City . Her father is Hon. George Gair , a former New Zealand politician , and her nephew Alastair Gair is a competitive Etchells racer . Her father was a long @-@ time Member of the Parliament of New Zealand ( 1966 – 1990 ) and later Mayor of North Shore City ( 1995 – 1998 ) . Her mother is Fay Gair , and her elder sister Linda Gair served both as a model and as a painting assistant in several of the paintings in her first book . Linda also has a daughter named Lauren . One of the paintings for which Linda assisted was the cover of Paint A ' Licious . Gair also has an older brother named Warwick . = Stones Bitter = Stones Bitter is a bitter style of beer manufactured and distributed in the United Kingdom by the North American brewer Molson Coors . It has a straw @-@ golden hue ; it was first brewed in 1948 by William Stones Ltd at the Cannon Brewery in Sheffield . It was designed for the local steelworkers and became successful in its local area , becoming one of Sheffield 's best known products . The brewing giant Bass acquired William Stones in the 1960s , and began to heavily promote the keg variant of Stones Bitter , which eventually became the highest selling bitter in the country . However the keg version was promoted at the expense of the traditional unpasteurised and unfiltered cask conditioned version . During the 1990s the ABV of Stones was gradually reduced , and as ale sales declined , Stones reverted from a national into a regional brand . Following the closure of the Cannon Brewery , Stones has been brewed at a number of different breweries . When Bass exited its brewing business , Stones became a Coors brand ( later Molson Coors ) . Stones was promoted through a series of television advertisements during the 1980s that starred Michael Angelis and Tony Barton . It eventually became the United Kingdom 's longest ever running bitter campaign . Stones sponsored the Rugby Football League Championship and its successor the Rugby Super League throughout the 1980s and 1990s . = = History = = The head brewer Edward " Ted " Collins first produced Stones Bitter at the Cannon Brewery in 1948 . It was designed for the steelworkers of Sheffield 's Lower Don Valley . The product was formulated as the working classes began to favour bitter over the dark mild style of beer . The beer 's straw colour made it reasonably unique for the time , and its individuality helped it to become an immediate success . By the 1960s its local reputation was " colossal " , and it accounted for 80 per cent of William Stones ' sales . Stones had such a strong local following that it was described as being " more of a religion than a beer . " From 1979 , keg Stones began to be promoted heavily nationwide , and the beer was introduced to the South of England for the first time . The beer was promoted following the withdrawal of the unpopular Brew Ten , which was itself intended to replace Bass 's regional ales . Originally the beer would be produced at the Cannon Brewery and then transported to Bass ' Hope & Anchor brewery , also in Sheffield , for pasteurisation and kegging , but eventually demand for Stones Bitter became too great for the Cannon alone , and production was also extended to other Bass breweries . In the early 1980s it was produced at Bass ' Runcorn brewery , although this was quickly halted after drinkers complained of headaches from the poorly manufactured beer . The Runcorn beer had been brewed at a higher temperature , which increased the amount of hangover @-@ inducing fusel oils in the beer . By 1989 Stones was the ninth most popular beer in the United Kingdom , with 2 per cent of all beer sales . Demand was such that the Cannon Brewery was paying up to £ 1 @.@ 5 million per month in duty by 1991 . Cask conditioned Stones won silver in the Bitter category in the CAMRA Champion Beer of Britain in 1991 . By 1992 Stones was the UK 's highest selling bitter , a million barrel a year brand , with Bass describing it as " a tremendously important brand with untapped potential " . That same year , Bass were criticised for reducing the ABV of Stones from 4 @.@ 1 per cent to 3 @.@ 9 per cent ABV in order to reduce the impact of beer duty . The current packaging was introduced in 1994 , and evokes Vulcan , the Roman god of fire and blacksmiths , and protector of craftsmen . In 1997 the Yorkshire Post described the beer as " one of Sheffield 's most famous exports " , and " a name which carries as much pride as the Made in Sheffield stamp . " In 1997 , Bass decided to deprioritise Stones in order to concentrate on promoting Worthington as their national ale brand . Stones ' ABV was further reduced to 3 @.@ 8 per cent in August 1998 , and then to 3 @.@ 7 per cent a few months later leading to its derision in the Yorkshire Evening Post . Following the closure of the Cannon Brewery in 1999 , canned Stones has been brewed in Burton upon Trent and keg Stones in Tadcaster . The cask conditioned variant was brewed by Highgate Brewery of Walsall , Thwaites Brewery of Blackburn and finally Everards of Leicester . It was restored to 4 @.@ 1 per cent ABV and its original recipe in August 2006 , with Coors claiming that it would be " like [ how ] Stones used to taste . " The product was discontinued in 2011 . In 2006 Off Licence News identified the canned variant as " continuing a slow but sure decline that has seen its status redefined from national brand to Yorkshire regional over the last decade . " As of 2012 Stones Bitter is among the twenty highest selling ales in the United Kingdom , with estimated annual volumes at over 100 @,@ 000 hectolitres . = = Recipe and flavour = = The recipes for brewery conditioned and cask conditioned Stones differed : Brewery conditioned Stones is brewed with a blend of hops from America ( Columbus and Zeus ) and Europe ( Magnum and Admiral ) . The barley variety used is Pearl . The beer comes in kegs and 440ml cans , and is described as having a " fragrant grapefruit @-@ citrus hop aroma , [ which ] cuts through a characteristically sulphury background with a fruity edge . The unusual salts balance ensures that the bitterness isn ’ t dry . " Cask conditioned Stones used Challenger hops , and was dry hopped with English Goldings . It was described as having an aroma of hops , sulphur and grapefruit , with a salty , moreish and zesty taste . = = Advertising = = A major television campaign ran nationally from 1983 until 1991 with the tagline ( coined by playwright Peter Whelan ) : " ( Wherever you may wander ) there 's no taste like Stones " . The series initially starred Bernard Hill and Tony Barton , although Hill was replaced by Michael Angelis from 1984 onwards . The advertisements followed the characters of Jeff and Dave as they got into scrapes in various overseas locations , with humorous results . By 1987 it had become the UK 's longest running bitter campaign of all time . From 1993 Stones was only advertised in the north of England . The 1994 @-@ 96 " Sheffield Gold " campaign was set in a steel foundry : a nod to the city 's heritage , although it was filmed in the Czech Republic because Sheffield 's own foundries were considered to be too clean and automated for the desired gritty and industrial effect . A spokesman for Bass explained : " We wanted sparks and goggles . " It was to be the final major marketing push for Stones , and as of 2012 the only marketing support for the brand is the provision of Stones branded glassware and bar merchandise for regular stockists . = = = Sponsorships = = = Stones Bitter famously sponsored the Rugby Football League Championship from 1986 to 1995 , and then its successor the Rugby Super League from 1996 – 7 . A 1986 – 8 set of poster advertisements with the tagline : " Stones . Sheer poetry . " supported the sponsorship . In 1995 and 1996 Stones sponsored the Doncaster Handicap and the Park Hill Stakes horse racing events . = Until the Whole World Hears ( song ) = " Until the Whole World Hears " is a song by Christian rock band Casting Crowns . Written by Mark Hall , Bernie Herms , Jason McArthur and Roger Glidewell and produced by Mark A. Miller , it was released as a digital download on August 20 , 2009 and to Christian radio on August 29 , 2009 as the lead single from the band 's 2009 album of the same title . Musically , Until the Whole World Hears is an arena rock song with a crunchy guitar lick accompanied by blasting guitar chords and the " throaty growl " of Mark Hall 's vocals . Lyrically , it revolves around speaking the truth into a culture that doesn 't want to hear it . Part of the chorus references the Biblical character of John the Baptist . " Until the Whole World Hears " received positive reception from critics and was nominated for Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards . Casting Crowns has performed the song as both an opening and closing song at live concerts . It peaked atop the Billboard Hot Christian Songs , Hot Christian AC and Christian AC Monitored charts . It also peaked at number four on the Billboard Christian CHR chart , number ten on the Billboard Christian Digital Songs chart and number twenty @-@ three on the Billboard Heatseekers Songs chart . = = Production = = " Until the Whole World Hears " was written by Mark Hall , Bernie Herms , Jason McArthur , and Roger Glidewell . It was produced by Mark A. Miller and recorded , mixed , and edited digitally by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee . The song was mastered by Andrew Mendelson , Shelley Anderson , Natthaphol Abhigantaphand and Daniel Bacigalupi at Georgetown Masters in Nashville , Tennessee . Crowd vocals were recorded after a Sunday morning worship service at Eagles Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough , Georgia by Carter Hassebrock , Darren Hughes and Billy Lord . = = Composition = = " Until the Whole World Hears " is a song with a length of five minutes and two seconds . It is set in common time in the key of D major and has a tempo of 100 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocals in the song span from the low note of F ♯ 4 to the high note of G5 . The song has been pegged as an arena rock song , while the guitar riff , melody , and chorus have been compared to what was " once associated with secular bands like Bon Jovi and Journey " . It is guitar @-@ driven and features a guitar lick that has been described as " crunchy " and " uncustomary " , Along with the " throaty growl " of Mark Hall 's vocals and " blasting " guitar chords , a backing chorus that emphasizes the " rock vibe " of the song is also present . Casting Crowns ' lead vocalist , Mark Hall , commented on the lyrical content of the song , stating that : " For believers , in context with our other songs , the messages are that God wants to use you , He wants you to grow and He wants you to have a purpose " . Hall elaborated that : " There are a trilogy of songs and messages that go together on the album . [ " Until the Whole World Hears " ] , “ Glorious Day , ” and “ To Know You . ” [ " Until the Whole World Hears " ] reminds me to be more intentional about what I do . I may not be able to get on a plane and fly to China and give out Bibles and preach the gospel , but how can I witness to my co @-@ workers and my friends and my family . " The portion of the chorus that says " like voices in the wilderness we 're crying out " is a reference to John the Baptist ; Hall said that one of his favorite characters in the New Testament was John the Baptist , and commented that " he [ John the Baptist ] was so black and white . This is wrong , and this is right . And he was speaking into a grey world , saying black and white things , and it cost him his life " . He elaborated on that , commenting that : " Until the whole world hears are the lines and the things that John the Baptist said into a culture that did not want to hear it . And we 've got to be in a place in our walk with Jesus that he 's filled us to where we step into something that 's unpopular and we can speak the truth , but that we can also speak it in love . We 've got to live in such a way that I have the purpose that John had " . = = Critical reception and accolades = = Upon its release , " Until the Whole World Hears " met with positive critical reception . Andrew Greer of CCM Magazine noted that " Uncustomary electric guitar licks infuse [ " Until the Whole World Hears " ] with a real rock vibe , emphasized by a backing chorus that will become a perfect sing @-@ along for live audience " , while Roger Gelwicks of Jesus Freak Hideout commented that the song is " probably the best on [ " Until the Whole World Hears " ] . Roger Ham of Christianity Today regarded " Until the Whole World Hears " as a " meat and potatoes bruiser overrun with blasting guitar chords and topped off with [ Mark ] Hall 's throaty growl " . " Until the Whole World Hears " was nominated for Pop / Contemporary Record Song of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards . = = Chart performance = = " Until the Whole World Hears " debuted at number thirty @-@ six on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart for the chart week of September 12 , 2009 , and advanced to number fifteen in its second chart week . In its fourth chart week , " Until the Whole World Hears " moved to number ten , and in its seventh chart week it jumped to number five . In its tenth chart week , it reached a new peak position of number two . It held that spot for a total of eight consecutive weeks before dropping to number five in its eighteenth chart week . After returning to the number two spot in its nineteenth chart week and holding that spot for two consecutive weeks , " Until the Whole World Hears " ascended to the top spot in its twenty @-@ first chart week . It dropped to number three in its twenty @-@ second chart week , but returned to the number one position the following week . It was supplanted from the top spot the following week , dropping to number two . It dropped out of the top five in its thirtieth week on the chart , and out of the top ten in its thirty @-@ fifth week on the chart . In total , " Until the Whole World Hears " spent forty @-@ one weeks on the Hot Christian Songs chart . " Until the Whole World Hears " also peaked atop the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , on which it spent forty @-@ two weeks , and the Christian AC Indicator chart , on which it spent twenty @-@ eight weeks . It spent twenty @-@ two weeks on the Billboard Christian CHR chart , peaking at number four , and twenty @-@ six weeks on the Billboard Christian Digital Songs chart , peaking at number ten . On the Billboard Heatseekers Songs chart , " Until the Whole World Hears " peaked at number twenty @-@ three ; it spent a total of seven weeks on that chart . On the 2009 year @-@ end charts , " Until the Whole World Hears " ranked at number twenty @-@ three on the Hot Christian Songs chart and at number thirty @-@ one on the Hot Christian AC chart . On the 2010 year @-@ end charts , it ranked at number five on the Hot Christian AC chart , number seven on the Hot Christian Songs chart , number forty on the Christian Digital Songs chart and number fifty on the Christian CHR chart . = = Live performances = = At the 41st GMA Dove Awards , Casting Crowns performed Until the Whole World Hears along with a children 's choir . At a concert at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri on February 5 , 2010 , Casting Crowns opened with the song . At concerts in Hershey , Pennsylvania ( February 28 , 2010 ) , Johnson City , Tennessee ( March 8 , 2012 ) , and Grand Rapids , Michigan ( February 16 , 2012 ) , Casting Crowns closed their set list with the song . = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = Roberto Cofresí = Roberto Cofresí y Ramírez de Arellano ( June 17 , 1791 – March 29 , 1825 ) , better known as El Pirata Cofresí , was a pirate from Puerto Rico . Despite his birth into a noble family , the political and economic difficulties faced by the island as a colony of the Spanish Empire during the late 18th and early 19th centuries meant that his household was poor . Cofresí worked at sea from an early age ; although this familiarized him with the region 's geography , it provided only a modest salary . He eventually decided to abandon a sailor 's life , becoming a pirate . Despite previous links to land @-@ based criminal activities , the reason for Cofresí 's change of vocation is unknown ; historians speculate that he may have worked as a privateer aboard El Scipión , owned by one of his cousins . The timing of this decision was crucial in establishing him as the dominant Caribbean pirate of the era . Cofresí began his new career in early 1823 , filling a role vacant in the Spanish Main since the death of Jean Lafitte , and was the last major target of West Indies anti @-@ piracy operations . While piracy was heavily monitored and most pirates were rarely successful , Cofresí was confirmed to have plundered at least eight vessels and has been credited with over 70 captures . At the height of his career , he evaded capture by vessels from Spain , Gran Colombia , United Kingdom , Denmark , France and the United States . Cofresí preferred to outrun his pursuers but his flotilla engaged the West Indies Squadron twice , attacking the schooners USS Grampus and USS Beagle . Cofresí commanded several small @-@ draft vessels , the best known a fast six @-@ gun sloop named Anne , and demonstrated a preference for speed and maneuverability over firepower . He manned them with small , rotating crews , which most contemporary documents and accounts numbered at 10 to 20 in size . Although most crew members were recruited locally , men from the other Antilles , Central America and expatriate Europeans occasionally joined the pirates . Unlike his predecessors , Cofresí is not known to have imposed a pirate code on his crew ; his leadership was enhanced by an audacious personality , a trait acknowledged even by his pursuers . According to 19th @-@ century reports he had a rule of engagement that when a vessel was captured , only those willing to join his crew were permitted to live . Cofresí 's influence extended to a large number of civil informants and associates , forming a network which took 14 years after his death to fully dismantle . Despite never confessing to a murder , he reportedly boasted about his crimes ; the number of people who died as a result of his pillaging ranged from 300 to 400 , mostly foreigners . Cofresí proved too much for local authorities who , unable to contain him themselves , accepted international help to capture the pirate ; Spain created an alliance with the West Indies Squadron and the Danish government of Saint Thomas . On March 5 , 1825 , the alliance set a trap which forced Anne into a naval battle . After 45 minutes , Cofresí abandoned his ship and escaped overland ; he was recognized by a local resident , who ambushed and injured him . Cofresí was captured and imprisoned , making a last unsuccessful attempt to escape by trying to bribe an official with part of a hidden stash . The pirates were sent to San Juan , Puerto Rico , where a brief military tribunal found them guilty and sentenced them to death . On March 29 , 1825 , Cofresí and most of his crew were executed by firing squad . The pirate inspired stories and myths after his death , most emphasizing a Robin Hood @-@ like " steal from the rich , give to the poor " philosophy which became associated with him . In poetry and oral tradition this portrayal has evolved into legend , commonly accepted as fact in Puerto Rico and throughout the West Indies . A subset of these claims that Cofresí became part of the Puerto Rican independence movement and other secessionist initiatives , including Simón Bolívar 's campaign against Spain . Historic and mythical accounts of his life have inspired songs , poems , plays , books and films . In Puerto Rico caves , beaches and other alleged hideouts or locations of buried treasure have been named after Cofresí , and a resort town near Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic is named for him . = = Early years = = = = = Lineage = = = In 1945 , historian Enrique Ramírez Brau speculated that Cofresí may have had Jewish ancestry . A theory , held by David Cuesta and historian Úrsula Acosta ( a member of the Puerto Rican Genealogy Society ) , held that the name Kupferstein ( " copper stone " ) may have been chosen by his family when the 18th @-@ century European Jewish population adopted surnames . The theory was later discarded when their research uncovered a complete family tree prepared by Cofresí 's cousin , Luigi de Jenner , indicating that their name was spelled Kupferschein ( not Kupferstein ) . Originally from Prague , Cofresí paternal patriarch Cristoforo Kupferschein received a recognition and coat of arms from Ferdinand I of Austria in December 1549 and eventually moved to Trieste . His last name was probably adapted from the town of Kufstein . After its arrival , the family became one of Trieste 's early settlers . Cristoforo 's son Felice was recognized as a noble in 1620 , becoming Edler von Kupferschein . The family gained prestige and became one of the city 's wealthiest , with the next generation receiving the best possible education and marrying into other influential families . Cofresí 's grandfather , Giovanni Stanislao Kupferschein , held several offices in the police , military and municipal administration . According to Acosta , Cofresí 's father Francesco received a lateinschule education and left at age 19 for Frankfurt ( probably in search of a university or legal practice ) . In Frankfurt he mingled with influential figures such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , returning to Trieste two years later . As a cosmopolitan , mercantile city Trieste was a probable hub of illicit trade , and Francesco was forced to leave after he killed Josephus Steffani on July 31 , 1778 . Although Steffani 's death is commonly attributed to a duel , given their acquaintanceship ( both worked at a criminal court ) it may have been related to illegal activity . Francesco 's name and those of four sailors soon became linked to the murder . Convicted in absentia , the fugitive remained in touch with his family . Francesco went to Barcelona , reportedly learning Spanish there . By 1784 he had settled in Cabo Rojo , Puerto Rico , a harbor town in the municipality of San Germán , where he was accepted by the local aristocracy with the Spanish honorific Don ( " of noble origin " ) . Francesco 's name was Hispanicized to Francisco Cofresí , which was easier for his neighbors to pronounce . Since he was linked to illegal commerce in his homeland , he probably relocated to Cabo Rojo for strategic reasons ; its harbor was far from San Juan , the capital . Francisco soon met María Germana Ramírez de Arellano , and they married . His wife was born to Clemente Ramírez de Arellano y del Toro , a noble and first cousin of town founder Nicolás Ramírez de Arellano . Her family , descended from the aristocracy of Navarre , owned a significant amount of land in Cabo Rojo . After their marriage the couple settled in El Tujao ( or El Tujado ) , near the coast . Francisco 's father Giovanni died in 1789 , and a petition pardoning him for Steffani 's murder a decade before was granted two years later ( enabling him to return to Trieste ) . However , no evidence exists that Francisco ever returned to the city . = = = Penniless nobleman and marauder = = = The Latin American wars of independence had repercussions in Puerto Rico ; due to widespread privateering and other naval warfare , maritime commerce suffered heavily . Cabo Rojo was among the municipalities affected most , with its ports at a virtual standstill . African slaves took to the sea in an attempt at freedom ; merchants were assessed higher taxes and harassed by foreigners . Under these conditions , Cofresí was born to Francisco and María Germana . The youngest of four children , he had one sister ( Juana ) and two brothers ( Juan Francisco and Ignacio ) . Cofresí was baptized into the Roman Catholic Church by José de Roxas , the first priest in Cabo Rojo , when he was fifteen days old . María died when Cofresí was four years old , and an aunt assumed his upbringing . Francisco then began a relationship with María Sanabria , the mother of his last child Julián . A don by birth , Cofresí 's education was above average ; since there is no evidence of a school in Cabo Rojo at that time , Francisco may have educated his children or hired a tutor . The Cofresís , raised in a multicultural environment , probably knew Dutch and Italian . In November 1814 Francisco died , leaving a modest estate ; Roberto was probably homeless , with no income . On January 14 , 1815 , three months after his father 's death , Cofresí married Juana Creitoff in San Miguel Arcángel parish , Cabo Rojo . Contemporary documents are unclear about her birthplace ; although it is also listed as Curaçao , she was probably born in Cabo Rojo to Dutch parents . After their marriage , the couple moved to a residence bought for 50 pesos by Creitoff 's father , Geraldo . Months later Cofresí 's father in @-@ law lost his humble home in a fire , plunging the family into debt . Three years after his marriage Cofresí owned no property and lived with his mother @-@ in @-@ law , Anna Cordelia . He established ties with residents of San Germán , including his brothers @-@ in @-@ law : the wealthy merchant Don Jacobo Ufret and Don Manuel Ufret . The couple struggled to begin a family of their own , conceiving two sons ( Juan and Francisco Matías ) who died soon after birth . Although he belonged to a prestigious family , Cofresí was not wealthy . In 1818 he paid 17 maravedís in taxes , spending most of his time at sea and earning a low wage . According to historian Walter Cardona Bonet , Cofresí probably worked in a number of fishing corrals in Boquerón Bay . The corrals belonged to Cristóbal Pabón Dávila , a friend of municipal port captain José Mendoza . This connection is believed to have later protected Cofresí , since Mendoza was godfather to several of his brother Juan Francisco 's children . The following year he first appeared on a government registry as a sailor , and there is no evidence linking him to any other jobs in Cabo Rojo . Although Cofresí 's brothers were maritime merchants and sailed a boat , the Avispa , he probably worked as an able fisherman . On December 28 , 1819 Cofresí was registered on the Ramona , ferrying goods between the southern municipalities . In addition , her frequent voyages to the Mona Passage and Cofresí 's recognition by local residents indicate that he occasionally accompanied the Avispa That year , Cofresí and Juana lived in Barrio del Pueblo and paid higher taxes than the previous year : five reales . Political changes in Spain affected Puerto Rico 's stability during the first two decades of the 19th century . Europeans and refugees from the American colonies began arriving after the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 , changing the archipelago 's economic and political environments . With strategic acquisitions , the new arrivals triggered a rise in prices . Food distribution was inefficient , particularly in non @-@ agricultural areas . Unmotivated and desperate , the local population drifted toward crime and dissipation . By 1816 , governor Salvador Meléndez Bruna shifted responsibility for law enforcement from the Captaincy General of Puerto Rico to the mayors . Driven by hunger and poverty , highway robbers continued to roam southern and central Puerto Rico . In 1817 wealthy San Germán residents requested help with the criminals , who were invading houses and shops . The following year , Meléndez established a high @-@ security prison at El Arsenal in San Juan . During the next few years , the governor transferred repeat offenders to San Juan . Cabo Rojo , with its high crime rate , also dealt with civil strife , inefficient law enforcement and corrupt officials . While he was still a don , Cofresí led a criminal gang in San Germán which stole cattle , food and crops . He was linked to an organization operating near the Hormigueros barrio since at least 1818 and to another nobleman , Juan Geraldo Bey . Among Cofresí 's associates were Juan de los Reyes , José Cartagena and Francisco Ramos , and the criminals continued to thrive in 1820 . The situation worsened with the arrival of unauthorized street vendors from nearby municipalities , who were soon robbed . A series of storms and droughts drove residents away from Cabo Rojo , worsening the already @-@ poor economy ; authorities retrained the unemployed and underemployed as night watchmen . The regional harvest was destroyed by a September 28 , 1820 hurricane , triggering its largest crime wave to date . Newly appointed Puerto Rican governor Gonzalo Aróstegui Herrera immediately ordered Lieutenant Antonio Ordóñez to round up as many criminals as possible . On November 22 , 1820 , a group of fifteen men from Cabo Rojo participated in the highway robbery of Francisco de Rivera , Nicolás Valdés and Francisco Lamboy on the outskirts of Yauco . Cofresí is believed to have been involved in this incident because of its timing and the criminals ' link to an area headed by his friend , Cristóbal Pabón Dávila . The incident sparked an uproar in towns throughout the region , and convinced the governor that the authorities were conspiring with the criminals . Among measures taken by Aróstegui were a mayoral election in Cabo Rojo ( Juan Evangelista Ramírez de Arellano , one of Cofresí 's relatives , was elected ) and an investigation of the former mayor . The incoming mayor was ordered to control crime in the region , an unrealistic demand with the resources at his disposal . Bernardo Pabón Davila , a friend of Cofresí and relative of Cristóbal , was assigned to prosecute the Yauco incident . Bernardo reportedly protected the accused and argued against pursuing the case , saying that according to " private confidences " they were fleeing to the United States . Other initiatives to capture highway robbers in Cabo Rojo were more successful , resulting in over a dozen arrests ; among them was the nobleman Bey , who was charged with murder . Known as " El Holandés " , Bey testified that Cofresí led a criminal gang . Cofresí 's primary collaborators were the Ramírez de Arrellano family , who prevented his capture as Cabo Rojo 's founding family with high positions in politics and law enforcement . The central government issued wanted posters for Cofresí , and in July 1821 he and the rest of his gang were captured ; Bey escaped , becoming a fugitive . Cofresí and his men were tried in San Germán 's courthouse , where their connection to several crimes was proven . On August 17 , 1821 ( while Cofresí was in prison ) Juana gave birth to their only daughter , Bernardina . Due to his noble status , Cofresí probably received a pass for the birth and took the opportunity to escape ; in alternative theories , he broke out or was released on parole . While Cofresí was a fugitive , Bernardo Pabón Davila was Bernardina 's godfather and Felícita Ascencio her godmother . On December 4 , 1821 , a wanted poster was circulated by San Germán mayor Pascacio Cardona . There is little documentation of Cofresí ’ s whereabouts in 1822 . Historians have suggested that he exploited his upper @-@ class connections to remain concealed ; the Ramírez de Arrellano family held most regional public offices , and their influence extended beyond the region . Other wealthy families , including the Beys , had similarly protected their relatives and Cofresí may have hidden in plain sight due to the inertia of Cabo Rojo authorities . When he became a wanted man , he moved Juana and Anna to her brothers ' houses and would visit in secret ; Juana also visited him at his headquarters at Pedernales . It is unknown how far Cofresí traveled during this time , but he had associates on the east coast and may have taken advantage of eastern migration from Cabo Rojo . Although he may have been captured and imprisoned in San Juan , he does not appear in contemporary records . However , Cofresí 's associates Juan " El Indio " de los Reyes , Francisco Ramos and José " Pepe " Cartagena were released only months before his recorded reappearance . = = " Last of the West India pirates " = = = = = Establishing a reputation = = = By 1823 Cofresí was probably on the crew of the corsair barquentine El Scipión , captained by José Ramón Torres and managed by his cousin ( the first mayor of Mayagüez , José María Ramírez de Arellano ) . Historians agree , since several of his friends and family members benefited from the sale of stolen goods . Cofresí may have joined to evade the authorities , honing skills he would use later in life . El Scipión employed questionable tactics later associated with the pirate , such as flying the flag of Gran Colombia so other ships would lower their guard ( as she did in capturing the British frigate Aurora and the American brigantine Otter ) . The capture of the Otter led to a court order requiring restitution , affecting the crew . At this time , Cofresí turned to piracy . Although the reasons behind his decision are unclear , several theories have been proposed by researchers . In Orígenes portorriqueños Ramírez Brau speculates that Cofresí 's time aboard El Scipión , or seeing a family member become a privateer , may have influenced his decision to become a pirate after the crew 's pay was threatened by the lawsuit . According to Ursula Acosta , a lack of work for privateers ultimately pushed Cofresí into piracy . The earliest document linked to Cofresí 's modus operandi is a letter dated July 5 , 1823 , from Aguadilla , Puerto Rico which was published in the St. Thomas Gazette . The letter reported that a brigantine , loaded with coffee and West Indian indigo from La Guaira , was boarded by pirates on June 12 . The hijackers ordered the ship brought to Mona Island ( incorrectly anglicized as " Monkey Island " ) , a small island in the eponymous passage between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic , where its captain and crew were ordered to unload the cargo . After this was done , the pirates reportedly killed the sailors and sank the brigantine . Both of Cofresí 's brothers were soon involved in his operation , helping him move plunder and deal with captured ships . Juan Francisco was able to gather information about maritime traffic in his work at the port , presumably forwarding it to his brother . The pirates communicated with their cohorts through coastal signs , and their associates on land warned them of danger ; the system was probably used to identify loaded vessels as well . According to Puerto Rican historian Aurelio Tió , Cofresí shared his loot with the needy ( especially family members and close friends ) and was considered the Puerto Rican equivalent of Robin Hood . Acosta disagrees , saying that any acts of generosity were probably opportunistic . Cardona Bonet 's research suggests that Cofresí organized improvised markets in Cabo Rojo , where plunder would be informally sold ; according to this theory , merchant families would buy goods for resale to the public . The process was facilitated by local collaborators , such as French smuggler Juan Bautista Buyé . On October 28 , 1823 , months after the El Scipión case was settled , Cofresí attacked a ship registered to the harbor of Patillas and robbed the small fishing boat of 800 pesos in cash . Cofresí attacked with other members of his gang and that of another pirate , Manuel Lamparo , who was connected to British pirate Samuel McMorren ( also known as Juan Bron ) . That week he also led the capture of the John , an American schooner . Out of Newburyport and captained by Daniel Knight , on its way to Mayagüez the ship was intercepted by a ten @-@ ton schooner armed with a swivel gun near Desecheo Island . Cofresí 's group , consisting of seven pirates armed with sabers and muskets , stole $ 1 @,@ 000 in cash , tobacco , tar and other provisions and the vessel 's square rig and mainsail . Cofresí ordered the crew to head for Santo Domingo , threatening to kill everyone aboard if they were seen at any Puerto Rican port . Despite the threat , Knight went to Mayagüez and reported the incident . It was soon established that some of the pirates were from Cabo Rojo , since they disembarked there . Undercover agents were sent to the town to track them , and new mayor Juan Font y Soler requested resources to deal with a larger group which was out of control . Links between the pirates and local sympathizers made arresting them difficult . The central government , frustrated with Cabo Rojo 's inefficiency , demanded the pirates ' capture and western Puerto Rico military commander José Rivas was ordered to exert pressure on local authorities . Although Cofresí was tracked to the beach in Peñones , near his brothers ' homes in Guaniquilla , the operation only recovered the John 's sails , meat , flour , cheese , lard , butter and candles ; the pirates escaped aboard a schooner . A detachment caught Juan José Mateu and charged him with conspiracy ; his confession linked Cofresí to the two hijackings . Cofresí 's sudden success was an oddity , nearly a century after the end of the Golden Age of Piracy . By this time , joint governmental efforts had eradicated rampant buccaneering by Anglo @-@ French seamen ( primarily based on Jamaica and Tortuga ) , which had turned the Caribbean into a haven for pirates attacking shipments from the region 's Spanish colonies ; this made his capture a priority . By late 1823 , the pursuit on land probably forced Cofresí to move his main base of operations to Mona ; the following year , he was often there . This base , initially a temporary haven with Barrio Pedernales his stable outpost , became more heavily used . Easily accessible from Cabo Rojo , Mona had been associated with pirates for more than a century ; it was visited by William Kidd , who landed in 1699 after fleeing with a load of gold , silver and iron . A second pirate base was found at Saona , an island south of Hispaniola . In November a number of sailors aboard El Scipión took advantage of her officers ' shore leave and mutinied , seizing control of the ship . The vessel , repurposed as a pirate ship , began operating in the Mona Passage and was later seen at Mayagüez before disappearing from the record . Cofresí was linked to El Scipión by pirate Jaime Márquez , who admitted under police questioning on Saint Thomas that boatswain Manuel Reyes Paz was a Cofresí associate . The confession hints that the ship was captured by Hispaniola authorities . Cofresí is recorded in the Dominican Republic , where his crew reportedly rested off Puerto Plata province . On one excursion , the pirates were intercepted by Spanish patrol boats off the coast of Samaná Province . With no apparent escape route , Cofresí is said to have ordered the vessel 's sinking and it sailed into Bahía de Samaná before coming to rest near the town of Punta Gorda . This created a diversion , allowing him and his crew to escape in skiffs they rowed to shore and adjacent wetlands ( where the larger Spanish ships could not follow ) . The remains of the ship , reportedly full of plunder , have not been found . In an article in the May 9 , 1936 issue of Puerto Rico Ilustrado , Eugenio Astol described an 1823 incident between Cofresí and Puerto Rican physician and politician Pedro Gerónimo Goyco . The 15 @-@ year @-@ old Goyco traveled alone on a schooner to a Santo Domingo school for his secondary education . In mid @-@ voyage , Cofresí intercepted the ship and the pirates boarded it . Cofresí assembled the passengers , asking their names and those of their parents . When he learned that Goyco was among them , the pirate ordered a change of course ; they landed on a beach near Mayagüez , where Goyco was freed . Cofresí explained that he knew Goyco 's father , an immigrant from Herceg Novi named Gerónimo Goicovich who had settled in Mayagüez . Goyco returned home safely , later attempting the voyage again . The elder Goicovich had favored members of Cofresí 's family , despite their association with a pirate . Goyco grew up to become a militant abolitionist , similar to Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis . Cofresí 's actions quickly gained the attention of the Anglo @-@ American nations , who called him " Cofrecinas " ( a mistranslated , onomatopoeic variant of his last name ) . Commercial agent and ambassador to the United States Judah Lord wrote to John Quincy Adams ( then United States Secretary of State ) describing the El Scipión situation and the capture of the John . Adams relayed the information to Commodore David Porter , leader of the anti @-@ piracy West Indies Squadron , who sent several ships to Puerto Rico . On November 27 Cofresí sailed from his base on Mona with two sloops ( armed with pivot gun cannons ) and assaulted another American ship , the brigantine William Henry . The Salem Gazette reported that the following month a schooner sailed from Santo Domingo to Saona , capturing 18 pirates ( including Manuel Reyes Paz ) and a " considerable quantity " of leather , coffee , indigo and cash . = = = International manhunt = = = Cofresí 's victims were locals and foreigners , and the region was economically destabilized . When he boarded Spanish vessels he usually targeted immigrants brought by the royal decree of 1815 , ignoring his fellow criollos . The situation was complicated by several factors , most of them geopolitical . The Spanish Empire had lost most of its possessions in the New World , and her last two territories ( Puerto Rico and Cuba ) faced economic problems and political unrest . To undermine the commerce of former colonies , Spain stopped issuing letters of marque ; this left sailors unemployed , and they gravitated towards Cofresí and piracy . On the diplomatic front , the pirates assaulted foreign ships while flying the Spanish flag ( angering nations who had reached an agreement about the return of ships captured by corsairs and compensation for losses ) . Aware that the problem had developed international overtones , Spanish @-@ appointed governor of Puerto Rico Lt Gen Miguel Luciano de la Torre y Pando ( 1822 – 1837 ) made Cofresí 's capture a priority . By December 1823 other nations joined the effort to combat Cofresí , sending warships to the Mona Passage . Gran Colombia sent two corvettes , the Bocayá and the Bolívar , under the command of former privateer and Jean Lafitte associate Renato Beluche . The British assigned a corvette , HMS Scout , to the region after the William Henry incident . On January 23 , 1824 de la Torre implemented anti @-@ piracy measures in response to Spanish losses and political pressure from the United States , ordering that piracy be tried in a military tribunal with its defendants considered enemy combatants . De la Torre ordered the pursuit of pirates , bandits and those aiding them , issuing medals , certificates and bounties in gold and silver as rewards . Manuel Lamparo was captured on Puerto Rico 's east coast , and some of his crew joined Cofresí and other fugitives . United States Secretary of the Navy Samuel L. Southard ordered David Porter to assign ships to the Mona Passage , and the commodore sent the schooner USS Weasel and the brigantine USS Spark . The ships were to investigate the zone , gathering information at Saint Barthélemy and St. Thomas with the goal of destroying the base at Mona . Although Porter warned that the pirates were reportedly well @-@ armed and -supplied , he said the crews would probably not find plunder at the base because of the proximity of eastern Puerto Rican ports . On February 8 , 1824 the Spark arrived at Mona , conducted reconnaissance and landed . A suspicious schooner was seen , but captain John T. Newton decided not to chase it . The crew found a small settlement with an empty hut and other buildings , a chest of medicine , sails , books , an anchor and documents from the William Henry . Newton ordered the base and a large canoe found in the vicinity destroyed , and reported his findings to the Secretary of the Navy . According to another report , the ship sent was the USS Beagle ; in this account , several pirates eluded the Beagle 's crew . Undeterred , Cofresí quickly resettled on Mona . Attacks on two brigantines were reported by Renato Beluche on February 12 , 1824 , and published in El Colombiano several days later . The first was the Boniton , captained by Alexander Murdock , which sailed with a load of cocoa from Trinidad and was intercepted en route to Gibraltar . The second , the Bonne Sophie , sailed from Havre de Grace under the command of a man named Chevanche with dry goods bound for Martinique . In both cases , the sailors were beaten and imprisoned and the ships plundered . The ships were part of a convoy escorted by the Bolívar off Puerto Real , Cabo Rojo , and Cofresí captained a ship identified by Beluche as a pailebot ( a small schooner ) . Although the Bolívar could not capture it , her crew described the vessel as painted black , armed with a rotating cannon and having a crew of twenty unidentified Puerto Rican men . Cofresí was presumably leading the vessels to dock at Pedernales , where Mendoza and his brother could facilitate the distribution of loot with the aid of official inertia . From there , other associates usually used Boquerón Bay for transportation and ensured that the loot reached stores in Cabo Rojo and nearby towns . In this region Cofresí 's influence extended to government and the military , with the Ramírez de Arellano family involved in the smuggling and sale of his loot . On land the loot , hidden in sacks and barrels , was brought to Mayagüez , Hormigueros or San Germán for distribution . When Beluche returned to Colombia , he published an article critical of the situation in the press . La Gaceta de Puerto Rico countered , accusing him of stealing the Bonne Sophie and connecting him to the pirates . On February 16 , 1824 , de la Torre mandated a more @-@ aggressive pursuit and prosecution of pirates . In March the governor ordered a search for the schooner Caballo Blanco , reportedly used in the boarding of the Boniton and the Bonne Sophie and similar attacks . In private communication with Mayagüez military commander José Rivas , he asked Rivas to find someone trustworthy who could launch a mission to capture " the so @-@ called Cofresin " and to notify him personally of the pirate 's arrest . Authorizing the use of force , the governor described Cofresí as " one of the evil ones that I am pursuing " and acknowledged that the pirate was protected by Cabo Rojo authorities . The mayor was unable ( or unwilling ) to cooperate , despite orders from de la Torre . Rivas tracked Cofresí to his house twice , but found it empty . When the captain lost contact with the pirate and his wife , he was also unable to communicate with the mayor . A similar search was undertaken in San Germán , whose mayor reported to de la Torre on March 12 , 1824 . Martinique governor François @-@ Xavier Donzelot wrote to de la Torre on March 22 , concerned about the capture of the Bonne Sophie and the impact of piracy on maritime commerce . This brought France into the search for Cofresí ; on March 23 de la Torre authorized France to patrol the Puerto Rican coast and commissioned a frigate , the Flora . The mission was led by a military commander named Mallet , who was ordered to the west coast and pursue the pirates " until he [ was ] able to trap and destroy them " . Although the Flora arrived three days after the operation 's approval , the attempt was unsuccessful . Rivas then assigned Joaquín Arroyo , a retired Pedernales militiaman , to monitor activity near Cofresí 's house . In April 1824 , Rincón mayor Pedro García authorized the sale of a vessel owned by Juan Bautista de Salas to Pedro Ramírez . Ramírez , who may have been a member of the Ramírez de Arellano family , lived in Pedernales and was a neighbor of Cofresí 's brothers and Cristobal Pabón Davila . On April 30 , shortly after acquiring the ship , Ramírez sold it to Cofresí ( who used it as a pirate flagship ) . The irregularity of the transactions was quickly noticed , prompting an investigation of García . The scandal weakened his already @-@ frail authority , and Matías Conchuela intervened as the governor 's representative . De la Torre asked the mayor of Añasco , Thomás de la Concha , to retrieve the records and verify their accuracy . The investigation , led by public prosecutor José Madrazo of the Regimiento de Granada 's Military Anti @-@ Piracy Commission , concluded with Bautista 's imprisonment and sanctions for García . Several members of the Ramírez de Arellano family were prosecuted , including the former mayors of Añasco and Mayagüez ( Manuel and José María ) , Tómas and Antonio . Others with the same last name but unclear parentage , such as Juan Lorenzo Ramirez , were also linked to Cofresí . A number of unsuccessful searches were carried out in Cabo Rojo by an urban militia led by Captain Carlos de Espada , and additional searches were made in San Germán . On May 23 , 1824 , the Mayagüez military commander prepared two vessels and sent them to Pedernales in response to reported sightings of Cofresí . Rivas and the military captain of Mayagüez , Cayetano Castillo y Picado , boarded a ship commanded by Sergeant Sebastián Bausá . Sailor Pedro Alacán , best known as the grandfather of Ramón Emeterio Betances and a neighbor of Cofresí , was captain of the second schooner . The expedition failed , only finding a military deserter named Manuel Fernández de Córdova . Also known as Manuel Navarro , Fernández was connected to Cofresí through Lucas Branstan ( a merchant from Trieste who was involved in the Bonne Sophie incident ) . In the meantime , the pirates fled toward southern Puerto Rico . Poorly supplied after his hasty retreat , Cofresí docked at Jobos Bay on June 2 , 1824 ; about a dozen pirates invaded the hacienda of Francisco Antonio Ortiz , stealing his cattle . The group then broke into a second estate , owned by Jacinto Texidor , stole plantains and resupplied their ship . It is now believed that Juan José Mateu gave the pirates refuge in one of his haciendas , near Jobos Bay . The next day the news reached Guayama mayor Francisco Brenes , who quickly contacted the military and requested operations by land and sea . He was told that there were not enough weapons in the municipality for a mission of that scale . Brenes then requested supplies from Patillas , which rushed him twenty guns . However , the pirates fled the municipality and traveled west . On June 9 , 1824 , Cofresí led an assault on the schooner San José y Las Animas off the coast of Tallaboa in Peñuelas . The ship was en route between Saint Thomas and Guayanilla with over 6 @,@ 000 pesos ' worth of dry goods for Félix and Miguel Mattei , who were aboard . The Mattei brothers are now thought to have been anti @-@ establishment smugglers related to Henri La Fayette Villaume Ducoudray Holstein and the Ducoudray Holstein Expedition . The schooner , owned by Santos Lucca , sailed with captain Francisco Ocasio and a crew of four . Frequently used to transport cargo throughout the southern region and Saint Thomas , it made several trips to Cabo Rojo . When Cofresí began the chase , Ocasio headed landward ; the brothers abandoned ship and swam ashore , from where they watched the ship 's plundering . Portugués was second @-@ in @-@ command during the boarding of the San José y las Animas , and Joaquín " El Campechano " Hernández was a crew member . The pirates took most of the merchandise , leaving goods valued at 418 pesos , three reales and 26 maravedi . Governor Miguel de la Torre was visiting nearby municipalities at the time , which occupied the authorities . Cargo from the San José y Las Animas ( clothing belonging to the brothers and a painting ) was later found at Cabo Rojo . Days later , a sloop and a small boat commanded by Luis Sánchez and Francisco Guilfuchi left Guayama in search of Cofresí . Unable to find him , they returned on June 19 , 1824 . Patillas and Guayama enacted measures , monitored by the governor , which were intended to prevent further visits . De la Torre continued his tour of the municipalities , ordering Rivas to focus on the Cabo Rojo area when he reached Mayagüez . The task was given to Lieutenant Antonio Madrona , leader of the Mayagüez garrison . Madrona assembled troops and left for Cabo Rojo , launching an operation on June 17 which ended with the arrest of pirate Eustaquio Ventura de Luciano at the home of Juan Francisco . The troops came close to capturing a second associate , Joaquín " El Maracaybero " Gómez . Madrona then began a surprise attack at Pedernales , finding Cofresí and several associates ( including Juan Bey , his brother Ignacio and his brother @-@ in @-@ law Juan Francisco Creitoff ) . The pirates ' only option was to flee on foot . The Cofresí brothers escaped , but Creitoff and Bey were captured and tried in San Germán . Troops later visited Creitoff 's house , where they found Cofresí 's wife and mother @-@ in @-@ law . Under questioning , the women confirmed the brothers ' identities . The authorities continued searching the homes of those involved and those of their families , where they found quantities of plunder hidden and prepared for sale . Madrona also found burned loot on a nearby hill . Juan Francisco Cofresí , Ventura de Luciano and Creitoff were sent to San Juan with other suspected associates . Of this group the pirate 's brother , Luis de Río and Juan Bautista Buyé were prosecuted as accomplices instead of pirates . Ignacio was later arrested and also charged as an accomplice . The Mattei brothers filed a claim against shopkeeper Francisco Betances that some of his merchandise was cargo from the San José y Las Animas . In response to a tip , José Mendoza and Rivas organized an expedition to Mona . On June 22 , 1824 , Pedro Alacán assembled a party of eight volunteers ( among them Joaquín Arroyo , possibly Mendoza 's source ) . He loaned a small sailboat he co @-@ owned ( the Avispa , once used by Cofresí 's brothers ) to José Pérez Mendoza and Antonio Gueyh . There were eight volunteers , The locally coordinated operation intended to ambush and apprehend Cofresí in his hideout . The expedition left the coast of Cabo Rojo with Action Stations in place . Despite unfavorable sea conditions , the party arrived at their destination . However , as soon as they disembarked the Avispa was lost . Although most of the pirates were captured without incident , Cofresí 's second in @-@ command Juan Portugués was shot to death in the back and dismembered by crewmember Lorenzo Camareno . Among the captives was a man identified as José Rodríguez , but Cofresí was not with his crew . Five days later , they returned to Cabo Rojo on a ship confiscated from the pirates with weapons , three prisoners and Portugués ' head and right hand ( probably for identification when claiming the bounty ) . Rivas contacted de la Torre , informing him of further measures to track the pirates . The governor publicized the expedition , writing an account which was published in the government newspaper La Gaceta del Gobierno de Puerto Rico on July 9 , 1824 . Alacán was honored by the Spanish government , receiving the ship recovered from the pirates as compensation for the loss of the Avispa . Mendoza and the crew were also honored . Cofresí reportedly escaped in one of his ships with " Campechano " Hernández , resuming his attacks soon after the ambush . Shortly after the Mona expedition , Ponce mayor José Ortíz de la Renta began his own search for Cofresí . On June 30 , 1824 , the schooner Unión left with 42 sailors commanded by captain Francisco Francheschi . After three days , the search was abandoned and the ship returned to Ponce . The governor enacted more measures to capture the pirates , including the commission of gunboats . De la Torre ordered the destruction of any hut or abandoned ship which might aid Cofresí in his escape attempts , an initiative carried out on the coasts of several municipalities . Again acting on the basis of information obtained by interrogation , the authorities tracked the pirates during the first week of July . Although José " Pepe " Cartagena ( a local mulatto ) and Juan Geraldo Bey were found in Cabo Rojo and San Germán respectively , Cofresí avoided the troops . On July 6 , 1824 Cartagena resisted arrest and was killed in a shootout , with the developments again featured in La Gaceta del Gobierno de Puerto Rico . During the next few weeks , a joint initiative by Rivas and the west coast mayors led to the arrest of Cofresí associates Gregorio del Rosario , Miguel Hernández , Felipe Carnero , José Rodríguez , Gómez , Roberto Francisco Reifles , Sebastián Gallardo , Francisco Ramos , José Vicente and a slave of Juan Nicolás Bey ( Juan Geraldo 's father ) known as Pablo . However , the pirate again evaded the net . In his confession , Pablo testified that Juan Geraldo Bey was an accomplice of Cofresí . Sebastián Gallardo was captured on July 13 , 1824 , and tried as a collaborator . The defendants were transported to San Juan , where they were prosecuted by Madrazo in a military tribunal overseen by the governor . The trial was plagued by irregularities , including Gómez ' allegation that the public attorney had accepted a bribe of 300 pesos from Juan Francisco . During the searches , the pirates stole a " sturdy , copper @-@ plated boat " from Cabo Rojo and escaped . The ship was originally stolen in San Juan by Gregorio Pereza and Francisco Pérez ( both arrested during the search for the Caballo Blanco ) and given to Cofresí . When the news became public , mayor José María Hurtado asked local residents for help . On August 5 , 1824 , Antonio de Irizarry found the boat at Punta Arenas , a cape in the Joyuda barrio . The mayor quickly organized his troops , reaching the location on horseback . Aboard the ship they found three rifles , three guns , a carbine , a cannon , ammunition and supplies . After an unsuccessful search of nearby woods , the mayor sailed the craft to Pedernales and turned it over to Mendoza . A group left behind continued the search , but did not find anyone . Assuming that the pirates had fled inland , Hurtado alerted his colleagues in the region about the find . The mayor resumed the search , but abandoned it due to a rainstorm and poor directions . Peraza , Pérez , José Rivas del Mar , José María Correa and José Antonio Martinez were later arrested , but Cofresí remained free . On August 5 , 1824 , the pirate and a skeleton crew captured the sloop María off the coast of Guayama as she completed a run between Guayanilla and Ponce under the command of Juan Camino . After boarding the ship they decided not to plunder her , since a larger craft was sailing towards them . The pirates fled west , intercepting a second sloop ( La Voladora ) off Morillos . Cofresí did not plunder her either , instead requesting information from captain Rafael Mola . That month a ship commanded by the pirates stalked the port of Fajardo , taking advantage of the lack of gunboats capable of pursuing their shallow @-@ draft vessels . Shortly afterwards , the United States ordered captain Charles Boarman of the USS Weasel to monitor the western waters of Puerto Rico as part of an international force . The schooner located a sloop commanded by the pirates off Culebra , but it fled to Vieques and ran inland into dense vegetation ; Boarman could only recover the ship . The Danish sloop Jordenxiold was intercepted off Isla Palominos on September 3 , 1824 , as she completed a voyage from Saint Thomas to Fajardo ; the pirates stole goods and cash from the passengers . The incident attracted the attention of the Danish government , which commissioned the Santa Cruz ( a 16 @-@ gun brigantine commanded by Michael Klariman ) to monitor the areas off Vieques and	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the capture , Cofresí reportedly picked $ 20 from Low 's pocket . Despite having to " walk the plank " , Low 's crew survived and reported the assault to the governor of Saint Thomas . Low probably attracted the pirates ' attention by docking near one of their hideouts ; his work on the Beagle rankled , and they were hungry for revenge after the capture of Hernández Morales . Low met Centeno at his hacienda , where he told the Spaniard about the incident and later filed a formal complaint in Fajardo . Afterwards , he and his crew sailed to Saint Thomas . Although another account suggests that Cofresí bought the Anne from Centeno for twice Low 's price , legal documents verify that the builder was paid by Low . Days later , Cofresí led his pirates to the Humacao shipyard and they stole a cannon from a gunboat ( ordered by Miguel de la Torre to pursue the pirates ) which was under construction . The crew armed themselves with weapons found on the ships they boarded . After the hijacking , Cofresí adopted the Anne as his flagship . Although she is popularly believed to have been renamed El Mosquito , all official documents use her formal name . The Anne was quickly used to intercept a merchant off the coast of Vieques who was completing a voyage from Saint Croix to Puerto Rico . Like others before it , the fate of the captured ship and its crew is unknown . The Spanish countered with an expedition from the port of Patillas . Captain Sebastian Quevedo commanded a small boat , the Esperanza , to find the pirates but was unsuccessful after several days at sea . At the same time , de la Torre pressured the regional military commanders to take action against the pirates and undercover agents monitored maritime traffic in most coastal towns . The pirates docked the Anne in Jobos Bay before sunset , a pattern reported by the local militia to southern region commander Tomás de Renovales . At this time the pirates sailed the Anne towards Peñuelas , where the ship was recognized . Cofresí 's last capture was on March 5 , 1825 , when he commanded the hijacking of a boat owned by Vicente Antoneti in Salinas . = = Capture and trial = = By the spring of 1825 , the flotilla led by the Anne was the last substantial pirate threat in the Caribbean . The incursion which finally ended Cofresí 's operation began serendipitously . When Low arrived at his home base in Saint Thomas with news of the Anne 's hijacking , a Puerto Rican ship reported a recent sighting . Sloat requested three international sloops ( with Spanish and Danish papers ) from the Danish governor , collaborating with Pastoriza and Pierety . All four of Cofresí 's victims left port shortly after the authorization ; the task force was made up of the Grampus , the San José y Las Animas , an unidentified vessel belonging to Pierety and a third sloop staffed by volunteers from a Colombian frigate . After sighting the Anne while they negotiated the involvement of the Spanish government in Puerto Rico , the task force decided to split up . The San José y Las Animas found Cofresí , and mounted a surprise attack . The sailors aboard hid while Cofresí , recognizing the ship as a local merchant vessel , gave the order to attack it . When the Anne was within range , the crew of the San José y las Animas opened fire . Startled , the pirates countered with cannon and musket fire while attempting to outrun the sloop . Unable to shake off the San José y las Animas and having lost two members of his crew , Cofresí grounded the Anne and fled inland . Although a third pirate fell during the landing , most scattered throughout rural Guayama and adjacent areas . Cofresí , injured , was accompanied by two crew members . Half his crew was captured shortly afterwards , but the captain remained at large until the following day . At midnight a local trooper , Juan Candido Garay , and two other members of the Puerto Rican militia spotted Cofresí . The trio ambushed the pirate , who was hit by blunderbuss fire while he was fleeing . Despite his injury , Cofresí fought back with a knife until he was subdued by militia machetes . After their capture , the pirates were held at a prison in Guayama before their transfer to San Juan . Cofresí met with mayor Francisco Brenes , offering him 4 @,@ 000 pieces of eight ( which he claimed to possess ) in exchange for his freedom . Although a key component of modern myth , this is the only historical reference to Cofresí 's hiding any treasure . Brenes declined the bribe . Cofresí and his crew remained in Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan for the rest of their lives . On March 21 , 1825 , the pirate 's reputed servant ( known only as Carlos ) was arrested in Guayama . = = = Military prosecution = = = Cofresí received a council of war trial , with no possibility of a civil trial . The only right granted the pirates was to choose their lawyers ; the arguments the attorneys could make were limited , and their role was a formality . José Madrazo was again the prosecutor . The case was hurried — an oddity , since other cases as serious ( or more so ) sometimes took months or years . Cofresí was reportedly tried as an insurgent corsair ( and listed as such in a subsequent explanatory action in Spain ) , in accordance with measures enacted by governor Miguel de la Torre the year before . It is thought that the reason for the irregularities was that the Spanish government was under international scrutiny , with several neutral countries filing complaints about pirate and privateer attacks in Puerto Rican waters ; there was additional pressure due to the start of David Porter 's court @-@ martial in the United States for invading the municipality of Fajardo . The ministry rushed the Cofresí trial , denying him and his crew defense witnesses or testimony ( required by trial protocol ) . The trial was based on the pirates ' confessions , with their legitimacy or circumstances not established . The other pirates on trial were Manuel Aponte Monteverde of Añasco ; Vicente del Valle Carbajal of Punta Espada ( or Santo Domingo , depending on the report ) ; Vicente Ximénes of Cumaná ; Antonio Delgado of Humacao ; Victoriano Saldaña of Juncos ; Agustín de Soto of San Germán ; Carlos Díaz of Trinidad de Barlovento ; Carlos Torres of Fajardo ; Juan Manuel Fuentes of Havana , and José Rodríguez of Curaçao . Torres stood out as an African and Cofresí 's slave . Among the few sentenced for piracy who were not executed , his sentence was to be sold at public auction with his price earmarked for trial costs . Cofresí confessed to capturing a French sloop in Vieques ; a Danish schooner ; a sailing ship from St. Thomas ; a brigatine and a schooner from the Dominican Republic ; a sloop with a load of cattle in Boca del Infierno ; a ship from which he stole 800 pieces of eight in Patillas , and an American schooner with a cargo worth 8 @,@ 000 pieces of eight ( abandoned and burned in Punta de Peñones ) . Under pressure , he was adamant that he was unaware of the current whereabouts of the vessels or their crews and that he had never killed anyone ; his testimony was corroborated by the other pirates . However , according to a letter sent to Hezekiah Niles ' Weekly Register Cofresí admitted off the record that he had killed nearly 400 people ( but no Puerto Ricans ) . The pirate also confessed that he burned the cargo of an American vessel to throw off the authorities . The defendants ' social status and association with criminal ( or outlaw ) elements dictated the course of events . Captain José Madrazo served as judge and prosecutor of the one @-@ day trial . Governor Miguel de la Torre may have influenced the process , negotiating with Madrazo beforehand . On July 14 , 1825 , U.S. Congressman Samuel Smith accused Secretary of State Henry Clay of pressuring the Spanish governor to execute the pirates . = = Death and legacy = = On the morning of March 29 , 1825 , a firing squad was assembled to carry out the sentence handed down to the pirates . The public execution , which had a large number of spectators , was supervised by the Regimiento de Infantería de Granada between eight and nine a.m. Catholic priests were present to hear confessions and offer comfort . As the pirates prayed , they were shot before the silent crowd . Although San Felipe del Morro is the accepted execution site , Alejandro Tapia y Rivera ( whose father was a member of the Regimiento de Granada ) places their execution near Convento Dominico in the Baluarte de Santo Domingo ( part of present @-@ day Old San Juan ) . According to historian Enrique Ramírez Brau , in a final act of defiance Cofresí refused to have his eyes covered after he was tied to a chair and he was blindfolded by soldiers . Richard Wheeler said that the pirate said that after killing three or four hundred people , it would be strange if he was not accustomed to death . Cofresí 's last words were reportedly , " I have killed hundreds with my own hands , and I know how to die . Fire ! " According to several of the pirates ' death certificates , they were buried on the shore next to Cementerio Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis . Hernández Morales and several of his associates received the same treatment . Cofresí and his men were buried behind the cemetery , on what is now a lush green hill overlooking the cemetery wall . Contrary to local lore , they were not buried in Old San Juan Cemetery ( Cementerio Antiguo de San Juan ) ; their execution as a criminals made them ineligible for burial in the Catholic cemetery . A letter from Sloat to United States Secretary of the Navy Samuel L. Southard implied that at least some of the pirates were intended to be " beheaded and quartered , and their parts sent to all the small ports around the island to be exhibited " . Spanish authorities continued to arrest Cofresí associates until 1839 . At this time defendants were required to pay trial expenses , and Cofresí 's family was charged 643 pieces of eight , two reales and 12 maravedí . Contemporary documents suggest that Juana Creitoff , with little or no support from Cofresí 's brothers and sisters , was left with the debt . His brothers distanced themselves from the trial and their brother 's legacy , and Juan Francisco left Cabo Rojo for Humacao . Ignacio also evidently disassociated himself from Creitoff and her daughter , and one of Ignacio 's granddaughters ignored Bernardina and her descendants . Due to Cofresí 's squandering of his treasure , his only asset the Spanish government could seize was Carlos . Appraised at 200 pesos , he was sold to Juan Saint Just for 133 pesos . After the auction costs were paid , only 108 pesos and 2 reales were left ; the remainder was paid by Félix and Miguel Mattei after they made a deal with the authorities giving them the cargo of the San José y las Animas in return for future accountability . Juana Creitoff died a year later . Bernardina later married a Venezuelan immigrant , Estanislao Asencio Velázquez , continuing Cofresí 's blood lineage in Cabo Rojo to this day . She had seven children : José Lucas , María Esterlina , Antonio Salvador , Antonio Luciano , Pablo , María Encarnación and Juan Bernardino . One of Cofresí 's most notable descendants was Ana González , better known by her married name Ana G. Méndez . Cofresí 's great @-@ granddaughter , Méndez was directly descended from the Cabo Rojo bloodline through her mother Ana González Cofresí . Known for her interest in education , she was the first member of her branch of the Cofresí family to earn a high @-@ school diploma and university degree . A teacher , Méndez founded the Puerto Rico High School of Commerce during the 1940s ( when most women did not complete their education ) . By the turn of the 21st century her initiative had evolved into the Ana G. Méndez University System , the largest group of private universities in Puerto Rico . Other branches of the Cofresí family include Juan Francisco 's descendants in Ponce , and Ignacio 's lineage persists in the western region . Internationally , the Kupferschein family remains in Trieste . Another family member was Severo Colberg Ramírez , speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico during the 1980s . Colberg made efforts to popularize Cofresí , particularly the heroic legends which followed his death . He was related to the pirate through his sister Juana , who married Germán Colberg . After Cofresí 's death , items associated with him have been preserved or placed on display . His birth certificate is at San Miguel Arcángel Church with those of other notable figures , including Ramón Emeterio Betances and Salvador Brau . Earrings said to have been worn by Cofresi were owned by Ynocencia Ramírez de Arellano , a maternal cousin . Her great @-@ great @-@ grandson , collector Teodoro Vidal Santoni , gave them to the National Museum of American History in 1997 and the institution displayed them in a section devoted to Spanish colonial history . Locally , documents are preserved in the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture 's General Archive of Puerto Rico , the Ateneo Puertorriqueño , the University of Puerto Rico 's General Library and Historic Investigation Department and the Catholic Church 's Parochial Archives . Outside Puerto Rico , records can be found at the National Archives Building and the General Archive of the Indies . However , official documents relating to Cofresí 's trial and execution have been lost . = = Modern view = = Few aspects of Cofresí 's life and relationships have avoided the romanticism surrounding pirates in popular culture . During his life , attempts by Spanish authorities to portray him as a menacing figure by emphasizing his role as " pirate lord " and nicknaming him the " terror of the seas " planted him in the collective consciousness . This , combined with his boldness , transformed Cofresí into a swashbuckler differing from late @-@ 19th @-@ century fictional accounts of pirates . The legends are inconsistent in their depiction of historical facts , often contradicting each other . Cofresí 's race , economic background , personality and loyalties are among variable aspects of these stories . However , the widespread use of these myths in the media has resulted in their general acceptance as fact . The myths and legends surrounding Cofresí fall into two categories : those portraying him as a generous thief or anti @-@ hero and those describing him as overwhelmingly evil . A subcategory represents him as an adventurer , world traveler or womanizer . Reports by historians such as Tió of the pirate sharing his loot with the needy have evolved into a detailed mythology . These apologetics attempt to justify his piracy , blaming it on poverty , revenge or a desire to restore his family 's honor , and portray Cofresí as a class hero defying official inequality and corruption . He is said to have been a protector and benefactor of children , women and the elderly , with some accounts describing him as a rebel hero and supporter of independence from imperial power . Legends describing Cofresí as malevolent generally link him to supernatural elements acquired through witchcraft , mysticism or a deal with the Devil . This horror fiction emphasizes his ruthlessness while alive or his unwillingness to remain dead . Cofresí 's ghost has a fiery aura or extraordinary powers of manifestation , defending the locations of his hidden treasure or roaming aimlessly . Cofresí has been vilified by merchants . Legends portraying him as benign figure are more prevalent near Cabo Rojo ; in other areas of Puerto Rico , they focus on his treasure and depict him as a cutthroat . Most of the hidden @-@ treasure stories have a moral counseling against greed ; those trying to find the plunder are killed , dragged to Davy Jones ' Locker or attacked by the ghost of Cofresí or a member of his crew . Rumors about the locations of hidden treasure flourish , with dozens of coves , beaches and buildings linked to pirates in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola . The 20th century revived interest in Cofresí 's piracy as a tourist attraction , with municipalities in Puerto Rico highlighting their historical connection to the pirates . By the second half of the century , beaches and sports teams ( especially in his native Cabo Rojo , which features a monument in his honor ) were named for him ; in the Dominican Republic , a resort town was named after the pirate . Cofresí 's name has been commercialized , with a number of products and businesses adopting it and its associated legends . Puerto Rico 's first flag carrier seaplane was named for him . Several attempts have been made to portray Cofresí 's life on film , based on legend . Coplas , songs and plays have been adapted from the oral tradition , and formal studies of the historical Cofresí and the legends surrounding him have appeared in book form . Historians Cardona Bonet , Acosta , Salvador Brau , Ramon Ibern Fleytas , Antonio S. Pedreira , Bienvenido Camacho , Isabel Cuchí Coll , Fernando Géigel Sabat , Ramírez Brau and Cayetano Coll y Toste have published the results of their research . Others inspired by the pirate include poets Cesáreo Rosa Nieves and the brothers Luis and Gustavo Palés Matos . Educators Juan Bernardo Huyke and Robert Fernández Valledor have also published on Cofresí . In mainstream media Cofresí has recently been discussed in the newspapers El Mundo , El Imparcial , El Nuevo Día , Primera Hora , El Periódico de Catalunya , Die Tageszeitung , Tribuna do Norte and The New York Times , and the magazines Puerto Rico Ilustrado , Fiat Lux and Proceedings have published articles on the pirate . = Stephen II of Hungary = Stephen II ( Hungarian : II István ; Croatian : Stjepan II ; Slovak : Štefan II ; 1101 – early 1131 ) , King of Hungary and Croatia , ruled from 1116 until 1131 . His father , King Coloman , had him crowned as a child , thus denying the crown to his uncle Álmos . In the first year of his reign , Venice occupied Dalmatia and Stephen never restored his rule in that province . His reign was characterized by frequent wars with neighbouring countries . = = Early years ( till 1116 ) = = Stephen and his twin brother , Ladislaus , were sons of King Coloman of Hungary by his queen , Felicia of Sicily . According to the Illuminated Chronicle , they were born " ... in the year of our Lord 1101 . " Stephen was named after the first king of Hungary , who had been canonized in 1083 , implying that he was his father 's heir from birth . A document written in Zadar in approximately 1105 AD makes mention of " Stephen , our most renowned king " along with Coloman , proving that the latter had his four @-@ year @-@ old son crowned king . By the time of Stephen 's coronation , Coloman had demonstrated his intention to secure the succession for his son . Coloman 's ambitious brother , Álmos — who had already rebelled against the king in 1098 — opposed this plan and left Hungary . He first sought the assistance of Henry V , Holy Roman Emperor , followed by an appeal to Duke Boleslaw III of Poland . When all of his efforts ended in failure , Álmos submitted to Coloman and returned to Hungary , although he made several abortive attempts to dethrone Coloman in the following decade . In order to bring an end to the menace these plots presented to Stephen 's succession , Coloman had Álmos and Álmos 's little son , Béla , blinded . When he fell gravely ill in early 1116 , Coloman also had his brother imprisoned . The Illuminated Chronicle narrates that the dying king " instructed his son and his great men " to invade Rus ' in order to take vengeance for Coloman 's failure in the 1099 siege of Peremyshl ( Przemyśl ) , Poland . Coloman died on 3 February 1116 . = = Reign = = = = = Wars and internal conflicts ( 1116 – 1127 ) = = = Stephen was crowned king in Székesfehérvár within thirty days of his father 's death . His peaceful succession showed the effectiveness of the measures Coloman had implemented to prevent Álmos from usurping the throne . Upon his councilor ’ s advice , Stephen initiated a meeting with Vladislaus I , Duke of Bohemia , in order to improve the countries ' relations , which had deteriorated in the previous decade . The two monarchs met on the river Olšava , which marked the border of their realms . However , the lack of mutual confidence hindered the opening of negotiations , leading to armed conflicts which evolved into a battle on 13 May . On the battlefield , the Bohemian army inflicted a serious defeat on Stephen 's troops . The contemporaneous Cosmas of Prague blamed the young king 's advisors for the fiasco , but later medieval Hungarian chronicles — all completed under kings descending from Stephen 's opponent , Álmos — wrote that the king acted without consulting his advisors " ... for he was of an impetuous nature " . The Hungarian people are prodigious in energy , mighty in strength , and very powerful in military arms — sufficient to fight with a king of lands anywhere . After the death of their king , Coloman , their princes sent to Duke Vladislav to renew and confirm with the new king , named Stephen , their ancient peace and friendship . ... Vladislav came to the River Olšava , which separates the realms of Hungary and Moravia . Immediately , the Hungarian people , innumerable as the sands or drops of rain , covered the whole surface of the land in the field of Lučsko , like locusts . ... But , as scripture says , " Woe to the land whose king is a child . " Their princes , through their inborn pride in themselves , strayed from the duke 's peaceful words and sent replies more to stir up strife than to bring the kiss of peace . Doge Ordelafo Faliero , who had conquered an island in the Gulf of Kvarner during the last year of Coloman 's reign , returned to Dalmatia at the head of the Venetian fleet in May 1116 . On 15 July , he vanquished the Hungarian troops which had arrived to relieve Zadar . Thereafter all towns — including Biograd na Moru , Šibenik , Split , and Trogir — surrendered to Venice , terminating Stephen II 's suzerainty along the coastline of the Adriatic Sea . However , in either 1117 or 1118 , the Hungarian troops were able to defeat the Venetians , during which Ordelafo Faliero himself died at a battle near Zadar , enabling Biograd na Moru , Split , and Trogir to rejoin the sovereignty of the Hungarian monarch . However , the new Doge , Domenico Michele , invaded and reconquered all Dalmatia . A five @-@ year truce , which was concluded in 1117 or 1118 , confirmed the status quo : the seizure of Dalmatia by Venice . Stephen 's troops launched a plundering raid into Austria in 1118 , provoking a counter @-@ attack by Leopold III , Margrave of Austria , later that same year . Bořivoj II , Duke of Bohemia , supported Leopold and pillaged the northwestern regions of the Kingdom of Hungary . Despite this , when Vladislaus I dethroned his brother Bořivoj in 1120 , Bořivoj fled to Hungary and settled at Stephen 's court . Stephen married a daughter of Robert I of Capua , in the early 1120s . Historian Paul Stephenson wrote that Stephen 's marriage alliance with the Normans of Southern Italy " ... must have been partly directed against the Venetians . " The Norman Princes of Capua had been the Pope 's staunch supporters during the Investiture Controversy , suggesting that his marriage also continued his father 's pro @-@ Papal foreign policy . According to Włodzimierz Dworzaczek , Stephen in 1121 married Adelhaid , daughter of Heinrich , burgrave of Regensburg . Stephen 's cousin and the daughter of his uncle Álmos , Adelaide , whose husband Soběslav had been expelled from Moravia , arrived in Hungary in early 1123 . According to Cosmas of Prague , Stephen " kindly received her ... acknowledging her as his relative " , which implies that his relations with his uncle were cordial around that time . In the same year , the young king launched a military expedition against the Principality of Volhynia in order to assist its expelled prince , Iaroslav Sviatopolchich , regain his throne . Even though Sviatopolchich was assassinated at the beginning of the siege of his former seat , Volodymyr @-@ Volynskyi , Stephen decided to continue the war . However , according to the Illuminated Chronicle , his commanders threatened to dethrone him if he continued the aggression , forcing Stephen to lift the siege and return to Hungary . Cosma , of the line of Paznan , stood up before the King and said : " Lord , what is this thing which you are doing ? If with the death of a multitude of your soldiers you take the castle , whom will you appoint as its lord ? If you choose one among your nobles , he will not remain here . Or do you wish to abandon your kingdom and yourself have the dukedom ? We barons will not storm the castle . If you wish to storm it , storm it alone . We are returning to Hungary and we will choose for ourselves a king . " Then by order of the nobles the heralds announced throughout the camp that the Hungarians should return as speedily as possible to Hungary . When the King thus saw himself justly deprived of the help of his people , he returned to Hungary . Taking advantage of the absence of the Venetian fleet from the Adriatic Sea because of a naval expedition in the Levant , Stephen invaded Dalmatia in the first half of 1124 . His charter confirming the liberation of Split and Trogir in July 1124 is evidence that the central regions of Dalmatia returned to his rule . However , upon the return of the Venetian armada the Dalmatian towns once again surrendered , one after another . According to the Historia Ducum Veneticorum , only the citizens of Biograd na Moru " ... dared resist the doge and his army ... " , but " ... their city was razed to its foundations . " According to the Illuminated Chronicle , the blind Álmos , " ... fearing death at the hands of King Stephen ... " , fled to the Byzantine Empire . Many of his partisans followed him , and Emperor John II Komnenos settled them in a town in Macedonia . The Byzantine historian John Kinnamos confirmed that the emperor looked upon Álmos " ... favorably and received him with kindness . " He added that Stephen " sent his envoys to the emperor and demanded that ... [ Álmos ] ... be expelled from " the Byzantine Empire , but his request was rejected . The sources do not specify the date which Álmos 's fled , but it likely occurred circa 1125 . Historian Ferenc Makk wrote that Álmos was forced to flee from Hungary because he had taken advantage of Stephen 's failures in Volhynia and Dalmatia , and conspired against Stephen . Stephen met the new Duke of Bohemia , Sobeslav — whose wife was Adelhaid — in October 1126 . The meeting of the two monarchs ' brought an end to the hostilities between their two countries . Around the same year , Stephen also concluded an agreement with Archbishop Conrad I of Salzburg . = = = Last years ( 1127 – 1131 ) = = = According to the Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates , the citizens of the Byzantine town Braničevo " attacked and plundered the Hungarians who had come to " the Byzantine Empire " to trade , perpetrating the worst crimes against them . " In retaliation , Stephen decided to wage war against the Byzantine Empire . The Illuminated Chronicle relates that the childless Stephen " ... so ordered the succession to the throne that after his death the son of his sister Sophia , by name Saul , should reign . " The chronicle does not specify the date of this event , but Ferenc Makk says that Stephen most probably declared Saul as his heir during the first half of 1127 , before storming the Byzantine Empire . Stephen broke into the empire in the summer . His troops sacked Belgrade , Braničevo and Niš , and plundered the regions around Serdica ( Sofia , Bulgaria ) and Philippopolis ( Plovdiv , Bulgaria ) , before returning to Hungary . In response , Emperor John II marched against Hungary in 1128 , where he defeated the royal troops in a battle at Haram , and " captured Frangochorion , the richest land in Hungary " ( now in Serbia ) . Stephen was unable to participate in the fighting because " he happened to be sickly in body and was recuperating someplace in the midst of his land " , according to John Kinnamos . The Illuminated Chronicle said that his illness was so serious that " all expected his death . " The chronicle added that " traitors " went so far as to elect two kings , the " Counts Bors and Ivan " . Upon regaining his health , Stephen had Ivan executed and expelled Bors from his kingdom . John Kinnamos wrote of a second campaign by Stephen against the Byzantine Empire . The Hungarian troops , supported by Czech reinforcements under the command of Duke Vaclav of Olomouc , took Braničevo by storm and destroyed its fortress . Emperor John II Komnenos was forced to retreat and sue for peace . Historian Ferenc Makk writes that the resulting peace treaty was signed in October 1129 . Going to Branitshevo for a second time , [ Emperor John ] made haste to rebuild it . Since some time elapsed in the task , the army , suffering from winter weather and lack of necessities , was in severe distress . When he learned this , the Hungarians ' king decided to cross the Danube as quickly as possible and attack them unexpectedly . In the Hungarians ' land , however , there was a woman , a Latin by birth , outstanding in wealth and other distinction . Sending to the emperor , she revealed what was being planned . Since he was unable to engage them with an equivalent force , because as stated his army had already been overcome by disease and lack of necessities , he fortified the city where possible and withdrew . For many years , Stephen believed that his cousin , Béla , had died after being blinded on the orders of Stephen 's father . Having learnt , around 1129 , that Béla was alive , the king " ... rejoiced with great joy ... " , according to the Illuminated Chronicle . He even granted Béla the town of Tolna and arranged Béla 's marriage with Helena of Rascia . The Illuminated Chronicle recounts that Stephen showed blatant favoritism towards the " Comans " , identified as Pechenegs or Cumans by historians , who had arrived in Hungary in the 1120s . In his last years , he even tolerated the crimes they committed against his subjects , causing a revolt . Before his death , Stephen " ... laid aside his royal state and took the habit of a monk ... " . He died of dysentery in the spring of 1131 . No source recorded the exact date of his death , but most of his biographies wrote that he died on 1 March . He was buried in the Várad Cathedral ( Oradea , Romania ) . = = Family = = According to the Illuminated Chronicle , Stephen had no " wish to marry a lawful wife but took to himself concubines and harlots " . However , his advisors , " grieving that the kingdom was in a sorry state and the King without a heir " , persuaded him to marry . They chose a daughter of the late Robert I of Capua as their monarch 's wife , although her name was not recorded . Stephen died childless . The following family tree presents Stephen 's ancestors and some of his relatives who are mentioned in the article . * Whether Géza 's first or second wife was his children 's mother is uncertain . = The Hardest Day = The Hardest Day was the name of a Second World War air battle fought during the Battle of Britain on 18 August 1940 between the Nazi German Luftwaffe and British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . By June 1940 , the Allies had been defeated in Western Europe and Scandinavia . Rather than come to terms with Germany , Britain rejected all overtures for a negotiated peace . Consequently Adolf Hitler issued the German armed forces ( Wehrmacht ) Directive No. 16 ordering the invasion of the United Kingdom . The invasion of the United Kingdom was codenamed Operation Sea Lion ( Unternehmen Seelöwe ) . However , before this could be carried out , air supremacy or air superiority was required . The Luftwaffe had to destroy the RAF in order to prevent it from attacking the invasion fleet or providing protection for any attempt by the Royal Navy 's Home Fleet to intercept a landing by sea . Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe 's commander @-@ in @-@ chief , Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe ( High Command of the Air Force ) to prepare for this task . The primary target was RAF Fighter Command . In July 1940 , the Luftwaffe began military operations to destroy the RAF . Throughout July and early August , the Germans targeted convoys in the English Channel and occasionally RAF airfields . On 13 August , a major German effort , known as Adlertag ( Eagle Day ) , was made against RAF airfields , but failed . The failure did not deter the Germans from persisting with air raids against the RAF or its infrastructure . On 18 August 1940 , the Luftwaffe made an all @-@ out effort to destroy Fighter Command . The air battles that took place on this day were amongst the largest aerial engagements in history at that time . Both sides suffered very heavy losses . The British outperformed the Luftwaffe in the air , achieving a favourable ratio of 2 : 1 . However , a number of RAF aircraft were caught and destroyed on the ground , equalling the total losses of both sides . Further large and costly aerial battles took place after the 18 August , but both sides lost more aircraft combined on this day than at any other point during the campaign , including the 15 September , the Battle of Britain Day , generally considered the climax of the fighting . For this reason , the air battles of the 18 August 1940 became known as " The Hardest Day " in Britain . = = Background = = The Luftwaffe was detailed to destroy Fighter Command before the planned invasion of Britain could take place . The OKL hoped that the destruction of the British fighter force would force the British to come to terms by air power alone and the very risky Operation Sea Lion would not be needed . The enormous numerical superiority of British naval forces over their German opponents made a crossing of the Channel very dangerous , even with air superiority . Furthermore , the aircraft losses of the spring campaign had weakened the Luftwaffe before the Battle of Britain , and it could not begin its campaign against Fighter Command immediately . It was forced to wait until it had reached acceptable levels before a main assault against the RAF could be made in August 1940 . Until the Luftwaffe was ready to begin operations over the mainland , the first phase of the German air offensive targeted British shipping in the Channel . The raids rarely involved attacks against RAF airfields inland , but encouraged RAF units to engage in battle by attacking British Channel convoys . These operations lasted from 10 July to 8 August 1940 . The attacks against shipping were not very successful , and only 24 @,@ 500 GRT was sunk . Mine laying from aircraft had proved more profitable , sinking 38 @,@ 000 tons . The impact on Fighter Command was minimal . It had lost 74 fighter pilots killed or missing and 48 wounded in July , but British strength rose to 1 @,@ 429 by 3 August , leaving it only short of 124 pilots . Still , the attacks succeeded in forcing the British to abandon the Channel convoy route and to redirect shipping to ports in north @-@ eastern Britain . With this achieved the Luftwaffe began the second phase of its air offensive , attacking RAF airfields and supporting structures in Britain . The first major raid inland and against RAF airfields came on 12 August , and the Luftwaffe quickly escalated its offensive . The Germans did not achieve a degree of success commensurate with their exertions on this date . Nevertheless , in the belief they were having considerable effect on Fighter Command , they prepared to launch their all @-@ out assault on the RAF the following day . By 13 August , German air strength had reached acceptable levels . After bringing its serviceable rates up , the Luftwaffe carried out heavy attacks under the codename Adlertag ( or Eagle Day ) , with 71 per cent of its bomber force , 85 per cent of its Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter units , and 83 per cent of its Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter / fighter @-@ bomber units operational . The day went badly for the Germans , who failed to impair Fighter Command and its bases or command and control system . This was due in large part to poor intelligence , which failed to identify Fighter Command airfields and distinguish them from those of Bomber and Coastal Commands . Still , the Germans pursued their strategy against Fighter Command on 15 August , suffering 76 losses . Undeterred , they prepared to make another large @-@ scale attack on RAF bases on 18 August . The month of August witnessed an escalation in air combat , as the Germans made a concentrated effort against Fighter Command . = = Luftwaffe plan = = German intelligence suggested that the RAF was down to just 300 serviceable fighters on 17 August 1940 , taking into consideration German pilots ' claims and their estimates of British production capabilities . In fact , there were 855 machines serviceable , with another 289 at storage units and 84 at training units . These resources were included in a total of 1 @,@ 438 fighters , twice as many as at the beginning of July 1940 . Expecting weakening opposition , the Luftwaffe prepared for a major action against RAF Sector Stations on 18 August . The Luftwaffe 's plan of attack was simple . German bombers were to strike at the RAF airfields in the south @-@ east corner of England . The most important airfields in this region , under the command of AOC ( Air Officer Commanding ) Keith Park and his No. 11 Group RAF , were the Sector Stations at RAF Kenley , Biggin Hill , Hornchurch , North Weald , Northolt , Tangmere and Debden . The first five were on the periphery of Greater London . Tangmere was in the south near the coast at Chichester , while Debden was in the north near Saffron Walden . Each of these airfields housed two to three squadrons and had its own sector operations room . From there , its fighters were directed from its satellite airfields into combat . There were six satellite airfields at Westhampnett , Croydon , Gravesend , Manston , Rochford and RAF Martlesham Heath ; Manston and Martlesham Heath each housed two squadrons , the remainder each housed one . Finally , there was RAF Hawkinge , just inland from Folkestone . Not all of these airfields were targeted on 18 August . Despite the failure of Adlertag and considerable loss rates on 15 , 16 and 17 August , Kesselring convinced Göring that the only sound strategy was to continue to send heavily escorted bombers to destroy British airfields . Kesselring also advocated the use of Jagdgeschwader ( fighter wings ) in free @-@ chase tactics . Messerschmitt Bf 109 single @-@ engine fighters were to be sent out in advance of the main raids to force the British fighters into large @-@ scale air battles which , in theory , would destroy RAF aircraft in combat and deplete the British defences . However , this time , Kesselring changed his operational methods . In consultation with Hugo Sperrle , commanding Luftflotte 3 ( Air Fleet 3 ) , he chose not to scatter his effort against a large amount of targets . Instead , he narrowed down the targets to a short list in order to concentrate his strength and striking power . Sector stations RAF Kenley , North Weald , Hornchurch and Biggin Hill were chosen as the prime targets . = = RAF defences = = = = = Initial strategy and tactics = = = Up to the late Spring of 1940 , Fighter Command had been preparing to meet a possible air attack on the British Isles coming only from due east , from Germany itself ; prior to the German victory in Western Europe . The possibility that France might fall and Britain would continue to fight on had not been considered . An air attack from Germany meant the Luftwaffe 's bombers would operate beyond the range of their fighters and be vulnerable to attack . If twin @-@ engine fighters , such as the Messerschmitt Bf 110s were used , they would be fighting at the limits of their range . It was also doubted that fast fighter aircraft could engage in dogfights . The g @-@ force effect on the human body also seemed to suggest the prospect of air @-@ to @-@ air combat between fighters was impractical anyway . The threat they saw related only to the return @-@ fire of the bomber 's gunners . Before the war the effectiveness of return , or cross @-@ fire , from bombers had been exaggerated by the Air Staff and Air Ministry . This short @-@ sighted belief had a detrimental impact on the tactical effectiveness of RAF Fighter Command until the summer , 1940 . With German bombers perceived as the only prey , AOC Fighter Command Hugh Dowding and his planners devised a system and tactics which used unwieldy and tight fighter formations to bring the RAF fighters into combat with bombers , followed by set @-@ piece tactics for the engagement . Because the bomber 's return fire was considered so dangerous , fighter pilots were trained to open fire at long range , 300 to 400 yards , then break away without closing to short @-@ range . These tactics , practised so thoroughly over the years , proved totally useless to the battle situation facing them over Britain in 1940 . The tactics were unsuitable for fighter @-@ versus @-@ fighter combat . Packed in tight formation , the RAF pilots were more concerned with keeping their position and not colliding with each other than they were keeping watch for the enemy . It made them vulnerable to surprise attacks by Bf 109s and Bf 110s . Even if the British fighters reached the bombers without interception , the chaos of modern aerial combat made it impossible to concentrate attacks with large , rigid formations . Pilots were also forced into paying far too much respect to the bomber 's defensive capabilities . Attacks were broken off far too early and caused little damage to bombers . These tactical failures were evident during the battles in Belgium and France . Moreover , rushed training with pilots who were barely able to use the old tactical methods meant that airmen could not cope with much needed radical changes . The V formation was developed in June , which made a greater emphasis on each pilot looking for the enemy , search capability and avoiding being taken by surprise . Still , it was inferior to German fighter tactics . German fighter tactics were more flexible . In the Spanish Civil War , Werner Mölders developed a new system of fighter tactics . The primary deployment was to use large numbers of Bf 109s on free @-@ hunting missions , or sweeps , over the battle area . Instead of flying the standard V formation , used by many air forces , the Germans paired their fighters into Rotte . It consisted of two fighters ; a pilot and his wingman 200 yards abreast . Flying this way meant each could cover the others blind spots . If an enemy made an attack , the other could move in behind it to protect the other Rotte member . The Rotte could be expanded into a Schwarm ( Swarm or Flight ) . The formation was eventually given the name " Finger @-@ four " . It offered maximum protection and all members of a Schwarm were on the lookout for threats and targets . = = = C3 : Command , communication and control = = = At the operational level the British fighter defences proved to be far more sophisticated . The RAF defences were not just based on the combat power of Fighter Command . Just as important as the " teeth " of the defence was the " eyes and ears " - its nervous system which carried intelligence and information between them to position the " teeth " to strike . By the summer , 1940 , the Chain Home radar stations along the English and Scottish coasts was able to track incoming aircraft from continental Europe at all but the lowest altitudes . The best detection altitude was 20 @,@ 000 feet . Aircraft at this height could be detected over 100 miles away . To assess their identity , IFF ( Identification Friend or Foe ) could , by means of a distinctive blip on radar screens , distinguish German and British aircraft . The radar technology was not flawless . It struggled to gauge heights of incoming formations above 25 @,@ 000 feet and could not measure their numerical strength . It could also take several minutes to assess the line of advance for aircraft on a zigzag course . Moreover , the radar looked out to sea and was unable to track aircraft overland . That was the job of the Royal Observer Corps . Tens of thousands of volunteers , the length and breadth of Britain tracked the German formations over land . They were connected to Sector airfields by landline and could communicate intelligence in real time . The detection and interception of incoming raids was as follows : Radar detects the enemy aircraft Radar plots are dispatched by landline to the filter room at Fighter Command Headquarters , Stanmore Park At the filter room enemy plots were compared with known plots of RAF fighters to assess identity to corroborate IFF Unidentified or hostile plots were dispatched by landline to fighter group or Sector operations rooms for plotting on situation maps No. 11 Groups operations room at RAF Uxbridge kept a record of the status of each unidentified or hostile raid , and the state of RAF Squadrons ; whether they were refuelling , landing , in combat or scrambling Fighter controllers at the Sector operations rooms would choose which formations to engage and exactly what and how many Squadrons to scramble and issue the relevant orders to satellite controllers Fighter controllers at satellite fields would then bring their Squadrons into the field as directed by Sector controllers Squadrons would be loosely deployed across the south east to prevent the enemy slipping through Squadron Leaders are then responsible for the combat engagement = = = Anti @-@ aircraft defences = = = A number of unusual defence mechanisms were used at RAF bases on 18 August 1940 . Among the more conventional was the anti @-@ aircraft artillery piece . The three main types in service were the 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch , 3 @.@ 7 @-@ inch and 3 @-@ inch batteries . The first two were modern and effective over 26 @,@ 000 feet . The last was a First World War vintage weapon and was effective only to 14 @,@ 000 feet . Usually batteries were sited in fours , with a range @-@ finder and predictor which measured the speed and height of the aircraft while taking into account the time the shell took to reach that patch of sky , thus calculating when to detonate the fuse in the shell . As with most artillery , when firing at aircraft , the higher the shell travelled the less effective it became . A shell fired to 5 @,@ 000 feet would only be half as effective at 10 @,@ 000 feet and a quarter as accurate at 15 @,@ 000 feet . The German bombers usually tried to fly around heavy concentrations and if forced to fly through them , chose to fly at heights of around 15 @,@ 000 feet . Most of the heavy artillery defences were located around London and the Thames Estuary . Others concentrated around Dover , Folkestone , Harwich , Ipswich , Portsmouth and Southampton docks . For low @-@ level defence the Bofors 40 mm was used which had a rate of fire around 120 rounds a minute . The 2 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 9 kg ) shells were highly effective against low flying aircraft , capable of blowing a hole big enough for a man to fit through . However , there were only a few to go around . More than twice as many were needed to protect RAF Kenley and Biggin Hill . To make up the difference 3 inch guns , firing over open sights from 1918 were used . They could fire only 15 rounds per minute . However , there was an unusual defence weapon that had been designed for use at Kenley on 18 August ; the parachute @-@ and @-@ cable . On the north side of the airfield at 60 @-@ foot intervals they were fired vertically upwards by a rocket in salvoes of nine or more . As enemy aircraft came in at low @-@ altitude the parachute device deployed and held a 480 @-@ foot long steel cable from an altitude of 600 feet . An enemy aircraft would hopefully fly through it . If it struck , the second parachute deployed and the unfortunate victim was left towing away the contraption . If the cable was picked up on the wing , there was a good chance that the aircraft would go down out of control . This device had not been used before 18 August 1940 . To support them , Barrage balloons with cutting cables capable of tearing off bombers ' wings were also used . = = Lunchtime engagement = = = = = German build @-@ up = = = The morning weather was clear and sunny making ideal flying conditions . At his Headquarters in Brussels , Albert Kesselring commanding Luftflotte 2 ( Air Fleet 2 ) directed the Geschwader ( Wings ) under his command to carry out attacks on targets Nos. 1017 and 10118 in the Luftwaffe catalogue ; Biggin Hill and Kenley . Biggin Hill was handed over to KG 1 which was to send 60 Heinkel He 111s from its base in Amiens to conduct a high @-@ level attack . RAF Kenley was the responsibility of KG 76 based in airfields to the north of Paris . The Kampfgeschwader ( Bomber Wing ) consisted of a mixed formation of 48 Dornier Do 17s and Junkers Ju 88s . The force attacking Kenley was smaller numerically than the one hitting Biggin Hill and the Ju 88 and Do 17 carried only two @-@ thirds the bomb @-@ load of a He 111 . The planners reasoned a more accurate low @-@ level strike carried out by a staffel from KG 76 would compensate for the weaker firepower of KG 76s main formations . Fighter escort was provided by Jagdgeschwader 3 ( JG 3 ) , Jagdgeschwader 26 ( JG 26 ) , Jagdgeschwader 51 ( JG 51 ) , Jagdgeschwader 52 ( JG 52 ) , Jagdgeschwader 54 ( JG 54 ) and Zerstörergeschwader 26 ( ZG 26 ) . The Jagdgeschwader would carry out free @-@ hunting and close escort from bases in the Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais . Both of these airfields contained Sector Operations rooms from which the British fighters were directed into action . These airfields were selected by the Luftwaffe because they were the largest ones known to be operating RAF fighters . The German intelligence had no knowledge of the Sector Operations rooms there . The rooms were above ground and had little protection . If those poorly protected buildings could be hit , and those inside killed or wounded , it would be a serious blow to the control system in the region . At their airfield at Cormeilles @-@ en @-@ Vexin , 9 Staffel ( Squadron ) KG 76 were briefed by their commander Hauptmann ( Captain ) Joachim Roth . The Staffel was to conduct a low @-@ level attack against Kenley with Roth flying as a navigator in the lead aircraft . The unit had specialised in low @-@ level attacks in France with great success . The nine Do 17s were to head across the Channel and make landfall at Beachy Head . From there they were to follow the Brighton @-@ London rail line north @-@ east to the target area . The crews were ordered to concentrate their attacks against buildings and hangars on the southern end of the airfield . The Dorniers were to carry twenty 110 @-@ lb bombs each fitted with a fuse that would allow for function if released from 50 feet or higher ; the type of bomb previously used by the Staffel had to release from twice this height , making the unit 's Do 17s correspondingly more vulnerable to ground fire . The attack was to be part of a coordinated pincer movement against the airfields . Ju 88s from II . / KG 76 were to dive @-@ bomb buildings and hangars from high @-@ altitude first . Five minutes later , 27 Do 17s from I. and II . / KG 76 would level @-@ bomb from high altitude to crater the runways and landing grounds while knocking out its defences . 9 Staffel KG 76 , the specialist low @-@ level strike unit , would go in and finish off any buildings still standing . It was a bold and imaginative plan . If it worked , it would wreck Kenley from end @-@ to @-@ end . The high @-@ flying bombers would have full fighter escort but the low @-@ flying bombers would have to use stealth to avoid interception to and from the target area . The operation began at 09 : 00 but was postponed because of heavy haze reducing visibility up to 4 @,@ 000 feet . In the intervening time , a few skirmishes took place between RAF fighters and German reconnaissance aircraft . A Lehrgeschwader 2 ( LG 2 ) Bf 110 was shot down in the morning . At 11 : 00 KG 1 's formations took off and the main formations headed out to sea . The form @-@ up was more difficult for KG 76 and its Do 17s and Ju 88s . Their bases in and around Calais were covered in 8 / 10ths cloud cover with a base of 6 @,@ 500 feet which reached to 10 @,@ 000 feet . As the bombers climbed through the haze the formation soon lost cohesion . Valuable time was lost as they reformed . Unfortunately the Do 17s of I. and III . / KG 76 had overtaken the III . / KG 76 Ju 88s which should have been ahead of them by five minutes . These delay had serious consequences for 9 Staffel KG 76 . Meanwhile , Gerhard Schöpfel , leading III . / JG 26 and Bf 109s from JG 3 , 40 in total , were already crossing the Dover straights to sweep the skies clear of the main raid . Some 25 miles behind him were the 27 Do 17s of I. and III . / KG 76 escorted by 20 Bf 110s that were to strike Kenley . Close by the Dorniers were the Ju 88s of III . / KG 76 escorted by Bf 109s from JG 51 . This formation should have been 15 miles in front . Some 15 miles to the rear of the Ju88s , KG 1 's He 111s were bound for Biggin Hill , escorted by 40 Bf 109s from JG 54 . The formations were moving at around three miles per minute , at 12 @,@ 000 feet . Around 50 miles to the south @-@ west , the nine Do 17s of 9 Staffel were at wave @-@ top height , half way between Dieppe , Seine @-@ Maritime and Beachy Head , intent on sneaking under British radar beams unobserved . Altogether , the raiding force contained 108 bombers and 150 fighters . = = = British scramble = = = The British followed the main raids and were aware of all the approaching aircraft , save for the low @-@ altitude 9 Staffel . The radar station near Dover began reporting a build @-@ up over the Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais area . This activity increased until 12 : 45 when six separate concentrations were reported . The plotters estimated the strength of the force as 350 aircraft , one @-@ third more than the actual size . At RAF Uxbridge , AOC No. 11 Group RAF Keith Park and his controllers directed No. 501 Squadron RAF and its 12 Hawker Hurricanes , already in the air , to Canterbury at 20 @,@ 000 feet . They had been on their way back to RAF Gravesend having spent most of the morning on patrol operating from RAF Hawkinge near Folkestone . Within minutes eight more Squadrons were dispatched to meet them ; two from Kenley , two from Biggin Hill and one each from North Weald , Martlesham , Heath , Manston and Rochford . Within a short time the fighters assigned to engage were all airborne . Five Squadrons ; No. 17 , No. 54 , No. 56 , No. 65 , and 501 with 17 Supermarine Spitfires and 36 Hurricanes were moving to patrol the Canterbury @-@ Margate line to block any attack on the Thames Estuary ports or the airfields to the north of it . Four Squadrons ; No. 32 , No. 64 , No. 601 , and No. 615 , with 23 Spitfires and 27 Hurricanes went into position above Kenley and Biggin Hill . A total of 97 RAF fighters were to meet the attack . Park did not send all of his forces aloft , and he held a reserve . Three Squadrons at RAF Tangmere were kept and made ready to meet more attacks from the south . Six more were in reserve to meet a possible follow @-@ up to the coming raid . = = = 9 Staffel KG 76 attacks Kenley = = = As the advance led by Gerhard Schöpfel made their way past the coast it spotted the vic @-@ formation of RAF fighters . They were Hurricanes of 501 Squadron which were conducting wide spirals to gain height . Schöpfel bounced them and shot down four in two minutes killing one pilot and wounding three others . As he departed other members of his Geschwader ( Wing ) dived on the Squadron and an inconclusive dogfight ensued . Schöpfel 's victims were Donald McKay and Pilot Officers J.W Bland , Kenneth Lee and F. Kozlowski . Bland was the only one killed . Both the Do 17s and Ju 88s of the III . / KG 76 were engaged by AAA defences as they crossed Dover . The Do 17s were escorted by ZG 26 while III . / JG 51 led by Hannes Trautloft escorted the Ju 88s . Trautloft remarked on the impressive numerical strength of the German formations . Fortunately the German bombers had flown too far east of Canterbury and thus avoided the main concentration of fighters on the Canterbury @-@ Margate line . At 13 : 01 they passed over Ashford and had a clear 40 mile run before they reached Biggin Hill and its four defending Squadrons . As 9 Staffel crossed the coast they were fired at by Royal Navy patrol boats . The machine gun fire was ineffective . However , the Royal Observer Corps Post K3 , situated on top of Beach Head , spotted the Dorniers . They immediately telephoned a warning to Observer Group Headquarters at Horsham and fighter sector stations in the area , including RAF Kenley . Wing Commander Thomas Prickman , the station commander at Kenley , noticed the low @-@ flying Dornier plot appear on his situation map . They appeared to be heading away towards the west , and was unsure of their target . His controllers were organising Nos. 64 and 615 Squadrons to meet the high @-@ altitude raid . Roth headed past Lewes until he picked up the rail line , Brighton @-@ London . He then turned north @-@ west . With the Observer Corps passing a steady stream of reports regarding approaching German formations they soon realised a coordinated attack was underway . The two Squadrons approaching the high @-@ altitude attack could not be diverted and no fighters had been asked to engage the 9 Staffel . The only Squadron on the ground in the area was No. 111 Squadron RAF that had 12 Hurricanes at RAF Croydon . Although usually the responsibility of Park , the controllers took the matter into their own hands and ordered all aircraft into the air . Even those that were not in combat condition were flown north @-@ east , to avoid them being caught on the ground . No. 111 Squadron managed to get into position above Kenley at 3 @,@ 000 feet . With luck they could intercept 9 Staffel . Biggin Hill soon took the same precaution of ordering all fighters into the air by order of Group Captain Richard Grice . At 13 : 10 the German bombers were within 40 miles of the BBC high @-@ power transmitter at Hatfield , Hertfordshire . In accordance with policy , it was shut down to deny the Germans the opportunity to use it as direction @-@ finding beacon and the BBC Home Service was kicked off air in the process . Using the railway lines , Roth , in the lead Do 17 , homed in on Kenley from the south . They were now just six miles away . Joachim Roth 's low @-@ level navigation had been extremely accurate . He had navigated his unit to within two minutes flying time from the target without interception , over unfamiliar enemy territory , on time and exactly on the planned route . But as the Dorniers neared the airfield they noticed that there was no smoke , or signs of damage . They expected to be polishing off a damaged fighter station . As the Germans burst over the airfield the air was suddenly filled with tracer rounds as the Dornier 's gunners engaged the Bofors and British AAA defences . Some of No. 111 Squadron dived onto the Dorniers , but one Hurricane was shot down , either by the Dorniers or British ground fire . Pilot Flight Lieutenant Stanley Connors was killed . The rest pulled up and away to avoid friendly fire . They flew to the northern edge of the airfield to catch the raiders as they emerged . Two Hurricanes from No. 615 were taking off under the attack . Within minutes all the Dorniers had been hit . Feldwebel Johannes Petersen 's Do 17 was flying higher than the others . It was hit , and caught fire , but carried on . Günter Unger lined up his Do 17 in order to attack a hangar and released his 20 110 @-@ lb bombs before his starboard engine was knocked out . Unteroffizier ( Junior Officer or NCO ) Schumacher watched as three hangars were destroyed by Unger ’ s bombs . Unger ’ s Dornier was then was hit by something . It bled black smoke and lost speed . Unger was engaged by No. 111s Harry Newton . Newton was shot down by accurate return fire and bailed out . However , Newton fired a burst of machine gun fire at the Dornier in frustration before leaving the Hurricane . He damaged the Dornier , but Unger flew on . Oberleutnant ( First Lieutenant ) Hermann Magin was lining up a hangar when he was hit and slumped over . The quick reactions of the navigator , 28 @-@ year @-@ old Wilhelm @-@ Friedrich Illg , saved the crew . He took control and climbed out of the defensive fire before ordering the crew to abandon the aircraft . As the bombers worked over the airfield , Aircraftman D. Roberts waited for them on the northern boundary with his Parachute @-@ and @-@ cable launchers . Three Do 17s were heading towards him , climbing slowly . When they were in range he fired the cables . Nine rockets flew upwards . Wilhelm Raab saw the rockets go up . Although he did not understand what they were , he banked the Do 17 to avoid the lines of smoke that may or may not have concealed something . Because the Dornier banked , one of the cables that hit his bomber slid off the wing before the lower parachute had time to deploy . Pilot Petersen 's Dornier was not that lucky . Already on fire it ran into the cable which dragged it out of the sky . The Do 17 crashed killing all five crewmen . Oberleutnant Rudolf Lamberty ( carrying Joachim Roth ) also managed to avoid a collision , but before he could do so fire hit his Dornier destroying the fuel tanks . The bomber caught fire and he was barely able to keep control . Eventually it crash @-@ landed at Leaves Green in Kent after being shot down by No. 111 Squadron Hurricanes . Roth was killed , but Lamberty survived with burns . Of the bombers that evaded the defences and No. 111 Squadron , two ditched into the sea and two more crash @-@ landed in France . The German crew was picked up by Kriegsmarine ships . Out of the nine Do 17s , four were lost , two damaged in crash landings and all were at least damaged . Wilhelm @-@ Friedrich Illg was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross for helping the wounded pilot Hermann Magin guide his Do 17 back home . Magin died of wounds soon after . For their efforts , 9 Staffel destroyed at least three hangars , hit several other buildings and destroyed eight Hurricanes on the ground . According to other sources , 10 hangars were destroyed , six damaged , the operations room put out of action , and many buildings were destroyed . It would have been worse had the bombs been released higher . A lot of bombs landed horizontally and did not explode on impact . To achieve this level of damage , KG 76 dropped nine tons of bombs . At the end of the day just one hangar was left operational at Kenley . The low @-@ level raid put the airfield out of commission for two hours . In combat , two Hurricanes were shot down by the Dornier 's return fire . In return 9 Staffel lost four Do 17s , three slightly damaged and two seriously damaged . Low @-@ level attacks were abandoned after The Hardest Day . = = = KG 1 and KG 76 hit Kenley , Biggin Hill and West Malling = = = Nos. 610 , 615 and 32 Squadrons were guarding the air space near Biggin Hill . Operating at about 25 @,@ 000 feet they were waiting for the high @-@ altitude force to reach the area . Unfortunately , the German escort fighters had climbed much higher and they were taken by surprise . JG 3 's Bf 109s had been flying extended cover for the 12 Ju 88s and 27 Do 17s of KG 76 . They spotted No. 615 below them and bounced the RAF fighters . Oberleutnant Lothar Keller and Leutnants Helmut Meckel and Helmut Landry each destroyed a Hurricane . While 615 had taken grievous losses , it had served an important purpose by keeping the escorting German fighters busy . While they engaged JG 3 , Squadron Leader Michael Crossley led No. 32 Squadron against I. and III . / KG 76 bombers without having to worry about enemy fighter aircraft . ZG 26 's Bf 110s were flying near the formation , and tried to offer JG 3 support by intercepting Crossley 's fighters but failed . Crossley led a head @-@ on attack and downed one Do 17 while his squadron damaged several others . So close had the RAF fighters pressed home their attacks that the bombers had to move and jink to avoid their fire . It put the bomb @-@ aimers off their aim . The Dorniers were already too close to their targets and the pilots could not realign before the formation was over and passed the aiming point . Having been thwarted from bombing their official targets they aimed for rail tracks to the north and east of the airfield . Some of the unit targeted RAF Croydon , three miles north @-@ west of Biggin Hill . Others turned around without releasing their bombs . The crews that bombed the rail lines found they were a difficult target to hit at 15 @,@ 000 feet . Some released their bombs at intervals in the hope of hitting their targets , however some bombs fell on residential property . Crossley attempted a second pass on the bombers soon after . This time , the Bf 110s succeeded in getting in between the bombers and 32 Squadron . One Bf 110 was damaged while their gunners shot down and wounded Flight Lieutenant ' Humph ' Russell . Seconds later , No. 64 Squadron 's eight Spitfires turned up , led by Squadron Leader Donald MacDonell . They dived on the Dorniers from high @-@ altitude . Some of the Squadron , including Squadron Leader MacDonell , attacked the Bf 110s , believing them to be Dorniers . MacDonell damaged a Bf 110 flown by Ruediger . Proske crash @-@ landed and was taken prisoner . Several confusing dogfights broke out and lasted for some time . The Ju 88s arrived over the target at Kenley to find a smoke pall hanging over the target . It was impossible to begin dive @-@ bombing attacks under those conditions . Given the amount of damage to Kenley , it also seemed unnecessary to the bomber crews . As they were deciding what action to take , they were attacked . The Bf 109s led by Hannes Trautloft had a difficult job of defending the Ju 88s . After passing Biggin Hill on their way to RAF West Malling British AAA fire began targeting the formation . One Ju 88 was hit , and Trautloft gave it special protection . As he manoeuvred himself into position , the formation was jumped by Spitfires and Hurricanes . One Ju 88 was lost to 32 Squadron 's Pilot Officer Bolesław Własnowolski . As they attack began , the Ju 88s turned to West Malling , and began dive @-@ bombing attacks as an alternate target . KG 1 , meanwhile , had a clear run to its target . The battles with KG 76 had drawn in four of the five RAF Squadrons . Still , the British sent No. 615 Squadron and its 15 Spitfires to deal with KG 1 . They were confronted with a large number of Bf 109s from JG 54 , escorting the He 111s . The German fighters successfully defended their charges and the RAF fighters could not break through to the bombers , which were flying in stepped @-@ up waves from 12 to 15 @,@ 000 feet . Most of the German bomber crews noted the absence of fighter opposition and speculated that the RAF might be at the end of its tether . Most of the personnel at Biggin Hill had time to take cover before the bombers arrived . KG 1 lost only one He 111 and one another damaged but failed to damage Biggin Hill . It is likely the losses sustained by KG 1 were inflicted by Spitfires from No. 65 Squadron RAF which stumbled across of their He 111s while 615 and JG 54 were locked in combat . Thus far , the German fighters had performed well , but now it came to the most difficult part of the operation : withdrawing under attack . The German fighters were low on fuel and could only do so much to protect the bombers . Damaged stragglers lagged behind the main bomber streams and were easy prey for RAF fighters if they could be found . The four German raiding formations were all heading in different directions by 13 : 30 : 9 Staffel were well clear to the south , heading back over Beachy Head ; KG 1 were completing their bomb run while the Spitfires of 610 were being held at arms length by JG 54 Bf 109s ; the Ju 88s of KG 76 had attacked West Malling and their escorts were battling Nos. 32 , 64 , 501 and 615 Squadrons . The Dorniers were heading home under attack by elements of 32 , 64 and 615 Squadrons . However , further to the east , Nos. 1 , 17 , 54 , 56 and 266 Squadrons totalling 23 Spitfires and 36 Hurricanes were moving in to meet the main formations during their withdrawal . RAF controllers faced difficulties of their own . Thickening haze made it impossible for the Observer Corps to plot the route of German formations . A concentrated force of RAF fighters , should it be able to engage the main formations , might be able to inflict serious damage . However , the haze might enable the Germans to slip by and leave the concentrated force of RAF fighters near Canterbury striking at thin air . Instead of adopting an " all or nothing " approach , Park ordered the fighters to spread out and engage singly if needed . Park 's plan paid dividends . Bf 110s from ZG 26 were soon discovered by No. 56 Squadron and quickly found themselves under attack . In the short and sharp engagement , ZG 26 lost five Bf 110s and another damaged to No. 56 Squadron . Worse was follow when No. 54 and 501 engaged the Messerschmitts . ZG 26 lost a further two shot down and two damaged to No. 54 Squadron . None of the RAF Squadrons reported any losses in these engagements . The Geschwader lost other machines to No. 151 and No. 46 Squadrons who arrived to join the battle . According to one source , the total losses of ZG 26 amounted to 12 destroyed and seven damaged throughout the entire day . Another source gives a list of 15 Bf 110s written off ; 13 destroyed , two written off and six damaged on 18 August 1940 . Whatever the actual losses , The Hardest Day marked the start of a decline in Bf 110 operations . Production was not keeping pace with losses , and there simply were not enough aircraft to go around . No. 266 Squadron was the last unit to trade shots with German formations . During the battles five Bf 109s were destroyed ; two from JG 26 and three from JG 3 . A further three Bf 109s were 60 , 70 and 80 percent damaged . Four German pilots were killed , one wounded , one captured and one missing . One made it back to base where the crippled fighter crash @-@ landed . One JG 3 and one JG 26 Bf 109s fell to Spitfires of 266 Squadron . Three fell to Spitfires of No. 54 Squadron . Bomber losses amounted to eight destroyed and ten damaged ; including five Do 17s and two Ju 88s destroyed from KG 76 and one KG 1 He 111 lost . The British suffered casualties as well . No. 17 Squadron lost one Hurricane and one pilot killed . No. 32 Squadron suffered the loss of one Hurricane destroyed ; No. 65 Squadron lost one Hurricane shot down and one pilot missing . No. 111 Squadron lost one Hurricane destroyed on the ground and one damaged on the ground and three shot down in aerial combat , but all pilots survived . No. 501 Squadron suffered heavy losses amounting to five Hurricanes destroyed , two pilots killed , one seriously wounded . No. 601 lost two Hurricanes and both pilots killed while No. 602 Squadron lost three Spitfires and one damaged with one pilot wounded . No. 615 Squadron also took crippling casualties . It lost three Hurricanes with one pilot killed and another wounded . However , a further six of their Hurricanes were destroyed in the Kenley raid by 9 Staffel . / KG 76 . The casualties of 615 have been challenged by another source which indicates 615 Squadron lost only three on the ground at Kenley ( P3158 , P3487 , R4186 ) . The main battle was over , but more combats took place as Kesselring sent in even more Bf 109s to support the withdrawing bombers . Jagdgeschwader 2 ( JG 2 ) and Jagdgeschwader 27 ( JG 27 ) engaged RAF fighters near the Isle of Wight as the bombers left British air space . II . / JG 2 lost one Bf 109 destroyed and another damaged in battle with Hurricanes from No. 601 Squadron , suffering one pilot missing and the other wounded . JG 27 lost six Bf 109s ( three each from I. and II . / JG 27 ) in action against No. 85 Squadron RAF . Three pilots were killed , two were posted missing presumed dead and the other was picked up in the Channel by a Heinkel He 59 air @-@ sea rescue aircraft . = = Large @-@ scale Ju 87 operations = = = = = German build up = = = Hugo Sperrle 's Luftflotte 3 ordered his dive bomber units to begin operations against the radar stations and airfields on the southern coast of Britain . The targets on the afternoon of 18 August were RAF Ford , RAF Thorney Island and Gosport , all belonging to the Fleet Air Arm or Coastal Command . Included in the target selection was the radar station at Poling , West Sussex , near Littlehampton . Reconnaissance by Junkers Ju 86 aircraft had identified the airfields as fighter bases . The high altitude and poor resolution of the photographs meant the aircraft on the ground could not be identified properly and the Germans mistakenly believed them to be fighter fields . In fact , none of the airfields belonged to Fighter Command . Gosport housed a torpedo development unit , Thorney Island housed No. 59 Squadron RAF and No. 235 Squadron RAF with Bristol Blenheim 's assigned to RAF Coastal Command . Ford was a naval air station and housed No. 829 Squadron Fleet Air Arm which was working up with Fairey Albacore aircraft at the time . These targets were given to Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 ( StG 77 or Dive Bombing Wing 77 ) . The Geschwader committed 109 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive @-@ bombers to the raid . It was the largest concentration of Ju 87s to operate over Britain to date . I. / StG 77 were to strike at Thorney Island with 28 Ju 87s ; 28 II . / StG 77 were assigned to Ford ; and 31 III . / StG 77 Ju 87s were to destroy Poling radar station . A fourth unit , Sturzkampfgeschwader 3 ( StG 3 or Dive Bombing Wing 3 ) , sent 22 Ju 87s to attack Gosport . The dive @-@ bombers were supported by 157 Bf 109s ; 70 from JG 27 ; 32 from JG 53 acting as close escort ; and 55 from JG 2 which was to sweep the Portsmouth area in advance of the main raid independently . The Ju 87s were based around Caen , too far away for the attacks . So in the morning the Stukas were moved into closer airfields around Cherbourg , right on the Channel coast . There , fuel tanks were filled , bombs loaded , and crews given a final briefing . At 13 : 29 the first Ju 87s took off . By 13 : 45 all were in formation and beginning the 85 @-@ mile trip . Major Helmut Bode led III . / StG 77 to Poling . He knew nothing of the technicalities of his target . Behind him was Hauptmann Alfons Orthofer 's II . / StG 77 bound for Ford . After them , Hauptmann Herbert Meisel 's III Gruppe was heading on the left of the formation for Thorney Island . Hauptmann Walter Seigel 's I. / StG 3 headed for Gosport on the extreme left . Each Ju 87 was loaded with 550 @-@ lb bombs under the main fuselage and four 11 @-@ lb bombs and two under each wing . The Bf 109s would not take off for some time . The long trip and low speed of the Ju 87s meant there was plenty of time to catch up without burning fuel keeping close contact with the Stukas . = = = British scramble = = = At 13 : 59 , Poling radar station picked up the German formations and reported them as 80 @-@ strong . Smaller forces ranging from 9 to 20 @-@ plus represented the German fighters moving up behind it . The British estimated the Luftwaffe attack force to be 150 @-@ aircraft strong . It was an underestimation by half . No. 10 Group RAF and No. 11 Group alerted their units from their operations rooms at Uxbridge and Box in Wiltshire . No. 10 and 11 Groups dispatched more Squadrons to support the already airborne 11 Hurricanes from No. 601 Squadron . 10 Group dispatched one Squadron each from RAF Middle Wallop , RAF Exeter and RAF Warmwell , and one each from No. 11 's RAF Tangmere and RAF Westhampnett . The RAF order of battle included ; nine Hurricanes of No. 43 Squadron RAF , led by Squadron Leader Frank Reginald Carey patrolling Thorney Island ; No. 602 Squadron RAF protected Westhampnett with 12 Spitfires ; No. 152 Squadron RAF and 11 Spitfires patrolled Portsmouth air space ; No. 234 Squadron RAF with 11 Spitfires over the Isles of Wight to engage the attackers ; No. 213 Squadron RAF with 12 Hurricanes which were to move 80 miles eastward from Exeterand patrol St. Catherine 's Point . Finally , No. 609 Squadron RAF and 12 Spitfires remained in reserve around Middle Wallop to meet any unexpected German moves . Having lost all of its Bristol Blenheim night fighters in the raid of 16 August , Tangmere dispatched two Hurricanes from the Fighter Interception Unit ( FIU ) fitted with FIU airborne radar to test the device in action . RAF Coastal Command also joined in , and committed No. 235 Squadron RAF and its Bristol Blenheim 's . The defence was reliant on the 68 Spitfires and Hurricanes . The numerical standing meant a ratio of one RAF fighter to every four German fighters and bombers , or in other words , one British aircraft to every two German fighters . Even had the fighter controllers realised the strength of the raid , there was little that could be done . Other fighters were refuelling and rearming after the attacks on Kenley and Biggin Hill and would not be available . During the British scramble , Bf 109s from JG 52 which were part of a pre @-@ raid sweep , chanced upon RAF fighters out in the open at RAF Manston . Twelve Bf 109s from 2 Staffel II . / JG 52 , led by Hauptmann Wolfgang Ewald attacked while the British fighters were refuelling . After two passes , the Germans claimed 10 fighters and three Blenheims destroyed . In fact , just two No. 266 Squadron RAF Spitfires were destroyed with another six Hurricanes damaged but repairable . A single Hurricane was also destroyed . = = = Ju 87s attack unopposed = = = As the Ju 87s reached the coast , the respective groups split off and headed for their assigned targets . By this time , some 15 miles off the Isle of Wight , the Bf 109s had caught up and were now zigzagging around the dive @-@ bombers . Bode led III . / StG 77 to attack from the North West , dead into wind in order to bomb accurately . Usually the Ju 87s attacked in line astern , but Bode chose to attack in groups of three to split the AAA fire . To keep the enemy 's heads down , he fired his machine guns in an 80 @-@ degree dive . He soon left an altitude of 13 @,@ 000 feet , releasing his bombs and pulling out at 2 @,@ 275 feet . The rest of his unit followed . Poling took severe punishment from very accurate bombing . Since Ventnor radar station had been knocked out already , this attack demonstrated that an attack on Fighter Command 's command , communication and control system was possible . Emergency equipment had been installed on the site in case of a breakdown , but the information and reading of the radar was significantly less reliable . In fact , Poling was so badly damaged it was out of action for the rest of August . Fortunately , the CH chain had a mobile radar station at the Isle of Wight to fill in for it . Another was due to be set up near Poling anyway , so the chain remained unaffected . The damage done to Kenley and Poling were no more than inconveniences to Park and Dowding . Only one WAAF member , Avis Parsons , was studying the plots at Poling up until the attack . She was awarded the Military Medal for her actions on 5 September 1940 . As Bode was in action at Poling , Alfons Orthofer '	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
s unit attacked Ford . There were only six Lewis machine guns manned at Ford and the Ju 87s were able to attack with complete confidence . Bombs rained down on huts , hangars , building and amongst aircraft drawn up together for maintenance . Early on bombs struck the field 's oil tanks and storage compounds causing an enormous blaze which contributed to the crippling damage on the airfield . Gosport also came under attack soon after . Siegel 's Ju 87s , with no air opposition , swooped onto their targets causing large @-@ scale damage . As the Ju 87s began their attack , Spitfires from No. 234 Squadron engaged the 25 @-@ strong Bf 109 escort commanded by Hauptmann Karl @-@ Wolfgang Redlich . I. / JG 27s commander , Gruppenkommandeur ( Group Commander ) Eduard Neumann heard the battle developing , but communications were poor and he decided to let Redlich , one of his most experienced Staffelkapitän ( Squadron Leaders ) fight alone . In the resulting combat , three Bf 109s were shot down . = = = Disaster for StG 77 = = = While three of the four Ju 87 groups reached and bombed their targets without interception , the 28 Stukas of I. / StG 77 were attacked by No. 43 and 601 Squadron sporting a force of 18 Hurricanes . The escorting Bf 109s from II . / JG 27 were flying too far away and could not stop the Hurricanes making an attack before the Ju 87s made their dives . Three Ju 87s were shot down in exchange for a damaged Hurricane , hit by return fire . The Bf 109s soon came under attack themselves and could not assist the dive @-@ bombers effectively . Still , some Ju 87s made attacks . While they were doing so , some of the German crews saw No. 235 Blenheims taking off to defend their base . Some hangars were hit by the Ju 87s and much damage done . As the Bf 109 escorts turned to meet the two engaging RAF Squadrons , around 300 aircraft filled a patch of sky 25 miles long , from Gosport to Bognor Regis . No. 152 , 235 Squadrons engaged the Germans over Thorney Island . No. 602 engaged the Ju 87s that attacked Ford but III . / JG 27 bounced No. 602 Squadron , claiming four Spitfires destroyed . Spitfires from No. 234 and Hurricanes from 213 Squadron each destroyed one Bf 109 . The running air battles had cost the Ju 87 units heavily . The lack of protection for I. / StG 77 had cost it 10 Ju 87s with one damaged beyond repair . Total manpower losses for the unit amounted to 17 killed or mortally wounded , six wounded and five captured out of 56 men . II . / StG 77 lost three Ju 87s to fighter attack and one damaged beyond repair , five crewmen dead and one captured . III . / StG 77 also lost two Ju 87s and two damaged with four men killed . StG 77s casualties amounted to 26 killed , six taken prisoner , and six wounded . The battles brought the number of Ju 87s lost thus far in the campaign to 59 with a further 33 damaged . The price was too high and with the exception of sporadic attacks on convoys later in the year , the Ju 87 played no further part in the Battle of Britain . Among the dead was Gruppenkommandeur Hauptmann Herbert Meisel . The Bf 109s of JG 27 lost six fighters . Two pilots were saved . Another source gives eight Bf 109s destroyed . JG 27 claimed 14 victories , but it is likely this was an exaggeration . Only seven were allowed to stand by the Luftwaffe . RAF casualties in the air battles amounted to five fighters destroyed and four damaged . No. 43 Squadron suffered one damaged Hurricane ; 152 Squadron two damaged Spitfires ; No. 601 Squadron lost two Hurricanes ; No. 602 Squadron lost three Spitfires and one damaged . = = = Aftermath = = = The damage done to Ford was great . The local fire brigades helped put out the numerous fires and clear up the dead in and around the station . Mostly foam was used as the main water pipe had burst . Other fire units used water from static water tanks and a ditch which had filled from the fractured pipe . Ford had received less warning than the other targets and suffered heavier casualties : 28 killed and 75 wounded . Some 14 aircraft were destroyed : five Blackburn Sharks , five Fairey Swordfish , and two Fairey Albacore . A further 26 aircraft were damaged but repairable . As well as petrol and oil installations , two hangars , the motor transport hangar , two stores buildings , the ratings ' and petty officers ' canteens and numerous accommodation buildings were destroyed . At Gosport , five aircraft were lost and five damaged . Several buildings were wrecked and two hangars damaged . But there were no casualties . The Ju 87 attack had been accurate , and no bombs fell outside the military compounds . In the Gosport area , 10 barrage balloons were shot down and two damaged . The attacks of No. 43 and 601 Squadron disrupted the raid against Thorney Island and damage was not concentrated . Two hangars and two buildings were wrecked . Three aircraft were destroyed : a Blenheim , an Avro Anson and a Magister . One Vickers Wellington was also damaged . The only casualties were five civilian workers , injured when a 110 @-@ lb bomb landed on their shelter . The loss of long @-@ range radar station at Poling caused few problems . The Chain Home Low radar there was working and could see almost as far out to sea . Along the surrounding coastline , for 70 miles , another six radar stations gave interlocking stations which provided cover , so there was no hole in the system . Within a few days , mobile units were moved into wooded areas nearby to provide cover until Poling was repaired . = = Weather intervention = = = = = RAF over France = = = After the second attack there followed several hours of quiet as Nos. 10 and 11 Groups and Luftflotte 2 and 3 , tired after considerable exertions , stopped to draw breath . On both sides of the Channel , unit commanders now phoned round frantically , trying to establish whether missing crews and aircraft were safely down elsewhere . It was time to move the dead , wounded and refuel and rearm the aircraft before the next potential mission . In the interim , two Bristol Blenheim of No. 114 Squadron RAF made an attack on Frecamp and Dieppe . It passed over at high altitude , and dropped its bombs . The Germans recorded no damage at Frecamp , and the attack on Dieppe seems to have gone unnoticed . As the bombers headed home , they passed two Spitfires of the Photographic Reconnaissance Unit ( PRU ) . These aircraft had their armament removed , stripped of radios and everything not essential for their mission . They were fitted with extra fuel tanks and cameras to carry out their work . To achieve greater speed , the machines were polished to reduce drag . The Spitfires were the fastest aircraft either the RAF or Luftwaffe at that time , achieving a speed of just under 400 mph . Flying at 34 @,@ 000 feet they usually came and went undetected . They photographed ports and airfields and then returned . = = = Fresh German operations = = = By 17 : 00 , the Luftwaffe was ready to strike again . Radar stations were not plotting more German formations off the Kent coast and over the Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais area . Having attacked Biggin Hill and Kenley , Luftflotte 2 was not going after the Sector Station RAF North Weald and RAF Hornchurch . Some 58 Do 17s of KG 2 were sent to bomb Hornchurch and 51 He 111s of KG 53 were directed to attack North Weald . The two raiding formations were to pass over the coast at the same time ; so the He 111s attacking North Weald , with further to go , left 15 minutes earlier . The He 111s were to cross over at Foulness , the Dorniers at Deal . Fighter escort was provided by 140 Bf 109s and Bf 110s from JG 3 , JG 26 , JG 51 , JG 54 and ZG 26 . The British correctly estimated the German strength as 250 aircraft . To meet the threat the Fighter Controllers at 11 Group 's Uxbridge centre scrambled 13 Squadrons ; No. 12 Group at Watnall passed on ordered to four more . Soon , a combined total of 47 Spitfires and 97 Hurricanes were in the air . Ten of the RAF fighters in the air ( nine Spitfires from No. 19 Squadron and one Hurricane from No. 151 Squadron ) were armed with 20 mm cannon . No. 11 Group moved No. 32 , 54 , 56 , and 501 Squadrons , totalling 11 Spitfires and 33 Hurricanes , to the Margate @-@ Canterbury line to engage the enemy formations first . The remaining units were to climb to altitude and wait over or near the threatened fighter airfields , until a clearer picture emerged of enemy intentions . = = = KG 53 raid = = = KG 53 approached North Weald from the east between Maldon , Essex and Rochford . No. 56 Squadron 's 12 Hurricanes engaged the bombers , while No. 54 Squadron ’ s 11 Spitfires engaged the escorting Bf 109s and Bf 110s . In the engagement , at least one Bf 110 was shot down . The line of advance was now clear to the British ground controllers . Five Squadrons : No. 46 , 85 , 151 , 257 , and 310 with 61 Hurricanes , were scrambled to intercept the bombers in front of , or over the target . By 17 : 00 the airfield was covered in 5 / 10ths stratocumulus at 5 @,@ 000 feet . Within thirty minutes the cloud base fell to just 3 @,@ 500 feet . The German formation leaders soon realised that there was no hope of hitting a target from 12 @,@ 000 feet , particularly when they could not see it . At 17 : 40 , KG 53 turned away and headed for base . They had lost a single bomber to 56 Squadron . Things were about to change . As they turned around , 28 Hurricanes from Nos. 46 , 85 , and 151 Squadron prepared for a head @-@ on attack . Meanwhile , 12 Hurricanes from 256 Squadron closed on the Germans from behind . No. 151 's Pilot Officer Richard Milne shot down Gruppenkommandeur of II . / KG 53 , Major Reinhold Tamm . The He 111 blew up , killing all aboard . The escorting Bf 109s counter @-@ attacked , shooting down two No. 151 Squadron Hurricanes , killing one pilot and wounding the other . No. 257 Squadron also engaged and lost one pilot killed in a crash landing after combat with Bf 110s . No. 46 Squadron — the only 12 Group unit to take part — also engaged . Shortly hence , the 13 Hurricanes from No. 85 Squadron , led by Peter Townsend , struck at the bombers but was blocked by ZG 26 Bf 110s . Bf 109s was also present and inconclusive engagements began . It was likely the Bf 109s belonged to III . / JG 51 providing top cover . There were intense combats around the bombers . No. 1 Squadron 's leader , David Pemperton , accounted for one JG 3 Bf 109 . No. 85 Squadron accounted for one He 111 , but lost a Hurricane to the Bf 110s , the pilot , Pilot Officer Paddy Hemmingway , bailed out into the Channel and survived . Another pilot , Flight Lieutenant Dick Lee , a veteran of the Battle of France and a flying ace with nine victories was reported missing in action . He was last seen chasing three Bf 109s out to sea . His body was never found . Among the few British squadrons left in the fight ( owing to fuel and ammunition running low ) was No. 54 Squadron . Its commander , Colin Falkland Gray , destroyed a Bf 110 . As KG 53 retreated out to sea , the German bombers dumped their bombs . Around 32 German bombs fell on the town of Shoeburyness . Two houses were destroyed and 20 damaged . One bomb landed on an Anderson Air Raid Shelter , killing a man and his wife . Another landed on the railway signal box , killing the signalman . Several bombs fell on a War Department gunnery range , causing no damage . Some 200 German bombs fell on the mud flats and sandbanks off Shoeburyness . Many were delayed @-@ action bombs , and went off at irregular intervals . KG 53 had lost only four He 111s destroyed and one damaged . Its personnel losses amounted to 12 dead , two wounded and four prisoners of war . A further five were rescued by British ships , bringing the total number captured to nine . The low losses of the group in the face of fighter attacks were down to the determination of ZG 26 . It cost the unit seven Bf 110s and a further six damaged . = = = KG 2 raid = = = Squadron Leader Michael Crossley was back in action with No. 32 Squadron . With No. 501 , Crossley 's units attempted to engage KG 2 while over Herne Bay . The 15 @-@ strong Hurricanes were blocked by escorting Bf 109s . No. 501 came under attack from II . / JG 51 . One was shot down and its pilot , George E.B. Stoney was killed . His victor was Hauptmann Josef Foezoe , an Austrian pilot . No. 501 quickly counter @-@ attacked , destroying two Bf 109s . One of them was flown by Horst Tietzen , an ace with 20 victories and the fourth highest claimant in the Luftwaffe at that time . The other victim was Hans @-@ Otto Lessing . Both German pilots were killed . Another Bf 109 fell to Peter Brothers . The Bf 109s 22 @-@ year @-@ old pilot , Gerhard Mueller was killed . Meanwhile , Crossley , Karol Pniak and Alan Ackford shared in the destruction of another Bf 109 . The pilot , Walter Blume was severely injured and taken prisoner . Within a short time , the Germans turned the tables , and three Hurricanes ( Crossley , Pilot Officer de Grunne and Pilot Officer Pearce ) were shot down . All three survived , though Pearce and de Grunne suffered burns . But while the RAF fighters were kept busy by the escort , the Dorniers continued without interception . As the Dorniers passed Sheerness , the anti @-@ aircraft defences opened fire to protect the naval yard at Chatham , Kent . Along the south bank of the Thames Estuary 15 gun positions fired six 4.5in of 3.7in heavy shells . The German bombers opened up a little , to spread out . The cloud over the target ruined the German bomb run , and some bombers began the return trip with their loads still on board . While crossing the coast over Deal , Kent , three attacked the Royal Marines barracks there . They continued back across the Channel , having made no contact with enemy fighters . = = Night raids = = = = = German = = = At 18 : 18 night began to fall . The Luftwaffe sent bombers from KG 1 , 2 , 3 , 27 and 53 to bomb targets at Sheffield , Leeds , Hull , Colchester , Canvey Island , Manningtree and Sealand . British records mentioned damage only at Sealand . Most bombs were scattered over rural districts . In one incident , a KG 27 He 111 , shortly before midnight , attacked the flying and training school at Windrush , in Gloucestershire , where night flying was in progress . The bomber , piloted by Alfred Dreher , crashed into an Avro Anson piloted by Sergeant Bruce Hancock . Both aircraft crashed , killing all five men involved . = = = British = = = While the Luftwaffe was attacking Britain , 36 Bristol Blenheim 's from RAF Bomber Command took off in ones and twos to attack a score of German airfields in the Netherlands and France . Its sole success was at Vlissingen , Netherlands , where it damaged two Jagdgeschwader 54 ( JG 54 ) Bf 109s . At the same time four Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys were attacking the Fiat works in Turin , Italy and 20 more were heading for the aluminium works at Rheinfelden in southern Germany . The 18 August 1940 ended before either force reached its target . = = Aftermath = = = = = Overclaiming and Propaganda = = = Overclaiming of aerial victories was not uncommon , and both sides claimed more aircraft shot down than was the case . For the 18 August action , British propaganda claimed 144 German aircraft destroyed , which was over twice the actual figure . In response , the Germans claimed they had only lost 36 , a figure which has since been proven to be half the actual figure ( 69 to 71 ) . The German propaganda elements claimed to have destroyed 147 British aircraft , which was over twice the actual figure . Again , the British admitted to losing only 23 , when the actual figure was around 68 . Other sources between them insist the RAF 's losses were 27 – 34 fighters destroyed , and 29 aircraft destroyed on the ground , including only eight fighters . One German fighter pilot stated that losses were always under reported . Siegfried Bethke pointed out that the German High Command always misled the public about losses . According to him , German aircraft that crashed into the Channel were not counted in the official figures although the loss of the aircraft was total . Bethke intimates that one aircraft in his unit that was damaged by 88 hits had to be broken up and taken back to Germany and was not added to the loss record . = = = Sorties and losses = = = During the 18 August 1940 , Luftwaffe units flew a total of 970 sorties over Britain : some 495 by medium bombers , 460 by fighters and 15 by reconnaissance units . Of this total , about 170 of the bomber sorties were flown on the night of 17 / 18 August ; the remainder were flown during the daylight hours on the 18 August . Less than half of the available ( or serviceable ) aircraft on the Luftflotte 2 and Luftflotte 3 order of battle were involved in the action that day , so it was clear that the Luftwaffe was not greatly extended in providing forces for the offensive . Luftflotte 5 did not take any part in the fighting , although its reconnaissance aircraft were active over England and Scotland . Altogether , the Luftwaffe lost between 69 and 71 aircraft destroyed or damaged beyond repair as a result of its operations over Britain on 18 August 1940 . Of this total , 59 were lost to certain or probable action by fighters while two fell to ground fire , four to a combination of both and one collided with a British training aircraft . The remaining three crashed in German @-@ held territory owing to technical failures . Altogether , the losses represented seven per cent of the force committed . Around 29 aircraft crashed in England . Personnel losses were 94 German crews killed , 40 captured and 25 returned with wounds . Some 27 to 31 German aircraft returned with damage . The gross underestimation of Fighter Command 's strength issued to Luftwaffe units meant the British reaction was much stronger than expected . During the 24 @-@ hour period , Fighter Command flew 927 sorties , slightly fewer than the Germans . Only 41 of these sorties were flown by night , 28 on 17 / 18 August and 13 on 18 / 19 August . The remaining 886 sorties were flown by day , a number almost exactly equal to the 861 serviceable Spitfire , Hurricane , Defiant and Gladiator day fighters available to squadrons . The average operational sortie rate of one per serviceable fighter was not spread evenly throughout the command , however . Nos 12 and 13 Groups in the Midlands and north of Britain , with a third of the serviceable fighters between them , put up 129 ( or only 15 per cent ) of the day sorties , and of these only three made contact with the enemy . No. 11 Group put up one @-@ third of the serviceable fighters in 600 sorties , or more than two @-@ thirds of the total ; on average . Each of the serviceable Spitfires and Hurricanes flew 1 @.@ 7 operational sorties . No. 43 squadron flew the most sorties : 63 operations including five each from the 13 serviceable at the beginning of the day . Only 403 ( 45 percent ) of the total number of sorties flown by Fighter Command were directed at the three major German raids . A further 56 ( or just over 6 per cent ) were standing patrols to protect shipping off the coast . Most of the remaining 427 sorties ( nearly 50 per cent ) were made to engage the reconnaissance aircraft . Usually several half @-@ squadrons were committed . This was not excessive . But by sending more units to counter the flights , German aircraft were forced to fly higher and were denied the opportunity to drop to low altitude to take higher resolution photographs . This contributed to a lack of German intelligence which often failed to distinguish fighter , bomber and naval airfields from each other . Much of the time their strength was directed at non @-@ fighter airfields on this date . Of the 403 sorties put up by Fighter Command to meet the major German attacks , 320 of those made contact with the enemy , meaning 80 percent of the fighters sent to intercept the bombers did so . The percentage would have been higher , had the bombers on the afternoon raid not turned around short of their targets . Between 27 and 34 RAF fighters were destroyed . A specialist source of the battle indicated the figure to be 31 destroyed or beyond repair . Of these , 25 fell to German fighters , two to return fire from the bombers . One was shot down by British ground fire in error and the loss of the remainder cannot be established . Some 26 of the fighters lost were Hurricanes , and five were Spitfires . Personnel losses for the RAF amounted to 10 British fighter pilots killed on the day , and another who died of wounds . Around 19 pilots were wounded , 11 so seriously that they did not take part in the rest of the battle . Losses on the ground amounted to eight fighters ( two Spitfires ) . Around 28 aircraft of other types were destroyed on the ground . The total destroyed or damaged beyond repair amounted to 68 aircraft , although 17 of these were trainers or non @-@ operational types . = = = Göring , Mölders and Galland = = = Göring spent The Hardest Day at Karinhall with two of his top fighter pilots , Werner Mölders and Adolf Galland . He was decorating them with the Combined Pilots @-@ Observation Badge in Gold with Diamonds after they had achieved much success in recent weeks . However , Göring took the opportunity to berate them over bomber losses and in particular , what he saw , as a lack of aggression in the Jagdwaffe . This did not go down well with the two men . Göring moved to quickly reconcile with them by ordering their promotion to Geschwaderkommodore ( Wing Commander ) in command of their respective Geschwader ( Wings ) . Göring felt a younger generation of combat leaders would help motivate the force . They were dismissed . On the 19 August , Göring read the reports on the losses of the 18 August , and unhappy with the extent of the losses , recalled both pilots . Hitler 's Directive 17 had ordered the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority , but remain strong enough for when , or rather if , Sea Lion was launched . Moreover , Göring recognised that the Luftwaffe was his power base . A failure would be bad , but a severe weakening of the Luftwaffe would be far worse . He emphasised to his commanders the need to preserve the Luftwaffe 's strength . Essentially , the core theme of the conference was fighter protection . The fighter leaders advocated sweeps to clear the skies in advance of attacks . Other commanders present thought a combination of sweeps and close escort would be more effective in reducing losses . Göring agreed and listed a number of forms that the sweeps may take . The most important tactical change he made was instituting a wholesale purge of older Geschwaderkommodore in favour of younger men . From now on , leaders were to be drawn from the ranks , given responsibility based on skill and experience rather than rank , while allowing them to have a free rein in tactical engagements ( a form of aerial Auftragstaktik ) . Göring also placed emphasis on correct rendezvous with the bombers , which had been lacking in recent operations ( see Adlertag ) . The longer @-@ range bombers were ordered directly to fighter airfields to pick up their escorts on the way to the target . He determined that as many fighters as possible should remain on sweeps while a smaller number maintained close contact with the bombers . For now , this would be the main tactical arrangement of fighter @-@ bomber cooperation . = = = Outcome = = = German target selection was sound on The Hardest Day . There were four means open to the Luftwaffe for destroying Fighter Command ; bombing airfields ; destroying the command , control system and radar stations ; and attacking aircraft factories producing fighter aircraft . Luftflotte 2 was well used in this way . Operations against Kenley , Biggin Hill , North Weald and Hornchurch had the potential to destroy 11 Group 's major sector stations and impair its defences . It would also draw the defending fighters into battle . The attempt to attack Kenley , however , failed and 9 Staffel KG 76 paid a high price . The weather prevented any chance of the raids on Hornchurch and North Weald being successful . On the other hand , Luftflotte 3 had poor intelligence , and its raids on the radar stations were ineffective . Radar elimination would enable the Luftwaffe to destroy the command and control system of Fighter Command , but despite the severe damage done to the Poling station , the existence of other stations nearby gave the system plenty of cover . The airfields the Air Fleet attacked at Ford , Gosport and Thorney Island had nothing to do with the main battle as they belonged to Coastal Command and the FAA . Sperrle and his command remained unaware of their errors in intelligence . The tactical handling of Luftflotte 3 was not good either . The escorting fighters of StG 77 were stretched too far across a 30 @-@ mile front . By chance half of the defending fighters went into action against one of the attacking Ju 87 groups with disastrous results for the group concerned . The German fighters , which outnumbered the RAF units by 2 : 1 , were unable to protect the Stuka units . Had the targets been closer together , the concentration of fighters would have allowed the Germans to destroy more RAF fighters in the air , while protecting their charges . Considering the weight of attack against airfields , hardly any fighters were destroyed on the ground . Figures indicated just two Spitfires and six Hurricanes were lost in this manner . The main reason for this was the high state of readiness of RAF units during daylight . The command depended on radar and the Observer Corps warning them in advance , giving them plenty of time to get airborne . The successful strafing attack by Bf 109s of JG 52 on Manston depended on a combination of circumstances and chance which did not occur often during the battle . The attacks on airfields , on this day and throughout the battle , did not cause any real danger to RAF Fighter Command . Biggin Hill was never out of service during the Battle of Britain , and Kenley was out of action for only two hours on 18 August . German medium bombers , usually sent in waves of 50 , could carry between 60 and 85 tons of bombs . But this was not enough to destroy an airfield . If the airfield 's hangars and buildings were destroyed , work on aircraft could be done in the open in summer periods . Should the craters become too troublesome , RAF units could move to another field , not necessarily an airfield , and operate fighters of it , provided it was 700 yards long and 100 yards wide to allow for operations . The vulnerable operations buildings on some airfields were hidden underground . One flaw was the vulnerability of operations rooms . At Kenley and Biggin the sector operations buildings were above ground , but they were difficult to hit even had the Luftwaffe known their location . Vital communications ( telephone cables ) were buried underground , making them vulnerable only to an accidental direct hit . Attacking and destroying the radar chain was also difficult . The stations were indeed vulnerable to dive bombers and low flying aircraft , however the British had mobile units which could be moved around to cover any gaps . Rapid repair services were also quick . Rarely were radar stations out of action for more than a few days . A last option was to attack fighter factories , which was not attempted on 18 August . Only the Spitfire factory at Southampton and the Hawker factory in Surrey were within range of escorted bombers . Without the Bf 109s , the bombers would suffer heavy casualties attempting to attack factories further north in daylight . Still , the attacks on the southern factories would require large concentrations of bombers and fighters which would be powerful enough to destroy them without sustaining heavy losses . Overall , each side suffered more losses on this date than on any other day during the Battle of Britain . In terms of the outcome , the battle does not appear to have been strategically favourable to either side . The loss rates were in the British favour , but the both air forces had sustained a level of attrition they could not support for long . Historian Alfred Price : The laurels for the day ’ s action went to the defenders . The aim of the Luftwaffe was to wear down the Fighter Command without suffering excessive losses in the process , and in this it had failed . It cost the attackers five aircrew killed , wounded , or taken prisoner , for each British pilot casualty . In terms of aircraft , it had cost the Luftwaffe five bombers and fighters for every three Spitfires and Hurricanes destroyed in the air or on the ground . If the battle continued at this rate the Luftwaffe would wreck Fighter Command , but it would come close to wrecking itself in the process . = Retrieval @-@ induced forgetting = Retrieval @-@ induced forgetting ( or RIF ) is a memory phenomenon where remembering causes forgetting of other information in memory . The phenomenon was first demonstrated in 1994 , although the concept of RIF has been previously discussed in the context of retrieval inhibition . RIF is demonstrated through a three @-@ phase experiment consisting of study , practice of some studied material , and a final test of all studied material . Such experiments have also used multiple kinds of final tests including recall using only category cues , recall using category and word stems , and recognition tests . The effect has been produced using many different kinds of materials , can be produced in group settings , and is reduced in special populations such as individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) or schizophrenia . Although RIF occurs as a consequence of conscious remembering through explicit retrieval , the actual forgetting is thought to occur implicitly , below the level of awareness . Cognitive psychologists continue to debate why RIF occurs , and how it relates to the larger picture of memory and general cognition . In particular , researchers are divided on the idea of whether the forgetting is caused by a process that actively inhibits information , or due to interference from other information in memory . Inhibition associated with RIF has been looked at as similar to forms of physical inhibition . RIF has also been tied to memory retrieval strategies , with disrupting such strategies affecting the phenomenon . = = Prior and related research = = Although the term " retrieval @-@ induced forgetting " was first used in 1994 , it was described in an earlier review by Robert A. Bjork in terms of suppressing memories that become active but are not relevant for a given situation . Bjork described a study by Neely and Durgunoğlu who found that participants were slower at recognizing words when they were shown a related word immediately beforehand . The researchers hypothesized that participants were actually trying to suppress the related words during recognition , as it was irrelevant and unhelpful information in completing the recognition task . RIF is similar to some other memory phenomena . It is comparable to part @-@ set cuing in that both show lowered memory performance given some previously studied information . In one example of part @-@ set cuing , people asked to recall as many as U.S. states as they could remembered more states than those asked to after being shown the names of some states beforehand . Having been cued with a portion of the to @-@ be @-@ recalled information , recall performance worsened . RIF is also related to forgetting attributable to changes in one 's context where the forgetting is automatic and without awareness . Output interference is a related phenomenon , where generation of words from a category such as fruits can make other words from the category harder to remember , or cause perseverations where participants repeat already @-@ remembered words . = = Retrieval @-@ practice paradigm = = RIF has been shown in retrieval @-@ practice paradigm experiments , with exact instructions and procedures varying slightly from experiment to experiment . In the original version of the experiment , booklets were used to present stimuli and to complete testing . Since then this procedure has often been done using computer software such as Microsoft PowerPoint or E @-@ Prime . The experiments typically consist of study , retrieval @-@ practice , and test phases . = = = Study phase = = = In the study phase , participants are asked to study word pairs that consist of a category name and a word that belongs to that category , an example being FRUIT – orange . Typically multiple word pairs across a number of categories , say 48 items divided equally into 8 categories , are used . Among several others , participants might study word pairs such as the following : METAL – iron TREE – birch METAL – silver TREE – elm = = = Retrieval @-@ practice phase = = = A subset of the items are tested using a fill @-@ in @-@ the @-@ blank test . For a given item , the participant is shown the category name and the first two letters of a studied word from that category ( e.g. METAL – ir _ _ _ _ _ _ ) . Participants are instructed to fill in the blank with an appropriate studied word from that category . Participants will typically practice remembering the items multiple times . The retrieval @-@ practice phase splits items into three different types that are of interest during the final test , and are often denoted using the following notation : Practiced items ( Rp + items ) are studied words that participants attempt to remember during retrieval practice . Unpracticed – related items ( Rp- items ) are studied words that are not practiced , but related ( by category ) to words that were practiced . Unpracticed – unrelated items ( NRp items ) are studied words in categories that are never practiced . These categories are typically unrelated to practiced categories . These items also serve as a baseline to compare to unpracticed – related items . = = = Test phase = = = After retrieval practice , participants are given a final test , where they are asked to remember all studied items . The goal of the test phase is to assess whether prior retrieval practice affects how well the unpracticed – related words are remembered compared to the unpracticed – unrelated words . RIF is ultimately measured as the difference between the proportion of items recalled between these two types . In a category @-@ cued test , one studied category is shown at a time and participants are asked to remember all studied items from that category . Although a set amount of time is given for each category , the exact amount of time varies across studies . For instance , Anderson and co @-@ researchers , in 1994 , gave participants 30 seconds for each category cue ( and given that there were 6 words in each category , this meant that participants had 5 seconds , on average , to remember each item ) . Other studies have used longer durations . Category @-@ plus @-@ stem @-@ cued tests add a word stem to the category cue . Typically , for each category , participants are given a specific number of letters corresponding to a unique studied word from the category . Because these cues are specific to a particular word , participants are given relatively less time to respond to each cue compared to category @-@ cued tests . Response times for each cue vary from study to study , although many experiments have used an interval of 10 seconds , though some studies have reported using response times as few as 3 seconds . Typically , category @-@ plus @-@ stem @-@ cued tests include only the first initial letter from the word , but some have included multiple letters . Recognition tests do not require participants to produce a word from memory . Instead participants are literally shown a word , and are asked to report whether it was a word that appeared during the study phase . Recognition tests typically show all of the studied words and a number of non @-@ studied words , the lures . Researchers measure how often participants correctly recognize studied items , and how often they incorrectly recognize lures . The difference between these two proportions is a statistic measuring one 's ability to discriminate between studied and non @-@ studied items , and has been used to represent RIF . Reaction time is also used to represent RIF , where slower reaction times are thought to represent more RIF due to difficulty in recognizing the studied item . = = General findings = = RIF studies have generally yielded results where , on average , unpracticed – related words are remembered less well than the baseline of unpracticed – unrelated words . = = = Generality of RIF = = = RIF studies have generally used words from basic and easily recognized categories , but the effects have been shown with a wide variety of stimuli : Homographs : Retrieving a non @-@ dominant meaning of a word can cause forgetting of its dominant meaning . Words based on their lexical properties : Words categorized by having the same initial letters have shown RIF on the basis of this shared property . Visuo @-@ spatial information : When stimuli are categorized by the basis of its location , RIF has been shown given practice of a subset of items in a given location . Propositional information : Remembering a set of studied propositional statements can produce RIF for other propositional statements that have shared relations , even if the subject of the sentence differs . Details of a mock crime scene : Remembering information about one type of item previously viewed in a mock crime scene produces RIF for similar items in the same crime scene . Personality traits of others : Remembering some personality traits for a given person has caused RIF for other traits of that same person . = = = Modifications to retrieval @-@ practice phase = = = Although the typical paradigm includes retrieval practice of previously studied words , some studies have shown RIF even when participants were asked to retrieve something else . For instance , RIF has occurred even when participants generated new , unstudied items from previously studied categories in what is called " extra @-@ list retrieval practice " or " semantic generation . " In a method called " impossible retrieval practice , " RIF has also been observed when participants were asked to generate a word for a category , even though one did not actually exist . RIF is still observed at final test in cases where successful retrieval is not possible , such as one where having studied a number of fruits a participant is asked to generate a word given a cue resembling FRUIT – wu . Some studies have also examined the effect on RIF when participants , instead of being asked to perform retrieval practice , are given additional study trials making them restudy the material instead of remembering prior information . In these cases , participants have failed to show any RIF effects . = = = RIF studies in special populations = = = Because RIF is an effect related to the accessibility of information , researchers have studied whether it persists in populations that have certain disorders related to memory . In one study of students diagnosed with ADHD , the degree of RIF observed compared to a control group depended on the kind of final test used . When using a category @-@ cued test , there were no differences in RIF compared to a control group . However , when a category @-@ plus @-@ stem @-@ cued test was used , participants with ADHD , on average , showed less RIF than controls . Patients with depression show no RIF compared to controls when using a category @-@ plus @-@ stem @-@ cued test . Patients with schizophrenia show comparable RIF effects to control groups under a category @-@ cued test , but reduced RIF using a recognition test . = = = Socially @-@ shared RIF = = = The effects of studying or remembering information in groups has also been examined . When groups of individuals experience an event together , and then jointly remember the event , conditions are created for retrieval induced forgetting to occur . Selective remembering in the conversation induces both Speakers and Listeners in the conversation to forget unmentioned , but related to the mentioned , memories ( Rp- ) to a larger degree than unmentioned , but unrelated to the mentioned memories ( Nrp ) . This effect is called socially @-@ shared RIF , and can even occur with flashbulb memories , which are memories of circumstances in which one learned about consequential events . One example of this phenomenon is when Americans influence each other 's memories of the September 11th attacks by communicating with one another about these memories . More specifically , remembering a subset of details about the event causes RIF for other related , critical information about the event . Importantly , simply listening to somebody remembering her September 11 memories results in induced forgetting in one 's own memories . = = Theoretical accounts = = = = = Interference = = = Many instances of forgetting are often accounted to the interference from heightened accessibility of other , associated information in memory . Researchers have described how interference may explain RIF in a number of ways . For instance the theory of blocking suggests that because practiced words are more easily remembered at test , they may occupy a " response channel " in memory and effectively prevent unpracticed – related words in memory from being remembered . Unpracticed – unrelated words would be less affected by this blocking effect because retrieval of practiced words would not block items from different categories . Other theories such as resource diffusion and response decrement are similar to blocking . These theories describe retrieval processes as a finite set of resources that cannot be distributed adequately enough to unpracticed – related items at test . Other models of interference have been proposed that more precisely define the idea of an item 's strength in memory through separating the strength of item itself in memory and the contextual information it is linked to . Such models may explain why certain strengthening methods predict RIF and others do not . = = = Inhibition = = = Generally speaking , inhibition theory assumes the existence of a set of processes that allows the suppression of memories . Central to the inhibition account of RIF is that access to unpracticed – related items is actively suppressed by this inhibitory process during retrieval @-@ practice . For instance , when participants perform retrieval practice , the category cue may activate many associated items . The degree to which related , but inappropriate associates , that is unpracticed – related words , become accessible serves as a source of competition that disrupts retrieval of an appropriate response . To resolve this competition , an inhibitory process intervenes to suppress accessibility to such items . Subsequently , this suppression facilitates retrieval of an appropriate item and prevents retrieval of contextually inappropriate items . Items from unrelated categories , that is unpracticed – unrelated items , are less competitive during retrieval practice and thus , require less inhibition . At final test , the consequences of the suppression persist , and previously competitive items that were inhibited become more difficult to remember . This reduction in accessibility is consistent with the definition of inhibition proposed by Robert A. Bjork : that inhibition is an active , direct form of suppression that serves to reduce access to one or several responses for some adaptive purpose . Memory inhibition in reference to RIF has sometimes been likened to processes of inhibition associated with motor control , such as those responsible for baseball players stopping their swing when they anticipate a ball . Similarly , when a dominant response in memory is inappropriate , inhibitory processes must be recruited to temporarily suppress that response so that a more appropriate one can be retrieved . = = = Other accounts = = = Individual strategies in retrieval have been considered as one way RIF might occur , in that retrieval practice may be inconsistent with the way participants remember items studied from those categories . If retrieval practice disrupts participants ' memory strategy , it may affect their ability to remember particular items at final test . If participants are preparing to remember items during retrieval @-@ practice based on some strategy , certain presentation orders may disrupt that strategy whereas others may not . For instance , when participants practice items in the same order as presented during study , RIF is lower compared to when presentation is random during retrieval practice . These results are the same even when participants are explicitly instructed to remember the order in which items are presented during study . = The Philadelphia Inquirer = The Philadelphia Inquirer is a morning daily newspaper that serves the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , metropolitan area of the United States . The newspaper was founded by John R. Walker and John Norvell in June 1829 as The Pennsylvania Inquirer and is the third @-@ oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States . Owned by Philadelphia Media Network , The Inquirer has the eighteenth largest average weekday U.S. newspaper circulation and has won nineteen Pulitzer Prizes . It is the newspaper of record of the Delaware Valley . The paper has risen and fallen in prominence throughout its history . The Inquirer first became a major newspaper during the American Civil War when its war coverage was popular on both sides . The paper 's circulation dropped after the war , then rose by the end of the 19th century . Originally supportive of the Democratic Party , The Inquirer 's political affiliation eventually shifted toward the Whig Party and then the Republican Party before officially becoming politically independent in the middle of the 20th century . By the end of the 1960s , The Inquirer trailed its chief competitor , the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin , and lacked modern facilities and experienced staff . In the 1970s , new owners and editors turned the newspaper into one of the country 's most prominent , winning 20 Pulitzers . The editor is Bill Marimow . Stan Wischnowski is Vice President of News Operations . = = History = = The Philadelphia Inquirer was founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer by printer John R. Walker and John Norvell , former editor of Philadelphia 's largest newspaper , the Aurora & Gazette . An editorial in the first issue of The Pennsylvania Inquirer promised that the paper would be devoted to the right of a minority to voice their opinion and " the maintenance of the rights and liberties of the people , equally against the abuses as the usurpation of power . " They pledged support to then @-@ President Andrew Jackson and " home industries , American manufactures , and internal improvements that so materially contribute to the agricultural , commercial and national prosperity . " Founded on June 1 , 1829 , The Philadelphia Inquirer is the third @-@ oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States . However , in 1962 , an Inquirer @-@ commissioned historian traced The Inquirer to John Dunlap 's The Pennsylvania Packet , which was founded on October 28 , 1771 . In 1850 The Packet was merged with another newspaper , The North American , which later merged with the Philadelphia Public Ledger . Finally , the Public Ledger merged with The Philadelphia Inquirer in the 1930s , and between 1962 and 1975 , a line on The Inquirer 's front page claimed that the newspaper is the United States ' oldest surviving daily newspaper . Six months after The Inquirer was founded , with competition from eight established daily newspapers , lack of funds forced Norvell and Walker to sell the newspaper to publisher and United States Gazette associate editor Jesper Harding . After Harding acquired The Pennsylvania Inquirer , it was briefly published as an afternoon paper before returning to its original morning format in January 1830 . Under Harding , in 1829 , The Inquirer moved from its original location between Front and Second Streets to between Second and Third Streets . When Harding bought and merged the Morning Journal in January 1830 , the newspaper was moved to South Second Street . Ten years later The Inquirer again was moved , this time to its own building at the corner of Third Street and Carter 's Alley . Harding expanded The Inquirer 's content and the paper soon grew into a major Philadelphian newspaper . The expanded content included the addition of fiction , and in 1840 , Harding gained rights to publish several Charles Dickens novels for which Dickens was paid a significant amount . At the time the common practice was to pay little or nothing for the rights of foreign authors ' works . = = = Civil War to 1920s = = = Harding retired in 1859 and was succeeded by his son William White Harding , who had become a partner three years earlier . William Harding changed the name of the newspaper to its current name , The Philadelphia Inquirer . Harding , in an attempt to increase circulation , cut the price of the paper , began delivery routes and had newsboys sell papers on the street . In 1859 , circulation had been around 7 @,@ 000 ; by 1863 it had increased to 70 @,@ 000 . Part of the increase was due to the interest in news during the American Civil War . Twenty @-@ five to thirty thousand copies of The Inquirer were often distributed to Union soldiers during the war and several times the U.S. government asked The Philadelphia Inquirer to issue a special edition specifically for soldiers . The Philadelphia Inquirer supported the Union , but Harding wanted their coverage to remain neutral . Confederate generals often sought copies of the paper , believing that the newspaper 's war coverage was accurate . Inquirer journalist Uriah Hunt Painter was at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861 , a battle which ended in a Confederate victory . Initial reports from the government claimed a Union victory , but The Inquirer went with Painter 's firsthand account . Crowds threatened to burn The Inquirer 's building down because of the report . Another report , this time about General George Meade , angered Meade enough that he punished Edward Crapsey , the reporter who wrote it . Crapsey and other war correspondents later decided to attribute any victories of the Army of the Potomac , Meade 's command , to Ulysses S. Grant , commander of the entire Union army . Any defeats of the Army of the Potomac would be attributed to Meade . During the war , The Inquirer continued to grow with more staff being added and another move into a larger building on Chestnut Street . However , after the war , economic hits combined with Harding becoming ill , hurt The Inquirer . Despite Philadelphia 's population growth , distribution fell from 70 @,@ 000 during the Civil War to 5 @,@ 000 in 1888 . Beginning in 1889 , the paper was sold to publisher James Elverson . To bring back the paper , Elverson moved The Inquirer to a new building with the latest printing technology and an increased staff . The " new " Philadelphia Inquirer premiered on March 1 and was successful enough that Elverson started a Sunday edition of the paper . In 1890 , in an attempt to increase circulation further , the price of The Inquirer was cut and the paper 's size was increased , mostly with classified advertisements . After five years The Inquirer had to move into a larger building on Market Street and later expanded into adjacent property . After Elverson 's death in 1911 , his son by his wife Sallie Duvall , James Elverson Jr. took charge . Under Elverson Jr . , the newspaper continued to grow , eventually needing to move again . Elverson Jr. bought land at Broad and Callowhill Streets and built the eighteen @-@ story Elverson Building , now known as the Inquirer Building . The first Inquirer issue printed at the building came out on July 13 , 1925 . Elverson Jr. died a few years later in 1929 and his sister , Eleanor Elverson , Mrs. Jules Patenôtre , took over . = = = Annenberg years = = = Eleanor Elverson Patenôtre ordered cuts throughout the paper , but was not really interested in managing it and ownership was soon put up for sale . Cyrus Curtis and Curtis @-@ Martin Newspapers Inc. bought the newspaper on March 5 , 1930 . Curtis died a year later and his stepson @-@ in @-@ law , John Charles Martin , took charge . Martin merged The Inquirer with another paper , the Public Ledger , but the Great Depression hurt Curtis @-@ Martin Newspapers and the company defaulted in payments of maturity notes . Subsequently ownership of The Inquirer returned to the Patenôtre family and Elverson Corp. Charles A. Taylor was elected president of The Inquirer Co. and ran the paper until it was sold to Moses L. Annenberg in 1936 . During the period between Elverson Jr. and Annenberg The Inquirer stagnated , its editors ignoring most of the poor economic news of the Depression . The lack of growth allowed J. David Stern 's newspaper , The Philadelphia Record , to surpass The Inquirer in circulation and become the largest newspaper in Pennsylvania . Under Moses Annenberg , The Inquirer turned around . Annenberg added new features , increased staff and held promotions to increase circulation . By November 1938 Inquirer 's weekday circulation increased to 345 @,@ 422 from 280 @,@ 093 in 1936 . During that same period the Record 's circulation had dropped to 204 @,@ 000 from 328 @,@ 322 . In 1939 , Annenberg was charged with income tax evasion . Annenberg pleaded guilty before his trial and was sent to prison where he died in 1942 . Upon Moses Annenberg 's death , his son , Walter Annenberg , took over . Not long after , in 1947 , the Record went out of business and The Philadelphia Inquirer became Philadelphia 's only major daily morning newspaper . While still trailing behind Philadelphia 's largest newspaper , the Evening Bulletin , The Inquirer continued to be profitable . In 1948 , Walter Annenberg expanded the Inquirer Building with a new structure that housed new printing presses for The Inquirer and , during the 1950s and 1960s , Annenberg 's other properties , Seventeen and TV Guide . In 1957 Annenberg bought the Philadelphia Daily News and combined the Daily News ' facilities with The Inquirer 's . A thirty @-@ eight @-@ day strike in 1958 hurt The Inquirer and , after the strike ended , so many reporters had accepted buyout offers and left that the newsroom was noticeably empty . Furthermore , many current reporters had been copyclerks just before the strike and had little experience . One of the few star reporters of the 1950s and 1960s was investigative reporter Harry Karafin . During his career Harry Karafin exposed corruption and other exclusive stories for The Inquirer , but also extorted money out of individuals and organizations . Karafin would claim he had harmful information and would demand money in exchange for the information not being made public . This went on from the late 1950s into the early 1960s before Karafin was exposed in 1967 and convicted of extortion a year later . By the end of the 1960s , circulation and advertising revenue was in decline and the newspaper had become , according to Time magazine , " uncreative and undistinguished . " = = = Corporate ownership = = = In 1969 Annenberg was offered US $ 55 million for The Inquirer by Samuel Newhouse , but having earlier promised John S. Knight the right of first refusal of any sale offer , Annenberg sold it to Knight instead . The Inquirer , along with the Philadelphia Daily News , became part of Knight Newspapers and its new subsidiary , Philadelphia Newspapers Inc . Five years later , Knight Newspapers merged with Ridder Publications to form Knight Ridder . When The Inquirer was bought , it was understaffed , its equipment was outdated , many of its employees were underskilled and the paper trailed its chief competitor , the Evening Bulletin , in weekday circulation . However , Eugene L. Roberts Jr . , who became The Inquirer 's executive editor in 1972 , turned the newspaper around . Between 1975 and 1990 The Inquirer won seventeen Pulitzers , six consecutively between 1975 and 1980 , and more journalism awards than any other newspaper in the United States . Time magazine chose The Inquirer as one of the ten best daily newspapers in the United States , calling Roberts ' changes to the paper , " one of the most remarkable turnarounds , in quality and profitability , in the history of American journalism . " By July 1980 The Inquirer had become the most circulated paper in Philadelphia , forcing the Evening Bulletin to shut down two years later . The Inquirer 's success was not without hardships . Between 1970 and 1985 the newspaper experienced eleven strikes , the longest lasting forty @-@ six days in 1985 . The Inquirer was also criticized for covering " Karachi better than Kensington " . This did not stop the paper 's growth during the 1980s , and when the Evening Bulletin shut down , The Inquirer hired seventeen Bulletin reporters and doubled its bureaus to attract former Bulletin readers . By 1989 Philadelphia Newspapers Inc . ' s editorial staff reached a peak of 721 employees . The 1990s saw gradually dropping circulation and advertisement revenue for The Inquirer . The decline was part of a nationwide trend , but the effects were exacerbated by , according to dissatisfied Inquirer employees , the paper 's resisting changes that many other daily newspapers implemented to keep readers and pressure from Knight Ridder to cut costs . During most of Roberts 's time as editor , Knight Ridder allowed him a great deal of freedom in running the newspaper . However , in the late 1980s , Knight Ridder had become concerned about The Inquirer 's profitability and took a more active role in its operations . Knight Ridder pressured The Inquirer to expand into the more profitable suburbs , while at the same time cutting staff and coverage of national and international stories . Staff cuts continued until Knight Ridder was bought in 2006 , with some of The Inquirer 's best reporters accepting buyouts and leaving for other newspapers such as The New York Times and The Washington Post . By the late 1990s , all of the high level editors who had worked with Eugene Roberts in the 1970s and 1980s had left , none at normal retirement age . Since the 1980s , the paper has won just one Pulitzer , a 1997 award for " Explanatory Journalism . " In 1998 Inquirer reporter Ralph Cipriano filed a libel suit against Knight Ridder , The Philadelphia Inquirer , and Inquirer editor Robert Rosenthal over comments Rosenthal made about Cipriano to The Washington Post . Cipriano had claimed that it was difficult reporting negative stories in The Inquirer about the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia and Rosenthal later claimed that Cipriano had " a very strong personal point of view and an agenda ... He could never prove [ his stories ] . " The suit was later settled out of court in 2001 . The paper launched an online news desk in the early 2000s in order to compete with local radio stations for breaking news . Knight Ridder was bought by rival The McClatchy Company in June 2006 . The Inquirer and the Philadelphia Daily News were among the twelve less @-@ profitable Knight Ridder newspapers that McClatchy put up for sale when the deal was announced in March . On June 29 , 2006 , The Inquirer and Daily News were sold to Philadelphia Media Holdings LLC , a group of Philadelphian area business people , including Brian P. Tierney , Philadelphia Media 's chief executive . The new owners planned to spend US $ 5 million on advertisements and promotions to increase The Inquirer 's profile and readership . In the years following Philadelphia Media Holding 's acquisition , The Inquirer has seen larger than expected revenue losses , mostly from national advertising , and continued loss of circulation . The revenue losses have caused management to cut four hundred jobs at The Inquirer and Daily News in the three years since the papers were bought . Despite efforts to cut costs , Philadelphia Newspapers LLC , filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on February 21 , 2009 . Philadelphia Media Holdings was about US $ 390 million in debt due to money borrowed to buy The Inquirer and Daily News . The bankruptcy was the beginning of a year long dispute between Philadelphia Media Holdings and creditors . The group of creditors , which include banks and hedge funds , wanted to take control of Philadelphia Newspapers LLC themselves and oppose efforts by Philadelphia Media Holdings to keep control . Philadelphia Media Holdings received support form most of the paper 's unions and launched a public relations campaign to promote local ownership . A bankruptcy auction was held on April 28 , 2010 . The group of lending creditors and a group of local investors allied with Brian Tierney both bid for Philadelphia Newspapers , but the lenders had the winning bid . The deal fell through after the group of lenders , under the name of Philadelphia Media Network , was unable to reach a contract agreement with the union representing the company 's drivers . Philadelphia Newspapers , represented by Lawrence G. McMichael of Dilworth Paxson LLP , challenged the right of creditors to credit bid at a bankruptcy auction . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that credit bidding was not permitted . The papers went up for auction again in September and again Philadelphia Media Network won the bid . After successfully negotiating a contract with all of the paper 's fourteen unions , the US $ 139 million deal became official on October 8 . The Philadelphia Inquirer continued to struggle to make a profit due to competition from digital media sources . By May 2012 the combined journalist staff at all of Philadelphia Media Network was about 320 and some of the same stories and photographs appear both in The Inquirer and Daily News . On April 2 , 2012 a group of local business leaders under the name of Interstate General Media LLC . The buyers paid $ 55 million for the paper , which is less than 15 percent of $ 515 million spent to buy the papers in 2006 . The Inquirer is now part of Philadelphia Media Network , LLC . PMN 's owner is H.F. " Gerry " Lenfest , who appointed C.Z. " Terry " Egger as Publisher and CEO in October 2015 . In October 2011 Philadelphia Media Network sold the Inquirer Building to developer Bart Blatstein of Tower Investments Inc. who intends to turn the complex into a mixed use complex of offices retail and apartments . The next month publisher and CEO Gregory J. Osberg announced that 600 of the 740 Philadelphia Media Network employees of The Inquirer , Daily News and Philly.com would move to office space in the former Strawbridge & Clothier department store on east Market Street . The remaining employees would move to offices in the suburbs . The Philadelphia Media Network moved to the new location in July 2012 , consolidating the offices entirely on the third floor . Cutbacks had left much of the 525 @,@ 000 square feet ( 49 @,@ 000 m2 ) within the Inquirer Building empty but the 125 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 12 @,@ 000 m2 ) east Market Street location will consolidate Philadelphia Media 's departments including the Daily News ' newsroom with The Inquirer 's . The new location will include a street level lobby and event room . Plans for the building also include electronic signage such as a news ticker on the corner of the high @-@ rise . = = Politics = = John Norvell left the Aurora & Gazette and his job as editor because he disagreed with what he felt was the newspaper 's editorial approval of a movement towards a European class system . When Norvell and John Walker founded The Inquirer they wanted the newspaper to represent all people and not just the higher classes . The newly launched newspaper supported Jeffersonian democracy and President Andrew Jackson , and it declared support for the right of the minority 's opinion to be heard . A legend about the founding of The Inquirer states that Norvell said , " There could be no better name than The Inquirer . In a free state , there should always be an inquirer asking on behalf of the people : ' Why was this done ? Why is that necessary work not done ? Why is that man put forward ? Why is that law proposed ? Why ? Why ? Why ? ' " When Norvell and Walker sold their newspaper to Jesper Harding , Harding kept the paper close to the founder 's politics and backed the Democratic Party . However , disagreeing with Andrew Jackson 's handling of the Second Bank of the United States he began supporting the anti @-@ Jackson wing of the Democrats . During the 1836 Presidential election Harding supported the Whig party candidate over the Democratic candidate and afterwards The Inquirer became known for its support of Whig candidates . Before the American Civil War began , The Inquirer supported the preservation of the Union , and was critical of the antislavery movement which many felt was responsible for the Southern succession crisis . Once the war began The Inquirer maintained an independent reporting of the war 's events . However The Inquirer firmly supported the Union side . At first The Inquirer 's editors were against emancipation of the slaves , but after setbacks by the Union army The Inquirer started advocating a more pro @-@ war and pro @-@ Republican stance . In a July 1862 article The Inquirer wrote " in this war there can be but two parties , patriots and traitors . " = = = Republican Bible = = = Under James Elverson , The Philadelphia Inquirer declared , " the new Inquirer shall be in all respects a complete , enterprising , progressive newspaper , moved by all the wide @-@ awake spirit of the time and behind in nothing of interest to people who want to know what is going on every day and everywhere ... steadily and vigorously Republican in its political policy , but just and fair in its treatment of all questions ... " During the 1900 Republican convention in Philadelphia , Elverson set up a large electric banner over Broad Street that declared " Philadelphia Inquirer – Largest Republican Circulation in the World . " At the turn of the 20th century the newspaper began editorial campaigns to improve Philadelphia , including the paving of major streets and stopping a corrupt plan to buy the polluted Schuylkill Canal for drinking water . The newspaper continued similar politics under Elverson Jr . , and by the 1920s The Inquirer became known as the " Republican Bible of Pennsylvania " . Between 1929 and 1936 , while under Patenotre and Curtis @-@ Martin , The Inquirer continued to support the Republican party and President Herbert Hoover , noticeably by not reporting on the news of the Great Depression . Statistics on unemployment or business closings were ignored , even when they came from the government . Information about Philadelphia banks closing was relegated to the back of the financial section . When Moses Annenberg took over The Philadelphia Inquirer , he announced that the paper would " continue to uphold the principles of the Republican Party , " but in a meeting with newspaper editors shortly after , he proposed that the paper go independent and support President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the upcoming election . The editors rejected this idea and the paper remained Republican . In the late 1930s Annenberg disagreed with Roosevelt 's New Deal programs and his handling of strikes . This prompted editorials criticizing the policies of Roosevelt and his supporters . He strongly opposed Democratic Pennsylvania governor George Earle and had The Inquirer support the Republican candidates in the 1938 Pennsylvania state elections . When Republicans swept the election there was a celebration at The Inquirer headquarters with red flares and the firing of cannons . The attacks against Democrats and the support given towards Republicans caught the attention of the Roosevelt administration . Annenberg had turned The Philadelphia Inquirer into a major challenger to its chief competitor the Democratic Record , and after Annenberg began focusing on politics , Democratic politicians often attacked Annenberg and accused him of illegal business practices . In 1939 Annenberg was charged with income tax evasion , pleaded guilty before the trial , and was sent to prison for three years . Annenberg 's friends and his son , Walter , claimed that the whole trial was politically motivated and his sentence was harsher than it should have been . = = = Independent = = = When the Record shut down in 1947 , The Inquirer announced that it was now an independent newspaper and , frustrated with corruption in Philadelphia , supported Democratic candidates in the 1951 election . While Walter Annenberg had made The Inquirer independent he did use the paper to attack people he disliked . Sometimes when a person or group angered Annenberg , they were blacklisted and not mentioned anywhere within The Inquirer . People on the blacklist were even airbrushed out of images . People who were on the list at one point included Nicholas Katzenbach , Ralph Nader , Zsa Zsa Gabor , and the basketball team the Philadelphia Warriors , who were not mentioned for an entire season . In 1966 , Walter Annenberg used The Inquirer to attack Pennsylvania gubernatorial candidate Milton Shapp . During a press conference , an Inquirer reporter asked Shapp if he had ever been a patient in a mental hospital ; having never been a patient , Shapp said no . The next day 's headline in The Inquirer read " Shapp Denies Ever having been in a Mental Home . " Shapp attributed his loss of the election to Annenberg 's attack campaign . Annenberg was a backer and friend of Richard Nixon . In the 1952 presidential election critics later claimed Annenberg had The Inquirer look the other way when covering accusations Nixon was misappropriating funds . Later , to avoid accusations of political bias , Annenberg had The Inquirer use only news agency sources such as the Associated Press for the 1960 and 1968 presidential elections . When Nixon was elected president in 1968 , Annenberg was appointed the U.S. ambassador to the Court of St. James 's . A year later when Annenberg sold the newspaper to Knight Newspapers , a part of the deal stipulated that Annenberg 's name would appear as " Editor and Publisher Emeritus " in The Inquirer 's masthead . In 1970 Annenberg , already unhappy with changes in the newspaper , had his name removed from the paper after an editorial critical of Richard Nixon appeared . Under Knight Ridder , The Inquirer continued to be editorially independent . However , conservative commentators have labeled The Inquirer left leaning , and the paper has not endorsed a Republican candidate for President of the United States since Gerald Ford in 1976 . Throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century , groups supportive of Israel such as the Zionist Organization of America often accused The Inquirer of being anti @-@ Israel . At the same time , Edward S. Herman , a University of Pennsylvania media analyst , has written many articles accusing The Inquirer of having given in to conservative pressure and including a conservative slant in the paper 's reporting and editorial page . In 2006 , The Inquirer became one of the only major United States newspapers to print one of the Jyllands @-@ Posten Muhammad cartoons . Afterwards , protesting the printing of the cartoon , Muslims picketed outside The Inquirer Building . When Philadelphia Media Holdings L.L.C. ( PMH ) bought the paper in 2006 , Brian P. Tierney and the business people behind PMH signed a pledge promising that they would not influence the content of the paper . Tierney , a Republican activist who had represented many local groups in the Philadelphia area , had criticized The Inquirer in the past on behalf of his clients . One of Tierney 's clients had been the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia , which he had represented during the Cipriano affair . PMH membership also included Bruce E. Toll , vice chairman of Toll Brothers Inc . Tierney said that the group was aware that the fastest way to ruin its investment in The Inquirer was to threaten the paper 's editorial independence . The 2012 sale of Philadelphia Media Network to six local business leaders also led to concern of conflict of interest . The new owners , which included New Jersey Democratic fundraiser George Norcross III , media entrepreneur H. F. Lenfest , former New Jersey Nets owner Lewis Katz , and CEO of Liberty Property Trust and chairman of the Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce William Hankowsky , pledged not to influence the content of the paper . = = Production = = The Philadelphia Inquirer is headquartered at 801 Market Street in Center City Philadelphia along with The Philadelphia Daily News . The Inquirer is printed seven days a week at the Schuylkill Printing Plant in Upper Merion Township , Montgomery County . According to BurrellesLuce , The Inquirer is the fifteenth most circulated weekday newspaper in the United States . The Inquirer 's publisher is H.F. " Gerry " Lenfest . Editor is William K. Marimow . Marimow served as editor from 2006 to 2010 and returned in May 2012 . Since 1995 , The Inquirer has been available on the Internet , most recently at Philly.com , which , along with the Philadelphia Daily News is a division of Philadelphia Media Network . The Inquirer 's local coverage area includes Philadelphia , southeastern Pennsylvania , and southern New Jersey . In Pennsylvania , The Inquirer maintains bureaus in Conshohocken ; Doylestown ; Media ; West Chester ; and Norristown , while in New Jersey it has bureaus in Cherry Hill and Margate . In September 1994 The Inquirer and WPHL @-@ TV co @-@ produced a 10 : 00 p.m. newscast called Inquirer News Tonight . The show lasted a year before WPHL @-@ TV took complete control over the program and was renamed WB17 News at Ten . In 2004 , The Inquirer formed a partnership with Philadelphia 's NBC station , WCAU , giving the paper access to WCAU 's weather forecasts while also contributing to news segments throughout the day . = = Pulitzer Prizes = = = Don 't Stand Another Chance = " Don 't Stand Another Chance " is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson , included on her second studio album , Dream Street ( 1984 ) . It was written by Janet Jackson , her brother Marlon Jackson and John Barnes . Marlon also produced it , and provided backing vocals along with his brothers Michael , Tito , and Jackie . " Don 't Stand Another Chance " was released as the lead single from Dream Street on August 13 , 1984 by A & M Records . " Don 't Stand Another Chance " received generally positive reviews from critics . Although it did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , the song managed to reach number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . " Don 't Stand Another Chance " became Jackson 's second single to enter the top ten of the Hot R & B Songs chart , reaching number nine . In order to promote Dream Street and the single , Jackson performed the song on American Bandstand . She later included the song on her 2008 Rock Witchu Tour and her performance at the 2010 Essence Music Festival . = = Background = = Janet Jackson was born in Gary , Indiana , the youngest of ten children . Jackson had initially desired to become a horse racing jockey or entertainment lawyer , with plans to support herself through acting . Despite this , she was anticipated to pursue a career in entertainment , and considered the idea after recording herself in the studio . At age seven , Jackson performed at the Las Vegas Strip at the MGM Casino and began acting in the variety show The Jacksons in 1976 . The year after , she was selected to have a starring role as Penny Gordon Woods in the sitcom Good Times . She later starred in A New Kind of Family before joining the cast of Diff 'rent Strokes , portraying Charlene Duprey for two years . Jackson also played the recurring role of Cleo Hewitt during the fourth season of Fame , but expressed indifference towards the series . When Jackson was sixteen , she was arranged a contract with A & M Records and released her self @-@ titled debut album in 1982 . She stated , " On my first album the songs were sort of teenage like . I wanted to make a change for my second album . The first album indroduces you . The second one sets your image . I couldn 't stay like that . People would still look at me as a little girl and I 'd never grow " . " Don 't Stand Another Chance " was written by Jackson , her brother Marlon Jackson and musician John Barnes . Marlon Jackson also produced the single and provided backing vocals along with his brothers Michael , Tito , and Jackie . Although it was slated for a mid @-@ July release , " Don 't Stand Another Chance " was released on August 13 , 1984 . = = Reception = = " Don 't Stand Another Chance " received generally positive reviews from critics . Ed Hogan from AllMusic did not provide a review of the album version of " Don 't Stand Another Chance " , but commented that " the extended 12 " mix rocks , showcasing outstanding synth work by John Barnes " . A writer for Broadcast Engineering magazine stated " Though Janet Jackson does not have an outstanding voice , she handles herself with real sophistication on Dream Street " , in songs like " Don 't Stand Another Chance " . Phil Hardy wrote in the book The Da Capo Companion to 20th @-@ century Popular Music that " Don 't Stand Another Chance " was not " much better than dance club ready @-@ songs " . Although " Don 't Stand Another Chance " did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , it managed to reach number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . The song also became Jackson 's second single to enter the top ten of the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , reaching number nine , and additionally it reached number 23 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart . = = Live performances = = In order to promote Dream Street and the single , Jackson performed the song on American Bandstand along with " Dream Street " . According to Jason Lipshutz from Billboard , the Jackson 's appearance was among the ten classic moments with TV host Dick Clark on the show . Several years later , Jackson included " Don 't Stand Another Chance " on her 2008 Rock Witchu Tour in the " Pre @-@ Control Medley " section of the show . The song was later added to her performance at the 2010 Essence Music Festival , which she headlined . = = Track listings = = Dutch 7 " single A. " Don 't Stand Another Chance " - 4 : 18 B. " Rock ' N ' Roll " - 4 : 10 US 12 " single A1 . " Don 't Stand Another Chance ( Specially Remixed Version ) " - 6 : 52 B1 . " Don 't Stand Another Chance ( Dub Version ) " - 6 : 52 = = Credits and personnel = = Janet Jackson - vocals , songwriter Marlon Jackson - songwriter , producer John Barnes - songwriter , keyboards , Moog synthesizer , Fairlight programming , drum programming Jonathan Moffat - drums Bill Bottrell - engineer , mixing John McClain - mixing Credits adapted from Dream Street album liner notes . = = Charts = = = Shake It Off ( Mariah Carey song ) = " Shake It Off " is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey , taken from her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . It was written and produced by Carey along with Jermaine Dupri , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , and Johntá Austin . The song was initially solicited to radio on July 12 , 2005 by Island and Mercury Records as the album 's third single in the United States , while " Get Your Number " served as the album 's third single elsewhere . Described by Dupri as " ghetto , " the track is a R & B song that makes use of pop and hip hop influences and a simple , sparse production . Lyrically , the song follows Carey as she moves on from her relationship with an unfaithful lover , packing her things and breaking up with him over an answering machine . The song was well received by music critics , with many complimenting its simple yet inspirational lyrics , as well as calling it a standout track from the album . It peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , blocked by Carey 's own " We Belong Together " and Kanye West 's " Gold Digger " for six weeks . Furthermore , it marked the first time a female lead artist occupied the top two positions of the Hot 100 . The song also peaked at numbers six and five in Australia and New Zealand , and numbers fifteen and nine in Ireland and the United Kingdom , respectively . The song 's music video , directed by Jake Nava features numerous extravagant wardrobe changes and starred actor Chris Tucker . The video was nominated for Best R & B Video at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards . " Shake It Off " was performed live by Carey on several televised events , including the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards , the 2005 World Music Awards and British program Top of the Pops . Additionally it was performed as a five @-@ piece concert on Good Morning America , and on the New Year 's Eve special titled , Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest . " Shake It Off " was included on the set @-@ lists of The Adventures of Mimi Tour ( 2006 ) , the Angels Advocate Tour ( 2010 ) , and The Elusive Chanteuse Show ( 2014 ) . = = Background = = Carey had produced back @-@ to @-@ back commercially and critically failing albums , Glitter ( 2001 ) and Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) . After the release of " Charmbracelet " , and its succeeding tour , Carey began working on The Emancipation of Mimi , her tenth studio effort . By November 2004 , Carey had already recorded several songs for the album . Island Records head L.A. Reid suggested Carey to compose a few more strong singles to ensure the project 's commercial success . Noting that she had written some of her best work with Jermaine Dupri , Reid recommended that Carey meet with Dupri for a brief studio session . Carey took Reid 's advice and headed to Atlanta to collaborate with Dupri . During this two @-@ day trip , the duo wrote and produced " Shake It Off " and " Get Your Number , " which were eventually released as the album 's third and fourth singles . Following this recording session , " Shake It Off " was briefly selected as the album 's lead single , replacing the two other contenders " Stay The Night " and " Say Somethin ' " . Dupri explained to MTV News : I had that beat actually before she got to the studio . So she came in , she heard that beat and was like , ' Yeah , that 's what I want . ' That was one of the first records we had . I didn 't really know what to do for her because I didn 't hear nothing else that was on the album , but I just felt like she didn 't have that bounce on her album . = = Composition = = " Shake It Off " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B and pop song with a hip hop backbeat and a " thumping " , sparse production . Written and produced by Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox and Johntá Austin , the song drew comparisons to several productions from Usher 's 2004 album , Confessions . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by W.B.M. Music Corporation , " Shake It Off " is set in common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of D major with Carey 's vocal range spanning from the low @-@ note of D3 to the high @-@ note of G # 6 . The song follows in the chord progression of Bm7 – Am7 – Gmaj7 The verses and chorus remain in a narrow voice range , until according to Jon Pareles of The New York Times , Carey " gives herself a few of her old sky @-@ high notes as a background flourish " near the song 's end . According to Carey 's album guide in Rolling Stone , Dupri leaves his trademark on the album 's best tracks including " Shake It Off " , with the track 's production and beat described as " syncopated " and " bouncy . " Lyrically , the song features a message of female strength , the song lyrics were described as " goofy " and " fun " by Larry Katz from the Boston Herald . Reading " Just like the Calgon commercial / I really gotta get up out of here " , Carey tells her lover that she is leaving him , making a " clever " reference to a commercial . In regards to the latter lyrics , Lawrence Farber from the Windy City Times wrote " they are a playful approach to bitterness — and , more specifically , a cheatin ' bad apple . " She then sings " By the time you get this message / It 's gonna be too late / So don 't bother paging me / ' Cause I 'll be on my way , " establishing that the relationship is over , and that he shouldn 't even try to mend the situation . She also makes reference to his infidelity , " with this one and that one / By the pool , on the beach , in the streets . " In an interview with MTV News , Dupri described the song 's composition : " ' Shake It Off ' was just like ... That comes from that style of I guess [ Usher 's ] Confessions and just that bounce . It 's got a lot of ingredients to it because I never thought that Mariah could make a bouncy type of record . When you hear that song — the whole bounce of the record and the way she 's flipping it and the stuff she talking about ... I knew that record was gonna go just because you never heard Mariah talk about this stuff . ... She 's like , ' I packed up my Louis Vuitton . ' She took it really on the ghetto side . I knew that was gonna strike people . Either it was gonna hit them in a wrong way or they was gonna love it . = = Critical reception = = " Shake It Off " was met with generally positive reviews from music critics . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine picked " Shake It Off " as a top pick from the album . Michael Paoletta , writing for Billboard , gave the song a positive review , complimenting its lyrics , production and Carey 's vocals . He concluded his review with his assurance that the song would be a success , writing " After ' We Belong Together ' brought her back to radio big time , ' Shake It Off ' will take Carey 's good fortune to the next step . " Some critics compared the song heavily to Usher 's material from his 2004 album , Confessions . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine wrote " Mariah too heavily bites on the styles of her successors : Usher by way of Dupri on ' Shake It Off ' , " while Dan Gennoe of Yahoo ! Music UK said the song was " Usher @-@ lite " . Lawrence Ferber from the Windy City Times described " Shake It Off " as a " standout " track from the album . When discussing the track with Ferber , Carey described the song as her favorite from The Emancipation of Mimi : " Shake it off can apply to anything . Whatever personal dramas we go through , put that song on and you lose the anxiety or intensity of the moment . I 'll listen to that song when I 've just come out of an annoying meeting . I gotta shake this off . " While Todd Burns from Stylus Magazine described it as " sultry " , a writer from the Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram called it " lyrically crude " and " ghetto " . Similarly , The Michigan Daily 's Chris Gaerig criticized Carey 's " airy vocals " and wrote " Carey sounds like a 13 @-@ year @-@ old boy going through puberty , singing love songs to a grade school crush . " = = Chart performance = = In the United States , " Shake It Off " entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number sixty @-@ six the week 's highest debut . In its seventh week on the chart , it reached number two behind Carey 's previous single , " We Belong Together , " marking the second time a female lead artist occupied the top two positions of the Hot 100 . " Shake It Off " was at the number two position for an additional six weeks after " We Belong Together " fell from number one ( seven weeks in total ) ; it was subsequently held off the top spot by Kanye West 's " Gold Digger " . The song stayed within the Hot 100 for twenty @-@ six weeks , and finished at number fifteen on the Billboard Year @-@ End Chart . The single fared well on multiple Billboard component charts , reaching the top spot on the Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) tally , and becoming her second consecutive number @-@ one on the chart following " We Belong Together " as well as her sixth number @-@ one overall . It peaked at number two on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , and number twenty @-@ seven on the Hot Dance Club Play chart . " Shake It Off " was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . " Shake It Off " was released throughout Australia and New Zealand as the third single from The Emancipation of Mimi in late @-@ 2005 . In the United Kingdom , it was released as a double A @-@ side along with " Get Your Number , " the third single serviced to the United States at the same time . The single performed well outside the United States , reaching number five and six on the Australian Singles Chart , and New Zealand Singles Chart , respectively . The single was later certified Gold in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of over 35 @,@ 000 units . On the UK Singles Chart , the song debuted at number nine during the week of October 15 , 2005 . Dropping to number ten the following week , the song lasted a total of eight weeks in the singles chart before making its descent . = = Remix = = " Shake It Off " became another remix in which Carey would feature a hip @-@ hop artist , having done so several times in the past . Most notably , Carey began incorporating hip @-@ hop and pop from her 1995 remix of her single " Fantasy " , which featured rap verses from Ol ' Dirty Bastard ( O.D.B. ) . The song was considered one of the pioneering songs that began the infusion of the " thug @-@ love duet " . According to Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times , the song " Nowadays clean @-@ cut pop stars are expected to collaborate with roughneck rappers , but when Ms. Carey teamed up with Ol ' Dirty Bastard , of the Wu @-@ Tang Clan , for the 1995 hit ' Fantasy ( Remix ) , ' it was a surprise , and a smash . " Originally intended to feature only Jay @-@ Z , the remix included rising rapper Young Jeezy , who considered the position the " highest @-@ profile guest appearance to date " that he had been offered . In an interview with MTV News , Jeezy described how he came to be included on the remix : When I got the call [ from Mariah ] , I was like , ' I don 't know if that 's me . She was like , ' Nah , it 's gonna be your type of beat . ' I 'm like , ' Oh , for real ? ' Then when Hov called he said , ' I 'm gonna do it with you . ' I was like , ' Dag , this is big . ' But when I did it , I kept it me and kept it ' hood . At first I ain 't think she was gonna like it but she called and said she loved it . From there it was a wrap . That 's history . Mariah is known for doing remixes with street cats from Mobb Deep to O.D.B. , so to be a part of that was a good look for me and the Def Jam movement . According to Jayanathi Daniel , writer of The New York Sun , Carey 's remixes of " Shake If Off " and " It 's Like That " helped cement her impression on the music scene during the release of The Emancipation of Mimi , writing " the multiple mix tapes , further legitimized her return . " In a review of Jay @-@ Z 's material at the time , an editor at XXL rated the remix two out of five stars , criticizing his lyrics and " swag " , which he felt were missing during lines reading " The Emancipation of M @-@ I @-@ M @-@ I / I spray semi rrrah , rrrrah / Twenty worldwide nigga get your plaques / Guess who the fuck got his swagger back ? " . He concluded on a mixed note , writing " With run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill punchlines and a dated reference to How Stella Got Her Groove Back , Jay seems to be missing some of his usual swagger on this white label – only remix . " = = Music video = = = = = Background = = = The song 's music video was originally scheduled to be directed by Brett Ratner , who had shot Carey 's previous two videos . However , Jake Nava was used as the director instead , as Ratner had other obligations regarding one of his films . It was filmed during the end of June 2005 . When describing the video 's concept to MTV News , Carey said " I actually just got the treatment . We came up with some cool concepts . " When asked for a more detailed synopsis , Carey declined and responded " It 's " really technical . It 's a new approach that I would have to let [ the director ] explain . It 's new territory . " During a scene in the video in which Carey had to wear very high @-@ heeled pumps , she had the video crew carry her to various sections of the set . When Nava suggested she wear a pair of sensible flat footwear in between shoots , Carey jokingly replied " my feet repel them dahling . " When recalling the moment in a later interview , Carey claimed her feet were " in agony " and said " My high heels had left my feet bleeding . Laugh all you want , my feet hurt . " = = = Synopsis = = = The single 's video was directed by Jake Nava , and contains numerous wardrobe changes by Carey in a storyline involving luxurious scenery in which the singer leaves her significant other . It is presented in one continuous shot , with no edits . The video begins with a TV screen and the word ' Mimi ' appearing , while on the monitor , Dupri raps his introduction . As the television fades , Carey is then shown lying in a bathtub overflowing with water and rose petals , with her hair flowing over the side of the tub . Next , the camera follows down one floor of the mansion to find Carey , decked out in bright blue makeup and high heels , as she sings " By the time you get this message / It 's gonna be too late / So don 't bother paging me / ' Cause I 'll be on my way , " into the phone . A short scene is then shown of her lover in a strip club , receiving the message Carey had sent him . As he reads it , he blows smoke into the screen , fading to reveal Carey dressed in a trench coat and dress , before grabbing her bag and heading out the door as she sings , " So I packed up my Louis Vuitton / Jumped in your ride and took off . " As she leaves the mansion , she exits into " Emancipation Street " , a ghetto looking plaza made up entirely of props and hand made stores . With shops named " So So Fetch " and " Pink Yet Lavender " , Carey then walks up to a wall , where she passes Jermaine Dupri , who makes a cameo appearance . As she leans on the wall , her coat slips off , and two schoolgirls do a shake dance at the pay phones . Carey then appears in a Lamborghini Murcielago speaking on her PDA with Chris Tucker , who as a cameo , appeared on the set of the video shoot , as the man in the passenger 's seat . As Carey leaves her lover a second message , he is seen frolicking pool @-@ side with two other women , while she says " with this one and that one / By the pool , on the beach , in the streets . " Her phone breaks up as she drives past the " Hollyhood " sign , so she tells him , " Hold on , " singing , " Save this recording , because I 'm never coming back home . " Carey is then shown on bleachers at a high school football game , with Da Brat featured as a cameo act , as she argues with a man in the background . She writes ' MIMI ' on one of the bleachers and the letters transform into a large shiny " MIMI " sign made of lights , which appear in large , vibrant lights . Carey walks up to a microphone in front of the large ' MIMI ' lights , and dances and sings in front of the camera , wearing a revealing black ensemble and leopard print boots . In the final scene , Carey is seen on a beach , as she slips out of her robe and walks into the sunset , with the glare obscuring whether she 's wearing any clothing . = = = Reception = = = The video was nominated for a MTV Video Music Award at the 2006 ceremony , in the category of Best R & B Video , but lost to Beyoncé 's " Check On It " . The song 's music video generated strong public reaction , topping the Total Request Live ( TRL ) music video countdown in its second week in release . Additionally , the music video received strong rotation on MTV , VH1 and BET , having over 500 @,@ 000 requests in its first 24 hours . Similarly , at the time , music videos were predominantly watched on television , as sites like YouTube were	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Players = = As of 22 July 2016 . = = = Current squad = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Reserves and Academy squad = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Former players = = = For details on former players , see List of Bolton Wanderers F.C. players and Category : Bolton Wanderers F.C. players . In 2005 , a list of " 50 Wanderers Legends " was compiled by the club as the result of a fan survey : " Thousands of supporters ... nominated their favourites with modern day heroes giving the old @-@ timers a run for their money " . Nat Lofthouse finished top of the list , with Jay @-@ Jay Okocha second and John McGinlay third . In 2012 a Wanderers Legends book was released by The Bolton News , featuring 30 legends , including players like Gary Cahill and Kevin Davies = = = Player records = = = = = Club officials = = Bolton Wanderers Football & Athletic Co management = = Honours = = = = = Football League = = = Second Division / First Division Champions : 1908 – 09 , 1977 – 78 , 1996 – 97 Runners @-@ up : 1899 – 1900 , 1904 – 05 , 1910 – 11 , 1934 – 35 Play @-@ off Winners : 1995 , 2001 Play @-@ off Runners @-@ up : 1999 Play @-@ off Semi @-@ finalists : 2000 Third Division / Second Division Champions : 1972 – 73 Runners @-@ up : 1992 – 93 Play @-@ off Runners @-@ up : 1991 Play @-@ off Semi @-@ finalists : 1990 Fourth Division / Third Division Third : 1987 – 88 Overall League Performance Division 1 / Premier League : 1888 – 1899 , 1900 – 1903 , 1905 – 1908 , 1909 – 1910 , 1911 – 1933 , 1935 – 1964 , 1978 – 1980 , 1995 – 1996 , 1997 – 1998 , 2001 – 2012 ( 73 seasons ) Division 2 / Championship : 1899 – 1900 , 1903 – 1905 , 1908 – 1909 , 1910 – 1911 , 1933 – 1935 , 1964 – 1971 , 1973 – 1978 , 1980 – 1983 , 1993 – 1995 , 1996 – 1997 , 1998 – 2001 , 2012 – 2016 ( 30 seasons ) Division 3 / League 1 : 1971 – 1973 , 1983 – 1987 , 1988 – 1993 , 2016 – ( 12 seasons ) Division 4 / League 2 : 1987 – 1988 ( 1 season ) = = = Cup Competitions = = = FA Cup Winners : 1923 , 1926 , 1929 , 1958 Runners @-@ up : 1894 , 1904 , 1953 Semi @-@ finalists : 1889 , 1896 , 1915 , 1935 , 1946 , 2000 , 2011 Football League Cup Runners @-@ up : 1995 , 2004 Semi @-@ finalists : 1977 , 2000 FA Charity Shield Winners : 1958 Football League Trophy Champions : 1989 Runners @-@ up : 1986 Reserves and Others Football League War Cup Winners ( 1 ) – 1945 Premier League Asia Trophy Winners ( 1 ) – 2005 Peace Cup Runners up ( 1 ) – 2007 Carlsberg Cup Winners ( 1 ) – 2010 Lancashire Senior Cup Winners ( 12 ) – 1886 , 1891 , 1912 , 1922 , 1925 , 1927 , 1932 , 1934 , 1939 ( shared with Preston North End ) , 1948 , 1989 , 1991 Central League Champions – 1955 , 1995 Premier Reserve League North Champions – 2007 Manchester Senior Cup 1922 , 1963 , 2015 = Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle = Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's relations with the group of composers known as the Belyayev circle , which lasted from 1887 until Tchaikovsky 's death in 1893 , influenced all of their music and briefly helped shape the next generation of Russian composers . This group was named after timber merchant Mitrofan Belyayev , an amateur musician who became an influential music patron and publisher after he had taken an interest in Alexander Glazunov 's work . By 1887 , Tchaikovsky was firmly established as one of the leading composers in Russia . A favorite of Tsar Alexander III , he was widely regarded as a national treasure . He was in demand as a guest conductor in Russia and Western Europe , and in 1890 visited the United States in the same capacity . By contrast , the fortunes of the nationalistic group of composers known as The Five , which preceded the Belyayev circle , had waned , and the group had long since dispersed ; of its members , only Nikolai Rimsky @-@ Korsakov remained fully active as a composer . Now a professor of musical composition and orchestration at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov had become a firm believer in the Western @-@ based compositional training that had been once frowned upon by the group . As a result of the time Tchaikovsky spent with the Belyayev circle 's leading composers — Glazunov , Anatoly Lyadov and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov — the somewhat fraught relationship he had previously endured with The Five would eventually meld into something more harmonious . Tchaikovsky 's friendship with these men gave him increased confidence in his own abilities as a composer , while his music encouraged Glazunov to broaden his artistic outlook past the nationalist agenda and to compose along more universal themes . This influence grew to the point that Glazunov 's Third Symphony became known as the " anti @-@ kuchist " symphony of his ouvre ( " kuchist " refers to " kuchka " , the shortened Russian name for The Five ) and shared several stylistic fingerprints with Tchaikovsky 's later symphonies . Nor was Glazunov the only composer so influenced . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov wrote about the Belyayev composers ' " worship of Tchaikovsky and ... tendency toward eclecticism " that became prevalent during this period , along with a predilection toward " Italian @-@ French music of the time of wig and farthingale " ( that is , of the 18th Century ) typified in Tchaikovsky 's late operas The Queen of Spades and Iolanta . Over the long term , Tchaikovsky 's influence over the Belyayev composers was not as great . Though they remained more eclectic in their musical approach and focused more on absolute music than The Five had done , they continued writing overall in a style more akin to Rimsky @-@ Korsakov than to Tchaikovsky . Even Glazunov backed away from echoing Tchaikovsky strongly in his mature work , instead amalgamating nationalistic and cosmopolitan styles in an eclectic approach . The Belyayev composers also spread the nationalist musical aesthetic to Russia as a whole and were themselves an influence on composers well into the Soviet era . = = Tchaikovsky and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov = = During 1884 , the 44 @-@ year @-@ old Tchaikovsky began to shed the unsociability and restlessness that had plagued him since his abortive marriage in 1878 , and which had caused him to travel incessantly throughout Russia and Western Europe . In March 1884 , Tsar Alexander III conferred upon him the Order of St. Vladimir ( fourth class ) , which carried with it hereditary nobility , and won Tchaikovsky a personal audience with the Tsar . The Tsar 's decoration was a visible seal of official approval , which helped Tchaikovsky 's rehabilitation from the stigma associated with the conditions of his marriage . This rehabilitation may have been cemented in the composer 's mind with the success of his Third Orchestral Suite at its January 1885 premiere in St. Petersburg , under Hans von Bülow 's direction . Tchaikovsky wrote to his patroness Nadezhda von Meck : " I have never seen such a triumph . I saw the whole audience was moved , and grateful to me . These moments are the finest adornments of an artist 's life . Thanks to these it is worth living and laboring . " The press was likewise unanimously favorable . While he still felt a disdain for public life , Tchaikovsky now participated in it for two reasons — his increasing celebrity , and what he felt was his duty to promote Russian music . To this end , he helped support his former pupil Sergei Taneyev , now director of the Moscow Conservatory , by attending student examinations and negotiating the sometimes sensitive relations among various members of the staff . Tchaikovsky also served as director of the Moscow branch of the Russian Musical Society during the 1889 – 90 season . In this post , he invited a number of international celebrities to conduct , including Johannes Brahms , Antonín Dvořák and Jules Massenet . Tchaikovsky promoted Russian music both in his own compositions and in his role as a guest conductor . In January 1887 he substituted at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow on short notice for the first three performances of his opera Cherevichki . Conducting was something the composer had wanted to master for at least a decade , as he saw that success outside Russia depended to some extent on conducting his own works . Within a year of the Cherevichki performances , Tchaikovsky was in considerable demand throughout Europe and Russia , which helped him overcome a life @-@ long stage fright and boosted his self @-@ assurance . Tchaikovsky 's relationship with Rimsky @-@ Korsakov had gone through changes by the time he visited St. Petersburg in November 1887 . As a member of The Five , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov had been essentially self @-@ educated as a composer . He regarded Tchaikovsky with suspicion since he possessed an academic background and did not agree with the musical philosophy espoused by The Five . However , when Rimsky @-@ Korsakov was appointed to a professorship at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory in 1871 , he recognized that he was ill @-@ prepared to take on such a task . He had also reached a compositional impasse , and realized he was essentially on a creative path leading nowhere . He sent a letter to Tchaikovsky in which he outlined his situation and asked what he ought to do . The letter " deeply touched and amazed " Tchaikovsky with its poignancy . As Tchaikovsky later relayed to Nadezhda von Meck , " Of course he had to study " . Between 1871 and 1874 , while he lectured at the Conservatory , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov thoroughly grounded himself in Western compositional techniques , and came to believe in the value of academic training for success as a composer . Once Rimsky @-@ Korsakov had made this turn @-@ around , Tchaikovsky considered him an esteemed colleague , and , if not the best of friends , was at least on friendly terms with him . When the other members of The Five became hostile toward Rimsky @-@ Korsakov for his change of attitude , Tchaikovsky continued to support Rimsky @-@ Korsakov morally , telling him that he fully applauded what Rimsky @-@ Korsakov was doing , and admired both his artistic modesty and his strength of character . Beginning in 1876 , Tchaikovsky was a regular visitor to the Rimsky @-@ Korsakov home during his trips to Saint Petersburg . At one point , Tchaikovsky offered to have Rimsky @-@ Korsakov appointed to the directorship of the Moscow Conservatory , but he refused . Tchaikovsky 's admiration extended to Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's compositions . He wrote Rimsky @-@ Korsakov that he considered Capriccio Espagnol " a colossal masterpiece of instrumentation " and called him " the greatest master of the present day " . In his diary , Tchaikovsky confided , " Read [ Rimsky- ] Korsakov 's Snow Maiden and marveled at his mastery and was even ( ashamed to admit ) envious " . = = Glazunov = = Tchaikovsky was impressed with not only Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's achievements but also those of the teenage Glazunov . A child prodigy , Glazunov had begun piano studies at the age of nine and to compose at the age of 11 . At the age of 13 , in 1879 , he met Balakirev , who recommended Rimsky @-@ Korsakov as a private tutor in musical composition , counterpoint and orchestration , and brought Rimsky @-@ Korsakov an orchestral score Glazunov had written . " The boy 's talent was indubitably clear " , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov remembered . Glazunov studied with Rimsky @-@ Korsakov for a little less than two years , during which time he progressed , in Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's words , " not by the day , but literally by the hour " . He also continued to receive advice from Balakirev . At 16 , he completed his First Symphony , which was successfully premiered under Balakirev 's direction on March 29 , 1882 . Present at this performance was Mitrofan Belyayev , a lumber baron and amateur musician who would take the young composer under his wing , and composer Sergei Taneyev , who was a close friend of Tchaikovsky . Glazunov would eventually become a professor at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory , and later its director . Tchaikovsky began showing a keen interest in Glazunov shortly after hearing about the premiere of Glazunov 's First Symphony from Taneyev . At that time , Tchaikovsky wrote Balakirev , " Glazunov interests me greatly . Is there any chance that this young man could send me the symphony so that I might take a look at it ? I should also like to know whether he completed it , either conceptually or practically , with your or Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's help . " Balakirev replied , " You ask about Glazunov . He is a very talented young man who studied for a year under Rimsky @-@ Korsakov . When he composed his symphony , he did not need any help . " Tchaikovsky studied the score for Glazunov 's First String Quartet , and wrote his brother Modest , " Despite its imitation of [ Rimsky- ] Korsakov ... a remarkable talent is discernible . " Glazunov later sent Tchaikovsky a copy of his Poème lyrique for orchestra , about which Tchaikovsky had written enthusiastically to Balakirev , and had recommended for publication to his publisher P. Jurgenson . According to critic Vladimir Stasov , Glazunov and Tchaikovsky first met in October 1884 at a gathering hosted by Balakirev . Glazunov was then 19 years old . Tchaikovsky was in Saint Petersburg because his opera Eugene Onegin was being performed at the Mariinsky Theater . Glazunov later wrote that while the nationalists ' circle " was no longer so ideologically closed and isolated as it had been earlier " , they " did not consider P.I. Tchaikovsky one of our own . We valued only a few of his works , like Romeo and Juliet , The Tempest , Francesca [ da Rimini ] and the finale of the Second Symphony . The rest of his output was either unknown or alien to us " . Tchaikovsky 's presence won over Glazunov and the other young members present , and his conversation with them " was a fresh breeze amid our somewhat dusty atmosphere ... Many of the young musicians present , including Lyadov and myself , left Balakirev 's apartment charmed by Tchaikovsky 's personality . ... As Lyadov put it , our acquaintance with the great composer was a real occasion . " Glazunov adds that his relationship with Tchaikovsky changed from the elder composer being " not ... one of our own " to a close friendship that would last until Tchaikovsky 's death . " I met Tchaikovsky quite often both at Balakirev 's and at my own home " , Glazunov remembered . " We usually met over music . He always appeared in our social circle as one of the most welcome guests ; besides myself and Lyadov , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov and Balakirev were also constant members of our circle . " This circle , with which Tchaikovsky would spend an increasing amount of time in the last couple of years of his life , would come to be known as the Belyayev circle , named after its patron , Belyayev . According to musicologist Richard Taruskin , Belyayev , through his financial influence , would shape Russian music more greatly and lastingly than either Balakirev or Stasov were able to do . = = Belyayev and his circle = = Belyayev was one of a growing number of Russian nouveau @-@ riche industrialists who became patrons of the arts in mid- to late @-@ 19th @-@ century Russia ; their number included Nadezhda von Meck , railway magnate Savva Mamontov and textile manufacturer Pavel Tretyakov . While Nadezhda von Meck insisted on anonymity in her patronage in the tradition of noblesse oblige , Belyayev , Mamontov and Tretyakov " wanted to contribute conspicuously to public life " . They had worked their way up into wealth , and being Slavophilic in their national outlook believed in the greater glory of Russia . Because of this belief , they were more likely than the aristocracy to support native talent , and were more inclined to support nationalist artists over cosmopolitan ones . This preference was not due to any social agenda inherent in the art , but due to " its sympathetic and skillful portrayal of peculiar aspects of landscape , of daily life , and of character types with which they were familiar and which they lived " , and it paralleled a general upsurge in nationalism and Russophilia that became prevalent in mainstream Russian art and society . An amateur viola player and chamber music enthusiast , Belyayev hosted " quartet Fridays " at his home in Saint Petersburg . A frequent visitor to these gatherings was Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , who had met Belyayev in Moscow in 1882 . Belyayev became a music patron after he had heard the Glazunov 's First Symphony . Not only did Glazunov become a fixture at the " quartet Fridays " , but Belyayev also published Glazunov 's work and took him on a tour of Western Europe . This tour included a visit to Weimar , Germany , to present the young composer to Franz Liszt , and where Glazunov 's First Symphony was performed . Soon Belyayev became interested in other Russian composers . In 1884 he set up an annual Glinka Prize , named after pioneer Russian composer Mikhail Glinka ( 1804 – 1857 ) . In 1885 , disgusted with the quality of music publishing in Russia and the lack of foreign copyright for works printed there , he founded his own publishing firm in Leipzig , Germany . This firm initially issued works by Glazunov , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , Lyadov and Borodin at its own expense , and would boast a catalog of over 2000 works , all written by Russian composers , by the time of the October Revolution in 1917 . At Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's suggestion , Belyayev also founded his own concert series , the Russian Symphony Concerts , open exclusively to Russian composers . Among the works written especially for this series were the three by Rimsky @-@ Korsakov for which he is currently best known in the West — Scheherazade , the Russian Easter Festival Overture and Capriccio Espagnol . These concerts would last until the October Revolution , and by 1910 would host premieres of 165 works . Belyayev set up an advisory council , made up of Glazunov , Lyadov and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , to select which among the many composers appealing for help should be assisted , either through money , publication or performances . This council would look through the compositions and appeals submitted and suggest which were deserving of patronage and public attention . Though the three worked together , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov became the de facto leader of the group . " By force of matters purely musical I turned out to be the head of the Belyayev circle " , he wrote . " As the head Belyayev , too , considered me , consulting me about everything and referring everyone to me as chief . " The group of composers who now congregated with Glazunov , Lyadov and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov were nationalistic in their outlook , as the Five before them had been . Like The Five , they believed in a uniquely Russian style of classical music that utilized folk music and exotic melodic , harmonic and rhythmic elements , as exemplified by the music of Balakirev , Borodin and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov . Unlike The Five , these composers also believed in the necessity of an academic , Western @-@ based background in composition . The necessity of Western compositional techniques was something that Rimsky @-@ Korsakov had instilled in many of them in his years at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory . Compared to the " revolutionary " composers in Balakirev 's circle , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov found those in the Belyayev circle to be " progressive ... attaching as it did great importance to technical perfection , but ... also broke new paths , though more securely , even if less speedily . ... " = = Visits in 1887 = = In November 1887 , Tchaikovsky arrived in Saint Petersburg in time to hear several of the Russian Symphony Concerts . One of these concerts included the first complete performance of his First Symphony , subtitled Winter Daydreams , in its final version . Another concert featured the premiere of Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's Third Symphony in its revised version . Before this trip , Tchaikovsky had spent considerable time corresponding with Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , Glazunov and Lyadov , and during his visit , he spent much time in the company of these men . Nine years earlier , Tchaikovsky had penned a ruthless dissection of The Five for Nadezhda von Meck . At that time , his feelings of personal isolation and professional insecurity had been at their strongest . In the nine intervening years , Mussorgsky and Borodin had both died , Balakirev had banished himself to the musical sidelines , and Cui 's critical missives had lost much of their sting for Tchaikovsky . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov was the only one left who was fully active as a composer , and much had changed in the intervening years between him and Tchaikovsky as a result of Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's change in musical values . Tchaikovsky had also changed . More secure as a composer and less isolated personally than he had been in the past , Tchaikovsky enjoyed the company he now kept with Glazunov , Lyadov and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , and found much to enjoy in their music . Tchaikovsky admired several of the pieces he heard during these concerts , including Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's symphony and Glazunov 's Second Overture on Greek Themes . He promised both Glazunov and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov that he would secure performances of their works in concerts in Moscow . When these arrangements did not arise as planned , Tchaikovsky made urgent covert attempts to make good on his promises , especially to Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , whom he now called " an outstanding figure ... worthy of every respect " . In December 1887 , on the eve of his departure to tour as a guest conductor through Western Europe , Tchaikovsky stopped in Saint Petersburg and consulted with Glazunov , Lyadov and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov on a detailed program of Russian music that he might lead in Paris . Though this opportunity did not arise , it shows his openness to promoting works by the Belyayev circle as his duty to promote Russian music . = = Lyadov = = Though they had previously corresponded , Tchaikovsky made the personal acquaintance of another Rimsky @-@ Korsakov pupil , Lyadov , during his November 1887 visit . Lyadov had the dubious distinction of being expelled from the Saint Petersburg Conservatory for cutting classes — a move on the part of the Conservatory that Rimsky @-@ Korsakov had upheld . Lyadov was eventually readmitted , and became friends with Rimsky @-@ Korsakov . He also assisted Rimsky @-@ Korsakov and Balakirev in editing the orchestral scores of Borodin , and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov and Alexander Borodin on scoring the " Polovtsian Dances " from Borodin 's opera Prince Igor in 1878 . Like Rimsky @-@ Korsakov and Glazunov , Lyadov would become a professor at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory and a leading member of the Belyayev circle . Lyadov never totally shed his penchant for indolence and procrastination , and this would cost him the commission for the ballet The Firebird from impresario Sergei Diaghilev ; the commission would go to the young Igor Stravinsky . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov noted Lyadov 's talent , as did Mussorgsky , who described Lyadov to Stasov in 1873 as " a new , unmistakable , original and Russian young talent " . Tchaikovsky , however , had been unimpressed . In 1882 , the publisher Besel asked Tchaikovsky 's opinion about an Arabesque for solo piano that Lyadov had written . Tchaikovsky replied , " It is impossible to envisage any thing more vapid in content than this composer 's music . He has many interesting chords and harmonic sequences , but not a single idea , even of the tiniest sort . " Before meeting Lyadov personally , Tchaikovsky may have been softening this stance . He decided to present the young composer a copy of the score of his Manfred Symphony , and once he had actually met the person whom Tchaikovsky authority David Brown called " indolent , fastidious , very private yet very engaging " , his attitude toward Lyadov took a sharp turn for the better . The younger composer became known as " dear Lyadov " . = = New confidence and advocacy = = Two concerts Tchaikovsky heard in Saint Petersburg in January 1889 , where his music shared the programs with compositions by the New Russian School ( as the Belyayev circle was also called ) , proved a major watershed . Tchaikovsky recognized that while he had maintained good personal relations with some members of the Balakirev circle , and perhaps some respect , he had never been recognized as one of them . Now with his joint participation in these concerts , he realized he was no longer excluded . He wrote to Nadezhda von Meck that while he found Cui to be " an individual deeply hateful to me ... this in no way hinders me from respecting or loving such representatives of the school as Balakirev , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , Lyadov , Glazunov , or from considering myself flattered to appear on the concert platform beside them " . This confession showed a wholehearted willingness for Tchaikovsky to have his music heard alongside that of the nationalists . In giving this opinion , Tchaikovsky showed an implicit confidence in his own music , and the realization that it compared favorably to any number of their compositions . He had nothing to fear from whatever comparisons might result . Nor did he confine his views to private consumption . Tchaikovsky openly supported the musical efforts of Glazunov , Lyadov and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , despite a widely held view that they were musical enemies . In an interview printed in the weekly newspaper Saint Petersburg Life ( Peterburgskaia zhizn ' ) in November 1892 , he said , According to the view that is widespread among the Russian music public , I am associated with the party that is antagonistic to the one living Russian composer I love and value above all others — Nikolai Rimsky @-@ Korsakov . ... In a word , despite our different musical identities , it would seem we are following a single path ; and I , for my part , am proud to have such a fellow traveler . ... Lyadov and Glazunov are also numbered among my opponents , yet I sincerely love and value their talent . With this new @-@ found confidence came increased contact between Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov wrote , " In the winter of spring of 1891 [ actually 1890 ] Tchaikovsky came to Saint Petersburg on quite a long visit , and from then dated his closer intimacy with Belyayev 's circle , particularly with Glazunov , Lyadov , and me . In the years following , Tchaikovsky 's visits became quite frequent . " = = Increased acceptance by the Belyayev circle = = Glazunov and Lyadov were friendly with Tchaikovsky and were charmed by him . Glazunov studied Tchaikovsky 's works and " found much that was new ... that was instructive for us as young musicians . It struck me that Tchaikovsky , who was above all a lyrical and melodic composer , had introduced operatic elements into his symphonies . I admired the thematic material of his works less than the inspired unfolding of his thoughts , his temperament and the constructural perfection . " Taruskin writes , " A sense of what Tchaikovsky meant to Glazunov may be gained by comparing the latter 's Second Symphony , on which he was working at the time of Tchaikovsky 's visit ... and the Third , which he completed after a long gestation in 1890 — and which he dedicated to Tchaikovsky . " Taruskin calls the Second Symphony " a veritable summa of latterday kuchkism " , with a number of stylistic fingerprints taken from Balakirev , Borodin and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov . With the Third Symphony , Glazunov attempted to reach beyond the nationalist style to reflect what he felt were universal forms , moods and themes . Tchaikovsky 's influence is clear in the work 's lyrical episodes , in its themes and key relations , reminiscent of Tchaikovsky 's Fourth and Fifth Symphonies , and in its orchestration , full of " dark doublings " and subtle instrumental effects hearkening to Tchaikovsky 's style . Glazunov was not the only composer among the Belyayev circle influenced by Tchaikovsky 's music . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov wrote in his memoirs that " a worship of Tchaikovsky and a tendency toward eclecticism " grew stronger among many of the Belyayev composers at this time , along with " a predilection ... for Italian @-@ French music of the time of wig and farthingale [ that is , of the 18th century ] , music introduced by Tchaikovsky in his [ late operas ] The Queen of Spades and Iolanta . " Even Rimsky @-@ Korsakov was not immune . Taruskin writes that the seventh scene of Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's opera Christmas Eve , written in 1895 , is " replete with ' wig and farthingale ' music " , based on the second act of The Queen of Spades . While he remained genial in public , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov personally found the situation with Tchaikovsky more conflicting . He was uncomfortable that Tchaikovsky was becoming more popular among Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's followers , and had developed a jealous resentment of Tchaikovsky 's greater fame . He confessed his fears to his friend , the Moscow critic Semyon Kruglikov , writing that if Tchaikovsky followed through with a contemplated move to Saint Petersburg , a group of followers " will immediately form around him , which Lyadov and Glazunov will certainly join , and after them many others ... [ O ] ur youth will drown ( and not only our youth — look at Lyadov ) in a sea of eclecticism that will rob them of their individuality . " About this eclecticism , and Tchaikovsky 's part in it , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov wrote in his memoirs , seemingly matter @-@ of @-@ factly , " By this time quite an accretion of new elements and young blood had accumulated in Belyayev 's circle . New times , new birds , new songs . " Yet to Kruglikov he confessed in 1890 , " New times , new birds , new birds [ sic ] , new songs — except our birds are not so new , and the new songs they sing are worse than the old ones . " Even with these private reservations , when Tchaikovsky attended Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's nameday party in May 1893 , along with Belyayev , Glazunov and Lyadov , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov asked Tchaikovsky personally if he would conduct four concerts of the Russian Musical Society in Saint Petersburg the following season . After some hesitation , Tchaikovsky agreed . As a condition for Tchaikovsky 's engagement , the Russian Musical Society required a list of works that he planned to conduct . Among the items on the list Tchaikovsky supplied were Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's Third Symphony and Glazunov 's orchestral fantasy The Forest . At the first of these appearances , on October 28 , 1893 , Tchaikovsky conducted the premiere of his Sixth Symphony , along with his First Piano Concerto with Adele aus der Ohe as soloist . Tchaikovsky did not live to conduct the other three concerts , as he died on November 6 , 1893 . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov stood in for him at the second of these events , an all @-@ Tchaikovsky concert in memory of the composer , on December 12 , 1893 . The program included the Fourth Symphony , Francesca da Rimini , Marche Slave and some solo piano works played by Felix Blumenfeld . = = Legacy = = While the Belyayev circle remained a nationalistic school of composition , its exposure to Tchaikovsky and his music made it more readily amenable to Western practices of composition , producing works that were a synthesis of nationalist tradition and Western technique . Overall , however , the degree of influence Tchaikovsky 's music had on the Belyayev composers was short @-@ lived . They generally continued stylistically from where The Five stopped , falling back on clichés and mannerisms taken from the works of Rimsky @-@ Korsakov and Balakirev . Even in the case of Glazunov , who was deeply influenced by Tchaikovsky 's music when he wrote his Third Symphony , the shadow of Tchaikovsky would become less prevalent with his subsequent symphonies , and he would reconcile it , along with the earlier influences of Balakirev , Borodin and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , into an eclectic mature style . This eclecticism , according to musicologist Boris Schwarz , would effectively rob Glazunov 's music of " the ultimate stamp of originality " , and its academicism would tend to overpower Glazunov 's inspiration . These traits would hold true for works by other Belyayev composers , as well , with the " gradual academization of the Russian school " leading to " the emergence of production @-@ line ' Russian style ' pieces , polished and correct , but lacking originality " . Tchaikovsky 's music remained popular in Russia as well as abroad , and his scholarly prowess was admired by the Belyayev circle ; however , these composers chose not to emulate his style . Composers who wished to be part of this group and desired Belyayev 's patronage had to write in a musical style approved by Glazunov , Lyadov and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov . That approved style , Maes writes , included harmonies from the coronation scene in Mussorgsky 's opera Boris Godunov , the colorful harmonization and octotonicism of Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's operas Mlada and Sadko , and Balakirev 's folk @-@ song stylizations . These elements " served as a store of recipes for writing Russian national music . In the portrayal of the national character ... these techniques prevailed over the subjects portrayed . " Taruskin writes that echoing this style of writing became the prime order of business , with absolute music such as symphonies and chamber works preferred over the program music favored by The Five , and quasi @-@ oriental themes such as those used in Balakirev 's Islamey and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's Scheherazade scoffed at . The trend toward writing in the preferred style would continue at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory after Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's retirement in 1906 , with his son @-@ in @-@ law Maximilian Steinberg in charge of composition classes at the Conservatory through the 1920s . Dmitri Shostakovich would complain about Steinberg 's musical conservatism , typified by such phrases as " the inviolable foundations of the kuchka " , and the " sacred traditions of Nikolai Andreyevich [ Rimsky @-@ Korsakov ] " . ( Kuchka , short for Moguchaya kuchka or " Mighty Handful " , was another name for The Five . ) Eventually , the Belyayev aesthetic spread as more of its composers took up academic posts in music conservatories throughout Russia . Mikhail Ippolitov @-@ Ivanov became director of the Moscow Conservatory , where Tchaikovsky had once exerted great influence , and Reinhold Glière likewise in Kiev , ensuring that these institutes " retained a direct link with the Belyayev aesthetic " . The triumph of the Belyayev circle could be seen as the worst of both worlds from The Five and Tchaikovsky for two reasons . First , from Tchaikovsky and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , the Belyayevets realized the importance of a solid academic grounding , but they took the importance of their conservatory training to extremes , and devolved into academicism and epigonism . They failed to take into account that Tchaikovsky transcended what authority David Brown calls " the heavy conditioning of his conservatory training " through his " innate Russianness and his love of his own country 's folk music " , and that Rimsky @-@ Korsakov similarly transcended a period of extremely pedantic music writing to arrive at a more balanced style . Second , the Belyayevets got the idea from The Five of a school to which all members would adhere , but they took adherence to their school to the point of mediocrity , with " a safe conformism " becoming " increasingly the rule " . This was the point that composer César Cui , a former member of The Five , made in his article " Fathers and Sons " in 1888 , when he wrote , " Despite the frequent contact of all the fathers with one another , each of them preserved intact his individuality . It is enough to glance at a single page of music by one of the fathers to say with certainty that it is the work of Borodin , Balakirev , Mussorgsky , Tchaikovsky , or [ Rimsky- ] Korsakov . The music of the sons is the music of clones . " Taruskin adds , The institutionalization and professionalization of musical life against which Stasov had fought tooth and nail in the 1860s was now a fait accompli , and composers of the New Russian School occupied all seats of authority . They " extended despotic power over the style and form " of their students ' work , attempting to " force it into a certain academic mold . " They presided over " a fruitless distribution of awards and prizes " and oversaw the " proliferation of volumes of worthless compositions . " = Beyond the First Amendment = Beyond the First Amendment : The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism is a book about freedom of speech and the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , written by author Samuel Peter Nelson . It was published by Johns Hopkins University Press in 2005 . In it , Nelson discusses how the more general notion of free speech differs from that specifically applied to the First Amendment in American law . The book was positively received in reviews from academic and legal journals . Choice : Current Reviews for Academic Libraries recommended the book due to its thought @-@ provoking propositions , and a review in The Journal of Politics described it as " a nice effort to explore free speech issues not covered by the First Amendment or constitutional law " . A review in the journal Political Communication concluded of the author 's argumentation : " His is indeed a theory fraught with possibilities both favorable and unfavorable to an expanded scope for the contents of free speech " . Law and Politics Book Review concluded " Beyond the First Amendment is an intriguing and important contribution to the literature on free speech " . = = Author = = Samuel Peter Nelson graduated from Northwestern University with a Bachelor of Arts degree . He subsequently obtained a PhD from the University of Wisconsin @-@ Madison . Nelson is an associate professor in the department of political science and public administration at the University of Toledo , having joined the department in 2001 . = = Contents = = Nelson 's work discusses the differences between concepts in the United States involving the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , and the larger notion of freedom of speech . The author discusses complex problems involving cyberspace communications and discourse which takes place on the Internet , and puts forth the supposition that such speech is not as easily addressed by the United States Constitution . Nelson points out that legal matters dealing with free speech in society often occur outside the United States or through regulation of online parties by sovereign state entities , and thus do not always directly fall within the jurisdiction of the United States government and American law . Nelson introduces the concept of a " pluralist framework " to address the various factors which drive free speech . = = Analysis = = Beyond the First Amendment is cited as a reference in the Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties edited by Paul Finkelman , and Self @-@ Examination : The Present and Future of Librarianship by John M. Budd . The book received a positive reception from a review in Choice : Current Reviews for Academic Libraries by M. W. Bowers of the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , who wrote : " The work is recommended reading for its provocative argument " . In a review of the book in The Journal of Politics , Mark A. Graber of the University of Maryland pointed out how the book 's author highlights areas of free speech which fall outside the jurisdiction of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , and commented : " This effort to highlight important free speech issues in areas that are not governed by the First Amendment offers a particularly promising avenue for political scientists interested in American constitutionalism . Doctrinal scholarship is dominated by law professors who have special training in making legal arguments . By comparison , the constitutional issues that arise outside of constitutional law discussed in Beyond the First Amendment require the sort of special training in political theory and public policy that marks education in the social sciences . " Graber concluded , " Beyond the First Amendment highlights how most crucial questions in institutional settings concern the value that ought to be placed on certain expressions rather than the legal right to engage in that expression " . Peter G. Fish of Duke University reviewed Beyond the First Amendment for Political Communication , and wrote that Nelson 's arguments within the book " provide able and well @-@ crafted analyses of identifiable problems in communications " . Fish analyzed the nature of Nelson 's argumentation , and commented " Nelson is seemingly offering a cost ( injury to society ) -benefit analysis for specific exercises of all kinds of speech in the context of all sorts of social values and relationships irrespective of whether such relationships are found in the public or private sphere " . Fish discussed Nelson 's concepts within the framework of changing viewpoints on free speech through varying mediums of communication including online fora and speech in other venues : " How to weigh these elements also figures in Nelson 's consideration of the Internet with its capacity for international communications — how to weigh the intent of an Internet speaker against an unintended hostile foreign audience shielded by its own local laws or even remote , but culturally distinctive , domestic audiences for that matter " . He posits that Nelson 's plurality theory contains elements which would impact free speech in the future : " What Nelson terms ' incommensurable values ' embedded in remote legal cultures not perceived by the speaker requires close attention to context , speaker 's intention or lack thereof , and ' uptake ' on the part of distant audiences . His is indeed a theory fraught with possibilities both favorable and unfavorable to an expanded scope for the contents of free speech " . Professor Steven B. Lichtman of the department of political science at the University of Vermont reviewed the book for the Law and Politics Book Review , and identified Nelson 's pluralist theory as a significant contribution . Lichtman commented , " The most important contribution of Beyond the First Amendment is its attempt to offer up a new model for understanding and safeguarding free speech " . He praised the author for supporting his model with case history : " As a purely philosophical matter , Nelson ’ s pluralist framework is certainly intriguing . The model must be more than a mere talking point , though , and Nelson wisely endeavors to show how the pluralist framework can be deployed as a means of resolving actual cases " . Lichtman concluded by recommending the work for academic scholars : " Beyond the First Amendment is an intriguing and important contribution to the literature on free speech . While it is likely beyond the grasp of all but the most talented undergraduates , its overview of First Amendment theory is an excellent resource for graduate students beginning to explore the field . For scholars , it is a challenging and provocative work sure to cause us to reassess how we teach and write about the subject " . = Michael Symes = Michael Symes ( born 31 October 1983 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker . He started his career as a trainee with Everton , playing in attack with future England international Wayne Rooney . He moved to Bradford City after he failed to break into the Everton side but after two injury @-@ ravaged seasons with Bradford he moved to Shrewsbury Town , following a short loan spell . He spent three seasons with Shrewsbury , then joined Accrington Stanley in July 2009 after a loan period the previous season . His most successful campaign in terms of goals was with Accrington , which resulted in a summer move to newly promoted Bournemouth in 2010 . After two years there , he moved on to Leyton Orient , then Burton Albion , initially on a temporary deal , before being released in 2014 . He played two matches for Southport in 2015 . = = Career = = = = = Everton = = = Symes was born in Great Yarmouth , in East Anglia , but moved to Liverpool as a young child , he attended St johns junior school before moving on to Holy rosary / Maricourt High School . Symes started his career as a trainee at his boyhood heroes , Everton , with whom he reached the final of the 2002 FA Youth Cup , playing up @-@ front with Wayne Rooney . Symes scored 31 goals from 51 games at youth level for Everton , including 5 goals in 9 games for the reserves , however injuries over the next season and a half restricted his progress to the Everton first team , In March 2004 , he joined Crewe Alexandra on loan for the rest of the 2003 – 04 season making his debut as a substitute against Nottingham Forest on 27 March . He played four games during his loan spell , starting once against Coventry City when he scored his first senior goal in a 3 – 1 win . = = = Bradford City = = = Crewe manager Dario Gradi decided not to offer a contract to Symes , who instead spent a period on trial at Bradford City , which included an 8 – 1 pre @-@ season friendly win over Farsley Celtic . He signed for the League One side in July 2004 with fellow former Everton trainee Steven Schumacher , with whom he lived during his spell at Bradford . Symes made his Bradford debut in a 2 – 1 defeat at Hartlepool United on the opening day of the 2004 – 05 season . Three days later he missed a late penalty which would have secured Bradford victory over Peterborough United in a game in which Symes was also booked . Symes was dropped from the first team after Bradford signed Dele Adebola . When Bradford were allowed special dispensation to sign Neil Roberts , Bradford tried to give Symes a loan transfer to Darlington but the deal was blocked by the Football League . The following month , Symes scored his first goals for Bradford when he came off the bench at half @-@ time to score twice in a 3 – 1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday on 23 October 2004 . They were the only goals he scored that season from just 15 games . Before the following season started , Symes was loaned out to Macclesfield Town for six months , but in July he suffered an ankle injury keeping him out until September . He never played for Macclesfield meaning his action in 2005 was limited to just 35 minutes on New Year 's Day . Instead he joined Stockport County in another loan deal in January 2006 , where he made his one and only appearance in a 1 – 1 draw with Torquay United on 31 January 2006 . He returned to Bradford and played another three games , scoring in a 1 – 1 draw with Brentford on 8 April 2006 . However his season again ended early when he pulled his hamstring during the draw with Brentford . Symes later admitted " it never happened " for him at City and that his confidence was shattered by manager Colin Todd . = = = Shrewsbury Town = = = At the start of the 2006 – 07 season , Symes was kept on at Bradford but started the season on loan at Shrewsbury Town . He made his Town debut as a late substitute in the opening game of the season in a 2 – 2 draw with Mansfield Town . He scored in his second appearance , when he again came on as substitute , as Shrewsbury defeated Boston United 5 – 0 . He started his first game in the League Cup against Birmingham City as Shrewsbury lost 1 – 0 . His move from Bradford was made permanent by the end of the August transfer window . He had started just six games in two seasons with Bradford . He scored the second brace of his career to give Shrewsbury a 2 – 1 victory over Hereford United in the Football League Trophy first round , a competition in which Shrewsbury eventually reached the southern section semi @-@ final stage . In January 2007 , his contract was extended further , lasting until summer 2009 . He scored 13 goals in his first season at Shrewsbury , but was also given the first red card of his career in a game against Mansfield Town , as they missed out on promotion when they lost 3 – 1 to Bristol Rovers in the play @-@ off final at Wembley Stadium . Symes was not a regular in the Shrewsbury side at the start of the 2007 – 08 season , making 12 starts and nine substitute appearances as he scored just three goals . In January 2008 , he rejoined Macclesfield Town with defender Neil Ashton on loan until the end of the season . Despite his exit , Shrewsbury manager Gary Peters said the pair could both return to Shrewsbury at the end of the season . He played his first Macclesfield game in a 1 – 0 defeat to Peterborough on 12 January , and scored his first goal as Macclesfield drew 1 – 1 with Milton Keynes Dons on 29 January . It was his only goal in his first eight games and he was dropped for Macclesfield 's 3 – 0 defeat against Peterborough on 23 February when he came on as a substitute in the 44th minute . He returned to the side a week later for new manager Keith Alexander 's first match against Notts County when Macclesfield were denied a victory by a late goal from Richard Butcher . While Symes was on loan at Macclesfield , Shrewsbury manager Peters left the club and was replaced with Paul Simpson , who promised Symes and other players out on loan that he would monitor their progress and build his own opinion of them . Macclesfield were involved in a relegation fight during Symes ' stay and it was not until a 1 – 0 victory over Chesterfield on the penultimate weekend of the season that Macclesfield ensured they would be in the league the following season . Symes played 14 games , four as substitute , but scored just one goal during his stay with Macclesfield . Symes returned to Shrewsbury and started pre @-@ season training ahead of the 2008 – 09 season , having been told by Simpson that he would be given the same chance as any other player at Shrewsbury to impress , and also personally vowing to force his way into the manager 's first @-@ team plans . However , Simpson signed new strikers during the summer including Grant Holt , who cost a club record £ 170 @,@ 000 , and Symes spent the start of the season out of the team . After scoring six goals in two consecutive reserve games , Symes earned his first game for the first team , when he came off the bench to score a late equaliser and earn Shrewsbury a 2 – 2 draw with Notts County on 30 August . After starting in a 2 – 1 Football League Trophy victory against Exeter City , he was again sidelined when he picked up a knee injury . He returned to action in mid @-@ October , when he came on as substitute to give Shrewsbury a late equaliser against Port Vale , only for Vale to score another goal to give them victory . In November 2008 , he was again sent out on loan , this time to Bournemouth , also in League Two , for one month . Simpson said : " We have a big squad and I felt that the opportunity for Michael to go and get a month out on loan at Bournemouth would do him the world of good . " Symes made his debut for Bournemouth on 15 November , as they lost 3 – 0 to Accrington Stanley . He returned to Shrewsbury at the end of his month loan spell , in which he failed to score from five appearances . He was immediately recalled to the Shrewsbury squad and came on as a second @-@ half substitute in a 1 – 0 defeat to league leaders Wycombe Wanderers the following weekend . Because of injury problems , Symes played only three more games , before he moved on loan , this time to Accrington Stanley , another League Two side . He made his Accrington debut the day following his transfer , helping them to a 2 – 1 victory at home to Exeter City . Symes scored with a headed goal to give Accrington a 1 – 0 victory against Grimsby Town , which proved to be the only goal he recorded in seven games for Accrington , before he returned to Shrewsbury Town at the end of the season . However he was one of seven players released by Simpson after they lost the play @-@ off final . = = = Accrington Stanley = = = As a result of his loan spell at Accrington , Symes was one of five signings made by their manager John Coleman on the same day at the start of pre @-@ season training in July 2009 . Symes scored his first goal of the new season with a late consolation goal for Accrington in a 2 – 1 League Cup defeat to Queens Park Rangers , before scoring his first league goal later the same week against former team Shrewsbury Town but in another defeat . After an improved run of form , Symes ' first two @-@ goal haul for Accrington in a 5 – 3 victory over another of his former teams , Crewe Alexandra , helped his new side into the top @-@ half of the League Two table . Symes also scored goals in the FA Cup and the Football League Trophy , helping Accrington to the third round of the former competition and into the northern zone semi @-@ finals against Leeds United in the latter . His goals helped Symes land December 's League Two Player of the Month and an offer of a contract extension by Accrington to fend off reported interest from other clubs during the January 2010 transfer window . However , Symes announced he would not sign a new contract during the transfer window increasing the chance he could leave on a free transfer during the summer on a Bosman ruling transfer . Two weeks later , Accrington announced they had rejected two bids from fellow League Two side Grimsby Town for their striker . One bid included striker Barry Conlon moving in the opposite direction . The second bid was reported to be a six @-@ figure sum . Symes continued his rich vein of form as his 14th goal of the season — making it his most productive season to date — levelled the scoring against Premier League Fulham in the FA Cup fourth round . A victory would have given Stanley a fifth round place for the first time in their history , but they eventually lost 3 – 1 . In the crowd at the club 's following game was Preston North End 's new manager Darren Ferguson to become Symes ' latest suitor . Despite the interest in Symes , no further bids were reported by Accrington for him or for midfielder Bobby Grant as the January transfer window closed . Symes finished the season with 19 goals — his best return of his career to that point — with 13 of those coming in the league . = = = Bournemouth = = = With his contract at Accrington having expired , Symes turned down Accrington 's contract offer and instead rejoined Bournemouth on 4 June 2010 ahead of their first season back in League One . Symes was one of three players signed on the same day — they were Bournemouth 's first permanent signings in 17 months after the Football League lifted the club 's transfer embargo . Symes was injured during pre @-@ season but made his second Bournemouth debut on the opening day of the 2010 – 11 season against Charlton Athletic as a half @-@ time substitute . Bournemouth lost the game 1 – 0 but played against ten @-@ men for the last half @-@ hour after defender José Semedo was sent off for a bad tackle on Symes . He was again a substitute for his side 's League Cup match before he made his first start the following weekend as Bournemouth defeated Peterborough United 5 – 1 and a week later he grabbed his first Bournemouth goal with a penalty in a 3 – 0 win against Tranmere Rovers . However , Symes soon suffered a shoulder injury , which required specialist treatment and kept him out for nearly a month . With Bournemouth 's form pushing them towards the top of the league , Symes admitted he would have to prove himself again to manager Eddie Howe . Bournemouth , however , suffered a number of injuries to strikers , and they risked bringing Symes back early . He was brought on as a half @-@ time substitute against Carlisle United and helped lead his side to a 2 – 0 victory by scoring the second goal . He instantly won a place in Bournemouth 's starting team and followed up his goal @-@ scoring performance by netting twice against Exeter City to put Bournemouth second in the table . He soon spent another six weeks on the sidelines because of a shoulder injury before returning in November . His injury problems continued during the winter and he struggled to gain a run of games in the team meaning he did not score again until February at which point he scored in three successive matches . On the final day of the January 2012 transfer deadline window , Symes rejoined his former Accrington manager John Coleman by joining Rochdale on loan for the rest of the season . He made his debut on 14 February , replacing Ashley Grimes in the 58th minute of a 1 – 0 loss to Scunthorpe United at Glanford Park . His first goals for the Dale came on 17 March in a 3 – 2 win over neighbours Oldham Athletic , a hat @-@ trick concluding with a penalty which he won after being fouled by James Tarkowski . Two weeks later , he scored the only other goal of his 15 @-@ match loan spell , an 82nd @-@ minute penalty in a 3 – 3 draw with Walsall at Spotland , having earlier missed an open goal when set up by Jean @-@ Louis Akpa Akpro . On 14 May , he was one of four players released by new Bournemouth manager Paul Groves . = = = Leyton Orient / Burton Albion = = = On 28 June 2012 , along with Mathieu Baudry , completed a free transfer to fellow League One club Leyton Orient on a two @-@ year deal after being released by Bournemouth . On 14 August , he made his debut in the first round of the League Cup away to Charlton Athletic , replacing David Mooney in the 64th minute of a 1 – 1 draw at The Valley and converting his attempt in the subsequent penalty shootout which his team won 4 – 3 . Four days later on his league debut , he replaced Kevin Lisbie with 21 minutes remaining and scored a penalty consolation in a 3 – 1 loss at Tranmere Rovers . On 5 December , he scored his only other goal for the O 's , another penalty to confirm a 3 – 0 win at Northampton Town in the second round of the Football League Trophy , seven minutes after replacing Mooney . Symes was loaned to League Two Burton Albion on 31 January 2013 , until the end of the season . He made his debut two days later , away to bottom @-@ placed AFC Wimbledon , and equalised for a 1 – 1 draw in the 36th minute . He scored 4 goals in 15 appearances as the team made the play @-@ offs , being eliminated by his former employers Bradford . On 29 July 2013 , Symes signed a permanent deal for Burton . He came on as a 78th @-@ minute substitute for Rene Howe in a League Cup second round game against Championship team Fulham at the Pirelli Stadium on 27 August , and nearly scored the winning goal , which was disallowed for offside . When the game finished 1 – 1 after 90 minutes , he headed the Brewers into the lead in the 102nd , and when it finished 2 – 2 and went to penalties , he scored the first attempt although his team lost 5 – 4 nonetheless . On 28 May 2014 , he was released by manager Gary Rowett . Returning to Merseyside , Symes played two matches as late substitute for Southport in the Conference in April 2015 , his debut coming on the 3rd , when he replaced Richard Brodie for the final 13 minutes of a 2 – 0 loss at Altrincham . Eight days later , he came on at the same point for a loss by the same score at Bristol Rovers . = = Career statistics = = Updated to 15 January 2013 . = Andriamasinavalona = King Andriamasinavalona ( 1675 – 1710 ) , also known as Andrianjakanavalondambo , was a King of Imerina in the central highlands of Madagascar . He made significant and enduring contributions to the social , political and economic life of Imerina . Chief among these was the expansion of his territories and the pacification and unification of certain principalities that had become locked in violent conflict ; Andriamasinavalona established and ruled over the largest extent of the Kingdom of Imerina . He gave the name of Antananarivo to the capital city that was rapidly expanding around the royal palace on the hill of Analamanga , created a large public square at Andohalo outside the gates of the city , and named a series of other locations within the city . He also took possession of a distant hill he renamed Ambohimanga as a lodging for his son Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana ; the royal city that developed there has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The innovations of Andriamasinavalona were numerous and enduring . He created two additional noble castes and defined their associated rights , responsibilities and restrictions , and was responsible for introducing the tradition of the red parasol as an indicator of royalty ; he also decreed that all women had the right to choose their husbands . Trade with the Sakalava kingdom enabled this king to increase the firearms , cannons and gunpowder available for the defense of the kingdom , and expanded the availability of luxury items like silver piastres and porcelain dishes . The dikes around the Betsimitatatra rice fields of Antananarivo were expanded and raised to help ensure against famine . In the interest of strengthening the defenses of the kingdom , Andriamasinavalona divided his realm into four quadrants to be ruled by his four favorite sons . This decision had the opposite effect , however ; each was interested in expanding his own realm , prompting one son to kidnap the king and hold him hostage for seven years . After the king 's eventual release , he famously committed a mock human sacrifice to re @-@ sanctify his authority . Upon his death , Andriamasinavalona 's sons launched military campaigns against one another to seize each other 's territories , triggering 77 years of civil war in Imerina . In Madagascar today , Andriamasinavalona 's reign is remembered as a golden age of justice , harmony and prosperity . = = Early life and accession to throne = = Andriamasinavalona was born Prince Andrianjakanavalondambo in the historic Merina capital of Alasora to his father King Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe and mother Rampanambonitany . He was made Prince of Alasora upon his father 's death in 1670 ; his older brother , Andrianjaka Razakatsitakatrandriana , was named king . Andriamasinavalona ascended to the kingship of Imerina upon the deposition of his brother in 1675 . The deposed king fled to the Sakalava kingdom to the west and attempted unsuccessfully to secure military support there to regain the throne . Two enduring royal traditions emerged in Imerina as a consequence of the power struggle between Andriamasinavalona and his older brother . Some versions of oral history describe a combat between their armies at Ambohibato in which Andriamasinavalona emerged victorious . He erected a commemorative stone at the battle site that he named Ankazonorona , designating it the site where newly enthroned kings would stand to receive their first expression of hasina ( homage , affirmation of authority ) from their subjects . Andriamasinavalona also introduced the practice of gathering his subjects to consult them and obtain their consent before making certain decisions . This practice was continued by subsequent rulers in Imerina . = = Family and descendents = = Andriamasinavalona married twelve wives and produced nine sons and one daughter . The children of four of his wives would go on to rule their own kingdoms : Ratompoindroandriana gave birth to Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana at Ambohimanga ; Ramananandrianjaka gave birth to Andriantomponimerina at Ambohidratrimo ; Ramananimerina had her son Andrianjakanavalona at Antananarivo ; and Rasolomanambonitany had Andrianavalonimerina near Ambohitrabiby . The children of four other wives would renounce all claims to the throne : Andriamborosy and Rafaralahimanjaka , born to Renilambo in Ambohidrapeto ; Andriantsilavo , born to Ranavalona in Anosimanjaka ; Andrianavalona , born to Rakalafohy in Isoraka ; and Andriankotofananina , born to Reninandriankotofananina in Anosipatrana . The descendents of Andriamasinavalona 's wives who renounced claim to the throne were ennobled by him as the royal Andriamasinavalona class . The remaining four marriages ( to wives Ralanimboahangy , Raseranolona , Ranavalotomponimerina and Ramanamabahoaka ) would not produce children , but one of these wives - Ralanimboahangy - adopted a girl named Andriamanitrinitany . She was housed with her adoptive mother at Ambohipeno and died without producing children of her own , although she likewise adopted a child named Ramasina , who was most likely the son of her sister . = = Reign = = Andriamasinavalona is remembered in Imerina as a king of significant achievements . He is credited with unifying a number of warring principalities in Imerina and expanding the territory of the kingdom to its largest extent . He created the Andohalo town square outside the gate of Antananarivo , where all successive sovereigns delivered their royal speeches and announcements to the public . Andriamasinavalona gave the city - previously called by the name of its hill , Analamanga - its current name of Antananarivo , and assigned the names of numerous locations within the city , based on the names of similar sites in the nearby village of Antananarivokely . During his reign the production of the Betsimitatatra rice fields around Antananarivo was dramatically increased . He also increased the number of guns and quantity of gunpowder in Imerina through trade with neighboring kingdoms , and imported the kingdom 's first cannons for its defense . Other innovations included the importation and fabrication of plates made from sea turtle skin . He strengthened the social order by creating two new noble castes , putting in place further restrictions and responsibilities for each , and decreeing the right of every woman to choose her own husband . Under Andriamasinavalona 's rule , the political administration of Imerina became more clearly defined . The number of andriana ( noble ) sub @-@ castes was expanded from four to six and additional roles and specific territories were designated for each group , both within the neighborhoods of Antananarivo and in the countryside surrounding the capital . These territorial divisions were strictly enforced : members of subcastes were required to live within their designated territories and were not authorized to stay for extended periods in the territories reserved for others . Andriamasinavalona decentralized governance and strengthened the power of local administrators by creating a series of new decrees that further formalized the relationship between the andriana and the hova ( commoners ) they ruled . The king 's reign was marked by a drought lasting seven years that caused a famine in much of Imerina . According to oral history , the king attempted to purchase rice from his fief at Ambohipiainana . The town had a surplus but the local leader refused to sell rice to Andriamasinavalona , claiming none was available . The king then sent porters to purchase rice from Antsahatovoka , where the residents declared that while the land was his and it was thus unnecessary for the king to purchase what already belonged to him , there was no rice available to share . Finally Andriamasinavalona sought to purchase rice in Andraisisa . His money was refused by the local leader , Andriandrivotra , who willingly gave the king large shares of food and a tribute of silver . To reward the leader of the fief , Andriamasinavalona promised to give him anything he liked . Andriandrivotra declared that all he desired was the love of his sovereign . To show his appreciation , Andriamasinavalona declared that he would make Andriasisa into a great fief , and gave Andriandrivotra a large piece of land to the west of the territory . He then undertook a major expansion of the Betsimitatatra rice fields around Antananarivo , significantly increasing their rice production to feed the populace . = = = Sociopolitical restructuring = = = Andriamasinavalona 's reorganization and refinement of the subdivisions of the noble class took into account the precedents set by earlier Merina kings Andrianjaka and Ralambo . He declared that only members of the Zazamarolahy ( " Numerous Children " ) caste , composed of nobles descended from Andrianjaka 's children , could be shaded by the red parasol of royalty ; the tradition of the royal parasol was introduced to Imerina during Andriamasinavalona 's reign and persisted until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1897 . He also decreed that their tombs should be topped with a tranomasina , a small wooden house without windows or hearth and containing their worldly riches , where their spirit could return to visit after death . Unlike other noble subcastes , the Zazamarolahy were not constrained to inhabit a particular neighborhood , as Andriamasinavalona acknowledged the privilege of future sovereigns to determine the proximity of these most influential nobles according to the particularities of changing circumstances . Andriamasinavalona also narrowed the pool of potential future sovereigns by restricting this right to a new sub @-@ group within the Zazamarolahy , which he termed Zanak 'andriana ( " Children of the Sovereign " ) . This group comprised all the descendents of the royal wives who had given birth to the king 's four designated heirs . New rulers could only be selected from among this new sub @-@ class of nobles . The four wives of King Andriamasinavalona whose children were not chosen to rule one of the four districts of Imerina were assigned the noble sub @-@ caste of " Andriamasinavalona " and transferred this ranking to their descendents . The king declared that members of this sub @-@ caste would inhabit Ambatobevanja , at the southern limit of the neighborhood of Andohalo in Antananarivo , just outside the walls of the royal palace . Although not authorized to rule the kingdom , the Andriamasinavalona were deemed societal elders and gained the right to become " masters of the fief " ( tompo @-@ menakely ) and construct tranomasina on their tombs . They were also assigned the honor of burying deceased sovereigns and carrying out sacrifices requested by the king . Outside of Antananarivo , the Zazamarolahy and the Andriamasinavalona settled throughout Imerina in the individual fiefs centered around the hill towns that they governed . In this way , nobles always lived in close proximity to the people they ruled , ensured their defense and provided for their livelihood . Andriamasinavalona established new rules to strengthen the authority of the tompo @-@ menakely over their subjects . Inhabitants of the fief paid taxes ( isam @-@ pangady ) to the local lord , and offered him the hindquarters of all slaughtered zebu as tribute . Parents who adopted or disowned a child paid a fee of one silver piastre to the lord , and the property of those who died without children would revert to the king , who would share it with him . The inhabitants of a fief were bound to execute any work or task ordered by the tompo @-@ menakely . The authority of the lord was highly independent and interference of the king was infrequent , in part due to the close kinship ties uniting the king to the Zazamarolahy and Andriamasinavalona sub @-@ castes . The Zana @-@ tompo ( or Andriantompokoindrindra ) were also considered elders , and Andriamasinavalona decreed that kings would henceforth select their wives and royal food tasters from among this caste . The rites pertaining to circumcision were another honor reserved for the Zana @-@ tompo . The king decreed that they should inhabit the countryside south of the capital extending from Ambavahadimitafo southward to Ambatolampy . Outside of Antananarivo , the Zana @-@ tompo lived in the village of Ambohimalaza . The Andriamboninolona ( or Zanakambony ) , Andriandranando ( or Zafinandriandranando ) and Zanaralambo were considered junior nobles . They were excluded from most of the rules imposed on other noble castes and exempted from fanampoana ( forced labor in lieu of monetary tax payment ) . Instead , they were made responsible for maintaining a key dike that supported irrigation of the capital 's rice paddies , producing the silk used to make the king 's clothing , and conscripting soldiers for the king 's army . They were also responsible for gathering used hoes for the royal blacksmiths to melt down and then supervise the artisans as the metal was crafted into nails , shackles and other forged objects . Within Antananarivo , the territory of the Andriamboninolona , designated generations before by King Andrianjaka , included the neighborhood of Ambatomasina ( east of Andohalo ) and extended from Ambohitantely eastward to Ambatolampy and north to the principal road that led to Ambavahadimasina . The neighborhoods reserved in Antananarivo for the Andriandranando , also decreed by Andrianjaka , laid to the northeast of Andohalo and extended from Ambavahadimasina in the west to Ambohimanoro in the east , and from the road to Ambavahadimasina northward to Ambatonandriankoto . King Andriamasinavalona decreed that within the capital city , the Zanaralambo would live in the area delimited by Ambohitsoa to the southwest , Ambodivoanonoka to the east , and Andohalokely in the north . Outside the capital , each group had its designated villages . The Andriamboninolona lived in Ambohitromby , Fieferana , Ambohipiainana and Ambohitriniandriana . The Andriandranando lived in Soamanandrarina , Betsizaraina , Ambohibe , Ihadiambola and Akadindramamy . Finally , the Zanaralambo inhabited Lazaina , Ambatofotsy and Masindray . In addition to these new roles for noble sub @-@ castes , Andriamasinavalona singled out the Antehiroka as sacred royal advisers and custodians of ancestral traditions related to circumcision . This clan was formed of the descendents of Andriampirokana and his two sons , themselves descendents of a vazimba king . Andriampirokana befriended King Ralambo and played an integral part in establishing the tradition of circumcision in Imerina . The collection of water gourds and arranging of freshly woven mats for use in the ceremony were made the responsibility of this clan . The Antehiroka were also tasked with delivering royal benedictions , receiving hasina ( tribute ) on behalf of the king , and wrapping deceased sovereigns in the traditional lambamena shroud . In Antananarivo , the Antehiroka were placed in Ampamaho , the location of their clan tomb . In the countryside , Andriamasinavalona decreed that they should inhabit Ambohitrinimanga and Amboditsiry . = = = Expansion of realm = = = At the time of Andriamasinavalona 's reign , the highlands around Imerina were wracked with violent conflict among minor princedoms centered around fortified hill towns . Andriamasinavalona successfully united a number of these principalities in the territory bordering his own , thereby expanding the boundaries of Imerina to include Fanongoavana to the west , Rangaina to the north , Ombifotsy to the east and Sahasarotra to the south . As he brought each territory under his control , he restricted the autonomy of its original rulers and imposed strict submission to his own authority . His diplomatic and political conquests enabled Andriamasinavalona to extend his kingdom to its fullest historical extent , making him the first Merina sovereign to rule over the entire province of Imerina . The first of these four territories to be incorporated into Imerina was Fanongoavana , then a principality ruled by Andriampanarivofomanjaka . Continual threats to his kingdom 's security led Andriampanarivofomanjaka to secretly travel to the Rova of Antananarivo to pledge submission to Andriamasinavalona . He was accompanied by seven advisers who eloquently communicated their master 's willingness to acknowledge Andriamasinavalona as his king . Andriamasinavalona accepted this offer and sealed the union of their territories by marrying Andriampanarivofomanjaka to his sister , Ranavalontsimitovy . Andriampanarivofomanjaka then returned to his realm , announced the union to his people , and then spoke with the leaders of the neighboring Bezanozano people to successfully persuade them to join the kingdom and benefit from Andriamasinavalona 's protection . The territory of Ombifotsy was ruled by Andriambahoakafovoanitany , who had a friendly relationship with Andriamasinavalona . The two agreed to a challenge : each would leave his palace simultaneously on a chosen Friday night , and walk toward the other 's palace until the two met . They crossed paths at the Ombifotsy ( " White Zebu " ) river , so named because the two sacrificed a white zebu there in honor of their friendship and the peace agreement between their two territories of Imamo and Imerina . Andriambahoakafovoanitany 's son dug a trench along the river , where he erected a stone to commemorate the agreement . Imamo was divided into four parts , each administered by one of Andriambahoakafovoanitany 's sons . In addition , Andriamasinavalona is credited with founding Ambohimanga , a site of spiritual and historical significance that was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 . Oral history recounts that Andriamasinavalona first remarked a distant hill named Ambohitrakanga when he noticed a bonfire lit on its southern face 24 kilometers away from his rova at Antananarivo ; the visibility of the site from his capital led Andriamasinavalona to desire the hill as a residence for his son , Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana . Andriamasinavalona gave the hill its current name , and when he divided the Kingdom of Imerina into four quadrants in 1710 , he gave the eastern quadrant of Avaradrano to Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana , who transformed his rova at Ambohimanga into its capital . = = = Division of Imerina = = = The greatest point of controversy in Andriamasinavalona 's reign was his decision to divide his kingdom among his four favorite sons : Andrianjakanavalonamandimby , Adrianmanotronavalonimerina , Andriantomponimerina I and Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana , who received the largest share of the land and was the most powerful of the four young sovereigns . Andriamasinavalona furthermore declared that his nephew Andriambonimena , his sister 's son , would replace his own sons and succeed him as king after his death to rule all of Imerina as a united whole . The controversial decision to divide Imerina into four sub @-@ kingdoms may have been rooted in the desire to reorganize the kingdom in accordance with traditional notions of symbolic unity as represented by the four cardinal points surrounding a unifying center termed the " heart of Imerina " ( Imerina efa @-@ toko ) . Andriamasinavalona believed the kingdom would be better defended by four brothers than by one alone , and that they could support one another in warding off attackers from the outside . According to oral history , Andriamasinavalona asked the guardian of Matsatso , one of the three most prominent royal idols , to ask the idol which of his sons should rule after him . The guardian hesitated to declare the idol 's choice , but after the king promised no ill reaction to the decision , the man declared the successor to be Andrianavalonimerina . However , the king had hoped that the successor would be another son , Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana . He decided to test the prophecy by sending one of his wives to the guardian 's house , where the population showed her respect by offering zebu for her to eat . The zebu cooked inconsistently , and the king interpreted this as a sign that the guardian was dishonest and intended to seize power himself , so Andriamasinavalona ordered him put to death and had the idol Matsatso discarded in a lake . He then asked the guardians of the two other idols ( Kelimalaza and Soratra ) to declare a successor ; the guardian of Soratra fled , while the guardian of Kelimalaza stated that only the king could choose his successor . Oral history relates that Andriamasinavalona then gathered the people at Andohalo to announce his decision . He requested the presence of his respected adviser and elder , Andriamampandry , who rebuffed the messenger by stating " I have no lamba . " The king sent him a lamba to wear , and the elder sent it back with the four corners torn off . The king again returned the lamba , and this time the elder trampled it in the mud . Nonetheless , Andriamampandry dressed in the lamba , declaring " What 's been torn can be mended , and what 's been dirtied can be cleaned , " then attended the king 's kabary . There , the king declared that he would divide his kingdom into four parts , each one a fief to be inhabited by his four favorite sons , who would participate in royal decision @-@ making without being made kings themselves . The two northern principalities had their capitals at Ambohimanga and Ambohidrabiby , while the capital of the western principality was located at Ambohidratrimo . The southern principality was ruled from Antananarivo by Andriantomponimerina . Andriamampandry tried on several occasions to warn Andriamasinavalona of the danger of administering the kingdom in this way . In one instance , he placed a hen in the middle of a room , then set one red rooster free in each corner . The roosters attacked one another viciously , leaving the king speechless . On another day , the elder brought four eagles to the king in a basket . When the basket was opened , the eagles flew wildly about the room , creating havoc . Andriamampandry warned the king that his realm would be no better off once his four sons got a taste of power . Andriamasinavalona recognized the danger but could not bear to choose which among his sons should be excluded from having a part in the decision @-@ making responsibilities of the kingdom , so ignored the elder 's advice . Finally Andriamampandry decided to give the king a very explicit warning . Andriamasinavalona had gathered his people in Andohalo to give a speech , when Andriamampandry set a bull loose into the crowd . In the panic that ensued , numerous people were gored or trampled to death , several pregnant women miscarried , and the gathering dispersed in chaos . The king demanded to know who had loosed the bull so that he may be executed , but when Andriamampandry took responsibility he warned the king that yet more blood would be spilled before the earth would be quenched . He then criticized the king for his concern over the relatively few deaths at the gathering , in light of the number of people who would die as a consequence of his division of Imerina . He further predicted that the prince at Ambohimanga would unite Imerina and lead it back to greatness . Andriamasinavalona reportedly had no response to give Andriamampandry , but instead hung his head in shame . The 19th century transcription of Merina oral history , Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara , relates that Andriamampandry privately assessed the leadership qualities of each of the four selected sons , with disappointing results . He presented Andriambonimena of Alasora with a beautiful parrot , which the prince killed and served as food . The elder concluded that he was " a gun that loads itself . " The oldest son , Andrianjakanavalonamandimby , was given a pot of honey , which he smashed in order to eat every last drop . Afterward Andriamampandry remarked that the kingdom had become a pot of honey without a lid , implying the first one to come along would be free to reach his hand inside and take all its bounty for himself . He visited Andriantomponimerina at Ambohidratrimo and offered him a zebu kidney ( considered unpalatable ) , which the prince ordered to be prepared as a meal nonetheless , leading the elder to remark , " This man can 't even resist the temptation to eat the kidney . " He visited Andrianavalonimerina at Ambohitrabiby carrying a lemon and a weaver 's stake , which the prince 's wife demanded he give to them , demonstrating their greediness . Andriamampandry also visited prince Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana at Ambohimanga , carrying an axe and a rope . The prince asked to borrow the two items , then ordered a servant to use the axe and rope to butcher a zebu , put some of the best meat in a basket , cook the rest of the good meat for their meal , and set aside the neck and the ribbed part of the tripe in a second basket . The elder dined with the prince and spent the night at the village . When Andriamampandry was about to leave , the prince returned the rope and axe , gave him the basket of fine meat for his wife , and gave him the second basket , declaring " These are the parts for the axe ( i.e. the neck ) and the rope ( i.e. the striated omasum ) . " Andriamampandry was deeply impressed by the hospitality and foresight of the prince . He related these incidents to Andriamasinavalona , who decided to test his sons in turn by calling them together to his house , then observing how they slept on the bed they shared there . Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana had his head highest on the pillow , but Andriamasinavalona failed to understand the significance of this , and Andriamampandry rebuked him , remarking " You are the king , and yet you do not understand ? " = = = Imprisonment = = = According to oral history , Andriamasinavalona was temporarily usurped through the trickery of his son Andriantomponimerina , who ruled the western territory from his rova at Ambohidratrimo . Once Andriamasinavalona 's sons had been installed in their territories , Andriantomponimerina tested his authority by imposing a particular hairstyle upon the Marovatana people he ruled , in disregard of the promise that the king had made to respect the diverse customs and taboos of Imerina . The Marovatana reminded the king of this vow and refused to submit , prompting the king and his sons to prepare for war against the people of the fief . This conflict provided the prince with an opportunity to seize power . Upon the suggestion of the prince 's half @-@ brother , Andrianentoarivo , the prince hid himself in a trench he dug into the dirt floor of his royal residence at Ambohidratrimo , then ordered his people to send word to his father that he was " in the ground " . Believing his son to be buried alive by the Marovatana as a punitive measure , Andriamasinavalona hurried to Ambohidratrimo carrying reeds as a symbol of peace ; upon the king 's entrance into the residence , however , Prince Andriantomponimerina locked Andriamasinavalona inside and refused to release him for the next seven years . During this time the prince repeatedly offered to free the king on the condition that Andriamasinavalona accept to transfer power to him , which the king repeatedly refused . Andriantomponimerina prevented his brothers from taking action against him by telling their messengers that the king simply preferred his company and had decided to reside with him at Ambohidratrimo . After some time , the king 's designated successor , Andriambonimena , launched a retaliatory attack against the prince 's half @-@ brother Andrianentoarivo at Ambohipotsy and successfully chased him from his fief . Andriantomponimerina recognized the need to take more dramatic action to consolidate his grip on power and sent a messenger to the Sakalava king requesting his support . The Sakalava reaffirmed their loyalty to Andriamasinavalona , however , and threatened to attack the prince if the rightful king was not released from his captivity . According to one version of the oral history , having failed to use the king as a pawn to gain power , the prince decided to ransom his father for 7 @,@ 000 piastres to increase his personal wealth . Every citizen of Imerina was obligated to contribute , and those who had no money sold their children or themselves into slavery in order to raise the necessary funds . The money was placed in seven baskets and transported by dugout canoe to the prince at Ambohidratrimo , who released the king . According to another version of the story , Prince Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana of Ambohimanga sent two hunters of the Tsimahafotsy clan to free the king by digging an escape passage under the wall of his heavily guarded enclosure . After returning to Antananarivo , Andriamasinavalona sent a messenger who announced that the king had decided to hand power to Andriantomponimerina and invited the prince to the capital to be enthroned . The prince hurried to the palace , and throughout the city he was greeted with cheers , singing and dancing . When Andriamasinavalona received him , however , he publicly condemned the prince and stripped him of his rank and power . = = = Resanctification = = = Two stories exist around a ritual of human sacrifice that Andriamasinavalona conducted after his imprisonment . In one version of the oral history , Andriamampandry and his fellow royal advisers were concerned that the king 's imprisonment had weakened his authority and could lead the population to revolt against him . They suggested the king test his people by claiming to be ill and requesting a human sacrifice ; if a citizen offered his life for the king , this gesture would indicate the public was still loyal to him . Andriamasinavalona followed this recommendation and gathered the people to request a volunteer who was willing to have his throat slit with a long dagger to sanctify the king . In another version of the story , this proposal was made to sanctify the new Besakana palace that the king ordered rebuilt at the rova in Antananarivo . A man named Trimofoloalina stepped forward to sacrifice his life . In the first version of the story , royal advisers bound him with ropes and laid him on the ground to the west of the Masoandro palace within the rova compound at Antananarivo , but rather than kill the man they symbolically " sacrificed " him by pouring rooster blood mixed with water onto his throat . In the second , he was bound and hoisted to the top of the central pillar of the new building , and his ear was nicked to allow several drops of blood to fall on the top of the pillar to sanctify it . Trimofoloalina was then released and the king asked him to name a reward for his courageous gesture . The man requested that he and his descendents would forever after be exempted from the death penalty for any crime they might commit ; Andriamasinavalona agreed to grant this reward . = = Death and legacy = = Andriamasinavalona died in 1710 when one of his wives , Rasolomananambonitany , inadvertently pushed him from the elevated bed where they slept . He was buried in the royal tombs located at the Rova of Antananarivo . In opposition to Andriamasinavalona 's intentions , after the king 's death his sons forsook the concept of unity and instead fought one another in an effort to expand their realms . As a consequence of this decision , Imerina fragmented and was wracked with conflict for 77 years , until the kingdom was once again united during the reign of Andrianampoinimerina ( 1787 – 1810 ) . The reign of Andriamasinavalona is remembered in Madagascar as a golden age of prosperity , justice , abundance and harmony . He is described in oral histories as a talented politician and kind and just ruler . His name is often traditionally invoked in Imerina when paying tribute to the ancestors or making a binding pledge . Regarding Andriamasinavalona 's legacy , Ellis ( 1832 ) remarked , " The character of this chieftain is held in the highest veneration and esteem . He is said to have exercised great care over his district , and to have introduced many important improvements . His memory , laws and customs are still held in the greatest respect , and his name is always mentioned in the public kabarys with a degree of reverence . " = Interstate 70 in West Virginia = Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) is a portion of the Interstate Highway System that runs from near Cove Fort , Utah , at a junction with Interstate 15 to Baltimore , Maryland . It crosses the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia through Ohio County and the city of Wheeling . This segment is the shortest of all states ' through which I @-@ 70 passes , crossing West Virginia in only 14 @.@ 45 miles ( 23 @.@ 26 km ) . The longest segment is Colorado 's , which measures 451 @.@ 04 miles ( 725 @.@ 88 km ) . The Fort Henry Bridge carries I @-@ 70 from Wheeling Island across the Ohio River and into downtown Wheeling before the freeway enters the Wheeling Tunnel . I @-@ 470 , a southerly bypass of Wheeling and the lone auxiliary Interstate Highway in West Virginia , is intersected near Elm Grove . Before crossing into Pennsylvania , I @-@ 70 passes The Highlands , a major shopping center in the panhandle , and the Bear Rock Lakes Wildlife Management Area . On average , between 27 @,@ 000 and 53 @,@ 000 vehicles use the freeway every day . The first road that entered Wheeling was a post road completed in 1794 that connected Wheeling to Morgantown . The National Road was the first interstate road , completed in 1818 , that connected Wheeling to Cumberland , Maryland . When the United States Numbered Highway System was created in 1926 , the National Road was designated U.S. Route 40 . The I @-@ 70 designation was brought to the Northern Panhandle with the passage of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 , and it was built as a controlled @-@ access highway , bypassing portions of the old National Road . The first portions of I @-@ 70 in West Virginia were opened in 1963 , and construction was completed in 1971 . = = Route description = = Entering West Virginia from Ohio , I @-@ 70 crosses the western channel of the Ohio River onto Wheeling Island , the most populated island along the Ohio River . The freeway passes above a light commercial zone , and has an interchange with Zane Street . US 40 and US 250 become concurrent with I @-@ 70 at this interchange , before traveling east toward the Fort Henry Bridge . The bridge crosses the main channel of the river and the Greater Wheeling Trail , a rail trail that parallels the eastern banks of the river . Elevated above the city of Wheeling , a complex interchange provides access to the downtown area and Benwood . Traveling eastbound , US 40 departs the freeway at this interchange and becomes concurrent with West Virginia Route 2 ( WV 2 ) northbound . US 40 and WV 2 travel through downtown Wheeling on a one @-@ way pair , the southbound lanes passing under I @-@ 70 and the northbound lanes passing over I @-@ 70 . After the interchange , I @-@ 70 enters the approximately 1 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 400 m ) Wheeling Tunnel which passes through Wheeling Hill . Immediately east of the tunnel , a directional T interchange provides access to WV 2 southbound near homes north of the highway . US 250 departs I @-@ 70 at this interchange . A stub ramp present at this interchange would have carried WV 2 north of I @-@ 70 had it been extended . As I @-@ 70 curves to the south , it intersects US 40 and WV 88 with the ramps from the eastbound lanes of US 40 and WV 88 crossing underneath I @-@ 70 , parallel to Wheeling Creek . The interchange just west of the Wheeling Tunnel and this interchange are complicated by the fact that both are abutted by hills . Wheeling Jesuit University 's southeastern border is formed by the freeway as I @-@ 70 approaches the neighborhood of Elm Grove . Washington Avenue provides access to the college as the highway continues south before meeting the eastern terminus of I @-@ 470 , which is a bypass of Wheeling and the only auxiliary interstate highway in West Virginia . Between the directional T interchange and I @-@ 470 , I @-@ 70 is paralleled by the eastern branch of the Greater Wheeling Trail . A final interchange within Wheeling city limits provides access to US 40 and WV 88 . Leaving the city , the highway turns further east and enters a deep valley . The highway climbs over Two @-@ Mile Hill , and intersects Cabela Drive ( County Route 65 ) , which provides access to The Highlands , a large shopping destination . Past The Highlands , I @-@ 70 continues northeast though woodlands to an interchange with the Dallas Pike ( County Route 41 ) . I @-@ 70 passes north of the Bear Rock Lakes Wildlife Management Area before crossing the Pennsylvania state line into Washington County southwest of West Alexander . Out of the ten states I @-@ 70 passes through , the 14 @.@ 45 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 23 @.@ 26 km ) segment in West Virginia is the shortest . By comparison , the longest stretch of I @-@ 70 through a single state is the 451 @.@ 04 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 725 @.@ 88 km ) segment in Colorado . Every year , the West Virginia Department of Transportation ( WVDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2012 , WVDOT calculated that as few as 27 @,@ 000 vehicles traveled over the Fort Henry Bridge over the Ohio River , and as many as 53 @,@ 000 vehicles used the highway near its junction with US 40 in Elm Grove . These counts are of the portion of the freeway in West Virginia and are not reflective of the entire Interstate . As part of the Interstate Highway System , the entire route is listed on the National Highway System , a system of roads that are important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = The first recorded road to reach what was then Wheeling , Virginia , was a post road linking it with Morgantown , to the southeast . The post road was completed in 1794 . The National Road was the first interstate road that served Wheeling , linking the town to Cumberland , Maryland , in the east . The National Road started construction under order of then President Thomas Jefferson in 1806 and was completed in 1818 . In 1926 the United States Numbered Highway System was established , and the National Road through the Northern Panhandle was designated US 40 . US 40 linked Vallejo , California , in the west to Atlantic City , New Jersey , in the east . Passage of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 formed the Interstate Highway System , designating as I @-@ 70 a then unconstructed controlled @-@ access highway across the panhandle by 1957 . Since it was constructed as a separate controlled @-@ access highway , much of I @-@ 70 is separate from the old National Road and US 40 . The first portion of what is now known as I @-@ 70 to be completed across West Virginia was the Fort Henry Bridge across the main channel of the Ohio River , built in 1955 . WVDOT began obtaining right @-@ of @-@ way for I @-@ 70 in 1961 . The Wheeling Tunnel , linking downtown Wheeling and the Fort Henry Bridge to the eastern suburb of Elm Grove , was completed in 1967 at a cost of $ 7 million ( equivalent to $ 90 million in 2015 ) . The bridge that carries I @-@ 70 from the Ohio state line onto Wheeling Island was completed in 1968 . Construction of I @-@ 70 across the panhandle was almost completed in September 1971 , with only one of the two carriageways completed in the final one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ fifth @-@ mile @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 900 m ) segment of freeway near Elm Grove . Then Governor Arch A. Moore , Jr. and Senator Jennings Randolph were present for the opening of this $ 17 million ( equivalent to $ 169 million in 2015 ) portion of freeway . The second carriageway was completed by the end of 1971 . The Fort Henry Bridge , the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge ( which carries I @-@ 470 ) , and the Wheeling Suspension Bridge were all closed in January 2005 , stopping any traffic from Ohio or Wheeling Island from entering mainland West Virginia for a few days because barges broke loose during heavy flooding along the Ohio River . The Wheeling Tunnel was closed for reconstruction work in 2007 , 2008 , and 2010 , causing motorists who wished to travel through on I @-@ 70 to detour . The two detour routes were city streets in downtown Wheeling and the I @-@ 470 loop . After traffic issues during the 2008 reconstruction work on the Wheeling Tunnel , local politicians suggested closing the twin tunnels altogether and building the freeway over Wheeling Hill instead . After opposition from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , which represented the affected Wheeling Hill residents , the suggestions were dropped . The cost of completing the tunnel replacement project was estimated at between $ 60 and $ 80 million . The total $ 13 @.@ 7 million cost of the tunnel reconstruction project was over double the original bid of $ 5 @.@ 7 million , due in part to the work delays . = = Exit list = = The entire route is in Ohio County . = Richard de Southchurch = Sir Richard de Southchurch ( Suthchirche , Suthcherch ) ( died 1294 ) was a knight and part of the landowning aristocracy of Essex in the thirteenth century . He was High Sheriff of Essex and of Hertfordshire in the years 1265 – 67 , and as such became involved in the Second Barons ' War ( 1264 – 1267 ) . Southchurch has earned a special place in the historiography of the period due to an episode during the war where he allegedly planned to attack London with incendiary cocks . = = Biography = = Little is known of Southchurch 's background , but his family came from the manor of Southchurch , now part of Southend @-@ on @-@ Sea . Richard de Southchurch held this manor of the Prior and Convent of Christ 's Church , Canterbury . He also held other land in the county of Essex , including Prittlewell , which he held in fee of the king . He served as sheriff of the combined shrievalties of Essex and Hertfordshire from 27 October 1265 to 12 June 1267 . In 1279 , he received a pardon and was acquitted of a fine of 100 shilling for being present at the theft of a hart at the king 's forest of Chelmsford . In 1289 he was also acquitted of the great sum of 1000 pounds for perjury , in return for releasing the manor of Hatfield Peverel to the king . Southchurch was dead by 2 April 1294 , when the escheator was ordered to deliver his lands to his son and heir , Peter de Southchurch . = = Involvement in Barons ’ War = = In the mid @-@ 1260s , England found herself in a state of civil war between king Henry III and members of his aristocracy , a conflict known as the Second Barons ' War . In April 1267 , Gilbert de Clare entered London with the baronial forces . The city welcomed him , and king Henry III had to set up camp at Stratford , besieging the capital . Orders were sent out to the sheriffs of Kent and Essex to procure supplies for the royal army . It was in this situation that Southchurch , in his capacity as sheriff , levied requisitions on Chafford Hundred of ; ... oats and wheat , of bacon , beef , cheese and pease , ' pur sustenir le ost au Rey ' ; of chickens to feed the wounded and tow and eggs to make dressings for their wounds and linen for bandages , of chord to make ropes for the catapults , of picks and calthrops and spades to lay low the walls of London , and finally of cocks , forty and more , to whose feet he declared he would tie fire , and send them flying into London to burn it down . The story survives through the Hundred Rolls , the great survey of the English hundreds made by Edward I , in 1274 @-@ 5 , on returning to his new kingdom from crusade . The scheme , impractical as it might seem , was supposedly based on contemporary sagas of Viking heroes . But the complaints of the local community were based on the fact that Southchurch had taken all the supplies home to his own manor of Southchurch , received 200 marks from the exchequer , yet never paid out any of what the owners of the goods were entitled to . = = Historical transmission = = The account of Southchurch 's provisioning was first made available to a wider audience through the writings of the English historian Helen Cam . Cam was responsible for groundbreaking work on the Hundred Rolls , and their relevance to English local government , through her Studies in the Hundred Rolls ( 1921 ) and The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls ( 1930 ) . In both of these she made mention of what she calls ' ... the most picturesque series of extortions recorded in the Essex returns . ' It was , however , in a paper published in the English Historical Review as early as 1916 that she gave the most detailed account of Southchurch 's plot . Here she traced the dissemination of the Viking legend through Geoffrey of Monmouth , and speculated that Southchurch could have been acquainted with a later version by Gaimar , Wace or Layamon , or through a local , popular legend . The story was later retold by Sir Maurice Powicke in his King Henry III and the Lord Edward ( 1947 ) . Yet even though both Cam and Powicke had included the tale as a humorous anecdote , it was not until Michael Prestwich wrote his monograph of Edward I in 1988 that anyone considered the possibility that the story of the incendiary roosters was simply a ' confidence trick ' on Southchurch 's part . Powicke , in Prestwich 's words ; ' is to be counted among those who fell for the sheriff ’ s ruse.' = Pont du Gard = The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct that crosses the Gardon River in southern France . Located near the town of Vers @-@ Pont @-@ du @-@ Gard , the bridge is part of the Nîmes aqueduct , a 50 @-@ kilometre ( 31 mi ) system built in the first century AD to carry water from a spring at Uzès to the Roman colony of Nemausus ( Nîmes ) . Because of the uneven terrain between the two points , the mostly underground aqueduct followed a long , winding route that called for a bridge across the gorge of the Gardon River . The Pont du Gard is the highest of all elevated Roman aqueducts , and , along with the Aqueduct of Segovia , one of the best preserved . It was added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1985 because of its historical importance . The bridge has three tiers of arches , standing 48 @.@ 8 m ( 160 ft ) high . The whole aqueduct descends in height by only 17 m ( 56 ft ) over its entire length , while the bridge descends by a mere 2 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 1 in ) – a gradient of only 1 in 3 @,@ 000 – which is indicative of the great precision that Roman engineers were able to achieve , using only simple technology . The aqueduct formerly carried an estimated 200 @,@ 000 m3 ( 44 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 imp gal ) of water a day to the fountains , baths and homes of the citizens of Nîmes . It continued to be used possibly until the 6th century , with some parts used for significantly longer , but lack of maintenance after the 4th century meant that it became increasingly clogged by mineral deposits and debris that eventually choked off the flow of water . After the collapse of the Roman Empire and the aqueduct 's fall into disuse , the Pont du Gard remained largely intact , due to the importance of its secondary function , as a toll bridge . For centuries the local lords and bishops were responsible for its upkeep , in exchange for the right to levy tolls on travellers using it to cross the river , although some of its stones were looted and serious damage was inflicted on it in the 17th century . It attracted increasing attention starting in the 18th century , and became an important tourist destination . It underwent a series of renovations between the 18th and 21st centuries , commissioned by the local authorities and the French state , that culminated in 2000 with the opening of a new visitor centre and the removal of traffic and buildings from the bridge and the area immediately around it . Today it is one of France 's most popular tourist attractions , and has attracted the attention of a succession of literary and artistic visitors . = = Description = = = = = Route of the Nîmes aqueduct = = = The location of Nemausus ( Nîmes ) was somewhat inconvenient when it came to providing a water supply . Plains lie to the city 's south and east , where any sources of water would be at too low an altitude to be able to flow to the city , while the hills to the west made a water supply route too difficult from an engineering point of view . The only real alternative was to look to the north and in particular to the area around Ucetia ( Uzès ) , where there are natural springs .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, they are simply transformations that stretch the space by different factors in mutually perpendicular directions in a sense that is made precise by the study of their spectrum . = = Definition and illustration = = = = = Motivating example : Euclidean space = = = One of the most familiar examples of a Hilbert space is the Euclidean space consisting of three @-@ dimensional vectors , denoted by ℝ3 , and equipped with the dot product . The dot product takes two vectors x and y , and produces a real number x · y . If x and y are represented in Cartesian coordinates , then the dot product is defined by <formula> The dot product satisfies the properties : It is symmetric in x and y : x · y = y · x . It is linear in its first argument : ( ax1 + bx2 ) · y = ax1 · y + bx2 · y for any scalars a , b , and vectors x1 , x2 , and y . It is positive definite : for all vectors x , x · x ≥ 0 , with equality if and only if x = 0 . An operation on pairs of vectors that , like the dot product , satisfies these three properties is known as a ( real ) inner product . A vector space equipped with such an inner product is known as a ( real ) inner product space . Every finite @-@ dimensional inner product space is also a Hilbert space . The basic feature of the dot product that connects it with Euclidean geometry is that it is related to both the length ( or norm ) of a vector , denoted \| \| x \| \| , and to the angle θ between two vectors x and y by means of the formula <formula> Multivariable calculus in Euclidean space relies on the ability to compute limits , and to have useful criteria for concluding that limits exist . A mathematical series <formula> consisting of vectors in ℝ3 is absolutely convergent provided that the sum of the lengths converges as an ordinary series of real numbers : <formula> Just as with a series of scalars , a series of vectors that converges absolutely also converges to some limit vector L in the Euclidean space , in the sense that <formula> This property expresses the completeness of Euclidean space : that a series that converges absolutely also converges in the ordinary sense . Hilbert spaces are often taken over the complex numbers . The complex plane denoted by ℂ is equipped with a notion of magnitude , the complex modulus \| z \| which is defined as the square root of the product of z with its complex conjugate : <formula> If z = x + iy is a decomposition of z into its real and imaginary parts , then the modulus is the usual Euclidean two @-@ dimensional length : <formula> The inner product of a pair of complex numbers z and w is the product of z with the complex conjugate of w : <formula> This is complex @-@ valued . The real part of ⟨ z , w ⟩ gives the usual two @-@ dimensional Euclidean dot product . A second example is the space ℂ2 whose elements are pairs of complex numbers z = ( z1 , z2 ) . Then the inner product of z with another such vector w = ( w1 , w2 ) is given by <formula> The real part of ⟨ z , w ⟩ is then the four @-@ dimensional Euclidean dot product . This inner product is Hermitian symmetric , which means that the result of interchanging z and w is the complex conjugate : <formula> = = = Definition = = = A Hilbert space H is a real or complex inner product space that is also a complete metric space with respect to the distance function induced by the inner product . To say that H is a complex inner product space means that H is a complex vector space on which there is an inner product <formula> associating a complex number to each pair of elements x , y of H that satisfies the following properties : The inner product of a pair of elements is equal to the complex conjugate of the inner product of the swapped elements : <formula> The inner product is linear in its first argument . For all complex numbers a and b , <formula> The inner product of an element with itself is positive definite : <formula> where the case of equality holds precisely when x = 0 . It follows from properties 1 and 2 that a complex inner product is antilinear in its second argument , meaning that <formula> A real inner product space is defined in the same way , except that H is a real vector space and the inner product takes real values . Such an inner product will be bilinear : that is , linear in each argument . The norm is the real @-@ valued function <formula> and the distance d between two points x , y in H is defined in terms of the norm by <formula> That this function is a distance function means ( 1 ) that it is symmetric in x and y , ( 2 ) that the distance between x and itself is zero , and otherwise the distance between x and y must be positive , and ( 3 ) that the triangle inequality holds , meaning that the length of one leg of a triangle xyz cannot exceed the sum of the lengths of the other two legs : <formula> This last property is ultimately a consequence of the more fundamental Cauchy – Schwarz inequality , which asserts <formula> with equality if and only if x and y are linearly dependent . Relative to a distance function defined in this way , any inner product space is a metric space , and sometimes is known as a pre @-@ Hilbert space . Any pre @-@ Hilbert space that is additionally also a complete space is a Hilbert space . Completeness is expressed using a form of the Cauchy criterion for sequences in H : a pre @-@ Hilbert space H is complete if every Cauchy sequence converges with respect to this norm to an element in the space . Completeness can be characterized by the following equivalent condition : if a series of vectors <formula> converges absolutely in the sense that <formula> then the series converges in H , in the sense that the partial sums converge to an element of H. As a complete normed space , Hilbert spaces are by definition also Banach spaces . As such they are topological vector spaces , in which topological notions like the openness and closedness of subsets are well @-@ defined . Of special importance is the notion of a closed linear subspace of a Hilbert space that , with the inner product induced by restriction , is also complete ( being a closed set in a complete metric space ) and therefore a Hilbert space in its own right . = = = Second example : sequence spaces = = = The sequence space ℓ2 consists of all infinite sequences z = ( z1 , z2 , ... ) of complex numbers such that the series <formula> converges . The inner product on ℓ2 is defined by <formula> with the latter series converging as a consequence of the Cauchy – Schwarz inequality . Completeness of the space holds provided that whenever a series of elements from ℓ2 converges absolutely ( in norm ) , then it converges to an element of ℓ2 . The proof is basic in mathematical analysis , and permits mathematical series of elements of the space to be manipulated with the same ease as series of complex numbers ( or vectors in a finite @-@ dimensional Euclidean space ) . = = History = = Prior to the development of Hilbert spaces , other generalizations of Euclidean spaces were known to mathematicians and physicists . In particular , the idea of an abstract linear space had gained some traction towards the end of the 19th century : this is a space whose elements can be added together and multiplied by scalars ( such as real or complex numbers ) without necessarily identifying these elements with " geometric " vectors , such as position and momentum vectors in physical systems . Other objects studied by mathematicians at the turn of the 20th century , in particular spaces of sequences ( including series ) and spaces of functions , can naturally be thought of as linear spaces . Functions , for instance , can be added together or multiplied by constant scalars , and these operations obey the algebraic laws satisfied by addition and scalar multiplication of spatial vectors . In the first decade of the 20th century , parallel developments led to the introduction of Hilbert spaces . The first of these was the observation , which arose during David Hilbert and Erhard Schmidt 's study of integral equations , that two square @-@ integrable real @-@ valued functions f and g on an interval [ a , b ] have an inner product <formula> which has many of the familiar properties of the Euclidean dot product . In particular , the idea of an orthogonal family of functions has meaning . Schmidt exploited the similarity of this inner product with the usual dot product to prove an analog of the spectral decomposition for an operator of the form <formula> where K is a continuous function symmetric in x and y . The resulting eigenfunction expansion expresses the function K as a series of the form <formula> where the functions φn are orthogonal in the sense that ⟨ φn , φm ⟩ = 0 for all n ≠ m . The individual terms in this series are sometimes referred to as elementary product solutions . However , there are eigenfunction expansions that fail to converge in a suitable sense to a square @-@ integrable function : the missing ingredient , which ensures convergence , is completeness . The second development was the Lebesgue integral , an alternative to the Riemann integral introduced by Henri Lebesgue in 1904 . The Lebesgue integral made it possible to integrate a much broader class of functions . In 1907 , Frigyes Riesz and Ernst Sigismund Fischer independently proved that the space L2 of square Lebesgue @-@ integrable functions is a complete metric space . As a consequence of the interplay between geometry and completeness , the 19th century results of Joseph Fourier , Friedrich Bessel and Marc @-@ Antoine Parseval on trigonometric series easily carried over to these more general spaces , resulting in a geometrical and analytical apparatus now usually known as the Riesz – Fischer theorem . Further basic results were proved in the early 20th century . For example , the Riesz representation theorem was independently established by Maurice Fréchet and Frigyes Riesz in 1907 . John von Neumann coined the term abstract Hilbert space in his work on unbounded Hermitian operators . Although other mathematicians such as Hermann Weyl and Norbert Wiener had already studied particular Hilbert spaces in great detail , often from a physically motivated point of view , von Neumann gave the first complete and axiomatic treatment of them . Von Neumann later used them in his seminal work on the foundations of quantum mechanics , and in his continued work with Eugene Wigner . The name " Hilbert space " was soon adopted by others , for example by Hermann Weyl in his book on quantum mechanics and the theory of groups . The significance of the concept of a Hilbert space was underlined with the realization that it offers one of the best mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics . In short , the states of a quantum mechanical system are vectors in a certain Hilbert space , the observables are hermitian operators on that space , the symmetries of the system are unitary operators , and measurements are orthogonal projections . The relation between quantum mechanical symmetries and unitary operators provided an impetus for the development of the unitary representation theory of groups , initiated in the 1928 work of Hermann Weyl . On the other hand , in the early 1930s it became clear that classical mechanics can be described in terms of Hilbert space ( Koopman – von Neumann classical mechanics ) and that certain properties of classical dynamical systems can be analyzed using Hilbert space techniques in the framework of ergodic theory . The algebra of observables in quantum mechanics is naturally an algebra of operators defined on a Hilbert space , according to Werner Heisenberg 's matrix mechanics formulation of quantum theory . Von Neumann began investigating operator algebras in the 1930s , as rings of operators on a Hilbert space . The kind of algebras studied by von Neumann and his contemporaries are now known as von Neumann algebras . In the 1940s , Israel Gelfand , Mark Naimark and Irving Segal gave a definition of a kind of operator algebras called C * -algebras that on the one hand made no reference to an underlying Hilbert space , and on the other extrapolated many of the useful features of the operator algebras that had previously been studied . The spectral theorem for self @-@ adjoint operators in particular that underlies much of the existing Hilbert space theory was generalized to C * -algebras . These techniques are now basic in abstract harmonic analysis and representation theory . = = Examples = = = = = Lebesgue spaces = = = Lebesgue spaces are function spaces associated to measure spaces ( X , M , μ ) , where X is a set , M is a σ @-@ algebra of subsets of X , and μ is a countably additive measure on M. Let L2 ( X , μ ) be the space of those complex @-@ valued measurable functions on X for which the Lebesgue integral of the square of the absolute value of the function is finite , i.e. , for a function f in L2 ( X , μ ) , <formula> and where functions are identified if and only if they differ only on a set of measure zero . The inner product of functions f and g in L2 ( X , μ ) is then defined as <formula> For f and g in L2 , this integral exists because of the Cauchy – Schwarz inequality , and defines an inner product on the space . Equipped with this inner product , L2 is in fact complete . The Lebesgue integral is essential to ensure completeness : on domains of real numbers , for instance , not enough functions are Riemann integrable . The Lebesgue spaces appear in many natural settings . The spaces L2 ( R ) and L2 ( [ 0 @,@ 1 ] ) of square @-@ integrable functions with respect to the Lebesgue measure on the real line and unit interval , respectively , are natural domains on which to define the Fourier transform and Fourier series . In other situations , the measure may be something other than the ordinary Lebesgue measure on the real line . For instance , if w is any positive measurable function , the space of all measurable functions f on the interval [ 0 , 1 ] satisfying <formula> is called the weighted L2 space L2w ( [ 0 @,@ 1 ] ) , and w is called the weight function . The inner product is defined by <formula> The weighted space L2w ( [ 0 @,@ 1 ] ) is identical with the Hilbert space L2 ( [ 0 @,@ 1 ] , μ ) where the measure μ of a Lebesgue @-@ measurable set A is defined by <formula> Weighted L2 spaces like this are frequently used to study orthogonal polynomials , because different families of orthogonal polynomials are orthogonal with respect to different weighting functions . = = = Sobolev spaces = = = Sobolev spaces , denoted by Hs or W s , 2 , are Hilbert spaces . These are a special kind of function space in which differentiation may be performed , but that ( unlike other Banach spaces such as the Hölder spaces ) support the structure of an inner product . Because differentiation is permitted , Sobolev spaces are a convenient setting for the theory of partial differential equations . They also form the basis of the theory of direct methods in the calculus of variations . For s a non @-@ negative integer and Ω ⊂ Rn , the Sobolev space Hs ( Ω ) contains L2 functions whose weak derivatives of order up to s are also L2 . The inner product in Hs ( Ω ) is <formula> where the dot indicates the dot product in the Euclidean space of partial derivatives of each order . Sobolev spaces can also be defined when s is not an integer . Sobolev spaces are also studied from the point of view of spectral theory , relying more specifically on the Hilbert space structure . If Ω is a suitable domain , then one can define the Sobolev space Hs ( Ω ) as the space of Bessel potentials ; roughly , <formula> Here Δ is the Laplacian and ( 1 − Δ ) − s / 2 is understood in terms of the spectral mapping theorem . Apart from providing a workable definition of Sobolev spaces for non @-@ integer s , this definition also has particularly desirable properties under the Fourier transform that make it ideal for the study of pseudodifferential operators . Using these methods on a compact Riemannian manifold , one can obtain for instance the Hodge decomposition , which is the basis of Hodge theory . = = = Spaces of holomorphic functions = = = Hardy spaces The Hardy spaces are function spaces , arising in complex analysis and harmonic analysis , whose elements are certain holomorphic functions in a complex domain . Let U denote the unit disc in the complex plane . Then the Hardy space H2 ( U ) is defined as the space of holomorphic functions f on U such that the means <formula> remain bounded for r < 1 . The norm on this Hardy space is defined by <formula> Hardy spaces in the disc are related to Fourier series . A function f is in H2 ( U ) if and only if <formula> where <formula> Thus H2 ( U ) consists of those functions that are L2 on the circle , and whose negative frequency Fourier coefficients vanish . Bergman spaces The Bergman spaces are another family of Hilbert spaces of holomorphic functions . Let D be a bounded open set in the complex plane ( or a higher @-@ dimensional complex space ) and let L2 , h ( D ) be the space of holomorphic functions f in D that are also in L2 ( D ) in the sense that <formula> where the integral is taken with respect to the Lebesgue measure in D. Clearly L2 , h ( D ) is a subspace of L2 ( D ) ; in fact , it is a closed subspace , and so a Hilbert space in its own right . This is a consequence of the estimate , valid on compact subsets K of D , that <formula> which in turn follows from Cauchy 's integral formula . Thus convergence of a sequence of holomorphic functions in L2 ( D ) implies also compact convergence , and so the limit function is also holomorphic . Another consequence of this inequality is that the linear functional that evaluates a function f at a point of D is actually continuous on L2 , h ( D ) . The Riesz representation theorem implies that the evaluation functional can be represented as an element of L2 , h ( D ) . Thus , for every z ∈ D , there is a function ηz ∈ L2 , h ( D ) such that <formula> for all f ∈ L2 , h ( D ) . The integrand <formula> is known as the Bergman kernel of D. This integral kernel satisfies a reproducing property <formula> A Bergman space is an example of a reproducing kernel Hilbert space , which is a Hilbert space of functions along with a kernel K ( ζ , z ) that verifies a reproducing property analogous to this one . The Hardy space H2 ( D ) also admits a reproducing kernel , known as the Szegő kernel . Reproducing kernels are common in other areas of mathematics as well . For instance , in harmonic analysis the Poisson kernel is a reproducing kernel for the Hilbert space of square @-@ integrable harmonic functions in the unit ball . That the latter is a Hilbert space at all is a consequence of the mean value theorem for harmonic functions . = = Applications = = Many of the applications of Hilbert spaces exploit the fact that Hilbert spaces support generalizations of simple geometric concepts like projection and change of basis from their usual finite dimensional setting . In particular , the spectral theory of continuous self @-@ adjoint linear operators on a Hilbert space generalizes the usual spectral decomposition of a matrix , and this often plays a major role in applications of the theory to other areas of mathematics and physics . = = = Sturm – Liouville theory = = = In the theory of ordinary differential equations , spectral methods on a suitable Hilbert space are used to study the behavior of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of differential equations . For example , the Sturm – Liouville problem arises in the study of the harmonics of waves in a violin string or a drum , and is a central problem in ordinary differential equations . The problem is a differential equation of the form <formula> for an unknown function y on an interval [ a , b ] , satisfying general homogeneous Robin boundary conditions <formula> The functions p , q , and w are given in advance , and the problem is to find the function y and constants λ for which the equation has a solution . The problem only has solutions for certain values of λ , called eigenvalues of the system , and this is a consequence of the spectral theorem for compact operators applied to the integral operator defined by the Green 's function for the system . Furthermore , another consequence of this general result is that the eigenvalues λ of the system can be arranged in an increasing sequence tending to infinity . = = = Partial differential equations = = = Hilbert spaces form a basic tool in the study of partial differential equations . For many classes of partial differential equations , such as linear elliptic equations , it is possible to consider a generalized solution ( known as a weak solution ) by enlarging the class of functions . Many weak formulations involve the class of Sobolev functions , which is a Hilbert space . A suitable weak formulation reduces to a geometrical problem the analytic problem of finding a solution or , often what is more important , showing that a solution exists and is unique for given boundary data . For linear elliptic equations , one geometrical result that ensures unique solvability for a large class of problems is the Lax – Milgram theorem . This strategy forms the rudiment of the Galerkin method ( a finite element method ) for numerical solution of partial differential equations . A typical example is the Poisson equation − Δu = g with Dirichlet boundary conditions in a bounded domain Ω in R2 . The weak formulation consists of finding a function u such that , for all continuously differentiable functions v in Ω vanishing on the boundary : <formula> This can be recast in terms of the Hilbert space H1 0 ( Ω ) consisting of functions u such that u , along with its weak partial derivatives , are square integrable on Ω , and vanish on the boundary . The question then reduces to finding u in this space such that for all v in this space <formula> where a is a continuous bilinear form , and b is a continuous linear functional , given respectively by <formula> Since the Poisson equation is elliptic , it follows from Poincaré 's inequality that the bilinear form a is coercive . The Lax – Milgram theorem then ensures the existence and uniqueness of solutions of this equation . Hilbert spaces allow for many elliptic partial differential equations to be formulated in a similar way , and the Lax – Milgram theorem is then a basic tool in their analysis . With suitable modifications , similar techniques can be applied to parabolic partial differential equations and certain hyperbolic partial differential equations . = = = Ergodic theory = = = The field of ergodic theory is the study of the long @-@ term behavior of chaotic dynamical systems . The protypical case of a field that ergodic theory applies to is thermodynamics , in which — though the microscopic state of a system is extremely complicated ( it is impossible to understand the ensemble of individual collisions between particles of matter ) — the average behavior over sufficiently long time intervals is tractable . The laws of thermodynamics are assertions about such average behavior . In particular , one formulation of the zeroth law of thermodynamics asserts that over sufficiently long timescales , the only functionally independent measurement that one can make of a thermodynamic system in equilibrium is its total energy , in the form of temperature . An ergodic dynamical system is one for which , apart from the energy — measured by the Hamiltonian — there are no other functionally independent conserved quantities on the phase space . More explicitly , suppose that the energy E is fixed , and let ΩE be the subset of the phase space consisting of all states of energy E ( an energy surface ) , and let Tt denote the evolution operator on the phase space . The dynamical system is ergodic if there are no continuous non @-@ constant functions on ΩE such that <formula> for all w on ΩE and all time t . Liouville 's theorem implies that there exists a measure μ on the energy surface that is invariant under the time translation . As a result , time translation is a unitary transformation of the Hilbert space L2 ( ΩE , μ ) consisting of square @-@ integrable functions on the energy surface ΩE with respect to the inner product <formula> The von Neumann mean ergodic theorem states the following : If Ut is a ( strongly continuous ) one @-@ parameter semigroup of unitary operators on a Hilbert space H , and P is the orthogonal projection onto the space of common fixed points of Ut , { x ∈ H \| Utx = x for all t > 0 } , then <formula> For an ergodic system , the fixed set of the time evolution consists only of the constant functions , so the ergodic theorem implies the following : for any function f ∈ L2 ( ΩE , μ ) , <formula> That is , the long time average of an observable f is equal to its expectation value over an energy surface . = = = Fourier analysis = = = One of the basic goals of Fourier analysis is to decompose a function into a ( possibly infinite ) linear combination of given basis functions : the associated Fourier series . The classical Fourier series associated to a function f defined on the interval [ 0 , 1 ] is a series of the form <formula> where <formula> The example of adding up the first few terms in a Fourier series for a sawtooth function is shown in the figure . The basis functions are sine waves with wavelengths λ / n ( n = integer ) shorter than the wavelength λ of the sawtooth itself ( except for n = 1 , the fundamental wave ) . All basis functions have nodes at the nodes of the sawtooth , but all but the fundamental have additional nodes . The oscillation of the summed terms about the sawtooth is called the Gibbs phenomenon . A significant problem in classical Fourier series asks in what sense the Fourier series converges , if at all , to the function f . Hilbert space methods provide one possible answer to this question . The functions en ( θ ) = e2πinθ form an orthogonal basis of the Hilbert space L2 ( [ 0 @,@ 1 ] ) . Consequently , any square @-@ integrable function can be expressed as a series <formula> and , moreover , this series converges in the Hilbert space sense ( that is , in the L2 mean ) . The problem can also be studied from the abstract point of view : every Hilbert space has an orthonormal basis , and every element of the Hilbert space can be written in a unique way as a sum of multiples of these basis elements . The coefficients appearing on these basis elements are sometimes known abstractly as the Fourier coefficients of the element of the space . The abstraction is especially useful when it is more natural to use different basis functions for a space such as L2 ( [ 0 @,@ 1 ] ) . In many circumstances , it is desirable not to decompose a function into trigonometric functions , but rather into orthogonal polynomials or wavelets for instance , and in higher dimensions into spherical harmonics . For instance , if en are any orthonormal basis functions of L2 [ 0 @,@ 1 ] , then a given function in L2 [ 0 @,@ 1 ] can be approximated as a finite linear combination <formula> The coefficients { aj } are selected to make the magnitude of the difference \| \| ƒ − ƒn \| \| 2 as small as possible . Geometrically , the best approximation is the orthogonal projection of ƒ onto the subspace consisting of all linear combinations of the { ej } , and can be calculated by <formula> That this formula minimizes the difference \| \| ƒ − ƒn \| \| 2 is a consequence of Bessel 's inequality and Parseval 's formula . In various applications to physical problems , a function can be decomposed into physically meaningful eigenfunctions of a differential operator ( typically the Laplace operator ) : this forms the foundation for the spectral study of functions , in reference to the spectrum of the differential operator . A concrete physical application involves the problem of hearing the shape of a drum : given the fundamental modes of vibration that a drumhead is capable of producing , can one infer the shape of the drum itself ? The mathematical formulation of this question involves the Dirichlet eigenvalues of the Laplace equation in the plane , that represent the fundamental modes of vibration in direct analogy with the integers that represent the fundamental modes of vibration of the violin string . Spectral theory also underlies certain aspects of the Fourier transform of a function . Whereas Fourier analysis decomposes a function defined on a compact set into the discrete spectrum of the Laplacian ( which corresponds to the vibrations of a violin string or drum ) , the Fourier transform of a function is the decomposition of a function defined on all of Euclidean space into its components in the continuous spectrum of the Laplacian . The Fourier transformation is also geometrical , in a sense made precise by the Plancherel theorem , that asserts that it is an isometry of one Hilbert space ( the " time domain " ) with another ( the " frequency domain " ) . This isometry property of the Fourier transformation is a recurring theme in abstract harmonic analysis , as evidenced for instance by the Plancherel theorem for spherical functions occurring in noncommutative harmonic analysis . = = = Quantum mechanics = = = In the mathematically rigorous formulation of quantum mechanics , developed by John von Neumann , the possible states ( more precisely , the pure states ) of a quantum mechanical system are represented by unit vectors ( called state vectors ) residing in a complex separable Hilbert space , known as the state space , well defined up to a complex number of norm 1 ( the phase factor ) . In other words , the possible states are points in the projectivization of a Hilbert space , usually called the complex projective space . The exact nature of this Hilbert space is dependent on the system ; for example , the position and momentum states for a single non @-@ relativistic spin zero particle is the space of all square @-@ integrable functions , while the states for the spin of a single proton are unit elements of the two @-@ dimensional complex Hilbert space of spinors . Each observable is represented by a self @-@ adjoint linear operator acting on the state space . Each eigenstate of an observable corresponds to an eigenvector of the operator , and the associated eigenvalue corresponds to the value of the observable in that eigenstate . The inner product between two state vectors is a complex number known as a probability amplitude . During an ideal measurement of a quantum mechanical system , the probability that a system collapses from a given initial state to a particular eigenstate is given by the square of the absolute value of the probability amplitudes between the initial and final states . The possible results of a measurement are the eigenvalues of the operator — which explains the choice of self @-@ adjoint operators , for all the eigenvalues must be real . The probability distribution of an observable in a given state can be found by computing the spectral decomposition of the corresponding operator . For a general system , states are typically not pure , but instead are represented as statistical mixtures of pure states , or mixed states , given by density matrices : self @-@ adjoint operators of trace one on a Hilbert space . Moreover , for general quantum mechanical systems , the effects of a single measurement can influence other parts of a system in a manner that is described instead by a positive operator valued measure . Thus the structure both of the states and observables in the general theory is considerably more complicated than the idealization for pure states . = = = Color perception = = = Any true " physical " color can be represented by a combination of pure spectral colors . As physical colors can be composed of any number of physical colors , the space of physical colors may aptly be represented by a Hilbert space over spectral colors . Humans have three types of cone cells for color perception , so the " human perceivable " colors can be represented by 3 @-@ dimensional Euclidean space . The non @-@ unique linear mapping from the Hilbert space of physical colors to the Euclidean space of human perceivable colors explains why many distinct physical colors may be perceived by humans to be identical ( e.g. , pure yellow light versus a mix of red and green light ) . = = Properties = = = = = Pythagorean identity = = = Two vectors u and v in a Hilbert space H are orthogonal when <formula> = 0 . The notation for this is u ⊥ v. More generally , when S is a subset in H , the notation u ⊥ S means that u is orthogonal to every element from S. When u and v are orthogonal , one has <formula> By induction on n , this is extended to any family u1 , ... , un of n orthogonal vectors , <formula> Whereas the Pythagorean identity as stated is valid in any inner product space , completeness is required for the extension of the Pythagorean identity to series . A series Σ uk of orthogonal vectors converges in H if and only if the series of squares of norms converges , and <formula> Furthermore , the sum of a series of orthogonal vectors is independent of the order in which it is taken . = = = Parallelogram identity and polarization = = = By definition , every Hilbert space is also a Banach space . Furthermore , in every Hilbert space the following parallelogram identity holds : <formula> Conversely , every Banach space in which the parallelogram identity holds is a Hilbert space , and the inner product is uniquely determined by the norm by the polarization identity . For real Hilbert spaces , the polarization identity is <formula> For complex Hilbert spaces , it is <formula> The parallelogram law implies that any Hilbert space is a uniformly convex Banach space . = = = Best approximation = = = This subsection employs the Hilbert projection theorem . If C is a non @-@ empty closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H and x a point in H , there exists a unique point y ∈ C that minimizes the distance between x and points in C , <formula> This is equivalent to saying that there is a point with minimal norm in the translated convex set D = C − x . The proof consists in showing that every minimizing sequence ( dn ) ⊂ D is Cauchy ( using the parallelogram identity ) hence converges ( using completeness ) to a point in D that has minimal norm . More generally , this holds in any uniformly convex Banach space . When this result is applied to a closed subspace F of H , it can be shown that the point y ∈ F closest to x is characterized by <formula> This point y is the orthogonal projection of x onto F , and the mapping PF : x → y is linear ( see Orthogonal complements and projections ) . This result is especially significant in applied mathematics , especially numerical analysis , where it forms the basis of least squares methods . In particular , when F is not equal to H , one can find a non @-@ zero vector v orthogonal to F ( select x not in F and v = x − y ) . A very useful criterion is obtained by applying this observation to the closed subspace F generated by a subset S of H. A subset S of H spans a dense vector subspace if ( and only if ) the vector 0 is the sole vector v ∈ H orthogonal to S. = = = Duality = = = The dual space H * is the space of all continuous linear functions from the space H into the base field . It carries a natural norm , defined by <formula> This norm satisfies the parallelogram law , and so the dual space is also an inner product space . The dual space is also complete , and so it is a Hilbert space in its own right . The Riesz representation theorem affords a convenient description of the dual . To every element u of H , there is a unique element φu of H * , defined by <formula> The mapping <formula> is an antilinear mapping from H to H * . The Riesz representation theorem states that this mapping is an antilinear isomorphism . Thus to every element φ of the dual H * there exists one and only one uφ in H such that <formula> for all x ∈ H. The inner product on the dual space H * satisfies <formula> The reversal of order on the right @-@ hand side restores linearity in φ from the antilinearity of uφ . In the real case , the antilinear isomorphism from H to its dual is actually an isomorphism , and so real Hilbert spaces are naturally isomorphic to their own duals . The representing vector uφ is obtained in the following way . When φ ≠ 0 , the kernel F = Ker ( φ ) is a closed vector subspace of H , not equal to H , hence there exists a non @-@ zero vector v orthogonal to F. The vector u is a suitable scalar multiple λv of v. The requirement that φ ( v ) = ⟨ v , u ⟩ yields <formula> This correspondence φ ↔ u is exploited by the bra – ket notation popular in physics . It is common in physics to assume that the inner product , denoted by ⟨ x \| y ⟩ , is linear on the right , <formula> The result ⟨ x \| y ⟩ can be seen as the action of the linear functional ⟨ x \| ( the bra ) on the vector \| y ⟩ ( the ket ) . The Riesz representation theorem relies fundamentally not just on the presence of an inner product , but also on the completeness of the space . In fact , the theorem implies that the topological dual of any inner product space can be identified with its completion . An immediate consequence of the Riesz representation theorem is also that a Hilbert space H is reflexive , meaning that the natural map from H into its double dual space is an isomorphism . = = = Weakly convergent sequences = = = In a Hilbert space H , a sequence { xn } is weakly convergent to a vector x ∈ H when <formula> for every v ∈ H. For example , any orthonormal sequence { fn } converges weakly to 0 , as a consequence of Bessel 's inequality . Every weakly convergent sequence { xn } is bounded , by the uniform boundedness principle . Conversely , every bounded sequence in a Hilbert space admits weakly convergent subsequences ( Alaoglu 's theorem ) . This fact may be used to prove minimization results for continuous convex functionals , in the same way that the Bolzano – Weierstrass theorem is used for continuous functions on Rd . Among several variants , one simple statement is as follows : If f : H → R is a convex continuous function such that f ( x ) tends to + ∞ when \| \| x \| \| tends to ∞ , then f admits a minimum at some point x0 ∈ H. This fact ( and its various generalizations ) are fundamental for direct methods in the calculus of variations . Minimization results for convex functionals are also a direct consequence of the slightly more abstract fact that closed bounded convex subsets in a Hilbert space H are weakly compact , since H is reflexive . The existence of weakly convergent subsequences is a special case of the Eberlein – Šmulian theorem . = = = Banach space properties = = = Any general property of Banach spaces continues to hold for Hilbert spaces . The open mapping theorem states that a continuous surjective linear transformation from one Banach space to another is an open mapping meaning that it sends open sets to open sets . A corollary is the bounded inverse theorem , that a continuous and bijective linear function from one Banach space to another is an isomorphism ( that is , a continuous linear map whose inverse is also continuous ) . This theorem is considerably simpler to prove in the case of Hilbert spaces than in general Banach spaces . The open mapping theorem is equivalent to the closed graph theorem , which asserts that a function from one Banach space to another is continuous if and only if its graph is a closed set . In the case of Hilbert spaces , this is basic in the study of unbounded operators ( see closed operator ) . The ( geometrical ) Hahn – Banach theorem asserts that a closed convex set can be separated from any point outside it by means of a hyperplane of the Hilbert space . This is an immediate consequence of the best approximation property : if y is the element of a closed convex set F closest to x , then the separating hyperplane is the plane perpendicular to the segment xy passing through its midpoint . = = Operators on Hilbert spaces = = = = = Bounded operators = = = The continuous linear operators A : H1 → H2 from a Hilbert space H1 to a second Hilbert space H2 are bounded in the sense that they map bounded sets to bounded sets . Conversely , if an operator is bounded , then it is continuous . The space of such bounded linear operators has a norm , the operator norm given by <formula> The sum and the composite of two bounded linear operators is again bounded and linear . For y in H2 , the map that sends x ∈ H1 to ⟨ Ax , y ⟩ is linear and continuous , and according to the Riesz representation theorem can therefore be represented in the form <formula> for some vector A * y in H1 . This defines another bounded linear operator A * : H2 → H1 , the adjoint of A. One can see that A * * = A. The set B ( H ) of all bounded linear operators on H , together with the addition and composition operations , the norm and the adjoint operation , is a C * -algebra , which is a type of operator algebra . An element A of B ( H ) is called self @-@ adjoint or Hermitian if A * = A. If A is Hermitian and ⟨ Ax , x ⟩ ≥ 0 for every x , then A is called non @-@ negative , written A ≥ 0 ; if equality holds only when x = 0 , then A is called positive . The set of self adjoint operators admits a partial order , in which A ≥ B if A − B ≥ 0 . If A has the form B * B for some B , then A is non @-@ negative ; if B is invertible , then A is positive . A converse is also true in the sense that , for a non @-@ negative operator A , there exists a unique non @-@ negative square root B such that <formula> In a sense made precise by the spectral theorem , self @-@ adjoint operators can usefully be thought of as operators that are " real " . An element A of B ( H ) is called normal if A * A = A A * . Normal operators decompose into the sum of a self @-@ adjoint operators and an imaginary multiple of a self adjoint operator <formula> that commute with each other . Normal operators can also usefully be thought of in terms of their real and imaginary parts . An element U of B ( H ) is called unitary if U is invertible and its inverse is given by U * . This can also be expressed by requiring that U be onto and ⟨ Ux , Uy ⟩ = ⟨ x , y ⟩ for all x and y in H. The unitary operators form a group under composition , which is the isometry group of H. An element of B ( H ) is compact if it sends bounded sets to relatively compact sets . Equivalently , a bounded operator T is compact if , for any bounded sequence { xk } , the sequence { Txk } has a convergent subsequence . Many integral operators are compact , and in fact define a special class of operators known as Hilbert – Schmidt operators that are especially important in the study of integral equations . Fredholm operators differ from a compact operator by a multiple of the identity , and are equivalently characterized as operators with a finite dimensional kernel and cokernel . The index of a Fredholm operator T is defined by <formula> The index is homotopy invariant , and plays a deep role in differential geometry via the Atiyah – Singer index theorem . = = = Unbounded operators = = = Unbounded operators are also tractable in Hilbert spaces , and have important applications to quantum mechanics . An unbounded operator T on a Hilbert space H is defined as a linear operator whose domain D ( T ) is a linear subspace of H. Often the domain D ( T ) is a dense subspace of H , in which case T is known as a densely defined operator . The adjoint of a densely defined unbounded operator is defined in essentially the same manner as for bounded operators . Self @-@ adjoint unbounded operators play the role of the observables in the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics . Examples of self @-@ adjoint unbounded operators on the Hilbert space L2 ( R ) are : A suitable extension of the differential operator <formula> where i is the imaginary unit and f is a differentiable function of compact support . The multiplication @-@ by @-@ x operator : <formula> These correspond to the momentum and position observables , respectively . Note that neither A nor B is defined on all of H , since in the case of A the derivative need not exist , and in the case of B the product function need not be square integrable . In both cases , the set of possible arguments form dense subspaces of L2 ( R ) . = = Constructions = = = = = Direct sums = = = Two Hilbert spaces H1 and H2 can be combined into another Hilbert space , called the ( orthogonal ) direct sum , and denoted <formula> consisting of the set of all ordered pairs ( x1 , x2 ) where xi ∈ Hi , i = 1 @,@ 2 , and inner product defined by <formula> More generally , if Hi is a family of Hilbert spaces indexed by i ∈ I , then the direct sum of the Hi , denoted <formula> consists of the set of all indexed families <formula> in the Cartesian product of the Hi such that <formula> The inner product is defined by <formula> Each of the Hi is included as a closed subspace in the direct sum of all of the Hi . Moreover , the Hi are pairwise orthogonal . Conversely , if there is a system of closed subspaces , Vi , i ∈ I , in a Hilbert space H , that are pairwise orthogonal and whose union is dense in H , then H is canonically isomorphic to the direct sum of Vi . In this case , H is called the internal direct sum of the Vi . A direct sum ( internal or external ) is also equipped with a family of orthogonal projections Ei onto the ith direct summand Hi . These projections are bounded , self @-@ adjoint , idempotent operators that satisfy the orthogonality condition <formula> The spectral theorem for compact self @-@ adjoint operators on a Hilbert space H states that H splits into an orthogonal direct sum of the eigenspaces of an operator , and also gives an explicit decomposition of the operator as a sum of projections onto the eigenspaces . The direct sum of Hilbert spaces also appears in quantum mechanics as the Fock space of a system containing a variable number of particles , where each Hilbert space in the direct sum corresponds to an additional degree of freedom for the quantum mechanical system . In representation theory , the Peter – Weyl theorem guarantees that any unitary representation of a compact group on a Hilbert space splits as the direct sum of finite @-@ dimensional representations . = = = Tensor products = = = If x1 , y1 ∊ H1 and x2 , y2 ∊ H2 , then one defines an inner product on the ( ordinary ) tensor product as follows . On simple tensors , let <formula> This formula then extends by sesquilinearity to an inner product on H1 ⊗ H2 . The Hilbertian tensor product of H1 and H2 , sometimes denoted by <formula> , is the Hilbert space obtained by completing H1 ⊗ H2 for the metric associated to this inner product . An example is provided by the Hilbert space L2 ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) . The Hilbertian tensor product of two copies of L2 ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) is isometrically and linearly isomorphic to the space L2 ( [ 0 , 1 ] 2 ) of square @-@ integrable functions on the square [ 0 , 1 ] 2 . This isomorphism sends a simple tensor f1 ⊗ f2 to the function <formula> on the square . This example is typical in the following sense . Associated to every simple tensor product x1 ⊗ x2 is the rank one operator from H ∗ 1 to H2 that maps a given <formula> as <formula> This mapping defined on simple tensors extends to a linear identification between H1 ⊗ H2 and the space of finite rank operators from H * 1 to H2 . This extends to a linear isometry of the Hilbertian tensor product <formula> with the Hilbert space HS ( H * 1 , H2 ) of Hilbert – Schmidt operators from H * 1 to H2 . = = Orthonormal bases = = The notion of an orthonormal basis from linear algebra generalizes over to the case of Hilbert spaces . In a Hilbert space H , an orthonormal basis is a family { ek } k ∈ B of elements of H satisfying the conditions : Orthogonality : Every two different elements of B are orthogonal : <formula> for all k , j in B with k ≠ j . Normalization : Every element of the family has norm 1 : \| \| ek \| \| = 1 for all k in B. Completeness : The linear span of the family ek , k ∈ B , is dense in H. A system of vectors satisfying the first two conditions basis is called an orthonormal system or an orthonormal set ( or an orthonormal sequence if B is countable ) . Such a system is always linearly independent . Completeness of an orthonormal system of vectors of a Hilbert space can be equivalently restated as : if ⟨ v , ek ⟩ = 0 for all k ∈ B and some v ∈ H then v = 0 . This is related to the fact that the only vector orthogonal to a dense linear subspace is the zero vector , for if S is any orthonormal set and v is orthogonal to S , then v is orthogonal to the closure of the linear span of S , which is the whole space . Examples of orthonormal bases include : the set { ( 1 @,@ 0 @,@ 0 ) , ( 0 @,@ 1 @,@ 0 ) , ( 0 @,@ 0 @,@ 1 ) } forms an orthonormal basis of R3 with the dot product ; the sequence { fn : n ∈ Z } with fn ( x ) = exp ( 2πinx ) forms an orthonormal basis of the complex space L2 ( [ 0 @,@ 1 ] ) ; In the infinite @-@ dimensional case , an orthonormal basis will not be a basis in the sense of linear algebra ; to distinguish the two , the latter basis is also called a Hamel basis . That the span of the basis vectors is dense implies that every vector in the space can be written as the sum of an infinite series , and the orthogonality implies that this decomposition is unique . = = = Sequence spaces = = = The space ℓ2 of square @-@ summable sequences of complex numbers is the set of infinite sequences <formula> of complex numbers such that <formula> This space has an orthonormal basis : <formula> More generally , if B is any set , then one can form a Hilbert space of sequences with index set B , defined by <formula> The summation over B is here defined by <formula> the supremum being taken over all finite subsets of B. It follows that , for this sum to be finite , every element of ℓ2 ( B ) has only countably many nonzero terms . This space becomes a Hilbert space with the inner product <formula> for all x and y in ℓ2 ( B ) . Here the sum also has only countably many nonzero terms , and is unconditionally convergent by the Cauchy – Schwarz inequality . An orthonormal basis of ℓ2 ( B ) is indexed by the set B , given by <formula> = = = Bessel 's inequality and Parseval 's formula = = = Let f1 , … , fn be a finite orthonormal system in H. For an arbitrary vector x in H , let <formula> Then ⟨ x , fk ⟩ = ⟨ y , fk ⟩ for every k = 1 , … , n . It follows that x − y is orthogonal to each fk , hence x − y is orthogonal to y . Using the Pythagorean identity twice , it follows that <formula> Let { fi } , i ∈ I , be an arbitrary orthonormal system in H. Applying the preceding inequality to every finite subset J of I gives the Bessel inequality <formula> ( according to the definition of the sum of an arbitrary family of non @-@ negative real numbers ) . Geometrically , Bessel 's inequality implies that the orthogonal projection of x onto the linear subspace spanned by the fi has norm that does not exceed that of x . In two dimensions , this is the assertion that the length of the leg of a right triangle may not exceed the length of the hypotenuse . Bessel 's inequality is a stepping stone to the more powerful Parseval identity , which governs the case when Bessel 's inequality is actually an equality . If { ek } k ∈ B is an orthonormal basis of H , then every element x of H may be written as <formula> Even if B is uncountable , Bessel 's inequality guarantees that the expression is well @-@ defined and consists only of countably many nonzero terms . This sum is called the Fourier expansion of x , and the individual coefficients ⟨ x , ek ⟩ are the Fourier coefficients of x . Parseval 's formula is then <formula> Conversely , if { ek } is an orthonormal set such that Parseval 's identity holds for every x , then { ek } is an orthonormal basis . = = = Hilbert dimension = = = As a consequence of Zorn 's lemma , every Hilbert space admits an orthonormal basis ; furthermore , any two orthonormal bases of the same space have the same cardinality , called the Hilbert dimension of the space . For instance , since ℓ2 ( B ) has an orthonormal basis indexed by B , its Hilbert dimension is the cardinality of B ( which may be a finite integer , or a countable or uncountable cardinal number ) . As a consequence of Parseval 's identity , if { ek } k ∈ B is an orthonormal basis of H , then the map Φ : H → ℓ2 ( B ) defined by Φ ( x ) = ( ⟨ x , ek ⟩ ) k ∈ B is an isometric isomorphism of Hilbert spaces : it is a bijective linear mapping such that <formula> for all x and y in H. The cardinal number of B is the Hilbert dimension of H. Thus every Hilbert space is isometrically isomorphic to a sequence space ℓ2 ( B ) for some set B. = = = Separable spaces = = = A Hilbert space is separable if and only if it admits a countable orthonormal basis . All infinite @-@ dimensional separable Hilbert spaces are therefore isometrically isomorphic to ℓ2 . In the past , Hilbert spaces were often required to be separable as part of the definition . Most spaces used in physics are separable , and since these are all isomorphic to each other , one often refers to any infinite @-@ dimensional separable Hilbert space as " the Hilbert space " or just " Hilbert space " . Even in quantum field theory , most of the Hilbert spaces are in fact separable , as stipulated by the Wightman axioms . However , it is sometimes argued that non @-@ separable Hilbert spaces are also important in quantum field theory , roughly because the systems in the theory possess an infinite number of degrees of freedom and any infinite Hilbert tensor product ( of spaces of dimension greater than one ) is non @-@ separable . For instance , a bosonic field can be naturally thought of as an element of a tensor product whose factors represent harmonic oscillators at each point of space . From this perspective , the natural state space of a boson might seem to be a non @-@ separable space . However , it is only a small separable subspace of the full tensor product that can contain physically meaningful fields ( on which the observables can be defined ) . Another non @-@ separable Hilbert space models the state of an infinite collection of particles in an unbounded region of space . An orthonormal basis of the space is indexed by the density of the particles , a continuous parameter , and since the set of possible densities is uncountable , the basis is not countable . = = Orthogonal complements and projections = = If S is a subset of a Hilbert space H , the set of vectors orthogonal to S is defined by <formula> S ⊥ is a closed subspace of H ( can be proved easily using the linearity and continuity of the inner product ) and so forms itself a Hilbert space . If V is a closed subspace of H , then V ⊥ is called the orthogonal complement of V. In fact , every x in H can then be written uniquely as x = v + w , with v in V and w in V ⊥ . Therefore , H is the internal Hilbert direct sum of V and V ⊥ . The linear operator PV : H → H that maps x to v is called the orthogonal projection onto V. There is a natural one @-@ to @-@ one correspondence between the set of all closed subspaces of H and the set of all bounded self @-@ adjoint operators P such that P2 = P. Specifically , Theorem . The orthogonal projection PV is a self @-@ adjoint linear operator on H of norm ≤ 1 with the property P2V = PV . Moreover , any self @-@ adjoint linear operator E such that E2 = E is of the form PV , where V is the range of E. For every x in H , PV ( x ) is the unique element v of V , which minimizes the distance \| \| x − v \| \| . This provides the geometrical interpretation of PV ( x ) : it is the best approximation to x by elements of V. Projections PU and PV are called mutually orthogonal if PUPV = 0 . This is equivalent to U and V being orthogonal as subspaces of H. The sum of the two projections PU and PV is a projection only if U and V are orthogonal to each other , and in that case PU + PV = PU + V. The composite PUPV is generally not a projection ; in fact , the composite is a projection if and only if the two projections commute , and in that case PUPV = PU ∩ V. By restricting the codomain to the Hilbert space V , the orthogonal projection PV gives rise to a projection mapping π : H → V ; it is the adjoint of the inclusion mapping <formula> meaning that <formula> for all x ∈ V and y ∈ H. The operator norm of the orthogonal projection PV onto a non @-@ zero closed subspace V is equal to one : <formula> Every closed subspace V of a Hilbert space is therefore the image of an operator P of norm one such that P2 = P. The property of possessing appropriate projection operators characterizes Hilbert spaces : A Banach space of dimension higher than 2 is ( isometrically ) a Hilbert space if and only if , for every closed subspace V , there is an operator PV of norm one whose image is V such that <formula> While this result characterizes the metric structure of a Hilbert space , the structure of a Hilbert space as a topological vector space can itself be characterized in terms of the presence of complementary subspaces : A Banach space X is topologically and linearly isomorphic to a Hilbert space if and only if , to every closed subspace V , there is a closed subspace W such that X is equal to the internal direct sum V ⊕ W. The orthogonal complement satisfies some more elementary results . It is a monotone function in the sense that if U ⊂ V , then <formula> with equality holding if and only if V is contained in the closure of U. This result is a special case of the Hahn – Banach theorem . The closure of a subspace can be completely characterized in terms of the orthogonal complement : If V is a subspace of H , then the closure of V is equal to <formula> . The orthogonal complement is thus a Galois connection on the partial order of subspaces of a Hilbert space . In general , the orthogonal complement of a sum of subspaces is the intersection of the orthogonal complements : <formula> . If the Vi are in addition closed , then <formula> . = = Spectral theory = = There is a well @-@ developed spectral theory for self @-@ adjoint operators in a Hilbert space , that is roughly analogous to the study of symmetric matrices over the reals or self @-@ adjoint matrices over the complex numbers . In the same sense , one can obtain a " diagonalization " of a self @-@ adjoint operator as a suitable sum ( actually an integral ) of orthogonal projection operators . The spectrum of an operator T , denoted σ ( T ) is the set of complex numbers λ such that T − λ lacks a continuous inverse . If T is bounded , then the spectrum is always a compact set in the complex plane , and lies inside the disc <formula> If T is self @-@ adjoint , then the spectrum is real . In fact , it is contained in the interval [ m , M ] where <formula> Moreover , m and M are both actually contained within the spectrum . The eigenspaces of an operator T are given by <formula> Unlike with finite matrices , not every element of the spectrum of T must be an eigenvalue : the linear operator T − λ may only lack an inverse because it is not surjective . Elements of the spectrum of an operator in the general sense are known as spectral values . Since spectral values need not be eigenvalues , the spectral decomposition is often more subtle than in finite dimensions . However , the spectral theorem of a self @-@ adjoint operator T takes a particularly simple form if , in addition , T is assumed to be a compact operator . The spectral theorem for compact self @-@ adjoint operators states : A compact self @-@ adjoint operator T has only countably ( or finitely ) many spectral values . The spectrum of T has no limit point in the complex plane except possibly zero . The eigenspaces of T decompose H into an orthogonal direct sum : <formula> Moreover , if Eλ denotes the orthogonal projection onto the eigenspace Hλ , then <formula> where the sum converges with respect to the norm on B ( H ) . This theorem plays a fundamental role in the theory of integral equations , as many integral operators are compact , in particular those that arise from Hilbert – Schmidt operators . The general spectral theorem for self @-@ adjoint operators involves a kind of operator @-@ valued Riemann – Stieltjes integral , rather than an infinite summation . The spectral family associated to T associates to each real number λ an operator Eλ , which is the projection onto the nullspace of the operator ( T − λ ) + , where the positive part of a self @-@ adjoint operator is defined by <formula> The operators Eλ are monotone increasing relative to the partial order defined on self @-@ adjoint operators ; the eigenvalues correspond precisely to the jump discontinuities . One has the spectral theorem , which asserts <formula> The integral is understood as a Riemann – Stieltjes integral , convergent with respect to the norm on B ( H ) . In particular , one has the ordinary scalar @-@ valued integral representation <formula> A somewhat similar spectral decomposition holds for normal operators , although because the spectrum may now contain non @-@ real complex numbers , the operator @-@ valued Stieltjes measure dEλ must instead be replaced by a resolution of the identity . A major application of spectral methods is the spectral mapping theorem , which allows one to apply to a self @-@ adjoint operator T any continuous complex function f defined on the spectrum of T by forming the integral <formula> The resulting continuous functional calculus has applications in particular to pseudodifferential operators . The spectral theory of unbounded self @-@ adjoint operators is only marginally more difficult than for bounded operators . The spectrum of an unbounded operator is defined in precisely the same way as for bounded operators : λ is a spectral value if the resolvent operator <formula> fails to be a well @-@ defined continuous operator . The self @-@ adjointness of T still guarantees that the spectrum is real . Thus the essential idea of working with unbounded operators is to look instead at the resolvent Rλ where λ is non @-@ real . This is a bounded normal operator , which admits a spectral representation that can then be transferred to a spectral representation of T itself . A similar strategy is used , for instance , to study the spectrum of the Laplace operator : rather than address the operator directly , one instead looks as an associated resolvent such as a Riesz potential or Bessel potential . A precise version of the spectral theorem in this case is : Given a densely defined self @-@ adjoint operator T on a Hilbert space H , there corresponds a unique resolution of the identity E on the Borel sets of R , such that <formula> for all x ∈ D ( T ) and y ∈ H. The spectral measure E is concentrated on the spectrum of T. There is also a version of the spectral theorem that applies to unbounded normal operators . = Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng = The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng ( VNQDĐ ) , also known as the Việt Quốc , the Vietnamese Nationalist Party or the Vietnamese Kuomintang , is a nationalist and moderate socialist political party that sought independence from French colonial rule in Vietnam during the early 20th century . Its origins lie in the mid @-@ 1920s , when a group of young Hanoi @-@ based intellectuals began publishing revolutionary material . In 1927 , after the publishing house failed because of French harassment and censorship , the VNQDD was formed under the leadership of Nguyễn Thái Học . Modelling itself on the Republic of China 's Kuomintang ( the same 3 characters in chữ Hán : 國民黨 ) the VNQDD gained a following among northerners , particularly teachers and intellectuals . The party , which was less successful among peasants and industrial workers , was organised in small clandestine cells . From 1928 , the VNQDD attracted attention through its assassinations of French officials and Vietnamese collaborators . A turning point came in February 1929 with the Bazin assassination , the killing of a French labour recruiter widely despised by local Vietnamese people . Although the perpetrators ' precise affiliation was unclear , the French authorities held the VNQDD responsible . Between 300 and 400 of the party 's approximately 1 @,@ 500 members were detained in the resulting crackdown . Many of the leaders were arrested , but Học managed to escape . In late 1929 , the party was weakened by an internal split . Under increasing French pressure , the VNQDD leadership switched tack , replacing a strategy of isolated clandestine attacks against individuals with a plan to expel the French in a single blow with a large @-@ scale popular uprising . After stockpiling home @-@ made weapons , the VNQDD launched the Yên Bái mutiny on February 10 , 1930 with the aim of sparking a widespread revolt . VNQDD forces combined with disaffected Vietnamese troops , who mutinied against the French colonial army . The mutiny was quickly put down , with heavy French retribution . Học and other leading figures were captured and executed and the VNQDD never regained its political strength in the country . Some remaining factions sought peaceful means of struggle , while other groups fled across the border to Kuomintang bases in the Yunnan province of China , where they received arms and training . During the 1930s , the party was eclipsed by Ho Chi Minh 's Indochinese Communist Party ( ICP ) . Vietnam was occupied by Japan during World War II and , in the chaos that followed the Japanese surrender in 1945 , the VNQDD and the ICP briefly joined forces in the fight for Vietnamese independence . However , after a falling out , Ho purged the VNQDD , leaving his communist @-@ dominated Viet Minh unchallenged as the foremost anti @-@ colonial militant organisation . As a part of the post @-@ war settlement that ended the First Indochina War , Vietnam was partitioned into two zones . The remnants of the VNQDD fled to the anti @-@ communist south , where they remained until the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule . Today , the party survives only among overseas Vietnamese . = = Origins = = French involvement in Vietnam started in the late 18th century when the Catholic priest Pigneau de Behaine assisted Nguyễn Ánh , to found the Nguyễn Dynasty by recruiting French volunteers . In return , Nguyen Anh , who took the reign name Gia Long allowed Catholic missionaries to operate in Vietnam . However , relations became strained under Gia Long 's successor Minh Mạng as missionaries sought to incite revolts in an attempt to enthrone a Catholic . This prompted anti @-@ Christian edicts , and in 1858 , a French invasion of Vietnam was mounted , ostensibly to protect Catholicism , but in reality for colonial purposes . The French steadily made gains and completed the colonisation of Vietnam in 1883 . Armed revolts against colonial rule occurred regularly , most notably through the Cần Vương movement of the late @-@ 1880s . In the early @-@ 20th century , the 1916 southern revolts and the Thái Nguyên uprising were notable disruptions to the French administration . In late 1925 , a small group of young Hanoi @-@ based intellectuals , led by a teacher named Pham Tuan Tai and his brother Pham Tuan Lam , started the Nam Dong Thu Xa ( Southeast Asia Publishing House ) . They aimed to promote violent revolution as a means of gaining independence for Vietnam from French colonisation , and published books and brochures about Sun Yat @-@ sen and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 , as well as opening a free school to teach quoc ngu ( Romanised Vietnamese script ) to the working class . The group soon attracted the support of other progressive young northerners , including students and teachers led by Nguyễn Thái Học . Học was an alumnus of Hanoi 's Commercial School , who had been stripped of a scholarship because of his mediocre academic performance . Harassment and censorship imposed by the French colonial authorities led to the commercial failure of the Nam Dong Thu Xa . By the autumn of 1927 , the group 's priorities turned towards more direct political action , in a bid to appeal to more radical elements in the north . Membership grew to around 200 , distributed among 18 cells in 14 provinces across northern and central Vietnam . = = Formation = = The Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang ( VNQDD ) was formed at a meeting in Hanoi on December 25 , 1927 , with Nguyễn Thái Học as the party 's first leader . It was Vietnam 's first home @-@ grown revolutionary party , established three years before the Indochinese Communist Party . The party advocated socialism , but at the outset there was considerable debate over its other fundamental objectives . Many wanted it to promote worldwide revolution , rather than limiting itself to campaigning for an independent Vietnamese republic ; but there were fears that this would lead to accusations of communism , putting off potential Vietnamese supporters who yearned above all for independence . In a bid for moderation , the final statement was a compromise that read : The aim and general line of the party is to make a national revolution , to use military force to overthrow the feudal colonial system , to set up a democratic republic of Vietnam . At the same time we will help all oppressed nationalities in the work of struggling to achieve independence , in particular such neighboring countries as Laos and Cambodia . Although the VNQDD modelled itself on Sun Yat @-@ sen 's Chinese Nationalist Party ( the Kuomintang or KMT , later led by Chiang Kai @-@ shek ) , even down to copying the " Nationalist Party " designation , it had no direct relationship with its Chinese counterpart and in fact did not gain much attention outside Vietnam until the Yên Bái mutiny in 1930 . Like the KMT , it was a clandestine organisation held together with tight discipline . Its basic unit was the cell , above which there were several levels of administration , including provincial , regional and central committees . Also like the KMT , the VNQDD 's revolutionary strategy envisaged a military takeover , followed by a period of political training for the population before a constitutional government could take control . Most party members were teachers , employees of the French colonial government or non @-@ commissioned officers in the colonial army . The VNQDD campaigned mainly among these facets of society — there were few workers or peasants in its ranks . The party 's popularity was based on a groundswell of anti @-@ French feeling in northern Vietnam in the 1920s ; many writers had assailed society for glorifying military actions against China , Champa , Siam and Cambodia , Vietnam 's historical rivals , while neglecting to oppose French colonialism . The VNQDD admitted many female members , which was quite revolutionary for the time . It set about seeking alliances with other nationalist factions in Vietnam . In a meeting on July 4 , 1928 , the Central Committee appealed for unity among the Vietnamese revolutionary movements , sending delegates to meet with other organisations struggling for independence . The preliminary contacts did not yield any concrete alliances . The VNQDD also assailed the Vietnamese communists of Ho Chi Minh for betraying the leading nationalist of the time — Phan Bội Châu — to the French in return for a financial reward . Ho had done this to eliminate other nationalist rivals . The VNQDD would later be on the receiving end of another of Ho 's manoeuvres . = = Initial activities = = Financial problems compounded the VNQDD 's difficulties . Money was needed to set up a commercial enterprise , a cover for the revolutionaries to meet and plot , and for raising funds . For this purpose , a hotel @-@ restaurant named the Vietnam Hotel was opened in September 1928 . The French colonial authorities were aware of the real purpose of the business , and put it under surveillance without taking further preliminary action . The first notable reorganisation of the VNQDD was in December , when Nguyen Khac Nhu replaced Hoc as chairman . Three proto @-@ governmental organs were created , to form the legislative , executive and judicial arms of government . The records of the French secret service estimated that by early 1929 , the VNQDD consisted of approximately 1 @,@ 500 members in 120 cells , mostly in areas around the Red River Delta . The intelligence reported that most members were students , minor merchants or low @-@ level bureaucrats in the French administration . The report stated that there were landlords and wealthy peasants among the members , but that few were of scholar @-@ gentry ( mandarin ) rank . According to the historian Cecil B. Currey , " The VNQDD 's lower @-@ class origins made it , in many ways , closer to the labouring poor than were the Communists , many of whom … [ were ] from established middle @-@ class families . " Beginning in 1928 , the VNQDD attracted substantial Vietnamese support , provoking increased attention from the French colonial administration . This came after a VNQDD death squad killed several French officials and Vietnamese collaborators who had a reputation for cruelty towards the Vietnamese populace . = = Assassination of Bazin = = The assassination of Hanoi @-@ based French labour recruiter Hervé Bazin on February 9 , 1929 , was a turning point that marked the beginning of the VNQDD 's decline . A graduate of the École Coloniale in Paris , Bazin directed the recruitment of Vietnamese labourers to work on colonial plantations . Recruiting techniques often included beating or coercion , because the foremen who did the recruiting received a commission for each enlisted worker . On the plantations , living conditions were poor and the remuneration was low , leading to widespread indignation . In response , Vietnamese hatred of Bazin led to thoughts of an assassination . A group of workers approached the VNQDD with a proposal to kill Bazin . Học felt that assassinations were pointless because they would only prompt a crackdown by the French Sûreté , thereby weakening the party . He felt that it was better to strengthen the party until the time was ripe to overthrow the French , viewing Bazin as a mere twig on the tree of the colonial apparatus . Turned down by the VNQDD leadership , one of the assassination 's proponents — it is unclear whether or not he was a party member — created his own plot . With an accomplice , he shot and killed Bazin on February 9 , 1929 , as the Frenchman left his mistress 's house . The French attributed the attack to the VNQDD and reacted by apprehending all the party members they could find : between three and four hundred men were rounded up , including 36 government clerks , 13 French government officials , 36 schoolteachers , 39 merchants , 37 landowners and 40 military personnel . The subsequent trials resulted in 78 men being convicted and sentenced to jail terms ranging between five and twenty years . The arrests severely depleted the VNQDD leadership : most of the Central Committee were captured , though Học and Nhu were among the few who escaped from a raid on their hideout at the Vietnam Hotel . = = Internal split and change in strategy = = In 1929 , the VNQDD split when a faction led by Nguyen The Nghiep began to disobey party orders and was therefore expelled from the Central Committee . Some sources claim that Nghiep had formed a breakaway party and had begun secret contacts with French authorities . Perturbed by those who betrayed fellow members to the French and the problems this behaviour caused , Học convened a meeting to tighten regulations in mid @-@ 1929 at the village of Lac Dao , along the Gia Lam – Haiphong railway . This was also the occasion for a shift in strategy : Học argued for a general uprising , citing rising discontent among Vietnamese soldiers in the colonial army . More moderate party leaders believed this move to be premature , and cautioned against it , but Học 's stature meant he prevailed in shifting the party 's orientation towards violent struggle . One of the arguments presented for large @-@ scale violence was that the French response to the Bazin assassination meant that the party 's strength could decline in the long term . The plan was to provoke a series of uprisings at military posts around the Red River Delta in early 1930 , where VNQDD forces would join Vietnamese soldiers in an attack on the two major northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong . The leaders agreed to restrict their uprisings to Tonkin , because the party was weak elsewhere . For the remainder of 1929 , the party prepared for the revolt . They located and manufactured weapons , storing them in hidden depots . The preparation was hindered by French police , particularly the seizure of arms caches . = = Yên Bái mutiny = = At around 01 : 30 on Monday , February 10 , 1930 , approximately 40 troops belonging to the 2nd Battalion of the Fourth Régiment de Tirailleurs Tonkinois stationed at Yên Bái , reinforced by around 60 civilian members of the VNQDD , attacked their 29 French officers and warrant officers . The rebels had intended to split into three groups : the first group was to infiltrate the infantry , kill French NCOs in their beds and raise support among Vietnamese troops ; the second , supported by the VNQDD civilians , was to break into the post headquarters ; and the third group would enter the officers ' quarters . The French were caught off guard ; five were killed and three seriously wounded . The mutineers isolated a few more French officers from their men , even managing to raise the VNQDD flag above one of the buildings . About two hours later , however , it became apparent that the badly coordinated uprising had failed , and the remaining 550 Vietnamese soldiers helped quell the rebellion rather than participate in it . The insurrectionists had failed to liquidate the Garde indigène town post and could not convince the frightened townspeople to join them in a general revolt . At 07 : 30 , a French Indochinese counterattack scattered the mutineers ; two hours later , order was re @-@ established in Yên Bái . That same evening , two further insurrectionary attempts failed in the Sơn Dương sector . A raid on the Garde indigène post in Hưng Hóa was repelled by the Vietnamese guards , who appeared to have been tipped off . In the nearby town of Kinh Khe , VNQDD members killed the instructor Nguyen Quang Kinh and one of his wives . After destroying the Garde indigène post in Lâm Thao , the VNQDD briefly seized control of the district seat . At sunrise , a new Garde indigène unit arrived and inflicted heavy losses on the insurgents , mortally wounding Nhu . Aware of the events in the upper delta region , Pho Duc Chinh fled and abandoned a planned attack on the Sơn Tây garrison , but he was captured a few days later by French authorities . On February 10 , a VNQDD member injured a policeman at a Hanoi checkpoint ; at night , Arts students threw bombs at government buildings , which they regarded as part of the repressive power of the colonial state . On the night of February 15 – 16 , Học and his remaining forces seized the nearby villages of Phu Duc and Vĩnh Bảo , in Thái Bình and Hải Dương provinces respectively , for a few hours . In the second village , the VNQDD killed the local mandarin of the French colonial government , Tri Huyen . On February 16 , French warplanes responded by bombarding the VNQDD 's last base at Co Am village ; on the same day , Tonkin 's Resident Superior René Robin dispatched 200 Gardes indigènes , eight French commanders and two Sûreté inspectors . A few further violent incidents occurred until February 22 , when Governor @-@ General Pierre Pasquier declared that the insurrection had been defeated . Học and his lieutenants , Chinh and Nguyen Thanh Loi , were apprehended . A series of trials were held to prosecute those arrested during the uprising . The largest number of death penalties was handed down by the first Criminal Commission , which convened at Yen Bay . Among the 87 people found guilty at Yen Bay , 46 were servicemen . Some argued in their own defence that they had been " surprised and forced to take part in the insurrection " . Of the 87 convicted , 39 were sentenced to death , five to deportation , 33 to life sentences of forced labour , nine to 20 years imprisonment , and one to five years of forced labour . Of those condemned to death , 24 were civilians and 15 were servicemen . Presidential pardons reduced the number of death penalties from 39 to 13 . Học and Chinh were among the 13 who were executed on June 17 , 1930 . The condemned men cried " Viet Nam ! " as the guillotine fell . Học wrote a final plea to the French , in a letter that claimed that he had always wanted to cooperate with French authorities , but that their intransigence had forced him to revolt . Học contended that France could only stay in Indochina if they dropped their " brutal " policies , and became more amiable towards the Vietnamese . The VNQDD leader called for universal education , training in commerce and industry , and an end to the corrupt practices of the French @-@ installed mandarins . = = Exile in Yunnan = = Following Yen Bay , the VNQDD became more diffuse , with many factions effectively acting virtually autonomously of one another . Le Huu Canh — who had tried to stall the failed mutiny — attempted to reunite what remained of the party under the banner of peaceful reform . Other factions , however , remained faithful to Học 's legacy , recreating the movement in the Hanoi @-@ Haiphong area . A failed assassination attempt on Governor @-@ General Pasquier led to French crackdowns in 1931 and 1932 . The survivors escaped to Yunnan in southern China , where some of Nghiep 's supporters were still active . The Yunnan VNQDD was in fact a section of the Chinese Kuomintang , who protected its members from the Chinese government while funds were raised by robbery and extortion along the Sino @-@ Vietnamese border . This eventually led to a Chinese government crackdown , but VNQDD members continued to train at the Yunnan Military School ; some enlisted in the nationalist Chinese army while others learned to manufacture weapons and munitions in the Yunnan arsenal . Nghiep was briefly jailed by Yunnan authorities , but continued to run the party from his cell . Upon his release in 1933 , Nghiep consolidated the party with similar groups in the area , including some followers of Phan Bội Châu who had formed a Canton @-@ based organisation with similar aims in 1925 . Chau 's group had formed in opposition to the communist tendencies of Ho Chi Minh 's Revolutionary Youth League . However , Ho betrayed Chau to eliminate a potential rival and to pocket a reward . With nationalist Chinese aid , Chau 's followers had set up a League of Oppressed Oriental Peoples , a Pan @-@ Asian group that ended in failure . In 1932 the League made the point of declaring a " Provisional Indochinese Government " at Canton . In July 1933 , Chau 's group was integrated into Nghiep 's Yunnan organisation . In 1935 , Nghiep surrendered to the French consulate in Shanghai . The remainder of the VNQDD was paralysed by infighting and began losing political relevance , with only moderate activity until the outbreak of World War II and Japan 's invasion of French Indochina in 1940 . They attempted to organise workers along the Yunnan railway , threatening occasional border assaults , with little success . The VNQDD was gradually overshadowed as the leading Vietnamese independence organisation by Ho 's Indochinese Communist Party ( ICP ) . In 1940 , Ho arrived in Yunnan , which was a hotbed of both ICP and VNQDD activity . He initiated collaboration between the ICP and other nationalists such as the VNQDD . At the time , World War II had broken out and Japan had conquered most of eastern China and replaced the French in Vietnam . Ho moved east to the neighbouring province of Guangxi , where Chinese military leaders had been attempting to organise Vietnamese nationalists against the Japanese . The VNQDD had been active in Guangxi and some of their members had joined the KMT army . Under the umbrella of KMT activities , a broad alliance of nationalists emerged . With Ho at the forefront , the Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi ( Vietnamese Independence League , usually known as the Viet Minh ) was formed and based in the town of Chinghsi . The pro @-@ VNQDD nationalist Ho Ngoc Lam , a KMT army officer and former disciple of Phan Boi Chau , was named as the deputy of Phạm Văn Đồng , later to be Ho 's Prime Minister . The front was later broadened and renamed the Viet Nam Giai Phong Dong Minh ( Vietnam Liberation League ) . It was an uneasy situation , as another VNQDD leader , Truong Boi Cong , a graduate of a KMT military academy , wanted to challenge the communists for pre @-@ eminence , while Vũ Hồng Khanh led a virulently anti @-@ communist VNQDD faction . The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups , run by the pro Chinese VNQDD . Chinese KMT General Zhang Fakui created the league to further Chinese influence in Indochina , against the French and Japanese . Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People , created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Vietnamese and French Imperialists . The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than , who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese . General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam , and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league , as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina . The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces . At one stage , the communists made an appeal for other Vietnamese anti @-@ colonialists to join forces , but condemned Khanh as an " opportunist " and " fake revolutionary " in their letter . The cooperation in the border area lasted for only a few months before VNQDD officials complained to the local KMT officials that the communists , led by Dong and Võ Nguyên Giáp , were attempting to dominate the league . This prompted the local authorities to shut down the front 's activities . = = Post World War II = = In March 1945 , the VNQDD received a boost , when Imperial Japan , which had occupied Vietnam since 1941 , deposed the French administration , and installed the Empire of Vietnam , a puppet regime . This resulted in the release of some anti @-@ French activists , including VNQDD members . In August 1945 , Ho 's Viet Minh seized power and set up a provisional government in the wake of Japan 's withdrawal from Vietnam . This move violated a prior agreement between the member parties of the Viet Nam Cach Mang Dong Minh Hoi ( Vietnamese Revolutionary League ) , which included the VNQDD as well as the Vietminh , and Ho was pressured to broaden his government 's appeal by including the VNQDD ( now led by Nguyễn Tường Tam ) . The Vietminh announced that they would abolish the mandarin governance system and hold national elections with universal suffrage in two hold . The VNQDD objected to this , fearing that the communists would perpetrate electoral fraud . After the seizure of power , hundreds of VNQDD members returned from China , only to be killed at the border by the Vietminh . Nevertheless , the VNQDD arrived in northern Vietnam with arms and supplies from the KMT , in addition to its prestige as a Vietnamese nationalist organisation . Nationalist China backed the VNQDD in the hope of gaining more influence over its southern neighbour . Ho tried to broaden his support in order to strengthen himself , in addition to decreasing Chinese and French power . He hoped that by co @-@ opting VNQDD members , he could shut out the KMT . The communists had no intention of sharing power with anyone in the long term and regarded the move as purely a strategic exercise . Giap , the Vietminh 's military chief , called the VNQDD a " group of reactionaries plotting to rely on Chiang Kai @-@ Shek 's Kuomintang and their rifle barrels to snatch a few crumbs " . The VNQDD dominated the main control lines between northern Vietnam and China near Lào Cai . They funded their operations from the tribute that they levied from the local populace . Once the majority of the non @-@ communist nationalists had returned to Vietnam , the VNQDD banded with them to form an anti @-@ Vietminh alliance . The VNQDD and the Dai Viet Quoc Dan Dang ( DVQDD , Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam ) started their own military academy at Yên Bái to train their own military recruits . Armed confrontations between the Vietminh and the nationalists occurred regularly in major northern cities . The VNQDD were aided by the KMT , who were in northern Vietnam as the result of an international agreement to stabilise the country . The KMT often disarmed local Vietminh bands . The VNQDD then established their national headquarters in Hanoi , and began to publish newspapers , expounding their policies and explaining their ideology . The OSS agent Archimedes Patti , who was based in Kunming and northern Vietnam , reported that the VNQDD were " hopelessly disoriented politically " and felt that they had no idea of how to run a government . He speculated that the VNQDD were driven by " desires for personal power and economic gain " . Giap accused them of being " bandits " . Military and newspaper attacks between the groups occurred regularly , but a power @-@ sharing agreement was put in place until the elections occurred in order to end the attacks and strengthen national unity to further the goal of independence . The communists also allowed the VNQDD to continue printing material . However , the agreement was ineffective in the meantime . The VNQDD kidnapped Giap and the Propaganda Minister Tran Huy Lieu and held them for three weeks until Ho agreed to remove Giáp and Lieu from the cabinet . As a result , the VNQDD 's Vũ Hồng Khanh became defence minister , with Giap as his deputy . What the VNQDD and other non @-@ communist nationalists thought to be an equitable power @-@ sharing agreement turned out to be a ruse . Every non @-@ communist minister had a communist deputy , and if the former refused to approve a decree , the Vietminh official would do so . Many ministers were excluded from knowing the details of their portfolio ; Khanh was forbidden to see any military statistics and some were forbidden to attend cabinet meetings . In one case , the Minister of Social Works became a factory worker because he was forced to remain politically idle . Meanwhile , Giáp was able to stymie the activities of VNQDD officials of higher rank in the coalition government . Aside from shutting down the ability of the VNQDD officials to disseminate information , he often ordered his men to start riots and street brawls at public VNQDD events . Ho scheduled elections for December 23 , but he made a deal with the VNQDD and the Dong Minh Hoi , which assured them of 50 and 20 seats in the new national assembly respectively , regardless of the poll results . This only temporarily placated the VNQDD , which continued its skirmishes against the Vietminh . Eventually , Chinese pressure on the VNQDD and the Dong Minh Hoi saw them accept a coalition government , in which Tam served as foreign minister . For the communists ' part , they accused the KMT of intimidating them into sharing power with the VNQDD , and claimed that VNQDD soldiers had tried to attack polling stations . The VNQDD claimed that the communists had engaged in vote fraud and intimidation , citing Vietminh claims that they had received tallies in excess of 80 % in areas controlled by French troops . = = War against French colonial rule = = The Ho – Sainteny agreement , signed on March 6 , 1946 , saw the return of French colonial forces to Vietnam , replacing the Chinese nationalists who were supposed to be maintaining order . The VNQDD were now without their main supporters . As a result , the VNQDD were further attacked by the French , who often encircled VNQDD strongholds , enabling Viet Minh attacks . Giáp 's army hunted down VNQDD troops and cleared them from the Red River Delta , seizing arms and arresting party members , who were falsely charged with crimes ranging from counterfeiting to unlawful arms possession . The Viet Minh massacred thousands of VNQDD members and other nationalists in a large scale purge . Most of the survivors fled to China or French @-@ controlled areas in Vietnam . After driving the VNQDD out of their Hanoi headquarters on On Nhu Hau Street , Giáp ordered his agents to construct an underground torture chamber on the premises . They then planted exhumed and badly decomposed bodies in the chamber , and accused the VNQDD of gruesome murders , although most of the dead were VNQDD members who had been killed by Giáp 's men . The communists made a public spectacle of the scene in an attempt to discredit the VNQDD , but the truth eventually came out and the " On Nhu Hau Street affair " lowered their public image . When the National Assembly reconvened in Hanoi on October 28 , only 30 of the 50 VNQDD seats were filled . Of the 37 VNQDD and Dong Minh Hoi members who turned up , only 20 remained by the end of the session . By the end of the year , Tam had resigned as foreign minister and fled to China , and only one of the three original VNQDD cabinet members was still in office . In any case , the VNQDD never had any power , despite their numerical presence . Upon the opening of the National Assembly , the communist majority voted to vest power in an executive committee almost entirely consisting of communists ; the legislature met only once a year . In any case , the façade of a legislature was dispensed with as the First Indochina War went into full flight . A small group of VNQDD fighters escaped Giáp 's assault and retreated to a mountainous enclave along the Sino @-@ Vietnamese border , where they declared themselves to be the government of Vietnam , with little effect . = = Post @-@ independence = = After Vietnam gained independence in 1954 , the Geneva Accords partitioned the country into a communist north and an anti @-@ communist south , but stipulated that there were to be 300 days of free passage between the two zones . During Operation Passage to Freedom , most VNQDD members migrated to the south . The VNQDD was deeply divided after years of communist pressure , lacked strong leadership and no longer had a coherent military presence , although they had a large presence in central Vietnam . The party 's disarray was only exacerbated by the actions of autocratic President Ngô Đình Diệm , who imprisoned many of its members . Diem 's administration was a " dictatorship by Catholics — A new kind of fascism " , according to the title of a VNQDD pamphlet published in July 1955 . The VNQDD tried to revolt against Diem in 1955 in central Vietnam . During the transition period after Geneva , the VNQDD sought to set up a new military academy in central Vietnam , but they were crushed by Ngô Đình Cẩn , who ran the region for his elder brother Diệm , dismantled and jailed VNQDD members and leaders . Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam felt that Diệm discriminated against them because of their political leanings . Diệm used the secret Catholic Cần Lao Party to keep control of the army and stifle attempts by VNQDD members to rise through the ranks . During the Diệm era , the VNQDD were implicated in two failed coup attempts . In November 1960 , a paratrooper revolt failed after the mutineers agreed to negotiate , allowing time for loyalists to relieve the president . Many of the officers involved had links to or were members of the VNQDD , and fled the country after the coup collapsed . In 1963 , VNQDD leaders Tam and Vũ Hồng Khanh were among those arrested for their involvement in the plot ; Tam committed suicide before the case started , and Khanh was jailed . In February 1962 , two Vietnam Air Force pilots , Nguyễn Văn Cừ — son of a prominent VNQDD leader — and Phạm Phú Quốc , bombarded the Independence Palace in a bid to kill the president and his family , but their targets escaped unharmed . Diem was eventually deposed in a military coup and killed in November 1963 . While the generals that led the coup were not members of the VNQDD , they sought to cultivate ARVN officers who were part of the VNQDD because of their antipathy towards Diem . Many VNQDD members were part of the ARVN , which sought to prevent South Vietnam from being overrun by communists during the Vietnam War , and they were known for being more anti @-@ communist than most of their compatriots . After the fall of Diệm and the execution of Cẩn in May 1964 , the VNQDD became more active in their strongholds in central Vietnam . Nevertheless , there was no coherent national leadership and groups at district and provincial level tended to operate autonomously . By 1965 , their members had managed to infiltrate and take over the Peoples Action Teams ( PATs ) , irregular paramilitary counter @-@ insurgency forces organised by Australian Army advisers to fight the communists , and used them for their own purposes . In December , one VNQDD member had managed to turn his PAT colleagues towards the nationalist agenda , and the local party leadership in Quảng Nam approached the Australians in an attempt to have the 1000 @-@ man PAT outfit formally allied to the VNQDD . The overture was rejected . The politicisation of paramilitary units worked both ways ; some province chiefs used the anti @-@ communist forces to assassinate political opponents , including VNQDD members . In 1966 , the Buddhist Uprising erupted in central Vietnam , in which some Buddhist leaders fomented civil unrest against the war , hoping to end foreign involvement in Vietnam and end the conflict through a peace deal with the communists . The VNQDD remained implacably opposed to any coexistence with the communists . Members of the VNQDD made alliances with Catholics , collected arms , and engaged in pro @-@ war street clashes with the Buddhists , forcing elements of the ARVN to intervene to stop them . On April 19 , clashes erupted in Quảng Ngãi Province between the Buddhists and the VNQDD , prompting the local ARVN commander Tôn Thất Đính to forcibly restrain the two groups . Three days later the VNQDD accused the Buddhists of attacking their premises in Hội An and Da Nang , while US officials reported that the VNQDD were making plans to assassinate leading Buddhists , such as the activist monk Thích Trí Quang . The VNQDD contested their national elections of 1967 , the first elections since the fall of Diem , which were rigged — Diem and his people invariably gained more than 95 % of the vote and sometimes exceeded the number of registered voters . The campaign was disorganised due to a lack of infrastructure and some VNQDD candidates were not formally sanctioned by any hierarchy . The VNQDD focused on the districts in I Corps in central Vietnam where they were thought to be strong . There were 60 seats in the senate , and the six victorious tickets would see all ten of their members elected . The VNQDD entered eight tickets in the senate election , and while they totalled 15 % of the national vote between them , the most of any grouping , it was diluted between the groupings ; none of the tickets and thus none of the candidates were elected . This contrasted with one Catholic alliance with three tickets that won only 8 % of the vote , but had all 30 candidates elected . They won nine seats in the lower house , a small minority presence , all from districts in central Vietnam , where they tended to poll between 20 and 40 % in various areas . The VNQDD members made several loose alliances with Hòa Hảo members of the lower house . During the Tet Offensive of 1968 , the communists attacked and seized control of the central city of Huế for a month . During this time , they executed around 3 @,@ 000 – 6 @,@ 000 people that they had taken prisoner , out of a total population of 140 @,@ 000 . The communists had compiled a list of " reactionaries " to be liquidated before their assault . Known for their virulent anti @-@ communism , VNQDD members appeared to have been disproportionately targeted in the massacre . After the Fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War , the remnants of the VNQDD were again targeted by the victorious communists . As Vietnam is a single @-@ party state led by the Vietnamese Communist Party , the VNQDD is illegal . Some VNQDD members fled to the West , where they continued their political activities . The VNQDD remains respected among some sections of the overseas Vietnamese community as Vietnam 's leading anti @-@ communist organisation . = John Kenneth Hilliard = John Kenneth Hilliard ( October 1901 – March 21 , 1989 ) was an American acoustical and electrical engineer who pioneered a number of important loudspeaker concepts and designs . He helped develop the practical use of recording sound for film , and won an Academy Award in 1935 . He designed movie theater sound systems , and he worked on radar as well as submarine detection equipment during World War II . Hilliard collaborated with James B. " Jim " Lansing in creating the long @-@ lived Altec Voice of the Theatre speaker system . Hilliard researched high @-@ intensity acoustics , vibration , miniaturization and long @-@ line communications for NASA and the Air Force . Near the end of his career , he standardized noise @-@ control criteria for home construction in California , a pattern since applied to new homes throughout the U.S. = = Education = = Born in October 1901 in Wyndmere , North Dakota , Hilliard received his B.S. degree from Hamline University in St. Paul , Minnesota at 24 years of age . He then obtained a B.S.E.E. at the University of Minnesota . He married a laboratory biologist and began working toward a master 's degree . = = Movie sound = = = = = United Artists = = = After the release of The Jazz Singer , all the major film companies were racing to hire audio engineers so they could record and reproduce sound for film . Through common acquaintances at Electrical Research Products , Inc . ( ERPI ) within Western Electric , Hilliard was contacted and hired by United Artists Studios ( UA ) in Hollywood , California in 1928 because of his studies in physics , engineering and acoustics . Having left his Masters studies behind in Minnesota , Hilliard , not yet 28 years old , supervised all sound recording for Coquette , UA 's first talking motion picture . Western Electric provided recording equipment , but the specific techniques for achieving best sound on film had to be developed by hard work and imagination . Hilliard 's ground @-@ breaking methods later became industry standards . = = = MGM = = = In 1933 , MGM hired Hilliard away from UA . His first assignment was to fix their problematic recording amplifiers whose overall phase shift measured out to a voice @-@ distorting 1500 degrees . Hilliard 's solution was to use higher linearity transformers obtained from Lansing Manufacturing Company , in consultation with founder Jim Lansing . Earlier , Hilliard had befriended a laboratory associate of his wife 's , Dr. John Blackburn , and in 1934 , he helped Blackburn get a position as design engineer at Lansing Manufacturing . The following year , Hilliard and his team at MGM solved the problem of recording Nelson Eddy 's strong operatic baritone alongside Jeanette MacDonald 's flat and weak soprano voice , picking up an Academy Award for Sound Recording on the duo 's first film together : Naughty Marietta . As part of his work to reduce the weight of sound equipment at MGM , Hilliard approached James " Jim " Cannon of Cannon Electric in Los Angeles regarding the machining of a smaller , lighter version of Cannon 's heavy @-@ duty electrical connectors that Western Electric had been using for motors and microphones . The resulting lightweight six @-@ pin Cannon connector eventually evolved to become the industry standard three @-@ pin connector for microphones ; the XLR connector . Though the Great Depression was underway , Cannon Electric was kept very busy producing the popular connectors for film studios . While at MGM , Hilliard was asked by Gordon Mitchell to chair the Motion Picture Research Council 's sound committee . Hilliard 's first task was standardizing a uniform method of reproducing film sound in the theater . He began by standardizing recording techniques among eight major film studios . Later , with Harry Kimball , he helped develop the 1938 " Academy Curve " , a standard filter that attenuated recorded noise above 8 @,@ 000 Hz while retaining prominent voice reproduction characteristics . = = = Shearer Horn System = = = Hilliard 's continued contact with Lansing and Blackburn led to a conversation about the poor state of loudspeakers in movie theaters . The three men shared ideas about how best to improve existing designs . Hilliard took his plans to MGM 's head of sound , Douglas Shearer ( brother of Norma Shearer ) , who decided to fund the effort . Hilliard was made responsible for the concept and design of the project . Lansing Manufacturing was tapped to develop the drive units while Hilliard worked to improve the electronic components . What came out of this collaboration was a well @-@ received industry standard loudspeaker system , " The Shearer Horn System for Theatres " ( 1937 ) , that garnered a technical award " Oscar " for sound from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . In May 1941 , Lansing Manufacturing was bought by All Technical Services Company , an outgrowth of Western Electric 's ERPI division which had become independent . The resulting company , with the established film industry contacts of ERPI combined with the extended manufacturing capability of Lansing , reformed as Altec Lansing . Hilliard had contacts in both parent firms . = = = World War II intervenes = = = In 1942 when the United States was preparing to fight a long , technically challenging war , Hilliard left MGM to join his friend Blackburn who had begun research for Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) to work on radar development for U.S. military applications . His work at MIT in Cambridge , Massachusetts led in 1943 to an employment opportunity back in Los Angeles at Altec Lansing where he improved their Magnetic Anomaly Detector ( MAD , also known as " Magnetic Airborne Detection " ) system for Anti @-@ submarine warfare ( ASW ) . = = = Voice of the Theatre = = = In 1944 , Hilliard returned to entertainment acoustics with Altec Lansing . Improving on the Shearer Horn System , Hilliard worked with Jim Lansing and Blackie Blackburn to develop the loudspeaker system of the 20th century : the Voice of the Theatre ( VOTT ) . Arriving in the marketplace in 1945 , it offered better coherence and clarity at high power levels . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences immediately began testing its sonic characteristics ; they made it the movie theater industry standard in 1955 . Production of the long @-@ lived VOTT continued into the 1990s . = = Altec = = In 1946 , Hilliard took over as Vice President of Engineering due to Jim Lansing 's leaving Altec to start a new enterprise which would become JBL . Hilliard remained VP Engineering at Altec until 1960 during which time he supervised the development of sectoral horns , significant reductions in the size of the condenser microphone , many amplifier and crossover designs , and a major reworking and improvement of the Altec Lansing Duplex 604 , the well @-@ known high @-@ fidelity coaxial loudspeaker driver originally designed by George Carrington , Sr. , who was then president of Altec Lansing . As chief engineer at Altec , Hilliard joined the Hollywood section of the Sapphire Group , a regular social gathering of sound recordists and a precursor to the Audio Engineering Society . In 1948 , Hilliard was elected to chair the Sapphire Group Recording Standards Committee . He made certain , along with the Motion Picture Research Council , that proposed industry standards were forwarded to members of National Association of Broadcasters ( NAB ) , Institute of Radio Engineers ( IRE ) , Acoustical Society of America ( ASA ) and Royal Musical Association ( RMA ) . Hilliard helped form the Los Angeles section of the Audio Engineering Society ( AES ) in 1951 . At the beginning of 1963 , IRE merged with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers ( AIEE ) to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ( IEEE ) — Hilliard retained his Fellowship . = = Noise studies = = In 1960 , Hilliard became director of the Ling @-@ Temco @-@ Vought ( LTV ) Western Research Center where he widened his scope of research to include the study of sonic booms , missile launch noise , atmospheric noise refraction , highway noise mitigation , hearing conservation and gun silencing . He helped develop an air @-@ driven noise generator that produced 10 @,@ 000 acoustic watts and was driven by a 300 horsepower ( 220 kW ) diesel engine . He helped NASA with voice communication equipment including long lines between Cape Canaveral and Houston as well as assisting the Air Force with their worldwide telephone system . He worked on military listening systems . In 1968 , Hilliard retired from regular employment at LTV , continuing to work with LTV as a consultant but in the same manner as if he hadn 't retired . In the early 1970s , Hilliard directed the hearing conservation program at Bio @-@ Medical Engineering Corporation . He founded J.K.Hilliard and Associates in the mid @-@ 1970s , performing architectural acoustic analysis and creating the standards for California 's multi @-@ family housing construction acoustic design policies , significantly influencing interior and exterior noise @-@ control standards for homeowners across the United States . = = Personal life = = While he was undertaking his post @-@ graduate studies in Minnesota , Hilliard married Jessamine Hilliard , a published researcher in the fields of allergies , enzymes , hormones and radiology . She accompanied him to California when UA offered him a job . In 1932 , she introduced Hilliard to a young electrical engineer working at her Los Angeles laboratory , a doctoral graduate fresh out of Caltech : Dr. John " Blackie " Blackburn , a man Hilliard would continue to associate and collaborate with in many technical endeavors . Hilliard ceased consulting in 1985 and died on March 21 , 1989 . Friends said he helped lay out a loudspeaker sales demonstration booth just months before he died . = = Published works = = ( 1936 ) " A Study of Theater Loud Speakers and the Resultant Development of the Shearer Two @-@ Way Horn System " . Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , Volume 27 , p . 45 ( 1938 ) " Motion Picture Sound Engineering " . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , Los Angeles . ( 1940 ) " Use of Fine Grain Positive Emulsions for Variable Density Film Recording " . Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , pp. 535 – 537 , 564 ( 1957 ) Acoustic Society of America : " Generation of High @-@ Intensity Sound Using Loudspeakers for Environmental Testing of Electronic Components " ( 1957 ) " Instrumentation for the Measurement and Generation of High Intensity Sound " , with Leo Beranek . Defense Technical Information Center ( 1962 ) " Electro @-@ Pneumatic Air Modulator for Fog Signals " , IRE Trans . Audio ( 1965 ) AES Journal Article Database : " High @-@ Power , Low @-@ Frequency Loudspeakers " ( 1966 ) AES Journal Article Database : " Development of Horn @-@ Type Moving Coil Driver Unit " ( 1969 ) Audio Engineering Society Electronic Library : " An Improved Theatre Type Loudspeaker System " ( 1970 ) AES Journal Article Database : " Unbaffled Loudspeaker Column Arrays " ( 1971 ) Audio Engineering Society Electronic Library : " Microphone Windscreens " ( 1971 ) Audio Engineering Society Electronic Library : " Airport Noise Management " ( 1976 ) Audio Engineering Society Electronic Library : " Historical review of horns used for audience @-@ type sound reproduction " ( 1977 ) Audio Engineering Society Electronic Library : " A Review of Early Developments in Electroacoustics in the U.S.A. " ( 1978 ) AES Journal Article Database : " Dividing Networks for Loud Speaker Systems " ( 1978 ) AES Journal Article Database : " The Function and Design of Horns for Loudspeakers " ( 1978 ) Audio Engineering Society Electronic Library : " A Study of Theatre Loud Speakers and the Resultant Development of the Shearer Two @-@ Way Horn System " ( 1980 ) AES Journal Article Database : " The Practical Application of Time @-@ Delay Spectrometry in the Field " ( 1984 ) Audio Engineering Society Electronic Library : " A Brief History of Early Motion Picture Sound Recording and Reproducing Practices " = = Awards = = ( 1935 ) Academy Award for best Sound Recording on the film Naughty Marietta ( 1937 ) Technical award from the Academy for the Shearer Horn ( 1951 ) Honorary Doctorate from the University of Hollywood ( 1961 ) John H. Potts Award ( now the Gold Medal ) , the highest accolade from the Audio Engineering Society ( 1962 ) Technical Achievement Award , IRE Signal Processing Society = Pink whipray = The pink whipray ( Himantura fai ) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae , with a wide but ill @-@ defined distribution in the tropical Indo @-@ Pacific from southern Africa to Polynesia . It is a bottom dweller that generally inhabits shallow water under 70 m ( 230 ft ) deep , in sandy areas associated with coral reefs . Individuals exhibit a high degree of fidelity to particular locations . The pink whipray has a diamond @-@ shaped pectoral fin disc wider than long , with a broad @-@ angled snout and a very long , whip @-@ like tail without fin folds . It has only a few small thorns on its back and is uniform brownish to grayish pink in color , becoming much darker past the tail sting . This large ray can reach 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) across and over 5 m ( 16 ft ) long . Gregarious in nature , the pink whipray has been known to form large active and resting aggregations , and associate with other large ray species . It preys mainly on prawns , but also consumes other benthic invertebrates and bony fishes . This species is aplacental viviparous , in which the unborn young are nourished by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . Across much of its range , substantial numbers of pink whiprays are caught incidentally by a variety of fishing gear and marketed for meat , skin , and cartilage . It is also of importance to ecotourism , being attracted to visitors with bait . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed this species under Least Concern , due to its wide distribution that includes relatively protected areas , such as northern Australia . However , its population in Southeast Asia is likely declining under heavy fishing pressure , and there it has been assessed as Vulnerable . = = Taxonomy = = The pink whipway was described by American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Alvin Seale in the 1906 volume of Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries , on the basis of a specimen 37 cm ( 15 in ) across collected off Apia , Samoa . The specific epithet fai means " stingray " in the native languages of Samoa , Tonga , Futuna , and Tahiti . Another common name for this species is Tahitian stingray . In 2004 , Mabel Manjaji grouped H. fai with H. gerrardi , H. jenkinsii , H. leoparda , H. toshi , H. uarnak , and H. undulata in the uarnak species complex . = = Description = = The pectoral fin disc of the pink whipray is diamond @-@ shaped and thick at the center , measuring about 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 2 times wider than long . The outer corners of the disc are angular . The snout forms a very obtuse angle , with the tip barely protruding . The small , widely spaced eyes are followed by larger spiracles . There is a short and broad curtain of skin with a finely fringed posterior margin between the long , thin nostrils . The mouth is fairly small and surrounded by prominent furrows ; the lower jaw has a small indentation in the middle . There are two large central and two tiny lateral papillae on the floor of the mouth . The teeth are small and arranged into pavement @-@ like surfaces . Five pairs of gill slits are located beneath the disc . The pelvic fins are small and narrow . The tail is extremely long and thin , measuring at least twice the disc length when intact . It lacks fin folds and usually bears a single serrated stinging spine . Adults have small , rounded dermal denticles covering the central dorsal surface of the disc , beginning in front of the eyes and extending to cover the entire tail ; there are also small , sharp thorns on the midline , which become densest at the base of the tail . Juveniles are either smooth @-@ skinned or have a sparser covering of flat , heart @-@ shaped denticles . This species is uniform grayish to brownish pink above , becoming dark gray to black on the tail past the sting , and uniformly light below . It grows to at least 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) across and over 5 m ( 16 ft ) long . Its maximum weight on record is 19 kg ( 42 lb ) . = = Distribution and habitat = = The exact range of the pink whipray is unclear due to confusion with the Jenkins ' whipray ( H. jenkinsii ) . It is believed to be common throughout the tropical waters of the Indo @-@ Pacific , probably occurring all around Indian Ocean periphery from South Africa to northern Australia , from the year 2014 appears in the Red Sea . Its range extends to the Pacific Ocean , northward to the Philippines , the Ryukyu Islands , and Iriomote , and eastward to various islands including Micronesia , the Marquesas Islands , and Samoa . The pink whipray has been recorded from as deep as 200 m ( 660 ft ) , but is usually found from the intertidal zone to a depth of 70 m ( 230 ft ) . This bottom @-@ dwelling species prefers sandy flats , lagoons , and other soft @-@ bottomed habitats , often near cays and atolls in coral reefs . It tends to be found closer to shore during the warm season . Genetic and telemetry studies across Polynesian islands have found that individual rays tend to remain within a local area , with very little between @-@ island movement . = = Biology and ecology = = Small to large gatherings of pink whiprays have been observed over sandy flats and coral reefs in Shark Bay , on the Great Barrier Reef , and in the Caroline Islands . When resting , up to ten individuals may pile atop one another , sometimes mixing with other species . On Ningaloo Reef , it has been seen " riding " on larger species of rays . The pink whipray feeds primarily on decapod crustaceans , but also takes cephalopods , and teleost fishes . In Shark Bay , penaeid prawns are by far the dominant prey type for rays of all sizes . At Rangiroa Atoll in French Polynesia , sizable feeding aggregations are known to form at night in shallow water . However , at Moorea it tends to be a solitary forager with a large home range . Like other stingrays , the pink whipray is aplacental viviparous , with the mother supplying her developing embryos with nutrient @-@ rich histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) through specialized uterine structures . The newborns measure 55 – 60 cm ( 22 – 24 in ) across . Shark Bay may be a nursery area for this species . Males reach sexual maturity at 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 2 m ( 3 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 9 ft ) across , while the maturation size for females is unknown . Known parasites of the pink whipray include the monogeneans Heterocotyle capricornensis , Monocotyle helicophallus , M. spiremae , M. youngi , Merizocotyle australensis , Neoentobdella parvitesticulata , and Trimusculotrema heronensis , the tapeworm Prochristianella spinulifera , and the isopod Gnathia grandilaris . = = Human interactions = = Though not highly dangerous to humans , the pink whipray 's venomous sting makes it difficult to handle when it is thrashing in a fishing net . Usually , it must be thrown overboard before the rest of the catch can be sorted . Throughout Indonesia and Malaysia , and probably elsewhere in its range , this species is a regular incidental catch of coastal fisheries using tangle nets , bottom trawls , gillnets , seine nets , and to a lesser extent longlines . When retained , the meat , skin , and cartilage are utilized . Fishing activity in Southeast Asia is intense and largely unregulated , and this large ray may be more vulnerable to depletion than its smaller relatives because of its slower reproductive rate . The population in the Arafura Sea is thought to have been particularly affected by an Indonesian fishery targeting wedgefishes ( Rhynchobatus ) , and Indonesian fishers are also increasingly operating illegally in Australian waters . Off northern Australia , the pink whipray is caught incidentally by the Northern Prawn Fishery ( NPF ) , but bycatch levels have likely fallen significantly since the use of Turtle Excluder Devices ( TEDs ) and Bycatch Reduction Devices ( BRDs ) became compulsory in 2000 . The pink whipray is valuable to ecotourism at sites in the Maldives , French Polynesia , and elsewhere ; they are attracted to visitors in large numbers by the promise of food . The government of the Maldives has taken steps to preserve ray ecotourism by banning all exports of ray products in 1995 . In 2005 , stingray ecotourism at Moorea brought in over € 500 @,@ 000 . However , a 2008 study of Moorea whiprays found a negative effect of ecotourism in the form of bite and impact injuries , stemming from artificially high ray density and interactions with boat traffic at the feeding sites . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the pink whipray as Least Concern overall , citing its wide distribution that includes refuge regions with few conservation threats . The population off northern Australia , which is one of these refuges , has also been listed under Least Concern . By contrast , the heavily fished Southeast Asian population has been listed as Vulnerable . = Richard Bellingham = Richard Bellingham ( c . 1592 – 7 December 1672 ) was a colonial magistrate , lawyer , and several @-@ time governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , and the last surviving signatory of the colonial charter at his death . A wealthy lawyer in Lincolnshire prior to his departure for the New World in 1634 , he was a liberal political opponent of the moderate John Winthrop , arguing for expansive views on suffrage and lawmaking , but also religiously somewhat conservative , opposing ( at times quite harshly ) the efforts of Quakers and Baptists to settle in the colony . He was one of the architects of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties , a document embodying many sentiments also found in the United States Bill of Rights . Although he was generally in the minority during his early years in the colony , he served ten years as colonial governor , most of them during the delicate years of the English Restoration , when King Charles II scrutinized the behavior of the colonial governments . Bellingham notably refused a direct order from the king to appear in England , an action that may have contributed to the eventual revocation of the colonial charter in 1684 . He was twice married , survived by his second wife and his only son Samuel . He died in 1672 , leaving an estate in present @-@ day Chelsea , Massachusetts and a large house in Boston . The estate became embroiled in legal action lasting more than 100 years after his will was challenged by his son and eventually set aside . Bellingham is immortalized in Nathaniel Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's The New England Tragedies , both of which fictionalize events from colonial days . = = Early life = = Richard Bellingham , the son of William Bellingham and Frances Amcotts , was born in Lincolnshire , England , in about 1592 . The family was apparently well to do ; they resided in a manor at Bromby Wood near Scunthorpe . He studied law at Brasenose College , Oxford , matriculating on 1 December 1609 . In 1625 he was elected Recorder ( the highest community legal post ) of Boston , a position he held until 1633 . He represented Boston as a member of Parliament in 1628 and 1629 . He was first married to Elizabeth Backhouse of Swallowfield , Berkshire , with whom he had a number of children , although only their son Samuel survived to adulthood . In 1628 he became an investor in the Massachusetts Bay Company , and was one of the signers of the land grant issued to it by the Plymouth Council for New England . His name also appears on the royal charter issued for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 . In 1633 he resigned as recorder of Boston and began selling off his properties . The next year he sailed for the New World with his wife and son ; Elizabeth died not long after their arrival in Boston , Massachusetts . = = Massachusetts Bay Colony = = Bellingham immediately assumed a prominent role in the colony , serving on the committee that oversaw the affairs of Boston ( a precursor to the board of selectmen ) . In this role he participated in the division of community lands that included the establishment of Boston Common . Not long after his arrival , he purchased the ferry service between Boston and Winnessimmett ( present @-@ day Chelsea ) from Samuel Maverick , along with tracts of land that encompass much of Chelsea . In addition to his mansion house in Boston , he also established a country home near the ferry in Winnessimmett . A house he built in 1659 still stands in Chelsea , and is known as the Bellingham @-@ Cary House . For many years he was elected to the colony 's council of assistants , which advised the governor on legislative matters and served as a judicial body , and he also served several terms as colonial treasurer . He was first elected deputy governor of the colony in 1635 , at a time when the dominant John Winthrop was out of favor , and was elected to the post again in 1640 . In 1637 , during the Antinomian Controversy , he was one of the magistrates that sat during the trial of Anne Hutchinson , and voted for her to be banished from the colony . According to historian Francis Bremer , Bellingham was somewhat brash and antagonistic , and he and Winthrop repeatedly clashed on political matters . During these early years Bellingham was chosen to be on the first board of overseers of Harvard College . He also contributed to the development of the colony 's first legal code , known as the Massachusetts Body of Liberties . This work was opposed and repeatedly stalled by Winthrop , who favored a common law approach to legislation . In 1641 Bellingham was elected governor for the first time , running against Winthrop . The Body of Liberties was formally adopted during his term . However , he served for just one year , and was replaced	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
ai considered polluted . Consequently , Kauri @-@ bai was indeed reborn in the low @-@ caste area of Varanasi and felt very unhappy . She pleaded Shiva — the Lord of Varanasi — who granted her the boon that no pilgrimage to Varanasi would be deemed complete without her worship . = = Associations = = Matangi is often associated with pollution , especially left @-@ over or partially eaten food ( Ucchishta or Ucçhishṭa , उच ् छिष ् ट ) considered impure in Hinduism . She is often offered such polluted left @-@ over food and is in one legend described to be born from it . Matangi is herself described as the leftover or residue , symbolizing the Divine Self that is left over after all things perish . As the patron of left @-@ over food offerings , she embodies inauspiciousness and the forbidden transgression of social norms . Matangi is often described as an outcaste and impure . Her association with pollution mainly streams from her relation to outcaste communities , considered to be polluted in Hindu society . These social groups deal in occupations deemed inauspicious and polluted like collection of waste , meat @-@ processing and working in cremation grounds . In a Nepali context , such groups are collectively called Matangi , who collect waste — including human waste — and other inauspicious things , and often live outside villages . Thus she is associated with death , pollution , inauspiciousness and the periphery of Hindu society . Matangi is also associated with forests and tribal peoples , who lie outside conventional Hindu society . Her thousand @-@ name hymn from the Nanayavarta @-@ tantra mentions epithets that describe her as dwelling in , walking in , knowing and relishing the forest . Matangi represents the power of the spoken word ( Vaikhari ) as an expression of thoughts and the mind . She also relates to the power of listening and grasping speech and converting it back to knowledge and thought . Besides spoken word , she also governs all other expressions of inner thought and knowledge , like art , music and dance . Matangi presides over the middle part of speech ( Madhyama ) , where ideas are translated into the spoken word and in her highest role , represents Para @-@ Vaikhari — the Supreme Word manifested through speech and that encompasses knowledge of the scriptures . She is described as the goddess of learning and speech , and the bestower of knowledge and talent . She is also called Matrini , the mistress of the sacred mantras . She also represents the word of a guru , who serves as a spiritual guide . Matangi is described as dwelling in the Throat chakra — the origin of speech — and on the tip of the tongue . She is also associated with a channel called Sarasvati from the third eye to the tip of the tongue . According to David Frawley , her description as impure refers to the nature of the spoken word , which labels things and stereotypes them , thereby hindering actual contact with the soul of things . The goddess is described as one who helps a person to use words in the right way and to go beyond it to seek the soul and inner knowledge , which lie outside the demarcated boundaries of tradition . Matangi is regarded as a Tantric form of Sarasvati , the goddess of knowledge and the arts of mainstream Hinduism , with whom she shares many traits . Both embody music and are depicted playing the veena . They are also both said to be the Nada ( sound or energy ) that flows through the Nadi channels in the body through which life force flows . Both are related to rain clouds , thunder and rivers . Though both govern learning and speech , Sarasvati represents the orthodox knowledge of the Brahmins while Matangi — the wild and ecstatic outcast — embodies the " extraordinary " beyond the boundaries of mainstream society , especially inner knowledge . Matangi is also associated with Ganesha , the elephant @-@ headed god of knowledge and obstacle removal . Both are related to the elephant and learning . Matangi is also sometimes regarded as his consort . Matangi is also described as a minister of the Mahavidya goddess Tripura Sundari or Rajarajeshvari , the Queen of Queens . = = Worship = = Besides the Mahavidya Bagalamukhi , Matangi is the other Mahavidya , whose worship is primarily prescribed to acquire supernatural powers . A hymn in the Maha @-@ bhagavata Purana asks her grace to control one 's foes , while the Tantrasara says that recitation of her mantra , meditation on her form and her ritual worship gives one to the power to control people and make them attracted to oneself . Her devotees , especially Tantric sadhakas , are regarded to have transcend the pollution by offering her left @-@ over or partially eaten food ( Ucchishta ) and thus overcome their ego . Worship of Matangi is described to allow her devotee to face the forbidden and transcend pollution , leading him to salvation or allowing him to gain supernatural powers for worldly goals . The Purashcharyarnava describes pleasing the goddess would result in her answering all the devotee 's queries by whispering in her ear . Matangi is often worshipped with the mantra syllable Aim , which is associated with Sarasvati and is the seed @-@ syllable of knowledge , learning and teaching . A longer mantra of twenty syllables is also used : Om hrim aim srim namo bhagavati ucchishtacandali sri matangeshvari sarvajanavashankari svaha " Reverence to adorable Matangi , the outcast and residue , who gives control over all creatures " Her mantra may be repeated ten thousand times , repeated one thousand times while offering flowers and ghee in a fire sacrifice , or repeated one hundred times while offering water ( Arghya ) or while offering food to Brahmin priests . Her yantra ( sacred geometric diagram ) , whether physically constructed or mentally envisioned , is used in worship along with the mantra . Offering certain items to a fire sacrifice — particularly those performed at cremation grounds , river banks , forests , or crossroads — while repeating the mantra is said to fulfil specific goals . An offering of Bael leaves is said to result in kingship ; salt gives the power to control ; turmeric gives the power to paralyse ; neem twigs bring wealth ; and an offering of sandalwood , camphor and saffron together or a salt and honey mixture grants the power to attract people . A rice @-@ flour bread prepared while repeating her mantra is said to give the power to attract women . It is likewise said that it is possible to make a person one 's slave by feeding him or her the ashes of a crow whose stomach was stuffed with a conch and burnt in a cremation ground while repeating the goddess ' mantra . Leftover or partially eaten food ( Ucchishta ) is recommended to be offered to Matangi with the devotee in the polluted Ucchishta state , that is , having eaten but not washed , with the remains of food in the mouth and hands . Offering of leftovers to Hindu deities or being in the polluted Ucchishta state is a taboo in mainstream Hinduism . Another taboo that is broken in Matangi worship is the offering to the goddess of a cloth stained with menstrual blood to gain the ability to attract a mate . Menstrual blood is considered polluted in almost all Hindu scriptures and menstruating women are kept away from Hindu worship and temples . The outcaste Matangi community of Nepal collect polluted substances and items related to death and bad luck such as sacrificial animal heads and clothes of the deceased , and offers them at special stones kept at crossroads called chwasas , where the " dangerous " Matangi " consumes " them as an offering , thereby getting rid of the pollution . The Tantrasara also advises offerings to Matangi of meat , fish , cooked rice , milk and incense at crossroads or cremations grounds in the dead of the night to overpower enemies and gain poetic talent . Oblations of Ucchishta , cat meat and goat meat to the goddess are said to help achieve Supreme knowledge . A text proclaims Matangi 's worship becomes fruitful only if the devotee reveres women as goddesses and refrains from criticizing them . No fasts or rituals to purify oneself before worship — typical of Hindu worship — are prescribed for Matangi worship . Anyone can use any mantra for worship , even though he is not initiated or considered unfit for worshipping any other deity . A thousand @-@ name hymn from the Nanayavarta @-@ tantra and a hundred @-@ name hymn from the Rudradamala are dedicated to the goddess . The reciting of the Sanskrit alphabet , the chanting of mantras , the reading aloud of the scriptures , and performance of music and dance are also described as constituting acts of her worship . = Si j 'avais au moins ... = " Si j 'avais au moins ... " ( English : " If I Had at Least ... " ) is a song recorded by French singer Mylène Farmer . This pop rock ballad was written by Farmer with music composed by Laurent Boutonnat . It was the third single released , from her seventh studio album Point de suture ( 2008 ) , on 16 February 2009 . Directed by Bruno Aveillan , the accompanying music video is the continuation of Farmer 's previous single " Dégénération " and is the last part of a short film called The Farmer Project , broadcast in January 2009 . In the video , the singer portrays a supernatural character who saves animals from testing and heals them . Although a survey showed that a minority of the voters wanted the song as the third single , " Si j 'avais au moins ... " received positive reviews and achieved some success on the French Singles Chart , debuting at number @-@ one . Farmer performed the song on television during the NRJ Music Awards show on 17 January 2009 and on the 2009 Mylène Farmer en tournée tour . = = Background and release = = On 15 December 2008 , recording company Polydor officially announced that " Si j 'avais au moins ... " as the next single from the album Point de suture ( 2008 ) while simultaneously a promotional format was released on radio stations . This format contained a radio edit version , in which the last refrain of the original song , before the musical bridge , was deleted . Many fans were disappointed by this choice , as demonstrated by the results of a survey published on the website Mylene.net which showed that only 1 @.@ 7 % of the voters wanted the song as the third single . Charles Decant of Ozap deemed this release a " surprising decision " which recalled the choice of the ballad " Redonne @-@ moi " as the third single from her previous album Avant que l 'ombre ... ( 2005 ) . As the song has a very slow tempo , author Erwan Chuberre deemed that Farmer made " an artistic rather than a commercial choice " when she decided to release the song as a single . On 15 January 2009 , it was announced that the maxi vinyl , published in a limited edition , and the CD single would be released on 10 February , then delayed to 16 February . The cover art of the promotional single was entirely red , showing a close @-@ up , the head of the doll which had appeared on Point de suture . The cover of the single , which published on the internet on 27 January 2009 , displayed a photograph by Simon Hawk . = = Lyrics = = According to the author Benoît Cachin , " Si j 'avais au moins ... " deals with the absence of a loved being , which causes an unbearable but trainer pain . Like in " Redonne @-@ moi " , the lyrics use the lexical field of a " ghost which haunts the singer 's mind " , include some references to religion and the neologism enténèbrement . = = Music video = = Directed by Bruno Aveillan , the music video was filmed in mid @-@ 2008 in an abandoned hospital in Prague . It premiered on the internet on 7 January 2009 , and was officially released on television on M6 , ten days later . The music video was shot just after " Dégénération " , the first single from Point de suture , as both music videos are parts of a short film named The Farmer Project . The video starts with Farmer slowly walking in an laboratory in which many animals are captive to serve as experiments . Depicting a supernatural creature , the singer approaches every cage to look at all the animals — pigeons , cats , bobcats , rabbits , mouses , a snake , an owl , a monkey , a doe — and heals them with her magic hands . Then she takes a wounded little cat out of its cage and puts it on her shoulders . During the second refrain , she remains standing with closed eyes in the middle of the room and uses her supernatural powers to explode all of the glass cages . She thus releases the animals and , with a monkey in her arms , leads them outside into the woods . Standing in the forest , she closes her eyes again and sends many rays of light from her hands . The last scene shows the Earth being covered by that light . According to Lionel Steketee , " Mylène [ was ] very professional , thorough , discreet and almost shy " when she participated in the shooting of the video . He said she had to be careful not to get scratched by the cat , and that the final scene was difficult to film because the cats were afraid of the water used in this scene , the rats remained hidden in a corner and the birds did not fly much . Given that the song deals with the pain caused by the absence of a dead person , the video is unrelated to the lyrics , as noted by author Alice Novak . In reviews , Yahoo ! Music said that , through the video , " [ Farmer ] invites us into her dark and magical universe " , and Premiere deemed it " mysterious , provocative " . Considering it a short film , Cachin praised the music video as being " perfectly done " . = = Critical reception = = " Si j 'avais au moins ... " , reviewed after the album 's release , was generally well received in the media . Swiss newspaper Le Matin said it was a " magnific ballad " and one of the best songs of the album ; as for Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic , he qualified " Si j 'avais au moins ... " and " Point de suture " as " standout ballads made of uplifting string arrangements and delicate vocal melodies " . Novak deemed the song " sweet and sad " . La Meuse considered it a " ballad with a strong lachrymal connotation " . In France , " Si j 'avais au moins ... " charted poorly on radio , peaking at number 60 on the airplay chart in its second week , on 19 December 2008 . In contrast , the music video was regularly broadcast on television , reaching number five on the TV airplay chart in its third week . On the singles chart , the song debuted at number one on the chart edition of 21 February 2009 , selling 12 @,@ 375 units that week , and thus became the singer 's seventh number one single in France , which , at the time , was a record . The week after , the song ranked at number five , and weekly sales dropped to 3 @,@ 072 ; thereafter , it continued to drop and remained 27 weeks in the top 50 and 38 weeks in the top 100 , which remains the third longest chart trajectory of Farmer 's single in France . In Belgium ( Wallonia ) , the single entered the Ultratop 50 at number 25 on 28 February 2009 , then dropped to number 38 . In Switzerland , it charted for one week , at number 72 , on 1 March 2009 . The song began at a peak of number six on the chart edition of 7 March 2009 on the European Hot 100 Singles , which was the highest debut then . = = Promotion and live performances = = Farmer performed the song during the NRJ Music Awards , broadcast on 17 January 2009 , on TF1 . She was dressed in white and was accompanied by many musicians . She lip @-@ synced a recording of the song she had made the day before . " Si j 'avais au moins ... " was performed as the last song during the 2009 tour , but only in the halls venues , and was cancelled for the concerts in stadiums . Farmer then wore a long white dress , and the stage was bathed in red and orange lights . During the refrain , many screens displayed images of lava expelled by a volcano during an eruption . The last musical bridge was extended while part of the staircase raised and showed a tunnel throughout which Farmer left the stage . In December 2009 , Farmer officially released the live video of the song on the Internet , video which was not featured on the DVD and Blu @-@ ray for N ° 5 on Tour ; the instrumental version of the song , however , was used for the ending credits " Générique " . = = Formats and track listings = = The formats and track listings of single releases of " Si j 'avais au moins ... " : = Willie Gillis = Willie Gillis , Jr . ( more commonly simply Willie Gillis ) is a fictional character created by Norman Rockwell for a series of World War II paintings that appeared on the covers of eleven issues of The Saturday Evening Post between 1941 and 1946 . With the rank of private , Gillis was an everyman whose career was tracked on the cover of the Post from induction through discharge without being depicted in battle . Gillis and his girlfriend were modeled by two of Rockwell 's acquaintances . Although Gillis was not exclusively used on Post covers , the Willie Gillis series of covers was a hallmark of Rockwell 's wartime work . In Rockwell 's prime and at the peak of its popularity , The Post had a subscribership of 4 million , and many of these subscribers believed Gillis was a real person . Rockwell 's wartime art , including Willie Gillis , the Four Freedoms and Rosie the Riveter , contributed to the success of the wartime bond sales efforts . Since 1999 , the Gillis series has been included in two major Rockwell tours . From 1999 – 2002 it toured as part of a Rockwell Post cover art retrospective . From 2006 – 2010 it is touring as part of a 1940s World War II Rockwell art exhibition . = = Background = = From 1916 through his Kennedy Memorial cover on December 16 , 1963 , Rockwell created 321 magazine covers for The Post , which was the most popular American magazine of the first half of the 20th century with a subscribership that reached a peak of 4 million . Rockwell illustrated American life during World War I and World War II in 34 of his cover illustrations , and he illustrated 33 Post covers in total during World War II . Some of the war art involved American life . During much of the first half of the 1940s , Rockwell 's cover illustrations focused on the human side of the war . Rockwell encouraged support of the war efforts during World War II via his covers which endorsed war bonds , encouraged women to work , and encouraged men to enlist in the service . His World War II illustrations used themes of patriotism , longing , shifting gender roles , reunion , love , work , community and family during wartime to promote the war . In his role as a magazine illustrator during times of war , Rockwell draws comparisons to Winslow Homer , an American Civil War illustrator for Harper 's Weekly . Rockwell 's artistic expressions were said to have helped the adoption of the goal of the Four Freedoms as set forth by United States President Franklin Roosevelt 's 1941 State of the Union Address . His painting series , the Four Freedoms , toured in a war bond effort that raised $ 132 million . Willie Gillis was a freckle @-@ faced All @-@ American character who served as one of Rockwell 's main coverboys during World War II . The Gillis character is widely referred to as an everyman who epitomized the typical American World War II Soldier . Rockwell created Gillis in 1940 as the European Theatre of World War II was escalating and Americans were enlisting or being drafted under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 in the armed forces . Rockwell credits the name Willie Gillis to his wife , who derived it from an old children 's book , Wee Willie Winkie . Rockwell described Gillis as " an inoffensive , ordinary little guy thrown into the chaos of war . " The public identified with Rockwell 's portrayal of the " little guy " living up to a sense of duty in this time of war . Gillis was truly seen as the typical G.I. , and Rockwell 's wartime art remains quite popular : his signed original May 29 , 1943 depiction of Rosie the Riveter sold at a Sotheby 's auction on May 22 , 2002 for $ 4 @,@ 959 @,@ 500 . Some of the Willie Gillis paintings and the Rosie the Riveter painting were raffled off during the United States Department of the Treasury 's Second War Loan Drive , which ran from April 12 – May 1 , 1943 . The Gillis character endures generations later for literary and artistic comparison . = = Post Illustrations = = = = = Series review = = = In Willie Gillis : Food Package , Gillis ' 1941 , he toted a care package . Ten subsequent covers depicted Gillis in a variety of roles : at church in uniform , holding his hat on his lap ; soldier on K.P. duty ; the son carrying on the family tradition of military service ; a still life of Gillis ' family photographs ; and two fighting mad girls , holding pictures of Gillis that he 'd sent each of them from the war zone . Gillis matured over the course of the series until he was almost unrecognizable in the final work . Rockwell created a good ending for the series by depicting Gillis relaxing while studying at college on the G.I. Bill : " We know that things ended well for Gillis , though ; his final cover in 1946 showed the young man stretched in a windowsill smoking a pipe and wearing penny loafers , studying at Middlebury College . " To some , the fourth piece – Willie Gillis : Hometown News – was the one that cemented Willie Gillis ' place in American history , because families identified with Gillis . The sixth piece , Willie Gillis in Church , is the earliest of his works with significant religious themes . This final component of the series , Willie Gillis in College , engenders much critical review because it is perceived to represent a transformation of character . It is owned by the Washington Mutual Bank of Seattle . In 2000 , they loaned it to the University of Wisconsin – Madison . It is a study in contrast of mood and style from the wartime components of the series . Throughout the cover series Gillis was never pictured in battle or in any sort of danger , armed or with armed foes because Rockwell felt those portrayals were better exhibited by newsreels and photographs . Rockwell produced at least one depiction of Gillis that was not on the cover . The painting Willie Gillis in Convoy was produced in 1943 , depicting Gillis , in combat gear , in the back of a covered military vehicle with his rifle in hand . Rockwell donated the painting to the Gardner High School for the graduating class , where it hung in the principal 's office until 2000 . The school then loaned it to the Gardner Museum . A charcoal sketch of the painting sold for $ 107 @,@ 000 in 1999 . There was concern that the painting was not hung in a secure location . In 2005 , the painting was restored and rehung at the high school . = = = Models = = = Robert Otis " Bob " Buck served as Rockwell 's model for Gillis and eventually enlisted for service in the United States Navy . Buck 's job in Arlington was as a sawmill hand . When the 15 @-@ year @-@ old Buck met Rockwell to pose for the first time , Buck only stood 5 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 63 m ) tall . At that time , Buck had a lock of hair that used to drop down on his forehead . Rockwell had been seeking a model , and met Buck at a square dance in Arlington , Vermont . Rockwell observed Buck from different angles during the dance , and Buck told Rockwell that if he did not stop staring , Buck would knock him flat . Buck had been exempted from the military draft , but he felt serving his country was his patriotic duty and enlisted as a naval aviator in 1943 . Buck served in the South Seas during the war . Once Buck enlisted , Rockwell worked from memory and photographs to complete his illustrations , and sometimes he only worked Gillis into the background via a photograph on the wall . Rockwell was going to discontinue the series , but Post editors objected because his character was too popular . The public enjoyed closely scrutinizing Gillis ' affairs . Gillis was so popular that at one point , the Post was receiving hundreds of letter inquiring about the tribulations of the character who was perceived by many as real , and concern for the private was particularly high among families named Gillis . Although Buck had departed , the model who portrayed Gillis ' girlfriend ( fellow Post illustrator Mead Schaeffer 's daughter ) remained available , so Rockwell painted her faithfully sleeping at midnight on New Year 's Eve with photos of Willie Gillis in the background above her bed in Willie Gillis : New Year 's Eve . The subsequent 11 inches ( 280 mm ) × 14 inches ( 360 mm ) Willie Gillis cover , Willie Gillis : Generations , depicting the Gillis military family in pictures above a bookshelf of Gillis war books , generated hundreds of letters from Gillises , many of whom wanted to buy the imaginary books . Mead 's daughters Lee and Patty Schaeffer showed vying affections for Gillis in one Post cover . = = Modern references = = The woman who posed for illustrations of Gillis ' girlfriend was included in the 90 @-@ minute PBS American Masters series film Norman Rockwell : Painting America . The film coincided with the first comprehensive Rockwell touring exhibition , entitled Norman Rockwell : Pictures for the American People , which was a seven @-@ city tour . The High Museum of Art and the Norman Rockwell Museum produced the exhibition that started at the High Museum on November 6 , 1999 , stopped at the Chicago Historical Society , Corcoran Gallery of Art , San Diego Museum of Art , Phoenix Art Museum , and Norman Rockwell Museum before concluding at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum on February 11 , 2002 . After the official tour ended , his post covers were on display at the Florida International Museum from April 2002 until June 16 , 2002 . In September 2002 , they were exhibited at the Eastern States Exposition in West Springfield , Massachusetts . During the first 16 days of the fair , through Saturday September 28 , the attendance was 1 @,@ 052 @,@ 511 . From 2006 through 2010 Gillis appeared along with the Four Freedoms and Rosie The Riveter in a travelling exhibition entitled Norman Rockwell in the 1940s : A View of the American Homefront . The 44 @-@ piece exhibition was organized by the Norman Rockwell Museum and made stops in places such as the Pensacola Museum of Art ( April – July 2006 ) , Rogers Historical Museum ( June – August 2007 ) , James A. Michener Art Museum ( October 19 , 2007 – February 10 , 2008 ) and National Museum of the Marine Corps ( September 28 , 2009 – January 9 , 2010 ) . = = Willie Gillis Series = = Rockwell did not name his works , but many of them have one or two names by which they are known . The following are the eleven Willie Gillis Saturday Evening Post cover paintings : October 4 , 1941 - Willie Gillis : Food Package / Willie Gillis : Package From Home November 29 , 1941 - Willie Gillis : Home Sweet Home / Willie Gillis : Home On Leave February 7 , 1942 - Willie Gillis : USO April 11 , 1942 - Willie Gillis : Hometown News / Willie Gillis : On K.P. June 27 , 1942 - Willie Gillis : What To Do in a Blackout July 25 , 1942 - Willie Gillis in Church September 5 , 1942 - Willie Gillis : Girls with Letters / Double Trouble for Willie Gillis June 26 , 1943 - Willie Gillis : Cat 's Cradle / Willie 's Rope Trick January 1 , 1944 - Willie Gillis : New Year 's Eve September 16 , 1944- Willie Gillis : Gillis Heritage / Willie Gillis Generations October 5 , 1946 - Willie Gillis in College = An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig = " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " is the fifth episode in the first season of the American animated television series South Park . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on September 10 , 1997 . In the episode , the boys of South Park try to force Kyle 's pet elephant to crossbreed with Cartman 's pet pig for a class project on genetic engineering . Meanwhile , Stan tries to deal with his sister Shelley , who keeps beating him up . The episode was written by series co @-@ creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone along with Dan Sterling . The episode served as both a parody of genetic engineering and a statement against its potential evils . The scenes of Stan getting beat up by his sister were inspired by Parker 's real @-@ life childhood experiences with his own sister , who is also named Shelley . " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " was met with generally positive reviews , and has been described as one of the most popular early South Park episodes . Several commentators praised its satirical elements with regard to genetic engineering . The episode marked the first appearance of Shelley Marsh , Stan 's mother Sharon Marsh , and the mad scientist Dr. Mephesto , who was inspired by the title character of the 1996 film , The Island of Dr. Moreau . = = Plot = = The boys are waiting at the bus stop when Cartman notices Stan has a black eye and it turns out his sister Shelley has been beating him up . Kyle has problems of his own ; his mom will not let him keep his new pet elephant in the house . At school , Mr. Hat teaches the class about genetic engineering , which prompts Kyle to decide to crossbreed his elephant with Cartman 's pot @-@ bellied pig , Fluffy , to make little " pot @-@ bellied elephants " , which he could keep in his house . Upon hearing this , Terrance Mephesto bets Kyle that he can clone a whole person before Kyle can create a pot @-@ bellied elephant . Mr. Garrison suggests the boys use their genetic modifications for the upcoming science fair and go to the South Park Genetic Engineering Ranch . At the ranch , Dr. Mephesto shows them his genetically engineered collection , including several different animals with four pairs of buttocks , such as a monkey , ostrich and mongoose . Mephesto then explains that , just like the Loverboy song says , " pig and elephant DNA just won 't splice " , and steals a blood sample from Stan and the boys leave . At school the boys learn Terrance has cloned a human foot . The boys go to Chef with their genetic engineering problem , and after he too cites the Loverboy song , he gives them the idea to try to have the animals " make sweet love " to breed . Meanwhile , back at the ranch , Mephesto and his assistant Kevin have created a human clone of Stan for Terrance . The boys attempt to get the pig and the elephant drunk and to mate , but it does not seem to be working until Chef stops by and sings to the animals with a little help from Elton John . The cloned Stan breaks free from Mephesto 's ranch and proceeds to terrorize the town . The boys eventually find the clone and take it to Stan 's house and convince it to attack Shelley ; however , it decides to destroy the house and indirectly kills Kenny , by flinging him into a microwave , with a chair . Mephesto shows up and shoots the clone , but Stan is afraid he will be in trouble for everything the clone did . However , in a brief moment of kindness , Shelley takes the blame , after which she beats up Stan . When the science projects are due , Terrance presents a monkey with five pairs of buttocks , but Kyle has nothing until the pig gives birth to a pot @-@ bellied pig that looks like Mr. Garrison , implying the pig was impregnated by Mr. Garrison before the elephant . Garrison quickly awards it first prize over Terrance 's monkey . = = Production = = " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " was written by show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone , and Dan Sterling . It first aired on September 10 , 1997 , in the United States on Comedy Central . Parker and Stone intended to call this episode " An Elephant Fucks a Pig " , but changed the title under pressure from Comedy Central . The network also made them cut a scene in which Shelley sets Stan on fire to keep the show from coming under the same fire for showing dangerous acts that can easily be imitated as MTV 's Beavis and Butt @-@ Head and later , MTV 's Jackass . It was during the writing of this episode that Parker and Stone decided Kyle would be the good student and " school @-@ smarter than the other kids " . The subplot with Stan getting beat up by his sister Shelley came from Parker 's real @-@ life experiences getting beat up as a child by his sister , also named Shelley , who is three years his elder . Parker said although his sister would later deny it , she regularly beat him up or locked him out of the house for hours ; Parker stated that the scene when Stan says " You 're my sister and I love you " in order to try to avoid a beating , but was subsequently beat even harder , was based on an actual experience with his sister . The scene in which Stan asks the giant mutant Stan to attack Shelley is based on Parker 's childhood fantasy of having a larger version of himself beat up his sister . The resolution to the subplot , in which Shelley takes the blame for Stan 's mistakes , and then beats up Stan when he tries to thank her , was also based on experiences Parker had when his sister would bail him out of trouble . The dialogue spoken by the giant mutant Stan was inspired by a mentally handicapped character in the MTV show How 's Your News ? , which Parker and Stone produced ; according to Parker and Stone , the character could only say phrases like " Bubba chop , bubba chewy chomp " , and both men took turns voicing mutant Stan to sound the same way . Isaac Hayes , who does the voice of Chef , recorded all his lines via phone from New York ; Parker and Stone said they were nervous to ask him to repeat the line , " Now I know how all those white women felt " , but he had no problem repeating it . The genetic mutations Dr. Mephesto creates , including the animals with multiple asses and the goldfish with bunny ears , were inspired by things Parker drew during high school . The scene in the cafeteria , in which the four boys are annoyed by Pip , is a cut scene from the original version of the South Park pilot , " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " ; as such , the animation in that individual scene is actually traditional paper cutout stop motion , while the animation throughout the rest of the episode is done with computers . In order to illustrate the aftermath after the destruction scenes , Parker and Stone smudged the paper sets with their fingerprints and stains to make them look like scorch burns . = = Cultural references = = The Baltimore Sun writer Tamara Ikenberg equated the episode as both a parody of genetic engineering and a statement against its potential evils , particularly through in its portrayal of the giant mutant Stan wreaking havoc through South Park . This episode marked the first appearances of the characters Shelley and Sharon Marsh , Stan 's sister and mother respectively , as well as that of Dr. Mephesto . Dr. Mephesto is based on Marlon Brando 's character Dr. Moreau in the 1996 film , The Island of Dr. Moreau , which is based on the 1896 H.G. Wells novel of the same name . Mephesto is named after Mephistopheles , the demon in the Faust legend . Kevin , the companion of Dr. Mephesto , is based on the small creature who resembles and dresses like a miniature version of Brando 's character in the 1996 film The Island of Dr. Moreau . Elton John , the English singer and songwriter , appears as a guest vocalist for Chef 's song , in one of the earliest celebrity spoof appearances on South Park ; Trey Parker , who provided the voice for Elton John , said many people thought it was the actual John singing because his impression was so accurate . In another musical reference featured in the episode , several characters claim the real @-@ life Canadian rock group Loverboy wrote a song about the fact that the DNA of an elephant and pig will not splice . " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " includes several pop cultural references to films and television shows . The last line in the episode , " That 'll do pig " , spoken by Cartman , is a reference to the final line of the 1995 film Babe , a movie about a talking pig , which Stone has described as one of his favorite films . When the boys try to tell Officer Barbrady about the clone , he suggests that the boys have seen too many episodes of the X @-@ Files . In the scene in which Pip is introduced , Stan asks Pip about his peculiar name , but Cartman interrupts Pip during his answer . Pip 's reply – " my father 's family name being Pirrip and my Christian name Phillip , my infant tongue-- " – is identical to the opening line of the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations , which is narrated by its protagonist , Pip . The fourth season episode " Pip " is a parody and comedic retelling of the novel , and stars Pip , who assumes the role of his namesake . = = Reception = = Several media outlets described " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " as one of the most popular early South Park episodes . Tom Carson of Newsday said it was the most outrageous South Park episode until " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " aired three months later . Many reviewers said the mere title demonstrated the crudeness and originality of South Park , then still a relatively new show . Chris Vognar of The Dallas Morning News said , " With episode titles such as , ' An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig , ' suffice it to say there ain 't much on the air like it . " Tamara Ikenberg of The Baltimore Sun said the episode demonstrated the show 's ability to address ethically challenging issues like genetic engineering with an " imaginative , unconventional flair " . The Melbourne , Australia @-@ based newspaper , The Age. said the episode " ( pushes ) a degree of political incorrectness that is so extreme and affronting it is almost unavoidably funny . " Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times praised the episode , and said the bestiality hinted at in the final scene of the episode illustrated the outrageousness of the show , as well as the fact that the show would probably not be enjoyed by all audiences . Rick Bentley of The Fresno Bee said the biggest laughs from the episode come from the song Chef sings to the elephant and pig . In 2008 , Alicia Wade of the Daily Egyptian said the episode and its theme about genetic engineering still felt fresh more than 10 years after its original broadcast . In 2009 , Travis Fickett from IGN rated this episode an 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 , and concluded about it that " It 's a bit shocking , perhaps offensive to some , but in the context of murdering mutants and five @-@ assed monkeys created by Brando parodies in Hawaiian moo @-@ moos – it all makes perfect sense . And it 's all quintessentially South Park . " = = Home release = = " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " was released , alongside five other episodes , in a three @-@ set VHS on May 5 , 1998 , marking the first time South Park was made available on video . The episode was released on the " Volume III " video , along with " Death " ; other featured episodes included " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " , " Volcano " , " Weight Gain 4000 " and " Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride " . The episode was re @-@ released by Warner Home Video in 2002 , as part of the DVD box set South Park – The Complete First Season . " Tonight is Right for Love " , the song sung by Chef to encourage the elephant and pig to make love , is featured in the 1998 South Park soundtrack " Chef Aid : The South Park Album " . In the track , rock singer Meat Loaf sings the song along with Isaac Hayes , the actor who voices Chef . The distribution license for " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " was among six South Park episodes purchased in 2000 by the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania @-@ based company and website SightSound.com. The site made the episodes available for download $ 2 @.@ 50 for a two @-@ day download and $ 4 @.@ 95 for a permanent copy . It was one of the first experiments with making television videos available for Internet download , making " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " one of the first of any television episode made legally available on the Internet . = Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty = The Byzantine Empire or Byzantium is the term conventionally used by historians to describe the Greek ethnic and speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages , centered on its capital of Constantinople . Having survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire during Late Antiquity , the Byzantine Empire continued to function until its conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . In the context of Byzantine history , the period from about 1081 to about 1185 is often known as the Komnenian or Comnenian period , after the Komnenos dynasty . Together , the five Komnenian emperors ( Alexios I , John II , Manuel I , Alexios II and Andronikos I ) ruled for 104 years , presiding over a sustained , though ultimately incomplete , restoration of the military , territorial , economic and political position of the Byzantine Empire . As a human institution , Byzantium under the Komnenoi played a key role in the history of the Crusades in the Holy Land , while also exerting enormous cultural and political influence in Europe , the Near East , and the lands around the Mediterranean Sea . The Komnenian emperors , particularly John and Manuel , exerted great influence over the Crusader states of Outremer , whilst Alexios I played a key role in the course of the First Crusade , which he helped bring about . Moreover , it was during the Komnenian period that contact between Byzantium and the ' Latin ' Christian West , including the Crusader states , was at its most crucial stage . Venetian and other Italian traders became resident in Constantinople and the empire in large numbers ( 60 – 80 @,@ 000 ' Latins ' in Constantinople alone ) , and their presence together with the numerous Latin mercenaries who were employed by Manuel in particular helped to spread Byzantine technology , art , literature and culture throughout the Roman Catholic west . Above all , the cultural impact of Byzantine art on the west at this period was enormous and of long lasting significance . The Komnenoi also made a significant contribution to the history of Asia Minor . By reconquering much of the region , the Komnenoi set back the advance of the Turks in Anatolia by more than two centuries . In the process , they planted the foundations of the Byzantine successor states of Nicaea , Epirus and Trebizond . Meanwhile , their extensive programme of fortifications has left an enduring mark upon the Anatolian landscape , which can still be appreciated today . = = Crisis and fragmentation = = The Komnenian era was born out of a period of great difficulty and strife for the Byzantine Empire . Following a period of relative success and expansion under the Macedonian dynasty ( c . 867 – c . 1054 ) , Byzantium experienced several decades of stagnation and decline , which culminated in a vast deterioration in the military , territorial , economic and political situation of the Byzantine Empire by the accession of Alexios I Komnenos in 1081 . The problems the empire faced were partially caused by the growing influence and power of the aristocracy , which weakened the empire 's military structure by undermining the theme system that trained and administered its armies . Beginning with the death of the successful soldier @-@ emperor Basil II in 1025 , a long series of weak rulers had disbanded the large armies which had been defending the eastern provinces from attack ; instead , gold was stockpiled in Constantinople , ostensibly in order to hire mercenaries should troubles arise . In fact , most of the money was given away in the form of gifts to favourites of the emperor , extravagant court banquets , and expensive luxuries for the imperial family . Meanwhile , the remnants of the once @-@ formidable armed forces were allowed to decay , to the point where they were no longer capable of functioning as an army . Elderly men with ill @-@ maintained equipment mixed with new recruits who had never participated in a training exercise . The simultaneous arrival of aggressive new enemies – Turks in the east and Normans in the west – was another contributory factor . In 1040 , the Normans , originally landless mercenaries from northern parts of Europe in search of plunder , began attacking Byzantine strongholds in southern Italy . In order to deal with them , a mixed force of mercenaries and conscripts under the formidable George Maniakes was sent to Italy in 1042 . Maniakes and his army conducted a brutally successful campaign , but before it could be concluded he was recalled to Constantinople . Angered by a series of outrages against his wife and property by one of his rivals , he was proclaimed emperor by his troops , and led them across the Adriatic to victory against a loyalist army . However , a mortal wound led to his death shortly afterwards . With opposition thus absent in the Balkans , the Normans were able to complete the expulsion of the Byzantines from Italy by 1071 . Despite the seriousness of this loss , it was in Asia Minor that the empire 's greatest disaster would take place . The Seljuk Turks , although mainly concerned with defeating Egypt under the Fatimids , nevertheless conducted a series of damaging raids into Armenia and eastern Anatolia – the main recruiting ground for Byzantine armies . With imperial armies weakened by years of insufficient funding and civil warfare , Emperor Romanos Diogenes realised that a time of re @-@ structuring and re @-@ equipment was necessary . Consequently , he attempted to lead a defensive campaign in the east until his forces had recovered enough to defeat the Seljuks . However , he suffered a surprise defeat at the hands of Alp Arslan ( Sultan of the Seljuk Turks ) at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . Romanos was captured , and although the Sultan 's peace terms were fairly lenient , the battle in the long term resulted in the total loss of Byzantine Anatolia . On his release , Romanos found that his enemies had conspired against him to place their own candidate on the throne in his absence . After two defeats in battle against the rebels , Romanos surrendered and suffered a horrific death by torture . The new ruler , Michael Doukas , refused to honour the treaty that had been signed by Romanos . In response , the Turks began to move into Anatolia in 1073 ; the collapse of the old defensive system meant that they met no opposition . To make matters worse , chaos reigned as the empire 's remaining resources were squandered in a series of disastrous civil wars . Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia . By 1080 , an area of 30 @,@ 000 square miles ( 78 @,@ 000 km2 ) had been lost to the empire . = = Alexios I Komnenos = = After Manzikert , a partial recovery was made possible due to the efforts of the Komnenian dynasty . This is sometimes referred to as the Komnenian restoration . The first emperor of this royal line was Alexios I Komnenos ( whose life and policies would be described by his daughter Anna Komnene in the Alexiad ) . Alexios 's long reign of nearly 37 years was full of struggle . At his accession in 1081 , the Byzantine Empire was in chaos after a prolonged period of civil war resulting from the defeat at Manzikert . At the very outset of his reign , Alexios had to meet the formidable threat of the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond of Taranto , who took Dyrrhachium and Corfu , and laid siege to Larissa in Thessaly ( see Battle of Dyrrhachium ) . Alexios led his forces in person against the Normans , yet despite his best efforts his army was destroyed in the field . Alexios himself was wounded , but the death of Robert Guiscard in 1085 led to the Norman danger receding for a time . However , Alexios 's problems were only just beginning . At a time when the Emperor urgently needed to raise as much revenue as possible from his shattered empire , taxation and the economy were in complete disarray . Inflation was spiralling out of control , the coinage was heavily debased , the fiscal system was confused ( there were six different nomismata in circulation ) , and the imperial treasury was empty . In desperation , Alexios had been forced to finance his campaign against the Normans by using the wealth of the Eastern Orthodox Church , which had been put at his disposal by the Patriarch of Constantinople . In 1087 , Alexios faced a new invasion . This time the invaders consisted of a horde of 80 @,@ 000 Pechenegs from north of the Danube , and they were heading for Constantinople . Without enough troops to repel this new threat , Alexios used diplomacy to achieve a victory against the odds . Having bribed the Cumans , another barbarian tribe , to come to his aid , he advanced against the Pechenegs , who were caught by surprise and annihilated at the Battle of Levounion on 28 April 1091 . With stability at last achieved in the west , Alexios now had a chance to begin solving his severe economic difficulties and the disintegration of the empire 's traditional defences . In order to reestablish the army , Alexios began to build a new force on the basis of feudal grants ( próniai ) and prepared to advance against the Seljuks , who had conquered Asia Minor and were now established at Nicaea . Despite his improvements , Alexios did not have enough manpower to recover the lost territories in Asia Minor . Having been impressed by the abilities of the Norman cavalry at Dyrrhachium , he sent ambassadors west to ask for reinforcements from Europe . This mission was deftly accomplished – at the Council of Piacenza in 1095 , Pope Urban II was impressed by Alexios 's appeal for help , which spoke of the suffering of the Christians of the east and hinted at a possible union of the eastern and western churches . Pope Urban was concerned with increasing restlessness of the martial nobility in Western Europe , who , currently deprived of major enemies , were causing chaos throughout the countryside . Alexios 's appeal offered a means not only to redirect the energy of the knights to benefit the Church , but also to consolidate the authority of the Pope over all Christendom and to gain the east for the See of Rome . = = = First Crusade = = = On 27 November 1095 , Urban II called together the Council of Clermont in France . There , amid a crowd of thousands who had come to hear his words , he urged all present to take up arms under the banner of the Cross and launch a holy war to recover Jerusalem and the east from the ' infidel ' Muslims . Indulgences were to be granted to all those who took part in the great enterprise . Many promised to carry out the Pope 's command , and word of the Crusade soon spread across western Europe . Alexios had anticipated help in the form of mercenary forces from the West , and was totally unprepared for the immense and undisciplined hosts which soon arrived , to his consternation and embarrassment . The first group , under Peter the Hermit , he sent to Asia Minor , ordering them to stay close to the coast and await reinforcements . However , the unruly crusaders refused to listen and began looting and pillaging the local Christian inhabitants . As they marched on Nicaea in 1096 , they were caught by the Turks and massacred almost to the man . The second , " official " host of knights , led by Godfrey of Bouillon , Alexios also sent into Asia , promising to supply them with provisions in return for an oath of loyalty . They were accompanied by the Byzantine general Tatikios . By their victories , Alexios was able to recover for the Byzantine Empire a number of important cities and islands : Nicaea , Chios , Rhodes , Smyrna , Ephesus , Philadelphia , Sardis , and in fact much of western Asia Minor ( 1097 – 1099 ) . This is ascribed by his daughter Anna to his policy and diplomacy , but good relations were not to last . The crusaders believed their oaths were made invalid when Alexios did not help them during the siege of Antioch ( he had in fact set out on the road to Antioch , but had been persuaded to turn back by Stephen of Blois , who assured him that all was lost and that the expedition had already failed ) . Bohemund , who had set himself up as Prince of Antioch , briefly went to war with Alexios , but agreed to become Alexios 's vassal under the Treaty of Devol in 1108 . = = = Recovery = = = Despite his many successes , during the last twenty years of his life Alexios lost much of his popularity . This was largely due to the harsh measures he was forced to take in order to save the embattled empire . Conscription was introduced , causing resentment among the peasantry , despite the pressing need for new recruits to the imperial army . In order to restore the imperial treasury , Alexios took measures to tax the aristocracy heavily ; he also cancelled many of the exemptions from taxation that the church had previously enjoyed . In order to ensure that all taxes were paid in full , and to halt the cycle of debasement and inflation , he completely reformed the coinage , issuing a new gold hyperpyron ( highly refined ) coin for the purpose . By 1109 , he had managed to restore order by working out a proper rate of exchange for the whole coinage . His new hyperpyron would be the standard Byzantine coin for the next two hundred years . The final years of Alexios 's reign were marked by persecution of the followers of the Paulician and Bogomil heresies — one of his last acts was to burn at the stake the Bogomil leader , Basil the Physician , with whom he had engaged in a theological controversy ; by renewed struggles with the Turks ( 1110 – 1117 ) ; and by anxieties as to the succession , which his wife Irene wished to alter in favour of her daughter Anna 's husband Nikephorus Bryennios , for whose benefit the special title panhypersebastos ( " honored above all " ) was created . This intrigue disturbed even his dying hours . Nevertheless , despite the unpopularity of some of his measures , Alexios 's efforts had been vital to the survival of the empire . Financially and militarily bankrupt , and facing wave after wave of foreign invasion , the empire he inherited had been on the point of collapse . His long struggle to protect and restore the strength of the empire had been exhausting , but Alexios 's successors inherited a viable state with both the internal stability and the military and financial resources , to expand in the future . = = Restoration under John II Komnenos = = Alexios 's son John II Komnenos succeeded him in 1118 , and was to rule until 1143 . On account of his mild and just reign , he has been called the Byzantine Marcus Aurelius . John was unusual for his lack of cruelty — despite his long reign , he never had anyone killed or blinded . He was loved by his subjects , who gave him the name ' John the Good ' . He was also an energetic campaigner , spending much of his life in army camps and personally supervising sieges . During John 's reign , Byzantium faced many difficulties : enemies confronted the empire on all sides . An invasion of nomadic horsemen from the north threatened Byzantine control in the Balkans , and the Turks were harassing Byzantine territory in Asia Minor . However , John soon proved himself just as determined and energetic as his predecessor . At the Battle of Beroia , John personally led the imperial armies against the Pecheneg invaders . With the aid of the emperor 's elite troops , the Varangian Guard , the tribal horsemen were decisively crushed . The emperor 's victory was so emphatic that the Pechenegs soon disappeared as an independent people . John 's marriage to the Hungarian princess Piroska involved him in the dynastic struggles of the Kingdom of Hungary . In giving asylum to Álmos , a blinded claimant to the Hungarian throne , John aroused the suspicion of the Hungarians . The Hungarians , led by Stephen II , then invaded Byzantium 's Balkan provinces in 1127 , with hostilities lasting until 1129 The Hungarians attacked Belgrade , Nish and Sofia ; John , who was near Philippopolis in Thrace , counterattacked , supported by a naval flotilla operating on the Danube . After a challenging campaign , the details of which are obscure , the emperor managed to defeat the Hungarians and their Serbian allies at the fortress of Haram or Chramon , which is the modern Nova Palanka . Following this the Hungarians renewed hostilities by attacking Braničevo , which was immediately rebuilt by John . Further Byzantine military successes , Choniates mentions several engagements , resulted in a restoration of peace . The Danube frontier had been definitively secured . John was then able to concentrate on Asia Minor , which became the focus of his attention for most of his reign . The Turks were pressing forward against the Byzantine frontier , and John was determined to drive them back . Thanks to John 's energetic campaigning , Turkish attempts at expansion in Asia Minor were halted , and John prepared to take the fight to the enemy . In order to restore the region to Byzantine control , John led a series of campaigns against the Turks , one of which resulted in the reconquest of the ancestral home of the Komneni at Kastamonu . He quickly earned a formidable reputation as a wall @-@ breaker , taking stronghold after stronghold from his enemies . Regions which had been lost to the empire since Manzikert were recovered and garrisoned . Yet resistance , particularly from the Danishmends of the north @-@ east , was strong , and the difficult nature of holding down the new conquests is illustrated by the fact that Kastamonu was recaptured by the Turks whilst John was back in Constantinople celebrating its return to Byzantine rule . John persevered , and Kastamonu soon changed hands once more . He advanced into north @-@ eastern Anatolia , provoking the Turks to attack his army . Unlike Romanos Diogenes , John 's forces were able to maintain their cohesion , and the Turkish attempt to inflict a second Manzikert on the emperor 's army backfired when the Sultan , discredited by his failure , was murdered by his own people . John , like Basil II before him , was a slow but steady campaigner . His armies made careful , measured gains over time , rarely exposing themselves to excessive risks , but nevertheless advancing inexorably towards their objectives . However , the Turks were resilient , and they did not allow themselves to be decisively defeated in any one engagement . They knew that it was difficult for the emperor to remain in one theatre of war for a long time , as events elsewhere often intervened that required his attention . John consolidated his conquests and the existing Byzantine holdings in Asia by the building of a series of forts . Historian Paul Magdalino explains this process in his book The empire of Manuel Komnenos by placing it in the context of the Komnenian restoration of the Byzantine empire as a whole ; he points out that while John 's father Alexios had fortified places on the coast , John now expanded Byzantine control into the interior by fortifying places such as Lopadion , Achyraous and Laodicea , which guarded the approaches to the valleys and coastlands of Asia Minor . This restoration of order under John enabled agricultural prosperity to begin a recovery that would eventually restore these war torn regions to their former status as a productive and valuable part of the Byzantine empire . Towards the end of his reign , John made a concerted effort to secure Antioch . On the way , he captured the southern coast of Asia Minor and Cilicia . He advanced into Syria at the head of his veteran army , which had been seasoned by a lifetime of campaigning . Although John fought hard for the Christian cause in the campaign in Syria , there was a famous incident where his allies , Prince Raymond of Antioch and Count Joscelin II of Edessa , sat around playing dice while John pressed the Siege of Shaizar . These Crusader Princes were suspicious of each other and of John , and neither wanted the other to gain from participating in the campaign , while Raymond also wanted to hold on to Antioch which he had agreed to hand over to John if the campaign was successful . Ultimately , Joscelin and Raymond conspired to keep John out of Antioch , and while he was preparing to lead a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and a further campaign , he accidentally grazed his hand on a poison arrow while out hunting . The poison set in and shortly afterwards he died . Historian J. Birkenmeier has recently argued that John 's reign was the most successful of the Komnenian period . In " The development of the Komnenian army 1081 – 1180 " , he stresses the wisdom of John 's approach to warfare , which focused on siege warfare rather than risky pitched battles . Birkenmeier argues that John 's strategy of launching annual campaigns with limited , realistic objectives was a more sensible one than that followed by his son Manuel I. According to this view , John 's campaigns benefited the Byzantine Empire because they protected the empire 's heartland from attack while gradually extending its territory in Asia Minor . The Turks were forced onto the defensive , while John kept his diplomatic situation relatively simple by allying with the Western Emperor against the Normans of Sicily . Overall , John II Komnenos left the empire a great deal better off than he had found it . Substantial territories had been recovered , and his successes against the invading Petchenegs , Serbs and Seljuk Turks , along with his attempts to establish Byzantine suzerainty over the Crusader States in Antioch and Edessa , did much to restore the reputation of his empire . His careful , methodical approach to warfare had protected the empire from the risk of sudden defeats , while his determination and skill had allowed him to rack up a long list of successful sieges and assaults against enemy strongholds . By the time of his death , he had earned near universal respect , even from the Crusaders , for his courage , dedication and piety . His early death meant his work went unfinished ; historian Zoe Oldenbourg speculates that his last campaign might well have resulted in real gains for Byzantium and the Christian cause . = = Manuel I Komnenos = = John 's chosen heir was his fourth son , Manuel I Komnenos . According to Niketas Choniates , a historian of Byzantium , Manuel was chosen over his elder surviving brother because of his ability to listen carefully to advice . Manuel was known for his lively and charismatic personality ; he was known for his love for all things from Western Europe . Manuel arranged jousting matches , even participating in them , an unusual experience for the Byzantines . Manuel himself is generally considered the most brilliant of the four emperors of the Komnenos dynasty ; unusual for a Byzantine ruler , his reputation was particularly good in the west and the Crusader states , especially after his death . The Latin historian William of Tyre described Manuel as " beloved of God ... a great @-@ souled man of incomparable energy " , [ whose ] " memory will ever be held in benediction " . Manuel was further extolled by Robert of Clari as a " generous and worthy man " . Manuel dedicated himself to restore the glory of his empire and to regaining superpower status . His foreign policy was both ambitious and expansive , reaching out to all corners of the Mediterranean world . He made several alliances with the Pope and Western Christian kingdoms , and successfully handled the passage of the potentially dangerous Second Crusade through his empire , establishing a Byzantine protectorate over the Crusader kingdoms of Outremer . Manuel campaigned aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and in the east ; facing Muslims in Palestine , he allied himself with the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and sent a large fleet to participate in a combined invasion of Fatimid Egypt . In an effort to restore Byzantine control over the ports of southern Italy , he sent an expedition to invade Italy in 1155 . Operating as part of a coalition of Byzantine , rebel , and Papal forces , Manuel 's armies achieved initial success . However , disputes within the coalition led to the expedition 's eventual failure . Despite this military setback Manuel was undeterred , and his armies successfully invaded the Kingdom of Hungary in 1167 , defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Sirmium . He was highly successful in the Balkans and Hungary ; historian Paul Magdalino argues that no emperor had dominated the region so effectively since Late Antiquity . In the east , however , Manuel 's achievements are more ambiguous . He suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176 against the Turks . Manuel was marching against Konya , the Turkish capital , when his forces were ambushed ; the ensuing defeat has since entered the popular imagination as a legendary disaster . Exaggerated accounts of the battle often describe the destruction of the entire Byzantine army , and with it the end of Byzantine power and influence . However , the modern consensus among Byzantine historians is that , while the Battle of Myriokephalon was a serious humiliation for the emperor , it was certainly not a catastrophe . Nor was it in any way equivalent to the Battle of Manzikert over a century earlier . In fact , much of the emperor 's army emerged from the battle without serious damage . Units involved in the battle are well documented as campaigning in Asia Minor the following year . The imperial frontier remained unmoved for the remainder of Manuel 's reign , a clear indication that the Turks were unable to gain any advantage from their victory . In 1177 the Byzantines inflicted a major defeat on a large Turkish force at Hyelion and Leimocheir in the Meander valley . Manuel 's programme of fortification in Byzantine Asia , for which he was praised by Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates , is largely regarded as an important success . Manuel demanded tribute from the Turkmen of the Anatolian interior for the winter pasture in Imperial territory ; he also improved the defenses of many cities and towns , and established new garrisons and fortresses across the region . As a result of the cumulative efforts of all three Komnenian emperors , Manuel 's domination of Asia Minor was more effective than that of any emperor since before Manzikert . As historian Paul Magdalino makes clear , " by the end of Manuel 's reign , the Byzantines controlled all the rich agricultural lowlands of the peninsula , leaving only the less hospitable mountain and plateau areas to the Turks . " In the religious sphere , disputes between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church occasionally harmed efforts at cooperation with the Latins ; however , Manuel was almost certainly the Byzantine emperor who came closest to healing the breach between the two churches . Pope Innocent III clearly had a positive view of Manuel when he told Alexios III that he should imitate " your outstanding predecessor of famous memory the emperor Manuel ... in devotion to the Apostolic See , both in words and in works " . Manuel was very successful in expanding his influence , particularly over the Crusader states . As an example , he participated in the building and decorating of many of the basilicas and Greek monasteries in the Holy Land , including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem where due to his efforts the Byzantine clergy were allowed to perform the Greek liturgy each day . All this reinforced his position as overlord of the Crusader states , with his hegemony over Antioch and Jerusalem secured by agreement with Raynald , Prince of Antioch , and Amalric , King of Jerusalem . This success in gaining influence and allies among the western states and the Pope is regarded one of the most impressive achievements of Manuel Komnenos 's reign . = = Military reform = = At the beginning of the Komnenian period in 1081 , the Byzantine Empire had been reduced to the smallest territorial extent in its history . Surrounded by enemies , and financially ruined by a long period of civil war , the empire 's prospects had looked grim . Yet , through a combination of determination , military reform , and years of campaigning , Alexios I Komnenos , John II Komnenos and Manuel I Komnenos managed to restore the power of the Byzantine Empire . An important factor in the success of the Komnenoi was their establishment of a reconstructed Byzantine army . The new military system which they created is known as the Komnenian army . From c . 1081 to c . 1180 , the Komnenian army played an important role in providing the empire with a period of security that enabled Byzantine civilization to flourish . The new force was both professional and disciplined . It contained formidable guards units such as the Varangian Guard , the ' Immortals ' ( a unit of heavy cavalry ) stationed in Constantinople and the Archontopouloi , recruited by Alexios from the sons of dead Byzantine officers , and also levies from the provinces . These levies included Kataphraktoi cavalry from Macedonia , Thessaly and Thrace , and various other provincial forces such as Trebizond Archers from the Black Sea coast of Asia Minor and the Vardariots , a cavalry unit recruited from Christianised Magyars from the Vardar valley . Alongside troops raised and paid for directly by the state , the Komnenian army included the armed followers of members of the wider imperial family and its extensive connections . In this can be seen the beginnings of the feudalisation of the Byzantine military . The granting of pronoia holdings , where land was held in return for military obligations , was beginning to become a notable element in the military infrastructure towards the end of the Komnenian period , though it became much more important subsequently . In 1097 , the Byzantine Army numbered around 70 @,@ 000 men altogether . By the closing years of the 1180 @-@ era , and the death of Manuel Komnenos , whose frequent campaigns had been on a grand scale the army was probably considerably larger . During the reign of Alexius I , the field army numbered around 20 @,@ 000 men which was increased to about 30 @,@ 000 men in John II 's reign . By the end of Manuel I 's reign the Byzantine field army had risen to 40 @,@ 000 men . Under John II , a Macedonian division was maintained , and new native Byzantine troops were recruited from the provinces . As Byzantine Asia Minor began to prosper under John and Manuel , more soldiers were raised from the Asiatic provinces of Neokastra , Paphlagonia and even Seleucia ( in the south east ) . Soldiers were also drawn from defeated peoples , such as the Pechenegs ( cavalry archers ) , and the Serbs , who were used as settlers stationed at Nicomedia . Native troops were organised into regular units and stationed in both the Asian and European provinces . Komnenian armies were also often reinforced by allied contingents from Antioch , Serbia and Hungary , yet even so they generally consisted of about two @-@ thirds Byzantine troops to one @-@ third foreigners . Units of archers , infantry and cavalry were grouped together so as to provide combined arms support to each other . The emperor Manuel I was heavily influenced by Westerners ( both of his queens were ' Franks ' ) and at the beginning of his reign he re @-@ equipped and retrained his native Byzantine heavy cavalry along Western lines . It is inferred that Manuel introduced the couched lance technique , the close order charge and increased the use of heavier armour . Manuel personally took part in ' knightly ' tournaments in the Western fashion , where his considerable prowess impressed Western observers . Permanent military camps were established in the Balkans and in Anatolia , these are first described during the reign of John II . The main Anatolian camp was near Lopadion on the Rhyndakos River near the Sea of Marmora , the European equivalent was at Kypsella in Thrace , others were at Sofia ( Serdica ) and at Pelagonia , west of Thessalonica . These great military camps seem to have been an innovation of the Komnenian emperors and may have played an important part in the improvement in the effectiveness of the Byzantine forces seen in the period . The camps were used as transit stations for the movement of troops , as concentration points for field armies , for the training of troops and for the preparation of armies for the rigours of campaign . = = Twelfth century ' Renaissance ' = = It has recently been argued that a ' 12th century renaissance ' occurred in Byzantium . Although the term does not enjoy widespread usage , it is beyond doubt that 12th century Byzantium witnessed major cultural developments , which were largely underpinned by rapid economic expansion . The 12th century was a time of significant growth in the Byzantine economy , with rising population levels and extensive tracts of new agricultural land being brought into production . Archaeological evidence from both Europe and Asia Minor shows a considerable increase in the size of urban settlements , together with a ‘ notable upsurge ’ in new towns . In Athens the medieval town experienced a period of rapid and sustained growth , starting in the eleventh century and continuing until the end of the twelfth century . Thessaloniki , the second city of the Empire , hosted a famous summer fair which attracted traders from across the Balkans and even further afield to its bustling market stalls . In Corinth , silk production fuelled a thriving economy . In Asia Minor , some areas had become depopulated due to Turkish raiding in the late eleventh century . Yet as the Komnenian emperors built up extensive fortifications in rural areas during the twelfth century , repopulation of the countryside took place . Overall , given that both population and prosperity increased substantially in this period , economic recovery in Byzantium appears to have been strengthening the economic basis of the state . This helps to explain how the Komnenian emperors , Manuel Komnenos in particular , were able to project their power and influence so widely at this time . The new wealth being generated during this period had a positive impact on Byzantine cultural life . In artistic terms , the twelfth century was a very productive period in Byzantine history . There was a revival in the mosaic art , and regional schools of Architecture began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences . According to N. H. Baynes in Byzantium , An Introduction to East Roman Civilization , = = Andronikos I Komnenos and the fall of the Komnenoi = = Manuel 's death on 24 September 1180 , marked a turning point in the fortunes of the Byzantine Empire . When Manuel died , he was succeeded by his young son Alexios II Komnenos , who was under the guardianship of the empress Maria . Her conduct excited popular indignation , and the consequent disorders , amounting almost to civil war , gave an opportunity to the ambition of Manuel 's estranged cousin , Andronikos I Komnenos ( r . 1183 – 1185 ) , son of Isaac Komnenos . Andronikos left his retirement in 1182 , and marched on Constantinople with an army that ( according to non @-@ Byzantine sources ) included Muslim contingents . His arrival was soon followed by a massacre of the Latin inhabitants , which was focused on the Venetian merchants who were settled in some numbers in Constantinople . He was believed to have arranged the poisoning of Alexios II 's elder sister Maria the Porphyrogenita and her husband Renier of Montferrat , although Maria herself had encouraged him to intervene . The poisoner was said to be the eunuch Pterygeonites . Soon afterwards he had the empress Maria imprisoned and then killed , by Pterygeonites and the hetaireiarches Constantine Tripsychos . Alexios II was compelled to acknowledge Andronikos as colleague in the empire , but was then put to death ; the killing was carried out by Tripsychos , Theodore Dadibrenos and Stephen Hagiochristophorites . Andronikos , by 1183 sole emperor , married Agnes of France , a child twelve years of age who had been formerly betrothed to Alexios II . Agnes was a daughter of King Louis VII of France and his third wife Adèle of Champagne . By November 1183 , Andronikos associated his younger legitimate son John Komnenos on the throne . Andronikos Komnenos was a man of astounding contrasts . Handsome and eloquent , the new emperor was at the same time known for his licentious exploits . Energetic , able and determined , Andronikos was a true Komnenos . However , he was also capable of terrifying brutality , violence and cruelty . Andronikos began his reign well ; in particular , the measures he took to reform the government of the empire have been praised by historians . In the provinces , Andronikos ' reforms produced a speedy and marked improvement . Andronikos 's fierce determination to root out corruption and many other abuses was admirable ; under Andronikos , the sale of offices ceased ; selection was based on merit , rather than favouritism ; officials were paid an adequate salary so as to reduce the temptation of bribery . Every form of corruption was eliminated with ferocious zeal . The people , who felt the severity of his laws , at the same time acknowledged their justice , and found themselves protected from the rapacity of their superiors . Andronikos 's energetic efforts to rein in the oppressive tax collectors and officials of the empire did much to alleviate the lot of the peasantry . However , his efforts to check the power of the nobility were considerably more problematic . The aristocrats were infuriated with him , and to make matters worse , Andronikos seems to have become increasingly deranged ; executions and violence became increasingly common , and his reign turned into a reign of terror . Andronikos seemed almost to seek the extermination of the aristocracy as a whole . The struggle against the aristocracy turned into wholesale slaughter , as the emperor resorted to ever more ruthless measures to shore up his regime . There were several revolts , leading to an invasion by King William II of Sicily . On September 11 , 1185 , during his absence from the capital , Stephen Hagiochristophorites moved to arrest Isaac Angelos , whose loyalty was suspect . Isaac killed Hagiochristophorites and took refuge in the church of Hagia Sophia . He appealed to the populace , and a tumult arose which spread rapidly over the whole city . When Andronikos arrived , he found that his authority was overthrown : Isaac had been proclaimed emperor . The deposed Emperor attempted to escape in a boat with his wife Agnes and his mistress , but was captured . Isaac handed him over to the city mob and for three days he was exposed to their fury and resentment . His right hand was cut off , his teeth and hair were pulled out , one of his eyes was gouged out , and , among many other sufferings , boiling water was thrown in his face . At last , led to the Hippodrome of Constantinople , he was hung up by the feet between two pillars , and two Latin soldiers competed as to whose sword would penetrate his body more deeply . He died on September 12 , 1185 . At the news of the emperor 's death , his son and co @-@ emperor , John , was murdered by his own troops in Thrace . Andronikos I was the last of the Komnenoi to rule Constantinople , although his grandsons Alexios and David founded the Empire of Trebizond in 1204 . Nevertheless , Andronikos 's role in the collapse of the empire is controversial ; historians disagree over the extent to which his brief reign influenced events after his death . Andonikos 's coup , together with his violent death , had weakened the dynastic continuity and solidarity on which the strength of the Byzantine state had come to rely . Furthermore , his so @-@ called ' anti @-@ Latin ' policy has been criticised by some historians as a failure , in view of the increasing hostility it caused towards Byzantium in the west . In particular , Andonikos 's failure to prevent the massacre of Latins in Constantinople in 1182 has been seen as especially significant , since henceforth Byzantine foreign policy was invariably perceived as sinister and anti @-@ Latin in the west . It has even been argued that Andronikos 's attempts to crush the aristocracy were damaging to the empire 's military power , since the aristocracy had become indispensable to the defences of the state . On the other hand , his reforms in the provinces were both wise and beneficial to the internal health and prosperity of the empire . The Komnenian period was followed by the dynasty of the Angeloi , who oversaw perhaps the most crucial period in the Decline of the Byzantine Empire . The next quarter of a century would see Constantinople fall to an invading force for the first time in its history , and the final loss of the empire 's ' great power ' status . However , with the death of Andronikos , the Komnenian dynasty , having lasted 104 years , had finally come to an end . = Lawrencium = Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with chemical symbol Lr ( formerly Lw ) and atomic number 103 . It is named in honor of Ernest Lawrence , inventor of the cyclotron , a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements . A radioactive metal , lawrencium is the eleventh transuranic element and is also the final member of the actinide series . Like all elements with atomic number over 100 , lawrencium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles . Eleven isotopes of lawrencium are currently known ; the most stable is 262Lr with a half @-@ life of 3 @.@ 6 hours , but the shorter @-@ lived 260Lr ( half @-@ life 2 @.@ 7 minutes ) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale . A new isotope , 266Lr , with a half @-@ life of 11 hours has been reported but not confirmed . Chemistry experiments have confirmed that lawrencium indeed behaves as a heavier homolog to lutetium in the periodic table , and is a trivalent element . It thus could also be classified as the first of the 7th @-@ period transition metals : however , its electron configuration is anomalous for its position in the periodic table , having an s2p configuration instead of the s2d configuration of its homolog lutetium . This means that lawrencium may be less volatile than expected for its position in the periodic table and have a volatility comparable to that of lead . In the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s , many claims of the synthesis of lawrencium of varying quality were made from laboratories in the Soviet Union and the United States . The priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists , and while the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) established lawrencium as the official name for the element and gave the American team credit for the discovery , this was reevaluated in 1997 , giving both teams shared credit for the discovery but not changing the element 's name . = = History = = In 1958 , scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory claimed the discovery of element 102 , now called nobelium . At the same time , they also attempted to synthesize element 103 by bombarding the same curium target used with nitrogen @-@ 14 ions . A follow @-@ up on this experiment was not performed , as the target was destroyed . Eighteen tracks were noted , with decay energy around ( 9 ± 1 ) MeV and half @-@ life around 1 ⁄ 4 s ; the Berkeley team noted that while the cause could be the production of an isotope of element 103 , other possibilities could not be ruled out . While the data agrees reasonably with that later discovered for 257Lr ( alpha decay energy 8 @.@ 87 MeV , half @-@ life 0 @.@ 6 s ) , the evidence obtained in this experiment fell far short of the strength required to conclusively demonstrate the synthesis of element 103 . Later , in 1960 , the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory attempted to synthesize the element by bombarding 252Cf with 10B and 11B . The results of this experiment were not conclusive . The first important work on element 103 was carried out at Berkeley by the nuclear @-@ physics team of Albert Ghiorso , Torbjørn Sikkeland , Almon Larsh , Robert M. Latimer , and their co @-@ workers on February 14 , 1961 . The first atoms of lawrencium were reportedly produced by bombarding a three @-@ milligram target consisting of three isotopes of the element californium with boron @-@ 10 and boron @-@ 11 nuclei from the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator ( HILAC ) . The Berkeley team reported that the isotope 257103 was detected in this manner , and that it decayed by emitting an 8 @.@ 6 MeV alpha particle with a half @-@ life of ( 8 ± 2 ) s . This identification was later corrected to be 258103 , as later work proved that 257Lr did not have the properties detected , but 258Lr did . This was considered at the time to be convincing proof of the synthesis of element 103 : while the mass assignment was less certain and proved to be mistaken , it did not affect the arguments in favor of element 103 having been synthesized . Scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna ( then in the Soviet Union ) raised several criticisms : all but one were answered adequately . The exception was that 252Cf was the most common isotope in the target , and in the reactions with 10B , 258Lr could only have been produced by emitting four neutrons , and emitting three neutrons was expected to be much less likely than emitting four or five . This would lead to a narrow yield curve , not the broad one reported by the Berkeley team . A possible explanation was that there was a low number of events attributed to element 103 . This was an important intermediate step to the unquestioned discovery of element 103 , although the evidence was not completely convincing . The Berkeley team proposed the name " lawrencium " with symbol " Lw " , after Ernest Orlando Lawrence , inventor of the cyclotron . The IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry accepted the name , but changed the symbol to " Lr " . This acceptance of the discovery was later characterized as being hasty by the Dubna team . 252 98Cf + 11 5B → 263 103Lr * → 258 103Lr + 5 1 0n The first work at Dubna on element 103 came in 1965 , when they reported to have created 256103 in 1965 by bombarding 243Am with 18O , identifying it indirectly from its granddaughter fermium @-@ 252 . The half @-@ life they reported was somewhat too high , possibly due to background events . Later 1967 work on the same reaction identified two decay energies in the ranges 8 @.@ 35 – 8 @.@ 50 MeV and 8 @.@ 50 – 8 @.@ 60 MeV : these were assigned to 256103 and 257103 . Despite repeated attempts , they were unable to confirm assignment of an alpha emitter with a half @-@ life of eight seconds to 257103 . The Russians proposed the name " rutherfordium " for the new element in 1967 : this name was later used for element 104 . 243 95Am + 18 8O → 261 103Lr * → 256 103Lr + 5 1 0n Further experiments ( Dubna 1969 ; Berkeley 1970 ) demonstrated an actinide chemistry for the new element , so by 1970 it was known that lawrencium is the last actinide . In 1970 , the Dubna group reported the synthesis of 255103 with half @-@ life 20 s and alpha decay energy 8 @.@ 38 MeV . However , it was not until 1971 , when the nuclear physics team at the University of California at Berkeley successfully performed a whole series of experiments aimed at measuring the nuclear decay properties of the lawrencium isotopes with mass numbers from 255 through 260 , that all previous results from Berkeley and Dubna were confirmed , apart from the Berkeley 's group initial erroneous assignment of their first produced isotope to 257103 instead of the probably correct 258103 . All final doubts were finally dispelled in 1976 and 1977 when the energies of X @-@ rays emitted from 258103 were measured . In 1971 , the IUPAC granted the discovery of lawrencium to the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory , even though they did not have ideal data for the element 's existence . However , in 1992 , the IUPAC Trans @-@ fermium Working Group ( TWG ) officially recognized the nuclear physics teams at Dubna and Berkeley as the co @-@ discoverers of lawrencium , concluding that while the 1961 Berkeley experiments were an important step to lawrencium 's discovery , they were not yet completely convincing ; and while the 1965 , 1968 , and 1970 Dubna experiments came very close to the needed level of confidence taken together , only the 1971 Berkeley experiments , which clarified and confirmed previous observations , finally resulted in complete confidence in the discovery of element 103 . Because the name " lawrencium " had been in use for a long time by this point , it was retained by IUPAC , and in August 1997 , the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) ratified the name lawrencium and the symbol " Lr " during a meeting in Geneva . = = Characteristics = = = = = Physical = = = Lawrencium is the final member of the actinide series and is sometimes considered to be a group 3 element , along with scandium , yttrium , and lutetium , as its filled f @-@ shell is expected to make it resemble the 7th @-@ period transition metals . In the periodic table , it is located to the right of the actinide nobelium , to the left of the 6d transition metal rutherfordium , and under the lanthanide lutetium with which it shares many physical and chemical properties . Lawrencium is expected to be a solid under normal conditions and assume a hexagonal close @-@ packed crystal structure ( c / a = 1 @.@ 58 ) , similar to its lighter congener lutetium , though this is not yet known experimentally . The enthalpy of sublimation of lawrencium is estimated to be 352 kJ · mol − 1 , close to the value of lutetium and strongly suggesting that metallic lawrencium is trivalent with the 7s and 7p1 / 2 ( or 6d ) electrons delocalized , a prediction also supported by a systematic extrapolation of the values of heat of vaporization , bulk modulus , and atomic volume of neighboring elements to lawrencium . Specifically , lawrencium is expected to be a trivalent , silvery metal , easily oxidized by air , steam , and acids , and having an atomic volume similar to that of lutetium and a trivalent metallic radius of 171 pm . It is expected to be a rather heavy metal with a density of around 15 @.@ 6 to 16 @.@ 6 g · cm − 3 . It is also predicted to have a melting point of around 1900 K ( 1627 ° C ) , not far from the value for lutetium ( 1925 K ) . = = = Chemical = = = In 1949 , Glenn T. Seaborg , who devised the actinide concept that elements 89 to 103 formed an actinide series homologous to the lanthanide series from elements 57 to 71 , predicted that element 103 ( lawrencium ) should be its final member and that the Lr3 + ion should be about as stable as Lu3 + in aqueous solution . It was not until decades later that element 103 was finally conclusively synthesized and this prediction was experimentally confirmed . 1969 studies on the element showed that lawrencium reacted with chlorine to form a product that was most likely the trichloride LrCl3 . Its volatility was found to be similar to that of the chlorides of curium , fermium , and nobelium and much less than that of rutherfordium chloride . In 1970 , chemical studies were performed on 1500 atoms of the isotope 256Lr , comparing it with divalent ( No , Ba , Ra ) , trivalent ( Fm , Cf , Cm , Am , Ac ) , and tetravalent ( Th , Pu ) elements . It was found that lawrencium coextracted with the trivalent ions , but the short half @-@ life of the 256Lr isotope precluded a confirmation that it eluted ahead of Md3 + in the elution sequence . Lawrencium occurs as the trivalent Lr3 + ion in aqueous solution and hence its compounds should be similar to those of the other trivalent actinides : for example , lawrencium ( III ) fluoride ( LrF3 ) and hydroxide ( Lr ( OH ) 3 ) should both be insoluble in water . Due to the actinide contraction , the ionic radius of Lr3 + should be smaller than that of Md3 + , and that it should elute ahead of Md3 + when ammonium α @-@ hydroxyisobutyrate ( ammonium α @-@ HIB ) is used as an eluant . Later 1987 experiments on the longer @-@ lived isotope 260Lr confirmed lawrencium 's trivalency and that it eluted in roughly the same place as erbium , and found that lawrencium 's ionic radius was ( 88 @.@ 6 ± 0 @.@ 3 ) pm , larger than would be expected from simple extrapolation from periodic trends . Later 1988 experiments with more lawrencium atoms refined this value to ( 88 @.@ 1 ± 0 @.@ 1 ) pm and calculated an enthalpy of hydration value of − ( 3685 ± 13 ) kJ · mol − 1 . It was also pointed out that the actinide contraction at the end of the actinide series was larger than the analogous lanthanide contraction , with the exception of the last actinide , lawrencium : the cause was speculated to be relativistic effects . It has been speculated that the 7s electrons are relativistically stabilized , so that in reducing conditions , only the 7p1 / 2 or 6d electron would be ionized , leading to the monovalent Lr + ion . However , all experiments to reduce Lr3 + to Lr2 + or Lr + in aqueous solution were unsuccessful . On the basis of this , the standard electrode potential of the E ° ( Lr3 + → Lr1 + ) couple was calculated to be less than − 1 @.@ 56 V , indicating that the existence of Lr + ions in aqueous solution was unlikely . The upper limit for the E ° ( Lr3 + → Lr2 + ) couple was predicted to be − 0 @.@ 44 V : the values for E ° ( Lr3 + → Lr0 ) and E ° ( Lr4 + → Lr3 + ) are predicted to be − 2 @.@ 06 V and + 7 @.@ 9 V. The stability of the group oxidation state in the 6d transition series is highest for lawrencium , and it decreases as Lr3 + > Rf4 + > Db5 + > Sg6 + . = = = Atomic = = = A lawrencium atom has 103 electrons , of which three can act as valence electrons . In 1970 , it was predicted that the ground @-@ state electron configuration of lawrencium was [ Rn ] 5f146d17s2 ( ground state term symbol 2D3 / 2 ) , following the Aufbau principle and conforming to the [ Xe ] 4f145d16s2 configuration of lawrencium 's lighter homolog lutetium . However , the next year , calculations were published that questioned this prediction , instead expecting an anomalous [ Rn ] 5f147s27p1 configuration . Though early calculations gave conflicting results , more recent studies and calculations confirm the s2p suggestion . 1974 relativistic calculations concluded that the energy difference between the two configurations was small and that it was uncertain which was the ground state . Later 1995 calculations concluded that the s2p configuration should be energetically favored , because the spherical s and p1 / 2 orbitals are nearest to the atomic nucleus and thus move quickly enough that their relativistic mass increases significantly . In 1988 , a team of scientists led by Eichler calculated that lawrencium 's enthalpy of adsorption on metal sources would differ enough depending on its electron configuration that it would be feasible to carry out experiments to exploit this fact to measure lawrencium 's electron configuration . The s2p configuration was expected to be less volatile than the s2d configuration , and be more similar to that of the p @-@ block element lead . The results were inconclusive : while no evidence for lawrencium being volatile was obtained , the lower limit for the enthalpy of adsorption of lawrencium on quartz or platinum was significantly higher than the estimated value for the s2p configuration , so that the electron configuration of lawrencium was still unknown as of 2006 . In 2015 , the first ionization energy of lawrencium was measured , using the isotope 256Lr . The measured value , 4 @.@ 96 + 0 @.@ 08 − 0 @.@ 07 eV , agreed very well with the relativistic theoretical prediction of 4 @.@ 963 ( 15 ) eV , and also provided a first step into measuring the first ionization energies of the transactinides . This value is the lowest among all the lanthanides and actinides , and supports the s2p configuration as the 7p1 / 2 electron is expected to be only weakly bound . This suggests that lutetium and lawrencium behave similarly to the d @-@ block elements ( and hence being the true heavier congeners of scandium and yttrium , instead of lanthanum and actinium ) , and also that lawrencium may behave similarly to the alkali metals sodium and potassium in some ways . Given that the s2p configuration is correct , then lawrencium cannot be regarded as a transition metal under the IUPAC definition ( " An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub @-@ shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub @-@ shell " ) , unlike its lighter homolog lutetium and the group 3 elements , with which lutetium and lawrencium are sometimes classified . = = = Isotopes = = = Twelve isotopes of lawrencium are known , with mass numbers 252 – 262 and 266 ; all are radioactive . Additionally , one nuclear isomer is known , with mass number 253 . The longest @-@ lived lawrencium isotope , 266Lr , has a half @-@ life of 11 hours and is one of the longest lived superheavy isotopes known to date , suggesting that it is perhaps on the shore of the island of stability of superheavy nuclei . However , shorter @-@ lived isotopes are usually used in chemical experiments because 266Lr currently can only be produced as a final decay product of even heavier and harder @-@ to @-@ synthesize elements : it was discovered in 2014 in the decay chain of ununseptium @-@ 294 . The isotope 256Lr ( half @-@ life 27 seconds ) was used in the first chemical studies on lawrencium : currently , the slightly longer lived isotope 260Lr ( half @-@ life 2 @.@ 7 minutes ) is usually used for this purpose . After 266Lr , the longest @-@ lived lawrencium isotopes are 262Lr ( 3 @.@ 6 h ) , 261Lr ( 44 min ) , 260Lr ( 2 @.@ 7 min ) , 256Lr ( 27 s ) , and 255Lr ( 22 s ) . All other known lawrencium isotopes have half @-@ lives under 20 seconds , and the shortest @-@ lived of them ( 252Lr ) has a half @-@ life of only 390 milliseconds . However , the undiscovered isotopes with mass numbers 263 to 265 are expected to have longer half @-@ lives ( 263Lr , 5 h ; 264Lr and 265Lr , 10 h ) . The half @-@ lives of lawrencium isotopes mostly increase smoothly from 252Lr to 266Lr , with a dip from 257Lr to 259Lr . = = Preparation and purification = = While the lightest ( 252Lr to 254Lr ) and heaviest ( 266Lr ) lawrencium isotopes are produced only as alpha decay products of dubnium ( Z = 105 ) isotopes , the middle isotopes ( 255Lr to 262Lr ) can all be produced by bombarding actinide ( americium to einsteinium ) targets with light ions ( from boron to neon ) . The two most important isotopes , 256Lr to 260Lr , are both in this range . 256Lr can be produced by bombarding californium @-@ 249 with 70 MeV boron @-@ 11 ions ( producing lawrencium @-@ 256 and four neutrons ) , while 260Lr can be produced by bombarding berkelium @-@ 249 with oxygen @-@ 18 ( producing lawrencium @-@ 260 , an alpha particle , and three neutrons ) . Both 256Lr and 260Lr have half @-@ lives too short to allow a complete chemical purification process . Early experiments with 256Lr therefore used rapid solvent extraction , with the chelating agent thenoyltrifluoroacetone ( TTA ) dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketone ( MIBK ) as the organic phase , and with the aqueous phase being buffered acetate solutions . Ions of different charge ( + 2 , + 3 , or + 4 ) will then extract into the organic phase under different pH ranges , but this method will not separate the trivalent actinides and thus 256Lr must be identified by its emitted 8 @.@ 24 MeV alpha particles . More recent methods have allowed rapid selective elution with α @-@ HIB to take place in enough time to separate out the longer @-@ lived isotope 260Lr , which can be removed from the catcher foil with 0 @.@ 05 M hydrochloric acid . = Domnall mac Taidc = Domnall mac Taidc Uí Briain ( died 1115 ) , also known as Domnall Ua Briain , Domhnall Ua Briain , and Domhnall mac Taidhg , was the ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles , the Kingdom of Thomond , and perhaps the Kingdom of Dublin as well . His father was Tadc , son of Toirdelbach Ua Briain , King of Munster , which meant that Domnall was a member of the Meic Taidc , a branch of the Uí Briain . Domnall 's mother was Mór , daughter of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill , King of Dublin and the Isles , which may have given Domnall a stake to the kingship of the Isles . In 1094 , Domnall 's uncle , Muirchertach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland , drove Gofraid Crobán , King of Dublin and the Isles from Dublin , and may have replaced him with Domnall himself . Certainly at some point following Gofraid 's death in 1095 , Muirchertach installed Domnall as King of the Isles . The latter 's reign was short @-@ lived however , and Domnall appears to have been forced from the Isles prior to its subsequent conquest by the King of Norway . In 1111 , Domnall evidently seized the kingship of the Isles by force . It is uncertain whether he enjoyed Uí Briain support in this venture . Several years later , at a time when his aforesaid uncle was gravely ill , Domnall was again active in Ireland . Although he may have openly left the Isles to take advantage of his uncle 's demise , it is also possible he was forced out by the Islesmen . Domnall was slain in 1115 , apparently at the hands of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair , King of Connacht . It is possible that he was survived by two sons . = = Familial origins = = Domnall was a son of Tadc ( died 1086 ) , son of Toirdelbach Ua Briain , King of Munster ( died 1086 ) . Domnall was , therefore , a member of the Meic Taidc . According to Banshenchas , Domnall 's father married Mór , daughter of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill , King of Dublin and the Isles ( died 1064 / 1065 ) . This source specifies that the couple had three sons and a daughter : Amlaíb ( died 1096 ) , Bé Binn , Donnchad ( died 1113 ) , and Domnall himself . = = Uí Briain intervention in Dublin = = Toirdelbach Ua Briain died in 1086 , and the Kingdom of Munster was partitioned between his three surviving sons : Muirchertach ( died 1119 ) , Diarmait ( died 1118 ) , and Tadc . The latter expired only a month after his father , after which Muirchertach drove Diarmait from Munster altogether , seizing the kingship for himself . Muirchertach then embarked upon extending his authority throughout Ireland . During this period , Muirchertach not only had to contend with the opposing forces of his surviving brother , but also those of the Meic Taidc , the sons of his deceased brother . In 1091 , however , the Meic Taidc appear to have come to terms with Muirchertach — at least temporarily — as the Annals of the Four Masters reports that a peace was agreed between him and the Meic Taidc , who are nonetheless said to have acted treacherously towards Muirchertach 's men . Although Muirchertach appears to have regained control of the Kingdom of Dublin by 1090 , he soon after lost it to Gofraid Crobán , King of the Isles ( died 1095 ) , until he forced the latter from the kingship of Dublin once and for all in 1094 . It may have been at this point that Muirchertach installed his son , Domnall Gerrlámhach ( died 1135 ) , to the kingship . Another possibility , however , is that Muirchertach instead appointed Domnall himself after Gofraid 's expulsion . = = Meic Taidc interference in the Isles = = Gofraid died in the Hebrides the year after his expulsion from Dublin . Whether this is evidence that he had been driven from Mann is uncertain . According to the Chronicle of Mann , Gofraid was succeeded in the Isles by his eldest son , Lagmann , who appears to have been forced to fend off factions supporting the claims of his younger brothers . At some point , the chronicle claims that the leading Islesmen sought assistance of Muirchertach , and petitioned him to provide a regent from his own kin to govern the kingdom until Lagmann 's younger brother , Amlaíb mac Gofraid ( died 1153 ) , was old enough to assume control . The chronicle 's account could be evidence that , by about 1096 , Lagmann faced a faction formed around his younger brother ; and that , when this faction was unable to topple Lagmann by itself , it approached Muirchertach for assistance in placing A	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
mlaíb mac Gofraid upon the throne . Muirchertach was certainly a formidable potential ally , having recently imposed his dominance over the kingdoms of Connacht , Leinster , Mide , and Dublin . In consequence of this predominance , the clause as stated by the chronicle — that Muirchertach was to provide the Isles with a regent from his own kin — may well have been a condition on his intervention , rather than a request of the Islesmen themselves . Whatever the case , the chronicle reveals that Muirchertach then installed Domnall upon the throne . Although Domnall had earlier opposed Muirchertach over the kingship of Munster , he possessed strong familial connections with the Isles through his maternal descent from Echmarcach . In fact , the Annals of Ulster reveals that at least two apparent members of Echmarcach 's family were killed less than a decade before in a repulsed invasion of Mann . As a result of their demise , Domnall may well have become the leading male representative of his mother 's family . In 1096 , the Annals of the Four Masters reveals that Domnall 's brother , Amlaíb , lost his life on Mann , apparently whilst supporting Domnall 's undertaking in the Isles . This source not only corroborates Uí Briain intervention in the Isles , but suggests that Domnall and the rest of the Meic Taidc faced significant opposition there , possibly in the form of Lagmann 's adherents . The chronicle credits Domnall with an oppressive three @-@ year reign that ended when the leading Islesmen revolted against him , and drove him from the kingdom back to Ireland . = = Norwegian ascendancy in Dublin and the Isles = = The extent of Domnall 's rule in the kingdom is unknown , and it is questionable whether he had any real authority in the northern Hebrides , furthest from Mann . In about 1097 , Magnús Óláfsson , King of Norway ( died 1105 ) sent a delegate named Ingimundr into the Isles to take possession of the kingdom . After installing himself on Lewis , Ingimundr was overthrown and killed whilst attempting to usurp the kingship . Ingimundr 's rationale for seating himself upon an island on the edge of the kingdom may have been due to the fact that he was unable to gain any authority on Mann itself . In fact , the chronicle reveals that civil war erupted there the following year , and the chronicler Orderic Vitalis ( died c . 1142 ) indicates that Mann was devastated to point of being a virtual desert by the time Magnús appeared on the scene . The warring itself may have been related to the aforesaid factional struggles between Gofraid 's sons , and the fact that the chronicle makes no mention of Domnall during this conflict may be evidence that he had lost control of Mann by then . Within the year , Magnús himself arrived in the Isles , captured Lagmann , and conquered the kingdom . After overwintering in region , the Norwegian king left for Scandinavia in the summer , only to make his return nearly four years later , in 1102 or 1103 . Once re @-@ established on Mann , Magnús may well have seized control of Dublin before entering into an alliance with Muirchertach , formalised through the marriage between Magnús 's young son , Sigurðr ( died 1130 ) , and Muirchertach 's daughter , Bjaðmunjo ( fl . 1102 / 1103 ) . The arrangement itself reveals that Magnús intended for Sigurðr to rule over his recently @-@ won territories , and suggests that Muirchertach intended to exert influence into the Isles through his new son @-@ in @-@ law . Unfortunately for Muirchertach , and his long @-@ term ambitions in Ireland and the Isles , Magnús was slain in Ulster in 1103 , whereupon Sigurðr immediately repudiated his bride and returned to Norway . Although Muirchertach was able to regain control of Dublin , and still held considerable influence in the Isles , Magnús ' death appears to have left a power vacuum in the region that he was unable to fill . = = Restoration in the Isles ; death in Ireland = = In 1111 , according to the Annals of Inisfallen , Domnall mac Taidc seized the kingship of the Isles by force . This annal @-@ entry is the only notice of Domnall 's lordship in the Isles preserved by Irish sources . This could indicate that the chronicle 's aforesaid account of the petitioning of Muirchertach is incorrectly dated , and actually refers to about 1111 . However , the fact that the chronicle places the petitioning during a period of new @-@ found Uí Briain dominance in the region , before Magnús ' arrival in the Isles , and at about the same time as Amlaíb 's death , suggests that the chronicle 's chronology concerning these events is sound , and that Domnall 's seizure of the kingship in 1111 was indeed a return to the Isles . There is uncertainty as to whether Domnall was supported in his venture by the rest of the Uí Briain . Although it is possible that he had backing from Muirchertach himself , the fact that the Annals of the Four Masters states that Muirchertach had Domnall imprisoned three years before could be evidence that Domnall had made his move into the Isles without Muirchertach 's consent . The aforesaid annal @-@ entry concerning Domnall 's seizure of the Isles reveals that Domnall launched his campaign from northern Ireland , and a further entry in the same sources shows that Dublin was occupied by Muirchertach for about three months , the very year of Domnall 's campaign . These records appear to indicate that Domnall was aided in his undertaking in the Isles by Muirchertach 's northern opponents , and that Muirchertach occupied the town as means to directly counter Domnall 's campaign , and deny him any support from the Dubliners . In fact , Domnall may well have been supported in the Isles by Domnall Mac Lochlainn , King of Cenél nEógain ( died 1121 ) , not only Muirchertach 's principal rival , but the representative of a family with a long history of involvement in the region . Not long after his intrusion into the Isles — perhaps in 1113 or 1114 — Domnall appears to have been either driven out by force , or drawn back to Ireland in an attempt to capitalise on Muirchertach 's failing health . This would appear to have been about the point when Amlaíb mac Gofraid began his own forty @-@ year reign in the Isles . The latter , who apparently spent a considerable part of his childhood at the court of Henry I , King of England ( died 1135 ) , may well have enjoyed the English king 's assistance in assuming control of the Isles , and perhaps precipitated Domnall 's departure . Whatever the cause for Domnall 's return to Ireland , he certainly predeceased his rival uncle , and was killed by Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair , King of Connacht ( died 1156 ) , as the Annals of Inisfallen , the Annals of Loch Cé , the Annals of the Four Masters , and the Annals of Ulster , all report Domnall 's death at the hands of the Connachta in 1115 . In fact , Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair had invaded Thomond earlier that year , and the Annals of Tigernach elaborates that he had installed Domnall as King of Thomond at that point . This source further reveals that Domnall had afterwards turned against Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair , who in turn invaded Thomond and had Domnall eliminated . Although two later members of the Uí Briain — Conchobar mac Domnaill Uí Briain , King of Ormond ( blinded 1128 ) , and Lughaid mac Domnaill Uí Briain ( died 1151 ) — appear to have been sons of Domnall 's aforesaid first cousin , Domnall Gerrlámhach , it is possible they were instead descendants of Domnall himself . = = Ancestry = = = White House Astronomy Night = White House Astronomy Night ( and alternatively Astronomy Night on the National Mall ) is an event first organized by the White House in conjunction with the Office of Science and Technology Policy to motivate interest in astronomy and science education . The original White House Astronomy Night was held in 2009 on the South Lawn . In 2010 the White House and the Office of Science and Technology Policy organized a similar event with help from Hofstra University , this time held on the National Mall . Between 2010 and 2014 annual events took place at the National Mall with coordination between Hofstra University and federal agencies including : the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum , NASA , and the National Science Foundation . In 2015 an event took place in June at the National Mall , and then back at the White House again on October 19 . The 2012 book Rising Above the Gathering Storm by the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine noted the White House Astronomy Night indicated an emphasis by the Obama Administration towards support for education in the fields of Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics ( STEM fields ) . The New Moon : Water , Exploration , and Future Habitation , written in 2014 by Arlin Crotts , observed this event and the inclusion of NASA 's Lunar Electric Rover in the First inauguration of Barack Obama reflected an emphasis on the importance of science education . = = Events = = = = = 2009 White House Astronomy Night = = = The first White House Astronomy Night was held on the South Lawn on October 7 , 2009 . This first event coincided with the International Year of Astronomy . Science Advisor to the President John Holdren stood next to President Obama as the president made a speech wherein he emphasized the values of science education and how crucial it was to society to increase the interest of youth towards studying science . This was an attempt by the White House to increase motivation for children to enter Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics ( STEM ) fields . Only optical telescopes were used to peer at the heavens during the events . Over twenty such telescopes were placed on the South Lawn of the White House in addition to displays of Moon rocks , meteorites , and presentations of the Solar System . In addition the Obama family , in attendance at the event was NASA astronaut Sally Ride , the first female American to travel to space in 1983 . Ride wore her flight jacket and answered questions from children about the Solar System . Amateur astronomers Caroline Moore and Lucas Bolyard attended the event . Both Moore and Bolyard had previously made noteworthy discoveries in astronomy . New York high school student Moore contributed to the discovery of Supernova 2008ha in 2008 , becoming the youngest individual to identify a supernova . While a high school student in his second @-@ year at a school in West Virginia in 2009 , Bolyard found a rotating radio transient , a form of neutron star . Bolyard accomplished this through analysis of observations while a member of the Pulsar Search Collaboratory , an initiative aimed at allowing youth access to the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope through joint cooperation between West Virginia University and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory . = = = National Mall events = = = Executive Office of the President department — the Office of Science and Technology Policy , hosted the next Astronomy Night on July 15 , 2010 . This time the event took place at the National Mall . Hofstra University helped organize the event which was open to the public . The event was held on the National Mall the next year on July 9 , 2011 . The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum assisted through opening its Public Observatory and outer landing area to the public . Hofstra University sponsored the event , and presented both live events and space observation through telescopes . Hofstra University program coordinator of astronomy public outreach , professor Donald Lubowich , helped organize the event . Lubowich commented : " Bringing Hofstra 's program to the National Mall gives us a very special opportunity to encourage children to pursue their interest and science and promote public understanding of science . Gazing at the rings of Saturn or the Moon 's craters and mountains captures the imagination , no matter how old you are . " The 2011 event included assistance from the Northern Virginia Astronomy Club , in addition to attendance from organizations including : the American Astronomical Society , the James Webb Space Telescope , the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , the National Radio Astronomy Observatory , and the Franklin Institute Science Museum . April 28 , 2012 was the third time the event was held on the National Mall . It was organized with help from Hofstra University , in addition to local astronomy clubs . Organizations represented included : the National Science Foundation , Astronomy Magazine , the American Astronomical Society , the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , International Dark @-@ Sky Association , the Harvard @-@ Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Space Telescope Science Institute , and the National Optical Astronomy Observatory . The fourth National Mall event was held on June 14 , 2013 . Professor Lubowich arranged the event , and it featured guided tours of the United States Capitol Building , in addition to complementary tours at local museums . Director of the Astrophysics Division at NASA , Dr. Paul Hertz , attended to talk about astronomy at his institution and to provide information to youth about his field of expertise . In 2014 approximately 7 @,@ 000 individuals participated in the Astronomy Night on the National Mall . Professor Lubowich attended and organized the night which was held June 6 , 2014 . Montgomery College Astronomical Observatory sent staff to man a table and answer questions . Professor Lubowich helped arrange an event on the National Mall on June 19 , 2015 . Astronomy Magazine came and staff passed out hand @-@ outs , and groups in attendance to support the event included : the American Geophysical Union , the International Dark @-@ Sky Association , the Carnegie Institution , and Georgetown University . It featured a portable blow @-@ up dome with a lit planetarium for viewing . Instructors dressed as historical figures from astronomy including : Caroline Herschel , Tycho Brahe , and Johannes Kepler to educate children about the field . = = = 2015 White House Astronomy Night = = = On August 21 , 2015 the White House announced that the Astronomy Night that year would take place on the South Lawn of the White House on October 19 . Students , teachers , and professionals from the fields of astronomy and the private sector of space exploration were invited to attend . One notable participant was Ahmed Mohamed , a Texas high school student who assembled a makeshift clock at home , brought it to school , and was detained and questioned by police after a teacher thought it resembled a bomb . In the wake of subsequent publicity , President Obama tweeted an invitation to Mohamed to visit the White House with his " cool clock " . Obama Administration staff urged him to attend Astronomy Night , with Press Secretary Josh Earnest calling the incident a " teachable moment " and Science Advisor John Holdren extending a formal invitation . That night , the President gave a speech to the Astronomy Night audience , saying : " We have to watch for and cultivate and encourage those glimmers of curiosity and possibility , not suppress them , not squelch them . " Afterwards , the President talked with Mohamed briefly and hugged him . Obama looked through a telescope and participated in a call with the crew of the International Space Station . Children who attended the event inspected meteorites , specimens from Mars and moon rocks . It was mentioned that the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite was supported by the President along with the James Webb Space Telescope , in a White House Fact Sheet about the 2015 White House Astronomy night . Sofy Alvarez @-@ Bareiro , a high school student from Brooklyn , New York , assisted the President in gazing at the moon through a telescope . She explained to the President that craters on the moon were caused by impacts from space materials . The Russellville , Alabama @-@ based group Russellville City Schools Engineering Rocket Team attended the event and were personally recognized by President Obama . Team members Chelsea Suddith , Katie Burns , Niles Butts , Andrew Heath , Cristian Ruiz , Cady Studdard and Evan Swinney were requested by the President to stand at the event and speak to the crowd about the rocketry accomplishments , which included achieving victory among contestants at the 2015 International Rocketry Challenge at the Paris Air Show . The students were able to meet celebrities who attended the event , including : Bill Nye , and MythBusters co @-@ hosts Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage . Indian @-@ American student Pranav Sivakumar was praised by the President in his speech at the event . President Obama recounted how Sivakumar was first intrigued by scientists at six @-@ years @-@ old , after reading about famous researchers in an encyclopedia . His parents cultivated his quest for knowledge by bringing him to lectures on astrophysics ; he went on to become a two @-@ time finalist at the Google Science Fair . Obama cited Sivakumar as an example of the outstanding students that attended the stargazing event at the White House . Florida student Kiera Wilmot attended the event ; she gained notice in the press two years prior , after being arrested and charged with a felony when her science project made a loud popping noise . At the time an honors high school student participating in a science project in Polk County , Florida at Bartow High School , Wilmot combined aluminum foil and toilet @-@ bowl cleaner inside of a bottle . After the bottle made a loud popping noise , Wilmot was removed from the class , placed in handcuffs , sent to a juvenile detention facility and faced charges of obtaining and utilizing a destructive device . Administration officials at her school explained their reactions to her science project by stating they had a zero tolerance practice in place against undesirable behaviors or possession of items ; charges against her were dropped and she went back to the high school . At the time of her attendance at the White House Astronomy Night , Wilmot was a student at Florida Polytechnic University with a focus in mechanical engineering . = = Commentary = = The 2012 book Rising Above the Gathering Storm by the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine cited the fact that the Obama Administration hosted the first White House Astronomy Night , as a reflection of the President 's support for education in the STEM fields . The 2014 book The New Moon : Water , Exploration , and Future Habitation by Arlin Crotts discussed the appreciation of the importance of science education by the Obama Administration , citing the White House Astronomy Night and the inclusion of NASA 's Lunar Electric Rover in the First inauguration of Barack Obama as key examples . Sally Ride : America 's First Woman in Space , a 2015 biography of the astronaut by Lynn Sherr , discussed Ride 's attendance at the 2009 White House Astronomy Night and commented that she enjoyed speaking with youngsters about the possibility of humans visiting Mars in the future . = Longtail butterfly ray = The longtail butterfly ray ( Gymnura poecilura ) is a species of butterfly ray , family Gymnuridae , native to the Indo @-@ Pacific from the Red Sea to southern Japan and western Indonesia . Growing up to 92 cm ( 36 in ) across , this ray has a lozenge @-@ shaped pectoral fin disc about twice as wide as long , colored brown to gray above with many small , light spots . The spiracles behind its eyes have smooth rims . This species can be identified by its tail , which is about as long as the snout @-@ to @-@ vent distance , lacks fins , and bears nine to twelve each of alternating black and white bands . Bottom @-@ dwelling in nature , the longtail butterfly ray frequents sandy or muddy habitats in coastal waters shallower than 30 m ( 98 ft ) . Its diet consists of bony fishes , molluscs , and crustaceans . This species gives birth to live young ; the developing embryos are nourished first by yolk and later by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) supplied by its mother . There is no defined breeding season , and females bear litters of up to seven pups . Used for its meat , the longtail butterfly ray is often caught by artisanal and commercial fisheries . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed this species as Near Threatened , citing the high levels of fishing pressure within its range and its low reproductive rate . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The longtail butterfly ray was originally described as Raja poecilura by English zoologist George Shaw , in his 1804 General Zoology or Systematic Natural History . He did not designate a type specimen as his account was based on an illustration by Scottish naturalist Patrick Russell , published a year earlier in Descriptions and Figures of Two Hundred Fishes Collected at Vizagapatam on the Coast of Coromandel . The specific epithet poecilura is derived from the Greek poikilos ( " of many colors " ) and oura ( " tail " ) . Later authors moved this species to the genus Gymnura . Further research is needed to determine whether the isolated longtail butterfly rays in French Polynesia are in fact the same species as those from the rest of its range . Phylogenetic studies based on morphology and mitochondrial DNA indicate that the longtail butterfly ray is closely related to the zonetail butterfly ray ( G. zonura ) , which shares much of its range in the Indo @-@ Pacific . Another name for the longtail butterfly ray is variegated butterfly ray . = = Description = = The pectoral fin disc of the longtail butterfly ray has the lozenge shape characteristic of its family , measuring around twice as wide as long . The leading margin of the disc is gently sinuous , the trailing margin is convex , and the outer corners are mildly angular . The snout is short and broad , with a tiny protruding tip . The medium @-@ sized eyes have larger , smooth @-@ rimmed spiracles behind . The nostrils are positioned close to the mouth ; between them is a short and broad curtain of skin with a smooth margin . The large mouth forms a transverse curve and contains over 50 tooth rows in each jaw , increasing in number with age ; the teeth are small , narrow , and pointed . There are five pairs of short gill slits on the underside of the disc . The pelvic fins are small and rounded . The thread @-@ like tail lacks dorsal or caudal fins , though there are low ridges along its length above and below . Its length is about equal to the distance between the snout tip and the vent , distinguishing this species from other butterfly rays that have shorter tails . Sometimes there is a small stinging spine ( very rarely two ) on the upper surface of the tail near the base . The skin is devoid of dermal denticles . This species is brown to greenish brown to gray above , with many small pale spots and sometimes also a smattering of dark dots . The tail has nine to twelve black bands alternating with white bands , which often have a small , dorsally positioned dark spot within . The underside is white , darkening at the edges of the fins . The longtail butterfly ray attains a maximum width of 92 cm ( 36 in ) . = = Distribution and habitat = = The most widespread member of its family in the Indo @-@ Pacific , the longtail butterfly ray is found from the Red Sea and Somalia , westward across India and Sri Lanka , to China and southern Japan , the Philippines , and the western islands of Indonesia ( including Borneo , Sumatra , and Java ) . It has also been reported from French Polynesia ( see taxonomic note above ) . It is fairly common in some areas . This bottom @-@ dwelling species inhabits coastal waters at depths of 10 – 30 m ( 33 – 98 ft ) , preferring sandy or muddy bottoms . It does not appear to migrate seasonally . = = Biology and ecology = = The longtail butterfly ray feeds on bony fishes , in particular ponyfishes of the genus Leiognathus , as well as molluscs and crustaceans . It is not known to shoal in large numbers . Known parasites of this ray include the nematode Hysterothylacium poecilurai and the tapeworm Acanthobothrium micracantha . Like other butterfly rays , this species is viviparous with the young sustained initially by yolk , and later by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . Adult females have two functional ovaries and uteruses . Reproductive activity proceeds throughout the year , with a peak from April to October . The gestation period is unknown , though it is possible that females bear more than one litter per year . The litter size is at least seven pups and is not correlated with female size . The newborns measure 20 – 26 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 – 10 @.@ 2 in ) across and look like stingless miniatures of the adult ; siblings may differ from each other in color . Males and females mature sexually at roughly 45 and 41 cm ( 18 and 16 in ) across respectively . = = Human interactions = = The longtail butterfly ray is widely caught for meat and as bycatch in artisanal and commercial fisheries , including in India , Thailand , and Indonesia . It is taken using bottom trawls , bottom @-@ set gillnets , and to a lesser degree trammel nets and other fishing gear . Though specific population and catch data are lacking , the longtail butterfly ray is thought to be susceptible to overfishing due to its low reproductive rate and the fact that pregnant females often abort their young when captured . Given the high intensity of fishing pressure across most of its range , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed this species as Near Threatened . = 2010 AAA 400 = The 2010 AAA 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on September 26 , 2010 , at Dover International Speedway in Dover , Delaware . The 400 lap race was the twenty @-@ eighth in the 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series , as well as the second race in the ten @-@ race Chase for the Sprint Cup , which ends the season . The race was won by Jimmie Johnson , of the Hendrick Motorsports team . Jeff Burton finished second , and Joey Logano , who started nineteenth , clinched third . Pole position driver Jimmie Johnson maintained his lead on the first lap to begin the race , as A. J. Allmendinger , who started in the second position on the grid , remained behind him . Fourteen laps later Allmendinger became the leader of the race . Chase for the Sprint Cup participants Clint Bowyer , and Tony Stewart were in the top ten for most of the race , but in the closing laps all of them suffered spins or other problems . Afterward , Johnson became the leader of the race , once Allmendinger made a pit stop because of a loose wheel . Johnson maintained the first position to lead the most laps of 191 , and to win his sixth race of the season . There were four cautions and eighteen lead changes among ten different drivers throughout the course of the race . It was Jimmie Johnson 's sixth win in the 2010 season , and the fifty @-@ third of his career . The result moved Johnson up to second in the Drivers ' Championship , thirty @-@ five points behind Denny Hamlin and ten ahead of Kyle Busch . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , thirty @-@ five ahead of Toyota and eighty ahead of Ford , with eight races remaining in the season . A total of 88 @,@ 000 people attended the race , while 3 @.@ 966 million watched it on television . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Dover International Speedway is one of five short tracks to hold NASCAR races ; the others are Bristol Motor Speedway , Richmond International Raceway , Martinsville Speedway , and Phoenix International Raceway . The NASCAR race makes use of the track 's standard configuration , a four @-@ turn short track oval that is 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at twenty @-@ four degrees . The front stretch , the location of the finish line , is banked at nine degrees with the backstretch . The racetrack has seats for 135 @,@ 000 spectators . Before the race , Denny Hamlin led the Drivers ' Championship with 5 @,@ 230 points , and Kevin Harvick stood in second with 5 @,@ 185 . Kyle Busch was third in the Drivers ' Championship with 5 @,@ 168 , thirteen ahead of Jeff Gordon and twenty @-@ four ahead of Kurt Busch in fourth and fifth . Jimmie Johnson with 5 @,@ 138 was three points ahead of Carl Edwards , as Greg Biffle with 5 @,@ 122 points , was four ahead of Jeff Burton , and sixteen in front of Tony Stewart . Matt Kenseth and Clint Bowyer was eleventh and twelfth with 5 @,@ 094 and 5 @,@ 045 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 197 points , thirty @-@ two points ahead of their rival Toyota . Ford , with 123 points , was fourteen points ahead of Dodge in the battle for third . Jimmie Johnson was the race 's defending champion . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — one on Friday , and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes , while the second session lasted 45 minutes . The third and final session lasted 60 minutes . During the first practice session , Ryan Newman , for the Stewart Haas Racing team , was quickest ahead of Carl Edwards in second and Kasey Kahne in the third position . Clint Bowyer was scored fourth and Greg Biffle managed fifth . Matt Kenseth , Kyle Busch , A. J. Allmendinger , Mark Martin , and Jeff Gordon rounded out the top ten quickest drivers in the session . Forty @-@ five cars were entered for qualifying , but only forty @-@ three could race because of NASCAR 's qualifying procedure . Jimmie Johnson clinched his twenty @-@ fifth pole position in the Sprint Cup Series , with a time of 23 @.@ 116 seconds . He was joined on the front row of the grid by A. J. Allmendinger . Mark Martin qualified third , Martin Truex , Jr. took fourth , and Denny Hamlin started fifth . Tony Stewart , one of the drivers in the Chase for the Sprint Cup , qualified twenty @-@ sixth , while Kevin Harvick was scored thirty @-@ fourth . The three drivers that failed to qualify for the race were Ted Musgrave , Josh Wise , and Jeff Green . Once the qualifying session ended , Johnson said , " This is certainly a step in the right direction for momentum . Last weekend , we ran much better than where we finished . It stinks that we finished where we did , but there is nothing we can really do about it . " Mark Martin , who originally qualified third , started forty @-@ second , after having his time disallowed where the right rear shock exceeded the maximum allowable gas pressure . On the next morning , David Reutimann was quickest in the second practice session , ahead of Kyle Busch and Kurt Busch in second and third . Juan Pablo Montoya was fourth quickest , and Jimmie Johnson took fifth . Greg Biffle , Clint Bowyer , Jamie McMurray , Jeff Burton , and Jeff Gordon followed in the top @-@ ten . Other drivers in the chase , such as Carl Edwards , was twentieth , and Kevin Harvick , who was twenty @-@ sixth . During the third , and final practice session , Joey Logano , with a fastest time of 23 @.@ 802 , was quickest . Clint Bowyer and Jeff Burton followed in second and third with times of 23 @.@ 844 and 23 @.@ 851 seconds . Matt Kenseth managed to be fourth fastest , ahead of Martin Truex , Jr. and Marcos Ambrose . Denny Hamlin was scored seventh , Jimmie Johnson took eighth , A. J. Allmendinger was ninth , and Brad Keselowski . During the third practice session , Denny Hamlin and Kevin Harvick collided with each other . Once they both drove to the garage , they were talking out of anger from the comments that Denny Hamlin had about Clint Bowyer 's penalty after New Hampshire . Once the argument ended , Denny Hamlin stated , " There really was just a lot of cursing . That 's all that was being said . There was really nothing logical being said between the two teams . " Richard Childress , the owner of the Bowyer 's racecar , commented , " When you 're talking about comments , you can 't win a pissing match with a skunk . There are two things I 've learned . One thing is that . The other is that you don 't throw stones if you live in a glass house . " Afterward , Robin Pemberton commented about the collision by saying , " They just got together in practice , and that 's fine . Sometimes you get together in practice like that . " = = = Race = = = The race , the twenty @-@ eighth out of a total of thirty @-@ six in the season , began at 1 : 00 p.m. EDT and was televised live in the United States on ESPN . Prior to the race , weather conditions were partly cloudy with the air temperature around 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) . Dan Schafer , pastor of Calvary Assembly of God in Hightstown , New Jersey , began pre @-@ race ceremonies , by giving the invocation . Next , Mercury recording artisit Jessie James performed the national anthem , and Marke Dickinson , senior vice president of AAA Mid @-@ Atlantic , gave the command for drivers to start their engines . Jimmie Johnson retained his pole position lead into the first corner , followed by A. J. Allmendinger in the second position . Denny Hamlin , who started fourth , had fallen into fifth by the second lap . One lap later , Juan Pablo Montoya moved into fourth , as Ryan Newman emerged in twelfth . After the seventh lap , Johnson remained in first , as Jeff Gordon moved into thirteenth . Allmendinger emerged in first after passing Johnson on lap 14 . Mark Martin had gained the most positions , with eleven , by the eighteenth lap . On lap 23 , Allmendinger remained the leader ahead of Johnson and Martin Truex , Jr .. Allmendinger began putting other drivers a lap behind by lap 24 , with Mike Bliss . After 28 consecutive laps under the green flag , Allmendinger was 1 @.@ 2 second ahead of Johnson in the second position . Joe Nemechek was put a lap down on lap 31 ; Bobby Labonte followed Nemechek six laps later . Allmendinger 's lead of 1 @.@ 2 seconds was reduced to nothing when the pace car was on track for the first caution . It was given because a cover for one of a caution light 's cover had loosened . When the drivers made pit stops , Allmendinger remained the leader , but Johnson lost three positions , falling to fifth . Tony Stewart was the only team to change only two tires , which resulted him to move toward the front of the grid . However , once the race resumed he was losing positions quickly . Gordon , who started fifteenth , had gained seven positions to eighth by lap 47 . The second caution followed three laps later because David Reutimann collided into the wall after contact from Newman . Reutimann 's car sustained only minor damages . Kevin Harvick went to pit road under the caution , in which afterward his rear tire changer fell and hurt his wrist . Allmendinger led on the restart , ahead of Martin Truex , Jr. in second . On lap 61 , Montoya moved into the third position after passing Greg Biffle . Johnson followed Montoya , by passing Biffle one lap later for fourth . After the sixty @-@ sixth lap , Allmendinger had led more laps in the race so far than his 107 previous starts . Joey Logano , after starting nineteenth had moved to twelfth by lap 68 . Five laps later , Hamlin fell to the eighth position . Stewart , who chose only two tire changes on his first pit stop , had fallen to twentieth after eighty laps . By lap 85 , Allmendinger had a 2 @.@ 9 second lead over Martin Truex , Jr . Afterward , Scott Speed was put a lap down and Kurt Busch moved to the fifth spot . On lap 93 , Johnson emerged in second after passing Montoya and Truex . Five laps later , Casey Mears went a lap down after Allmendinger passed him . After 104 laps , Carl Edwards rounded out the top @-@ ten positions . Eight laps later , Allmendinger began green flag pit stops . Truex became the new leader , followed by Logano , Reed Sorenson , and Labonte . On lap 122 , Allmendinger reclaimed the first position and extended his lead to over five seconds . On lap 138 , Edwards moved to ninth while Truex remained second . Montoya maintained the seventh position until 145 , when Edwards passed him . After 147 laps , Hamlin was running in sixth , and Jeff Gordon was tenth . By lap 155 , Allmendinger had a 4 @.@ 3 lead over second place . Clint Bowyer collided with the wall three laps later , and only sustained side damage . On lap 162 , Johnson claimed the second position from Truex . Ten laps later , Johnson reclaimed the lead after Allmendinger fell to 27th while making a pit stop . On lap 186 , the third caution was given when Matt Kenseth gathered damage from a flat tire because of missing the entrance of pit road . Johnson maintained the first position under the pit stops , ahead of Truex and Kyle Busch . One lap later , Gordon moved into third , as Hamlin fell to sixth . On lap 202 , Kyle Busch reclaimed third away from Gordon . Truex had a loose wheel after pit stops , resulting in him coming to pit road . Once his pit stop completed , his rear axle broke . Edwards , then , passed Gordon for fifth , as Jeff Burton moved into fourth . On lap 219 , Gordon had fallen to sixth while his teammate Jimmie Johnson had led sixty @-@ four laps to this point in the race . After 230 laps , there were only nineteen drivers on the same lap as Johnson . Five laps later , Edwards passed Jeff Burton to move into fourth . Afterward , Paul Menard passed Jamie McMurray for the tenth position . By the 249th lap , Johnson had a 3 @.@ 21 second lead , ahead of Kyle Busch , who collided with the wall once lap later . On lap 266 , another set of green flag pit stops began . Afterward , Johnson led Kyle Busch by 1 @.@ 95 seconds . On lap 290 , debris prompted the fourth caution of the race . Kyle Busch passed Johnson during pit stops to lead on the restart . Two laps later , Logano passed Johnson for the second position . On lap 299 , Kyle Busch had a 1 @.@ 36 second lead over second place . Three laps later , Paul Menard moved into the seventh position while Kurt Busch challenged Jeff Burton for fourth . Johnson then moved into second after passing Logano on lap 320 . Less than five laps later , Kevin Harvick complained to his crew about his car handling problems . Allmendinger , after his unscheduled pit stop earlier in the race , had moved up to tenth by lap 330 . Seven laps later , Johnson reclaimed the first position from Kyle Busch . Afterward , Jeff Burton moved into the third position . Burton , then passed Kyle Busch for second seven laps later . By the 349th lap , Johnson has a 1 @.@ 23 second lead over Burton , as Harvick made a pit stop . On lap 360 , more green flag pit stops began , as Hamlin and Gordon made pit stops . Three laps later , Johnson made a pit stop , giving the lead to Edwards who subsequently made a pit stop himself , returning the lead to Johnson . On lap 371 , McMurray moved into eleventh after Sam Hornish , Jr . ' s car ignited on pit road . Johnson had a lead of 2 @.@ 37 seconds over Burton after pit stops ended . Jimmie Johnson maintained the lead to win his sixth race of the 2010 season . Jeff Burton finished second , ahead of Joey Logano in third and Kurt Busch in fourth . Carl Edwards clinched the fifth position , after starting tenth . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Jimmie Johnson appeared in victory lane after his victory lap to start celebrating his sixth win of the season , in front of a crowd of 88 @,@ 000 people . Afterward , his crew chief , Chad Knaus said , " We really had our hands full this weekend . " He continued with , " We came in qualifying trim , and as we unloaded , the car wasn ’ t reacting the way we anticipated . So we had to make some pretty significant changes , and when it came time to qualify , we had to put a setup under there that Jimmie hadn ’ t felt yet . For race practice , we weren ’ t where we needed to be then either . Honestly , we could adjust the car and make it do some different things , but we couldn ’ t really make the car better . The difference today was definitely the driver . " " It was a mediocre day . I hate that we didn ’ t run better , but we got close to where we wanted to be leaving Dover . It ’ s frustrating that we still can ’ t get a grasp on this race track and didn ’ t run as well as we did in the spring . But if you told me I ’ d be taking a 35 point lead out of Dover , I ’ d take it , " said ninth @-@ place finisher , Denny Hamlin . Next , Jeff Burton , who finished second , said : " We thought we had a really good car coming into the race today . We took off and struggled a little bit with rear grip , and worked all day to get the grip level right . About halfway through that next to last run , my car got really happy and took off . I ’ m proud of us for getting the car right at the right time . About 15 laps into that next to last run , Jimmie cleared Logano and got really fast . He was just a little quicker than we were today . " Hamlin maintained the Drivers ' championship lead with 5 @,@ 368 points . Johnson stood in second , thirty five points behind Hamlin , and ten ahead of Kyle Busch . Kurt Busch , after finishing fourth in the race , remained in the fourth position with 5 @,@ 309 points . Kevin Harvick was fifth , as Carl Edwards , Burton , Jeff Gordon , Greg Biffle , and Tony Stewart followed in the top @-@ ten positions . The final two positions available in the Chase for the Sprint Cup was occupied with Matt Kenseth in eleventh and Clint Bowyer in twelfth . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet maintained their lead with 206 points . Toyota remained second with 171 points . Ford followed with 126 points , thirteen points ahead of Dodge in fourth . 3 @.@ 966 million people watched the race on television . The race took three hours , two minutes and twenty @-@ seven seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 2 @.@ 637 seconds . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race results = = = = = Standings after the race = = = Isabella quarter = The Isabella quarter or Columbian Exposition quarter was a United States commemorative coin struck in 1893 . Congress authorized the piece at the request of the Board of Lady Managers of the World 's Columbian Exposition . The quarter depicts the Spanish queen Isabella I of Castile , who sponsored Columbus 's voyages to the New World . It was designed by Bureau of the Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber , and is the only U.S. commemorative of that denomination that was not intended for circulation . The Board of Lady Managers , headed by Chicago socialite Bertha Palmer , wanted a woman to design the coin and engaged Caroline Peddle , a sculptor . Peddle left the project after disagreements with Mint officials , who then decided to have Barber do the work . The reverse design , showing a kneeling woman spinning flax , with a distaff in her left hand and a spindle in her right , symbolizes women 's industry and was based on a sketch by Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan . The quarter 's design was deprecated in the numismatic press . The coin did not sell well at the Exposition ; its price of $ 1 was the same as for the Columbian half dollar , and the quarter was seen as the worse deal . Nearly half of the authorized issue was returned to the Mint to be melted ; thousands more were purchased at face value by the Lady Managers and entered the coin market in the early 20th century . Today , they are popular with collectors and range in value between $ 450 in almost uncirculated and $ 6 @,@ 000 in near @-@ pristine condition according to the 2014 edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins . = = Legislation = = In August 1892 , Congress passed an act authorizing the first United States commemorative coin , a half dollar , to be sold at a premium by the managers of the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago . The event had been authorised by Congress two years previously ; that legislation created a Board of Lady Managers and a Board of Gentleman Managers to oversee the fair . The Board of Lady Managers was headed by Bertha Palmer , whose husband Potter owned the Palmer House , the leading hotel in Chicago . The decisions of the Lady Managers were often reversed by their male counterparts on controversial matters : for example , Palmer sought to shut the fair 's " Egyptian Girls " dancing show after deeming it obscene . The show was one of the exposition 's few successful moneymakers , and the Lady Managers were overruled by the men . Authorization for the Board of Lady Managers had been included in the 1890 law giving federal authority for the Exposition at the insistence of women 's advocate , Susan B. Anthony , who was determined to show that women could successfully assist in the management of the fair . To that end , the Lady Managers sought a coin to sell in competition with the commemorative half dollar at the Exposition , which Congress had approved in 1892 . Passage of the half dollar legislation had been difficult , and the Lady Managers decided to wait until the next session of Congress to make their request . When the half dollar appeared in November 1892 , the Lady Managers considered it inartistic and determined to do better . Palmer wanted the Lady Managers " to have credit of being the authors of the first really beautiful and artistic coin that has ever been issued by the government of the United States " . In January 1893 , Palmer approached the House Appropriations Committee , asking that $ 10 @,@ 000 of the funds already designated to be paid over to the Lady Managers by the federal government be in the form of souvenir quarters , which they could sell at a premium . On March 3 , 1893 , Congress duly passed an act authorising the souvenir coin , which was to be to the specifications of the quarter struck for circulation , and with a design to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury . Total mintage of the special quarter would be limited to 40 @,@ 000 specimens . = = Inception = = Desiring a beautiful coin to sell , Palmer asked artist Kenyon Cox to produce sketches . She was , however , determined to have a woman actually design the coin . She also consulted with Sara Hallowell , who was both the secretary to the fair 's Director of Fine Arts and was helping the Palmers amass a major art collection . Hallowell contacted sculptor Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens , who recommended his onetime student , Caroline Peddle , who was already engaged in exposition work , having been commissioned by Tiffany 's to produce an exhibit . Palmer agreed to have Peddle do the work . After Congress authorized the souvenir quarter , the Director of the Bureau of the Mint , Edward O. Leech , wrote to Palmer on March 14 , 1893 . Although he expressed a willingness to have the Lady Managers select the design , Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber and Philadelphia Mint Superintendent Oliver Bosbyshell had already urged Leech to keep the design process in @-@ house at the Mint . Palmer replied that the Lady Managers had decided that the quarter would bear a portrait of Isabella I , Queen of Castile ( in Spain ) , whose assistance had helped pay for Columbus 's expedition . Palmer indicated that she was consulting artists and suggested that the Mint submit a design for consideration . She also met with Illinois Congressman Allen Durborow , chairman of the House of Representative 's Fair Committee and a former colleague of Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle , Leech 's superior . Palmer suggested to the congressman that he advocate for the Lady Managers with Carlisle and Leech . Palmer , by letter , hired Peddle to do the design work in late March . She instructed the artist that the coin was to have a figure of Isabella on the obverse , and the inscription " Commemorative coin issued for the Board of Lady Managers of the World 's Columbian Exposition by Act of Congress , 1492 – 1892 " on the reverse , as well as the denomination and the name of the country . The chairwoman did not request that Peddle provide the Lady Managers with the design before sending it to the Mint . Palmer informed Carlisle and Leech of her instructions . Carlisle had no objection to a coin being designed by a woman , or to the use of Isabella 's head . The secretary told Palmer that the reverse , with its long inscription , would appear like a business advertising token , and he asked that it be revised . Leech sent a note to Superintendent Bosbyshell informing him that the Lady Managers would likely have an outside sculptor create the obverse and asking him to have Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber create some designs for the reverse for possible use . Obedient to Palmer 's instructions , Peddle sent Leech sketches of a seated Isabella , with the long inscription on the reverse ; she hoped the Mint Director would allow her to shorten it . Leech was unhappy with the reverse , and decided that Barber would design that side of the coin . Barber and Bosbyshell wrote to Leech that Isabella 's legs would appear distorted if the seated figure were used and advocated a head in profile . Carlisle agreed , stating that he had only given permission for a head of Isabella . Peddle was informed that Barber would produce the reverse , though the design would be sent to her for approval , and she would have to change her obverse . Meanwhile , Palmer was growing increasingly anxious : with a timeline of two months from design approval to the availability of the actual coins , she feared that the pieces would not be available for sale until well into the fair 's May to October run . Under pressure from all sides , Peddle threatened to quit the project , writing that she " could not consent to do half of a piece of work " . What finally wore down Peddle 's patience were two letters dated April 7 . One , from Leech , asserted his right as Mint director to prescribe coin designs , and told Peddle that the obverse would be a head of Isabella , while the reverse would be based on sketches by a Mint engraver which she would be free to model . The second , from Bosbyshell , imposed the additional requirement that Isabella not wear a crown , which he deemed inappropriate on an American coin . On April 8 , 1893 , Caroline Peddle withdrew from the project . Following Peddle 's resignation , Leech wrote a conciliatory letter to Palmer , who responded regretting that the three of them had not worked together , rather than at cross @-@ purposes . Palmer had written to suggest an alternative to the inscription reverse : that the coin depict the Women 's Building at the fair . Barber prepared sketches and rejected the idea , stating that the building would appear a mere streak on the coin in the required low relief . Instead , he favored a sketch prepared by Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan , showing a kneeling woman spinning flax , with a distaff in her hands . Leech was not fully satisfied with the proposal , stating that the juxtaposition of Isabella on the obverse and the Morgan reverse was " too much woman " . Before accepting Morgan 's design , Leech wanted Barber to produce some reverses himself , which the chief engraver did , and Bosbyshell forwarded them to Leech on April 11 and 12 . These showed various uses of a heraldic eagle . After considering these efforts , Leech decided on Morgan 's design and wrote to Palmer accordingly , stating that " the distaff is used in art to symbolize patient industry , and especially the industry of women . " In response , the Lady Managers suggested the use of the building 's portal , and asked if it was possible to place a living person on the coin . Leech stated that Secretary Carlisle had selected the distaff reverse , and his determination was binding . Bosbyshell informed Leech by letter that Stewart Cullin , curator at the University of Pennsylvania , possessed a number of medals depicting Isabella , and former general Oliver O. Howard was engaged in writing a biography of the late queen and possessed likenesses of her . Leech agreed that these men be consulted . Carlisle was reluctant to allow an inscription which made distinctions by sex , such as " Board of Lady Managers " , to appear on the coin , but he eventually agreed to that wording . On April 24 , the Mint Director sent Palmer a box containing two plaster models of the obverse , one of Isabella as a young queen , the other showing her more mature . He also informed her that distaff reverse would be used , with the wording agreed to by Carlisle . The obverse models were supposedly made by Barber based on an engraving of Isabella forwarded by Peddle to the Mint at Palmer 's request , but Moran suggests that the period of only a day between receipt of the engraving and completion of the models ( during which Barber also attended the funeral of Bosbyshell 's grandson ) means that Barber was working on them before that . The Board of Lady Managers on May 5 selected the young queen . = = Design and reception = = The obverse of the Isabella quarter depicts a crowned and richly clothed bust of that Spanish queen . According to art historian Cornelius Vermeule , Barber 's obverse design " follow [ s ] Gilbert Scott 's Victorian Gothic tradition of photographic classicism , best summed up by the groups of continents and the reliefs of famous persons on the Albert Memorial in London . " The reverse depicts a kneeling woman with distaff and spindle . Vermeule traces that imagery to the figure of a young female servant , carved upon the east pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia in the 5th century B.C. Nevertheless , a contemporary account in the American Journal of Numismatics compared the reverse to an anti @-@ slavery token with a kneeling woman and the legend " Am I not a woman and a sister " . The art historian , writing in 1971 , noted that " nowadays the coin seems charming for its quaintness and its Victorian flavor , a mixture of cold Hellenism and Renaissance romance . Perhaps one of its greatest joys is that none of the customary inscriptions , mottoes and such , appear on it . " Numismatic historian Don Taxay , in his study of early U.S. commemoratives , dismissed contemporary accounts ( such as in the fair 's official book ) that Kenyon Cox had provided a design for the quarter ; he noted that the artist 's son had strongly denied that his father was involved in the coin 's creation . Taxay deemed the design " commonplace " and " typical of Barber 's style " , stating that " the modeling , though somewhat more highly relieved than on the half dollar , is without distinction " . The American Journal of Numismatics had other criticisms of the quarter : Of its artistic merit , as of the harmony which is reported to have prevailed at the meetings of those [ Lady ] Managers , perhaps the less said the better ; we do not know who designed it , but in this instance , as in the Half Dollar , the contrast between the examples of the numismatic art of the nation , as displayed on the Columbian coins , on the one hand , and the spirited and admirable work of the architects of the [ Exposition 's ] buildings , on the other , is painful . If these two coins really represent the highest achievements of our medallists and our mints ... we might as well despair of its future ... We are not ready to admit this to be true . = = Release and collecting = = Minting of what Barber dubbed " showy quarters " began at the Philadelphia Mint on June 13 , 1893 , six weeks after the exposition opened . Leech had planned to strike the pieces using polished blanks , or planchets , and workers at that mint handled the coins carefully ; unlike the half dollar , surviving specimens display relatively few contact marks from other coins . The first piece struck , along with numbers 400 , 1 @,@ 492 , and 1 @,@ 892 , were struck in proof condition and sent to the Lady Managers along with certificates attesting to their status . A total of 40 @,@ 023 pieces were struck , with the 23 coins over the authorized mintage retained by the Mint for inspection by the 1894 Assay Commission . The pieces did not sell well at the exposition . They were for sale only at the Women 's Building at the fair , or by mail ; the half dollar could be purchased at several outlets . Some 15 @,@ 000 quarters were sold to collectors , dealers , and fairgoers , including several thousand of them purchased by the Scott Stamp and Coin Company . Fairgoers viewed the quarter as not as good a deal as the half dollar , as both sold for the same price of $ 1 . Of the remainder , approximately 10 @,@ 000 quarters were bought at face value by Palmer and other Lady Managers ; 15 @,@ 809 were returned to the government for melting . After deducting pieces returned for melting , a total of 24 @,@ 214 coins were distributed to the public . The large quantities possessed by the Lady Managers made their way into the market through dealers and other vendors in the 1920s . By 1930 , prices had risen to the original issue price ; by 1955 , uncirculated specimens sold for $ 20 . The pieces are popular among collectors because they are the only U.S. quarter dollars issued strictly as a commemorative , not for circulation . The 2014 edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins lists the piece as ranging between $ 450 in almost uncirculated AU @-@ 50 on the Sheldon coin grading scale and $ 6 @,@ 000 in near @-@ pristine MS @-@ 66 . = History of Edinburgh Zoo = Edinburgh Zoo is a zoological park in Edinburgh , Scotland which opened on 22 July 1913 . Edinburgh had previously been home to a zoological garden which failed to thrive . The new zoo is owned and run by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland and initially opened as the Scottish National Zoological Park . Modern zoological methods allowed animals to survive in Edinburgh 's cold climate . Edinburgh is the only zoo in the United Kingdom to be incorporated by Royal Charter , and was the first zoo in the world to house and breed penguins . The zoo 's penguins have been famous throughout its history , and since the 1950s have performed a daily parade around the park . The zoo was largely unaffected by war , though some animals were euthanised for safety reasons during the Second World War . After the war the park housed a brown bear named Voytek who had served with the Polish military . In 1972 one of the zoo 's king penguins was adopted by the Norwegian military . In the 21st century Edinburgh Zoo was briefly forced to close by the 2001 foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak , and in 2005 received threats from the Animal Liberation Front . In 2000 a plan for the complete redevelopment of the zoo was begun . = = Precursors = = Scotland 's first zoo was called The Royal Edinburgh Zoological Gardens , and predated the modern Edinburgh Zoo by some 70 years . After the death of James Donaldson , a wealthy Scottish publisher and bookseller , the gardens of his country house , Broughton Hall , were converted into a zoological park . Occupying a 6 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 4 ha ) site , the park was situated about a mile to the north @-@ east of Central Edinburgh , near East Claremont Street . Naturalist John Graham Dalyell was one of the original promoters of the project and eventually president of the board of directors . The Zoological Gardens opened in 1839 with a collection of stock zoo animals including lions , tigers , monkeys , bears and an elephant . At the time , animals in zoos were typically held in poor conditions in small , cramped cages , and the Zoological Gardens presented no exception . As a result , its animals were frequently afflicted by disease , and also suffered from the harsh easterly winds of the Edinburgh climate . Despite these setbacks , the menagerie attempted to maintain its popularity by putting on concerts , acrobatics shows and displays of fireworks and Montgolfier balloons . Children were carried around the park on the back of the zoo 's elephant , giving it a rare opportunity for exercise . Even with these entertainments , the Zoological Gardens were eventually forced to admit defeat . The park was closed and the site sold to a property developer in 1857 . Nothing now remains of the house or its gardens . = = Foundation = = Edinburgh Zoo was created by Thomas Haining Gillespie , a solicitor from Dumfries who dreamed of establishing a zoological park in Scotland . At first he was told that tropical animals would never be able to live in a cold climate like Edinburgh 's — a view that had to some extent been borne out by the failure of the Royal Zoological Gardens . In 1908 , though , he was encouraged to read of the pioneering methods employed by Carl Hagenbeck , which were allowing tropical animals to thrive in the recently opened Tierpark Hagenbeck in Hamburg , Germany . In 1909 , Gillespie and others founded a registered charity which was to become the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland . The Society 's first president was lawyer and politician Edward Theodore Salvesen , son of the Norwegian merchant Christian Salveson — a connection which would prove significant in later years . A series of lectures given to the society by J. Arthur Thomson gave yet more momentum to the modern approach being spearheaded by Hagenbeck in Germany . All that remained was to find a suitable site for the new zoo . Gillespie hoped for a site with plenty of sun and with shelter from the north and east winds . He also intended the zoo to be cheaply and quickly accessible via public transport . The society secured an option to purchase the 75 @-@ acre ( 30 ha ) Corstorphine Hill House estate for £ 17 @,@ 000 . The house had been built in 1793 as the home of Scottish accountant William Keith . Its current Scottish Baronial architecture is mostly thanks to remodelling by the Macmillan family in 1891 . The zoological society found they were having difficulty gathering the necessary funds before the approaching expiry of the purchase option . Edinburgh City Council stepped in , purchasing the site outright in February 1913 . The zoological society was granted full use of the estate in return for a 4 percent annual repayment of the cost . A further £ 8 @,@ 000 , raised with the help of the society 's members , was set aside for the construction and stocking of the park . Initially the zoo occupied only the southernmost 27 acres ( 11 ha ) , while the land to the north was used as a golf course . The park was designed by town planner Patrick Geddes and his son @-@ in @-@ law Frank Mears . Following Gillespie 's vision , they modeled the park after the open designs of zoos like the New York Zoological Park and Hagenbeck 's zoo in Hamburg . These modern zoological parks promoted a more spacious and natural environment for the animals , and stood in stark contrast to the steel cages typical of the menageries built during the Victorian era . The Scottish National Zoological Park , as it was initially called , opened to the public with a large collection of donated and borrowed animals on 22 July 1913 , after only 15 weeks of work . The zoo still occupies very much the same area of land today , though the park is being extensively redeveloped . = = Early history = = In its opening year the zoo was incorporated by Royal Charter — though it was not granted the use of the " Royal " title until 1948 , following a visit by King George VI . As of June 2011 Edinburgh Zoo was the only zoo in Britain with a Royal Charter . The original charter defined the zoological society 's mission as being " to promote , facilitate and encourage the study of zoology and kindred subjects and to foster and develop amongst the people an interest in and knowledge of animal life . " Thanks to the zoological society 's connection with the Salvesen family , some of the zoo 's first animals were three king penguins , arriving from South Georgia with a Christian Salvesen whaling expedition that docked in Leith in early 1914 . They were the first penguins to be seen anywhere in the world outside of the South Atlantic . The zoo successfully hatched the first ever captive king penguin chick in 1919 . Penguins continued to arrive with whaling ships for years afterwards . Today , king penguins are perhaps the zoo 's most famous animals . A tropical bird and reptile house was added in 1925 , followed by an aquarium , paid for by a grant , in 1927 , and an ape house in 1929 . The now famous penguin pool was constructed in 1930 — though it has since been rebuilt , in 1990 , to include a new viewing area . It was in 1928 that the Corstorphine Golf Club finally evacuated the 47 acres ( 19 ha ) to the north of the estate , allowing the zoo to expand significantly . This new area of the park was again designed by Mears , along with his partner Carus @-@ Wilson , and was completed in 1937 . Hagenbeck 's modern zoo techniques proved effective , and Edinburgh quickly gained a reputation for its good animal conditions . 1934 saw the births in captivity of a sea lion and beaver , and in 1936 a baby chimpanzee followed . A litter of wolves was born in 1938 , and soon afterwards the first orangutan to be born in Britain . = = War years = = Edinburgh Zoo was bombed twice during the Second World War , but remained mostly unharmed . One of the bombs , in around 1940 , was reported to have killed a giraffe . Nevertheless , Edinburgh was , like all zoos in Britain , affected by the war . Since bombs could fall at any time , it was not considered safe to keep dangerous animals that might escape if their enclosures were damaged . In 1941 the recently born wolves had therefore to be euthanized , along with a collection of dangerous snakes , to guard against any possible danger to the public . Despite the war the zoo continued to grow , with land to the east being purchased in 1942 and construction of a lake beginning soon afterwards . = = Post @-@ war era = = Gillespie retired from his post as director in 1950 . In 1956 he was succeeded by Gilbert Fisher , who took over as director @-@ secretary of the Zoological Society and effectively gained control of the zoo . It was around this time that Edinburgh Zoo 's now famous Penguin Parade was established . A zookeeper accidentally left a gate to the penguin pool open , and was followed around the zoo by a train of penguins . Visitors were so delighted with the procession that it became a regular occurrence , and today around two thirds of the zoo 's penguins parade round the park every day . One of the zoo 's famous inhabitants during the post @-@ war period was Voytek , a Syrian brown bear . Voytek had been sold to a group of Polish soldiers during the war . He learned to help the soldiers by carrying crates of ammunition , and became an unofficial mascot . In 1944 the Polish II Corps sailed to Italy to join the British 8th Army . Voytek had to be officially drafted into the Polish army in order to secure his passage on a British transport ship . In 1946 the II Corps were demobilised and settled in Scotland , at Winfield Camp near Hutton , Berwickshire . Voytek retired to Edinburgh Zoo in 1947 and lived there until his death in 1963 . During his time in the army Voytek had developed a liking for cigarettes , and this may have contributed to his popularity as an attraction at the zoo . In 1972 the zoo gained yet more military credentials when king penguin Nils Olav was adopted by the Norwegian King 's Guard . Norway 's connection with Edinburgh 's penguins began with the Salvesen family 's links to the zoo , and renewed interest was sparked when a lieutenant called Nils Egelien visited the zoo with the King 's Guard in 1961 . On his return in 1972 Egelien arranged for the unit to adopt one of the penguins . Nils Olav was named after Egelien and in honour of King Olav V of Norway , and given the rank of lance corporal . A statue of the penguin now stands outside the zoo . Three @-@ year @-@ old polar bear Mercedes was given to the zoo in 1984 , after she was rescued in Churchill , Manitoba , Canada . She had begun wandering into the town in search of food . Because of the danger she posed to residents , Mercedes was tagged with a number so she could be tracked . When she could not be persuaded to return to the wild , a decision was taken to shoot her . A member of the Edinburgh Zoological Society collaborated with a cousin in Canada and they were able to rescue Mercedes , finding her a new home at Edinburgh zoo . The bear would become one of the zoo 's most popular attractions . In 1986 , the Society acquired the Highland Wildlife Park , a 259 @-@ acre ( 105 ha ) safari park and zoo near Kingussie , 30 miles ( 48 km ) south of Inverness . When opened in 1972 by Neil Macpherson , the Wildlife Park 's goal was to showcase animals native to the Highlands of Scotland . Today its focus has changed and it primarily houses tundra species , including some animals which have been moved from Edinburgh Zoo itself . = = 21st century = = In October 1999 the zoo had begun to explore the possibility of relocating in order to improve its facitilies . As of February 2000 the zoo had scrapped its plans to relocate , instead announcing a " masterplan " for the redevelopment of the entire site . The foot @-@ and @-@ mouth scare of 2001 forced the zoo to close to protect the animals from possible infection . Since the zoo could not welcome any visitors , it faced significant financial losses . Questions were posed about the zoo 's future , though in the end the park was able to reopen after only five weeks . Further help came in the form of a £ 1 @.@ 9 million donation from an anonymous former resident of the city in early April , just as the zoo reopened . In 2005 the new Budongo chimp house was unveiled , along with the Living Links to Human Evolution Centre , Britain 's first primate behaviour research site . In a scientific breakthrough in 2006 chimpanzees at Edinburgh were found to use word @-@ like vocal labels for food . In late 2005 the Animal Liberation Front ( ALF ) threatened action over the holding in captivity of Mercedes , then Britain 's only polar bear . The zoo had initially planned to retire their polar bear exhibit after Mercedes died . When zoo officials announced plans to create a new attraction , citing their responsibility to ensure the survival of the species , the ALF threatened damage to zoo workers ' property and other scare @-@ tactics . Edinburgh 's treatment of polar bears had often been subject to criticism , punctuated by incidents like the death in 1997 of Mercedes ' partner Barney , who choked on a plastic child 's toy thrown into his enclosure . In 2009 the zoo carried out their plans to create a new exhibit and improve conditions for Mercedes , moving her to the Highland Wildlife Park , where she was joined by a young male polar bear named Walker . Mercedes was euthanized on compassionate grounds in 2011 , suffering from severe arthritis . = = = 2007 council troubles = = = In January 2006 the zoo put forward plans to sell off 15 acres ( 6 @.@ 1 ha ) of land in order to raise funds for the ongoing redevelopment . The plans were rejected by the council in October 2007 by a single vote , leaving the zoological society " extremely disappointed " . In November the zoo announced that it planned to fight the council 's decision . A rumor circulated later that month that the zoo was considering a move to Glasgow , though zoo officials insisted the rumor had no truth to it . Organised opposition to the sale resulted in the zoo being allowed to sell only a small portion of the originally proposed land . = Hibernian F.C. = Hibernian Football Club ( / hᵻˈbɜːrniən / ) , commonly known as Hibs , are a Scottish professional football club based in Leith in the north of Edinburgh , which plays in the Scottish Championship , the second tier of the Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) . It is one of three SPFL clubs in the city , the others being their Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts and Edinburgh City . Hibernian was founded in 1875 by Irish immigrants , but support for the club is now based on geography rather than ethnicity or religion . The Irish heritage of Hibernian is still reflected , however , in its name , colours and badge . The name of the club is usually shortened to Hibs . The team are also called The Hibees ( pronounced / ˈhaɪbiːz / ) and The Cabbage , a shortening of the rhyming slang for Hibs of " Cabbage and Ribs " , by fans of the club , who are themselves also known as Hibbies . Home matches are played at the Easter Road stadium , in use since 1893 , when the club joined the Scottish Football League . Hibernian have played in the second tier of the Scottish football league system , known as the Scottish Championship , since being relegated in 2014 . Hibernian have won the Scottish league championship four times , most recently in 1952 . Three of those four championships were won between 1948 and 1952 , when the club had the services of The Famous Five , a notable forward line . The club have won the Scottish Cup three times , in 1887 , 1902 and 2016 . Hibs have also won the Scottish League Cup three times , in 1972 , 1991 and 2007 . = = History = = = = = Foundation and early history ( 1875 – 1939 ) = = = The club was founded in 1875 by Irishmen from the Cowgate area of Edinburgh . The name is derived from Hibernia , the Roman name for Ireland . James Connolly , the famous Irish Republican leader , was a Hibs fan , while the club were " closely identified " with the Irish Home Rule Movement during the 1880s . There was some sectarian resistance initially to an Irish club participating in Scottish football , but Hibs established themselves as a force in Scottish football in the 1880s . Hibs were the first club from the east coast of Scotland to win a major trophy , the 1887 Scottish Cup . They went on to defeat Preston North End , who had won the 1887 FA Cup , in a friendly match described as the Association Football Championship of the World Decider . Mismanagement over the next few years led to Hibs becoming homeless and the club temporarily ceased operating in 1891 . A lease on the Easter Road site was acquired in late 1892 and Hibs played its first match at Easter Road on 4 February 1893 . Despite this interruption , the club today views the period since 1875 as one continued history and therefore counts the honours won between 1875 and 1891 , including the 1887 Scottish Cup . The club were admitted to the Scottish Football League in 1893 , although they had to win the Second Division twice before being elected into the First Division in 1895 . A significant change at this time was that players were no longer required to be members of the Catholic Young Men 's Society . Hibs are not seen today as being an Irish or Roman Catholic institution , as it was in the early years of its history . For instance , the Irish harp was only re @-@ introduced to the club badge when it was last re @-@ designed in 2000 . This design reflects the three pillars of the club 's identity : Ireland , Edinburgh ( the castle ) and Leith ( the ship ) . Geography rather than religion is now seen as the primary reason for supporting Hibs , who draw most of their support from the north and east of Edinburgh . Hibs had some success after being reformed , winning the 1902 Scottish Cup and their first league championship a year later . After this , however , the club endured a long barren spell . The club lost its placing in the league , and were relegated for the first time in 1931 , although they were promoted back to the top division two years later . The notorious Scottish Cup drought began as they reached three cup finals , two in consecutive years , but lost each of them . = = = The Famous Five ( 1939 – 1959 ) = = = Hibs ' most successful era by far , was in the decade following the end of the Second World War , when it was " among the foremost clubs in Britain " . The forward line of Gordon Smith , Bobby Johnstone , Lawrie Reilly , Eddie Turnbull and Willie Ormond , collectively known as the Famous Five , is " regarded as the finest ever seen in Scottish football " . The quality of the Famous Five is shown by the fact that all five players scored more than 100 goals for the club , with the north stand at Easter Road now named in their honour . Of the five , only Ormond cost Hibs a transfer fee , £ 1200 from Stenhousemuir . Reilly , Johnstone , Smith and Turnbull were all signed from youth or junior leagues . The first time Hibs used all five in the same team was on 21 April 1949 , in a friendly match against Nithsdale Wanderers . The forward line remained in place until 1955 , when Johnstone was sold to Manchester City . The great forward line , together with players like Bobby Combe and Tommy Younger , largely contributed to the winning of league championships in 1948 , 1951 and 1952 . The team were perhaps unfortunate not to win more trophies , as they finished second to Rangers in 1953 on goal average , and second to Rangers by a point in 1950 . Despite only finishing fifth in the Scottish League in 1955 , Hibs were invited to participate in the first season of the European Cup , which was not strictly based on league positions at that time . Eighteen clubs who were thought would generate interest across Europe and who also had the floodlights necessary to play games at night , were invited to participate . Floodlights had been used at Easter Road for the first time in a friendly match against Hearts on 18 October 1954 . Hibs became the first British club in Europe because the Football League secretary Alan Hardaker persuaded Chelsea , the English champions , not to enter . Hibs played their first tie against Rot @-@ Weiss Essen , winning 4 – 0 in the Georg @-@ Melches @-@ Stadion and drawing 1 – 1 at Easter Road . They defeated Djurgårdens IF to reach the semi @-@ final , but in that tie they were defeated 3 – 0 on aggregate by Stade Reims , who had the famous France international player Raymond Kopa in their side . Reims lost 4 – 3 to Real Madrid in the Final . = = = Turnbull 's Tornadoes ( 1960 – 1989 ) = = = Hibs frequently participated in the Fairs Cup during the 1960s , famously winning ties against Barcelona and Napoli . However , the club achieved little domestically until former player Eddie Turnbull was persuaded to return to Easter Road as manager in 1971 . The team , popularly known as Turnbull 's Tornadoes , finished second in the league in 1974 and 1975 , and won the League Cup in 1972 . The club also won the Drybrough Cup in 1972 and 1973 , and recorded a 7 – 0 win over Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts , at Tynecastle on 1 January 1973 . Performances went into decline after the mid @-@ 1970s , as Hibs were replaced by the New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United as the main challengers to the Old Firm . Turnbull resigned as manager and Hibs were relegated , for the second time in their history , in 1980 . They were immediately promoted back to the Scottish Premier Division in 1981 , but the club struggled during the 1980s , failing to qualify for European competition until 1989 . = = = 1990s : Attempted takeover by Hearts = = = After mismanagement during the late 1980s , Hibs were on the brink of financial ruin in 1990 . Wallace Mercer , the chairman of Hearts , proposed a merger of the two clubs , but the Hibs fans believed that the proposal was more like a hostile takeover . They formed the Hands off Hibs group to campaign for the continued existence of the club . This succeeded when a prominent local businessman , Kwik @-@ Fit owner Sir Tom Farmer , acquired a controlling interest in Hibs . The fans were able to persuade Farmer to take control despite the fact that he had no great interest in football . Farmer was persuaded in part by the fact that a relative of his had been involved in the rescue of Hibs from financial ruin in the early 1890s . After the attempted takeover by Mercer , Hibs had a few good years in the early 1990s , winning the 1991 Scottish League Cup Final and finishing in the top five in the league in 1993 , 1994 and 1995 . Soon after Alex McLeish was appointed as manager in 1998 , Hibs were relegated to the First Division , but immediately won promotion back to the SPL in 1999 . = = = Recent history ( 2000 – present ) = = = Hibs enjoyed a good season in 2000 – 01 , as they challenged the Old Firm until Christmas , eventually finishing third in the league . Hibs also reached the 2001 Scottish Cup Final , but lost 3 – 0 to Celtic . Manager Alex McLeish departed for Rangers in December 2001 ; team captain Franck Sauzée was appointed as the new manager , despite the fact that he had no previous coaching experience . A disastrous run of form followed , which was dragging Hibs into a relegation battle by the time he was sacked in February 2002 . Sauzée had been manager for just 69 days . Kilmarnock manager Bobby Williamson was then hired , but he proved to be unpopular with Hibs supporters . However , a string of exciting young players emerged , including Garry O 'Connor , Derek Riordan , Kevin Thomson and Scott Brown . These players featured heavily as Hibs eliminated both halves of the Old Firm to reach the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final , only to lose 2 – 0 to Livingston . Williamson departed near the end of that season to manage Plymouth Argyle and was replaced by Tony Mowbray . Mowbray promised fast @-@ flowing , passing football , with which Hibs finished third in his first season as manager , while Mowbray won the SFWA Manager of the Year award . Mowbray left Hibs in October 2006 to manage West Bromwich Albion , and was replaced by former player John Collins . The team won the 2007 Scottish League Cup Final under his management , but the club sold Kevin Thomson , Scott Brown and Steven Whittaker for fees totalling more than £ 8 million . Collins resigned later that year , frustrated by the lack of funds made available to sign new players . Former Hibs player Mixu Paatelainen was hired to replace Collins , but he left after the end of his first full season . Another former Hibernian player , John Hughes , was soon appointed in place of Paatelainen . Hughes , who made high profile signings such as Anthony Stokes and Liam Miller , led Hibs to a good start to the 2009 – 10 season . " Unacceptable " performances in the early part of 2010 included a Scottish Cup defeat by Ross County . A 6 – 6 draw with Motherwell , in which Hibs had led 6 – 2 midway through the second half , broke the record for most goals scored in a SPL match . A win on the final day meant that Hibs finished fourth and qualified for the 2010 – 11 UEFA Europa League . A poor start to the following season , including first round exits in Europe and the League Cup , led to Hughes leaving the club by mutual consent . Hughes was replaced by Colin Calderwood , who was himself sacked on 6 November 2011 . Pat Fenlon was appointed to replace Calderwood . The club avoided relegation in 2011 – 12 and reached the 2012 Scottish Cup Final , but this was lost 5 – 1 to Hearts . Fenlon largely rebuilt the team after this defeat . This resulted in an improved league position in 2012 – 13 and the team reaching the 2013 Scottish Cup Final , but this was lost 3 – 0 to league champions Celtic . Losing the cup final to the league champions meant that Hibs qualified for the 2013 – 14 UEFA Europa League , but Hibs suffered a Scottish record defeat in European competition , losing 7 – 0 at home and 9 – 0 on aggregate against Malmö . Fenlon resigned on 1 November and was replaced by Terry Butcher . A run of 13 games without a win to finish the 2013 – 14 Scottish Premiership season meant that Hibs fell into a relegation play @-@ off , which was lost after a penalty shootout against Hamilton Academical . Butcher was sacked in June and was replaced by Alan Stubbs . Hibernian remain in the Scottish Championship but the 2015 @-@ 16 season saw considerable cup success , with a League Cup final loss to Ross County followed by victory in the Scottish Cup for the first time since 1902 , culminating in a cup final win against Rangers . = = Colours and badge = = The predominant club colours are green and white , which have been used since the formation of the club in 1875 . The strip typically has a green body , white sleeves and a white collar . The shorts are normally white , although green has been used in recent seasons . The socks are green , usually with some white detail . Hibs have used yellow , purple , black , white and a dark green in recent seasons for their alternate kits . In 1977 , Hibs became the first club in Scotland to bear sponsorship on their shirts . This arrangement prompted television companies to threaten a boycott of Hibs games if they used the sponsored kit , which resulted in the club using an alternate kit for the first time . Hibs wore green and white hooped shirts during the 1870s , which was the inspiration for the style later adopted by Celtic . Hibs then wore all @-@ green shirts from 1879 until 1938 , when white sleeves were added to the shirts . This was similar in style to Arsenal , who had added white sleeves to their red shirts earlier in the 1930s . The colour of the shorts was changed to a green which matched the shirts in 2004 , to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of a friendly win in October 1964 against Real Madrid . Hibs had worn green shorts in that match to avoid a colour clash with the all @-@ white colours of Real Madrid . Hibs have worn green shorts in three seasons since the 2004 – 05 season . For the 2012 – 13 season , Hibs changed the primary colour of the shirts to a darker " bottle " green , instead of the normal emerald green . A darker green had been used until the 1930s . For the 2014 – 15 season , Hibs removed the traditional white sleeves from their home kit as they changed to a darker green shirt in commemoration of the Famous Five forward line . The badge used to identify the club has changed frequently over the years , which has reflected an ongoing debate about its identity . This debate has centred on whether its Irish heritage should be proudly displayed , or ignored for fear of being accused of sectarianism . The Irish harp was first removed in the 1950s , then re @-@ introduced to the club badge when it was last re @-@ designed in 2000 . Scottish Football Museum director Ged O 'Brien said in 2001 , that the current design shows that Hibs " are comfortable with all the strands of their tradition – it has Leith , Edinburgh and Ireland in it . " = = Stadium = = Hibs played on The Meadows for the first two years of their history , before moving to grounds in Newington ( Mayfield Park ) and Bonnington Road , Leith ( Powderhall ) , in different spells between 1877 and 1879 . After the lease on Mayfield Park expired , Hibs moved to a ground known as Hibernian Park , on what is now Bothwell Street in Leith . Hibs failed to secure the ground lease and a builder started constructing houses on the site in 1890 . Hibs obtained a lease on a site that is now known as Easter Road in 1892 and have played their home matches there since February 1893 . Before the Taylor Report demanded that the stadium be all @-@ seated , Easter Road had vast banks of terracing on three sides , which meant that it could hold crowds in excess of 60 @,@ 000 . The record attendance of 65 @,@ 860 , which is also a record for a football match played in Edinburgh , was set by an Edinburgh derby played on 2 January 1950 . Such vast crowds were drawn by the success of the Famous Five . The pitch was noted for its pronounced slope , but this was removed in 2000 . The ground is currently all @-@ seated and has a capacity of 20 @,@ 421 . Easter Road is a modern stadium , with all four of its stands having been built since 1995 . The most recent redevelopment was the construction of a new East Stand in 2010 . Scotland have played six of their home matches at Easter Road , all of them since 1998 . The most recent international match played at the ground was a friendly between Scotland and Qatar in June 2015 . The ground has hosted one international not involving Scotland , a friendly played between Ghana and South Korea preceding the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Easter Road has also sometimes been used as a neutral venue for Scottish League Cup semi @-@ final matches and once hosted a Scottish Challenge Cup final . = = Rivalry = = Hibs have a traditional local rivalry in Edinburgh with Hearts ; the Edinburgh derby match between the two clubs is one of the oldest rivalries in world football . Graham Spiers has described it as " one of the jewels of the Scottish game " . The clubs first met on Christmas Day 1875 , when Hearts won 1 – 0 , in the first match ever contested by Hibs . The two clubs became preeminent in Edinburgh after a five @-@ game struggle for the Edinburgh Football Association Cup in 1878 , which Hearts finally won with a 3 – 2 victory after four successive draws . The clubs have met each other in two Scottish Cup Finals , in 1896 and 2012 , both of which were won by Hearts . The 1896 match is also notable for being the only Scottish Cup Final to be played outside Glasgow . Both clubs have been champions of Scotland four times , although Hearts have won more cup competitions and have the better record in derbies , with 273 wins to 198 in 615 matches . Approximately half of all derbies have been played in local competitions and friendlies . Hibs recorded the biggest derby win in a competitive match when they won 7 – 0 at Tynecastle on New Year 's Day 1973 . While it has been noted that religious background lies behind the rivalry , that aspect is " muted " and is a " pale reflection " of the sectarianism in Glasgow . Although the clubs are inescapable rivals , the rivalry is mainly " good @-@ natured " and has had beneficial effects . = = Supporters and culture = = Hibernian are one of only two professional football clubs in Edinburgh , which is the capital of and second largest city in Scotland . The club had the fifth largest average attendance in the SPFL during the 2015 – 16 season , with 9 @,@ 339 . In the period after the Second World War , Hibs attracted average attendances in excess of 20 @,@ 000 , peaking at 31 @,@ 567 in the 1951 – 52 season . Since Easter Road was redeveloped into an all @-@ seater stadium in the mid @-@ 1990s , average attendance has varied between a high of 14 @,@ 488 in 2006 – 07 and a low of 9 @,@ 150 in 2003 – 04 . In the 1980s and 1990s , a minority of the club 's supporters had a reputation as one of Britain 's most prominent casuals groups , known as the Capital City Service . = = = Literature = = = The works of author Irvine Welsh , particularly Trainspotting , contain several references to Hibernian . The team is often mentioned in casual conversation and is the team many of his characters support . Visual references to Hibs are noticeable in Danny Boyle 's film adaptation of Trainspotting ; Begbie wears a Hibs shirt while he plays five @-@ a @-@ side football , while many Hibs posters and pictures can be seen on the walls of Mark Renton 's bedroom . In the final short story of the trilogy The Acid House , Coco Bryce , a boy from the " Hibs firm " Capital City Service , is struck by lightning while under the influence of LSD in a Pilton park . His soul is then transferred to the body of an unborn child from one of the more affluent areas of Edinburgh . Hibernian are also frequently referred to in the Inspector Rebus series of detective novels by Ian Rankin . Rebus himself is a Raith Rovers fan in the books , but he is a Hibs fan in the 2000s television adaptation of the series . Ironically , that version of Rebus is played by a Hearts supporter , Ken Stott . DS Siobhan Clarke , his colleague in the later books , is a " loyal supporter " of Hibs . = = = Music = = = The Hibs anthem Glory , Glory to the Hibees was written and performed by Scottish comedian Hector Nicol . Former Marillion singer Fish is a Hibs fan ; Easter Road is mentioned in the song ' Lucky ' , from the album Internal Exile . The Proclaimers are lifelong Hibs fans , and were heavily involved with the " Hands off Hibs " campaign to save the club in 1990 . The title track from their Sunshine on Leith album has become a Hibs anthem , which is traditionally played before big matches at Easter Road and after cup final victories . In their song " Cap in Hand " , also from the Sunshine on Leith album , The Proclaimers sing : The song Joyful Kilmarnock Blues , from the first album released by The Proclaimers , is about a Hibs victory away from home . The song includes the following lyrics : = = Ownership and finances = = Although the football club was formed in 1875 , it was not incorporated until 1903 . The club remained a private company until 1988 , when it was publicly listed on the London Stock Exchange . This public listing , combined with poor financial performance , made Hibs vulnerable to an attempted takeover in 1990 by Hearts chairman Wallace Mercer . This attempt was averted when Mercer was unable to acquire the 75 % shareholding needed to liquidate the company . The club 's parent company , Forth Investments plc , entered receivership in 1991 . Sir Tom Farmer acquired control of the club from the receiver for £ 3 million . Farmer has continued to fund developments of Easter Road and financial losses made by Hibs , although he has delegated control to other figures , such as Rod Petrie . As of 2014 , the club was 98 % owned by its holding company , H.F.C. Holdings Limited . This holding company is beneficially owned by Farmer ( 90 % ) and Petrie ( 10 % ) . In December 2014 , the club publicised plans to sell up to 51 % ownership of the club to its supporters . By the time the offer closed in August 2015 , supporters increased their shareholding in the club from about 2 % to just under 20 % . = = Current squad and staff = = = = = First @-@ team squad = = = As of 22 : 21 , 11 July 2016 ( UTC ) Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Out on loan = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Coaching staff = = = = = = Board of directors = = = Source : = = Noted players = = Arthur Duncan holds the record for most league appearances for Hibs , with 446 . All of the Famous Five – Gordon Smith , Eddie Turnbull , Lawrie Reilly , Bobby Johnstone and Willie Ormond – scored more than 100 league goals for Hibs . Hibernian players have been capped at full international level for 18 different national teams , with 59 Hibernian players appearing for Scotland . Hibernian rank fifth amongst all clubs in providing players for Scotland , behind the Old Firm , Queen 's Park and Hearts . James Lundie and James McGhee were the first Hibs players to play for Scotland , in an 1886 British Home Championship match against Wales . Lawrie Reilly holds the record for most international caps earned while a Hibs player , making 38 appearances for Scotland between 1949 and 1957 . In 1959 , Joe Baker became the first player to play for England without having previously played for an English club . To mark the club 's 135th birthday , the club created a Hall of Fame in 2010 . The first group of nominees , including 13 former players , were inducted at a dinner later that year . = = Noted managers = = From 1875 until 1903 , Hibs were managed by a committee , although Dan McMichael , who also acted as treasurer , secretary and a physiotherapist , was effectively the manager when the club won the 1902 Scottish Cup and the 1903 league championship . Willie McCartney took charge of part of the league @-@ winning 1947 – 48 season , but he collapsed and died after a Scottish Cup match in January 1948 . Hugh Shaw inherited that team , and went on to win three league championships in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Alan Stubbs won the Scottish Cup in 2015 – 16 , ending a 114 @-@ year drought in that competition . Eddie Turnbull , Alex Miller and John Collins all won one Scottish League Cup each . Bobby Templeton , Bertie Auld and Alex McLeish all won second tier championships . = = Achievements = = = = = Major honours = = = Scottish league , first tierWinners ( 4 ) : 1902 – 03 , 1947 – 48 , 1950 – 51 , 1951 – 52 Runners @-@ up ( 6 ) : 1896 – 97 , 1946 – 47 , 1949 – 50 , 1952 – 53 , 1973 – 74 , 1974 – 75 Scottish CupWinners ( 3 ) : 1886 – 87 , 1901 – 02 , 2015 – 16 Runners @-@ up ( 11 ) : 1895 – 96 , 1913 – 14 , 1922 – 23 , 1923 – 24 , 1946 – 47 , 1957 – 58 , 1971 – 72 , 1978 – 79 , 2000 – 01 , 2011 – 12 , 2012 – 13 Scottish League CupWinners ( 3 ) : 1972 – 73 , 1991 – 92 , 2006 – 07 Runners @-@ up ( 7 ) : 1950 – 51 , 1968 – 69 , 1974 – 75 , 1985 – 86 , 1993 – 94 , 2003 – 04 , 2015 – 16 = = = Minor honours = = = Scottish league , second tierWinners ( 5 ) : 1893 – 94 , 1894 – 95 , 1932 – 33 , 1980 – 81 , 1998 – 99 Drybrough CupWinners ( 2 ) : 1972 , 1973 Summer CupWinners ( 2 ) : 1942 , 1964 Southern League CupWinners ( 1 ) : 1943 – 44 = = = UEFA ranking = = = As of 12 : 35 , 22 May 2016 ( UTC ) = = Records = = Attendance Highest single game attendance : 65 @,@ 860 vs Hearts , 2 January 1950 Highest average home attendance : 30 @,@ 700 in the 1951 – 52 season Highest attendance for any match involving Hibs : 143 @,@ 570 vs Rangers at Hampden Park , 27 March 1948 Single game Biggest victory : 22 – 1 vs Black Watch Highlanders , 3 September 1881 Biggest competitive victory : 15 – 1 vs Peebles Rovers , 11 February 1961 Biggest league victory : 11 – 1 vs Airdrie , 24 October 1959 and vs Hamilton , 6 November 1965 Biggest defeat : 0 – 10 vs Rangers , 24 December 1898 Caps and appearances Most capped player : Lawrie Reilly , 38 for Scotland Most league appearances : Arthur Duncan , 446 Goals Most competitive goals : Reilly , 234 Most league goals : Reilly , 187 Most competitive goals in a season : Joe Baker , 46 in 1959 – 60 Most league goals in a season : Baker , 42 in 1959 – 60 Transfers Record fee paid : £ 700 @,@ 000 for Ulises de la Cruz to LDU Quito in 2001 Record fee received : £ 4 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 for Scott Brown from Celtic in 2007 = M @-@ 36 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 36 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan that runs in a west – east direction from Mason to Whitmore Lake . The trunkline connects US Highway 127 ( US 127 ) south of Lansing and US 23 north of Ann Arbor . The highway connects several smaller communities in the rural areas along its route . M @-@ 36 also runs concurrently with two other roadways , sharing pavement with M @-@ 52 and County Road D @-@ 19 . According to traffic surveys in 2010 , between 650 and 15 @,@ 300 vehicles used the highway on average each day . The current highway to bear the M @-@ 36 moniker is the second to do so . The first was signposted in 1919 north of Pontiac until it was partially replaced by the modern M @-@ 24 in 1926 . The M @-@ 36 designation was moved to the current roadway in 1930 . It has been changed a few times since the highway was completely paved in 1940 . The last change created the M @-@ 52 concurrency in 1969 . = = Route description = = M @-@ 36 starts at an interchange with US 127 northwest of Mason . The highway follows Cedar Street southeast and southerly from exit 66 through commercial and residential areas to Ash Street near downtown . M @-@ 36 turns eastward along Ash Street through downtown . Outside of the city , Ash Street becomes Dansville Road 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) north of Mason Jewett Field , the local airport . The highway continues eastward through mixed fields and woodland . The trunkline follows Mason Street through the village of Dansville . Just south of White Oak Township Park in White Oak Township , M @-@ 36 turns south to run concurrently along M @-@ 52 through Millville . At Topping Road , M @-@ 36 turns east again north of Lowe Lake . Crossing into Livingston County where it becomes Plainfield Road , the highway then passes the Plainfield Cemetery through community of the same name and turns southeasterly toward Gregory . North of town , M @-@ 36 turns south on Gregory Road . The highway continues as Main Street in the community to Carr Street ; the highway turns back eastward on Carr Street in Gregory . As the highway runs easterly , it skirts the northern edge of the Pinckney State Recreation Area and the southern edge of the Timber Trace Golf Club . As Main Street in Pinckney , M @-@ 36 passes through the center of town . At Howell Street , County Road D @-@ 19 merges in from the south . The two designations run concurrently along Main Street to Pearl Street , where D @-@ 19 turns northward . At the intersection with Dexter Street , M @-@ 36 intersects the western terminus of D @-@ 32 , the " Highway to Hell " . East of Pinckney , M @-@ 36 passes between Rush and Bass lakes in the Pettysville area . Immediately east of there , the highway passes through woods between Oneida and Zukey lakes in Lakeland . The trunkline passes to the south of Buck Lake and then meanders through Hamburg southeasterly . M @-@ 36 ends as 9 Mile Road at exit 54 on US 23 in Whitmore Lake . M @-@ 36 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 36 were the 15 @,@ 226 vehicles daily in Mason ; the lowest count was 657 vehicles per day east of the M @-@ 52 concurrency . No section of M @-@ 36 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = = = = Original designation = = = On July 1 , 1919 , M @-@ 36 was routed along what is now M @-@ 24 between Pontiac and Burnside . In November 1926 , this highway was redesignated as part of M @-@ 24 between Pontiac and Lapeer . In 1930 , the remainder was turned back to local control and removed from the state highway system . = = = Current designation = = = M @-@ 36 supplanted the former M @-@ 49 designation between Mason and Whitmore Lake in late 1930 ; segments of M @-@ 49 through Stockbridge not used in the new M @-@ 36 were given to M @-@ 92 or M @-@ 106 . The last segments were paved in late 1940 between Plainfield and the eastern terminus . When the Michigan State Highway Department completed a US 127 bypass around Mason in late 1946 or early 1947 , M @-@ 36 was extended westward over a section of highway previously used by US 127 to connect to the bypass ; that segment was designated Bus . US 127 / M @-@ 36 This concurrency was removed in 1962 when the Bus . US 127 designation was decommissioned . The M @-@ 52 concurrency was formed in 1969 when M @-@ 52 was extended northerly to Webberville . = = Major intersections = = = W.T.F. ( South Park ) = " W.T.F. " is the 10th episode of the 13th season of the American animated television series South Park . The 191st overall episode of the series , it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 21 , 2009 . In the episode , the South Park boys form their own backyard wrestling league , drawing droves of fans more interested in the acting and scripted dramatic storylines than athletic elements . " W.T.F. " was written and directed by series co @-@ creator Trey Parker , and was rated TV @-@ MA L in the United States . The episode parodied several aspects of professional wrestling , highlighting the sport 's emphasis on such theatrical elements as costumes , back stories and scripted storylines . The episode demonstrated how amateur wrestling is often afforded less respect due to pro @-@ wrestling , and presents pro @-@ wrestling fans as stereotypical rednecks who believe the scripted drama is real . " W.T.F. " specifically parodies World Wrestling Entertainment and its chairman , Vince McMahon . The episode received generally mixed reviews , with several commentators calling professional wrestling too easy a target for South Park satire . According to Nielsen ratings , " W.T.F. " was seen by 1 @.@ 37 million households among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . = = Plot = = After watching a live WWE match between WWE superstars Edge and John Cena at the Pepsi Center and being totally enthralled , Kyle , Stan , Cartman , Kenny , Butters , Jimmy and Token decide to join the school 's wrestling team , unaware how different the sport is from professional wrestling . They all feel that the wrestling coach Mr. Connors 's teaching of " real wrestling " , or " wrassling " , is too homoerotic and immediately quit the class to form their own backyard wrestling league called " the Wrestling Takedown Federation " ( W.T.F. ) , much to the frustration of Mr. Connors . The boys ' federation relies heavily on theatrical elements and scripted storylines , with such characters as a Russian who belittles Americans , a veteran of the Vietnam War and a girl who has had fourteen abortions . Their audience grows quickly , and consists mostly of rednecks who believe the action is real and the dialogue reflects actual events . As its popularity increases , the federation add an auditorium , complete with proscenium staging and theater @-@ style lighting , to the back of Cartman 's house . Soon , the events see the performers reciting dramatic monologues more often than engaging in wrestling and stunt work . Mr. Connors is fired by the school board due to the violence associated with wrestling , after the board fails to make a distinction between what he teaches and professional wrestling ( as do the town bar regulars ) . They also find videos of Greco @-@ Roman and freestyle wrestling on his iPhone and mistake them for gay pornography . The boys are excited to learn WWE Chairman Vince McMahon has heard of	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
their federation and will be scouting one of their shows . Mr. Connors sits in his apartment surrounded by awards for wrestling and in tears over his termination and what wrestling has become . Vengeful , he plans to sabotage the event in a personal vow to restore the integrity of the wrestling sport . Cartman , Stan , Kyle and Kenny secretly decide to relegate Butters , Jimmy and Token to smaller roles , thinking that it will give themselves a better opportunity to impress McMahon . They hold tryouts in the manner of a theater audition in order to find new talent for their show , which is now more reminiscent of musical theatre than wrestling . Mr. Connors sneaks into the event and unsuccessfully attempts to destroy the wrestling ring with a rocket launcher , killing Kenny instead . He runs into the ring and chastises the crowd with an impassioned monologue about how professional wrestling has ruined real wrestling , and the downward spiral his life has taken since it cost him his job ( as well as everything else ) . The crowd begins to sympathize with him , angrily chanting , " They took his job ! " McMahon is impressed with the speech and decides to sign Mr. Connors to the WWE — much to his delight . The boys are frustrated at losing their latest shot at stardom and began brawling amongst themselves , blaming each other for the lost opportunity . They then start wrestling each other to the ground . Unimpressed by the genuine wrestling and real conflicted drama , the crowd deems it " fake " and begins to leave . = = Theme = = " W.T.F. " was written and directed by series co @-@ founder Trey Parker , and was rated TV @-@ MA L in the United States . It first aired on October 21 , 2009 in the United States on Comedy Central . " W.T.F. " parodies several aspects of professional wrestling , a form of theatre involving mock combat and catch wrestling , in which matches , along with pre- and post @-@ match commentary and action , are choreographed and scripted . The South Park episode highlights the theatrical elements of professional wrestling , such as the costumes , back stories and scripted dramatic storylines . The fans are portrayed as far more interested in these theatrical elements than any actual athletic feats . The theatrical aspect of professional wrestling are often over @-@ exaggerated in " W.T.F. " to add comedic emphasis and satire . For example , a try @-@ out involves no actual wrestling at all , but rather dramatic monologues , and resembles the audition scene from the Broadway musical " A Chorus Line " . Similarly , Vince McMahon watches one of the matches from a balcony wearing opera glasses , similar to that of a theatre rather than a traditional wrestling venue . The episode also demonstrates how amateur wrestling , an actual non @-@ choreographed sport with such styles as Greco @-@ Roman and freestyle , is often afforded less respect due to professional wrestling . The boys initially mistake this form of wrestling for the scripted professional wrestling they are used to , and then are uninterested in it when they learn about the actual sport . The moves and holds their teacher tries to teach them are interpreted by the boys as homoerotic and treated with disrespect . The gym teacher , Mr. Connors , is portrayed as showing despair for what professional wrestling has done to harm " real wrestling " , culminating in a final scene in which he makes a tearful rant to the crowd at one of the boys ' wrestling matches . " W.T.F. " also mocks fans of professional wrestling , who are portrayed largely as stereotypical rednecks who believe the scripted storylines are real . The wrestling matches in " W.T.F. " are purposely fake @-@ looking to emphasize the scripted nature of professional wrestling , and utilize elements typically featured in real matches , like the use of metal folding chairs as weapons . The professional wrestling characters created by the South Park boys , such as Cartman 's " the Rad Russian " , are similar to the gimmick @-@ based types of characters created by actual professional wrestling leagues , like The Iron Sheik . These characters , too , are portrayed in an over @-@ the @-@ top way to emphasize the comedic satire of professional wrestling . This is particularly illustrated with the use of one of Cartman 's characters , a female diva who claims to have had so many abortions , she has become addicted to them . = = Cultural references = = Vince McMahon , the chairman of World Wrestling Entertainment and occasional professional wrestler himself , is featured prominently in " W.T.F. " Various aspects of the World Wrestling Entertainment company are featured in " W.T.F. " John Cena and Edge , professional wrestlers who both work for the WWE , appear in a match against each other . Both are portrayed by voice actors , not the actual wrestlers themselves . The South Park boys host a " W.T.F. Smackdown " event , a reference to the WWE SmackDown television program . Also noted , Token 's W.T.F attire is resembled to the attire of WWE wrestler R @-@ Truth . A wrestling try @-@ out held by the boys resembles scenes from the Broadway musical A Chorus Line , which involves Broadway dancers auditioning for spots on a chorus line . One of the people trying out sings a musical number about why he wants to be a wrestler , which parodies the song " Nothing " from A Chorus Line . The episode also includes references to the musical Fame , the film Waiting for Guffman and the reality television series American Idol . When Cartman and Kenny order a meeting with Stan and Kyle to discuss the wrestling league , they meet at a Sizzler , a steak- and seafood @-@ restaurant chain . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on October 21 , 2009 , " W.T.F " was watched by 1 @.@ 37 million overall households among viewers aged between 18 and 34 , according to Nielsen ratings . Among that age group , it ranked behind the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy , which drew 1 @.@ 43 million household viewers , as well as game five of the 2009 National League Championship Series on TBS ( 1 @.@ 56 million households ) and a National Football League game between the Denver Broncos and San Diego Chargers on ESPN ( 3 @.@ 57 million households ) . " W.T.F. " received generally mixed reviews . Ramsey Isler of IGN said the professional wrestling parody was " pretty spot on " , but that the target was too easy , and the episode " lacks a lot of the punchy kind of comedy that the show is usually known for " . Nevertheless , Isler said the writing was clever and had funny moments , like Kenny 's " El Pollo Loco " character , and the scene where the gym teacher tries to take down a security guard with a traditional wrestling move . Josh Modell of The A.V. Club gave the episode a C + grade and called it " one of those too @-@ common SP episodes that could 've been cut in half " . Modell said the true @-@ to @-@ life way the boys formed their wrestling company was " great " and that the parody of professional wrestling as on target , but also said they " have been told a million times before . They 're not really jokes at this point . " Carlos Delgado of iF Magazine gave the episode a C + grade , saying professional wrestling seems like a topic South Park should have mocked long ago . Delgado said the best scenes were the first moments of the boys ' wrestling league , but that the " novelty of the idea starts to fade " and the developments become too outrageous . Macleans writer Jamie Weinman criticized the episode and said professional wrestling was " not exactly a timely target " . Not all reviews were negative . Salon.com writer Mary Elizabeth Williams called the show " perennially offensive [ and ] still shockingly funny " , and particularly praised Cartman 's wrestling character " Bad Irene " , who professes a love of and addiction to abortions . Williams called it , " a reminder that the heated debate over choice frequently serves as America 's prime @-@ time entertainment " . = = Home release = = " W.T.F. " , along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's thirteenth season , were released on a three @-@ disc DVD set and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set in the United States on March 16 , 2010 . The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode , a collection of deleted scenes , and a special mini @-@ feature Inside Xbox : A Behind @-@ the @-@ Scenes Tour of South Park Studios , which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson . = Albert White ( basketball ) = Albert White ( born June 13 , 1977 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the London Lightning of the National Basketball League of Canada . Before joining the Lightning , White had played in a variety of domestic and foreign basketball leagues . In high school , he was one of the most highly decorated basketball players in the United States . In college he achieved success after transferring from University of Michigan to University of Missouri , but his success did not lead him to the National Basketball Association ( henceforth NBA ) . Instead , he went to the Continental Basketball Association ( CBA ) and has since played in various developmental and foreign basketball leagues as a professional . In high school , he was a Street & Smith , Parade , and McDonald 's All @-@ American and in college he became a first team All @-@ Big 12 Conference player and CNN / Sports Illustrated Big 12 Player of the Year . White was implicated in the University of Michigan basketball scandal , but was not named in the final indictments . He transferred from Michigan to Missouri after his freshman year , which included the basketball scandal , for unrelated reasons . He achieved several firsts for Missouri and led the team to their best season in the Big 12 era in 1998 – 99 . He declared himself eligible for the 1999 NBA draft as a redshirt junior and went undrafted . He was drafted in the 1999 CBA draft . He has had multiple stints in the CBA , United States Basketball League ( USBL ) , International Basketball League ( IBL ) and various foreign leagues . As a professional , he once was named to the All @-@ CBA second team . He was selected as an All @-@ star or All @-@ league player and been part of championship teams in several of the professional leagues he played in . = = High school = = born June 13 , 1977 , White went to high school at Metro Detroit 's Inkster High School , where he played basketball . While at Inkster , he placed third in the 1995 Mr. Basketball of Michigan voting , which was won by Robert Traylor . He was named a Parade All @-@ American as a junior according to the Detroit Public School League records , and according to CNN / SI he was honored by Parade as a senior . Prior to his senior season , he was named a Street & Smith All @-@ American . As a senior , he was named a McDonald 's All @-@ American . He was also named Detroit News / Detroit Free Press first @-@ team ( known as Dream Team ) All @-@ State for both his junior and senior seasons . He was part of one of the most star @-@ studded McDonald 's All @-@ American classes with future NBA All @-@ stars Vince Carter , Shareef Abdur @-@ Rahim , Stephon Marbury , Antawn Jamison , Kevin Garnett , Paul Pierce , and Chauncey Billups . During the tenth anniversary of his Street & Smith 1994 – 95 High School All @-@ America Team , eight of the twenty members were still playing in the NBA . = = College = = White was implicated in early investigations of the University of Michigan basketball scandal because he accepted US $ 37 @,@ 000 . He was not named in later indictments and was not named as having been called before the grand jury . It was not clear how much money White received and how much was given to his friends and family to influence his decision to attend Michigan . Although White was one of several players captured on federal wiretaps and interviewed by both the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Internal Revenue Service , he cooperated fully and did not need to hire a lawyer . He was not among the players called before the grand jury ( Robert Traylor , Chris Webber , Jalen Rose , Maurice Taylor , and Louis Bullock ) and was not found to have received large amounts of money . White transferred to the Missouri Tigers men 's basketball team due to a clash with Steve Fisher after his freshman year with the Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team . White left the team for what was described as disciplinary reasons . White , who averaged 9 @.@ 0 points and 4 @.@ 7 rebounds , had been one of the most improved players during the previous season . He averaged eleven points and seven rebounds during the final seven Big Ten Conference games . Nonetheless , he was suspended for the first semester in October 1996 for violating a team rule . White played for the 1995 – 96 Michigan Wolverines team that went to the 1996 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament as a seventh seed , but lost 80 – 76 in the first round to the Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team . He returned to the 1999 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament as an eighth seed with Missouri , but lost 61 – 59 in the first round to the New Mexico Lobos men 's basketball team . However , as a result of the basketball scandal , Michigan has vacated all games from the 1995 – 96 season . As of 2008 , the second place Big 12 finish that season is the only top four placing for the Tigers since the formation of the Big 12 conference during the 1996 – 97 season . During the 1998 – 99 season he became the first Missouri Tigers player to lead the team in scoring , rebounds and assists in the same season , and he placed in the top five in the Big 12 in both scoring and rebounding . That season he helped the Missouri Tigers snap the Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball team 's 35 game home conference winning streak which had extended from February 20 , 1994 to January 1999 . That season he was twice named Big 12 men 's basketball player of the week and made the official All @-@ Big 12 first team . CNN / Sports Illustrated named White the Player of the Year in the Big 12 . However , he lost the official conference player of the year award to Venson Hamilton , and he was only listed as a second team All @-@ Big 12 player by the Associated Press . After his redshirt junior season , he declared himself eligible for the 1999 NBA draft with one year of collegiate eligibility remaining , making him the first Missouri Tiger to declare early for the NBA draft . Although some speculated that he was making a mistake declaring early for the draft , he had the burden of child support and some projected him as a likely draft selection . White went undrafted in the NBA draft after surrendering his final year of eligibility . However , that year some other early draft entrants met with better success : the first four selections ( Elton Brand , Steve Francis , Baron Davis , and Lamar Odom ) also had surrendered some remaining collegiate eligibility by declaring themselves eligible to be drafted in the NBA draft and high schoolers Jonathan Bender and Leon Smith were drafted in the first round . Many other underclassmen in his draft year such as Ron Artest , Richard Hamilton , and Corey Maggette have gone on to have successful NBA careers . = = Professional career = = White was drafted in the 1999 CBA draft by the Sioux Falls Skyforce . During the first year , he was a CBA All @-@ rookie selection . He spent the 1999 – 2000 and some of the 2000 – 01 season with the Sioux Falls Skyforce . He also spent some of 2000 – 01 and 2001 – 02 with the Florida Sea Dragons of the USBL . During the 2001 – 02 he spent part of the year with the USBL 's Oklahoma Storm and the Brighton Bears of the British Basketball League ( BBL ) . During the 2002 – 03 regular season as a member of the Rockford Lightning , he finished fourth in the CBA in scoring and seventh in offensive rebounds . That season he was named to the All @-@ CBA second team . During the 2003 – 04 season he played for the Incheon ET Land Black Slamer of the Korean Basketball League ( KBL ) . During 2005 , he played with the Detroit Pros of the IBL . During the 2007 – 08 season he led the Pittsburgh Xplosion to the playoffs . In 33 regular season games he averaged 12 @.@ 6 points and 4 @.@ 8 rebounds for the 18 – 15 team . He has also played in the National Superior Basketball of Puerto Rico , Liga Profesional de Baloncesto ( LPB ) of Venezuela and in various leagues in Italy . Over the course of his professional career he was selected as an All @-@ star or All @-@ league player in the CBA , BBL , KBL and IBL . He has been part of Championship teams in the USBL in 2002 , CBA in 2003 and LPB in 2007 . On October 21 , 2011 , it was announced that White had made the final twelve @-@ man roster for the National Basketball League of Canada 's London Lightning . He has since been placed on the inactive reserve list . = Episode 7 ( Twin Peaks ) = " Episode 7 " , also known as " The Last Evening " , is the eighth and final episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Twin Peaks . Series co @-@ creator Mark Frost wrote and directed the episode . It features series regulars Kyle MacLachlan , Piper Laurie and Eric Da Re , with guest appearances by Chris Mulkey and Walter Olkewicz . Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agent Dale Cooper ( MacLachlan ) pays the price for his investigation of a murder in the small mountain town of Twin Peaks , while the local sawmill is burnt in an arson scheme . Like much of the series , " Episode 7 " features unusual set and costume design , including the hallmark use of a strong red palette . Production designer Richard Hoover has explained that the sound stages were constructed with ceilings and functional hallways — an unusual practice for television production — allowing actors to be filmed entering a scene without cuts . First airing on May 23 , 1990 , " Episode 7 " was viewed by approximately 22 percent of the available audience ; it received positive reviews from critics . = = Plot = = = = = Background = = = The small town of Twin Peaks , Washington , has been shocked by the murder of schoolgirl Laura Palmer ( Sheryl Lee ) and the attempted murder of her friend Ronette Pulaski ( Phoebe Augustine ) . FBI special agent Dale Cooper ( Kyle MacLachlan ) has come to the town to investigate ; the violent , drug @-@ dealing truck driver Leo Johnson ( Eric Da Re ) is the chief suspect . Meanwhile , local businessman Benjamin Horne ( Richard Beymer ) has been scheming with his lover , Catherine Martell ( Piper Laurie ) , to burn down the town 's sawmill to buy its land cheaply . However , Horne also conspires with the mill 's owner , Josie Packard ( Joan Chen ) , to burn the mill and kill Martell to collect their insurance policies . = = = Events = = = James Hurley ( James Marshall ) and Donna Hayward ( Lara Flynn Boyle ) sneak into the office of psychiatrist Laurence Jacoby ( Russ Tamblyn ) , hoping to find out more about Laura , whom he had been treating . They find a cassette tape she sent him . Meanwhile , Jacoby is distracted by an offer to meet Laura 's cousin , Madeline Ferguson ( Lee ) , who has disguised herself as the dead girl ; before they can meet , however , he is attacked by a masked man and left unconscious . Cooper and Ed Hurley ( Everett McGill ) are undercover in One Eyed Jacks , a Canadian brothel and casino . Cooper speaks to drug smuggler Jacques Renault ( Walter Olkewicz ) , whom he believes is connected to Laura 's death . Posing as a drug financier , Cooper persuades Renault to meet him in the US ; Cooper learns that Renault and Johnson were with Pulaski and Laura on the night she died . Later that night , when Renault arrives to meet Cooper , he is arrested for Laura 's murder . Renault resists and is shot ; he is taken to a hospital where he accuses Johnson of attacking him the night of the murder , claiming to have been unconscious while the killing occurred . Laura 's father , Leland ( Ray Wise ) , learns of the arrest ; he travels to the hospital and fatally smothers Renault . Johnson 's wife , Shelley ( Mädchen Amick ) , is at home when he returns and assaults her . He drives her to the sawmill , ties her up , and rigs a timed device that will set the building on fire . Meanwhile , Packard meets with recently paroled Hank Jennings ( Chris Mulkey ) to give him US $ 90 @,@ 000 ; it is revealed Packard paid Jennings to serve eighteen months in prison . This ensured that neither of them would be implicated in the death of Packard 's husband , from whom she inherited the mill . Jennings later calls Martell to lure her to the mill . As Martell arrives , the device explodes , engulfing the building in flames . At the same time , Johnson attempts to kill Shelley 's lover , Bobby Briggs ( Dana Ashbrook ) , but is shot by Jennings . Cooper returns to his hotel room and orders room service . Before he can read a note that was left earlier by Audrey , Deputy Brennan calls him to inform him that Johnson has been shot . However , a knock on the door draws him away from the phone . When he opens the door , an unseen figure shoots him three times . = = Production = = " Episode 7 " was written and directed by Mark Frost , who created Twin Peaks along with David Lynch . Frost had previously penned " Pilot " , " Episode 1 " and " Episode 2 " with Lynch ; " Episode 5 " was his first solo writing credit . Frost would pen a further six episodes during the second season . This was Frost 's first and only time directing an episode of the series . Production designer Richard Hoover notes that he saw " Pilot " at the Telluride Film Festival before becoming involved with the series ; during that screening , he noticed Mark Frost 's name in the credits and remembered working with his father Warren Frost . After learning that the production designer for " Pilot " was no longer available to work , Hoover contacted the younger Frost and enquired about working on the series ; Hoover was hired almost immediately . Hoover has pointed out the unusual nature of the series ' set designs ; most of the sets feature ceilings and hallways that lead into them — this allows characters to be filmed entering a sound stage set without the use of cuts . Hoover felt that the series ' use of a consistent palette of reds and earth tones allowed the introduction of strong black elements into set and costume design ; he cited elements of Blackie O 'Reilly 's office in One Eyed Jacks as an example : its vibrant red curtains and ruddy wood tones were offset by her stark black outfit and dark hair . The hues in the footage filmed for the series were " sweetened " in post @-@ production , increasing the saturation of the red tones ; this also caused black elements to seem deeper and more striking . This effect was offset by the clothing of several of the law enforcement characters , which had cooler tones and contrasted against the warm palette . The power plant used for exterior shots in Jacques Renault 's arrest scene was in Burbank , California . The location was chosen because of its large and unusually @-@ shaped buildings ; these were lit from behind to enhance their shapes in silhouette . The Hayward house was designed to seem uncharacteristically " normal " ; it featured an increased amount of yellows and greys to offset the red tones , and it made use of several household rooms to enhance its appearance of verisimilitude . The location used for the scenes of the Packard sawmill was in Valencia , Santa Clarita ; this was chosen because it was far from the tree line and thus there was no risk of a forest fire occurring after the arson scenes . In addition , any wood used was treated to burn in a controlled manner , and firefighters were on @-@ hand in case of an emergency . = = Broadcast and reception = = " Episode 7 " was first broadcast on the ABC Network on May 23 , 1990 . In its initial airing , it was viewed by 12 @.@ 6 percent of US households , representing 22 percent of the available audience ; it was the most @-@ viewed broadcast in its time @-@ slot . These ratings marked an increase from the previous episode , which had attracted 10 @.@ 6 percent of the population and 17 percent of the available audience . Writing for The A.V. Club , Keith Phipps rated the episode an " A " , finding that the multiple cliffhanger plot threads worked well and did not seem over the top or self @-@ parodying . Phipps felt that the first season was " a near @-@ perfect run of television " , further describing it as " a stretch of greatness that , for one reason or another , couldn 't be sustained . But it was terrific while it lasted " . AllRovi 's Andrea LeVasseur awarded the episode four stars out of five , adding that " with several characters meeting their fate in this episode , including the two main suspects ( Jacques and Leo ) , the mystery of Laura Palmer 's murder is even more puzzling " . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Ken Tucker rated the episode an A + , finding that its lack of plot resolution offered " a good kind of annoyance " , showing the level of interest and commitment the series had inspired in its viewers . = Scotland in the early modern period = Scotland in the early modern period refers , for the purposes of this article , to Scotland between the death of James IV in 1513 and the end of the Jacobite rebellions in the mid @-@ eighteenth century . It roughly corresponds to the early modern period in Europe , beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation and ending with the start of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution . After a long minority , the personal reign of James V saw the court become a centre of Renaissance patronage , but it ended in military defeat and another long minority for the infant Mary Queen of Scots . Scotland hovered between dominance by the English and French , which ended in the Treaty of Edinburgh 1560 , by which both withdrew their troops , but leaving the way open for religious reform . The Scottish Reformation was strongly influenced by Calvinism leading to widespread iconoclasm and the introduction of a Presbyterian system of organisation and discipline that would have a major impact on Scottish life . In 1569 Mary returned from France , but her personal reign deteriorated into murder , scandal and civil war , forcing her to escape to England where she was later executed and leaving her Protestant opponents in power in the name of the infant James VI . In 1603 he inherited the thrones of England and Ireland , creating a dynastic union and moving the centre of royal patronage and power to London . His son Charles I attempted to impose elements of the English religious settlement on his other kingdoms . Relations gradually deteriorated resulting in the Bishops ' Wars ( 1637 – 40 ) , ending in defeat for Charles and helping to bring about the War of Three Kingdoms . The Scots entered the war in England on the Parliamentary side , helping to turn the tide against the king 's forces . In the Second and Third Civil Wars ( 1648 – 51 ) they took the side of Charles I and after his execution that of his son Charles II , leading to defeat , occupation by a parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell and incorporation into the Commonwealth . The Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 saw the return of episcopacy and an increasingly absolutist regime , resulting in religious and political upheaval and rebellions . With the accession of the openly Catholic James VII , there was increasing disquiet among Protestants . After the Glorious Revolution of 1688 – 89 , William of Orange and Mary , the daughter of James , were accepted as monarchs . Presbyterianism was reintroduced and limitations placed on monarchy . After severe economic dislocation in the 1690s there were moves that led to political union with England as the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 . The deposed main hereditary line of the Stuarts became a focus for political discontent , known as Jacobitism , leading to a series of invasions and rebellions , but with the defeat of the last in 1745 , Scotland entered a period of great political stability , economic and intellectual expansion . Although there was an improving system of roads in early modern Scotland , it remained a country divided by topography , particularly between the Highlands and Islands and the Lowlands . Most of the economic development was in the Lowlands , which saw the beginnings of industrialisation , agricultural improvement and the expansion of eastern burghs , particularly Glasgow , as trade routes to the Americas opened up . The local laird emerged as a key figure and the heads of names and clans in the Borders and Highlands declined in importance . There was a population expanding towards the end of the period and increasing urbanisation . Social tensions were evident in witch trials and the creation of a system of poor laws . Despite the aggrandisement of the crown and the increase in forms of taxation , revenues remained inadequate . The Privy Council and Parliament remained central to government , with changing compositions and importance before the Act of Union in 1707 saw their abolition . The growth of local government saw introduction of Justices of the Peace and Commissioners of Supply , while the law saw the increasing importance of royal authority and professionalisation . The expansion of parish schools and reform of universities heralded the beginnings of an intellectual flowering in the Enlightenment . There was also a flowering of Scottish literature before the loss of the court as a centre of patronage at the beginning of the seventeenth century . The tradition of church music was fundamentally changed by the Reformation , with the loss of complex polyphonic music for a new tradition of metrical psalms singing . In architecture , royal building was strongly influenced by Renaissance styles , while the houses of the great lairds adopted a hybrid form known as Scots baronial and after the Restoration was influenced by Palladian and Baroque styles . In church architecture a distinctive plain style based on a ' T ' -plan emerged . The Reformation also had a major impact on art , with a loss of church patronage leading to a tradition of painted ceilings and walls and the beginnings of a tradition of portraiture and landscape painting . = = Political history = = = = = Sixteenth century = = = = = = = James V = = = = The death of James IV at the Battle of Flodden in 1513 meant a long period of regency in the name of his infant son James V. He was declared an adult in 1524 , but the next year Archibald Douglas , 6th Earl of Angus , the young king 's stepfather , took custody of James and held him as a virtual prisoner for three years , exercising power on his behalf . He finally managed to escape from the custody of the regents in 1528 and began to take revenge on a number of them and their families . He continued his father 's policy of subduing the rebellious Highlands , Western and Northern isles and the troublesome borders . He took punitive measures against the Clan Douglas in the north , summarily executed John Armstrong of Liddesdale and carried out royal progresses to underline his authority . He also continued the French Auld alliance that had been in place since the fourteenth century , marrying first the French noblewoman Madeleine of Valois and then after her death Marie of Guise . He increased crown revenues by heavily taxing the church , taking £ 72 @,@ 000 in four years , and embarked on a major programme of building at royal palaces . He avoided pursuing the major structural and theological changes to the church undertaken by his contemporary Henry VIII in England . He utilised the Church as a source of offices for his many illegitimate children and his favourites , particularly David Beaton , who became Archbishop of Saint Andrews and a Cardinal . James V 's domestic and foreign policy successes were overshadowed by another disastrous campaign against England that led to an overwhelming defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss ( 1542 ) . James died a short time later , a demise blamed by contemporaries on " a broken heart " . The day before his death , he was brought news of the birth of an heir : a daughter , who would become Mary , Queen of Scots . = = = = " Rough Wooing " = = = = At the beginning of the infant Mary 's reign , the Scottish political nation was divided between a pro @-@ French faction , led by Cardinal Beaton and by the Queen 's mother , Mary of Guise ; and a pro @-@ English faction , headed by James Hamilton , Earl of Arran . Failure of the pro @-@ English to deliver a marriage between the infant Mary and Edward , the son of Henry VIII of England , that had been agreed under the Treaty of Greenwich ( 1543 ) , led within two years to an English invasion to enforce the match , later known as the " rough wooing " . This took the form of border skirmishing and several English campaigns into Scotland . In 1547 , after the death of Henry VIII , forces under the English regent Edward Seymour , 1st Duke of Somerset were victorious at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh , followed up by the occupation of the strategic lowland fortress of Haddington . The Scots responded by sending the five @-@ year @-@ old Mary to France , as the intended bride of the dauphin Francis , heir to the French throne . Her mother , Marie of Guise , stayed in Scotland to look after the interests of Mary – and of France – although Arran acted officially as regent . The arrival of French troops helped stiffen resistance to the English , who abandoned Haddington in September 1549 and , after the fall of Protector Somerset in England , withdrew from Scotland completely . From 1554 , Marie of Guise formally took over the regency , maintaining a difficult position , partly by giving limited toleration to Protestant dissent and attempting to diffuse resentment over the continued presence of French troops . When the Protestant Elizabeth I came to the throne of England in 1558 , the English party and the Protestants found their positions aligned and asked for English military support to expel the French . The arrival of English troops , and particularly the English fleet , in 1560 , led to the besieging of the French forces in Leith , which fell in July . By this point Mary of Guise had died and French and English troops both withdrew under the Treaty of Edinburgh , leaving the young queen in France , but pro @-@ English and Protestant parties in the ascendant . = = = = Protestant Reformation = = = = During the sixteenth century , Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk ( church ) , which was strongly Presbyterian in outlook , severely reducing the powers of bishops , although not abolishing them . In the earlier part of the century , the teachings of first Martin Luther and then John Calvin began to influence Scotland , particularly through Scottish scholars who had visited continental and English universities and who had often trained in the Catholic priesthood . English influence was also more direct , supplying books and distributing Bibles and Protestant literature in the Lowlands when they invaded in 1547 . Particularly important was the work of the Lutheran Scot Patrick Hamilton . His execution with other Protestant preachers in 1528 , and of the Zwingli @-@ influenced George Wishart in 1546 , who was burnt at the stake in St. Andrews on the orders of Cardinal Beaton , did nothing to stem the growth of these ideas . Wishart 's supporters , who included a number of Fife lairds , assassinated Beaton soon after and seized St. Andrews Castle , which they held for a year before they were defeated with the help of French forces . The survivors , including chaplain John Knox , being condemned to be galley slaves , helping to create resentment of the French and martyrs for the Protestant cause . Limited toleration and the influence of exiled Scots and Protestants in other countries , led to the expansion of Protestantism , with a group of lairds declaring themselves Lords of the Congregation in 1557 and representing their interests politically . The collapse of the French alliance and English intervention in 1560 meant that a relatively small , but highly influential , group of Protestants were in a position to impose reform on the Scottish church . A confession of faith , rejecting papal jurisdiction and the mass , was adopted by Parliament in 1560 , while the young Mary , Queen of Scots , was still in France . Knox , having escaped the galleys and spent time in Geneva , where he had become a follower of Calvin , emerged as the most significant figure . The Calvinism of the reformers led by Knox resulted in a settlement that adopted a Presbyterian system and rejected most of the elaborate trappings of the medieval church . This gave considerable power within the new kirk to local lairds , who often had control over the appointment of the clergy , and resulting in widespread , but generally orderly , iconoclasm . At this point the majority of the population was probably still Catholic in persuasion and the kirk would find it difficult to penetrate the Highlands and Islands , but began a gradual process of conversion and consolidation that , compared with reformations elsewhere , was conducted with relatively little persecution . = = = = Mary , Queen of Scots = = = = While these events progressed Queen Mary had been raised as a Catholic in France , and married to the Dauphin , who became king as Francis II in 1559 , making her queen consort of France . When Francis died in 1560 , Mary , now 19 , elected to return to Scotland to take up the government in a hostile environment . Despite her private religion , she did not attempt to re @-@ impose Catholicism on her largely Protestant subjects , thus angering the chief Catholic nobles . Her six @-@ year personal reign was marred by a series of crises , largely caused by the intrigues and rivalries of the leading nobles . The murder of her secretary , David Riccio , was followed by that of her unpopular second husband Lord Darnley , father of her infant son , and her abduction by and marriage to the Earl of Bothwell , who was implicated in Darnley 's murder . Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Hill and after their forces melted away , he fled and she was captured by Bothwell 's rivals . Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle , and in July 1567 , was forced to abdicate in favour of her 13 @-@ month @-@ old son James VI . Mary eventually escaped and attempted to regain the throne by force . After her defeat at the Battle of Langside by forces loyal to the regents led by James Stewart , 1st Earl of Moray in 1568 , she took refuge in England , leaving her son in their hands . In Scotland the regents fought a civil war on behalf of the king against his mother 's supporters . In England , Mary became a focal point for Catholic conspirators and was eventually tried for treason and executed on the orders of her kinswoman Elizabeth I. = = = = James VI = = = = James VI was crowned King of Scots at the age of 13 months on 29 July 1567 . He was brought up as a Protestant , while the country was run by a series of regents . In 1579 the Frenchman Esmé Stewart , Sieur d 'Aubigny , first cousin of James ' father Lord Darnley , arrived in Scotland and quickly established himself as the closest of the then 13 @-@ year @-@ old James 's powerful male favourites ; he was created Earl of Lennox by the king in 1580 , and Duke of Lennox in 1581 . Lennox was distrusted by Scottish Calvinists and in August 1582 , in what became known as the Ruthven Raid , the Protestant earls of Gowrie and Angus imprisoned James and forced Lennox to leave Scotland . After James was liberated in June 1583 , he assumed increasing control of his kingdom . Between 1584 and 1603 , he established effective royal government and relative peace among the lords , assisted by John Maitland of Thirlestane , who led the government until 1592 . In 1586 , James signed the Treaty of Berwick with England , which , with the execution of his mother in 1587 , helped clear the way for his succession to the childless Queen Elizabeth I of England . He married Anne of Denmark in 1590 , daughter of Frederick II , the king of Denmark ; she bore him two sons and a daughter . = = = Seventeenth century = = = = = = = Union of Crowns = = = = In 1603 , James VI King of Scots inherited the throne of the Kingdom of England and left Edinburgh for London where he would reign as James I. The Union was a personal or dynastic union , with the crowns remaining both distinct and separate – despite James ' best efforts to create a new " imperial " throne of " Great Britain " . James retained a keen interest in Scottish affairs , running the government by the rapid interchange of letters , aided by the establishment of an efficient postal system . He controlled everyday policy through the Privy Council of Scotland and managed the Parliament of Scotland through the Lords of the Articles . He also increasingly controlled the meetings of the Scottish General Assembly and increased the number and powers of the Scottish bishops . In 1618 , he held a General Assembly and pushed through Five Articles , which included practices that had been retained in England , but largely abolished in Scotland , most controversially kneeling for the reception of communion . Although ratified , they created widespread opposition and resentment and were seen by many as a step back to Catholic practice . Royal authority was more limited in the Highlands , where periodic violence punctuated relationships between the great families of the MacDonalds , Gordons and McGregors and Campbells . The acquisition of the Irish crown along with the English , facilitated a process of settlement by Scots in what was historically the most troublesome area of the kingdom in Ulster , with perhaps 50 @,@ 000 Scots settling in the province by the mid @-@ seventeenth century . Attempts to found a Scottish colony in North America in Nova Scotia were largely unsuccessful , with insufficient funds and willing colonists . = = = = Charles I = = = = In 1625 , James VI died and was succeeded by his son Charles I. Although born in Scotland , Charles had become estranged from his northern kingdom , with his first visit being for his Scottish coronation in 1633 , when he was crowned in St Giles Cathedral , Edinburgh with full Anglican rites . Charles had relatively few important Scots in his circle and relied heavily in Scottish matters on the generally mistrusted and often indecisive James Hamilton , 1st Duke of Hamilton and the bishops , particularly John Spottiswood , Archbishop of St. Andrews , eventually making him chancellor . At the beginning of his reign , Charles ' revocation of alienated lands since 1542 helped secure the finances of the kirk , but it threatened the holdings of the nobility who had gained from the Reformation settlement . His pushing through of legislation and refusal to hear ( or legal pursuit of ) those raising objections , created further resentment among the nobility . In England his religious policies caused similar resentment and he ruled without calling a parliament from 1629 . = = = = = Bishops ' Wars = = = = = In 1635 , without reference to a general assembly of the Parliament , the king authorised a book of canons that made him head of the Church , ordained an unpopular ritual and enforced the use of a new liturgy . When the liturgy emerged in 1637 it was seen as an English @-@ style Prayer Book , resulting in anger and widespread rioting , said to have been set off with the throwing of a stool by one Jenny Geddes during a service in St Giles Cathedral . The Protestant nobility put themselves at the head of the popular opposition , with Archibald Campbell , Earl of Argyll emerging as a leading figure . Representatives of various sections of Scottish society drew up the National Covenant on 28 February 1638 , objecting to the King 's liturgical innovations . The king 's supporters were unable to suppress the rebellion and the king refused to compromise . In December of the same year matters were taken even further , when at a meeting of the General Assembly in Glasgow the Scottish bishops were formally expelled from the Church , which was then established on a full Presbyterian basis . The Scots assembled a force of about 12 @,@ 000 , some of which were returned veterans of the Thirty Years War , led by Alexander Leslie , formerly the Field Marshal of the Swedish Army . Charles gathered a force of perhaps 20 @,@ 000 , many of which were ill @-@ trained militia . There were a series of minor actions in the north of Scotland , which secured the Covenanter 's rear against Royalist support and skirmishing on the border . As neither side wished to push the matter to a full military conflict , a temporary settlement was concluded , known as the Pacification of Berwick in June 1639 , and the First Bishops ' War ended with the Covenanters retaining control of the country . In 1640 Charles attempted again to enforce his authority , opening a second Bishops ' War . He recalled the English Parliament , known as the Short Parliament , but disbanded it after it declined to vote a new subsidy and was critical of his policies . He assembled a poorly provisioned and poorly trained army . The Scots moved south into England , forcing a crossing of the Tyne at Newburn to the west of Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne , then occupying the city and eventually most of Northumbria and Durham . This gave them a stranglehold on the vital coal supply to London . Charles was forced to capitulate , agreeing to most of the Covenanter 's demands and paying them £ 830 a month to support their army . This forced him to recall the English Parliament , known as the Long Parliament , which , in exchange for concessions , raised the sum of £ 200 @,@ 000 to be paid to the Scots under the Treaty of Ripon . The Scots army returned home triumphant . The king 's attempts to raise a force in Ireland to invade Scotland from the west prompted a widespread revolt there and as the English moved to outright opposition that resulted in the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 , he was facing rebellion in all three of his realms . = = = = = Civil wars = = = = = As the civil war in England developed into a long and protracted conflict , both the King and the English Parliamentarians appealed to the Scots for military aid . The Covenanters opted to side with Parliament and in 1643 they entered into a Solemn League and Covenant , guaranteeing the Scottish Church settlement and promising further reform in England . In January 1644 a Scots army of 18 @,@ 000 foot and 3 @,@ 000 horse and guns under Leslie crossed the border . It helped turn the tide of the war in the North , forcing the royalist army under the Marquis of Newcastle into York where it was besieged by combined Scots and Parliamentary armies . The Royalists were relieved by a force under Prince Rupert , the King 's nephew , but the allies under Leslie 's command defeated the Royalists decisively at Marston Moor on 2 July , generally seen as the turning point of the war . In Scotland , former Covenanter James Graham , 1st Marquess of Montrose led a campaign in favour of the king in the Highlands from 1644 . Few Lowland Scots would follow him , but , aided by 1 @,@ 000 Irish , Highland and Islesmen sent by the Irish Confederates under Alasdair MacDonald ( MacColla ) , he began a highly successful mobile campaign , winning victories over local Covenanter forces at Tippermuir and Aberdeen against local levies ; at Inverlochy he crushed the Campbells ; at Auldearn , Alford and Kilsyth he defeated well @-@ led and disciplined armies . He was able to dictate terms to the Covenanters , but as he moved south , his forces , depleted by the loss of MacColla and the Highlanders , were caught and decisively defeated at the Battle of Philiphaugh by an army under David Leslie , nephew of Alexander . Escaping to the north , Montrose attempted to continue the struggle with fresh troops . By this point the king had been heavily defeated at the Battle of Naseby by Parliament 's reformed New Model Army and surrendered to the Scots forces under Leslie besieging the town of Newark in July 1646 . Montrose abandoned the war and left for the continent . Unable to persuade the king to accept a Presbyterian settlement , the Scots exchanged him for half of the £ 400 @,@ 000 they were owed by Parliament and returned home . Relations with the English Parliament and the increasingly independent English army grew strained and the balance of power shifted in Scotland , with Hamilton emerging as the leading figure . In 1647 he brokered the Engagement with the King , now held by the New Model Army , by which the Scots would support him , along with risings in England as part of a Second English Civil War , in exchange for the imposition of Presbyterianism on England on a three @-@ year trial basis . The more hard @-@ line Covenanters of the Kirk Party were defeated at a skirmish at Mauchline Muir in June 1648 and many Covenanters , including Alexander and David Leslie , declined to join the army of 10 @,@ 000 produced for the Engagement . By the time Hamilton led the Engagement army across the border , most of the English risings been defeated . The Scots were caught by the New Model Army under Cromwell on the march between Warrington and Preston . In the Battle of Preston , the Scots were defeated and many captured , with Hamilton subsequently executed . After the coup of the Whiggamore Raid , the Kirk Party regained control in Scotland . However , the eventual response of Cromwell and the army leaders now in power in England to the second civil war was the execution of the king in January 1649 , despite Scottish protests . = = = = Occupation and the Commonwealth = = = = While England was declared a Commonwealth , as soon as news of Charles I 's execution reached Scotland , his son was proclaimed king as Charles II . In 1650 Montrose attempted another rising in the Highlands in the name of the King , but it ended disastrously , with Montrose being executed . Lacking tangible support from his relatives on the continent or his supporters in England , Charles accepted the offer from the Covenanters , arriving in June 1650 and signing the Covenants . The English responded with an army of 16 @,@ 000 under Cromwell , which crossed the border in July 1650 , while an English fleet acted in support . On 3 September 1650 the English army defeated the Scots under David Leslie at the Battle of Dunbar , taking over 10 @,@ 000 prisoners and then occupying Edinburgh , taking control of the Lowlands . Charles could now more easily make an alliance with the moderate Covenanters . He was crowned at Scone on 1 January 1651 and a new army was assembled . In June 1651 Cromwell advanced against the Scots under Leslie at Stirling . The Scots army with the King set off for England , but there was no rising in their favour and the army was caught at Worcester on 3 September . It was decisively defeated , bringing the civil wars to an end . Charles escaped to the continent , an English army occupied Scotland and Cromwell emerged as the most important figure in the Commonwealth . In 1652 , the English parliament declared that Scotland was part of the Commonwealth . Various attempts were made to legitimise the union , calling representatives from the Scottish burghs and shires to negotiations and to various English parliaments , where they were always under @-@ represented and had little opportunity for dissent . However , final ratification was delayed by Cromwell 's problems with his various parliaments and the union did not become the subject of an act until 1657 . The military administration in Scotland , led by General George Monck , was relatively successful . It managed to enforce law and order , suppressing the banditry of the Moss @-@ troopers and enforcing a form of limited religious toleration , but by introducing English judges largely suspending the Scots law . In 1653 – 55 there was a major Royalist rising in the Highlands led by William Cunningham , 9th Earl of Glencairn and John Middleton , which was defeated at the Battle of Dalnaspidal on 19 July 1654 . = = = = Restoration = = = = After the death of Cromwell in 1658 , Monck remained aloof from the manoeuvring in London that led to the brief establishment of a regime under Richard Cromwell and the subsequent contest for power between army leaders . In 1659 he opened negotiations with Charles II and began a slow march south with his army . He then restored the English Long Parliament , which , having received assurances , voted for a restoration of the monarchy and then dissolved itself , creating a de facto restoration of the monarchy in Scotland , but without safeguards . In the event Scotland regained its system of law , parliament and kirk , but also the Lords of the Articles , bishops and a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of commissioners . These began with Middleton , now an earl and ended with the king 's brother and heir , James , Duke of York ( known in Scotland as the Duke of Albany ) . Legislation was revoked back to 1633 , removing the Covenanter gains of the Bishops ' Wars , but the discipline of kirk sessions , presbyteries and synods were renewed . Only four Covenanters were executed , the most prominent being Argyll . The reintroduction of episcopacy was a source of particular trouble in the south @-@ west of the country , an area with strong Presbyterian sympathies . Abandoning the official church , many of the people here began to attend illegal field assemblies led by excluded ministers , known as conventicles . Official attempts to suppress these led to a rising in 1679 , defeated by James , Duke of Monmouth , the King 's illegitimate son , at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge . In the early 1680s a more intense phase of persecution began , in what was later to be known in Protestant historiography as " the Killing Time " , with dissenters summarily executed by the dragoons of James Graham , Laird of Claverhouse or sentenced to transportation or death by Sir George Mackenzie , the Lord Advocate . In England , the Exclusion crisis of 1678 – 81 divided political society into Whigs ( given their name after the Scottish Whigamores ) , who attempted , unsuccessfully , to exclude the openly Catholic Duke of Albany from the succession , and the Tories , who opposed them . Similar divisions began to emerge in Scottish political life . = = = = Deposition of James VII = = = = Charles died in 1685 and his brother succeeded him as James VII of Scotland ( and II of England ) . James put Catholics in key positions in the government and even attendance at a conventicle was made punishable by death . He disregarded parliament , purged the Council and forced through religious toleration to Roman Catholics , alienating his Protestant subjects . The failure of an invasion , led by Archibald Campbell , 9th Earl of Argyll , and timed to co @-@ ordinate with the Duke of Monmouth 's rebellion in England , demonstrated the strength of the regime . It was believed that the king would be succeeded by his daughter Mary , a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange , Stadtholder of the Netherlands , but when in 1688 , James produced a male heir , James Francis Edward Stuart , it was clear that his policies would outlive him . An invitation by seven leading Englishmen led William to land in England with 40 @,@ 000 men , and James fled , leading to the almost bloodless " Glorious Revolution " . William called the Estates in Scotland , and as his supporters proved dominant , James ' support collapsed . The Estates issued a Claim of Right that suggested that James had forfeited the crown by his actions ( in contrast to England , which relied on the legal fiction of an abdication ) and offered it to William and Mary , which William accepted , along with limitations on royal power . The final settlement restored Presbyterianism and abolished the bishops , who had generally supported James . However , William , who was more tolerant than the kirk tended to be , passed acts restoring the Episcopalian clergy excluded after the Revolution . Although William 's supporters dominated the government , there remained a significant following for James , particularly in the Highlands . His cause , which became known as Jacobitism , from the Latin ( Jacobus ) for James , led to a series of risings . An initial Jacobite military attempt was led by John Graham , now Viscount Dundee . His forces , almost all Highlanders , defeated William 's forces at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689 , but they took heavy losses and Dundee was slain in the fighting . Without his leadership the Jacobite army was soon defeated at the Battle of Dunkeld . The complete defeat of James in Ireland by William at the Battle of Aughrim ( 1691 ) , ended the first phase of the Jacobite military effort . In the aftermath of the Jacobite defeat on 13 February 1692 in an incident known as the Massacre of Glencoe , 38 members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by members of the Earl of Argyll 's Regiment of Foot , who had accepted their hospitality , on the grounds that they had not been prompt in pledging allegiance to the new monarchs . = = = = Economic crisis and overseas colonies = = = = The closing decade of the seventeenth century saw the generally favourable economic conditions that had dominated since the Restoration come to an end . There was a slump in trade with the Baltic and France from 1689 – 91 , caused by French protectionism and changes in the Scottish cattle trade , followed by four years of failed harvests ( 1695 , 1696 and 1698 – 99 ) , known as the " seven ill years " . The result was severe famine and depopulation , particularly in the north . The Parliament of Scotland of 1695 enacted proposals that might help the desperate economic situation , including setting up the Bank of Scotland . The " Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies " received a charter to raise capital through public subscription . The " Company of Scotland " invested in the Darien scheme , an ambitious plan devised by William Paterson , the Scottish founder of the Bank of England , to build a colony on the Isthmus of Panama in the hope of establishing trade with the Far East . The Darién scheme won widespread support in Scotland as the landed gentry and the merchant class were in agreement in seeing overseas trade and colonialism as routes to upgrade Scotland 's economy . Since the capital resources of the Edinburgh merchants and landholder elite were insufficient , the company appealed to middling social ranks , who responded with patriotic fervour to the call for money ; the lower orders volunteered as colonists . However , both the English East India Company and the English government opposed the idea . The East India Company saw the venture as a potential commercial threat and the government were involved in the War of the Grand Alliance from 1689 to 1697 against France and did not want to offend Spain , which claimed the territory as part of New Granada and the English investors withdraw . Returning to Edinburgh , the Company raised £ 400 @,@ 000 in a few weeks . Three small fleets with a total of 3 @,@ 000 men eventually set out for Panama in 1698 . The exercise proved a disaster . Poorly equipped ; beset by incessant rain ; suffering from disease ; under attack by the Spanish from nearby Cartagena ; and refused aid by the English in the West Indies , the colonists abandoned their project in 1700 . Only 1 @,@ 000 survived and only one ship managed to return to Scotland . The cost of £ 150 @,@ 000 put a severe strain on the Scottish commercial system and led to widespread anger against England , while , seeing the impossibility of two economic policies , William was prompted to argue for political union shortly before his death in 1702 . = = = Early eighteenth century = = = = = = = Union with England = = = = William 's successor was Mary 's sister Princess Anne , who had no surviving children and so the Protestant succession seemed in doubt . The English Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 , which fixed the succession on Sophia of Hanover and her descendants . However , the Scottish Parliament 's parallel Act of Security , merely prohibited a Roman Catholic successor , leaving open the possibility that the crowns would diverge . Rather than risk the possible return of James Francis Edward Stuart , then living in France , the English parliament pressed for full union of the two countries , passing the Alien Act 1705 , which threatened to make all Scotsmen unable to hold property in England unless moves toward union were made and would have severely damaged the cattle and linen trades . A political union between Scotland and England also became economically attractive , promising to open up the much larger markets of England , as well as those of the growing Empire . However , there was widespread , if disunited opposition and mistrust in the general population . Sums paid to Scottish commissioners and leading political figure have been described as bribes , but the existence of direct bribes is disputed . The Scottish parliament voted on 6 January 1707 , by 110 to 69 , to adopt the Treaty of Union . The treaty confirmed the Hanoverian succession . The Church of Scotland and Scottish law and courts remained separate . The English and Scottish parliaments were replaced by a combined Parliament of Great Britain , but it sat in Westminster and largely continued English traditions without interruption . Forty @-@ five Scots were added to the 513 members of the House of Commons and 16 Scots to the 190 members of the House of Lords . It was also a full economic union , replacing the Scottish systems of currency , taxation and laws regulating trade . The Privy Council was abolished , which meant that effective government in Scotland lay in the hands of unofficial " managers " , who attempted to control elections in Scotland and voting by Scottish MPs and lords in line with the prevailing party in Westminster , through a complex process of patronage , venality and coercion . Since the Tories were suspected of Jacobite sympathies , management tended to fall to one of the two groups of Whigs , the " Old Party " or " Argathelian " , led by the John Campbell , 2nd Duke of Argyll and the " Squadrone " or " Patriots " , initially led by John Ker , 1st Duke of Roxburghe , who became the first Secretary of State for Scotland . Roxburghe was replaced by Argyll in 1725 and he and his brother , who became the Archibald Campbell , 3rd Duke of Argyll on his death in 1743 , dominated Scottish politics in the first half of the eighteenth century . Both wings of the Whig movement were forced together by the Jacobite rising in 1745 and the post of Secretary of State was abolished in 1746 , but Argyll remained the " uncrowned king of Scotland " until his death in 1761 . = = = = Jacobite risings = = = = Jacobitism was revived by the unpopularity of the union . In 1708 James Francis Edward Stuart , the son of James VII , who became known as " The Old Pretender " , attempted an invasion with a French fleet carrying 6 @,@ 000 men , but the Royal Navy prevented it from landing troops . A more serious attempt occurred in 1715 , soon after the death of Anne and the accession of the first Hanoverian king , the eldest son of Sophie , as George I of Great Britain . This rising ( known as The ' Fifteen ) envisaged simultaneous uprisings in Wales , Devon , and Scotland . However , government arrests forestalled the southern ventures . In Scotland , John Erskine , Earl of Mar , nicknamed Bobbin ' John , raised the Jacobite clans but proved to be an indecisive leader and an incompetent soldier . Mar captured Perth , but let a smaller government force under the Duke of Argyll hold the Stirling plain . Part of Mar 's army joined up with risings in northern England and southern Scotland , and the Jacobites fought their way into England before being defeated at the Battle of Preston , surrendering on 14 November 1715 . The day before , Mar had failed to defeat Argyll at the Battle of Sheriffmuir . At this point , James belatedly landed in Scotland , but was advised that the cause was hopeless . He fled back to France . An attempted Jacobite invasion with Spanish assistance in 1719 met with little support from the clans and ended in defeat at the Battle of Glen Shiel . In 1745 the Jacobite rising known as The ' Forty @-@ Five began . Charles Edward Stuart , son of the Old Pretender , often referred to as Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender , landed on the island of Eriskay in the Outer Hebrides . Several clans unenthusiastically joined him . At the outset he was successful , taking Edinburgh and then defeating the only government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans . The Jacobite army marched into England , took Carlisle and advanced as far as south as Derby . However , it became increasingly evident that England would not support a Roman Catholic Stuart monarch . The Jacobite leadership had a crisis of confidence and they retreated to Scotland as two English armies closed in and Hanoverian troops began to return from the continent . Charles ' position in Scotland began to deteriorate as the Whig supporters rallied and regained control of Edinburgh . After an unsuccessful attempt on Stirling , he retreated north towards Inverness . He was pursued by the Duke of Cumberland and gave battle with an exhausted army at Culloden on 16 April 1746 , where the Jacobite cause was crushed . Charles hid in Scotland with the aid of Highlanders until September 1746 , when he escaped back to France . There were bloody reprisals against his supporters and foreign powers abandoned the Jacobite cause , with the court in exile forced to leave France . The Old Pretender died in 1760 and the Young Pretender , without legitimate issue , in 1788 . When his brother , Henry , Cardinal of York , died in 1807 , the Jacobite cause was at an end . = = Geography = = The defining factor in the geography of Scotland is the distinction between the Highlands and Islands in the north and west and the Lowlands in the south and east . The highlands are further divided into the Northwest Highlands and the Grampian Mountains by the fault line of the Great Glen . The Lowlands are divided into the fertile belt of the Central Lowlands and the higher terrain of the Southern Uplands , which included the Cheviot hills , over which the border with England ran . The Central Lowland belt averages about 50 miles in width and , because it contains most of the good quality agricultural land and has easier communications , could support most of the urbanisation and elements of conventional government . However , the Southern Uplands , and particularly the Highlands were economically less productive and much more difficult to govern . The Uplands and Highlands had a relatively short growing season , in the extreme case of the upper Grampians an ice free season of four months or less and for much of the Highlands and Uplands of seven months or less . The early modern period also saw the impact of the Little Ice Age , with 1564 seeing thirty @-@ three days of continual frost , where rivers and lochs froze , leading to a series of subsistence crisis until the 1690s . Most roads in the Lowlands were maintained by justices from a monetary levy on landholders and work levy on tenants . The development of national grain prices indicates the network had improved considerably by the early eighteenth century . In the Highlands and Galloway in the early eighteenth century , a series of military roads were built and maintained by the central government , with the aim of facilitating the movement of troops in the event of rebellion . The extent and borders of the kingdom had been fixed in their modern form by the beginning of the sixteenth century . The exception , the debatable lands at the Western end of the border with England , were settled by a French led commission in 1552 and the Scots ' Dike built to mark the boundary . The accession of James VI to the English throne made the border less significant in military terms , becoming , in his phrase the " middle shires " of Great Britain , but it remained a jurisdictional and tariff boundary until the Act of Union in 1707 . = = Economy = = At the beginning of the era , with difficult terrain , poor roads and methods of transport there was little trade between different areas of the country and most settlements depended on what was produced locally , often with very little in reserve in bad years . Most farming was based on the lowland fermtoun or highland baile , settlements of a handful of families that jointly farmed an area notionally suitable for two or three plough teams , allocated in run rigs to tenant farmers . They usually ran downhill so that they included both wet and dry land , helping to offset the problems of extreme weather conditions . Most ploughing was done with a heavy wooden plough with an iron coulter , pulled by oxen , which were more effective and cheaper to feed than horses . From the mid @-@ sixteenth century , Scotland experienced a decline in demand for exports of cloth and wool to the continent . Scots responded by selling larger quantities of traditional goods , increasing the output of salt , herring and coal . The late sixteenth century was an era of economic distress , probably exacerbated by increasing taxation and the devaluation of the currency . In 1582 a pound of silver produced 640 shillings , but in 1601 it was 960 and the exchange rate with England was £ 6 Scots to £ 1 sterling in 1565 , but by 1601 it had fallen to £ 12 . Wages rose rapidly , by between four or five times between 1560 and the end of the century , but failed to keep pace with inflation . This situation was punctuated by frequent harvest failures , with almost half the years in the second half of the sixteenth century seeing local or national scarcity , necessitating the shipping of large quantities of grain from the Baltic . Distress was exacerbated by outbreaks of plague , with major epidemics in the periods 1584 – 88 and 1597 – 1609 . There were the beginnings of industrial manufacture in this period , often utilising expertise from the continent , which included a failed attempt to use Flemings to teach new techniques in the developing cloth industry in the north @-@ east , but more successful in bringing a Venetian to help develop a native glass blowing industry . George Bruce used German techniques to solve the drainage problems of his coal mine at Culross . In 1596 the Society of Brewers was established in Edinburgh and the importing of English hops allowed the brewing of Scottish beer . In the early seventeenth century famine was relatively common , with four periods of famine prices between 1620 and 1625 . The invasions of the 1640s had a profound impact on the Scottish economy , with the destruction of crops and the disruption of markets resulting in some of the most rapid price rises of the century . Under the Commonwealth , the country was relatively highly taxed , but gained access to English markets . After the Restoration the formal frontier with England was re @-@ established , along with its customs duties . Economic conditions were generally favourable from 1660 to 1688 , as land owners promoted better tillage and cattle @-@ raising . The monopoly of royal burghs over foreign trade was partially ended by and Act of 1672 , leaving them with the old luxuries of wines , silk , spices and dyes and opening up trade of increasingly significant salt , coal , corn and hides and imports from the Americas . The English Navigation Acts limited the ability of the Scots to engage in what would have been lucrative trading with England 's growing colonies , but these were often circumvented , with Glasgow becoming an increasingly important commercial centre , opening up trade with the American colonies : importing sugar from the West Indies and tobacco from Virginia and Maryland . Exports across the Atlantic included linen , woollen goods , coal and grindstones . The English protective tariffs on salt and cattle were harder to disregard and probably placed greater limitations on the Scottish economy , despite attempts of the King to have it overturned . However , by the end of the century the drovers roads , stretching down from the Highlands through south @-@ west Scotland to north @-@ east England , had become firmly established . Scottish attempts to counter this with tariffs of their own , were largely unsuccessful as Scotland had relatively few vital exports to protect . Attempts by the Privy Council to build up luxury industries in cloth mills , soap works , sugar boiling houses , gunpowder and paper works , proved largely unsuccessful . The famines of the 1690s were seen as particularly severe , partly because famine had become relatively rare in the second half of the seventeenth century , with only one year of dearth ( in 1674 ) and the shortages of the 1690s would be the last of their kind . At the union of 1707 England had about five times the population of Scotland , and about 36 times as much wealth , however , Scotland began to experience the beginnings of economic expansion that would begin to allow it to close this gap . Contacts with England led to a conscious attempt to improve agriculture among the gentry and nobility . Haymaking was introduced along with the English plough and foreign grasses , the sowing of rye grass and clover . Turnips and cabbages were introduced , lands enclosed and marshes drained , lime was put down , roads built and woods planted . Drilling and sowing and crop rotation were introduced . The introduction of the potato to Scotland in 1739 greatly improved the diet of the peasantry . Enclosures began to displace the runrig system and free pasture . The Society of Improvers was founded in 1723 , including in its 300 members dukes , earls , lairds and landlords . The Lothians became a major centre of grain , Ayrshire of cattle breading and the borders of sheep . However , although some estate holders improved the quality of life of their displaced workers , enclosures led to unemployment and forced migrations to the burghs or abroad . The major change in international trade was the rapid expansion of the Americas as a market . Glasgow supplied the colonies with cloth , iron farming implements and tools , glass and leather goods . Initially relying on hired ships , by 1736 it had 67 of its own , a third of which were trading with the New World . Glasgow emerged as the focus of the tobacco trade , re @-@ exporting particularly to France . The merchants dealing in this lucrative business became the wealthy tobacco lords , who dominated the city for most of the century . Other burghs also benefited . Greenock enlarged its port in 1710 and sent its first ship to the Americas in 1719 , but was soon playing a major part in importing sugar and rum . Cloth manufacture was largely domestic . Rough plaids were produced , but the most important areas of manufacturing was linen , particularly in the Lowlands , with some commentators suggesting that Scottish flax was superior to Dutch . The Scottish members of parliament managed to see off an attempt to impose an export duty on linen and from 1727 it received subsidies of £ 2 @,@ 750 a year for six years , resulting in a considerable expansion of the trade . Paisley adopted Dutch methods and became a major centre of production . Glasgow manufactured for the export trade , which doubled between 1725 and 1738 . The move of the British Linen Company in 1746 into advancing cash credits also stimulated production . The trade was soon being managed by " manufacturers " who supplied flax to spinners , bought back the yarn and then supplied to the weavers and then bought the cloth they produced and resold that . Banking also developed in this period . The Bank of Scotland , founded in 1695 was suspected of Jacobite sympathies and so a rival Royal Bank of Scotland was founded in 1727 . Local banks began to be established in burghs like Glasgow and Ayr . These would make capital available for business and the improvement of roads and trade . = = Society = = = = = Social structure = = = Below the king were a small number of dukes ( usually descended from very close relatives of the king ) and earls , who formed the senior nobility . Under them were the barons , who in this period were beginning to merge with the local tenants @-@ in @-@ chief to become lairds a group roughly equivalent to the English gentlemen . Below the lairds were a variety of groups , often ill @-@ defined . These included yeomen , sometimes called " bonnet lairds " , often owning substantial land . The practice of fueing ( by which a tenant paid an entry sum and an annual feu duty , but could pass the land on to their heirs ) meant that the number of people holding heritable possession of lands , which had previously been controlled by the church or nobility expanded . These and the lairds probably numbered about 10 @,@ 000 by the seventeenth century and became what the government defined as heritors , on whom the financial and legal burdens of local government would increasingly fall . Below the substantial landholders were the husbandmen , lesser landholders and free tenants , who were often described as cottars and grassmen , that made up the majority of the working population . Serfdom had died out in Scotland in the fourteenth century , but was virtually restored by statute law for miners and saltworkers . Through the system of courts baron and kirk sessions , landlords still exerted considerable control over their tenants . Society in the burghs was headed by wealthier merchants , who often held local office as a burgess , alderman , bailies , or as a member of the council . Below them were craftsmen and workers that made up the majority of the urban population . At the bottom of society were the masterless men , the unemployed and vagrants , whose numbers were swelled in times of economic downturn or hardship . = = = Kinship and clans = = = Unlike in England , where kinship was predominately cognatic ( derived through both males and females ) , in Scotland kinship was agnatic , with members of a group sharing a ( sometimes fictional ) common ancestor . Women retained their original surname at marriage and marriages were intended to create friendship between kin groups , rather than a new bond of kinship . In the Borders this was often reflected in a common surname . A shared surname has been seen as a " test of kinship " , proving large bodies of kin who could call on each other 's support . At the beginning of the period this could help intensify the idea of the feud , which was usually carried out as a form of revenge for a kinsman and for which a large bodies of kin could be counted on to support rival sides , although conflict between members of kin groups also occurred . From the reign of James VI systems of judicial law were enforced and by the early eighteenth century the feud had been suppressed . In the Borders the leadership of the heads of the great surnames was largely replaced by the authority of landholding lairds in the seventeenth century . The combination of agnatic kinship and a feudal system of obligation has been seen as creating the highland clan system . The head of a clan was usually the eldest son of the last chief of the most powerful sept or branch . The leading families of a clan formed the fine , often seen as equivalent to lowland lairds , providing council in peace and leadership in war , and below them were the daoine usisle ( in Gaelic ) or tacksmen ( in Scots ) , who managed the clan lands and collected the rents . In the isles and along the adjacent western seaboard there were also buannachann , who acted as a military elite , defending the clan lands from raids or taking part in attacks on clan enemies . Most of the followers of the clan were tenants , who supplied labour to the clan heads and sometimes acted as soldiers . In the early modern period they usually took the clan name as their surname , turning it into a massive , if often fictive , kin group . Because the Highland Clans were not a direct threat to the Restoration government , or relations with England , the same effort was not put into suppressing their independence as had been focused on the Borders , until after the Glorious Revolution . Economic change and the imposition of royal justice had begun to undermine the clan system before the eighteenth century , but the process was accelerated after the rebellion of 1745 , with Highland dress banned , the enforced disarming of clansmen , the compulsory purchase of heritable jurisdictions , the exile of many chiefs and sending of ordinary clansmen to the colonies as indentured labour . All of this largely reducing clan leaders to the status of simple landholders within a generation . = = = Demography = = = There are almost no reliable sources with which to track the population of Scotland before the late seventeenth century . Estimates based on English records suggest that by the end of the Middle Ages , the Black Death and subsequent recurring outbreaks of the plague , may have caused the population of Scotland to fall as low as half a million people . Price inflation , which generally reflects growing demand for food , suggests that this probably expanded in the first half of the sixteenth century , levelling off after the famine of 1595 , as prices were relatively stable in the early seventeenth century . Calculations based on Hearth Tax returns for 1691 indicate a population of 1 @,@ 234 @,@ 575 . This level may have been seriously effected by the famines of the 1690s . The first reliable information available on national population is from the census conducted by the Reverend Alexander Webster in 1755 , which showed the inhabitants of Scotland as 1 @,@ 265 @,@ 380 persons . Compared with the situation after the redistribution of population in the later clearances and the industrial revolution , these numbers would have been evenly spread over the kingdom , with roughly half living north of the Tay . Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of many burghs that grew up in the later medieval period , mainly in the east and south . It has been suggested that they would have had a mean population of about 2 @,@ 000 , but many would be much smaller than 1 @,@ 000 and the largest , Edinburgh , probably had a population of over 10 @,@ 000 at the beginning of the modern era and by 1750 , with its suburbs it had reached 57 @,@ 000 . The only other towns above 10 @,@ 000 by the end of the period were Glasgow with 32 @,@ 000 , Aberdeen with around 16 @,@ 000 and Dundee with 12 @,@ 000 . = = = Witchtrials = = = In late medieval Scotland there is evidence of occasional prosecutions of individuals for causing harm through witchcraft , but these may have been declining in the first half of the sixteenth century . In the aftermath of the initial Reformation settlement , Parliament passed the Witchcraft Act 1563 , similar to that passed in England one year earlier , which made witchcraft a capital crime . Despite the fact that Scotland probably had about one quarter of the population of England , it would have three times the number of witchcraft prosecutions , at about 6 @,@ 000 for the entire period . James VI 's visit to Denmark , a country familiar with witch hunts , may have encouraged an interest in the study of witchcraft . After his return to Scotland , he attended the North Berwick witch trials , the first major persecution of witches in Scotland under the 1563 Act . Several people , most notably Agnes Sampson , were convicted of using witchcraft to send storms against James ' ship . James became obsessed with the threat posed by witches and , inspired by his personal involvement , in 1597 wrote the Daemonologie , a tract that opposed the practice of witchcraft and which provided background material for Shakespeare 's Tragedy of Macbeth . James is known to have personally supervised the torture of women accused of being witches . After 1599 , his views became more sceptical . In the seventeenth century , the pursuit of witchcraft was largely taken over by the kirk sessions and was often used to attach superstitious and Catholic practices in Scottish society . Most of the accused , 75 per cent , were women , with over 1 @,@ 500 executed , and the witch hunt in Scotland has been seen as a means of controlling women . The most intense witch hunt was in 1661 – 62 , which involved 664 named witches in four counties . From this point prosecutions began to decline as trials were more tightly controlled by the judiciary and government , torture was more sparingly used and standards of evidence were raised . There may also have been a growing scepticism and with relative peace and stability the economic and social tensions that contributed to accusations may have reduced . There were occasional local outbreaks like that in East Lothian in 1678 and 1697 at Paisley . The last recorded executions were in 1706 and the last trial in 1727 . The British parliament repealed the 1563 Act in 1736 . = = = Poverty and vagrancy = = = Population growth and economic dislocation from the second half of the sixteenth century led to a growing problem of vagrancy . The government reacted with three major pieces of legislation in 1574 , 1579 and 1592 . The kirk became a major element of the system of poor relief and justices of the peace were given responsibility for dealing with the issue . The 1574 act was modelled on the English act passed two years earlier and limited relief to the deserving poor of the old , sick and infirm , imposing draconian punishments on a long list of " masterful beggars " , including jugglers , palmisters and unlicensed tutors . Parish deacons , elders or other overseers were to draw up lists of deserving poor and each would be assessed . Those not belonging to the parish were to be sent back to their place of birth and might be put in the stocks or otherwise punished , probably actually increasing the level of vagrancy . Unlike the English act , there was no attempt to provide work for the able @-@ bodied poor . In practice , the strictures on begging were often disregarded in times of extreme hardship . This legislation provided the basis of what would later be known as the " Old Poor Law " in Scotland , which remained in place until the mid @-@ nineteenth century . Most subsequent legislation built on the principles of provision for the local deserving poor and punishment of mobile and undeserving " sturdie beggars " . The most important later act was that of 1649 , which declared that local heritors were to be assessed by kirk session to provide the financial resources for local relief , rather than relying on voluntary contributions . The system was largely able to cope with the general level of poverty and minor crises , helping the old and infirm to survive and provide life support in periods of downturn at relatively low cost , but was overwhelmed in the major subsistence crisis of the 1690s . = = Government = = = = = The crown = = = For the early part of the era , the authority of the crown was limited by the large number of minorities it had seen since the early fifteenth century . This tended to decrease the level of royal revenues , as regents often alienated land and revenues . Regular taxation was adopted from 1581 and afterwards was called on with increasing frequency and scale until in 1612 a demand of £ 240 @,@ 000 resulted in serious opposition . A new tax on annual rents amounting to five per cent on all interest on loans , mainly directed at the merchants of the burghs , was introduced in 1621 ; but it was widely resented and was still being collected over a decade later . Under Charles I the annual income from all sources in Scotland was under £ 16 @,@ 000 sterling and inadequate for the normal costs of government , with the court in London now being financed out of English revenues . The sum of £ 10 @,@ 000 a month from the county assessment was demanded by the Cromwellian regime , which Scotland failed to fully supply , but it did contribute £ 35 @,@ 000 in excise a year . Although Parliament made a formal grant of £ 40 @,@ 000 a year to Charles II , the rising costs civilian government and war meant that this was inadequate to support Scottish government . Under William I and after the Union , engagement in continental and colonial wars led to heavier existing taxes and new taxes , including the Poll and Hearth Taxes . In the sixteenth century , the court was central to the patronage and dissemination of Renaissance works and ideas . Lavish court display was often tied up with ideas of chivalry , which was evolving in this period from into an ornamental and honorific cult . Tournaments provided one focus of display and were also pursued enthusiastically by James V , proud of his membership of international orders of knighthood . During her brief personal rule , Mary , Queen of Scots brought many of the elaborate court activities that she had grown up with at the French court , with balls , masques and celebrations , designed to illustrate the resurgence of the monarchy and to facilitate national unity . Under James VI , the court returned to being a centre of culture and learning and he cultivated the image of a philosopher king . James V was the first Scottish monarch to wear the closed imperial crown , in place of the open circlet of medieval kings , suggesting a claim to absolute authority within the kingdom . His diadem was reworked to include arches in 1532 , which were re @-@ added when it was reconstructed in 1540 in what remains the Crown of Scotland . The idea of imperial monarchy emphasised the dignity of the crown and included its role as a unifying national force , defending national borders and interest , royal supremacy over the law and a distinctive national church within the Catholic communion . New Monarchy can also be seen in the reliance of the crown on " new men " rather than the great magnates , the use of the clergy as a form of civil service , developing standing armed forces and a navy . Major intellectual figures in the Reformation included George Buchanan , whose works De Jure Regni apud Scotos ( 1579 ) and Rerum Scoticarum Historia ( 1582 ) were among the major texts outlining the case for resistance to tyrants . Buchanan was one of the young James VI 's tutors , but they failed to intellectually convince him of their ideas about limited monarchy . James asserted the concept of " divine right " , by which a king was appointed by God and thus gained a degree of sanctity . These ideas he passed on to Charles I , whose ability to compromise may have been undermined by them , helping to lead to his political difficulties . When he was executed , the Scottish Covenanters objected , but avoided advancing the sanctity of kings as a reason . In 1689 , when the Scottish Estates had to find a justification for deposing James VII , they turned to Buchanan 's argument on the contractual nature of monarchy in the Claim of Right . = = = Privy council = = = Until 1707 , The Privy Council met in what is now the West Drawing Room at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh . By the early modern period the Privy Council was a full @-@ time body and critical to the smooth running of government . Its primary function was judicial , but it also acted as a body of advisers to the king and as a result its secondary function was as an executive in the absence or minority of the monarchy . After James VI departure to England in 1603 , it functioned as a subservient executive carrying out his instructions from London . Although the theoretical membership of the council was relatively large , at around thirty persons , most of the business was carried out by an informal inner group consisting mainly of the officers of state . After the Restoration , Charles II nominated his own privy councillors and set up a council in London through which he directed affairs in Edinburgh , a situation that continued after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 – 89 . The council was abolished after the Act of Union on 1 May 1708 . = = = Parliament = = = In the sixteenth century , parliament usually met in Stirling Castle or the Old Tolbooth , Edinburgh , which was rebuilt on the orders of Mary Queen of Scots from 1561 . Charles I ordered the construction of Parliament Hall , which was built between 1633 and 1639 and remained the parliament 's home until it was dissolved in 1707 . By the end of the Middle Ages the Parliament had evolved from the King 's Council of Bishops and Earls into a ' colloquium ' with a political and judicial role . The attendance of knights and freeholders had become important , and burgh commissioners joined them to form the Three Estates . It acquired significant powers over taxation , but it also had a strong influence over justice , foreign policy , war , and other legislation . Much of the legislative business of the Scottish parliament was carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the ' Lords of the Articles ' , which drafted legislation which was then presented to the full assembly to be confirmed . Like many continental assemblies the Scottish Parliament was being called less frequently by the early sixteenth century and might have been dispensed with by the crown had it not been for the series of minorities and regencies that dominated from 1513 . Parliament played a major part in the Reformation crisis of the mid @-@ sixteenth century . It had been used by James V to uphold Catholic orthodoxy and asserted its right to determine the nature of religion in the country , disregarding royal authority in 1560 . The 1560 parliament included 100 , predominately Protestant , lairds , who claimed a right to sit in the Parliament under the provision of a failed shire election act of 1428 . Their position in the parliament remained uncertain and their presence fluctuated until the 1428 act was revived in 1587 and provision made for the annual election of two commissioners from each shire ( except Kinross and Clackmannan , which had one each ) . The property qualification for voters was for freeholders who held land from the crown of the value of 40s of auld extent . This excluded the growing class of feuars , who would not gain these rights until 1661 . The clerical estate was marginalised in Parliament by the Reformation , with the laymen who had acquired the monasteries and sitting as ' abbots ' and ' priors ' . Catholic clergy were excluded after 1567 , but a small number of Protestant bishops continued as the clerical estate . James VI attempted to revive the role of the bishops from about 1600 . They were abolished by the Covenanters in 1638 , when Parliament became an entirely lay assembly . A further group appeared in the Parliament from the minority of James IV in the 1560s , with members of the Privy Council representing the king 's interests , until they were excluded in 1641 . James VI continued to manage parliament though the Lords of the Articles , filling it with royal officers as non @-@ elected members , but was forced to limit this to eight from 1617 . Having been officially suspended at the end of the Cromwellian regime , parliament returned after the Restoration of Charles II in 1661 . This parliament , later known disparagingly as the ' Drunken Parliament ' , revoked most of the Presbyterian gains of the last thirty years . Subsequently Charles ' absence from Scotland and use of commissioners to rule his northern kingdom undermined the authority of the body . James ' parliament supported him against rivals and attempted rebellions , but after his escape to exile in 1689 , William 's first parliament was dominated by his supporters and , in contrast to the situation in England , effectively deposed James under the Claim of Right , which offered the crown to William and Mary , placing important limitations on royal power , including the abolition of the Lords of the Articles . The new Williamite parliament would subsequently bring about its own demise by the Act of Union in 1707 . = = = Local government = = = From the sixteenth century , the central government became increasingly involved in local affairs . The feud was limited and regulated , local taxation became much more intrusive and from 1607 regular , local commissions of Justices of the Peace on the English model were established to deal with petty crimes and infractions . Greater control was exerted over the lawless Borders through a joint commission with the English set up in 1587 . James VI was much more hostile to the culture and particularism of the Highlands than his predecessors . He sent colonists from Fife to parts of the region and forced the Highland chiefs to accept Lowland language and culture through the Statues of Iona 1609 . From the seventeenth century the function of shires expanded from judicial functions into wider local administration . In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were appointed in each sheriffdom or shire to collect the cess land tax . The parish also became an important unit of local government , pressured by Justices in the early eighteenth century , it became responsible for taking care of the destitute in periods of famine , like that in 1740 , to prevent the impoverished from taking to the roads and causing general disorder . Behaviour could be regulated through kirk sessions , composed of local church elders , which replaced the church courts of the Middle Ages , and which dealt with moral and religious conduct . The local court baron remained important in regulating minor interpersonal and property offences . They were held at the behest of the local baron when there was a backlog of cases and could appoint birleymen , usually senior tenants , who would resolve disputes and issues . The combination of kirk sessions and courts baron gave considerable power to local lairds to control the behaviour of the populations of their communities . = = = Law = = = In the late Middle Ages , justice in Scotland was a mixture of the royal and local , which was often unsystematic with overlapping jurisdictions , undertaken by clerical lawyers , laymen , amateurs and local leaders . Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised , with a royal Court of Session meeting daily in Edinburgh to deal with civil cases . In 1514 the office of justice @-@ general was created for the earl of Argyll ( and held by his family until 1628 ) . The study of law was popular in Scotland from the Middle Ages and many students travelled to Continental Europe to study canon law and civil law . In 1532 the Royal College of Justice was founded , leading to the training and professionalisation of an emerging group of career lawyers . The Court of Session placed increasing emphasis on its independence from influence , including from the king , and superior jurisdiction over local justice . Its judges were increasingly able to control entry to their own ranks . In 1605 the professionalisation of the bench led to entry requirements in Latin , law and a property qualification of £ 2 @,@ 000 , designed to limit the danger of bribery , helping to create an exclusive , wealthy and powerful and professional caste , who also now dominated government posts in a way that the clergy had done in the Middle Ages . In 1672 the High Court of Justiciary was founded from the College of Justice as a supreme court of appeal . The Act of Union in 1707 largely persevered the distinct Scottish legal system and its courts , separate from English jurisdiction . = = Warfare = = In the later Middle Ages , Scottish armies were assembled on the basis of common service , feudal obligations and money contracts of bonds of manrent . In 1513 these systems were successful in producing a large and formidable force , but there is evidence that by the mid @-@ sixteenth century the authorities were experiencing increasing difficulty in recruitment . Individuals were expected to provide their own equipment . Heavy armour was abandoned after the Flodden campaign and noblemen became indistinguishable from the majority of troops . Highland lords tended to continue to use lighter chainmail and ordinary highlanders dressed in the plaid . Weapons included various forms of axes and pole arms . Highland troops brought bows and two @-@ handed swords ( claidheamh mór ) . The crown took an increasing role in the supply of equipment . The pike began to replace the spear or axe and the bow began to be replaced by gunpowder firearms . The feudal heavy cavalry had begun to disappear from Scottish armies and the Scots fielded relatively large numbers of light horse , often drawn from the borders . James IV brought in experts from France , Germany and the Netherlands and established a gun foundry in 1511 . Gunpowder weaponry fundamentally altered the nature of castle architecture from the mid @-@ fifteenth century . In the period of French intervention in the 1540s and 1550s , Scotland was given a defended border of a series of earthwork forts and additions to existing castles . There were various attempts to create royal naval forces in the fifteenth century . James IV put the enterprise on a new footing , founding a harbour at Newhaven and a dockyard at the Pools of Airth . He acquired a total of 38 ships including the Great Michael , at that time , the largest ship in Europe . Scottish ships had some success against privateers , accompanied the king on his expeditions in the islands and intervened in conflicts Scandinavia and the Baltic , but were sold after the Flodden campaign . From 1516 Scottish naval efforts would rely on privateering captains and hired merchantmen . James V did not share his father 's interest in developing a navy and shipbuilding fell behind the Low Countries . Despite truces between England and Scotland there were periodic outbreaks of a guerre de course . James V built a new harbour at Burntisland in 1542 . The chief use of naval power in his reign were a series of expeditions to the Isles and France . After the Union of Crowns in 1603 conflict between Scotland and England ended , but Scotland found itself involved in England 's foreign policy , opening up Scottish shipping to attack . In 1626 a squadron of three ships were bought and equipped . There were also several marque fleets of privateers . In 1627 , the Royal Scots Navy and accompanying contingents of burgh privateers participated in the major expedition to Biscay . The Scots also returned to West Indies and in 1629 took part in the capture of Quebec . In the early seventeenth century relatively large numbers of Scots took service in foreign armies involved in the Thirty Years War . As armed conflict with Charles I in the Bishops ' Wars became likely , hundreds of Scots mercenaries returned home from foreign service , including experienced leaders like Alexander and David Leslie and these veterans played an important role in training recruits . These systems would form the basis of the Covenanter armies that intervened in the Civil Wars in England and Ireland . Scottish infantry were generally armed , as was almost universal in Western Europe , with a combination of pike and shot . Scottish armies may also have had individuals with a variety of weapons including bows , Lochaber axes , and halberds . Most cavalry were probably equipped with pistols and swords , although there is some evidence that they included lancers . Royalist armies , like those led by James Graham , Marquis of Montrose ( 1643 – 44 ) and in Glencairn 's rising ( 1653 – 54 ) were mainly composed of conventionally armed infantry with pike and shot . Montrose 's forces were short of heavy artillery suitable for siege warfare and had only a small force of cavalry . During the Bishops ' Wars the king attempted to blockade Scotland and planned amphibious assaults from England on the East coast and from Ireland to the West . Scottish privateers took a number of English prizes . After the Covenanters allied with the English Parliament they established two patrol squadrons for the Atlantic and North Sea coasts , known collectively as the " Scotch Guard " . The Scottish navy was unable to withstand the English fleet that accompanied the army led by Cromwell that conquered Scotland in 1649 – 51 and the Scottish ships and crews were split up among the Commonwealth fleet . During the English occupation of Scotland under the Commonwealth , several more fortresses in the style of the trace italienne were built , as at Ayr , Inverness and Leith . At the Restoration the Privy Council established a force of several infantry regiments and a few troops of horse and there were attempts to found a national militia on the English model . The standing army was mainly employed in the suppression of Covenanter rebellions and the guerilla war undertaken by the Cameronians in the East . Pikemen became less important in the late seventeenth century and after the introduction of the socket bayonet disappeared altogether , while matchlock muskets were replaced by the more reliable flintlock . On the eve of the Glorious Revolution the standing army in Scotland was about 3 @,@ 000 men in various regiments and another 268 veterans in the major garrison towns . After the Glorious Revolution the Scots were drawn into King William II 's continental wars , beginning with the Nine Years ' War in Flanders ( 1689 – 97 ) . Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary impressment by English men of war , but a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea @-@ coast burghs during the second half of the seventeenth century . Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime . In the Second ( 1665 – 67 ) and Third Anglo @-@ Dutch Wars ( 1672 – 74 ) between 80 and 120 captains , took Scottish letters of marque and privateers played a major part in the naval conflict . In the 1690s a small fleet of five ships was established by merchants for the Darien Scheme , and a professional navy was established for the protection of commerce in home waters during the Nine Years War , with three purpose @-@ built warships bought from English shipbuilders in 1696 . After the Act of Union in 1707 , these vessels were transferred to the Royal Navy . By the time of the Act of Union , the Kingdom of Scotland had a standing army of seven units of infantry , two of horse and one troop of Horse Guards , besides varying levels of fortress artillery in the garrison castles of Edinburgh , Dumbarton , and Stirling . As part of the British Army , Scottish regiments took part in the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1702 – 13 ) , the Quadruple Alliance ( 1718 – 20 ) , wars with Spain ( 1727 – 29 ) and ( 1738 – 48 ) and the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1740 – 48 ) . The first official Highland regiment to be raised for the British army was the Black Watch in 1740 , but the growth of Highland regiments was delayed by the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion . The bulk of Jacobite armies were made up of Highlanders , serving in clan regiments . The clan gentlemen formed the front ranks of the unit and were more heavily armed than their impoverished tenants who made up the bulk of the regiment . Because they served in the front ranks , the gentlemen suffered higher proportional casualties than the common clansman . The Jacobites often started campaigns poorly armed , but arms tended to become more conventional as the campaigns progressed . = = Culture = = = = = Education = = = Protestant reformers shared the humanist concern with widening education , with a desire for a godly people replacing the aim of having educated citizens . In 1560 the First Book of Discipline set out a plan for a school in every parish , but this proved financially impossible . In the burghs the old schools were maintained , with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools . Schools were supported by a combination of kirk funds , contributions from local heritors or burgh councils and parents that could pay . They were inspected by kirk sessions , who checked for the quality of teaching and doctrinal purity . There were also large number of unregulated " adventure schools " , which sometimes fulfilled local needs and sometimes took pupils away from the official schools . Outside of the established burgh schools masters often combined their position with other employment , particularly minor posts within the kirk , such as clerk . At their best , the curriculum included catechism , Latin , French , Classical literature and sports . In 1616 an act in Privy council commanded every parish to establish a school " where convenient means may be had " , and when the Parliament of Scotland ratified this with the Education Act of 1633 , a tax on local landowners was introduced to provide the necessary endowments . A loophole that allowed evasion of this tax was closed in the Education Act of 1646 , which established a solid institutional foundation for schools on Covenanter principles . Although the Restoration brought a reversion to the 1633 position , in 1696 new legislation restored the provisions of 1646 , together with means of enforcement " more suitable to the age " . It took until the late seventeenth century to produce a largely complete network of parish schools in the Lowlands , and in the Highlands basic education was still lacking in many areas by the passing of the Education Act 1696 , which would be the basis of administration of the system until 1873 . In rural communities this act obliged local heritors to provide a schoolhouse and pay a schoolmaster , while ministers and local presbyteries oversaw the quality of the education . In many Scottish towns , burgh schools were operated by local councils . In the Highlands , as well as problems of distance and physical isolation , most people spoke Gaelic which few teachers and ministers could understand . Here the Kirk 's parish schools were supplemented by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , established in 1709 . Its aim was to teach the English language and to end the Roman Catholicism associated with rebellious Jacobitism . Although the Gaelic Society schools eventually taught the Bible in Gaelic , the overall effect was a contribution to the erosion of Highland culture . After the Reformation , Scotland 's universities underwent a series of reforms associated with Andrew Melville , who returned from Geneva to become principal of the University of Glasgow in 1574 . A distinguished linguist , philosopher and poet , he had trained in Paris and studied law at Poitiers , before moving to Geneva and developing an interest in Protestant theology . Influenced by the anti @-@ Aristotelian Pierre Ramus , he placed an emphasis on simplified logic and elevated languages and sciences to the same status as philosophy , allowing accepted ideas in all areas to be challenged . He introduced new specialist teaching staff , replacing the system of " regenting " , where one tutor took the students through the entire arts curriculum . Metaphysics were abandoned and Greek became compulsory in the first year followed by Aramaic , Syriac and Hebrew , launching a new fashion for ancient and biblical languages . Glasgow had probably been declining as a university before his arrival , but students now began to arrive in large numbers . He assisted in the reconstruction of Marischal College , Aberdeen , and to do for St Andrews what he had done for Glasgow , he was appointed Principal of St Mary 's College , St Andrews , in 1580 . The results were a revitalisation of all Scottish universities , which were now producing a quality of education the equal of that offered anywhere in Europe . After the religious and political upheavals of the seventeenth century , the universities recovered with a lecture @-@ based curriculum that embraced economics and science , offering a high quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry . It helped them to become major centres of medical education and to put Scotland at the forefront of Enlightenment thinking . Key figures in the Scottish Enlightenment who had made their mark before the mid @-@ eighteenth century included Francis Hutcheson ( 1694 – 1746 ) , who was professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow . He was an important link between the ideas of Shaftesbury and the later school of Scottish Common Sense Realism . Colin Maclaurin ( 1698 – 1746 ) was chair of mathematics by the age of 19 at Marischal College , University of Aberdeen and the leading British mathematician of his era . Perhaps the most significant intellectual figure of this era in Scotland was David Hume ( 1711 – 76 ) whose Treatise on Human Nature ( 1738 ) and Essays , Moral and Political ( 1741 ) helped outline the parameters of philosophical empiricism and scepticism. and he would be a major influence of later Enlightenment figures including Adam Smith , Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham . = = = Language = = = By the early modern period Gaelic had been in geographical decline for three centuries and had begun to be a second class language , confined to the Highlands and Islands . It was gradually being replaced by Middle Scots , which became the language of both the nobility and the majority population . It was derived substantially from Old English , with Gaelic and French influences . It was called Inglyshe and was very close to the language spoken in northern England , but by the sixteenth century it had established orthographic and literary norms largely independent of those developing in England . From the mid sixteenth century , written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing Standard English of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England . With the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England , most writing in Scotland came to be done in the English fashion . Unlike many of his predecessors , James VI generally despised Gaelic culture . Having extolled the virtues of Scots " poesie " , after his accession to the English throne , he increasingly favoured the language of southern England . In 1611 the Kirk adopted the Authorized King James Version of the Bible . In 1617 interpreters were declared no longer necessary in the port of London because Scots and Englishmen were now " not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther " . Jenny Wormald , describes James as creating a " three @-@ tier system , with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top " . After the Union in 1707 and the shift of political power to England , the use of Scots was discouraged by many in authority and education , as was the notion of Scottishness itself . Many leading Scots of the period , such as David Hume , considered themselves Northern British rather than Scottish . They attempted to rid themselves of their Scots in a bid to establish standard English as the official language of the newly formed Union . Many well @-@ off Scots took to learning English through the activities of those such as Thomas Sheridan , who in 1761 gave a series of lectures on English elocution . Charging a guinea at a time ( about £ 100 in today 's money ) they were attended by over 300 men , and he was made a freeman of the City of Edinburgh . Following this , some of the city 's intellectuals formed the Select Society for Promoting the Reading and Speaking of the English Language in Scotland . Nevertheless , Scots remained the vernacular of many rural communities and the growing number of urban working @-@ class Scots . = = = Literature = = = As a patron of poets and authors James V supported William Stewart and John Bellenden , who translated the Latin History of Scotland compiled in 1527 by Hector Boece , into verse and prose . Sir David Lindsay of the Mount the Lord Lyon , the head of the Lyon Court and diplomat , was a prolific poet . He produced an interlude at Linlithgow Palace thought to be a version of his play The Thrie Estaitis in 1540 . James also attracted the attention of international authors . When he married Mary of Guise , Giovanni Ferrerio , an Italian scholar who had been at Kinloss Abbey in Scotland , dedicated to the couple a new edition of his work , On the true significance of comets against the vanity of astrologers . Like Henry VIII , James employed many foreign artisans and craftsmen to enhance the prestige of his renaissance Court . In the 1580s and 1590s James VI promoted the literature of the country of his birth . His treatise , Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody , published in 1584 when he was aged 18 , was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue , Scots , to which he applied Renaissance principles . He also made statutory provision to reform and promote the teaching of music , seeing the two in connection . He became patron and member of a loose circle of Scottish Jacobean court poets and musicians , the Castalian Band , which included among others William Fowler and Alexander Montgomerie , the latter being a favourite of the King . By the late 1590s his championing of his native Scottish tradition was to some extent diffused by the prospect of inheriting of the English throne , and some courtier poets who followed the king to London after 1603 , such as William Alexander , began to anglicise their written language . James ' characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the Scottish court made him a defining figure for English Renaissance poetry and drama , which would reach a pinnacle of achievement in his reign , but his patronage for the high style in his own Scottish tradition largely became sidelined . This was the period when the ballad emerged as a significant written form in Scotland . Some ballads may date back to the late medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century , including " Sir Patrick Spens " and " Thomas the Rhymer " , but which are not known to have existed until the eighteenth century . They were probably composed and transmitted orally and only began to be written down and printed , often as broadsides and as part of chapbooks , later being recorded and noted in books by collectors including Robert Burns and Walter Scott . From the seventeenth century they were used as a literary form by aristocratic authors including Robert Sempill ( c . 1595 @-@ c . 1665 ) , Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw ( 1627 – 1727 ) and Lady Grizel Baillie ( 1645 – 1746 ) . Allan Ramsay ( 1686 – 1758 ) laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature , as well as leading the trend for pastoral poetry , helping to develop the Habbie stanza as a poetic form . = = = Music = = = The outstanding Scottish composer of the first half of the sixteenth century was Robert Carver ( c . 1488 – 1558 ) , a canon of Scone Abbey . His complex polyphonic music could only have been performed by a large and highly trained choir such as the one employed in the Chapel Royal . James V was also a patron to figures including David Peebles ( c . 1510 – 79 ? ) , whose best known work " Si quis diligit me " ( text from John 14 : 23 ) , is a motet for four voices . These were probably only two of many accomplished composers from this era , whose work has largely only survived in fragments . In this era Scotland followed the trend of Renaissance courts for instrumental accompaniment and playing . James V , as well as being a major patron of sacred music , was a talented lute player and introduced French chansons and consorts of viols to his court , although almost nothing of this secular chamber music survives . The Reformation had a severe impact on church music . The song schools of the abbeys , cathedrals and collegiate churches were closed down , choirs disbanded , music books and manuscripts destroyed and organs removed from churches . The Lutheranism that influenced the early Scottish Reformation attempted to accommodate Catholic musical traditions into worship , drawing on Latin hymns and vernacular songs . The most important product of this tradition in Scotland was The Gude and Godlie Ballatis , which were spiritual satires on popular ballads composed by the brothers James , John and Robert Wedderburn . Never adopted by the kirk , they nevertheless remained popular and were reprinted from the 1540s to the 1620s . Later the Calvinism that came to dominate the Scottish Reformation was much more hostile to Catholic musical tradition and popular music , placing an emphasis on what was biblical , which meant the Psalms . The Scottish Psalter of 1564 was commissioned by the Assembly of the Church . It drew on the work of French musician Clément Marot , Calvin 's contributions to the Strasbourg Psalter of 1529 and English writers , particularly the 1561 edition of the Psalter produced by William Whittingham for the English congregation in Geneva . The intention was to produce individual tunes for each psalm , but of 150 psalms , 105 had proper tunes and in the seventeenth century . Common tunes , which could be used for psalms with the same metre , became more frequent . The need for simplicity for whole congregations that would now all sing these psalms , unlike the trained choirs who had sung the many parts of polyphonic hymns , necessitated simplicity and most church compositions were confined to homophonic settings . There is evidence that polyphony survived and it was incorporated into editions of the Psalter from 1625 , but usually with the congregation singing the melody and trained singers the contra @-@ tenor , treble and bass parts . The return of Mary from France in 1561 to begin her personal reign , and her position as a Catholic , gave a new lease of life to the choir of the Scottish Chapel Royal , but the destruction of Scottish church organs meant that instrumentation to accompany the mass had to employ bands of musicians with trumpets , drums , fifes , bagpipes and tabors . Like her father she played the lute , virginals and ( unlike her father ) was a fine singer . She brought French musical influences with her , employing lutenists and viol players in her household . James VI was a major patron of the arts in general . He made statutory provision to reform and promote the teaching of music , attempting to revive burgh song schools from 1579 . He rebuilt the Chapel Royal at Stirling in 1594 and the choir was used for state occasions like the baptism of his son Henry . He followed the tradition of employing lutenists for his private entertainment , as did other members of his family . When he went south to take the throne of England in 1603 as James I , he removed one of the major sources of patronage in Scotland . The Scottish Chapel Royal was now used only for occasional state visits , beginning to fall into disrepair , and from now on the court in Westminster would be the only major source of royal musical patronage . The secular popular tradition of music continued , despite attempts by the Kirk , particularly in the Lowlands , to suppress dancing and events like penny weddings at which tunes were played . Large numbers of musicians continued to perform , including the fiddler Pattie Birnie and the piper Habbie Simpson ( 1550 – 1620 ) . In the Highlands the seventeenth century saw the development of piping families including the MacCrimmonds , MacArthurs , MacGregors and the Mackays of Gairlock . There is also evidence of adoption of the fiddle in the Highlands with Martin Martin noting in his A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland ( 1703 ) that he knew of eighteen in Lewis alone . The oppression of secular music and dancing began to ease between about 1715 and 1725 and the level of musical activity was reflected in a flood musical publications in broadsheets and compendiums of music such as the makar Allan Ramsay 's verse compendium The Tea Table Miscellany ( 1723 ) and William Thomson 's Orpheus Caledonius ( 1725 ) . The Italian style of classical music was probably first brought to Scotland by the Italian cellist and composer Lorenzo Bocchi , who travelled to Scotland in the 1720s , introducing the cello to the country and then developing settings for lowland Scots songs . He possibly had a hand in the first Scottish Opera , the pastoral The Gentle Shepherd , with libretto by Allan Ramsay . = = = Architecture = = = James V encountered the French version of Renaissance building while visiting for his marriage to Madeleine of Valois in 1536 and his second marriage to Mary of Guise may have resulted in longer term connections and influences . Work from his reign largely disregarded the insular style adopted in England under Henry VIII and adopted forms that were recognisably European , beginning with the extensive work at Linlithgow , the first Scottish royal residence to be described as a palace . This was followed by re @-@ buildings at Holyrood , Falkland , Stirling and Edinburgh , described as " some of the finest examples of Renaissance architecture in Britain " . Rather than slavishly copying continental forms , most Scottish architecture incorporated elements of these styles into traditional local patterns , adapting them to Scottish idioms and materials ( particularly stone and harl ) . Work undertaken for James VI demonstrated continued Renaissance influences , with the Chapel Royal at Stirling having a classical entrance built in 1594 and the North Wing of Linlithgow , built in 1618 , using classical pediments . Similar themes can be seen in the private houses of aristocrats , as in Mar 's Wark , Stirling ( c . 1570 ) and Crichton Castle , built for the Earl of Bothwell in the 1580s . The unique style of great private house in Scotland , later known as Scots baronial , has been located in origin to the period of the 1560s . It kept many of the features of the high walled Medieval castles and may have been influenced by the French masons brought to Scotland to work on royal palaces . It drew on the tower houses and peel towers , which had been built in hundreds by local lords since the fourteenth century , particularly in the borders . These abandoned defensible curtain walls for a fortified refuge , designed to outlast a raid , rather than a sustained siege . They were usually of three stories , typically crowned with a parapet , projecting on corbels , continuing into circular bartizans at each corner . New houses retained many of these external features , but with a larger ground plan , classically a " Z @-@ plan " of a rectangular block with towers , as at Colliston Castle ( 1583 ) and Claypotts Castle ( 1569 – 88 ) . Particularly influential was the work of William Wallace , the king 's master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631 . He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618 , Winton House for George Seton , 3rd Earl of Winton and began work on Heriot 's Hospital , Edinburgh . He adopted a distinctive style that applied elements of Scottish fortification and Flemish influences to a Renaissance plan like that used at Château d 'Ancy @-@ le @-@ Franc . This style can be seen in lords houses built at Caerlaverlock ( 1620 ) , Moray House , Edinburgh ( 1628 ) and Drumlanrig Castle ( 1675 – 89 ) , and was highly influential until the baronial style gave way to the grander English forms associated with Inigo Jones in the later seventeenth century . Calvinists rejected ornamentation in places of worship , with no need for elaborate buildings divided up by ritual , resulting in the widespread destruction of Medieval church furnishings , ornaments and decoration . There was a need to adapt and build new churches suitable for reformed services , particularly putting the pulpit and preaching at the centre of worship . Many of the earliest buildings were simple gabled rectangles , a style that continued to be built into the seventeenth century . A variation of the rectangular church that developed in post @-@ Reformation Scotland was the " T " -shaped plan , often used when adapting existing churches , which allowed the maximum number of parishioners to be near the pulpit . In the seventeenth century a Greek cross plan was used for churches such as Cawdor ( 1619 ) and Fenwick ( 1643 ) . In most of these cases one arm of the cross would have been closed off as a laird 's aisle , meaning that they were in effect " T " -plan churches . During the era of civil wars and the Commonwealth , significant building in Scotland was largely confined to military architecture . After the Restoration , large scale building began again , often incorporating more comprehensive ideas of reviving classicism . Sir William Bruce ( 1630 – 1710 ) , was the key figure in introducing the Palladian style into Scotland , following the principles of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio ( 1508 – 80 ) . He built and remodelled country houses , including Thirlestane Castle and Prestonfield House . Among his most significant work was his own Palladian mansion at Kinross . As the Surveyor and Overseer of the Royal Works he undertook the rebuilding of the Royal Palace of Holyroodhouse in the 1670s , which gave the palace its present appearance . James Smith worked as a mason on the Bruce 's rebuilding of Holyrood Palace . With his father @-@ in @-@ law , the master mason Robert Mylne , Smith worked on Caroline Park in Edinburgh ( 1685 ) , and Drumlanrig Castle ( 1680s ) . Smith 's country houses followed the pattern established by William Bruce , with hipped roofs and pedimented fronts , in a plain but handsome Palladian style . After the Act of Union , growing prosperity in Scotland led to a spate of new building , both public and private . William Adam ( 1689 – 1748 ) , was the foremost architect of his time in Scotland , designing and building numerous country houses and public buildings . His individual , exuberant , style was built on the Palladian style , but with Baroque details inspired by Vanbrugh and Continental architecture . = = = Art = = = Surviving stone and wood carvings , wall paintings and tapestries suggest the richness of sixteenth century royal art . At Stirling castle stone carvings on the royal palace from the reign of James V are taken from German patterns , and like the surviving carved oak portrait roundels from the King 's Presence Chamber , known as the Stirling Heads , they include contemporary , biblical and classical figures . Scotland 's ecclesiastical art suffered as a result of Reformation iconoclasm , with the almost total loss of medieval stained glass , religious sculpture and paintings . The parallel loss of ecclesiastical patronage created a crisis for native craftsmen and artists , who turned to secular patrons . One result of this was the flourishing of Scottish Renaissance painted ceilings and walls , with large numbers of private houses of burgesses , lairds and lords gaining often highly detailed and coloured patterns and scenes , of which over a hundred examples survive . These include the ceiling at Prestongrange , undertaken in 1581 for Mark Kerr , Commendator of Newbattle and the long gallery at Pinkie House , painted for Alexander Seaton , Earl of Dunfermline in 1621 . These were undertaken by unnamed Scottish artists using continental pattern books that often led to the incorporation of humanist moral and philosophical symbolism , with elements that call on heraldry , piety , classical myths and allegory . The tradition of royal portrait painting in Scotland was probably disrupted by the minorities and regencies it underwent for much of the sixteenth century , but began to flourish after the Reformation . There were anonymous portraits of important individuals , including the Earl of Bothwell ( 1556 ) and George , fifth earl of Seaton ( c . 1570s ) . James VI employed two Flemish artists , Arnold Bronckorst in the early 1580s and Adrian Vanson from around 1584 to 1602 , who have left us a visual record of the king and major figures at the court . The first significant native artist was George Jamesone of Aberdeen ( 1589 / 90 @-@ 1644 ) , who became one of the most successful portrait painters of the reign of Charles I and trained the Baroque artist John Michael Wright ( 1617 – 94 ) . Many painters of the early part of the eighteenth century remained largely artisans , like the members of the Norie family , James ( 1684 – 1757 ) and his sons , who painted the houses of the peerage with Scottish landscapes that were pastiches of Italian and Dutch landscapes . = USS Mahan ( DD @-@ 364 ) = USS Mahan ( DD @-@ 364 ) was the lead ship of the United States Navy 's Mahan @-@ class destroyers . The ship was named for Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan , a 19th @-@ century naval historian and strategic theorist . Her design ushered in major advances over traditional destroyers . Among them were a third set of quadruple torpedo tubes , protective gun shelters , and emergency diesel generators . Along with a steam propulsion system that was simpler and more efficient to operate . Mahan began her service in 1936 . She was first assigned to the US Atlantic Fleet and then transferred to Pearl Harbor in 1937 . When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 , Mahan was at sea with Task Force 12 . Their mission to Midway Island was aborted to participate in the post @-@ attack search for the enemy strike force . Unable to locate them , the task force returned to Pearl Harbor . Early in World War II , Mahan took part in raids on the Marshall and Gilbert Islands . In the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands , Admirals Chester Nimitz and William Halsey commended the destroyer group ( of which Mahan was a member ) for a stellar effort in screening the aircraft carriers Hornet and Enterprise against heavy odds . During the New Guinea campaign to take the northeast coast from the Japanese , Mahan was engaged in the amphibious landings at Salamaua , Lae , and Finschhafen . She participated in landings at Arawe and Borgen Bay ( near Cape Gloucester ) , New Britain , and provided support for the troop landing at Los Negros Island in the Admiralty Islands . Late in the Pacific War , the Japanese kamikaze relentlessly plagued US Naval operations . On 7 December 1944 , a group of suicide aircraft overwhelmed and disabled Mahan at Ormoc Bay , Leyte , in the Philippine Islands . On fire and exploding , the ship was abandoned , and a US destroyer sank her with torpedoes and gunfire . = = Characteristics = = Mahan displaced 1 @,@ 500 long tons ( 1 @,@ 524 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 725 long tons ( 1 @,@ 753 t ) at deep load . The ship 's overall length was 341 feet 3 inches ( 104 @.@ 0 m ) , the beam was 35 feet 6 inches ( 10 @.@ 8 m ) and her draft was 10 feet 7 inches ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) . She was powered by two General Electric geared steam turbines that developed a total of 46 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 34 @,@ 000 kW ) for a maximum speed of 37 knots ( 69 km / h ; 43 mph ) . Four Babcock & Wilcox or four Foster Wheeler water @-@ tube boilers generated the superheated steam needed for the turbines . Mahan carried a maximum of 523 long tons ( 531 t ) of fuel oil , with a range of 6 @,@ 940 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 850 km ; 7 @,@ 990 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Her peacetime complement was 158 officers and enlisted men . The wartime complement increased to approximately 250 officers and enlisted men . Mahan had a tripod foremast and a pole mainmast . To improve the anti @-@ aircraft field of fire , the tripod foremast was constructed without nautical rigging . In silhouette , the ship was similar to the larger Porter class that immediately preceded her . She was fitted with the first emergency diesel generators , replacing the storage batteries of earlier destroyers . Gun crew shelters were built fore and aft for the superimposed weapons . A third quadruple set of torpedo tubes was added , with one mount on the centerline and two in the side positions . This required relocating one 5 inch / 38 caliber gun to the aft deckhouse . Mahan incorporated a new generation of land @-@ based steam propulsion machinery . With boiler pressures increasing to 600 PSI ( pounds per square inch ) , and high @-@ pressure turbines that had double reduction gears , which ran faster and more efficient than that of her predecessors . = = Armament = = The main battery of Mahan consisted of five 5 inch / 38 caliber guns , equipped with the Mark 33 ship gun fire @-@ control system . Each gun was dual @-@ purpose , configured for surface and aerial targets . Her anti @-@ aircraft battery originally had four water @-@ cooled .50 caliber machine guns . The ship was fitted with three quadruple torpedo @-@ tube mounts for twelve 21 @-@ inch torpedoes , guided by the Mark 27 torpedo fire @-@ control system . Depth charge roll @-@ off racks were rigged on the stern of the ship . In early 1942 , the Mahan @-@ class destroyers began a wartime armament refitting process , but most of the class was not fully refitted until 1944 . Mahan was refitted in June 1944 at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard . The notable refits to the Mahan @-@ class included the removal of one 5 inch / 38 gun , typically replaced with two twin Bofors 40 mm guns and five 20 mm Oerlikon guns . = = Construction and service = = Mahan was built by United Dry Docks ( successor to the Morse Dry Dock and Repair Company ) in Staten Island , New York . Her keel was laid down on 12 June 1934 and she was launched on 15 October 1935 , sponsored by Kathleen H. Mahan ( the admiral 's great @-@ granddaughter ) . The ship was commissioned on 18 September 1936 , with Commander J. B. Waller in command . The ship departed for Caribbean and South American ports within two months of her commission , combining her initial training and shakedown cruise with a goodwill tour . She remained in the Atlantic until July 1937 , then headed to the Southern California coast for fleet training before steaming to her new station at Pearl Harbor . Rising tension between Japan and the United States stretched back to 1931 with Japan 's invasion of Manchuria in the Mukden Incident . Japan 's continued aggression , instigating the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War in 1937 and invading French Indochina in 1940 — to which the United States and European powers responded with embargoes on iron and oil imports — further heightened the tension . The Japanese thereafter decided to attack the Western powers in Asia , beginning with a surprise attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor . When the Japanese struck Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 , Mahan was at sea with the aircraft carrier Lexington , three cruisers and four destroyers as part of Task Force 12 . Lexington 's mission was to ferry Marine aircraft to reinforce Midway Island . After news of the attack on Pearl Harbor , the task @-@ force commander received orders to terminate the ferry mission and to search for the Japanese strike force . Unable to locate them , the task force returned to Pearl Harbor on 12 December . She put to sea in late December with 103 Marines to reinforce their detachment at Johnston Island ( about 75	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
High Court . The proceedings lasted three weeks , during which time Fleming was unwell , suffering a heart attack as the case progressed . Two weeks after the case , during the weekly Tuesday staff conference at his employers , The Sunday Times , Fleming suffered a serious , second heart attack that necessitated convalescence , which he undertook at the Dudley Hotel in Hove . While there , one of Fleming 's friends , Duff Dunbar , gave him a copy of Beatrix Potter 's The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin to read and suggested that he took the time to write up the bedtime story that Fleming used to tell his son Caspar each evening . Fleming attacked the project with gusto and wrote to his publisher , Michael Howard of Jonathan Cape , joking that " There is not a moment , even on the edge of the tomb , when I am not slaving for you " . As he wrote the novel , Fleming used aspects of his life to flesh out the details , much as he did with many of his Bond stories . Thus , in the novel , one of the children was called Jemima , after the daughter of his previous employer , Hugo Pitman ; the advice Pott gave to his children also echoed that of Fleming : " Never say ' no ' to adventures . Always say ' yes ' , otherwise you 'll lead a very dull life . " Chitty @-@ Chitty @-@ Bang @-@ Bang the car was based on a composite of two cars : Fleming 's own Standard Tourer , which he had driven in Switzerland in the late 1920s , and Chitty Bang Bang , a chain @-@ driven customised Mercedes with a 23 @-@ litre 6 @-@ cylinder Maybach aero @-@ engine . Fleming had seen the car 's owner , Count Louis Zborowski race at the Brooklands race track . The origin of the name “ Chitty Bang Bang ” is disputed , but may also have been inspired by early aeronautical engineer Letitia Chitty . Like Zborowski , Fleming names his car because of the noise it made — and the noise a car made was important to Fleming . In May 1961 Fleming sent his publisher the manuscripts for the first two volumes of Chitty @-@ Chitty @-@ Bang @-@ Bang . To illustrate the book , Fleming suggested the Daily Mail cartoonist Trog — the pseudonym of Wally Fawkes — as he admired the artist 's work . While undertaking the preliminary drawings for the book , Trog tried to make the fudge recipe included in the book and found it was not particularly good : the editors at Jonathan Cape spent a day making up batches from different recipes to find a better one to use . Although Fawkes completed preliminary drawings for the project , the Daily Mail refused to allow him to complete the work as many of Fleming 's works were serialised in its rival , the Daily Express . Other early illustrative sketches were produced by artist Haro Hodson and motor engineer Amherst Villiers . After Trog was forced to withdraw from the project , Cape commissioned John Burningham , who had recently won the 1963 Kate Greenaway Medal for his book Borka : The Adventures of a Goose with No Feathers . Fleming did not live to see Chitty @-@ Chitty @-@ Bang @-@ Bang published : he suffered a further heart attack on 11 August 1964 and died in the early morning of the following day — his son Caspar 's twelfth birthday — in Canterbury , Kent . The book was published two months after his death . = = Release and reception = = Chitty @-@ Chitty @-@ Bang @-@ Bang was first published in the UK in three hard @-@ backed volumes by Jonathan Cape , each costing 10 shillings 6d . The first volume was launched on Thursday , 22 October 1964 , the second on 26 November 1964 and the third on 14 January 1965 . In July 1968 , the three volumes were released in one single volume by Pan Books . = = = Reviews = = = Alexander Muir , in the Daily Mirror , considered that the first two volumes of Chitty @-@ Chitty @-@ Bang @-@ Bang , " would make wonderful Christmas presents for everybody 's young ones " , declaring that they were " thrilling cliff @-@ hanger adventures " . Writing in The Guardian , John Rowe Townsend was damning of the book , saying of the car " I don 't care for her much , or the values she stands for " and , of the writing , that " we have the adult writer at play rather than the children 's writer at work . The style is avuncular , the writing down too evident . " The reviewer for The Times noted that " junior Bonds @-@ men ... can cut their teeth on " the novel . Concerning volume one of the book , The Sunday Times reviewer Oscar Turnill wrote that " Fleming was right in judging the children 's market ripe for the ... cliff hanger " and praised his " avuncular and knowledgeable storytelling " , which was matched by Burningham 's illustrations . = = Adaptations = = Daily Express serialisation ( 1964 ) Chitty @-@ Chitty @-@ Bang @-@ Bang was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper in five episodes over the course of a week , from Monday 19 October 1964 , to Friday 23 October 1964 . Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 film ) A film loosely based on the novel was made in 1968 , with a screenplay written by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes . It was produced by Albert R. " Cubby " Broccoli , who had made five James Bond films previously . The film starred Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts and Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious , an additional character who was not in Fleming 's novel . Two actors from the Bond franchise were involved in the film : Desmond Llewelyn and Gert Fröbe , who played the parts of scrap @-@ dealer Coggins and Baron Bomberst , respectively . A novelisation of the film was published by Pan Books in 1968 , written by author John Burke . Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 musical ) On 16 April 2002 , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , a stage musical based on the film , opened at the London Palladium theatre . It was directed by Adrian Noble with musical staging and choreography by Gillian Lynne , and starred Michael Ball . This version of the show closed in September 2005 . It was the longest @-@ running show ever at the London Palladium , taking over £ 70 million in its three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year run . The show was nominated for two Laurence Olivier Awards . A Broadway version opened on 28 April 2005 at the Lyric Theatre ( then the Hilton Theatre ) in New York City and closed on 31 December 2005 , after 34 previews and 284 regular performances , grossing $ 27 @,@ 509 @,@ 505 during its run . The production was nominated for five 2005 Tony Awards . Radio adaptation ( 2011 ) A one @-@ hour adaptation of the novel by Sherry Ashworth was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra ( formerly BBC Radio 7 ) on 3 April 2011 , starring Imogen Stubbs as the voice of Chitty and Alex Jennings as Caractacus Potts . Sequels ( 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ) Three sequels to Fleming 's work have been written by Frank Cottrell Boyce . The first — Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Flies Again — was published on 7 October 2011 . The second , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and the Race Against Time was released on 27 September 2012 . A third sequel , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Over the Moon was released on 26 September 2013 . = Lundy = Lundy is the largest island in the Bristol Channel . It lies 12 miles ( 19 km ) off the coast of Devon , England , about a third of the distance across the channel from Devon , England to South Wales . Lundy gives its name to a British sea area and is one of the islands of England . Lundy has been designated by Natural England as national character area 159 , one of England 's natural regions . In 2007 , Lundy had a resident population of 28 people , including volunteers . These include a warden , ranger , island manager and farmer , as well as bar and house @-@ keeping staff . Most live in and around the village at the south of the island . Most visitors are day @-@ trippers , although there are 23 holiday properties and a camp site for staying visitors , mostly also around the south of the island . In a 2005 opinion poll of Radio Times readers , Lundy was named as Britain 's tenth greatest natural wonder . The entire island has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and it was England 's first statutory Marine Nature reserve , and the first Marine Conservation Zone , because of its unique flora and fauna . It is managed by the Landmark Trust on behalf of the National Trust . = = History = = The name Lundy is believed to come from the old Norse word for " puffin island " ( Lundey ) , lundi being the Old Norse word for a puffin and ey , an island , although an alternative explanation has been suggested with Lund referring to a copse , or wooded area . Lundy has evidence of visitation or occupation from the Neolithic period onward , with Mesolithic flintwork , Bronze Age burial mounds , four inscribed gravestones from the early medieval period , and an early medieval monastery ( possibly dedicated to St Elen or St Helen ) . = = = Beacon Hill Cemetery = = = Beacon Hill Cemetery was excavated by Charles Thomas in 1969 . The cemetery contains four inscribed stones , dated to the 5th or 6th century AD . The site was originally enclosed by a curvilinear bank and ditch , which is still visible in the south west corner . However , the other walls were moved when the Old Light was constructed in 1819 . Celtic Christian enclosures of this type were common in Western Britain and are known as Llans in Welsh and Lanns in Cornish . There are surviving examples in Luxulyan , in Cornwall ; Mathry , Meidrim and Clydau in Wales ; and Stowford , Jacobstowe , Lydford and Instow , in Devon . Thomas proposed a five @-@ stage sequence of site usage : ( 1 ) An area of round huts and fields . These huts may have fallen into disuse before the construction of the cemetery . ( 2 ) The construction of the focal grave , an 11 by 8 ft ( 3 @.@ 4 by 2 @.@ 4 m ) rectangular stone enclosure containing a single cist grave . The interior of the enclosure was filled with small granite pieces . Two more cist graves located to the west of the enclosure may also date from this time . ( 3 ) Perhaps 100 years later , the focal grave was opened and the infill removed . The body may have been moved to a church at this time . ( 4 ) & ( 5 ) Two further stages of cist grave construction around the focal grave . 23 cist graves were found during this excavation . Considering that the excavation only uncovered a small area of the cemetery , there may be as many as 100 graves . = = = = Inscribed stones = = = = Four Celtic inscribed stones have been found in Beacon Hill Cemetery : 1400 OPTIMI , or TIMI ; the name Optimus is Latin and male . Discovered in 1962 by D. B. Hague . 1401 RESTEVTAE , or RESGEVT [ A ] , Latin , female i.e. Resteuta or Resgeuta . Discovered in 1962 by D. B. Hague . 1402 POTIT [ I ] , or [ PO ] TIT , Latin , male . Discovered in 1961 by K. S. Gardener and A. Langham . 1403 -- ] IGERNI [ FIL ] I TIGERNI , or — I ] GERNI [ FILI ] [ T ] I [ G ] ERNI , Brittonic , male i.e. Tigernus son of Tigernus . Discovered in 1905 . = = = Knights Templar = = = Lundy was granted to the Knights Templar by Henry II in 1160 . The Templars were a major international maritime force at this time , with interests in North Devon , and almost certainly an important port at Bideford or on the River Taw in Barnstaple . This was probably because of the increasing threat posed by the Norse sea raiders ; however , it is unclear whether they ever took possession of the island . Ownership was disputed by the Marisco family who may have already been on the island during King Stephen 's reign . The Mariscos were fined , and the island was cut off from necessary supplies . Evidence of the Templars ' weak hold on the island came when King John , on his accession in 1199 , confirmed the earlier grant . = = = Marisco family = = = In 1235 William de Marisco was implicated in the murder of Henry Clement , a messenger of Henry III . Three years later , an attempt was made to kill Henry III by a man who later confessed to being an agent of the Marisco family . William de Marisco fled to Lundy where he lived as a virtual king . He built a stronghold in the area now known as Bulls ' Paradise with 9 feet ( 3 m ) thick walls . In 1242 , Henry III sent troops to the island . They scaled the island 's cliff and captured William de Marisco and 16 of his " subjects " . Henry III built the castle ( sometimes referred to as the Marisco Castle ) in an attempt to establish the rule of law on the island and its surrounding waters . At some point in the 13th century the monks of the Cistercian order at Cleeve Abbey held the rectory of the island . = = = Piracy = = = Over the next few centuries , the island was hard to govern . Trouble followed as both English and foreign pirates and privateers – including other members of the Marisco family – took control of the island for short periods . Ships were forced to navigate close to Lundy because of the dangerous shingle banks in the fast flowing River Severn and Bristol Channel , with its tidal range of 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) , one of the greatest in the world . This made the island a profitable location from which to prey on passing Bristol @-@ bound merchant ships bringing back valuable goods from overseas . In 1627 Barbary Pirates from the Republic of Salé occupied Lundy for five years . The North African invaders , under the command of Dutch renegade Jan Janszoon , flew an Ottoman flag over the island . Some captured Europeans were held on Lundy before being sent to Algiers as slaves . From 1628 to 1634 the island was plagued by pirate ships of French , Basque , English and Spanish origin . These incursions were eventually ended by Sir John Penington , but in the 1660s and as late as the 1700s the island still fell prey to French privateers . = = = Civil war = = = In the English Civil War , Thomas Bushell held Lundy for King Charles I , rebuilding Marisco Castle and garrisoning the island at his own expense . He was a friend of Francis Bacon , a strong supporter of the Royalist cause and an expert on mining and coining . It was the last Royalist territory held between the first and second civil wars . After receiving permission from Charles I , Bushell surrendered the island on 24 February 1647 to Richard Fiennes , representing General Fairfax . In 1656 , the island was acquired by Lord Saye and Sele . = = = 18th and 19th centuries = = = The late 18th and early 19th centuries were years of lawlessness on Lundy , particularly during the ownership of Thomas Benson ( 1708 @-@ 1772 ) , a Member of Parliament for Barnstaple in 1747 and Sheriff of Devon , who notoriously used the island for housing convicts whom he was supposed to be deporting . Benson leased Lundy from its owner , John Leveson @-@ Gower , 1st Earl Gower ( 1694 – 1754 ) ( who was an heir of the Grenville family of Bideford and of Stowe , Kilkhampton in Cornwall ) , at a rent of £ 60 per annum and contracted with the Government to transport a shipload of convicts to Virginia , but diverted the ship to Lundy to use the convicts as his personal slaves . Later Benson was involved in an insurance swindle . He purchased and insured the ship Nightingale and loaded it with a valuable cargo of pewter and linen . Having cleared the port on the mainland , the ship put into Lundy , where the cargo was removed and stored in a cave built by the convicts , before setting sail again . Some days afterwards , when a homeward @-@ bound vessel was sighted , the Nightingale was set on fire and scuttled . The crew were taken off the stricken ship by the other ship , which landed them safely at Clovelly . Sir Vere Hunt , 1st Baronet of Curragh , purchased the island from John Cleveland in 1802 for £ 5 @,@ 270 ( £ 424 @,@ 400 today ) . Sir Vere Hunt planted in the island a small , self @-@ contained Irish colony with its own constitution and divorce laws , coinage and stamps . The tenants came from Sir Vere Hunt 's Irish estate and they experienced agricultural difficulties while on the island . This led Sir Vere Hunt to seek someone who would take the island off his hands , failing in his attempt to sell the island to the British Government as a base for troops . After the 1st Baronet 's death his son , Sir Aubrey ( Hunt ) de Vere , 2nd Baronet , also had great difficulty in securing any profit from the property . In the 1820s John Benison agreed to purchase the island for £ 4 @,@ 500 but then refused to complete sale as he felt that the 2nd Baronet could not make out a good title in respect of the sale terms , namely that the island was free from tithes and taxes . William Hudson Heaven purchased Lundy in 1834 , as a summer retreat and for the shooting , at a cost of 9 @,@ 400 guineas ( £ 9 @,@ 870 , or £ 855 @,@ 500 today ) . He claimed it to be a " free island " , and successfully resisted the jurisdiction of the mainland magistrates . Lundy was in consequence sometimes referred to as " the kingdom of Heaven " . It belongs in fact to the county of Devon , and has always been part of the hundred of Braunton . Many of the buildings on the island today , including St. Helena 's Church , designed by the architect John Norton , and Millcombe House ( originally known simply as the Villa ) , date from the Heaven period . The Georgian @-@ style villa was built in 1836 . However , the expense of building the road from the beach ( no financial assistance being provided by Trinity House , despite their regular use of the road following the construction of the lighthouses ) , the villa and the general cost of running the island had a ruinous effect on the family 's finances , which had been damaged by reduced profits from their sugar plantations in Jamaica . In 1957 a message in a bottle from one of the seamen of the HMS Caledonia was washed ashore between Babbacombe and Peppercombe in Devon . The letter , dated 15 August 1843 read : " Dear Brother , Please e God i be with y against Michaelmas . Prepare y search Lundy for y Jenny ivories . Adiue William , Odessa " . The bottle and letter are on display at the Portledge Hotel at Fairy Cross , in Devon , England . The Jenny was a three @-@ masted schooner reputed to be carrying ivory and gold dust that was wrecked on Lundy ( at a place thereafter called Jenny 's Cove ) on 20 February 1797 . The ivory was apparently recovered some years later but the leather bags supposed to contain gold dust were never found . = = = 20th and 21st centuries = = = William Heaven was succeeded by his son the Reverend Hudson Grosset Heaven who , thanks to a legacy from Sarah Langworthy ( née Heaven ) , was able to fulfill his life 's ambition of building a stone church on the island . St Helen 's was completed in 1896 , and stands today as a lasting memorial to the Heaven period . It has been designated by English Heritage a Grade II listed building . He is said to have been able to afford either a church or a new harbour . His choice of the church was not however in the best financial interests of the island . The unavailability of the money for re @-@ establishing the family 's financial soundness , coupled with disastrous investment and speculation in the early 20th century , caused severe financial hardship . Hudson Heaven died in 1916 , and was succeeded by his nephew , Walter Charles Hudson Heaven . With the outbreak of the First World War , matters deteriorated seriously , and in 1918 the family sold Lundy to Augustus Langham Christie . In 1924 , the Christie family sold the island along with the mail contract and the MV Lerina to Martin Coles Harman , who proclaimed himself a king . Harman issued two coins of Half Puffin and One Puffin denominations in 1929 , nominally equivalent to the British halfpenny and penny , resulting in his prosecution under the United Kingdom 's Coinage Act of 1870 . The House of Lords found him guilty in 1931 , and he was fined £ 5 with fifteen guineas ( £ 5 + £ 15 @.@ 75 ) expenses . The coins were withdrawn and became collectors ' items . In 1965 a " fantasy " restrike four @-@ coin set , a few in gold , was issued to commemorate 40 years since Harman purchased the island . Harman 's son , John Pennington Harman was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross during the Battle of Kohima , India in 1944 . There is a memorial to him at the VC Quarry on Lundy . Martin Coles Harman died in 1954 . Residents did not pay taxes to the United Kingdom and had to pass through customs when they travelled to and from Lundy Island . Although the island was ruled as a virtual fiefdom , its owner never claimed to be independent of the United Kingdom , in contrast to later territorial " micronations " . Following the death of Harman 's son Albion in 1968 , Lundy was put up for sale in 1969 . Jack Hayward , a British millionaire , purchased the island for £ 150 @,@ 000 ( £ 2 @,@ 227 @,@ 000 today ) and gave it to the National Trust , who leased it to the Landmark Trust . The Landmark Trust has managed the island since then , deriving its income from arranging day trips , letting out holiday cottages and from donations . In May 2015 a sculpture by Antony Gormley was erected on Lundy . It is one of five life @-@ sized sculptures , Land , placed near the centre and at four compass points of the UK in a commission by the Landmark Trust , to celebrate its 50th anniversary . The others are at Lowsonford ( Warwickshire ) , Saddell Bay ( Scotland ) , the Martello Tower ( Aldeburgh , Suffolk ) , and Clavell Tower ( Kimmeridge Bay , Dorset ) . The island is visited by over 20 @,@ 000 day @-@ trippers a year , but during September 2007 had to be closed for several weeks owing to an outbreak of Norovirus . = = = = Wreck of Battleship Montagu = = = = A naval footnote in the history of Lundy was the wreck of the Royal Navy battleship HMS Montagu . Steaming in heavy fog , she ran hard aground near Shutter Rock on the island 's southwest corner at about 2 : 00 a.m. on 30 May 1906 . Thinking they were aground at Hartland Point on the English mainland , a landing party went ashore for help , only finding out where they were after encountering the lighthouse keeper at the island 's north light . Strenuous efforts by the Royal Navy to salvage the badly damaged battleship during the summer of 1906 failed , and in 1907 it was decided to give up and sell her for scrap . Montagu was scrapped at the scene over the next fifteen years . Diving clubs still visit the site , where armour plate and live 12 @-@ inch ( 305 @-@ millimetre ) shells remain on the seabed . = = = = Remains of a German Heinkel 111H bomber = = = = During the Second World War two German Heinkel He 111 bombers crash landed on the island in 1941 . The first was on 3 March , when all the crew survived and were taken prisoner . The second was on 1 April when the pilot was killed and the other crew members were taken prisoner . The second plane had bombed a British ship and one engine was damaged by anti aircraft fire , forcing it to crash land . A few remains can be found on the crash site . Reportedly to avoid reprisals the crew concocted a story that they were on a reconnaissance mission . = = Geography = = The island of Lundy is 3 miles ( 5 km ) long from north to south by a little over 0 @.@ 6 miles ( 1 km ) wide , with an area of 1 @,@ 100 acres ( 450 ha ) . The highest point on Lundy is Beacon Hill , 469 feet ( 143 m ) above sea level , . A few yards off the northeastern coast is Seal 's Rock which is so called after the seals which rest on and inhabit the islet . It is less than 55 yards ( 50 m ) wide . Near the jetty is a small pocket beach . = = = Geology = = = The island is primarily composed of granite of 50 ± 3 to 54 ± 2 million years ( from the Eocene epoch ) , with slate at the southern end ; the plateau soil is mainly loam , with some peat . Among the igneous dykes cutting the granite are a small number composed of a unique orthophyre . This was given the name Lundyite in 1914 , although the term – never precisely defined – has since fallen into disuse . = = = Climate = = = Lundy island lies on the borderline where the North Atlantic Ocean and the Bristol Channel meet , so it has quite a mild climate . Lundy has cool , wet winters and mild , wet summers . It is often windy . = = Ecology = = = = = Flora = = = There is one endemic plant species , the Lundy cabbage ( Coincya wrightii ) , a species of primitive brassica . By the 1980s the eastern side of the island had become overgrown by rhododendrons ( Rhododendron ponticum ) which had spread from a few specimens planted in the garden of Millcombe House in Victorian times , but eradication of this non @-@ native plant has been undertaken by volunteers over the past fifteen years in an operation known on the island as " rhody @-@ bashing " . The vegetation on the plateau is mainly dry heath , with an area of waved Calluna heath towards the northern end of the island , which is also rich in lichens , such as Teloschistes flavicans and several species of Cladonia and Parmelia . Other areas are either a dry heath / acidic grassland mosaic , characterised by heaths and western gorse ( Ulex gallii ) , or semi @-@ improved acidic grassland in which Yorkshire fog ( Holcus lanatus ) is abundant . Tussocky ( Thrift ) ( Holcus / Armeria ) communities occur mainly on the western side , and some patches of bracken ( Pteridium aquilinum ) on the eastern side . = = = Fauna = = = = = = = Terrestrial invertebrates = = = = Two invertebrate taxa are endemic to Lundy , with both feeding on the endemic Lundy cabbage ( Coincya wrightii ) . These are the Lundy cabbage flea beetle ( Psylliodes luridipennis ) , a species of leaf beetle ( family Chrysomelidae ) and the Lundy cabbage weevil ( Ceutorhynchus contractus var. pallipes ) , a variety of true weevil ( family Curculionidae ) . In addition , the Lundy cabbage is the main host of a flightless form of Psylliodes napi ( another species of flea beetle ) and a wide variety of other invertebrate species which are not endemic to the island . Another resident invertebrate of note is Atypus affinis , the only British species of purseweb spider . = = = = Birds = = = = The number of puffins ( Fratercula arctica ) , which may have given the island its name , declined in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , with the 2005 breeding population estimated to be only two or three pairs , as a consequence of depredations by brown and black rats ( Rattus rattus ) ( which have now been eliminated ) and possibly also as a result of commercial fishing for sand eels , the puffins ' principal prey . Since 2005 , the breeding numbers have been slowly increasing . Adults were seen taking fish into four burrows in 2007 , and six burrows in 2008 . As an isolated island on major migration routes , Lundy has a rich bird life and is a popular site for birdwatching . Large numbers of black @-@ legged kittiwake ( Rissa tridactyla ) nest on the cliffs , as do razorbill ( Alca torda ) , guillemot ( Uria aalge ) , herring gull ( Larus argentatus ) , lesser black @-@ backed gull ( Larus fuscus ) , fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis ) , shag ( Phalacrocorax aristotelis ) , oystercatcher ( Haematopus ostralegus ) , skylark ( Alauda arvensis ) , meadow pipit ( Anthus pratensis ) , common blackbird ( Turdus merula ) , robin ( Erithacus rubecula ) and linnet ( Carduelis cannabina ) . There are also smaller populations of peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) and raven ( Corvus corax ) . Lundy has attracted many vagrant birds , in particular species from North America . The island 's bird list totals 317 species . This has included the following species , each of which represents the sole British record : Ancient murrelet , eastern phoebe and eastern towhee . Records of bimaculated lark , American robin and common yellowthroat were also firsts for Britain ( American robin has also occurred two further times on Lundy ) . Veerys in 1987 and 1997 were Britain 's second and fourth records , a Rüppell 's warbler in 1979 was Britain 's second , an eastern Bonelli 's warbler in 2004 was Britain 's fourth , and a black @-@ faced bunting in 2001 Britain 's third . Other British Birds rarities that have been sighted ( single records unless otherwise indicated ) are : Little bittern , glossy ibis , gyrfalcon ( 3 records ) , little and Baillon 's crakes , collared pratincole , semipalmated ( 5 records ) , least ( 2 records ) , white @-@ rumped and Baird 's ( 2 records ) sandpipers , Wilson 's phalarope , laughing gull , bridled tern , Pallas 's sandgrouse , great spotted , black @-@ billed and yellow @-@ billed ( 3 records ) cuckoos , European roller , olive @-@ backed pipit , citrine wagtail , Alpine accentor , thrush nightingale , red @-@ flanked bluetail , black @-@ eared ( 2 records ) and desert wheatears , White 's , Swainson 's ( 3 records ) , and grey @-@ cheeked ( 2 records ) thrushes , Sardinian ( 2 records ) , Arctic ( 3 records ) , Radde 's and western Bonelli 's warblers , Isabelline and lesser grey shrikes , red @-@ eyed vireo ( 7 records ) , two @-@ barred crossbill , yellow @-@ rumped and blackpoll warblers , yellow @-@ breasted ( 2 records ) and black @-@ headed ( 3 records ) buntings , rose @-@ breasted grosbeak ( 2 records ) , bobolink and Baltimore oriole ( 2 records ) . = = = = Mammals = = = = Lundy is home to an unusual range of mammals , almost all introduced , including a distinct breed of wild pony , the Lundy pony . Until recently , Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat ( Rattus rattus ) could be found regularly . In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary . It has since been eradicated on the island , in order to protect the nesting seabirds . Other species which have made the island their home include the grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) , Sika deer ( Cervus nippon ) , pygmy shrew ( Sorex minutus ) and feral goats ( Capra aegagrus hircus ) . Unusually , 20 % of the rabbits ( Leporidae ) on the island are melanistic compared with 4 % which is typical in the UK . In mid @-@ 2006 the rabbit population was devastated by myxomatosis , leaving only 60 pairs from the previous 15 – 20 @,@ 000 individuals . Soay sheep ( Ovis aries ) on the island have been shown to vary their behaviours according to nutritional requirements , the distribution of food and the risk of predation . = = = = Marine habitat = = = = In 1971 a proposal was made by the Lundy Field Society to establish a marine reserve , and the survey was led by Dr Keith Hiscock , supported by a team of students from Bangor University . Provision for the establishment of statutory Marine Nature Reserves was included in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 , and on 21 November 1986 the Secretary of State for the Environment announced the designation of a statutory reserve at Lundy . There is an outstanding variety of marine habitats and wildlife , and a large number of rare and unusual species in the waters around Lundy , including some species of seaweed , branching sponges , sea fans and cup corals . In 2003 the first statutory No Take Zone ( NTZ ) for marine nature conservation in the UK was set up in the waters to the east of Lundy island . In 2008 this was declared as having been successful in several ways including the increasing size and number of lobsters within the reserve , and potential benefits for other marine wildlife . However , the no take zone has received a mixed reaction from local fishermen . On 12 January 2010 the island became Britain 's first Marine Conservation Zone designated under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 , designed to help to preserve important habitats and species . = = Transport = = = = = To the island = = = There are two ways to get to Lundy , depending on the time of year . In the summer months ( April to October ) visitors are carried on the Landmark Trust 's own vessel , MS Oldenburg , which sails from both Bideford and Ilfracombe . Sailings are usually three days a week , on Tuesdays , Thursdays and Saturdays , with additional sailings on Wednesdays during July and August . The voyage takes on average two hours , depending on ports , tides and weather . The Oldenburg was first registered in Bremen , Germany in 1958 and has been sailing to Lundy since her engine was replaced in 1985 . In the winter months ( November to March ) , the Oldenburg is out of service , and the island is served by a scheduled helicopter service from Hartland Point . The helicopter operates on Mondays and Fridays , with flights between 12 noon and 2 pm . The heliport is a field at the top of Hartland Point , not far from the Beacon . A grass runway of 435 by 30 yards ( 398 by 27 m ) is available , allowing access to small STOL aircraft skilfully piloted . Properly equipped and experienced canoeists can kayak to the island from Hartland Point or Lee Bay . This takes 4 to 6 hours depending on wind and tides . Entrance to Lundy is free for anyone arriving by scheduled transport . Visitors arriving by non @-@ scheduled transport are charged an entrance fee , currently ( May 2016 ) £ 6 @.@ 00 , and there is an additional charge payable by those using light aircraft . Anyone arriving on Lundy by non @-@ scheduled transport is also charged an additional fee for transporting luggage to the top of the island . = = = On the island = = = In 2007 , Derek Green , Lundy 's general manager , launched an appeal to raise £ 250 @,@ 000 to save the mile @-@ long Beach Road , which had been damaged by heavy rain and high seas . The road was built in the first half of the 19th century to provide people and goods with safe access to the top of the island , 120 metres ( 394 ft ) above the only jetty . The fund @-@ raising was completed on 10 March 2009 . = = = Lighthouses = = = Foundations for a lighthouse on Lundy were laid in 1787 , but the first lighthouse ( now known as the Old Light ) was not built until Trinity House obtained a 999 @-@ year lease in 1819 . The 97 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) granite tower , on the summit of Chapel Hill , was designed by Daniel Asher Alexander , and built by Joseph Nelson at a cost of £ 36 @,@ 000 . Because the site , Beacon Hill , is 469 feet ( 143 m ) above sea level , the highest base for a lighthouse in Britain , the light was often obscured by fog . To counter this problem , the Fog Signal Battery was built about 1861 . The lighthouse had two lights ; the lower a fixed white light and the upper a quick flashing white light , showing every 60 seconds . However , this quick revolution gave the impression it was a fixed light with no flashes detectable . This may have contributed to the grounding , at Cefn Sidan , of the La Jeune Emma , bound from Martinique to Cherbourg in 1828 . 13 of the 19 on board drowned , including Adeline Coquelin , the 12 @-@ year @-@ old niece of Napoleon Bonaparte 's divorced wife Joséphine de Beauharnais . Owing to the ongoing complaints about the difficulty of sighting the light in fog , the lighthouse was abandoned in 1897 when the North and South Lundy lighthouses were built . The Old Light and the associated keepers ' houses are kept open by the Landmark Trust . The current North Lundy and South Lundy lighthouses were built in 1897 at the extremities of the island to replace the old lighthouse . Both lighthouses are painted white and are run and maintained by Trinity House . The North lighthouse is 56 feet ( 17 m ) tall , slightly taller than the south one , and has a focal plane of 157 ft ( 48 m ) . It produces a quick white flash every 15 seconds , and was originally lit by a 75 mm ( 3 in ) petroleum vapour burner . Oil was lifted up from a small quay using a sled and winch , and then transported using a small railway ( again winch @-@ powered ) . The remains of this can be still seen , but it was abandoned in 1971 and the lighthouse now uses a discharge bulb fed from the island 's main supply . The northern light was modernised in 1991 and converted to solar power , since when the light has been mounted on top of the old fog horn building rather than in the tower . The South lighthouse has a focal length of 174 feet ( 53 m ) and a quick white flash every 5 seconds . It can be seen as a small white dot from Hartland Point , 11 miles to the south east . It was automated and converted to solar power in 1994 . The old fresnel lens has been in use since 2001 in Dungeness Lighthouse . = = Electricity supply = = There is a small power station comprising three Cummins B and C series diesel engines , offering an approx 150 kVa 3 phase supply to most of the island buildings . Waste heat from the engine jackets is used for a district heating pipe . There are also plans to collect the waste heat from the engine exhaust heat gases to feed into the district heat network to improve the efficiency further . The Power is normally switched off between 0000 and 0630 = = Staying on the island = = Lundy has 23 holiday properties , sleeping between one and 14 people . These include a lighthouse , a castle and a Victorian mansion . Many of the buildings are constructed from the island 's granite . The island also has a campsite , at the south of the island in the field next to the shop . It has hot and cold running water , with showers and toilets , in an adjacent building . The island is popular with rock climbers , having the UK 's longest continuous slab climb , " The Devil 's Slide . " = = Administration = = The island is an unparished area of Torridge district of the English county of Devon . It forms part of the ward of Clovelly Bay . It is part of the constituency electing the Member of Parliament for Torridge and West Devon and the South West England constituency for the European Parliament . = = = Stamps = = = Owing to a decline in population and lack of interest in the mail contract , the GPO ended its presence on Lundy at the end of 1927 . For the next two years Harman handled the mail to and from the island without charge . On 1 November 1929 , he decided to offset the expense by issuing two postage stamps ( ½ puffin in pink and 1 puffin in blue ) . One puffin is equivalent to one English penny . The printing of Puffin stamps continues to this day and they are available at face value from the Lundy Post Office . One used to have to stick Lundy stamps on the back of the envelope ; but Royal Mail now allows their use on the front of the envelope , but placed on the left side , with the right side reserved for the Royal Mail postage stamp or stamps . Lundy stamps are cancelled by a circular Lundy handstamp . The face value of the Lundy Island stamps covers the cost of postage of letters and postcards from the island to the Bideford Post Office on the mainland for onward delivery to their final destination anywhere in the world . The Lundy Post Office gets a bulk rate discount for mailing letters and postcards from Bideford . Lundy stamps are a type of postage stamp known to philatelists as " local carriage labels " or " local stamps " . Issues of increasing value were made over the years , including air mail , featuring a variety of people . Many are now highly sought @-@ after by collectors . The market value of the early issues has risen substantially over the years . For the many thousands of annual visitors Lundy stamps have become part of the collection of the many British Local Posts collectors . The first catalogues of these stamps included Gerald Rosen 's 1970 Catalogue of British Local Stamps . Later specialist catalogues include Stamps of Lundy Island by Stanley Newman , first published in 1984 , Phillips Modern British Locals CD Catalogue , published since 2003 , and Labbe 's Specialised Guide to Lundy Island Stamps , published since 2005 and now in its 11th Edition . Labbe 's Guide is considered the gold standard of Lundy catalogues owing to its extensive approach to varieties , errors , specialised items and " fantasy " issues . There is a comprehensive collection of these stamps in the Chinchen Collection , donated by Barry Chinchen to the British Library Philatelic Collections in 1977 and now held by the British Library . This is also the home of the Landmark Trust Lundy Island Philatelic Archive which includes artwork , texts and essays as well as postmarking devices and issued stamps . = = In popular culture = = A ship named Lundy Island , 3 @,@ 095 tons , was captured and sunk on 10 January 1917 by the Seeadler , a windjammer under the German navy , but flying the Norwegian flag . Lundy island is prominently featured in John Bellairs ' juvenile gothic mystery , The Secret of the Underground Room . The plot highlights several geographical and historical points of interest , including the ( De ) Marisco family . The book was first published in 1990 . Lundy features in the 1919 novel Last of the Grenvilles by Frederick Harcourt Kitchin ( under his pseudonym , Bennett Copplestone ) = Colorado State Highway 82 = State Highway 82 ( SH 82 ) is an 85 @.@ 3 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 137 @.@ 3 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Colorado . Its western half provides the principal transportation artery of the Roaring Fork Valley on the Colorado Western Slope , beginning at Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) and U.S. Highway 6 ( US 6 ) Glenwood Springs southeast past Carbondale , Basalt and Aspen . From there it continues up the valley to cross the Continental Divide at Independence Pass . On the Eastern Slope , it follows Lake Creek past some of Colorado 's highest mountains to Twin Lakes Reservoir , where it ends at US 24 south of Leadville . At 12 @,@ 095 feet ( 3 @,@ 687 m ) above sea level , the traverse of Independence Pass is the highest paved crossing of the Continental Divide in North America , and the highest paved through road on Colorado 's state highway network . The pass is closed during the winter months , isolating Aspen from the east and making Highway 82 the only way to reach the popular ski resort town by road . A private foundation has worked with the Colorado Department of Transportation ( CDOT ) , which maintains the road , to undo environmental damage to the alpine tundra created when a disused stagecoach route built across the pass during the Colorado Silver Boom of the 1880s became Highway 82 in the early 20th century . West of Aspen the highway follows the route of an early Colorado Midland Railroad route from the city to Glenwood Springs . Paved during the 1930s , this road has been gradually expanded to four lanes over the course of the 20th and early 21st centuries . The increased traffic resulting from Aspen 's economic rebirth as a resort town has required high @-@ occupancy vehicle lanes , bypasses and the replacement of at least one old bridge . More improvements are planned for both Aspen and Glenwood Springs . = = Route description = = From its western terminus to Aspen , Highway 82 is a four @-@ lane road , frequently divided . As it leaves Aspen , it narrows to two lanes and remains that way to its eastern terminus . Two sets of gates on either side of Independence Pass allow the road to be closed in winter . = = = Glenwood Springs to Carbondale = = = Highway 82 begins at Exit 116 from I @-@ 70 in Glenwood Springs , just 300 ft ( 100 m ) east of the Roaring Fork 's confluence with the Colorado River . It follows Laurel Street north for one block , then turns east on Sixth Street for another block , after which it turns south on Grand Avenue . From there it crosses both I @-@ 70 and the Colorado River on a viaduct past the train station into downtown Glenwood Springs . It continues south through blocks of small @-@ scale dense urban development to 14th Street . Glenwood Springs High School is on the west just past the intersection heralds the end of downtown . For two blocks the land around the road becomes a commercial strip with large parking lots . At Hyland Park on the east just afterwards , the land across the road is devoted to larger houses on larger lots . Strip development resumes on the west side south of 19th Street , two blocks west of Valley View Hospital . At 23rd Street , Highway 82 turns southeast to follow South Glen Avenue , paralleling the adjacent Rio Grande rail trail . Development along the highway becomes predominantly commercial , and south of 27th Street a continuous strip begins on the east side as the valley narrows . After passing Rosebud Cemetery on the west side , Highway 82 turns more to the southeast and draws alongside the Roaring Fork as it reaches the city limits . Following the river 's bend , the road returns to its southern heading as most development focuses around Glenwood Springs Municipal Airport on the opposite bank . At its next easterly turn , the landscape around the road becomes more rural , with farms and golf courses appearing . The terrain remains generally level , at about 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) above sea level . A mile south of the airport , at a signalized intersection with Old State Route 82 , the road divides . Highway 82 turns eastward again , returning to its southerly heading after another mile when Spring Valley Road turns off to the Glenwood Springs campus of Colorado Mountain College in the mountains to the north . A half @-@ mile ( 1 km ) beyond that junction , at the headquarters of the Garfield County Road and Bridge District , the highway begins a long stretch with a southerly heading . After two miles , the road bends to the southeast amidst a valley with occasional subdivisions . Two more miles down the highway , at a rest area , Highway 82 turns east as it enters the city of Carbondale across the river . A mile from the rest area , a traffic signal controls the intersection with State Highway 133 , the only other state highway to intersect 82 for its entire length . From Carbondale , Highway 133 leads south to Redstone and McClure Pass along the valley of a tributary of the Roaring Fork , the Crystal River . To the south the 12 @,@ 953 @-@ foot ( 3 @,@ 948 m ) Mount Sopris dominates the view . = = = Carbondale to Aspen = = = A mile east of Highway 133 , the valley floor widens , filled with farms and subdivisions as the road gently trends to the south . Five miles ( 8 km ) east of Carbondale , Highway 82 crosses into Eagle County . Subdivisions begin to increase in the surrounding valley and the road soon turns to the south again as it passes a built @-@ up area and then crosses the Roaring Fork . A mile and a half after that Highway 82 crosses the Roaring Fork and then enters Pitkin County at the small unincorporated community of Emma . Basalt is one mile due east . The intersection with Basalt Avenue , the main route into that town from Highway 82 , has a signal . Between Glenwood Springs and Basalt , Highway 82 climbs 600 feet ( 180 m ) in elevation . As it alternately tracks southeast and south over the next 16 miles ( 26 km ) towards Aspen , it begins to climb more noticeably and the valley narrows . Development becomes less dense , with many small ranches located aside the road and along the river . Three miles ( 5 km ) south of Basalt , after another crossing of the Roaring Fork , the right lanes in both directions are marked with diamonds indicating they are high @-@ occupancy vehicle lanes during peak hours . The median is soon replaced with a guardrail , then a brief retaining wall where the eastbound roadway is slightly elevated . The ascent continues near Woody Creek . As Aspen – Pitkin County Airport appears on the west of the road , three miles ( 5 km ) south of Woody Creek , the roadways merge as development around the highway increases . Beyond the airport , Highway 82 turns due south . It bends to the southeast to cross the new Maroon Creek Bridge , with the original , listed on the National Register of Historic Places , immediately to its south . At this point , with a golf course on the north side , the Aspen city limit begins to follow the road , and by the time it goes through a roundabout and passes the Holden / Marolt Mining and Ranching Museum to the south it is fully in the city of Aspen . Another stream crossing , Castle Creek , brings the highway into the developed portion of the city . = = = Aspen to Independence Pass = = = From Basalt , Highway 82 has climbed 1 @,@ 300 feet ( 400 m ) . It levels out at Aspen , entering the city 's residential West End along West Hallam Street . A block east of Castle Creek , it turns south on North Seventh Street ; the intersection 's southwest corner has been rounded to smooth the traffic flow , leaving a triangular traffic island in the middle of the road . Two blocks further south , at another intersection with a rounded corner , SH 82 turns east to follow West Main Street across Aspen . Five blocks east , at Garmisch Street , it becomes East Main Street . The buildings gradually change from residential to commercial , and at Mill Street Highway 82 passes one of Aspen 's major landmarks , the Hotel Jerome , also listed on the National Register . Two blocks further is another listed landmark , the Pitkin County Courthouse , between Galena and Hunter streets . After the Spring Street intersection another two blocks past the courthouse , Main Street curves to the south , narrowing in the process . It is now a two @-@ lane road . Two blocks to the south , SH 82 turns east again to follow East Cooper Avenue , crossing the Roaring Fork again after another two blocks . The highway curves southward , leaving Aspen three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) further east . The valley narrows into a canyon as the road begins to climb again , closely hugging the north wall . Four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) east of the city , just past Targert Lake Road , it passes the gates where the road is closed in wintertime . Past this point development along the road abates as most of the land alongside the road is part of White River National Forest . On the north side of the road are some of Aspen 's more popular climbing cliffs ; on the south side are many small parking areas for trailheads , campgrounds and popular swimming holes along the Roaring Fork like Devil 's Punchbowl . There are several short sections where past rockslides have forced the road to narrow to one lane . Access is controlled via traffic lights . The remaining log cabins and other structures of the ghost town of Independence , also listed on the National Register , are visible in the valley below at 13 @.@ 5 miles ( 21 @.@ 7 km ) east of Aspen . Shortly afterwards , Highway 82 crosses the Roaring Fork for the last time , a few miles below its source at Independence Lake . The road then turns along the canyon 's headwall to the south . After a switchback to the north , it climbs above tree @-@ line and into the high @-@ elevation alpine tundra landscape of Independence Pass , 19 miles ( 31 km ) from Aspen . = = = Independence Pass to Twin Lakes = = = The road levels out to a parking area on the south side . A U.S. Forest Service sign indicates the Continental Divide and gives the elevation as 12 @,@ 095 feet ( 3 @,@ 687 m ) . The Divide also marks the Lake County line . A paved path leads to a scenic overlook with views to Mount Elbert ( 14 @,@ 440 feet ( 4 @,@ 400 m ) ) and La Plata Peak ( 14 @,@ 336 feet ( 4 @,@ 370 m ) ) , respectively the highest and fifth @-@ highest peaks in Colorado and the Rocky Mountains . An old road leads south along the ridge to summits to the south . Beyond the pass , the road descends through three more long switchbacks to the floor of the Lake Creek valley . From there it heads south at first but quickly curving to the east . As it assumes that heading it passes the other set of gates , just west of the very small settlement of Everett , near where Lake Creek 's North Fork joins the main stream . From there the road heads east for the next four miles , passing trailheads for both of the fourteeners on either side and other San Isabel National Forest facilities . Just before the creek widens and empties into Twin Lakes Reservoir , the road curves quickly to the south and then heads more to the northeast along the lake shore . A mile past that bend Highway 82 reaches the small community of Twin Lakes , also listed on the National Register as a historic district as an early tourist town . The highway continues northeast for another mile beyond Twin Lakes and then turns east , with a continuous view of the lakes on the south . Shortly past this turn , the Colorado Trail crosses the road and then runs closely parallel to it along the south side . Forest Service roads go down that direction to access points along the lake . After another mile , Highway 82 turns southeast for its next mile . Below the lakes ' outlet , it crosses Lake Creek for the last time and then ends at US 24 18 miles ( 29 km ) from Independence Pass and just below the confluence of the creek and the Arkansas River . Leadville is 16 miles ( 26 km ) to the north ; in the opposite direction it is 21 miles ( 34 km ) to Buena Vista . = = Independence Pass closures and restrictions = = Because of the high altitude of Independence Pass , winter weather there begins well before the season itself starts . The snow falls deep through the season , and remains so throughout the spring . The Colorado Department of Transportation ( CDOT ) therefore closes the gates at both ends of the 24 @-@ mile ( 39 km ) stretch of Highway 82 leading over the pass during those months . Typically it is closed by November 7 or the first significant winter snowfall , if that comes earlier . The pass is usually reopened just before Memorial Day weekend at the end of May after CDOT has cleared the snowpack and repaired the road . Some years when the snowfall has been lighter , the reopening has occurred several weeks earlier . The narrow roadway , switchbacks , steep 6 % grades and steep , sometimes unguarded dropoffs on either approach to the pass have also led CDOT to impose 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) speed limits at the turns . Some types of vehicles are banned from the pass year @-@ round . Oversized and overweight vehicles are prohibited , as well as any vehicle or vehicle combinations longer than 35 feet ( 11 m ) . As a practical matter this excludes tractor trailers , buses and recreational vehicles . Some truck drivers have used the pass despite the prohibition . They are generally either unaware of the restriction and following routes plotted by their GPS devices , or aware of it and willing to risk the fine for the sake of the time and distance saved . The resulting accidents have forced the closure of the pass . CDOT has put in larger signs advising drivers of the ban and worked with GPS device manufacturers so their software notes the restriction . Aspen officials have suggested the fines be increased as well . Independence Pass is popular with bicyclists , and since 2011 it has been on the route of the USA Pro Cycling Challenge around Colorado . Racers cross the pass during a 131 @-@ mile ( 211 km ) stage from Gunnison to Aspen . The highway is closed for the race from its western terminus to the end of the stage . = = History = = Both halves of the road trace their origins to the early days of Aspen 's settlement in the 1880s during the Colorado Silver Boom . Prospectors who had missed out on the earlier mining boom that built Leadville began to head west , drawn by reports of vast untapped silver deposits in the Roaring Fork Valley just beyond the Continental Divide . They began crossing what was then known as Hunter Pass , in defiance of an order from Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin not to do so until the federal government had negotiated a peace treaty with the Ute people . = = = 1879 – 1888 : Precursor routes to Aspen = = = The future eastern half of Highway 82 came first , as a rough path over Independence Pass that soon reached Aspen . A private company improved it into a toll road for stagecoaches , open year @-@ round . The city 's rapid growth fostered a race to make the first rail connection , which displaced the toll road as the primary route to Aspen within a decade . Later , the railroad 's right @-@ of @-@ way would serve as the basis for the highway . = = = = Stage road over Independence Pass = = = = On July 4 , 1879 , the settlement of Independence was established just west of the pass , taking its name from the Independence Day holiday , and soon lending it to the pass among other natural features in the area . Independence 's gold deposits were quickly opened by miners . By the following year the Twin Lakes and Roaring Fork Toll Company had improved the path through the pass , which followed a route close to Highway 82 's present alignment , to the point that horses could make the trip . The company 's goal was to continue down the valley and connect to some existing mining camps such as Ashcroft . Miners had preferred to take a longer route there from Leadville , via Cottonwood and Taylor passes to the south . A viable route over Independence Pass would shorten that journey by 40 miles ( 64 km ) . Settlement continued to follow the river down the valley . At the confluence with Castle Creek , the valley widened and offered a flood plain conducive to the development of a town . The slopes of the surrounding mountains proved to have the silver deposits the prospectors had anticipated , and very soon the mining camp became a small city , named Aspen after the trees that filled the surrounding forests . It grew rapidly , becoming the seat of the newly created Pitkin County , named after the governor its earliest settlers had disobeyed by coming there . With more and more people coming to Aspen , a better road from the east was needed . An early investor in the city , B. Clark Wheeler , put up the money needed to improve the path over the pass to a stage road . It opened in November 1881 , just as winter was beginning . The tolls , 25 cents for saddle horses and twice that for stages ( $ 6 and $ 12 in modern dollars respectively ) were primarily spent hiring a large crew of men who kept the pass clear in winter with snowshovels . They were able to keep the road through the pass open during its first five winters . In deep enough snow passengers switched to sleighs ; in summer , dogs ran in advance to warn oncoming traffic through the pass itself as the stages took the switchbacks at full speed . It usually took a stage 10 – 25 hours and five changes of horses to reach Aspen from Twin Lakes . = = = = Rail routes from Glenwood Springs = = = = The road over the pass was barely capable of handling the massive amounts of silver ore coming out of Aspen 's mines . At first they had to be taken to Leadville by mule train to be smelted . Plants were built in the city soon afterwards , but it was still difficult and expensive to transport the silver obtained . The market was growing in the wake of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , which required the U.S. government to buy the metal on a regular basis . A railroad link to Aspen was therefore likely to be highly profitable , and two railroads , the Colorado Midland and the Denver & Rio Grande Western , hoped to be the first . In the early 1880s , however , neither seemed able to do so . The Midland was a paper railroad with no money to build anything . The Rio Grande was building , but too quickly , forcing it into receivership . Financially cautious from its recent troubles , it chose not to build to Aspen despite its president 's enthusiasm for the project . New leadership at both companies started the race to Aspen . James John Hagerman joined the Midland in 1885 , refreshing the company coffers with his mining fortune . A year later the railroad had laid 250 miles ( 400 km ) of track from Colorado Springs to Leadville and crossed the Continental Divide via the Hagerman Tunnel , then the world 's highest . It got to Glenwood Springs and began working its way up the valley to Aspen . David Moffat became the Rio Grande 's president in 1885 and persuaded the company 's other executives to go ahead with the Aspen connection . To overcome the Midland 's lead , they built a narrow @-@ gauge line on the north side of the Roaring Fork , today the route of the Rio Grande Trail . Both the gauge and the elimination of the Maroon Creek crossing , which was causing complications for the Midland , saved considerable time , and the Rio Grande managed to bring the first train to Aspen in October 1887 . Working through the winter , the Midland finished the Maroon Creek Bridge and got its standard gauge line into Aspen five months later . = = = 1889 – 1926 : Abandonment and reuse as state highway = = = The opening of the rail connections was a death blow to the stage road . Gold production in Independence had declined sharply after 1884 , and many of the town 's early settlers had moved down the valley to Aspen . With the corresponding reduction in stage traffic and tolls , the Twin Lakes and Roaring Fork Toll Company could not afford to keep the road clear over the winter of 1886 . Two years later , after the railroads began service , the company folded and abandoned the road . Independence itself met the same fate a decade later when its remaining population decamped to Aspen during the severe winter of 1899 , leaving its buildings standing as a ghost town ( one remaining resident lingered until 1920 ) . On the other side of Aspen , the railroads initially enjoyed great success . The Rio Grande line was upgraded to standard gauge in 1890 , and for the next several years both it and the Midland were at capacity . But when the Panic of 1893 began , Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , instantly collapsing the silver market . Many Aspen mines closed , and miners left the city for new boomtowns like Cripple Creek . The ensuing decades saw a steady decline in Aspen 's population , a period referred to as the " quiet years " of the city 's history . There was still enough mining to keep the railroads busy , but not for long . In 1897 the Midland went bankrupt . It continued operating , and a new company formed under the same name to take over . In 1919 Smuggler Mine , the city 's largest and oldest , shut down most of its operations and several others closed . The second Midland again succumbed to bankruptcy ; there was no second resurrection . Its tracks and right @-@ of @-@ way , including the bridges , were abandoned . They soon reverted to state ownership . The Colorado Highway Commission used them to realize plans it had made a decade earlier , when it first designated the future Highway 82 through the Roaring Fork Valley . With the Midland 's tracks unused , it now had a graded route that could easily be adapted for highway purposes . = = = 1927 – 1961 : Conversion to highway = = = Before developing the route west of Aspen , the state turned its attention the other way . In 1927 it rebuilt the old stage road over Independence Pass to Twin Lakes and designated it part of Highway 82 , closing it in winters to avoid the maintenance costs . Most of it followed the original route ; however in some places it deviated . The largest section of the original remains three miles ( 5 km ) below the pass on the east approach . The foundation of the gatekeeper 's house remains , as well as some of the original toll gate . During the Depression , the state sought to ease unemployment through public works projects as an economic stimulus . It applied this to the new Highway 82 . First it converted the Maroon Creek Bridge for automotive traffic by widening it with a timber deck , which was then paved and supported with outriggers . In 1937 , four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) between Glenwood Springs and Carbondale was paved ; the remainder of the road to Aspen was oiled the following year . It had been the hope that the improvements in the valley 's road transportation would benefit the remaining mines . While the ranchers were able to get their products to market faster , the new road would catalyze Aspen 's economic revival in an industry that had not existed when the Depression began : recreational downhill skiing . As Highway 82 was being improved , skiing enthusiasts from both the U.S. and Central Europe were cutting trails and building a primitive ski lift on the mountain south of town . The 1940 census recorded an increase in Aspen 's population , the first in a half @-@ century . Further development was halted during the war years afterward , although the Tenth Mountain Division , which trained at nearby Camp Hale , came to appreciate Aspen and its skiing . Many of them came back to Aspen after the war , helping to expand and staff the ski resort . Coincidentally , Walter Paepcke , head of the Container Corporation of America , visited Aspen with his wife Elizabeth in the late 1940s , and found it an ideal place to establish a music festival they were planning . He invested heavily in the city 's redevelopment , and people began coming to Aspen again to live , work and play . While the Rio Grande 's trains still ran , many new visitors and arrivals preferred to drive . = = = 1962 – 2000 : Expansion = = = By 1960 the population of Pitkin County had increased by 44 % , the second @-@ fastest growth rate on the Western Slope . The Aspen Skiing Company built two additional resorts , Buttermilk and Snowmass , to the west , contributing to traffic on the highway . In 1962 the Colorado Department of Highways , began a 12 @-@ year project to expand Highway 82 to four lanes between Glenwood Springs and Carbondale . The Maroon Creek Bridge was widened in 1963 to handle its increased traffic . On the east , the road over Independence Pass was paved in 1967 . The Rio Grande discontinued passenger train service to Aspen in 1969 . It was soon replaced the next year , when the completion of Interstate 70 through Glenwood Canyon connected the western terminus of Highway 82 to the larger Interstate Highway System . In the 1980s , it became apparent that four lanes at the western end was not enough . Several safety improvement areas were identified and projects implemented . In 1988 the Basalt Bypass relocated the highway off its original alignment through that town ( currently Two Rivers Road ) , to a new two @-@ lane road to the south of it that crossed the Roaring Fork to the east of the town . At the end of the decade , the Independence Pass Foundation ( IPF ) was formally incorporated in Aspen . Its founder , environmental activist Bob Lewis , had been organizing efforts to revegetate the slopes alongside Highway 82 going up to the pass , in order to repair damage that had been done the road 's construction . In cooperation with the Highway Department , the U.S. Forest Service and the county , the IPF rebuilt a curve along the road near the Weller Lake trailhead that year . Safety improvements continued in the 1990s . A five @-@ mile ( 8 km ) stretch just west of Aspen was resurfaced in 1991 . A special skid @-@ resistant treatment was added to the areas that receive no sun in the winter due to shade from Shale Bluffs . The next year , in 1992 , three two @-@ year projects began expanding Highway 82 to four lanes between Carbondale and Basalt , including the new bypass . An old truss bridge near Wingo Junction was replaced in 1995 ; it was followed over the remainder of the decade by widening most of the remaining sections between Basalt and Aspen . At the Maroon Creek Bridge outside Aspen , a pedestrian bridge was built to the north to take foot traffic off the older bridge in an effort to relieve congestion . The high @-@ occupancy vehicle ( HOV ) lanes were designated in 1998 . When they opened , they were the first anywhere in a rural area of Colorado . In a departure from the usual practice , the diamonds were painted in the right lanes rather than the left , so that Roaring Fork Transportation Authority ( RFTA ) buses could get to and from their stops more easily . East of Aspen , the IPF began holding its annual Ride for the Pass bicycle race fundraiser in 1994 . The race has been held almost every year since on the weekend before CDOT opens the pass . It follows a 9 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 15 @.@ 3 km ) course from the gate to Independence . Two years after the first one the IPF began the project Lewis had always envisioned for it — restoring the Top Cut , the 1 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) section just below the pass on the east , where the environmental damage , especially erosion , had always been most evident . = = = 2000 – present : Four continuous lanes = = = In the new century CDOT began the projects that would complete the four @-@ lane expansion . It took one year to finish the expansion from Aspen Airport Business Center to Buttermilk . Three years later , in 2004 , the section in Snowmass Canyon was expanded to four lanes at a cost of $ 100 million . Highway 82 was now a four @-@ lane road all the way from Glenwood Springs to Aspen . But that traffic still had to narrow to two lanes to cross the Maroon Creek Bridge at the latter city 's western boundary . The old bridge , listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1985 , was functionally obsolete and structurally deficient . Cracks and other damage were forcing temporary closures of the bridge to trucks . Over 100 years old by that point , the oldest bridge in use on a Colorado highway , it could not be expanded any further . A 1990 CDOT design proposal for a new bridge was dropped after heavy opposition . In 2004 the city of Aspen and the town of Snowmass jointly funded design work for another new bridge . CDOT expedited the planning process for the bridge and work began the next year . Construction of the segmental concrete box @-@ girder replacement was complicated by the need to protect the wetlands below , a problem that was solved by building the bridge from the top down and taking measures to allow the concrete piers to be poured and dried during winter . The new bridge cost $ 14 million and was opened in the middle of 2008 . The old bridge remains in place next to it as a pedestrian walkway and historic landmark . The National Segmental Bridge Institute recognized CDOT and the new bridge with a Bridge Award for Excellence in 2010 . = = Future = = With the widening of the highway to four lanes between Glenwood Springs and Aspen complete , CDOT has turned its attention to the ends of that corridor . = = = Entrance to Aspen = = = By the 21st century , Highway 82 had grown to four lanes . It was easier for traffic to get to Aspen but did not resolve the congestion that developed when it got there . Since the 1970s various plans to alleviate the congestion had been put forth , some involving ballot initiatives decided by the voters of the city and / or county . In 1998 CDOT and the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) , after considering all the proposals and taking public input , released a Record of Decision . The preferred alternative combined highway and intersection improvements , mass transit and incremental transportation management . Some of the recommended improvements , such as the roundabout , replacement Maroon Creek Bridge , and improvements to the intersections along Highway 82 between the city and the airport , have been implemented . Right @-@ of @-@ way easements have been acquired for a new two @-@ lane parkway , as authorized by voters , that would cross the Holden / Marolt property via a 400 @-@ foot ( 120 m ) cut and cover tunnel to reconnect to the existing highway at Main and Seventh streets . City voters also authorized light rail for that route . If built , the light rail would have as its western terminus a maintenance facility across Highway 82 from the airport . It would include a stop at Buttermilk and parallel the highway , using the old Maroon Creek Bridge , until it reached Monarch Street downtown . There it would turn south to its eastern terminus at Rubey Park . If there is not sufficient support or funding for the light rail , it could be built as bus lanes at first . Proposed transportation management strategies are aimed at keeping traffic into Aspen at the baseline 1993 level through 2015 . There are three levels . The first would be when that baseline is equalled or slightly exceeded . It would consist of promoting ride sharing and more extensive transit use , among other informational measures . At Level 2 , when traffic reaches a few percentage points above that level , more transit service would be added , and parking rates raised slightly to reduce headways . Level 3 would be implemented when traffic levels had exceeded the baseline by 5 – 10 % , and would use more forceful measures such as steeper increases in parking fees , deliberately limiting the number of spaces available , and making some parts of downtown Aspen car @-@ free zones . = = = Grand Avenue Bridge = = = The current bridge along Grand Avenue over the Colorado River and I @-@ 70 just east of the highway 's western terminus dates to 1953 . It was built as a two @-@ lane bridge with shoulders ; expansion since then has added a second lane in either direction . By the early 21st century it , like the Maroon Creek Bridge , was carrying more traffic than it had ever been expected to and was in poor structural condition . In the early 2000s CDOT began considering plans for a replacement bridge . The major issue was whether a new bridge should be built along the same alignment as the existing bridge , or instead curve westward to make a more direct connection with the interstate 's Exit 116 . After a public hearing in August 2012 , the agency announced that the latter seemed to be overwhelmingly preferred . It remained to decide whether to have a signalized intersection or a roundabout at the intersection of Sixth Street and Laurel Avenue . Some residents of Glenwood Springs have argued instead that CDOT should instead build a bypass that avoids downtown completely , as it did in Basalt . They contend that a replacement bridge would add even more traffic to Grand and make downtown less attractive to those who would like to shop there rather than just pass through on the way to destinations down the valley . The bypass , they claim , is more in keeping with the wishes of residents and would cost less . They have lobbied Glenwood Springs ' city council to be more active in pressuring CDOT to reconsider the bypass . = = Major intersections = = = Ngô Đình Cẩn = Ngô Đình Cẩn ( 1911 – 9 May 1964 ) was a younger brother and confidant of South Vietnam 's first president , Ngô Đình Diệm , and an important member of the Diệm government . Diệm put Cẩn in charge of central Vietnam , stretching from Phan Thiết in the south to the border at the 17th parallel , with Cẩn ruling the region as a virtual dictator . Based in the former imperial capital of Huế , Cẩn operated private armies and secret police that controlled the central region and earned himself a reputation as the most oppressive of the Ngô brothers . In his youth , Cẩn was a follower of the nationalist Phan Bội Châu . In the late 1940s and early 1950s , he worked to organise support for Diệm as various Vietnamese groups and international powers sought to stamp their authority over Vietnam . Cẩn , who succeeded in eliminating alternative nationalist opposition in central Vietnam , became the warlord of the region when his brother became president of the southern half of the partitioned nation in 1955 . He became notorious for his involvement in smuggling and corruption , as well as his autocratic rule . Cẩn was regarded as an effective leader against the Viet Cong communist insurgency , which was much weaker in central Vietnam than in other parts of South Vietnam . His Popular Force militia was regarded by US officials in central Vietnam as a successful counter to the communists . Cẩn 's influence began to wane after his elder brother Ngô Đình Thục was appointed the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Huế . Thục overshadowed Cẩn and aggressively promoted Catholicism , which led to the banning of the Buddhist flag in 1963 during Vesak , the celebration of the birthday of Gautama Buddha . Cẩn 's forces opened fire on a crowd who were protesting the ban , killing nine and precipitating the Buddhist crisis . Ongoing demonstrations intensified throughout the summer as the regime responded with increased brutality , sparking the toppling of the Diem regime in a November 1963 coup . Cẩn had been offered asylum by the US Department of State , but ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. had CIA agent Lucien Conein arrest the fallen Ngô in Saigon . Cẩn was turned over to the military junta , which tried and executed him in 1964 . = = Early years = = Cẩn was the fifth of six sons born to Ngô Đình Khả , who was a mandarin in the imperial court of Emperor Thành Thái , who was ruling under French control . Khả retired from the court in protest at French interference , taking up farming . Cẩn 's first and third brothers — Ngô Đình Khôi and Diệm — rose to become provincial governors under French rule . Diệm , like his father , resigned in protest in 1933 , while Khôi was assassinated in 1945 by Hồ Chí Minh 's cadres . The second brother , Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục , was appointed as the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Huế . A fourth brother Ngô Đình Nhu became the family 's chief political strategist , while the youngest , Ngô Đình Luyện was a diplomat when the family held power in South Vietnam . Of the Ngô brothers , only Thục and Luyện avoided being executed or assassinated during Vietnam 's political upheavals . Details about Cẩn 's early life are scarce . In his youth , he had studied the writings and opinions of the renowned anti @-@ French Vietnamese nationalist Phan Bội Châu , who spent his last years in Huế . Regarded as the leading revolutionary of his time , Châu had been captured and sentenced to death , before having his sentence reduced to house arrest . Cẩn regularly traveled to Châu 's sampan on the Perfume River with gifts of food and listened to Châu 's political lectures . Regarded as the least educated of his family , Cẩn had never traveled outside Vietnam and was the only Ngô brother not to have studied at a European @-@ run institution . Vietnam was in chaos after the Japanese invaded the country during World War II and displaced the French colonial administration . At the end of the war , the Japanese left the country and France , severely weakened by political turmoil within the Vichy regime , was unable to exert control . Hồ Chí Minh 's Viet Minh declared independence as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and battled other Vietnamese nationalist groups as well as French forces for control of the nation . During this time , Cẩn organised a clandestine support base for Diệm in central Vietnam . At the time , Diệm was one of many nationalists who were attempting to stake a claim to national leadership , having spent a decade in self @-@ imposed exile from public affairs . Cẩn helped weaken other anti @-@ communist nationalist groups , such as the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng ( Vietnamese Nationalist Party ) and the Đại Việt Quốc Dân Đảng ( Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam ) , which competed with Diệm for support . On 23 October 1955 , Diệm toppled Bảo Đại in a fraud @-@ ridden referendum orchestrated by Nhu . Diệm declared himself President of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam three days later . Cẩn 's men helped to cow the populace into voting for his brother . Those who disobeyed were often chased down and beaten , with pepper sauce and water often forced down their nostrils . The violations were particularly flagrant in Cẩn 's area , which was the home of the Nguyễn Dynasty and a source of sympathy towards Bảo Đại . Cẩn ordered the police to arrest 1 @,@ 200 people for political reasons in the week leading up to the vote . In Hội An , some people were killed in election day violence . = = Rule = = With Diệm 's ascent to the leadership of South Vietnam in 1955 , Cẩn 's stock rose . Cẩn had no formal position in the government but was effectively regarded as the warlord of central Vietnam . He had almost unlimited power in the region , often interfering with army operations against the Việt Cộng in a style described as " feudal " . Robert Scigliano , a journalist and academic from the Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group , asserted that Cẩn , along with Nhu , Madame Nhu and eldest brother Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục formed " an extralegal elite which , with Diệm , directs the destiny of Vietnam " . Cẩn sometimes vetoed government @-@ appointed officials posted to central Vietnam from Saigon . Cẩn ran his own personal army and secret police , which fought the Việt Cộng and imprisoned other anti @-@ communist political opponents . Cẩn accumulated great wealth through corrupt practices such as graft in awarding foreign aid contracts from the United States governments of Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy to Vietnamese businessmen . He required the businessmen to pay a fee to the National Revolutionary Movement – the official party of the regime – in return for the processing of applications for foreign aid contracts and import licenses . Cẩn was believed to be organising the trafficking of opium throughout Asia via Laos , and monopolising the cinnamon trade . He was often in conflict with his brothers regarding internal matters , with Nhu , Diệm 's most influential adviser , controlling the southern part of the country . The brothers often competed with each other for U.S. aid contracts and the rice trade , but did not interfere with matters in one another 's territorial zone . Cẩn had once tried to set up an office for his secret police in Saigon ( which was in Nhu 's southern region ) by showing Diệm his long list of detained political opponents , but insisted that he not have to report to Nhu . Referring to his autocratic style , a Vietnamese critic said that unlike Diệm , Cẩn was consistent and left his followers in no doubt as to what he wanted : " They are not confused by double talk about democratic ideals and institutions " . His creation of a well @-@ defined system of incentives and deterrence has been cited as one reason for his success . = = Anti @-@ communism = = In spite of his autocracy and iron rule , Cẩn earned praise from Huế @-@ based US officials for his relatively high levels of success against the Việt Cộng insurgency . Cẩn 's central region was much more peaceful than the restive areas near Saigon and the Mekong Delta . Cẩn created the Popular Force organisation to operate in central Vietnam . The Popular Force was an alternative to the Strategic Hamlet Program which was used on a much larger scale in the south by Nhu , who moved peasants into fortified camps in an attempt to isolate Vietcong cadres from accessing the rural populace and intimidating or otherwise gaining their support . Cẩn assumed a third or so of the rural peasantry were Việt Cộng sympathisers , significant enough to render the hamlets ineffective by intimidating other villagers from within . Cẩn 's Popular Force were a group of volunteers who underwent rigorous training similar to United States Marine Corps Recruit Training . Those who passed the training were put into units of 150 men and assigned to live and work in the villages by day . At night , they did defense patrols , using hit @-@ and @-@ run tactics against the Việt Cộng . According to the report by US officials in central Vietnam , the program aroused popular support because of the integration of the Popular Force 's personnel into the daily life of the village and the sense of security that the force provided . The units were generally regarded as being successful in their six @-@ month deployments , allowing them to be deployed to the next trouble spot . Officials in Washington disagreed with the assessment of their subordinates in central Vietnam , alleging that Cẩn was mainly using the Popular Force for repressing dissidents . = = Buddhist crisis = = Cẩn was considered the most secular of the four Ngô brothers who controlled Vietnam 's domestic affairs . With the appointment of elder brother Thục as the Archbishop of Huế in 1961 , Cẩn became less influential as Thục aggressively blurred the distinction between church and state . In early 1963 , Nhu sent an emissary from Saigon telling Cẩn to retire and leave for Japan . Unrest erupted in the summer of 1963 . After the flying of Vatican flags was permitted at a celebration for the anniversary of Thục 's consecration as a bishop , the flying of Buddhist flags on 8 May to commemorate Vesak — the birth of Gautama Buddha — was banned . Cẩn 's subordinates ordered government forces to fire on the unarmed Buddhist crowd protesting the ban , killing nine . Cẩn believed the United States , whose relations with South Vietnam had become strained , caused an explosion during the Vesak shootings , to destabilise his family 's regime . = = Downfall and arrest = = Sparked by the killings in Huế on Vesak , the Buddhists organised nationwide mass protests against the religious bias of the Diệm regime throughout the summer of 1963 , demanding religious equality . The protests were met with brutal crackdowns , including ARVN Special Forces attacks on Buddhist pagodas which left hundreds missing , presumed dead . As public discontent heightened , a group of ARVN officers planned and carried out a US @-@ backed coup in November . This came about after Cẩn 's protégé Tôn Thất Đính , a 37 @-@ year @-@ old who became the youngest ever general in the ARVN due to his loyalty to the Diệm regime , switched sides and helped the coup when his corps was expected to remain loyal . Diệm and Nhu were executed at the conclusion of the coup . Following the downfall of the Ngô family , the White House came under pressure from the South Vietnamese public to take a hard line against Cẩn . Mass graves containing 200 bodies were found on his land . The US consul in Huế , John Helble , confirmed the existence of rows of 18th @-@ century style dungeons with filthy , dark cells in an old French arsenal . Although junta member General Trần Văn Đôn asserted that the compound predated the Diệm era , the town 's citizens saw Cẩn as a mass murderer . On 4 November , two days after the coup ended , thousands of irate townspeople walked three kilometres to Cẩn 's house on the city 's southern outskirts — where he lived with his aged mother — demanding vengeance . The junta had ringed the home with barbed wire and armoured cars , sensing that the populace would riot and attack Cẩn . By this time , Cẩn had escaped to a Catholic seminary , but was considering applying to the Americans for political asylum . The U.S. State Department was faced with a dilemma : sheltering Cẩn would associate them with the protection of a corrupt and authoritarian regime that had killed and tortured hundreds of thousands of its own people . Allowing Cẩn to be attacked by angry mobs would damage the reputation of the new American @-@ backed junta . The State Department instructed : asylum should be granted to Ngô Đình Cẩn if he is in physical danger from any source . If asylum granted explain to Huế authorities further violence would harm international reputation new regime . Also recall to them that U.S. took similar action to protect Thích Trí Quang from the Diệm government and can do no less in Can case . The White House sent a cable to the US Embassy , Saigon on November 4 agreeing that Cẩn and his mother needed evacuation . General Đổ Cao Trí , the commander of the ARVN I Corps , who had repressed the Buddhists in Huế , privately told Cẩn that the junta would allow him safe passage out of Vietnam . On 5 November , Cẩn sought refuge at the US consulate with a suitcase crammed with US currency . Trí was then told that Cẩn was not safe in Huế and that he was to send Cẩn to Saigon , immediately for his own protection . Trí would only promise safe passage in an American plane to Saigon , where embassy officials would meet Cẩn . On the journey to the capital , Cẩn was accompanied by four Americans : a vice @-@ consul , two military policemen and a lieutenant colonel . He had intended to seek asylum in Japan . U.S. ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. had other ideas . Instead of sending embassy officials to Tân Sơn Nhứt airport , Lodge sent CIA agent Lucien Conein , who had helped the Vietnamese generals to plan the coup . Conein turned Cẩn over to the junta . Lodge said that General Đôn had promised that Cẩn would be dealt with " legally and judicially " . The ambassador told Washington that asylum was unnecessary , saying " It seems to me that our reason for giving him asylum therefore no longer exists " . He said that the U.S. could not interfere with justice , since Cẩn was " undoubtedly a reprehensible figure who deserves all the loathing which he now receives " . Lodge reasoned that since Cẩn would not be killed , protecting him would give the impression that the U.S. backed his activities . Lodge said that General Dương Văn Minh , who was the President , implied that Cẩn would receive clemency even if sentenced to death . This contradicted Conein 's assertion that the ARVN officer corps felt that Cẩn should be executed . Cẩn 's case was damaged by the release of tens of thousands of political prisoners , who recounted tales of torture at the hands of the Ngô brothers . = = Trial and execution = = It was reported that General Nguyễn Khánh — who had deposed Minh in a January 1964 coup — offered Cẩn exile if he handed over his foreign bank deposits . Cẩn protested , saying that he had no money . Đôn later claimed that Khánh would have executed Cẩn anyway , as Cẩn would have known of the corruption that the generals were party to . During the Ngô era , Khánh commanded the ARVN II Corps , which had operated in the Central Highlands under Cẩn 's supervision . Despite having helped to arrest Cẩn , Lodge advised Khánh to be restrained in his handling of the case for fear of stoking religious resentment or upsetting international opinion with a death penalty . Lodge later claimed the South Vietnamese prosecutors failed to make any case against Cẩn . The Vietnamese leader also had to contend with the other side of the arguments , from those who considered themselves to be victims of the Diệm regime . During the trial , Thích Trí Quang , along with other opponents of the old regime , lobbied for a death sentence for Cẩn . He argued that if Cẩn lived , he could regain power along with his late brothers ' supporters . He told Lodge that if the Americans did not support a tough sentence , then the Vietnamese Buddhist community 's opinion of Washington would fall . Lodge was initially critical of Quang 's campaigning against Cẩn . Cẩn was sentenced to death . He appealed to the head of state for clemency ; his lawyers used a provision in the legal code to make the appeal . This placed Minh — who was still the titular head of state — in the position of approving a third death in the Ngô family , having already ordered his bodyguard Nguyễn Văn Nhung to execute Diệm and Nhu during the coup . Cẩn 's diabetes worsened during the course of the trial , and by the time he was executed , his elderly mother had died . He suffered a heart attack while in custody . On 9 May 1964 , was carried on a stretcher into the prison courtyard and assisted by guards and two Catholic priests to stand alongside the post to which he was tied . He was blindfolded against his request and shot in front of approximately 200 spectators . Lodge defended his actions , claiming the United States did all it could to prevent the execution . The ambassador claimed Cẩn would have been allowed to seek refuge at the U.S. embassy , despite the fact that he had ordered Conein to intercept Cẩn at the airport . Rev. Cao Văn Luân , Catholic rector of Huế University who had been fired for falling afoul of the powerful Archbishop Thục , asked Lodge that Cẩn not be executed . According to Luân , Lodge reportedly assured the rector the execution would not take place . Cẩn left his personal fortune , which had indeed been deposited in foreign banks , to Catholic charities . = New Forest pony = The New Forest pony is one of the recognised mountain and moorland or native pony breeds of the British Isles . Height varies from around 12 to 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 48 to 58 inches , 122 to 147 cm ) ; ponies of all heights should be strong , workmanlike , and of a good riding type . They are valued for hardiness , strength , and sure @-@ footedness . The breed is indigenous to the New Forest in Hampshire in southern England , where equines have lived since before the last Ice Age ; remains dating back to 500 @,@ 000 BC have been found within 50 miles ( 80 km ) of the heart of the modern New Forest . DNA studies have shown ancient shared ancestry with the Celtic @-@ type Asturcón and Pottok ponies . Many breeds have contributed to the foundation bloodstock of the New Forest pony , but today only ponies whose parents are both registered as purebred in the approved section of the stud book may be registered as purebred . The New Forest pony can be ridden by children and adults , can be driven in harness , and competes successfully against larger horses in horse show competition . All ponies grazing on the New Forest are owned by New Forest commoners – people who have " rights of common of pasture " over the Forest lands . An annual marking fee is paid for each animal turned out to graze . The population of ponies on the Forest has fluctuated in response to varying demand for young stock . Numbers fell to fewer than six hundred in 1945 , but have since risen steadily , and thousands now run loose in semi @-@ feral conditions . The welfare of ponies grazing on the Forest is monitored by five Agisters , employees of the Verderers of the New Forest . Each Agister takes responsibility for a different area of the Forest . The ponies are gathered annually in a series of drifts , to be checked for health , wormed , and they are tail @-@ marked ; each pony 's tail is trimmed to the pattern of the Agister responsible for that pony . Purebred New Forest stallions approved by the Breed Society and by the New Forest Verderers run out on the Forest with the mares for a short period each year . Many of the foals bred on the Forest are sold through the Beaulieu Road pony sales , which are held several times each year . = = Characteristics = = Standards for the breed are stipulated by the New Forest Pony Breeding and Cattle Society . The maximum height allowed is 14 @.@ 2 1 ⁄ 4 hands ( 58 @.@ 25 inches , 148 cm ) . Although there is no minimum height standard , in practice New Forest ponies are seldom less than 12 hands ( 48 inches , 122 cm ) . In shows , they normally are classed in two sections : competition height A , 138 centimetres ( 54 in ) and under ; and competition height B , over 138 centimetres ( 54 in ) . New Forest ponies should be of riding type , workmanlike , and strong in conformation , with a sloping shoulder and powerful hindquarters ; the body should be deep , and the legs straight with strong , flat bone , and hard , rounded hooves . Larger ponies , although narrow enough in the barrel for small children to ride comfortably , are also capable of carrying adults . Smaller ponies may not be suitable for heavier riders , but they often have more show quality . The New Forest pony has free , even gaits , active and straight , but not exaggerated , and is noted for sure @-@ footedness , agility , and speed . The ponies are most commonly bay , chestnut , or grey . Few coat colours are excluded : piebald , skewbald , and blue @-@ eyed cream are not allowed ; palomino and very light chestnut are only accepted by the stud book as geldings and mares . Blue eyes are never accepted . White markings on the head and lower legs are allowed , unless they appear behind the head , above the point of the hock in the hind leg , or above the metacarpal bone at the bend in the knee in the foreleg . Ponies failing to pass these standards may not be registered in the purebred section of the stud book , but are recorded in the appendix , known as the X @-@ register . The offspring of these animals may not be registered as purebred New Forest ponies , as the stud book is closed and only the offspring of purebred @-@ approved registered ponies may be registered as purebred . New Forest ponies have a gentle temperament and a reputation for intelligence , strength , and versatility . On the whole , they are a sturdy and hardy breed . The one known hereditary genetic disorder found in the breed is congenital myotonia , a muscular condition also found in humans , dogs , cats , and goats . It was identified in the Netherlands in 2009 , after a clinically affected foal was presented to the Equine Clinic of Utrecht University . DNA sequencing revealed that the affected foal was homozygous for a missense mutation in the gene encoding CLCN1 , a protein which regulates the excitability of the skeletal muscle . The mutated allele was found in both the foal 's parents , its siblings , and two other related animals , none of whom exhibited any clinical signs . The researchers concluded that the condition has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance , whereby both parents have to contribute the mutated allele for a physically affected foal to be produced with that phenotype . The study suggested that the mutation was of relatively recent origin : the founder of the mutated gene , as all the ponies who tested positive for the mutation are direct descendants of this stallion . The probable founder stallion has been identified as Kantje 's Ronaldo ; testing is now underway to identify which of his offspring carry the mutated gene . All carriers will be removed from the breeding section of the New Forest Pony Breeding & Cattle Society 's stud book , and all New Forest stallions licensed in the UK also will be tested , whether or not they descend from Kantje 's Ronaldo , to cover the possibility that the mutated gene may have appeared earlier in the pedigree , although it is believed that the mutated gene has now been eradicated from the British breeding stock . All breeding stock imported to the UK also will be tested . = = History = = Ponies have grazed in the area of the New Forest for many thousands of years , predating the last Ice Age . Spear damage on a horse shoulder bone discovered at Eartham Pit , Boxgrove ( about 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the heart of the modern New Forest ) , dated 500 @,@ 000 BC , demonstrates that early humans were hunting horses in the area at that time , and the remains of a large Ice Age hunting camp have been found close to Ringwood ( on the western border of the modern New Forest ) . Evidence from the skeletal remains of ponies from the Bronze Age suggests that they resembled the modern Exmoor pony . Horse bones excavated from Iron Age ritual burial sites at Danebury ( about 25 miles ( 40 km ) from the heart of the modern New Forest ) , indicate that the animals were approximately 12 hands ( 48 inches , 122 cm ) – a height similar to that of some of the smaller New Forest ponies of today . William the Conqueror , who claimed the New Forest as a royal hunting ground , shipped more than two thousand horses across the English Channel when he invaded England in 1066 . The earliest written record of horses in the New Forest dates back to that time , when rights of common of pasture were granted to the area 's inhabitants . A popular tradition linking the ancestry of the New Forest pony to Spanish horses said to have swum ashore from wrecked ships at the time of the Spanish Armada has , according to the New Forest National Park Authority , " long been accepted as a myth " , however , the offspring of Forest mares , probably bred at the Royal Stud in Lyndhurst , were exported in 1507 for use in the Renaissance wars . A genetic study in 1998 suggested that the New Forest pony has ancient shared ancestry with two endangered Spanish Celtic @-@ type pony breeds , the Asturcón and Pottok . The most notable stallion in the early history of the breed was a Thoroughbred named Marske , the sire of Eclipse , and a great @-@ grandson of the Darley Arabian . Marske was sold to a Ringwood farmer for 20 guineas on the death of Prince William , Duke of Cumberland , and was used to breed with " country mares " in the 1760s . In the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
@,@ 000 breeding females in the forest . Over the course of five years , the number of foals born each year had dropped by two @-@ thirds ( from 1 @,@ 563 to just 423 in 2013 ) – a change attributed by The New Forest Pony Breeding and Cattle Society to a declining market , and by the New Forest Verderers to steps that had been taken to improve the quality rather than the quantity of foals . For a variety of reasons , including normal trade in the area and attempts to improve the breed , Arabian , Thoroughbred , Welsh pony , and Hackney blood had been added to ponies in the New Forest . Over time , however , the better @-@ quality ponies were sold off , leaving the poorer @-@ quality and less hardy animals as the Forest breeding stock . To address this situation , as well as to increase the stock 's hardiness and restore native type , in the early twentieth century animals from other British native mountain and moorland pony breeds such as the Fell , Dales , Highland , Dartmoor , and Exmoor were introduced to the Forest . This practice ended in 1930 , and since that time , only purebred New Forest stallions may be turned out . The New Forest Pony Breeding and Cattle Society has been publishing the stud book since 1960 . New Forest ponies have been exported to many parts of the world , including Canada , the U.S. , Europe , and Australia , and many countries now have their own breed societies and stud books . = = Uses = = In the past , smaller ponies were used as pit ponies . Today the New Forest pony and related crossbreeds are still the " working pony of choice " for local farmers and commoners , as their sure @-@ footedness , agility , and sound sense will carry them ( and their rider ) safely across the varied and occasionally hazardous terrain of the open Forest , sometimes at great speed , during the autumn drifts . New Forest ponies also are used today for gymkhanas , show jumping , cross @-@ country , dressage , driving , and eventing . The ponies can carry adults and in many cases compete on equal terms with larger equines while doing so . For example , in 2010 , the New Forest Pony Enthusiasts Club ( NFPEC ) , a registered riding club whose members compete only on purebred registered New Forest ponies , won the Quadrille competition at the London International Horse Show at Olympia . This was a significant win , as the British Riding Clubs Quadrille is a national competition , with only four teams from the whole of Britain selected to compete at the National Final . = = Ponies on the New Forest = = The ponies grazing the New Forest are considered to be iconic . They , together with the cattle , donkeys , pigs , and sheep owned by commoners ' ( local people with common grazing rights ) , are called " the architects of the Forest " : it is the grazing and browsing of the commoners ' animals over a thousand years which created the New Forest ecosystem as it is today . The cattle and ponies living on the New Forest are not completely feral , but are owned by commoners , who pay an annual fee for each animal turned out . The animals are looked after by their owners and by the Agisters employed by the Verderers of the New Forest . The Verderers are a statutory body with ancient roots , who share management of the forest with the Forestry Commission and National park authority . Approximately 80 per cent of the animals depastured on the New Forest are owned by just 10 per cent of the commoning families . Ponies living full @-@ time on the New Forest are almost all mares , although there are also a few geldings . For much of the year the ponies live in small groups , usually consisting of an older mare , her daughters , and their foals , all keeping to a discrete area of the Forest called a " haunt . " Under New Forest regulations , mares and geldings may be of any breed . Although the ponies are predominantly New Foresters , other breeds such as Shetlands and their crossbred descendants may be found in some areas . Stallions must be registered New Foresters , and are not allowed to run free all year round on the Forest . They normally are turned out only for a limited period in the spring and summer , when they gather several groups of mares and youngstock into larger herds and defend them against other stallions . A small number ( usually fewer than 50 ) are turned out , generally between May and August . This ensures that foals are born neither too early ( before the spring grass is coming through ) , nor too late ( as the colder weather is setting in and the grazing and browsing on the Forest is dying back ) in the following year . Colts are assessed in their two @-@ year @-@ old year by the New Forest Pony Breeding and Cattle Society for suitability to be kept as stallions ; any animal failing the assessment must be gelded . Once approved , every spring ( usually in March ) , the stallions must pass the Verderers ' assessment before they are permitted onto the Forest to breed . The stallion scheme resulted in a reduction of genetic diversity in the ponies running out on the New Forest , and to counteract this and preserve the hardiness of Forest @-@ run ponies , the Verderers introduced the Bloodline Diversity Project , which will use hardy Forest @-@ run mares , mostly over eleven years old , bred to stallions that have not been run out on the Forest , or closely related to those that have . Drifts to gather the animals are carried out in autumn . Most colts and some fillies are removed , along with any animals considered too " poor " to remain on the Forest over the winter . The remaining fillies are branded with their owner 's mark , and many animals are wormed . Many owners choose to remove a number of animals from the Forest for the winter , turning them out again the following spring . Animals surplus to their owner 's requirements often are sold at the Beaulieu Road Pony Sales , run by the New Forest Livestock Society . Tail hair of the ponies is trimmed , and cut into a recognisable pattern to show that the pony 's grazing fees have been paid for the year . Each Agister has his own " tail @-@ mark " , indicating the area of the Forest where the owner lives . The Agisters keep a constant watch over the condition of the Forest @-@ running stock , and an animal may be " ordered off " the Forest at any time . The rest of the year , the lives of the ponies are relatively unhindered unless they need veterinary attention or additional feeding , when they are usually taken off the Forest . The open nature of the New Forest means that ponies are able to wander onto roads . The ponies actually have right of way over vehicles and many wear reflective collars in an effort to reduce traffic fatalities , but despite this , many ponies , along with commoners ' cattle , pigs , and donkeys are killed or injured in road traffic accidents every year . Human interaction with ponies is also a problem ; well meaning but misguided visitors to the forest frequently feed them , which can create dietary problems and cause the ponies to adopt an aggressive attitude in order to obtain human food . New Forest ponies are raced in an annual point to point meeting in the Forest , usually on Boxing Day , finishing at a different place each year . The races do not have a fixed course , but instead are run across the open Forest , so competitors choose their own routes around obstructions such as inclosures ( forestry plantations ) , fenced paddocks , and bogs . Riders with a detailed knowledge of the Forest are thus at an advantage . The location of the meeting place is given to competitors on the previous evening , and the starting point of the race is revealed once riders have arrived at the meeting point . = Argument from morality = The argument from morality is an argument for the existence of God . Arguments from morality tend to be based on moral normativity or moral order . Arguments from moral normativity observe some aspect of morality and argue that God is the best or only explanation for this , concluding that God must exist . Argument from moral order are based on the asserted need for moral order to exist in the universe . They claim that , for this moral order to exist , God must exist to support it . The argument from morality is noteworthy in that one cannot evaluate the soundness of the argument without attending to almost every important philosophical issue in metaethics . German philosopher Immanuel Kant devised an argument from morality based on practical reason . Kant argued that the goal of humanity is to achieve perfect happiness and virtue ( the summum bonum ) and believed that an afterlife must exist in order for this to be possible , and that God must exist to provide this . In his book Mere Christianity , C. S. Lewis argued that " conscience reveals to us a moral law whose source cannot be found in the natural world , thus pointing to a supernatural Lawgiver . " Lewis argued that accepting the validity of human reason as a given must include accepting the validity of practical reason , which could not be valid without reference to a higher cosmic moral order which could not exist without a God to create and / or establish it . A related argument is from conscience ; John Henry Newman argued that the conscience supports the claim that objective moral truths exist because it drives people to act morally even when it is not in their own interest . Newman argued that , because the conscience suggests the existence of objective moral truths , God must exist to give authority to these truths . = = General form = = All variations of the argument from morality begin with an observation about moral thought or experiences and conclude with the existence of God . Some of these arguments propose moral facts which they claim evident through human experience , arguing that God is the best explanation for these . Other versions describe some end which humans should strive to attain , only possible if God exists . Many arguments from morality are based on moral normativity , which suggests that objective moral truths exist and require God 's existence to give them authority . Often , they consider that morality seems to be binding – obligations are seen to convey more than just a preference , but imply that the obligation will stand , regardless of other factors or interests . For morality to be binding , God must exist . In its most general form , the argument from moral normativity is : A human experience of morality is observed . God is the best or only explanation for this moral experience . Therefore , God exists . Some arguments from moral order suggest that morality is based on rationality and that this can only be the case if there is a moral order in the universe . The arguments propose that only the existence of God as orthodoxly conceived could support the existence of moral order in the universe , so God must exist . Alternative arguments from moral order have proposed that we have an obligation to attain the perfect good of both happiness and moral virtue . They attest that whatever we are obliged to do must be possible , and achieving the perfect good of both happiness and moral virtue is only possible if a natural moral order exists . A natural moral order requires the existence of God as orthodoxly conceived , so God must exist . = = Variations = = = = = Practical Reason = = = In his Critique of Pure Reason , German philosopher Immanuel Kant stated that no successful argument for God 's existence arises from reason alone . In his Critique of Practical Reason he went on to argue that , despite the failure of these arguments , morality requires that God 's existence is assumed , owing to practical reason . Rather than proving the existence of God , Kant was attempting to demonstrate that all moral thought requires the assumption that God exists . Kant argued that humans are obliged to bring about the summum bonum : the two central aims of moral virtue and happiness , where happiness arises out of virtue . As ought implies can , Kant argued , it must be possible for the summum bonum to be achieved . He accepted that it is not within the power of humans to bring the summum bonum about , because we cannot ensure that virtue always leads to happiness , so there must be a higher power who has the power to create an afterlife where virtue can be rewarded by happiness . Philosopher G. H. R. Parkinson notes a common objection to Kant 's argument : that what ought to be done does not necessarily entail that it is possible . He also argues that alternative conceptions of morality exist which do not rely on the assumptions that Kant makes – he cites utilitarianism as an example which does not require the summum bonum . Nicholas Everitt argues that much moral guidance is unattainable , such as the Biblical command to be Christ @-@ like . He proposes that Kant 's first two premises only entail that we must try to achieve the perfect good , not that it is actually attainable . = = = Argument from objective moral truths = = = Both theists and non @-@ theists have accepted that the existence of objective moral truths might entail the existence of God . Atheist philosopher J. L. Mackie accepted that , if objective moral truths existed , they would warrant a supernatural explanation . Scottish philosopher W. R. Sorley presented the following argument : If morality is objective and absolute , God must exist . Morality is objective and absolute . Therefore , God must exist . Many critics have challenged the second premise of this argument , by offering a biological and sociological account of the development of human morality which suggests that it is neither objective nor absolute . This account , supported by biologist E. O. Wilson and philosopher Michael Ruse , proposes that the human experience of morality is a by @-@ product of natural selection , a theory philosopher Mark D. Linville calls evolutionary naturalism . According to the theory , the human experience of moral obligations was the result of evolutionary pressures , which attached a sense of morality to human psychology because it was useful for moral development ; this entails that moral values do not exist independently of the human mind . Morality might be better understood as an evolutionary imperative in order to propagate genes and ultimately reproduce . No human society today advocates immorality , such as theft or murder , because it would undoubtedly lead to the end of that particular society and any chance for future survival of offspring . Scottish empiricist David Hume made a similar argument , that belief in objective moral truths is unwarranted and to discuss them is meaningless . Because evolutionary naturalism proposes an empirical account of morality , it does not require morality to exist objectively ; Linville considers the view that this will lead to moral scepticism or antirealism . C. S. Lewis argued that , if evolutionary naturalism is accepted , human morality cannot be described as absolute and objective because moral statements cannot be right or wrong . Despite this , Lewis argued , those who accept evolutionary naturalism still act as if objective moral truths exist , leading Lewis to reject naturalism as incoherent . As an alternative ethical theory , Lewis offered a form of divine command theory which equated God with goodness and treated goodness as an essential part of reality , thus asserting God 's existence . J.C.A. Gaskin challenges the first premise of the argument from moral objectivity , arguing that it must be shown why absolute and objective morality entails that morality is commanded by God , rather than simply a human invention . It could be the consent of humanity that gives it moral force , for example . American philosopher Michael Martin argues that it is not necessarily true that objective moral truths must entail the existence of God , suggesting that there could be alternative explanations : he argues that naturalism may be an acceptable explanation and , even if a supernatural explanation is necessary , it does not have to be God ( polytheism is a viable alternative ) . Martin also argues that a non @-@ objective account of ethics might be acceptable and challenges the view that a subjective account of morality would lead to moral anarchy . = = = Conscience = = = Related to the argument from morality is the argument from conscience , associated with eighteenth @-@ century bishop Joseph Butler and nineteenth @-@ century cardinal John Henry Newman . Newman proposed that the conscience , as well as giving moral guidance , provides evidence of objective moral truths which must be supported by the divine . He argued that emotivism is an inadequate explanation of the human experience of morality because people avoid acting immorally , even when it might be in their interests . Newman proposed that , to explain the conscience , God must exist . British philosopher John Locke argued that moral rules cannot be established from conscience because the differences in people 's consciences would lead to contradictions . Locke also noted that the conscience is influenced by " education , company , and customs of the country " , a criticism mounted by J. L. Mackie , who argued that the conscience should be seen as an " introjection " of other people into an agent 's mind . Michael Martin challenges the argument from conscience with a naturalistic account of conscience , arguing that naturalism provides an adequate explanation for the conscience without the need for God 's existence . He uses the example of the internalisation by humans of social pressures , which leads to the fear of going against these norms . Even if a supernatural cause is required , he argues , it could be something other than God ; this would mean that the phenomenon of the conscience is no more supportive of monotheism than polytheism . = A Milhouse Divided = " A Milhouse Divided " is the sixth episode of The Simpsons eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 1 , 1996 . In the episode , Milhouse 's parents Kirk and Luann get a divorce , causing Homer to examine his own marriage . It was directed by Steven Dean Moore and is the only episode for which Steve Tompkins has sole writing credit . = = Plot = = Marge throws a dinner party to escape from the doldrums at the Simpson house , so she decides to invite the Flanders , the Lovejoys , the Hibberts and the Van Houtens . All the guests are enjoying dinner except for the Van Houtens who argue with each other as Milhouse plays in another room with Bart and the children . Kirk and Luann get more quarrelsome as the party progresses and finally , despite Marge trying to divert the party away from the pair , the two get into a fight and Luann demands a divorce . Kirk moves out of the Van Houten house and , despite his drab new surroundings , manages to keep a cheery attitude toward it all until he is fired from his job at the cracker factory as " crackers are a family food ... happy families " and Kirk , being single , is apparently unfit for the position . Meanwhile , Luann quickly readjusts to single life with Milhouse and starts a new relationship with an American Gladiator . Kirk also tries to have a new relationship with a sleazy radio station worker , but ends up getting his car stolen and his demo tape wrecked . While at Moe 's , Kirk mentions that he never saw the divorce coming and regrets not being more sensitive to Luann 's needs , concluding that " one minute , your wife is cooking you your favorite meal ; the next , you 're thawing hot dogs in a gas station sink . " Homer cheers Kirk up by telling him that his marriage to Marge is solid , but Homer begins to fear that his marriage may end in divorce after coming home and finding hot dogs thawing in the sink . Homer enlists the aid of Lisa to help him figure out how to save his marriage , but Lisa tells Homer that he is lucky to have Marge . He recalls his wedding reception , which was nothing more than Homer and Marge eating a whale cake at a roadside truck stop . Homer tries to perform selfless gestures for Marge , such as making soothing ocean noises to lull her to sleep and cutting her hair , but they only serve to annoy her . Deciding at that point that Marge deserves a fresh start , Homer secretly files for a divorce . As Marge returns home later that night , Homer surprises her by hiding all their friends in the living room and declares that he wants to be remarried , this time with a perfect wedding . The two are remarried ( though in Season 20 it is revealed that the marriage in this episode was invalid as Reverend Lovejoy was uncertified at this time due to a clerical error , meaning Homer and Marge were still divorced ) . Meanwhile , Kirk decides to try to get back together with Luann by singing " Can I Borrow a Feeling " , the song he recorded on a demo tape . However , the attempt fails ; Luann refuses to take Kirk back and Kirk is sent out of the Simpsons house . = = Production = = " A Milhouse Divided " is the only episode for which Steve Tompkins has sole writing credit , although he had been a part of the writing staff for several years . The writers wanted to do an episode that involved a couple getting divorced . They had wanted to break the sitcom convention that characters who look like they will divorce get back together and have two characters remain divorced even after the episode . The Van Houtens were chosen because the writers felt that they were the most developed couple next to Marge and Homer and the Lovejoys . The scene in the episode " Sideshow Bob 's Last Gleaming " where Milhouse is in a jet pretending to fire missiles at his parents is where they got the idea to have his parents ' marriage be in trouble . Originally , the episode also focused on the divorce 's effects on Milhouse and there was a subplot that involved Bart being jealous of Milhouse and wishing that Marge and Homer would also separate . Several scenes were written and animated for the episode , but ultimately they were cut because the script was very long . The third act of the episode shifts the focus from the Van Houtens to Homer and Marge because the writers felt that tertiary characters could not carry an audience 's interest for an entire episode . Bill Oakley has said that he felt that the episode would have failed had they stuck with the Van Houtens for the third act and most of the other writers also felt that it was the right move . The idea for the dinner party came from Bill Oakley , who had wanted to have a party similar to the one in " The War of the Simpsons " . For the second half of the episode , Luann was redesigned to look more youthful and was given a new outfit . A big name singer was originally sought to sing " Can I Borrow a Feeling ? " over the end credits . The writers wanted Sheryl Crow , but she declined and the concept was later dropped . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " A Milhouse Divided " finished tied for 50th in the weekly ratings for the week of November 25 – December 1 , 1996 with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 3 and was viewed in 8 million homes . It was the fourth @-@ highest @-@ rated show from the Fox Network that week . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , called it " More drama than comedy , and very honest in its dealings with the Van Houtens ' divorce and its effects on Milhouse . " = Power ( Kanye West song ) = " Power " ( often stylized as " POWER " ) is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West , released as the lead single from his fifth studio album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) . The song features additional vocals by soul singer Dwele and is co @-@ produced by West and Symbolyc One . It is built around samples of " 21st Century Schizoid Man " by King Crimson , " Afromerica " by Continent Number 6 , and " It 's Your Thing " by Cold Grits . After having recorded it in Hawaii , West reported that he spent 5000 hours composing " Power " . In its lyrics , West comments about the United States and his critics . Its chorus features an abrasive vocal @-@ riff . " POWER " was West 's comeback single following his 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak and his controversial incident with Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . The song received acclaim from music critics and it was listed amongst the best tracks of 2010 by several publications , including Time , Pitchfork Media , Spin , and Rolling Stone . Critics described it as a return to form for West , praising its intricate production , lyrical merit , and scope . It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards . The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at position 22 and thereafter declined . The track was promoted by a music video , which was directed by Marco Brambilla . The video features a long take of the camera pulling away from West . The video received positive reviews from critics and received two nominations for MTV Video Music Awards . West performed the song on Saturday Night Live , at the 2010 BET Awards , at the 2011 Coachella Music Festival , and his Watch the Throne Tour . When performing the song , West often wore clothes made from red leather . A remix of the track featuring rapper Jay @-@ Z was released on August 20 , 2010 , as a part of West 's weekly GOOD Fridays series . = = Background = = 2009 was a troubled year for Kanye West , who had faced various controversies , including the divisive nature of his previous album , 808s & Heartbreak and his interruption of recording artist Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards during her acceptance speech . West explained that the motivation of some of his questionable decisions stemmed from over @-@ work . The ensuing media controversy caused West to exile himself in Oahu , Hawaii and record his fifth studio album mostly in a reclusive nature , shying away from collaborating with artists he wasn 't personally close to . While composing the album , West assembled a large staff of established producers including Pete Rock , the RZA and Q @-@ Tip , with West handling portions of the production himself . Despite having several well @-@ known producers on his recording team , the majority of the production featured on " Power " was done by the lesser @-@ known Symbolyc One . The song was primarily produced by him and was initially intended to be given to rapper Rhymefest , until West listened to the song and expressed interest in using the beat himself . According to Symbolyc One , West was an admirer of the composition , and asked him to fly down to Hawaii , where he discovered that West had already recorded some of his version of the song . A month later , the producer was asked to return to Hawaii and discovered that the beat had been further modified by West , who added " polish " to the track . Symbolyc One expressed surprise that West was so interested in using the beat , since the song features drums reminiscent of a song from West 's Late Registration entitled " Crack Music " . In an outtake from the 2012 documentary Something from Nothing : The Art of Rap directed by rapper Ice @-@ T , West mused that he had never actually written down his lyrics before , and that " Power " represented a turning point in his songwriting process : “ I didn 't write my raps down for my first four albums — like at all , I did it from the head straight to the booth . But on this last album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , I wrote it . I really put myself in the zone that my life was dependent on the success of this album . With that being the case , I said , ‘ You know what ? No matter what anybody says about me , they won ’ t — I can write something that can make someone that hates me the most have to really respect or love the song . ’ So even a song like ‘ Power , ’ I spent 5 @,@ 000 hours writing it , and it ’ s really the psychology behind the lyrics ; it ’ s not just blatantly , ‘ I ’ ve got all the power ’ — ‘ No one man should have all that power . ’ It ’ s worded it in a really sensitive way that opens it up for everyone . Even if I use first person and say ‘ I , I , I , ’ it ’ s always for everyone . " West also declared influence from his previous singles " Stronger " and " Good Life " from his third album Graduation stating that the track was meant to be inspirational for the listener . According to West , he wanted his music to be appealing in an economy facing a recession . On June 30 , 2010 , the single was released on iTunes for digital download . The cover art work for " Power " was produced by American visual artist George Condo , who also designed the artwork for My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The artwork depicts a decapitated bleeding head wearing a crown , pierced with a sword through it . The single had two other alternate cover designs , both produced by Condo . A second one was released featuring a depiction of West with a gaping , demented mouth . = = Composition = = " Power " marked a stylistic return to hip hop for West after the sparse electro of 808s & Heartbreak . It has been described as surreal , frightening , dark , and strange in nature . The production of " Power " centers on samples of " 21st Century Schizoid Man " by English progressive rock band King Crimson , " Afromerica " by French disco act Continent Number 6 , and " It 's Your Thing " by American funk band Cold Grits . The song 's production is reinforced with a vocal harmony provided by Dwele , with a line delivery mostly inspired by braggadocio rapping methods . The song has been described as dark thematically and was called " apocalyptic " . According to Alex Denney of NME , the track is the first moment of catharsis on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , stating that the track made use of " tribal fanfare and supercharged lyrics " . He mused that lines like “ I guess every superhero need his theme music ” appear to be West 's imagining of a warm welcome to heaven . Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal described West 's delivery as urgent , summarizing the production ; " More than ever , though , " Power " has Kanye internalizing his multiple minds and coming to an ecstatic peace with them . " Power " is not a bitchfest . It 's an exaltation . All of his various guises-- King of the Assholes , drama queen , Red Bull 'd 12 @-@ year @-@ old , Next Chappelle , strangely relatable Megaman-- are mashed up in this proudly schizoid roll call . Every sound is ready for the arena , and every couplet is ready for the 140 character treatment , including this one : " I don 't need yo pussy , bitch , I 'm on my own dick / I ain 't gotta power trip , who you goin ' home with ? " He knows the answer , and so do we . " The song takes several influences from previous projects by West and was called a summation of his prior styles . The song takes cues from the militant chants of West 's song " Jesus Walks " from his first album The College Dropout , the drum @-@ style of " Crack Music " from West 's Late Registration , the inspirational aspect of " Stronger " from Graduation and the atmospheric piano and strings featured on 808s & Heartbreak . The chorus is " simultaneously boastful , condemning , and anxious " , and anthemic in nature , featuring a wordless vocal chant . West utilizes a military @-@ inspired , " take @-@ no @-@ prisoner " approach on the song , purposely failing to be apologetic , even going as far as mocking some of his critics . Other topics discussed on the song include social commentary on the state of the United States , and his thoughts on race issues . The lyrics of the song have been cited as " classic Kanye " , featuring many of the traits that have been exhibited in his lyricism in the past . Themes that have defined much of his work , such as egotism , cultural criticism , and personal issues , are featured prominently in the song . West self @-@ described the song as " superhero theme music " , with the track darting back from being depressing and bombastic in nature , with the sample occasionally cutting through the song in an abrasive manner . The track seemingly culminates with the suicide of its main character , ending with a menacing laugh provided by West . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = " Power " received rave reviews from music critics upon release , many calling it West 's best single in years . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone gave a positive review to the song , describing it as West 's best single since " Stronger " , writing that West " rides a torrid whipsaw beat , as he takes on his spelunking media image , pinballing from self @-@ aware ( ' I 'm an asshole ' ) to defiant ( ' Kiss my asshole ' ) . The sentiment is classic Kanye , but he hasn 't melted down this brilliantly in a long time . " Jason Lipshutz from Billboard praised the song , saying , " with its stunning mix of rock @-@ leaning production , memorable rhymes and unadulterated attitude , new single ' Power ' is a pissed @-@ off shot of adrenaline that plays upon all of the controversial rapper 's strengths . Rhyming over a soulful vocal harmony and an abrasive sample of King Crimson 's " 21st Century Schizoid Man , " West dismisses his doubters , takes a shot at Saturday Night Live and shrugs off his recent hiatus from hip @-@ hop . " Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media dubbed the track ' Best New Music ' in June 2010 , and viewed it as an adequate response to West 's self @-@ imposed exile and public scrutiny . Talking about the album version of the song , David Amidon of PopMatters praised the new minor additions featured in the production , musing " from mere sonic details to a litany of background histrionics on guitar that play off of West ’ s delivery throughout " , and compared the production favorably to Late Registration . HipHopDX writer Jake Paine felt that one of the best moments of the album occurred early on , during " Power " and that track will likely be the most remembered song " in lyrical circles " . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club called the track a terrific single , declaring that it " soars to adrenaline @-@ fueled heights on the strength of urgent , stomping percussion @-@ driven , serpentine electric guitar , and a show @-@ stopping sample of King Crimson ’ s " 21st Century Schizoid Man " , stating that the song best showcases West 's vision on the album . BBC 's Stephen Kelly called the song " brilliantly pompous " . Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot called the song exhilarating in nature , with a furious , layered , percussion beat , praising the song 's narrative about a man who " lost in translation with a whole … nation " . MT Richards of Slant Magazine stated that " Power " sounded nothing like any hip @-@ hop song of recent memory , going as far as saying that the single signified that West was on a " league of his own . " Richards largely praised , the song , musing that the " misanthropic ' Power ' will surely alienate those longing for another sunny hit like " Hey Mama " . At last , West has emerged steely @-@ eyed , bold , and out of his mind . " AbsolutePunk 's Drew Beringer stated that the track was a classic West song , with the track featuring a " brilliant sample of King Crimson " and infectious hand claps . The song was also well received by former King Crimson member Greg Lake , the original lead vocalist and bassist on " 21st Century Schizoid Man . " When asked for his own stance on sampling during an interview with O2 Academy , Lake gave a positive response . He stated , " What I was pleased with was , is the relevance of ' 21st Century Schizoid Man ' today . ' You know , it still sounds current . It still sounds relevant . That ’ s really gratifying after all of these years . I mean , that record is what — 40 , 50 years old ? I don ’ t know , but very old . Old like me ! But it ’ s lovely to hear a really contemporary artist doing it . " In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lake further commented , " In a way , that song still sounds modern to me . I think when you hear Kanye West do it , or include it in his own song , it 's relevant . He 's speaking about that crazy world that we live in . It 's as true now as it was then . It 's an honor when something like that happens . " Due in part to West 's usage , " 21st Century Schizoid Man " has since became a favorite of Lake , who became known for opening each of his one @-@ man shows by performing the song during his 2012 Songs of a Lifetime theatre tour . Lake went into detail regarding a typical performance of " 21st Century Schizoid Man " at his concerts : " It starts with the lights going out and everything is black . The first thing you hear is the Kanye West piece . When the hook comes on , " 21st Century Schizoid Man , " the spotlight comes on and there 's no one on the stage . Then the track carries , but the second time the hook comes , it 's me , and me singing it . And I open up with " Schizoid Man . " It 's a great shocker , but it 's a statement too . It 's enabled me to link the past with the present . " = = = Accolades = = = Pitchfork Media named the song the sixth best song of 2010 , with the staff writing " it 's all of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy 's pathology and genius in digest form , the vicarious , timeless thrill of hearing a crazy talented person act crazy and talented . " Rolling Stone placed the song at position 40 amongst their 50 best tracks of the year . The song was on a list of the 20 best songs of the year by Spin , with critic Charles Aaron musing that " as if he 's inciting an Afro @-@ futurist convocation , Kanye creates the theme music for his spectacularly ambivalent " superhero " alter ego . " MTV News declared the track the third best of the year , citing it as a definitive single from the album . Time also listed the song amongst the best 10 of its year . Complex magazine listed it as the sixth best of the year , commenting that with " all the great music Kanye released this year , you might have forgotten just how absolutely amazing ' Power ' was " . In January 2011 , The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll named " Power " the fifth @-@ best song of 2010 to find the best music of that year ; West 's other singles " Runaway " and " Monster " were ranked at numbers four and six , respectively . Their parent album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was ranked the best album of 2010 on the same poll . As " Power " was released before the Grammy cutoff date of August , it was the only work by West eligible for Grammy consideration that year , with the rest of the album eligible the following year . The track was nominated for Best Rap Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards , being West 's only Grammy nomination that year . It lost the award to " Not Afraid " by Eminem . Though the album , and its songs , later won three Grammys at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012 . = = = Commercial performance = = = While a significant critical success , " Power " performed less well commercially . During the week entering 8 July 2010 , " Power " charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 22 ; named as the week 's Hot Shot Debut . While the song attained a high debut , the song only remained there for one week , which was also the song 's peak . Despite this fall in the charts , the song did eventually go platinum . On 4 September 2010 , the single also debuted on the UK Singles Chart and UK R & B Chart at number 36 and 10 respectively , before falling to number 42 on its second week in the chart . It debuted with sales of 6 @,@ 254 downloads and marked West 's 6th singles chart entry in less than six years . On 18 September 2010 , the single fell 38 places to number 80 , marking its third week within the Top 100 . Following the release of the album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , the single re @-@ entered the chart at number 57 and as of 23 October 2010 has spent a total of five weeks within the Top 100 . In 2011 , the single re @-@ entered the UK singles chart and urban chart , at number 38 and 12 respectively . = = Marketing = = = = = Remix = = = In promotion of West 's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , he launched GOOD Fridays , a weekly free music giveaway . The intention was to release a free new song every Friday for a few months to promote his album , and the weekly tracks generally featured various rappers from his label , GOOD Music , and other artists he usually collaborated with . A remix of " Power " was the very first GOOD Friday released , and in an interview with Hot 97 , West said that the remix was to feature his good friend and rapper Jay @-@ Z. It was originally intended to be released on August 13 , 2010 , but was premiered on August 20 , 2010 on Hot 97 by Funkmaster Flex . The song also features vocals and production from Swizz Beatz and all new verses provided by West . Swizz Beatz produced the second half of the song which samples Snap ! ' s hip house hit , " The Power . " The remix was described as more intricate than an average remix , with Jay @-@ Z discussing the ups and downs of life and referencing Norman Mailer . = = = Live performances = = = West debuted " Power " live at the 2010 BET Awards , where he performed the song atop a mountain @-@ like prop , with a video compilation of footage shot on top of a mountain playing in the back . West performed the track on Saturday Night Live on October 2 . The song contains the line " fuck SNL and the whole cast " , though that line was omitted during his performance , where West dropped it in favor of new lyrics . For the first time in the show 's history , the signature black instrument filled stage gave place to an all @-@ white , backlit canvas . West 's performance was heavily publicized and received positive notices . HitFix 's Gregory Ellwood praised the performance , writing " note to Lorne Michaels : whatever West had to do to let you break form and come up with such a visually stunning and impressive performance was well , well worth it . This is memorable television . Hands down . " E ! Online 's Megan Masters mused that " West 's SNL performance proved once again that no matter what 's going on in his personal life , he is an artist and will continue to take chances in the music industry — ultimately breaking new ground , " adding that " Kanye West is a comeback king . " Kevin O 'Donnell of Spin wrote that West delivered one of the show 's " most unique performances of all @-@ time . " West performed the song in an entirely red outfit . West also performed the track live at the EMAs 2010 , in Madrid , during Thirty Seconds to Mars 's performance of their song " Hurricane " , which also features a verse by West . The remixed version of the song were performed by West and Jay @-@ Z during their Watch the Throne Tour . The remixed version was performed at Jay @-@ Z 's and Eminem 's " Home & Home " concert in the new Yankee Stadium , during Jay @-@ Z portion of the performance . West joined Jay @-@ Z on stage and also performed single " Monster " . During his set at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , West performed " Power " during the start of the performance . West 's performance was described as " one of the most memorable performances in Coachella history . " Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone noted that " with its stomping beat and chanted chorus , ' Power ' – one of West 's most grandiose songs anyway – was an early highlight of his show . " = = Music video = = The New York Times previewed a clip of the music video directed by artist Marco Brambilla , featuring Irina Shayk , Jessica White and African @-@ American albino fashion model Diandra Forrest . The video premiered on MTV on August 5 , 2010 preceding a new episode of Jersey Shore . The " Power " video commences with a portrait @-@ view headshot of West staring intensely into the camera with illuminated eyes and wearing a large , low @-@ hanging gold chain necklace with an equally large pendant of Horus . As the music begins , the camera slowly tracks out in one continuous take to reveal West standing at the end of a hallway of black columns , and surrounded by partially dressed female characters . Some kneel before him , some embrace , four figures wear ibex @-@ like horns ; and some are inverted , pouring water that flows upward . Two horned , staff @-@ bearing figures , loosely resembling interpretations of Isis and Hathor , stand on either side of West ; each slowly strikes the ground with their staff , in time to the music . The Sword of Damocles hangs over the rapper ’ s head , while other slowly moving figures appear ready to strike West with blades . The various figures within the painting are presented in poses similar to the Major Arcana and Minor Arcana of the Etteilla occult tarot deck . Anthony Beningo of Daily News described the ending of the video : " The focus of the video turns out to be West 's death . After a few close @-@ up shots of the rapper 's surroundings , Brambilla 's camera pulls back and everyone disappears , leaving only West and the two warriors . Realization dawns that they aren 't swinging at each other , but rather converging on King Kanye . But before they can decapitate him , however , the video cuts to black . " West has called the video a " moving painting " . Brambilla mused about the video that “ it ’ s kind of apocalyptic , in a very personal way , " and that " it ’ s a very exaggerated hyper @-@ sensational version of what the song is saying . ” The video is much shorter than the actual song , lasting less than two minutes and only covering the first verse . It was later revealed that the 103 @-@ second video , which invokes cultural references from the Renaissance period to Greek mythology , is a teaser for a longer clip , though the full @-@ length version of the video never surfaced . One of the reasons proposed why the full version never was released was because " Power " was also used during Runaway , a 35 @-@ minute music video directed by West set to music from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . MTV Buzzworthy 's Chris Ryan gave a positive review of the video , stating that it " marks a change in the way we look at music videos as a medium -- it 's less a music video , more a modern art montage with a heavy dose of ancient Egyptian imagery and possible references to Michelangelo 's " The Creation of Adam " ( with a fair Kanye @-@ esque helping of chesty females ) . In it , Kanye West ironically builds an unattainable artistic empire fit for a king ( or pharaoh ) , while condemning the role power plays in our lives . So much to think about . " Beningo of Daily News compared the video to the work of Michael Jackson , calling it an event of a video . Hitfix 's Katie Hasty mused that West " put on a crown for ' Jesus Walks , ' so it was only a matter of time before he ascended into heaven " , describing the video as a " little weird , a little funny " . The video for " Power " was nominated for two MTV Music Video awards ; Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction . = = Personnel = = Produced by S1 and Kanye West Additional Production by Jeff Bhasker , Mike Dean and Andrew Dawson Recorded by Andrew Dawson , Anthony Kilhoffer and Mike Dean at the Avex Recording Studio , Honolulu Engineered by Ken Lewis and Brent Kolatalo Mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios , LA Assistant Mix Engineers : Christian Plata and Erik Madrid Chant Vocals : Alvin Fields and Ken Lewis Handclaps by Ian Allen , Wilson Christopher , Uri Djemal and Chris Soper Keyboards : Jeff Bhasker and Mike Dean Guitar and Bass : Mike Dean Cello : Chris " Hitchcock " Chorney Additional Vocals : Dwele = = Media usage = = " Power " was used in a Hip @-@ Hop routine on the hit dance show So You Think You Can Dance in its seventh season . The song was heavily featured in promotional trailers for David Fincher 's film The Social Network , as well as trailers and commercials for the 2011 Bradley Cooper and Robert De Niro film , Limitless . It was also used in TV spots for the 2015 reeboot of " Fantastic Four " . and Broken City . It was featured in an episode of Gossip Girl entitled " Goodbye , Columbia . " The single is also featured in the THQ / Volition Saints Row : The Third video game and its soundtrack . According to a review by Kotaku editor Kirk Hamilton , the track " plays a central , recurring role [ ... ] . The tune has been featured in the game 's exhaustive promotional materials , plays regularly on its in @-@ game radio stations , and makes bookending appearances in the single @-@ player campaign . " . The song has been used in the official trailer for Forza Motorsport 4 . The track was again used in the pilot episode of Hit the Floor on VH1 . The song was also featured on the sound track to the 2013 Sofia Coppola film The Bling Ring . " Power " was used in a mashup of the same name along with West 's 2007 single " Stronger " , released by DJ Earworm in his " Music for Sport " series for the 2012 Summer Olympics . Texas A & M University uses " Power " as their football team 's intro music . Creighton University uses " Power " at the beginning of their men 's basketball games . American Airlines uses the song in some of their 2013 commercials . ITV News used " Power " in their promotional campaigns for their coverage of the 2015 General Election . The song was used in a TV spot for the BBC One show Ripper Street . " Power " was used as the backdrop to a bumper for The Daily Show featuring its new host , Trevor Noah , as he replaces Jon Stewart . Paco Rabanne 's INVICTUS fragrance advertising campaign featured the song . = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = = = Ever 17 : The Out of Infinity = Ever 17 : The Out of Infinity is a visual novel video game developed by KID . It is the second entry in the Infinity series ; it is preceded by Never 7 : The End of Infinity , and followed by Remember 11 : The Age of Infinity , 12Riven : The Psi @-@ Climinal of Integral , and Code _ 18 . It was originally released in Japan on August 29 , 2002 for the PlayStation 2 and Dreamcast , and was later ported to Microsoft Windows , PlayStation Portable , Android , and iOS . A localization of the Microsoft Windows version was released by Hirameki International in North America in 2005 . The game follows Takeshi Kuranari and a boy with amnesia who is referred to as " the Kid " , who are trapped inside an underwater theme park together with a group of other people after a leak has flooded parts of the park ; they cannot contact people on the surface , and due to high water pressure , the park is estimated to implode after 119 hours . The gameplay consists of the player reading the game 's story , at certain points making choices that affect its direction , leading to one of several possible endings . The development team included director Takumi Nakazawa , writer and planner Kotaro Uchikoshi , character designer Yuu Takigawa , and composer Takeshi Abo . Because the science fiction aspects of Never 7 had been positively received , Ever 17 was made with a larger focus on science fiction . A remake , simply titled Ever 17 , was developed by 5pb. and Cyberfront for Xbox 360 in 2011 , with the original 's 2D sprites replaced by 3D models ; this change was done as 3D models were seen as being easier to animate . The game has been positively received , with reviewers calling it one of the best in its genre , citing its story , characters , music , and graphics . = = Gameplay = = Ever 17 is a visual novel in which the player reads the game 's story . At certain points , they get to make a choice , which affects the direction of the story , leading to eleven possible different endings . The whole plot is not revealed in just one ending ; instead , the player has to play through the game multiple times , with each playthrough revealing new information . After playing through the game once , the player is able to fast @-@ forward past text to decision points ; they can also choose to start from a point further into the game , so that they do not have to go back to the beginning of the game for each playthrough . The game has two player characters : Takeshi Kuranari ( 倉成武 , Kuranari Takeshi ) and the Kid ( 少年 , Shōnen ) . Depending on the character the player plays as , they get to build relationships with different characters : for instance , the player can become close to Tsugumi Komachi ( 小町つぐみ , Komachi Tsugumi ) when playing as Takeshi , who just is a supporting character when playing as the Kid . The player character is not chosen directly ; instead , a decision the player makes during a blackout in the beginning of the game determines who they will play as . = = Plot = = = = = Setting and characters = = = Ever 17 is set in Japan , in the underwater marine theme park LeMU , 51 meters below the surface of the artificial island Insel Null . After an incident , almost half of LeMU is flooded , and the path to the surface and the communication lines are cut off , trapping the game 's characters inside . In addition , LeMU is under large water pressure , limiting time to find a means of escape to 119 hours . The player takes the roles of two characters , and sees the story from their respective perspectives : Takeshi Kuranari , a student who visited the park with his friends but got separated from them ; and an amnesiac boy who does not remember his own name , and is simply called " the Kid " . Among other characters are You Tanaka ( 田中優 , Tanaka Yu ) , a part @-@ time employee at LeMU ; Tsugumi Komachi , a woman who is distrustful of the others ; Sora Akanegasaki ( 茜ヶ崎空 , Akanegasaki Sora ) , an artificial intelligence and the computer engineer of LeMU , who is only seen through a projection onto the other characters ' eyes ; Sara Matsunaga ( 松永沙羅 , Matsunaga Sara ) , a second @-@ year student and a hacker ; and Coco Yagami ( 八神ココ , Yagami Koko ) , a girl who is stranded on LeMU with her dog Pipi . = = = Story = = = The game opens on May 1 , 2017 , when a blackout occurs in LeMU , its communications system go down , and the park springs a leak ; portions of it get flooded , blocking the exit and trapping the characters inside . Due to water pressure , the park is estimated to implode after 119 hours ; the water pressure also ensures that the characters cannot escape by swimming , as it would crush their lungs . If the player plays as Takeshi , he builds a relationship with Tsugumi , who reveals that she and her pet hamster Chami are carriers of the Cure virus , which has rewritten their genetic code , and halted their biological aging . She and Takeshi have sex , and she is impregnated . Later , Coco becomes sick . It is revealed that a research facility exists under LeMU , called IBF , and that LeMU was created by the Leiblich Pharmaceutical company as a cover for IBF . The facility developed the deadly virus Tief Blau ; the LeMU disaster was caused when IBF lost containment of it . Coco was exposed to the virus while visiting her father , an IBF researcher . The group goes to IBF in search for a cure , but starts showing signs of Tief Blau . An exception is Tsugumi , as the Cure virus has made her immune ; the group injects themselves with her antibodies . They get contact with the surface , and a rescue pod is sent down , but is only able to stay for a short period of time . Tsugumi disappears to find Chami , who has gone missing ; Takeshi chases after her , and saves Sora 's data onto a disk , to save her memories . Returning to IBF , they have missed the rescue vessel . They find a submarine and escape , but its batteries die ; Takeshi exits it , giving it enough buoyancy to save Tsugumi , while he dies on the ocean floor . Coco dies in IBF , as she had been looking for Pipi , and the rescue team could not find her . If the player plays as the Kid , Sara is trapped in LeMU instead of Coco ; the Kid frequently has visions of Coco , but no one else sees her . The group manages to contact the surface , and open and close doors to various rooms in LeMU to move the water around , allowing them to escape . After having played the game as both Takeshi and the Kid , the player accesses the final route , in which it is revealed that while the events Takeshi experienced took place in 2017 , those the Kid experienced were a recreation , and took place in a rebuilt LeMU in 2034 . The You of 2017 , whose full first name is Yubiseiharukana , had artificially impregnated herself and given birth to Yubiseiakikana , who took the role of You during the recreation . Pipi had escaped LeMU in 2017 , carrying with it the disk with Sora 's memories and footage of Coco being trapped in IBF . Sara and the Kid are revealed to be Tsugumi and Takeshi 's children , and the Kid 's real name turns out to be Hokuto . The Kid of 2017 , whose name is Ryogo Kaburaki , played the role of Takeshi during the recreation , having stopped aging due to the Cure virus . The recreation was done to line up two points in the fourth dimension , time , to get the attention of the person playing Ever 17 ; the characters see the player as a 4th @-@ dimensional being , " Blick Winkel " , who can move through time ; Blick Winkel appearing was what caused Hokuto 's amnesia . Yubiseiharukana tells Blick Winkel that they had told her to do the recreation to save Takeshi and Coco . Blick Winkel travels to 2017 , and wakes up Takeshi on the seafloor , forcing him to swim to IBF ; inside , he injects Coco with Tsugumi 's antibodies . Blick Winkel warns Yubiseiharukana in 2017 to not save Takeshi and Coco immediately , to avoid a time paradox ; instead , Blick Winkel has Takeshi and Coco enter cryogenic suspension in IBF . They wake up in 2034 , saved . Sora , who now has a robotic body , is given back her memories from the disk , and Yubiseiharukana leaks information about Leiblich , exposing them as being behind the Tief Blau outbreak . = = Development = = The game was directed by Takumi Nakazawa , while Kotaro Uchikoshi was the planner and scenario writer , and Yuu Takigawa was the character designer . While the previous game in the series , Never 7 : The End of Infinity , focused on romance with light usage of science fiction themes , the use of these two themes was more balanced in Ever 17 ; the decision to do this was made after the science fiction themes in Never 7 were well received by critics . The game 's setting of " you 're trapped somewhere and trying to escape " was made to embody two of humanity 's instinctive desires : the unconscious desire to return to the safety of one 's mother 's womb and shut oneself away from the world , and the desire to escape from and overcome one 's current condition . While Never 7 had originally been planned as a stand @-@ alone game , it was decided during the development of Ever 17 to connect the two games ' worlds . Development of the game was finished in May 2002 . The game 's soundtrack was composed by Takeshi Abo , and features " geometric music " because of the game 's theoretical and science fiction elements . Prior to composing the music , he read through the game 's story , to understand the setting and each character 's personality as much as possible . He would write his impressions of the plot , with a focus on the " emotional flow " and the events that occur throughout the story ; he valued his first impressions as very important for this . According to Abo , this method takes longer time , but allows him to make better music with a stronger relation to the game 's world than if he had just designated different songs to different points of the game . Because he enjoyed the story , the music strongly reflects Abo 's own musical tastes . Asami Imai performed the opening theme for the PlayStation Portable version of the game . = = = Remake = = = A remake of the game , simply titled Ever 17 , was developed for Xbox 360 by 5pb. in collaboration with Cyberfront ; this version was redone from the ground up , and includes new event graphics , re @-@ recorded voices , new routes , and a new ending . It uses 3D models for the conversation scenes ; this move from 2D to 3D was made as 3D character models were seen as being more easily animated than 2D sprites , as they can be posed without the need to draw new poses manually . 5pb . ' s executive director , Chiyomaru Shikura , felt that visual novels are above manga but below anime as a media genre , and said that , with the move to 3D , the genre would gradually catch up to anime . He said that while the Xbox 360 market was not strong in Japan , he felt that Japanese Xbox 360 users were people who liked video games a lot , and who had the ability to increase their community ; he believed word @-@ of @-@ mouth to be an important aspect of the Japanese Xbox 360 market . The remake 's theme song was performed by Kokomi of the band Asriel . = = Release = = Ever 17 was originally released for Dreamcast and PlayStation 2 on August 29 , 2002 in Japan . A Microsoft Windows version was released on May 16 , 2003 , in Japan , and was localized and released by Hirameki International on December 20 , 2005 , in North America . The game was also released for PlayStation Portable on March 12 , 2009 , and for Android and iOS on January 15 , 2013 . The PlayStation Portable version of the game was the 744th best selling game of 2009 in Japan , with 7 @,@ 482 copies sold . The Xbox 360 remake was originally planned to be released on July 28 , 2011 , but was delayed to December 1 , 2011 . It was made available in both a standard edition and a limited edition , the latter including a 2 @-@ disc soundtrack . Other media based on the game has been published . A music album with the game 's soundtrack , titled Ever 17 : The Out of Infinity - Sound Collection , was released by Scitron on September 4 , 2002 . Scitron released another album , Ever 17 : The Out of Infinity - Vocal Collection , on August 6 , 2003 , which collects singles previously released during a two @-@ year period . The album includes two vocal tracks from the game , instrumental versions of them , and songs based on the events and characters of the game . A drama CD titled 2035 was released on December 18 , 2002 , also by Scitron . A manga adaptation of the game was drawn by Chigusa Umetani and released by Enterbrain on their Famitsu Comic Clear website from 2011 to 2012 ; it has since been collected in two volumes . A book , titled Ever 17 10th Anniversary Fanbook , was released at 2012 's winter edition of Comiket , and included new art by Takigawa . = = Reception = = Neal Chandran at RPGFan called Ever 17 " a fantastic adventure game " , and one of the best Japanese games in the genre that are available in English , describing it as a " must @-@ play " . He liked the game 's writing , finding the conversations with other characters to be deep , philosophical , and intellectual , and said that each character was interesting . He found the conversations to reading " like conversation should " , but also found the English localization to contain multiple flaws , including spelling mistakes and grammatical errors , such as the misuse of the words " your " and " you 're " . Jason Young at GameZone called the game an " all @-@ age masterpiece [ that ] is nearly flawless in every regard " , and said that it was the best visual novel that was available in English . He said that it was one of the video games with the best characterization in history , and called the game 's plot twist " mind @-@ blowing " . Writers for Famitsu thought that the combination of suspense and romance made for a strange feeling . They found the game system to be characteristic of KID , calling it user @-@ friendly , and saying that it made repeated playthroughs pleasant . Chandran liked the game 's graphics , saying that while they only consist on still 2D images on static backgrounds , the character designs were appealing and the backgrounds were bright and detailed . He called the game 's sound " top notch " , saying that the voice actors did an excellent job with their characters , and that the music was very good ; he liked how it was varied , feeling that it represented the various scenarios and moods in the game well , and that it was a big improvement over the music in the previous game in the series . In 2010 , RPGFan ranked the game as the eighteenth best role @-@ playing game of the 2000s , calling it " a pinnacle of visual novels " , citing its story , which they called " one of the most emotionally charged , intense , deep , and compelling storylines ever seen in a video game " , and the characters , which they said develop believably , ensuring that the player forms an emotional bond to at least one ; they called the character of Tsugumi one of the best tragic heroines they had encountered in a game . Chandran ranked the game as the third best role @-@ playing game from the sixth generation of video game consoles , saying that it was his favorite in the Infinity series , and one his favorite video games overall . = Ross Sea party 1914 – 16 = The Ross Sea party was a component of Sir Ernest Shackleton 's Imperial Trans @-@ Antarctic Expedition 1914 – 17 . Its task was to lay a series of supply depots across the Great Ice Barrier from the Ross Sea to the Beardmore Glacier , along the polar route established by earlier Antarctic expeditions . The expedition 's main party , under Shackleton , was to land on the opposite , Weddell Sea coast of Antarctica , and to march across the continent via the South Pole to the Ross Sea . As the main party would be unable to carry sufficient fuel and supplies for the whole distance , their survival depended on the Ross Sea party 's depots , which would cover the final quarter of their journey . Shackleton set sail from London on his ship Endurance , bound for the Weddell Sea in August 1914 . Meanwhile , the Ross Sea party personnel gathered in Australia , prior to departure for the Ross Sea in the second expedition ship , SY Aurora . Organisational and financial problems delayed their start until December 1914 , which shortened their first depot @-@ laying season . After their arrival the inexperienced party struggled to master the art of Antarctic travel , in the process losing most of their sledge dogs . A greater misfortune occurred when , at the onset of the southern winter , Aurora was torn from its moorings during a severe storm and was unable to return , leaving the shore party stranded . Despite these setbacks , the Ross Sea party survived inter @-@ personnel disputes , extreme weather , illness , and the deaths of three of its members to carry out its mission in full during its second Antarctic season . This success proved ultimately without purpose , because Shackleton 's main expedition was unable to land after Endurance was crushed in the Weddell Sea ice . Shackleton eventually led his men to safety , but the transcontinental march did not take place and the Ross Sea party 's depots were not required . The Ross Sea party remained stranded until January 1917 , when Aurora , which had been repaired and refitted in New Zealand , arrived to rescue them . Public recognition of their efforts was slow in coming , but in due course four Albert Medals were awarded to members of the party , two posthumously . Shackleton later wrote that those who died " gave their lives for their country as surely as those who gave up their lives in France or Flanders . " = = Background = = After the conquest of the South Pole by Roald Amundsen in December 1911 Shackleton , who had sought this achievement himself , was forced to rethink his polar ambitions . He believed that there remained " one great main objective of Antarctic journeyings — the crossing of the South Polar continent from sea to sea . " Basing his strategy on plans developed earlier by the Scottish explorer William Spiers Bruce , Shackleton planned to land with his main party as far south as possible , on the Weddell Sea coast . His transcontinental team would then march southward to the Pole , before continuing across the polar plateau and descending via the Beardmore Glacier ( which Shackleton had discovered in 1909 ) to the Great Ice Barrier . The final stretch would take them across the Barrier to McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea coast . Shackleton estimated that the crossing would cover approximately 1 @,@ 800 miles ( 2 @,@ 900 km ) , a distance too great for his party to carry all its supplies . In support of the main journey , therefore , a separate Ross Sea party would land in McMurdo Sound and would lay a series of supply depots across the 400 miles ( 640 km ) width of the Barrier , to assist the crossing group home . It would also carry out scientific investigations . Shackleton described the depot @-@ laying as vital to the success of the whole undertaking , but believed it would not present any great difficulties in execution . The Ross Sea party 's vessel would be SY Aurora , a ship recently used by Douglas Mawson and the Australasian Antarctic Expedition . = = Personnel = = To lead the Ross Sea party Shackleton chose Aeneas Mackintosh , having first attempted to persuade the Admiralty to provide him with a naval crew . Mackintosh , like Shackleton , was a former Merchant Navy officer , who had been on the Nimrod expedition until his participation was cut short by an accident that resulted in the loss of his right eye . Another Nimrod veteran , Ernest Joyce , whose Antarctic experiences had begun with Captain Scott 's Discovery Expedition , was appointed to take charge of sledging and dogs . Joyce was described by Shackleton 's biographer , Roland Huntford , as " a strange mixture of fraud , flamboyance and ability " , but his depot @-@ laying work during the Nimrod expedition had impressed Shackleton . Ernest Wild , a Royal Naval petty officer , was added to the party possibly through the persuasion of his brother , Frank Wild , who was travelling as Shackleton 's second @-@ in @-@ command on Endurance . Some of the appointments to the party were made rather hurriedly , reflecting the limited time frame that Shackleton had allowed for preliminary organisation . Joseph Stenhouse , a young officer from the British India Steam Navigation Company , was appointed as the Aurora 's First Officer after travelling from Australia to London to seek an interview with Shackleton . The Reverend Arnold Spencer @-@ Smith , a Scottish Episcopal Church priest and former schoolmaster , joined as a replacement for one of the original members of the expedition who had left for active service in the First World War . Victor Hayward , a London finance clerk with a taste for adventure was recruited on the basis of his having worked on a ranch in Canada . Although the Ross Sea party 's main role was to lay supply depots , Shackleton added a small scientific team to carry out biological , meteorological and magnetic research in the region . The chief scientist in this group was Alexander Stevens , a Scots geologist and former theology student . John Cope , a 21 @-@ year @-@ old Cambridge graduate , was the team 's biologist ; a would @-@ be medical student , he later became ship 's surgeon . Two other scientists were appointed in Australia , the physicist Dick Richards ( who signed up for a nominal wage of £ 1 per week ) and industrial chemist Keith Jack . An Australian cousin of Spencer @-@ Smith 's , Irvine Gaze , was taken on as a general assistant . = = Problems in Australia = = Mackintosh and the nucleus of the party arrived in Sydney , Australia , late in October 1914 . They found that Aurora was in no condition for an Antarctic voyage , and required an extensive overhaul . The registration of the ship in Shackleton 's name had not been properly completed , and Shackleton had evidently misunderstood the terms under which he had acquired the vessel from Mawson . Mawson had reclaimed much of the equipment and stores that had been aboard , all of which needed replacing . To compound the problem , Shackleton had reduced the funds available to Mackintosh from £ 2 @,@ 000 to £ 1 @,@ 000 , expecting him to bridge the difference by soliciting for supplies as free gifts and by mortgaging the ship . There was no cash available to cover the wages and living expenses for the party . Shackleton was now beyond reach , aboard Endurance en route for Antarctica . Supporters of the expedition in Australia , notably Edgeworth David who had served as chief scientist on the Nimrod expedition , were concerned at the plight in which Mackintosh 's party had been placed . They helped to raise sufficient funds to keep the expedition alive , but several members of the party resigned or abandoned the venture . Some of the last @-@ minute replacements were raw recruits ; Adrian Donnelly , a locomotive engineer with no sea experience , signed as second engineer , while wireless operator Lionel Hooke was an 18 @-@ year @-@ old electrical apprentice . Despite all these difficulties , Aurora set out from Sydney on 15 December 1914 , bound for Hobart , where she arrived on 20 December to take on final stores and fuel . On 24 December , three weeks later than the original target sailing date , the Aurora finally sailed for the Antarctic , arriving off Ross Island on 16 January 1915 . Mackintosh decided to establish a shore base at Cape Evans , Captain Scott 's headquarters during the 1910 – 13 Terra Nova Expedition , and to find a safe winter mooring nearby for Aurora . = = First season , 1914 – 15 = = = = = Depot @-@ laying , January – March 1915 = = = Believing that Shackleton might attempt a crossing during the first season , Mackintosh decided that the first two depots had to be laid without delay , one at 79 ° S near Minna Bluff , a prominent Barrier landmark , and another further south at the 80 ° mark . These were , in his view , the minimum that would enable Shackleton 's party to survive a crossing of the Barrier . The delayed arrival of Aurora in the Antarctic had given little time for acclimatisation for the dogs and for the untrained men , and this led to differences of view about how to proceed . Ernest Joyce , by far the most experienced Antarctic traveller in the party , favoured a cautious approach and wanted to delay the start by at least a week . Joyce claimed that Shackleton had given him independent control over sledging activities , a view rejected by Mackintosh and later demonstrated as without foundation . Mackintosh 's view having prevailed , on 24 January 1915 the first of three parties set out for the Barrier journey , the others following on the next day . Further dissension soon arose between Joyce and Mackintosh about how far south the dogs should be taken . Joyce wanted them to go no further than the Bluff , but Mackintosh 's sense of urgency meant that they were taken on to 80 ° S. A further setback was the failure of the attempts to move stores by motor tractor . Although , ultimately , the depots were laid at Minna Bluff and at 80 ° S , the overall operation was beset by problems . Not all the stores had reached the depots , and , as well as the motor tractor failure , all ten dogs taken on the journey perished during the return . By the time that all parties were reunited at Hut Point ( Scott 's old Discovery base at the edge of the Barrier ) on 25 March , the men themselves were exhausted and frostbitten , and there was a significant loss of confidence in Mackintosh . The condition of the sea ice in McMurdo Sound made the journey back to Cape Evans impossible , so the party was stranded until 1 June , in spartan conditions and relying on seals for fresh meat and blubber fuel . It was later revealed that this first depot @-@ laying season , and its attendant hardships , had been unnecessary . Shackleton had stated , in a letter sent from South Georgia on 5 December 1914 ( the date that Endurance left South Georgia for the Weddell Sea ) to Ernest Perris of the Daily Chronicle , that he had " no chance of crossing that season " . Mackintosh was to have been informed of this , but " the cable was never sent " . = = = Loss of the Aurora = = = When Mackintosh departed on 25 January 1915 to lead the depot @-@ laying parties he left the Aurora under the command of First Officer Joseph Stenhouse . The priority task for Stenhouse was to find a winter anchorage in accordance with Shackleton 's instructions not to attempt to anchor south of the Glacier Tongue , an icy protrusion midway between Cape Evans and Hut Point . This search proved a long and hazardous process . Stenhouse manoeuvred in the Sound for several weeks before eventually deciding to winter close to the Cape Evans shore headquarters . After a final visit to Hut Point on 11 March to pick up four early returners from the depot @-@ laying parties , he brought the ship to Cape Evans and made it fast with anchors and hawsers , thereafter allowing it to become frozen into the shore ice . On the night of 7 May a severe gale erupted , tearing the Aurora from its moorings and carrying it out to sea attached to a large ice floe . Attempts to contact the shore party by wireless failed . Held fast , and with its engines out of commission , the Aurora began a long drift northward away from Cape Evans , out of McMurdo Sound , into the Ross Sea and eventually into the Southern Ocean . Ten men were left stranded ashore at Cape Evans . Aurora finally broke free from the ice on 12 February 1916 and managed to reach New Zealand on 2 April . = = = Improvisation = = = Because Mackintosh had intended to use Aurora as the party 's main living quarters , most of the shore party 's personal gear , food , equipment and fuel was still aboard when the ship departed . Although the sledging rations intended for Shackleton 's depots had been landed , the ten stranded men were left with " only the clothes on their backs " . Mackintosh summarised their situation : " We have to face the possibility that we may have to stay here , unsupported , for two years . We cannot expect rescue before then , and so we must conserve and economize on what we have , and we must seek and apply what substitutes we can gather " . Their first recourse was to the food and materials from supplies left behind by Scott 's and Shackleton 's earlier expeditions . These supplies provided a harvest of material , which enabled clothing , footwear and equipment to be improvised , while the party used seal meat and blubber as extra sources of food and fuel . " Joyce 's Famous Tailoring Shop " fashioned clothes from a large canvas tent abandoned by Scott 's expedition . Even a brand of tobacco — " Hut Point Mixture " — was concocted by Ernest Wild from sawdust , tea , coffee and a few dried herbs . By these means the party equipped itself for the sledging journeys that lay ahead in the second season . On the last day of August Mackintosh recorded in his diary the work that had been completed during the winter , and ended : " Tomorrow we start for Hut Point " . = = Second depot @-@ laying season 1915 – 16 = = = = = Journey to Mount Hope = = = The second season 's work was planned in three stages . First , all depot stores — 3 @,@ 800 pounds ( 1 @,@ 700 kg ) in total — were to be transferred from Cape Evans to Hut Point . These stores would then be transported from Hut Point to a base depot at Minna Bluff . Finally , a journey south would be made , to reinforce the 80 ° depot and lay new ones at 81 ° , 82 ° , 83 ° , and lastly at Mount Hope , near the foot of the Beardmore Glacier , at 83 ° 30 ' . Nine men in teams of three would undertake the sledging work . The first stage , hauling over the sea ice to Hut Point , started on 1 September 1915 , and was completed without mishap by the end of the month . The second stage , hauling back and forth between Hut Point and the Bluff , proved more problematic , with unfavourable weather , a difficult Barrier surface , and more dissension between Mackintosh and Joyce over methods . This time , Mackintosh favoured man @-@ hauling while Joyce wanted to use the four fit dogs — of the six dogs that had survived the winter , two were pregnant and could not work . Mackintosh allowed Joyce to proceed in his own way , leading a party of six with the dogs , while Mackintosh continued to man @-@ haul with Wild and Spencer @-@ Smith . Joyce 's methods proved the more effective in terms of loads carried and the fitness of the men . The base depot at Minna Bluff was completed by 28 December . Shortly after the main march to Mount Hope began , on 1 January 1916 , the failure of a Primus stove led to three men ( Cope , Jack and Gaze ) returning to Cape Evans , where they joined Stevens . The scientist had remained at the base to take weather measurements and watch for the ship . The remaining six sledged south , with Spencer @-@ Smith failing rapidly and Mackintosh complaining of a painful knee . They battled on , laying the depots , using only minimum provisions themselves although , at Joyce 's insistence , keeping the dogs well @-@ fed : " The dogs are our only hope ; our lives depend on them . " As they neared Mount Hope , Spencer @-@ Smith collapsed , unable to proceed . The others left him alone in a small tent and travelled the remaining few miles to lay the final depot at Mount Hope on 26 January 1916 . Ernest Wild left a letter for his brother Frank who he assumed was by then travelling across from the Weddell Sea with Shackleton . = = = Return = = = The party turned for home on 27 January , picking up Spencer @-@ Smith on 29th . He was by now physically helpless and had to be loaded on to the sledge . Mackintosh was soon unable to pull , and could only stagger along beside the sledge ; by this time the de facto leadership of the group had passed to Joyce and Richards . Joyce described the group 's plight : " I have never known such shocking conditions . This is one of the hardest pulls since we have trekked ... all we can do is to slog on with the greatest possible speed . " In spite of their difficulties the party made good progress until , on 17 February about 10 miles ( 16 km ) short of the Bluff depot , they were halted by a blizzard . They remained tent @-@ bound for five days , by which time their supplies had run out . In desperation the party left the tent the next day , but it soon proved impossible for Mackintosh and Spencer @-@ Smith to travel further . Joyce , Richards and Hayward then sledged through the blizzard to the Bluff , leaving the invalids in a tent under the care of Wild . This round trip of about 20 miles ( 32 km ) took them a week to complete . They returned with food and fuel to sustain their comrades , and the march resumed . Within a short time Mackintosh joined Spencer @-@ Smith on the sledge , and before long , Hayward too collapsed . The three men still on their feet were by now too weak to haul three invalids , so on 8 March Mackintosh volunteered to stay in the tent while the others attempted to take Spencer @-@ Smith and Hayward to Hut Point . A day later Spencer @-@ Smith died , utterly worn out by exhaustion and scurvy , and was buried in the ice . Joyce and Wild reached Hut Point with Hayward on 11 March and went back for Mackintosh . By 16 March the whole surviving party had reached the hut . From the start of the hauling of loads from Cape Evans on 1 September 1915 to the arrival of the survivors back at Hut Point , a total of 198 days had passed , the longest sledging journey in terms of elapsed time undertaken on any expedition up to that time . = = = Deaths of Mackintosh and Hayward = = = The five survivors slowly recovered their strength with a diet of seal meat . The ice was too thin for them to risk the final trip to Cape Evans , and the monotony of their diet and surroundings became wearisome . On 8 May Mackintosh announced that he and Hayward intended to risk the ice and walk to Cape Evans . Against the strenuous objections of their companions they departed , and within the hour disappeared into a blizzard . The others went to look for them after the storm and found only tracks leading to the edge of the broken ice . Mackintosh and Hayward were never seen again . They had either fallen through the thin ice or had been carried out to sea on an ice floe . Richards , Joyce and Wild waited until 15 July to make the trip to Cape Evans , where they were at last reunited with Stevens , Cope , Jack and Gaze . = = Rescue = = After Aurora 's arrival in New Zealand in April 1916 , Stenhouse began the task of raising funds for the ship 's repair and refit , prior to its return to Antarctica to rescue the marooned men . This proved difficult : nothing had been heard from Shackleton since Endurance had left South Georgia in December 1914 , and it seemed likely that relief expeditions were necessary for both strands of the expedition . However , the Imperial Trans @-@ Antarctic Expedition was completely out of funds , and there was no obvious alternative source of finance . Given the chaotic financial circumstances in which Aurora had departed from Australia , private subscribers were hard to find . Finally , the governments of Australia , New Zealand and Great Britain agreed jointly to fund the refit of Aurora , but insisted on their joint committee having full control of the relief expedition . On 31 May , Shackleton arrived in the Falkland Islands with the story of his escape after the loss of Endurance in the Weddell Sea . His first priority was to effect the rescue of the rest of the Weddell Sea party , stranded on Elephant Island , and it was early December before he arrived in New Zealand . He was too late to influence the organisation of the Ross Sea party 's relief ; the joint committee had appointed John King Davis to lead the expedition and had dismissed Stenhouse and Aurora 's other officers . Davis was a veteran of Mawson 's recent Australasian expedition , and had turned down Shackleton 's offers in 1914 of the command of either Endurance or Aurora . As a gesture , Shackleton was permitted to sail as a supernumerary officer when the ship left on 20 December . On 10 January 1917 , when Aurora reached Cape Evans , the survivors were astonished to see Shackleton approaching them ; they then learned for the first time the futility of their labours . After a further week spent in a vain search for the bodies of Mackintosh and Hayward , Aurora headed north for New Zealand , carrying the seven survivors of the original shore party . = = Aftermath =	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
0 , five large stone buildings were erected by George Müller to care for 2 @,@ 050 orphans in his Ashley Down orphanage . Cabot Tower is situated in a public park on Brandon Hill . It was built in 1897 by William Venn Gough in memory of John Cabot , 400 years after he set sail from Bristol and landed on what is now Canada . = = = Industrial = = = A notable feature of Bristol 's architecture is the Bristol Byzantine style . Characterised by complicated polychrome brick and decorative arches , this style was used in the construction of factories , warehouses and municipal buildings built in the Victorian era . Surviving examples include the Colston Hall , the Granary on Welsh Back , and the Gloucester Road Carriage Works , along with some of the buildings around Victoria Street . Several of the warehouses around the harbour have also survived , including the Arnolfini , which now houses an art gallery . Clarks Wood Company warehouse , the St Vincent 's Works in Silverthorne Lane , and the Wool Hall in St Thomas Street , are other survivors from the 19th century . The local Pennant sandstone is frequently used as walling material , often with limestone dressings , as found on the old Temple Meads railway station and Clifton Down railway station . Pennant sandstone is also used as large rock @-@ faced squared blocks , described as Pennant rubble , which are used alone , eked out with plain brickwork , or incorporated into the more rugged examples of Bristol Byzantine . Much of the local transport infrastructure including the Clifton Suspension Bridge and the original Temple Meads railway station — now used as the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum — were designed or built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel . In 1864 , after over 100 years of planning , the Clifton Suspension Bridge over the Avon Gorge linked the city to the Ashton Court estate . However , development to the west of the River Avon remained limited . Edward Everard 's printing works with its detailed ceramic frontage was constructed in 1900 . = = 20th century = = In the early part of the 20th century further expansion took place in residential districts increasingly distant from the city centre . Bristol Hippodrome was designed by Frank Matcham , and opened on 16 December 1912 . The Wills Memorial Building was commissioned in 1912 by George Alfred Wills and Henry Herbert Wills , the magnates of the Bristol tobacco company W. D. & H. O. Wills , in honour of their father , Henry Overton Wills III , benefactor and first Chancellor of the University of Bristol . Sir George Oatley was chosen as architect and told to " build to last " . He produced a design in the Perpendicular Gothic style , to evoke the famous university buildings of Oxford and Cambridge . The university also took over several existing houses such as Royal Fort , Victoria Rooms , Clifton Hill House , Goldney Hall , Wills Hall and buildings on Berkeley Square , Park Street and the surrounding areas . Oatley was also involved in the design or restoration of other buildings in Bristol in the early part of the 20th century , including the restoration of John Wesley 's original Methodist chapel , the New Room . The 1930s saw the construction of the Employment Exchange and the planning of the new Council House , although this was not completed until 1956 . As a centre of aircraft manufacturing , Bristol was a target for bombing during the Bristol Blitz of World War II . Bristol 's city centre was severely damaged , especially in November and December 1940 , when the Broadmead area was flattened , and Hitler claimed to have destroyed the city . The original central area , near the bridge and castle , is now a park featuring two bombed @-@ out churches and fragments of the castle . A third bombed church has been given a new lease of life as the St Nicholas ' Church Museum . Slightly to the north , the Broadmead shopping centre was built over bomb @-@ damaged areas . Clifton Cathedral , to the north of the city centre , was built during the early 1970s . Like much of British post @-@ war development , the regeneration of Bristol city centre was characterised by Mid @-@ Century Modern towers such as Castlemead , Modernist architecture , and improvement and expansion to road infrastructure . The world 's oldest shot tower in Redcliffe was lost to road development in 1968 , being replaced the following year by the Cheese Lane Shot Tower on a different site . Since the 1990s this trend has been reversing , limiting access with the closure of a number of main roads , whilst the Broadmead shopping centre has been further developed . In 2006 , one of the city centre 's tallest Mid @-@ Century Modern towers was lost , with further historic 20th century structures being destroyed more recently . The transfer of the docks to Avonmouth , 7 miles ( 11 km ) downstream from the city centre , relieved congestion in the centre of Bristol and allowed substantial redevelopment of the old central dock area ( the Floating Harbour ) . The continued existence of the central docks was for some time in jeopardy , as they were seen to be remnants of a derelict industry instead of an asset to be developed for public use . In the 1990s , a harbourside concert hall designed by architects Behnisch & Partners was planned , but an Arts Council decision cut the funding and the project has not been revived . This has left At @-@ Bristol , which mixes art , science and nature , with its all @-@ reflective planetarium , as the centrepiece of the Harbourside development . = = 21st century = = The Broadmead shopping centre was redeveloped in the early years of the century , involving the demolition of one the city 's tallest mid @-@ century towers , Tollgate House , in the construction of Cabot Circus . The former Bristol and West Tower was reworked into a glass skyscraper with glass panels in place of its concrete outer cladding . In 2005 , the city council undertook extensive consultations about the future of tall buildings in Bristol , and identified support for new tall buildings so long as they are well designed , sustainable , distinctive and ' fit ' into the existing urban landscape . In May 2007 , proposals were announced to build approximately 753 @,@ 000 square feet ( 70 @,@ 000 m ² ) net of homes , offices , and business premises in the St Pauls area . The development , if it had been approved , would have included a 600 feet ( 183 m ) , 40 @-@ storey tower next to the M32 motorway , acting as a new entrance to the city . The tower would have been a similar shape to the Swiss Re " Gherkin " tower in London . Planning for the large Finzels Reach development across the Floating Harbour from Castle Park , including the old Georges Brewery buildings , was first granted in 2006 but progress was hampered by the recession and the developers went into receivership . By 2015 the development is part complete with the historic waterfront facade still awaiting regeneration . Since 2013 , Bristol has seen an increase in buildings being built or office blocks being converted for student accommodation . These include Froomsgate House , St. Lawrence House ( a former office block ) in Broad Street , the former Magistrates Court site and New Bridewell Tower . = = Tallest buildings = = A roster of the tallest buildings constructed in Bristol includes : = Heartbreaker ( Mariah Carey song ) = " Heartbreaker " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released on September 21 , 1999 by Columbia Records as the lead single from Carey 's seventh studio album , Rainbow ( 1999 ) . The song was written by Carey and Jay @-@ Z and produced by the former and DJ Clue . " Heartbreaker " pushed Carey even further into the R & B and hip @-@ hop market , becoming her first commercial single to feature a hip @-@ hop artist . Lyrically , the song talks about a relationship from the female perspective , and how the protagonist incessantly returns to her lover , even though he continuously cheats on her and breaks her heart . The song received mixed reviews from music critics , many of which felt it was not original or innovative in terms of a creative step forward . Additionally , it was compared heavily to Carey 's previous song " Fantasy " ( 1995 ) , which also built its hook from a sampled beat . " Heartbreaker " topped the charts in Canada and US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Carey 's 14th chart topper there . Across Europe and Australia , the song topped the charts in New Zealand , and was a top five single in France and the United Kingdom . Carey performed " Heartbreaker " live on several television and award show appearances around the world , as well as on her concert tours . The song 's music video , directed by Brett Ratner , is one of the most expensive ever made , costing over $ 2 @.@ 5 million . The video features Carey and her friends visiting a film theater and catching her boyfriend ( played by Jerry O 'Connell ) on a date with another woman . Carey played herself and a brunette villainess named Bianca , during a physical altercation scene in between the two women . Due to contractual agreements at the time of its filming , Jay @-@ Z was unable to make an appearance in the video , instead being portrayed as an animated cartoon . The video was inspired by several films including Grease and Enter the Dragon . = = Background = = With her sixth studio album , Butterfly ( 1997 ) , Mariah Carey started infusing hip @-@ hop music elements in her songs , working with different and younger record producers and songwriters . After the album 's success , and the release of her first compilation album # 1 's ( 1998 ) , Carey began to work on her seventh studio album , Rainbow ( 1999 ) . Her main focus on the album was to continue on the same path she began with on Butterfly , producing a subtle combination between inspirational ballads and hip @-@ hop beats . " Heartbreaker " marked the first time in Carey 's career that a hip @-@ hop star was included on a lead single , following O.D.B who was featured on the official remix of " Fantasy " in 1995 . While recording the album in Capri , Italy , Carey claimed to have spent most of the time developing what she felt to be a strong lead single . Originally , " Heartbreaker " was intended to be part of Carey 's debut film soundtrack Glitter , however , after the film 's delay , it was included on Rainbow . Prior to the song 's radio release , Carey spoke of it in an interview : " It 's pretty much [ in ] the classic style of my up @-@ tempo classics like ' Fantasy ' or ' Dreamlover , ' [ ... ] But it 's kind of fun and has a new edge to it , I think , and definitely having Jay @-@ Z takes it to a whole ' nother level . And [ DJ ] Clue makes it really fun and stuff . " = = Recording and lyrics = = While developing Rainbow , Carey had different ideas for the lead single . After writing the song 's core lyrics and producing the main idea and melody , DJ Clue , one of the earlier producers in the project , suggested to Carey the use and incorporation of the hook from " Attack of the Name Game " by Stacy Lattisaw . After agreeing to it , they incorporated Carey 's lyrics and melody to the hook , and began recording the song . However , after completing " Heartbreaker " , Carey felt it needed a strong male verse , hoping for a rising hip @-@ hop artist . She chose to work with Jay @-@ Z and began re @-@ arranging the song as he wrote out his verse . Jay @-@ Z wrote his entire verse , and helped produce some of the song 's core instrumentals . In an interview with Fred Bronson , Carey spoke of her experience working with Jay @-@ Z : " It 's fun when you can find someone that you can relate to and that you respect . Jay @-@ Z is someone I admire as a writer and as an artist . We could be sitting in the studio , and he can freestyle a rhyme that would be incredible just off the top of his head . He doesn 't need a pen and paper . I equate that to a singer who can pick up the mike and riff and ad @-@ lib over a song and take you to a totally new place . " Aside from her work with Clue and Jay @-@ Z , Carey 's longtime friend and background singer Trey Lorenz also took part in the song 's production . He provided the back @-@ up vocals in the song , and took part in several small areas of the development of Rainbow . When interviewed by Bronson , Carey spoke highly of Lorenz , " He 's an amazing writer and singer , he 's so influenced by the old school stuff , yet he 's so current . He 's known me since before my first album , and he 's a great , loyal friend . " Aside from the use of the sample and Jay @-@ Z 's verses , " Heartbreaker " contains strong female @-@ empowering lyrics , which Carey wrote as a sort of anthem , especially because she felt that she personally has been in a similar predicament in the past . = = Composition = = " Heartbreaker " is a moderately slow , mid @-@ tempo dance @-@ pop track , with hip @-@ hop and R & B influences . According to the music sheet published at Musicnotes.com , the song is written in the key of D ♭ major , while the beat is set in common time which moves at a moderate pace of 92 bpm . It has a sequence of D ♭ – B ♭ m – D ♭ as its chord progression . Carey 's vocals in the song span from the note of D3 to the high note of C7 . The song has a " percolating beat " over which Carey sings with nasal , silken and declarative vocals . The verses are melismatic , meaning , there are multiple notes sung per word or syllable with rapid yet seamless transitions . For example , Carey starts the second verse already in mid @-@ belt " It 's a shame to be " while then going off into a whispering coo for " so euphoric and weak . " Aside from background vocal stylings from Lorenz and other females , Carey added her own lowered vocals into the song , giving the impression of a " doubled voice . " " Heartbreaker " samples R & B and dance singer Stacy Lattisaw 's " Attack of the Name Game " . The song 's hook and loop were taken and incorporated into the melody of " Heartbreaker " , as well as being used as its main instrumental components . The lyrics are constructed in the verse @-@ pre @-@ chorus @-@ chorus form . Carey starts with the hook " Gimme your love , gimme your love , " repeated eight times . Carey repeats the chorus four times , ending the song with a final " Gimme your love , gimme your love . " Chuck Taylor from Billboard described its instrumentation as a " persistent guitar lick " and wrote " There 's an identifiable chorus here , and some semblance of verses , but more than anything , this song comes across as a blur of jumbled in the background , including Carey 's own repetitive harmonies , which in this case sound more like a competition than a compliment . " = = Remix = = The song 's main remix , titled Desert Storm Remix , features female rappers Da Brat and Missy Elliott . It is the first of Carey 's remixes that was produced by Desert Storm Records producer and rapper DJ Clue , who makes an introduction on the remix . The remix contains lyrical interpolations and an instrumental sample from " Ain 't No Fun ( If the Homies Can 't Have None ) " by Snoop Dogg . In an interview with MTV News , Carey spoke of the song 's remix before its official release in August 1999 : " And then the remix . I 'm so excited about the remix . It 's also gonna go on the album , and it features Missy Elliott and Da Brat , and it 's kinda like a girl @-@ power answer record , and it 's to the loop of Snoop [ Dogg ] ' s ' Ain 't No Fun . ' They 're not ready for that one ! " . A separate music video was filmed for the remix , shot in black and white and featuring a cameo appearance by Dogg . The Desert Storm Remix received mixed reviews from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine chose the song as one of the top three cuts on Rainbow , alongside the original . Danyel Smith from Entertainment Weekly called it " [ an ] overblown [ ... ] miscalculation " and wrote " Missy Elliott 's and Da Brat 's bad sexual politics sink the tired ' Heartbreaker [ Remix ] . ' Larry Flick from Billboard , called the remix " muscular " and " street @-@ savvy " and wrote " Missy Elliott and Da Brat lace rhymes into the track , which is enhanced by the sample from Snoop Dogg 's ' Ain 't No Fun ( If The Homies Can 't Have None ) ' . " = = Critical reception = = " Heartbreaker " received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics , some of whom compared it heavily to Carey 's previous lead singles . Dara Cook from MTV called the song " airy ditty " and wrote " [ On the song ] Mariah exudes as much sentiment as hollowed @-@ out driftwood . " Cook continued onto the song 's production , writing " By texturing it into the song , producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis have finally found productive use ( other than song closing spectacle ) for Mariah 's high octave shriek . " Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine named " Heartbreaker " as one of his top three choices from the album . Danyel Smith from Entertainment Weekly called the song a " delectable confection " and wrote " she smartly uses Jay @-@ Z 's droll rap about a bratty girlfriend as tart counterpoint to her creamy tones , " however calling it a recycled version of Carey 's previous songs " Dreamlover " ( 1993 ) and " Fantasy " ( 1995 ) . Elysa Gardner from the Los Angeles Times called the song " breezy " and noted how Carey " brings a similarly light , sensuous touch " to " Heartbreaker " . Additionally , Gardner complimented Jay @-@ Z 's rap verses , calling them " sly . " Editor from Rolling Stone Arion Berger , called it " nasal , silken and declarative " while " riding the percolating beat . " Additionally , Berger also compared it to Carey 's " Fantasy " , for its similar usage of a sampled hook . Tom Sinclair from Entertainment Weekly reviewed the song individually , giving it an F. He called it a " rehash " of " Fantasy " and wrote " What self @-@ respecting artist would have the gall to recycle the Tom Tom Club 's ' Genius of Love ' ( the source of ' Fantasy ' ) for a second time in four years ? It 's a given that pop will eat itself , but this sort of self @-@ cannibalization should be illegal . " Chuck Taylor from Billboard gave the song a mixed review , writing " Yes it 's a hit , and her voice is in fine form , but ' Heartbreaker ' is a disappointment in terms of what we know she 's capable of writing . " = = Chart performance = = In the United States , " Heartbreaker " was released on September 21 , 1999 . The song became Carey 's fourteenth chart topper in the US , spending two weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 . It extended Carey 's lead as the female artist with the most number one singles in the country . The only acts still ahead of Carey were Elvis Presley with seventeen ( a record she surpassed in 2008 with Touch My Body becoming her eighteenth number one single ) and The Beatles with twenty . The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Additionally , " Heartbreaker " finished at number thirty @-@ five on the Billboard Year @-@ End of 1999 . In Canada , the song peaked at number one on the Canadian Singles Chart , becoming Carey 's tenth chart topper in the country . In Australia , it entered the Australian Singles Chart at number eleven , on the issue dated October 10 , 1999 . The next week , the song ascended to its peak of number ten , where it stayed for one week , before fluctuating inside the chart for a total of seventeen weeks . " Heartbreaker " was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of over 70 @,@ 000 units within the country . In New Zealand , " Heartbreaker " was met with strong success , debuting at number four on October 10 , 1999 , and topping the singles chart the following week . It spent a total of eleven weeks fluctuating in the singles chart , and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , denoting shipments of over 15 @,@ 000 units . In Europe , the song charted throughout several markets . In Austria , it debuted at number thirty @-@ seven on the singles chart , eventually peaking at number seventeen . In total , " Heartbreaker " spent twelve weeks on the Austrian chart . In the two Belgium territories , Wallonia and Flanders , the song peaked at numbers nine and twenty @-@ seven , and spent nineteen and sixteen weeks on the chart , respectively . In France , the song entered the singles chart at number seventy @-@ seven on October 9 , 1999 . Eventually , it peaked at number four , becoming Carey 's highest charting single there since " Without You " ( 1993 ) , which peaked at number two . The song charted for twenty @-@ five weeks , and was certified gold by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) , denoting shipments of over 400 @,@ 000 units . In Germany , " Heartbreaker " peaked at number nine , spending twenty weeks inside the singles chart . On October 2 , 1999 , it entered the Dutch Single Top 100 at number sixteen , eventually peaking at number seven , and spending a total of eighteen weeks in the chart . In Norway , the song 's success was limited , only peaking at number fourteen and spending only four weeks charting in the countries chart . " Heartbreaker " entered the Swedish Singles Chart at number thirty , on the issue dated October 7 , 1999 . It charted for a total of fourteen weeks , and attained a peak of number eighteen . In Switzerland , it spent twenty @-@ three consecutive weeks in the singles chart , attaining a peak position of number seven , where it stayed for two weeks . On the UK Singles Chart , " Heartbreaker " debuted at its peak position of number five , during the week of November 6 , 1999 . It spent a total of thirteen weeks charting inside the chart , exiting on January 9 , 2000 . = = Music video = = The music video , directed by Brett Ratner , began airing on MTV on August 16 , 1999 following its premiere on the network 's Making the Video series . According to Carey , the goal for the video was to mirror the lyrical content of the song , as well as showing it from a female perspective . Additionally , the video was filmed in a comedic fashion , intended to remain something " fun and exciting . " The video became one of the most expensive ever made , costing over $ 2 @.@ 5 million . Due to its strong female empowering message and nature , the video remains " a fan favorite , " according to MTV News . Carey claimed that two films were used as inspirations , Grease and Enter the Dragon . Prior to filming the video , it became clear that Jay @-@ Z would be unable to appear in the video , due to a contractual agreement not allowing him from appearing in a video for two weeks after he shot for " Girl 's Best Friend , " his track off the soundtrack to the movie " Blue Streak . " Carey then thought of creating the animated section in the video , which was quickly drawn and animated by Ratner 's team . The video begins with Carey driving up to a large movie theater , the Los Angeles Theatre in downtown Los Angeles , with several of her female friends . As they pull up to the front doors , they tell Carey that her boyfriend is inside with another woman , leading her to try to convince them to abort the plan of confrontation . After convincing her , they enter the theater and begin a series of small dance routines alongside some of the theater employees . As the music begins , scenes of them dancing and Carey entering the movie projection room inter @-@ cut . Carey sits behind her boyfriend ( played by Jerry O 'Connell ) and the woman he is cheating with , and spy on them in a comedic way with her female lackeys . Soon after , the still unidentified woman walks towards the bathroom , prompting Carey to follow her during a short interlude in the video . After running into each other by the washroom , the woman appears to be Carey sporting a short brown wig and red seductive clothing . Carey pokes her , starting a large brawl in between the two women . Afterwards , Carey appears to have defeated the woman named Bianca , and heads back towards the movie room . During this scene , Jay @-@ Z 's rap verse is played , while an animated clip of Jay @-@ Z and Carey is projected onto the screen . Later a version of the video leaked where Jay @-@ Z was rapping his verse in a jacuzzi . During the verse , Carey 's friends begin throwing popcorns and other candies at O 'Connell , prompting a small food fight in between them . As they halt their attack on him , Carey walks towards O 'Connell 's seat and acts as though she is Bianca . After she sits next to him and he notices who it is , Carey spills a large soda on his lap and bids him farewell , leaving the theater with her friends smiling . = = Live performances = = In order to promote " Heartbreaker " , Carey performed the song live on several television and award show appearances , as well as recorded her own Fox Broadcasting Company special . Titled The Mariah Carey Homecoming Special , it was a mini @-@ concert filmed at Carey 's old high school in Huntington , New York . The special aired on Fox on December 21 , 1999 and featured Jay @-@ Z live on stage for his verses . Carey performed " Heartbreaker " and its accompanying remix at the MTV European Music Awards , held on November 11 , 1999 in Dublin , Ireland . For the performance , Da Brat and Missy Elliott both joined Carey on @-@ stage . Additionally , the song was performed on The Oprah Winfrey Show , which again featured the female duo live on stage , British music chart program Top of the Pops , French program Vivement Dimanche , and The Today Show . For Rainbow , Carey embarked on her fourth and third worldwide tour , titled the Rainbow World Tour ( 2000 ) . Throughout it , Carey performed the song live during every show . The synopsis behind each performance was a wrestling match in between Carey and Bianca , where Carey would sing the remix and original versions of the song throughout each small interlude of the fight . Carey was brought out with boxing gloves to the stage , performing the remix version of the song . After she began wrestling and boxing with Bianca , she defeated her , prompting her to begin the original version of the song . " Heartbreaker " featured a very different set up for Carey 's Charmbracelet World Tour : An Intimate Evening with Mariah Carey ( 2002 – 03 ) . During the tour , Carey wore a sparkling , Swarovski bikini number , and performed both the remix and original versions back @-@ to @-@ back . Several male and female dancers were on stage during the performances , as well as different musicians and back @-@ up vocalists . During Carey 's following tour , The Adventures of Mimi Tour , " Heartbreaker " was once again performed at each of the shows . For the song 's recital , Carey 's donned a black bikini and matching silk cape , as well as Christian Louboutin platform pumps . Several male dancers were present on stage , wearing black overalls and jackets while performing heavy dance routines . For the show at Madison Square Garden in New York City , Carey was joined by both Da Brat and Jay @-@ Z for the remix and original versions , respectively . During the Angels Advocate Tour , the song was paired with Love Hangover by Diana Ross , and performed in a mash @-@ up , the same as she did in VH1 Divas in 2000 . = = Track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the Rainbow liner notes . Mariah Carey – co @-@ production , songwriting , vocals Jay @-@ Z – songwriting , vocals DJ Clue – co @-@ production Narada Michael Walden – songwriting Jeff Cohen – songwriting Shirley Elliston – songwriting Lincoln Chase – songwriting = = Charts = = = Kasim Reed = Mohammed Kasim Reed ( born June 10 , 1969 ) is an American attorney and politician who is the 59th and current mayor of Atlanta , Georgia 's state capital and largest city . A Democrat , Reed was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1998 to 2002 and represented the 35th District in the Georgia State Senate from 2003 to 2009 . He served as campaign manager for Shirley Franklin 's successful Atlanta mayoral campaign in 2001 . After Franklin was term limited from the mayor 's office , Reed successfully ran for the position in 2009 . Inaugurated on January 4 , 2010 , Reed was elected to a second term in 2013 . = = Early life and education = = Reed was born in Plainfield , New Jersey , but his family moved to Fulton County , Georgia , when he was an infant . He was born and raised in a United Methodist household . His father had considered converting to Islam around the time the boy was born , during the early years of desegregation , and named his son Mohammed Kasim , to the consternation of his minister grandfather . Reed graduated from Fulton County 's Utoy Springs Elementary School and Westwood High School , now Westlake High School . According to a DNA analysis , he is a descendant through African ancestral lines of the Igbo people of Nigeria . = = = Howard University = = = Reed attended Howard University in Washington , D.C. , graduating in 1991 with a degree in political science . Students took over the Howard administration building in 1989 , protesting having Republican National Committee Chairman Lee Atwater on the university 's board of trustees , saying that he had contributed to " growing anti @-@ black sentiment in America " through his management of President George H.W. Bush 's campaign . Atwater resigned from the board . Reed disagreed with their action , saying there was nothing wrong with having the Republican Party try to win the votes of black students . He felt it would have been better if Atwater had met with the protesting students , as he might have learned more about their position . For instance , " [ he ] might have gained insight into a generation of students portrayed as destitute and in need of more federal support . " Reed noted " that 85 percent of Howard 's 12 @,@ 000 students receive federal aid . " An early entrepreneur , by 1989 Reed made $ 40 @,@ 000 running a jewelry business which he started at age sixteen . In 1990 he was invited to comment on the Persian Gulf War military buildup on the MacNeil / Lehrer NewsHour . Also , in November of that year he was featured in Black Enterprise . While at college , Reed interned for Congressman Joseph Patrick Kennedy II . During his internship he learned about a federal dollar @-@ for @-@ dollar matching grant program . In his senior year and as the undergraduate trustee on the University 's Board of Trustees , he instituted a $ 15 @-@ per @-@ semester student fee increase to be matched by the federal grant , with monies to be earmarked for the university 's endowment . The fees were expected to total nearly $ 300 @,@ 000 per semester . The estimate was conservative in the sense that it only assumes the fees from slightly more than 75 % of the 12 @,@ 000 students . The four @-@ year totals would approach a $ 2 @.@ 4 million addition to the endowment . Reed earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1991 . He earned his juris doctorate from Howard University School of Law in 1995 . In 2002 Reed was appointed as the youngest General Trustee to serve on Howard 's Board of Trustees and continues to serve on that board . = = Legal career = = After graduation from law school Reed joined the law firm of Paul , Hastings , Janofsky & Walker LLP , and later became a partner at Holland & Knight LLP , an international law firm with offices in Atlanta . = = Political career = = = = = Georgia State Representative = = = In 1998 Henrietta Canty ( 1975 – 80 , 1990 – 98 ) , resigned her Georgia House of Representatives 52nd district seat to run for Georgia State Insurance Commissioner . Seven candidates vied for her seat in the July 21 , 1998 Democratic primary election . Reed was the leading vote @-@ getter with 36 @.@ 6 % of the vote , finishing well ahead of community leaders Horace Mann Bond and Eric V. Thomas , the second and third @-@ place finishers , respectively . This resulted in a head @-@ to @-@ head August 11 run @-@ off election , which Reed won with 60 @.@ 6 % of the vote , against the second @-@ place finisher , Horace Mann Bond II , who had received 19 @.@ 1 % of the vote in July . Reed ran unopposed in the November 3 general election and won the Assembly seat . Reed ran a re @-@ election campaign in 2000 , when he was challenged by Clarence Canty , the son of Henrietta Canty , contested the seat , Reed won the July 18 , 2000 Democratic primary by a large margin , with 77 @.@ 0 % & ndash of the vote . He won by a 12 @.@ 7 % margin . In the November 7 , 2000 general election , he ran unopposed . In the House of Representatives , he represented a predominately African @-@ American constituency in south Atlanta . Reed served as a member of the House Judiciary , Education , and Congressional and Legislative Reapportionment Committees . While in office , in 2001 Reed served as the campaign manager in Shirley Franklin 's successful election campaign to become the 58th Mayor of Atlanta . As a campaign manager in an election occurring in the shadow of the September 11 attacks , he surveyed potential voters ' perceptions of the propriety of the campaign 's advertising broadcasts . At the time certain ads were thought to focus on sensitive topics . After winning the election , Franklin chose Reed as one of two co @-@ chairs on her transition team . In this role he was charged with identifying and reviewing candidates for cabinet @-@ level positions . In the 2000 election the 52nd House district had been entirely contained in Fulton County . After the decennary redistricting , the district by this number was entirely within DeKalb County , Georgia , in the November 5 , 2002 election , which was won by Fran Millar . = = = Georgia State Senator = = = In 2000 the 35th Georgia State Senate District was entirely contained in Fulton County , and State Senator Donzella James was an uncontested Democrat in the November 7 general election . In 2002 four @-@ term incumbent Senator James vacated the seat and contested David Scott and an other contenders for the Georgia 's 13th congressional district , which was created after the 2000 census when Georgia added two new congressional districts . When Reed first ran for election in the 35 state senate district in the 2002 Democratic primary , it included 19 precincts in Douglas County , Georgia , and 333 in Fulton County . The district includes the southern portion of Fulton County ( Atlanta , Alpharetta , College Park , East Point , Fairburn , Hapeville , Mountain Park , Palmetto , Roswell , Sandy Springs , and Union City ) and the northeast portion of Douglas County ( Douglasville , and Lithia Springs ) . Reed won the district 's five @-@ way primary on August 20 , 2002 , with 65 @.@ 8 % of the vote , and then he was uncontested in the November 5 , 2002 general election . In 2004 James challenged Reed for the seat she had held before him , but he won the July 20 , 2004 Democratic primary election by a 58 @.@ 8 % – 41 @.@ 2 % margin . He ran unopposed in the November 2 , 2004 general election , and he also ran unopposed in his 2006 and 2008 primary and general elections . In January 2006 , Reed introduced a bill to authorize scholastic teaching of the textbook The Bible and Its Influence by the non @-@ partisan , ecumenical Bible Literacy Project . The bible curriculum bill , which came a few years after Democrats opposed Republican attempts to promote teaching a translation of the scriptures , was an attempt to preempt a Republican attempt to display the Ten Commandments in schools . Faith is an area where Georgia Democrats differ from the national party . The bill passed in the State Senate by a 50 – 1 margin on February 3 , and it eventually became law . Reed 's committee assignments were the following : Senate Judiciary Committee , Special Judiciary Committee , Ethics Committee , Transportation Committee and the State and Local Government Operations Committee . He also serves as vice @-@ chairman of the Georgia Senate Democratic Caucus . He has also served the Georgia Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee as its chairman . In addition , he was a partner at Holland & Knight LLP . Previously , he worked in the music industry for Paul , Hastings , Janofsky & Walker LLP . = = = Mayor of Atlanta = = = A month before the February 5 , 2008 Super Tuesday Georgia Democratic primary , Reed endorsed Barack Obama . In March 2008 , Reed announced an exploratory committee , named ONE Atlanta , to investigate his viability as a candidate in the 2009 Atlanta mayoral election . Two @-@ term incumbent Mayor Franklin was term limited and could not run again . His exploratory committee announcement was coupled with an announcement that he would be pursuing a Hillary Clinton @-@ style coalition @-@ building tour . During the summer of 2008 , ONE Atlanta announced that the exploratory committee had become a formal campaign committee . On September 1 Reed resigned from the Georgia Senate to run for mayor . No candidate won a majority in the November 3 general election , and Donzella James defeated Torrey O. Johnson in the runoff election on December 1 to replace Reed . In the November 3 , 2009 election , Reed qualified for a December 1 runoff election against Mary Norwood . According to The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution , Reed had a winning majority in the runoff election that seemed destined to be contested by a recount . The New York Times described the race as too close to call with 98 to 99 percent of the votes counted and Reed leading by only 620 of the 84 @,@ 000 votes cast . On December 9 after the completion of a recount Reed was declared the winner by a margin of 714 votes , after which Mary Norwood officially conceded . Reed took office on January 4 , 2010 . Thomas Friedman has praised Reed in the New York Times for balancing the city 's budget by limiting the pensions of city employees . This money was instead spent on the police force , as well as on community centers in poor neighborhoods ( rather than on reversing the 42 % increase in property taxes passed in 2009 ) . He praises Reed as " combining a soft touch with a hard head . " Reed announced his campaign for re @-@ election as mayor on August 26 , 2013 . He was elected to a second term on November 5 , 2013 . = = Policy positions = = = = = Georgia state flag = = = Since the 1990s , the official State Flag of Georgia had been a center of controversy as it incorporated the historic Confederate flag dating to the American Civil War , which among some people is thought to symbolize resistance to cultural changes in the state . After 2001 changes to the flag which removed this , Governor of Georgia Roy Barnes , who had led the flag @-@ redesign effort , was defeated for re @-@ election ; many thought it was the result of the political backlash . The 1956 version with the Confederate States of America battle emblem , known as a St. Andrew 's cross , was a continuing topic of debate for southern heritage proponents . Reed served as one of Governor Sonny Perdue 's floor leaders in debates that led to the ratification of the current ( 2003 ) version of the state flag . Reed 's leadership in dealmaking with Senate Republicans kept the 1956 version of the flag off Perdue 's statewide referendum on the flag in 2003 . The referendum was originally a two @-@ part referendum pitting the 2001 version of the flag against the proposed version and conditional on failed ratification of a new flag considering other flags including the 1956 version . Under this format if the legislators did not approve the newly designed flag over the existing one they could have pursued other designs including the one with the controversial 1956 version of the flag . Reed and a contingent of black legislators from Atlanta limited the referendum to a single vote of preference between the 2003 version and the 2001 version . = = = Gay marriage = = = On May 21 , 2009 , Reed caused controversy in Atlanta 's LGBT community when he stated that he supported civil unions for gays , but not gay marriage . In December 2012 , however , Reed announced his support for marriage equality for same @-@ sex couples . In January 2015 , Reed fired Atlanta Fire Chief Kelvin Cochran following Cochran 's self @-@ publication and distribution of a book without permission from Reed or the City 's Ethics Department . However , Cochran did obtain permission from Nina Hickson , the City of Atlanta 's Ethics Officer . The book , in expressing his interpretation of Christian teaching , describes homosexuality as a " perversion . " Cochran wrote and self @-@ published the book in 2013 . There remain questions regarding whether Mayor Reed knew of the book and its contents before Cochran was fired . Cochran has since filed suit in federal court alleging wrongful termination . In June 2015 , Reed praised the Supreme Court 's ruling in favor of same @-@ sex marriage and ordered Atlanta City Hall to be lit in rainbow colors in celebration of what he called " a momentous victory for freedom , equality , and love . " = = = Transportation investment tax = = = Along with Georgia Governor Nathan Deal , Reed was a major proponent of a campaign for a transportation special @-@ purpose local @-@ option sales tax , which would have levied a 1 % local sales tax for ten years , from 2013 until 2022 , to fund transportation infrastructure projects . Reed said that the passage of the referendum would add jobs and alleviate congestion in the city , while " failing to pass the measure would be economically damaging " for Atlanta . The proposal was defeated in a referendum , however . Reed stated that he would " work with opponents on the next plan to ease congestion . " = = Support of Hillary Clinton presidential candidacy = = Reed came to national attention for his support of the candidacy of Hillary Clinton for the U.S. Democratic Party nomination for president . A column published under his name on CNN.com saying that Clinton 's main opponent was " out of step " with Democrats was written by Tharon Johnson , a lobbyist for the UnitedHealth Group , Honda , MGM Resorts International and other corporate clients . It was then edited by Correct the Record , a Clinton @-@ supporting Super PAC , before publication . = = Awards and recognition = = Mayor Reed 's civic leadership and service have been nationally recognized in publications such as the Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution , the Washington Post , the New York Times , Ebony , and Black Enterprise . He was selected as one of Georgia Trend magazine 's " 40 under 40 Rising Stars " in 2001 , one of " 10 Outstanding Atlantans " in Outstanding Atlanta , a member of the Leadership Georgia Class of 2000 , and a Board Member of the Metropolitan Atlanta Arts Fund . 2011 , he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University . = Bidi Bidi Bom Bom = " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " is a song recorded by American Tejano singer , Selena . It was released as the second single from her fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . Originally written about a cheerful fish swimming freely in the ocean , the song 's title is an onomatopoeic phrase suggesting the palpitating heartbeat of a person lovestruck by the object of their affection . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " was written by Selena , her backup vocalist and dancer Pete Astudillo , and her brother , music producer A.B. Quintanilla . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " is a Mexican cumbia pop song with rock en español and reggae influences . It received widespread acclaim for its musically diverse sounds , and the effects it had on listeners . The single peaked at number one on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and remained there for four consecutive weeks , the singer 's second consecutive number one single . Selena began dominating the Latin music charts , and " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " contributed to her commercial success . It is believed by musicologist Ilan Stavans to have marked the beginning of the dominance of Latin pop , and was a bridge to the Tejano market . The song is considered to be one of the best compositions recorded by Selena , one of her most popular recordings , and has been cited as one of her signature songs . Her Astrodome concert performance of the song has been called one of the highlights of her musical career . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " was ranked at number 54 on the list of the Best Texas Songs of All @-@ time , and given honorable mention as one of the top ten best Tejano recordings of all @-@ time . After the shooting death of Selena in 1995 , the song 's title became a popular verb to describe a fan 's admiration for the singer . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " won the Tejano Music Award for Song of the Year , while Broadcast Music Inc. recognized it as the most played Latin song of 1996 . Since Billboard began monitoring music downloads in 2010 , " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " has remained on the Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart for 280 non @-@ consecutive weeks , second to the number of consecutive weeks for her 1992 single " Como la Flor " . Many musicians have since recorded the song or performed it as a tribute to the singer including : Jennifer Lopez , Selena Gomez , Alejandra Guzmán , Kat Von D , and Jennifer Peña . = = Background and writing = = " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " originated at her band 's rehearsals starting off as an improvised song with few if any lyrics . According to Selena 's brother , and principal music producer A.B. Quintanilla , the song came about shortly after Chris Pérez was hired as the band 's guitarist in 1990 . A.B. spoke out against the " filler songs " that their father and manager Abraham Quintanilla , Jr. wanted on their recordings , and began playing a groove that gradually became a song . Suzette Quintanilla , the band 's drummer , said " we were goofing off " and insisted that after A.B. began playing on his guitar , Selena started singing , coming up with lyrics " as ideas came to her " . Pérez , who later eloped with Selena in 1992 , wrote that the lyrics Selena came up with were unfamiliar to him despite the singer 's habit of spontaneously writing ideas in a notebook and leaving it " wherever around the house " . The song was originally used for sound checks during the band 's rehearsals and was then transformed into a short recording by Selena about a cheerful fish swimming freely in the ocean . Pérez said that what was then called " Little Bidi Bubbles " came easily " for everyone in the band . " In a 2002 interview he said that he played a riff using a crybaby ( which gave off a wah @-@ wah sound ) and that A.B. gave him a " look " that suggested he was impressed with the sound that he had improvised . The riff became the basis of the song before the writing process began . Before A.B. began co @-@ writing , Selena and backup vocalist Pete Astudillo were in the process of writing the song in Spanish . A.B. , who arranged the piece with Roger Emerson , said in a 2002 interview that " it was kinda a little scary " because the song " had never been done or seen before " . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " served as the second single released from Amor Prohibido on July 31 , 1994 . A.B. confessed to wanting the song released as the lead single but found that Selena and EMI Latin pushed for the title track instead . = = Composition and lyrical content = = " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " is a Spanish @-@ language upbeat , cumbia pop song with rock en español and reggae influences . It is set in common time , and makes use of electric guitar riffs and ostanti percussions influenced by Colombian and Caribbean music . The song uses " richer " scoring , less @-@ driven synthesizers , and treble @-@ heavy arrangements than the first four songs on Amor Prohibido . The song is written in the key of B @-@ flat major and is played in a moderate groove of 90 beats per minute . The song 's chord progression has a basic form I @-@ IV @-@ V @-@ IV , an ostinato ( repetitive beat ) that continues through its verses and chorus . Ramiro Burr of Billboard magazine called the song a " reggae @-@ tinged tune " and suggested that it could have worked well with French lyrics . Writing for Billboard , Paul Verna called the recording a " spunky cumbia " . In his book Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound , Frank Hoffman called the song " reggae @-@ inflected dance fare " . Mexican newspaper Milenio , enjoyed the track 's fusion of cumbia and reggae sounds . According to author José E. Limón , the song consists of " playful cumbia @-@ rhythms " with lyrics speaking of " young kids falling in love " . In " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " , Selena is overwhelmed and lovestruck by a man who happened to walk near her . The onomatopoeic title suggests the sound of a heart palpitating when a person longs to be the protagonist 's object of affection . Italian essayists Gaetano Prampolini and Annamaria Pinazzi called the song a " happy love story " , which is contradicted by Maria Celeste Arraras , in her 1997 book Selena 's Secrets , who feels the song is about unrequited love . Bob Smithouser and Bob Waliszewski wrote in Chart Watch that " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " explores a volatile relationship . Texas Monthly editor Joe Nick Patoski asserted the lyrics are : " about a boy who makes a girl 's heart go thump @-@ thump @-@ thump " . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " is musically similar to Selena 's 1994 song " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " ; author James E. Perone called them recurring themes where the protagonist is " attracted to a young man " . Bill Ramsey of the San Antonio Current , noted how the lyrics were an " innocuous ditty " . Ashley Velez of Neon Tommy believed that most people who " ever had a crush " are able to relate to the palpitations of " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " . = = Critical reception = = At the time of its release , " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " was a favorite of Selena 's younger fan base . Posthumous reviews have cited the song as being " catchy " . Ramiro Burr of Billboard magazine believed that the song could have easily been successful in European clubs thanks to its striking resemblance to Euro @-@ pop and Eurodance songs that were popular in Europe at the time . Tom Whitehurst Jr. of the Corpus Christi Caller Times wrote that he did not know what " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " meant but , after a friend played him a tape of the recording , he became a fan of the singer . Andrew Mitchell , also from the Corpus Christi Caller Times , called the song " happy " and said that it was " only natural to want to know the meaning of [ the song ] , not just memorize [ the ] lyrics to sing along . Music can teach . It can remove barriers of the mind and soul . " Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle , called the song " bouncy " . Musicologists Ilan Stavans and Harold Augenbraum called " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " , " No Me Queda Más " , and " Techno Cumbia " the " key hits of [ Amor Prohibido ] " . Peter Watrous of The New York Times called the song " lightweight " but found it to be : " better than [ Selena 's English @-@ language recordings ] " . Sue Anne Pressley of the Washington Post wrote that " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " was " sprightly carefree " , and " infectious " . Writing for the San Antonio Express @-@ News , Michael Clark complimented A.B. ' s addition of " world @-@ music flourishes " to the song . Katherine Seligman , also from the San Antonio Express News , described the recording as an : " infectiously happy song " . Sun Sentinel contributor , Steve Bennett also called the recording " infectious " . Author Veda Boyd Jones wrote that " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " is a : " catchy song with nonsensical words " . This was echoed by Joe Nick Patoski in his book , Texas Monthly on Texas Women , where he called Selena " savvy enough " to record a song that has a " catchy " , " nonsensical but eminently hummable " melody . According to Ed Morales who wrote in his book The Latin Beat , " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " is an easily " forgettable throwaway " for the average listener , but found the it " catchy " and said it " sticks in your gut " . The Spanish @-@ language magazine Personajes , enjoyed the song 's ability to " make everyone dance " . Jessica Lucia Roiz of the Latin Times called the recording a " happy @-@ go @-@ lucky tune " . John LaFollette of the The Monitor called the track " playful " . Marjua Estevez of Vibe called it a : " sassy dance track " . Eliza Thompson of Cosmopolitan asserted that Selena 's songs — particularly " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " — resonate a " fun atmosphere " . Canadian magazine Tribute , called " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " an " upbeat hit " . Writing for Out magazine , Xorje Olivares explained how " universal " it is , and " that you can 't help but feel nostalgic " after listening to a few notes of " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " . John Dyzer of Entertainment Weekly , called the song a " beach @-@ blanket anthem " and a " novelty hit " . Dita Quinones of NBC San Diego , called it a " feel @-@ good spirit " track . Ashley Velez called " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " a " feel good song " and noted how the " fun [ track ] " is " one of Selena 's most memorable contributions to the Latin music world . " According to Mario Tarradell of the Dallas Morning News , the song contains the " bubbly , effervescent personality , the chica @-@ del @-@ barrio ( the girl from the barrio ) charm " in her recording , and believed the remixed version , found on the posthumous release Dreaming of You , was done so that it was " palatable club play " . Taradell believed that remixing the song was fruitless , claiming that cumbia music is " more danceable " than reggae . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " was ranked number 54 on the Dallas Observer 's list of the Best Texas Songs of All @-@ time . It was listed as an honorable mention of the top ten best Tejano songs of all @-@ time by Ramiro Burr . Warta Ekonomi , an Indonesian business @-@ focus magazine , named " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " one of the top Spanish @-@ language songs of 1995 . Cosmopolitan ranked the song first among their top ten best songs for a summer BBQ , and ranked the song atop their list of the best Latin songs : " you forgot you were obsessed with . " Since its release , the song has been included on many music critics " best of Selena songs " lists including the Latino Post ( at number three ) , OC Weekly ( at number three ) , BuzzFeed ( at number three ) , Latina ( at number four ) , and Neon Tommy ( at number one ) . = = Chart performance = = " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " debuted at number 30 on August 13 , 1994 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . In its eleventh week , it peaked at number one ; her second as a solo artist . John Lannert wrote that in its second week atop the Hot Latin Songs chart , " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " had " no challenger in sight " . In an October 1994 report , the song was the second most played song in Los Angeles , fifth most played song in New York City , sixth most played recording in San Francisco , and ninth most played in Washington , D.C. on Latin music radio stations . In its third week atop the Hot Latin Songs chart , Billboard announced that its new airplay measuring system for the music chart would be based on Nielsen ratings beginning with the November 12 , 1994 issue . Nonetheless , Lannert predicted that " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " would remain atop the Hot Latin Songs chart and , during the first week the Nielsen rating system was used it did so , while Selena 's song " No Me Queda Más " debuted at number 40 . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " fell to the third slot on the Hot Latin Songs chart in its fifteenth week . In the following week , " No Me Queda Más " took the fifth slot while " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " fell to the sixth position on the Hot Latin Songs chart the week of November 26 , 1994 . After spending 20 weeks on the Hot Latin Songs chart , and peaking at number one for four consecutive weeks , the song finished the year as the seventh best @-@ performing single on the chart . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " re @-@ entered the Hot Latin Songs chart on January 14 , 1995 ( after a week 's departure from the chart ) at number 30 . Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar on March 31 , 1995 . Four of her singles , " No Me Queda Más " , " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " , " Como la Flor " , and " Amor Prohibido " , re @-@ entered Billboard magazine 's Hot Latin Tracks and the Regional Mexican Airplay chart on April 15 , 1995 . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " was positioned at number six the week of April 15 , 1995 , and remained on the chart for an additional three weeks . Billboard magazine posthumously named Selena the Top Latin Artist of the 1990s the result of her fourteen top @-@ ten singles on the Hot Latin Songs chart ( including seven number @-@ one hits ) . On the now defunct TouchTunes chart , which monitored airplay spins , " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " remained on the chart for 181 weeks before Billboard ended its run in 2003 . Billboard magazine began monitoring digital downloads of Latin songs the week ending January 23 , 2010 . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " made its debut on the newly formed digital genre @-@ specific charts following the fifteenth anniversary of the singer 's death ; positioned at number 48 on the Latin Digital Songs chart and number 23 on the Latin Pop Digital Songs chart . The song did not debut on the Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart until the week ending on September 4 , 2010 , debuting at number ten . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " peaked at number one on the Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart in the week ending March 19 , 2011 , staying atop the chart for four consecutive weeks . In the week ending April 9 , 2012 , " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " sold over 2 @,@ 000 digital units after the unveiling of a U.S. postage stamp with a portrait of the singer . The song has remained on the Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart for 280 non @-@ consecutive weeks , second behind Selena 's " Como la Flor " with 323 consecutive weeks . = = Live performances = = Some of Selena 's performances of the song have since been regarded as highlights of her musical career . Ramiro Burr , of Billboard , called the singer 's tour for her album Amor Prohibido a : " tour de force " . Most notably , Selena 's performance at the Houston Astrodome on February 26 , 1995 , has been called one of her best performances of the song . Selena 's " leg kicks " at the Astrodome performance were replicated by Jennifer Lopez in the 1997 biopic film . Selena 's performance on the Johnny Canales Show in 1994 was later released as part of the host 's " favorite songs " . Selena 's performance of " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " on July 31 , 1994 at Six Flags AstroWorld was the subject of a video released by the Houston Chronicle for their segment " On This Forgotten Day " . Selena also performed the track in a November 1994 episode of Sabado Gigante ; the event was ranked among the most memorable moments of the show 's 53 @-@ year history . = = Cultural impact = = " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " is considered to have been one of the best , most popular songs recorded by Selena , and is cited as one of her signature numbers . Selena dominated the Latin music charts in the United States in the early 1990s , with " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " , " Como la Flor " , and " Amor Prohibido " contributing to her commercial success . According to musicologist Stavans , the three aforementioned singles were considered to have bridged and merged Tejano music and Latin pop thanks to the songs ' popularity . This was reiterated by musicologist Michael Joseph Corcoran , who found that Tejano music " was a blend of two cultures " and Selena was " a bridge between them " . Corcoran called the track a : " seamless blend of convex styles " . Stavans further explains how the popularity of the singles shone a " brighter spotlight " on Tejano music and : " marked the beginning of the genre of Latin pop " . He notes that Selena 's contributions to Tejano music were " significant " , because she adapted a new style of Tejano cumbia ( or Mexican cumbia ) with " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " . The song was recognized by Lori Beth Rodriguez in her guide to Tejano music as being responsible for catapulting Selena into fame . Authors Michelle Habell @-@ Pallan and Mary Romero feel that " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " " shook ] up " the historical boundaries of Tejano music 's : " non @-@ normative genders and sexualities to the symbolic periphery of the dance floor . " During her tour in Mexico , the song " inundated the airwaves " in Vera Cruz . As of 2016 , " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " continues to have strong radio airplay throughout the United States . The song remains a staple at Latin American quinceañeras , Hispanic weddings , and at Cinco de Mayo celebrations . The song has since become a popular verb to describe a fan 's love for Selena . In April 2015 , the city of San Antonio hosted a " Bidi Bidi Fun Run " , a 5K marathon with proceeds being donated to the Selena Foundation which helps children in crisis . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " has been favored by the LGBT community and it was added to the set list for a Long Beach , California pride event in 2011 . The song has received a number of awards and nominations including winning the Tejano Music Award for Song of the Year in 1995 . Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) recognized " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " at the its Pop Music Awards as one of the most performed Latin songs of 1996 . During the Tejano Music Awards decade @-@ ballot ceremony , " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " was recognized as the Best 1990s Song . = = = Cover versions and usage in media = = = Within two months of Selena 's death , Astudillo performed the track during a Memorial Day concert held in Houston , Texas . American Tejano performer Jennifer Pena performed " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " at a live event , impressing music executives . Peña became a professional singer after her performance of the song reached Selena 's father Abraham , who signed the artist to Q @-@ Productions . Sara Tavares covered the song in Portuguese for her album Mi Ma Bo ( 1999 ) . In 2000 , Veronica Vasquez was chosen to play Selena in the Selena Forever musical . Ricardo Baca of the Corpus Christi Caller Times , noted that the lyricist added " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " ( among others ) because of its " strong sense of familiarity for her fans . " Puerto Rican boy band , Tick Tock , covered the song , as well as releasing a music video to promote it in 2004 . Mexican singer Tatiana recorded the song for the tribute album Mexico Recuerda a Selena ( 2005 ) . Mexican pop singer Alejandra Guzmán performed and recorded " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " for the live televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 . John Powell Metz of the Corpus Christi Caller Times , called Guzmán 's version " spirited " and her performance of the song " risqué " . Burr predicted in the Houston Chronicle that Guzmán would perform a " rock version " of the song for her performance at the Selena ¡ VIVE ! concert . Haitian singer Wyclef Jean sampled the song for his tribute to the singer on his album , Carnival Vol . II : Memoirs of an Immigrant ( 2007 ) , featuring singer Melissa Jiménez on the track . Joey Guerra called the track a " disappointment " that " could @-@ have @-@ been [ a ] great tribute " . He called the song a : " cheesy show tune from the misguided musical chronicling the Tejano singer 's life . " Nonetheless he did enjoy hearing Jean sample the song . In 2007 , Lole – Lolay recorded the song in Haitian Creole entitled " Sensation " . Global Rhythm magazine called Lole — Lolay 's version " playful " and called it an " Afro @-@ Caribbean treat " . Mexican singer Ely Guerra released her version of the song for the soundtrack film to Los Campeones de la Lucha Libre in 2008 . American actress Ana Isabelle performed " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " live during Univision 's V.E.S. Show in 2009 . American entertainer Selena Gomez performed the song during a 2010 Reliant Stadium concert . Guerra called her performance " spirited " and she later recorded the song as a duet with Selena for the 2012 remix album Enamorada de Ti . The Belfast Telegraph wrote that Gomez had done an " amazing job " . At the Billboard Latin Music Awards in Miami , A.B. told E ! that Gomez gave a " fantastic vocal performance on the record " . Guerra , however , wrote that the new version of " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " was : " virtually the same arrangement as the original . It would have been more effective reshaped as a poppy club track . " He found Gomez ' vocals " curiously lackluster " , as if she was " scared of the song " and " intimidated by her idol " . Lovelace commented that it was " obvious that Spanish isn 't Gomez ' first language , and comes in a distant second " , and that " Gomez ' odd voice " came across as sometimes " much higher and very squeaky when speaking Spanish " , concluding that it : " doesn ’ t match the rest of the song and momentarily brings everything to a halt " . Gomez later released the track on her first greatest hits album For You ( 2014 ) . American singer @-@ songwriter Jay Brannan recorded his version of the track for his 2013 extended play Around the World in 80 Jays . On America 's Got Talent , mariachi singer Alondra Santos performed " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " to rave reviews . Radio personality host , Howard Stern , who had mocked Selena 's mourners and poked fun at the singer 's death in April 1995 , praised Santos ' performance . On May 1 , 2015 , Jennifer Lopez performed " A Selena Tribute " which included " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " . Lopez ' performance was praised by music critics who enjoyed the singer 's Selena @-@ esque costumes she wore onstage . Tattoo artist and reality television personality Kat Von D covered the song as a tribute to the singer in January 2016 . Jackie Guerra , who played Selena 's sister in the 1997 biopic film , called " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " her favorite song . Former state senator Hillary Clinton has used the recording for her 2016 presidential campaign in San Antonio , which was well received by Hispanics . Clinton played the song at the Sunset Station where Selena recorded her music video for " No Me Queda Más " . = = Track listing = = US Single " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " – 4 : 14 Mexico Single " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " – 4 : 14 = = Credits and personnel = = All credits were taken from the album 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = Teso Dos Bichos = " Teso Dos Bichos " is the eighteenth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on March 8 , 1996 . It was written by John Shiban , and directed by Kim Manners . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Teso Dos Bichos " earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 7 , being watched by 17 @.@ 38 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly negative reviews . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate a series of deaths that occur immediately after an ancient artifact is brought to Boston from an excavation site in South America . According to Scully , the deaths appear to be the result of political terrorism , but Mulder suspects something more improbable . The production for " Teso Dos Bichos " , which was strongly disliked by the cast and crew of The X @-@ Files , was plagued by several issues . Director Kim Manners , who had particular disdain for the episode , later made T @-@ shirts and gave them to the cast and crew that read " Teso Dos Bichos Survivor . " The episode 's title translates from archaic Portuguese into English as " Burial Mound of Small Animals , " although other translations have been proposed . = = Plot = = At an archaeological dig in the Ecuadorian highlands , two archaeologists , Dr. Bilac and Dr. Roosevelt , get into an argument over the removal of a burial urn that contains an Amaru , or a female shaman . Roosevelt argues that the urn must be taken from the site and preserved in a museum , much to the chagrin of Bilac and the tribespeople present . Later , a native shaman distributes Yaje to the local villagers and Bilac . During this ritual , a jaguar spirit kills Roosevelt in his tent . Later , in Boston , Fox Mulder and Dana Scully investigate the disappearance of Dr. Decker , an archaeologist from a local history museum , after a security guard discovers a large amount of blood in Decker 's lab . They interview both the curator , Dr. Lewton , and graduate student Mona Wustner . They also visit a reclusive Bilac . After closing , Lewton is killed by the jaguar spirit after his car doesn 't start . During an investigation of the crime scene , Scully comes across rat corpses in the engine compartment of Lewton 's vehicle . Mona denies that anything unusual has happened in the museum . Mulder and a group of police search for Lewton 's remains . Scully sees blood dripping on Mulder 's face from above and , upon looking up , they see a portion of Lewton 's intestine hanging from a tree . Scully , about to perform an autopsy on the intestine , is interrupted when Mona suddenly calls and reports that Bilac was under the influence of Yaje . At the museum , Mona hears noises from a restroom and , upon opening a toilet lid , she sees rats forcing their way out of the sewer . When the two agents arrive , they discover Bilac crying beside one of the toilets , saying that Mona is dead . Later , Bilac escapes from the room in which he is being held without exiting through the only door . Mulder notices a large drag mark through the dust on the floor , discovering a hatch leading to the museum 's old steam tunnels . While exploring the tunnels , the agents find the remains of the victims and are attacked by a multitude of feral cats . As they try to escape , they come across Bilac 's mutilated body . The two agents make their way out and close the hatch on the pursuing cats . The episode closes with Mulder suspecting that the animal attacks were associated with the burial urn that had been removed against the wishes of the Ecuadorian tribespeople ; it is shortly returned to the burial grounds , where the local shaman watches the urn 's reburial with jaguar @-@ like eyes . = = Production = = " Teso Dos Bichos " was taken by John Shiban , the episode 's writer , from an ancient chant . The words translate into archaic Portuguese as " Burial Mound of Small Animals , " although other translations have been proposed . In Colombia and Venezuela , the word " bichos " is a euphemism for testicles , something Shiban was unaware of when writing the script . Shiban later joked that this " controversy " would be good for ratings . The production of the episode was plagued with issues . At the last minute the ending of the episode had to be rewritten ; originally , the script called for " hordes " of common house cats to attack Mulder and Scully . Unfortunately , the cats refused to attack under direction and did " pretty much nothing " . To further complicate matters , Gillian Anderson revealed to the producers that she was severely allergic to cats . Thus , the whole sequence was nixed . Director Kim Manners called the first three acts of the episode " the best three acts of televisions I ever directed " , whereas he referred to the fourth act as " an absolute disaster . " Manners later revealed that he asked series creator Chris Carter for permission to focus on a leopard during the fourth act instead of the cats , saying " I begged Carter ' Please let 's revisit the leopard in the teaser because I 'm never going to make these cats scary . ' " " Teso Dos Bichos " was strongly disliked by the cast and crew of The X @-@ Files , including both David Duchovny and Kim Manners . Manners , most notably , was not pleased with the plot and felt " pussycats are not scary . " He later made T @-@ shirts and gave them to the cast and crew that read " Teso Dos Bichos Survivor . " The episode earned two distinctive nicknames courtesy of Manners . The first , " Second Salmon , " referred to the number of re @-@ writes the episode went through . Every time an episode was re @-@ written , the color of the script changed accordingly . " Teso Dos Bichos " went through so many re @-@ writes that the cast ended up with two salmon colored copies . The second nickname , again , courtesy of Manners , was " Teso Dos Bitches . " = = Broadcast and reception = = " Teso Dos Bichos " premiered on the Fox network on March 8 , 1996 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 7 , with an 18 share , meaning that roughly 10 @.@ 7 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 17 @.@ 38 million viewers . The episode received negative reviews from critics . A writer from Entertainment Weekly gave " Teso Dos Bichos " a C , and sardonically wrote , " No es bueno ! " Reviewer Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a C − and criticized the laziness of the writing , saying , " Maybe I 'm missing something here . There could be some subtext in , um , yeah , I got nothing . The dead rats in the toilet were freaky , right ? And they did kill that dog off , so that 's hardcore . Really , though , I 'm just too disappointed to say much else . This is paint @-@ by @-@ numbers at its most tedious , and while it 's nice to have evident proof of how far the show has come since it started , that doesn 't make it any easier to sit through . " Critical Myth 's John Keegan gave the episode a scathing review , only awarding it 1 / 10 . He criticized the seriousness of the plot and wrote , " Overall , this has to be one of the worst episodes of the series . In nearly every possible way , the episode fails to live up to the usual expectations . Perhaps aware of how silly the whole thing sounds , the cast and crew seem weary of it all from beginning to end . Even some of the bad ideas in the later seasons don ’ t fall to this level of inadequacy . " Cyriaque Lamar from i09 called the Jaguar Spirit one of " The 10 Most Ridiculous X @-@ Files Monsters " and wrote , " In this fairly ridiculous Season 3 episode , an Ecuadorian artifact possessed by a Jaguar Spirit ( or something ) causes tabbies to go bonkers and murder people . This scene of Scully fighting a cat deserves the GIF treatment . Make it happen , folks ! " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode one stars out of five , calling the premise " achingly unambitious " . The two roundly criticized the plot , calling it a " retread of a cursed mummy movie without a mummy " , as well as the performances of Trevino , Duchovny , and Anderson . Despite the overall negativity , Shearman and Pearson noted that the " much derided " cat sequence was not " that badly handled . " = 2011 FA Cup Final = The 2011 FA Cup Final was the 130th final of the FA Cup , the world 's oldest domestic football cup competition . The final took place on 14 May 2011 at Wembley Stadium in London in front of 88 @,@ 643 spectators and a British television audience of more than eight million . The clubs contesting the final were Premier League clubs Manchester City and Stoke City . The match was Stoke City 's first FA Cup final , and Manchester City 's ninth . As Premier League clubs , they entered the competition in the third round . Manchester City made an unconvincing start , contesting two replays against lower league opposition in the third and fourth rounds but gained momentum and kept three consecutive clean sheets en route to the final . Stoke City played one replay in the third round , before beating all opponents in a run which culminated in a 5 – 0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the semi @-@ final at Wembley Stadium – the biggest winning margin at Wembley since 1939 . Manchester City entered the final as favourites , with Stoke City as underdogs . Manchester City began the match the brighter of the two teams with the majority of possession and a number of shots forcing saves from goalkeeper Thomas Sørensen but the first half remained goalless . Stoke improved after the half @-@ time interval but failed to score from their only shot on target in the 62nd minute , which was saved by goalkeeper Joe Hart after a one @-@ on @-@ one with striker Kenwyne Jones . In the 74th minute , Manchester City midfielder , Yaya Touré fired a loose ball in the Stoke City penalty area past goalkeeper Sørensen to give Manchester City the lead . Stoke attempted to equalise after Manchester City 's goal without success and the final finished 1 – 0 with Manchester City claiming their fifth FA Cup . The result gave Manchester City their first major trophy for 35 years , ending the longest trophy drought in the club 's history . Stoke City manager Tony Pulis said " Manchester City were the better team and deserved to win " , but expressed " disappointment " at his team 's display . Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini dedicated the victory to the Manchester City supporters , declaring , " I am happy for the fans , they deserved to win this Cup . For a long time they didn 't win . " The medals were handed out by Prime Minister David Cameron . As winners , Manchester City won a place in the 2011 FA Community Shield and the 2011 – 12 UEFA Europa League but as they had already qualified for the UEFA Champions League via their league position , the Europa League place was given to Stoke City as runners @-@ up . To celebrate their victory , Manchester City held an open @-@ top bus parade on 23 May 2011 , beginning at Manchester Town Hall and ending at the City of Manchester Stadium ; it attracted a crowd of up to 100 @,@ 000 . = = Route to the final = = = = = Manchester City = = = As a Premier League team , Manchester City entered the competition in the third round . Their opening match was an away draw at Leicester City . Following a supporter campaign , Manchester City dedicated the match to former striker Neil Young , who was terminally ill . Young scored the winning goal when Manchester City and Leicester City met in the 1969 FA Cup Final . Manchester City fell behind after 46 seconds when Sol Bamba scored for Leicester following a corner . Manchester City took the lead by half @-@ time through James Milner and Carlos Tevez , but Andy King equalised midway through the second half to make the score 2 – 2 . The tie was replayed at the City of Manchester Stadium the following week . Tevez gave Manchester City the lead after quarter of an hour , but the lead was brief . Four minutes later , Paul Gallagher 's penalty levelled the score , after Patrick Vieira had fouled Lloyd Dyer . Before half @-@ time , two Manchester City goals in 90 seconds shifted the momentum of the match . In the second half , Tevez missed a penalty and a goal by Dyer made the score 3 – 2 . Leicester then pushed for an equaliser , but instead Aleksandar Kolarov scored on a counter @-@ attack to make the final score 4 – 2 . For the fourth round Manchester City were drawn against League One Notts County at Meadow Lane . On a pitch described by the BBC as " pudding @-@ like " , lower division County threatened an upset when Neal Bishop scored from a corner in the 59th minute . However , ten minutes from time Micah Richards crossed for Edin Džeko to score his first Manchester City goal , ensuring a replay at the City of Manchester Stadium . Notts County started the rematch brightly , but faded as the game progressed . The score remained 0 – 0 for most of the first half , but Vieira scored either side of half @-@ time to give Manchester City a two @-@ goal lead . From that point , the match proved less even , and Manchester City scored three more goals for a 5 – 0 win . From there on , City kept consecutive clean sheets on the way to winning the cup . Manchester City 's fifth round match was against Aston Villa at the City of Manchester Stadium . Villa manager Gérard Houllier rested several senior players , in contrast to a near full @-@ strength Manchester City line @-@ up . Manchester City took the lead after less than five minutes through Yaya Touré , and further goals from Mario Balotelli and David Silva resulted in a comfortable 3 – 0 win . In the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
on 30 July . = Peggy Mitchell = Margaret Ann " Peggy " Mitchell ( also Butcher ) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders . Peggy was initially played by Jo Warne when she first appeared in the episode broadcast on 30 April 1991 , featuring in the series on a recurring basis over several weeks . Peggy was reintroduced in 1994 , recast to Barbara Windsor , who made her first appearance in the episode broadcast on 7 November 1994 . Peggy became a regular character , and Windsor played the role until 2003 . She returned for two episodes in September 2004 , before rejoining as a regular character in 2005 . Windsor announced in October 2009 that she would be leaving the show and departed on 10 September 2010 . Windsor returned to the show for guest appearances on 20 September 2013 , 25 September 2014 , 17 February 2015 ( as part of the show 's 30th anniversary celebrations ; see EastEnders Live Week ) and 15 January 2016 . She then appeared in six episodes between 9 and 17 May 2016 and the character was killed off . Her voice is last heard in the following episode , on 19 May 2016 . Peggy 's funeral aired on 4 July 2016 . Peggy is fiercely protective of her family and the Mitchell name , and has become famous for her catchphrase " Get outta my pub ! " , used when ejecting people from The Queen Victoria , of which she is the landlady . Her storylines have seen her embark on a series of failed romances , including marriages to Frank Butcher ( Mike Reid ) and Archie Mitchell ( Larry Lamb ) . She has been central to several plot strands revolving around health issues , launching a hate campaign against the HIV positive character Mark Fowler ( Todd Carty ) , and going on to make amends with him when she is later diagnosed with breast cancer . Though she recovers from her cancer , it later returns and leads to her suicide . Inside Soap named Peggy the UK 's top soap matriarch in 2009 . = = Storylines = = = = = Backstory = = = Peggy married Eric Mitchell because she was pregnant with Phil ( Steve McFadden ) . Eric , a keen boxer , worked for gangster Johnny Allen ( Billy Murray ) . Johnny would taunt Eric , making him do demeaning jobs because Eric was a better boxer than him . Eric fell in love with a woman called Maureen and planned to elope with her , but changed his mind , unable to desert his family , who he grew to resent . Eric took his anger out on Peggy and was often violent towards her and Phil . Peggy considered leaving when her sons , Phil and Grant ( Ross Kemp ) were teenagers , and once even tried to seduce Johnny Allen , but he turned her down . Eric cheated on Peggy with Claudette Hubbard ( Ellen Thomas ) , who he also intended to run away with , but changed his mind , leading to Claudette hating the entire family . Peggy turned to Eric 's younger brother Archie ( Larry Lamb ) because he was there for her when Eric began to abuse her . She tried to save her marriage by having another child in 1975 - her only daughter Samantha ( Danniella Westbrook and Kim Medcalf ) . Her relationship with Eric improved , but only temporarily , and when Kevin Masters ( Colin McCormack ) employed Peggy to work at his minicab firm , they began a secret affair . When Eric developed cancer , Peggy gave up work to care for him , but Kevin returned promptly after Eric 's death in 1985 and Peggy 's children took against him . = = = 1991 = = = Peggy makes her first appearance in Albert Square , when Sam 's desire to escape from her family causes her to elope with Ricky Butcher ( Sid Owen ) , at the age of sixteen . Peggy tries to persuade Sam that getting married at the age of sixteen will ruin her life , but she is unsuccessful . Peggy later accepts Sam and Ricky 's relationship and leaves , after giving the couple her blessing . In 1992 , it is revealed that Peggy is in a relationship with Kevin , whom she had an affair with during her marriage to Eric . = = = 1994 – 2010 = = = Peggy is not seen for three years , during which time her relationship with Kevin ends . She returns to Walford when her sons fall out after Phil 's affair with Grant 's wife , Sharon ( Letitia Dean ) , is revealed . Peggy becomes acting landlady of The Queen Victoria public house and blames Sharon for the affair . Peggy tries to force her out of Walford , resulting in Sharon signing over her share of the pub and leaving the Mitchell family as the sole owners , with Peggy in charge . Peggy starts dating businessman George Palmer ( Paul Moriarty ) , unaware that he is a criminal involved in illegal money laundering . She instigates a hate campaign against local resident Mark Fowler ( Todd Carty ) when she discovers he is HIV positive and begins a feud with his mother Pauline ( Wendy Richard ) . Peggy later realises she was wrong when she is diagnosed with breast cancer . She initially refuses surgery and ends things with George , fearing that he will not be able to handle her illness . However , supported by George and her family , she eventually has a lumpectomy . Peggy and George get engaged but their relationship ends when Phil reveals his criminal nature . Peggy goes on to date local car lot owner , Frank Butcher ( Mike Reid ) , and they become engaged . Peggy has doubts about the wedding when her cancer returns and she has to have a mastectomy , but eventually decides to go through with it . Tension develops between Peggy and Phil when Grant leaves for Rio de Janeiro after a violent fight with his brother . To spite Peggy , Phil sells Grant 's share in the pub to local businessman Dan Sullivan ( Craig Fairbrass ) for £ 5 . Peggy loathes Dan , and the two frequently row over the running of the pub . Eventually , she and Phil call a truce and force Dan out of Walford . Peggy discovers Frank is planning to leave her for his ex @-@ wife , Pat ( Pam St. Clement ) , so she shames them by reading Frank 's Dear Jane letter to the entire pub and then slaps them both . She throws Frank out and he leaves Walford . Afterwards , Peggy becomes depressed and begins to rely heavily on tranquillisers . When Frank 's daughter , Janine ( Charlie Brooks ) , taunts her on Christmas Day about her father moving on , Peggy begins drinking heavily and smashes up the pub with a baseball bat . The next year , Peggy is forced to sell the pub as Frank left her in debt , and is furious to discover the new owner is Sharon . Peggy begins dating Harry Slater ( Michael Elphick ) , who owns a bar in Spain and convinces her to move there with him . They become engaged but break up when it is revealed that Harry is guilty of sexually abusing his niece Kat ( Jessie Wallace ) . When Phil begins dating Sharon again and becomes joint owner of The Queen Vic , Peggy moves back in . She later becomes sole licensee again when Sharon sells her half of the pub back to her . Peggy is briefly reunited with Frank when she travels to Spain to attend his funeral . She discovers he faked his own death to avoid creditors . While she 's in Spain , she shockingly finds her daughter Sam ( now played by Kim Medcalf ) working as a lap dancer and takes her home . Peggy later decides to move to Brazil to be with Grant but visits Walford for Sam 's wedding to Andy Hunter ( Michael Higgs ) before returning to Brazil . When Peggy returns to Walford in 2005 , she is furious to discover Sam has lost possession of The Queen Vic , and that the new licensee Chrissie Watts ( Tracy @-@ Ann Oberman ) has framed Sam for her husband Den 's ( Leslie Grantham ) murder . While trying to exonerate Sam and reclaim ownership of the pub , Peggy ignites a feud with Johnny Allen , who also wishes to buy The Queen Vic . Johnny hires a mobster to assault Peggy , but she is saved by her sons , Phil and Grant . They are able to deal with Johnny , secure Sam 's release from prison , and return Peggy to The Queen Vic . Peggy begins a romance with Jack Edwards ( Nicky Henson ) , the father @-@ in @-@ law of Peggy 's relative Billy ( Perry Fenwick ) . However , when Peggy discovers Billy 's newborn daughter has Down 's syndrome , she declares that the baby should be put up for adoption , causing friction in her relationship with Jack . Although Peggy comes to accept the baby , Jack breaks up with her and leaves Walford . Peggy begins a relationship with her brother @-@ in @-@ law , Archie , father of Ronnie ( Samantha Womack ) and Roxy Mitchell ( Rita Simons ) . They get engaged and Archie begins subtly controlling Peggy . They marry , but it ends a few hours later when it is revealed that Archie lied to Ronnie about her infant daughter 's death . Peggy has Archie evicted from The Queen Vic , and tries unsuccessfully to coerce Phil into murdering him . Peggy files for divorce and Archie plots revenge on the entire Mitchell family . When Peggy loses the bail surety she has paid on behalf of her daughter Sam ( who breaks the conditions of her bail following coercion from Archie ) , the Mitchells are forced to use The Queen Victoria to gain a collateral Loan from Ian Beale ( Adam Woodyatt ) . Archie blackmails Ian to sell the loan to him , and when the Mitchells are unable to meet the loan repayment , Archie evicts them and assumes ownership of the pub . However , Archie is murdered on Christmas Day 2009 by an unknown assailant . Peggy grieves for Archie , but she and various other members of her family become suspects for his murder . Following a police enquiry , Bradley Branning ( Charlie Clements ) is posthumously found guilty of the murder , though unbeknown to everyone , the actual murderer is Bradley 's wife , Stacey Slater ( Lacey Turner ) , after Archie raped her . In his will , Archie leaves The Queen Vic to Roxy , who reinstates Peggy . After being disgusted with the state of the Square and learning that a councillor has stood down , Peggy and Pat both decide to run for council and are interviewed by journalist Harvey Freeman ( Martin Jarvis ) . Eventually they both pull out of the election , but Harvey hears of this and individually invites them both out . They both finally discover his two @-@ timing , and humiliate him in punishment . When Phil prevents his daughter Louise ( Brittany Papple ) from contacting her mother Lisa ( Lucy Benjamin ) , Peggy interjects and Phil punches her . Believing he is an unfit parent , Peggy takes Louise to Lisa against Phil 's wishes . Although , Lisa promises to allow Phil visitation , she flees with Louise . Phil blames Peggy for the loss of his child and begins using alcohol and crack cocaine . Peggy tries to stop Phil using crack by locking him in her pub , but Phil escapes and in a drunken bid for revenge , he sets fire to Peggy 's pub . Peggy watches in horror as it is destroyed . Realising her role in Phil 's problems , Peggy decides to leave Walford for his sake . After saying tearful goodbyes to her family and making peace with Phil , Peggy takes one last look at The Queen Vic and leaves Albert Square . = = = 2013 – 16 = = = In January 2012 , Peggy misses Pat 's funeral as she is on a cruise , and in 2013 , Phil visits Peggy in Cornwall with Ben 's baby daughter , Lexi Pearce ( Dotti @-@ Beau Cotterill ) . Three months later , Peggy flies in to London to visit Phil in hospital , and encourages him to stand up to Carl White ( Daniel Coonan ) , who is trying to take over the Mitchell business empire . After , she visits Pat 's old house , and leaves a bottle of gin on the doorstep as way of goodbye . In September 2014 , Peggy appears in Portugal , telling Ronnie to go back to Walford and stop Phil from marrying Sharon . In February 2015 , Peggy returns to the square to confront Dot Branning ( June Brown ) , after her son Nick Cotton ( John Altman ) cut the brakes on a car and falsely incriminated Phil . She is also in on the secret that Ben 's mother , Kathy Sullivan ( Gillian Taylforth ) , faked her own death ten years ago and wants to return to Walford . Before returning to Portugal , Peggy visits the Queen Vic and meets its new landlord , Mick Carter ( Danny Dyer ) , who tells her to " get out of my pub " . In January 2016 , Phil calls Sal , wanting Louise 's ( now played by Tilly Keeper ) address , and when he goes to her house , Peggy is there , having returned a week earlier . Peggy is disgusted to see that Phil has returned to alcoholism , but does give him Louise 's address . She then reveals her breast cancer has returned , and she is dying . Phil tries to admit that he has cirrhosis of liver , but she refuses to see him again and he leaves . In May , Peggy turns up on Ronnie 's doorstep , and the next day Sal arrives with the news that Peggy 's chemotherapy is not working and she is dying . A hospital appointment confirms that Peggy 's cancer has spread to her brain and it is terminal . Peggy finally faces Phil , who is in recovery from his alcoholism , and admits she is dying . He is upset that she is refusing any more treatment , and takes her on a boat trip on the Thames , and back to their childhood home , to try and make her fight . However , Peggy is not convinced and asks Phil to help her die . Sharon calls Grant back to Walford , and he persuades Phil not to help Peggy . She tells them both she will not kill herself , and after settling old feuds with Dot , Stacey and Sharon , Peggy receives a vision of Pat . She decides she wants to be remembered as a strong woman , not as weak in her bed , and takes a lethal overdose of pills that she hid from her sons and dies in her sleep that night . Phil is devastated to find her body , and a letter from her urges him to love himself as others love him . Peggy 's funeral takes place on 4 July 2016 , and Phil is due to do an eulogy to her there but gets too emotional and runs home . Sharon later calms him down by revealing that Peggy was the one who sent Eric to prison when Phil was a child , not corrupt police officers as he was previously told , and that she did it to protect him . Phil later works up the courage to finish his eulogy to Peggy at the wake , and then returns to her grave at the church to finish his goodbyes to her , unaware that Grant has secretly left a rose at the grave . = = Creation = = Peggy was introduced as a guest character in April 1991 , by executive producer Michael Ferguson . The character was brought in as the mother of the already established Mitchell clan : Phil ( Steve McFadden ) , Grant ( Ross Kemp ) and Sam ( Danniella Westbrook ) . Specifically , she played a key role in a storyline about the elopement of her daughter Sam with Ricky Butcher ( Sid Owen ) . Peggy was played by actress Jo Warne for a period of three months , but was written out upon the completion of the storyline . Two other actresses had been cast in the part before Warne . The first quit before she could film any scenes , and the second filmed eight episodes , though all of her scenes were scrapped before broadcast . The character did not make another appearance until 7 November 1994 , when she was reintroduced by series producer Barbara Emile as a regular character . The actress was recast , the role being taken over by Barbara Windsor , already well known to viewers as a comic actress , notably appearing in the long @-@ running Carry On films . Scott Matthewman of The Stage commented on the recast in 2006 : " Quite the biggest – and most inexplicable – transformation is that of Peggy Mitchell in EastEnders . While Barbara Windsor has dominated the role ... first appearing in [ 1994 ] , the character had appeared briefly [ three ] years earlier , played by Jo Warne , a lady who physically is as different from our Babs as it 's possible to get . " Steve McFadden and Ross Kemp had attempted to persuade EastEnders writer Tony Jordan to develop a spin @-@ off for their characters , which would star Windsor as Peggy . The idea never advanced beyond informal discussions , but when the producers decided to reintroduce Peggy , McFadden and Kemp suggested Windsor play her . Windsor had previously expressed a desire to join the cast of EastEnders . Chat show host Chris Evans of Channel 4 's The Big Breakfast made a public broadcast instructing viewers to fax or phone the BBC with pleas for Windsor 's instatement . However , Windsor was already in negotiations with the BBC about appearing in the serial . June Deitch , the EastEnders casting director , had met with Windsor to discuss the matter , and was convinced when Windsor declared that she would " like to play my own age for a change " . At the time , the producers had already thought about reintroducing Peggy , and Windsor was cast despite originally being considered too " well @-@ known " . Windsor has spoken of her " terrified " reaction to being asked to audition , commenting : " I had the weekend to prepare and I cried all the time . I didn 't know how to do soap acting . I was so used to using my hands , my eyes . " She auditioned with two scenes , one emotion , one " jolly " which Windsor has described as " agony " , explaining : " I was afraid of playing Barbara Windsor , so when I had to laugh I went ' huh , huh ' . Anything rather than ' tee , hee , hee ' . " In an interview with the Walford Gazette , a US @-@ based newspaper dedicated to EastEnders , Windsor commented on her casting : " I was thrilled , I could rest my tired bones working on a marvelous television show that I deeply respected . I was very excited about the possibility [ of ] playing this feisty lady who would come in and shake up her two boys ' lives . " Windsor has been described as the biggest " name " that EastEnders has ever added to its cast , and her arrival came at a time in the show 's history that has been branded its " worst creative period " . Mark Lawson for The Independent wrote that Windsor 's casting was intended to combat low ratings , commenting : " The Windsor initiative seems to be a direct response to suggestions that EastEnders has become too gloomy : a view heavily advanced by Roy Hattersley , former deputy leader of the Labour Party , and fan of the BBC series ' rival on ITV , Coronation Street . Certainly , Miss Windsor has been associated throughout her career with the lighter touch . " According to Windsor , 27 million viewers watched her first appearance as Peggy on @-@ screen . Mark Lawson for The Daily Telegraph has stated that five million extra viewers watched her first scenes , reporting that initially : " The critics said that she lacked the ' brassiness and vulnerability ' for soap acting and that , stripped of her bubbly image , ' nothing much of interest was revealed ' . Ironically , viewers complained that she was too upmarket . " Windsor has commented of the impact of her pre @-@ existing celebrity status : = = = Characterisation = = = Hilary Kingsley , author of The EastEnders Handbook ( 1991 ) , has described Peggy as tough , with a " knack for getting her own way " . She adds , " Peggy likes to think she looks much younger [ than she is ] . She 's flash , fast @-@ talking and nobody 's fool . She has always done things her own way , and heaven help anyone who crosses her , though her bark 's usually worse than her bite . " When Windsor took over the role in 1994 , she was unhappy with the way Peggy was being scripted . She has commented , " a few things weren 't quite right about Peggy at the beginning . On a purely superficial level , the wig didn 't fit right . And the clothes weren 't right either . They appeared too downmarket . I was particularly worried about how the character was viewed by the producer and writers . I saw her as much ballsier than they did . I think they envisioned Peggy as this rather sad , vulnerable lady who spent all her time worrying about her children . " However , early in 1995 , EastEnders acquired a new executive producer , Corinne Hollingworth , who shared Windsor 's vision of Peggy . It was Hollingworth who decided that Peggy would be a central character , the new landlady of The Queen Victoria public house , one of the soap 's main focal points . Hollingworth stated that Peggy was " not going to be allowed to just sit in some flat polishing her nails " . Windsor has said : " It was like a dream . [ Hollingworth ] let me go out with the costume designer and choose Peggy 's wardrobe , which needed to be a lot more flash and upmarket . Corinne and I worked on getting Peggy right and I finally began to believe ... " . Windsor has described Peggy as " from the old school , the generation which doesn 't put up with rubbish from anybody ... She can get through practically anything because she 's tough , tough , tough . " The character has been classified by Rupert Smith , author of EastEnders : 20 Years in Albert Square , as a matriarch , assuming " papal infallibility . Whatever anybody does — particularly her own children — she knows better . " She has also been branded a " battleaxe " by Dave West of entertainment website Digital Spy , and someone who " wears her heart on her sleeve " by Windsor . Family @-@ orientated , Windsor adds that : " [ Peggy ] loves her family with a passion . Her worst qualities are that she 's blinkered , sometimes wrongly passionate about her family . " It has been speculated that Windsor based Peggy on Violet Kray , mother of the infamous East End gangsters , the Kray twins ; however Windsor has denied this . Instead , she claims that Peggy is based on women she has seen in East End pubs and her own mother : " women whose hair is great and their outfits are more Walthamstow market , they get it wrong slightly ... Some things I 've done with Peggy is from my Mum . She was one of those East End snobs . I drew on all of those experiences . " In a 2009 radio interview with Dale Winton , Windsor said three people have influenced her portrayal of Peggy : Violet Kray ( thus retracting her earlier statement ) , her own mother , and the actor Mike Reid , who played her on @-@ screen husband Frank Butcher . = = Development = = Peggy has been central to numerous high @-@ profile storylines , including a battle with breast cancer , a failed marriage to Frank Butcher , and various business and family upsets . = = = Breast cancer = = = In 1996 , Peggy featured in a storyline about breast cancer . It was the first time that the soap had given one of its characters the illness , though the issue was covered much less substantially in 1987 as a means of promoting breast cancer screening , when Sue Osman ( Sandy Ratcliff ) discovered a lump on her breast , which turned out to be benign . Peggy 's breast cancer storyline was devised at the suggestion of a scriptwriter in a story conference session and , according to the production staff , was an idea " that had been knocking about for a long time . " In Lesley Henderson 's book , Social Issues in Television Fiction , an EastEnders researcher explains that : " A lot of illnesses [ ... ] translate quite readily into strong dramatic material " , and the experience of being hospitalised or waiting on test results is something everyone can identify with . The programme sought expert advice on " storyline visuals " from a variety of sources including cancer organisations , breast cancer charities and medical professionals . There were anticipated problems with running a breast cancer story , such as timing , characterisation , casting , and interweaving the plot with other ongoing storylines . A story editor has explained : " EastEnders is perceived as being an issue @-@ led show , but it isn 't , it 's character and story @-@ led [ ... ] If you haven 't got the character to fulfill that storyline then it won 't work . You 've got to be careful to make sure that the illness actually impacts on the family dynamics and the character development . " Producers decided to use Peggy Mitchell in the breast cancer storyline , conforming to a soap opera tradition of reserving strong roles for a firmly established middle @-@ aged matriarch . The audience were familiar with Peggy 's history , knew that her first husband had died from cancer , consequently making her fear hospitals , and she had : " the right mentality for [ the story theme ] , which was about ' a woman who discovers a lump and then refuses to accept that anything 's wrong ' . An added factor was that in choosing Peggy the programme could avoid appearing too issue driven , and [ the ] storyline could be used as a device to expand and develop her characterisation . " Additionally , as the causes of breast cancer are not attributable to risky behaviour , the disease was deemed " more attractive " in storyline terms . A member of the EastEnders production team explains : In the view of the production team , Peggy 's breast cancer was a catalyst , creating new dynamics and tensions amongst existing characters . Realism was also an issue . As a middle @-@ aged woman , Peggy was epidemiologically at higher risk for developing breast cancer . In 2001 , it was reported that Peggy 's character was one of only a few media portrayals of older females to be given the disease , and source organisations have praised EastEnders for this . The storyline used elements of suspense , created by the use of " shared secrets " between Peggy and her daughter @-@ in @-@ law Tiffany Mitchell ( Martine McCutcheon ) , who invented elaborate cover stories to mask Peggy 's trips to hospital from her sons and partner . Tension was deliberately built for viewing pleasure , posing the questions of whether Peggy 's lump was benign or malignant and whether she would die , but also in terms of Peggy 's relationships , whether her children would discover the truth or if George would end their relationship . Henderson has suggested that : " such devises [ added ] pathos to Peggy 's treatment path . Audiences [ knew ] that she [ was ] terrified and about to discover her biopsy results , but must watch as she is casually castigated by her son Grant for pestering his wife Tiffany to accompany her to ' the dentist ' . " Hospital scenes were also played for narrative pace to build tension and drama . Because " radical , body @-@ altering " surgery on a long @-@ running character would cause the production team ongoing problems with continuity , it was decided that Peggy would have a " less visible " lumpectomy , rather than a mastectomy . A member of the EastEnders production team explained : " We have to think about costume and what it 's going to look like afterwards and what we 're lumbering ourselves with [ ... ] you have to think of that for a long @-@ term character . " Additionally , giving Peggy a lumpectomy at that stage of her disease was viewed favourably by source organisations , as it helped to spread a message that a mastectomy is not necessary in all breast cancer cases . However , the storyline was revisited several times over the next few years . In August 1997 , Peggy was given the " all @-@ clear " at her follow @-@ up mammogram , and in March 1999 the cancer returned and she underwent a mastectomy , while in 2000 she had a breast reconstruction . It has been reported that Peggy was the first soap opera character to undergo a mastectomy . BBC Production chief executive Matthew Bannister praised Windsor 's portrayal of Peggy coming to terms with a mastectomy , commenting : " It 's brought a good deal of comfort and help to us and a lot of other people . " Oncology nurses and consultants were involved in the development of the storyline , which was based on a real life case study . In Clive Seale 's book , Health and the Media , EastEnders was praised for putting its message across without being " gruelling " . It has also been praised for showing " potent scenes " of a woman coming to terms with her diagnosis , scenes that also provided " rare opportunities " to portray a cancer patient " behaving badly " and depicting " ambivalent feelings ( such as denial or anger ) " — as it had been noted that cancer patients are typically portrayed in the media as " beatific , serene figures " . When Peggy had a mastectomy , hundreds of viewers wrote to the BBC to thank producer , Matthew Robinson for tackling " a difficult subject so sensitively " . However , not all viewers were impressed with the storyline . Felicity Smart , who had undergone a mastectomy , wrote to the BBC on behalf of the Breast Carer Support Group at St Thomas ' Hospital in London to say that emotionally the storyline " hit the spot " , but medically it was " hopelessly inaccurate " as according to Smart : " No one pulls pints and wisecracks with customers three days after having a mastectomy . " = = = Marriage to Frank Butcher = = = In 1998 , Peggy was romantically paired on @-@ screen with the character Frank Butcher . Their coupling was part of producer Matthew Robinson 's plan to place the focus of the soap back on to the Butcher and Mitchell families , while various other long @-@ running characters were axed following a decline in ratings . The soap was attracting 15 @.@ 74 million viewers in May 1998 , as opposed to rival soap Coronation Street 's 16 million . Played by Mike Reid , Frank had been a regular character in the serial from 1987 to 1994 , and had appeared in a recurring role until 1998 , when Reid agreed to return full @-@ time . Frank 's history on the show included a former marriage to another long @-@ running matriarch , Pat Butcher ( Pam St. Clement ) . Their history as lovers featured prominently in Peggy 's narrative in 1998 , when , after agreeing to marry Frank , Peggy was wrongly told that Frank and Pat were having an affair . A special two @-@ hander episode aired in November 1998 , featuring only Pat and Peggy for the entire duration . It concentrated on Peggy 's reaction to the suspected affair , whilst simultaneously addressing Pat 's unresolved history with Frank and the apparent destruction of Pat 's own marriage to Roy ( Tony Caunter ) , who had also responded badly to the rumours about his wife 's infidelity . The episode , written by Tony Jordan , featured what the Sunday Mirror described as one of " the most vicious fights ever filmed by a soap " , with both throwing glasses at one another and Pat slapping Peggy across the face exclaiming " You bitch ! " and Peggy responding by slapping Pat exclaiming " You cow ! " . According to press reports , the fight scene between the characters was " so powerful that it had to have scenes and dialogue cut so it could be screened before the 9 pm watershed . " Barbara Windsor was reportedly bruised during the filming . Windsor commented , " The writer didn 't want a namby- pamby cat fight between two silly girls . We were throwing chairs and bottles and the adrenaline was at a high . When I saw the programme I couldn 't believe how good it was . Pam and I were really proud . " The Sunday Mirror described it as : " one of the most impressive episodes of all time " . In the climax of the storyline , both couples resolved their differences , and their relationships remained intact . Peggy and Frank were married on @-@ screen on 1 April 1999 . A " hen night " was thrown for Windsor with the show 's make @-@ up team , and the BBC threw a " massive " party in the show 's Albert Square to celebrate the event . Actors Windsor and Reid joined fellow stars , celebrities and TV executives for a celebration on the programme 's set in Elstree , Hertfordshire . Windsor admitted she had been so nervous before filming the wedding she was sick on set . She commented , " I broke out in spots and threw up in the vestry . I was very nervous – we were both very nervous . The day you stop getting nervous you can hold your hands up . It shows you care . " The soap wedding was filmed in Harrow , North West London in February 1999 . A BBC spokesman commented : " It is one of the best weddings Walford has ever seen but it is not problem free . There are a lot of people who do not want to see Frank and Peggy married – Grant being one of them – and it remains to be seen whether they will get through the day without a major upset . And as if the wedding is not gripping enough , there are certainly shocking revelations back at the Vic . " In the eventual episode , it was actually Grant Mitchell who persuaded his mother to marry Frank – with whom he had been feuding following his accidental killing of wife Tiffany – after Peggy was having second thoughts , thinking that Frank was only marrying her out of pity . Nearly 20 million viewers watched Peggy and Frank marry . Together Frank and Peggy ran The Queen Victoria , and were involved in various family and business crises , including a " tug @-@ of @-@ war " for their public house with " cuckoo @-@ in @-@ the @-@ nest " Dan Sullivan ( Craig Fairbrass ) . After taking time off in 2000 due to ill @-@ health , Reid announced that he was quitting the soap in May 2000 . After Reid publicly declared that he would love Frank to have a last fling with Pat before he left , EastEnders ' bosses granted his wish and an affair was scripted . The pair enjoyed a liaison on a Spanish beach during a week @-@ long August special set on the Costa Blanca , which saw Frank and Peggy go away with Pat and Roy and Terry and Irene Raymond ( Gavin Richards and Roberta Taylor ) . A BBC spokesperson said : " Pat is obviously incredibly torn between her love for her husband , Roy , and her old feelings for Frank . She 's been hurt by Frank in the past , but she 's coming to realise that she still has strong feelings for him and he has made no secret of his soft spot for her . I can confirm they do enjoy a romantic kiss on the beach . " On @-@ screen , Pat and Frank 's affair continued until they decided , in November 2000 , to elope . In the specially extended episode marking Frank 's official exit — which aired on 2 November 2000 , but was Guy Fawkes Night in the on @-@ screen events – Peggy discovered the affair amidst Frank 's attempt to retrieve a letter of confession , following Pat 's change of heart . After revealing their deception to a busy Queen Victoria public house , Peggy slapped both Pat and Frank , rebuffed Frank 's attempt at reconciliation and left him to depart alone . In December 2000 , Ian Hyland of the Sunday Mirror voted the scene in which Peggy slaps both Pat and Frank as one of the " TV fights of the year " , saying " It was Peggy 's speech which really made it a Bonfire Night to remember . But the slaps were equally well dispatched . " Commenting on Reid 's exit , Windsor has said , " We fell out when I found out he was leaving because it was a shock for me . I was really upset . I 've known him 30 odd years and I really like working with him . We had a great relationship as friends as well as performers . I got my own back when I had to slap him after I found out he was fooling around with Pat . I did the slap twice as I didn 't think I did it hard enough the first time . " = = = Sabbatical = = = Peggy was written out of EastEnders in 2003 , sent to live in Rio de Janeiro with her son Grant for two years , while Windsor took a sabbatical from the show after being diagnosed with the Epstein @-@ Barr virus . Windsor had previously never taken more than two weeks leave annually during her eight years on the show , as Peggy was considered such a central character to the series . Windsor 's absence was originally only supposed to be a year long . She stated at the time : " This has been a very hard decision for me to make because I 'm so happy here on EastEnders but it 's been a long time without a proper break . I just feel some time off would be good for me and for the character too . " Louise Berridge , then EastEnders ' executive producer , commented : " Barbara has been an absolute trouper for more than eight years on this show . We hope she has a great time and look forward to bringing her back with a big story in 2004 . " Although Peggy did return briefly in 2004 to attend her daughter Sam 's wedding to Andy Hunter ( Michael Higgs ) , it was not until 2005 that she resumed her role as a series regular . Her full return was announced in January 2005 , with John Yorke , the BBC controller of continuing drama series , stating he was " delighted " as " [ Peggy ] is a hugely loved character and one we think will be stirring things up from the moment she steps back into Walford . " Windsor said that she was " over the moon " to return , adding : " I had a great time when I came back to film for a couple of weeks recently . It really reminded me that the square is where I feel at home . " BBC executives hoped that Peggy 's return would help to revive EastEnders ' ratings . Her absence coincided with a two @-@ year ratings slump for EastEnders , with David Liddiment in The Guardian drawing direct correlation between her return and the show 's " ratings rejuvenation " . The episode in which she returned was watched by 10 million viewers , winning EastEnders a 47 % audience share in the timeslot . = = = Relationship with Archie Mitchell ; running for local government = = = In March 2008 , the BBC announced that Larry Lamb had been cast as Archie Mitchell , the brother of Peggy 's late husband Eric . Archie was scripted as a love @-@ interest for Peggy and Peggy 's backstory was retconned to incorporate a romantic history with Archie . Portrayed as an adulterous villain , Archie began controlling Peggy , changing her clothing and her hair style and instructing her on how to behave . In 2009 Peggy ran as an independent candidate in the local council elections against Archie 's wishes . Writers wanted a storyline that allowed Peggy to stand up for her beliefs , and felt that running for local government would allow her to speak passionately about the community . After a scene showed Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) asking Peggy , " Where would Tony Blair have been without Alastair Campbell ? " , Campbell responded by giving advice to Peggy in a video blog . A response from Peggy was then recorded , thanking Campbell for his input . Peggy pulled out of the election at Archie 's request ahead of their wedding , however the storyline set up a later episode in which Boris Johnson , Mayor of London made a guest appearance in EastEnders . On 1 October 2009 , Johnson appeared in the show as himself , visiting Walford and The Queen Victoria and conversing with Peggy . Johnson commented on his appearance : " It was , of course , a tremendous honour to step inside that most venerable of London landmarks , The Queen Vic , and share a scene with another of the capital 's icons , the fabulous Barbara Windsor . " Executive producer Diederick Santer stated : " We couldn 't let the visit pass without the Mayor entering London 's most famous pub , The Queen Vic , and meeting its formidable and politically active landlady Peggy Mitchell . " The episode was watched by 8 million viewers , winning EastEnders a 38 % audience share in the timeslot . Peggy and Archie 's wedding was filmed on location in North London in January 2009 and was screened on 2 April 2009 that year in an hour @-@ long special . To promote the storyline , EastEnders screened a trailer showing Peggy being assembled in her wedding outfit by a robot , which symbolised Archie 's control of her . Realising the extent to which Archie had been controlling and trying to change her throughout their engagement , Peggy gave him an ultimatum at the altar : he either accept the real her , or call the wedding off . Archie chose to marry her , though Tim Teeman for The Times commented : " ' [ T ] he real Peggy ' is a hazy concept : there ’ s Peggy the big @-@ hearted East End landlady and Peggy the crone famous for rasping ' Get ahht my pub ' to anyone who crosses her path . For someone into evil mind control , Archie has brilliant taste . The wedding outfit he had chosen for Peggy was much nicer than the tatty net curtains that even Miss Havisham would have rejected that the ' real Peggy ' chose to marry in . " Peggy and Archie 's wedding was watched by 10 @.@ 6 million viewers , winning EastEnders a 48 % audience share . A further 1 @.@ 2 million viewers watched the episode 's repeat on BBC Three at 10 pm . However , the marriage lasts only as long as the reception ; when Peggy realises Archie has been manipulating other members of his family , Peggy throws him out and a feud ignites between Archie and the Mitchell clan . Peggy resumes her plan to run for council in 2010 , but is furious to discover that Pat is also running . The storyline introduces the character of Harvey Freeman , played by Martin Jarvis , a freelance journalist who is reporting on the election . Harvey is a potential love interest for both Peggy and Pat , and causes friction between the friends . = = = 2010 departure = = = On 28 October 2009 it was announced that Windsor had quit the show and would leave in 2010 after 15 years . She said : " EastEnders has been wonderful to me and it 's no secret that it changed my life all of those years ago . I 'll be so sad to leave Peggy behind ; she 's such a wonderful character to play . I have had the pleasure of working with a marvellous cast and crew and have made many lasting good friends . To have had the honour of showing the Queen around the set is something that will stay with me forever . " Executive producer Diederick Santer said : " Barbara has contributed so much to EastEnders over the last 15 years , plus countless episodes , and countless amazing storylines . Peggy Mitchell is a truly iconic character , and along with Steve McFadden and Ross Kemp , Barbara has made the Mitchells the premier family of British soap . " Windsor filmed her final scene on 16 July 2010 . Peggy 's final episode , which aired on 10 September 2010 , was preceded by a number of television trailers in August and a new section on the EastEnders website dedicated to the character . The episode ended with a special reworking of the piano version of the EastEnders theme tune known as " Julia 's Theme " , called " Peggy 's Theme " . Tribute was then paid to her in a clip programme , Peggy Mitchell : Queen of the Vic . Peggy 's final episode attracted 10 @.@ 1 million viewers , and was the second most @-@ watched programme in the week of 6 – 12 September . At the time of the announcement of Windor 's departure , it was reported she wanted to take a two @-@ year break , but after that would like to make return appearances as Peggy . However , in September 2010 , she ruled out a return , saying , " It was a bit selfish of me but I didn 't want to be killed off . I am never going to go back but I like to think that [ Peggy ] ' s still out there somewhere . " At the recording of the new series of The Rob Brydon Show for BBC Two , Brydon asked if she would consider returning , to which Windsor replied , " Never say never " . = = = Cancer return and death = = = After making three separate returns in September 2013 , September 2014 and another in February 2015 to commemorate 30 years of EastEnders in EastEnders Live Week , Windsor made an unannounced return to EastEnders in 2016 , appearing in the episode broadcast on 15 January . After this , it was announced that the character was to be killed off , losing her battle with breast cancer . The scenes were filmed in secret in November 2015 , following Windsor 's personal decision for Peggy to be killed . She said : " Peggy is a character close to my heart but I made the decision a while ago that I need to say goodbye to Peggy once and for all as otherwise she will always be there , urging me to go back and that is something I need to shut the door on . After thinking long and hard about it , I realised that it is time for me and the audience to say our final farewells to the lady who I have loved for many years and I thought that whilst [ executive producer Dominic Treadwell @-@ Collins ] , who I adore , is still in charge I want him to be the one to oversee it . I am grateful that Dominic has accepted my decision and together , since late last summer , we have been secretly plotting Peggy ’ s last scenes . " Treadwell @-@ Collins said , " when [ Windsor ] told me her decision back in the summer [ 2015 ] , we both had a little cry before getting excited about how Peggy Mitchell , the matriarch to end all matriarchs could bid her final farewell to Albert Square . In Peggy Mitchell , Barbara has created one of the greatest ever characters on British television , someone who has become as synonymous with EastEnders as The Queen Vic itself . So this is the end of an EastEnders era . But it is also an opportunity to send Peggy Mitchell out in style in what will be one of the most heartbreaking , uplifting and epic exits an EastEnders character has ever had . We can 't wait to have Barbara back at EastEnders , even if it is for the final time . The most professional of professionals on set and off , and a true friend , we have all been working harder than ever to make Barbara and Peggy Mitchell proud . " Windsor resumed filming on 21 March 2016 . On 3 May 2016 , it was revealed that Peggy would refuse her cancer treatment and decide to spend time with her family . Windsor said it was a " special week " of episodes with " lots of surprises " that would be " a perfect ending for Peggy " . Peggy 's final scenes aired on 17 May 2016 , but her voice is heard in the following episode , which aired on 19 May 2016 . = = Reception = = Peggy has been described by the BBC as one of EastEnders ' " most high @-@ profile characters . " Windsor has won several awards for her performance as Peggy . In 1999 , she was named BBC Personality of the Year . She won Best Actress at the 1999 British Soap Awards , and was granted a Lifetime Achievement award in 2009 . She also won a Lifetime Achievement award at the 2001 Inside Soap awards , and was named the UK 's top soap matriarch in a 2009 Inside Soap poll . She also won the Soap Legend award at the 2009 TV Now Awards . Furthermore , Windsor was nominated for the Outstanding Serial Drama Performance award at the 2008 and 2009 National Television Awards , Best Soap Actress at the 2007 TV Now Awards , Best Actress at the 2009 British Soap Awards , and Best Actress at the 2009 Inside Soap awards . The character was viewed unfavourably by a proportion of viewers in 1996 , when Peggy discovered that Mark Fowler ( Todd Carty ) was HIV positive and subsequently mounted a hate campaign against him . Windsor has since revealed that she was initially opposed to the storyline : Actress and writer Jacquetta May , who played the character Rachel Kominski between 1991 and 1993 , has discussed the storyline and the role of women in an article about EastEnders . According to May , the scriptwriters were faced with a problem once Peggy , " a key figure of the community " , was shown to exhibit such " pig @-@ headed ignorance and appalling prejudice " . In order for Peggy to be redeemed , she had to be seen to be punished , and so the character was given breast @-@ cancer later that year . May comments , " Peggy , malicious gossip and bigot , herself becomes the victim of a life @-@ threatening illness . At Christmas they run a Christian forgiveness story . Peggy calls on Mark and tells him she now knows what it is like to suffer as he has . She apologises , thus underlining one of the basic tenets of the programme : underneath the skin we are all the same , human and vulnerable , and recognition of this should unite us not divide us . Along the way , a great deal of useful information about these illnesses was broadcast . So , although EastEnders endlessly repeats its conservative format , and although all issues are there primarily to feed the great hungry story @-@ beast , its positive by @-@ products cannot be denied . " EastEnders has received praise for the handling of Peggy 's breast cancer storyline , as she was a rare media portrayal of an older matriarchal woman with the disease . Older women are at higher risk of being diagnosed ; however , in 2001 , it was reported that media representation of breast cancer is skewed towards younger women in their 20s or 30s , as they are seen as " more tragic " or " more sexy " in media terms . A 2000 study by Kitzinger and Henderson showed that 94 % of newspaper coverage on non @-@ celebrity women with breast cancer was on those aged under 50 . Source organisations working with EastEnders on the storyline have commented : " [ The team ] decided it was going to be [ Peggy ] and very rightly so . Bang on , the right age [ ... ] perfect dramatic licence in terms of her sons that she was going to have to share this terrible news with , and how would she share it ? Every female would have that problem . How would you tell your children ? And they followed that with her . She was exactly the right person . " The storyline also received media criticism , for the use of a breast care nurse , who was used to counsel Peggy and translate medical terminology into lay terms for viewers ; a character who could provide both a dramatic and educational purpose . However , not all oncology units in the UK offer breast care nurses , and the character presented " particularly positive messages " concerning patient choice and control over treatment options . Because of this , the UK press dubbed the storyline " didactic " . The storyline was also criticised because Peggy received her cancer test results after six days , which prompted cancer charities to warn that not all patients would receive the same treatment . In December 2008 , Bupa doctors criticised UK soaps for presenting unhealthy role models to viewing audiences . Paul Bignell and Cole Moreton for The Independent refuted the accusation , naming Peggy as an acceptable role model for her devotion to her family , protecting her nieces and loving her sons despite their numerous misdemeanours . Peggy Mitchell 's ( Barbara Windsor ) 2010 departure was watched over 11 million viewers . = = In popular culture = = Peggy has been spoofed in several programmes , including the ITV cartoon sketch show 2DTV , and Harry Hill 's TV Burp . In the BBC 's Big Impression , impressionist Ronni Ancona performs as Peggy , shuffling around on her knees to exaggerate Barbara Windsor 's petite height , and regularly using the catchphrase " Get outta my pub ! " Impressionist Jan Ravens has spoofed her in the BBC 's Dead Ringers , also mimicking her cheeky laugh . Commenting on Ancona 's impersonation , Windsor has said : " she does me brilliantly . I told her it was a great compliment . She made me realise my little hands wave around a lot . " In November 2005 , Peggy appeared in a sketch for Children in Need , which was a crossover between EastEnders and The Catherine Tate Show . The sketch featured Peggy , Little Mo Mitchell ( Kacey Ainsworth ) , Stacey Slater ( Lacey Turner ) and Catherine Tate as her character Lauren Cooper . A 2006 episode of Doctor Who entitled " Army of Ghosts " features a fictional EastEnders scene in which Peggy tells one of the ghosts to " get outta my pub ! " = The Princess and the Pea = " The Princess and the Pea " ( Danish : " Prinsessen paa Ærten " ; literal translation : " The Princess on the Pea " ) is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a young woman whose royal identity is established by a test of her physical sensitivity . The tale was first published with three others by Andersen in an inexpensive booklet on 8 May 1835 in Copenhagen by C. A. Reitzel . Andersen had heard the story as a child , and it likely has its source in folk material , possibly originating from Sweden , as it is unknown in the Danish oral tradition . Neither " The Princess and the Pea " nor Andersen 's other tales of 1835 were well received by Danish critics , who disliked their casual , chatty style and their lack of morals . In 1959 " The Princess and the Pea " was adapted to the musical stage in a production called Once Upon a Mattress starring Carol Burnett . = = Plot = = The story tells of a prince who wants to marry a princess , but is having difficulty finding a suitable wife . Something is always wrong with those he meets , and he cannot be certain they are real princesses because they have bad table manners or they are too fat or thin or not beautiful . One stormy night a young woman drenched with rain seeks shelter in the prince 's castle . She claims to be a princess , so the prince 's mother decides to test their unexpected , unwitting guest by placing a pea in the bed she is offered for the night , covered by 20 mattresses and 20 feather @-@ beds . In the morning , the guest tells her hosts that she endured a sleepless night , kept awake by something hard in the bed that she is certain has bruised her . The prince rejoices . Only a real princess would have the sensitivity to feel a pea through such a quantity of bedding , so the two are married . The story ends with the pea being placed in a museum , where according to the storyteller it can still be seen today , unless someone has removed it . = = Composition = = Andersen deliberately cultivated a funny and colloquial style in the tales of 1835 , reminiscent of oral storytelling techniques rather than the sophisticated literary devices of the fairy tales written by les précieuses , E. T. A. Hoffmann , and other precursors . The earliest reviews criticized Andersen for not following such models . In the second volume of the 1863 edition of his collected works Andersen remarked in the preface : " The style should be such that one hears the narrator . Therefore , the language had to be similar to the spoken word ; the stories are for children , but adults too should be able to listen in . " Although no materials appear to exist specifically addressing the composition of " The Princess and the Pea " , Andersen does speak to the writing of the first four tales of 1835 of which " The Princess on the Pea " is one . New Year 's Day 1835 , Andersen wrote to a friend : " I am now starting on some ' fairy tales for children . ' I am going to win over future generations , you may want to know " , and , in a letter dated February 1835 he wrote to the poet , Bernhard Severin Ingemann : " I have started some ' Fairy Tales Told for Children ' and believe I have succeeded . I have told a couple of tales which as a child I was happy about , and which I do not believe are known , and have written them exactly the way I would tell them to a child . " Andersen had finished the tales by March 1835 and told Admiral Wulff 's daughter , Henriette : " I have also written some fairy tales for children ; Ørsted says about them that if The Improvisatore makes me famous then these will make me immortal , for they are the most perfect things I have written ; but I myself do not think so . " On 26 March , he observed that " [ the fairy tales ] will be published in April , and people will say : the work of my immortality ! Of course I shan 't enjoy the experience in this world . " = = Publication = = " The Princess and the Pea " was first published in Copenhagen , Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 8 May 1835 in an unbound 61 @-@ page booklet called Tales , Told for Children . First Collection . First Booklet . 1835 . ( Eventyr , fortalte for Børn . Første Samling . Første Hefte . 1835 . ) . " The Princess and the Pea " was the third tale in the collection , with " The Tinderbox " ( " Fyrtøiet " ) , " Little Claus and Big Claus " ( " Lille Claus og store Claus " ) , and " Little Ida 's Flowers " ( " Den lille Idas Blomster " ) . The booklet was priced at twenty @-@ four shillings ( the equivalent of 25 Dkr. or approximately US $ 5 as of 2009 ) , and the publisher paid Andersen 30 rixdollars ( US $ 450 as of 2009 ) . A second edition was published in 1842 , and a third in 1845 . " The Princess and the Pea " was reprinted on 18 December 1849 in Tales . 1850 @.@ with illustrations by Vilhelm Pedersen . The story was published again on 15 December 1862 , in Tales and Stories . First Volume . 1862 . The first Danish reviews of Andersen 's 1835 tales appeared in 1836 , and were hostile . Critics disliked the informal , chatty style , and the lack of morals , and offered Andersen no encouragement . One literary journal failed to mention the tales at all , while another advised Andersen not to waste his time writing " wonder stories " . He was told he " lacked the usual form of that kind of poetry ... and would not study models " . Andersen felt he was working against their preconceived notions of what a fairy tale should be and returned to writing novels , believing it to be his true calling . = = English translation = = Charles Boner was the first to translate " The Princess and the Pea " into English , working from a German translation that had increased Andersen 's lone pea to a trio of peas in an attempt to make the story more credible , an embellishment also added by another early English translator , Caroline Peachey . Boner 's translation was published as " The Princess on the Peas " in A Danish Story @-@ Book in 1846 . Boner has been accused of missing the satire of the tale by ending with the rhetorical question , " Now was not that a lady of exquisite feeling ? " rather than Andersen 's joke of the pea being placed in the Royal Museum . Boner and Peachey 's work established the standard for English translations of the fairy tales , which , for almost a century , as Wullschlager notes , " continued to range from the inadequate to the abysmal " . = = Commentaries = = Wullschlager observes that in " The Princess and the Pea " Andersen blended his childhood memories of a primitive world of violence , death , and inexorable fate , with his social climber 's private romance about the serene , secure and cultivated Danish bourgeoisie , which did not quite accept him as one of their own . Researcher Jack Zipes said that Andersen , during his lifetime , " was obliged to act as a dominated subject within the dominant social circles despite his fame and recognition as a writer " ; Andersen therefore developed a feared and loved view of the aristocracy . Others have said that Andersen constantly felt as though he did not belong , and longed to be a part of the upper class . The nervousness and humiliations Andersen suffered in the presence of the bourgeoisie were mythologized by the storyteller in the tale of " The Princess and the Pea " , with Andersen himself the morbidly sensitive princess who can feel a pea through 20 mattresses . Maria Tatar notes that , unlike the folk heroine of his source material for the story , Andersen 's princess has no need to resort to deceit to establish her identity ; her sensitivity is enough to validate her nobility . For Andersen , she indicates , " true " nobility derived not from an individual 's birth but from their sensitivity . Andersen 's insistence upon sensitivity as the exclusive privilege of nobility challenges modern notions about character and social worth . The princess 's sensitivity , however , may be a metaphor for her depth of feeling and compassion . While a 1905 article in the American Journal of Education recommended the story for children aged 8 @-@ 10 , " The Princess and the Pea " was not uniformly well received by critics . Toksvig wrote in 1934 , " [ the story ] seems to the reviewer not only indelicate but indefensible , in so far as the child might absorb the false idea that great ladies must always be so terribly thin @-@ skinned . " Tatar notes that the princess 's sensitivity has been interpreted as poor manners rather than a manifestation of noble birth , a view said to be based on " the cultural association between women 's physical sensitivity and emotional sensitivity , specifically , the link between a woman reporting her physical experience of touch and negative images of women who are hypersensitive to physical conditions , who complain about trivialities , and who demand special treatment " . Researcher Jack Zipes notes that the tale is told tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek , with Andersen poking fun at the " curious and ridiculous " measures taken by the nobility to establish the value of bloodlines . He also notes that the author makes a case for sensitivity being the decisive factor in determining royal authenticity and that Andersen " never tired of glorifying the sensitive nature of an elite class of people " . “ The Princess and the Pea ” spurred on positive criticism , as well . In fact , critic Paul Hazard pointed out the realistic aspects of the fairy tale that make it easily relatable to all people . He believed that " the world Andersen witnessed — which encompassed sorrow , death , evil , and man 's follies — is reflected in his tales , " and most evidently in " The Princess and the Pea . " Another scholar , Niels Kofoed , noticed that “ since they involve everyday @-@ life themes of love , death , nature , injustice , suffering , and poverty , they appeal to all races , ideologies , classes , and genders . ” Moreover , Celia Catlett Anderson realized that one of the things that makes this story so appealing and relatable is that optimism prevails over pessimism , especially for the main character of the princess . This inspires hope in the readers for their own futures and strength within themselves . = = Adaptations = = In 1927 , German composer Ernst Toch published an opera based on " The Princess and the Pea " , with a libretto by Benno Elkan . Reportedly this opera was very popular in the American student repertoires ; the music as well as the English translation ( by Marion Farquhar ) were praised in a review in Notes . The story was adapted to the musical stage in 1959 as Once Upon a Mattress , with comedian Carol Burnett playing the play 's heroine , Princess Winnifred the Woebegone . The musical was revived in 1997 with Sarah Jessica Parker in the role . A television adaptation of " The Princess and the Pea " starred Liza Minnelli in a Faerie Tale Theatre episode in 1984 . The story has been adapted to two films , one full @-@ length animation film in 2002 , and a six @-@ minute IMAX production in 2001 . The tale was the basis for a story in The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales by Jon Scieszka and Lane Smith , wherein the prince decides to slip a bowling ball underneath one hundred mattresses after three years of unsuccessful attempts with the pea . In the morning , the princess comes downstairs and tells the queen , " This might sound odd , but I think you need another mattress . I felt like I was sleeping on a lump as big as a bowling ball . " which satisfies the king and the queen . The princess gets married to the prince , and they live happily , though maybe not completely honestly , ever after . American poet Jane Shore published a poem , " The Princess and the Pea " , in the January 1973 issue of Poetry , in which a close dependency between princess and pea is posited : " I lie in my skin as in an ugly coat : / my body owned by the citizens / who ache and turn whenever I turn / on the pea on which so much depends " ( 13 @-@ 16 ) . Russian writer Evgeny Shvarts incorporates the story , with two other Andersen stories , in his Naked King . = = Similar tales = = Tales of extreme sensitivity are infrequent in world culture but a few have been recorded . The 11th @-@ century Kathasaritsagara by Somadeva tells of a young man who claims to be especially fastidious about beds . After sleeping in a bed on top of seven mattresses , and newly made with clean sheets , the young man rises in great pain . A crooked red mark is discovered on his body , and upon investigation a hair is found on the bottom @-@ most mattress of the bed . An Italian tale called " The Most Sensitive Woman " tells of a woman whose foot is bandaged after a jasmine petal falls upon it . The Brothers Grimm included a " Princess on the Pea " tale in an edition of their Kinder- und Hausmärchen , but removed it after they discovered that it belonged to the Danish literary tradition . A few folk tales feature a boy discovering a pea or a bean assumed to be of great value . After the boy enters a castle and is given a bed of straw for the night he tosses and turns in his sleep , attempting to guard his treasure . Some observers are persuaded that the boy is restless because he is unaccustomed to sleeping on straw , and is therefore of aristocratic blood . In the more popular versions of the tale , only one pea is used . However , Charles Boner added in two more peas in his translation of the story upon which Andersen based his tale . Other differences amongst versions can be seen in various numbers of mattresses as well as feather beds . Versions of the story differ based on whether or not the character of the helper is included . The helper , in some cases , tells the princess to pretend as though she slept badly . In other versions , the helper does not appear at all , and the princess decides to lie all on her own . = Comité National de Secours et d 'Alimentation = The Comité National de Secours et d 'Alimentation ( " National Relief and Food Committee " ; Dutch : Nationaal Hulp- en Voedingscomité ) , abbreviated to CNSA , was a relief organization created in 1914 to distribute humanitarian aid to civilians in German @-@ occupied Belgium during World War I. It was directed by the Belgian financier Émile Francqui . The CNSA acted as the network by which the aid brought in by the international Commission for Relief in Belgium ( CRB ) could be distributed within Belgium itself . = = Background = = Before the outbreak of World War I , Belgium relied on supplies of imports for almost three @-@ quarters of all food consumed . With the German invasion in August 1914 , the importation ceased and , as the economic crisis created by the invasion escalated , the distribution of the food that was available began to break down . In particular , the British Royal Navy began a four @-@ year " Blockade of Europe " which , although aimed at Germany , also cut food supplies from neutral countries to German @-@ occupied Belgium . = = Foundation and operation of the CNSA = = The Committee was established in September 1914 , shortly after the German army occupied Brussels , under the name Comité Central de Secours et d 'Alimentation ( " Central Relief and Food Committee " ) . It was supported by voluntary contributions from a small group of notable financiers and businessmen , including Ernest Solvay , Dannie Heineman and Émile Francqui . Initially , the Committee 's activity was restricted to the city of Brussels and its suburbs . However , as the Germans extended their control across Belgium following the fall of the city of Antwerp in October 1914 , and as the threat of famine within Belgium increased , the Committee linked up with similar organizations around the country and took the title " national " . The initial direction of the Committee was given to Francqui . Francqui 's position as head of the Société Générale de Belgique ( " General Company of Belgium " ) , a giant semi @-@ nationalized holdings company , allowed the CNSA access to a nationwide distribution network . From the start , the Committee was organized into two sections : one responsible for providing and selling food and the other for charitable aid such as clothing . Both sections of the CNSA were highly decentralized and relied heavily on local Committees across the country for much of their operations . As an American , and therefore a citizen of a neutral country , Heineman used his contacts abroad to find overseas sources of food which might be shipped to Belgium to resupply the populace . Food from abroad being the only viable immediate solution to Belgium 's food shortage , the Committee 's chief initial difficulty was obtaining the permission of the British and German governments to import food and in providing guarantees that it would not be used for military purposes . The CNSA was also supported in its early activities by Charles de Broqueville 's Belgian government in exile . The logistical problems involved in coordinating the huge shipments of food to Belgium meant that the CNSA began to look for foreign assistance in procuring and transporting material to Belgium . Francqui used his personal acquaintance with Herbert Hoover , future President of the United States , to create an external body to assist the management of the CNSA . Hoover became the director of the Commission for Relief in Belgium ( CRB ) , and led successful attempts to raise money abroad in order to improve the humanitarian situation in Belgium . Because the CRB was officially an American organization , the CRB was also necessary to assure that the food , once delivered to the CNSA , was not immediately seized by the Germans . The CRB also provided the international support necessary to convince the British government to permit the shipments . Once received , the food and material from the CRB was distributed through the CNSA 's network of 125 @,@ 000 agents across the country . The CNSA continued to expand throughout the occupation . In April 1915 , the German Government allowed the CNSA to extend its operations to the occupied regions of northern France , under the auspices of a subcommittee called the Comité d 'Alimentation du Nord de la France ( " Food Committee of Northern France " ) . By 1918 , the CNSA had distributed 3 @.@ 4 billion Belgian francs ' worth of aid across Belgium . = = Evaluation = = The work of the CNSA during the war was considered extremely successful by contemporaries and modern historians alike . By providing a network of food distribution , the CNSA and CRB managed to avoid a major famine in Belgium during the occupation . Nevertheless , although the CRB and CNSA were part of the same network , the CRB criticized the CNSA , holding it responsible for occasional thefts of food by the Germans and for providing inadequate security for the shipments . The Belgian arm , however , felt under undue pressure from the CRB . In 1916 , Francqui even petitioned the British to allow the CNSA to take full charge of the international network away from the CRB , although this appeal was dismissed because of the precarious position CNSA held within the occupied country . Nevertheless , relations between the two bodies remained generally good . The Committee also played an important political role . By providing an alternative supply of food , the CNSA prevented the German administration of Belgium from being able to use food as a bargaining tool to force Belgians to work in war industries and contributed to the passive resistance movement within occupied Belgium . However , the CNSA and CRB 's activities meant that the Germans benefitted from having seven million Belgians and two million Frenchmen in their territory fed and consequently did not face major food riots or other disruption that might have arisen if the Germans had had to feed the population of the occupied territories . The Germans also exploited their deal agreeing to give impunity to CNSA food shipments by seizing food produced in Belgium . The Belgian government in exile supported the CNSA , which they hoped , in the words of the Minister Michel Levie , would become an " underground parliament " and fulfill the day @-@ to @-@ day running of the Belgian state which the occupation made impossible for the official government to carry out . Historians have also described the organisation of the CNSA , with its central committee and local networks , and its activities such as providing unemployment benefits to Belgian workers in 1917 , as echoing those of an official government in peacetime while also serving as a symbol of national unity . = = = Works = = = = History of the New York Giants ( 1994 – present ) = The New York Giants , an American football team which currently plays in the NFL 's National Football Conference , have qualified for the postseason seven times since 1994 . With the retirement of Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor — two of the most important figures in franchise history – after the 1993 season , the Giants entered a new era . After a successful 1993 season , the Giants struggled under head coach Dan Reeves , and failed to reach the playoffs for three consecutive seasons . With the hiring of Jim Fassel as the team 's new head coach in 1997 , the Giants fortunes improved and they made the playoffs several times . Led by free agent acquisition quarterback Kerry Collins , the Fassel era included an appearance in Super Bowl XXXV , where they lost to the Baltimore Ravens . Although there was success , the Fassel era was also marked by inconsistency , and he was fired after the 2003 season . Fassel was replaced by current coach Tom Coughlin who has coached the team since 2004 , also to inconsistent results and media scrutiny . The Giants acquired their current starting quarterback Eli Manning via a draft day trade from the San Diego Chargers . Manning had been the quarterback at University of Mississippi , and was the first pick in the 2004 NFL Draft . During this period standout Giants players include defensive end Michael Strahan , who set the NFL single season record in sacks in 2001 , and running back Tiki Barber , who set a team record in rushing yards in 2005 . The Giants made the playoffs four consecutive seasons , from 2005 – 2008 ( including a Super Bowl victory during the 2007 season ) , but missed the playoffs in 2009 and 2010 . = = New era : 1994 – 1996 = = After finishing 11 – 5 and reaching the second round of the playoffs in 1993 , the Giants took a step backwards in 1994 . Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor , the two biggest figures of the 1980s and early 1990s , both retired . Several other key starting players were dropped from the roster due to free agency . In the wake of Simms ' retirement , head coach Dan Reeves named Dave Brown , who had been a No. 1 supplemental draft choice in 1992 , as the Giants ' new starting quarterback . Though Brown led the Giants to wins in their first three games of the season , the Giants lost their next 7 in a row to drop to 3 – 7 . The poor play of Brown received much of the blame from fans and the media . However , the Giants recovered and won their last six games of the season , finishing with a 15 – 10 victory over the Dallas Cowboys at Giants Stadium . During this stretch they never allowed more than 20 points in a game , and the Giants ended the season with a record of 9 – 7 . The team 's stars included Rodney Hampton , who had his 4th straight 1 @,@ 000 yard rushing season ; second @-@ year defensive lineman Michael Strahan , and linebackers Jessie Armstead and Michael Brooks . In 1995 the team regressed further , losing even more players to free agency and finished the season with a 5 – 11 record , their worst since Bill Parcells ' first season in 1983 . Quarterback Dave Brown was particularly disappointing , as he finished with just 2 @,@ 814 yards and 11 touchdowns on the season . Reeves went public with his desire to have more of a say in personnel matters . He controlled the team 's free agency decisions , but feuded with General manager ( GM ) George Young who chose the team 's draft picks . Lowlights were a 35 – 0 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in the Monday Night season opener , and the fans pelting the Charger sideline with snowballs in the season 's final game . Though the defense still played well at times , the Giants sent no players to the Pro Bowl for the second straight year . The Giants suffered through yet another poor season in 1996 , finishing 6 – 10 . Though Brown again started every game for the Giants he turned in one of the worst seasons of any starting quarterback in the league that year , throwing for 12 touchdowns against 20 interceptions . The Giants offense was one of the worst in the NFL and , unlike in previous years , the defense was unable to keep the offense afloat . After having one playoff appearance in four years , Reeves was dismissed after the 1996 season . = = Jim Fassel era = = = = = 1997 – 1999 = = = The Giants hired Jim Fassel to replace Reeves before the 1997 season . Fassel had been the offensive coordinator for the Arizona Cardinals and Denver Broncos . After an opening day win against Philadelphia the Giants lost their next three games , including close losses to the Baltimore Ravens and St. Louis Rams . The Giants then won their next five games in a row . One of Fassel 's biggest decisions during this streak was to replace Brown with second year quarterback Danny Kanell . The Giants won their next five game in a row to finish the season at 10 – 5 – 1 , and win the NFC Eastern Division for the first time since 1990 . In the first round , the Giants struggled in the fourth quarter , and the Vikings kicked a late field goal to defeat them , 23 – 22 . After the 1997 season , Young , who as GM had helped build New York into a championship club in the 1980s , left the team to take a job in the NFL front office . He was replaced by Ernie Accorsi , a well @-@ respected , veteran General Manager who had successful stints building the Baltimore Colts and Cleveland Browns . In 1998 , the Giants were unable to build on their successful 1997 season , and needed a four @-@ game winning streak to close out the season at 8 – 8 . The Giants strength was their defense , which featured two Pro Bowlers in Armstead and Strahan . However , the offense continued to be a disappointment . Brown had been jettisoned and replaced by Kanell and Kent Graham . Neither quarterback provided Pro Bowl caliber play , although Graham led the Giants to a 5 – 1 finish ( including an upset of the then @-@ undefeated Denver Broncos in Week 15 ) . Before the 1999 season the Giants signed quarterback Kerry Collins . Collins had been the first @-@ ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers and in his second season led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game . However , problems with alcohol , conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers . Mike Ditka , coach of the New Orleans Saints signed him after his release ; however the experiment failed and Collins was released again . Although many people , including Sports Illustrated football beat writer Peter King questioned the wisdom of Accorsi and the Giants giving Collins a US $ 16 @.@ 9 million contract , especially when there was little interest for Collins 's services league @-@ wide , Accorsi was confident that Collins was a wise investment . The 1999 season featured many strong individual performances by the Giants , especially on offense . Receiver Amani Toomer had a breakout season , accumulating over 1100 yards receiving and six touchdowns . Fellow receiver Ike Hilliard also had a solid season , finishing just shy of 1000 yards receiving on the year . Tight end Pete Mitchell contributed 58 receptions , and Tiki Barber emerged as a premiere pass @-@ catching running back , catching 66 passes on the year . The defense was also solid , ranking 11th in the league and sending Armstead and Strahan to the Pro Bowl again . Though the Giants stood at 7 – 6 after 13 games , they lost their final three games of the season to	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
995 ) Ricky Lee Phelps – lead vocals , harmonica ( 1986 – 1992 ) = = Discography = = Studio albums Pickin ' on Nashville ( 1989 ) Electric Barnyard ( 1991 ) Rave On ! ! ( 1993 ) That 'll Work ( with Johnnie Johnson ) ( 1993 ) Stompin ' Grounds ( 1997 ) Songs from the Grass String Ranch ( 2000 ) Soul ( 2003 ) Big Boss Man ( 2005 ) Dixie Lullabies ( 2011 ) Meet Me In Bluesland ( with Johnnie Johnson ) ( 2015 ) = = Awards = = = Heck horse = The Heck horse is a horse breed that is claimed to resemble the tarpan ( Equus ferus ferus ) , an extinct wild equine . The breed was created by the German zoologist brothers Heinz Heck and Lutz Heck in an attempt to breed back the tarpan . Although unsuccessful at creating a genetic copy of the extinct species , they developed a breed with grullo coloration and primitive markings . After the Nazi invasion of Poland , they were introduced to the Białowieża Forest , where a small herd still survives . Heck horses were subsequently exported to the United States , where a breed association was created in the 1960s . = = Breed characteristics = = Heck horses are dun or grullo ( a dun variant ) in color , with no white markings . The breed has primitive markings , including a dorsal stripe and horizontal striping on the legs . Heck horses generally stand between 12 @.@ 2 and 13 @.@ 2 hands ( 50 and 54 inches , 127 and 137 cm ) tall . The head is large , the withers low , and the legs and hindquarters strong . The hooves are strong , often not needing shoeing . The gait of the Heck horse is high stepping , which makes them comfortable to ride and which is considered attractive while being driven . The breed is described as being calm , friendly , curious and intelligent , although very independent . The physical description of tarpans was very similar - strong , approximately the same height , and with the same coloration and primitive markings . = = History = = The tarpan was a Eurasian wild horse that became extinct in the wild in 1879 , due to hunting and crossbreeding with domesticated horses , and in 1887 the last captive horse died in Russia . The Heck horse was created by the German zoologist brothers Heinz Heck and Lutz Heck , director of the Berlin Zoo , at the Tierpark Hellabrunn ( Munich Zoo ) in Germany in their attempt to breed back the tarpan . The Hecks believed they could recreate the extinct tarpan subspecies by back breeding living descendants . They believed they could combine and rearrange the genetic material from these living descendants into a recreation of the extinct horse . Other breeders had the same idea , and used different genetic stock to attempt to recreate the tarpan or a reasonable look @-@ alike . One result was a line of horses bred from American Mustangs by a breeder named Harry Hegardt . The Heck brothers bred together several European small horse and pony breeds hypothesized to be descended from the tarpan . They eventually integrated mares of the Konik , Icelandic horse , and Gotland breeds . These mares were bred to stallions of a wild horse type known as Przewalski 's horse . The Hecks believed the wild Przewalski blood would help to draw out the wild characteristics they felt lay dormant in the domesticated pony breed mares . The initial crosses were made between Gotland and Icelandic mares ( who visually closely resembled the tarpan , especially in the shape of the head ) and Przewalski 's horse stallions ( who provided the desired dun coloration and upright mane ) , and the offspring were then bred to each other . The first foal born from the program who had the desired coloration was a colt born on May 22 , 1933 at the Tierpark Hellabrunn . The breeding program continued , using only those horses who showed the desired skull shape , bone structure and coloration . Relatively quickly , the breed 's conformation and coloration became set , with parents reliably passing their characteristics onto their offspring . During World War II , horses of the desired type were taken from German @-@ occupied countries to use in the Hecks ' breeding program . Tadeusz Vetulani , a Polish biologist , had been working with Konik horses , at that point believed to be descended from tarpans , with the goal ( like the Hecks ) of recreating the tarpan . Some of the horses from his program had been reintroduced to the forests of Bialowieza , Poland . During the war , the Hecks removed the animals from the forest and used them in their own breeding programs . Vetulani considered this a " baffling campaign of destruction " , and the Hecks ' actions effectively ended his breeding program . Some of the resulting Heck horses , closely resembling tarpans , were sent back to Bialowieza , to become part of a hunting preserve for Nazi government officials . The land , and the horses , were returned to Polish management after the war ended . As of 2007 , a small herd of the horses remained , living with little interference from humans , in Białowieża Forest , Europe 's last remaining area of primeval lowland forest . The Hecks had conducted a similar breeding program in hopes of recreating the aurochs , resulting in what would become Heck cattle . = = = Export and crossbreeding = = = The first Heck horse in the United States was a stallion named Duke , imported in 1954 by the Chicago Zoological Park in Illinois , followed by two mares in 1955 . A third mare was imported by the Fort Worth Zoological Park in Texas in 1962 . All four horses came from the Munich Zoo and in the early 1990s , all Heck horses in the United States traced back to these animals . Several private breeders in the United States now use these horses for riding and light driving . In the early 1960s , the North American Tarpan Association was founded by Heck horse enthusiasts to promote the breed . In 2002 , fewer than 100 Heck horses in the United States , most of them having descended from the six foundation horses , all imported from Germany . As of 2013 , a small number of Heck horses lived in a feral state in Latvia . Several breeders have crossed the Heck horse with other breeds to get a larger horse with some of the primitive characteristics . Breeds commonly crossed with the Heck horse are the Welsh pony and Arabian horse , and a new breed of pony , called the Canadian Rustic Pony , has been developed from these three breeds . In Europe , many breeders cross Heck horses with Thoroughbreds to produce hunters . = Biology = Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms , including their structure , function , growth , evolution , distribution , identification and taxonomy . Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field , composed of many branches and subdisciplines . However , despite the broad scope of biology , there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research , consolidating it into single , coherent field . In general , biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life , genes as the basic unit of heredity , and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species . It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis . Sub @-@ disciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied , the kinds of organisms studied , and the methods used to study them : biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life ; molecular biology studies the complex interactions among biological molecules ; botany studies the biology of plants ; cellular biology examines the basic building @-@ block of all life , the cell ; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of tissues , organs , and organ systems of an organism ; evolutionary biology examines the processes that produced the diversity of life ; and ecology examines how organisms interact in their environment . = = History = = The term biology is derived from the Greek word βίος , bios , " life " and the suffix -λογία , -logia , " study of . " The Latin @-@ language form of the term first appeared in 1736 when Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus ( Carl von Linné ) used biologi in his Bibliotheca botanica . It was used again in 1766 in a work entitled Philosophiae naturalis sive physicae : tomus III , continens geologian , biologian , phytologian generalis , by Michael Christoph Hanov , a disciple of Christian Wolff . The first German use , Biologie , was in a 1771 translation of Linnaeus ' work . In 1797 , Theodor Georg August Roose used the term in the preface of a book , Grundzüge der Lehre van der Lebenskraft . Karl Friedrich Burdach used the term in 1800 in a more restricted sense of the study of human beings from a morphological , physiological and psychological perspective ( Propädeutik zum Studien der gesammten Heilkunst ) . The term came into its modern usage with the six @-@ volume treatise Biologie , oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur ( 1802 – 22 ) by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus , who announced : The objects of our research will be the different forms and manifestations of life , the conditions and laws under which these phenomena occur , and the causes through which they have been effected . The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by the name biology [ Biologie ] or the doctrine of life [ Lebenslehre ] . Although modern biology is a relatively recent development , sciences related to and included within it have been studied since ancient times . Natural philosophy was studied as early as the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia , Egypt , the Indian subcontinent , and China . However , the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study of nature are most often traced back to ancient Greece . While the formal study of medicine dates back to Hippocrates ( ca . 460 BC – ca . 370 BC ) , it was Aristotle ( 384 BC – 322 BC ) who contributed most extensively to the development of biology . Especially important are his History of Animals and other works where he showed naturalist leanings , and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life . Aristotle 's successor at the Lyceum , Theophrastus , wrote a series of books on botany that survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to the plant sciences , even into the Middle Ages . Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al @-@ Jahiz ( 781 – 869 ) , Al @-@ Dīnawarī ( 828 – 896 ) , who wrote on botany , and Rhazes ( 865 – 925 ) who wrote on anatomy and physiology . Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in Greek philosopher traditions , while natural history drew heavily on Aristotelian thought , especially in upholding a fixed hierarchy of life . Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Anton van Leeuwenhoek 's dramatic improvement of the microscope . It was then that scholars discovered spermatozoa , bacteria , infusoria and the diversity of microscopic life . Investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining . Advances in microscopy also had a profound impact on biological thinking . In the early 19th century , a number of biologists pointed to the central importance of the cell . Then , in 1838 , Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas that ( 1 ) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and ( 2 ) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life , although they opposed the idea that ( 3 ) all cells come from the division of other cells . Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow , however , by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three tenets of what came to be known as cell theory . Meanwhile , taxonomy and classification became the focus of natural historians . Carl Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735 ( variations of which have been in use ever since ) , and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species . Georges @-@ Louis Leclerc , Comte de Buffon , treated species as artificial categories and living forms as malleable — even suggesting the possibility of common descent . Though he was opposed to evolution , Buffon is a key figure in the history of evolutionary thought ; his work influenced the evolutionary theories of both Lamarck and Darwin . Serious evolutionary thinking originated with the works of Jean @-@ Baptiste Lamarck , who was the first to present a coherent theory of evolution . He posited that evolution was the result of environmental stress on properties of animals , meaning that the more frequently and rigorously an organ was used , the more complex and efficient it would become , thus adapting the animal to its environment . Lamarck believed that these acquired traits could then be passed on to the animal 's offspring , who would further develop and perfect them . However , it was the British naturalist Charles Darwin , combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt , the uniformitarian geology of Lyell , Malthus 's writings on population growth , and his own morphological expertise and extensive natural observations , who forged a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection ; similar reasoning and evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions . Although it was the subject of controversy ( which continues to this day ) , Darwin 's theory quickly spread through the scientific community and soon became a central axiom of the rapidly developing science of biology . The discovery of the physical representation of heredity came along with evolutionary principles and population genetics . In the 1940s and early 1950s , experiments pointed to DNA as the component of chromosomes that held the trait @-@ carrying units that had become known as genes . A focus on new kinds of model organisms such as viruses and bacteria , along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953 , marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics . From the 1950s to present times , biology has been vastly extended in the molecular domain . The genetic code was cracked by Har Gobind Khorana , Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg after DNA was understood to contain codons . Finally , the Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 with the goal of mapping the general human genome . This project was essentially completed in 2003 , with further analysis still being published . The Human Genome Project was the first step in a globalized effort to incorporate accumulated knowledge of biology into a functional , molecular definition of the human body and the bodies of other organisms . = = Foundations of modern biology = = = = = Cell theory = = = Cell theory states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life , and that all living things are composed of one or more cells or the secreted products of those cells ( e.g. shells , hairs and nails etc . ) . All cells arise from other cells through cell division . In multicellular organisms , every cell in the organism 's body derives ultimately from a single cell in a fertilized egg . The cell is also considered to be the basic unit in many pathological processes . In addition , the phenomenon of energy flow occurs in cells in processes that are part of the function known as metabolism . Finally , cells contain hereditary information ( DNA ) , which is passed from cell to cell during cell division . = = = Evolution = = = A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution , and that all life @-@ forms known have a common origin . The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth , both living and extinct , have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool . This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3 @.@ 5 billion years ago . Biologists generally regard the universality and ubiquity of the genetic code as definitive evidence in favor of the theory of universal common descent for all bacteria , archaea , and eukaryotes ( see : origin of life ) . Introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean @-@ Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809 , evolution was established by Charles Darwin fifty years later as a viable scientific model when he articulated its driving force : natural selection . ( Alfred Russel Wallace is recognized as the co @-@ discoverer of this concept as he helped research and experiment with the concept of evolution . ) Evolution is now used to explain the great variations of life found on Earth . Darwin theorized that species and breeds developed through the processes of natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding . Genetic drift was embraced as an additional mechanism of evolutionary development in the modern synthesis of the theory . The evolutionary history of the species — which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended — together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is known as its phylogeny . Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny . These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics , and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology . Biologists organize and analyze evolutionary relationships through various methods , including phylogenetics , phenetics , and cladistics . ( For a summary of major events in the evolution of life as currently understood by biologists , see evolutionary timeline . ) = = = Genetics = = = Genes are the primary units of inheritance in all organisms . A gene is a unit of heredity and corresponds to a region of DNA that influences the form or function of an organism in specific ways . All organisms , from bacteria to animals , share the same basic machinery that copies and translates DNA into proteins . Cells transcribe a DNA gene into an RNA version of the gene , and a ribosome then translates the RNA into a protein , a sequence of amino acids . The translation code from RNA codon to amino acid is the same for most organisms , but slightly different for some . For example , a sequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms , such as plants . DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes , and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes . A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones . The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria , chloroplasts , or other locations is collectively known as its genome . In eukaryotes , genomic DNA is located in the cell nucleus , along with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts . In prokaryotes , the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid . The genetic information in a genome is held within genes , and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype . = = = Homeostasis = = = Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms . All living organisms , whether unicellular or multicellular , exhibit homeostasis . To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain functions , a system must detect and respond to perturbations . After the detection of a perturbation , a biological system normally responds through negative feedback . This means stabilizing conditions by either reducing or increasing the activity of an organ or system . One example is the release of glucagon when sugar levels are too low . = = = Energy = = = The survival of a living organism depends on the continuous input of energy . Chemical reactions that are responsible for its structure and function are tuned to extract energy from substances that act as its food and transform them to help form new cells and sustain them . In this process , molecules of chemical substances that constitute food play two roles ; first , they contain energy that can be transformed for biological chemical reactions ; second , they develop new molecular structures made up of biomolecules . The organisms responsible for the introduction of energy into an ecosystem are known as producers or autotrophs . Nearly all of these organisms originally draw energy from the sun . Plants and other phototrophs use solar energy via a process known as photosynthesis to convert raw materials into organic molecules , such as ATP , whose bonds can be broken to release energy . A few ecosystems , however , depend entirely on energy extracted by chemotrophs from methane , sulfides , or other non @-@ luminal energy sources . Some of the captured energy is used to produce biomass to sustain life and provide energy for growth and development . The majority of the rest of this energy is lost as heat and waste molecules . The most important processes for converting the energy trapped in chemical substances into energy useful to sustain life are metabolism and cellular respiration . = = Study and research = = = = = Structural = = = Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level . This field overlaps with other areas of biology , particularly with genetics and biochemistry . Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell , including the interrelationship of DNA , RNA , and protein synthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated . Cell biology studies the structural and physiological properties of cells , including their behaviors , interactions , and environment . This is done on both the microscopic and molecular levels , for unicellular organisms such as bacteria , as well as the specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans . Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences . The similarities and differences between cell types are particularly relevant to molecular biology . Anatomy considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems . Genetics is the science of genes , heredity , and the variation of organisms . Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins , which in turn play a central role in influencing the final phenotype of the organism . In modern research , genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene , or the analysis of genetic interactions . Within organisms , genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes , where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules . Developmental biology studies the process by which organisms grow and develop . Originating in embryology , modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth , differentiation , and " morphogenesis , " which is the process that progressively gives rise to tissues , organs , and anatomy . Model organisms for developmental biology include the round worm Caenorhabditis elegans , the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , the zebrafish Danio rerio , the mouse Mus musculus , and the weed Arabidopsis thaliana . ( A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena , with the expectation that discoveries made in that organism provide insight into the workings of other organisms . ) = = = Physiological = = = Physiology studies the mechanical , physical , and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how all of the structures function as a whole . The theme of " structure to function " is central to biology . Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology , but some principles of physiology are universal , no matter what particular organism is being studied . For example , what is learned about the physiology of yeast cells can also apply to human cells . The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of human physiology to non @-@ human species . Plant physiology borrows techniques from both research fields . Physiology studies how for example nervous , immune , endocrine , respiratory , and circulatory systems , function and interact . The study of these systems is shared with medically oriented disciplines such as neurology and immunology . = = = Evolutionary = = = Evolutionary research is concerned with the origin and descent of species , as well as their change over time , and includes scientists from many taxonomically oriented disciplines . For example , it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular organisms such as mammalogy , ornithology , botany , or herpetology , but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution . Evolutionary biology is partly based on paleontology , which uses the fossil record to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution , and partly on the developments in areas such as population genetics . In the 1980s , developmental biology re @-@ entered evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the modern synthesis through the study of evolutionary developmental biology . Related fields often considered part of evolutionary biology are phylogenetics , systematics , and taxonomy . = = = Systematic = = = Multiple speciation events create a tree structured system of relationships between species . The role of systematics is to study these relationships and thus the differences and similarities between species and groups of species . However , systematics was an active field of research long before evolutionary thinking was common . Traditionally , living things have been divided into five kingdoms : Monera ; Protista ; Fungi ; Plantae ; Animalia . However , many scientists now consider this five @-@ kingdom system outdated . Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the three @-@ domain system : Archaea ( originally Archaebacteria ) ; Bacteria ( originally Eubacteria ) and Eukaryota ( including protists , fungi , plants , and animals ) These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not , as well as differences in the chemical composition of key biomolecules such as ribosomes . Further , each kingdom is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified . The order is : Domain ; Kingdom ; Phylum ; Class ; Order ; Family ; Genus ; Species . Outside of these categories , there are obligate intracellular parasites that are " on the edge of life " in terms of metabolic activity , meaning that many scientists do not actually classify these structures as alive , due to their lack of at least one or more of the fundamental functions or characteristics that define life . They are classified as viruses , viroids , prions , or satellites . The scientific name of an organism is generated from its genus and species . For example , humans are listed as Homo sapiens . Homo is the genus , and sapiens the species . When writing the scientific name of an organism , it is proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the species in lowercase . Additionally , the entire term may be italicized or underlined . The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy . It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature . How organisms are named is governed by international agreements such as the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) , the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) , and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria ( ICNB ) . The classification of viruses , viroids , prions , and all other sub @-@ viral agents that demonstrate biological characteristics is conducted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ICTV ) and is known as the International Code of Viral Classification and Nomenclature ( ICVCN ) . However , several other viral classification systems do exist . A merging draft , BioCode , was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize nomenclature in these three areas , but has yet to be formally adopted . The BioCode draft has received little attention since 1997 ; its originally planned implementation date of January 1 , 2000 , has passed unnoticed . A revised BioCode that , instead of replacing the existing codes , would provide a unified context for them , was proposed in 2011 . However , the International Botanical Congress of 2011 declined to consider the BioCode proposal . The ICVCN remains outside the BioCode , which does not include viral classification . = = = Kingdoms = = = = = = Ecological and environmental = = = Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms , and the interactions between organisms and their environment . The habitat of an organism can be described as the local abiotic factors such as climate and ecology , in addition to the other organisms and biotic factors that share its environment . One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible , even on small scales . A microscopic bacterium in a local sugar gradient is responding to its environment as much as a lion searching for food in the African savanna . For any species , behaviors can be co @-@ operative , competitive , parasitic , or symbiotic . Matters become more complex when two or more species interact in an ecosystem . Ecological systems are studied at several different levels , from individuals and populations to ecosystems and the biosphere . The term population biology is often used interchangeably with population ecology , although population biology is more frequently used when studying diseases , viruses , and microbes , while population ecology is more commonly used when studying plants and animals . Ecology draws on many subdisciplines . Ethology studies animal behavior ( particularly that of social animals such as primates and canids ) , and is sometimes considered a branch of zoology . Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection . In one sense , the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin , whose book , The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , influenced many ethologists to come . Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the Earth , focusing on topics like plate tectonics , climate change , dispersal and migration , and cladistics . = = Basic unresolved problems in biology = = Despite the profound advances made over recent decades in our understanding of life 's fundamental processes , some basic problems have remained unresolved . For example , one of the major unresolved problems in biology is the primary adaptive function of sex , and particularly its key processes in eukaryotes , meiosis and homologous recombination . One view is that sex evolved primarily as an adaptation for increasing genetic diversity ( see references e.g. ) . An alternative view is that sex is an adaptation for promoting accurate DNA repair in germ @-@ line DNA , and that increased genetic diversity is primarily a byproduct that may be useful in the long run . ( See also Evolution of sexual reproduction ) . Another basic unresolved problem in biology is the biologic basis of aging . At present , there is no consensus view on the underlying cause of aging . Various competing theories are outlined in Ageing Theories . = = Branches = = These are the main branches of biology : Aerobiology – the study of airborne organic particles Agriculture – the study of producing crops and raising livestock , with an emphasis on practical applications Anatomy – the study of form and function , in plants , animals , and other organisms , or specifically in humans Histology – the study of cells and tissues , a microscopic branch of anatomy Astrobiology ( also known as exobiology , exopaleontology , and bioastronomy ) – the study of evolution , distribution , and future of life in the universe Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function , usually a focus on the cellular level Bioengineering – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study , collection , and storage of genomic and other biological data Biomathematics ( or Mathematical biology ) – the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes , with an emphasis on modeling Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine , the study of the mechanics of living beings , with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics Biomedical research – the study of health and disease Pharmacology – the study and practical application of preparation , use , and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines Biomusicology – the study of music from a biological point of view . Biophysics – the study of biological processes through physics , by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences Biosemiotics – the study of biological processes through semiotics , by applying the models of meaning @-@ making and communication Biotechnology – the study of the manipulation of living matter , including genetic modification and synthetic biology Synthetic biology – research integrating biology and engineering ; construction of biological functions not found in nature Building biology – the study of the indoor living environment Botany – the study of plants Cell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit , and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell Cognitive biology – the study of cognition as a biological function Conservation biology – the study of the preservation , protection , or restoration of the natural environment , natural ecosystems , vegetation , and wildlife Cryobiology – the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms , from zygote to full structure Embryology – the study of the development of embryo ( from fecundation to birth ) Ecology – the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non @-@ living elements of their environment Environmental biology – the study of the natural world , as a whole or in a particular area , especially as affected by human activity Epidemiology – a major component of public health research , studying factors affecting the health of populations Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time Genetics – the study of genes and heredity . Epigenetics – the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence Hematology ( also known as Haematology ) – the study of blood and blood @-@ forming organs . Integrative biology – the study of whole organisms Limnology – the study of inland waters Marine biology ( or Biological oceanography ) – the study of ocean ecosystems , plants , animals , and other living beings Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms ( microorganisms ) and their interactions with other living things Bacteriology - the study of bacteria Mycology – the study of fungi Parasitology – the study of parasites and parasitism Virology – the study of viruses and some other virus @-@ like agents Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level , some cross over with biochemistry Nanobiology - the study of how nanotechnology can be used in biology , and the study of living organisms and parts on the nanoscale level of organization Neurobiology – the study of the nervous system , including anatomy , physiology and pathology Population biology – the study of groups of conspecific organisms , including Population ecology – the study of how population dynamics and extinction Population genetics – the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms Paleontology – the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life Pathobiology or pathology – the study of diseases , and the causes , processes , nature , and development of disease Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms Phytopathology – the study of plant diseases ( also called Plant Pathology ) Psychobiology – the study of the biological bases of psychology Quantum biology - the study of quantum mechanics to biological objects and problems . Sociobiology – the study of the biological bases of sociology Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology , biochemistry , and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules Zoology – the study of animals , including classification , physiology , development , and behavior , including : Ethology – the study of animal behavior Entomology – the study of insects Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians Ichthyology – the study of fish Mammalogy – the study of mammals Ornithology – the study of birds = Inside Man = Inside Man is a 2006 American crime thriller film directed by Spike Lee , written by Russell Gewirtz . The film centers on an elaborate bank heist on Wall Street over a 24 @-@ hour period . It stars Denzel Washington as Detective Keith Frazier , the NYPD 's hostage negotiator ; Clive Owen as Dalton Russell , the mastermind who orchestrates the heist , and Jodie Foster as Madeleine White , a Manhattan power broker who becomes involved at the request of the bank 's founder , Arthur Case ( Christopher Plummer ) , to keep something in his own personal safe deposit box protected from the robbers . Inside Man marks the fourth ( and currently last ) film collaboration between Washington and Lee . Gewirtz spent five years developing the film 's premise before working on his first original screenplay . After he completed the script in 2002 , Imagine Entertainment purchased it to be made by Universal Studios , with Imagine co @-@ founder Ron Howard attached to direct . After Howard stepped down , his Imagine partner Brian Grazer began looking for a new director to helm the project . Grazer hired Lee to do so . Principal photography for Inside Man began in June 2005 and concluded in August of that year ; filming took place on location in New York City . The film premiered in New York on March 20 , 2006 before being released in North America on March 24 , 2006 . Upon release , Inside Man received a generally positive critical response and was a commercial success , grossing over $ 184 million worldwide . = = Plot = = Dalton Russell ( Clive Owen ) , seated in what appears to be a jail cell , opens the film with a prologue about having carried out the " perfect robbery " . A team of masked robbers , dressed as painters who call each other by variants of the name " Steve " , seize control of a Manhattan bank and take the employees and patrons hostage . They divide the hostages into groups and hold them in different rooms . Additionally , they take all of the hostages ' clothes and dress everyone in jumpsuits and masks identical to those of the robbers . This way , the robbers and hostages will be indistinguishable to the police . Police surround the bank and detectives Keith Frazier ( Denzel Washington ) and Bill Mitchell ( Chiwetel Ejiofor ) take charge of the negotiations . Russell , the leader of the robbers , demands food . The police supply pizzas whose boxes include listening devices ; these pick up a language which the police finally identify as Albanian . However , they discover that the conversations are just old propaganda recordings of the deceased Albanian communist dictator Enver Hoxha ; it becomes clear that the robbers anticipated surveillance . After being informed of the robbery , Arthur Case ( Christopher Plummer ) , the chairman of the board of directors and founder of the bank , hires " fixer " Madeleine White ( Jodie Foster ) to try to protect the contents of his safe deposit box within the bank . White , with assistance from the Mayor of New York City , arranges a conversation with Russell , who allows her to enter the bank and inspect the contents of the box , which include documents from Nazi Germany . Russell implies that Case started his bank with money that he received from the Nazis for unspecified services , resulting in the deaths of many Jewish people during World War II . White tells Russell that Case will pay him a substantial sum to destroy the contents of the box . She claims she can arrange a minimal jail sentence as Russell and his team have not yet stolen anything or hurt or killed anyone ; Russell declines her offers . Frazier demands to inspect the hostages before allowing the robbers to leave and Russell takes him on a tour of the bank . As he is being shown out , Frazier attacks Russell , but is restrained by another robber . Alone with Russell shortly afterward , the other robber , who turns out to be one of the hostages " interviewed " by Frazier , begins to panic and ask what would have happened had Frazier managed to remove Russell 's mask . Russell appears lost in thought . Frazier later explains to Mitchell that his actions were intended to provoke Russell to establish whether he was capable of killing and concludes he is not . The robbers counter this theory by shooting a hostage in the head . The execution prompts the ESU team into action . They plan to storm the bank and use rubber bullets to knock out the occupants . However , Frazier discovers that the robbers have planted a listening device on the police ; aware of the police plans , the robbers detonate smoke grenades and release all the hostages . The police detain everyone , knowing that some of the hostages are members of the gang , but can 't distinguish between the two . They interrogate the hostages harshly , questioning their honesty and trying to glean useful information , to no avail . A search of the bank reveals that the robbers ' weapons are plastic replicas . They find props for faking the hostage 's execution ; the blood was red paint . Curiously , no money or valuables appear to have been taken . With no way to identify the suspects and unsure if a crime has been committed , Frazier 's superior , on orders from the mayor , tells him to drop the case , but Frazier continues . He searches the bank 's records and finds that one of the safe deposit boxes does not appear on the records and obtains a search warrant to open it . He is confronted by White , who informs him of Case 's Nazi dealings . She tries to persuade Frazier to drop his investigation , but he refuses , playing a recorded , incriminating conversation that she earlier had with him . White confronts Case , who admits to his actions and reveals that the box contained , aside from incriminating paperwork , diamonds and a ring which had belonged to a French Jewish banker and his family who were sent to concentration camps . White is repulsed by Case but accepts his payment for her mission , although it was one of her few failures . She tells him that the robber took the incriminating paperwork so that , if he returns with a blackmail demand , Case will have to pay him off . Russell reappears in the same location in which he gave his opening monologue . He is revealed to have been hiding in a small room behind a fake wall the robbers had constructed inside the bank 's supply room . The construction of the hiding area was the real reason for their delaying tactics . Russell emerges a week after the robbery with the contents of Case 's safe deposit box , including incriminating documents and several bags of diamonds . On his way out , he bumps into Frazier , who does not recognize him . Russell goes to a car where his four associates are waiting , and they drive off . When Frazier opens the safe deposit box , he finds a large ring with a note from Russell telling him to " follow the ring " . Frazier confronts Case and next goes to see White , who is in a restaurant with some VIPs , including the mayor . Frazier gives her the contact information for the Office of War Crimes Issues at the U.S. State Department . On returning home to his girlfriend , Frazier finds a loose , small but valuable diamond in his pocket . He realizes it must have been slipped to him by Russell in the bank after he intentionally bumped into Frazier . = = Cast = = Denzel Washington as Detective Keith Frazier : A New York City police detective with a scandal attached to his name who is desperate to make Detective First Grade . He is assigned to negotiate with the ringleader of a Manhattan bank heist . Inside Man marks Washington 's fourth collaboration with director Spike Lee . After being approached by Lee to star in the film , he was given the opportunity to play Frazier or Dalton Russell , but turned down the latter , citing concerns over the character 's disguise . Washington cited his Broadway performance as Brutus in Julius Caesar as inspiration : " I think it actually helped me prepare for Frazier — Russell [ Gewirtz ] ’ s script is heavy with great dialogue . My character does a lot of talking ! I kind of thought of Frazier as Brutus goes to Brooklyn . For me , there is a certain rhythm and cadence of New Yorkers , and this gave me the opportunity to play a New York kind of guy who ’ s going through a lot while dealing with this smart and challenging adversary . " Clive Owen as Dalton Russell : The ringleader of the elaborate bank heist . Russell first appears at the beginning of the film , breaking the fourth wall and narrating in medias res of how he will commit the perfect bank robbery . Owen nearly turned down the role ; like Washington , he expressed concerns over the character ’ s disguise of a hood , mask and sunglasses : " To play whole scenes where you ’ re masked , you 've got on sunglasses and you ’ re wearing a hood is very weird , because a lot of acting is often through intent , and intent is shown through the eyes . To suddenly have that taken away and have this big barrier there was very disarming . " Owen , however , accepted the role after further discussing the part with Lee . The script was also revised to include scenes in which Owen 's face could be shown . Jodie Foster as Madeleine White : A Manhattan power broker who is hired to act as a " fixer " in response to the bank heist . Foster saw Inside Man as an opportunity to collaborate with Lee : " Spike is somebody who always fascinated me , and I 've loved his movies . I 've always wanted to be involved in something he 's making . Basically , I never thought I would because it didn 't seem like his stories or subject matter were ever going to include me . So , I 'm just as excited as I can be . " She described her character as a woman with " a relaxed kind of witty quality to her . All the while being very strong , not having to raise her voice very much , not having to yell at anybody — she 's got authority . There 's seductiveness , a charm , if you will , to her ability to get into people 's psyches that 's been immensely fun to play . It all went way too fast for me . " Christopher Plummer as Arthur Case : The chairman of the board of directors and founder of the fictional Manhattan Trust bank . In response to the bank heist , Case hires White to prevent a possible career @-@ ending situation . Inside Man is Plummer 's second collaboration with Lee and Washington , following 1992 's Malcolm X. He described Case as a " wonderful , rich head of all sorts of organizations — I suppose a kind of ' Enron creature ' — who runs banks and other world businesses . He has tentacles everywhere , and he 's a real son @-@ of @-@ a @-@ bitch who 's trying to keep a secret in the process . " Willem Dafoe as Captain John Darius : A veteran captain of the NYPD Emergency Services Unit . Dafoe saw the film as opportunity to work in New York City and collaborate with Lee . He felt that the film was " about the city ; it ’ s about authority ; it ’ s about the mentality of crime ; and it ’ s about power … and payback . " Chiwetel Ejiofor as Detective Bill Mitchell : A New York City police detective and Frazier 's partner . Inside Man is Ejiofor 's second film with Lee , after She Hate Me ( 2004 ) . He first learned of the film after meeting with Lee : " He said he wanted me to read the script and see if I wanted to be involved . Spike asks so many people to come back and work with him in different capacities and as different types of characters . " Appearing as Russell 's accomplices are : Carlos Andrés Gómez as Steve ( as Kenneth Damerjian ) Kim Director as Stevie ( Valerie Keepsake ) James Ransone as Steve @-@ O ( Darius Peltz ) Bernie Rachelle as Chaim , an older Jewish man who works as a professor at Columbia 's Law School , who teaches courses on genocide , slave labor , and war reparation claims , who is part of the plot but was not one of the " Steves " , given his age and physique . Appearing as some of the more notable hostages are Ken Leung as Wing , who was distracted in the bank before the heist by the bosomy woman ( played by Samantha Ivers ) standing behind him and talking loudly on her phone ; Gerry Vichi as Howard Kurtz , an elderly hostage suffering chest pains who is quickly released by the robbers ; Waris Ahluwalia as Vikram Walia , a Sikh bank clerk whose turban is removed by the cops , which is a religious sacrilege for a Sikh male ; Peter Frechette as Peter Hammond , a bank employee whose attempt to hide his cell phone from Russell results in his getting beat ; Amir Ali Said as Brian Robinson , an 8 @-@ year @-@ old boy , who speaks with both Russell and Frazier and who plays a killing computer game ; Ed Onipede Blunt as Ray Robinson , Brian 's father ; and Marcia Jean Kurtz , who plays an older woman who initially refuses to strip and is forced to do so by Stevie . Kurtz 's character is named Miriam Douglas ; Kurtz played a hostage named Miriam in Dog Day Afternoon , a bank robbery film , which unlike Inside Man , contained significant violence . Lionel Pina , who also appeared in Dog Day Afternoon as a pizza delivery man , appears in Inside Man as a policeman who delivers pizzas at the bank 's front doors . Other roles include Cassandra Freeman as Sylvia , Frazier 's girlfriend ; Peter Gerety as Captain Coughlin , Frazier and Mitchell 's superior ; Victor Colicchio as Sergeant Collins , the first officer to respond to the bank robbery ; Jason Manuel Olazabal as ESU Officer Hernandez ; Al Palagonia as Kevin , a sanitation worker who recognizes the language as Albanian , as he was formerly married to an Albanian @-@ born woman ; Florina Petcu as Ilina , the Albanian woman in question who explains that they are hearing recordings of an Albanian president ; Peter Kybart as the Mayor of New York City ; Anthony Mangano as an ESU officer ; and Daryl Mitchell and Ashlie Atkinson as Mobile Command Officers . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Inside Man was Russell Gewirtz 's debut film as a screenwriter . A former lawyer , Gewirtz conceived the idea while vacationing in several countries . He worked for five years to develop the film 's premise . Inexperienced at screenwriting , Gewirtz studied a number of screenplays before working on his own , which he titled " The Inside Man " . His friend , Daniel M. Rosenberg , assisted in developing the script . After it was completed in 2002 , the screenplay was passed around several times . Rosenberg shopped the script to a number of Los Angeles agencies , until Universal Studios executives Scott Stuber and Donna Langley persuaded Gewirtz to take the script to Universal and Imagine Entertainment . Imagine purchased Gewirtz 's screenplay in 2002 , and the project began development at Universal , who retitled the film Inside Man . Imagine co @-@ founder Ron Howard was attached to direct the film , but turned it down after being asked by Russell Crowe to helm Cinderella Man ( 2004 ) . Howard 's Imagine partner Brian Grazer began looking for a new director . After Howard stepped down , Menno Meyjes contributed to Gewirtz 's screenplay , and Terry George incorporated the Nazi Germany and diamond ring elements to the script . Meyjes was in negotiations to direct the film , but after he declined , Grazer thought this project was a chance to work with Spike Lee , who had already learned of Gewirtz 's script . Lee said of the screenplay , " I liked the script and really wanted to do it . ' Dog Day Afternoon , ' directed by Sidney Lumet , is one of my favorite films , and this story was a contemporary take on that kind of a movie . " After being cast , Denzel Washington and Chiwetel Ejiofor worked together on studying their lines and understanding their characters . Lee helped prepare his actors by screening a number of heist films including Dog Day Afternoon ( 1975 ) and Serpico ( 1973 ) . Washington , Ejiofor , Willem Dafoe and other actors met and worked with members of the New York City Police Department , who shared their experiences and stories involving civilians and hostage situations . = = = Filming = = = = = = = Principal photography = = = = Principal photography for Inside Man took place on location in New York City ; filming began in June 2005 and concluded in August after 43 days . Universal Pictures provided a budget of $ 45 million . By filming in New York , the production was eligible for the city 's " Made in NY " incentives program . Interior sets were created at the New York @-@ based Steiner Studios , and Inside Man was the second film ( after 2005 's The Producers ) to be shot inside the 15 @-@ acre facility . Location scouting revealed a former Wall Street bank that had been closed down and repurposed as a cigar bar . The building stood in for the fictional Manhattan Trust Bank branch , where the bank heist occurs . " Without a bank , we didn ’ t have a movie , " Lee explained . " But everything ended up going very smoothly . We shot in the heart of Wall Street in a bank that had been closed down . It was like having a back lot in the middle of Wall Street . " An office at the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House doubled as the office of Arthur Case ( Christopher Plummer ) . Plummer believed that the office 's design was essential to his character : " The space literally presents Case ’ s power , so I found that part of my character was to simply play very cool about everything . You don ’ t have to push the power , because it ’ s all around you . " The location was also used to film a scene where Frazier confronts Madeleine White ( Jodie Foster ) . The American Tract Society building , located at 150 Nassau Street and Spruce Street , Manhattan , doubled as White 's office . Cafe Bravo , a coffee shop located at 76 Beaver Street and Hanover Street , was also used for filming . Other filming locations included Battery Park and the New York Supreme Court House 's Appellate Division located at East 25th Street and Madison Avenue , Manhattan . = = = = Design = = = = Wynn Thomas supervised the production design , continuing a 20 @-@ year collaboration with Lee . With a former Wall Street bank doubling as the fictional Manhattan Trust branch , Thomas and his team restored the former bank to its 1920s architectural structure . The first floor underwent renovations and was used as the first place where the hostages are held captive by the robbers . The bank 's basement was one of several interior sets created at Steiner Studios . Thomas and his team also designed Frazier 's apartment , which he described as " very masculine and rich and highly monochromatic in its many hues of brown . " He was also tasked with designing a police interrogation room , as well as the interiors of the New York City Police Department and a light @-@ duty Mobile Command vehicle . An actual Mobile Command vehicle , supplied by LDV Group , was used for exteriors . = = = = Cinematography = = = = Inside Man was director of photography Matthew Libatique 's second film with Lee . Because the filmmakers intended to finish with a digital intermediate ( the post @-@ production digital manipulation of color and lighting ) , Libatique chose to shoot Inside Man in the Super 35 format for a 2 @.@ 35 : 1 aspect ratio . He mainly used Kodak Vision2 500T 5218 and Vision2 Expression 500T 5229 film stocks . The film was shot with Arricam and Arriflex cameras and Cooke S4 lenses . Several scenes in Inside Man required multiple @-@ camera setups , which meant that Libatique had to instruct and work with multiple camera operators . Lee wanted to create a visual distinction between the characters Russell ( Owen ) and Frazier ( Washington ) , while incorporating visual metaphors . Russell 's scenes , in which he masterminds the bank heist , were shot with a Steadicam to suggest that the character is in control . Frazier 's scenes , in which he is tasked with handling the hostage situation , were filmed with multiple hand @-@ held cameras to display the character 's confusion . Libatique explained , " I said , ' We want to create a sense of control and largely centered frames with Clive ’ s character , and we want to have movement with Denzel ’ s . ' Having three operators on the same character , I ’ d watch all three . In a handheld shot , a long lens has a little bit of movement and a wider lens is inherently smoother . I would actually talk to the operator and tell him not to be so steady . It was the first time I ’ d worked with so many operators where I wasn ’ t one myself . " Telephone conversations between Russell and Frazier were shot using two cameras simultaneously filming the actors performing on two different sets of a soundstage at Steiner Studios . Steadicam operator Stephen Consentino estimated that 80 % of the film was shot with hand @-@ held cameras or a Steadicam . A total of seven cameras were used to film the scene where the hostages are finally released . A Technocrane was used for a crane shot that would cover the following moment , in which the hostages are placed in buses . The film features a number of scenes which involve Detectives Frazier and Mitchell ( Chiwitel Ejiofor ) interrogating several hostages during the aftermath of the heist . Libatique described these scenes as a " flash @-@ forward " to events , explaining that Lee " wanted a look that would jump out and tell you you ’ re somewhere else . " Libatique photographed the scenes with Kodak Ektachrome 100D 5285 reversal film . Technicolor then cross @-@ processed the filmed footage before it was put through a bleach bypass , which neutralized color temperature and created more contrast . Libatique explained , " Basically , it unifies all the color ... When you try to apply correction , the film moves in very strange ways . " Post @-@ production facility EFILM carried out the digital intermediate ( DI ) , with Libatique overseeing the process and working with colorists Steve Bowen and Steve Scott : " It ’ s difficult to match all of your shots meticulously when you have three cameras and one lighting setup , so I spent the majority of the DI just adhering to the original vision of the disparity in color temperature , which I can accentuate , versus the unified color temperature . " A majority of Inside Man was scanned on a Northlight film scanner , while the interrogation scenes had to be scanned on a Spirit DataCine , as the negatives proved " too dense for the Northlight to perform the task . " = = = Effects = = = = = = = Video game sequence = = = = Inside Man features a scene in which Russell ( Owen ) interacts with Brian Robinson ( Amir Ali Said ) , an 8 @-@ year @-@ old boy who is playing a violent video game titled " Gangstas iz Genocide " on his PlayStation Portable . The scene is intercut with a 30 @-@ second animated sequence of the fictional game , in which a character performs a drive @-@ by shooting , before killing an intended target with a hand grenade . Using the Grand Theft Auto franchise as a reference , Lee wanted the scene to serve as a social commentary on gangsta rap , violent crime among African Americans and the rising level of killings in video games . Cinematographer Matthew Libatique enlisted his cousin , Eric Alba , and a team of graphic artists known as House of Pain to design the 30 @-@ second animated sequence . Lee asked for the sequence to show two black characters in a ghetto environment dressed in gangster attire . He also gave the artists mockups of two scenarios that ended in homicide — one being a robbery at an ATM , and the other a drive @-@ by shooting . House of Pain spent 10 days working on " Gangstas iz Genocide " . Alba digitally photographed images of buildings near the Marcy Houses in Brooklyn , New York . Portions of the sequence were pre @-@ visualized in 3D Studio Max , while stills were imported as texture maps and added to animated cut scenes created in 3D modeling package Maya . The artists also improvised the use of a hand grenade . When Lee saw how violent the sequence was , he improvised the line " Kill Dat Nigga ! " as a subtitle . The entire sequence was rendered out to play onscreen in full frame . The original running time of the animated sequence was 60 seconds . Lee cut it to 30 seconds , feeling that a shorter length would make more of an impact . Upon Inside Man 's theatrical release , he regretted the video game sequence in the film , saying , " The sad thing is somebody is probably gonna make a game out of it and take that as inspiration . " = = = Music = = = Jazz musician and trumpeter Terence Blanchard composed the film score , marking his eleventh collaboration with Lee . The soundtrack for Inside Man features the song " Chaiyya Chaiyya " , composed by A. R. Rahman , which originally appeared in the 1998 Hindi film Dil Se .. The song is featured during the opening credits of the film . A remix of the song , titled " Chaiyya , Chaiyya Bollywood Joint " plays during the end credits , and features Panjabi MC 's added rap lyrics about people of different backgrounds coming together in order to survive . The soundtrack , titled Inside Man : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , was released on CD in North America on March 21 , 2006 , through record label Varèse Sarabande . = = Release = = Inside Man held its premiere in New York at the Ziegfeld Theatre on March 20 , 2006 , coinciding with Lee 's 49th birthday . On March 24 , 2006 , Universal Studios released the film in 2 @,@ 818 theatres in North America . The film was given the widest release of any Spike Lee film , edging out Summer of Sam ( 1999 ) by 1 @,@ 282 theatres . Inside Man was also released throughout 62 foreign markets . The film was released on DVD on August 8 , 2006 , on HD DVD on October 23 , 2007 and on Blu @-@ ray disc on May 26 , 2009 . = = = Box office = = = On its opening day in North America , Inside Man grossed $ 9 @,@ 440 @,@ 295 with an average of $ 3 @,@ 350 per theatre . By the end of its opening weekend , the film had grossed $ 28 @,@ 954 @,@ 945 , securing the number one position at the domestic box office . Inside Man held the record for the highest opening weekend gross as a Denzel Washington starring vehicle , surpassing Man on Fire ( 2004 ) which debuted with $ 22 @.@ 7 million on its first weekend . Inside Man had dropped 46 @.@ 7 % in its second weekend , earning $ 15 @,@ 437 @,@ 760 ; it had dropped to second place behind Ice Age : The Meltdown . The film dropped an additional 40 @.@ 9 % in its third week , bringing in $ 9 @,@ 131 @,@ 410 , though it remained in the Top 10 rankings for the weekend , placing fourth overall . The film remained in the top ten for the fourth weekend in a row , grossing approximately $ 6 @,@ 427 @,@ 815 and finishing sixth for the week . In its fifth weekend , Inside Man had grossed an additional $ 3 @,@ 748 @,@ 955 , while in eighth place . In its sixth weekend , Inside Man fell out of the box office top ten , finishing eleventh with an estimated $ 2 @,@ 081 @,@ 690 . The film ended its theatrical run in North America on July 6 , 2006 after 15 weeks ( 105 days ) of release . Inside Man grossed a total of $ 88 @,@ 513 @,@ 495 in North American territories , ranking as Spike Lee 's highest @-@ grossing film , ahead of Malcolm X ( 1992 ) , which had ended its domestic release with over $ 48 million . Inside Man was officially released overseas on March 23 , 2006 . In its opening weekend , it took in approximately $ 9 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 throughout ten foreign territories . Since its opening , the film has taken in approximately $ 95 @,@ 862 @,@ 759 in the overseas box office , giving it a worldwide total gross of $ 184 @,@ 376 @,@ 254 . In North America , Inside Man was the twenty @-@ second highest grossing film of 2006 , while it ranked at twenty @-@ first place as the highest @-@ grossing film released overseas . = = = Critical reception = = = Inside Man has received mostly positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes sampled 197 reviews , and currently has an 86 % rating , making it " Certified Fresh " . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Spike Lee 's energetic and clever bank @-@ heist thriller is a smart genre film that is not only rewarding on its own terms , but manages to subvert its pulpy trappings with wit and skill -- and Denzel Washington is terrific as a brilliant hostage negotiator . " Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned Inside Man a weighted average score of 76 ( out of 100 ) based on 39 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be " generally favorable reviews " . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film a " B + " on an A + to F scale , with exit polls showing that 54 % of the audience was male , while 68 % was at least 30 years old or older . The American Film Institute named Inside Man as one of the top ten films of 2006 . Empire gave the film 4 out of 5 stars with the verdict , " It ’ s certainly a Spike Lee film , but no Spike Lee Joint . Still , he ’ s delivered a pacy , vigorous and frequently masterful take on a well @-@ worn genre . Thanks to some slick lens work and a cast on cracking form , Lee proves ( perhaps above all to himself ? ) that playing it straight is not always a bad thing . " Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe wrote , " The basic story is elemental , but because Lee and Gewirtz invest it with grit , comedy , and a ton of New York ethnic personality , it 's fresh anyway . " David Ansen of Newsweek commented , " As unexpected as some of its plot twists is the fact that this unapologetic genre movie was directed by Spike Lee , who has never sold himself as Mr. Entertainment . But here it is , a Spike Lee joint that 's downright fun . " Giving the film a B + rating , Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote , " Inside Man is a hybrid of studio action pic and Spike Lee joint . Or else it 's a cross between a 2006 Spike Lee joint and a 1970s @-@ style movie indictment of urban unease . " Not all reviewers gave Inside Man positive reviews . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave it a mixed review , writing , " Here is a thriller that 's curiously reluctant to get to the payoff , and when it does , we see why : We can 't accept the motive and method of the bank robbery , we can 't believe in one character and can 't understand another . " Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film one star out of five , calling it a " supremely annoying and nonsensical film " . Rex Reed of The New York Observer wrote , " Inside Man has two things going for it : better actors than usual and a slicker look . Otherwise , it ’ s no different from nine out of 10 other preposterous , contrived , confusingly written , unevenly directed , pointless and forgettable junk films we ’ ve been getting these days . " = = Cancelled sequel = = In November 2006 , it was announced that a sequel to Inside Man was in development , with Russell Gewirtz reprising screenwriting duties . Under the working title Inside Man 2 , the film would have Brian Grazer again serve as producer . Spike Lee was in negotiations to reprise his directing duties while serving as an executive producer alongside returning member Daniel M. Rosenberg . In 2008 , Terry George was in negotiations to write the screenplay for the sequel ; he later replaced Gewirtz , whose screenplay was abandoned . The plot for the sequel was intended to continue after the events of the first film , with Dalton Russell ( played by Clive Owen ) masterminding another robbery , and again matching wits with NYPD hostage negotiator Keith Frazier ( Denzel Washington ) . Lee confirmed that Washington , Owen , Jodie Foster and Chiwetel Ejiofor would all reprise their roles . He also expressed interest in filming Inside Man 2 during the fall of 2009 . In 2011 , it was announced that plans to make Inside Man 2 had been cancelled . Lee confirmed this , expressing that he could not secure funding for the project . " Inside Man was my most successful film , but we can ’ t get the sequel made , " he said . " And one thing Hollywood does well is sequels . The film ’ s not getting made . We tried many times . It ’ s not going to happen . " = Invasive species = An invasive species is a plant , fungus , or animal species that is not native to a specific location ( an introduced species ) , and which has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment , human economy or human health . One study pointed out widely divergent perceptions of the criteria for invasive species among researchers ( p . 135 ) and concerns with the subjectivity of the term " invasive " ( p . 136 ) . Some of the alternate usages of the term are below : The term as most often used applies to introduced species ( also called " non @-@ indigenous " or " non @-@ native " ) that adversely affect the habitats and bioregions they invade economically , environmentally , or ecologically . Such invasive species may be either plants or animals and may disrupt by dominating a region , wilderness areas , particular habitats , or wildland @-@ urban interface land from loss of natural controls ( such as predators or herbivores ) . This includes non @-@ native invasive plant species labeled as exotic pest plants and invasive exotics growing in native plant communities . It has been used in this sense by government organizations as well as conservation groups such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) and the California Native Plant Society . The European Union defines " Invasive Alien Species " as those that are , firstly , outside their natural distribution area , and secondly , threaten biological diversity . It is also used by land managers , botanists , researchers , horticulturalists , conservationists , and the public for noxious weeds . The kudzu vine ( Pueraria lobata ) , Andean Pampas grass ( Cortaderia jubata ) , and yellow starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis ) are examples . An alternate usage broadens the term to include indigenous or " native " species along with non @-@ native species , that have colonized natural areas ( p . 136 ) . Deer are an example , considered to be overpopulating their native zones and adjacent suburban gardens , by some in the Northeastern and Pacific Coast regions of the United States . Sometimes the term is used to describe a non @-@ native or introduced species that has become widespread ( p . 136 ) . However , not every introduced species has adverse effects on the environment . A nonadverse example is the common goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) , which is found throughout the United States , but rarely achieves high densities ( p . 136 ) . = = Causes = = Scientists include species- and ecosystem factors among the mechanisms that when combined , establish invasiveness in a newly introduced species . = = = Species @-@ based mechanisms = = = While all species compete to survive , invasive species appear to have specific traits or specific combinations of traits that allow them to outcompete native species . In some cases , the competition is about rates of growth and reproduction . In other cases , species interact with each other more directly . Researchers disagree about the usefulness of traits as invasiveness markers . One study found that of a list of invasive and noninvasive species , 86 % of the invasive species could be identified from the traits alone . Another study found invasive species tended to have only a small subset of the presumed traits and that many similar traits were found in noninvasive species , requiring other explanations . Common invasive species traits include the following : Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotypic plasticity ( the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions ) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions ( Ecological competence ) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types ( generalist ) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically , an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location . At low population densities , it can be difficult for the introduced species to reproduce and maintain itself in a new location , so a species might reach a location multiple times before it becomes established . Repeated patterns of human movement , such as ships sailing to and from ports or cars driving up and down highways offer repeated opportunities for establishment ( also known as a high propagule pressure ) . An introduced species might become invasive if it can outcompete native species for resources such as nutrients , light , physical space , water , or food . If these species evolved under great competition or predation , then the new environment may host fewer able competitors , allowing the invader to proliferate quickly . Ecosystems in which are being used to their fullest capacity by native species can be modeled as zero @-@ sum systems in which any gain for the invader is a loss for the native . However , such unilateral competitive superiority ( and extinction of native species with increased populations of the invader ) is not the rule . Invasive species often coexist with native species for an extended time , and gradually , the superior competitive ability of an invasive species becomes apparent as its population grows larger and denser and it adapts to its new location . An invasive species might be able to use resources that were previously unavailable to native species , such as deep water sources accessed by a long taproot , or an ability to live on previously uninhabited soil types . For example , barbed goatgrass ( Aegilops triuncialis ) was introduced to California on serpentine soils , which have low water @-@ retention , low nutrient levels , a high magnesium / calcium ratio , and possible heavy metal toxicity . Plant populations on these soils tend to show low density , but goatgrass can form dense stands on these soils and crowd out native species that have adapted poorly to serpentine soils . Invasive species might alters its environment by releasing chemical compounds , modifying abiotic factors , or affecting the behaviour of herbivores , creating a positive or negative impact on other species . Some species , like Kalanchoe daigremontana , produce allelopathic compounds , that might have an inhibitory effect on competing species . Other species like Stapelia gigantea facilitates the recruitment of seedlings of other species in arid environments by providing appropriate microclimatic conditions and preventing herbivory in early stages of development . Another examples are Centaurea solstitialis ( yellow starthistle ) and Centaurea diffusa ( diffuse knapweed ) . These Eastern European noxious weeds have spread through the western and West Coast states . Experiments show that 8 @-@ hydroxyquinoline , a chemical produced at the root of C. diffusa , has a negative effect only on plants that have not co @-@ evolved with it . Such co @-@ evolved native plants have also evolved defenses . C. diffusa and C. solstitialis do not appear in their native habitats to be overwhelmingly successful competitors . Success or lack of success in one habitat does not necessarily imply success in others . Conversely , examining habitats in which a species is less successful can reveal novel weapons to defeat invasiveness . Changes in fire regimens are another form of facilitation . Bromus tectorum , originally from Eurasia , is highly fire @-@ adapted . It not only spreads rapidly after burning but also increases the frequency and intensity ( heat ) of fires by providing large amounts of dry detritus during the fire season in western North America . In areas where it is widespread , it has altered the local fire regimen so much that native plants cannot survive the frequent fires , allowing B. tectorum to further extend and maintain dominance in its introduced range . Facilitation also occurs where one species physically modifies a habitat in ways that are advantageous to other species . For example , zebra mussels increase habitat complexity on lake floors , providing crevices in which invertebrates live . This increase in complexity , together with the nutrition provided by the waste products of mussel filter @-@ feeding , increases the density and diversity of benthic invertebrate communities . = = = Ecosystem @-@ based mechanisms = = = In ecosystems , the amount of available resources and the extent to which those resources are used by organisms determines the effects of additional species on the ecosystem . In stable ecosystems , equilibrium exists in the use of available resources . These mechanisms describe a situation in which the ecosystem has suffered a disturbance , which changes the fundamental nature of the ecosystem . When changes such as a forest fire occur , normal succession favors native grasses and forbs . An introduced species that can spread faster than natives can use resources that would have been available to native species , squeezing them out . Nitrogen and phosphorus are often the limiting factors in these situations . Every species occupies a niche in its native ecosystem ; some species fill large and varied roles , while others are highly specialized . Some invading species fill niches that are not used by native species , and they also can create new niches . An example of this type can be found within the Lampropholis delicata species of skink . Ecosystem changes can alter species ' distributions . For example , edge effects describe what happens when part of an ecosystem is disturbed as when land is cleared for agriculture . The boundary between remaining undisturbed habitat and the newly cleared land itself forms a distinct habitat , creating new winners and losers and possibly hosting species that would not thrive outside the boundary habitat . One interesting finding in studies of invasive species has shown that introduced populations have great potential for rapid adaptation and this is used to explain how so many introduced species are able to establish and become invasive in new environments . When bottlenecks and founder effects cause a great decrease in the population size , the individuals begin to show additive variance as opposed to epistatic variance . This conversion can actually lead to increased variance in the founding populations which then allows for rapid adaptive evolution . Following invasion events , selection may initially act on the capacity to disperse as well as physiological tolerance to the new stressors in the environment . Adaptation then proceeds to respond to the selective pressures of the new environment . These responses would most likely be due to temperature and climate change , or the presence of native species whether it be predator or prey . Adaptations include changes in morphology , physiology , phenology , and plasticity . Rapid adaptive evolution in these species leads to offspring that have higher fitness and are better suited for their environment . Intraspecific phenotypic plasticity , pre @-@ adaptation and post @-@ introduction evolution are all major factors in adaptive evolution . Plasticity in populations allows room for changes to better suit the individual in its environment . This is key in adaptive evolution because the main goal is how to best be suited to the ecosystem that the species has been introduced . The ability to accomplish this as quickly as possible will lead to a population with a very high fitness . Pre @-@ adaptations and evolution after the initial introduction also play a role in the success of the introduced species . If the species has adapted to a similar ecosystem or contains traits that happen to be well suited to the area that it is introduced , it is more likely to fare better in the new environment . This , in addition to evolution that takes place after introduction , all determine if the species will be able to become established in the new ecosystem and if it will reproduce and thrive . = = Ecology = = = = = Traits of invaded ecosystems = = = In 1958 , Charles S. Elton claimed that ecosystems with higher species diversity were less subject to invasive species because of fewer available niches . Other ecologists later pointed to highly diverse , but heavily invaded ecosystems and argued that ecosystems with high species diversity were more susceptible to invasion . This debate hinged on the spatial scale at which invasion studies were performed , and the issue of how diversity affects susceptibility remained unresolved as of 2011 . Small @-@ scale studies tended to show a negative relationship between diversity and invasion , while large @-@ scale studies tended to show the reverse . The latter result may be a side @-@ effect of invasives ' ability to capitalize on increased resource availability and weaker species interactions that are more common when larger samples are considered . Invasion was more likely in ecosystems that were similar to the one in which the potential invader evolved . Island ecosystems may be more prone to invasion because their species faced few strong competitors and predators , or because their distance from colonizing species populations makes them more likely to have " open " niches . An example of this phenomenon was the decimation of native bird populations on Guam by the invasive brown tree snake . Conversely , invaded ecosystems may lack the natural competitors and predators that check invasives ' growth in their native ecosystems . Invaded ecosystems may have experienced disturbance , typically human @-@ induced . Such a disturbance may give invasive species a chance to establish themselves with less competition from natives less able to adapt to a disturbed ecosystem . = = = Vectors = = = Non @-@ native species have many vectors , including biogenic vectors , but most invasions are associated with human activity . Natural range extensions are common in many species , but the rate and magnitude of human @-@ mediated extensions in these species tend to be much larger than natural extensions , and humans typically carry specimens greater distances than natural forces . An early human vector occurred when prehistoric humans introduced the Pacific rat ( Rattus exulans ) to Polynesia . Vectors include plants or seeds imported for horticulture . The pet trade moves animals across borders , where they can escape and become invasive . Organisms stow away on transport vehicles . Ballast water taken up at sea and released in port by transoceanic vessels is the largest vector for non @-@ native aquatic species invasions . Around the world on the average day , more than 3 @,@ 000 different species of aquatic life may be transported on these vessels . For example , freshwater zebra mussels , native to the Black , Caspian and Azov seas , probably reached the Great Lakes via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel . Although the zebra mussel invasion was first noted in 1988 , and a mitigation plan was successfully implemented shortly thereafter , the plan had ( and continued to have as of 2005 ) a serious flaw or loophole , whereby ships that are loaded with cargo when they reach the Seaway need not be tested , but all the same they transfer ballast ' puddles ' between Seaway ports . The arrival of invasive propagules to a new site is a function of the site 's invasibility . Species have also been introduced intentionally . For example , to feel more " at home , " American colonists formed " Acclimation Societies " that repeatedly imported birds that were native to Europe to North America and other distant lands . In 2008 , U.S. postal workers in Pennsylvania noticed noises coming from inside a box from Taiwan ; the box contained more than two dozen live beetles . Agricultural Research Service entomologists identified them as rhinoceros beetle , hercules beetle , and king stag beetle . Because these species were not native to the U.S. , they could have threatened native ecosystems . To prevent exotic species from becoming a problem in the U.S. , special handling and permits are required when living materials are shipped from foreign countries . USDA programs such as Smuggling Interdiction and Trade Compliance ( SITC ) attempt to prevent exotic species outbreaks in America . Economics plays a major role in exotic species introduction . High demand for the valuable Chinese mitten crab is one explanation for the possible intentional release of the species in foreign waters . = = = Impacts of wildfire = = = Invasive species often exploit disturbances to an ecosystem ( wildfires , roads , foot trails ) to colonize an area . Large wildfires can sterilize soils , while adding a variety of nutrients . In the resulting free @-@ for @-@ all , formerly entrenched species lose their advantage , leaving more room for invasives . In such circumstances plants that can regenerate from their roots have an advantage . Non @-@ natives with this ability can benefit from a low intensity fire burns that removes surface vegetation , leaving natives that rely on seeds for propagation to find their niches occupied when their seeds finally sprout . = = = = Impact of wildfire suppression on spreading = = = = Wildfires often occur in remote areas , needing fire suppression crews to travel through pristine forest to reach the site . The crews can bring invasive seeds with them . If any of these stowaway seeds become established , a thriving colony of invasives can erupt in as few as six weeks , after which controlling the outbreak can need years of continued attention to prevent further spread . Also , disturbing the soil surface , such as cutting firebreaks , destroys native cover , exposes soil , and can accelerate invasions . In suburban and wildland @-@ urban interface areas , the vegetation clearance and brush removal ordinances of municipalities for defensible space can result in excessive removal of native shrubs and perennials that exposes the soil to more light and less competition for invasive plant species . Fire suppression vehicles are often major culprits in such outbreaks , as the vehicles are often driven on back roads often overgrown with invasive plant species . The undercarriage of the vehicle becomes a prime vessel of transport . In response , on large fires , washing stations " decontaminate " vehicles before engaging in suppression activities . Large wildfires attract firefighters from remote places , further increasing the potential for seed transport . = = Effects = = = = = Ecological = = = Land clearing and human habitation put significant pressure on local species . Disturbed habitats are prone to invasions that can have adverse effects on local ecosystems , changing ecosystem functions . A species of wetland plant known as ʻaeʻae in Hawaii ( the indigenous Bacopa monnieri ) is regarded as a pest species in artificially manipulated water bird refuges because it quickly covers shallow mudflats established for endangered Hawaiian stilt ( Himantopus mexicanus knudseni ) , making these undesirable feeding areas for the birds . Multiple successive introductions of different non @-@ native species can have interactive effects ; the introduction of a second non @-@ native species can enable the first invasive species to flourish . Examples of this are the introductions of the amethyst gem clam ( Gemma gemma ) and the European green crab ( Carcinus maenas ) . The gem clam was introduced into California 's Bodega Harbor from the East Coast of the United States a century ago . It had been found in small quantities in the harbor but had never displaced the native clam species ( Nutricola spp . ) . In the mid @-@ 1990s , the introduction of the European green crab , found to prey preferentially on the native clams , resulted in a decline of the native clams and an increase of the introduced clam populations . In the Waterberg region of South Africa , cattle grazing over the past six centuries has allowed invasive scrub and small trees to displace much of the original grassland , resulting in a massive reduction in forage for native bovids and other grazers . Since the 1970s , large scale efforts have been underway to reduce invasive species ; partial success has led to re @-@ establishment of many species that had dwindled or left the region . Examples of these species are giraffe , blue wildebeest , impala , kudu and white rhino . Invasive species can change the functions of ecosystems . For example , invasive plants can alter the fire regimen ( cheatgrass , Bromus tectorum ) , nutrient cycling ( smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora ) , and hydrology ( Tamarix ) in native ecosystems . Invasive species that are closely related to rare native species have the potential to hybridize with the native species . Harmful effects of hybridization have led to a decline and even extinction of native species . For example , hybridization with introduced cordgrass , Spartina alterniflora , threatens the existence of California cordgrass ( Spartina foliosa ) in San Francisco Bay . Invasive species cause competition for native species and because of this 400 of the 958 endangered species under the Endangered Species Act are at risk = = = Geomorphological = = = Primary geomorphological effects of invasive plants are bioconstruction and bioprotection . For example , Kudzu Pueraria montana , a vine native to Asia was widely introduced in the southeastern USA in the early 20th century to control soil erosion . While primary effects of invasive animals are bioturbation , bioerosion , and bioconstruction . For example , invasion of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis have resulted in higher bioturbation and bioerosion rates . = = = Economic = = = = = = = Benefits = = = = Non @-@ native species can have benefits . Asian oysters , for example , filter water pollutants better than native oysters . They also grow faster and withstand disease better than natives . Biologists are currently considering releasing this mollusk in the Chesapeake Bay to help restore oyster stocks and remove pollution . A recent study by the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health found the Asian oyster could significantly benefit the bay 's deteriorating water quality . Additionally , some species have invaded an area so long ago that they have found their own beneficial niche in the environment . For example , L. leucozonium , shown by population genetic analysis to be an invasive species in North America , has become an important pollinator of caneberry as well as cucurbit , apple trees , and blueberry bushes . = = = = Costs = = = = Economic costs from invasive species can be separated into direct costs through production loss in agriculture and forestry , and management costs . Estimated damage and control cost of invasive species in the U.S. alone amount to more than $ 138 billion annually . Economic losses can also occur through loss of recreational and tourism revenues . When economic costs of invasions are calculated as production loss and management costs , they are low because they do not consider environmental damage ; if monetary values were assigned to the extinction of species , loss in biodiversity , and loss of ecosystem services , costs from impacts of invasive species would drastically increase . The following examples from different sectors of the economy demonstrate the impact of biological invasions . = = = = Economic opportunities = = = = Some invasions offer potential commercial benefits . For instance , silver carp and common carp can be harvested for human food and exported to markets already familiar with the product , or processed into pet foods , or mink feed . Vegetative invasives such as water hyacinth can be turned into fuel by methane digesters . = = = = Invasivorism = = = = Invasive species are flora and fauna whose introduction into a habitat disrupts the native eco @-@ system . In response , Invasivorism is a movement that explores the idea of eating invasive species in order to control , reduce , or eliminate their populations . Chefs from around the world have begun seeking out and using invasive species as alternative ingredients . Miya 's of New Haven , Connecticut created the first invasive species menu in the world . Skeptics point out that once a foreign species has entrenched itself in a new place — such as the Indo @-@ Pacific lionfish that has now virtually taken over the waters of the Western Atlantic , Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico — eradication is almost impossible . Critics argue that encouraging consumption might have the unintended effect of spreading harmful species even more widely . Proponents of invasivorism argue that humans have the ability to eat away any species that it has an appetite for , pointing to the many animals which humans have been able to hunt to extinction - such as the Dodo bird , the Caribbean monk seal , and the Passenger pigeon . Proponents of invasivorism also point to the success that Jamaica has had in significantly decreasing the population of lionfish by encouraging the consumption of the fish . = = = = Plant industry = = = = Weeds reduce yield in agriculture , though they may provide essential nutrients . Some deep @-@ rooted weeds can " mine " nutrients ( see dynamic accumulator ) from the subsoil and deposit them on the topsoil , while others provide habitat for beneficial insects or provide foods for pest species . Many weed species are accidental introductions that accompany seeds and imported plant material . Many introduced weeds in pastures compete with native forage plants , threaten young cattle ( e.g. , leafy spurge , Euphorbia esula ) or are unpalatable because of thorns and spines ( e.g. , yellow starthistle ) . Forage loss from invasive weeds on pastures amounts to nearly US $ 1 billion in the U.S. alone . A decline in pollinator services and loss of fruit production has been caused by honey bees infected by the invasive varroa mite	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1919 , was State Route 2 . Route 2 had an alternate branch , Route 2A , corresponding to a split in the Lincoln Highway near Fallon . The main and alternate branches of Route 2 are reversed from the modern routings of US 50 . Mainline Route 2 , the Donner Branch , terminated at Fernley along modern US 50 Alternate . State Route 2A , the Pioneer Branch , followed mainline US 50 , terminating at Carson City . State Route 2 , and the Lincoln Highway , used a different routing between Ely and Salt Lake City , Utah from the modern routes . The original routing used what is now US 93 from Ely to the ghost town of Schellbourne and then dirt roads towards Tooele , Utah . In 1926 , when the U.S. Highway system was announced , there was a gap in US 50 between Ely and Thistle , Utah . At the time , the states of Utah and Nevada were feuding about which of the old auto trails would be paved and used for the new U.S. Highway system . Utah officials refused to pave the portion of the Lincoln Highway west of Salt Lake City . They perceived this route as being expensive to build , with no benefit for the state . Nevada officials , and the Lincoln Highway Association , pleaded with Utah authorities to change their position , even offering funds to help offset the additional cost of paving that route . However , the Lincoln highway directed travelers destined for both southern and northern California on a route away from Utah cities , towards central Nevada . Utah instead paved the Wendover Cutoff , part of the Victory Highway ( modern Interstate 80 ) , that only directed traffic for northern California out of the state . The choice not to pave the Lincoln Highway would direct travelers bound for southern California to use the Arrowhead Trail ( modern Interstate 15 ) . This route serves numerous communities in Utah , but only Las Vegas and a few other small towns in Nevada . The final blow to the original route of the Lincoln Highway was the formation of the Dugway Proving Ground , a military base used for weapons testing , which closed the area to the public . The Lincoln Highway was re @-@ routed to Salt Lake City along a circuitous route via Wendover and the Bonneville Salt Flats . This route was initially numbered US 50 from Ely to Wendover and US 40 / 50 across western Utah , but has been renumbered US 93 , US 93 Alternate and I @-@ 80 . = = = Route changes = = = Most of modern US 50 was pieced together from several routes designated as Nevada State Routes in the early 20th century . The portion from Lake Tahoe to Carson City was originally a portion of State Route 3 . The original designation for US 50 from Carson City to Ely was Route 2 and 2A . East of Ely was originally numbered Route 7 to the modern junction with US 93 and Route 14 from there to the Utah state line . The modern route of US 50 has significantly changed since the highway was first commissioned in 1926 . The biggest change is between Ely and Green River , Utah . The first contiguous route of the highway between these cites followed the modified routing of the Lincoln Highway to Salt Lake City . The highway returned to Green River along what is now numbered UT 201 , US 89 , and US 6 . The route was changed when the more direct route between these cities ( via Delta , Utah ) was paved . The 1954 edition of the Nevada highway map was the first to show the new routing . Previously , the road to Delta consisted of unpaved state routes . The paved route did not follow the exact route of the old dirt roads . The improved route bypassed the ghost town of Osceola and entered Utah approximately 14 miles ( 23 km ) to the south of the dirt road . The border crossing was moved to facilitate an easier route across western Utah . In Utah , the old road traversed a difficult route through Marjum Canyon , while the paved route followed a simpler path along the north shore of Sevier Lake . Three different routes have existed between Lake Tahoe and Carson City . The original , used by the Lincoln Highway , was previously known as Johnson 's Cutoff or the Carson Ridge Emigrant Road . This route , which followed Kings Canyon to scale the Sierra Nevada , was severely damaged by a flood in 1997 . The U.S. Forest Service still promotes this road for its historical value , but has announced that it will no longer be maintained and travel is only recommended by foot , horse or four wheel drive vehicle . A portion in the lower part of the canyon inside Carson City limits was maintained by the state as Kings Canyon Road ( SR 512 ) until 2009 . In 1923 , while still known as State Route 3 , the road to Lake Tahoe was changed to follow Clear Creek Canyon , along a path that had been used for a series of tunnels and flumes , to transport timber from Lake Tahoe to the Virginia and Truckee Railroad depot in Carson City . The iteration is now known as Old Clear Creek Road . Only a small portion of Old Clear Creek Road is currently maintained by the state as unsigned SR 705 , the remainder is an access road for private residences in the canyon . The modern route , also using Clear Creek Canyon , was built in the late 1950s . US 50 was rerouted through the eastern half of Fallon . The original route is not drivable as it runs through Naval Air Station Fallon ; portions are still in public use as Harrigan Road ( SR 115 ) and Berney Road ( SR 119 ) . Around 1967 , US 50 was improved between Middlegate and Austin , to bypass steep grades and sharp curves over Carroll Summit . The original route is now SR 722 . A freeway bypass , Interstate 580 , is under construction around Carson City . When finished , US 50 will be rerouted concurrent with I @-@ 580 . = = Major intersections = = Note : Mileposts in Nevada reset at county lines . The start and end mileposts in each county are given in the county column . = Lockheed D @-@ 21 = The Lockheed D @-@ 21 was an American reconnaissance drone with maximum speed in excess of Mach 3 @.@ 3 ( 2 @,@ 215 mph ; 3 @,@ 564 km / h ) . The D @-@ 21 was initially designed to be launched from the back of a M @-@ 21 carrier aircraft , a variant of the Lockheed A @-@ 12 aircraft . Development began in October 1962 . Originally known by the Lockheed designation Q @-@ 12 , the drone was intended for reconnaissance deep in enemy airspace . The D @-@ 21 was designed to carry a single high @-@ resolution photographic camera over a preprogrammed path , then release the camera module into the air for retrieval , after which the drone would self @-@ destruct . Following a fatal accident when launched from an M @-@ 21 , the D @-@ 21 was modified to be launched from a Boeing B @-@ 52 Stratofortress . Several test flights were made , followed by four unsuccessful operational D @-@ 21 flights over the People 's Republic of China , and the program was canceled in 1971 . = = Design and development = = In the 1960s Lockheed 's secret Skunk Works developed the Mach 3 A @-@ 12 reconnaissance aircraft for the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . After the shooting down of the U @-@ 2 piloted by Gary Powers in 1960 , a number of different concepts were proposed as alternatives . Kelly Johnson , the leader of Skunk Works , developed the concept of a long @-@ range drone that used much of the A @-@ 12 's technology . In October 1962 the CIA and the US Air Force instructed Lockheed to study a high @-@ speed , high @-@ altitude drone concept . Johnson specified speeds of Mach 3 @.@ 3 – 3 @.@ 5 , an operational altitude of 87 @,@ 000 – 95 @,@ 000 feet ( 27 @,@ 000 – 29 @,@ 000 m ) , and a range of 3 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 500 mi ; 5 @,@ 600 km ) . It was intended to make a one @-@ way trip , eject its camera payload at the end of the mission for recovery , then self @-@ destruct . It had a double @-@ delta wing similar to the A @-@ 12 's wing design . The Q @-@ 12 was to be air @-@ launched from the back of an A @-@ 12 , and used key technology from the A @-@ 12 project , including titanium construction and radar cross @-@ section reduction design features . Johnson wanted to power the Q @-@ 12 with a ramjet engine built by Marquardt for the Boeing CIM @-@ 10 Bomarc long @-@ range surface @-@ to @-@ air missile . Marquardt and Lockheed had already collaborated on several programs and had a close working relationship . The engine , the RJ43 @-@ MA @-@ 11 , required modification , since it was only designed to burn as long as the missile needed to hit a target , while the Q @-@ 12 's engine needed to operate at high temperatures for at least an hour and a half at high altitudes . The modified engine was designated as the RJ43 @-@ MA20S @-@ 4 . A full @-@ scale mockup of the Q @-@ 12 was ready by 7 December 1962 , and had already undergone preliminary tests to measure its radar cross @-@ section . Marquardt had also successfully tested the modified RJ @-@ 43 in its wind tunnel in the meantime . However , the CIA was not enthusiastic about the Q @-@ 12 , mostly because the agency was overextended at the time with U @-@ 2 missions , getting the A @-@ 12 up to speed , and covert operations in Southeast Asia . The Air Force , however , was interested in the Q @-@ 12 as both a reconnaissance platform and a cruise missile , and the CIA finally decided to work with the USAF to develop the new drone . Lockheed was awarded a contract in March 1963 for full @-@ scale development of the Q @-@ 12 . The camera and its film magazines with an inertial navigation system were carried in a cramped " Q @-@ bay " below the drone 's air intake . These components were built into a module that fit into the bay and was known as a " hatch " . The hatch would be ejected at the end of the mission and then snagged out of the air by a JC @-@ 130 Hercules , a technique that had been developed by the Air Force to recover film canisters from satellites . If the C @-@ 130 missed , the hatch was equipped with flotation devices so it could be recovered by ship if released over water . Honeywell built the avionics systems ; new construction techniques and materials had to be developed for the systems to withstand the high temperatures , extreme vibrations , and lack of space in the D @-@ 21 . In late 1963 the project was named Tagboard ; the Q @-@ 12 was re @-@ designated D @-@ 21 while the A @-@ 12 version launcher became M @-@ 21 ( D- for " daughter " and M- for " mother " ) . Two of the original 18 A @-@ 12 aircraft were designated as M @-@ 21s with serial numbers 60 @-@ 6940 and 60 @-@ 6941 . The M @-@ 21 was a two @-@ seat version of the A @-@ 12 , with a pylon on the fuselage centerline between the vertical stabilizers to carry the drone in a nose @-@ up attitude . = = = Testing and carrier change = = = A D @-@ 21 mounted on an M @-@ 21 began captive flight @-@ testing on 22 December 1964 . Aerodynamic covers were initially placed over the D @-@ 21 's intake and exhaust to reduce drag , but had to be removed after the first few tests , as no way of discarding them at Mach 3 without damaging the drone or carrier plane could be devised . The D @-@ 21 was first launched from an M @-@ 21 on 5 March 1966 . The drone was released but stayed close to the M @-@ 21 's back for a few seconds , which seemed like " two hours " to the M @-@ 21 crew . A second launch took place on 27 April 1966 ; the D @-@ 21 reached its operational altitude of 90 @,@ 000 ft ( 27 @,@ 432 m ) and speed of over Mach 3 @.@ 3 ( 2 @,@ 215 mph ; 3 @,@ 564 km / h ) , though it was lost due to a hydraulic pump failure after a flight of over 1 @,@ 200 nmi ( 1 @,@ 400 mi ; 2 @,@ 200 km ) . The Air Force 's interest in the program continued and more D @-@ 21s were ordered after the second launch . A third flight took place on 16 June with the D @-@ 21 flying 1 @,@ 550 nmi ( 1 @,@ 780 mi ; 2 @,@ 870 km ) through its complete flight profile , though its camera hatch was not released due to an electronics failure . The fourth and final launch from an M @-@ 21 on 30 July ended in disaster . Unlike the three previous launches this one was performed straight and level , not in an outside loop to assist in the separation of the drone from the aircraft . The D @-@ 21 suffered engine problems and struck the M @-@ 21 's tail after separation , leading to the destruction of both aircraft . The two crew ejected and landed at sea . The pilot , Bill Park , survived , but the Launch Control Officer , Ray Torick , drowned . Following the accident , Johnson suggested launching the D @-@ 21 from the very large Boeing B @-@ 52 Stratofortress bomber , and adding a solid rocket booster to get it up to speed . The drone was modified by adding attachment points on its spine to mate with the carrying pylon on the B @-@ 52 and its belly attachment points were adapted to accommodate the rocket booster necessary to increase its speed and allow its ramjet to operate . Its vertical stabilizer was increased in size by approximately 20 % . The modified drone version was designated D @-@ 21B ( there was no -21A ) . Two B @-@ 52Hs were modified to carry a pair of drones each by means of two large underwing pylons that replaced the smaller pylons used for the AGM @-@ 28 Hound Dog cruise missiles . The tail gunner 's and electronic warfare officer 's stations were replaced with two launch control stations . Command and telemetry systems were added , and high @-@ speed cameras were installed to track the drones as they separated from the pylons . The launch control officer on the B @-@ 52H could communicate with the D @-@ 21Bs , and could make it self @-@ destruct . The solid @-@ fuel booster was both larger and heavier than the drone ; it was 44 feet 4 inches ( 13 @.@ 5 m ) long and weighed 13 @,@ 286 pounds ( 6 @,@ 030 kg ) . It had a folding tail fin on the bottom to stabilize it while the rocket was firing . The booster had a burn time of 87 seconds and a thrust of 27 @,@ 300 pounds @-@ force ( 121 kN ) . During ground handling everyone within 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) was required to wear anti @-@ static straps to prevent any discharge of static electricity that might ignite the booster . The first attempted launch of a D @-@ 21B was on 28 September 1967 , but the drone fell off the B @-@ 52 's launch pylon due to a stripped nut on the pylon before the aircraft reached its intended launch point . Johnson admitted that the incident was " very embarrassing " . Three more launches were performed from November 1967 through January 1968 . None were completely successful , so Johnson ordered his team to conduct a thorough review before renewing launch attempts . The next launch was on 10 April 1968 . It also failed as the engine did not ignite . On 16 June the D @-@ 21B finally made a completely successful flight ; it flew at the specified altitude and course for its full range , and the hatch was recovered . The next two launches were failures , followed by another successful flight in December . A test in February 1969 to check the inertial navigation system with an actual mission profile was a failure . The next two flights in May and July succeeded . = = Operational history = = Four operational missions with the D @-@ 21B took place under the codename of Senior Bowl . These were conducted over the People 's Republic of China from 9 November 1969 to 20 March 1971 to spy on the Lop Nor nuclear test site . The USAF 's 4200th Support Squadron , based at Beale Air Force Base , California , flew the missions , usually from Andersen Air Force Base in Guam . The Chinese never spotted the D @-@ 21B . The first one failed to turn around and continued straight on , crashing somewhere in the Soviet Union . Another test flight was conducted on 20 February 1970 in a successful attempt to correct any problems . The second operational mission , however , was not until 16 December 1970 . The D @-@ 21B reached Lop Nor and back to the recovery point , but the hatch had a partial parachute failure and was lost at sea with its photographs . During the third operational mission , on 4 March 1971 , the D @-@ 21B flew to Lop Nor and returned , and released the hatch , which deployed its parachute , but the midair recovery failed and the hatch fell into the water . The destroyer that tried to retrieve the hatch ran it down and it sank . The fourth , and last , operational flight of the D @-@ 21B was on 20 March 1971 . It was lost over China on the final segment of the route over China 's Yunnan province ; wreckage was found by local authorities . In 2010 , after being in the junkyard of China Aviation Museum for years , the wreckage was moved to the exhibition area . On 23 July 1971 , the D @-@ 21B program was canceled due to its poor success rate , the introduction of a new generation of photo reconnaissance satellites , and President Richard Nixon 's rapprochement with China . A total of 38 D @-@ 21 and D @-@ 21B drones had been built , 21 of which were expended in launches . The remaining 17 were initially stored at Norton Air Force Base , California , then moved to Davis @-@ Monthan Air Force Base " boneyard " near Tucson , Arizona , in 1976 and 1977 . With the base open to the public , the D @-@ 21 drones were quickly spotted and photographed . The Air Force called them GTD @-@ 21Bs with the GT standing for Ground Training . The fate of the D @-@ 21 that had disappeared on the first operational flight was finally revealed in February 1986 when an official from the CIA returned a panel to Ben Rich that he had been given by a Soviet KGB agent . The drone had self @-@ destructed over Siberia and the Soviets had recovered the wreckage . The Tupolev design bureau reverse @-@ engineered the wreck and produced plans for a Soviet copy , named the Voron ( Raven ) , but it was never built . In the late 1990s NASA considered using a D @-@ 21 to test a hybrid " rocket @-@ based combined cycle " engine , which operates as a ramjet or rocket , depending on its flight regime . Ultimately NASA used a derivative of the agency 's X @-@ 43A hypersonic test vehicle for the experiments . = = Aircraft on display = = Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group ( AMARG ) located on Davis @-@ Monthan AFB , Tucson , Arizona ( D @-@ 21 # 530 and two more ) Blackbird Airpark , Palmdale , California ( D @-@ 21B # 525 ) Chinese Aviation Museum , Beijing , China ( D @-@ 21 # 527 ) Evergreen Aviation Museum , McMinnville , Oregon ( GTD @-@ 21B # 534 ) Grissom Air Museum , Grissom Air Reserve Base , Peru , Indiana ( GTD @-@ 21B # 528 ) March Field Air Museum , March Air Reserve Base , Riverside , California ( D @-@ 21B # 537 ) Museum of Aviation , Robins Air Force Base , Georgia ( GTD @-@ 21B # 538 ) Museum of Flight , Seattle , Washington ( D @-@ 21 No. 510 mounted on remaining M @-@ 21 # 60 @-@ 6940 ) National Museum of the United States Air Force , Wright @-@ Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio ( D @-@ 21B # 524 ) Pacific Coast Air Museum , Sonoma County , California ( D @-@ 21B # 522 ) Pima Air & Space Museum ( adjacent to Davis @-@ Monthan AFB ) , Tucson , Arizona ( D @-@ 21B # 533 ) = = Specifications ( D @-@ 21 ) = = D @-@ 21A and D @-@ 21B without booster Wingspan : 19 ft 1 / 4 in ( 5 @.@ 79 m ) Length : 42 ft 10 in ( 12 @.@ 8 m ) Height : 7 ft 1 / 4 in ( 2 @.@ 14 m ) Launch weight : 11 @,@ 000 lb ( 5 @,@ 000 kg ) Maximum speed : Mach 3 @.@ 35 ( 2 @,@ 210 mph , 1 @,@ 920 knots , 3 @,@ 560 km / h ) Service ceiling : 95 @,@ 000 ft ( 29 @,@ 000 m ) Range : 3 @,@ 000 nmi , 3 @,@ 450 mi , 5 @,@ 550 km Engine : 1 x Marquardt RJ43 @-@ MA @-@ 20S4 ramjet , 1 @,@ 500 lbf ( 6 @.@ 67 kN ) Sources : Pace , Landis & Jenkins , Donald = William Dummer = William Dummer ( bapt . September 29 , 1677 ( O.S. ) [ = October 10 , 1677 ( N.S. ) ] – October 10 , 1761 ) was a politician in the Province of Massachusetts Bay . He served as its lieutenant governor for fourteen years ( 1716 – 1730 ) , including an extended period from 1723 to 1728 when he acted as governor . He is remembered for his role in leading the colony during what is sometimes called Dummer 's War , which was fought between the British colonies of northeastern North America and a loose coalition of native tribes in what is now New Hampshire , Maine , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia . Dummer was born into a wealthy Massachusetts merchant family , traveling to England as a young man to participate in the business . Upon his return to Massachusetts in 1712 he entered provincial politics , gaining a royal commission as lieutenant governor through the efforts of his brother Jeremiah . He served during the turbulent tenure of Governor Samuel Shute , in which Shute quarreled with the assembly over many matters . Shute left the province quite abruptly at the end of 1722 , while it was in the middle of a war with the natives of northern New England . The war was brought to a successful conclusion by Dummer . He negotiated a treaty with the Abenakis which formed the basis for a succession of later treaties . In 1728 Shute was replaced by William Burnet , whose 1 1 / 2 years in office were consumed by a vitriolic fight over his salary . Burnet died in office , and was eventually replaced in 1730 by Jonathan Belcher , who selected William Tailer to be his lieutenant . Dummer then retired , dividing time between his farm in Byfield and his home in Boston . A proponent of education , he bequeathed funds for the establishment of a preparatory school in Massachusetts , and donated his Byfield estate for its use . For many years it was known as either the Dummer Academy or the Governor Dummer Academy , but is now called The Governor 's Academy . = = Early life = = William Dummer was born in Boston , the capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay , to Jeremiah Dummer , the first American born silversmith , and Anna ( Atwater ) Dummer . His grandfather was Richard Dummer , an early Massachusetts settler and one of the colony 's wealthiest men , and he was also related to the magistrate Samuel Sewall . Dummer was the oldest of nine children , only four of whom survived to adulthood . He was baptized at Boston 's Old South Church on September 29 , 1677 ( O.S. ) [ = October 10 , 1677 ( N.S. ) ] . Little is known of Dummer 's early years . Given the family 's wealth , he probably attended the Boston Latin School , but he did not attend Harvard . His younger brother Jeremiah did go to Harvard , after which he went to Europe , studying at Leiden and Utrecht . In 1702 Dummer was elected to the membership of Boston 's Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company . He went to England , most likely in the early 1700s , where he joined his extended family 's merchant business . He returned to Massachusetts in 1712 . While in England he is reported to have married a cousin in the Dummer family , whose death may have prompted his return to Massachusetts . This marriage produced no children . He then married Katherine Dudley , daughter of Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley , on April 26 , 1714 . In a gift that may have been made in anticipation of his wedding , his father in November 1712 gave him a substantial tract of land in the Byfield section of Newbury . The property became the couple 's country home . Dummer divided his time between the Newbury property and the family home in Boston . Upon the death of Queen Anne in 1714 , commissions issued during her reign were set to expire . This resulted in a political scramble for appointments to the leadership of Massachusetts between Dudley 's supporters and proponents of a land bank proposal designed to deal with inflationary issuance of colonial currency . Dummer 's brother Jeremiah was in London representing the Dudley faction . Although he was unable to secure Dudley 's reappointment , he and Jonathan Belcher were able to bribe the successor chosen by the land bank faction , Elizeus Burges , to give up his commission . The commission for governor was finally issued in June 1716 to Samuel Shute , a land bank opponent , with William Dummer as lieutenant governor . Shute arrived in the colony the following October , at which time both assumed their offices . = = Lieutenant governor = = Dummer 's role during Governor Shute 's turbulent administration is not well documented . Shute had a difficult relationship with the provincial assembly , which refused to pay crown officials a regular salary , and objected to other policies Shute was instructed to implement . In 1720 , during these ongoing disputes , the assembly reduced the grant it made to the lieutenant governor from £ 50 to £ 35 . Dummer returned the funds , observing that his out @-@ of @-@ pocket expenses for his office even exceeded the £ 50 amount . The assembly also complicated Shute 's negotiations with the restive Abenaki , who occupied lands on the province 's eastern borders ( now in the state of Maine ) and objected to the encroachment of settlers on their lands . Even though there was some desire on the part of the French and the Abenaki for a peaceful resolution to the dispute , the Massachusetts assembly , over Shute 's objections , took a hard line , cutting off trade with the Abenaki , and authorizing a militia expedition against Norridgewock , one of the main Abenaki towns . Relations deteriorated into open warfare in 1722 , and Shute declared war on the Abenaki that July . Because of the ongoing disputes with the assembly , Shute abruptly left the province for London on January 1 , 1723 , leaving Dummer to act as governor and commander @-@ in @-@ chief . Prosecution of the conflict was left to Dummer , and it has since become known as Dummer 's War ( among other names ) . = = = Western frontier war = = = Dummer 's tenure as acting governor has been described by historian John Ragle as " unspectacular but able " . In the first half of 1723 Dummer made concerted efforts to recruit the Iroquois ( of what is now upstate New York ) as allies against the Abenaki , and sought to avoid the participation of bands of western Abenaki ( based in what is now Vermont ) in the conflict . In both of these he was unsuccessful : the Iroquois , despite significant financial inducements , refused to take up arms against tribes seen to be allied with New France , or to engage in a conflict in which they had no stake . The Massachusetts embassy to Grey Lock , the principal leader of the western Abenakis , failed to find him . In August 1723 Grey Lock began raiding Massachusetts frontier communities in the Connecticut River valley , taking captives and inflicting casualties at Northfield . Dummer appealed to the leaders of the Connecticut Colony , who stationed a company of militia there in December to little effect . He also authorized construction of a fort north of Northfield , on land he had acquired a few years before in Connecticut 's auction of the so @-@ called " equivalent lands " Massachusetts gave to Connecticut as compensation for border issues . The stockaded fort was located in what is now Brattleboro , Vermont , and was named Fort Dummer in his honor . It is regarded as the start of permanent European settlement in the modern state of Vermont . Fort Dummer was ineffective at stopping the Indian raids . When Grey Lock 's raids continued unabated in 1724 , Dummer renewed his appeals to Connecticut Governor Gurdon Saltonstall , noting that Connecticut was equally vulnerable to raiding should the Massachusetts towns in the Connecticut River be abandoned . Saltonstall sent further reinforcements , but Abenaki raids in the area continued until 1727 , when Grey Lock apparently tired of continuing the war without outside support . Embassies sent by Indian commissioners in Albany , New York and by eastern Abenaki leaders failed to make contact with the warrior , and he disappeared from view . = = = Eastern frontier war = = = One of the disputes Shute was engaged in with the assembly at the time of his departure concerned the appointment of militia officers , something that was the governor 's prerogative . The assembly had demanded the removal of the militia commander of the eastern district ( i.e. Maine ) , Colonel Shadrach Walton . Dummer continued to argue this issue with the assembly , but eventually relented , replacing Walton with Thomas Westbrook . Westbrook led a second raid against Norridgewock in February 1723 , but the village had been abandoned for the winter . The war on the eastern frontier consisted of similar raiding activities conducted by eastern Abenaki tribes , and counterraids conducted by the provincial militia of Massachusetts and New Hampshire . After Norridgewock was destroyed in a third raid in August 1724 ( an action in which the influential French Jesuit priest Sebastian Rale was killed ) , the war died down . Dummer adopted an aggressive stance after the raid , accusing the French of instigating the war and demanding their neutrality . Peace negotiations began in early 1725 in Boston with the Penobscot leaders Wenemouet and Sauguaaram . Dummer led the negotiations , taking a hard line . He refused in principle to halt settlement activities in contested territories , but allowed the Penobscots to retain a Roman Catholic priest . He also pressured Wenemouet to bring Grey Lock and other Abenaki leaders to the peace table . These talks led to a preliminary peace with only the Penobscots at the end of July 1725 . Wenemouet then took up the peace cause within the wider Wabanaki Confederacy , sending belts of wampum representing peace to the other tribes . After a translation of the written treaty by a French priest revealed differences between what it stated and what was negotiated , Sauguaaram repudiated the written treaty in January 1726 . At a peace conference held in August 1726 the Penobscots attempted to argue against the offending language , but were convinced to sign the treaty anyway . The Penobscots , despite their reservations , promoted this peace within the confederacy , and reported in March 1727 that all of the tribes except Grey Lock 's band had agreed to it . A final major peace conference held at Casco Bay in July 1727 formally closed hostilities , and included Dummer , New Hampshire 's Acting Governor John Wentworth , Nova Scotia 's military commander Paul Mascarene , and many representatives of the Wabanaki Confederacy . The treaty that Dummer negotiated became a staple of diplomacy between Massachusetts and the eastern tribes despite the discrepancies between written and oral versions . Every major treaty meeting for the next fifty years included a restatement of its terms . = = = Other policies = = = Dummer sought to be generally conciliatory in his dealings with the provincial legislature , tolerating , for example , the selection of Elisha Cooke ( who had led the opposition to Shute ) as speaker of the assembly . He finessed the assembly 's attempts to interfere with management of the militia by organizing expeditions when the body was not in session , earning the enmity of opponents when it did meet . The assembly refused to appropriate funds to pay soldier salaries , leading to a rise in desertions . They also retaliated by firing his brother Jeremiah ( who was widely seen as a supporter of the Shute @-@ Dudley @-@ Dummer faction ) as colonial agent . Shute 's complaints to London resulted in the eventual issuance by the Privy Council of an Explanatory Charter for the province , in which the council sided with Shute on all of the major issues . Shute was preparing to return to Massachusetts in 1727 when King George I died . King George II chose to give the Massachusetts governorship to William Burnet instead of renewing Shute 's commission , and he renewed Dummer 's commission as lieutenant governor . The matter of colonial currency arose again in 1726 . Dummer had been instructed to only allow new issues under exceptional circumstances , and £ 100 @,@ 000 was due to be retired . The assembly proposed to circumvent the need for an exception by allocating the issue for the repair of fortifications , something for which Dummer had requested funding . Since the proposed currency issuance greatly exceeded the amount needed for repairs , Dummer vetoed the request and dissolved the assembly . When the assembly met in 1727 , Dummer kept the body in session for 165 days , demanding it act on the mandated currency withdrawal . The assembly threatened to withhold his salary , and ultimately retired £ 40 @,@ 000 of currency before Dummer relented . The matter had significantly poisoned the atmosphere when Burnet arrived in July 1728 to take office . = = Later years = = Burnet 's short administration was primarily consumed by a vitriolic dispute over the assembly 's failure to grant him a regular salary . After Burnet died suddenly on September 7 , 1729 , Dummer resumed acting as governor and commander @-@ in @-@ chief . He remained in office until June 11 , 1730 , when he was replaced by William Tailer , who had been selected by incoming Governor Jonathan Belcher as his lieutenant . After he was replaced as lieutenant governor , Dummer apparently retired into private life as a successful gentleman farmer . He is reported to have served on the provincial council , but there are no further public records of note , and he left no letters or other papers . He died at home on October 10 , 1761 , and was interred in Boston 's Granary Burying Ground six days later . = = Legacy = = Dummer made several charitable bequests in his will . He gave £ 200 to Harvard College , as well as a £ 50 grant for the purchase of books , and partially endowed two professorial chairs . His single largest gift was the grant of his Newbury property for a preparatory school . First called the Dummer Charity School , it opened on February 27 , 1763 . In its later history it was known as Dummer Academy , and until recently , Governor Dummer Academy . In July 2006 it changed to The Governor 's Academy ( the benefactor 's surname sounded uncomfortably like " dumber , " it was decided , and thus elicited predictable taunts during sport meets ) . Dummer 's Georgian mansion remains a central feature of the school campus , now serving as the headmaster 's residence . The towns of Dummer , New Hampshire and Dummerston , Vermont were also named in his honor . = MacBook Pro = The MacBook Pro ( sometimes abbreviated MBP ) is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in January 2006 by Apple Inc . , now in its third generation . Replacing the PowerBook G4 , the MacBook Pro was the second model to be announced in the Apple – Intel transition , after the iMac . It is the high @-@ end model of the MacBook family and is currently produced with 13- and 15 @-@ inch screens . A 17 @-@ inch version was available for sale in April 2006 . The first generation MacBook Pro appeared externally similar to the PowerBook G4 , but used the Intel Core processors instead of PowerPC G4 chips . The 15 @-@ inch model was introduced first , in January 2006 ; the 17 @-@ inch model followed in April . Both received several updates and Core 2 Duo processors later that year . The computer 's second generation , known as the " unibody " model , has a more tapered design and a casing made from a single block of aluminum . It debuted in October 2008 as the 15 @-@ inch MacBook Pro and the 13 @-@ inch aluminum unibody MacBook . The following January brought the design to the 17 @-@ inch model , along with the built @-@ in battery that joined the rest of the MacBook Pro line in June , during which Apple also absorbed the plastic exterior 13 " Macbook into the MacBook Pro line . Subsequent updates brought upgraded Intel Core i5 and i7 processors and introduced Intel 's Thunderbolt technology . Apple released the third generation of MacBook Pro in June 2012 with a 15 @-@ inch screen . At the same time , the 17 @-@ inch variant was discontinued , and slightly updated versions of the previous generation 13- and 15 @-@ inch unibody models were announced and sold in parallel . While dimensionally smaller than its predecessor , the similarly styled third generation model retained a unibody design . The most substantial differences in the third generation MacBook Pro are the fitting of a significantly higher resolution Retina Display , the elimination of the optical drive , and replacement of hard disk drives with solid @-@ state drives . A 13 @-@ inch third generation MacBook Pro was released in October 2012 . = = First generation = = The original 15 @-@ inch MacBook Pro was announced on January 10 , 2006 by Steve Jobs at the Macworld Conference & Expo . The 17 @-@ inch model was unveiled on April 24 , 2006 . The first design is largely a carryover from the PowerBook G4 , but uses Intel Core CPUs instead of PowerPC G4 chips . The 15 @-@ inch MacBook Pro weighs the same as the 15 @-@ inch aluminum PowerBook G4 , but is 0 @.@ 1 inches ( 0 @.@ 25 cm ) deeper , 0 @.@ 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 0 cm ) wider , and 0 @.@ 1 inches ( 0 @.@ 25 cm ) thinner . Other changes from the PowerBook include a built @-@ in iSight webcam and the inclusion of MagSafe , a magnetic power connector designed to detach easily when pulled to prevent the entire laptop from being pulled off a surface . Both features were later brought over to the MacBook . In order to fit into the slimmer MacBook Pro , the optical drive is half the speed of the one in the PowerBook G4 and cannot write to dual layer DVDs . Both the original 15- and 17 @-@ inch model MacBook Pros come with ExpressCard / 34 slots , which replace the PC Card slots found in the PowerBook G4 . All pre @-@ unibody 15 @-@ inch models have two USB 2 @.@ 0 ports and one FireWire 400 port , while the 17 @-@ inch models have three USB 2 @.@ 0 ports as well as one FireWire 400 port . When first introduced , the MacBook Pro did not come with FireWire 800 or S @-@ Video ports , although FireWire 800 was added in the next 15 @-@ inch model revision and is present in every version of the 17 @-@ inch design . S @-@ Video capability can be attained through the use of a DVI to S @-@ Video adapter . External displays with up to a 2 @,@ 560 × 1 @,@ 600 pixel resolution are supported through a dual @-@ link DVI port . All models include a built @-@ in Gigabit Ethernet port , Bluetooth 2 @.@ 0 , and 802.11a / b / g . Later models include support for the draft 2 @.@ 0 specification of 802.11n and Bluetooth 2 @.@ 1 . = = = Updates = = = Apple refreshed the entire MacBook Pro line on October 24 , 2006 to include Intel Core 2 Duo processors . Memory capacity was doubled for each model , to 1 GB on the low @-@ end 15 @-@ inch and 2 GB for the high @-@ end 15- and 17 @-@ inch models . FireWire 800 was added to the 15 @-@ inch models . Hard drive capacity was increased , although video card options stayed the same . The MacBook Pro line received a second update on June 5 , 2007 with new Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT video cards and faster processor options . LED backlighting was added to the 15 @-@ inch model 's screen , and its weight was reduced from 5 @.@ 6 pounds ( 2 @.@ 5 kg ) to 5 @.@ 4 pounds ( 2 @.@ 4 kg ) . Furthermore , the speed of the front @-@ side bus was increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz . On November 1 , 2007 , Apple added the option of a 2 @.@ 6 GHz Santa Rosa platform Core 2 Duo CPU as well as reconfigured hard drive options . On February 26 , 2008 , the MacBook Pro line was again updated . LED backlighting was added as an option for the 17 @-@ inch model . Processors were updated to " Penryn " cores , which are built on the 45 nanometer process ( 65 nanometer " Merom " cores were previously used ) , and hard drive and memory capacities were increased . Multi @-@ touch capabilities , first introduced with the MacBook Air earlier that year , were brought over to the MacBook Pro 's trackpad . When the 15 @-@ inch unibody MacBook Pro was introduced on October 14 , 2008 , the pre @-@ unibody model with the same screen size was discontinued , while the 17 @-@ inch pre @-@ unibody model continued to be sold . The original case design was discontinued on January 6 , 2009 , when the 17 @-@ inch MacBook Pro was also updated with unibody construction . = = = Reception = = = Some reviewers applauded the MacBook Pro for its doubling or tripling the speed of the PowerBook G4 in some areas . For example , the 3D rendering program Cinema 4D XL was 3 @.@ 3 times as fast ( 2 @.@ 3 times faster ) , and its boot @-@ up time was more than twice as quick . The MacBook Pro generally outperformed the PowerBook G4 in performance analyzer utility tests XBench and Cinebench . Reviewers lauded the screen 's maximum brightness , 67 percent higher than the PowerBook G4 ; the excellent horizontal viewing angles ; the matte options ; and the bright , crisp , and true colors . Although the screen offered fewer vertical pixels ( 1 @,@ 440 × 900 in the MacBook Pro instead of 1 @,@ 440 × 960 in the PowerBook ) , one reviewer called the screen " nothing less than stellar " . Reviewers praised the new MagSafe power adapter , although one reviewer said it disconnected too easily in some instances . They also praised the backlit keyboard , large trackpad , and the virtually silent operation of the machine . The new laptop also offered better wireless performance . One reviewer criticized the decision to underclock the ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 graphics card by about 30 percent its original speed . The notebook was also noted for running hot . Users complained that upgrading system memory was harder than in older Apple notebooks . Since the dimensions for the 15 @-@ inch MacBook Pro were tweaked slightly from the 15 @-@ inch PowerBook G4 , older accessories such as notebook sleeves did not work with the new models . Some users noted a slight flickering when the screen was on lower brightness settings . Apple increased the battery capacity by 10 Wh , going from 50 in the PowerBook G4 to 60 , but the more powerful Core Duo CPU required more power . Battery life therefore remained about the same as in previous models , at three @-@ plus hours . = = = Technical specifications = = = = = 2nd generation ( unibody ) = = On October 14 , 2008 , in a press event at company headquarters , Apple officials announced a new 15 @-@ inch MacBook Pro featuring a " precision aluminum unibody enclosure " and tapered sides similar to those of the MacBook Air . Designers shifted the MacBook Pro 's ports to the left side of the case , and moved the optical disc drive slot from the front to the right side , similar to the MacBook . The new MacBook Pros had two new video cards : the Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory and a GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of shared system memory . Although the FireWire 400 port was removed , the FireWire 800 port was retained . The DVI port was replaced with a Mini DisplayPort receptacle . The original unibody MacBook Pro came with a user @-@ removable battery ; Apple claimed five hours of use , with one reviewer reporting results closer to four on a continuous video battery stress test . Apple said that the battery would hold 80 percent of its charge after 300 recharges . = = = Design = = = The unibody @-@ construction MacBook Pro largely follows the styling of the original aluminum iMac and the MacBook Air and is slightly thinner than its predecessor , albeit wider and deeper due to the widescreen display . The screen is high @-@ gloss , covered by an edge @-@ to @-@ edge reflective glass finish , while an anti @-@ glare matte option is available in the 15- and 17 @-@ inch models in which the glass panel is removed . The entire trackpad is usable and acts as a clickable button . The trackpad is also larger than the first generation model 's , giving more room for scrolling and multi @-@ touch gestures . When the line was updated in April 2010 , inertial scrolling was added , making the scrolling experience much like that of the iPhone and iPad . The keys , still backlit , are now that of Apple 's now @-@ standard sunken keyboard with separated black keys . = = = Updates = = = During the MacWorld Expo keynote on January 6 , 2009 , Phil Schiller announced a 17 @-@ inch MacBook Pro with unibody construction . This version diverged from its 15 @-@ inch sibling with an anti @-@ glare " matte " screen option ( with the glossy finish standard ) and a non user @-@ removable lithium polymer battery . Instead of traditional round cells inside the casing , the lithium @-@ ion polymer batteries are shaped and fitted into each laptop to maximally utilize space . Adaptive charging , which uses a chip to optimize the charge flow to reduce wear and tear , extends the battery 's overall life . Battery life for the 17 " version is quoted at eight hours , with 80 percent of this charge remaining after 1 @,@ 000 charge @-@ discharge cycles . At Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) on June 8 , 2009 , it was announced that the 13 @-@ inch unibody MacBook would be upgraded and re @-@ branded as a MacBook Pro , leaving only the white polycarbonate MacBook in the MacBook line . It was also announced that the entire MacBook Pro line would use the non user @-@ removable battery first introduced in the 17 @-@ inch MacBook Pro . The updated MacBook Pro 13- and the 15 @-@ inch would each have up to a claimed seven hours of battery life , while the 17 @-@ inch would keep its eight @-@ hour capacity . Some sources even reported up to eight hours of battery life for the 13- and 15 @-@ inch MacBook Pros during casual use , while others reported around six hours . Like the 17 @-@ inch MacBook Pro , Apple claims that they will last around 1 @,@ 000 charge cycles while still containing 80 percent of their capacity . Graphics card options stayed the same from the previous release , although the 13 @-@ inch and the base model 15 @-@ inch , came with only the GeForce 9400M GPU . The screens were also improved , gaining a claimed 60 percent greater color gamut . All of these mid 2009 models also included a FireWire 800 port and all except the 17 @-@ inch models would receive an SD card slot . The 17 @-@ inch model would retain its ExpressCard / 34 slot . For the 13 @-@ inch MacBook Pro , the Kensington lock slot was moved to the right side of the chassis . In August 2009 , Apple extended the " matte " anti @-@ glare display option to the 15 @-@ inch MacBook Pro . On April 13 , 2010 , Intel Core i5 and Core i7 CPUs were introduced in the 15- and 17 @-@ inch models , while the 13 @-@ inch retained the Core 2 Duo with a speed increase . The power brick was redesigned and a high @-@ resolution display ( of 1 @,@ 680 × 1 @,@ 050 ) was announced as an option for the 15 @-@ inch models . The 13 @-@ inch gained an integrated Nvidia GeForce 320M graphics processing unit ( GPU ) with 256 MB of shared memory , while the 15- and 17 @-@ inch models were upgraded to the GeForce GT 330M , with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory . The 15- and 17 @-@ inch models also have an integrated Intel GPU that is built into the Core i5 and i7 processors . The 15 @-@ inch model also gained 0 @.@ 1 pounds ( 0 @.@ 045 kg ) . Save for a third USB 2 @.@ 0 slot , all the ports on the 17 @-@ inch MacBook Pro are the same in type and number as on the 15 @-@ inch version . All models come with 4 GB of system memory that is upgradeable to 8 GB . Battery life was also extended further in this update , to an estimated ten hours for the 13 @-@ inch and 8 – 9 hours on the 15- and 17 @-@ inch MacBook Pros . This was achieved through both greater power efficiency and adding more battery capacity . One reviewer reported about six hours of battery life through a continuous video battery stress test in the 15 @-@ inch and another , who called the battery life " unbeatable , " reported nearer to eight in the 13 @-@ inch through their " highly demanding battery drain test " . Thunderbolt technology , Sandy Bridge dual core Intel Core i5 and i7 ( on the 13 @-@ inch model ) or quad @-@ core i7 ( on the 15- and 17 @-@ inch models ) processors , and a high definition FaceTime camera were added on February 24 , 2011 . Intel HD Graphics 3000 come integrated with the CPU , while the 15- and 17 @-@ inch models also utilize AMD Radeon HD 6490M and Radeon HD 6750M graphics cards . Later editions of these models , following the release of OS X Lion , replaced the dashboard ( F4 ) key with a launchpad key . The chassis bottoms are also engraved differently from the 2010 models . The Thunderbolt serial bus platform can achieve speeds of up to 10 Gbit / s , which is up to twice as fast as the USB 3 @.@ 0 specification , 20 times faster than the USB 2 @.@ 0 specification , and up to 12 times faster than FireWire 800 . Apple says that Thunderbolt can be used to drive displays or to transfer large quantities of data in a short amount of time . On June 11 , 2012 , Apple showcased its upgraded Mac notebooks , OS X Mountain Lion , and iOS 6 at the Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) in San Francisco . The new MacBook Pro models were updated with Ivy Bridge processors and USB 3 @.@ 0 ports , and the default RAM on premium models was increased to 8 GB . Following this announcement , the 17 @-@ inch model was discontinued . After a media event on October 22 , 2013 Apple discontinued all second generation MacBook Pros except for the entry @-@ level 2 @.@ 5 GHz 13 @-@ inch model . = = = Reception = = = Some reviewers praised the new laptop 's performance and compact size , the quality of the screen , and sturdy unibody build , which allowed easier upgrading of internal components as compared to the original models . Some reviewers also noted that the new MacBook Pro ran more quietly and at cooler temperatures than first generation machines . Others , however , criticized the amount of heat generated by the new design . Reviewers lamented the loss of a matte screen option for the 2008 unibody MacBook Pro , noting the reflectiveness of the screen in sunlight , even when its brightness was turned all the way up . CNET 's Dan Ackerman commented of the mid @-@ 2009 models : " According to Apple , the new display offers a wider color gamut , and the screen certainly looks bright and colorful , but we wish the same matte @-@ screen option offered on the 17 @-@ inch MacBook Pro was available across the line ... While the LED screen means a thinner lid and some battery life benefits , the edge @-@ to @-@ edge glass covering the entire display panel grabs stray light rays with ease , making the glossy screen hard to see in some lighting conditions . " By 2011 , matte screens were offered for both the 15 " and 17 " models . Furthermore , the addition of Mini DisplayPort instead of the more popular HDMI was criticized . The relatively low number of ports and lower end technical specifications when compared to similarly priced laptops from other brands were also bemoaned . Laptop Magazine 's Michael Prospero praised the 2010 15 @-@ inch model 's display , calling it " bright and crisp " . He further commented , " While reflections from the glossy display weren 't overwhelming , it 's also nice to know there 's an antiglare option — though only for the higher resolution display . Still , colors were bright , blacks were deep and dark , and viewing angles were excellent both vertically and horizontally . " He also lauded the quality of the iSight webcam , the responsiveness of the touchpad , the microphone and speakers , as well as the performance of the new CPUs for the 15 " model and the long battery life . Complaints included the price of the laptop , the low number of USB ports , and the lack of HDMI . CNET praised the automatic graphics switching features of the 15- and 17 @-@ inch 2010 models as well as the graphics cards themselves . Acclaim was also given to the Core i5 and i7 CPUs , the multi @-@ touch trackpad , and the addition of audio capabilities to the Mini DisplayPort video output . They also called for the addition of HDMI and the Blu @-@ ray optical disc format , saying that most other computers in the MacBook Pro 's price range possessed these features . CNET also criticized the option of a higher resolution screen in the 15 @-@ inch model , saying that " the higher @-@ resolution screen should be included by default . " = = = Technical specifications = = = Since the RAM and the hard drive on some generations of MacBook Pro are user serviceable parts , there are aftermarket modifications to enhance the system with up to 16GB of DDR3 @-@ 1600 RAM ( maximum capacity and frequency depend on the hardware in question ) , 7200 @-@ rpm hard drives or third party SSDs . = = = Early and Late 2011 model GPU Issues = = = Early and Late 2011 models reportedly suffer from manufacturing problems leading to overheating , graphical issues , and eventually complete GPU and logic board failure . A thread was opened on the Apple Support community that reached more than 12 @,@ 000 posts and 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 visits ( Feb 2015 ) . A similar but nonidentical issue affected iMac GPUs which were later recalled by Apple . The problem was covered by many articles in Mac @-@ focused magazines , starting late 2013 throughout 2014 . In August 2014 the law firm Whitfield Bryson & Mason LLP had begun investigating the problem to determine if any legal claim exists . On October 28 , 2014 , the firm announced that it has filed a class @-@ action lawsuit in a California federal court against Apple . The lawsuit will cover residents residing in both California and Florida who have purchased a 2011 MacBook Pro notebook with an AMD graphics card . The firm is also investigating similar cases across the United States . On February 20 , 2015 , Apple instituted the " MacBook Pro Repair Extension Program for Video Issues " . This " will repair affected MacBook Pro systems , free of charge . " = = 3rd generation ( Retina ) = = On June 11 , 2012 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco , Apple introduced the third generation MacBook Pro , marketed as the " MacBook Pro with Retina display " to differentiate it from the updated second generation models of the previous generation released the same day . The new model includes Intel 's third generation Core i7 processors ( Ivy Bridge microarchitecture ) , USB 3 @.@ 0 , and a high @-@ resolution 15 @.@ 4 " IPS 2880 × 1800 @-@ pixel Retina Display . Other new or changed features include a second Thunderbolt port , an HDMI port , and a new thinner MagSafe port , dubbed the " MagSafe 2 " . Apple introduced a 13 @-@ inch version on October 23 , 2012 with specifications similar but slightly inferior to the 15 @-@ inch version 's , such as less powerful processors . The new models omit Ethernet and FireWire 800 ports , though Apple offers Thunderbolt adapters for both interfaces . They also omit a SuperDrive , making the 15 @-@ inch model Apple 's first professional notebook since the PowerBook 2400c to ship without a built @-@ in optical drive . Instead of a hard disk drive , the new models ship with a solid state drive housed in a proprietary flash module design rather than a 2 @.@ 5 " notebook drive . Apple also claims improved speakers and microphones and a new system for cooling the notebook with improved fans . The new case design does not have a Kensington lock slot , so alternative products are required to physically secure the computer . The Retina models also have fewer user @-@ accessible upgrade or replacement options than previous MacBooks . Unlike in previous generations , the memory is soldered onto the logic board and is therefore not upgradable . The solid state drive is not soldered and can be replaced with a larger unit . The battery is glued into place ; attempts to remove it may destroy the battery and / or trackpad . The entire case uses proprietary pentalobe screws and cannot be disassembled with standard tools . While the battery is glued in , recycling companies have stated that the design is only " mildly inconvenient " and does not hamper the recycling process . On February 13 , 2013 , Apple announced updated prices and processors for the MacBook Pro with Retina Display and increased the RAM of the high @-@ end 15 @-@ inch model to 16 GB . On October 22 , 2013 , Apple updated the line with Intel 's Haswell processors and Iris Graphics , 802.11ac Wi @-@ Fi , Thunderbolt 2 , and PCIe @-@ based flash storage . The chassis of the 13 @-@ inch version was slightly slimmed to 0 @.@ 71 inches ( 18 mm ) to match the 15 @-@ inch model . The lower @-@ end 15 @-@ inch model only included integrated graphics while the higher @-@ end model continued to include a discrete Nvidia graphics card in addition to integrated graphics . Support for 4K video output via HDMI was added but limited the maximum number of external displays from three to two . On July 29 , 2014 Apple announced updated prices and processors for the Haswell MacBook Pro with Retina Display . On March 9 , 2015 , the 13 @-@ inch model was updated with Intel Broadwell processors , Iris 6100 graphics , faster flash storage , increased battery life , and a Force Touch trackpad . On May 19 , 2015 , the 15 @-@ inch model was also updated with similarly fast flash storage , increased battery life , the Force Touch trackpad , and an AMD Radeon R9 discrete graphics card on the higher @-@ end model . The higher @-@ end 15 @-@ inch model also added support for dual @-@ cable output to 5120 × 2880 displays . The 15 @-@ inch models were released with the same Intel Haswell processors and Iris Pro graphics as the 2014 models due to a delay in shipping the newer Broadwell quad @-@ core processors . = = = Design = = = The Retina Display MacBook Pro largely follows the design of the previous generation with its aluminum enclosure and separated black keys . The most apparent body changes are a thinner chassis and a display with a redesigned hinge and thinner bezel and the removal of the internal optical drive . The power button is moved from the upper right corner of the chassis onto the keyboard , taking the place of the optical disc eject button . At 0 @.@ 71 inches ( 18 mm ) thick , the 15 @-@ inch model is 25 percent thinner than its predecessor . The model name , i.e. Macbook Pro , is not longer placed at the bottom of the screen bezel , instead , it is found on the underside of the chassis , similar to an iOS device . This is the first Macintosh laptop to not have a model name on its bezel . = = = Reception = = = The third generation MacBook Pro received positive reviews of the Retina Display , flash storage and power . It was criticized , however , for its high price and lack of an Ethernet port and optical drive . Roman Loyola of Macworld said that the Retina MacBook Pro was " groundbreaking " and made people " rethink how they use technology . " He praised the inclusion of USB 3 @.@ 0 and the slimmer body . Dan Ackerman of CNET commented " I 've previously called the 15 @-@ inch MacBook Pro one of the most universally useful all @-@ around laptops you can buy . This new version adds to that with HDMI , faster ports , and more portability . But it also subtracts from that with its exclusion of an optical drive and Ethernet port , plus its very high starting price . The Pro and Retina Pro are clearly two laptops designed for two different users , and with the exception of all @-@ day commuters who need something closer to a MacBook Air or ultrabook , one of the two branches of the MacBook Pro family tree is still probably the most universally useful laptop you can buy . " Joel Santo Domingo of PC Magazine gave the MacBook Pro an " Editor 's Choice " rating . He praised " brilliant Retina display " the thin design , port selection and speedy storage , and highlighted the expandability via Thunderbolt ports which support up to seven devices each . David Pogue of The New York Times praised the 15 @-@ inch model 's screen , keyboard , sound , start @-@ up time , cosmetics , battery life , storage , and RAM capacity . They criticized the lack of a SuperDrive , pricing , and the MagSafe 2 power connector 's lack of backwards compatibility with the older MagSafe design . Since the battery is glued in and cannot be easily disassembled for recycling ( an EPEAT requirement ) , Apple received criticisms about the machine 's ability to be recycled . Greenpeace spokesman Casey Harrell said Apple " has pitted design against the environment — and chosen design . They 're making a big bet that people don 't care , but recycling is a big issue . " Wired also criticized Apple 's recyclability claims , stating " [ t ] he design may well be comprised of ' highly recyclable aluminum and glass ' — but my friends in the electronics recycling industry tell me they have no way of recycling aluminum that has glass glued to it like Apple did with both this machine and the recent iPad . " The Retina Display on the MacBook Pro have been criticized for " image retention , " specifically for displays manufactured by LG . = = = Technical specifications = = = = = Software and operating systems = = The OS X operating system has been pre @-@ installed on all MacBook Pros since release , starting with version 10 @.@ 4 @.@ 4 ( Tiger ) . Along with OS X , iLife has also shipped with all systems , beginning with iLife ' 06 . The MacBook Pro comes with the successor to BIOS , Extensible Firmware Interface ( EFI ) 1 @.@ 1 . EFI handles booting differently from BIOS @-@ based computers , but provides backwards compatibility , allowing dual and triple boot configurations . In addition to OS X , the Microsoft Windows operating system is installable on Intel x86 @-@ based Apple computers . Officially , this is limited to both 32 @-@ bit and 64 @-@ bit versions of Windows XP , Vista , 7 , 8 , and 10 with the necessary hardware drivers included with the Boot Camp software . Other x86 operating systems such as Linux are also unofficially supported . This is made possible by the presence of the Intel architecture as provided by the CPU and the BIOS emulation Apple has provided on top of EFI . As the MacBook Pro uses a different hardware platform than earlier PowerPC ( PPC ) -based Macintoshes , versions of OS X prior to Lion can run PPC applications only via the Rosetta emulator , which exacts some performance penalty , cannot emulate some lower @-@ level PPC code , and does not support 64 @-@ bit ( G5 specific ) PPC features . Rosetta is not present in Lion and later , so PPC applications cannot be run under those versions of OS X. = = Timeline of the MacBook family = = = Hochtief = Hochtief Aktiengesellschaft is a German construction company based in Essen , North Rhine @-@ Westphalia , Germany . Hochtief is Germany 's largest construction company and operates globally , ranking as one of the largest general construction companies in the United States through its Turner subsidiary , and in Australia through a 53 @.@ 43 % shareholding in CIMIC Group . In 2010 it employed more than 70 @,@ 000 employees across five corporate divisions . One of these , Hochtief Concessions , is a major airport operator . The others are involved with construction project planning , finance , construction and operation . Work done in 2010 was € 23 @.@ 23 billion , with more than 80 % coming from operations outside Germany . The company 's history dates back to 1874 and includes engineering feats such as the transplantation of the Abu Simbel rock temples in Egypt ( saving them from the rise of the River Nile caused by the Aswan High Dam ) , and infrastructure projects like the new Athens International Airport and Germany 's first nuclear power plant . It is also noted for its involvement with the Bauhaus movement , particularly for its work at Zollverein colliery and the reconstruction of the Kandinsky @-@ Klee house in Dessau ; both World Heritage Sites . During World War II it deployed forced labor on construction projects . It built the Führerbunker in Berlin , the scene of Adolf Hitler 's suicide , as well as Hitler 's home in Berghof and the Wolfsschanze headquarters . More recent constructions have included Bosphorus Bridge ( Turkey ) , King Abdulaziz International Airport ( Saudi Arabia ) , and the Messeturm and Commerzbank Tower in Frankfurt . In late 2010 , Spanish construction company Grupo ACS , which already owned a 30 percent stake of Hochtief , launched a bid that would allow ACS to acquire an additional 20 percent stake of Hochtief . The bid was approved by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority ( BaFin ) on 29 November 2010 . ACS increased its stake in Hochtief to 50 @.@ 16 percent in June 2011 , effectively taking over control of Hochtief . = = History = = = = = Early years = = = The company was probably founded in 1874 ( its first mention in the local address book ) as Gebrüder Helfmann , Bauunternehmer by the Kelsterbach @-@ born brothers Philipp and Balthasar Helfmann , a lumber merchant and mechanic respectively , in Bornheim near Frankfurt am Main . While Balthasar focused on the completion of construction contracts , Philipp developed the financing side of the business . Their first major contract was for the University of Giessen in 1878 . By the 1880s the company had begun to produce its own construction materials but was still only a regional player . Shortly after the death of Balthasar , Philipp converted the company into a joint stock corporation , Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten ( " Construction and Civil Engineering Corporation " , though literally the " Corporation for High - Hoch and Deep - Tief Construction - Bauten ) . A major development was the contract for the spa project in Bad Orb in 1899 , with the corporation not simply erecting buildings but also to provide infrastructure like roads and gardens , to arrange the finances for the project , and to maintain some responsibilities for operating the project after its construction . Also in 1899 , another turnkey project , a new grain silo in Genoa , Italy , was both the firm 's first international venture and its first project using reinforced concrete . Philipp Helfmann died in the same year , with his son @-@ in @-@ law , Hans Weidmann , taking over as Chief Executive . = = = After the Helfmann brothers = = = The firm grew rapidly , but was not comparable with the major German construction concerns of the era . In 1921 it attracted investment from the industrialist Hugo Stinnes ( described by Time as the " New Emperor of Germany " for his wealth and influence ) and in 1922 the firm moved its base to Essen as part of its integration into the Stinnes group . Stinnes planned to use Hochtief for all his construction projects , while the Hochtief saw an opportunity to profit from the Treaty of Versailles , organising the delivery of construction materials to France as part of German reparations for World War I. Fate intervened as Stinnes died in 1924 and within a year his industrial empire collapsed , while the French occupation of the Ruhr destroyed the chance to profit from the reparations contract that had been made with the French industrialist Guy Louis Jean de Lubersac . With the help of several banks , the company ( now known as Hochtief Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten vorm . Gebrüder Helfmann ) avoided insolvency . In the aftermath of the Stinnes collapse , the major utility RWE and electrical equipment producer AEG became major share @-@ holders in Hochtief , and Hans Weidmann stepped down in 1927 . A series of major construction projects ensued , including the Echelsbach Bridge ( then Germany 's largest single span reinforced concrete bridge ) , the Schluchsee dam and work at the Zollverein colliery . The Zollverein architects Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer seem to be influenced by the Bauhaus , one of the reasons the complex became a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The iconic Shaft 12 at the colliery was named after Albert Vögler , CEO of the Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG , which was owner of the colliery since 1926 . There was also canal work : the Moselle Canal in France and the Albert Canal in Belgium . = = = From Nazi Germany to Reconstruction = = = Under the Third Reich , Jewish members of the Supervisory Board were expelled under the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 . The CEO , Eugen Vögler , did not join the Nazi party until 1937 , however , he did offer his services to the Nazis as leader of the " Construction Industry Business Group " and took a position in the Hitler Youth . The construction business flourished under the Four year plan , with its vast public works programme , including the Autobahn network , and the industrial build @-@ up in preparation for war , for example the construction of a new truck factory for Opel in Brandenberg . Hochtief also worked on a new centre for Nazi rallies in Nuremberg . In 1936 it moved its Essen headquarters from the Pferdemarkt to its current location in Rellinghauser Straße . As war became imminent , the company began work on the Westwall defensive network . During World War II , it later worked on the Atlantic Wall defences , and a range of infrastructure projects across German @-@ dominated Europe . Hochtief also constructed buildings for Hitler himself , notably his Bavarian Alpine retreat , the Berghof , his Wolf 's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , and the Führerbunker in Berlin , where Hitler ultimately committed suicide . After 1939 the firm began to use forced labour extensively on its projects , as did many other German industrial concerns at the time . Hochtief 's slave workers suffered from malnutrition , beating and constant abuse . The consortium @-@ led nature of construction projects obscures the firm 's exact involvement , as does the destruction of many records . During the closing stages of the war , most of the company 's branch offices were destroyed , and employees in the East fled the Soviet advance . The head office in Essen suffered a direct hit from a bomb in March 1945 , and regional offices and construction centres in Danzig , Halle , Katowice , Königsberg , Kraków , Leipzig and Magdeburg were lost as the territory they were in was allotted to Poland or the Soviet Zone of occupation . As Eugen Vögler was on the run from the new authorities , he was replaced as CEO by Artur Konrad . During the initial post @-@ war period , a shortage of machinery , tools , and materials , as well as a dearth of new orders , hampered operations . Some salvage work occurred , as well as rubble @-@ clearance and basic repairs . One of the first , rare , major contracts was for a university hospital in Bonn , 1946 @-@ 49 . The introduction of the German mark in 1948 and the beginning of the Wirtschaftswunder brought more new work . = = = Revival and international expansion = = = Josef Müller took over as CEO in 1950 . A decision was taken to undertake more international projects , following a period of essentially domestic work after World War II . This included a series of power infrastructure works in Turkey and bridge and smelting works construction in Egypt during the early 1950s . It is interesting to note that many projects from this period were undertaken outside of the First World ; many were funded from development aid budgets . A high profile success for the company came in the 1960s , again in Egypt . The rising waters of the River Nile ( a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam ) threatened the ancient Abu Simbel temple complex . The entire site was dismantled and reassembled 200 m further from the river , and 65 m higher , at a cost of around US $ 36 million . The focus of the company began to switch away from purely construction and towards more turnkey work and service provision , for example the 1961 @-@ 3 Hilton Hotel , Athens , project . Most work was domestic , driven by Germany 's strong economic growth , with a particular strength in power plant construction . This included the construction of the Federal Republic of Germany 's first nuclear power plant , Kahl Nuclear Power Plant , near Dettingen am Main . The construction contract had been awarded by AEG , which had been commissioned by the utility company RWE to build the plant . The plant began to feed its electricity to the grid in June 1961 . By contrast , the first East German nuclear plant , at Rheinsberg , was connected to the grid in 1966 . There was also considerable transport infrastructure activity , including on the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel , Argentina in the 1960s and the New Elbe Tunnel in Hamburg in the 1970s By the mid @-@ 1970s , foreign work ( such as the Bosporus Bridge in Turkey , completed 1974 ) was accelerating while domestic orders were receding , according to the company 's annual report of 1975 . By 1980 , foreign work accounted for more than 50 % of Hochtief 's business . A major factor was the contract for King Abdulaziz International Airport ( completed 1981 ) , the largest airport in Saudi Arabia , and the most valuable contract Hochtief had ever been involved with . The architecture of the airport is highly rated aesthetically , and it has several unusual features , including Terminal Three , used only during the Hajj , reserved for pilgrims travelling to Mecca . It has a tent @-@ shaped fibreglass roof , contains a mosque , can accommodate 80 @,@ 000 travellers at once , and is believed to be the largest terminal in the world . The 1980s were a difficult time financially , with less foreign work coming through ; though they headed the consortium that built the Mosul Dam in Iraq from 1981 @-@ 84 . There was domestic growth , highlighted by the architecturally radical Messe Torhaus in Frankfurt , completed in 1984 . It was later involved in the construction of the Messeturm in the same city ; once completed in 1991 it was Europe 's tallest building . In the mid @-@ 1990s , Hochtief was involved in yet another major skyscraper development in Frankfurt , the Commerzbank Tower , which overtook the Messeturm to become Europe 's tallest building , losing the record to Triumph @-@ Palace in Moscow in 2003 . The 1990s brought an opportunity to expand operations in the airport management sector , as many countries privatised their airports . When Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport needed upgrading in the early 1990s , LOT Polish Airlines was unable to afford the cost , so a complex financing arrangement was established whereby a bank would pay Hochtief two thirds of the costs to upgrade the airport , while the airline assigned to the bank the revenues from aircraft using Polish airspace for a period . The company began to take responsibility for more operational aspects of projects , including service provision , financing , facility management and software development , following a concept of being a " system leader " , as set out by CEO Hans @-@ Peter Keitel . These tasks were felt to be higher up the value chain , and would help the firm shake off the slowdown that had followed the initial boom of German reunification . These concepts were notably put into action during the construction of the new Athens International Airport in the late 1990s . In 1999 , Hochtief made big inroads into the United States market through its merger with Turner Corporation , while in 2000 it celebrated its 125th anniversary . A part of those celebrations was the DM 1 million donation to the restoration of the Kandinsky @-@ Klee House in Dessau , a project for which it was the general contractor . The house had been used by the Bauhaus movement as an example of a " Meisterhaus " , but Nazi persecution of the Bauhaus , and subsequent neglect , had left significant damage . The house was re @-@ opened on 4 February 2000 , after a two @-@ year restoration programme . It forms part of the UNESCO Bauhaus World Heritage Site . In May 2013 , Hochtief sold its airports division to Canada 's Public Sector Pension Investment Board for 1 @.@ 1 billion euros . = = Structure and ownership = = Hochtief is an Aktiengesellschaft , roughly equivalent to a public limited company in the United Kingdom . Its shares are traded on all the German stock exchanges , including the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and Börse München , using the Xetra system . Hochtief is a component of the MDAX share index . The major shareholders are Grupo ACS with 61 % , and Qatar Holdings LLC , with more than 10 % . ( This makes Hochtief a Grupo ACS subsidiary . ) . As of January 2011 , Hochtief has streamlined its corporate operations . The group is now divided into four divisions : Hochtief Americas Hochtief Asia @-@ Pacific Hochtief Europe Hochtief Concessions The European division plans , develops , implements , operates and manages real estate and infrastructure facilities in Europe and in selected regions worldwide . The Asia @-@ Pacific division includes the activities of Leighton Construction in Australia and Asia . Leighton does not only provide construction and construction services but is also the world 's largest contract miner . The Americas division co @-@ ordinates the United States subsidiaries Turner Construction ( acquired in 1999 ) , Flatiron Construction ( acquired in 2007 ) and E.E. Cruz ( acquired in 2010 ) . Hochtief Concessions develops and implements concession projects . Its business areas include airports , roads , social infrastructure and further public @-@ private partnership projects . One of its subsidiaries , Hochtief Airports , holds stakes in Athens International Airport , Düsseldorf International Airport , Hamburg Airport , Sydney Airport , Budapest Airport and Rinas Mother Teresa Airport ( Tirana ) . = = Timeline of notable construction projects = = 1927 @-@ 1932 : Zollverein colliery ( Shaft XII ) , Essen 1928 @-@ 1929 : Echelsbach Bridge , near Echelsbach , Bavaria 1929 @-@ 1931 : Schluchsee Dam , Schluchsee , Black Forest 1930 @-@ 1934 : Albert Canal , Belgium 1938 @-@ 1945 : Projects included the Westwall and Atlantic Wall defenses , and Hitler 's Berghof , Wolf 's Lair and Führerbunker 1946 @-@ 1949 : Bonn University Hospital , Bonn 1952 @-@ 1956 : Sariyar Hydroelectric plant , Ankara , Turkey 1958 @-@ 1961 : Kahl Nuclear Power Plant , Dettingen am Main 1960 @-@ 1969 : Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel , Argentina 1961 @-@ 1963 : Hilton Hotel , Athens , Greece 1963 @-@ 1968 : Abu Simbel temples transplanted , Egypt 1969 @-@ 1975 : New Elbe Tunnel , Hamburg 1970 @-@ 1974 : Bosphorus Bridge , Turkey 1974 @-@ 1981 : King Abdulaziz International Airport , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia 1981 @-@ 1984 : Mosul Dam , Iraq 1984 @-@ 1985 : Messe Torhaus , Frankfurt am Main 1988 @-@ 1991 : Messeturm , Frankfurt am Main 1990 @-@ 1992 : Terminal One , Warsaw Airport , Poland 1994 @-@ 1996 : Commerzbank Tower , Frankfurt am Main 1996 @-@ 2000 : Athens International Airport , Greece 1998 @-@ 2000 : Kandinsky @-@ Klee house restoration , Dessau 2004 : Katima Mulilo Bridge , Zambia and Namibia 2005 @-@ 2008 : Dnipro Stadium , Ukraine 2007 : Chacao Channel bridge construction due to commence 2008 : Opera Krakowska , Krakow , Poland 2014 @-@ present : Expansion of King Khalid International Airport , Riyadh , Saudi @-@ Arabia = The Culinary Institute of America = The Culinary Institute of America ( CIA ) is an American private not @-@ for @-@ profit college specializing in culinary and baking and pastry arts education . The CIA 's primary campus is located in Hyde Park , New York , with branch campuses in St. Helena , California , San Antonio , Texas , and the Republic of Singapore . The college offers associate and bachelor 's degrees , and has the largest staff of American Culinary Federation Certified Master Chefs . The CIA also offers continuing education for professionals in the hospitality industry as well as conferences and consulting services . In addition to professional education , the college also offers recreational classes for non @-@ professionals . The college operates student @-@ run restaurants on their three U.S. campuses . The school colors ( green and gold ) refer to the school 's mission to sustain the environment and to strive for excellence . The school was founded in 1946 in New Haven , Connecticut as a vocational institute for returning veterans of World War II . With a growing student body , the school purchased a former Jesuit novitiate in Hyde Park in 1970 , which remains its central campus . The school began awarding associate degrees in 1971 and bachelor 's degrees in 1993 . The school opened its California campus in 1995 , its Texas campus in 2008 , and its Singapore campus in 2010 . = = History = = The New Haven Restaurant Institute was founded by culinary educator Frances Roth and Katherine Angell ( wife of James Rowland Angell ) on May 22 , 1946 in New Haven , Connecticut as a vocational training school for returning World War II veterans . With assistance from Yale University , the school purchased the Davies mansion in New Haven 's Prospect Hill neighborhood . The building , later known as Angell Hall , was joined by the adjacent Taft Mansion , now demolished . The first class consisted of sixteen students and the faculty included a dietitian , a baker , and a chef . In 1947 the school was renamed the Restaurant Institute of Connecticut to reflect its growing repute ; the school 's name was changed again to the Culinary Institute of America in 1951 . Enrollment grew to approximately 1 @,@ 000 students by 1969 , beyond the capacity of its original campus , so the school purchased the St. Andrew @-@ on @-@ Hudson Jesuit novitiate in Hyde Park , New York in 1970 . In 1971 , the college began awarding associate degrees . The following year , it began operating at the Hyde Park location . From 1974 to 1979 , the school built three residence halls , a culinary library , a career planning center , and a learning resources center . From 1982 to 1984 , the American Bounty and Caterina de ' Medici Restaurants and St. Andrew 's Café opened . In 1984 , the school 's continuing education center ( later named the J. Willard Marriott Education Center ) opened , and the school improved its teaching kitchens and constructed an experimental kitchen and food laboratory . In 1990 , the school opened a baking and pastry facility , named two years later as the Shunsuke Takaki School of Baking and Pastry . In 1993 , the school opened its Conrad N. Hilton Library and began offering bachelor 's degree programs . In 1995 , the school 's first branch campus opened , the Culinary Institute of America at Greystone in St. Helena , California . In 1998 , the Student Recreation Center was opened . The Apple Pie Bakery Café opened in 2000 , and the Colavita Center opened the following year . More residence halls were built at the school 's Hyde Park campus in 2004 . In 2005 , Anton Plaza opened in Hyde Park while the Ventura Center for Menu Research and Development opened in St. Helena . The school 's third campus opened in 2008 in San Antonio . Two years later , the CIA opened a campus in Singapore consisting of a facility on the campus of Temasek Polytechnic . In 2012 , the CIA began offering a bachelor 's degree program in culinary science , and in 2014 introduced a bachelor 's degree in applied food studies . Also , in 2012 the college was inducted into the Culinary Hall of Fame . In 2015 , the college expanded its recreation center and added a new dining facility for students , called The Egg . Both are housed in the CIA 's Student Commons building . In the same year , the college acquired a portion of Copia , a museum in downtown Napa , California that operated from 2001 to 2008 . As of 2016 the college is opening a campus , the Culinary Institute of America at Copia , which will house the CIA 's new Food Business School . The college , which was outgrowing its St. Helena campus , purchased the northern portion of the property for $ 12 @.@ 5 million ( it was recently assessed for $ 21 @.@ 3 million ) . = = Education = = = = = Degrees = = = The college offers Associate in Occupational Studies degrees in either Culinary Arts or Baking and Pastry Arts at its New York and California campuses , and Bachelor of Professional Studies degrees in Culinary Arts Management , Baking and Pastry Arts Management , Culinary Science , and Applied Food Studies at its Hyde Park campus . The CIA 's Texas campus offers Associate in Applied Science degrees in either Culinary Arts or Baking and Pastry Arts . Admission requires either a minimum of six months foodservice experience in a professional kitchen ( excluding experience at fast food businesses ) , one year in a high school culinary arts program active in select National Student Organizations ( NSOs ) , or a semester of college @-@ level work in hands @-@ on cooking and baking classes . Each program requires an fifteen @-@ week externship at a CIA @-@ approved foodservice operation . In the bachelor 's degree management programs , concentrations include Farm @-@ to @-@ Table Cooking ; Advanced Wine , Beverage , and Hospitality ; Latin Cuisines ; Advanced Concepts in Baking and Pastry ; Intrapreneurship ; and Asian Cuisines . Most of these concentrations include a semester away at either the CIA 's California , Texas , or Singapore campuses . The school 's degree programs are accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . The CIA also runs an accelerated culinary program for students who already have at least four years of experience in foodservice . The program includes the same basic classes as the school 's associate degree programs , however the accelerated program does not include the externship requirement , and several classes are run with a faster @-@ paced curriculum or including more in @-@ depth material . = = = Other programs and courses = = = In 2015 , the Culinary Institute of America launched The Food Business School , its center for executive and graduate education . The college 's Hyde Park campus also offers continuing education courses and certificate programs . The California and Texas campuses run several continuing education classes , and the California campus also has programs for wine professionals . A variety of programs for food enthusiasts are run as well at the three U.S. campuses . The college also was partnered with Epicurious in running an online cooking school featuring a variety of culinary classes . The CIA also runs a certification program called ProChef , a program to recognize culinary and academic skills , as well as familiarity with business practices . = = = Teaching faculty = = = The college 's president is L. Timothy Ryan , a graduate of the school and its fifth president . The school 's faculty number approximately 170 , and the college employs a number of American Culinary Federation @-@ certified Certified Master Chefs , as well as Master Bakers certified by the Retail Bakers of America . The faculty also includes authors of textbooks , magazines , and other published media . Many of the instructors are graduates of the school . = = Campus media = = La Papillote , the school 's newspaper , was established in 1979 . The newspaper 's stated purpose is to report the news of the institution to the students and other members of the campus community . The newspaper also examines contemporary issues of the industry to inform and challenge students ' minds . The editor @-@ in @-@ chief position is held by a current student , and the paper uses submissions from students , chefs , and outside professionals . mise en place is the college 's magazine for alumni and the public . The magazine aims to improve the relationship between the school , its alumni , and the public by providing information of interest about the college , its alumni , and students ; covering of major issues and events concerning the college ; and featuring the leadership and contributions of the school 's alumni . = = Campuses = = = = = The CIA at Hyde Park = = = The Hyde Park campus operates four public restaurants for students to gain experience in kitchen and management skills . Food served at the American Bounty Restaurant highlights Hudson Valley produce and is prepared in the style of cuisines of the Americas . The Bocuse Restaurant serves traditional French food using modern techniques . It was the first of the school 's restaurants , and opened as the Epicurean Room and Rabalais Grill in 1973 , before being renamed the Escoffier Restaurant ( after Auguste Escoffier ) in 1974 . In 2012 it was again renamed to honor Paul Bocuse , and given a $ 3 million renovation by Adam Tihany . The Ristorante Caterina de ' Medici is a restaurant with a focus on authentic Italian food . The Apple Pie Bakery Café has a casual atmosphere and serves sandwiches , soups , and baked foods . The campus ' pop @-@ up restaurant , Pangea , focuses on ethical and sustainable food . The campus offers intercollegiate , intramural , and club athletics . Its intercollegiate program began in 2004 , and is affiliated with the Hudson Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . = = = The CIA at Greystone = = = The CIA has a branch campus in St. Helena , California , the Culinary Institute of America at Greystone . The campus runs associate degree programs as well as certificate programs , continuing education courses , custom classes , conferences , and seminars including the Worlds of Flavor International Conference & Festival each year . The Rudd Center for Professional Wine Studies runs wine instruction classes and a certification program for wine professionals . The campus also operates three restaurants , including the Wine Spectator Greystone Restaurant , which utilizes local and seasonal ingredients ; the Bakery Café by illy , which serves sandwiches , soups , salads , breads , desserts , and hot beverages prepared by students in the college 's baking and pastry arts degree program ; and The Conservatory Restaurant , which is run by students of the American Food Studies : Farm @-@ to @-@ Table Cooking concentration of the bachelor 's degree program . = = = The CIA San Antonio = = = The San Antonio campus is located in Downtown San Antonio 's Pearl Brewery , and runs associate degree programs in culinary arts and baking and pastry arts , as well as programs for professionals and food enthusiasts . The campus ' restaurant , Nao Latin Gastro Bar , serves Latin American dishes in a contemporary style . The campus also hosts seminars and conferences for foodservice professionals . = = = The CIA Singapore = = = The Culinary Institute of America , with the Singapore Institute of Technology and Temasek Polytechnic , runs its bachelor 's degree program in Culinary Arts Management in Singapore to graduates of Polytechnic institutions who have earned diplomas in hospitality , tourism , or culinary arts . Temasek Polytechnic and the CIA constructed a 30 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 800 m2 ) educational facility with three teaching kitchens to house the programs . = = Branding = = The CIA has a brand licensing program sells branded products for foodservice operations and households , and it also publishes cookbooks for professional and home use . The school 's general cookbook , The Professional Chef also has an interactive iPad edition that PC Magazine called " a new frontier for books . " During the late 1990s , the CIA produced the PBS television show Cooking Secrets of the CIA . = = Augie Award = = The CIA annually honors people for success and achievements in the foodservice industry . The Augie Award was named for Auguste Escoffier , one of the most renowned and influential chefs . The award is presented at the CIA 's annual Leadership Awards gala ; the first awards were given in April 2007 . In 2015 , the ceremony theme was " Celebrating Women , " and the following were recipients of Augie Awards : = = Notable alumni = = The CIA has approximately 48 @,@ 000 graduates in the culinary industry . Some of the college 's notable alumni include : = = In popular media = = Several books have been written about the school . Journalist Michael Ruhlman , in his first book about the CIA , The Making of a Chef , documents his experiences as an " undercover student " as he passes through the classes at an accelerated rate . In another book , The Soul of a Chef , he documents seven chefs taking the ACF Master Chef test held there semi @-@ annually . Kitchen Confidential by Anthony Bourdain also features an in @-@ depth discussion of the author 's education at the CIA . The book Beaten , Seared , and Sauced : On Becoming a Chef at The Culinary Institute of America by Jonathan Dixon , provides a first @-@ hand experience of a student 's experiences at the CIA . The 1995 film Heavy was partially filmed at the school , using interiors and exteriors of its buildings . = United Armenia = United Armenia ( classical Armenian : Միացեալ Հայաստան , reformed : Միացյալ Հայաստան , translit . Miatsyal Hayastan ) , also known as Greater Armenia or Great Armenia , is an Armenian ethno @-@ nationalist irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland — the Armenian Highland — which are currently or have historically been mostly populated by Armenians . The idea of what Armenians see as unification of their historical lands was prevalent throughout the 20th century and has been advocated by individuals , various organizations and institutions , including the nationalist parties Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF or Dashnaktsutyun ) and Heritage , the ASALA and others . The ARF idea of " United Armenia " incorporates claims to Western Armenia ( eastern Turkey ) , Nagorno @-@ Karabakh ( Artsakh ) , the landlocked exclave Nakhichevan of Azerbaijan and the Javakheti ( Javakhk ) region of Georgia . Nagorno @-@ Karabakh and Javakhk are overwhelmingly inhabited by Armenians . Western Armenia and Nakhichevan had significant Armenian populations in the early 20th century , but no longer do . The Armenian population of eastern Turkey was almost completely exterminated during the genocide of 1915 , when the millennia @-@ long Armenian presence in the area largely ended and Armenian cultural heritage was mainly destroyed by the Turkish government . In 1919 the ARF @-@ dominated government of the First Republic of Armenia declared the formal unification of Armenian lands . The ARF bases its claims to Turkey on the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres , which was effectively negated by subsequent historical events . The territorial claims to Turkey are often seen as the ultimate goal of the recognition of the Armenian Genocide and the hypothetical reparations of the genocide . The most recent Armenian irredentist movement , the Karabakh movement that began in 1988 , sought to unify Nagorno @-@ Karabakh with then @-@ Soviet Armenia . As a result of the subsequent war with Azerbaijan , the Armenian forces have established effective control over most of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh and the surrounding districts , thus succeeding in de facto unification of Armenia and Karabakh . Some Armenian nationalists consider Nagorno @-@ Karabakh " the first stage of a United Armenia . " = = History of the claims = = = = = Origins = = = The term " United Armenia " was created during the Armenian national awakening in the second half of the 19th century . During this period , the Armenian @-@ populated areas were divided between the Russian Empire ( Eastern Armenia ) and the Ottoman Empire ( Western Armenia ) . One of the earliest uses of the phrase " United Armenia " is by the English Society of Friends of Russian Freedom in an 1899 edition of Free Russia monthly . It quotes a confidential report of Grigory Golitsin ( the Russian governor of the Caucasus ) sent to tsar Nicholas II " containing suggestions for a future policy . " Golitsin is convinced that there exists a nationalist movement which " aims at the restoration of the independent Armenia of the past . " Golitsin writes that " their ideal is one great and united Armenia . " The idea of an independent and united Armenia was the main goal of the Armenian national liberation movement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . By the 1890s , a low @-@ intensity armed conflict developed between the three major Armenian parties — the Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( Dashnak ) , Hnchak and Armenakan — and the Ottoman government . Calls from the great powers for reforms in the Armenian provinces and Armenian aspirations of independence resulted in the Hamidian massacres between 1894 and 1896 , during which up to 300 @,@ 000 Armenian civilians were slaughtered by the order of Sultan Abdul Hamid II , after whom the massacres were named . After the 1908 Young Turk Revolution , some Armenians felt that the situation would improve ; however , a year later the Adana massacre took place and Turkish @-@ Armenian relations deteriorated further . After the Balkan Wars of 1912 – 1913 , the Ottoman government was pushed to accept the reforms in the Armenian provinces in early 1914 . = = = World War I and the Armenian Genocide = = = The Armenians of eastern Ottoman Empire were exterminated by the Ottoman government in 1915 and the following years . An estimated 1 @.@ 5 million Armenians were killed , while the survivors found refuge in other countries . These events , which are known as the Armenian Genocide , are officially denied by the Turkish state , which claims the killings were a result of a " civil war . " The Ottoman government successfully ended the over two thousand year Armenian presence in Western Armenia . By 1916 , most of Western Armenia was occupied by the Russian Empire as part of the Caucasian Campaign of World War I. In parts of the occupied areas , especially around Van , an Armenian autonomy was briefly set up . The Russian army left the region due to the Revolution of 1917 . The Ottoman Empire quickly regained the territories from the small number of irregular Armenian units . In the Caucasus , the Special Transcaucasian Committee was set up after the February Revolution . The Bolsheviks took power in Russia through the October Revolution and soon signed the Armistice of Erzincan to stop the combat in Turkish Armenia . Russian forces abandoned their positions and left the area under weak Armenian control . The Bolsheviks set up the Transcaucasian Commissariat in the Caucasus . The Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk was signed on 3 March 1918 and the Ottoman army started to regain the lost territories , taking over Kars by 25 April . Russia signed the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk with the Ottoman Empire and by April 1918 the Transcaucasian Federation proclaimed its independence from Russia . This fragile federation of Armenia , Georgia and Azerbaijan collapsed when the Turks invaded the Caucasus region . The Armenian units defeated the Turks at the Battle of Sardarabad , just 40 kilometers away from Armenia 's future capital Yerevan , preventing the complete destruction of the Armenian nation . A 1918 book by American scholars Lothrop Stoddard and Glenn Frank , titled Stakes of the War listed 8 solutions to the Armenian Question as proposed by different parties . The second proposal , titled " United Armenia " , is described as follows : A union of territories of Turkish , Russian , and Persian Armenia would result in enough area to constitute an independent state , but in no considerable section of this area would the Armenians form a clear majority of the population . To be sure , the Armenians would be the most intelligent and progressive element ; but their numbers and their vitality has been greatly reduced by the long series of persecutions and massacres , and there has been such extensive destruction of property in these territories , that their potential force has been reduced as to form a serious bar to their gaining the ascendancy over the more numerous racial elements in the territory . = = = First Republic of Armenia : 1918 – 20 = = = The Armenian National Council declared the independence of the Armenian provinces on 28 May 1918 . It was recognized by the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Batum on 4 June 1918 . After its defeat in World War I , the Ottoman Empire and the Allies signed the Armistice of Mudros by which the Turkish troops left the Caucasus and by 1919 the Republic of Armenia established control over the former Kars Oblast , the city of Iğdır and its surrounding territory , including Mount Ararat . On 28 May 1919 , on the first anniversary of the Republic of Armenia , the government of the newly founded country symbolically declared the union of Eastern and Western Armenia , the latter of which was still under the full control of the Turks . Alexander Khatisian , the Armenian Prime Minister , read the declaration : = = = = Treaty of Sèvres = = = = Almost two years after the Republic of Armenia was established , on 23 April 1920 , the United States officially recognized it . Its frontiers were to be determined later . On 26 April 1920 , the Supreme Council of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in Paris ( British Prime Minister Lloyd George , French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and Italian Prime Minister Francesco Saverio Nitti ) requested that the United States accept the mandate over Armenia and to make an Arbitral Decision to determine the boundaries of Armenia with Turkey . President Woodrow Wilson agreed to act as arbitrator and draw a mutually acceptable border between the two nations . In July 1920 , the US State Department founded the Committee upon the Arbitration of the Boundary between Turkey and Armenia , headed by William Westermann . The Treaty of Sèvres was signed on 10 August 1920 . On 28 September 1920 , the Committee submitted a report that defined the border between Armenia and Turkey . It guaranteed access to the Mediterranean sea for Armenia via Trebizond and proclaimed Turkey 's border regions demilitarization frontier line . A territory of 40 @,@ 000 square miles or 103 @,@ 599 square kilometers , formerly part of the Ottoman Empire , was given to Armenia . Based on the calculations the committee made , the ethnic structure of the 3 @,@ 570 @,@ 000 population would have been : 49 % Muslims ( Turks , Kurds , Tartar Azerbaijanis , and others ) , 40 % Armenians , 5 % Lazes , 4 % Greeks , and 1 % others . It was expected that in the case Armenian refugees ' return , they would make up to 50 % of the population . Two months after the committee submitted the report to the State Department , President Woodrow Wilson received it on 12 November 1920 . Ten days later , Wilson signed the report entitled " Decision of the President of the United States of America respecting the Frontier between Turkey and Armenia , Access for Armenia to the Sea , and the Demilitarization of Turkish Territory adjacent to the Armenian Frontier . " The report was sent to the US ambassador in Paris Hugh Campbell Wallace on 24 November 1920 . On 6 December 1920 , Wallace delivered the documents to the secretary @-@ general of the peace conference for submission to the Allied Supreme Council . = = = = Fall of the First Republic = = = = In late September 1920 , a war erupted between Armenia and the Mustafa Kemal @-@ led Turkish nationalists ( Government of the Grand National Assembly ) led by Kâzım Karabekir took place . Turks captured Kars on 30 October 1920 . With the Turkish army in Alexandropol , the Bolsheviks invaded the country from the north east , and on 29 November 1920 , they proclaimed Armenia a Soviet state . On 2 December 1920 , Armenia became a Soviet state according to a joint proclamation of Armenia 's Defence Minister Dro and Soviet representative Boris Legran in Yerevan . Armenia was forced to sign the Treaty of Alexandropol with the Government of the Grand National Assembly on the night of 2 – 3 December 1920 . The Treaty of Sèvres and Wilson 's award remained " dead letters . " Just after the Soviet invasion of Armenia in November 1920 , the Soviet Azerbaijani leader Nariman Narimanov declared that " the old borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared null and void . Mountainous Karabagh , Zangezur , and Nakhichevan are recognized as integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia . " Despite these assurances , both Nakhichevan and Karabakh were kept under Azerbaijani control for another eight months . On 16 March 1921 , Soviet Russia and the Government of the Grand National Assembly signed the Treaty of Moscow . By this treaty , Kars and Ardahan were ceded to Turkey , and Nakhichevan was put under " protectorate " of Azerbaijan . The Treaty of Kars was signed between the Grand National Assembly Government on one side and Armenian SSR , Georgian SSR and Azerbaijan SSR on the other , reaffirming the Treaty of Moscow . = = = Post @-@ World War II : 1945 – 53 = = = After the end of World War II in Europe , the Soviet Union made territorial claims to Turkey . Joseph Stalin	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the area during the Ottoman invasion in 1918 . By June 1919 , after the British troops left the area , Armenia succeeded in establishing control over Nakhichevan . Some of the Nakhichevan Armenians returned to their homes in summer 1919 . Again , more violence erupted in 1919 leaving some 10 @,@ 000 Armenians dead and some 45 Armenian villages destroyed . After the Soviet takeover of the Caucasus region in 1920 and 1921 , the Treaty of Moscow , also known as the Treaty of Brotherhood , was signed between the Government of the Grand National Assembly and Soviet Russia on 16 March 1921 . According to this treaty Nakhichevan became " an autonomous territory under the auspices of Azerbaijan , under the condition that Azerbaijan will not relinquish the protectorate to any third party . " The Treaty of Kars was signed between the Grand National Assembly and Armenian SSR , Azerbaijan SSR , Georgian SSR on 13 October 1921 . The treaty reaffirmed that the " Turkish Government and the Soviet Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan are agreed that the region of Nakhichevan ... constitutes an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan . " By the mid @-@ 1920s , the number of Armenians in Nakhichevan dwindled significantly and according to the 1926 Soviet census the 11 @,@ 276 Armenians made up only 10 @.@ 7 % of the autonomous republic . During the Soviet period , the Armenians of Nakhichevan felt " pressured to leave . " According to the Soviet census of 1979 , only 3 @,@ 406 Armenians resided in Nakhichevan or 1 @.@ 4 % of the total population . The last few thousand Armenians left Nakhichevan in 1988 amid the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh conflict . In August 1987 , the Armenian National Academy of Sciences started a petition to transfer Nakhichevan and Nagorno @-@ Karabakh under jurisdiction of Armenia . In the nationalist movement to unite Nagorno @-@ Karabakh with Armenia , Armenians " used the example of the slow " de @-@ Armenianization " of Nakhichevan in the course of the twentieth century as an example of what they feared would happen to them . " During the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War , clashes occurred between Armenian and Azeri forces in the Nakhichevan @-@ Armenia border , however , the war did not spill over into Nakhichevan . Turkey , Azerbaijan 's close ally , threatened to intervene if Armenia invaded Nakhichevan . Nakhichevan was in center of attention during the destruction of the Armenian cemetery in Julfa in the 2000s . According to the Research on Armenian Architecture , most of the Armenian churches , monasteries and cemeteries were destroyed by Azerbaijan in the 1990s . The Armenian government has never made any claims to Nakhichevan , although there have been calls by nationalist circles ( including Hayazn , Heritage youth wing and prominent Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War veteran Jirair Sefilian ) to forcibly annex Nakhichevan in case Azerbaijan attacks Nagorno @-@ Karabakh . Rəfael Hüseynov , the Director of the Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature , in his written question to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 2007 claimed that the " seizure Nakhichevan is one of the main military goals of Armenia . " Writing in the Harvard International Review in 2011 US @-@ based Azerbaijani historian Alec Rasizade suggested that " Armenian ideologues have lately started to talk about the return of Nakhichevan . " = = Public opinion = = There are no public opinion data concerning the United Armenia concept , however , it is popular among Armenians according to Hürriyet Daily News . Moshe Gammer of the Tel Aviv University and Emil Souleimanov of the Charles University in Prague both suggest that the concept is popular in the Armenian diaspora . One researcher wrote in the Jacobin magazine in 2016 that " [ f ] ew in Armenia support [ the ] pleas to use Karabakh as a springboard to recreate ' Greater Armenia . ' But the idea that Karabakh must be held no matter the cost is widespread . " Armenian historian Gerard Libaridian wrote in 2007 : While it is true that not all Armenians in the Diaspora share the vision of a united Armenia as a political program , territorial aspirations were sustained , nonetheless , by the deep sense of injustice that Armenians generally felt [ Turkish denial of the genocide and lack of any kind of compensation for the genocide losses ] A 2014 survey in Armenia asked what kind of demands should Armenia make to Turkey . Some 80 % agreed that Armenia should make territorial claims ( 30 % said only territorial claims , while another 50 % said territorial , moral , financial , and proprietary ) . Only 5 @.@ 5 % said no demands should be made . According to a 2012 survey , 36 % of Armenians asked agree or somewhat agree that Turkish recognition of the Armenian Genocide will result in territorial compensation , while 45 % believe it will not . The online publication Barometer.am wrote : " It appears that our pragmatic population believes that all possible demands should be forwarded to Turkey [ ... ] but a relative majority consider the practival realization of territorial claims to Turkey is unrealistic . " According to a 2013 Caucasus Barometer survey , when asked about having Nagorno @-@ Karabakh as a formal part of Armenia , 77 % of respondents " definitely favor " such a status , 13 % would be " accepting under certain circumstances " , and 7 % oppose it . When asked about Nagorno @-@ Karabakh becoming an independent country , 56 % would " definitely favor " such a status , 18 % would be " accepting under certain circumstances " , and 24 % said they would " never accept " it . = = In culture = = The concept of creating a united state that would include all Armenian @-@ populated areas has been the main theme of the Armenian revolutionary songs . Nersik Ispiryan and Harout Pamboukjian are among the most famous performers of such songs . One of the most widely known examples of these songs is " We must go " ( Պիտի գնանք , Piti gnank ) by gusan Haykazun written in 1989 : From 2005 to 2008 , four short animated cartoons were released by the National Cinema Center of Armenia called Road home ( Ճանապարհ դեպի տուն ) produced by Armenian animator Robert Sahakyants . It tells a story of a group of school children from Karin ( Erzurum ) in 2050 taking a trip throughout the " liberated from enemy " territories : Tigranakert , Baghesh ( Bitlis ) , Mush and Akdamar Island . The country they live in is called Hayk ' ( Հայք ) after the historical name of Armenia . The series was aired by the Public Television of Armenia . In one of his last interviews , Sahakyants stated : " If today I 'm shooting a film about how we are going to return Western Armenia , then I 'm convinced that it will definitely take place . " = = Reaction = = = = = In Turkey = = = In December 1991 , Turkey became one of the first countries to recognize the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union . The Armenia – Turkey relations deteriorated during the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh war , during which Turkey aligned itself with Azerbaijan . Turkey shares the Turkic heritage with Azerbaijan and the two countries are generally seen as allies in the region . The expression " one nation , two states " has been often used to describe the relations of these countries . In Turkey , " many believe that Armenia 's territorial claims are the main reason why the Armenian administration and lobbyists are pushing for global recognition " of the Armenian Genocide . The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism credits the idea of " Great Armenia " to Armenian President Levon Ter @-@ Petrosyan . According to Prof. İdris Bal " Turkey considers Armenian policy ( and the activities of its powerful diaspora groups ) since 1989 to be against its national security interests and territorial integrity . Armenia 's failure to recognize the Kars Agreement , along with the frequent public references to eastern Turkey as ' Western Armenia , ' provides a serious irritant to Turkey . The Turkish Mt . Ararat is pictured in the official Armenian state emblem , which Turkey interprets as a sign that the ' greater Armenia ' vision is still very much alive . " According to Hürriyet Daily News some " foreign policy experts draw attention to the fact that Armenia has territorial claims over Turkey , citing certain phrases in the Armenian Constitution and Declaration of Independence . " The Armenia Declaration of Independence was passed on 23 August 1990 officially declaring " the beginning of the process of establishing of independent statehood positioning the question of the creation of a democratic society . " It was signed by Levon Ter @-@ Petrosyan , the President of the Supreme Council , who became the first President of Armenia in 1991 . Article 11 of the declaration read : " The Republic of Armenia stands in support of the task of achieving international recognition of the 1915 Genocide in Ottoman Turkey and Western Armenia . " Turkish historian and political scientist Umut Uzer characterized Armenian territorials claims to eastern Turkey as " a racist and irredentist demand with regard to a territory which has never in history had an Armenian majority population . And these demands are buttressed with genocide claims which in fact deny the very existence of Turkey in its current borders . " = = = In Azerbaijan = = = Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev in 1998 stated in his " Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people " that the " artificial territorial division in essence created the preconditions for implementing the policy of expelling Azerbaijanis from their lands and annihilating them . The concept of ' greater Armenia ' began to be propagated . " In 2012 , President of Azerbaijan and son of Heydar Aliyev , Ilham Aliyev , who has made several statements toward Armenia and Armenians in past such as " our main enemies are Armenians of the world " , stated that " Over the past two centuries , Armenian bigots , in an effort to materialize their ' Great Armenia ' obsession at the expense of historically Azerbaijani lands , have repeatedly committed crimes against humanity such as terrorism , mass extermination , deportation and ethnic cleansing of our people . " = Heavy Competition = " Heavy Competition " is the 24th episode of the fifth season of the television series The Office , and the 96th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 16 , 2009 . In the episode , Michael enlists the help of Dwight in getting Michael 's new paper company off the ground , but the two eventually end up engaging in a war for each other 's clients . Meanwhile , Jim pretends to be afraid of his future with Pam to play a prank on Andy , who is still reeling over his recent break up with Angela . The episode was written by Ryan Koh and directed by Ken Whittingham . It included a guest appearance by Idris Elba , who played new Dunder Mifflin vice president Charles Miner . The episode received generally positive reviews , and was voted the fourth best episode of the season in a poll at the fan site OfficeTally . According to Nielsen ratings , it was watched by 8 @.@ 24 million viewers , and was the most watched program among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . = = Plot = = Michael ( Steve Carell ) and Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) have been having secret meetings in the parking lot , where Dwight provides information about Dunder Mifflin so Michael can undercut the company . However , Dwight 's loyalty is put to the test as Charles Miner ( Idris Elba ) seems to show more respect for Dwight than Michael ever did . Dwight brings Charles to the parking lot during one of the secret meetings , where Charles orders Michael to stop pestering Dwight . This begins a rivalry between Michael and Dwight , and Michael begins to steal Dwight 's clients . Dwight asks for a truce and offers to take Michael and his employees out to lunch ; Dwight does not go to the restaurant and instead sneaks into the empty Michael Scott Paper Company office and steals everything on Michael 's desk , including his Rolodex contact list , and places a dead fish in the air conditioning vent . Meanwhile , Jim ( John Krasinski ) and Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) are attempting to get bargain deals on wedding plans from Andy ( Ed Helms ) . When Pam turns down his ideas , Andy suspects that Pam might be acting controlling and cruelly to Jim , in the same way Angela ( Angela Kinsey ) treated Andy . Andy warns Jim , who tries to convince Andy that he and Pam are really happy . Andy remains convinced that Pam will betray him , so Jim asks Andy to provide for his emotional needs ( as a prank ) . After Jim feigns crying on Andy 's shoulder , Andy blames the office for Jim 's emotional troubles and asks them to apologize . Phyllis ( Phyllis Smith ) tells Andy that Jim is just messing with him . Andy does not believe her until he sees Jim grinning through the kitchen window . When Andy confronts Jim , Jim assures him that he and Pam are really happy and that Andy will find someone else one day . Michael , Pam , and Ryan ( B.J. Novak ) return to their office and believe they have been robbed . Dwight calls and reveals his treachery . Michael calls Dwight on the phone and tells Dwight he is going to steal his biggest client while he listens . Dwight races to the HarperCollins office , where Michael and Dwight start fighting over the client , Daniel Scofield ( Bob Gebert ) . Mr. Scofield asks for both of their offers via email , and they agree to do so . Before leaving , Dwight then looks at Daniel 's personal information from Michael 's Rolodex card and asks him about his " gay son " , which seemingly perturbs Daniel . Michael reveals his unusual system where he color codes personal information about his contacts so he knows what not to talk about . Michael is seen laughing with Daniel in the parking lot as Dwight returns to his car alone . = = Production = = " Heavy Competition " was written by Ryan Koh and directed by Ken Whittingham . It was the fifth of six episodes guest starring Idris Elba , best known as Stringer Bell from The Wire . Elba said he did not watch the episode after it aired because " I 'm hypercritical about my work , so I try not to torture myself . " Rainn Wilson said he liked the episode because it demonstrated growth for his character and the relationship between Michael and Dwight ; he said " I like the way they let characters grow and change on the show , " and said of his character , " It 's not the same acolyte ass kissing as season 2 " . Wilson said the moment Dwight spun around the HarperCollins secretary saying " Spin move " , which was included in the script , was one of the most popular moments of the episode among the writers . Wilson said of filming the move , " We did like five spin moves and once I did a somersault . I thought I was being all nimble and quick , but no . I watch it and it looks like a manatee doing ballet at SeaWorld . " Immediately after " Heavy Competition " first aired , NBC created a sub @-@ page on their official " Angela and Andy " wedding site with the full version of Andy 's " You Can Call Me Al " a cappella song , as well as an advertisement for their $ 9 @,@ 000 wedding performances , both of which were featured in the episode itself . The official website for The Office included two cut scenes from " Heavy Competition " . In the first 45 @-@ second clip , Michael tries to justify his use of Dwight for leads and Ryan expresses anger when Dwight steals his uncle 's dry cleaning company as a client , leading Pam to mock the idea that Ryan cares about anyone but himself and Michael to intercede when Ryan in turn calls Pam a " hag " . In the second 50 @-@ second clip , Andy tries to sell Jim and Pam a Christian cross @-@ shaped cake from his failed wedding with Angela , and Jim tells Andy he believes the whole office is against him . = = Cultural references = = Michael , Pam and Ryan have lunch at Alfredo 's Pizza Café , a reference to the restaurant first referenced in the fourth season episode " Launch Party " . Andy presents a recording of his a cappella group singing Pachelbel 's Canon segueing into the Paul Simon song " You Can Call Me Al " . Dwight said under Michael 's leadership , the office was like the Roman Empire , the Wild West , war @-@ torn Poland , and Poland all at once . Andy vows to be Jim 's " traveling pants " , a reference to the young adult novel series The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants . Dwight describes Charles as " Will Smith @-@ esque " , a reference to the American film actor . Michael and Dwight both court HarperCollins , an American publishing company , as a prospective paper client . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on April 16 , 2009 , " Heavy Competition " was watched by 8 @.@ 24 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings . It captured a 5 @.@ 5 rating / 11 share among viewers aged between 18 and 49 , making it the most watched episode of the night among that age group . Additionally , the episode captured a 4 @.@ 5 rating / 14 share among viewers aged between 18 and 34 . The episode received generally positive reviews . Margaret Lyons of Entertainment Weekly said she loved the chemistry between Michael and Dwight , and enjoyed the direction the Michael Scott Paper Company plot was going . She also liked the bond that was forming between Jim and Andy , and said Ed Helms was particularly good in " Heavy Competition " . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger called the episode " just an awful lot of fun " , and wrote having Michael and Dwight at odds with each other " forced both characters to be just human enough for the story and the jokes to breathe " . Sepinwall did not enjoy the Jim and Andy subplot , except for the final moment when Jim comforted Andy . Will Leitch of New York magazine said , " This might have been the funniest Rainn Wilson has been in an episode all season , and that 's saying something . " Leitch also said B.J. Novak was particularly funny , and said he enjoyed being reminded that Michael is an excellent salesman . Travis Fickett of IGN said the new paper company continued to serve as a good change for the series , and the Michael and Dwight rivalry was a " fun development , and it feels as though the writers are taking great advantage of the ( storyline ) " . Steve Mullen praised the episode not only for the Michael / Dwight war , but also for smaller moments like the cheese puff tosses and the messages Pam and Ryan wrote on a clipboard for Michael during his phone call ; Mullen said , " I 'm not sure any other 30 minute comedy currently on TV can even touch The Office . " Amy Stetts of The Express @-@ Times said the Michael Scott Paper Company plot " peaked " with this episode , and she genuinely could not predict how the storyline would end . Not all reviews were positive . Although Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club said the cheese puffs scene was " one of the most awesome cold opens in recent memory " , he also said " Heavy Competition " was " one of the weakest episodes of the Idris Elba cycle " . Rabin also said Jim 's treatment of Andy was mean @-@ spirited and unfunny : " Jim tried to spin it into a character @-@ building lesson for Andy but it left a bad taste all the same . " In her list of the top ten moments from the fifth season of The Office , phillyBurbs.com writer Jen Wielgus ranked Michael 's formation of the Michael Scott Paper Company in the downstairs storage closet as number one , citing the " Dream Team " , " Michael Scott Paper Company " and " Heavy Competition " episodes in particular . She also said she specifically enjoyed the cheese puff tossing scene , and the moment when Dwight dropped his clothes to show he was not wearing a wire , both scenes from " Heavy Competition " . " Heavy Competition " was voted the fourth highest @-@ rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season , according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally ; the episode was rated 8 @.@ 66 out of 10 . = John Braham ( RAF officer ) = John Randall Daniel " Bob " Braham , DSO * * , DFC * * , AFC , CD ( 6 April 1920 – 7 February 1974 ) was a Royal Air Force ( RAF ) night fighter pilot and fighter ace during the Second World War . Braham was born in April 1920 . Upon leaving school as a teenager he worked for his local constabulary as a clerk . Bored with civil life , Braham joined the RAF on a five @-@ year short service commission in December 1937 . He began basic training in March 1938 and then advanced training from August to December . Upon the completion of flight training he was posted to No. 29 Squadron RAF based at RAF Debden where he learned to fly the Hawker Hurricane and Bristol Blenheim . In 1939 the squadron began to organise itself as a specialised night fighter unit . By August 1940 , the Battle of Britain was under @-@ way . He gained his first victory on 24 August which remained his only success in the battle . In September 1940 No. 29 Squadron was re @-@ equipped with the Bristol Beaufighter . Braham continued operations during " The Blitz " claiming the destruction of two more enemy aircraft . By the end of 1940 he had been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) . Braham continued to operate as an anti @-@ intruder pilot after the Blitz ended in May 1941 . He became an ace in September 1941 having achieved five victories and was awarded a bar to his DFC in November 1941 . In June 1942 he was promoted to squadron leader . By October 1942 Braham had claimed 12 enemy aircraft destroyed and he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) . Braham also flew missions with RAF Coastal Command during this time and claimed a U @-@ Boat damaged and an E @-@ boat destroyed . He was then promoted to wing commander and given command of No. 141 Squadron RAF . Braham undertook more intruder sorties into German @-@ occupied Europe at this point and received a second bar to his DFC in June 1943 and by September 1943 had gained seven more victories , including three , possibly four , German night fighter aces . Consequently , he was awarded a bar to his DSO . The squadron soon converted to the De Havilland Mosquito and in February 1944 Braham was transferred to the operations staff at No. 2 Group RAF but was permitted to fly one operation per week . He achieved nine victories in the Mosquito and in June 1944 was awarded a second bar to his DSO . Braham 's war came to an end on the 24 June 1944 when he was shot down by a pair of single @-@ engine German Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190 fighters . Braham was captured and spent the rest of the war as a prisoner . He was liberated in May 1945 . Braham was the most highly decorated airman in RAF Fighter Command . He claimed the destruction of 29 enemy aircraft . In addition , he claimed a further six damaged and four probable victories . One of these probable victories can be confirmed through German records , making an unofficial total of 30 enemy aircraft destroyed — 19 were achieved at night . He was the most successful British pilot on twin @-@ engine aircraft . The 19 victories claimed at night rivalled John " Cats Eyes " Cunningham 's tally and was bettered only by night fighter pilot Branse Burbridge . After the war he was offered a permanent commission , which he initially accepted . Having resigned his commission in March 1946 he re @-@ enlisted briefly . After struggling to find a career that would support his family , Braham emigrated to Canada with his family and enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) in 1952 . Having held office at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Braham retired from military life and began working as a civilian for the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . He continued to work there until his death from an undiagnosed brain tumor in 1974 , aged 53 . = = Early life = = John Braham was born on 6 April 1920 in Holcombe , Somerset . His father , Ernest Goodall Braham , was a Methodist Minister who earned his qualifications at Bristol and Liverpool University . Reverend Braham then became a Doctor of Theology after studying at King 's College London in 1935 . Ernest had served as a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) in First World War . Braham was educated at preparatory school at Belmont from 1930 , and then moved to the public school in Taunton in Somerset . He attended schools in southern England as the Brahams moved across the country to London . Braham was powerfully built . By the age of 15 he was 6 feet 1 inch ( 1 @.@ 85 metres ) and weighed around 12 to 13 stone ( 76 to 83 kilograms ) and used his natural gifts to become a successful boxer . At 15 years and eight months he passed his School Certificate . His further education at Queen Elizabeth 's Grammar School , Blackburn , Lancashire did not go well . He was frequently absent owing to his father 's ministerial appointments which forced the family to continually relocate and consequently his concentration and grades declined . He left grammar school at the age of 16 after only a few months and did not return . Braham struggled to find work in the era of the Great Depression . He considered moving abroad to join the Colonial Police in the British Overseas Territories and briefly entertained training as a sailor in the Merchant Navy . To gain experience he worked as a clerk in Wigan for the Greater Manchester Police . By 1937 , tiring of life as an administrative clerk , Braham turned to the British armed forces for a more fulfilling career . = = = RAF training = = = Aged 17 , Braham applied for a short service commission in the RAF , a course that lasted for five years . The commission was designed to find young aviation enthusiasts with the right physical and academic qualities to become flying officers . To Braham 's surprise , his application was accepted . His commission was dated 7 March 1937 . His service number was 40667 . The commission enabled Braham to enter at the rank of pilot officer . His training mainly consisted of an introduction to flying by civilian organisations contracted to do so by the RAF . Successful candidates advanced to military training . In December 1937 he began flight training at the No. 7 Elementary Flying School ( EFS ) at Desford . It was normal for pilots to undertake solo flights after eight to eleven hours dual instruction with their flight instructor . For Braham , progress was slow and he made his first solo flight after 14 hours of dual instruction . On 9 March 1938 Braham flew solo for the first time in a Tiger Moth . In May 1938 Braham began officer instruction at RAF Uxbridge . After the completion of this course he was moved to RAF Shawbury to begin training on military aircraft . Now assigned to the No. 11 EFS he elected to become a fighter pilot and began training on the Hawker Hart . He completed his advanced flight training on 20 August 1938 and began the final phase of training in the Hawker Fury . He completed his training in formation flying , aerobatics and gunnery practice over the next four months , graduating in December 1938 . His first squadron was No. 29 Squadron RAF , based at RAF West Malling , flying the two @-@ seater Hawker Demon . In February 1939 No 29 Squadron re @-@ equipped with the Bristol Blenheim . Braham was disappointed at not being trained on the Hawker Hurricane and his reaction to this news was request a transfer which was refused . The squadron spent three months converting onto the Blenheim . In August 1939 No. 29 did convert to the Hurricane but upon the outbreak of war the squadron was reverted to the Blenheim as part of its reorientation to night fighter rather than daylight fighter operations . Braham soon earned the nickname ' Bob ' , which stayed with him throughout his service career . He had chosen this Christian name as his radio call sign to distinguish himself from the multitude of other Johns in the unit . = = Second World War = = Some RAF squadrons were beginning to equip with airborne radar devices . This was a pioneering technology known as aircraft interception ( or " AI " ) . It is unknown when , if , or how many of No 29 Squadron 's Blenheim aircraft were fitted with them in 1940 as the squadron continued to practice , and struggle with , adapting to night @-@ fighter tactics . A great many pilots relied on basic non @-@ AI tactics which usually meant cooperating with search lights and using the aircrew 's eyesight to seek out intruders . By the time Braham and his squadron were called upon to defend Britain from air attacks in August 1940 , after the collapse of the Netherlands , Belgium and France in May – June 1940 , British night fighter defences were very weak . The difficulties of night fighting was evident in the performance of the night @-@ fighter squadrons . One Fairey Battle was shot down in error by a Blenheim which could not correctly identify the aircraft ; some other Blenheims crashed after being caught in the glare of search lights at low @-@ level and return @-@ fire from German bombers had inflicted at least one loss whilst 29 Squadron succeeded on bring down only one German aircraft . While identification friend or foe ( IFF ) devices had been fitted to some British aircraft they were not always switched on . Braham also experienced technical malfunctions in the Blenheims which prompted him to call into question their reliability . On one occasion the hydraulic pipe fractured in the Blenheim he was flying which caused the landing gear to fail and prompted Braham to force @-@ land . At this time he was joined by his gunner / observer Bill Gregory with whom he was to fly frequently . = = = Home defence = = = By August 1940 the Battle of Britain was intensifying . Most of the battles thus far were in daylight , leaving night @-@ fighter crews frustrated . Now based at RAF Digby in Lincolnshire and operating from the satellite airfield at Wellingore the unit formed part of No. 12 Group RAF defending British air space north of London . On the night of the 24 August 1940 Braham took off and patrolled the Humberside area . The Blenheim was piloted by Braham , and contained air gunner Sergeant Wilsdon and aircraftman and trained radar operator N. Jacobson . Braham was directed to an aircraft held in searchlights but he closed too fast and overshot . His gunner succeeded in damaging the aircraft sufficiently and a searchlight crew saw it crash into the sea . It was identified as a Heinkel He 111 . Braham 's only other interaction with the enemy occurred at Ternhill , when a Junkers Ju 88 dropped bombs on the airfield destroying 13 Avro Ansons and damaged 20 more . Braham survived the attack uninjured . In September 1940 29 Squadron began to convert to the Bristol Beaufighter , a rugged and heavily armed twin @-@ engine aircraft equipped with airborne interception radar in the shape of AI Mk . IV radar sets , just as the Luftwaffe began its campaign against British industrial cities — known as " The Blitz " . By November 29 Squadron had become an all @-@ Beaufighter unit . Braham was among the first to fly the Beaufighter and did so in September . He would , however , spend nearly the entire month hospitalised after a serious car accident . He flew his first wartime operation in a Beaufighter on 17 November 1940 . Squadron Leader Guy Gibson led the mission . Braham flew nine operations in this month and enhanced his skills by completing a blind @-@ flying course which taught pilots to fly in low @-@ visibility conditions . For his service he was awarded the DFC on the 17 January 1941 . The combination of these developments eventually culminated in success . On 13 March 1941 Braham achieved a surprise attack on a Dornier Do 17 , knocking out one of its engines before the cannons jammed . His radar operator , Sergeant Ross , eventually unjammed three of the guns . Braham 's second burst blew the bomber up at a range of 60 yards and the Beaufighter narrowly avoided colliding with the debris . The engagement lasted 13 minutes . The two aircrew achieved another success on the 9 May . Approaching from slightly below their target , Braham followed his radar operator 's instructions until a visual sighting had been made . Identifying an aircraft through a patch of eclipsed stars he could then position himself to attack . Attacking two He 111s he downed one with two close @-@ range and short bursts of cannon fire . The victory was confirmed . The He 111 had crashed in neighbouring Richmond , London . The dead pilot 's Iron Cross was sent to Braham and a souvenir along with two Luftwaffe lifejackets which he preferred to the bulkier British design . He wore the lifejacket until he was shot down . The Blitz ended as the Luftwaffe moved its forces to support Operation Barbarossa and the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and air raids slackened . During the second half of 1941 , small numbers of German aircraft made pinpoint attacks across Britain and German night fighters attempted intercept operations over England to disrupt RAF Bomber Commands bombing of Germany . On 23 June Braham claimed a probable against a He 111 which Royal Observer Corps personnel saw crash . But since he had lost contact with ground control ( having wandered out of No. 29s area of operations ) and fearing being lost or pursuing the He 111 too low into Barrage balloons , Braham ended the chase and claimed a probable . Records show only one claim was made that night by an RAF fighter other than Braham , and German records list two bombers failing to return . Bill Gregory became Braham 's regular radar operator on 6 July 1941 . He gained another victory the next day on 7 July 1941 with the destruction of a Ju 88 and became an ace on 12 September shooting down a He 111 for his fifth victory . A Do 17 was claimed on the 19 October followed by another He 111 on 24 October . By 25 November 1941 he had claimed 7 enemy aircraft and was awarded a bar to his DFC . He was then promoted to flight lieutenant . After having little leave in 1941 , Braham was rested to prevent exhaustion . He was posted to No 51 OTU ( Operational Training Unit ) at RAF Cranfield on 28 January 1942 . Before he left for Cranfield Braham was involved in another car accident which removed him from duty . He was injured when the Austin 7 in which he was travelling left the road at speed . He had been on a night out celebrating his success . The five passengers ( three officers and two girls ) were all wounded , but one of the women later died in hospital . Once recovered Bob survived two scares on duty at Cranfield . On 13 March a Beaufighter 's engines cut out forcing him to make an emergency landing , and on the same day , his second flight ended with the aircraft 's engines catching fire . Braham managed to conduct a safe landing . During this time Braham and Gregory frequently visited 29 Squadron at West Malling . By now the Germans were sending small @-@ scale formations to bomb selected targets in Britain in what became known as the Baedeker Blitz . Operating on the night of 6 / 7 June 1942 in a borrowed Beaufighter , they destroyed a Dornier 217 raiding Canterbury and soon after Braham was posted back to No 29 Squadron from 51 OTU on 24 July 1942 as acting squadron leader and flight commander of the unit . After damaging a Ju 88 on the 24 August he destroyed another on the 28th using Mark VII AI . The victory was witnessed by United States Army Air Force personnel on a visit to a radar station near the coast . On the 29 August he attacked and destroyed a Ju 88 flying at 150 ft above the English Channel . Skilfully " hugging the waves " the Ju 88 pilot succeeded in making violent evasive manoeuvres . Although the German aircraft was damaged , momentarily the Beaufighter passed over the Ju 88 and was hit by a volley of defensive fire that caused the port engine to catch fire , forcing a crash landing near Beachy Head . Neither he nor his operator on that flight , Harry Jacobs , were injured though a bullet was found to have passed through Braham 's seat , missing him by inches . He was awarded his DSO on 9 October 1942 with his tally standing at 10 enemy aircraft destroyed . After receiving the award Braham was out celebrating at a pub . He attempted to drive home whilst intoxicated and crashed into a traffic island . Although drinking and driving was not a criminal offence , the police charged him with damaging public property and fined him £ 5 , the equivalent of a weeks wages . It was his third car crash . His success did not abate . A Ju 88 and Do 217 were claimed off the English coast on the nights of the 26 and 31 October 1942 . = = = Night intruder = = = Braham had destroyed 12 enemy aircraft with one probable and four damaged and was one of the most successful RAF night fighter pilots . In recognition of his experience he was then given command of No. 141 Squadron RAF at RAF Ford on 23 December 1942 as a 22 @-@ year @-@ old wing commander . With him went his AI operator Gregory , now a flying officer with the DFC and Distinguished Flying Medal . Three weeks later , on 20 January 1943 , Braham claimed a Do 217 . No 141 Squadron 's Beaufighter Mk.IF 's moved to Cornwall in February 1943 to carry out night patrols over Brittany and France and daylight patrols over the Bay of Biscay and Atlantic Approaches to protect RAF Coastal Command aircraft . On 20 March 1943 he claimed a locomotive destroyed and soon afterwards was promoted to acting wing commander . In April Braham attacked a German E @-@ Boat , firing 500 rounds of 20mm cannon at the target causing a large fire . On other operations Braham damaged three E @-@ Boats while also strafing and damaging a U @-@ Boat . In May 1943 No 141 Squadron moved to RAF Wittering . It had been chosen to be the first purpose @-@ built night fighter squadron to operate over Germany and occupied Europe in the bomber support role . The Beaufighters were equipped with the new Serrate radar detector , which picked up the radar impulses given out by the German night fighter 's ' Lichtenstein radar . A number of Beaufighters were also equipped with Mk IV radar , but not the more effective and recently introduced Mark VII . Serrate operations started in June 1943 and were given greater impetus as the Battle of the Ruhr was intensifying and Bomber Command 's losses to German night fighters increased . Braham had immediate success , destroying a Messerschmitt Bf 110 over the Netherlands on 14 June and another nine days later . A claim was also made for a damaged Ju 88 after Braham 's guns had jammed . In between these two successes , Braham was awarded a second bar to his DFC on 15 June 1943 . Throughout June , 141 Squadron claimed five enemy fighters destroyed and two damaged for the loss of one Beaufighter . Braham noted the continuous operations were tiring Gregory and he arranged for him to be rested as squadron operational planning officer . His replacement was Flight Lieutenant Harry " Jacko " Jacobs . His most successful intruder operation took place on the night of the 17 / 18 August 1943 , when he participated in 100 Group 's support of RAF Bomber Command 's Operation Hydra . Braham had decided that it was best to employ the British night fighters in a freelance role . Instead of operating over known German airfields , he elected to interpose the Beaufighters between the outward bomber stream and German airfields in the Netherlands , Germany and Belgium . He hoped that the echoes made by the Beaufighters on the German Lichtenstein radar would attract enemy aircraft and divert them from the bombers . Braham flew in the first wave . As Braham 's wave reached Leeuwarden in the Netherlands and while four of the five RAF fighters made no contact , Braham attracted two enemy night fighters . The Messerschmitt Bf 110s were from IV . / Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 ( Night Fighter Wing 1 ) . Five had taken off under the command of Heinz @-@ Wolfgang Schnaufer — who finished the war as the most successful night fighter of all time with 121 air victories . Schnaufer led his flight out toward the echo but turned back himself after engine trouble . Using his Serrate radar detector , Braham and his radar operator picked up the emissions made by the German fighters ' Lichtenstein radar . He gained on and shot down Feldwebel Georg Kraft , an Experten with 15 air victories from 4 . / NJG 1 . Kraft was killed . Another Bf 110 had witnessed the action and attempted to engage Braham but was outmanoeuvred and dispatched also . Its pilot , Feldwebel Heinz Vinke was the only member of his crew to survive . Braham considered shooting at one crew member , likely Vinke , who he had seen parachute out of the aircraft , but Bill Gregory persuaded him not to . Braham 's Beaufighter was nearly struck by debris from the last victim . Braham had a habit of opening fire at very close range and the resulting disintegration of the Messerschmitt hurled debris at the closely following Beaufighter . One reason for firing at close @-@ range was Braham 's high state of fatigue . In such a state Braham could barely keep his eyes open . Whenever he peered ahead they smarted and misted . Braham was not satisfied with his current score @-@ rate and lack of action in September 1943 . Consequently , he flew a number of missions against ground targets . Successful night fighter pilots were ordered not to engage in such activities that exposed them to excessive risk . On one particular mission he decided to hunt enemy rail transport after failing to find enemy aircraft . On the Dieppe to Paris line he intercepted a locomotive which exploded after being hit . He attacked another but struck some trees which damaged the underside of the fuselage . Braham maintained control and flew home . It was not unusual for him to return with strange defections caused by collisions with objects . After one sortie against shipping the armourers were drenched in salt water and seaweed when they opened the panel housing the cannons with the intention of replacing spent ammunition . Braham was awarded the first bar to his DSO on 24 September 1943 . Four nights later , on the 28 / 29 September whilst carrying out an intruder operation between Celle and Hanover Braham encountered what he identified to be a Do 217 which engaged him in a dogfight . He downed the enemy aircraft which hit the ground and exploded . He then gained another contact on an enemy aircraft but could not quite catch it then witnessed a crash or explosion nearby . One source suggests the victim of the crash was German ace Hans @-@ Dieter Frank ( 55 victories ) , flying a Heinkel He 219 , who collided with another German fighter while trying to evade Braham . The very next night he claimed a Bf 110 . His victim was identified as German ace August Geiger of IV / NJG 1 ( 53 victories ) . Geiger parachuted out of his fighter but drowned . Within minutes Braham fired on a Ju 88 which he claimed as damaged . Frank , Vinke and Geiger were the 17th , 18th and 19th most successful night fighter aces of the Second World War ( and aerial warfare ) . Against his wishes Braham was rested from operations and posted from No 141 Squadron on 1 October 1943 to attend a staff officer course at Camberley . Braham resisted the move as much as he could . He complained directly to Air Marshal Roderick Hill , commanding Fighter Command at that time . Hill refused to countenance Braham 's request and denied his plea for one last operation . Within days Braham was posted to No. 9 Group RAF . = = = Daylight intruder = = = For three months Braham remained inactive . In February 1944 he was posted to No. 2 Group RAF as ' wing commander night operations ' attached to the 2nd Light Bomber Group , RAF Second Tactical Air Force . Although a staff officer at HQ , Braham was able , with persistence , to persuade his commanding officer , Air Vice Marshal Basil Embry to allow him to ' free @-@ lance ' intruder operations using a De Havilland Mosquito loaned from one of the various squadrons in the group on the proviso he asked his permission beforehand . Braham also had his former radar operators transferred to the group 's headquarters so he could fly with them . He frequently borrowed aircraft from No. 613 Squadron RAF . On 28 February 1944 he took off and claimed a German lorry destroyed south of Paris in a daylight sortie . The Mosquitoes did not carry radar but were fitted with Gee navigational aids . It allowed for accurate navigation but night sorties would not be fruitful since the location of enemy aircraft would be exceptionally difficult . For Braham , hunting in daylight was a strange experience . On 5 March 1944 he flew with Bill Gregory on a 900 @-@ mile trip around northern France . The weather impeded his attempts to shoot up airfields at Orleans and Bourges , so he proceeded to the aerodrome at Châteaudun . He spotted a Heinkel He 177 flying in the landing circuit at 800 feet . He closed rapidly and dispatched it for his 20th air victory . Braham was denied the chance to operate as a night fighter pilot at this time when there was intense activity . In January 1944 the Luftwaffe initiated Operation Steinbock , a series of strikes against British cities in response to the British offensive over Germany . The German air arm met with severe losses during the operation . On 12 March Braham and Gregory were returning from a 1000 @-@ mile trip and were hit by ground fire over Bayeux . They nursed the Mosquito back to England on one engine — the other having burned out . Just two days later he attended Buckingham Palace where he was awarded a second bar to his DFC from George VI . Both Braham 's wife Joan and his father attended . Ten days later he received permission for another daylight sortie . Squadron Leader Robertson joined him on this occasion as his flight engineer . He flew to Lasham to pick up a Mosquito . His target on this occasion would be Denmark . The Luftwaffe kept a number of operational units in the region so he flew to Coltishall in Norfolk to be nearer his destination and conserve fuel during the sortie . Near Aalborg he sighted two aircraft . So far away from the battle zones , the Germans did not expect to be attacked by the enemy . Neither made much attempt to defend themselves . The first , a Junkers W 34 transport , was shot down and the second , a Junkers Ju 52 , tried a crash @-@ landing only to nose @-@ over and crumple the wings . Braham strafed it to ensure destruction . His gun cameras filmed the action during which he fired 320 rounds . On 4 April he returned to France . Lacking radar , Braham sought out large airfields to be sure of intercepting an enemy aircraft . He flew to Bordeaux looking for He 177s that intelligence suggested were operating against Atlantic convoys from Bordeaux – Mérignac . Braham only encountered a Bücker Bü 131 which fell victim after a brief burst of fire . Nine days later Braham returned to Denmark . On this occasion a No. 305 Squadron RAF Mosquito was borrowed from the Polish . On the mission he encountered a He 111 near Esjberg . It was circling a lighthouse at 300 feet . Braham fired a three @-@ second fusillade of fire . The He 111 caught fire and nose @-@ dived into the sea , exploding on impact . A Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 58 trainer followed as his second victory on this mission . Meanwhile , the Germans had tracked the Mosquito by radar . Two Messerschmitt Bf 109s appeared on the scene soon afterwards . The cloud base was only at 1 @,@ 000 feet and he effected his escape by hiding in its folds . One of the Bf 109s fired some ineffectual bursts of fire at Braham and he also encountered some light ground fire . He few directly to Group HQ at Benson . He returned the Mosquito the following day . Some days later , Braham returned to 305 to pick up a Mosquito and joined No. 107 Squadron RAF in a raid against Paris even though he had no formal bomber pilot training . Nine days later near Poitiers , Braham was engaged in a ground attack mission . He spotted a Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190 carrying a drop tank and under @-@ wing rockets at low @-@ level . He fired at 600 yards as the enemy accelerated to escape . His fire slowed the Fw 190 ; catching up with it , the Fw 190 was hit again and crashed : its wreckage strewn over three fields . The Focke @-@ Wulf was his 27th victory . There was evidence that Braham 's judgement was becoming impaired . He had not taken much leave since the war began in 1939 and he admitted to becoming short @-@ tempered with his family and those around him . He had spent much of the previous two years leading from the front and flying long and hazardous operations over enemy territory . On 7 May 1944 he collected navigator Flight Lieutenant Donald Walsh from Group headquarters . He borrowed a Mosquito from 21 Squadron at Gravesend . He flew to Norfolk to refuel and spent time with his old unit , 141 Squadron , and spent the night at West Raynham . Over Roskilde , Denmark , he caught a Ju 88 after a 10 @-@ minute chase and shot it down — his 28th victory . On 12 May Braham repeated the operation . This time he took Bill Gregory with him . Operating over the Aalborg – Copenhagen line he spotted a Fw 190 near Hurning . Giving chase Braham found himself under attack by a Bf 109 — his presence clearly detected by German radar . His Mosquito was hit in the port wing and the fuel line were ruptured . The Bf 109 then disappeared . Ignoring the damage he closed on the Fw 190 . At zero feet his Mosquito bounced off a mound but he managed to hit the enemy aircraft which burst into flames , stalled and crashed near Aalborg . The range was so close — around 100 yards — the Focke @-@ Wulf nearly collided with Braham . The loss of fuel from the chase and damage coupled with his damaged propellers upon his collision with the ground , meant that the chances of reaching England were slim . He climbed to high altitude 70 miles from the coast and broadcast an emergency message which was received . He ditched the Mosquito which broke in half . They took the dingy and watched the tail and wings remain afloat . He was retrieved with Gregory by air @-@ sea rescue . Royal Navy trawlers sank the sections of aircraft remaining afloat . Regardless of the venture , on 13 June 1944 he received his final award — a second bar to his DSO . Braham was summoned to see Basil Embry . The commanding officer made Braham wait until he had cleaned himself up and was properly dressed . Embry gave Braham a stern rebuke for risking himself in such a fashion . He had not given his agreement to the operation and Braham had taken off before he could give a definitive answer . Nevertheless , his 29th victory eased the tension and Embry invited him to the bar for a conciliatory beer . Bill Gregory did not fly with Bob Braham again . His DFC and bar with DFM reflected his contribution to Braham 's success . He may also have taken the events of 12 May 1944 as a warning . For Braham , the thrill of ranger operations was addictive . On 25 May 1944 he attempted another but turned back because of poor weather . His last operations were flown with both Embry and Walsh on 6 June 1944 during the Normandy landings . The Western Front , dormant since 1940 , was now re @-@ activated . Braham flew over Normandy several times with Mosquito bomber groups in June 1944 . These counted as his last successful operations . = = = Prisoner of war = = = Unlike Gregory , Braham was unperturbed by the events of 12 May 1944 . Braham believed that while the war continued a trained combat pilot must engage the enemy at all costs . His experience allowed him a greater chance to survive the odds than a new pilot but he acknowledged his fortune could not last forever . Braham continued to fly operations deep into enemy airspace over Denmark , alone , and in daylight . On 25 June 1944 he collected a Mosquito from 21 Squadron and the Australian navigator Don Walsh and then flew to Norfolk to refuel at West Raynham . They took off and headed to the Danish coast . Out @-@ to @-@ sea he spotted , and was likely seen , by German coastal ships . As they neared land Braham and Walsh noticed a slight whine in the aircraft 's radio speakers meaning the Mosquito was being tracked by radar . To make it difficult for the enemy to track him he changed course frequently . Ranger operations depended on surprise , but it had clearly been lost . The clouds were thinning out and visibility was improving . Braham decided it was now a folly to continue and decided to head for home . While flying over Funen island he spotted a building with a big Swastika flag draped from a pole . A car was parked outside the entrance . Believing it might contain someone of importance , he dived to attack , strafing the building and destroyed the car . After departing the area he reached the west coast , but Braham had loitered for too long . He spotted two Fw 190s approaching fast from the east . Braham had shot down two of these machines in a Mosquito but he was uncertain of how experienced these pilots had been . There was no cloud cover and the Mosquito could not outrun the faster and more agile single @-@ engine fighters for long . He decided to turn and fight while he still could . In a head @-@ on attack the first Fw 190 pilot missed but the second struck the port wing and engine with cannon fire causing a large fire . The instrument panel and cockpit window was shot through missing both Walsh and Braham by inches . Braham dived to the sea levelling out below 100 feet . He tried to use the fire extinguisher to stop the fire . The German pilot shared Braham 's philosophy of ensuring a kill by shooting at an enemy aircraft until it came down . The Mosquito was hit again and Braham crash @-@ landed his aircraft onto a beach at 150 miles per hour . Braham and Walsh scrambled free of the Mosquito and hid behind a sand dune . As they did so the aircraft 's fuel tanks exploded . The Fw 190 pilot flew over at 20 feet and for a moment they believed he was going to fire upon them . To their relief he waved and flew by . They contemplated escape but instantly German soldiers were running towards them . They had crash @-@ landed near to a radar station and the enemy soldiers were at the crash site very quickly . The Germans fired a few shots in their direction but none hit them . They were captured and searched . The Germans found a Mauser pistol which Braham had taken from a crashed German bomber . It was not well received by his captors . Braham believed they might attack him and he had thought about grabbing the gun , fighting it out with the German guards , finding a friendly Dane and making it to Sweden somehow . The tension eased when he was taken to a barracks and offered some synthetic German coffee . Soon a pair of Luftwaffe officers arrived and escorted him to a cell on an airfield near Esjberg . Braham and Walsh were taken across the border by train to Germany and sent to the Luftwaffe interrogation centre at Oberursel , near Frankfurt . Along the journey the train stopped because of air raids throughout the day and night . The German guards made it clear they had disdain for the British airmen . When civilians saw them in the carriages and the stations insults and death threats were shouted at them . Joseph Goebbels , the Reich Propaganda Minister , had painted all British and Allied airmen as " terror flyers " and his message resonated with civilians . At one point , a group of drunk German soldiers threatened them with bayonets and tried forcing their way into the carriage of the over @-@ crowded train . Braham feared for his life but the situation was restored when a young SS officer shouted an order and put a stop to it . At the interrogation centre he was poorly fed and physically weakened . It was part of the German technique for weakening resistance to interrogation . The Germans had prepared a file on all famous RAF personnel based on information from British newspapers . They knew most of what had happened in his career and private life . While there , he was interrogated by the aide of Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring . The German questioned him about British defences and Supermarine Spitfires , as he was about to resume operations on Ju 88s . Jokingly , Braham advised him to steer clear of Spitfires . While at Oberursel the pilot who had shot him down — Leutnant Robert Spreckels of Jagdgeschwader 1 ( JG 1 Fighter Wing 1 ) — arrived to meet him . Braham was one of his 12 air victories ; a figure of 45 is often misquoted . An interpreter was provided . Braham promised to buy him a whisky when the Allies won the war . The statement came as a shock to Spreckels who believed firmly in a German victory . Braham came to respect Spreckels , their differences aside . He learned that Spreckels had lost his parents in a British air attack and was surprised when the German dismissed the fact with the words " it is the war . " Both fighter pilots dissociated themselves with the bomber war . They shook hands and parted . The airmen were sent to Stalag Luft III , a Luftwaffe prisoner of war camp near Sagan in Germany near the Polish border . They remained there until 27 January 1945 when the advance of the Red Army forced them to march across Germany . They were fed by the Red Cross parcels and the civilian population who were also fleeing the Soviets . Near the village of Jamlitz , a Panzer Division , recently out of action , shared their rations with them . They reached Spremberg on 2 February 1945 where they received food and hot water from the depot of the 8th Panzer Division . They reached Bremen on 5 February 1945 . The success of the British Army in north @-@ western Europe necessitated their evacuation to Lübeck on 10 April . They were liberated by elements of the British Army on 2 May 1945 . = = Postwar career = = Braham 's return to Britain was not a welcome one . His family found him exceptionally difficult to live with . His short temper and aggressiveness manifested themselves when journalists came to the family 's home in Leicestershire searching for a war @-@ story to print . Braham , who despised publicity , physically ejected them from his property . His decision to shut the media out of his life likely explains why , even as one of the most successful aces , he was virtually unknown in Britain outside the RAF . Braham had also become despondent about the political climate in a country that reduced Winston Churchill to Leader of the Opposition , where the black market was rife and rationing was set to become an indefinite feature of post @-@ war Britain into the 1950s . Braham stayed in the RAF and joined the Night Fighter Development Wing of the Central Fighter Establishment where he tested and developed existing and new night fighting equipment . However , the massive disarmament and reduction of the RAF — mimicking that of the early 1920s — disillusioned Braham even more . Flying was reduced to save costs and removed the one activity that had drawn him into the RAF in 1937 . Initially he still managed regular flights to Belgium , where the RAF retained large bases . While there he was awarded the Order of the Crown and Croix de guerre with Palm for his wartime work . The arrangement was short @-@ lived . The Central Fighter Establishment was cut by half . Coupled with rationing and a declining standard of living and low @-@ wages , Braham resigned from the RAF in March 1946 and applied to join the Rhodesian Colonial Police . Bill Gregory heard of Braham 's decision and contacted Basil Embry , Braham 's former commanding officer . Embry soon persuaded him to return to the RAF at the rank of flight lieutenant with the pay of an acting wing commander . There followed a period of two years of non @-@ flying appointments in the Air Ministry in London . In May 1952 he resigned from the RAF for the second time . Braham decided he could not afford to pay for his three sons ' private education on a wing commander 's salary in Britain . He joined the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RFC ) with the rank of wing commander and on much better pay . On 6 June 1952 the Brahams sailed to Canada . Braham was immediately appointed staff officer for operations and training at Air Defence near Montreal . He taught aircrew how to fly , carry out interceptions and fight in all types of weather . He flew the fast Avro Canada CF @-@ 100 Canuck on 39 occasions and North American F @-@ 86 Sabre as well as the Lockheed T @-@ 33 . Altogether he flew 193 times with the RCAF . His next appointment was 200 miles north of Toronto at the All @-@ Weather Fighter Operational Training Unit . Between October 1957 and July 1960 Braham commanded No. 432 Squadron flying the Avro Canada CF @-@ 100 . While there he was involved in a mid @-@ air collision , losing a wing and unable to jettison the canopy . He ejected through the canopy , parachuting to safety but sustaining back and head injuries . In the summer 1960 , the family moved to Paris when he was appointed senior officer at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe ( SHAPE ) . Braham flew when he could . He would patrol the skies over Belgium , West Germany and Luxembourg in variants of the Lockheed F @-@ 104 Starfighter and English Electric Lightning . His tenure at SHAPE ended in 1964 . In 1961 he accepted an invitation from Robert Spreckels , his victor in the 25 June 1944 air battle , to Germany . Spreckels had attempted to locate Braham for some years . While in England on business for a Hamburg shipping firm , he learned Braham had survived the war and was still alive . He persuaded the German consul in Bath to forward a letter to him . Correspondence followed from 1956 but it was only in 1961 that the circumstances permitted a meeting . Spreckels had learned English sufficiently to allow for two to communicate . Braham wrote in Scramble , " Robert Spreckels became , in spite of world tension and hatreds , one who is counted among my company of friends . " For the remainder of his career Braham flew around the World . But , in 1968 , Canadian policy pointed to the amalgamation of all the Canadian armed forces into one unified service . Worse still , the cancellation of the Avro Canada CF @-@ 105 Arrow put an end to Canada 's plan to build their own fighters which curbed Braham 's ambitions as a test pilot . He resigned from the RCAF in January 1968 and settled in Nova Scotia with his wife and three sons . He had flown 5 @,@ 370 hours in 66 types of aircraft with the RCAF . Only 48 , he was not willing to retire . He had always been interested in history and so he joined the Historic Sites Department of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . He became an area superintendent and served for five years . In December 1973 he experienced a sudden onset of headaches and complained of nausea . He was submitted to hospital but his health declined rapidly . Bob Braham died from a brain tumour on 7 February 1974 at the age of 53 . = = Personal life = = Braham 's father , Reverend Dr E.P Braham , was an RAF chaplain . His mother was a housewife but she suddenly contracted pneumonia and died on 13 December 1941 . By coincidence it was the same night that Braham was involved in a car accident in which a young woman died . In 1941 Braham met Joan Hyde on a night out . Within a few months they were married by Braham 's father in Duxford on 15 April 1941 just nine days after his 21st birthday . Beaufighters from 29 Squadron were granted permission for a low @-@ fly past to celebrate . They planned a honeymoon in Somerset but the war interrupted it and Braham was returned to his unit . Reverend Braham died at roughly 60 years old in 1951 . The marriage to Joan produced three sons . The eldest , Michael , entered the Royal Military College of Canada and became a captain in the Royal Canadian Navy , retiring in 1987 and starting a twenty @-@ year career as a civilian in the Department of National Defence . Robert became a colonial police officer in Southern Rhodesia and subsequently a police officer in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , as did his youngest son , David . Joan Braham died in January 2012 . = = List of victories = = Can be identified with certainty = Today Was a Fairytale = " Today Was a Fairytale " is a song written and recorded by American singer @-@ songwriter Taylor Swift . Produced by Swift and Nathan Chapman , it was released on January 22 , 2010 by Big Machine Records as a single from the corresponding soundtrack for the 2010 film Valentine 's Day , which she acted in . Swift had previously written the song and offered it to producers for the film 's soundtrack . Musically , " Today Was a Fairytale " is pop @-@ influenced and , lyrically , speaks of a magical date . It received generally positive reception from contemporary critics , some who deemed it the best song on the soundtrack , and enjoyed commercial success by reaching the top ten in three countries . In Canada , " Today Was a Fairytale " became Swift 's first number @-@ one song . The song debuted and peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 . Swift promoted " Today Was a Fairytale " at several venues and included it on a revised set list for the continuation of her Fearless Tour in 2010 . = = Background = = Swift solely penned " Today Was a Fairytale " in the summer of 2008 and stored it away for a while . After being cast as Felicia Miller on Valentine 's Day , Swift offered the song to the film producers for the soundtrack as she did not believe it fit on her upcoming album . " When this movie opportunity came about , I reached back into my pocket and thought , ' I think this is perfect for the soundtrack . I hope it 's perfect for the soundtrack ' " , Swift told The Tennessean . " Today Was a Fairytale " was released as a single from the Valentine 's Day soundtrack on January 22 , 2010 , exclusively through the iTunes Store . The single was re @-@ released on February 15 , 2011 . = = Composition = = " Today Was a Fairytale " has a length of four minutes and two seconds . It is set in common time and has a ballad tempo of 80 beats per minute . It is written in the key of G major and Swift 's vocals span a little more than one octave , from G3 to C5 . It follows the chord progression G – C – Em – D. Jody Rosen and Jonas Weiner of Slate magazine noted that although Swift typically sings country pop , " with the possible exception of that woodsy acoustic guitar " in the song 's introduction " Today Was a Fairytale " displays no aspects of country music in either its instrumentation or vocals . " Taylor 's vowels have gotten flattened and Yankee @-@ ified , " commented Rosen , though Weiner pointed out that Swift 's pop @-@ heavy music was the primary reason for her success . Melanie Bertoldi of Billboard believed Swift 's vocals displayed a newfound maturity . There are two different versions of the song 's intro : the first one having much more electronic production while the second one is only accompanied by an acoustic guitar . The song 's lyrics describe a magical date . Like many of Swift 's songs , the lyrics invoke princess imagery with lines such as " Today was a fairytale / You were the prince / I used to be a damsel in distress . " Bertoldi said the lyrics were " driven more by sweeping emotion than [ ... ] specific , youth @-@ focused imagery " . Occasionally , Swift does interrupt the fairytale construct with modern day , real world details like the time her date arrives or the color of his shirt . = = Critical reception = = The song received generally positive reviews from contemporary critics . Melanie Bertoldi of Billboard compared the song 's lyrics to those of Swift 's previous singles " You Belong with Me " and " Fifteen " ; she was convinced that " Today Was a Fairytale " would " help [ Swift ] reach an even broader audience . " Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly did not see a departure from Swift , recalling lyrics to be familiar of those of " Love Story " and " You Belong with Me " . However , she ended with " What do we know ? The song sounds Taylor @-@ made ( oh , the wit ! ) for her fans , and we ’ re just happy she ’ s still sweet , neat , and [ ... ] age @-@ appropriate . " An uncredited review from People magazine said the track led the Valentine 's Day soundtrack . Brittany Talarico of British magazine OK ! called the song 's refrains " catchy " and described the overall feel as " sweet . " Andrew Leahey of Allmusic said that there was special attention placed on Swift 's tracks on the soundtrack , particularly on the song . Jody Rosen of Slate magazine declared " Today Was a Fairytale " " track of the week " , highlighting its imagery that , according to her , " sharpen the focus instead of softening it . " Jonah Weiner , also of Slate , wrote , " This song is a funny mix : some of her tightest songwriting to date , but some of her laziest lyrics . " He mentioned that in the lyrics , Swift mainly " invoke [ d ] the cliché and hope [ d ] it [ did ] her heavy lifting for her . " = = Chart performance = = On the week ending February 6 , 2010 , " Today Was a Fairytale " debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 ( blocked from number one by Kesha 's " TiK ToK ) " . This was due to the sales of 325 @,@ 000 digital downloads , which broke the record for largest first @-@ week download sales by a female artist previously set by Britney Spears ' " Womanizer " ( the current record is held by Adele , with her 2015 single " Hello " selling 1 @.@ 11 million downloads in its first week ) . In the succeeding week , the song descended to number twenty @-@ two on the Billboard Hot 100 . It spent a total of fifteen weeks upon the chart . In the United States , " Today Was a Fairytale " also peaked at number twenty @-@ one on the Adult Contemporary Chart , number forty @-@ one on the Hot Country Songs Chart , and number twenty on the Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) Chart . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for the sales of over one million downloads . As of November 2014 , " Today Was a Fairytale " has sold 1 @.@ 6 million digital downloads in the United States . On the week ending February 20 , 2010 , " Today Was a Fairytale " debuted and peaked at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , becoming Swift 's first number @-@ one single in Canada . The song debuted at number six on the Australian Singles Chart on the week ending February 21 , 2010 . It ascended to its peak position at number three in the following week . The song spent twelve weeks upon the chart before completely falling off on the week ending May 9 , 2010 . " Today Was a Fairytale " was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for the sales of 70 @,@ 000 downloads . In New Zealand , " Today Was a Fairytale " debuted at number thirty @-@ seven , and peaked at number twenty @-@ nine . The song peaked at number sixty @-@ three on the Japan Hot 100 . In Europe , " Today Was a Fairytale " charted at number forty @-@ one in Ireland , and number fifty @-@ seven in the United Kingdom . = = Live performances = = Swift performed a medley , which included the song , at the 52nd Grammy Awards . Wearing casual white blouse and black skinny jeans , Swift performed " Today Was a Fairytale " , where she took center stage with a wooden acoustic guitar strapped to her shoulder . After performing the track , she announced . " It 's a fairy tale and an honor to share the stage with Stevie Nicks " . Following , the two performed a cover of Fleetwood Mac 's " Rhiannon " ( 1976 ) . Swift and Nicks then jumped into the third and final part in her medley , a twangy version of " You Belong with Me " . Eric Ditzian of MTV News was disappointed at Swift 's and Nicks ' harmonies , but said the two " made for a compelling twosome " . The performance followed much backlash in regards to Swift 's off key singing , which caused Scott Borchetta , CEO of Big Machine Records , to issue a statement defending the performance . Swift annexed " Today Was a Fairytale " to a revised set list for the continuation of her Fearless Tour in 2010 . During the performances , which was the penultimate of each concert , Swift was usually costumed in a black cocktail dress with a v @-@ neck cut and black , leather boots . She performed with a rhinestoned acoustic guitar center @-@ stage as a forest was projected on the stage ; concluding the performance , clips from Valentine 's Day were depicted and , following its completion , confetti dropped from the ceiling . At the May 22 , 2010 concert at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto , Canada , Jane Stevenson of The Toronto Sun said that Swift wearing a Toronto Maple Leafs jersey " didn 't hurt [ her ] popularity either in this hockey @-@ mad town . " Molly Trust of Billboard noted the performance at the tour 's final concert on June 5 , 2010 at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts " sported a touch of a hometown feel , as Swift literally and figuratively played to the crowd in a Patriots shirt . " = = Track listing = = Digital download . " Today Was a Fairytale " – 4 : 02 = = Charts and sales = = = Work ( Iggy Azalea song ) = " Work " is a song recorded by Australian rapper Iggy Azalea for her debut studio album , The New Classic ( 2014 ) . It was released as Azalea 's debut single as a lead artist , and the album 's lead single on 17 March 2013 . The track was written by Azalea , Trocon Markous Roberts , Natalie Sims , and The Invisible Men who produced it with 1st Down of FKi . Hailed by Azalea as her most personal song , " Work " was developed with motivational and inspirational intentions to portray her life story ; specifically dealing with her struggle as an up @-@ and @-@ coming rapper , and her relocation from Mullumbimby , New South Wales to Miami at age 16 . In sequence with its lyrical story , the snap and trap track begins with a sad @-@ stringed verse segment before significantly increasing in tempo at its drum and synth @-@ heavy refrain . A number of music critics consider the song to be among Azalea 's best output , namely praising her flow and the depth of the lyrical content . Commercially , " Work " became a sleeper hit ; it peaked at number 17 on the UK Singles Chart and number 54 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , but was certified silver and platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) and Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , respectively . " Work " became one of the lowest peaking songs to receive a sales certification in Australia where it reached number 79 and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . An accompanying music video was directed by Jonas & François and released on 13 March 2013 . Inspired by several films , it features Azalea performing twerking sequences and a recreation of Vanessa Ferlito 's lap dancing in the 2007 film , Death Proof . The video earned Azalea a nomination for Artist to Watch at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , and was praised by critics for its fashion , and portrayal of the song 's lyrics . Among her live performance staples , Azalea promoted the single with live renditions on Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model and Nikki & Sara Live . It was also included in the setlist for her The New Classic Tour ( 2014 ) . A number of remixes were commissioned for the single 's release , including an official remix featuring American rapper Wale . = = Background = = During December 2012 and January 2013 , " Work " was developed by Iggy Azalea as one of the first three songs for her debut studio album , The New Classic . The song was written in Wales during a period of heavy rain which inspired her to create a track that was " sad , but in a weird way , like happy or calming or sort of peaceful " . With the track , she wanted to give as much information as she could about herself to detract her listeners from being influenced by criticism and tabloid journalism about her ; she disliked the idea of revisiting her past , but felt that it was necessary for her listeners to relate with . Being her first autobiographical song , Azalea encountered difficulty during its writing because of the personal subject matter which she felt she could not fit into a song on its own . Azalea wrote the song with The Invisible Men , Trocon Markous Roberts and Natalie Sims . Sims stated that she , FKi , and Azalea had initially met back in 2008 , but lost touch when Azalea moved to Los Angeles . The track specifically drew inspiration from a period when Azalea suffered from depression , and dropped out of high school to become a domestic worker with her mother . Azalea saved money for a flight ticket to Miami and left Mullumbimby , New South Wales before she turned 16 — an event referenced in the song 's lyric " No money / No family / 16 in the middle of Miami " which Azalea felt " said it all " . For this reason , she chose to write and record " Work " in isolation in Rockfield , Monmouthshire , with no phone reception , visitors or interruptions . She felt as a location it would help her recall the personal struggles she wanted to write about on the song . Azalea also believed that her best output was produced when in an environment outside her comfort zone . Her vocals were recorded at Rockfield Studios and Monnow Valley Studios . Sims , who abandoned four tour dates in order to fly over to Britain to join Azalea , commented on her own involvement in the song that " Fresh out of a breakup and depressed I spent a month in London in a small 10 × 10 studio somedays writing and writing and writing … Regardless of whether or not u like the content the song told Iggy ’ s true story of struggle sacrifice and hard work as an artist . " Musically , Azalea found inspiration for the composition in the chord progression featured in Outkast 's " B.O.B " ( 2000 ) . " Work " was produced by The Invisible Men and 1st Down of FKi . Azalea stated that the producers " found a middle ground " on the song , with 1st Down being responsible for its " cool alternative sound " , and The Invisible Men creating its " more commercialised , cleaner [ and ] sleeker sound " . Anthony Kilhoffer completed the mixing process , with the assistance of Kyle Ross , at The Mix Spot in Los Angeles . Following the song 's completion , Azalea felt that it achieved the goal she set for its parent album , and denoted it as the record 's most important and vulnerable moment . She has also cited it as her most personal song and the song she is most proud of . = = Composition = = " Work " is a snap and trap song which incorporates elements of EDM . Nina Long of Respect. describes it as the " polar opposite " of Azalea 's previous material . The track opens with Azalea challenging " Walk a mile in these Louboutins " , upon a sweeping keyboard introduction and balladic beat . It then leads into a similarly sad , string @-@ laden first verse segment containing plaintive melodies . According to Gregory Adams of Exclaim ! , the song " starts off smooth and ballady , with Azalea running through lines about her background , but soon drops into club @-@ minded claps and screeching synths " . A prominent synth , bass and drum @-@ heavy production drop formula then occurs at the song 's refrain , in which Azalea repeats the hook , " I been work work work work , workin ' on my shit " . The production drop casts Azalea 's rapping against a combination of a Roland TR @-@ 808 @-@ heavy , minimal trap beat and EDM clapping effects . Using divisive Southern American English pronunciation , Azalea employs a defiant and rattling , staccato delivery in double @-@ time . Her rapping pace varies from fast , intricate rhymes to slow , stretched @-@ out singular words . While in the verses , her delivery is expletively riddled . The lyrics are autobiographical and portray Azalea 's fame @-@ seeking relocation from Mullumbimby to Miami at the age of 16 , and deal with subjects of work ethic and dedication to craft . It specifically accounts for the events of Azalea growing up in Mullumbimby , juggling multiple occupations to save an income to independently start anew in Miami . The lyrics also serve as a celebration of Azalea 's progression from being a struggling rapper as a rags to riches story and an underdog anthem . The line " Who don 't know shit ' bout where I was made / Or how many floors that I had to scrub , " was suggested to be directed at her " haters " . While the couplet , " Two feet in the red dirt , school skirt , sugar cane , back lanes " is eloquent for Azalea 's origin . According to Jessie Schiewe of Respect . , the lyrics also imply that Azalea " was swindled and take advantage of in her first record deal " , and that it provides insight into events that have toughened Azalea up . While Cristina Jaleru of The Associated Press deduced that the lyrics " First deal changed me , robbed blind , basically raped me / Studied the Carters till a deal was offered , slept cold on the floor recording , " are rapped " not as a complaint but as a badge of honor " . Nick Aveling of Time Out writes that Azalea is depicted as a " hustler " and a " woman with immense ambition " in the song . In a NPR publication , Ann Powers viewed the lyrics to be of " unremitting toil " , as well as detailing a story of Azalea " staying up night after night to master her flow " . John Lucas of The Georgia Straight compared the lyrical content to that of Drake 's " Started from the Bottom " ( 2013 ) . According to Matt Jost of RapReviews.com , " Work " is similar to the works of 2 Live Crew and is a " nod to Miami 's music history " . = = Release = = " Work " served as Azalea 's debut single as a lead artist , and the lead single from The New Classic . Following its premiere on BBC Radio 1Xtra on 11 February 2013 , Azalea tweeted , " Thanks for supporting me and I 'm happy to have a first single about my story and not something meaningless i hope it inspires and motivates " . Her label later announced that an extended play ( EP ) for the single would be released on 8 April 2013 . Azalea posted a timed preview of " Work " on SoundCloud on 24 February 2013 . The following day , Azalea announced on Twitter that the song would be digitally released within the first week of March 2013 . " Work " was released as a digital download on 17 March 2013 in the United Kingdom . A digital EP — which included remixes by Jacob Plant and Burns — was then made available on 7 April 2013 . In the United States , the song impacted rhythmic contemporary radio on 25 June 2013 . An official remix featuring American rapper Wale was premiered by Samsung on 28 June 2013 . In the remix , Wale performs a 16 @-@ bar rap in place of Azalea 's second verse in the song . The remix was well received by reviewers from Idolator , Rap @-@ Up , The Line of Best Fit , and XXL . A 13 @-@ track remix bundle and the Wale remix was then released in the United States on 16 and 23 July 2013 respectively . = = Critical reception = = " Work " received universal acclaim from music critics . In a Billboard publication , Robert Christgau called the song " excellent " and " something [ Azalea ] wants us to remember " , and commented : " You want authentic ? Iggy Azalea has all the lineaments of a risk @-@ taking young rebel without a well @-@ off family to back her up . " Christgau went on to praise the track 's hooks , and explained : " The hooks , of course , are one reason hard die @-@ hards put her down — in the truimpant Dirty South manner , her hip @-@ hop is radio @-@ friendly as a matter of principle . The cumulative weight of the long @-@ player they never think about . " Monica Herrera of Rolling Stone called the song " a bombshell @-@ next @-@ door move that demands attention " . Matt Orkine of Triple J listed it as the year 's ninth best single , and viewed it as a " straight @-@ up banger " and his " guiltiest music pleasure of 2013 " . Kellan Miller of XXL deemed it " the song that made the world fall in love with Iggy all over again " . Justin Monroe of Complex called it the album 's " infectious and decidedly less weird first single " , and complimented its ability to provide listeners with a sense of Azalea 's background . While Sam Weiss of the same publication described the song " as wild and eccentric as anything she 's done so far " . Slant Magazine 's Joe Sweeney felt that " Work " was the album 's standout track and believed that it portrayed a real sense of Azalea 's potential as a storyteller , and commended her delivery , " You can hear every inch of how far she 's come " . Sweeney 's view was shared by Andy Gill from The Independent who also named " Work " the highlight on The New Classic , and said Azalea 's double @-@ time delivery was best @-@ employed on the song . HipHopDX 's Marcus Dowling wrote that " Work " was " an extraordinarily well @-@ rounded listen " and the " honest and intriguing greatness " of The New Classic . Dowling commented that the line , " No money , no family , 16 in the middle of Miami " , provided an " ocean of depth [ ... ] that makes the rest of the album feel like swimming in a kiddie pool " . Matt Jost of RapReviews.com concurred , and called the song " the sure winner " and " lyrically most ambitious offering " of the album . Jost opined that the track was " memorable " and its production " cleverly subverts expectations " , and explained , " It 's when she keeps it simple and relies on her indeed present swagger that the Iggy Azalea character works best " . Similarly , Alex Scordelis of Paper described the track as " the cornerstone " of the album and complimented its " insanely catchy chorus " . Scordelis believed it marked a heightened evolution in Azalea 's growth as a rapper , and stated , " [ ' Work ' is ] a song you can easily imagine Azalea performing for years to come " . " Work " was positively reviewed by writers of Entertainment Weekly ; Kyle Anderson opined that the track was " a thoroughbred entry in the song of summer race " , while Ray Rahman called it a " bulletproof party banger " . Devone Jones of PopMatters viewed Azalea 's " sombre thought @-@ processing " as " well @-@ executed " , and appreciated her for " picking gritty gangsta @-@ pop [ sic ] beats over EDM and dance music as well as deciding to rap about her life before her new @-@ found fame as opposed to her fame " . Likewise , Craig Mathieson of The Sydney Morning Herald explained that the song highlighted Azalea 's " ability to meld the club music sounds that are permeating American hip @-@ hop and pop into something unexpected and affecting " . In an October 2013 publication , Kitty Empire of The Observer wrote that " Work " was " ear @-@ catching " , and contained Azalea 's " best @-@ known zing " ; " Valley girls giving blowjobs for Louboutins / What do you call that ? / Head over heels ? " . In 2014 , Nolan Feeney of Time said " Work " was " by far the best thing she 's done " , and highlighted Azalea 's conviction and " rapid @-@ fire " delivery , while Digital Spy 's Lewis Corner felt the song " remains one of [ Azalea 's ] finest moments " . In 2015 , NME ranked " Work " third in their list of Azalea 's best songs , behind " Fancy " and " 1 800 Bone " . = = Commercial performance = = Commercially , " Work " was a sleeper hit and Azalea 's breakthrough into mainstream success . In Australia , the song bowed at number 88 on the ARIA Singles Chart issued for 23 April 2013 , but re @-@ entered more than a year later to peak at number 79 for the chart dated 9 June 2014 . The track was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for selling 35 @,@ 000 copies ; it became one of the lowest peaking songs to receive a sales certification in the country . The track debuted at number 98 on the Irish Singles Chart dated 4 April 2013 , and reached a peak of number 42 . On the UK Singles Chart , the song entered at number 55 and peaked at number 17 in its sixth week . The song spent a total of 13 weeks on the chart . It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for selling over 200 @,@ 000 units . In the United States , " Work " first charted at number seven on the Bubbling Under R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles chart issued for 20 July 2013 . Following a 156 % sales resurgence spurred by Azalea 's appearance and nomination at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , the song debuted at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . On 13 August 2013 , Billboard reported that the track percolated below the Rhythmic chart . It was more successful on the Dance Club Songs chart where it peaked at number five for the week @-@ ending 5 October 2013 . In May 2014 , the song received a second sales resurgence following the release of The New Classic and the success of Azalea 's 2014 singles " Fancy " and " Problem " . It went on to peak at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 where it accumulated a total of 20 weeks on the chart . The sales resurgence also saw the single attain a new peak of number 14 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , where it initially bowed at number 35 in September 2013 . In September 2014 , the track was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of over 1 million units . In January 2015 , Billboard named it one of the biggest hits to have peaked at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In Canada , " Work " debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 98 for the week @-@ ending 27 September 2014 , and reached a peak of number 87 . It was certified gold by Music Canada ( MC ) for selling more than 40 @,@ 000 copies . = = Music video = = = = = Background and development = = = The accompanying music video for " Work " was directed by Jonas & François and filmed in Hollywood and Lancaster , California in February 2013 . A budget of about $ 100 @,@ 000 was used for the production . Initially , Azalea wanted to provide a literal representation of the song , and planned to shoot the clip in Australia , but time constraints prevented her from travelling to the country . Accordingly , a desert location was chosen to emulate Azalea 's hometown , Mullumbimby . Prior to the video 's filming , Azalea felt she grasped the concept of what made a good music video and what viewers wanted to see in the clip for " Work " . In turn , she combined several different ideas into the visual because she feared that a music video budget of the same calibre would not arise in future . One of Azalea 's ideas was to pay homage to the Australian film The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1994 ) , as its theme of discrimination was one she identified with as a rejected and struggling rapper . Two scenes in the music video drew reference from the film : the fire swing segment emulated the film 's bonfire scene , and the convertible segment represented the film 's bus . Washed colour elements were also implemented into the convertible scene which was inspired by the 1998 film Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . Another idea Azalea incorporated into the clip was the large @-@ scale neon qualities featured in Outkast 's music video for " B.O.B " . Azalea stated that the featured lap dancing originated from Vanessa Ferlito 's " infamous " scene of the same action in the 2007 film Death Proof . She found Ferlito 's lap dance appealing , but was convinced to recreate it for " Work " after she noticed its popularity through remakes of it on YouTube . Controversy arose during the music video 's development when Azalea intended to wear a red , high @-@ waisted leotard encrusted in rhinestone flames , to emulate the showgirl fashion featured in The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert . The leotard , however , was deemed " too @-@ vaginary " by one of the workers at the label Azalea was signed to , ultimately leading to the worker being dismissed from the project and the leotard being scrapped altogether . Azalea 's final wardrobe consisted of creations by Christian Louboutin , Jeremy Scott and the 2013 Spring / Summer Collection by Dolce & Gabanna . Her stylist , Alejandra Hernandez incorporated several pairs of Louboutins into the music video because of their significance to Azalea when she was a struggling rapper who achieved her first sense of accomplishment after buying her first pair . = = = Synopsis = = = The music video 's storyline depicts Azalea 's biographical journey from life on the streets to Hollywood . According to Natasha Stagg of American magazine V , the plot involves Azalea rising from " trailer park standby to high @-@ class Hollywood @-@ ite in a matter of minutes " . The music video opens with Azalea confidently walking on a deserted highway situated in a desert environment . Azalea 's costume includes dark red lipstick , red @-@ soled vertiginous Louboutins , a powder blue Givenchy bag , a tropical print brassiere and shorts . The scene is intercepted with visuals of burning shoes and wheels . Azalea then walks through a trailer park community where several locals stare at her as she passes by . Upon the beginning of the song 's chorus , the video transcends into a playground scene where Azalea dances in an evening setting , with a fire @-@ lit swing as her backdrop . In this segment , she wears a grey crop top and red slim @-@ fit pants , with her hair styled in a bun . The next scene involves Azalea performing in a dance @-@ off with her two female friends in front of a Freightliner Truck . Azalea sports a plum @-@ coloured fur coat over a white mesh swimsuit . In the segment , the three engage in twerking and hair flicking actions . The visual then returns to the trailer park setting , where Azalea rides a lowrider bicycle through the area . She wears a perforated yellow visor , black brassiere , spiked yellow Louboutins and ethnic slim @-@ fit pants . The video then enters a new scene where Azalea arrives at a dive bar and switches a jukebox on . At the bar , Azalea 's two friends from the Freightliner Truck scene are seated at a table , and a long @-@ haired man wearing dark sunglasses awaits her on a chair in the centre of building . Azalea , dressed in a palm tree bikini and yellow neon shorts , performs a lap dance for the man . She then steals his car keys and runs off with her friends , who drive the man 's convertible out into the desert . Azalea is seen standing in the car , waving a thin piece of material in the wind . They drive through a day and night period before arriving in Hollywood in the morning . Azalea 's friends then drop her off at a sidewalk , where the video ends with her walking in the city . She wears dark sunglasses , striped black @-@ and @-@ white shorts and a custom @-@ made dalmatian @-@ print blazer in the final scene . = = = Release and reception = = = On 4 March 2013 , Azalea posted a set of images from the clip on Instagram . The music video was initially scheduled for release on 11 March 2013 , though it premiered two days later on Vevo on 13 March 2013 . A behind @-@ the @-@ scenes segment was released on 3 April 2013 . An alternate video directed by Colin Solal Cardo for an unreleased Adidas commercial surfaced online on 12 April 2014 . Upon release , the music video was tagged with the warning " not suitable for work " . It received praise from critics and was nominated for the MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist at the 2013 ceremony , but lost to Austin Mahone 's " What About Love " . The visual also received three nominations at the 2013 UK Music Video Awards , in the categories for Best Styling in a Video , Vevo Best New Artist and Best Urban Video . Slant Magazine ranked the video at number 21 in their list of The 25 Best Music Videos of 2013 ; writer Sal Cinquemani stated that Azalea 's swing set conjured that of Madonna 's " Like a Prayer " ( 1989 ) and George Michael 's " Freedom ! ' 90 " . Shardae Jobson of The Source deemed Azalea 's fashion " stylish " and " rustic " . A writer for MuchMusic described the clip as " a total and complete visual trip jam @-@ packed with Iggy 's rad dance moves " . Natasha Stagg of V called it a " desert dream " and appreciated Azalea 's " killer outfit options " . British magazine Fact wrote that the visual was " flashy " and " trailer park elegance " , and compared it to M.I.A. ' s " Bad Girls " ( 2012 ) . Julian Rifkin of Oyster viewed it as " a high class production " and felt it emulated the song 's lyric " Valley girls giving blow jobs for Louboutins " . He likened the clip 's dancing to that of Beyoncé , and Grimes ' " Genesis " ( 2012 ) . Rifkin considered the production 's Mid West theme to recall Lana Del Rey 's " Born to Die " ( 2011 ) . Contactmusic.com said the music video told an inspiring story of Azalea working her way up from the bottom . Jessie Peterson of MTV News called Azalea 's wardrobe " subtly savvy " . Eric Diep of XXL stated that the clip was worth the wait , and described Azalea 's " sexy poses and lap dances " as " just the tip of the iceberg " . Diep praised Azalea 's story interpretation , and mentioned , " Pledge allegiance to the struggle , this girl knows how to work it " . Jessie Schiewe of Respect. complimented the video for revolving around Azalea and paying homage to the song 's lyrical story , and praised the rapper 's lap dancing scene . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly felt the video evoked the 1991 film Thelma & Louise and commended Azalea 's " full run of frame @-@ grab @-@ worthy outfits " . The music video has received over 200 million views on YouTube as of January 2016 . = = Live performances and usage in media = = Azalea first performed " Work " during the Manchester @-@ stop of Rita Ora 's Radioactive Tour on 29 January 2013 . She reprised the song until the tour 's final date in mid @-@ February , before performing it again during the European leg of the Nas ' Life Is Good Tour . Azalea went on to perform the song for her sets at The Great Escape Festival and Radio 1 's Big Weekend in May 2013 , and at Gucci 's Chime for Change Concert , The Parklife Weekender and the Glastonbury Festival in June 2013 . The song was then performed at the Wireless Festival , and London nightclubs G @-@ A @-@ Y and Fabric in July 2013 . Azalea gave her first live televised rendition of " Work " on 8 August 2013 on Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model . As part of the single 's promotion in the United States , Azalea performed " Work " on Nikki & Sara Live on 28 August 2013 , and for KIIS FM on 14 September 2013 . The song was also included in Azalea 's setlist at the 2013 iTunes Festival , where she was a supporting act for Katy Perry . In October 2013 , Azalea performed the track as part of her sets during Beyoncé 's The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . At the 2013 MOBO Awards , Azalea performed " Change Your Life " and " Work " . In 2014 , " Work " featured in the setlist for Azalea 's first headlining tour , The New Classic Tour . A number of the tour 's renditions of the track featured an interpolation of RuPaul 's " Supermodel " , and a Miami strip @-@ inspired stage backdrop as a reference to the song 's " No money , no family , 16 in the middle of Miami " line . She also performed the song during her set for the 2014 MtvU Woodie Awards at South by Southwest in April . On 15 May 2014 , Azalea performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . The rendition was praised by reviewers from Exclaim ! , Vibe and Idolator . On 8 August 2014 , Azalea performed the song during her set on The Today Show . Jim Farber of the Daily News noted that the rendition " put the emphases on a pre @-@ recorded beat and the star 's personality " , and that Azalea 's " only whiff of pretence " during the set came in " a few lines in ' Work ' " . Azalea later included the song for her sets during the Jingle Ball Tour 2014 . In 2015 , Azalea performed " Work " as part of her setlists at the Redfest in February , and the Ottawa Bluesfest and Quebec City Summer Festival in July . Selena Gomez covered " Work " in a mash @-@ up with her song " B.E.A.T. " , during her 2013 Stars Dance Tour . Contestants Bridget Whitman and Emilio Dosal performed a dance to " Work " during an episode of the eleventh American series of So You Think You Can Dance which aired on 9 July 2014 . = = Track listings = = ^ a signifies a clean version . = = Credits and personnel = = Iggy Azalea – writer , vocals The Invisible Men – writers , producers , drums , programming , keyboards Trocon Markous Roberts – writer Natalie Sims – writer 1st Down of FKi – producer , drums , programming , keyboards Anthony Kilhoffer – mixing Kyle Ross – mixing assistant Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Radio and release history = = = John Halifax , Gentleman ( 1910 film ) = John Halifax , Gentleman is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is the first film adaptation of Dinah Maria Mulock Craik 's popular novel John Halifax , Gentleman and stars Martin Faust as John Halifax . The film focuses on John Halifax , an orphan who is taken in by a rich Quaker , Abel Fletcher . After a period of five years , John has becomes a foreman and he and Fletcher 's invalid son , Phineas , have become good friends . Despite Fletcher 's objections , John takes Phineas to the theatre . The trip is too much for Phineas and John carries him home , Fletcher becomes irate and drives John out of the house . Fletcher is soon confronts a mob of workers after closing the mill and throws the bags of grain into the river . John saves the life of Fletcher and his son and marries Ursula , the daughter of the richest man in town . The production credits are unknown , but the film was not directed by Theodore Marston . The film was released on December 2 , 1910 and was met with mixed reviews . The film is presumed lost . = = Plot = = Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from December 3 , 1910 . It states : " John Halifax , an orphan , trudges to town to make his fortune . There he is befriended first by Ursula March , the daughter of the richest man in town , who gives him food , and later by Abel Fletcher , a rich Quaker . Fletcher 's invalid son takes a great fancy to John , and through his influence John is employed in his father 's mill . After five years of faithful work , John has risen to the position of foreman . He and Fletcher 's son , Phineas , had become fast friends . Against the wishes of his father , Phineas persuades John to take him to a theatre . The trip proves too much for the invalid , and John carries him home from the theatre in a fainting condition . Fletcher is furious with John , and drives him from the house . About this time there is a great discontent at the mill , among the workmen . Fletcher decides to close it down . After six weeks of starvation , the workmen and their families come in a crowd to the mill and demand that they be given the grain which is stored there . Rather than accede to their demands , Fletcher hurls the bags of grain into the river . This so infuriates the mob that they try to set fire to the mill and put an end to Fletcher . Unable to control the mob , John helps Fletcher , his son and Ursula , to escape . Finally he wins Fletcher 's consent to compromise with the men . Realizing that he owes his property and life to John , Fletcher asks his forgiveness for his former harsh treatment . John becomes Fletcher 's adopted son and wins Ursula for his bride . " = = Cast = = Martin Faust as John Halifax Frank H. Crane William Russell Violet Heming = = Production = = The production and an adaptation of Dinah Maria Mulock Craik 's popular novel John Halifax , Gentleman . Originally published in 1856 , it would be reprinted numerous times and established itself as a " classic " over the passing decades . At the time of the film 's production Craik 's works were very familiar to audiences . The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Sometimes the directional credit is given to Theodore Marston . The apparent origin of this error is from the American Film @-@ Index 1908 – 1915 . Film historian Q. David Bowers consulted one of the co @-@ authors of the book , Gunnar Lundquist , and confirmed that the credit of Marston was in error . Theodore Marston worked with Pathé , Kinemacolor , Vitagraph and other companies , but there is no record of Marston working with Thanhouser . This error has persisted in several works including The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The only known cast credits are for Martin Faust , Frank H. Crane , William Russell and Violet Heming . The other cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list included G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . Bowers lists this as the first known credit of William Russell , formerly of the Biograph Company . Russell would become one of the most important actors of the company until his final departure in 1913 . It is not the earliest known appearance by Russell , as he is shown in a film still of A Thanksgiving Surprise . = = Release and reception = = The single reel drama , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on December 2 , 1910 . The film likely had a wide national release , advertising theaters are known in Pennsylvania , Michigan , Kansas , and Indiana . The film is cited by The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film as the earliest adaptation of John Halifax , Gentleman . The film was received conflicting reviews by both The Moving Picture World and The New York Dramatic Mirror . The reviewer for the World said , " This well known story is rendered into a motion picture in a way that will please the most exacting . ... The picture proves that a good rendering of even an old story is attractive . The audience apparently delights in the character of John Halifax . He is quite as good on the curtain as he is in the book , and there he has always been a favorite . The different parts are played to perfection . The character of the daughter and the ill son are both faithfully reproduced and seem to live before the audience . " The Mirror reviewer The film is not as well acted as Thanhouser pictures usually are . The strict character of the old Quaker is insufficiently expressed and is apt to leave the audience to guess why John is ordered out , and the strike scene is far from impressive . The mob to a man wave their sticks incessantly , instead of portraying intense rage as should have been done . " Bowers noted that the Mirror was not a neutral party in respect to the works of the Independent producers . = A House Divided ( Dallas ) = " A House Divided " is the 25th and final episode of the third season ( 1979 – 80 season ) and 54th overall of the American television series Dallas . It is the episode known for spawning the eight @-@ month " Who shot J.R. ? " hysteria . The episode ended with the mysterious shooting of J.R. Ewing ( Larry Hagman ) in his office by an assailant that would not be revealed until the following season . The episode served as both an introduction to the now common practice of season @-@ ending cliffhangers and the beginning of an eight @-@ month international media frenzy . The mystery was resolved in the fourth episode of the following season , entitled " Who Done It " , which continues to be the second most @-@ watched episode in TV history . In the episode , nationalization of the Asian fields causes financial ruin that affects the cartel members and J.R. Ewing 's banker . This leads to the suicide of cartel member Seth Stone ( Buck Young ) . J.R. attempts to run both Kristin Shepard ( Mary Crosby ) and Alan Beam ( Randolph Powell ) out of town as they both plot revenge against him . He also attempts to move Sue Ellen Ewing ( Linda Gray ) back into a sanitarium . With Cliff Barnes ( Ken Kercheval ) having sought revenge upon J.R. based on an agreement he realized Jock Ewing ( Jim Davis ) and Digger Barnes ( Keenan Wynn ) had , J.R. has the oil fields stopped to keep Cliff from earning any royalties . Pamela Barnes Ewing ( Victoria Principal ) and husband Bobby Ewing ( Patrick Duffy ) move out of Southfork out of disgust at J.R. ' s dealings . In the end , J.R. is shot while working late at the office . = = Plot = = = = = Background = = = J.R. Ewing is a fictional character that William K. Stevens of The New York Times described as " the nastiest man on television , the Iago of Texas oilmen , the smiling snake of a star of Friday night TV 's Dallas , a man so venal , so low , so mean , so diabolical that he has become an absolute delight to an estimated quarter of a billion viewers around the globe . " His New York Times colleague John J. O 'Connor described him as " the eldest son of the oil @-@ rich Ewing family ... " who is " ... a sadistic bully and a swindler " that " captured the public 's imagination " . Season 3 left the viewer with numerous people to suspect for the murder . Sue Ellen Ewing ( Linda Gray ) is J.R. ' s wife . J.R. had threatened to reinstitutionalize her for alcoholism . Kristin Shepard ( Mary Crosby ) is J.R. ' s ex @-@ mistress and Sue Ellen 's sister . J.R. broke his promise to marry her and gave her 24 hours to leave town . J.R. framed her for prostitution in response to business pressure she put on him . Dusty Farlow ( Jared Martin ) is Sue Ellen 's lover . He was supposedly killed in a plane crash . Vaughn Leland ( Dennis Patrick ) is J.R. ' s business partner . J.R. swindled him out of $ 20 million ( US $ 57 million in 2016 dollars ) . Miss Ellie Ewing ( Barbara Bel Geddes ) is J.R. ' s mother . J.R. mortgaged the family ranch , unbeknownst to his parents , and had plans to drill for oil on the property . Cliff Barnes ( Ken Kercheval ) is Bobby 's brother @-@ in @-@ law and business rival . His father ( Digger Barnes ) was swindled by J.R. ' s father ( Jock Ewing ) , leaving him penniless except for some oil wells that J.R. had shut down . Alan Beam ( Randolph Powell ) is a political fixer . Beam knew too much about J.R. ' s dirty dealings , making him expendable after J.R. tried to extinguish him , giving him motive . Marilee Stone ( Fern Fitzgerald ) is the widow of a business associate . Her husband committed suicide as a result of business dealings with J.R. Bobby Ewing ( Patrick Duffy ) is J.R. ' s mild @-@ mannered brother . He is the classic sibling rival , who is fed up with J.R. ' s handling of family business and slights to Bobby 's wife , Pamela Barnes Ewing ( Victoria Principal ) , who happens to be Cliff 's sister . Although generally regarded as somewhat of a rival of J.R. in the fictional world of Dallas , Gary Ewing ( Ted Shackelford ) was not a suspect due to his activity in the related fictional Knots Landing world . Similarly , Lucy Ewing ( Charlene Tilton ) had an alibi provided by liaisons with a married college professor . = = = Day 1 = = = J.R. explains to Jock and Bobby that Ewing Oil is doing fine , leaving Bobby suspicious . J.R. had swindled most of the other oilmen that he knows to salvage Ewing Oil by convincing their cartel to buy worthless oil fields from him just prior to nationalization . Cartel member , Jordan Lee hounds the Ewings about their underhandedness and makes sure they know Seth Stone committed suicide as a result of the dealings . Soon thereafter , Sue Ellen nurses a hangover while watching the local news to see reports that Ewing oil sold off its holdings just before the nationalization . The report ends with the story of the widowed Marilee Stone , whose husband Seth had bought shares from Ewing Oil . Marilee 's calls to J.R. are refused . Cartel member Vaughn Leland , who lost $ 20 million ( US $ 57 million in 2016 dollars ) in the deal , reaches Ewing Oil offices to express his belief that J.R. duped him , but Jock refuses to offer any restitution . All of the cartel members have lost everything they had in the deal and J.R. increased his wealth in the dealings . The Ewings question whether J.R. took advantage of inside information . J.R. assures his father and brother that such unethical behavior was beneath him . Lucy Ewing spends time with her professor / boyfriend who is only interested in her for one reason . Attorney Alan Beam visits Kristin Shepard for ideas about how J.R. might have swindled everyone . Shepard suggests Hank Johnson may have information . Shepard has been tape recording secrets of the cartel members from between the sheets and learned how J.R. got them all to buy his oil wells . Beam asks her to try to get information from Johnson by pretending to still be J.R. ' s secretary . Bobby talks with Miss Ellie about Pam who has flown to Corpus Christi to find her mother , Rebecca . They both think it is because she is grieving from the recent death of her father Digger . Sue Ellen apologized for her drunken behavior the prior night and laments that it gave J.R. fodder for his plans to re @-@ institutionalize her . Bobby says he will try to keep J.R. from taking that action . J.R. tells Johnson to ignore Shepard 's request for records and to shred them . Sue Ellen sees a psychiatrist , Dr. Elby . She gets a reminder about drinking until you are unconscious and promises to stop . J.R. confronts Kristin about her mischief . He tries to bribe her to leave , but she does not accept the offer . J.R. spends some time with Sue Ellen . She alerts him that Bobby is going to speak up for her . He is not worried . She then inquires about whether he is going to be unfaithful . When he leaves for another woman she gets upset , but finds a gun lying around , which gives her pause . = = = Day 2 = = = Cliff arrives at Ewing Oil with paperwork proving his ( and his sister Pam 's ) claim to a share of Ewing 23 oil well , one of Ewing Oil 's most profitable wells . J.R. confirms it is producing 5 @,@ 000 barrels / month which would give Cliff $ 500 @,@ 000 / year ( US $ 1 @.@ 436 million / year in 2016 dollars ) . J.R. shuts down that oil well rather than let Cliff earn a dime from it . Bobby expresses his concern to his wife about her obsession that has caused her to quit her fashion buyer job to search for her mother . Lucy spends quality time with her professor . After she leaves he calls his wife . Police officer Harry McSween brings Beam to J.R. ' s office to clarify that J.R. wants him to leave town . J.R. demonstrates how he could use his influence to trump up rape charges . J.R. tells Bobby and Jock that he shut down the wells to shut off new claimant Barnes . Bobby is upset , but Jock agrees . Pam and Bobby decide to leave Southfork in disgust . = = = Day 3 = = = Bobby and Pam depart in the morning after Bobby informs Miss Ellie and Jock . The parents are displeased . Sue Ellen and J.R. enter at the end of the debate with the parents in time to remind J.R. that he has driven them away . This pleases J.R. and he reminds her that his is going to put her away for speaking ill of him . McSween serves Shepard with a warrant for her arrest on charges of prostitution in front of Beam who was visiting her . He offers them a deal . If they leave town within 24 hours , he won 't chase them . She threatens to kill J.R. J.R. calls Dr. Rogers to take Sue Ellen away that night . J.R. hangs up on Leland who is continuing to threaten him . Sue Ellen continues to ponder the gun and tucks it in her purse before heading out somewhere . Cliff visits Digger Barnes ' grave . He apologizes to his dad that he let J.R. beat him like Jock had beaten the father . J.R. is at the office at night when Rogers arrives at Southfork to cart Sue Ellen away . He steps into the outer office to pour himself a drink . He hears someone outside his door and as he investigates he is shot twice in the gut and collapses . = = Production = = = = = Regular cast = = = Barbara Bel Geddes as Eleanor " Miss Ellie " Southworth Ewing Jim Davis as John Ross " Jock " Ewing , Sr. Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing Linda Gray as Sue Ellen Ewing Larry Hagman as John Ross " J.R. " Ewing , Jr . Steve Kanaly as Ray Krebbs ( credit only ) Ken Kercheval as Cliff Barnes Victoria Principal as Pamela Barnes Ewing Charlene Tilton as Lucy Ewing Cooper = = = Writing = = = In January 1980 , the producers and writers began plotting the culminating episodes for season 3 . Executive producer Philip Capice says they decided to attempt to work in a ploy to hold interest over the summer . CBS ordered two extra episodes , which gave them a chance to weave many storylines into the scripts . He noted that " J.R. had developed into a character we felt everyone out there wanted to see get his comeuppance . And we did need that sort of a cliffhanger to carry us over to the new season . " He said that there was consensus that a mystery with several suspects was optimal and that it should be a sudden event . Capice denied rumors that the shooting was a ploy to make it easy to write Hagman out of the script if his contract negotiations became too difficult . Producer Leonard Katzman , executive story consultant Art Lewis and story editor Camille Marchetta decided the actual culprit in mid @-@ March by process of logical elimination with the belief that the audience should not be surprised by someone who was not important to the show as the shooter . = = Reception = = " A House Divided " served as both an introduction to the now common practice of season @-@ ending cliffhangers and the beginning of an eight @-@ month international media frenzy . International oddsmakers created a set of odds for the possible suspects : " Dusty Farlow ( J. R. ' s wife Sue Ellen 's lover , who disappeared after a plane crash ) is the 6 to 4 favorite , followed by Vaughn Leland ( a banker J. R. swindled ) and Kristin Shepard ( J. R. ' s mistress ) at 4 to 1 . Sue Ellen herself is a long shot at 25 to 1 , as is J.R. ' s long- suffering mom , Miss Ellie . " After Sue Ellen 's fingerprints were found on the gun in subsequent episodes she became the favorite at 3 to 1 according to some oddsmakers , while others listed Shepard and Cliff Barnes as favorites . Even Jimmy The Greek posted odds of various suspects . Tony Schwartz of The New York Times estimates that viewers in 57 countries saw the episode . The script for the subsequent episode that revealed the killer was stolen from Lorimar Productions . The Los Angeles Herald Examiner claimed to have received a copy from a " news source " . Eventually they returned it to Los Angeles Police Department Chief Daryl Gates . Discussion about the mystery took place in a variety of media forms including Time . The media publicity was so strong that actor Larry Hagman had a 10 @-@ day holdout in which he demanded $ 100 @,@ 000 ( US $ 290 @,@ 000 in 2016 dollars ) per episode , while Lorimar Productions offered $ 55 @,@ 000 ( US $ 160 @,@ 000 in 2016 dollars ) . After 10 days , Hagman agreed to work filming the subsequent season for $ 75 @,@ 000 ( US $ 220 @,@ 000 in 2016 dollars ) per episode . Hagman had been working for $ 25 @,@ 000 ( US $ 72 @,@ 000 in 2016 dollars ) per episode . The episode earned Fred W. Berger an American Cinema Editors Eddie Award for Best Edited Episode from a Television Series and earned Irving J. Moore a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series nomination . The episode finished first in the Nielsen ratings that week and its lead @-@ in The Dukes of Hazzard finished second . Schwartz described the episode as " the most promotable television suspense since David Janssen was vindicated after a four @-@ year run on The Fugitive in the mid @-@ 1960s " . In 2011 , Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly named the episode number one of the seven most " Unforgettable Cliff @-@ Hangers " of prime time dramatic television . Queen Elizabeth was intrigued by the mystery . In 2009 , TV Guide ranked " A House Divided " # 69 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . = Hurricane Eloise = Hurricane Eloise was the most destructive tropical cyclone of the 1975 Atlantic hurricane season . The fifth tropical storm , fourth hurricane , and second major hurricane of the season , Eloise formed as a tropical depression on September 13 to the east of the Virgin Islands . The depression tracked westward and intensified into a tropical storm while passing to the north of Puerto Rico . Eloise briefly attained hurricane intensity soon thereafter , but weakened back to a tropical storm upon making landfall over Hispaniola . A weak and disorganized cyclone , Eloise emerged into open waters of the northern Caribbean Sea ; upon striking the northern Yucatan Peninsula , it turned north and began to re @-@ intensify . In the Gulf of Mexico , the cyclone quickly matured and became a Category 3 hurricane on September 23 . Eloise made landfall along the Florida Panhandle west of Panama City before moving inland across Alabama and dissipating on September 24 . The storm produced torrential rainfall throughout the islands of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola , causing extensive flooding that led to severe damage and more than 40 deaths . Thousands of people in these areas became homeless as flood waters submerged numerous communities . As Eloise progressed westward , it affected Cuba to a lesser extent . In advance of the storm , about 100 @,@ 000 residents evacuated from the Gulf Coast region . Upon making landfall in Florida , Eloise generated wind gusts of 155 miles per hour ( 249 km / h ) , which demolished hundreds of buildings in the area . The storm 's severe winds , waves , and storm surge left numerous beaches , piers , and other coastal structures heavily impaired . Wind @-@ related damage extended into inland Alabama and Georgia . Further north , torrential rains along the entire East Coast of the United States created an unprecedented and far @-@ reaching flooding event , especially into the Mid @-@ Atlantic States . In that region , an additional 17 people died as a result of freshwater flooding from the post @-@ tropical storm ; infrastructural and geological effects were comparable to those from Hurricane Agnes several years prior . Across the United States , damage amounted to approximately $ 560 million . The storm killed 80 people along its entire track ; due to the severe damage , the name " Eloise " was retired from the Atlantic tropical cyclone naming lists . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Hurricane Eloise trace back to a tropical wave that emerged from the western coast of Africa on September 6 , 1975 . Satellite imagery indicated that the system was initially disjointed and poorly developed , although there was evidence of a low @-@ level circulation . The disturbance tracked westward for several days as it slowly matured . On September 13 , a ship called the Gulf Hansa recorded winds of around 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) and 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) seas in association with the system . Shortly thereafter , a reconnaissance aircraft found a center of circulation 575 miles ( 925 km ) east of the Virgin Islands , and it is estimated that the storm became a tropical depression at 0600 UTC . The depression continued moving towards the west as it gradually strengthened . On September 16 , the system attained tropical storm status and was designated Eloise ; accordingly , the first advisory on the system was issued by the San Juan Weather Bureau office . While in the vicinity of a strengthening anticyclone aloft , Eloise became better organized , and the storm rapidly intensified and reached Category 1 hurricane status 18 hours after being named . The cyclone soon made landfall on the Dominican Republic , inhibiting further development . Although initially predicted to remain north of land , the storm moved across northern Hispaniola and then tracked across southeastern Cuba . After 36 hours with much of its circulation over mountainous terrain , Eloise deteriorated to a tropical storm on September 17 . The cyclone emerged over the open waters of the northern Caribbean on September 19 , passing Jamaica to the north as it moved away from Cuba . Despite favorable upper @-@ level conditions , its interaction with land — combined with the weakening of a	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
ridge to the north — left the storm 's center distorted . Eloise remained a fairly disorganized tropical storm until September 20 , when it approached the Yucatan Peninsula and began to re @-@ intensify . The storm crossed over the northern tip of the peninsula as it began to turn northward in response to an approaching trough . Between September 17 and September 21 , however , reports on the storm were scarce , leading to uncertainty in its exact location and strength . Upon entering the Gulf of Mexico , Eloise quickly organized . The trough enhanced the wind divergence over the storm 's center , allowing it to strengthen once again to reach hurricane force about 345 miles ( 555 km ) south of New Orleans , Louisiana . On September 22 , the cyclone intensified to attain Category 2 strength , and became a major hurricane of Category 3 status shortly thereafter as it turned towards the northeast . Several ships penetrated the storm 's center during its passage through the gulf . The hurricane also moved over two experimental buoys which recorded data on the storm , aiding meteorologists in their forecasts . Hurricane Eloise continued to strengthen until it reached its peak winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of about 955 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 2 inHg ) . It moved ashore along the Florida Panhandle near Panama City on September 23 . Shortly after making landfall , the hurricane rapidly degenerated . Just six hours later , it had weakened into a tropical storm , while situated over eastern Alabama . It further weakened into a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on September 24 . The depression transitioned into an extratropical storm over Virginia , and became indistinguishable by later that same day . The remnant moisture , however , merged with a weather front to produce widespread and heavy precipitation . = = Preparations = = In advance of Hurricane Eloise , warnings for heavy rainfall and potential flooding were issued for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands . A hurricane warning was declared for parts of the Dominican Republic about 12 hours before landfall . A " hurricane emergency " was put into effect for the Oriente Province of Cuba , while a " state of alert " was issued for the Camagüey Province . Cubana de Aviación suspended all flights to Oriente . On and before September 15 , there was still uncertainty as to whether Eloise would impact the United States . However , officials in Florida began taking precautionary measures . When the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico , forecasters suggested that the storm would continue northward and strike the area near Mobile Bay . Contrary to predictions , by late on September 22 , the storm had turned northeast , and some residents of Florida were still unaware of the storm 's threat despite the issuance of hurricane warnings 24 hours in advance . As a result , evacuations were delayed to an extent . During the morning hours of September 23 , civil preparedness workers drove through coastal towns with loudspeakers advising people to seek shelter . Due of the intensity of the approaching hurricane , evacuations along the coast were ultimately thorough , despite the initial delay . It was reported that 99 % of Pensacola residents along the beach had left their homes , and overall , 100 @,@ 000 people evacuated from areas in Louisiana through Florida . A statement issued by the National Weather Service advised people in nine Florida counties to complete hurricane preparations , which included securing loose objects and moving watercraft to safety . Homes along the coast were boarded up by their owners , while offshore , workers were removed from oil platforms . A spokesman for Royal Dutch Shell reported that 800 workers were to be evacuated . In New Orleans , emergency equipment was readied and inspected . The New Orleans Levee Board went into a second @-@ stage alert on September 21 , and cleared debris from floodwall openings . = = Impact = = = = = Caribbean Sea = = = As a weak tropical depression , the storm brought 5 to 10 inches ( 130 to 250 mm ) of rainfall to portions of the Leeward Islands , including St. Kitts and St. Martin . More minor amounts of precipitation fell over the northernmost islands , and winds were light in these areas . Despite being only a tropical storm while passing by Puerto Rico , Eloise produced extreme amounts of rainfall on the island , peaking at 33 @.@ 29 inches ( 846 mm ) in Dos Bocas . Other totals of 10 to 20 inches ( 250 to 510 mm ) were common . The heavy rains resulted in severe flash flooding which killed 34 people , mostly from drownings , and left $ 60 million in damages . Several hundred people were injured , and the storm forced over 6 @,@ 000 residents from their homes . Dozens of towns and villages were flooded , though Utuado , with a population of 35 @,@ 000 at the time , was hit the hardest . The situation in that town was described as a " total disaster " ; four housing developments were under water , and dozens of vehicles were washed away . The flood waters submerged thousands of miles of roads and put several bridges out @-@ of @-@ service . As the storm proceeded westward , it dropped heavy rainfall throughout eastern and southern Hispaniola . Widespread flooding impacted Haiti and the Dominican Republic , leaving a total of 25 people dead . Although the most intense winds remained offshore , a gust of 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) was recorded at Cape Engaño . Puerto Plata on the northern coast of the Dominican Republic was also battered by high winds and heavy rain . Following the storm , electricity was turned off due to the danger of electrocutions . Despite the storm 's effects across Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , no monetary damage totals are available . Rain and wind from the storm affected the southern Bahamas , Cuba , Jamaica , the Cayman Islands , and the northern Yucatan Peninsula . Since the storm was primarily weak while passing by these areas , no significant damage was reported . Eloise brought torrential rainfall and winds of 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) to the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in southeastern Cuba , inflicting $ 65 @,@ 000 in damage . Personnel on the base were moved to designated hurricane shelters in advance of the storm . = = = Florida = = = Eloise came ashore along the coast of northern Florida as a Category 3 storm producing winds of 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) with gusts that reached 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) . Sustained winds were likely higher , but due to the sparsity of recording stations , few official records exist . The winds in the area were reportedly the strongest of the century . Hurricane @-@ force winds occurred from Fort Walton Beach through Panama City . Along the coast , tides ran 12 to 16 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 9 m ) above normal , peaking at 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) . Hurricane Eloise spawned several tornadoes as it pressed inland . In general , rainfall ranged from 4 to 8 inches ( 100 to 200 mm ) ; at the Eglin Air Force Base near Valparaiso , however , the hurricane dropped 14 @.@ 9 inches ( 380 mm ) of precipitation . The heaviest rainfall was usually confined to northwest of the storm 's track , and a number of locations to the east of Eloise 's center picked up less than 1 inch ( 25 mm ) of rain . Damage from the hurricane was widespread . Fort Walton Beach , where hundreds of structures were damaged or destroyed , was hit particularly hard . In some areas , the storm surge washed away buildings demolished by the strong winds . The winds cleared certain locations of trees and buried properties and roads under sand . Throughout northwest Florida , an estimated 8 @,@ 000 people suffered storm @-@ related losses , and 500 businesses were completely destroyed . An article in the Tallahassee Democrat reported that " Cottages , motels , restaurants , convenience stores and other beach businesses were strewn across the highway in a tangle of down power poles , lines and busted mains . " A 2 @,@ 100 @-@ acre ( 850 ha ) shrimp farm at Panama City , the first of its kind , was effectively lost . The storm destroyed the farm 's prospective initial harvest , 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 pounds ( 680 @,@ 000 kg ) of shrimp enclosed in a system of nets and enclosures . The president of the company described the subsequent events as six months of extreme turmoil in an effort to recover , followed by a quick and steady rebound . By the spring of 1976 , the company became confident in financial success and full recovery . The storm caused severe beach erosion in Bay County ; approximately 801 @,@ 000 cubic yards ( 612 @,@ 000 m3 ) of sand was removed . Storm @-@ related changes in the coastal topography resulted in extensive structural damage in the Panama City Beach area . The most severe damage was concentrated in a 22 miles ( 35 km ) area of the shore east of the hurricane 's eye , and storm surge peaked in intensity for no more than a half hour according to preliminary estimates . Much of the resultant damage came as a result of foundation undermining , which was compared to that of the New England hurricane of 1938 . Although Eloise was not abnormally strong , the geographicy setting and building standards in the area were blamed for the destruction of many homes and businesses . Monetary losses from property damage in Panama City Beach alone totaled about $ 50 million . The first major storm to strike the region in 40 years , Hurricane Eloise did not directly kill anyone in the state of Florida . However , four deaths of an indirect nature were attributed to the hurricane ; two of them were related to heart attacks . Numerous people sustained injuries , largely from broken glass or cleanup efforts . Overall property damage from the storm in Florida amounted to $ 150 million . In the storm 's aftermath , a study of the hurricane 's effect on aquatic animals living in the swash zone ( the immediate area where land and the ocean meet ) of Panama City Beach was conducted . The study concluded that compared to 11 consecutive months of data prior to the storm , the swash zone experienced a brief influx of animal species normally found offshore . However , the number decreased to near normal shortly thereafter . Also along the shore , the hurricane dismantled or severely impaired several piers , including the total destruction of a 300 feet ( 91 m ) extension of the Okaloosa Island Pier built just three years earlier and part of its original span . A fishing pier at St. Andrews State Park also suffered vast damage , along with another wooden pier at Mexico Beach and the M.B. Miller Pier at Panama City Beach , which lost its end section to the storm . = = = Elsewhere in the United States = = = As the hurricane progressed inland , it passed over eastern Alabama , generating strong winds . A gust of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) was recorded northeast of Ozark . Winds elsewhere in the state ranged from around 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) to 88 mph ( 142 km / h ) . Precipitation in Alabama peaked at 5 @.@ 54 inches ( 141 mm ) . The high winds resulted in severe damage to property and crops , amounting to $ 100 million . Eloise cut power and telephone service in the area , and in Geneva County , several people sustained storm @-@ related injuries . As in Florida , the weakening hurricane spawned a number of tornadoes in Alabama and Georgia . Preliminary reports indicated that every county in southeastern Alabama received some damage from the storm . The strong winds uprooted trees and knocked down powerlines . Heavy rain associated with the storm caused a leak in the Alabama State Capitol building roof . Gusty winds , moderate to heavy rainfall , and low pressures extended into Georgia , Louisiana , and to a lesser extent , Mississippi . The remnants of Eloise interacted with another weather system , producing widespread precipitation across the Eastern United States , including portions of the Ohio Valley , the Mid @-@ Atlantic states , and New England . The deluge was " almost continuous " during the period between September 22 and 26 according to a statement by the National Weather Service . One of the highest rainfall totals in association with the storm occurred in Westminster , Maryland , where 14 @.@ 23 inches ( 361 mm ) of rain were recorded . Elsewhere , 7 to 10 inches ( 180 to 250 mm ) or more of precipitation fell throughout parts of Pennsylvania , New Jersey , New York and Connecticut . At least 22 states received rainfall from Hurricane Eloise and its remnant moisture . Nearby Hurricane Faye may have also contributed to the heavy rainfall , although this connection was never confirmed . In Washington , D.C. , 9 @.@ 08 inches ( 231 mm ) of rain contributed to the wettest September on record since 1934 . The excessive rainfall led to extensive flooding throughout the region , in some areas exceeding 50- to 100 @-@ year levels . Pennsylvania and New York bore the brunt of the flooding , which culminated in loss of life and severe property damage . Along the central Southern Tier region of New York , the storm damaged or destroyed over 700 structures . Flooding throughout the Northeastern United States disabled over a dozen water plants and at least 16 sewage treatment plants , prompting a boil @-@ water advisory in Pennsylvania 's capital city of Harrisburg . Infrastructure further south also suffered ; in Maryland , the Monocacy River — a tributary of the Potomac — swelled to 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) above flood stage , inundating the city of Frederick and compromising the city 's supply of fresh drinking water . A final downpour of rain on the night of September 25 – 26 led to an additional 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of rain in central Maryland triggered severe flash flooding . In some cases , this onslaught affected the same areas that were still recovering from Hurricane Agnes several years earlier , including Ellicott City , Elkridge , and Laurel , where two major rivers breached their banks and engulfed nearby areas . Many homes and businesses were lost , along with numerous vehicles ; in the aftermath , looters entered on boats to access the devastated cities . The floodgates at the Rocky Gorge Dam in Laural were opened , forcing 500 residents downstream to leave their homes . The consequences of the flooding rains were the worst seen in areas of the interior Mid @-@ Atlantic states since Agnes , and comparisons were often drawn between the two hurricanes . In Pennsylvania alone , flooding from the remnants of Eloise forced 20 @,@ 000 residents out of their homes ; thousands further south in the Washington , D.C. area , where severe flooding impacted the city 's southern suburbs , also fled to seek refuge . Further , many motorists throughout the region became stranded on highways inundated by floodwaters . Four Mile Run and nearby streams overflowed and " tumbled through residential neighborhoods " . Hundreds of families in the Alexandria and Arlington , Virginia area suffered flood @-@ related losses . Across the Northeastern U.S. , the storm system killed 17 people and inflicted $ 300 million in damage . An instance of a storm @-@ induced fatality is the death of a man in White Plains , New York , who was killed by waters raging across the Hutchinson River Parkway . Agriculturally , the extended period of wet weather threatened a range of crops , including the Rhode Island apple crop , of which 35 % was feared to have been destroyed , and corn and sweet potato fields in North Carolina . With ground too moist for farm machinery to operate on , harvests were postponed . = = Aftermath = = After touring the disaster area , Florida Governor Reubin Askew noted , " I think we 're going to have to take a long , close look at some of the construction [ ... ] Some of the structures simply won 't be able to be built back in the exact location where they were . " Governor Askew recruited 400 National Guard troops to prevent looting following the storm . He also requested the initial declaration of five counties along the Florida panhandle as national disaster areas , and stated that he would consider adding two more counties . The declaration would make residents in the counties recognized as disaster areas eligible to receive federal aid . Immediately following the storm , the mayor of Panama City criticized the state of Florida for failing to provide sufficient post @-@ storm aid . Despite the destruction , the storm reportedly had some economic benefits ; in the midst of rebuilding and recovery , business grew , especially in and around Panama City , and people began to move into the area . In at least one instance , the hurricane and its associated storm surge had a lasting effect on local geography , breaching Crooked Island in Bay County to create an inlet 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) wide referred to as Eloise Inlet . Eloise provided a comprehensive base of information on beach and dune erosion along the Florida panhandle , which aided in the programming of certain erosion prediction numerical models . In 1995 , reports from the aftermath of Hurricane Opal created a more extensive collection of data . On September 26 , President Gerald Ford approved the declaration for Florida , and later issued a separate declaration for 30 counties in Pennsylvania as the storm 's flooding rains progressed northward . Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor Ernest Kline assigned 600 National Guardsmen to assist in the evacuation of flood victims and maintain security in storm @-@ ravaged areas . Over $ 430 million in federal disaster relief was spent overall in 1975 and distributed to 92 @,@ 000 families ; the bulk of the funds went to recovery for areas affected by Hurricane Eloise along its entire course . In Maryland , Governor Marvin Mandel placed 10 of the state 's 23 counties under a state of emergency . Following the severe damage caused by Hurricane Eloise , its name was retired at the end of the 1975 season . As such , the name was removed from the rotating lists of names used in the Atlantic hurricane basin . However , Eloise was not replaced by any particular name due to the addition of male names into the lists in 1979 . = Halo : The Fall of Reach = Halo : The Fall of Reach is a military science fiction novel by Eric Nylund , based on the Halo series of video games , and acts as a prequel to Halo : Combat Evolved , the first game in the series . The book was released in October 2001 and is the first Halo novel . It is set in the fictional Halo universe , taking place in the 26th century across several planets and locations . The novel details the events which led up to the game and explains the origins of the SPARTAN II super soldiers , narrating the story of the series protagonist , the Master Chief . The Fall of Reach was conceived after Nylund had discussed the possibility of a Halo novel with Microsoft 's Franchise Development Group . A " Halo Story Bible " was created to assist Nylund in keeping with Halo canon . The novel was written in seven weeks , Nylund 's shortest writing deadline . The book was well received by critics who thought it added depth to the plot of the game but the large number of characters was highlighted as a shortcoming . Going on to sell over one million copies , the success of The Fall of Reach paved the way for further Xbox game novelizations , including another book in the Halo series . William C. Dietz would write the next book , entitled Halo : The Flood . The book was adapted into a comic series entitled Halo : Fall of Reach and released in 2010 . The book itself was re @-@ released on December 7 , 2010 after the comic book adaptation , and contained new content as well as updating both editing mistakes and minor continuity errors . The novel was also adapted into an animated series that was streamed exclusively through the Halo Channel to coincide with the 2015 release of Halo 5 : Guardians . = = Background and writing = = Eric Nylund had discussed the possibility of a Halo related novel with Eric Trautmann , a member of Microsoft 's Franchise Development Group , before Halo : Combat Evolved was developed but it was postponed due to legal technicalities . Nylund thought positively of the delay as it " gave [ him ] a chance to see the game in almost every stage of development before [ he ] started writing . " He wrote the book based on an outline approved by Bungie and the " Halo Story Bible " , a book containing all information on the characters and universe in which Halo takes place , so that his story would not conflict with other Halo publications . Nylund found it easier to write with the " Bible " available as the details of the universe he was writing in were already established , only minor alterations were made to fit the novel into the universe . A seven @-@ week deadline was established for Nylund to write the book . According to Trautmann , the book was nearly cancelled because Bungie was opposed to the idea of the Master Chief having a definite backstory . They eventually relented after Trautmann made them the offer that they let the book be completed and published in exchange for he , Matt Soell , and Brannon Boren completing Combat Evolved 's script , which was still " 80 percent " unfinished . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting and characters = = = The Fall of Reach takes place in the Halo universe and spans several decades , beginning in 2517 describing events up to 2552 . In the Halo universe , traveling faster than the speed of light is possible through slipspace , another dimension where special relativity does not apply . This has allowed humans to colonize hundreds of other planets which are controlled by the United Nations Space Command ( UNSC ) . Feeling repressed by the UNSC 's heavy @-@ handed rule , some colonies revolt ; fearing rebellion will tear the UNSC apart , military leaders approve the SPARTAN Project , a secret squad of super soldiers to quietly suppress rebellion . The protagonist of The Fall of Reach is the Spartan soldier Master Chief . Dr. Catherine Halsey , the creator of the SPARTAN Project , is introduced alongside then @-@ Lieutenant Jacob Keyes . Franklin Mendez is the trainer of the Spartan II and Spartan III programs , teaching them their physical combat skills while an AI named Déjà teaches them military history and strategy . Cortana , Master Chief 's AI companion through much of the series , is also present as Dr. Halsey 's aide in the lead @-@ up to the Spartans ' mission . = = = Plot = = = The novel opens with the civilian Dr. Catherine Halsey and Lieutenant Jacob Keyes traveling to meet John , a six @-@ year @-@ old boy . Dr. Halsey reveals to Keyes that John is one of 150 children who possess rare genetic markers making them suitable for conscription into the SPARTAN @-@ II program , a secret experiment with the aim of creating super soldiers for the UNSC to quell rebellions . Seventy @-@ five of the children are kidnapped by operatives of the Office of Naval Intelligence and replaced by clones engineered to die of natural causes shortly thereafter . From this point on , the recruits are known only by their first name and a three digit number . John @-@ 117 and the rest of the children are drilled and trained by Franklin Mendez ; John demonstrates leadership of his fellow Spartans leading to his promotion to squad leader . In 2525 , the Spartans undergo a series of surgical enhancements which turn them into highly efficient super soldiers at the cost of crippling or killing more than half of the original seventy @-@ five . The Spartans are also equipped with powerful MJOLNIR battle armor , designed to respond as quickly as the soldier 's thoughts . John @-@ 117 is given the rank of Master Chief Petty Officer . The Spartans are highly successful , but they experience a priority shift after a collective of alien races known as the Covenant begin obliterating human colonies , declaring humanity 's destruction as the will of the gods . Mendez leaves the group to train the next generation of Spartans as John and his comrades first face the Covenant . By 2552 , the war against the Covenant is going poorly . The technological superiority of the Covenant means that space battles heavily favor the Covenant , and the UNSC can only win engagements by suffering tremendous losses . To prevent the discovery of Earth or other human colonies , Vice Admiral Cole creates the " Cole Protocol " , which forbids direct slipspace jumps to Earth or any other population center and mandates the destruction of a ship before it can be captured by the Covenant . Jacob Keyes , now commander of the destroyer Iroquois , discovers four Covenant ships arriving at the Sigma Octanus System , and single @-@ handedly destroys three of them ; his heroics earn Keyes the rank of Captain . The Covenant proceed to overrun Sigma Octanus IV , searching for a mysterious ancient artifact . Despite a costly fight , the humans manage to repel the Covenant , and Keyes intercepts a coded Covenant transmission from the surface before the Covenant retreat . The Iroquois heads to Reach , unwittingly bringing a Covenant tracking device with it . Soon after , Keyes is given the command of the UNSC cruiser Pillar of Autumn for a secret mission ; the Spartans are to capture one of the Covenant 's religious leaders and barter a truce . Dr. Halsey also introduces John to the artificial intelligence Cortana , who would assist the Spartans by residing in their MJOLNIR armor . Before the mission can begin , however , Reach is attacked by a massive Covenant fleet . John and Cortana reach the Pillar of Autumn , but most of the other Spartans are presumed killed as the Covenant vitrify the surface of Reach , turning the landmasses into glass . Cortana initiates a slipspace course based on the ancient glyphs intercepted by the Covenant at Sigma Octanus , the course takes them to a massive ringworld known as Halo , setting the stage for the events of Halo : Combat Evolved . = = Reception = = Critical reaction to the book was positive , particularly regarding the depth the book added to the Halo universe . Reviewer Eric Qualls commented that " [ it was ] interesting to read and give [ s ] you a much greater understanding " to the universe . Qualls made a positive comparison to Robert A. Heinlein 's Starship Troopers regarding the manner of story telling . GameCritics ' Brad Gallaway also praised the back @-@ story the book adds and the quality of the story . Fellow reviewer Gene Park noted the descriptions in the book went beyond what was presented in the game calling them " vibrant and rousing . " He also complimented the characters presented in the novel saying they all " fit nicely into the Halo universe " but some times there were too many characters to remember . Sal Accardo of 3D Action Planet said of the book ; " [ it ] isn ’ t going to win any Pulitzers anytime soon . It ’ s well written , and a solid page @-@ turner , but it ’ s still basically an action movie presented in book form " but praised the gritty presentation of the Spartans . Don D 'Ammasa of the Science Fiction Chronicle called the book " competently written " , but stated the plot was " simpleminded " . Though the book originally sold very slowly , it became a Publishers Weekly bestseller . The Fall of Reach would go on to sell more than 100 @,@ 000 copies by 2003 and a million copies by December 2009 . The novel 's success convinced Microsoft and Del Ray to pen a three @-@ novel publishing contract for novels based on Xbox games , including another Halo novel . The next entry in the Halo novel franchise would be 2003 's Halo : The Flood , written by William C. Dietz . The more human Chief seen in the novel led Bungie to tone down the character model in Halo 2 to make him less an exaggerated robot and more a real person inside a suit . Stuart Beattie , the screenwriter of Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , wrote a spec script for a Fall of Reach movie . Beattie , a Halo fan , wrote the script between other projects in the hope that someone would read it and agree to produce the film but as of May 2008 there are no plans to do so . In May 2010 , Tor announced that the first three Halo novels ( not originally published by Tor ) would be rereleased with new content and cover art . The Fall of Reach was the first novel to be reissued , with a release date of August 2010 . Marvel Comics adapted the story into a three @-@ part comic series entitled Halo : Fall of Reach , released September 2010 . = You Make Me Wanna ... = " You Make Me Wanna ... " is a song by American recording artist Usher . It was released by LaFace Records and Arista Records as the lead single from Usher 's second studio album , My Way on August 12 , 1997 . " You Make Me Wanna ... " was written by Usher along with Jermaine Dupri and Manuel Seal , who both produced the tune . An R & B , soul and pop ballad in C minor , it makes use of acoustic guitar , hi @-@ hat and bell instrumentation . The song focuses on a love triangle relationship , with the protagonist wishing to leave his girlfriend for his erstwhile best friend , with a hook in which Usher states , " You make me wanna leave the one I 'm with and start a new relationship with you " . The record received favorable reviews from critics , and won a Billboard Music Award , a Soul Train Music Award , and a WQHT Hip Hop Award , and was nominated for a Grammy Award . " You Make Me Wanna ... " appeared on several record charts , topping the UK Singles Chart and the US Hot R & B Singles , logging the second @-@ longest run by a male artist on the latter . It also reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 , US Pop Songs , Canadian Singles Chart , Dutch Top 40 and ARIA Singles Chart . An accompanying music video , directed by Bille Woodruff , shows Usher dancing in various colored rooms and backgrounds , and uses an effect which creates several clones of Usher . = = Background and composition = = Usher wrote " You Make Me Wanna ... " with Jermaine Dupri and Manuel Seal , who also produced and played musical instruments on the tune . Phil Tan was in charge of recording the song at the Somewhere in College Park recording studio , in College Park , Georgia . Tan and Dupri mixed the record with assistance from John and Brian Frye at Studio LaCoCo , in Atlanta , Georgia . " You Make Me Wanna ... " draws from the genres of R & B , soul and pop , and heavily utilizes the acoustic guitar , while also incorporating hi @-@ hat and bell instrumentation . According to Universal Music Publishing Group 's sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , " You Make Me Wanna ... " is written in the key of E ♭ major with a moderate tempo of 88 beats per minute . Usher 's voice extends from the low note of B ♭ 3 to the high note of C6 . The ballad has a basic sequence of Cm – Fm7 – A ♭ – G – G / B as its chord progression . In the song , Usher attempts to seduce his partner 's best friend , whom he finds irresistible , creating a love triangle . The song 's lyrics are written in second @-@ person narrative , and its hook is the pick @-@ up line , " You make me wanna leave the one I 'm with and start a new relationship with you " . Usher told Rolling Stone that the song was inspired by one of his own memories of " juggling three women " . = = Release and reception = = " You Make Me Wanna ... " was distributed by LaFace Records and Arista Records . It was released via maxi single on August 5 , 1997 . A remixes maxi single was made available in the United States on September 9 , 1997 , and in Germany on October 13 , 1997 . " You Make Me Wanna ... " was released via cassette single , CD single and 12 " vinyl in the UK on January 12 , 1998 . The vinyl was made available in the US on April 24 , 2001 . Unauthorized copies of the song were distributed in Europe before its release , due to its popularity . " You Make Me Wanna ... " serves as the opening track to Usher 's second studio album , My Way , while an extended version concludes the album . = = = Critical reception = = = Robert Christgau noted " You Make Me Wanna ... " as one of the best tracks from My Way . Entertainment Weekly 's Whitney Pastorek gave the song an A- rating , and complimented its minimal production . According to Ann Powers of The New York Times , the song " put the spice back in the word ' relationship ' . " A writer for The Vindicator wrote , " The song is a melodic blend of Usher 's smooth , youthful voice and a strong , upbeat rhythm track . Billy Johnson Jr. of Yahoo ! Music commended the production on " You Make Me Wanna ... " , along with that of " Nice and Slow " and " My Way " , the second and third singles from My Way , respectively . The Daily News reviewer called the single " very wonderful " . When reviewing My Way , Ian Hyland from Sunday Mirror stated that , " Tracks like ' You Make Me Wanna ... ' , ' Nice And Slow ' and ' Slow Jam ' should put you in the mood " . BBC Music 's Christian Hopwood stated that " You Make Me Wanna ... " had " universal appeal " . On Valentine 's Day 2004 , VH1 listed the song at number six on its " Top 10 Sexy Tunes " for the holiday . " You Make Me Wanna ... " won Usher the Billboard award for Pop Singer of the Year , and the Best R & B / Soul Single , Male category at the 1998 Soul Train Music Awards . Radio station WQHT awarded it the title of Best R & B Song at its inaugural Hip Hop Awards . The singer also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance for the song at the 40th Grammy Awards , but lost to R. Kelly 's " I Believe I Can Fly " . In the 1997 Pazz & Jop critics ' poll administered by The Village Voice , " You Make Me Wanna ... " tied for thirtieth place in the singles category with Radiohead 's " Paranoid Android " . = = = Commercial performance = = = " You Make Me Wanna ... " debuted at number twenty @-@ five on the Billboard Hot 100 on the chart dated August 23 , 1997 . On October 25 , 1997 it reached its peak position of number two , where it remained for seven weeks during the 14 @-@ week reign of Elton John 's smash " Candle In The Wind 1997 " . In November 1998 , the song fell off the chart after forty @-@ six charting weeks . On the Hot R & B Singles component chart , " You Make Me Wanna ... " debuted at number four on August 23 , 1997 , before topping the chart two weeks later . In its first week of release , " You Make Me Wanna ... " received 1 @,@ 329 spins , and by early October 1997 , the song had made fifty million listener impressions on US R & B radio . The record spent a total of eleven weeks atop the R & B / Hip Hop Songs , and seventy @-@ one weeks within the chart 's 100 positions . " You Make Me Wanna ... " stood as the song with the longest run on the genre chart by a male artist until K 'Jon 's " On the Ocean " lasted longer in 2010 . It also spent twenty @-@ nine weeks on the Pop Songs chart , peaking at number seven . On September 3 , 1997 , " You Make Me Wanna ... " received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting 500 @,@ 000 shipments , and later that month it was upgraded to platinum status for shipments exceeding one million copies . Though its certification status was not further renewed , it ultimately went on to sell over two million copies domestically . The song ranked at number eighty @-@ eight on the Billboard Hot 100 " All @-@ Time Top Songs " , published in July 2008 . " You Make Me Wanna ... " entered the UK Singles Chart at number one , on the chart dated January 31 , 1998 . That same week the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) awarded the song a silver certification for shipping 200 @,@ 000 units . It only spent one week on top of the chart , being replaced by Aqua 's " Doctor Jones " . " You Make Me Wanna ... " slipped off the chart in May 1998 , having had thirteen charting weeks . The BPI has since re @-@ certified the single gold for shipping over 400 @,@ 000 copies . The song entered the Canadian Singles Chart at number eighty @-@ six on November 10 , 1997 . It peaked at number six , lasting twenty @-@ two weeks in the chart . In Europe , the song reached the top twenty in France , Germany , Norway and Switzerland , and peaked at number seven in the Netherlands . It spent sixteen weeks in the Australian Singles Chart , climaxing at number six , and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , having shipped 35 @,@ 000 copies . " You Make Me Wanna ... " reached number fifteen on the New Zealand Singles Chart , occupying twenty @-@ six weeks in the chart . The Recording Industry Association of New Zealand certified the song gold . = = Music video and live performances = = The accompanying music video for " You Make Me Wanna ... " was directed by Bille Woodruff . It starts with Usher sitting in an orange wall recess , reaching for a guitar , before cutting to a scene of him standing in a white @-@ and @-@ purple circular room , wearing an open shirt . It moves to a blue backdrop where Usher advances , flanked by four dancers . The scene is replaced by five clones of Usher dancing and sitting on chairs . The video continues with the singer performing dance routines throughout ; interspersed are scenes of Usher singing the song on a background of blue pipes . Toward the end of the video , he takes off his shirt in the circular room , and finally Usher and his backup dancers step out of their shoes and walk away . Usher performed " You Make Me Wanna ... " on December 31 , 1997 on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , a countdown show to the 1998 New Year . He also sang it on the sitcom Moesha while portraying his character , Jeremy Davis . = = Track listings = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Sejny Uprising = The Sejny Uprising or Seinai Revolt ( Polish : Powstanie sejneńskie , Lithuanian : Seinų sukilimas ) refers to a Polish uprising against the Lithuanian authorities in August 1919 in the ethnically mixed area surrounding the town of Sejny ( Lithuanian : Seinai ) . When German forces , which occupied the territory during World War I , retreated from the area in May 1919 , they turned over administration to the Lithuanians . Trying to prevent an armed conflict between Poland and Lithuania , the Entente drew a demarcation line , known as the Foch Line . The line assigned much of the disputed Suwałki ( Suvalkai ) Region to Poland and required the Lithuanian Army to retreat . While the Lithuanians retreated from some areas , they refused to leave Sejny . Polish irregular forces began the uprising on August 23 , 1919 , and soon received support from the regular Polish Army . After several military skirmishes , Polish forces secured Sejny and Lithuanians retreated behind the Foch Line . The uprising did not solve the larger border conflict between Poland and Lithuania over the ethnically mixed Suwałki Region . Both sides complained about each other 's repressive measures . The conflict intensified in 1920 , causing military skirmishes of the Polish – Lithuanian War . Sejny changed hands frequently until the Suwałki Agreement of October 1920 , which left Sejny on the Polish side . The uprising undermined the plans of Polish leader Józef Piłsudski , who was planning a coup d 'état in Lithuania to replace the Lithuanian government with a pro @-@ Polish cabinet , that would agree to a union with Poland ( the proposed Międzymorze federation ) . Because the Sejny Uprising had prompted the Lithuanian intelligence to intensify its investigations of Polish activities in Lithuania , they discovered plans for the coup and prevented it , arresting Polish sympathizers . These hostilities in Sejny further strained the Polish – Lithuanian relations . Eventually , Poland and Lithuania reached an agreement on a new border that left Sejny on the Polish side of the border . The Polish – Lithuanian border in the Suwałki Region has remained the same since then ( with the exception of the World War II period ) . = = Background = = During the ages , the lands surrounding the town of Suwałki had been variously part of Lithuanian , Polish , and German borderlands . Since 1569 , during the era of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth , the territory belonged to the Podlaskie Voivodeship and was part of the Kingdom of Poland rather than the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . However , Sejny was a property of Dominican friars from Vilnius . During the 19th century the town was part of Russian @-@ controlled Congress Poland . During World War I the region was captured by the German Empire , which intended to incorporate the area into its province of East Prussia . After the German defeat , the victorious Entente was willing to assign the territory to either the newly independent Poland or Lithuania . The future of the region was discussed at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919 . The Germans , whose former Ober @-@ Ost administration was preparing to evacuate , initially supported leaving the area to a Polish administration . However , as Poland was becoming an ally of France , German support gradually shifted towards Lithuania . In July 1919 , when the German troops began their slow retreat from the area , they delegated the administration to local Lithuanian authorities . Lithuanian officers and troops , who first arrived in the region in May , began to organize military units in the pre @-@ war Sejny county . According to Russian statistics of 1889 , there were 57 @.@ 8 % Lithuanians , 19 @.@ 1 % Poles , and 3 @.@ 5 % Belarusians in the Suwałki Governorate . It is generally agreed that Lithuanians formed the majority population in the northern Suwałki Governorate , while Poles were concentrated in south . But , Lithuanian and Polish historians and political scientists continued to disagree over the location of the line that separated the Lithuanian from the Polish majorities . Lithuanians claimed that Sejny and the surrounding area were inhabited primarily by Lithuanians , while the Poles claimed exactly the opposite . The German census of 1916 showed that 51 % of Sejny population was Lithuanian . = = Demarcation lines = = In the closing days of World War I , the Conference of Ambassadors drew the first demarcation line between Poland and Lithuania on June 18 , 1919 . The line satisfied no one , and Polish troops continued to advance deeper into the Lithuanian @-@ controlled territory . These attacks coincided with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28 , which eliminated any danger from Germany . Attempting to halt further hostilities , Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch proposed a new line , known as the Foch Line , on July 18 , 1919 . The Foch Line was negotiated with the Polish war mission , led by General Tadeusz Jordan @-@ Rozwadowski in Paris , while Lithuanian representatives were not invited . The Foch Line had two major modifications compared to the June 18 line : first , the entire line was moved west to give extra protection to the strategic Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railway and second , the Suwałki Region , including the towns of Sejny , Suwałki , Puńsk , was assigned to Poland . Despite assurances at the time that the line was just a temporary measure to normalize the situation before full negotiations could take place , the southern Foch Line has been regarded since then as the border between Lithuania and Poland . On July 26 , the Foch Line was accepted by the Conference of Ambassadors as the provisional border between the two states . Lithuanians were not informed about this decision until August 3 . Neither country was satisfied : both Lithuanian and Polish forces would have to retreat from the Suwałki and Vilnius regions , respectively . Those Germans still present in the region also objected to the boundary of the line . The Lithuanian forces ( about 350 strong ) left the town of Suwałki by August 7 , but stopped in Sejny and formed a line at the Czarna Hańcza river – Wigry Lake . Lithuanians believed that the Foch Line was not the final decision , and that they had the duty to protect Lithuanian outposts in the region . = = Uprising preparations = = On August 12 , 1919 , two days after the Germans retreated from Sejny , a Polish meeting in the town attracted over 100 delegates from neighboring Polish communities ; the meeting passed a resolution that " only securing the area by Polish Army can solve the problem . " The Sejny branch of the Polish Military Organization ( PMO ) , led by Polish regular army officers Adam Rudnicki and Wacław Zawadzki , began preparing for the uprising on August 16 . PMO members and local militia volunteers numbered some 900 or 1 @,@ 200 men ( sources vary ) . The uprising was scheduled for the night of August 22 to 23 , 1919 . The date was chosen to coincide with the withdrawal of German troops from the town of Suwałki . The Poles hoped to capture the territory up to the Foch Line and advance further to take control of the towns of Seirijai , Lazdijai , Kapčiamiestis as far as Simnas . According to the Polish historian Tadeusz Mańczuk , Piłsudski – who was planning a coup d 'état in Kaunas – discouraged the local PMO activists from carrying out the Sejny Uprising . Piłsudski reasoned that any hostilities could leave Lithuanians even more opposed to the proposed union with Poland ( see Międzymorze ) . The local PMO disregarded his recommendations and launched the uprising . While locally successful , it led to the failure of the nationwide coup . On August 17 , a Lithuanian counter @-@ demonstration was staged . Its participants read aloud a recently issued recruiting proclamation of the Lithuanian volunteer army : " Citizens ! Our nation is in danger ! To arms ! We shall leave not a single occupant on our lands ! " On August 20 , Prime Minister of Lithuania Mykolas Sleževičius visited Sejny and called on Lithuanians to defend their lands " to the end , however they can , with axes , pitchforks and scythes " . According to Lesčius , at the time the Lithuanian command in Sejny had only 260 infantry and 70 cavalry personnel , stretched along the long line of defense . There were only 10 Lithuanian guards and 20 clerical staff in the town itself . Mańczuk and Buchowski note that the Polish insurgents estimated the Lithuanian forces at 1 @,@ 200 infantry ( Mańczuk also adds an estimate of 120 cavalry ) , including a 400 @-@ strong garrison in Sejny . = = Military skirmishes = = According to Lithuanian historian Lesčius , the first Polish assault of about 300 PMO members on August 22 was repelled , but the next day Lithuanians were forced to retreat towards Lazdijai . Over 100 Lithuanians were imprisoned in Sejny when their commander Bardauskas sided with the Poles . The Polish insurgents also attacked Lazdijai and Kapčiamiestis , towns on the Lithuanian side of the Foch Line . In early morning of August 25 , Lithuanians counterattacked and recaptured Sejny . Polish sources claim that Lithuanians there were aided by a company of Germans volunteers , but Lithuanian sources assert that it was an excuse used by Rudnicki to explain his defeat . The Lithuanian forces recovered some important documents and property , freed Lithuanian prisoners and , according to Mańczuk , executed several of the PMO fighters they found wounded . On the evening of August 25 , the first regular unit ( 41st Infantry Regiment ) of the Polish army received an order to advance towards Sejny . The Lithuanian forces retreated on the same day when they learned about approaching Polish reinforcements . According to Mańczuk , they based their retreat on an erroneous report about a " large Polish cavalry unit " operating to their rear ; only small groups of Polish partisans operated there . Later the next day , during the afternoon of August 26 , the PMO forces in Sejny were joined by the 41st Infantry Regiment . On August 26 , a large anti @-@ Polish protest took place in Lazdijai , with cries to march on Sejny . The last Lithuanian attempt to retake the town was made on August 28 . The Lithuanians ( about 650 men ) were defeated by the combined forces of the Polish Army ( 800 men ) and PMO volunteers ( 500 men ) . On August 27 , the Poles officially demanded that Lithuanians retreat behind the Foch Line . On September 1 , Rudnicki announced incorporation of PMO volunteers into the 41st Infantry Regiment . During the negotiations on September 5 , representatives of the two groups agreed to settle on a detailed demarcation line ; Lithuanians agreed to retreat by September 7 . The Polish regular army units did not cross the Foch Line , and refused to aid the PMO insurgents still operating on the Lithuanian side . Polish sources give total Polish casualties for the Sejny Uprising as 37 killed in action and 70 wounded . = = Aftermath = = After the uprising , Poland repressed Lithuanian cultural life in Sejny . Lithuanian schools in Sejny ( which had some 300 pupils ) and surrounding villages were closed . The local Lithuanian clergy were evicted , and the Sejny Priest Seminary relocated . According to Lithuanians , the repressions were even more far @-@ reaching , including a ban on public use of the Lithuanian language and the closing of Lithuanian organizations , which had a total of 1 @,@ 300 members . The New York Times , reporting on renewed hostilities a year later , described the 1919 Sejny events as a violent occupation by the Poles , in which the Lithuanian inhabitants , teachers , and religious ministers were maltreated and expelled . Polish historian Łossowski notes that both sides mistreated the civilian population and exaggerated reports to gain internal and foreign support . The uprising contributed to the deterioration of the Polish – Lithuanian relations and further discouraged the Lithuanians from joining Piłsudski 's proposed Międzymorze federation . The Sejny Uprising doomed the Polish plan to overthrow the Lithuanian government in a coup d 'état . After the uprising , the Lithuanian police and intelligence intensified their investigation of Polish sympathizers and soon uncovered the planned coup . They made mass arrests of Polish activists from August 27 to the end of September 1919 . During the investigations , lists of PMO supporters were found ; law enforcement completely suppressed the organisation in Lithuania , arresting members . Hostilities over the Suwałki Region resumed in summer 1920 . When the Polish Army began to retreat during the course of the Polish – Soviet War , the Lithuanians moved to secure what they claimed to be their new borders , set by the Soviet – Lithuanian Peace Treaty of July 1920 . The Peace Treaty granted Sejny and surrounding area to Lithuania . Poland did not recognize this bilateral treaty . Ensuing tensions heightened until the outbreak of the Polish – Lithuanian War . Sejny changed hands frequently until it was controlled by Polish forces on September 22 , 1920 . The situation was legalized by the Suwałki Agreement of October 7 , 1920 , which effectively returned the town to the Polish side of the border . = Henry B. Payne = Henry B. Payne ( November 30 , 1810 – September 9 , 1896 ) was an American politician from Ohio . Moving to Ohio from his native New York in 1833 , he quickly established himself in law and business while becoming a local leader in Democratic politics . After serving in the Ohio Senate , Payne was elected to a single term in the United States House of Representatives in 1874 . In the House , he worked unsuccessfully for a compromise in the debate over whether all of the nation 's currency should be backed by gold . He was defeated for reelection , but served on the Electoral Commission that convened in early 1877 to resolve the dispute over the results of the 1876 presidential election . He ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1880 , but lost to Winfield Scott Hancock , who would go on to lose the general election to James A. Garfield . He was elected to the United States Senate in 1884 . His election by the Ohio legislature was tainted with charges of bribery , but after investigation by the Senate , Payne was permitted to keep his seat . In the Senate , he voted for moderate tariff reforms and against the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 , but was otherwise a reliable Democratic vote . He did not run for reelection , and died in 1896 . = = Early life and legal career = = Henry Payne was born in Hamilton in Madison County , New York , in 1810 , the son of Elisha and Esther ( Douglass ) Payne . Both of his parents were Connecticut natives who had moved to New York in the 1790s . Payne attended the common schools and graduated from Hamilton College in 1832 . After graduation , Payne read law in the Canandaigua office of John C. Spencer , a Whig politician and future Secretary of War . While working there , Payne became good friends with Stephen A. Douglas , the future United States Senator and 1860 Democratic presidential candidate , who was studying law with another local attorney . In 1833 , Payne moved to Cleveland , Ohio , which was then a town of just 3000 people . Douglas preceded him there , but was ill , and Payne 's first task on arrival in Ohio was to nurse his friend back to health . He continued to study law , this time under Sherlock J. Andrews and in 1834 was admitted to the bar . He opened his own practice the same year , forming a partnership with future United States federal judge Hiram V. Willson . The firm became successful quickly , and within ten years Payne and Willson was among the top firms in Ohio . In 1836 , Payne married Mary Perry , the only child of a wealthy local merchant . They had six children , including Oliver Hazard Payne , the Gilded Age businessman , and Nathan P. Payne , a future mayor of Cleveland . = = Business career = = Payne 's law practice continued to be successful through the early 1840s , but after suffering from attacks of hemoptysis ( bleeding in the lungs ) , he was forced to curtail his activities . Instead , he devoted his time to business affairs and local politics . He began to promote the extension of railroads into Cleveland . Along with a few associates , Payne founded the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad in 1851 , and served as its president . He also invested in several other local railroads . He resigned the railroad presidency in 1854 , but the following year became president of a different railroad , the Painesville and Ashtabula . That same year , Payne became one of Cleveland 's first water works commissioners . He also invested in real estate , and in 1888 arranged for the construction of the Perry @-@ Payne Building in the present @-@ day Warehouse District . = = Ohio politics = = Payne entered local politics as a Democrat , serving as a Presidential elector in 1848 for Democratic nominees Lewis Cass and William Orlando Butler . He was elected to the Cleveland City Council in 1849 , and served there until 1854 . At the same time , he was a member of the Ohio Senate from 1849 to 1851 . His skill as a parliamentarian led his party to nominate him for the United States Senate in 1851 , but the election went to Whig candidate , Benjamin Wade , by a vote of 44 – 34 . Payne attended the 1856 Democratic National Convention , where he worked successfully for the nomination of James Buchanan . He ran for Governor of Ohio in 1857 , but narrowly lost to the incumbent Republican , Salmon P. Chase . With more than 300 @,@ 000 votes cast , Payne fell short of victory by just 1 @,@ 503 . In 1860 , he again attended the Democrats ' convention , where he helped nominate his old friend Stephen A. Douglas , and sided with Douglas 's faction as the party divided into northern and southern halves . At the 1860 convention , Payne denounced the right of secession , and during the Civil War that began the next year , he was a staunch supporter of the Union . Although he was not an abolitionist , he opposed the further extension of slavery . During the war , Payne used some of his wealth to help equip Ohio regiments . He was 50 years old when the war began , too old to volunteer himself , but two of his sons served in the Union Army with his blessing . After the war , Payne continued his political activity , leading the Ohio delegation to the 1872 Democratic National Convention , where he supported the eventual nominee , Horace Greeley . He campaigned on Greeley 's behalf , raising his own political profile in the process . In 1874 , Payne ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives from Ohio 's 20th district , and was elected with a 2500 @-@ vote majority over the incumbent Republican , Richard C. Parsons . = = House of Representatives = = When the 44th United States Congress assembled , the House was controlled by the Democrats for the first time since the Civil War . Payne was placed on the Banking and Currency Committee and the Committee for the Reform of Civil Service . At the time , the currency circulating in the United States was a mix of gold @-@ backed dollars and " greenbacks " that were backed only by the credit of the United States , with the public considering greenbacks to be worth less than gold dollars . The previous Congress , controlled by Republicans , had passed the Specie Payment Resumption Act , which would return the United States to the gold standard by 1879 . Opinion among Democrats was split , with Eastern Democrats supporting the Act , and Western and Southern members hoping for its repeal . Payne drew up a compromise bill , in which the Resumption Act would be repealed and replaced with a gradual , partial return to gold @-@ backed money . Under the Payne Act , national banks would be required to build up gold reserves equal to three percent of the value of greenbacks in circulation that year , adding an additional three percent each year until 1885 , when they would have gold reserves of thirty percent of the value of circulating greenbacks . At that point , greenbacks would become redeemable in at least thirty percent gold . This compromise was still too much for the Eastern Democrats and Republicans who favored the gold standard , and the Banking Committee refused to approve the bill . Payne contrived to bypass his committee and bring the bill for a vote by the whole House , but it was voted down , 81 to 157 . The House later passed a complete repeal of the Resumption Act , 133 to 120 , but the Senate declined to take up the matter . Specie resumption remained the law of the land when the 44th Congress 's term expired . In the 1876 presidential election , Republican Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio defeated Democrat Samuel J. Tilden of New York in one of the most hotly contested presidential elections to that time in the nation 's history . The results initially indicated a Democratic victory , but the electoral votes of several states were ardently disputed until mere days before the new president was to be inaugurated . Members of both parties in Congress agreed to convene a bipartisan Electoral Commission , which ultimately decided the race for Hayes . Payne was named to the committee at Tilden 's request , but the results went against the Democrats as Hayes was declared the winner of the disputed votes . After the Commissions result , Payne joined many Democrats in attempting to delay the House proceedings in hopes of forcing a more favorable result , but was outvoted by Republicans and the Democrats who sided with Speaker Samuel J. Randall in accepting the Commission 's result . The effort failed , and Hayes became president on March 4 , 1877 . = = Presidential politics = = Payne ran for reelection in 1876 but was defeated by Republican Amos Townsend . He remained involved in politics , however , and even considered running for the Democratic nomination for President in 1880 . Tilden , while not officially a candidate , wielded a heavy influence over the convention . Tilden was ambiguous about his willingness to participate in another campaign , leading some delegates to defect to other candidates , while others stayed loyal to their old standard @-@ bearer . Tilden did tell some of his close supporters that , if he did not run , Payne would be his first choice and House Speaker Samuel J. Randall his second . With that , many of the Tilden loyalists pledged their support to Payne , at least until Tilden decided to enter the race . Although Tilden ultimately declined to be nominated , Payne 's chances were hindered when Ohio 's delegation remained loyal to Senator Allen G. Thurman . Although Payne place third on the convention 's first ballot , on the second the delegates stampeded to General Winfield Scott Hancock , who was nominated . = = United States Senate = = = = = Election to the Senate = = = In 1884 , the Democrats held a majority in the Ohio legislature . In a caucus meeting to determine the party 's choice for United States Senator , many Democratic legislators looked to replace the incumbent Senator , Democrat George H. Pendleton , because they disagreed with his advocacy of civil service reform and low tariffs . Some of Pendleton 's opponents , led by Oliver Payne , promoted Henry Payne for the Senate seat , recalling his opposition to both of those positions during his time in the House . After a secret ballot by the Democratic caucus , Payne received 46 out of 80 votes . Because Oliver was a trustee and treasurer of the Standard Oil company , many of the Pendleton supporters immediately alleged that $ 100 @,@ 000 from the oil trust had been used to bribe Democratic legislators , and claimed that an open ballot would not have favored Payne . When the full legislature met , Payne was elected with 78 votes out of 120 . The Democratic legislature initially refused to investigate their members ' alleged corruption , but when Republicans regained the majority in the next session , the legislature looked into the allegations and forwarded the results to the federal Senate . The evidence gathered was voluminous , but the Senate declined to expel Payne , who proclaimed his innocence . While there was never enough evidence for definitive proof of bribery , biographer Dewayne Burke wrote that the " circumstantial evidence seems to convict Payne " of the charge . = = = Tariffs and interstate commerce = = = In the Senate , the most prominent fight was over the need for a strong protective tariff , which made foreign goods more expensive but encouraged domestic manufacturing . Payne supported a high tariff , but thought some small reductions would be prudent in order to reduce the federal government 's surplus . He joined fellow Senate Democrats in rejecting a tariff bill proposed by Iowa Republican William B. Allison , which would have raised the rates even higher than Payne thought prudent . His only contribution to the debate was to argue against a reduction in the tariff on steel and iron . This Allison bill passed the Republican @-@ controlled Senate , but failed to pass in the House , which was controlled by Democrats . At the same time , the regulation of interstate commerce , especially as concerned the railroads , was a political issue . The call for regulation of the railroads divided the nation 's business interests , with railroads working against legislation and manufacturers , who were aggrieved by high railroad rates , joining the reformers . Standard Oil joined the latter group in calling for Congressional action . In 1886 , Payne voted for a bill that would reform railroad rates slightly , but was considered ineffective by reformers . After amendments by the House , however , the bill returned to the Senate with more substantive prohibitions on the practices consumers and manufacturers found most egregious . Payne voted against the strengthened Interstate Commerce Act , which passed and was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland . In explaining his vote , Payne said that the law was impractical and unfairly advantaged other methods of shipping ( such as boat transportation on the Great Lakes ) over the railroads . = = Death and legacy = = Payne died in Cleveland on September 9 , 1896 , at the age of eighty @-@ five . He is interred in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland . His descendants continued to be involved in Ohio politics . In addition to his sons Oliver and Natham , his son @-@ in @-@ law was Secretary of the Navy William Collins Whitney of the politically prominent Whitney family . Payne was the maternal grandfather of Frances P. Bolton and great @-@ grandfather of Oliver Payne Bolton , both of whom later served in the United States House of Representatives . He was also the great @-@ grandfather of Michael Whitney Straight , a confessed spy for the KGB . = Italian cruiser Monzambano = Monzambano was a torpedo cruiser of the Goito class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . The ship was built at the Arsenale di La Spezia , beginning with her keel laying in August 1885 and ending with her completion in August 1889 . She was armed with a variety of light guns and five 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes , and was capable of a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . The ship spent her career in the main Italian fleet conducting training exercises , and did not see action . She spent 1898 patrolling the eastern Mediterranean Sea with the Levant Squadron . Monzambano was withdrawn from service in 1901 and broken up for scrap that year . = = Design = = Monzambano was 73 @.@ 4 meters ( 241 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 7 @.@ 88 m ( 25 @.@ 9 ft ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 31 m ( 10 @.@ 9 ft ) . She displaced 856 metric tons ( 842 long tons ; 944 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of three double @-@ expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Exact figures for the ship 's performance have not survived , but the members of the Goito class could steam at a speed of about 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) from 2 @,@ 500 to 3 @,@ 180 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 860 to 2 @,@ 370 kW ) . Monzambano had a cruising radius of 1 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 000 km ; 1 @,@ 300 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 105 and 121 . The primary armament for Monzambano was five 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes . She was also equipped with six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) 40 @-@ caliber guns , which were mounted singly . The ship was protected with an armored deck that was 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) thick . = = Service history = = Monzambano was laid down at the Arsenale di La Spezia on 25 August 1885 , the first member of her class to begin construction . She was launched on 14 March 1888 and fitting @-@ out work was completed on 11 August 1889 . In 1893 , Monzambano was laid up in La Spezia for the year , along with several other torpedo cruisers of the Partenope class , her sister Goito , and Pietro Micca ; at the time , the Italian fleet mobilized only a handful of vessels for the annual training maneuvers , preferring to keep the most modern vessels in reserve to reduce maintenance costs . That year , Monzambano was activated for the major fleet maneuvers conducted in July with the 1st Division , with the ironclad battleships Lepanto and Ruggiero di Lauria , the torpedo cruiser Euridice , and four torpedo boats . She served in the attacking squadron during a set of exercises that simulated a French attack on Naples . In 1895 , Monzambano was stationed in the 2nd Maritime Department , split between Taranto and Naples , along with most of the torpedo cruisers in the Italian fleet . These included her sister ships Goito , Montebello , and Confienza , the eight Partenope @-@ class cruisers , and Tripoli . In 1898 , Monzambano was assigned to the Levant Squadron that patrolled the eastern Mediterranean . She served on the station with the ironclad battleship Sardegna , the protected cruiser Etruria , Montebello , and the torpedo cruiser Aretusa . The ship was stricken on 26 August 1901 and broken up for scrap . = Blame It on the Alcohol = " Blame It on the Alcohol " is the fourteenth episode of the second season of the television series Glee , and the thirty @-@ sixth overall . The episode was written by Ian Brennan , directed by Eric Stoltz and first aired in the United States on Fox on February 22 , 2011 . This episode mainly centers on the issues of underage drinking , as the students of McKinley High School are coming drunk to school in increasing numbers . Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) plans an assembly to warn the students about the dangers on underage drinking , and asks glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) to have his students perform a song that send positive messages about avoiding alcohol . Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) throws a party for the glee club students where almost everyone gets drunk ; the partygoers wake up to hangovers , and must perform various songs about alcohol while still under the influence . The assembly ends abruptly when a song that seems to glorify alcohol is interrupted by two of the singers vomiting over the others , which scares the entire high school into avoiding drunkenness . " Blame It on the Alcohol " was given a positive reception by many reviewers , though there was disagreement over the show 's messages , including with regard to drinking alcohol . Rachel 's party was lauded , as was the song performed during it , " Don 't You Want Me " ; the assembly song , Kesha 's " Tik Tok " , was also well received . This episode featured cover versions of four songs , which were all released as singles and made available for digital download . Three of the singles debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 . The show 's first original song appeared in this episode : " My Headband " , sung by Michele as Rachel , which was not released . Upon its premiere , the episode was watched by over 10 @.@ 58 million American viewers , and it earned a 4 @.@ 4 / 12 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The episode 's total viewership and ratings were slightly up from the previous episode , " Comeback " , which was watched by 10 @.@ 53 million American viewers , and acquired a 4 @.@ 2 / 12 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic upon first airing on television . = = Plot = = Concerned about recent underage drinking incidents at McKinley High , Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) schedules a cautionary assembly and commissions the glee club to perform a song about the dangers of alcohol . Lead singer Rachel ( Lea Michele ) sings a song she has written , about her headband , to Finn ( Cory Monteith ) ; she realizes that she needs inspiration to write a song for Regionals , so she throws a house party for the club , which is also attended by former member Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) and his crush Blaine ( Darren Criss ) . The attendees — except for Kurt and Finn — get drunk , and Rachel and Blaine share a long kiss during a game of Spin the Bottle , after which they perform " Don 't You Want Me " as a karaoke duet . Blaine spends the night in Kurt 's bed , fully clothed . Kurt 's father Burt ( Mike O 'Malley ) is not pleased about this level of intimacy under his roof and tells Kurt to ask for permission first next time . Kurt grudgingly agrees , but asks Burt to educate himself on gay relationships so Kurt can come to him for advice in the future . On Monday , the glee club members arrive at school hung over , and perform the song " Blame It " . Club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) is impressed with their " realistic acting " , but thinks the song is inappropriate for the assembly as it glorifies drinking . Football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) prevails on Will to join her in a night out at a cowboy bar to reduce their stress ; they perform the song " One Bourbon , One Scotch , One Beer " . Will gets drunk and once home , his intoxication is such that he marks all his students ' papers with an " A + " , and then drunk dials the school 's guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) and leaves a sexually tinged message . Rachel asks Blaine out , and to Kurt 's dismay he accepts . They argue , as Blaine suggests he might be bisexual , while Kurt denies the existence of bisexuality . Kurt visits Rachel after the date , and warns Rachel that Blaine is indeed gay , if temporarily confused . At the assembly , New Directions perform Kesha 's " Tik Tok " , but the song comes to an abrupt end when Brittany ( Heather Morris ) and Santana ( Naya Rivera ) throw up from intoxication . Figgins later rewards the club for their performance 's success in scaring their fellow students into sobriety , in the belief that the glee club had been acting during the assembly . Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) publicly humiliates Will by playing the message he left on her voice mail — not Emma 's , as he had meant to do — over the school 's public address system while classes are in session . Will realizes that it is hypocritical to tell the students not to abuse alcohol when he does so himself , and convinces the entire club to pledge not to drink until after their upcoming Nationals competition . He tells them he will also abstain , and urges them to call him for a ride home if they do drink , regardless of where they are or how late it is . At the Lima Bean , Rachel kisses a sober Blaine , which makes him realize he is indeed gay , but instead of being disappointed she is elated : she tells Kurt that her relationship with a man who turned out to be gay is " songwriting gold " . = = Production = = " Blame It on the Alcohol " was written by co @-@ creator Ian Brennan and directed by Eric Stoltz in his second time as a Glee director , his first outing having been the acclaimed fourth episode of the season , " Duets " . A blind item about a " popular gay character " wondering if he might be bisexual after an " encounter " was published on February 10 , 2011 , by Michael Ausiello , Editor in Chief of the entertainment news website TVLine . A " firestorm of speculation " was set off , and centered on Blaine . Glee showrunner and co @-@ creator Ryan Murphy sent an email to the Perez Hilton website , published on February 14 , that stated , " Blaine is NOT bi . He is gay , and will always be gay . I think it 's very important to young kids that they know this character is one of them . " Within a couple of hours , Michael Jensen of the gay website AfterElton.com took note of Murphy 's statement , and also of the then @-@ current cover article on Criss in Out magazine , in which Murphy was quoted as saying , " Blaine will openly question whether bisexuality is real . I think that some people will love that discussion and some will not love it . " Jensen pointed out that Murphy does not say that Blaine will not question his own sexuality , but clearly " decides he is , in fact , gay " . Ausiello posted at about that time that Blaine was indeed who he was referring to in his original story , quoted from the same Out article as Jensen , and added a new one @-@ sentence summation from Murphy on the coming episode : " I guess the moral of the story is don ’ t play spin the bottle while drunk on wine coolers . " The show 's first original song was included in the episode : " My Headband " , sung by — and ostensibly written by — Rachel . In actuality , the song was written by Brennan , who wrote the episode , and composer James Scott Levine . The episode featured cover versions of " Don 't You Want Me " by The Human League , sung by Criss and Michele ; " One Bourbon , One Scotch , One Beer " by Rudy Toombs , as recorded by George Thorogood , sung by Morrison and Jones ; " Tik Tok " by Kesha , performed by Morris and New Directions , and " Blame It " by Jamie Foxx and T @-@ Pain in a rendition by New Directions with Amber Riley and Kevin McHale as leads . " One Bourbon " marked Jones 's singing debut on Glee . Recurring guest stars who appear in the episode include glee club members Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) , Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) and Lauren Zizes ( Ashley Fink ) , cheerleader Becky Jackson ( Lauren Potter ) , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Jones ) , Principal Figgins ( Theba ) and Kurt 's friend from Dalton Academy , Blaine Anderson ( Criss ) . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Blame It on the Alcohol " was first broadcast on February 22 , 2011 in the United States on Fox . It received over 10 @.@ 58 million American viewers upon its initial airing , according to the Nielsen ratings . The episode garnered a 4 @.@ 4 / 12 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , tied for the highest of the night with NCIS . The episode 's total viewership and ratings slightly increased from the previous episode , " Comeback " , which was watched by 10 @.@ 53 million American viewers and received a 4 @.@ 2 / 12 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic during its original airing . With its Canadian broadcast , also on February 22 , 2011 , " Blame It on the Alcohol " drew 1 @.@ 89 million viewers and placed fourteenth in the weekly program rankings . This was an improvement on " Comeback " , which aired the week before , ranked eighteenth and was watched by 1 @.@ 75 million viewers . In Australia , the episode was watched by 1 @.@ 02 million viewers on March 7 , 2011 , which made Glee the sixth most @-@ watched show of the night and twentieth of the week . In the UK , the episode was broadcast on April 11 , 2011 . It attained 2 @.@ 53 million viewers — 2 @.@ 05 million on E4 , and 483 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 — and was the most @-@ watched show on cable for the week . Viewership was marginally down from " Comeback " , attracting 40 @,@ 000 fewer viewers . = = = Critical response = = = Reaction to the episode was split . While the majority of reviewers were favorably impressed , some very much so , a significant minority were disappointed at the message the episode conveyed and the storytelling decisions . Among the former were Kevin Fallon of The Atlantic , who described it as " Glee at its best : cartoonish , outlandish , and loud — but still oh @-@ so true to life . " IGN 's Robert Canning gave the episode a " great " rating of 8 out of 10 , and called the main storyline " comical and human " . Candace Bulter of ScreenCrave also gave the episode an 8 out of 10 , and wrote , " This week 's Glee puts on the beer goggles to put alcohol @-@ related issues in perspective . The result is humorous and ironic , but leaves something to be wanted . " Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club , wrote that " the underpinnings of the episode aren 't terrible , just overstuffed " and gave it a " B − " . MTV 's Aly Semigran stated that the episode " left something of a sour taste " , and added that while the show " always combines humor with serious life lessons , it seems there were none to be found here " ; she called the episode " a wasted opportunity " . BuddyTV 's Jen Harper was also disenchanted by the episode , and concluded , " Geez Louise , Glee . What 's happened to you ? " Amy Reiter of The Los Angeles Times saw the show 's message differently from Semigran , and wrote , " Leave it to Glee to tackle a potentially joyless , didactic topic like teenage drinking and somehow manage to entertain and surprise and get its important life lessons across . " Time 's Richard Corliss called it a " breezy , sharply written episode " and rated it in the " high @-@ middle range " for the show . He concluded , " Last night ’ s hour of Glee was of the level a superior series sticks in mid @-@ season between its ' important ' episodes . If this is coasting , take me along for the ride . " The scenes that featured Rachel 's party were acclaimed by most reviewers . Fallon called them " a parade of the funniest sight gags , most uninhibited acting , and — interestingly enough — most relatable scenes Glee has produced in a while " , and described Michele as " an acting stand out " who " handled the entire arc like a seasoned comedienne " . His colleague Meghan Brown said it " showed Glee at its best " , and added : " The dialogue was snappy , the group dynamic was clean and specific , and the kids seemed like actual kids . " VanDerWerff also pointed out that the club members " really felt like kids , not like miniature 30 @-@ somethings " , and said the party was the " best part " of the episode . Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone praised Finn 's breakdown of " the five drunk girl archetypes , as demonstrated by the glee girls " . Harper wrote that the party scenes " left a lot to be desired " , and Patrick Burns , the third reviewer from The Atlantic , " waited for the Glee party to get out of control , or for someone to get hurt so that America 's youth could be shocked and appalled by the dangers of drinking " , but " the worst thing that happened was that Rachel tried to flip a gay guy " . Kurt 's scenes with Blaine and with his father evoked very divergent opinions from reviewers . Canning made mention of " a great conversation between Blaine and Kurt that felt very real for kids in this situation " and noted he was " glad it wasn 't an easy talk for either of them " . The Houston Chronicle 's Bobby Hankinson agreed , and said of their " debate over the existence of bisexuality " that " it was refreshing to see Glee portray a conversation like it really goes down in reality . It ’ s also good to see them not treat Kurt like such a saint all the time . " Semigran wrote that Kurt showed " an unflattering side of himself " , and Gonzalez stated that she " was completely on Blaine 's side here " : Kurt " wasn 't fair " and " was sort of unlikable " for once , though she did add that " he 's allowed to be flawed " . Blaine 's " sudden confusion over his sexual orientation " was deemed a " false note " by Reiter , who called his " overwrought speech " at the Lima Bean " off @-@ key " . Harper was unhappy that " major plot points like a gay character thinking he might be bi or straight get instigated , sorted out and wrapped up within an hour " , and said she thought it was " hurtful " for Blaine to " accept a date with Kurt 's friend " after he and Kurt had " agreed to sort of work on a potential relationship between the two of them " in the " Silly Love Songs " episode . There were similar reactions to Kurt 's scene with Burt , though reviewers agreed that Burt was being reasonable and Kurt was not . Gonzalez characterized Kurt as " more flawed in this episode than he has been , especially in that scene with his dad when he kept taking offense to his dad 's miscommunicated guidelines for sleepovers " , and Semigran described " Kurt 's overreaction " as " even more unsettling " than his argument with Blaine . Corliss wrote that Kurt 's " smackdown of his father has the odor of propaganda from the gayest show in TV history " . Canning said he was " moved by Kurt asking his father to step out of his comfort zone and educate himself about what is gay men do when [ they 're ] together " , and Gonzalez enjoyed " the very realistic tension that exists between them as father and gay son " . Harper was harshly critical of " the inane story line " where Sue regularly accused Will of being an alcoholic , which Semigran also took exception to . Reiter characterized " Sue throwing Aural Intensity 's ' chipper homosexual ' choir director down the stairs , twice " as a " false note " and said it was " particularly difficult to take " , though VanDerWerff called it " kind of funny " . Semigran was one reviewer who noted that Mercedes was wrong when she " complains that there are no songs that convey alcohol is bad " . She suggested " Pink 's ' Sober ' or Pearl Jam 's haunting cover of ' Last Kiss ' or Simple Plan 's moving ' ( Untitled ) How Could This Happen to Me ? ' " as songs that New Directions could have done for the assembly . = = = Music and performances = = = The musical covers and performances for the episode were given a mostly positive reception by reviewers . Rachel and Blaine 's duet of " Don 't You Want Me " was called " the best number of the episode " by VanDerWerff . Semigran went further and said it was the " best number by far " , and Hankinson went beyond that : " it may be one of my favorite Gleeformances of all time " . Futterman called it " fun " and " flirty " , and noted that " it pits Glee 's most well @-@ rounded pop vocalists against each other " . Anthony Benigno of The Faster Times and Gonzalez both gave the performance an " A " ; Benigno wrote that " it sounds like a modernized version of an old song and it totally , 1000 % works " , and Gonzalez declared that " Blaine needs to join New Directions so we can get more duets between him and Rachel " . Harper , while she characterized it as a " really cute duet " , said she was " not super @-@ keen on seeing them pair up again " . Brett Berk of Vanity Fair was even less enthusiastic , and gave it two stars out of five . Berk was more enthusiastic about " Blame It " and gave it four stars out of five ; he wrote , " This should be the song they sing at Nationals " . Gonzalez called it " one of the better R & B performances we 've seen from the Glee gang in a while " , and gave it an " A " . Billboard 's Katie Morgan thought that " this version might be better than the original " , while Harper was quite sure , and declared that it was " way better than the Jamie Foxx version " . Futterman , though she described it as a " very informed rendition " , said that " the song was too clean @-@ scrubbed to pass for a dirty club hit " . Benigno , while he liked " the harmonies in the hook " , said the song was " very skippable " and gave it a " B " . VanDerWerff said it was " one of the least enjoyable numbers of this season " . Benigno gave a " B + " to " One Bourbon , One Scotch , One Beer " . He noted that " Glee can slum with the best of ' em when the occasion calls for it " , and added " it 's the total lack of irony that ends up making this one so good " . Gonzalez was " prepared to hate " the song , but that Jones and Morrison clearly " had fun recording this song " , and since " country is 70 percent attitude " , she ultimately gave it a " B " . Bulter wrote that she " can ’ t wait for more of Beiste ’ s alto country vibes to be showcased " . Morris as Brittany was lauded for her performance in " Tik Tok " , which Bulter called the " performance of the night " and praised her " mad dance skills and awesome vocals " . Reiter wrote that Brittany " owned that rendition " , and CNN 's Lisa Respers France gave " kudos to Brittany for her awesome performance " . Benigno gave the song an " A − " , noted that Morris has a better voice than the original artist , Kesha , and the rendition was a case of " a bunch of really talented kids making a simple song better " . Futterman praised the " dance @-@ centered performance " , but said she wished Rachel or Mercedes had sung lead . VanDerWerff " really liked " Morris on the number , but said he " didn 't buy " that it was the song selected for the assembly . = = = Chart history = = = Of the four cover versions released as singles — the original song " My Headband " was not released — three debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 and appeared on other musical charts . On the Hot 100 , the show 's rendition of " Don 't You Want Me " debuted at number forty @-@ nine ; it was at number fifty on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 . The other two songs on the Hot 100 were " Blame It " at number fifty @-@ five , which also made number sixty @-@ one on the Canadian Hot 100 , and " Tik Tok " at number sixty @-@ one , which also made number fifty @-@ six on the Canadian Hot 100 . " Don 't You Want Me " was also featured on the sixth soundtrack album of the series , Glee : The Music , Volume 5 . " One Bourbon , One Scotch , One Beer " did not chart . = Vern Bickford = Vernon Edgell Bickford ( August 17 , 1920 – May 6 , 1960 ) was an American professional baseball player . A right @-@ handed starting pitcher , he played six seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Boston / Milwaukee Braves from 1948 to 1953 in the National League , and one game for the Baltimore Orioles of the American League in 1954 . Bickford was born in Kentucky but raised in West Virginia . He began his professional career in 1939 and , after serving in World War II , made the majors in 1949 . Acquired by the Braves organization due to a flip of a coin , Bickford became one of the most promising National League pitchers during his playing career , earning All @-@ Star honors in 1949 and leading the National League in complete games in 1950 . However his career was soon shorted by multiple arm injuries , and he was out of baseball by 1955 . After working an assortment of jobs , he was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 1960 and died after a three @-@ month illness . He is best known for throwing a no @-@ hitter against the Brooklyn Dodgers on August 11 , 1950 . = = Early life = = Bickford was born in Hellier , Kentucky and raised in Berwind , West Virginia . He began playing semi @-@ professional baseball in 1939 for a local West Virginian team , before signing with the Welch Minors of the Class @-@ D Mountain State League the same year . He served three years in the armed forces during World War II where he later claimed " helped " improve his career , as he got pitching tips from several professional Major League ballplayers . = = Minor league career = = Bickford was groomed to be a relief pitcher in minor league baseball and played four seasons with the Welch Minors before going off to fight in World War II . He came back to the Braves system in 1946 where he played for the Jackson Senators of the Southeastern League , where he had a 10 – 12 win @-@ loss record with a 3 @.@ 33 earned run average ( ERA ) , and one game with the Hartford Chiefs of the Eastern League . He was promoted to the Indianapolis Indians of the American Association for the 1947 campaign when Indianapolis owner Frank McKinney bought controlling interest in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization . Allegedly , Bickford stayed as part of the Braves organization due to a flip of a coin at a local bar . An argument endured between McKinney , Braves president Lou Perini and Braves general manager John Quinn during spring training over the fate of the players in the organization , with McKinney wanting to move Indianapolis and all its players to the Pirates organization . Via a gentleman 's agreement , they decided to split the players with a flip of a coin . They flipped a coin for the first selection , similar to a sports draft . If the coin landed heads , the player was headed to the Pirates organization and if it landed tails they stayed in Braves organization . The coin landed on tails , and the Braves picked Bickford and took over his contract . Perini later recalled on why he selected Bickford . Brooklyn 's general manager Branch Rickey had interest in the young right @-@ hander , and Perini thought that " if Bickford was good enough for Rickey , he was good enough for the Braves " . Bickford played for the Milwaukee Brewers in 1947 , where he had a 9 – 5 win @-@ loss record with a 3 @.@ 78 earned run average in 29 games , 14 of which were starts . = = Major League career = = Bickford was expected to start the 1948 season in the minor leagues due to lack of control . However , a friend of Boston Braves manager Billy Southworth stated that Bickford was likely better as a starting pitcher and reached the major league roster . His Major League debut was on April 24 , 1948 in a 16 – 9 loss against the New York Giants . He entered in relief at the top of the fourth inning , after Al Lyons gave up three earned runs to start the inning . He got Sid Gordon to hit to a double play and after giving up a single to Johnny Mize , he retired Willard Marshall on a grounder to end the inning . He made his first career start against the Pirates , a 4 – 1 victory on May 19 in which he only gave up five hits . On June 7 , he pitched a four @-@ hitter in an 11 – 1 victory over the Chicago Cubs , throwing five perfect innings before giving up a hit to Dick Culler to start the sixth inning . He finished with an 11 – 5 mark and a 3 @.@ 27 earned run average as the Braves won the National League pennant and advanced to the 1948 World Series against the Cleveland Indians . In his only World Series appearance , he started Game 3 , where he gave up one run on four hits in 3 @.@ 1 innings pitched and was charged with the loss . = = = 1949 – 50 = = = In 1949 , Bickford went 16 – 11 with a 4 @.@ 25 earned run average and made the National League All @-@ Star team . He finished seventh in the league in complete games ( 15 ) and third in games started ( 36 ) behind teammate Warren Spahn and Ken Raffensberger of the Cincinnati Reds . He lost a no @-@ hitter in the ninth inning in one of those games . At season 's end Bickford , alongside Spahn and teammate Johnny Sain created one of the most formidable pitching trios in the league for the next several years . His best season statistical @-@ wise came in 1950 , when he went 19 – 14 with a 3 @.@ 47 earned run average and led the National League in games started ( 39 ) , complete games ( 27 ) , innings pitched ( 311 @.@ 2 ) and batters faced ( 1 @,@ 325 ) . He also finished eighth in the league with 126 strikeouts . The high point of his career was his 7 – 0 no @-@ hitter against the Brooklyn Dodgers on August 11 , the first no @-@ hitter in the Major Leagues since Rex Barney threw one for Brooklyn in 1948 , and the first one for the Braves since Jim Tobin in 1944 . He retired the first 10 batters before walking Gene Hermanski in the fourth inning . Overall he walked four batters , and Duke Snider hit into a double play to end the game . Afterwards , Bickford stated that " all he wanted was the game " . His no @-@ hitter helped stay the Braves in the pennant race , falling five games behind the Philadelphia Phillies . However the Braves faltered and finished fourth with an 83 – 79 record , eight games behind the Phillies in the standings . Bickford struggled near the end of the year , falling short in his six games in an attempt to record a 20 win season . = = = Later career = = = In 1951 , he had an 11 – 9 win @-@ loss record with a career low 3 @.@ 12 earned run average in 25 games . His 3 @.@ 12 earned run average was good for eighth in the league . However , Bickford broke a finger in 1951 after being hit by a line drive , missed most of the final three months of the season and never regained his prior form . In 1952 , he was 7 – 12 with a 3 @.@ 74 earned run average in 26 games , 22 of them starts . He played for the Braves when the team moved to Milwaukee before the 1953 season ; however , he suffered from bone spurs in his pitching arm . During the 1953 season , Bickford had a 2 – 5 win @-@ loss record with a 5 @.@ 28 earned run average . In 1954 , Bickford was sold to the Baltimore Orioles for an undisclosed amount of cash and catcher Charlie White . The New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox were both interested in Bickford 's services , but general manager John Quinn decided to go with Baltimore 's offer . He only played one game , a start against the Chicago White Sox on April 24 . He gave up five runs , four of them earned , in four innings before being credited with the 14 – 4 loss . A pinched nerve in his throwing arm and eventual elbow surgery shortened his career . In 1955 , he unsuccessfully tried a brief comeback with the Triple @-@ A Richmond Virginians in the International League . He pitched in nine games before retiring due to complications of his arm injuries . = = Personal life and death = = Following his playing career , Bickford worked an assortment of jobs , as an automobile dealer , a traveling salesman and a carpenter . He spent the last few months of his life hospitalized from cancer , dropping 65 pounds , and telling the media a few days before his death about beating the cancer in order to coach professional baseball . He died of cancer in Maguire Veterans Hospital in Richmond , Virginia , at age of 39 . He left behind a wife and three sons at the time of his death . He is buried at Mount Zion Baptist Church Cemetery in New Canton , Virginia . = U.S. Route 15 in Maryland = U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Walterboro , South Carolina to Painted Post , New York . In Maryland , the highway runs 37 @.@ 85 miles ( 60 @.@ 91 km ) from the Virginia state line at the Potomac River in Point of Rocks north to the Pennsylvania state line near Emmitsburg . Known for most of its length as Catoctin Mountain Highway , US 15 is the primary north – south highway of Frederick County . The highway connects the county seat of Frederick with Point of Rocks , Leesburg , Virginia , and Charles Town , West Virginia ( via US 340 ) , to the south and with Thurmont , Emmitsburg , and Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , to the north . US 15 is a four @-@ lane divided highway throughout the state except for the portion between the Point of Rocks Bridge and the highway 's junction with US 340 near Jefferson . The U.S. Highway is a freeway along its concurrency with US 340 and through Frederick , where the highway meets US 40 and Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) . US 15 has an unsigned business route through Emmitsburg . US 15 is the descendent of a pair of turnpikes that connected Frederick with Emmitsburg to the north and Buckeystown to the south . These turnpikes were reconstructed as state roads in the 1910s north of Frederick and in the early 1920s from Frederick south to Tuscarora . When US 15 was assigned in 1927 , the Tuscarora – Point of Rocks highway had yet to be improved ; this section was paved in the early 1930s . The modern Point of Rocks Bridge was built in the late 1930s after its predecessor was destroyed in a flood . The Frederick Freeway was constructed in the 1950s . US 15 was relocated to part of the freeway ; the old route of the U.S. Highway through downtown Frederick became part of Maryland Route 355 ( MD 355 ) . US 15 's present highway between Point of Rocks and Jefferson was constructed in the late 1960s ; the old road south of Frederick was replaced with MD 28 and MD 85 . North of Frederick , the U.S. Highway bypassed Thurmont and Emmitsburg in the late 1950s and mid @-@ 1960s , respectively . US 15 was upgraded to a divided highway north of Frederick in the early 1980s . = = Route description = = US 15 has several official designations throughout its course in Maryland . The U.S. Highway is known as Catoctin Mountain Highway from the Virginia state line at Point of Rocks north to US 340 near Jefferson and from MD 26 in Frederick north to the Pennsylvania state line near Emmitsburg . US 15 is also part of Jefferson National Pike along its freeway concurrency with US 340 and the Frederick Freeway between US 340 and MD 26 . In July 2004 , the Maryland General Assembly designated the highway the 115th Infantry Regiment Memorial Highway ; a marker honoring the 115th Infantry Regiment was completed in the median of US 15 in Emmitsburg in July 2006 . All of US 15 except the portion between Catoctin Furnace and Thurmont is part of the Catoctin Mountain Scenic Byway , which was designated a National Scenic Byway in September 2005 . The entire length of the highway in Maryland is part of the National Highway System . = = = Point of Rocks to Frederick = = = US 15 enters Maryland at Point of Rocks , named for the pair of mountain peaks between which the Potomac River cuts through Catoctin Mountain , Pine Rock in Maryland and Furnace Mountain in Loudoun County , Virginia . The highway crosses the river on the Point of Rocks Bridge , a two @-@ lane , eight @-@ span camelback truss bridge that also passes over the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and CSX 's Metropolitan Subdivision on the Maryland side of the river . Just north of the bridge , US 15 meets the western terminus of MD 28 ( Clay Street ) , which serves as the main street of the community of Point of Rocks . The U.S. Highway heads north as a two @-@ lane controlled @-@ access road that passes through a mix of farmland and forest on the eastern flank of Catoctin Mountain . North of its roundabout at MD 464 ( Point of Rocks Road ) , US 15 has only two intersections , with Basford Road and Mountville Road , before passing under Elmer Derr Road and reaching a partial interchange with US 340 ( Jefferson National Pike ) east of Jefferson . There is no direct access from northbound US 15 to westbound US 340 or from eastbound US 340 to southbound US 15 ; that access is provided by using the Mt . Zion Road interchange to get turned around . US 15 and US 340 run concurrently northeast toward Frederick as a four @-@ lane freeway . The two highways have a diamond interchange with Mt . Zion Road and cross over Ballenger Creek . On the southwest side of Frederick , the freeway has a partial interchange with I @-@ 70 ( Eisenhower Memorial Highway ) , a folded diamond interchange with MD 180 ( Jefferson Pike ) , and a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Frederick Freeway , which carries US 40 through the interchange . US 340 's eastern terminus is within the third interchange , where US 15 exits north onto the Frederick Freeway and Jefferson Street continues east toward downtown Frederick . US 15 continues north concurrent with US 40 along the six @-@ lane Frederick Freeway . US 40 exits the freeway at a partial cloverleaf interchange with Patrick Street , which heads east toward downtown Frederick and west through the heavily commercialized Golden Mile . US 15 crosses Carroll Creek and continues north with four lanes through folded diamond interchanges with Rosemont Avenue , 7th Street , and Motter Avenue . All three streets provide access to Fort Detrick , home of the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases . In addition , Rosemont Avenue leads to Hood College and Motter Avenue connects the freeway with Frederick Community College . The Frederick Freeway ends at US 15 's partial interchange with MD 26 ( Liberty Road ) . = = = Frederick to Emmitsburg = = = US 15 continues north as a four @-@ lane controlled @-@ access expressway that has directional crossover intersections with Hayward Road and Monocacy Boulevard before leaving the city of Frederick by crossing Tuscarora Creek . The highway parallels the Monocacy River and has a junction with Biggs Ford Road on its way north to the hamlet of Hansonville , where the U.S. Highway intersects Old Frederick Road . US 15 crosses Fishing Creek to the west of Lewistown and is closely paralleled on the west by Auburn Road as the highway gradually approaches the eastern flank of Catoctin Mountain . At the northern end of Auburn Road , MD 806 ( Catoctin Furnace Road ) begins to parallel the northbound side of the U.S. Highway , which follows the eastern boundary of Cunningham Falls State Park just west of the village of Catoctin Furnace . Access to the main section of the state park is provided by Catoctin Hollow Road , which intersects the southbound lanes of US 15 and follows Little Hunting Creek up the mountain . The park 's Manor Area is accessible from US 15 a short distance north of Catoctin Hollow Road . North of its intersection with Blue Mountain Road and Pryor Road , US 15 leaves the park boundary and enters the town of Thurmont . The U.S. Highway has a diamond interchange with unnamed and unsigned MD 15C that leads to the northern end of MD 806 and to Frederick Road , which serves a commercial area south of downtown Thurmont . US 15 continues north to a folded diamond interchange with MD 77 ( Main Street ) where the highway also crosses Hunting Creek ; MD 77 follows the creek up the mountain as Foxville Road toward Catoctin Mountain Park . The highway intersects Sandy Spring Lane ( unsigned MD 15D ) and crosses over the Maryland Midland Railroad . US 15 leaves the town of Thurmont and meets MD 550 ( Church Street ) at a diamond interchange before crossing Owens Creek , which MD 550 follows up the mountain as Sabillasville Road . The U.S. Highway heads northeast through farmland and meets the northern end of MD 76 ( Motters Station Road ) before bisecting the campus of Mount St. Mary 's University . The main part of the campus and National Shrine Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes are located to the west of the highway ; the athletic complex , which includes Knott Arena , is to the east . North of Mount St. Mary 's University , US 15 meets the southern end of unsigned US 15 Business ( Seton Avenue ) at a superstreet intersection that also serves Old Frederick Road ; U @-@ turn ramps on either side of the intersection provide the missing movements . The U.S. Highway crosses Toms Creek and Flat Run along the eastern side of the town of Emmitsburg before its interchange with MD 140 ( Main Street ) . MD 140 is accessed via a pair of right @-@ in / right @-@ out interchanges with Emmit Gardens Drive , which is unsigned MD 904H on the northbound side of US 15 and MD 904F on the southbound side . North of MD 140 , the southbound direction of US 15 has a welcome center , the Mason and Dixon Discovery Center . US 15 's last intersection in Maryland is with the northern end of US 15 Business ( Seton Avenue ) and Welty Road , which leads to Old Gettysburg Road . North of the intersection , US 15 becomes a freeway that continues across the Pennsylvania state line as the U.S. highway 's bypass of Gettysburg . = = History = = When the U.S. Highway System was laid out in 1926 , US 15 did not enter Maryland . US 240 followed US 15 's current corridor from Frederick north to near Harrisburg . No U.S. Highway connected Frederick and Leesburg via Point of Rocks . By the end of 1927 , US 240 was reduced to a Washington – Frederick highway and US 15 connected Point of Rocks and Emmitsburg via Frederick as it does today . = = = Original construction and early improvements = = = US 15 was established partially along what had been a pair of turnpikes . The Frederick and Emmitsburg Turnpike connected Emmitsburg with Harmony Grove which was located at the northern end of Market Street at MD 26 on the north side of Frederick . The Frederick and Buckeystown Turnpike ran from its co @-@ terminus with the Frederick and Monocacy Turnpike at Evergreen Point at what is today the junction of MD 85 and MD 355 , south to 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of Buckeystown . When the Maryland State Roads Commission ( MDSRC ) designated highways to be improved as part of a state road system in 1909 , the Frederick – Emmitsburg highway was included in the new system . MDSRC originally planned to build the state road north from the city of Frederick along the Frederick and Opossumtown Turnpike , then turn east along Hayward Road to meet the Frederick and Emmitsburg Turnpike at Harmony Grove . MDSRC purchased the Frederick and Emmitsburg Turnpike from its operating company in 1911 . The first section of the turnpike to be rebuilt as a modern road was between Tuscarora Creek north of Frederick and just north of Sundays Lane near Hansonville in 1911 . The old turnpike was resurfaced as a 14 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) macadam road from Lewistown to Thurmont in 1914 and from Harmony Grove to Lewistown in 1915 . The Gettysburg Road from Emmitsburg to the Pennsylvania state line was also paved in 1915 . The gaps between Thurmont and Emmitsburg and between the city of Frederick and Harmony Grove were resurfaced between 1915 and 1919 ; the Frederick – Harmony Grove road followed the turnpike right @-@ of @-@ way north from Worman 's Mill rather than the 1910 planned route via Opossumtown Pike . The right @-@ of @-@ way of the Frederick and Buckeystown Turnpike was resurfaced with macadam by 1921 . The remainder of Buckeystown Pike was paved as a 15 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) concrete road from south of Buckeystown to around Lily Pons Road in 1918 and 1919 and south of Lily Pons Road to just north of the modern MD 28 junction in Tuscarora by 1921 . The concrete highway was extended south through the MD 28 junction to modern MD 28 's junction with Nolands Ferry Road by 1923 . That same year , Emmitsburg Pike was paved through Thurmont . In 1926 , MDSRC assumed maintenance of and resurfaced Market Street with asphalt from the city of Frederick between the south city limit at New Design Road ( now Stadium Drive ) to the north city limit at 9th Street . The commission also replaced Buckeystown Pike 's covered bridge at Ballenger Creek with the modern concrete arch bridge that year . US 15 was widened to a width of 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) from Frederick to the Pennsylvania state line around 1930 . The highway from Tuscarora to Point of Rocks was constructed as a concrete road in three stages starting in 1929 , when the paved highway was extended west from Nolands Ferry Road to west of New Design Road . The second section of the new highway was started in 1930 . The third segment was finished in 1933 , which completed the paving of US 15 in Maryland . Around 1938 , the U.S. Highway was resurfaced with asphalt from Emmitsburg to the Pennsylvania state line and from the south end of Frederick to Evergreen Point ; in addition , a grade separation was constructed with the Western Maryland Railway in Thurmont . = = = Point of Rocks Bridge = = = Several ferries crossed the Potomac River at Point of Rocks before the first bridge was constructed there in 1852 . This wooden bridge was constructed to carry a double @-@ track narrow gauge railroad from a junction with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to a blast furnace to process the area 's iron ore . This bridge , which also carried wagons and horses , was destroyed on June 9 , 1861 by Confederate forces under General Turner Ashby , the same day the bridge at Brunswick was destroyed . The second bridge at Point of Rocks was an iron bridge constructed in 1889 . US 15 originally followed Commerce Street and Canal Road , which is now used to access the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park , through an at @-@ grade crossing of the B & O Railroad to the Maryland end of the bridge , which crossed the river immediately to the east of the modern bridge . The 1889 iron bridge was swept away in the March 1936 flood that also destroyed the Potomac River crossings at Harpers Ferry , Shepherdstown , and Hancock . In November 1936 , MDSRC put together a plan to replace the Potomac River bridges at Hancock , Shepherdstown , and Point of Rocks . The Point of Rocks Bridge became the first of the three crossings to be started when construction began March 25 , 1937 ; the bridge 's concrete piers were completed and the piers of the old bridge were removed from the river by September of that year . The new bridge and its approaches , which crossed over the B & O Railroad on the Maryland side , opened December 26 , 1937 . The camelback truss bridge spans 1 @,@ 689 feet ( 515 m ) and has a 24 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) roadway and a pair of 3 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) sidewalks . US 15 followed a temporary approach to the new bridge along Commerce Street that remained vulnerable to major floods . The U.S. Highway was moved to higher ground on Clay Street when the highway was reconstructed and widened from Point of Rocks to Tuscarora in 1949 . = = = Relocation through Frederick = = = The first relocation of US 15 north of Frederick occurred at Tuscarora Creek between 1950 and 1952 . Construction on Washington National Pike , which is now I @-@ 270 , began in 1950 . The highway 's cloverleaf interchange with US 15 , which would serve as the freeway 's northern terminus for several years , was built in 1952 and 1953 . The adjacent portion of US 15 from Evergreen Point south to Lime Kiln was relocated , reconstructed , and widened in 1951 and 1952 . In 1954 , US 240 was moved to Washington National Pike ; the old alignment became US 240 Alternate and then MD 355 in 1956 . The section of freeway from US 15 to the Frederick Freeway was built between 1954 and 1956 concurrent with the first section of the Frederick Freeway . The original interchange between the Frederick Freeway and Washington National Pike included two ramps between the north – south and east – west portions of the Frederick Freeway . The first section of the Frederick Freeway opened from US 40 ( now MD 144 ) east of Frederick to a temporary half @-@ cloverleaf interchange with Patrick Street in 1956 ; this section featured a cloverleaf interchange with US 340 . The remainder of the Frederick Freeway from Patrick Street to MD 26 was placed under construction in 1956 . The highway was constructed as a two @-@ lane freeway from just south of its interchange with Rosemont Avenue to its northern end near Hayward Road , where the freeway tied into existing US 15 at Harmony Grove . The freeway north of Patrick Street featured interchanges with Rosemont Avenue , Motter Avenue , and a westward extension of MD 26 . When the Frederick Freeway opened in 1959 , US 15 was moved to Washington National Pike north of Buckeystown Pike and north through Frederick along the Frederick Freeway . Market Street north of Evergreen Point through downtown Frederick to US 15 north of the city became a northward extension of MD 355 ; the section of Buckeystown Pike from the freeway to Evergreen Point became a section of MD 806 . In 1960 , US 15 from the MD 26 interchange to Harmony Grove was expanded to a divided highway . The Frederick Freeway gained exit numbers in 1965 , the same year the highway 's interchange with 7th Street was added . The exit numbers ranged from 1 at the freeway 's interchange with MD 144 east of Frederick to 9 at the highway 's interchange with MD 26 ; the 7th Street interchange became exit 7A . The two @-@ lane section of the freeway was expanded to its present four @-@ lane configuration in 1969 , the same year the US 340 freeway was completed between Jefferson and Frederick . US 15 's present alignment from Point of Rocks to US 340 was also under construction by 1969 . When the new highway opened in 1970 , US 15 was moved to the new highway and joined US 340 in a concurrency along Jefferson National Pike from Jefferson to the Frederick Freeway . The old section of US 15 from Point of Rocks to Tuscarora became a westward extension of MD 28 . Buckeystown Pike from MD 28 to Washington National Pike was designated MD 85 , which was extended north to MD 355 the following year . The U.S. Highway 's interchange with Mt . Zion Road opened in 1972 . = = = Bypasses and expansion north of Frederick = = = US 15 was widened from downtown Thurmont north to Owens Creek starting in 1953 . That same year , the highway was relocated as the first carriageway of an ultimate divided highway from Owens Creek to just south of the intersection of US 15 with St. Anthony and Orndorff roads south of Mount St. Mary 's University . In 1956 , construction began on the Thurmont Bypass , which was constructed as the first carriageway of an ultimate divided highway from south of Catoctin Furnace to just south of Owens Creek . The bypass , which included an interchange with MD 77 , was completed in 1958 . The MD 77 interchange originally consisted of one two @-@ way ramp in the northeast quadrant of the junction . The old alignment of US 15 through Catoctin Furnace and Thurmont was designated MD 806 by 1960 . US 15 's interchange with MD 550 was built in 1972 . Several other sections of US 15 were bypassed in the 1960s . The highway bypassed Lewistown in 1962 , leaving behind its old alignment of Hessong Bridge Road and Angleberger Road , which became a section of MD 806 . Construction on the U.S. Highway 's bypass of Emmitsburg began in 1963 . The following year , the portion of US 15 from the northern end of the bypass to the Pennsylvania state line opened contemporaneously with US 15 's bypass of Gettysburg . The Emmitsburg bypass was completed in 1965 ; the old road through the town was designated US 15 Business by 1967 . MD 140 's overpass of US 15 was constructed in 1971 ; the old alignment of MD 140 was used for interchange ramps between the two highways . US 15 was expanded to a divided highway north of Frederick between 1972 and 1985 . The U.S. Highway was expanded to four lanes from MD 355 at Harmony Grove to Angleberger Road in Lewistown in 1973 . Four @-@ laning of US 15 continued in 1981 when the highway was expanded from the intersection with St. Anthony and Orndorff roads south of Mount St. Mary 's University to just south of the Pennsylvania state line near Emmitsburg . This section of divided highway was extended south through the MD 550 interchange in 1983 . As part of this project , the oblique intersection with MD 806 on the north side of Thurmont was removed . MD 806 was moved onto Albert Staub Road , which was extended north over a new crossing of Owens Creek to its present terminus at Roddy Creek Road , where local traffic could access US 15 at a perpendicular intersection . The two @-@ lane highway between Lewistown and MD 550 was expanded to a four @-@ lane divided highway in 1985 . The MD 77 interchange was completed with the construction of the southbound US 15 ramps in the southwest quadrant of the junction . A third interchange was added on the south side of Thurmont as a connector between US 15 and MD 806 in 1985 as well . US 15 's expansion to a four @-@ lane divided highway north of Frederick was completed in 1989 when the piece of highway at the Pennsylvania state line was expanded to four lanes contemporaneous with the four @-@ laning of the Gett	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
ysburg bypass . = = = Recent and future projects = = = US 15 in Frederick is a subject of the I @-@ 270 / US 15 Multi @-@ Modal Corridor Study , which encompasses the corridor of the two highways from I @-@ 270 's interchange with Shady Grove Road in Montgomery County to north of US 15 's intersection with Biggs Ford Road north of Frederick . The study was started by the Maryland State Highway Administration ( MDSHA ) and Maryland Transportation Authority in the mid @-@ 1990s to examine upgrades to the highway and transit infrastructure within the corridor . As part of another long @-@ term project initiated by the I @-@ 70 Corridor Planning Study , Jefferson National Pike 's interchange with I @-@ 70 , which was constructed with two ramps in 1969 , received two ramps from eastbound I @-@ 70 in 1997 ; that same year , access from northbound US 15 and US 340 to westbound I @-@ 70 was added at the Frederick Freeway interchange . Exit numbers on US 15 's portions of Jefferson National Pike and the Frederick Freeway were changed to their present numbers in 2002 . The interchange between Jefferson National Pike and the Frederick Freeway was transformed from a cloverleaf to a partial cloverleaf interchange in 2004 . Access between US 15 and the northern end of MD 355 , then named Wormans Mill Road , was removed in 2006 , the same year a ramp was added from westbound MD 26 to northbound US 15 . The roundabout at the US 15 – MD 464 intersection in Point of Rocks was built in 2009 . MDSHA replaced Motter Avenue 's bridge over US 15 because the concrete deck of the old bridge was deteriorating and the four @-@ lane width of the bridge was insufficient for the traffic it carried . The new bridge has four through traffic lanes , bike lanes , and continuous left turn lanes . The replacement bridge is long enough to accommodate future widening of US 15 . Construction began in spring 2012 and was completed in the Spring of 2015 . The new bridge was built in two sections : one half of the bridge was constructed immediately to the north of the old bridge , then traffic was moved to the half @-@ bridge and the old bridge removed , and the other half of the new bridge was constructed in place of the removed bridge . In 2011 , MDSHA completed a study to examine constructing an interchange at Monocacy Boulevard on the north side of Frederick to replace the present directional crossover intersection . Design work is underway on a diamond interchange with the municipal highway , which serves as a circumferential arterial in the northeastern part of the city . Monocacy Boulevard will be extended west to north – south Thomas Johnson Drive and meet the eastern end of Christophers Crossing , which is a circumferential boulevard throughout northwestern Frederick . As part of this project , US 15 's intersection with Hayward Road will be removed , resulting in the northern end of US 15 's freeway section being extended from MD 26 to Tuscarora Creek . = = Junction list = = The entire route is in Frederick County . = = Related routes = = = = = Emmitsburg business route = = = U.S. Route 15 Business ( US 15 Business ) is an unsigned business route of US 15 through Emmitsburg . Known as Seton Avenue , the highway runs 2 @.@ 34 miles ( 3 @.@ 77 km ) between junctions with US 15 on the south and north sides of the town . US 15 Business follows the original alignment of US 15 through Emmitsburg . The highway serves the St. Joseph 's College and Mother Seton Shrine campuses , which are home to several emergency management institutions and a shrine dedicated to Elizabeth Ann Seton , the first person born in the United States to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church . The U.S. Highway 's bypass of the town was constructed between 1963 and 1965 . US 15 Business was assigned to the old alignment of US 15 from south of Emmitsburg to the Pennsylvania state line by 1967 . The business route became unsigned by 1989 and was truncated at its present northern end by 1999 . US 15 Business begins at a superstreet intersection with US 15 ( Catoctin Mountain Highway ) opposite county @-@ maintained Old Frederick Road . Access to northbound US 15 requires following southbound US 15 to a median U @-@ turn . The superstreet intersection replaced a standard highway junction in 2004 . US 15 Business heads north as a two @-@ lane road that immediately intersects the old alignment of US 15 , Old Emmitsburg Road , and crosses Toms Creek . The business route passes the campuses of St. Joseph 's College and the Mother Seton Shrine . St. Joseph 's College is a defunct liberal arts college for women whose operations were absorbed by Mount St. Mary 's University . The campus is now the National Emergency Training Center , a Federal Emergency Management Agency facility that is home of the National Fire Academy , United States Fire Administration , Emergency Management Institute , and the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial . The Seton Shrine comprises the Basilica of the National Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Seton and St. Joseph 's Provincial House of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul . US 15 Business continues north into the Emmitsburg Historic District , where the highway intersects MD 140 ( Main Street ) and passes St. Euphemia 's School and Sisters ' House . The business route veers northeast and crosses Flat Run before approaching its northern terminus at US 15 . Traffic from northbound US 15 Business to northbound US 15 is required to follow the ramp to southbound US 15 and turn around at US 15 's interchange with MD 140 . US 15 Business continues north to MD 873 , an unnamed service road that parallels the southbound direction of US 15 toward the Pennsylvania state line . That intersection is connected to a one @-@ way southbound ramp from US 15 's intersection with Welty Road . The intersection was changed to remove access from northbound US 15 Business to northbound US 15 in 2007 . East of US 15 , Welty Road immediately intersects Old Gettysburg Road , the old alignment of US 15 north towards Gettysburg . = = = Auxiliary routes = = = US 15 has five unsigned auxiliary routes . Two of them have a Maryland state route number designation . US 15A is the designation for the 0 @.@ 04 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 064 km ) section of Biggs Ford Road immediately east of its intersection with US 15 north of Frederick . US 15B is the designation for the 0 @.@ 19 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 31 km ) section of Jefferson Street from the center of US 15 's bridge over the Frederick Freeway to just west of Jefferson Street 's intersection with Pearl Street in the city of Frederick . The western terminus of US 15B is also the eastern terminus of US 340 . MD 15C is the designation for the unnamed 0 @.@ 12 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 19 km ) roadway within US 15 's diamond interchange on the southern edge of Thurmont . The roadway continues as Tippin Drive to the west of the interchange and Thurmont Boulevard to the east . Thurmont Boulevard ends at Frederick Road , which becomes MD 806 just to the south at the town limit of Thurmont . MD 15D is the designation for the 0 @.@ 04 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 064 km ) section of Sandy Spring Lane immediately north of its intersection with US 15 in Thurmont . US 15G is the designation for the 0 @.@ 14 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 23 km ) section of Blue Mountain Road between US 15 and MD 806 south of Thurmont . = Didier Drogba = Didier Yves Drogba Tébily ( French pronunciation : [ didje dʁɔɡba ] ; born 11 March 1978 ) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Canadian Major League Soccer club Montreal Impact . He is the all @-@ time top scorer and former captain of the Ivory Coast national team . He is best known for his career at Chelsea , for whom he has scored more goals than any other foreign player and is currently the club 's fourth highest goal scorer of all time . He has been named African Footballer of the Year twice , winning the accolade in 2006 and 2009 . After playing in youth teams , Drogba made his professional debut aged 18 for Ligue 2 club Le Mans , and signed his first professional contract aged 21 . After finishing the 2002 – 03 season with 17 goals in 34 appearances for Ligue 1 side Guingamp , he moved to Olympique de Marseille , where he finished as the third highest scorer in the 2003 – 04 season with 19 goals and helped the club reach the 2004 UEFA Cup Final . In the summer of 2004 , Drogba moved to Premier League club Chelsea for a club record £ 24 million fee , making him the most expensive Ivorian player in history . In his debut season he helped the club win their first league title in 50 years , and a year later he won another Premier League title . In March 2012 , he became the first African player to score 100 Premier League goals , and also became the only player in history to score in four separate FA Cup finals the same year , when he scored in Chelsea 's win over Liverpool in the 2012 final . He also played in the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final , in which he scored an 88th @-@ minute equaliser and the winning penalty in the deciding shoot @-@ out against Bayern Munich . After spending 6 months with Shanghai Shenhua in China , and one and a half seasons with Turkish club Galatasaray where he scored the winning goal in the final of the 2013 Turkish Super Cup , Drogba returned to Chelsea in July 2014 . With a career record of scoring 10 goals in 10 finals winning 10 trophies at club level , Drogba has been referred to as the " ultimate big game player . " An Ivory Coast international between 2002 and 2014 , Drogba captained the national team from 2006 until his retirement from the Ivory Coast team and is the nation 's all @-@ time top goalscorer with 63 goals from 104 appearances . He led the Ivory Coast to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , their first appearance in the tournament , and also scored their first goal . He later captained the Ivory Coast at the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups . He was part of the Ivory Coast teams that reached the final of the Africa Cup of Nations in 2006 and 2012 , but were beaten on penalties on both occasions . On 8 August 2014 , he announced his retirement from international football . = = Early life = = Drogba was born in Abidjan , Ivory Coast , and at the age of five was sent to France by his parents to live with his uncle , Michel Goba , a professional footballer . However , Drogba soon became homesick and returned to Abidjan after three years . His mother nicknamed him " Tito " , after president Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia , whom she admired greatly . He played football every day in a car park in the city but his return to the Ivory Coast was short lived . Both of his parents lost their jobs and he again returned to live with his uncle . In 1991 , his parents also travelled to France ; first to Vannes and then , in 1993 , setting in Antony in the Paris suburbs , at which point the 15 @-@ year @-@ old Drogba returned to live with them and his siblings . It was here that he began playing team football more frequently , joining a local youth side . Drogba then joined the semi @-@ professional club Levallois , gaining a reputation as a prolific scorer in the youth team and impressing the coach with his professional attitude . His performances earned him a place in the senior squad but despite scoring in his debut , the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Ivorian failed to make an impression on Jacques Loncar , the first team coach . = = Club career = = = = = Le Mans = = = When Drogba finished school he moved to the city Le Mans to study accountancy at university and he had to change clubs , becoming an apprentice at Ligue 2 club Le Mans . However , his first two years there were marred by injuries and he was physically struggling to cope with the training and match schedule . Former Le Mans coach Marc Westerloppe later remarked that " it took Didier four years to be capable of training every day and playing every week " . Furthermore , Drogba 's complicated family life meant that he had never attended a football academy and only began daily football training as a fully grown adult . By age 21 , Drogba realised that he had to establish himself as a player soon or else he would have little chance of becoming a professional footballer . He made his first team debut for Le Mans soon thereafter and signed his first professional contract in 1999 . The same year , he and his Malian wife Alla had their first child , Isaac . He grew into his new responsibilities , later stating : " Isaac 's birth was a turning point in my life , it straightened me out " . His first season , in which he scored seven goals in thirty games , boded well for the future , but during the following season he did not live up to expectations . Drogba lost his place to Daniel Cousin due to injury , then upon his return , he failed to score throughout the remainder of the season . However , he returned to form the following season , scoring five goals in 21 appearances . = = = Guingamp = = = Halfway through the 2001 – 02 season Ligue 1 club Guingamp consolidated months of interest with a transfer offer and Drogba left Le Mans for a fee of £ 80 @,@ 000 . The second half of the 2001 – 02 season saw Drogba make 11 appearances and score three goals for Guingamp . While his contributions helped the club avoid relegation , the coaching staff remained unconvinced of their new young striker . However , the next season he rewarded his coaches ' patience , scoring 17 goals in 34 appearances and helping Guingamp finish seventh , a record league finish . He credited his teammates for his impressive season , highlighting the contributions of winger Florent Malouda , a long time friend of Drogba , as a key factor in his goalscoring prolificity that season . His strong goal scoring record attracted interest from larger clubs and at the end of the season , he moved to Ligue 1 side Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £ 3 @.@ 3 million . = = = Marseille = = = After a switch of coaches , Drogba retained his position in the team , scoring 19 goals and winning the National Union of Professional Footballers ( UNFP ) Player of the Year award . He also scored five goals in that season 's UEFA Champions League and six in the UEFA Cup . At the end of the season , he was bought by Chelsea as the club 's then record signing for £ 24 million . His shirt from his only season at Marseille is also framed in the basilica of Marseille , Notre @-@ Dame de la Garde , which he presented to the church before the 2004 UEFA Cup Final . = = = Chelsea = = = = = = = 2004 – 06 = = = = Signing for Chelsea in July 2004 for £ 24 million , Drogba scored in his third game for the club with a header against Crystal Palace . His season was interrupted when he pulled a stomach muscle against Liverpool which kept him out of action for over two months . Chelsea won the Premier League , only their second English top @-@ flight championship and their first in 50 years , and the League Cup . Later , Drogba scored in extra time in a 3 – 2 final win against Liverpool at the Millennium Stadium , as well as reaching the semi @-@ finals of the Champions League . Drogba scored a somewhat disappointing 16 goals in a total of 40 games for Chelsea in his first season : ten in the Premier League , five in the Champions League and one in the League Cup final . Drogba started the 2005 – 06 season by scoring two goals in a Community Shield win over Arsenal . His reputation was marred amidst accusations of cheating during Chelsea 's 2 – 0 win over Manchester City . Replays showed that he had used his hand to control the ball before scoring the second of his two goals . This occurred just a week after a similar incident against Fulham where the goal was disallowed . Chelsea went on to retain the league title with two games to play , becoming only the second club to win back @-@ to @-@ back English titles in the Premier League era . Again Drogba finished with 16 goals for the season , 12 in the Premier League , two in the Community Shield , one in the Champions League and one in the FA Cup . = = = = 2006 – 07 = = = = After the departure of Damien Duff to Newcastle United , Drogba switched from the number 15 shirt he had worn for Chelsea since 2004 to the number 11 shirt vacated by Duff . The season was a personal success for Drogba as he hit 33 goals in all competitions ( more than his tally in the previous two seasons combined ) , including 20 in the Premier League to win the Golden Boot . In doing so , he became the first Chelsea player since Kerry Dixon in 1984 – 85 to reach 30 goals in a season , scoring 20 in the Premier League , six in the Champions League , three in the FA Cup and four in the League Cup . Among the highlights were scoring game @-@ winners from outside the penalty area against Liverpool , Everton and Barcelona , a 93rd @-@ minute equaliser against Barcelona at the Camp Nou and both Chelsea 's goals in their 2 – 1 League Cup final win over Arsenal . He also completed two hat @-@ tricks ; one against Watford and the other against Levski Sofia in the Champions League , Chelsea 's first hat @-@ trick in European competition since Gianluca Vialli in the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1997 . In his last competitive game that season , he scored the winning goal over Manchester United in the first FA Cup final at the new Wembley Stadium . This also meant that he joined Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United in 1983 ) and Mark Hughes ( Manchester United in 1994 ) as players who have scored goals in both English domestic finals in the same year , although Drogba was the first player to end up on the winning team after scoring in both finals . In January 2007 , Drogba was named the Ivorian Player of the Year , ahead of Kader Keïta , Aruna Dindane , and Kolo Touré . In March , he was named African Footballer of the Year for the first time , ahead of Samuel Eto 'o and Chelsea teammate Michael Essien . His performances during the season saw him named in the PFA Premier League Team of the Year and runner @-@ up to Cristiano Ronaldo in the PFA Player of the Year awards . Drogba faced problems off the pitch during the end of the season as his transfer from Marseille to Chelsea in July 2004 came under scrutiny . The Stevens inquiry in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the lack of co @-@ operation from agents Pinhas Zahavi and Barry Silkman . = = = = 2007 – 08 = = = = The 2007 – 08 season began badly for Drogba as he expressed doubts about the departure of manager José Mourinho . He was reportedly in tears when Mourinho told him he was leaving the club , and said " Mourinho 's departure destroys a certain familiarity we had at the club . Many of us used to play first and foremost for the manager . Now we need to forget those feelings and find another source of motivation " . Following these claims , Drogba told France Football Magazine " I want to leave Chelsea . Something is broken with Chelsea , The damage is big in the dressing room " . Despite having signed a four @-@ year contract with the club in 2006 , Drogba reportedly pointed out several favoured clubs in the interview , identifying Barcelona , Real Madrid , Milan or Internazionale as possible future destinations , he later admitted he regretted this and was 100 % committed to Chelsea . Drogba made it up to the fans by scoring in Chelsea 's 2 – 0 victory over Middlesbrough on 20 October 2007 , against Schalke 04 in the Champions League four days later , and two goals against Manchester City . In December 2007 , Drogba was voted fourth ( after Kaká , Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo ) for the 2007 FIFA World Player of the Year . Drogba continued scoring goals but suffered an injury at the training ground and decided to have an operation on his knee . He was unable to play for four weeks and missed key games against Valencia , Arsenal and Liverpool . Drogba returned from injury to play in an FA Cup third round match against Queens Park Rangers and wore the captain 's armband for the last 30 minutes he was on the pitch , but that was his last performance for Chelsea before international duty at the Africa Cup of Nations . Upon his return , Drogba scored a goal in the 2008 League Cup Final , making him the all @-@ time leading scorer in League Cup Finals with four goals , but could not help prevent Chelsea fall to a 2 – 1 defeat at the hands of Tottenham Hotspur . Drogba also became the first player to score in three League Cup finals and the first to score in three consecutive English domestic cup finals . He scored both goals in a key 2 – 1 victory against Arsenal on 23 March 2008 , bringing Chelsea equal on points with leaders Manchester United . On 26 April 2008 , Drogba faced controversy after a clash with Manchester United defender Nemanja Vidić . The Serbian centre @-@ back had to have stitches under his lip after losing a tooth in the clash . There was discussion whether Drogba had the intention or not to injure his rival . The debate also called into question an earlier incident on 26 November 2006 where Drogba elbowed Vidić . Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson expressed concerns over elbowing in the Premier League . Despite media speculation , Drogba 's yellow card for the clash was deemed adequate punishment by the Football Association . Controversy still dogged the player as before the UEFA Champions League semi @-@ final second leg clash with Liverpool , Drogba was accused of diving by Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez . Benítez claimed to have compiled a four @-@ year dossier of Drogba 's " diving " antics but Drogba hit back at Benítez in an interview . On 30 April 2008 , Drogba scored two goals in the second leg of the semi @-@ final against Liverpool , which Chelsea won 3 – 2 at Stamford Bridge . This was the first time Chelsea had beaten Liverpool in the semi @-@ finals of the Champions League , having lost their previous two meetings to Liverpool . This also led to Chelsea reaching their first Champions League Final . Drogba became Chelsea 's top scorer in European competition , the two goals he scored put his total at 17 , surpassing Peter Osgood 's record of 16 . Drogba was sent off in the 117th minute of the Champions League Final for slapping defender Vidić , becoming only the second player to be sent off in a European Cup final – after Jens Lehmann in 2006 – and the first for violent conduct . Chelsea went on to lose 6 – 5 on penalties after a 1 – 1 draw in extra time . Chelsea assistant boss Henk ten Cate revealed Drogba was due to take the decisive fifth spot @-@ kick in the shootout . Team captain John Terry took his place but missed after slipping whilst taking the penalty . = = = = 2008 – 09 = = = = Drogba suffered a string of injuries early on in the 2008 – 09 season and struggled to regain fitness , missing games from August to November due to knee problems . He scored his first goal of the season in mid @-@ November but there was little reason to celebrate : he incurred disciplinary action and a three @-@ match ban for throwing a coin back into the stands and Chelsea suffered a League Cup defeat against Burnley . Drogba scored his second goal of the season in a 2 – 1 victory against CFR Cluj in the UEFA Champions League , while his first Premier League goal of the season came in a 2 – 0 win against West Bromwich Albion in late December 2008 . Having missed many games through injury and suspension , Drogba had lost his first team place and manager Scolari favoured playing Nicolas Anelka as a lone striker rather than pairing the two . However , he resolved to regain his position in the squad . Upon the temporary appointment of Guus Hiddink in early February following the sacking of Scolari , Drogba enjoyed a rejuvenation of sorts , returning to his goal @-@ scoring form with four goals in five games after the new manager took over . His revival in form saw him net twice against Bolton Wanderers , and four times in four Champions League matches , one in each leg of the last sixteen and quarter @-@ final of the competition against Juventus and Liverpool respectively , with these goals ensuring Chelsea 's passage into the semi @-@ finals . Just four days after his Champions League games , Drogba scored a late goal in the FA Cup semi @-@ final match against Arsenal after Frank Lampard 's pass found Drogba and he carefully rounded Arsenal goalkeeper Łukasz Fabiański before passing the ball into Aersenal 's empty net . Drogba also caused controversy after Chelsea 's Champions League semi @-@ final defeat at the hands of Barcelona . Feeling that many decisions had gone against Chelsea , substituted Drogba confronted referee Tom Henning Øvrebø after the final whistle . He received a yellow card in the process and was recorded shouting " It 's a fucking disgrace " into a live television camera . On 17 June 2009 , UEFA subsequently handed him a six @-@ game European ban with the final two games suspended . The ban then was reduced by one match after an appeal by Chelsea . In the 2009 FA Cup Final , Drogba scored Chelsea 's first and equalising goal as they went on to win 2 – 1 . This was his sixth goal in a major cup final in England . Although Drogba had previously expressed his desire to switch clubs , he decided to remain with the Blues under new coach Carlo Ancelotti and signed a new contract . = = = = 2009 – 10 = = = = Drogba began the 2009 – 10 season in fine form for Chelsea , netting a penalty during a shoot @-@ out in the Community Shield over Manchester United , before scoring twice in a 2 – 1 victory over Hull City . Drogba earned himself an assist when he was fouled in the penalty box to give Chelsea a penalty , which Frank Lampard converted , in a 3 – 1 victory over Sunderland . In Chelsea 's third game of the season against West @-@ London rivals Fulham , Drogba scored his third goal of the season . Drogba scored his fourth goal of the season , against Stoke City ; Chelsea ended winning the game 2 – 1 with a late strike from Malouda . He added a fifth at home against London rivals Tottenham Hotspur on 20 September . He scored his 100th goal for Chelsea in a 3 – 1 defeat against Wigan Athletic . Drogba was again important in the 2 – 0 win over title rivals Liverpool on 4 October . He assisted both goals , setting up Nicolas Anelka and Florent Malouda . He then scored a glancing header against Blackburn on 24 October 2009 , bringing his tally to eight goals in eleven appearances , scoring his third goal in as many games . Drogba continued his fine form scoring a header against Bolton Wanderers in a 4 – 0 win in the League Cup , Drogba went on to score a goal in the same week with another 4 – 0 win against Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League . After missing the first three Champions League matches for Chelsea with a ban for being unsportsmanlike , Drogba started the fourth game against Spanish side Atlético Madrid . He scored two goals in the last ten minutes and the match ended 2 – 2 . On 29 November , Drogba scored a goal against London rivals Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium , the second of which a free kick from outside the box . It brought his tally for the season to 14 goals in 16 games . On 12 December , Drogba continued his performance with two goals in 3 – 3 draw against Everton . Between 3 and 30 January Drogba was on Africa Cup of Nations duty and came back on 2 February against Hull City where he scored a 40th @-@ minute equaliser to tie the game 1 – 1 . On 24 March , Drogba scored his 30th goal of the season in an away game against Portsmouth . On 9 May , Drogba helped Chelsea to win the Premier League by scoring a hat @-@ trick in an 8 – 0 win over Wigan Athletic . In doing so , he not only collected his third League winner 's medal but also won the Golden Boot for the season , his second time doing so , by topping the chart with 29 league goals , beating Wayne Rooney to the title who remained on 26 goals . Both players had the same number of goals ( 26 ) before the start of their respective matches . However , during the game , Drogba appeared to be clearly angry with team @-@ mate and regular penalty taker Frank Lampard , after Lampard refused to let Drogba take a penalty which would lead Chelsea to go 2 – 0 up and give him a chance of winning the golden boot . Lampard scored the penalty , but Drogba did not celebrate with his team @-@ mates . Later on in the game though Ashley Cole was tripped in the box when Chelsea were already 5 – 0 up , and this time Lampard allowed Drogba to take the penalty , which he scored to go two goals clear of Rooney . The following week , Drogba scored the only goal of the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth from a free @-@ kick , keeping up his record of having scored in all six English cup finals ( FA Cup and League Cup ) in which he has played . = = = = 2010 – 11 = = = = Drogba came on as a substitute for Anelka against Manchester United in the Community Shield , but could not help prevent Chelsea from succumbing to a 3 – 1 loss . However , he started the Premier League season in fine form , continuing from where he left off on the last day of the previous campaign as he scored a hat @-@ trick against West Bromwich Albion in a 6 – 0 victory . In Chelsea 's next game against Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium , Drogba made three assists in another 6 – 0 win . Drogba also played the next game at home against Stoke City where he played the whole 90 minutes and scored his fourth Premier League goal of the season when he kicked home a penalty after Nicolas Anelka was brought down by Thomas Sørensen inside the box . On 7 November 2010 , Drogba missed the first half of Chelsea 's 2 – 0 defeat by Liverpool . It was later revealed that he had been suffering from malaria for at least a month . He had first complained of feeling unwell before the October 2010 international break but the illness was only diagnosed on 8 November 2010 . Having diagnosed the problem , Chelsea insisted that he would make a full recovery within days . = = = = 2011 – 12 = = = = While playing against Norwich City on 27 August 2011 , Drogba suffered a concussion in a collision with Norwich goalkeeper John Ruddy . After missing two games , Drogba made his return to the Chelsea squad on 24 September against Swansea City . Drogba went on scoring his first goal of the season in a 4 – 1 win . Drogba received a red card on 23 October against Queens Park Rangers , Chelsea ended up losing 1 – 0 . On 29 November , Drogba rejected a new deal with Chelsea and was set to sign for the highest bidder . On 31 December 2011 , Drogba scored his 150th goal for Chelsea against Aston Villa , putting him level with Peter Osgood and Roy Bentley in terms of the club 's top scorers of all time . Even though , Chelsea was leading with the penalty scored by Drobga , the game ended in a 3 – 1 loss for Chelsea . Drogba scored his 99th Premier League goal for Chelsea on 25 February 2012 , in a 3 – 0 win over Bolton Wanderers . Drogba scored his 100th Premier League goal for Chelsea on 10 March 2012 , in a 1 – 0 win over Stoke City . He is the first African player to reach that landmark . Drogba scored his seventh goal at Wembley against London rivals Tottenham Hotspur on 15 April , blasting the ball past former teammate Carlo Cudicini as Chelsea became 5 – 1 winners and secured a place in the FA Cup Final against Liverpool . Three days later , he scored a vital goal as Chelsea beat Barcelona 1 – 0 at Stamford Bridge in the first leg of their UEFA Champions League Semi @-@ final clash . Drogba became the first player to score in four different FA Cup Finals , as he netted the winner in Chelsea 's 2 – 1 triumph over Liverpool on 5 May . In the Champions League final on 19 May 2012 , Drogba scored the equaliser from Juan Mata 's corner in the 88th minute , taking Chelsea into extra time and then penalties . He also scored the winning penalty in the 4 – 3 penalty shootout that led Chelsea to the victory over Bayern Munich . Sir Alex Ferguson remarked : " As far as I was concerned , he [ Drogba ] won the Champions League for Chelsea . " Drogba 's headed effort marked his ninth goal in nine cup final appearances for Chelsea , Chelsea legend Gianfranco Zola spoke after the match about Drogba 's ability in big games : " In all their very important matches he has put a stamp on it . " In November 2012 Drogba was named Chelsea 's greatest ever player in a poll of 20 @,@ 000 fans conducted by Chelsea Magazine . = = = Shanghai Shenhua = = = On 22 May 2012 , Chelsea released a note on their official website announcing that Drogba will be leaving the club when his contract expires at the end of June 2012 . On 19 June 2012 , Drogba declared he would be joining Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua , linking up with his former Chelsea teammate Nicolas Anelka . It was reported that he signed a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year deal where he will earn £ 200 @,@ 000 a week . On 22 July , Drogba made his debut for Shanghai Shenhua in a 1 – 1 away draw against Guangzhou R & F , coming on as a substitute for Brazilian defender Moisés in the second half . He assisted Cao Yunding 's equaliser in the 67th minute . On 4 August , he scored his first two goals in a 5 – 1 win against Hangzhou Greentown . He scored two more goals on 25 August , both set up by Anelka , as Shenhua drew 3 – 3 with Shandong Luneng . = = = Galatasaray = = = On 28 January 2013 , Drogba agreed to a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year deal with Süper Lig team Galatasaray . He would earn a sign @-@ on fee of € 4 million plus basic wage of € 4 million per season , € 2 million for the remaining 2012 – 13 Süper Lig ) and € 15 @,@ 000 per match . However , on 30 January 2013 , Shenhua released a press release that Drogba would unilaterally breach his contract if he were to join Galatasaray . Drogba argued that he had not been paid his wages by the club and asked FIFA , the sport 's governing body , to invalidate his contract . In February 2013 , FIFA granted a temporary license for him to play for Galatasaray pending the outcome of the contract dispute . On 15 February , Drogba scored his debut goal for Galatasaray just five minutes after coming off the bench against Akhisar Belediyespor in a match that ended 2 – 1 . On 6 April , Drogba scored twice in a match against Mersin İdmanyurdu that ended 3 – 1 . On 9 April , Drogba scored his first goal for Galatasaray in the Champions League , against Real Madrid . On 20 April , Drogba scored twice in a match against Elazigspor that ended 3 – 1 . He won his first title with Galatasaray on 5 May , with a 4 – 2 win over Sivasspor . In Galatasary 's derby match against Istanbul rivals Fenerbahçe on 12 May , Drogba and his Ivorian team @-@ mate Emmanuel Eboue were subjects of racist chants from opposing fans in the team 's 2 – 1 loss , but no fine or bans were handed down to the supporters or the club . On 11 August , he scored the only goal in the 2013 Turkish Super Cup against the same opponents , and he scored two second @-@ half goals in a 2 – 1 away win against fellow city rivals Beşiktaş on 22 September , although the match was abandoned due to hooliganism from fans of the opponents . = = = Return to Chelsea = = = On 25 July 2014 , Chelsea announced on their official website that Drogba completed his return to the club on a free transfer , and signed a one @-@ year contract . Speaking on his move back to the club , Drogba said : " It was an easy decision . I couldn 't turn down the opportunity to work with José Mourinho again . Everyone knows the special relationship I have with this club and it has always felt like home to me . " Mourinho also commented on the transfer , saying : " He 's coming because he 's one of the best strikers in Europe . I know his personality very well and I know if he comes back he 's not protected by history or what he 's done for this club previously . He is coming with the mentality to make more history . " On 28 July 2014 , Chelsea announced that Drogba would wear the number 15 shirt which he wore when he first signed for the club in 2004 . Mohamed Salah , who wore the number during the 2013 – 14 season , took over the number 17 shirt vacated by Eden Hazard . On 15 August , however , it was announced that Drogba had been given back the number 11 shirt he previously wore at the club , with its previous occupant Oscar taking over the number 8 jersey vacated by Frank Lampard . Drogba made his Premier League return for Chelsea in a 3 – 1 win away to Burnley , replacing winger Eden Hazard in the 84th minute at Turf Moor on 18 August 2014 . On 17 September he made the first start of his second spell , in a 1 – 1 home draw against Schalke 04 in Chelsea 's first game of the Champions League group stage . He scored his first goal in his second spell at Stamford Bridge on 21 October , converting a penalty kick in a 6 – 0 win over Maribor in the Champions League . Five days later , with Chelsea 's attack limited by injuries to Diego Costa and Loïc Rémy , Drogba started against Manchester United at Old Trafford , making his 350th appearance for the club . Early in the second @-@ half , he headed in the first Premier League goal of his second spell although Robin van Persie equalised in added time . He scored his 50th goal in European football against Schalke 04 . On 24 May 2015 , Drogba announced that Chelsea 's final game of the season against Sunderland would be his last as a Chelsea player . He started the game as captain and was substituted with injury after half an hour , being carried off by his teammates in an eventual 3 – 1 win . = = = Montreal Impact = = = On 27 July 2015 , Drogba signed a Designated Player contract with Major League Soccer side Montreal Impact , believed to be 18 months in length . On 23 August , he made his debut in a 0 – 1 home loss against the Philadelphia Union , coming on as a substitute for Dilly Duka in the second half . On 5 September , Drogba scored a hat @-@ trick on his first MLS start , the first player to do so in the league 's history . Additionally , it was considered a " perfect hat @-@ trick " , with one goal scored with either foot and one with the head . He was September 's MLS Player of the Month after scoring 7 goals in his first 5 games in the league . On 25 October , he scored both of the Impact 's goals from back heels as the team came from behind to defeat Toronto FC 2 – 1 at home in the 401 Derby ; the win gave Montreal the home advantage for their knock @-@ out fixture against Toronto in the 2015 MLS Cup Playoffs . Drogba finished the 2015 MLS regular season with 11 goals in 11 games . On 29 October , Drogba scored Montreal 's third goal in a 3 – 0 home win over Toronto in the knock @-@ out round of the Playoffs , to advance to the Eastern Conference Semi @-@ finals for the first time in the club 's history ; they were eliminated by Columbus Crew SC . He was named one of the three finalists for the 2015 MLS Newcomer of the Year Award . In July 2016 , Drogba was included in the roster for the 2016 MLS All @-@ Star Game . = = International career = = Drogba contributed to the Ivory Coast to qualify for its first ever FIFA World Cup , held in Germany in 2006 . In February 2006 , Drogba captained the Ivory Coast to their second Africa Cup of Nations final , scoring the only goal in their semi @-@ final match with Nigeria and putting away the deciding spot @-@ kick in their record @-@ tying 12 – 11 penalty shootout quarter @-@ final win over Cameroon . However , they lost in the final to Egypt 4 – 2 on penalty kicks after a 0 – 0 draw , with Drogba 's shot being stopped by Egyptian goalkeeper Essam El @-@ Hadary . At the 2006 FIFA World Cup , the Ivory Coast were drawn in a " group of death " with Serbia and Montenegro , the Netherlands and Argentina . On 10 June 2006 , Drogba scored the first World Cup goal of his career and of his country 's history in the opening game against Argentina , but his team lost 2 – 1 . The Ivory Coast were eliminated from the World Cup after their next game , a 1 – 2 defeat to the Netherlands , but came from 0 – 2 down to win against Serbia and Montenegro 3 – 2 in their final group game , with Drogba watching from the sidelines following suspension after picking up a yellow card in the previous two games . In the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations , the Ivory Coast were drawn in a group with Nigeria , Mali and underdogs Benin . Drogba scored two goals in the group stage , opening the scoring in the 4 – 1 win over Benin , as well as in the 3 – 0 win over Mali . In the quarter @-@ finals , Drogba was on the score sheet once again in the 5 – 0 win over Guinea with the last four goals coming in the final twenty minutes . The semi @-@ final was a rematch of the 2006 final against Egypt , but it was to be the end of the road for Drogba and the Ivory Coast , losing 4 – 1 to the eventual champions . On 9 February , Drogba lost 4 – 2 to hosts Ghana and thus ended their run in the playoffs . Drogba scored six goals in five qualification games to help the Ivory Coast qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations Drogba scored one goal in the 3 – 1 victory against Ghana in the group stage . The Ivory Coast reached the quarter @-@ finals but lost 2 – 3 to Algeria . In March 2010 , he was named as the 2009 African Footballer of the Year , his second time winning the award in his career . On 4 June 2010 , Drogba was injured in a friendly match with Japan . He received the injury in a high challenge from defender Túlio Tanaka . He fractured the ulna in his right arm and had an operation the next day in the hope of making the finals . On 15 June 2010 , Drogba was cleared by FIFA to play in the Ivory Coast 's first group game against Portugal wearing a protective cast on his broken arm . The match ended in a goalless draw at the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium with Drogba coming on in the 65th minute . On 20 June 2010 , Drogba became the first player from an African nation to score against Brazil in a World Cup match , scoring with a header in the 78th minute as the Ivory Coast were defeated 1 – 3 . On 25 June 2010 , the Ivory Coast went out of the competition despite winning 3 – 0 against North Korea in their final match . In the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations , the Ivory Coast were drawn in a group with Sudan , Angola and Burkina Faso . Drogba scored the first goal for his team in the tournament against Sudan and his only goal in the group stage . In the quarter @-@ finals , Drogba scored twice in the 3 – 0 win over Equatorial Guinea . He did not score in the semi @-@ final in which the Ivory Coast beat Mali 1 – 0 . In the final against Zambia , Drogba missed a penalty kick in the last 15 minutes of the game , which ended with their loss for the second time by penalty shootout . In June 2014 , Drogba was named in the Ivory Coast 's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He won his 100th international cap in a pre @-@ tournament friendly against Bosnia and Herzegovina , scoring a penalty kick in his side 's 2 – 1 loss on 2 June . In the Ivory Coast 's opening match , he appeared as a second @-@ half substitute with the team trailing 1 – 0 to Japan . Within five minutes of Drogba 's arrival , Les Éléphants scored twice to win the match 2 – 1 . On 8 August 2014 , Drogba announced his retirement from international football with a record of 63 goals in 104 appearances . = = Style of play = = Given his relatively late breakthrough into professional football , Drogba has often been described as a late bloomer , having signed his first professional contract with Le Mans at the age of 21 . He is noted for his physical strength , ability in the air , and his ability to retain possession of the ball . Richard Beech of the Daily Mirror says that his " powerful and intrusive approach made him the lone striker [ José ] Mourinho grew to admire , and made it nearly impossible for opposing teams to isolate him and freeze him out of the game . " Drogba is renowned for performing in big games , with a goalscoring record at club level of 10 goals in 10 finals winning 10 trophies . Aside from his goalscoring ability , Drogba is also capable of providing assists to his team @-@ mates . Between the 2009 – 10 and 2011 – 12 seasons , he managed 24 assists in the Premier League , with an average pass success rate of 61 @.@ 4 percent , owing to his vision and creativity on the ball . He provided 71 assists to team @-@ mates over the course of his entire career at Chelsea until May 2012 , showing that he is also a team player . In set pieces , Drogba has also been known for his free kick ability , known to strike the ball with power and pace . Dr. Ken Bray of University of Bath has described him as a specialist especially from central positions , and says that he " really just passes the ball very hard " . He adds , " He hits it [ the ball ] very straight and appears to hit the ball with a very powerful side @-@ foot action , almost like the technique used in a side @-@ foot pass . Drogba 's style is about beating the goalkeeper with speed and depth . " = = Personal life = = Drogba is married to Diakité Lalla , a Malian woman whom he met in Paris , and the couple have three children together . His eldest son , Isaac , was born in France in 1999 , but grew up in England and has played in the Chelsea academy system . Drogba has two younger brothers who are also footballers : Joël and Freddy Drogba . Freddy , ( born 1992 ) , is currently in the youth system of French Ligue 1 side Dijon . He is a devout Roman Catholic . Drogba is credited with playing a vital role in bringing peace to his country . After the Ivory Coast qualified for the 2006 World Cup , Drogba made a desperate plea to the combatants , asking them to lay down their arms , a plea which was answered with a cease fire after five years of civil war . Drogba later helped move an African Cup of Nations qualifier to the rebel stronghold of Bouake ; a move that helped confirm the peace process . On 24 January 2007 , Drogba was appointed by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) as a Goodwill Ambassador . The UNDP were impressed with his previous charity work and believed that his high profile would help raise awareness on African issues . In September 2011 , Drogba joined the Truth , Reconciliation and Dialogue Commission as a representative to help return peace to his home nation . His involvement in the peace process led to Drogba being named as one of the world 's 100 most influential people by Time magazine for 2010 . Drogba 's charity work continued when , in late 2009 , he announced he would be donating the £ 3 million signing on fee for his endorsement of Pepsi for the construction of a hospital in his hometown of Abidjan . This work was done through Drogba 's recently created " Didier Drogba Foundation " and Chelsea announced they too would donate the fee for the deal toward the Foundation 's project . Drogba decided on building the hospital after a recent trip to the Ivorian capital 's other hospitals , saying " ... I decided the Foundation 's first project should be to build and fund a hospital giving people basic healthcare and a chance just to stay alive . " In November 2014 , Drogba appeared in FIFA 's " 11 against Ebola " campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Cristiano Ronaldo , Neymar , Gareth Bale and Xavi . Under the slogan " Together , we can beat Ebola " , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up eleven messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . Levallois Sporting Club , the amateur club where Drogba began his career , used their percentage of his transfer fees including £ 600 @,@ 000 out of the £ 24 million paid when he joined Chelsea – first to ensure the club 's survival , and then to improve their stadium to incorporate modern sports facilities for the benefit of the local community . They renamed the new stadium Stade Didier Drogba in his honour . = = Career statistics = = = = = Club = = = Updated to games played 2 June 2016 . = = = International = = = Updated to games played 31 May 2014 . = = Honours = = = = = Club = = = Chelsea Premier League : 2004 – 05 , 2005 – 06 , 2009 – 10 , 2014 – 15 Football League Cup : 2004 – 05 , 2006 – 07 , 2014 – 15 FA Cup : 2006 – 07 , 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10 , 2011 – 12 UEFA Champions League : 2011 – 12 FA Community Shield : 2005 , 2009 Galatasaray Süper Lig : 2012 – 13 TFF Süper Kupa : 2013 Türkiye Kupası : 2013 – 14 = = = Individual = = = Ligue 1 Player of the Year : 2003 – 04 Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2003 – 04 Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2003 – 04 Onze d 'Or : 2004 FA Community Shield Man of the Match : 2005 Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament : 2006 , 2008 , 2012 Ivory Coast Player of the Year : 2006 , 2007 , 2012 African Footballer of the Year : 2006 , 2009 Premier League Golden Boot : 2006 – 07 , 2009 – 10 Premier League PFA Team of the Year : 2006 – 07 , 2009 – 10 ESM Team of the Year : 2006 – 07 FIFPro World XI : 2007 Alan Hardaker Trophy : 2007 UEFA Team of the Year : 2007 Chelsea Players ' Player of the Year : 2007 BBC African Footballer of the Year : 2009 FA Cup Final Man of the Match : 2010 Chelsea Player of the Year : 2010 Time Top 100 : 2010 UEFA Champions League Final Man of the Match : 2012 Turkish Footballer of the Year : 2013 Golden Foot : 2013 FWA Tribute Award : 2015 MLS Player of the Month : September 2015 , November 2015 = = = Records = = = As of 26 November 2014 . = = = = Chelsea = = = = Fourth all @-@ time top scorer : 163 goals Most goals scored by a non @-@ English player : 163 goals Most goals scored in one Premier League season : 29 goals ( 2009 – 10 ) Most goals scored in FA Cup Finals : 4 goals Most goals scored in Football League Cup Finals : 4 goals Most goals scored in Cup Finals : 9 goals Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 36 goals Most goals scored in international games as a Chelsea player : 46 goals Highest transfer fee paid for a player : £ 24 million ( July 2004 – August 2005 ) = = = = Ivory Coast = = = = Ivory Coast all @-@ time top scorer : 65 goals = = = = Other = = = = Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League by an African player : 44 goals Most goals scored in the Premier League by an African player : 104 goals = Bhikshuka Upanishad = The Bhikshuka Upanishad ( Sanskrit : भिक ् षुक उपनिषत ् , IAST : Bhikṣuka Upaniṣad ) , also known as Bhikshukopanishad , is one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism and is written in Sanskrit . The Upanishad describes four kinds of sannyasins ( Hindu monks ) , their eating habits and lifestyle . Yoga is the path of spiritual liberation for all four . Of these , the Paramahamsa monks are discussed in this text at greater length , and described as loners who are patient with everyone , free from dualism in their thoughts , and who meditate on their soul and the Brahman . = = Etymology = = Bhikshuka means " mendicant " or " monk " , and is derived from the root word Bhiksu meaning " one who subsists entirely on alms " . = = History = = The author of the Bhikshuka Upanishad is unknown , as is its date of composition . It was probably composed in the late medieval to modern era , most likely in the 14th or 15th century . The text has ancient roots , as its contents are identical in key details to chapter 4 of the Ashrama Upanishad , which is dated to about the 3rd century CE . Both texts mention four types of mendicants with nearly identical life styles . The two texts have a few minor differences . The much older Ashrama Upanishad , for example , mentions that each type aspires to know their self ( Atman ) for liberation , while the Bhikshuka specifies that they seek this liberation through a yogic path . The Bhikshuka Upanishad is a minor Upanishad attached to the Shukla Yajurveda . It is classified as one of the Sannyasa ( renunciation ) Upanishads of Hinduism . The text is listed at number 60 in the serial order in the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman , in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads . Some surviving manuscripts of the text are titled Bhikshukopanishad ( भिक ् षुकोपनिषत ् ) . = = Contents = = Bhikshuka Upanishad consists of a single chapter of five verses . The first verse states that four types of mendicants seek liberation , and these are Kutichaka , Bahudaka , Hamsa and Paramahamsa . The text describes the frugal lifestyle of all four , and asserts that they all pursue their goal of attaining moksha only through yoga practice . The first three mendicant types are mentioned briefly , while the majority of the text describes the fourth type : Paramahamsa mendicants . = = = Kutichaka , Bahudaka and Hamsa monks = = = The Upanishad states that Kutichaka monks eat eight mouthfuls of food a day . Prominent ancient Rishis ( sages ) who illustrate the Kutichaka group are Gotama , Bharadwaja , Yajnavalkya , and Vasishta . The Bahudaka mendicants carry a water pot and a triple staff walking stick . They wear a topknot hair style and ochre @-@ coloured garments , and wear a sacrificial thread . The Bahudaka do not eat meat or honey , and beg for their eight mouthfuls of food a day . The Hamsa mendicants are constantly on the move , staying in villages for just one night , in towns no more than five nights , and in sacred places for no more than seven nights . The ascetic practice of Hamsa monks includes daily consumption of the urine and dung of a cow . The Hamsa monks practice the Chandrayana cycle in their food eating habit , wherein they vary the amount of food they eat with the lunar cycle . They eat a single mouthful of food on the day after the dark new moon night , increase their food intake by an extra mouthful each day as the size of the moon increases , and reach the maximum fifteen mouthfuls of food for the day after full moon night . Thereafter , they decrease their food intake by a mouthful each day until they reach the new moon night and begin the cycle again with one mouthful the following day . = = = Paramahamsa monks = = = The Bhikshuka Upanishad illustrates the Paramahamsa ( literally , " highest wandering birds " ) mendicants with a list of names . The list includes Samvartaka , Aruni , Svetaketu , Jadabharata , Dattatreya , Shuka , Vamadeva , and Haritaka . They eat only eight mouthfuls of food a day and prefer a life away from others . They live clothed , naked or in rags . The Upanishad dedicates the rest of the verses to describing the beliefs of the Paramhamsa monks . For example , The Paramhamsa monks , who are loners , are to be found in deserted houses , in temples , straw huts , on ant hills , sitting under a tree , on sand beds near rivers , in mountain caves , near waterfalls , in hollows inside trees , or in wide open fields . The Upanishad states that these loners have advanced far in their path of reaching Brahman – they are pure in mind , they are the Paramahamsas . = = Influence = = The classification of mendicants in the Bhikshuka Upanishad , their moderate eating habits and their simple lifestyles , is found in many Indian texts such as the Mahabharata sections 1 @.@ 7 @.@ 86 – 87 and 13 @.@ 129 . Gananath Obeyesekere , an Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at the Princeton University , states that the beliefs championed and attributed in Bhikshuka Upanishad are traceable to Vedic literature such as Jaiminiya Brahmana . These views are also found in other Upanishads such as the Narada @-@ parivrajakopanishad and Brhat @-@ Sannyasa Upanishad . In all these texts , the renouncer is accepted to be one who , in pursuit of spirituality , was " no longer part of the social world and is indifferent to its mores " . A test or marker of this state of existence is where " right and wrong " , socially popular " truths or untruths " , everyday morality , and whatever is happening in the world makes no difference to the monk , where after abandoning the " truths and untruths , one abandons that by which one abandons " . The individual is entirely driven by his soul , which he sees to be the Brahman . = 2 / 9th Battalion ( Australia ) = The 2 / 9th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army during World War II . Raised in Queensland as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) shortly after the outbreak of the war , it formed part of the 18th Brigade and over the course of the war it was attached to the 6th , 9th and 7th Divisions due to several re @-@ organisations . It served in the United Kingdom in 1940 , forming part of a small Australian garrison sent there to help defend against a possible German invasion , before being transferred to North Africa where it took part in the Siege of Tobruk and then undertook garrison duties in Syria following the Syria – Lebanon campaign in 1941 . In early 1942 , the 2 / 9th was brought back to Australia where it was re @-@ organised for jungle warfare and took part in the New Guinea campaign . Throughout 1942 – 44 , the battalion was committed twice to the fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea . In 1942 – 43 , the 2 / 9th fought actions at Milne Bay and Buna – Gona before being withdrawn to Australia for rest prior to returning to New Guinea to take part in the advance through the Finisterre Range where the battalion took part in the Battle of Shaggy Ridge in 1943 – 44 . The battalion 's final involvement in the war came during the Borneo campaign in mid @-@ 1945 , when it took part in the landing at Balikpapan . It was disbanded shortly after the war in early 1946 . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = Formed on 13 November 1939 at Redbank Camp , Brisbane , the 2 / 9th Battalion was the first of four infantry battalions raised in Queensland for the all @-@ volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) . Initially assigned to the 6th Division , the battalion formed part of the 18th Brigade , along with the 2 / 10th , 2 / 11th and 2 / 12th Battalions . Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel James Eric Gifford Martin , formerly of the 42nd Battalion , a Militia battalion based in Rockhampton . The majority of the battalion 's officers were drawn from the Militia ; although , like many of the 2nd AIF units , it was initially supplied with a Regular officer to serve in the role as adjutant . In terms of structure , the early months of the battalion 's existence was a period of flux . The early 2nd AIF infantry battalions were established with a structure that was unique to the Australian Army ; however , shortly after formation it was decided that they would adopt the British Army battalion structure . Thus , by December 1940 , the 2 / 9th had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel and consisted of four rifle companies ( each consisting of three platoons with three sections ) , a battalion headquarters , a support company , and a headquarters company consisting of six platoons performing specialist roles including signals , mortar , and anti @-@ tank . The four rifle companies were designated ' A ' through to ' D ' . The colours chosen for the battalion 's Unit Colour Patch ( UCP ) were the same as those of the 9th Battalion , a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921 . These colours were black over light blue , in a horizontal rectangular shape , although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart . Following training at Redbank and then later in New South Wales at Rutherford and Ingleburn , the 2 / 9th was among the force of 8 @,@ 000 Australians sent to the United Kingdom in early 1940 . It had been planned to send this force to France to serve alongside the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , but France had fallen by the time the Australians arrived in Scotland on 16 June 1940 , so they remained in the United Kingdom to help defend against a possible German cross @-@ Channel invasion , which was feared following the capture of part of the BEF in France and the loss of much of its equipment . After their arrival in the United Kingdom , the battalion was transported by rail to the south of England where it set up a camp at Lopcombe Corner , on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire . Amidst the backdrop of the Battle of Britain , the battalion 's personnel used their integral Vickers machine @-@ guns and Bren guns to provide self defence against air attack and to bolster the anti @-@ aircraft defences of local areas . They also undertook training exercises and formed a mobile striking force tasked with rapidly responding in the event of an invasion . In September , the 18th Brigade was transferred to the 9th Division . On 14 October the battalion moved to Meeanee Barracks in Colchester , Essex , where it took over responsibility for a defence sector from a British officer training battalion . The 2 / 9th remained in Colchester until 10 November when orders came for the 18th Brigade to hand over to the 25th Brigade , and the 2 / 9th was relieved by the 2 / 31st Battalion . With the threat of invasion passing as winter came , the decision was made to redeploy the Australians to North Africa where they might be actively employed in combat operations . Following this , preparations for embarkation began as orders were received for the battalion to entrain for Glasgow where , on 15 November 1940 , it boarded HMT Strathaird . = = = Middle East = = = Sailing via the longer , but safer southern route , on the way to the Middle East the convoy carrying the Australians made a port call at Durban , South Africa . While there , the battalion marched through the city under arms on 13 December 1940 , before re @-@ embarking . Disembarking in Alexandria , Egypt , on 31 December 1940 , the battalion went into camp at Ikingi Maryut with 33 officers and 707 men . In February 1941 , the battalion was transferred once more , as the 18th Brigade was reassigned to the 7th Division . Around the same time , the brigade was reduced to only three infantry battalions as part of an Army @-@ wide re @-@ organization , and the 2 / 11th Battalion was transferred to the 19th Brigade . With the 7th Division the battalion fought its first major engagement of the war on 21 March 1941 , when it led the 18th Brigade 's assault on the Italian fortress at Giarabub , which was held by about 1 @,@ 500 Italians . Advancing from Siwa in Egypt , the battalion , supported by elements of the 2 / 10th and 2 / 12th Battalions , attacked from the south across marshland , while cavalry from the 6th Division Cavalry Regiment feigned an attack against the strongest point of the fortress . Amidst a sandstorm that limited visibility , heavy fighting ensued and the garrison surrendered at around 2 : 00 pm ; 250 Italians were killed , while 1 @,@ 300 were taken as prisoners of war . A total of 17 Australians were killed and 77 were wounded , with the majority of these being men from the 2 / 9th Battalion . Afterwards , the battalion was sent to Ikingi Maryut and the following month the 2 / 9th was transported to Tobruk by road and sea to reinforce the garrison there as German forces surrounded the strategic port in an effort to capture it . The 2 / 9th would remain in there for the next five months as Tobruk fell under siege . On 3 May , the 2 / 9th Battalion launched a counter @-@ attack on the German forces around " the Salient " in order to retake some of the posts that had previously been lost to the Germans . After being subjected to a heavy German artillery bombardment at their form up point , at 8 : 45 pm the battalion attacked from the southern flank under the cover of considerable counter @-@ battery fire from the British artillery . After capturing a number of positions and inflicting heavy losses upon the defenders , the Australians were eventually forced to withdraw at around 3 : 00 am on 4 May when it became apparent that they would not be able to complete the advance before daylight . Having lost three men killed , three missing and 51 wounded , at dawn the 2 / 9th Battalion returned to the " Blue Line " , where it took over a defensive position south of Bianca . Here a series of small skirmishes ensued during which time the battalion was able to extend their lines by about 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) . For the rest of May the battalion undertook defensive construction tasks and raids into " no mans land " south @-@ west of Bianca before being relieved by the 2 / 17th Battalion on the night of 4 / 5 June 1941 . Following this , the 18th Brigade went into reserve and the battalion saw little action for the next month as it was moved back to the Bardia – El Adem Road junction . In July , the battalion returned to " the Salient " , where it spent a period of time in brigade reserve in the Pilastino sector . Later , it was moved back up to the " Red Line " in the El Adem sector where the battalion 's personnel undertook aggressive patrols into no mans ' land , penetrating a number of minefields and moving booby traps . On 23 July , the battalion launched a major raid in their sector in an effort to gauge German responses , penetrating over 800 metres ( 870 yd ) through the German lines , but after finding their objective unoccupied , the raiders withdrew . Following this the battalion went back into reserve for a period , before briefly returning to the " Red Line " at the start of August . This was short @-@ lived , though , for later in the month the decision was made to withdraw the 18th Brigade from Tobruk and the 2 / 9th Battalion was subsequently sent to Palestine to undertake training . Later the battalion was transferred to Syria where it was employed on occupation duties following the defeat of the Vichy French forces in that country in the recently concluded Syria – Lebanon campaign . = = = Pacific = = = In February 1942 , along with the majority of the 2nd AIF , the 2 / 9th was withdrawn to Australia in response to the threat posed by Japan 's entry into the war following the attacks on Pearl Harbor and in Malaya . Returning via Bombay and Colombo , the 2 / 9th arrived in Australia , landing in Port Adelaide , South Australia , in March 1942 and from there proceeded to camp in Sandy Creek , near Gawler . The battalion remained there until April when it was moved to Tenterfield , New South Wales , and then Kilcoy , Queensland , where it carried out training prior to departure overseas . At this time , the strategic situation in the Pacific was finely balanced . In July , the Japanese had landed on the northern New Guinea coast and had began advancing along the Kokoda Track towards Port Moresby , amidst heavy fighting . On 6 August 1942 , the order to deploy came and the battalion embarked from Brisbane along with the rest of the 18th Brigade , bound for Milne Bay in New Guinea where the 2 / 9th arrived on 21 August to help reinforce the garrison there , due concerns about a possible Japanese landing there to secure the adjacent airfields . From the beginning of August the Japanese had been bombing the troops of the 7th Brigade which had initially been sent to garrison the Milne Bay area , and as a Japanese invasion force was expected , the three battalions of the 18th Brigade were quickly placed into positions where they could be most effective . The 2 / 9th was assigned the task of defending Milne Force Headquarters at Hagita House and the Number 1 Strip ( also known as Gurney Field ) . Upon arrival , the 2 / 9th Battalion was used to construct roads and lay steel matting on the airstrip as well as unloading stores from ships as they arrived , and carrying out patrolling operations . Following the Japanese landing on 25 August , the battalion was placed on alert and increased its patrolling operations around the airfield ; however , for five days no contact was made . On 3 September , the battalion moved from Gili Gili to KB Mission and alongside the 2 / 12th Battalion , which had launched a counteroffensive along the north coast of the bay , went into battle with the Japanese for the first time . Over the course of the next two days the Japanese were beaten back and eventually a withdrawal was ordered by the Japanese commanders . This represented the first full @-@ scale defeat of the Japanese on land during the war ; it came at a cost for the 2 / 9th , though , with the battalion losing 29 men killed and a further 86 wounded in action , seven of whom later died of wounds . Disease took a far greater toll , with a further 308 men being hospitalised due to illness . As the tide in the New Guinea campaign began to turn in favour of the Allies , the Japanese , having reached the zenith of their advance in New Guinea , were forced to withdraw back towards Buna and Gona . Fierce fighting subsequently followed as Australian and US troops fought to reduce the Japanese beachhead . After taking part in defeating the Japanese at Milne Bay , the 18th Brigade was transferred to Buna . The 2 / 9th arrived at Oro Bay aboard HMAS Broome on 14 December . It was the first battalion of the brigade committed to this battle . Leading the attack of 18 December , with support of M3 Stuart tanks from the 2 / 6th Armoured Regiment , it made significant gains . The 18th Brigade ( and the 2 / 9th ) continued to fight , attached to the US 32nd Division until the fall of Buna at the start of January 1943 . It was returned to command of the Australian 7th Division in time to participate in an attack on 12 January against Japanese positions on the Sanananda Track that had been holding up the Australian advance there . The battalion continued fighting in the Sanananda area until it concluded with an Allied victory on 22 January . By this time its strength had fallen from over 600 to just under 100 men due to the effects of tropical diseases and heavy fighting ; combat losses were recorded as 95 killed in action or died of wounds , 32 missing , and 247 wounded . These losses were offset by the arrival of 300 reinforcements during the battle , but nevertheless losses were so heavy , particularly from disease , that in February the 2 / 9th Battalion was transported back to Port Moresby , before returning to Australia the next month . Following the battalion 's return , it undertook further jungle training at Ravenshoe on the Atherton Tablelands . In August 1943 , after embarking at Townsville the 2 / 9th returned to Port Moresby , where it continued further training in the areas surrounding the port . It remained there until 31 December when the battalion deployed into the Finisterre Range , being flown into Dumpu and joining the Allied advance inland . In early January 1944 , the battalion took part in the Battle of Shaggy Ridge , capturing " Green Sniper 's Pimple " on 21 January as part of a brigade @-@ level operation to carry the ridge . Following the conclusion of the fighting around Shaggy Ridge in February , the battalion occupied a position around the western side of the saddle before being relieved by the 57th / 60th Battalion , as the 15th Brigade relieved the 18th and continued the advance on Bogadjim as the Australians linked up with US forces on the coast , prior to capturing Madang and securing the Huon Peninsula in late April . During this period the battalion occupied a defended locality about 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) downstream from Dumpu , from which they conducted patrols long @-@ range fighting patrols to prevent the Japanese from infiltrating back into the Ramu Valley over the months which followed . Training activities and work parties were also conducted . In May 1944 , the battalion was brought back to Australia , as part of a broader plan to return the three AIF divisions to Australia for " training and rehabilitation " while the United States military assumed primary responsibility for combat operations in the Pacific . A period of operational uncertainty followed regarding the future combat role of the Australian Army , and consequently a long period of training in Australia followed for the AIF battalions . After a period of leave the battalion 's personnel concentrated at Strathpine , Queensland , in July . In August , the battalion moved to the Atherton Tablelands again , establishing themselves at Kairi . After this , the battalion conducted exercises which included collective training up to brigade level , while amphibious training was also undertaken at Trinity Beach near Cairns aboard the British troopship HMS Glenearn , working in concert with Royal Marines . In December 1944 , the battalion participated in a divisional exercise . During this period the unit was also introduced to several new weapons , including flame throwers and the PIAT anti @-@ tank weapon , and undertook training in infantry / tank co @-@ operation . A range of training exercises , competitions , sporting events , and recreational activities continued early in the new year to keep the men busy and combat possible feelings of " anti @-@ climax " and " boredom " that may have been associated with the granting of limited local leave after the delay of their expected deployment overseas . In the final months of the war , the battalion was committed to the Borneo campaign . Embarking from Cairns in May on several tank landing ships , the battalion concentrated on Morotai Island . On 1 July 1945 , the 2 / 9th took part in the landing at Balikpapan , the final Australian amphibious operation of the war . At the start of the attack , the battalion was assigned the role of being the 18th Brigade 's reserve ; however , by mid @-@ morning on the opening day it was ordered forward to relieve the 2 / 10th Battalion , taking Klandasan before noon , and commencing house @-@ to @-@ house clearances in concert with a troop of tanks . From there it forced a small Japanese force off Santosa Hill , before tying in its positions at 6 : 00 pm and digging @-@ in for the night . On 5 July , the 2 / 9th landed on the western side of Balikpapan Bay . Along with a small force of armour , artillery , mortars and other supporting arms , it began to clear inland from Penadjam . Over the course of the following month the battalion sent detachments south along the coast towards the Semsumpu River and north towards the Riko River and onto the Parehpareh River via Separi . By 12 August , posts had been established astride the Pamaluan – Bandjermasin Road , and a detachment from ' C ' Company had reached Pamaluan , where the 2 / 9th linked up with elements from the 2 / 1st Pioneer Battalion . = = = Disbandment = = = Finally , in mid @-@ August , the fighting on Borneo came to an end following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the subsequent surrender of Japan . After this the 2 / 9th Battalion carried out various garrison duties such as guarding prisoners of war and maintaining internal security while the demobilisation process took place . As personnel were repatriated back to Australia or transferred to other units for further service , the battalion 's strength dropped until it was finally disbanded on 3 January 1946 while still at Balikpapan . During the course of the war , a total of 4 @,@ 107 men served with the 2 / 9th Battalion of whom 319 were killed in action or died on active service , and a further 726 wounded . One of its members , John Alexander French , was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the fighting around Milne Bay in September 1942 . Other decorations that men of the 2 / 9th received were : four Distinguished Service Orders , nine Military Crosses , three Distinguished Conduct Medals , nineteen Military Medals and sixty @-@ eight mentions in despatches ; in addition , one member of the battalion was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire , one was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire , and one was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire . = = Battle honours = = For their service during World War II , the 2 / 9th Battalion received 10 battle honours : North Africa , Giarabub , Defence of Tobruk , The Salient 1941 , South @-@ West Pacific 1942 – 1945 , Buna – Gona , Sanananda Road , Cape Endaiadere – Sinemi Creek , Sanananda – Cape Killerton , Milne Bay . In 1961 – 62 , these battle honours were entrusted to the Royal Queensland Regiment and are maintained through the 9th Battalion , Royal Queensland Regiment . = = Commanding officers = = The following officers commanded the 2 / 9th during the war : Lieutenant Colonel James Eric Gifford Martin ( 1939 – 41 ) Lieutenant Colonel Clement James Cummings ( 1941 – 44 ) Lieutenant Colonel Arthur James Lee ( 1944 – 45 ) = Tunguska ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Tunguska " is the eighth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premièred on the Fox network on November 24 , 1996 . It was directed by Kim Manners , and written by Frank Spotnitz and series creator Chris Carter . " Tunguska " featured guest appearances by John Neville , Nicholas Lea and Fritz Weaver . The episode helped explore the series ' overarching mythology . " Tunguska " earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 @.@ 2 , being watched by 18 @.@ 85 million people in its initial broadcast . In the episode , FBI special agent Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) travels to Russia to investigate the source of a black oil contamination . His partner Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and assistant director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) are summoned to attend a United States Senate hearing on Mulder 's whereabouts . " Tunguska " is a two @-@ part episode , with the plot continuing in the next episode , " Terma " . " Tunguska " was inspired by reports of evidence of extraterrestrial life possibly being found in the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite , while the gulag setting was inspired by the works of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn . The story offered the writers a chance to expand the scale of the series ' mythology globally , although production of the episode was described as troublesome and expensive . = = Plot = = The episode opens in medias res to Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) as she is brought before a Senate select committee to be questioned about the whereabouts of Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) . Scully refuses to answer the committee 's questions and attempts to read a statement denouncing the conspiracy within the government . Senator Sorenson threatens to hold Scully in contempt of Congress . Ten days earlier , at Honolulu Airport , a courier returning from the Republic of Georgia ( David Bloom ) is searched by customs officers . One of the officers ( Andy Thompson ) removes a glass canister from the courier 's briefcase and accidentally shatters it , exposing both men to the black oil . Meanwhile , in New York City , Mulder and Scully take part in an FBI raid against a domestic terrorist group . Mulder 's tipster within the group is revealed to be Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) , whom the terrorists released from the missile silo where he had been trapped . Krycek has turned against The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) , and tells the distrustful agents that he can help expose him . Krycek leads the agents to Dulles International Airport , where they try to apprehend a second courier carrying a diplomatic pouch from Russia . The courier leads the agents on a pursuit through the airport , but drops the pouch before escaping . The pouch is revealed to carry a seemingly unremarkable rock . Mulder has Krycek confined at the high rise apartment of Assistant Director Walter Skinner before having the rock analyzed at NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center . Dr. Sacks , a NASA scientist , tells Mulder and Scully that the rock is a prehistoric meteorite fragment that might contain fossilized alien bacteria . Skinner is approached by the Smoking Man , who demands that the pouch be returned . The courier breaks into Skinner 's apartment and searches for the pouch , only to be thrown off Skinner 's patio by Krycek . Meanwhile , Dr. Sacks cuts into the fragment , but inadvertently releases the black oil inside ; the organism penetrates the scientist 's hazmat suit and puts him in a coma @-@ like state . Mulder travels to New York to visit Marita Covarrubias ( Laurie Holden ) , who reveals that the fragment originated from the Russian province of Krasnoyarsk and provides the documents needed to travel there . Mulder reluctantly brings along Krycek , who is fluent in Russian . In Charlottesville , Virginia , the Smoking Man is admonished by the Well @-@ Manicured Man ( John Neville ) when the latter learns about Mulder 's travels . Skinner and the agents are subpoenaed to appear before Senator Sorenson 's panel over the missing pouch ; when Skinner questions Scully about Mulder 's whereabouts , she is not forthcoming . Meanwhile , as Mulder and Krycek hike through the forests of Krasnoyarsk , the former theorizes that the fragment may be tied to the Tunguska event , a mysterious cosmic impact that occurred in the area in 1908 . The two men come across a slave labor camp , but are captured by the taskmasters and thrown into a gulag . Skinner and Scully meet with Senator Sorenson who questions them on the death of the courier and the location of Agent Mulder . Mulder talks with a fellow prisoner who tells him that innocent people have been captured and brought here to be subjected to experiments . Immediately afterwards guards burst into the room and inject Mulder with a syringe . When Mulder awakens he is in a large room bound with chicken wire along with many other prisoners . Black material is dumped onto his face , infecting him with the black oil . = = Production = = " Tunguska " and its follow @-@ up " Terma " were conceived by the writers when they were trying to conceive a " big and fun canvas " to tell stories . They decided to create a story connected to the Russian gulags , which led to the " natural " idea that the Russians were experimenting separately from the Syndicate to create a vaccine for the black oil . Series writer John Shiban felt it was natural to create an arms race @-@ like story between the United States and Russia , being that the Cold War had ended a few years earlier . The writers desired to expand the series ' mythology globally , a concept that continued into the fifth season and the series ' 1998 feature film adaptation . The idea of a conspiracy with a global reach was first broached in the series ' second season , and it was felt that this two @-@ part story was a good place to expand upon this , allowing the production crew to " stretch the limits " of their resources and imagination . The inspiration for the oil @-@ containing rocks was NASA 's announcement of possible evidence of extraterrestrial life in the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite ; while the gulag scenes were based on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 's books The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich . The scenes featuring the SWAT raid on a terrorist cell found to be harbouring Alex Krycek were filmed in a single night , requiring sixty individual film setups split between three camera crews working simultaneously . By dawn , only four of the sixty required shots had not been filmed , and these were later completed on a sound stage . Additional scenes shot for the episode featuring The Smoking Man and the Well @-@ Manicured Man were cut due to time constraints . A scene featuring Scully briefing Skinner on the events of the episode was also cut , as it was felt that it was " redundant " within the narrative , repeating information that had already been shown to the audience . David Duchovny 's father was present during production of the episode , leaving the actor to enjoy the shoot ; although the crew described production as expensive and " stubbornly trouble @-@ plagued " . " Tunguska " marked the fourth appearance in the series by Malcolm Stewart , who had previously appeared in " Pilot " , " 3 " and " Avatar " . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Tunguska " premiered on the Fox network on November 24 , 1996 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on October 28 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 @.@ 2 with an 18 share , meaning that roughly 12 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 18 @.@ 85 million viewers watched this episode during its original airing . = = = Reviews = = = " Tunguska " received mostly positive reviews from critics . Based on an advance viewing of the episode 's script , Entertainment Weekly rated " Tunguska " an A- , praising the " arms race " plotline . Sarah Stegall , in The Munchkyn Zone , wrote positively of the entry and gave it a 5 out of 5 rating . Stegall highlighted the " taut storyline " and the " excellent direction " . John Keegan , writing for Critical Myth , gave the episode a favorable review and rated it a 9 out of 10 . Keegan described it as " another strong mythology episode for the season " and added that it " never loses momentum " . Writing for The A.V. Club , Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode a B , noting that the move to a global scale detracted from the series ' overall relevance . VanDerWerff felt that " the action setpieces in this episode and the next one are really terrific " , and praised William B. Davis ' portrayal of The Smoking Man . However , he described " Tunguska " as being " one of the first really unfocused mythology episodes in the show 's run " , and found the plot of the episode to not be moving the series forward enough , noting that " for the first time , Mulder feels less like he 's driving the action and more like he 's a messenger boy " . David Duchovny described this episode , along with " Terma " , as being action @-@ heavy and " lots of fun " . = = = Awards = = = " Tunguska " received a nomination for a CAS Award by the Cinema Audio Society for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing - Television Series . = The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy = The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy is a cookbook by Hannah Glasse ( 1708 – 1770 ) first published in 1747 . It was a best seller for a century after its first publication , dominating the English @-@ speaking market and making Glasse one of the most famous cookbook authors of her time . The book ran through at least 40 editions , many of them pirated . It was published in Dublin from 1748 , and in America from 1805 . Glasse emphasised in her note " To the Reader " that she used plain language so that servants would be able to understand it . The 1751 edition was the first book to mention trifle with jelly as an ingredient ; the 1758 edition gave the first mention of " Hamburgh sausages " and piccalilli , while the 1774 edition of the book included one of the first recipes in English for an Indian @-@ style curry . Glasse expressed criticism of French influence , but included dishes with French names and French influence in the book . Other recipes use imported ingredients such as cocoa , cinnamon , nutmeg , pistachios and even musk . The book was popular in the Thirteen Colonies of America , and its appeal survived the American War of Independence , copies being owned by Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson and George Washington . = = Book = = The Art of Cookery was the dominant reference for home cooks in much of the English @-@ speaking world in the second half of the 18th century and the early 19th century , and it is still used as a reference for food research and historical reconstruction . The book was updated significantly both during her life and after her death . Early editions were not illustrated . Some posthumous editions include a decorative frontispiece , with the caption The FAIR , who 's Wise and oft consults our BOOK , And thence directions gives her Prudent Cook , With CHOICEST VIANDS , has her Table Crown 'd , And Health , with Frugal Ellegance is found . Some of the recipes were plagiarised , to the extent of being reproduced verbatim from earlier books by other writers . To guard against plagiarism , the title page of for example the sixth edition ( 1758 ) carries at its foot the warning " This BOOK is published with his MAJESTY 's Royal Licence ; and whoever prints it , or any Part of it , will be prosecuted " . In addition , the first page of the main text is signed in ink by the author . The first edition of the book was published by Glasse herself , funded by subscription , and sold ( to non @-@ subscribers ) at Mrs. Ashburn 's China Shop . = = = Contents = = = = = = Approach = = = To make a trifle . COVER the bottom of your dish or bowl with Naples biscuits broke in pieces , mackeroons broke in halves , and ratafia cakes . Just wet them all through with sack , then make a good boiled custard not too thick , and when cold pour it over it , then put a syllabub over that . You may garnish it with ratafia cakes , currant jelly , and flowers . The book has a brief table of contents on the title page , followed by a note " To the Reader " , and then a full list of contents , by chapter , naming every recipe . There is a full alphabetical index at the back . Glasse explains in her note " To the Reader " that she has written simply , " for my Intention is to instruct the lower Sort " , giving the example of larding a chicken : she does not call for " large Lardoons , they would not know what I meant : But when I say they must lard with little Pieces of Bacon , they know what I mean . " And she comments that " the great Cooks have such a high way of expressing themselves , that the poor Girls are at a Loss to know what they mean . " As well as simplicity , to suit her readers in the kitchen , Glasse stresses her aim of economy : " some Things [ are ] so extravagant , that it would be almost a Shame to make Use of them , when a Dish can be made full as good , or better , without them . " Chapters sometimes begin with a short introduction giving general advice on the topic at hand , such as cooking meat ; the recipes occupy the rest of the text . The recipes give no indication of cooking time or oven temperature . There are no separate lists of ingredients : where necessary , the recipes specify quantities directly in the instructions . Many recipes do not mention quantities at all , simply instructing the cook what to do , thus : Sauce for Larks . LARKS , roast them , and for Sauce have Crumbs of Bread ; done thus : Take a Sauce @-@ pan or Stew @-@ pan and some Butter ; when melted , have a good Piece of Crumb of Bread , and rub it in a clean Cloth to Crumbs , then throw it into your Pan ; keep stirring them about till they are Brown , then throw them into a Sieve to drain , and lay them round your Larks . = = Foreign ingredients and recipes = = Glasse set out her views of French cuisine in the book 's introduction : " I have indeed given some of my Dishes French Names to distinguish them , because they are known by those names ; And where there is great Variety of Dishes , and a large Table to cover , so there must be Variety of Names for them ; and it matters not whether they be called by a French , Dutch , or English Name , so they are good , and done with as little Expence as the Dish will allow of . " An example of such a recipe is " To à la Daube Pigeons " ; a daube is a rich French meat stew from Provence , traditionally made with beef . Her " A Goose à la Mode " is served in a sauce flavoured with red wine , home @-@ made " Catchup " , veal sweetbread , truffles , morels , and ( more ordinary ) mushrooms . She occasionally uses French ingredients ; " To make a rich Cake " includes " half a Pint of right French Brandy " , as well as the same amount of " Sack " ( Spanish sherry ) . Ingredients from faraway countries were becoming available . The recipe for " Elder @-@ Shoots , in Imitation of Bamboo " makes use of a homely ingredient to substitute for a foreign one that English travellers had encountered in the Far East . The same recipe also calls for a variety of imported spices to flavour the pickle : " an Ounce of white or red Pepper , an Ounce of Ginger sliced , a little Mace , and a few Corns of Jamaica Pepper . " There are two recipes for making chocolate , calling for costly imported ingredients like musk ( an aromatic obtained from musk deer ) and ambergris ( a waxy substance from sperm whales ) , vanilla and cardamon : Take six pounds of Cocoa @-@ nuts , One Pound of Anniseeds , four Ounces of long Pepper , one of Cinnamon , a Quarter of a Pound of Almonds , one Pound of Pistachios , as much Achiote as will make it the colour of Brick ; three grains of Musk , and as much Ambergrease , six Pounds of Loaf @-@ sugar , one Ounce of Nutmegs , dry and beat them , and fearce them through a fine Sieve ... = = Reception = = = = = England = = = The Art of Cookery was a best seller for a century after its first publication , making Glasse one of the most famous cookbook authors of her time . The book was " by far the most popular cookbook in eighteenth @-@ century Britain " . It was rumoured for decades that despite the byline it was the work of a man , Samuel Johnson being quoted by James Boswell as observing at the publisher Charles Dilly 's house that " Women can spin very well ; but they cannot make a good book of cookery . " The Foreign Quarterly Review of 1844 commented that " there are many good receipts in the work , and it is written in a plain style . " The review applauds Glasse 's goal of plain language , but observes " This book has one great fault ; it is disfigured by a strong anti @-@ Galican [ anti @-@ French ] prejudice . " = = = Thirteen Colonies = = = The book sold extremely well in the Colonies of North America . This popularity survived the American War of Independence . A New York memoir of the 1840s declared that " We had emancipated ourselves from the sceptre of King George , but that of Hannah Glasse was extended without challenge over our fire @-@ sides and dinner @-@ tables , with a sway far more imperative and absolute " . The first American edition of The Art of Cookery ( 1805 ) included two recipes for " Indian pudding " as well as " Several New Receipts adapted to the American Mode of Cooking " , such as " Pumpkin Pie " , " Cranberry Tarts " and " Maple Sugar " . Benjamin Franklin is said to have had some of the recipes translated into French for his cook while he was the American ambassador in Paris . Both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson owned copies of the book . Food critic John Hess and food historian Karen Hess have commented that the " quality and richness " of the dishes " should surprise those who believe that Americans of those days ate only Spartan frontier food " , giving as examples the glass of Malaga wine , seven eggs and half a pound of butter in the pumpkin pie . They argue that while the elaborate bills of fare given for each month of the year in American editions were conspicuously wasteful , they were less so than the " interminable " menus " stuffed down " in the Victorian era , as guests were not expected to eat everything , but to choose which dishes they wanted , and " the cooking was demonstrably better in the eighteenth century . " The book contains a recipe " To make Hamburgh Sausages " ; it calls for beef , suet , pepper , cloves , nutmeg , " a great Quantity of Garlick cut small " , white wine vinegar , salt , a glass of red wine and a glass of rum ; once mixed , this is to be stuffed " very tight " into " the largest Gut you can find " , smoked for up to ten days , and then air @-@ dried ; it would keep for a year , and was " very good boiled in Peas Porridge , and roasted with toasted bread under it , or in an Amlet " . The cookery writer Linda Stradley in an article on hamburgers suggests that the recipe was brought to England by German immigrants ; its appearance in the first American edition may be the first time " Hamburgh " is associated with chopped meat in America . = = = Modern opinions = = = Rose Prince , writing in The Independent , describes Glasse as " the first domestic goddess , the queen of the dinner party and the most important cookery writer to know about . " She notes that Clarissa Dickson @-@ Wright " makes a good case " for giving Glasse this much credit , that Glasse had found a gap in the market , and had the distinctions of simplicity , an " appetising repertoire " , and a lightness of touch . Prince quotes the food writer Bee Wilson : " She 's authoritative but she is also intimate , treating you as an equal " , and concludes " A perfect book , then ; one that deserved the acclaim it received . " Jane Shilling , writing in Mail Online , agrees , noting that " Glasse writes in the same sort of chatty , intimate style that makes Delia and Nigella 's books so comforting for the nervous cook : Glasse concludes one chapter ' You must do just as you like it ' . " Cookery writer Laura Kelley notes that the 1774 edition was one of the first books in English to include a recipe for curry : " To make a currey the Indian way . " The recipe calls for two small chickens to be fried in butter ; for ground turmeric , ginger and pepper to be added and the dish to be stewed ; and for cream and lemon juice to be added just before serving . Kelley comments that " The dish is very good , but not quite a modern curry . As you can see from the title of my interpreted recipe , the modern dish most like it is an eastern ( Kolkata ) butter chicken . However , the Hannah Glasse curry recipe lacks a full complement of spices and the varying amounts of tomato sauce now so often used in the dish . " . Cookery writer Sophia Waugh said that Glasse 's food was what Jane Austen and her contemporaries would have eaten . Glasse is one of the five female writers discussed in Waugh 's 2013 book Cooking People : The Writers Who Taught the English How to Eat . = = Legacy = = Ian Mayes , writing in The Guardian , quotes Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable as stating " First catch your hare . This direction is generally attributed to Hannah Glasse , habit @-@ maker to the Prince of Wales , and author of The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy ( 1747 ) . Her actual directions are , ' Take your Hare when it is cas 'd , and make a pudding ... ' To ' case ' means to take off the skin " [ not ' to catch ' ] ; Mayes notes further that both the Oxford English Dictionary and The Dictionary of National Biography discuss the attribution . As at 2015 , Scott Herritt 's " South End " restaurant in South Kensington , London serves some recipes from the book . The " Nourished Kitchen " website describes the effort required to translate Glasse 's 18th century recipes into modern cooking techniques . = = Editions = = The book ran through many editions , including : = Self @-@ Portrait with Halo and Snake = Self @-@ Portrait with Halo and Snake , also known as Self @-@ Portrait , is an 1889 oil on wood painting by French artist Paul Gauguin , which represents his late Brittany period in the fishing village of Le Pouldu in northwestern France . No longer comfortable with Pont @-@ Aven , Gauguin moved on to Le Pouldu with his friend and student Meijer de Haan and a small group of artists . He stayed for several months in the autumn of 1889 and the summer of 1890 , where the group spent their time decorating the interior of Marie Henry 's inn with every major type of art work . Gauguin painted his Self @-@ Portrait in the dining room with its companion piece , Portrait of Jacob Meyer de Haan ( 1889 ) . The painting shows Gauguin against a red background with a halo above his head and apples hanging beside him as he holds a snake in his hand while plants or flowers appear in the foreground . The religious symbolism and the stylistic influence of Japanese wood @-@ block prints and cloisonnism are apparent . The portrait was completed several years before Gauguin visited Tahiti and is one of more than 40 self @-@ portraits he completed during his lifetime . The work reached the art market in 1919 when Marie Henry sold it at the Galerie Barbazanges in Paris as part of her collected works from the Le Pouldu period . American banker Chester Dale acquired the painting in 1928 , gifting it upon his death in 1962 to the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. = = Background = = Paul Gauguin ( 1848 – 1903 ) was a French Post @-@ Impressionist artist and figure in the Symbolist movement known for his contributions to the Synthetist style . In 1886 , he spent the summer in Pont @-@ Aven in Brittany , an artists colony that became known as the Pont @-@ Aven School for Gauguin 's influence and the work they produced . In late 1888 , Gauguin painted for nine weeks with Vincent van Gogh at his Yellow House in Arles in the south of France before van Gogh had a breakdown , leading him to cut off his ear and be hospitalized . Gauguin left Arles and never saw van Gogh again , but they continued to exchange letters and ideas . He briefly returned to Paris where he lived with painter Émile Schuffenecker , but returned to Pont @-@ Aven in the spring of 1889 only to find it too crowded . Gauguin moved farther away " to escape the tourists and the Parisian and foreign painters " and arrived at Le Pouldu on October 2 , 1889 . He found lodgings with Meijer de Haan at Buvette de la Plage , an inn run by Marie Henry . De Haan introduced Gauguin to Thomas Carlyle 's novel Sartor Resartus ( 1836 ) by way of conversation . Although he would not read the novel for several more years , Gauguin became acquainted with Carlyle 's ideas which would influence his approach to art during this time . The interior of Marie Henry 's inn became their canvas , and they painted their work on the walls , ceilings , and windows . They were later joined by artists Paul Sérusier and Charles Filiger . According to Nora M. Heimann , when the room was completed , it " encompassed paintings of every major type — genre , landscape , self @-@ portraiture , portraiture , still life , and even history painting — in media ranging from tempera and oil on plaster to oil on canvas and panel ; as well as prints and drawings ; painted and glazed ceramic vessels ; exotic found objects ; and carved , polychromed figures in wood . " Gauguin tried to win the affection of Marie Henry , the inkeeper , but she spurned his advances and became intimate with de Haan instead , leaving Gauguin jealous . Gauguin departed on November 7 , 1890 , leaving his work at Marie Henry 's inn . She retired in 1893 and moved to Kerfany , taking many of the art works with her . She continued to lease the inn until 1911 when she sold it . When the new owner was redecorating the inn in 1924 , which by then had been converted into a restaurant , the rest of the murals were discovered buried intact under wallpaper . = = Development = = Van Gogh had previously decorated rooms with his paintings , in particular the rooms of several restaurants in Paris and the Yellow House in Arles . Gauguin and de Haan appear to have been influenced by this work , as they began decorating the dining room of Buvette de la Plage in a similar fashion . Gauguin 's Self @-@ Portrait was prepared along with its pendant , Portrait of Jacob Meyer de Haan ( 1889 ) , to the right and left respectively of a fireplace on the upper panels of two wooden cupboard doors . Gauguin gave the panels a subtle , textured matte surface using white chalk ground and a combed wave pattern . Both works were completed sometime between mid @-@ November and mid @-@ December 1889 . = = Description = = French art historian Françoise Cachin notes that Gauguin designed both Self @-@ Portrait with Halo and Snake and its companion piece Portrait of Jacob Meyer de Haan as a caricature . In his Self @-@ Portrat , Gauguin appears against a red background with a halo above his head and apples hanging beside him as he holds a snake in his hand with what appear to be either plants or flowers in the foreground . Curator Philip Conisbee observes the religious symbolism in the images , noting that the " apples and snake refer to the Garden of Eden , temptation , sin , and the Fall of Man . " Gauguin divides the canvas in half , painting himself as both saint and sinner , reflecting his own personal myth as an artist . In the top portion of the painting , Gauguin is almost angelic with the halo , looking away from the apples of temptation . In the bottom portion , he holds the snake , completing the duality . Jirat @-@ Wasiutyński notes that art historian Denys Sutton was the first critic to interpret Gauguin 's self @-@ portrait as " demonic " . This interpretation is illustrated by the pendant , the companion piece Portrait of Jacob Meyer de Haan ( 1889 ) , which visually complements the Self @-@ Portrait . De Haan 's devilish eyes and red hair shaped like horns in his portrait on the left side of the dining room where it was created in situ , corresponds to the snake held in Gauguin 's hand in his self @-@ portrait on the right door of the dining room . Two books appear on the table in de Haan 's portrait : Paradise Lost ( 1667 – 74 ) by seventeenth @-@ century English poet John Milton , and Sartor Resartus by Thomas Carlyle . These respective literary allusions , to Milton 's Satan and to Carlyle 's Diogenes Teufelsdröckh , a character described as both angelic and diabolical , play directly into de Haan 's and Gauguin 's corresponding self @-@ portraits . Jirat @-@ Wasiutyński argues that Gauguin portrays himself as a magus , as " both seer and demonic angel " . The work shows the influence of Japanese wood @-@ block prints and cloisonnism . In the painting , Gauguin wears what art historian Henri Dorra compares to the saffron colored robe of a Buddhist monk , perhaps influenced by Van Gogh 's earlier Self @-@ Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin ( 1888 ) . In a letter to Gauguin dated October 3 , 1888 , Van Gogh describes himself in the self @-@ portrait as " a character of a bonze , a simple worshiper of the eternal Buddha " . Compared to Gauguin 's more traditional Self @-@ Portrait Dedicated to Carrière ( 1888 or 1889 ) , the self @-@ portrait painted at Le Pouldu is more " sinister " . = = Provenance = = In 1919 , Marie Henry sold Gauguin 's Self @-@ Portrait as part of a batch of 14 other works to François Norgelet for a total of 35 @,@ 000 francs , where it was exhibited at the Galerie Barbazanges in Paris . Although ownership details are scant , the painting is thought to have passed through the hands of several owners , including London art collector Mrs. R. A. Workman and later Lord Ivor Spencer @-@ Churchill . It was sold by Churchill to the galleries Alex Reid and Lefèvre in 1923 , who then sold it to Kraushaar Galleries in 1925 . American banker Chester Dale acquired the work in 1928 . The painting was later bequeathed by Dale to the National Gallery of Art in 1962 after his death . The Chester Dale Collection opened at the National Gallery in 1965 . = Walter Ohmsen = Walter Ohmsen ( 7 June 1911 – 19 February 1988 ) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant zur See in the Kriegsmarine during World War II . On 6 June 1944 the Western Allies launched Operation Overlord , the amphibious invasion of Normandy , France . Ohmsen was the first German defender of Fortress Europe to sight the invasion force . His battery engaged in heavy fighting and subsequently Ohmsen was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) for the defense of the Crisbecq Battery against the American 4th Infantry Division , which landed on Utah Beach . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross recognised extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . = = Military service = = Walter Ohmsen was born on 7 June 1911 in Elmshorn and joined the military service of the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic on 1 April 1929 in Stralsund . He became a Matrosengefreiter ( Seaman First Class ) on 1 April 1933 and Bootsmannmaat ( Petty Officer Third Class -Coxswain ) on 1 September 1934 . From 12 December 1934 until 1 January 1944 he was platoon commander , company commander then head of telemetry training at the Naval Artillery School in Sassnitz . He had been promoted to Oberbootsmannsmaat ( Boatswain 's Mate 2nd class ) on 1 November 1935 and Bootsmann ( Boatswain 's Mate 1st class ) on 1 September 1936 . He served at sea on the German battleship Schleswig @-@ Holstein , the training vessel Gorch Fock , the training ship Carl @-@ Zeiss , the torpedo boat T @-@ 153 and the cruiser Königsberg . He attained the rank of Stabsoberbootsmann ( Chief Boatswain 's Mate ) on 1 July 1940 and was awarded the War Merit Cross 2nd class with swords on 20 April 1941 . During his assignment at the Coastal Artillery School he was promoted to Kriegsoffiziersanwärter ( Officer Candidate ) and became an officer attaining the rank of Leutnant der Marineartillerie ( Ensign of Coastal Artillery ) on 1 January 1942 and Oberleutnant ( M.A. ) ( Lieutenant Junior Grade ) . = = = Normandy invasion = = = Ohmsen had taken command of the Crisbecq Battery 49 ° 28 @.@ 8 ′ N 01 ° 17 @.@ 8 ′ W , also known as Marine Küsten Batterie " Marcouf " ( Naval Coastal Battery Marcouf ) or Seeziel Batterie " Marcouf " ( Sea Target Battery Marcouf ) , on 1 February 1944 . His command , including himself , consisted of three officers , 24 non @-@ commissioned officers and 287 men of the Kriegsmarine . The unit was subordinated to the Marine @-@ Artillerie @-@ Abteilung 260 ( M.A.A. 260 — 260th Naval Coastal Artillery Battalion ) . The battery 's personnel was further augmented by members of the 6 . / Grenadier @-@ Regiment 919 ( 6th Company , 919th Grenadier Regiment ) of the 709 . Infanterie @-@ Division ( 709th Infantry Division ) for ground defense under the command of Leutnant Geissler , which brought the overall manpower of the battery close to 400 men . On 6 June 1944 at 5 a.m. Ohmsen	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Allegany , Garrett , and Washington in Maryland , and Preston and Monongalia in West Virginia . The two largest cities connected by the highway are Morgantown , West Virginia , and Cumberland , Maryland . Despite the fact that the freeway serves no major metropolitan areas , I @-@ 68 provides a major transportation route in western Maryland and northern West Virginia and also provides an alternative to the Pennsylvania Turnpike for westbound traffic from Washington , D.C. , and Baltimore . US 219 and US 220 both overlap I @-@ 68 in Garrett County , and Cumberland , respectively , and US 40 overlaps with the freeway from Keysers Ridge to the eastern end of the freeway at Hancock . = = History = = = = = Predecessors = = = Prior to the construction of the freeway from Morgantown to Hancock , several different routes carried traffic across the region . West Virginia Route 73 ( WV 43 ) extended from Bridgeport to Bruceton Mills , serving regions now served by I @-@ 79 ( Bridgeport to Morgantown ) and I @-@ 68 ( Morgantown to Bruceton Mills ) . After the I @-@ 68 freeway , then known as US 48 , was completed in West Virginia , the WV 73 designation was removed . Portions of the road still exist as County Route 73 ( CR 73 , CR 73 / 73 , and CR 857 . Between I @-@ 68 's exit 10 at Cheat Lake and exit 15 at Coopers Rock , I @-@ 68 was largely built directly over old WV 73 's roadbed . At Bruceton Mills , WV 73 ended at WV 26 , which from there runs northeast into Pennsylvania , becoming Pennsylvania Route 281 at the state line and meeting US 40 north of the border . From there eastbound traffic would follow US 40 into Maryland . I @-@ 68 now parallels US 40 through western Maryland . US 40 followed the route of the National Road through Pennsylvania and Maryland . The National Road was the first federally funded road built in the United States , authorized by Congress in 1806 . Construction lasted from 1811 to 1837 , establishing a road that extended from Cumberland to Vandalia , Illinois . Upon the establishment of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 , the route of the National Road became part of US 40 . = = = Cumberland Thruway = = = In the early 1960s , as the Interstate Highway System was being built throughout the United States , east – west travel through western Maryland was difficult , as US 40 , the predecessor to I @-@ 68 , was a two @-@ lane country road with steep grades and hairpin turns . In Cumberland , the traffic situation was particularly problematic , as the usage of US 40 exceeded the capacity of the city 's narrow streets . Traffic following US 40 through Cumberland entered through the Cumberland Narrows and followed Henderson Avenue to Baltimore Avenue . After the construction of I @-@ 68 , this route through Cumberland became US 40 Alternate ( US 40 Alt . ) . Construction began on one of the first sections of what would become I @-@ 68 , the Cumberland Thruway , on June 10 , 1965 . This portion of the highway , which consists of a mile @-@ long elevated bridge , was completed and opened to the public on December 5 , 1966 . The elevated highway connected Lee Street in west Cumberland to Maryland Avenue in east Cumberland , providing a quicker path for motorists traveling through the town on US 40 and US 220 . The Cumberland Thruway was extended to US 220 and then to Vocke Road ( Maryland Route 658 , MD 658 ) by 1970 . Problems quickly emerged with the highway , especially near an area called " Moose Curve " . At Moose Curve , the road curves sharply at the bottom of Haystack Mountain , and traffic accidents are common . = = = Corridor E = = = In 1965 , the Appalachian Development Act was passed , authorizing the establishment of the Appalachian Development Highway System , which was meant to provide access to areas throughout the Appalachian Mountains that were not previously served by the Interstate Highway System . A set of corridors was defined , comprising 3 @,@ 090 miles ( 4 @,@ 970 km ) of highways from New York to Mississippi . Corridor E in this system was defined to have endpoints at I @-@ 79 in Morgantown , West Virginia , and I @-@ 70 in Hancock , Maryland . At the time , there were no freeways along the corridor , though construction on the Cumberland Thruway began that year . It was this corridor that would eventually become I @-@ 68 . The construction of Corridor E , which was also designated as US 48 , took over 20 years and hundreds of millions of dollars to complete . The cost of completing the freeway in West Virginia has been estimated at $ 113 million ( equivalent to $ 732 million in 2015 ) The cost of building I @-@ 68 from Cumberland to the West Virginia state line came to $ 126 million ( $ 816 million in 2015 ) ; the portion between Cumberland and Sideling Hill cost $ 182 million ( $ 417 million in 2015 ) ; and the section at Sideling Hill cost $ 44 million ( $ 101 million in 2015 ) . Much of the work in building the freeway was completed during the 1970s , with US 48 opened from Vocke Road in LaVale to MD 36 in Frostburg on October 12 , 1973 , and to MD 546 on November 1 , 1974 . On November 15 , 1975 , the West Virginia portion and a 14 @-@ mile ( 23 km ) portion from the West Virginia state line to Keysers Ridge in Maryland opened , followed by the remainder of the freeway in Garrett County on August 13 , 1976 . In the 1980s , the focus of construction shifted to the east of Cumberland , where a 19 @-@ mile ( 31 km ) section of the road still had not been completed . The first corridor for the construction to be approved by the Maryland State Highway Administration ( MDSHA ) ran south of US 40 . This corridor would have bypassed towns in eastern Allegany County such as Flintstone , leaving them without access to the freeway , and would have passed directly through Green Ridge State Forest , the largest state forest in Maryland . This proposed corridor provoked strong opposition , largely due to the environmental damage that would be caused by the road construction in Green Ridge State Forest . Environmental groups sued MDSHA in order to halt the planned construction , but the court ruled in favor of the State Highway Administration . In 1984 , however , MDSHA reversed its earlier decision and chose an alignment that closely paralleled US 40 , passing through Flintstone and to the north of Green Ridge State Forest . Construction on the final section of I @-@ 68 began May 25 , 1987 , and was completed on August 2 , 1991 . = = = Designation as I @-@ 68 = = = Though the National Freeway was designated as US 48 , as the completion of the freeway neared , the possibility of the freeway being designated as an Interstate Highway came up . In the 1980s , the project to improve US 50 between Washington , D.C. , and Annapolis to Interstate Highway standards had been assigned the designation of I @-@ 68 . MDSHA , however , later concluded that adding additional route shields to the US 50 freeway would not be helpful to drivers , since about half the freeway already had two route designations ( US 50 and US 301 ) and drivers on the freeway were already familiar with the US 50 designation . This made the designation to be applied to that freeway more flexible , and so in 1989 , the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) , the organization composed of the various state departments of transportation that decides route numbering in the United States , approved MDSHA 's request to renumber the US 50 freeway from I @-@ 68 to I @-@ 595 . That same year , AASHTO approved changing US 48 's designation to I @-@ 68 . This change took effect upon the completion of the last section of the National Freeway , on August 2 , 1991 . With the completion of I @-@ 68 and the change in its route number , the US 48 designation was removed . In 2002 , AASHTO approved the establishment of a new US 48 , this time for the Corridor H highway from Weston , West Virginia , to Strasburg , Virginia . This marks the third time that the US 48 number has been assigned to a highway , the first use being for a highway in California that existed in the 1920s . = = = Incidents = = = Numerous accidents and incidents have occurred on I @-@ 68 . On June 1 , 1991 , a gasoline tanker descending into downtown Cumberland from the east attempted to exit the freeway at exit 43D , Maryland Avenue . The tanker went out of control and overturned as the driver tried to go around the sharp turn at the exit . Gasoline began to leak from the damaged tanker , forcing the evacuation of a three @-@ block area of Cumberland . Approximately 30 minutes later , the tanker exploded , setting eight houses on fire . The fire caused an estimated $ 250 @,@ 000 in damages ( equivalent to $ 570 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , and prompted MDSHA to place signs prohibiting hazardous materials trucks from exiting at the Maryland Avenue exit . On May 23 , 2003 , poor visibility due to fog was a major contributing factor to an 85 @-@ vehicle pileup on I @-@ 68 on Savage Mountain west of Frostburg . Two people were killed and nearly 100 people were injured . Because of the extent of the wreckage on the road , I @-@ 68 remained blocked for 24 hours while the wreckage was cleared . In the aftermath of the pileup , the question of how to deal with fog in the future was discussed . Though the cost of a fog warning system can be considerable , MDSHA installed such a system in 2005 at a cost of $ 230 @,@ 000 ( $ 290 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . The system alerts drivers when visibility drops below 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) . = = = Effect on surrounding region = = = One of the arguments in favor of the construction of I @-@ 68 was that the freeway would improve the poor economic conditions in western Maryland . The economy of the surrounding area has improved since the construction of the freeway , especially in Garrett County , where the freeway opened up the county to tourism from Washington , D.C. , and Baltimore . Correspondingly , Garrett County saw a sharp increase in population and employment during and after the construction of the road , with full- and part @-@ time employment increasing from 8 @,@ 868 in 1976 to 15 @,@ 334 in 1991 . However , economic difficulties remain in Allegany and Garrett counties . There were concerns over loss of customers to businesses that have been cut off from the main highway due to the construction of the new alignment in the 1980s , leading to protests when then @-@ Governor Harry Hughes visited the Sideling Hill road cut when it was opened . = = = Proposed extension = = = In the 1990s , there was discussion about a future westward extension to I @-@ 68 . Such an extension would connect the western terminus of I @-@ 68 in Morgantown to WV 2 in Moundsville . A 1989 proposal had suggested a toll road be built along this corridor . In 2003 , the Federal Highway Administration approved the extension , paving the way for federal funding and for the road to become part of the National Highway System on completion . However , the project ran into problems due to lack of funds , and in 2008 , West Virginia Governor Joe Manchin suggested dropping the project altogether , making construction of a westward extension of I @-@ 68 unlikely in the near future . On September 15 , 2014 , Marshall County officials brought the extension of I @-@ 68 up again as a way for oil companies to have easier access to drill into the area , likely by fracking . Much like the second leg of the Southern Beltway in the Pittsburgh area , an extension of I @-@ 68 is being spurred in response to the Marcellus natural gas trend . If the extension were to be built , it would also include a widening of WV 2 to four lanes and would cost an estimated $ 5 million per mile . It is expected that the project would be divided into two legs , first from Morgantown to Cameron , then Cameron to Moundsville . In May 2015 , Maryland passed a law to increase the state 's maximum speed limit . The speed limit was changed from 65 to 70 miles per hour ( 105 to 113 km / h ) . October 1 of the same year , this law was put into effect , making I @-@ 68 's speed limit 70 mph except for the Cumberland area . Other Interstates in Maryland could also have their speed limit raised . West Virginia 's speed limit is already 70 mph . = = Route description = = I @-@ 68 spans 112 @.@ 6 miles ( 181 @.@ 2 km ) — 81 @.@ 1 miles ( 130 @.@ 5 km ) in Maryland and 31 @.@ 5 miles ( 50 @.@ 7 km ) in West Virginia — connecting I @-@ 79 in Morgantown , West Virginia to I @-@ 70 in Hancock , Maryland , across the Appalachian Mountains . The control cities — the cities officially chosen to be the destinations shown on guide signs — for I @-@ 68 are Morgantown , Cumberland , and Hancock . I @-@ 68 is the main route connecting western Maryland to the rest of Maryland . I @-@ 68 is also advertised to drivers on I @-@ 70 as an " alternate route to Ohio and points west " by the MDSHA . = = = West Virginia = = = I @-@ 68 begins at exit 148 on I @-@ 79 near Morgantown and runs eastward , meeting with US 119 one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) east of its terminus at I @-@ 79 . I @-@ 68 turns northeastward , curving around Morgantown , with four interchanges in the Morgantown area — I @-@ 79 , US 119 , WV 7 , and WV 705 . Leaving the Morgantown area , I @-@ 68 again runs eastward , interchanging with WV 43 , which provides access to Cheat Lake and Uniontown , Pennsylvania . Near this interchange , I @-@ 68 passes over Cheat Lake and climbs a steep ascent out of Cheat Canyon . Entering Preston County , the route interchanges with CR 73 / 12 , which provides access to Coopers Rock State Forest . In contrast to the Morgantown area , the portion of Preston County that I @-@ 68 crosses is more rural , with the only town along the route being Bruceton Mills . In Bruceton Mills , I @-@ 68 meets WV 26 . I @-@ 68 meets CR 5 ( Hazleton Road ) at its last exit before entering Garrett County , Maryland . The region of West Virginia through which the freeway passes is rural and mountainous . There are several sections that have steep grades , especially near the Cheat River Canyon , where there is a truck escape ramp in case trucks lose their brakes descending the steep grade . The peak traffic density in terms of average annual daily traffic on I @-@ 68 in West Virginia is 32 @,@ 900 vehicles per day at the interchange with I @-@ 79 in Morgantown . The traffic gradually decreases further eastward , reaching a low point at 14 @,@ 600 vehicles per day at the Hazleton exit . = = = Maryland = = = After entering Garrett County , I @-@ 68 continues its run through rural areas , crossing the northern part of the county . The terrain through this area consists of ridges that extend from southwest to northeast , with I @-@ 68 crossing the ridges through its east – west run . The first exit in Maryland is at MD 42 in Friendsville . I @-@ 68 ascends Keysers Ridge , where it meets US 40 and US 219 , both of which join the highway at Keysers Ridge . The roadway that used to be the surface alignment of US 40 parallels I @-@ 68 to Cumberland , and is now designated as US 40 Alt . I @-@ 68 crosses Negro Mountain , which was the highest point along the historic National Road that the freeway parallels east of Keysers Ridge . This is the source of the name of the freeway in Maryland : the National Freeway . Three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of Grantsville , US 219 leaves the National Freeway to run northward towards Meyersdale , Pennsylvania , while I @-@ 68 continues eastward , crossing Savage Mountain before entering Allegany County . The section of I @-@ 68 west of Dans Mountain in Allegany County is located in the Allegheny Mountains , characterized in Garrett County by a series of uphill and downhill stretches along the freeway , each corresponding to a ridge that the freeway crosses . In Allegany County , the freeway crosses the Allegheny Front , where , from Savage Mountain to LaVale , the highway drops in elevation by 1 @,@ 800 feet ( 550 m ) in a distance of nine miles ( 14 km ) . The traffic density on I @-@ 68 in Garrett County is rather sparse compared to that of Allegany County . At the Maryland – West Virginia state line , there is an annual average daily traffic of 11 @,@ 581 vehicles per day . This density increases to its highest point in Garrett County at exit 22 , where US 219 leaves I @-@ 68 ; 19 @,@ 551 vehicles per day drive through this section . At the Allegany County line , the traffic density decreases slightly to 18 @,@ 408 . In Allegany County , the vehicle count increases to 28 @,@ 861 in LaVale , and to the freeway 's peak of 46 @,@ 191 at the first US 220 interchange ( exit 42 ) in Cumberland . East of Cumberland , the vehicle count decreases to 16 @,@ 551 at Martins Mountain and stays nearly constant to the eastern terminus of I @-@ 68 in Hancock . After entering Allegany County , I @-@ 68 bypasses Frostburg to the south , with two exits , one to Midlothian Road ( unsigned MD 736 ) and one to MD 36 . Near the MD 36 exit is God 's Ark of Safety church , which is known for its attempt to build a replica of Noah 's Ark . This replica , which currently consists of a steel frame , can be seen from I @-@ 68 . East of Frostburg , I @-@ 68 crosses a bridge above Spruce Hollow near Clarysville , passing over MD & nbdp ; 55 , which runs along the bottom of the valley . The freeway runs along the hillside above US 40 Alt. in the valley formed by Braddock Run . Entering LaVale , I @-@ 68 has exits to US 40 Alt. and MD 658 ( signed southbound as US 220 Truck ) . I @-@ 68 ascends Haystack Mountain , entering the city of Cumberland . This is the most congested section of the highway in Maryland . The speed limit on the highway drops from 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) in LaVale to 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) until the US 220 exit , and to 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) in downtown Cumberland . This drop in the speed limit is due to several factors , including heavy congestion , closely spaced interchanges , and a sharp curve in the road , known locally as " Moose Curve " , located at the bottom of Haystack Mountain . This section of the highway was originally built in the 1960s as the Cumberland Thruway , a bypass to the original path of US 40 through Cumberland . Until 2008 , signs at exit 43A in downtown Cumberland labeled the exit as providing access to WV 28 Alt . Because of this , many truckers used this exit to get to WV 28 . This created problems on { WV 28 Alt . } in Ridgeley , West Virginia , as trucks became stuck under a low railroad overpass , blocking traffic through Ridgeley . To reduce this problem , the Maryland State Highway Administration removed references to WV 28 Alt. from guide signs for exit 43A and placed warning signs in Cumberland and on I @-@ 68 approaching Cumberland advising truckers to instead use exit 43B to MD & nbdp ; 51 , which allows them to connect to WV 28 via Virginia Avenue , bypassing the low overpass in Ridgeley . At exit 44 in east Cumberland , US 40 Alt. meets the freeway and ends , and at exit 46 , US 220 leaves I @-@ 68 and runs northward toward Bedford , Pennsylvania . I @-@ 68 continues across northeastern Allegany County , passing Rocky Gap State Park near exit 50 . In northeastern Allegany County , the former US 40 bypassed by I @-@ 68 is designated as MD 144 , with several exits from I @-@ 68 along the route . I @-@ 68 crosses several mountain ridges along this section of the highway , including Martins Mountain , Town Hill , and Green Ridge , and the highway passes through Green Ridge State Forest . East of Green Ridge State Forest , MD 144 ends at US 40 Scenic , another former section of US 40 . I @-@ 68 crosses into Washington County at Sideling Hill Creek and ascends Sideling Hill . The road cut that was built into Sideling Hill for I @-@ 68 can be seen for several miles in each direction , and has become a tourist attraction as a result of the geologic structure exposed by the road cut . On the east side of Sideling Hill , I @-@ 68 again interchanges with US 40 Scenic , at its eastern terminus at Woodmont Road . Here US 40 Scenic ends at a section of MD 144 separate from the section further west . Four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) east of this interchange , I @-@ 68 ends at I @-@ 70 and US 522 in the town of Hancock . = = Exit list = = = Richard Henry Savage = Richard Henry Savage ( June 12 , 1846 – October 11 , 1903 ) was an American military officer and author who wrote more than 40 books of adventure and mystery , based loosely on his own experiences . Savage 's eloquent , witty , dashing and daring life may have been the inspiration for the pulp novel character Doc Savage . In his youth in San Francisco , Savage studied engineering and law , and graduated from the United States Military Academy . After a few years of surveying work with the Army Corps of Engineers , Savage went to Rome as an envoy following which he sailed to Egypt to serve a stint with the Egyptian Army . Returning home , Savage was assigned to assess border disputes between the U.S. and Mexico , and he performed railroad survey work in Texas . In Washington D.C. , he courted and married a widowed noblewoman from Germany . Savage returned to San Francisco with his wife to stay for ten years , raising a daughter and taking part in a family business . He served at the rank of colonel in the California National Guard , and took part in the social activity of the city . During a period of anti @-@ Chinese race riots , Savage stood up for law and order , and thereby gained the respect of San Francisco 's leaders , property holders and middle class residents . Savage traveled to many exotic lands but in 1890 he was struck with jungle fever in Honduras . While recuperating in New York state he wrote his first book : My Official Wife . This very successful action @-@ and @-@ adventure story was followed by more , at the rate of about three per year , written for the general public rather than for literary critics ; the latter were charmed by the first book but scathing of many later ones . Savage lived primarily in New York City , and was involved in lawsuits , especially against his New York publisher regarding unpaid royalties . When the Spanish – American War broke out , Savage volunteered to lead men in battle . Instead , he was given command of an engineering unit which then built a complete base in Havana . Returning to New York , he wrote more books and corresponded with his wife who traveled often to the Russian Empire to visit their daughter and her Russian husband . Four years after mustering out of the Army , Savage was knocked down and mortally wounded at the age of 57 by a horse and carriage on the streets of New York . = = Early life and career = = Savage was born in Utica , New York , the son of Jane Moorhead Ewart and Richard Savage ( 1817 – 1903 ) , a lawyer and manufacturer whose family had lived in the Utica area for years . The 1848 finding of gold in California , prompted Savage 's father to join the California Gold Rush in 1850 . Savage and the rest of his family left New York in 1851 to join his father . They arrived in San Francisco in February 1852 . Savage was among the first boys to attend public school in the new city , along with future poet Charles Warren Stoddard and the brothers Gus , Charles and Harry de Young who would found the San Francisco Chronicle . While the younger Savage was in school , his father helped discover the rich silver deposits of the Comstock Lode . Savage finished high school at age 15 and began to study law with U.S. Senator James A. McDougall . Later , he studied with the law firm Halleck , Peachy & Billings , while partner Henry Halleck was back East serving as major general in the Union Army . At the start of the American Civil War Savage joined the Union Army , but his father secured his discharge on the grounds of his extreme youth . Savage 's father used his influence to push for California to stay on the Union side , and was rewarded by President Lincoln with the post of Collector of Internal Revenue in which capacity he served between 1861 and 1873 . Through government connections , Savage 's father gained for Savage an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1864 . Despite the danger of Confederate privateers , Savage chose to travel east by way of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company to the Isthmus of Panama , followed by the Atlantic leg to New York , but significant wartime delays prevented him from joining the summer plebes at the academy . Rather , he took his place with the September students . In 1868 , Savage graduated sixth in his class of 55 at West Point , and was assigned as brevet second lieutenant with the Army Corps of Engineers at Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Bay . ( The " brevet " rank acknowledged that Savage was needed as a second lieutenant despite the US government limiting the number of serving army officers . ) Savage took part in survey work on the Indian reservations of Round Valley in Northern California and the Pima and Maricopa reservations in Arizona . = = Government and writing career = = Savage performed his Army tasks but was unhappy with the narrowly defined role . He tendered his resignation on December 31 , 1870 . Through President Grant , he went to Marseilles and Rome as an American vice @-@ consul . In 1871 , Savage traveled to Egypt to act with the rank of captain for one year as secretary to Charles Pomeroy Stone , a former American general in the Egyptian Army , serving under Khedive Isma 'il Pasha . Following an honorable discharge from the Egyptian Army , Savage returned to the U.S. and was tasked by Grant to serve as one of three commissioners investigating a series of border incidents between the U.S. and Mexico 1872 – 74 . At the same time , he worked with Richard King and the nascent Corpus Christi & Rio Grande Railroad as chief surveyor for the route to Laredo . At the German Embassy in Washington , D.C. , on January 2 , 1873 , Savage married the aristocratic Anna Josephine Scheible , a German widow three years older than he who had arrived in war @-@ torn America in 1864 with her first husband , Gustav , to look after family @-@ owned land in Georgia . Gustav Scheible died in 1866 and Anna became a favorite of the Washington social circle . Her marriage to Savage produced one daughter , who later married Anatol de Carriere , a minor nobleman and an Imperial Russian Councilor of State . In 1874 , Savage began a ten @-@ year stay in San Francisco . He worked with his father and brother on an iron foundry enterprise , and served two years as colonel of the 2nd Regiment California National Guard . Savage took a prominent role in the civic and social life of the city , and was often called upon to make extemporaneous speeches to large crowds , a skill on which politician and economist Henry George complimented him . In January 1878 , Savage served as chief military executive officer of the Committee of Safety , a group set up to oppose Denis Kearney and his riotous mob of angry supporters who wanted to get rid of Chinese immigrants . Savage 's calm and logical presence was seen by San Franciscans as a rallying point for law and order during the riots . Savage renewed the friendship of his childhood schoolmate , now Bohemian Club poet Charles Warren Stoddard . He made the acquaintance of writer Archibald Clavering Gunter , who would later publish some of Savage 's stories . While in San Francisco , Anna Savage began a devoted interest in the fight for women 's suffrage . Savage retired from government service in 1884 to practice law with his youngest brother . In 1890 , he moved to New York City . In late 1890 at a friend 's house on Lake George in upstate New York , while recovering from a near @-@ fatal case of jungle fever contracted in Honduras , Savage wrote a tale loosely based on his life , entitled My Official Wife . The book was a great success , and was translated into many languages . The Times in London called it " a wonderful and clever tour de force , in which improbabilities and impossibilities disappear , under an air that is irresistible . " Savage followed his first book with Delilah of Harlem , The Mask of Venus , Our Mysterious Passenger and Other Stories and In the Shadow of the Pyramids . In addition to his fiction prose output , Savage published collections of his speeches and essays , and in 1895 wrote a book of poetry dedicated to his wife : After Many Years . Savage 's writing style was fast and precise : he wrote from morning to night and rarely needed to correct his first drafts . He was able to carry on a conversation while writing . He joined the Author 's Guild of America in 1894 . = = = Critical review = = = In 1893 , Savage 's book The Masked Venus was scathingly reviewed in the Overland Monthly : Colonel Richard Henry Savage 's career as a novelist has been one of unbroken and rapid decline in the grade of work . My Official Wife was a delicious story , novel in situations and treatment , and simply and well told . The Little Lady of Lagunitas also pleased many people . Prince Schamyl 's Wooing was markedly inferior to either , both in plot and style , and sadly marred by blood @-@ and @-@ thunderism . The last of the series yet to hand is The Masked Venus , and it is undoubtedly the worst of all . [ ... ] The style is bombastic , the plot impossible , and the tone bad . [ ... ] The fatal Custer campaign is the climax , — if there can be said to be a climax to a story that endeavors to keep the excitement up to the climax pitch through nearly its whole length , — and there is throughout a lack of moderation , of repose , of proportion , that makes the book a dime novel and not literature . Savage 's In the Shadow of the Pyramids was reviewed in The Literary World in May 1898 . The reviewer said that Savage used " a happy mixture of audacity and ignorance quite untrammeled by facts . " The " absurd " main character was criticized as unrealistically exposed to mortal danger almost daily , " just escaping dagger thrusts and pistol shots , with results more favorable to the theatrical progress of the story than to his common sense . " The previous month in the same periodical , Savage 's 25 ¢ book For Life and Love was dismissed as " a slap @-@ dash romance " . = = Final decade = = In 1896 , Savage sued his publisher for $ 12 @,@ 000 in unpaid royalties . The publisher , Frank Tennyson Neely , who had filed for bankruptcy five years earlier before accepting Savage as a client , argued that he did not owe Savage anything , instead , Savage owed him . Neely 's scattered and incomplete accounting books prevented an easy conclusion to the trial . Three years later , Neely once again declared bankruptcy . In 1899 , Abraham Lewis of Brooklyn sued Savage for $ 10 @,@ 000 in damages , for stealing away the affections of his wife . Savage 's own wife and a friend defended him in court , saying Lewis , an informal supplier of food to soldiers under Savage 's command , was retaliating for being stopped from the lucrative but illegal act of selling liquor to the troops at Montauk Point . On January 3 , 1898 , Savage and his wife celebrated their 25th anniversary , in New York City . On February 16 , Savage volunteered for Army duty during the Spanish – American War . Savage would have served as lieutenant colonel of the 1st Tammany Regiment , but New York 's Governor Frank S. Black declined the formation . Savage was instead assigned senior major of the 2nd U.S. Volunteer Engineers at the end of May . After stateside training and the building of a complete Army camp at Montauk Point , his unit traveled in November to Havana , Cuba and cleared Marianao to build Camp Columbia for the Army of Occupation . Savage hoisted the first American flag in Havana Province on December 10 . He was in command of the battalion at the surrender of Havana on January 1 , 1899 . Weakened with yellow fever , Savage was mustered out of the Volunteer Engineers in April , 1899 , and assigned captain with the 27th Volunteer Infantry . Continuing illness prevented him from traveling with his unit to the Philippines , and he was honorably discharged . In August 1903 , Savage 's wife and daughter were in Kishinev , Russia , where Savage 's son @-@ in @-@ law Anatol de Carriere was serving the Russian government . Savage 's wife sent word through Breslau to London that 27 of the Kishinev pogrom rioters had been given prison sentences . The de Carrieres hid some 40 Jews in their house during the rioting . Anna Savage warned that if further bloody riots were encouraged by the Tsar 's government , " the wealthy Russian aristocracy will be in danger of their lives . " = = Death and legacy = = Savage died on October 11 , 1903 , at Roosevelt Hospital after being knocked down and injured in the ribcage on a New York City street by a horse and wagon on October 3 . Savage 's wife and daughter were still in Europe at the time of his death . Anna Josephine Savage died at the age of 67 on July 7 , 1910 after a long illness in New York City , with her daughter at her side . For 30 years , she had been a noted supporter of women 's right to vote . Author Marilyn Cannaday has suggested that Doc Savage , the pulp hero from the 1930s and 1940s , was based in part on Savage 's life , or at least his name . Though he never met Savage , Henry Ralston , one of men who created the pulp character , joined Street and Smith publishers one year after a collection of Savage 's short stories were published . = = Selected works = = ( 1891 ) My Official Wife , at Google Books ( 1891 ) My Official Wife , at Internet Archive ( 1892 ) The Little Lady of Lagunitas : A Franco @-@ Californian Romance , at Project Gutenberg ( 1892 ) The Little Lady of Lagunitas : A Franco @-@ Californian Romance , at Internet Archive ( 1892 ) Prince Schamyl 's Wooing : A Story of the Caucasus @-@ Russo @-@ Turkish War ( 1892 ) , at Internet Archive ( 1893 ) Of Life and Love : A Story of the Rio Grande , at Internet Archive ( 1893 ) Delilah of Harlem : A Story of the New York City of To @-@ Day , at Internet Archive ( 1894 ) The Anarchist : A Story of To @-@ Day , at Internet Archive ( 1894 ) The Princess of Alaska : A Tale of Two Countries , at Internet Archive ( 1894 ) The Flying Halcyon : a mystery of the Pacific Ocean , at Google Books ( 1895 ) Miss Devereux of the Mariquita : A Story of Bonanza Days in Nevada , at Internet Archive ( 1895 ) His Cuban Sweetheart , at Internet Archive ( 1895 ) After Many Years , at Internet Archive ( 1896 ) An Exile from London : A Novel , at Internet Archive ( 1896 ) Lost Contessa Falka : A Story of the Orient , at Internet Archive ( 1896 ) Checked Through , Missing , Trunk No. 17580 : A Story on New York City Life , at Internet Archive ( 1897 ) An Awkward Meeting , Fighting the Tiger and other Thrilling Adventures , at Internet Archive ( 1897 ) A Fascinating Traitor , at Project Gutenberg ( 1897 ) Captain Landon : A Story of Modern Rome , at Internet Archive ( 1897 ) A Modern Corsair : A Story of the Levant , at Internet Archive ( 1898 ) In The Swim : A Story of Currents and Under @-@ Currents in Gayest New York , at Internet Archive ( 1899 ) His Cuban Sweetheart , at Internet Archive ( 1899 ) The White Lady of Khaminavatka : A Story of the Ukraine , at Google Books ( 1900 ) The Midnight Passenger , at Project Gutenberg ( 1902 ) The Mystery of a Shipyard , at Internet Archive ( 1904 ) The Last Traitor of Long Island : A Story of the Sea , at Internet Archive ( 1904 ) The Last Traitor of Long Island : A Story of the Sea , at Internet Archive = Hammurabi = Hammurabi ( c . 1810 BC - 1750 BC ) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty , reigning from 1792 BC to 1750 BC ( according to the Middle Chronology ) . He was preceded by his father , Sin @-@ Muballit , who abdicated due to failing health . He extended Babylon 's control throughout Mesopotamia through military campaigns . Hammurabi is known for the Code of Hammurabi , one of the earliest surviving codes of law in recorded history . The name Hammurabi derives from the Amorite term ʻAmmurāpi ( " the kinsman is a healer " ) , itself from ʻAmmu ( " paternal kinsman " ) and Rāpi ( " healer " ) . = = Reign and conquests = = Hammurabi was an Amorite First Dynasty king of the city @-@ state of Babylon , and inherited the power from his father , Sin @-@ Muballit , in c . 1792 BC . Babylon was one of the many largely Amorite ruled city @-@ states that dotted the central and southern Mesopotamian plains and waged war on each other for control of fertile agricultural land . Though many cultures co @-@ existed in Mesopotamia , Babylonian culture gained a degree of prominence among the literate classes throughout the Middle East under Hammurabi . The kings who came before Hammurabi had founded a relatively minor City State in 1894 BC which controlled little territory outside of the city itself . Babylon was overshadowed by older , larger and more powerful kingdoms such as Elam , Assyria , Isin , Eshnunna and Larsa for a century or so after its founding . However his father Sin @-@ Muballit had begun to consolidate rule of a small area of south central Mesopotamia under Babylonian hegemony and , by the time of his reign , had conquered the minor city @-@ states of Borsippa , Kish , and Sippar . Thus Hammurabi ascended to the throne as the king of a minor kingdom in the midst of a complex geopolitical situation . The powerful kingdom of Eshnunna controlled the upper Tigris River while Larsa controlled the river delta . To the east of Mesopotamia lay the powerful kingdom of Elam which regularly invaded and forced tribute upon the small states of southern Mesopotamia . In northern Mesopotamia , the Assyrian king Shamshi @-@ Adad I , who had already inherited centuries old Assyrian colonies in Asia Minor , had expanded his territory into the Levant and central Mesopotamia , although his untimely death would somewhat fragment his empire . The first few decades of Hammurabi 's reign were quite peaceful . Hammurabi used his power to undertake a series of public works , including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes , and expanding the temples . In c . 1801 BC , the powerful kingdom of Elam , which straddled important trade routes across the Zagros Mountains , invaded the Mesopotamian plain . With allies among the plain states , Elam attacked and destroyed the kingdom of Eshnunna , destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule on portions of the plain for the first time . In order to consolidate its position , Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi 's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of Larsa . Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites , although Larsa did not contribute greatly to the military effort . Angered by Larsa 's failure to come to his aid , Hammurabi turned on that southern power , thus gaining control of the entirety of the lower Mesopotamian plain by c . 1763 BC . As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north such as Yamhad and Mari , the absence of soldiers in the north led to unrest . Continuing his expansion , Hammurabi turned his attention northward , quelling the unrest and soon after crushing Eshnunna . Next the Babylonian armies conquered the remaining northern states , including Babylon 's former ally Mari , although it is possible that the ' conquest ' of Mari was a surrender without any actual conflict . Hammurabi entered into a protracted war with Ishme @-@ Dagan I of Assyria for control of Mesopotamia , with both kings making alliances with minor states in order to gain the upper hand . Eventually Hammurabi prevailed , ousting Ishme @-@ Dagan I just before his own death . Mut @-@ Ashkur the new king of Assyria was forced to pay tribute to Hammurabi , however Babylon did not rule Assyria directly . In just a few years , Hammurabi had succeeded in uniting all of Mesopotamia under his rule . The Assyrian kingdom survived but was forced to pay tribute during his reign , and of the major city @-@ states in the region , only Aleppo and Qatna to the west in the Levant maintained their independence . However , one stele of Hammurabi has been found as far north as Diyarbekir , where he claims the title " King of the Amorites " . Vast numbers of contract tablets , dated to the reigns of Hammurabi and his successors , have been discovered , as well as 55 of his own letters . These letters give a glimpse into the daily trials of ruling an empire , from dealing with floods and mandating changes to a flawed calendar , to taking care of Babylon 's massive herds of livestock . Hammurabi died and passed the reins of the empire on to his son Samsu @-@ iluna in c . 1750 BC , under whose rule the Babylonian empire began to quickly unravel . = = Code of laws = = The Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a stele and placed in a public place so that all could see it , although it is thought that few were literate . The stele was later plundered by the Elamites and removed to their capital , Susa ; it was rediscovered there in 1901 in Iran and is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris . The code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws , written by scribes on 12 tablets . Unlike earlier laws , it was written in Akkadian , the daily language of Babylon , and could therefore be read by any literate person in the city . The structure of the code is very specific , with each offense receiving a specified punishment . The punishments tended to be very harsh by modern standards , with many offenses resulting in death , disfigurement , or the use of the " Eye for eye , tooth for tooth " ( Lex Talionis " Law of Retaliation " ) philosophy . The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence , and it also suggests that the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence . However , there is no provision for extenuating circumstances to alter the prescribed punishment . A carving at the top of the stele portrays Hammurabi receiving the laws from the god Shamash or possibly Marduk , and the preface states that Hammurabi was chosen by the gods of his people to bring the laws to them . Parallels between this narrative and the giving of laws by God in Jewish tradition to Moses and similarities between the two legal codes suggest a common ancestor in the Semitic background of the two . Fragments of previous law codes have been found . However David P. Wright argues that the Covenant Code of the Biblical Book of Exodus is ' directly , primarily , and throughout ' based upon the Laws of Hammurabi . Similar codes of law were created in several nearby civilizations , including the earlier Mesopotamian examples of Ur @-@ Nammu 's code , Laws of Eshnunna , and Code of Lipit @-@ Ishtar , and the later Hittite code of laws . = = = Example laws in Hammurabi 's code = = = ( Text taken from Harper 's translation , readable on wikisource ) § 8 – If any one steal cattle or sheep , or an ass , or a pig or a goat , if it belong to a god or to the court , the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefor ; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold ; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death . § 21 – If a man make a breach in a house , they shall put him to death in front of that breach and they shall thrust him therein . § 55 – If a man open his canal for irrigation and neglect it and the water carry away an adjacent field , he shall measure out grain on the basis of the adjacent fields . § 59 – If a man cut down a tree in a man 's orchard , without the consent of the owner of the orchard , he shall pay one @-@ half mina of silver . § 168 – If a man set his face to disinherit his son and say to the judges : " I will disinherit my son , " the judges shall inquire into his antecedents , and if the son have not committed a crime sufficiently grave to cut him off from sonship , the father may not cut off his son from sonship . § 169 – If he have committed a crime against his father sufficiently grave to cut him off from sonship , they shall condone his first ( offense ) . If he commit a crime a second time , the father may cut off his son from sonship . § 195 – If a son strike his father , they shall cut off his fingers . § 196 – 201 – If a man destroy the eye of another man , they shall destroy his eye . If one break a man 's bone , they shall break his bone . If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one mana of silver . If one destroy the eye of a man 's slave or break a bone of a man 's slave he shall pay one @-@ half his price . If a man knock out a tooth of a man of his own rank , they shall knock out his tooth . If one knock out a tooth of a freeman , he shall pay one @-@ third mana of silver . § 218 – 219 – If a physician operate on a man for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause that man 's death ; or open an abscess ( in the eye ) of a man with a bronze lancet and destroy the man 's eye , they shall cut off his fingers . If a physician operate on a slave of a freeman for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause his death , he shall restore a slave of equal value . § 229 – 232 – If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction firm , and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the house , that builder shall be put to death . If it cause the death of a son of the owner of the house , they shall put to death a son of that builder . If it cause the death of a slave of the owner of the house , he shall give the owner of the house a slave of equal value . If it destroy property , he shall restore whatever it destroyed , and because he did not make the house which he built firm and it collapsed , he shall rebuild the house which collapsed from his own property ( i.e. , at his own expense ) . = = Legacy and depictions = = During his reign Babylon usurped the position of " most holy city " in southern Mesopotamia from its predecessor , Nippur , for the final time ( Babylon had also previously enjoyed this status under the Akkadians , before it was restored to Nippur in the " Sumerian renaissance " ) . Under the rule of Hammurabi 's successor Samsu @-@ iluna , the short @-@ lived Babylonian Empire began to collapse . In northern Mesopotamia , both the Amorites and Babylonians were driven from Assyria by Puzur @-@ Sin a native Akkadian @-@ speaking ruler , circa 1740 BC . Around the same time , native Akkadian speakers threw off Amorite Babylonian rule in the far south of Mesopotamia , creating the Sealand Dynasty , in more or less the region of ancient Sumer . Hammurabi 's ineffectual successors met with further defeats and loss of territory at the hands of Assyrian kings such as Adasi and Bel @-@ ibni , as well as to the Sealand Dynasty to the south , Elam to the east , and to the Kassites from the northeast . Thus was Babylon quickly reduced to the small and minor state it had once been upon its founding . The coup de grace for the Hammurabi 's Amorite Dynasty occurred in 1595 BC , when Babylon was sacked and conquered by the powerful Hittite Empire , thereby ending all Amorite political presence in Mesopotamia . However , the Indo @-@ European @-@ speaking Hittites did not remain , turning over Babylon to their Kassite allies , a people speaking a language isolate , from the Zagros mountains region . This Kassite Dynasty was to rule Babylon for over 400 years , adopting parts of the Babylonian culture , including Hammurabi 's code of laws . Because of Hammurabi 's reputation as a lawgiver , his depiction can be found in several U.S. government buildings . Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in marble bas @-@ reliefs in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives in the United States Capitol . A frieze by Adolph Weinman depicting the " great lawgivers of history " , including Hammurabi , is on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building . A theory current in the early part of the past century holds that Hammurabi was Amraphel , the King of Shinar in the Book of Genesis 14 : 1 . = Mark Sanchez = Mark Travis John Sanchez ( born November 11 , 1986 ) is an American football quarterback for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the New York Jets in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft as the fifth overall pick . He played college football at the University of Southern California ( USC ) . Sanchez grew up in a well @-@ disciplined and athletic family . In the eighth grade , he began to play football and learn the intricacies of the quarterback position , training with his father , Nick . A well @-@ regarded prospect , Sanchez committed to Southern California following his successful high school career in which he led his team to a championship title during his final season . At USC , Sanchez was relegated as the backup quarterback during his first three years though he rose to prominence due to his brief appearances on the field in 2007 due to injuries suffered by starting quarterback John David Booty . Sanchez also became popular within the community due to his Mexican @-@ American heritage . Named the starter in 2008 , Sanchez led USC to a 12 – 1 record and won the Rose Bowl against Penn State for which Sanchez was awarded the Most Valuable Player award for his performance on offense . Although USC coach Pete Carroll and many scouts considered him too inexperienced , Sanchez announced his intention to enter the 2009 NFL Draft . He was selected by the Jets after they traded up with the Cleveland Browns , and was named the starting quarterback prior to the start of the season . Despite a subpar performance , Sanchez led the Jets to the AFC Championship Game , a losing effort to the Indianapolis Colts , becoming the fourth rookie quarterback in NFL history to win his first playoff game and the second to win two playoff games . In his second season , Sanchez continued to develop and led the Jets to the playoffs and the team 's second consecutive AFC Championship Game where they narrowly lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers , 24 – 19 . With the win over the New England Patriots the week prior , Sanchez tied four other quarterbacks for the second most post @-@ season road victories by a quarterback in NFL history . In leading the Jets to two consecutive conference championships , Sanchez joined quarterback Ben Roethlisberger as the only two quarterbacks in NFL history to reach the conference championship in their first two seasons in the league . The next two seasons would be a regression for both the team and Sanchez as they failed to reach the playoffs . Fans and media critics called for a struggling Sanchez to be benched . He eventually was replaced towards the end of the 2012 season by Greg McElroy . Sanchez suffered a season @-@ ending shoulder injury during the preseason in 2013 ; he was released after the season concluded and was subsequently signed by the Philadelphia Eagles . When Philadelphia 's starter Nick Foles went down with an injury , Sanchez started the second half of the season for the Eagles , where he set career highs in completion percentage and passer rating , while also passing for 2 @,@ 418 yards despite only starting 8 games . = = Early life = = Mark was born in Long Beach , California , to Nick Sr. and Olga Sanchez . When Mark was four , his parents divorced ; Mark and his brothers , Nick Jr. and Brandon , stayed with their father but their mother remained involved in their upbringing . Mark initially lived in Whittier and Pico Rivera ; when he was six his father moved with the children to Rancho Santa Margarita , a predominantly white neighborhood of Orange County . Mark 's father remarried and raised them strictly , seeking to influence them to become leaders . Throughout his childhood and teenage years , Mark 's father would have him combine athletic and mental training . Mark would have to dribble a basketball without looking at it while reciting multiplication tables ; practice baseball swings in a batting cage while answering questions about the periodic table and similar combined drills that his father hoped would develop quick thinking and self @-@ confidence that would guide Mark in all areas of life and not simply sports . By the time Mark entered the eighth grade , he had developed an interest in football but was unsure of what position to play . His father consulted coaches Bill Cunerty , who formerly coached at Saddleback College , and Bob Johnson , the head coach at Mission Viejo High School . Both coaches stated Mark could be a quarterback if he applied himself and was open to learning the intricacies of the position . Nick Sr. trained Mark during sessions in their backyard or at the park . Mark , who was attending Santa Margarita High School , joined the football team . During his first pass attempt as a sophomore , Mark threw a 55 @-@ yard touchdown . Prior to his junior year of high school , Mark transferred to Mission Viejo , where Johnson , who was recognized as a " quarterback guru " , having trained professionals like Carson Palmer , was head coach . Under Johnson 's tutelage , Mark felt he would have a better opportunity to become a better player . Johnson tutored Mark on the complexities of the position and in two seasons with the team , Mark led the Diablos to a 27 – 1 record culminating with the California Interscholastic Federation Division II championship in 2004 . Mark was named football player of the year by several major college recruiting services and was considered the top quarterback in the nation upon the conclusion of his high school football career in 2005 . In July 2004 , Mark announced his commitment to the University of Southern California . = = College career = = Being named the nation 's top quarterback coming out of high school , Sanchez was well regarded upon his arrival at USC . With upperclassmen Matt Leinart and John David Booty returning , Sanchez did not play during his freshman year in 2005 , opting to preserve a year of eligibility . During this time , he participated as the quarterback of USC 's scout team , earning the Trojans ' Service Team Offensive Player of the Year Award . In April 2006 , Sanchez was arrested after a female USC student accused him of sexual assault . He was released from jail the following day and suspended . On June 3 , 2006 , the Los Angeles County District Attorney 's office announced no charges would be filed , and Sanchez was reinstated , though he was disciplined by the football team for underage drinking and using false identification on the night he was arrested . At the outset of the 2006 season , Sanchez competed for the starting quarterback position ; once Booty , a junior , suffered severe back spasms caused by a pre @-@ existing back condition , surgery was required and Sanchez was promoted to run the first @-@ team offense during the spring as Booty recovered . Coaches stated Booty would be considered the starting quarterback when he returned for fall practice . During the 2006 season , Sanchez saw limited playing time in games against Arkansas , Stanford and Oregon . Through those three games , Sanchez completed 3 of his 7 pass attempts for 63 yards and 1 interception . He also saw additional action against Arizona , Michigan , and Notre Dame but he did not attempt a pass in those contests . In fall practice , before USC 's 2007 season , Sanchez broke his right thumb , missing the first game against Idaho ; he returned the following week and served as the primary backup to Booty . Sanchez earned limited playing time in wins against Nebraska and Washington State . Sanchez was named the starting quarterback by head coach Pete Carroll against Arizona after Booty suffered a broken finger during a 24 – 23 loss to Stanford . On October 13 , Sanchez led USC to a 20 – 13 victory , overcoming a wavering performance during the first half of the game in which he threw two interceptions , as Arizona went on to tie the game heading into halftime . During the second half , Sanchez was more proficient in passing the ball and ultimately finished the game completing 19 of his 31 passes while throwing for 130 yards with one touchdown and two interceptions . With Booty still recovering , USC elected to start Sanchez for a second consecutive week against Notre Dame ; he made significant improvements , completing 21 of his 38 passes for 235 yards and four touchdowns in a 38 – 0 victory over Notre Dame . On October 27 , Sanchez started for the final time in place of the injured Booty , an away game against Oregon . USC lost , 24 – 17 ; Sanchez had two passes intercepted by Oregon safety Matthew Harper in the second half . The first interception led to a fourth @-@ quarter touchdown that gave Oregon a 14 @-@ point lead ; the second interception ended USC 's final chance for a comeback . In spite of a myriad of mistakes committed by his teammates in addition to his own , Sanchez publicly accepted blame for the loss . The following week , against Oregon State , Booty returned as USC 's starting quarterback , with Sanchez resuming his position as Booty 's backup . Sanchez did not perform in subsequent games and finished the season with 695 yards and seven touchdowns with five interceptions . Sanchez entered spring practice after the 2008 season as the front @-@ runner to take over the starting quarterback position , but faced strong competition from redshirt freshman Aaron Corp and Mitch Mustain , a transfer from Arkansas , where he had been the starting quarterback ; Mustain , like Sanchez , was named the top quarterback in the nation upon the conclusion of high school career in 2006 . By the end of spring practice , Carroll announced Sanchez would be the starting quarterback heading into the fall . During the first week of fall camp , Sanchez dislocated his left kneecap during warm @-@ ups prior to practice ; trainers immediately put the kneecap back into place . After missing nearly three weeks , Sanchez was cleared to play in the opener against Virginia . Before the opener , Sanchez was contacted by USC 's previous three quarterbacks — Carson Palmer , Leinart and Booty — who wished him well and offered general advice . In the opener at Virginia , Sanchez threw for a career @-@ best 338 yards , completing 26 of his 35 passes for three touchdowns and one interception . The Davey O 'Brien Foundation named him the O 'Brien Quarterback of the Week and his performance garnered early Heisman discussion . The Trojans suffered a stunning 27 – 21 loss against Oregon State on September 25 . By season 's end , the Trojans ' lone loss was enough to remove them from contending for the BCS National Title and instead they were to play in the Rose Bowl against Penn State . The Trojans defeated the Nittany Lions 38 – 24 . Sanchez won the 2009 Rose Bowl Most Valuable Player award for his performance on offense ; his 413 passing yards ranked second in the history of the Rose Bowl and fourth in Trojan history . With Sanchez starting all thirteen games , the Trojans ended the season 12 – 1 and ranked number two in the Coaches ' Poll and number three in the AP Poll . Sanchez finished the season with 3 @,@ 207 yards passing , 34 touchdowns , second most in Trojan history , behind Leinart , and 10 interceptions . Upon the conclusion of the Rose Bowl , Sanchez stated it would be " hard to say goodbye to [ USC ] . I don ’ t think I can do it . " However , with the subsequent announcement that other NFL @-@ caliber quarterbacks , such as Sam Bradford , Tim Tebow , and Colt McCoy had decided to stay in school , rumors arose that Sanchez would use the opportunity to enter the 2009 NFL Draft . On January 15 , Sanchez announced his plans to forgo his final year of college eligibility and enter the 2009 NFL Draft , although he continued as a USC student and completed work on his degree in the spring of 2009 while preparing for the draft . Sanchez became the first USC quarterback to leave early since Todd Marinovich did so after the 1990 season . During the press conference , head coach Pete Carroll made it clear that he did not agree with Sanchez 's decision , and advised him of the low success @-@ rate of quarterbacks who left college early . Despite the public disagreement , the two remained close afterward . = = Professional career = = = = = Pre @-@ draft = = = Sanchez hired his older brother and business litigator , Nick Sanchez , to be his agent alongside David Dunn , who represented Carson Palmer . Sanchez received an invitation to the 2009 Scouting Combine , where his performance was well received . He was ranked as one of the top two quarterbacks , behind fellow junior Matthew Stafford from the University of Georgia . In the final days leading up to the draft , several NFL teams expressed serious interest in Sanchez , including the Seattle Seahawks ( No. 4 selection ) , Cleveland Browns ( No. 5 selection ) , Washington Redskins ( No. 13 selection ) , and New York Jets ( No. 17 selection ) . = = = New York Jets = = = = = = = 2009 NFL Draft = = = = The New York Jets drafted Sanchez using the fifth overall selection in the 2009 NFL Draft , making him the first quarterback selected by the Jets in the first round since Chad Pennington . To select Sanchez , the Jets traded their first and second round selections and three players , Kenyon Coleman , Abram Elam and Brett Ratliff , to the Cleveland Browns . At the time , the selection was lauded as good value for the team and for Sanchez . Sanchez reached an agreement with the team on June 10 , 2009 , signing a five @-@ year , $ 50 million contract , with $ 28 million guaranteed . It is the largest contract the Jets signed a player to in franchise history . = = = = 2009 season = = = = Heading into his rookie training camp , Sanchez was listed as the second quarterback behind veteran Kellen Clemens . Jets head coach Rex Ryan viewed the camp as an opportunity for both quarterbacks to compete against each other to determine the eventual starter for the 2009 season . On August 26 , 2009 , Sanchez was named the starter , becoming the first rookie quarterback to start the season for the team since Dick Jamieson in 1960 . Sanchez started his first regular season NFL game against the Houston Texans on September 13 , 2009 , throwing his first touchdown pass , a 30 @-@ yard reception , to Chansi Stuckey . Sanchez and the Jets won the game 24 – 7 , with Sanchez throwing for 272 yards , a touchdown and an interception . He was named the Pepsi Rookie of the Week for his performance in the game , the first of three consecutive Rookie of the Week awards . He played his first home game a week later versus the New England Patriots , a 16 – 9 victory ; it was also his first division game and his first rivalry game . It was the Jets ' first victory over New England at home since 2000 . With a 24 – 17 victory over the Tennessee Titans in Week 3 , Sanchez became the first rookie quarterback to start and win his first three games of an NFL season . However , his performance began to regress as he had a pass intercepted for a 99 @-@ yard touchdown return , and fumbled another attempted pass in the end zone for another touchdown , as the Jets fell to the New Orleans Saints in Week 4 . These two plays were enough to spoil an otherwise strong outing from the Jets 's defensive unit as the team dropped to a 3 – 1 record . Following the loss to New Orleans , Sanchez received criticism in a 16 – 13 overtime loss to the Buffalo Bills in Week 6 when he threw five interceptions against a lowly Bills defense that previously had only four interceptions all season long . The Jets ended their losing streak in a 38 – 0 victory against the Oakland Raiders in Week 7 however , Sanchez was criticized after he was seen eating a hot dog on the Jets ' bench in the fourth quarter . In the team 's second meeting against the Bills on December 3 , 2009 , Sanchez suffered a sprained posterior cruciate ligament in the third quarter , prompting the veteran Clemens to take his place . Though there were no setbacks to the injury , head coach Ryan benched Sanchez the following game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for precautionary reasons , much to Sanchez 's dismay . At 7 – 7 , the Jets had a chance to secure a playoff berth if they won the remainder of their games . One such game was against the Indianapolis Colts who had 23 consecutive regular season wins . Sanchez and the Jets engineered a comeback win following Colts head coach Jim Caldwell 's decision to controversially rest the team starters in the third quarter with a five @-@ point lead . The following week , on January 3 , 2010 , Sanchez led the team into the playoffs , despite a subpar effort , completing eight of sixteen passes for sixty @-@ three yards , en route to a 37 – 0 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals , who rested their starters as the team had already clinched the AFC North division title and a playoff berth . The manner of the two wins , which gave the Jets their first playoff berth since 2006 , caused many to claim the team had " backed into the playoffs " . Sanchez completed his rookie season with 2 @,@ 444 yards , 12 touchdowns and 20 interceptions . = = = = 2009 postseason = = = = In the wild card round , that took place on January 9 , 2010 at Paul Brown Stadium , Sanchez led the Jets to another victory over the Bengals , 24 – 14 , behind his positive performance where he completed 12 of his 15 passes while throwing for 182 yards and a touchdown with a passer rating of 139 @.@ 4 . Sanchez became the fourth rookie quarterback in NFL history to win his first post @-@ season contest , and the second to do so on the road . The others were Shaun King ( ' 99 Bucs ) , Ben Roethlisberger ( ' 04 Steelers ) , and Joe Flacco ( ' 08 Ravens ) . On January 17 , 2010 , Sanchez , with the help of fellow rookie Shonn Greene , defeated the heavily favored San Diego Chargers 17 – 14 to attain the Jets ' third AFC Championship appearance in franchise history . Sanchez became only the second rookie quarterback to win two consecutive playoff games , behind Joe Flacco . In a rematch of their regular season meeting with the Colts , Sanchez performed well in the first half however , the offense succumbed to the Colts ' defense in the second half and the Jets gave up an 11 @-@ point lead , losing 30 – 17 . Sanchez was named to Sporting News ' All @-@ Rookie team for his performance during the season . = = = = 2010 season = = = = On February 17 , 2010 , Sanchez underwent surgery to repair the patella ligament in his left knee that he originally injured when he played for USC . The surgery was successful . Sanchez was expected to miss early workouts and return in time for training camp however Sanchez made a quick recovery and participated in team drills during Organized Team Activities ( OTA ) . The Jets opened the 2010 season with a 5 – 1 record however , the passing game was subpar as Sanchez struggled to accurately throw the football . Sanchez recorded his first career 300 @-@ yard passing game in a win over the Detroit Lions on November 7 , 2010 . At 10 – 4 , the Jets faced the Chicago Bears on December 26 , 2010 with a chance to clinch a playoff berth . Though Sanchez injured his shoulder in a victory over Pittsburgh the previous week , he started the game completing 24 of his 37 passes for a touchdown and an interception . However , the Jets were unable to defend the Bears ' offense and subsequently lost the game 38 – 34 after a comeback drive was halted when Sanchez was intercepted . Due to a loss by the Jacksonville Jaguars that same day , the Jets clinched the playoff berth . Sanchez finished the season with 3 @,@ 291 yards , 17 touchdowns and 13 interceptions . = = = = 2010 postseason = = = = The Jets finished the season with an 11 – 5 record and entered the wild card round facing the Indianapolis Colts in a rematch of their previous encounter in the AFC Championship . Although Sanchez had a subpar performance completing 18 of his 31 passes while throwing an interception , he led the team in the final minutes of the game on a comeback drive culminating with kicker Nick Folk kicking the game @-@ winning field goal as time expired . The Jets went on to face the New England Patriots in the divisional round and upset the heavily favored Patriots , 28 – 21 , as Sanchez completed 16 of his 25 passes for 194 yards and three touchdowns . With the win , Sanchez tied Len Dawson , Roger Staubach , Jake Delhomme , and Joe Flacco for the second most post @-@ season road victories by a quarterback in NFL history . The team traveled to the AFC Championship , for a second consecutive season , to face the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 23 , 2011 . Heading into halftime losing 24 – 3 , the team , led by Sanchez , engineered a comeback following a heartfelt speech given by the quarterback at halftime . Although the Jets ' defense did not allow Pittsburgh to score in the second half , the team fell short as their final offensive drive was stymied by the Steelers ' defense and the Jets lost 24 – 19 . = = = = 2011 season = = = = Prior to the outset of the 2011 season , head coach Rex Ryan named Sanchez a team captain . The Jets opened the season with a 2 – 3 record leading to discontent within the clubhouse . The team had begun to stray from their philosophy of consistently running the ball and began to pass more often however , the offense struggled with this adjustment . Receivers Plaxico Burress , Santonio Holmes and Derrick Mason approached coach Ryan to question offensive coordinator Brian Schottenheimer 's system as Holmes and Mason averaged only 3 catches per game and Burress only 2 @.@ 5 catches through four games . Additionally , Sanchez drew criticism for his difficulties to effectively throw the ball to his receivers . The struggles culminated with Holmes getting into a heated argument with another teammate in the huddle during their final regular season game against the Miami Dolphins . Holmes was benched in the fourth quarter while Sanchez threw three interceptions in the Jets ' loss that eliminated the team from playoff contention for the first time in Sanchez 's career . Statistically , Sanchez had similar numbers in a comparison to Eli Manning when he concluded his third year of football however , there were concerns that Sanchez was simply an ineffective quarterback and therefore expendable . During the offseason , Sanchez was criticized by anonymous teammates for his poor work ethic and his inability to improve ; these claims were publicly refuted by other teammates . Despite questions surrounding his job security , after New York acquired Tim Tebow , the Jets agreed to a 3 @-@ year contract extension with Sanchez on March 9 , 2012 . The contract included $ 20 million in guarantees . = = = = 2012 season = = = = The Jets opened their season against the Buffalo Bills with Sanchez completing 19 of his 27 passes for 266 yards , 3 touchdowns and an interception in a 48 – 28 rout of the Bills . In the subsequent four games , Sanchez became the first quarterback since Stoney Case in 1999 to complete under 50 % of his passes in four straight contests as the Jets fell to a 2 – 3 record . This prompted fierce criticism from the media and the fans in regards to Sanchez 's continued accuracy issues and prompted calls for the promotion of Tim Tebow . Sanchez snapped this streak against the Indianapolis Colts on October 14 , 2012 completing 11 of his 18 passes for 82 yards and throwing for 2 touchdowns in a 35 – 9 victory over Indianapolis . The following week , the Jets faced their division rivals , the Patriots . Despite a second @-@ half lead by New England , the game was tied at the end of regulation forcing overtime . Following a Patriots field goal , Sanchez had the ball knocked out his hand by Rob Ninkovich who recovered the fumble and sealed the Patriots ' victory . This was Sanchez 's best overall performance to that point in the season as he completed a career record 68 % of his passes when attempting 40 or more passes . Sanchez 's struggles continued in the following two games against Miami and Seattle ; in Seattle , Sanchez completed 9 of 22 passes for 124 yards while throwing his fourth red zone interception of the year and was the fifth game of the season where he completed under 50 % of his pass attempts . The Jets snapped their losing streak in a 27 – 13 victory over the St. Louis Rams in which Sanchez completed 15 of his 20 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown . However , his struggles continued in a rematch against New England on Thanksgiving night . Despite completing 26 of 36 of his pass attempts for 301 yards and a touchdown and interception , the Jets lost to the Patriots 49 – 19 and fell to 4 – 7 as Sanchez turned the ball over twice — each turnover led to Patriots touchdowns . The Jets surrendered 21 points within a 53 @-@ second span on 3 turnovers . The play that earned Sanchez the most criticism was a second @-@ quarter fumble where he ran into the backside of lineman Brandon Moore and the Patriots scored on the resulting fumble ; this play , becoming widely known as the butt fumble , was mocked in the media . Sanchez started the next week , but was benched in the third quarter of the Jets ' contest against the Arizona Cardinals on December 2 , 2012 in favor of third string back @-@ up Greg McElroy . Prior to being benched by Rex Ryan , Sanchez threw three interceptions . McElroy threw a touchdown to Jeff Cumberland to score the team 's only points in a 7 – 6 victory over Arizona . Rex Ryan renamed Sanchez the starting quarterback the following Wednesday after seeking out multiple opinions within the organization . Sanchez returned to complete 12 his 19 passes for 111 yards against the Jacksonville Jaguars , fumbling once that led to a Jaguar field goal . The Jets won 17 – 10 . In a must @-@ win game against the Tennessee Titans to remain in playoff contention , Sanchez struggled ; he completed 13 of his 28 passes for 131 yards while throwing four interceptions and fumbling the ball in Titans territory in the closing minutes of the Jets ' 14 – 10 defeat . A day later , Ryan named McElroy the starter . Sanchez started the Jets ' final game against the Buffalo Bills after McElroy revealed he had been experiencing concussion symptoms in the days preceding . The Jets were defeated 28 – 9 with Sanchez completing 17 of his 35 passes for 205 yards and two turnovers . = = = = 2013 season = = = = Sanchez suffered a shoulder injury on August 24 , 2013 in the Jets ' third game of the preseason against the New York Giants after being tackled by Marvin Austin . The Jets , who drafted rookie quarterback Geno Smith in the 2013 NFL Draft , named Smith the starter on September 4 with Sanchez still rehabilitating his injury . On September 14 , 2013 , Sanchez was placed on injured reserve with a designation to return . After undergoing shoulder surgery on October 8 , 2013 , it was announced he would miss the rest of the season . After much speculation regarding his future in New York , the Jets released Sanchez on March 21 , 2014 , the same day the Jets signed Michael Vick , the former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback . = = = Philadelphia Eagles = = = = = = = 2014 season = = = = Sanchez signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on March 29 , 2014 , for a 1 @-@ year , $ 2 @.@ 25 million contract . After spending seven full games as Nick Foles ' backup , Sanchez filled @-@ in for an injured Foles , in a Week 9 game against the Houston Texans . Throwing for 202 yards , 2 touchdowns , and 2 interceptions , Sanchez led the Eagles to a 31 @-@ 21 win . After the game , Eagles head coach , Chip Kelly , praised Sanchez , saying , " He 's a hell of a quarterback and we 're excited that we got him . " Foles was later confirmed to be out for 6 to 8 weeks with a broken collarbone , meaning Sanchez would take over as the team 's quarterback . On November 10 , 2014 , Sanchez started his first game for the Eagles and led them in a 45 @-@ 21 rout of the visiting Carolina Panthers on Monday Night Football . Even though it was his first QB start since Dec. 2012 , Sanchez notched two TDs as he threw for 332 yards — the fourth highest total in his NFL career . The victory also marked the first time he had ever thrown for more than 265 yards without an interception . Sanchez followed this with a 53 @-@ 20 loss against Green Bay , but he came back with 2 consecutive wins , including a 33 @-@ 10 win against the Cowboys on Thanksgiving . With the Eagles at a 9 @-@ 3 record , and his record as a starter at 3 @-@ 1 , the Eagles looked poised to win the NFC East , but after 3 consecutive losses and playoff elimination , he finished the 2014 season with a 4 – 4 record as the Eagles starting quarterback . He threw for 2 @,@ 418 yards , 14 TDs , 11 INTs , and a 64 @.@ 0 completion percentage , while rushing for 87 yards and 1 TD , with an 88 @.@ 4 passer rating . All of these stats has surpassed Foles . = = = = 2015 season = = = = The Eagles re @-@ signed Sanchez to a two @-@ year , $ 16 million contract on March 8 , 2015 , but despite his play in the 2014 season , he remained the backup quarterback as Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford . In Bradford 's first several games , he had thrown more interceptions than touchdowns and often had a low completion percentage , but head coach Chip Kelly refused to bench Bradford in favor of Sanchez . Ironically , Sanchez would get his first playing time when Braford was playing his best football of the season . On November 15 , 2015 , Sanchez came into a Week 10 game against the Dolphins in relief of injured starter Sam Bradford with the Eagles trailing 20 – 16 late in the 3rd quarter . Sanchez finished 14 @-@ 23 with 156 yards and an interception . The interception was costly as it occurred in the endzone when the Eagles were in field goal range down 20 – 19 , which ended up being the final score of the game . Sanchez was announced as the starter for the Eagles Week 11 game against the Buccaneers after it was revealed that Bradford suffered a separated shoulder and a concussion . Sanchez 's opening drive was excellent , completing 100 % of his passes and ending it with a 39 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Josh Huff to make the score 7 @-@ 0 . Sanchez continued to play well for the majority of the 1st half , and threw a second touchdown pass to Darren Sproles , but the Buccaneers offense had already scored 21 points . However , after that drive , Sanchez started to crumble , throwing an interception near the end of the second quarter . Sanchez finished the game with 3 interceptions , 1 of which was returned for a touchdown , in a humiliating 45 @-@ 17 blowout . His 2 touchdown passes were the only points scored by the offense . Sanchez once again put up the only points for the offense in another humiliating blowout , this time a 45 @-@ 14 loss to the Detroit Lions . Sanchez played relatively well , avoiding a 3 @-@ and @-@ out on the first drive with a 5 @-@ yard scramble and managing to tie the game 7 @-@ 7 with a touchdown pass to Brent Celek , ( the team 's leading receiver over the last two games ) , but a defensive meltdown and lack of offensive momentum left the Eagles hopeless , and Sanchez finished his Eagles record with an 0 @-@ 2 record as starter . Sanchez finished 19 / 27 for 199 yards with 2 touchdowns and no interceptions , which translated into a passer rating of 116 @.@ 1 . Despite his above average passer rating , Sanchez proceeded to go back to the bench the next week due to his winless record as starter , and he would not throw another pass for the rest of the season . = = = Denver Broncos = = = = = = = 2016 season = = = = On March 11 , 2016 , Sanchez was traded to the Denver Broncos for a 2017 conditional draft pick . = = Player profile = = Early in his career , Sanchez was praised for his ability to maintain composure in the pocket amidst defensive pressure and focus on finding an open receiver to extend the team 's offensive series . In his four @-@ year career , Sanchez has had ten fourth quarter comebacks and twelve game winning drives . These characteristics were highlighted by Bill Parcells and Sam Wyche and garnered comparisons to Ben Roethlisberger . Sanchez was also noted for his proficiency in short passing situations and competitive nature ; in December 2010 , following dismal performances , Rex Ryan threatened to reduce Sanchez 's repetitions with the first team offense during practice which infuriated Sanchez . In December 2012 , following a series of poor performances that eventually led to his being benched , a panel of former NFL quarterbacks were questioned about Sanchez 's different attributes . It was unanimously agreed upon that his arm strength was " good enough " to succeed in the league and that he could be effective while mobile in the pocket . His regression was mainly attributed to his poor accuracy , a byproduct of his indecisive mentality once the ball is snapped , and the fact the Jets did little to help surround Sanchez with the talent to overcome his shortcomings . Ron Jaworski commented that Sanchez had lost his confidence which contributed to his decline . While Sanchez has embraced a playboy lifestyle , drawing comparisons to former Jet Joe Namath , he was praised by Brian Schottenheimer for his ability to work with various personalities and build relationships with teammates . After undergoing knee surgery following his rookie season , Sanchez established " Jets West " in 2010 , an annual off @-@ season camp located in his home state of California . Sanchez hosts workouts and offers classroom review sessions for his skill @-@ position teammates on offense for one week . During the NFL labor dispute , Sanchez managed to organize private workouts with over forty of his teammates . = = Personal life = = Sanchez is an avid fan of musical theatre . He was a presenter at the 2010 Tony Awards , where he introduced a number from the Broadway musical Memphis . Sanchez has been involved in multiple charities including the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation to help raise awareness for Type 1 diabetes and Sam 's Club 's Giving Made Simple which , helps raise awareness about childhood obesity and how families can prevent it . Sanchez has also worked with the Teddy Atlas Foundation through which he met Aiden Binkley , a terminally ill 11 @-@ year @-@ old struck with rhabdomyosarcoma . Sanchez developed a bond with Binkley and the two remained close friends until Binkley 's death in December 2010 . Sanchez 's father is a fire captain for the Orange County Fire Authority and a member of the national urban search and rescue team . In college , Nick Sanchez played quarterback for East Los Angeles College and was later a sergeant in the United States Army . His two older brothers both played college football . Nick Jr. attended Yale University where he played quarterback while Brandon attended DePauw University where he played on the offensive line . Nick Jr. went on to attend the USC Law School and is a business attorney ; Brandon became a mortgage broker . In June 2016 , a lawsuit filed by U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission alleged that Sanchez 's broker , Ash Narayan , formerly of RGT Capital Management , conducted a " ponzi @-@ like scheme " which defrauded three professional athletes out of $ 30 million . The athletes were later named as Sanchez , Roy Oswalt , and Jake Peavy . = = = Mexican @-@ American identity = = = When Sanchez was elevated to prominence at USC , he found himself a symbol of Mexican @-@ American identity and a role model for younger generations . Sanchez was placed on center stage in Los Angeles , home to more than 4 @.@ 6 million Hispanics , the majority of whom are of Mexican descent . While there had been previous , successful Mexican @-@ American quarterbacks such as Tom Flores , Jim Plunkett , Joe Kapp , Jeff Garcia , Tony Romo , and Marc Bulger , unlike most of his predecessors , Sanchez is a third @-@ generation , full Mexican and none had been embraced to the extent Sanchez was . USC fans began playing up Sanchez 's ethnicity by wearing items such as sarapes , lucha libre masks and homemade " ¡ Viva Sanchez ! " T @-@ shirts . His rise to fame within the Mexican @-@ American community was compared to that of boxer Oscar De La Hoya and baseball pitcher Fernando Valenzuela . While starting for an injured John David Booty in 2007 , Sanchez wore a custom mouthguard that featured the colors of the Mexican flag in honor of his heritage . It became a prominent issue after a nationally televised game against Notre Dame . The mouthpiece became a symbol for two opposing viewpoints : for Mexican @-@ Americans , it was a symbol of unity — Sanchez accepting his heritage ; for critics , the gesture symbolized a radical political statement . Sanchez , who was born and raised in the United States , received hate mail urging him to return to Mexico . Sanchez responded to the controversy stating , " It ’ s not a Mexican power thing or anything like that . It ’ s just a little bit of pride in our heritage . Hopefully , it inspires somebody and it ’ s all for the best . " Overwhelmed by the attention and shying away from politics , Sanchez stopped wearing the mouthpiece , but began participating in other efforts to help the Hispanic community . Sanchez , who knew how to speak some Spanish but was not bilingual , began to take Spanish lessons during his junior year at USC so he could have conversations with others who share his heritage and conduct interviews with the media without the use of a translator . The USC band played " El Matador " when Sanchez would come onto the field . Sanchez participated in a fundraiser to help provide school supplies to first @-@ graders in the city of Long Beach and region of South Bay , and helped Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa give holiday gifts to impoverished families . By the end of his USC career , he had been hailed as a role model for Hispanic youth . Sanchez serves as the Ambassador to the Inner @-@ City Games Los Angeles , an after @-@ school program that provides " at @-@ risk youth " with positive , alternative activities . ESPN Radio came to an agreement with the Jets to broadcast all of the team 's regular season games in 2011 on 710 ESPN Radio in Los Angeles . The agreement came about due to Sanchez 's continued popularity in California . = = Statistics = = = = = College = = = = = = National Football League = = = = = = = Regular season = = = = = = = = Playoffs = = = = = = Career highlights = = = = = Awards and honors = = = = = = NFL records = = = First rookie quarterback to win his first three starts Third most postseason road victories by an NFL quarterback : 4 ( tied with Jake Delhomme , Len Dawson , and Roger Staubach ) Most playoff victories by a rookie quarterback : 2 ( tied with Joe Flacco ) Most consecutive conference championship game appearances to begin career : 2 ( tied with Ben Roethlisberger ) = = = New York Jets franchise records = = = Most career postseason victories by an NFL quarterback : 4 Longest touchdown pass in a playoff game ( 2009 ) : 80 Most game winning drives in a single season ( 2010 ) : 6 Most regular season wins by a starting quarterback in 16 starts ( 2010 ) : 11 ( tied with Ken O 'Brien in 1985 ) = Kirov @-@ class cruiser = The Kirov @-@ class ( Project 26 ) cruisers were a class of six cruisers built in the late 1930s for the Soviet Navy . After the first two ships , armor protection was increased and subsequent ships are sometimes called the Maxim Gorky class . These were the first large ships built by the Soviets from the keel up after the Russian Civil War , and they were derived from the Italian cruiser Raimondo Montecuccoli , being designed with assistance from the Italian Ansaldo company . Two ships each were deployed in the Black and Baltic Seas during World War II , while the last pair was still under construction in the Russian Far East and saw no combat during the war . The first four ships bombarded Axis troops and facilities after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 . All six ships survived the war and lingered until the 1970s in training and other secondary roles before being scrapped . = = Design = = Following the October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War , Soviet industry was not capable of designing large , complex warships by itself and sought foreign assistance . The Ansaldo company provided plans for the contemporary Raimondo Montecuccoli @-@ class cruisers and a design displacing 7 @,@ 200 tonnes ( 7 @,@ 086 long tons ) and armed with six 180 @-@ millimetre ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) guns in twin turrets was produced in 1933 . The Italians guaranteed that the cruiser could make 37 knots ( 69 km / h ; 43 mph ) on trials if the size was kept under the 7200 @-@ tonne limit . The designer of the new turret managed to persuade his superiors that he could fit triple turrets to the ship while keeping it within the specified limit , and this design was approved in November 1934 as the Project 26 . The Soviets bought an example of , and plans for , the machinery of the later Duca d 'Aosta @-@ class cruisers and had some difficulty in adapting the smaller hull for the larger and more @-@ powerful machinery , so much so that it delayed the start of construction . Another problem was that the Italian design had to be adapted to use the Soviet preference for a mix of longitudinal framing for the hull framing amidships and transverse framing for the ends , while also reinforcing the hull structure to withstand the more @-@ severe weather conditions that the Soviets commonly encountered . The Kirovs were built in pairs , each pair incorporating some improvements over the earlier pair . These pairs were designated as the Project 26 , Project 26bis , and Project 26bis2 in sequence . The differences between pairs usually related to size , armor , armament and aircraft . = = = General characteristics = = = The Project 26 class ships were 191 @.@ 3 m ( 627 ft 7 in ) long overall . They had a beam of 17 @.@ 66 m ( 57 ft 11 in ) and at full load a draft of 6 @.@ 15 m ( 20 ft 2 in ) . They displaced 7 @,@ 890 tonnes ( 7 @,@ 765 long tons ) at standard load , and 9 @,@ 436 tonnes ( 9 @,@ 287 long tons ) at full load . Their single rudder meant that they were not very maneuverable . Kirov and Voroshilov were fitted with a massive quadruped foremast , but this proved to restrict the view from the conning tower as well as the fields of fire of the 100 mm anti @-@ aircraft guns and greatly increased their silhouette . It was reduced to a simple pole mast in the later ships and the superstructure enlarged to accommodate the fire control facilities formerly housed in the foremast . Shortly after Kirov was launched in 1936 , the two Project 26bis ships were laid down . They incorporated a number of changes from the first batch , not least of which was that they were larger . They displaced 8 @,@ 177 tonnes ( 8 @,@ 048 long tons ) at standard load and 9 @,@ 728 tonnes ( 9 @,@ 574 long tons ; 10 @,@ 723 short tons ) at full load . They were only slightly longer at 191 @.@ 4 m ( 627 ft 11 in ) overall and had a deep draft of 6 @.@ 30 m ( 20 ft 8 in ) at full load . On trials they proved to be the fastest ships of the class with a speed of 36 @.@ 72 knots ( 68 @.@ 01 km / h ; 42 @.@ 26 mph ) . Their armament was much the same as the earlier ships , although nine 45 mm 61 @-@ K anti @-@ aircraft guns were mounted rather than the six on the first pair and they were fitted to carry 150 Model 1908 / 39 mines in place of the Model 1912 mines . The Project 26bis2 pair were still larger and displaced 8 @,@ 400 tonnes ( 8 @,@ 267 long tons ) at standard load , and 10 @,@ 400 tonnes ( 10 @,@ 236 long tons ) at full load . They were a tenth of a meter shorter than the Project 26 ships , although the waterline length did not change at all between any of the pairs . Their turbines proved to be slightly more powerful than those of the Project 26bis ships and propelled them at 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) on trials . Production delays with the 100 mm B @-@ 34 dual @-@ purpose guns forced them to use 85 mm 90 @-@ K guns instead and ten 37 mm 70 @-@ K anti @-@ aircraft guns supplemented the 45 mm guns . The mines changed yet again as they could carry 100 KB or 106 Model 1926 mines . = = = Armament = = = The main armament consisted of three electrically powered MK @-@ 3 @-@ 180 triple turrets with three 57 @-@ calibre 180 mm B @-@ 1 @-@ P guns . The turrets were very small to fit them into the hull space available and were so cramped that their rate of fire was much lower than designed ( only two rounds per minute instead of six ) . The guns were mounted in a single cradle to minimize space and were so close together that their dispersion was very high because the muzzle blast from adjacent guns affected each gun . The turrets weighed approximately 236 to 247 tonnes ( 232 to 243 long tons ) , and the guns could be depressed to − 4 ° and elevated to 48 ° . The guns fired 97 @.@ 55 @-@ kilogram ( 215 @.@ 1 lb ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 900 – 920 m / s ( 3 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 000 ft / s ) ; this provided a maximum range of around 38 @,@ 000 m ( 42 @,@ 000 yd ) , depending on ammunition and gun type . Normally , 100 rounds per gun were carried , although an additional four rounds per gun could be carried at overload by the Project 26 ships only . The secondary armament consisted of six single 56 @-@ caliber 100 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) B @-@ 34 anti @-@ aircraft guns with 325 rounds per gun fitted on each side of the rear funnel in all ships except the Project 26bis2 which used eight single 52 @-@ caliber 85 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 3 in ) 90 @-@ K guns with 300 rounds per gun when the B @-@ 34 program ran into problems . Light AA guns initially consisted of six semi @-@ automatic 45 mm 21 @-@ K AA guns with 600 rounds per gun and four DK 12 @.@ 7 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) machine guns , with 12 @,@ 500 rounds per gun , but were significantly increased in service . The Project 26bis ships carried nine 21 @-@ K mounts and the Project 26bis were built with an additional ten fully automatic 37 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 70 @-@ K AA guns with a thousand rounds per gun . Over the course of World War II most , if not all , of the 45 mm guns were replaced by 37 mm guns and one or two Lend @-@ Lease quadruple Vickers .50 machine gun MK III mounts were fitted to the ships in the Baltic and Black Seas , although each ship varied in its anti @-@ aircraft suite . Six 533 @-@ millimetre ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) 39 @-@ Yu torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings ; these tubes could be individually adjusted to spread out their salvos . Molotov and Kaganovich replaced their launchers with the more @-@ modern 1 @-@ N mount during the war . A total of 96 KB or 164 Model 1912 mines could be carried by the first pair of ships . A pair of depth charge racks were mounted as well as four BMB @-@ 1 depth charge throwers . Twenty large BB @-@ 1 and thirty small BM @-@ 1 depth charges were carried although no sonar was fitted for the Project 26 and Project 26bis ships . They did mount the Arktur underwater acoustic communication system . Kalinin and Kaganovich received the Lend @-@ Lease ASDIC @-@ 132 system , which the Soviets called Drakon @-@ 132 , as well as the experimental Soviet Mars @-@ 72 sonar system . The Project 26 ships were fitted with the Molynia fire control system for their main guns which included the TsAS @-@ 2 mechanical computer and the KDP3 @-@ 6 director . Each turret and the director had DM @-@ 6 rangefinders which allowed multiple targets to be engaged using a combination of local and central fire control . The four later ships had an improved Molynia @-@ ATs fire control system which could accept data from spotter aircraft . The anti @-@ aircraft armament was controlled by the Gorizont @-@ 1 system with a SO @-@ 26 computer , Gazon vertical gyroscope and a pair of SPN @-@ 100 directors on each side of the superstructure . Each director had a fully stabilized 3 m ( 9 ft 10 in ) rangefinder . Voroshilov had SPN @-@ 200 directors , but the Project 26bis ships used the Gorizont @-@ 2 system . This had a more advanced Gorizont @-@ 2 computer and Shar vertical gyroscope . The first Soviet ship to carry a radar was Molotov which was given a Redut @-@ K air warning system in 1940 , which she used for the entire war . Lend @-@ Lease radars equipped most of the other ships . The British Types 281 , 291 and the American SG radars were used for air search . Main battery fire control radars were the British Types 284 and 285 while anti @-@ aircraft fire control was provided by the Type 282 radar . Soviet @-@ designed Yupiter @-@ 1 and Mars @-@ 1 gunnery radars were fitted in Molotov and Kalinin by 1944 . = = = Machinery = = = The ships had a twin @-@ shaft @-@ unit machinery layout with alternating boiler rooms and engine rooms . The machinery for Kirov was shipped from Italy ( being diverted from the contract for the Italian cruiser Eugenio di Savoia ) . The machinery for the rest was built in Kharkiv to Italian plans . The Soviet TB @-@ 7 geared turbines proved to be more powerful and more economical than the originals . Kirov burned .8 kg ( 1 @.@ 8 lb ) of fuel oil per unit of horsepower compared to Kalinin 's .623 kg ( 1 @.@ 37 lb ) . Furthermore Kirov produced only 113 @,@ 500 shaft horsepower ( 84 @,@ 600 kW ) on trials while Voroshilov made 122 @,@ 500 shp ( 91 @,@ 300 kW ) and was almost a full knot faster . Six license @-@ built Yarrow @-@ Normand type water @-@ tube boilers powered the turbines with a nominal capacity of 106 @-@ tonnes / hour of superheated steam at a pressure of 25 kg / cm2 ( 2 @,@ 452 kPa ; 356 psi ) and a temperature of 325 ° C ( 617 ° F ) . Each shaft drove a three @-@ bladed 4 @.@ 7 @-@ metre ( 15 ft ) bronze propeller for a designed speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) , although this varied from ship to ship . The normal oil capacity was between 600 to 650 tonnes ( 591 to 640 long tons ) , but the ships varied widely in the amount of oil carried at full load ; this ranged from 1 @,@ 150 to 1 @,@ 660 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 132 to 1 @,@ 634 long tons ) . Endurance figures also varied widely at full load , from 2 @,@ 140 to 4 @,@ 220 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 960 to 7 @,@ 820 km ; 2 @,@ 460 to 4 @,@ 860 mi ) at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . The maximum amount of fuel that could be carried ranged from 1 @,@ 430 to 1 @,@ 750 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 407 to 1 @,@ 722 long tons ) . = = = Protection = = = The armour scheme formed a raft around the vitals , protected by a waterline belt , deck and traverse bulkheads uniformly 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) in thickness . The turret and barbette armour was also 50 mm thick . The conning tower sides were 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) with a 100 mm roof . A 20 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) box protected the steering gear and a number of control positions were protected against splinters : 14 mm ( 0 @.@ 55 in ) for the torpedo control station , 8 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) for main @-@ battery fire control and secondary gun shields , 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 28 in ) for the secondary @-@ battery control position and the auxiliary command station had 25 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) sides and roof . The belt extended 121 m ( 397 ft 0 in ) or 64 @.@ 5 % of the ship 's length . Its total height was 3 @.@ 4 m ( 11 ft 2 in ) , of which 1 @.@ 33 m ( 4 ft 4 in ) was below the designed waterline . A double bottom extended past the armored traverse bulkheads and a thin longitudinal bulkhead provided some measure of protection against flooding . It has been judged too thin to withstand a torpedo 's detonation , but possibly the far @-@ side bulkhead might survive intact , which would cause a list from asymmetrical flooding . The armor of the Project 26 ships was vulnerable even to destroyer @-@ class weapons at ranges under 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) and the last four ships were given additional armor . The belt , traverse bulkheads , barbettes and turret face thicknesses were all increased to 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) and the box protecting the steering gear was increased to 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) . One oddity of the later ships ' armor scheme was the joint between the armour deck and belt . The top and bottom edges of the belt were tapered , the outer surface angling in 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) from the edge to a thickness of 45 mm . Similarly the deck edge was also tapered down to about 25 mm for its outermost 200 mm . It has been speculated that " This seam in the protection , representing a small target area , may simply have served to save weight and simplify construction . " = = = Aircraft = = = The Kirovs were designed to carry two aircraft , but German catapults had to be imported . Two Heinkel K @-@ 12 catapults were bought in 1937 for Kirov and Voroshilov . They could traverse 360 ° and launch an aircraft weighing 2 @,@ 750 kg ( 6 @,@ 060 lb ) at a speed of 125 km / h ( 78 mph ) , although no suitable aircraft were in service until the KOR @-@ 1 seaplane entered service in September 1939 . They proved to be unsuitable for rough @-@ weather landings and were disembarked when Operation Barbarossa began . Gorky and Molotov mounted Soviet @-@ built ZK @-@ 1 catapults of roughly comparable performance , but were destined never to use them for lack of suitable aircraft . The Project 26 ships landed their catapult during 1941 to make room for more AA guns , as did Molotov in 1942 . A ZK @-@ 1a catapult was installed aboard Molotov in 1943 , and she conducted successful experiments with a catapult @-@ launched Supermarine Spitfire fighter . The Project 26bis2 ships did not receive a catapult until after the end of the war , when a ZK @-@ 2b was fitted . The catapults , however , were removed from all ships by 1947 . = = Construction = = While Voroshilov was laid down first , Kirov was the prototype for the class and was completed first . Her trials were a disappointment as her Italian @-@ built turbines initially had minor defects , and she was 1 knot ( 1 @.@ 9 km / h ; 1 @.@ 2 mph ) slower than guaranteed . The Italians pointed out that the guarantee only applied if she displaced 7200 tonnes or less , and she was overweight by over 500 tonnes ( 490 long tons ; 550 short tons ) . Her turrets had numerous teething problems and inflicted more blast damage than anticipated , which showed that her welding plan had not been followed . Her firing arcs were reduced in an attempt to mitigate the problem . Voroshilov 's Soviet @-@ built turbines were more powerful than anticipated , and she almost achieved her design speed . Components for the Project 26bis2 ships were manufactured in the West ( Ordzhonikidze built those for Kalinin and Marti those for Kaganovich ) and shipped to Komsomolsk @-@ on @-@ Amur for assembly . They were launched from drydocks and towed incomplete to Vladivostok for fitting @-@ out . = = Ships = = = = Service = = = = = World War II = = = = = = = Baltic Fleet = = = = Kirov was commissioned into the Baltic Fleet in the autumn of 1938 , but was still being worked on into early 1939 . She sailed to Riga on 22 October 1940 when the Soviet Union began to occupy Latvia ; the following day she sailed for Liepāja . During the Winter War , Kirov , escorted by the destroyers Smetlivyi and Stremitel 'nyi , attempted to bombard Finnish coast defense guns at Russarö , 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) south of Hanko . She only fired 35 rounds before she was damaged by a number of near misses and had to return to the Soviet naval base at Liepāja for repairs . She remained there for the rest of the Winter War and afterwards was under repair at Kronstadt from October 1940 to 21 May 1941 . Both Kirov and Maxim Gorky were transferred to the Gulf of Riga on 14 June 1941 , shortly before the beginning of Operation Barbarossa . Both cruisers were active in the last days of June covering Soviet defensive mining operations , but Gorky and her escorts ran into the German @-@ laid " Apolda " minefield on the 23rd and Maxim Gorky and the destroyer Gnevny both lost their bows . Gnevny sank , while Gorky made it to port before being transferred , with assistance , to Tallinn and later to Kronstadt . Kirov followed her to Tallinn at the end of the month , after being lightened to pass through the shallows of Moon Sound . Gorky had a new bow section fabricated in Kronstadt and it was mated with the ship on 21 July . Kirov provided gunfire support during the defense of Tallinn and served as the flagship of the evacuation fleet from Tallinn to Leningrad at the end of August 1941 . For most of the rest of the war both cruisers were blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by Axis minefields and could only provide gunfire support for the defenders during the Siege of Leningrad and support for the Soviet Vyborg – Petrozavodsk Offensive in mid — 1944 . Both ships were damaged by German air and artillery attacks , but were repaired during the war . = = = = Black Sea Fleet = = = = On 23 June 1941 , Voroshilov covered Soviet destroyers bombarding Constanţa , but the destroyer leader Moskva was sunk by a mine and Kharkov was damaged by return fire . She bombarded Axis positions near Odessa in mid @-@ September , but was transferred to Novorossiysk shortly afterwards . On 2 November , she was hit twice in harbor by Junkers Ju 88 bombers of KG 51 ; one hit started a fire in # 3 magazine that was extinguished by water flooding in from the second hit . She had to be towed to Poti for repairs , which lasted until February 1942 . She shelled Axis positions near Feodosiya on 2 April 1942 , but was damaged by some near misses on 10 April and had to return to Batumi for repairs . In May she supported Soviet troops around Kerch and the Taman Peninsula while helping to transfer the 9th Naval Infantry Brigade from Batumi to Sevastopol . On 29 November 1942 , she was damaged by nearby mine explosions while bombarding Feodonisi , but managed to return to Poti under her own power . Just after her repairs were completed she assisted Soviet forces landing behind German lines at the so @-@ called " Malaya Zemlya " at the end of January 1943 . The loss of three destroyers to German aircraft attempting to interdict the German evacuation of the Taman Bridgehead on 6 October 1943 caused Stalin to forbid the deployment of large naval units without his express permission and this meant the end of Voroshilov 's active participation in the war . Molotov was commissioned just before the German invasion and spent most of 1941 moving from port to port to take advantage of her air warning radar , the first fitted in the Soviet Navy . She bombarded Axis positions near Feodosiya in early November and was sent to reinforce Sevastopol with elements of the 386th Rifle Division from Poti . Damaged by a number of shell hits while off @-@ loading troops on 29 December , she was still able to take 600 wounded when she departed . She reprised her role as a transport during the first week of January . Her bow was damaged during a heavy storm in Tuapse when it was thrown against the jetty on 21 – 22 January 1942 . She spent most of the next month under repair , although her bow could not be straightened which reduced her speed by several knots . After making a number of bombardment sorties in support of Soviet troops on the Kerch Peninsula , she returned to Poti for more permanent repairs on 20 March . In June she made a number of transport runs in support of the garrison of Sevastopol . On 2 August her stern was blown off by torpedo bombers acting in concert with Italian MAS torpedo boats . The damage reduced her speed to 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) and she had to be steered by her engines . She was under repair at Poti until 31 July 1943 , using the stern of the incomplete Chapayev @-@ class cruiser Frunze , the rudder of the incomplete cruiser Zheleznyakov , the steering gear from Kaganovich and the steering sensor from the submarine L @-@ 25 . She saw no action after completing her repairs due to Stalin 's order . = = = = Pacific Fleet = = = = Even though Lazar Kaganovich and Kalinin were both commissioned before the end of the war , they saw no action during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945 ; in any event , Lazar Kaganovich was not fully completed until 29 January 1947 . = = = Postwar careers = = = Kirov was damaged by a German magnetic mine while leaving Kronstadt on 17 October 1945 . She was under repair until 20 December 1946 . Refitted from November 1949 to April 1953 , her machinery was completely overhauled , with her radars , fire control systems and anti @-@ aircraft guns being replaced by the latest Soviet systems . She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 2 August 1961 , regularly visited Poland and East Germany , and was sold for scrap on 22 February 1974 . Two of her gun turrets were installed at Saint Petersburg as a monument . Maxim Gorky tested the first Soviet naval helicopter , the Kamov Ka @-@ 10 , in December 1950 and began her refit in mid @-@ 1953 . This was planned much like Kirov 's refit , although her displacement was to increase 1 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 984 long tons ) from torpedo bulges , with consequent penalties to her speed and range . The Navy reevaluated the scope of the work in 1955 , deemed it insufficient to create a fully modern ship , and suspended the refit . Gorky was sold for scrap on 18 April 1959 after it was decided that she was not required as a missile test ship . Voroshilov began her postwar modernization in April 1954 , but encountered the same issues as Maxim Gorky . Unlike her half @-@ sister , she was selected for conversion as a testbed for missile development as Project 33 on 17 February 1956 . The conversion process was quite prolonged , as her armament was removed and she received an entirely new superstructure and masts ; and she was not recommissioned as OS @-@ 24 until 31 December 1961 . She was modernized under Project 33M from 11 October 1963 to 1 December 1965 . Converted to a floating barracks on 6 October 1972 , she was briefly redesignated as PKZ @-@ 19 before being sold for scrap on 2 March 1973 . Voroshilov 's 14 @-@ ton propeller and 2 @.@ 5 @-@ ton stop anchor are on display at the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain in Sevastopol . Molotov suffered a fire in the # 2 turret handling room on 5 October 1946 which required the magazine to be flooded ; 22 sailors were killed and 20 wounded . She was used as a testbed for the new radars intended for the Chapayev and Sverdlov @-@ class cruisers in the late 1940s . Modernized like her half @-@ sister Kirov between 1952 and 29 October 1955 , she was renamed Slava on 3 August 1957 after Vyacheslav Molotov fell out of favor with Nikita Khrushchev . She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 3 August 1961 and deployed to the Mediterranean during 5 – 30 June 1967 to show Soviet support for Syria during the Six @-@ Day War . She returned to the Mediterranean between September and December 1970 where she assisted the Kotlin @-@ class destroyer Bravyi after the latter 's collision with the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal on 9 November 1970 . She was sold for scrap on 4 April 1972 . Kalinin was placed in reserve on 1 May 1956 , and was restored to the Navy List on 1 December 1957 before being disarmed and converted into a floating barracks on 6 February 1960 . She was sold for scrap on 12 April 1963 . Kaganovich was renamed Lazar Kaganovich on 3 August 1945 to distinguish her from Lazar 's disgraced brother Mikhail Kaganovich . She was renamed Petropavlovsk on 3 August 1957 after Lazar Kaganovich was purged from the government after an unsuccessful coup against Nikita Khrushchev that same year . Her superstructure was badly damaged by a Force 12 typhoon on 19 September 1957 and she was deemed uneconomical to repair and sold for scrap on 6 February 1960 . = Rumours ( album ) = Rumours is the eleventh studio album by the British @-@ American rock band Fleetwood Mac . Largely recorded in California during 1976 , it was produced by the band with Ken Caillat and Richard Dashut and was released on 4 February 1977 by Warner Bros. Records . The record reached the top of both the United States Billboard chart and the United Kingdom Albums Chart . The songs " Go Your Own Way " , " Dreams " , " Don 't Stop " , and " You Make Loving Fun " were released as singles . Rumours is Fleetwood Mac 's most successful release ; along with winning the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1978 , the record has sold over 45 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best @-@ selling albums of all time . Rumours has received diamond certifications in several countries , including the US , Canada , and Australia . The band wanted to expand on the commercial success of the 1975 record Fleetwood Mac , but struggled with relationship breakups before recording started . The Rumours studio sessions were marked by hedonistic behaviour and interpersonal strife among Fleetwood Mac members ; these experiences shaped the album 's lyrics . Influenced by pop music , the record 's tracks were recorded using a combination of acoustic and electric instruments . The mixing process delayed the completion of Rumours , but was finished by the end of 1976 . Following the album 's release in 1977 , Fleetwood Mac undertook worldwide promotional tours . Rumours garnered widespread critical acclaim . Praise centred on its production quality and harmonies , which frequently relied on the interplay among three vocalists . The record has inspired the work of musical acts in different genres . Often considered Fleetwood Mac 's best release , it has featured in several publications ' lists of the best albums of the 1970s and the best albums of all time . In 2004 , Rumours was remastered and reissued with the addition of an extra track and a bonus CD of outtakes from the recording sessions . A three @-@ CD reissue of the album was released by Warner Bros. on 29 January 2013 . The set included outtakes of songs and concert tracks the band played while on tour in 1977 . = = Background = = In July 1975 , Fleetwood Mac 's eponymous tenth album was released to great commercial success , reaching No. 1 in the U.S. in 1976 . The record 's biggest hit single , " Rhiannon " , gave the band extensive radio exposure . At the time , Fleetwood Mac 's line @-@ up consisted of guitarist and vocalist Lindsey Buckingham , drummer Mick Fleetwood , keyboardist and vocalist Christine McVie , bassist John McVie , and vocalist Stevie Nicks . After six months of non @-@ stop touring , the McVies divorced , ending six years of marriage . The couple stopped talking to each other socially and discussed only musical matters . Buckingham and Nicks — who had joined the band before 1975 's Fleetwood Mac , after guitarist Bob Welch had left — were having an on / off relationship that led them to fight often . The duo 's arguments stopped only when they worked on songs together . Fleetwood faced domestic problems of his own after discovering that his wife Jenny , mother of his two children , had an affair with his best friend . Press intrusions into the band members ' lives led to inaccurate stories . Christine McVie was reported to be in hospital with a serious illness , while Buckingham and Nicks were declared the parents of Fleetwood 's daughter Lucy after being photographed with her . The press also wrote about a rumoured return of original Fleetwood Mac members Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , and Jeremy Spencer for a 10th anniversary tour . Despite false reports , the band did not change its line @-@ up , although its members had no time to come to terms with the separations before recording for a new album began . Fleetwood has noted the " tremendous emotional sacrifices " made by everyone just to attend studio work . In early 1976 , Fleetwood	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
where she selected and read the poems . ( The staff announcer who introduced her was Arthur Godfrey . ) She also directed student plays at George Washington University . The couple 's first child , Margo Lynn ( known as Lynn ) was born in 1935 after a difficult childbirth , and Lenore became a stay @-@ at @-@ home mother . A second daughter , Jane , followed in 1938 . In 1939 , the family moved to the Detroit , Michigan , area when George took a job with the Automobile Manufacturers Association . They rented a house in Grosse Pointe , Michigan , for two years , then bought one in the Palmer Woods section of Detroit . The couple 's first son , George Scott ( known as G. Scott ) , was born in 1941 . The couple longed for another child , but doctors told them that Lenore probably could not become pregnant again and might not survive if she did . By 1946 , they had begun the process of adopting a war orphan living in Switzerland . However , Lenore became pregnant , and after a difficult pregnancy – lying still on her back for a month in hospital during one stretch – and delivery , Willard Mitt ( known as Mitt ) was born in 1947 . After the birth she required a hysterectomy . Lenore would subsequently refer to Mitt as her miracle baby . The family moved to affluent Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , around 1953 . In 1953 , Lenore suffered another health crisis when a blood transfusion of the wrong type put her life in danger , but she recovered . In 1954 , George was named president and chairman of American Motors Corporation . During this time a bad attack of bursitis left her with no movement in her left arm for five years , and the rest of the family took up her chores . The couple spent summers at a cottage on the Canadian shore of Lake Huron . A slipped disk suffered there gave her further trouble , and that and the bursitis caused her to switch from golf to swimming as her main exercise . The couple 's marriage reflected aspects of their personalities and courtship . George was devoted to Lenore , and tried to bring her a flower every day , often a single rose with a love note . George was also a strong , blunt personality used to winning arguments by force of will , but the more self @-@ controlled Lenore was unintimidated and willing to push back against him . The couple quarreled often , so much that their grandchildren would later nickname them " the Bickersons " . In the end , their closeness would allow them to settle arguments amicably , often by her finally accepting what he wanted . She still had a restive nature ; Mitt later recalled that , " It always seemed that she wanted something a little more for herself . " ( Mitt himself would later show a more reserved , private , and controlled nature than George 's , traits he got from Lenore . ) = = First Lady of Michigan = = When her husband decided to enter electoral politics by running for Governor of Michigan in 1962 , Lenore Romney said she and the family supported him : " I know it will be difficult – not easy . But we 're all dedicated with him for better government . " She played a productive role in the 1962 campaign , making speeches before groups of Republican women at a time when it was unusual for women to campaign separately from their husbands . She was given the task of campaigning in the rural , naturally Republican outstate areas while he focused on the naturally Democratic Detroit area . Following George 's victory in November 1962 , Lenore became the state 's First Lady . About her new role , she said her goal was to make " a real breakthrough in human relations by bringing people together as people – just like George has enunciated . Women have a very interesting role in this , and I don 't expect to be a society leader holding a series of meaningless teas . " She proved popular as a First Lady . She was a frequent speaker at events and before civic groups and became known for her eloquence . She was thus useful to his political career , just as she had been to his business one . Like her husband , she did not make public appearances on Sundays . He was re @-@ elected in 1964 and 1966 , and she campaigned frequently with him . Moreover , she played more of an active and partisan role within her party than any Michigan first lady before or after her . She knew his policy positions at least as well as any of his official aides , went with him on almost all of his out @-@ of @-@ state trips , and gave his speeches for him if sudden events made him unable to attend . Over time an impression grew among some in the public that she was smarter than he was . George Romney biographer T. George Harris concluded in 1967 that " she has been considerably more than a first lady . " Lenore was a traditionalist who decried the women 's liberation movement as being one of " strident voices " and " burning bras and railing against male @-@ chauvinistic pigs . " She decried relaxed sexual mores and talk of a " New Morality " , saying " the morality they discuss is the barnyard morality and it is as old as the hills . " However , she was also an advocate for the involvement of women in business and politics . By 1966 , she was telling audiences around the state , " Why should women have any less say than men about the great decisions facing our nation ? " She added that women " represent a reservoir of public service which has hardly been tapped . " She explicitly criticized the counterculture phrase " Turn on , tune in , drop out " , saying " What kind of a philosophy is that ? " Instead she urged young people to " Think of something outside of yourselves . Have something in yourself that is greater than self . " She told one high school audience , " You have the right to rebel , but make sure what you 're rebelling for is greater than what you 're rebelling against . " She was a devout and faithful Mormon who taught Sunday School lessons at her church for many years , including a stint during the early 1960s teaching 14 @-@ year @-@ olds . Her views on many social issues were more liberal than most of the Republican Party , and she appeared on stage with Martin Luther King , Jr. at Michigan State University in March 1966 . On the issue of the LDS Church policy of the time that did not allow black people in its lay clergy , she defended the church , saying , " If my church taught me anything other than that the Negro is equal to any other person , I could not accept it . " She was a member of the Women 's City Club in Detroit , but in 1967 , said she would resign unless the club dropped a policy barring black guests from eating in its dining room . During her husband 's 1968 presidential campaign , Lenore continued to exert a calming influence on him and helped keep his sometimes problematic temper in check . She was adept at campaigning , appearing at ease and speaking in a lively , fluent manner without notes before audiences of various types . The Associated Press wrote that she was probably " the most indefatigable campaigner on the New Hampshire primary circuit , including the candidates " . The New York Times wrote , " To see Mrs. George Romney in action is to watch an authentic , stand @-@ up evangelist weave a spell . ... in the view of seasoned politicians , Lenore Romney is a far more effective speaker than the wife of any national candidate in recent memory . She may even be among the select group of political wives who win votes for their husbands through their own speeches and contacts . " As the campaign went on , George fell far behind Republican rival Richard Nixon in polls and withdrew in February 1968 before the first primaries took place . Lenore continued to have health difficulties , visiting medical centers around the country but unable to get a clear diagnosis . One specialist attributed her problems to a failure to absorb sufficient calcium , for which she was given once @-@ a @-@ week shots . She was found to have several food allergies and spent time at Chicago 's Swedish Covenant Hospital in 1967 . She suffered an injury outside her house around 1967 and another the next year when she fell and suffered a shoulder dislocation that turned into bursitis . During October 1968 she was hospitalized at Barnes @-@ Jewish Hospital in St. Louis , seeing a bone and mineral specialist . Lenore Romney worked on behalf of many volunteer organizations over a number of years . In 1963 , she was co @-@ chair of the Muscular Dystrophy Association . Starting in 1965 , she was a member of a special committee of the American Mothers Committee . By 1970 , she was on the national board of directors of the YWCA and a member of the national advisory board to American Field Services . She had also held high positions with Goodwill Industries , United Community Services , Child Guidance Study , Association for Retarded Children , Michigan Association for Emotionally Disturbed Children , and the Michigan Historical Society . She worked with Project HOPE . She was chair of the Detroit Grand Opera Association and was active with the Women 's Association for the Detroit Symphony Orchestra . The Boston Globe later characterized her as a " pillar of Detroit society " . = = 1970 U.S. Senate campaign = = After the 1968 presidential election , George Romney was named the U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the administration of the newly elected President Nixon . Lenore was not enthusiastic about leaving Michigan to return to Washington after five decades away , but said , " Any wife wants to be with her husband wherever he is , whether state or federal government , just so he can develop his creative ideas . " By then , the couple had 12 grandchildren . For the 1970 U.S. Senate election from Michigan , state Republicans were looking for someone to run against Democrat Philip Hart , a two @-@ term incumbent . Hart was heavily favored to win re @-@ election , but Republicans thought he might be vulnerable on ideological grounds ( for being too liberal ) and owing to an anti @-@ war protest arrest involving his wife . George Romney 's name was mentioned as a possible candidate . Indeed , Nixon , who never had good relations with Romney either personally or on policy grounds , had by then decided he wanted Romney out of his administration but did not want to fire him , and hatched a plot to get Romney to run in the Senate race . However , George came up with the idea of Lenore running , and sprung it on Lenore and the children at the end of 1969 . Lenore 's name began being mentioned by other Republicans , even though she professed not to want to run unless no other candidate could be found . U.S. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford from Michigan thought she could unite the state party 's different factions , but Governor William Milliken , who had succeeded George and was not eager to see more Romneys in power , opposed the notion . And while Lenore had achieved a good reputation for campaigning on her husband 's behalf , there were some who suspected that her Senate candidacy was just a stalking horse for keeping George 's options open . Such sentiments were exacerbated when George did not completely rule himself out of a possible race . The state party had a system wherein there would be a series of meetings of its 355 leaders in order to declare a " consensus " candidate that the party would support in any primary election . During the initial February 21 , 1970 , meeting , Lenore Romney faced opposition from liberal U.S. Representative Donald W. Riegle , Jr. and conservative State Senator Robert J. Huber . The meeting became contentious , and with Milliken helping to block her , in three ballots she was unable to reach the three @-@ fourths majority needed for the consensus nod . On February 23 , she formally entered the contest for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat . George successfully pressured Milliken to endorse her , but gained bad publicity when The Detroit News exposed his actions . At the next party meeting , on March 7 , she won 92 percent of the leaders and gained the consensus candidate position , and talk of George running ended . Riegle did not continue his run , but Huber did . In the ensuing primary contest , Romney 's effort emphasized her gender , saying as a campaign theme , " Never before has the voice and understanding of a concerned woman been more needed . " Billboards featuring her face were everywhere , captioned only as " Lenore " and omitting any reference to political party . She was still photogenic , but so thin that she was sometimes described as " frail " or " waiflike " , and her husband sometimes worried about her weight . She issued a half @-@ hour campaign film that featured endorsements from many national and state party leaders as well as from celebrities Bob Hope and Art Linkletter , and showcased her family role and her concern for disadvantaged people . Huber , in contrast , emphasized his edge in political experience , derided her " motherly concern " , and criticized the " bossism " that he said was trying to force another Romney into statewide office . Regarding the Vietnam War , Romney called for the withdrawal of all American troops by the end of 1971 , and characterized the war as " disastrous " . She was troubled by the ongoing Cambodian Incursion and said that if elected she would vote to cut off its funds if Nixon did not abide by his pledge to withdraw from there by the end of the month . On other issues , she sometimes took overly broad stances that appeared to come down on multiple sides . The conservative wing of the party , which had never trusted her husband , had the same reaction to her . The largely male press corps tended to deal with her in a paternalistic way , and she was often identified as " Mrs. George Romney " in stories and photo captions . Initially heavily favored over Huber , her campaign failed to gain momentum and polls showed a close race ; in response , she shifted her ads to focus more on her stands on issues . In the August 4 , 1970 , primary , Lenore Romney won a narrow victory , with 52 percent of the vote compared to Huber 's 48 percent . In the general election , with lost prestige , a divided party , and with her campaign resources partly drained by the primary fight , Romney was behind incumbent Democrat Hart from the beginning . Romney issued position papers and emphasized the themes of dealing with crime and social permissiveness ; she also advocated a national healthcare plan and increased attention to environmental damage caused by industry . She never made any personal attacks against Hart . The only woman running for the U.S. Senate that year , she was a tireless campaigner , traveling around the state in a chartered Cessna and making as many as twelve stops a day . Nevertheless , the perception grew that she did not have any vision for what she would do as a senator and was only in the race because she was George Romney 's wife . In response , she said at one point , " I 'm not a stand @-@ in or a substitute for anyone " . Her campaign material continued to just refer to " Lenore " . She also was negatively impacted , in both the primary and general election , by fallout from her husband 's effort as HUD Secretary to enforce housing integration in Warren , Michigan . Consistently far ahead in polls , Hart staged a low @-@ key campaign with few public appearances ; he mostly ignored her and sometimes acted condescendingly towards her in private . The Romney children campaigned for her , including Mitt , who took student leave to work as a driver and advance man at schools and county fairs during the summer . Together , Lenore and Mitt visited all 83 Michigan counties . George was in Washington most of the time and did not publicly campaign for her until the campaign 's final day . In the November 3 , 1970 , general election , Hart handily won a third term with 67 percent of the vote to her 33 percent . Romney made an unusual election @-@ night visit to congratulate Hart in person , and in saying " I hope all good things will be his , " gave what the victor termed " the most graceful and really moving concession speech I 've ever heard . " The campaign and loss left Lenore in emotional pain . In her election night remarks she had said , " I thought [ running as a woman ] would be an asset . It was disappointing to find that many people closed their minds just because I was a woman . " She expounded on this in an article she published the following year in Look magazine , describing the openly dismissive reaction she had gotten from both men and women . She wrote that , " In factories , I encountered men in small groups , laughing , shouting , ' Get in the kitchen . George needs you there . What do you know about politics ? ' " To a friend she wrote , " [ I had no idea ] how open and bare and wide my own vulnerability would be ... the body wounds are deep . " She told one of her children that she wished she had not run , and concluded that " It 's the most humiliating thing I know of to run for office . " = = Later years = = Following the campaign , Lenore Romney returned to Washington and to being a cabinet wife . George , who had also long been interested in volunteerism , had helped found the National Center for Voluntary Action in 1970 , and Lenore was made a member of its executive committee . By late 1971 , she assumed some of First Lady Pat Nixon 's role as a public advocate for volunteerism , visiting regional volunteer centers with other cabinet and administration wives . She was on the board of the National Conference of Christians and Jews , serving as brotherhood chair during 1970 – 1971 and as vice chair in 1972 . She was also a main force behind the Urban Service Corps , which sought to apply volunteer efforts to the problems of large cities . She worked with the National Women 's Political Caucus to promote the electoral candidacies of women . She gave some speeches at colleges , and came out as explicitly pro @-@ life on the issue of abortion , after having previously been ambivalent about it . In the 1972 U.S. presidential election , Lenore Romney worked in the women 's surrogate program for the Committee for the Re @-@ Election of the President . Nevertheless , her husband 's relationship with Nixon and the administration became even worse and , in August 1972 , she wrote a fruitless letter to presidential aide John Ehrlichman urging a change in the " low regard " and poor treatment that the administration showed him . After George Romney left the administration and politics in January 1973 , Lenore continued with volunteerism , as vice president of the National Center for Voluntary Action . In 1974 , she became a commentator on the WJR radio show Point of View . Subsequently she receded from the public political eye , but still remained active . She gave speeches to various local religious and civic organizations in the Midwest , focusing on her faith , the potential of " people power " , and the role of women . At age 85 , Lenore Romney emerged to give interviews during her son Mitt 's 1994 campaign for the U.S. Senate seat from Massachusetts . She contrasted Mitt to his opponent , long @-@ time incumbent Senator Ted Kennedy ; while Kennedy had been much in the news for his drinking and sexual escapades , Lenore noted that Mitt and wife Ann Romney had waited until marriage to have sex . Mitt lost the race to Kennedy . On July 26 , 1995 , George Romney died of a heart attack at the age of 88 while he was exercising on his treadmill at the couple 's home in Bloomfield Hills ; he was discovered by Lenore ( after she went looking for him , not having found her rose for the day ) , but it was too late to save him . They had been married for 64 years , and the press noted the strength of that marriage . Lenore 's health declined during her final years . But she was still doing fairly well when , at the age of 89 , she suffered a stroke at her Bloomfield Hills home . She died several days later at William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak , Michigan , on July 7 , 1998 . Besides her four children , she was survived by 24 grandchildren and 41 great @-@ grandchildren . She is interred in Fairview Cemetery in Brighton , Michigan , in the same family plot as her husband . Following her death , many state political figures paid tribute to her , including Governor John Engler and his wife Michelle , who called her " Michigan 's rose " , and Lieutenant Governor Connie Binsfeld , who characterized her as a " beloved role model for our state " . = = Awards and honors = = In 1969 , Lenore Romney received the Woman of the Year Award from Brigham Young University . She was named one of the National Top Ten Women News Makers for 1970 . She was given the Salvation Army 's Humanitarian Award , Michigan State University 's Distinguished Citizen Award , and also received recognition from Hadassah and the International Platform Association . For many years beginning in 1987 , the successor organizations to the National Center for Voluntary Action ( VOLUNTEER : The National Center , National Volunteer Center , Points of Light Foundation , and Points of Light Foundation & the National Network of Volunteer Centers ) have given out an annual Lenore and George W. Romney Citizen Volunteer Award ( later retitled the George and Lenore Romney Citizen Volunteer Award ) . Lenore Romney was awarded six honorary degrees . She received an L.H.D. from Hillsdale College in 1964 , from Hope College in 1967 , and from Gwynedd – Mercy College in 1971 . She received an LL.D. from Central Michigan University in 1966 . She received a Doctor of Humanities degree from Eastern Michigan University in 1968 and from Detroit College of Business in 1970 . = Impossible Is Nothing ( Iggy Azalea song ) = " Impossible Is Nothing " is a song recorded by Australian rapper Iggy Azalea for her debut studio album , The New Classic ( 2014 ) . It was written by Azalea , The Invisible Men , Jon Turner , and Jon Mills of The Arcade . The track contains an interpolation of French @-@ Lebanese composer Gabriel Yared 's " Proust " , and was produced by The Invisible Men and The Arcade . A downtempo , hip hop song , it features a tinkering beat which comprises percussion instrumentation such as chimes and a glockenspiel . Azalea raps the track 's aspirational lyrics with a mantra technique , pertaining to themes of perseverance , empowerment and underdog triumphalism . The song was released as a promotional single from the album on 9 March 2014 . It received mixed reviews from music critics who were divided on the sincerity and originality of the track 's lyrical content . Upon release , the song debuted within the lower regions of the UK Singles Chart and the UK R & B Chart . = = Background and release = = " Impossible Is Nothing " was written by Iggy Azalea , The Invisible Men , Jon Turner , and Jon Mills of The Arcade for Azalea 's debut studio album , The New Classic ( 2014 ) . It contains an interpolation of " Proust " by French @-@ Lebanese composer Gabriel Yared . The song was produced by The Invisible Men and The Arcade , while the " Proust " recreation was produced by Richard Adlam and Hol Ritson . Azalea recorded her vocals at Grove Studios in London , and Conway Studios in Los Angeles where the mixing process was completed by Anthony Kilhoffer — with the assistance of Kyle Ross — at The Mix Spot . The song 's title was first revealed by Azalea on 8 August 2013 on Instagram in an image of the album 's tentative track listing . On 24 February 2014 , Azalea announced the song as a promotional single that would serve as an " instant grat " digital download from the iTunes Store pre @-@ order of The New Classic . The release was initially planned for 4 March 2014 , but was slated to a date of 9 March 2014 instead . In Canada , the song was released separately from the pre @-@ order on 21 April 2014 . = = Composition = = " Impossible Is Nothing " is a semi @-@ subdued , downtempo , hip hop song . Caitlyn Carter of the Music Times writes that the track has a " haunting @-@ yet @-@ upbeat " sound . According to John Walker of MTV News , the song takes on a more " vulnerable " sound than Azalea 's previous material . The track 's instrumentation includes keyboards , drums , an electric guitar line backing , and synthesizers . It features a tinkering beat produced by tuned percussion instruments including chimes and a glockenspiel which causes eerie loop sound effects in the song . A string of siren sound effects are also heard throughout . Azalea 's delivery is rapped with a mantra technique . With aspirational lyrics , " Impossible Is Nothing " contains themes of perseverance , empowerment and " underdog triumphalism " . It also showcases ideas of prosocial behavior and " blonde ambition " . The lyrics welcome newcomers in the music industry , " I even hope at one point you take it farther than me " , and speak of self @-@ empowerment : " I shall never let ' em see me sweat / Promise to want for more until my very last breath / Promise to blaze a path and leave a trail for the next / And never sell out my soul for any number on a check " . According to Lucy O 'Brien of The Quietus , the lyrics portray Azalea as " the hardworking Aussie girl and the feminist goddess urging with messianic fervour " . John Lucas of The Georgia Straight describes the song as a " bite @-@ sized motivational seminar " . " Impossible Is Nothing " was compared to songs by Eminem , specifically from his 2010 album Recovery . = = Critical reception = = " Impossible Is Nothing " received mixed reviews from music critics . In a positive review , Saeed Saeed of The National wrote that it was among two tracks on The New Classic " that stand out , out of pure will " , and complimented its " moody " sound . Eric Diep of XXL also deemed it a highlight on the album , and commended its " heartfelt story " . A writer for Rap @-@ Up described the track as an " empowering anthem " . Maria Therese Seefeldt Stæhr of Gaffa praised the track 's production . Stereogum 's Chris DeVille called it " the best Eminem song in years " . Josiah Hughes of Exclaim ! wrote positively of the song 's " banging beat " and inspirational lyrics . A writer for Oyster praised the sincerity of the lyrics and the " power of its uplifting and never @-@ quitting # feels " . Digital Spy 's Emily Mackay noted " a ballsy power to [ Azalea 's ] self @-@ made self @-@ belief " in the song . While Nick Aveling of Time Out felt the track played to Azalea 's " substantive strengths " . Charlotte Richardson Andrews of NME opined that it showcased Azalea 's " wit , personality and lyrical prowess " . Similarly , The Line of Best Fit 's Laurence Day felt the track manifested the rapper as " an affable bundle of chum @-@ ly charm with lessons ( not patronising lectures ) that are applicable for anyone with a lick of ambition " . Craig Mathieson of The Sydney Morning Herald praised the song 's " unexpected complement " of inspirational lyrics with spectral melodies . Idolator reviewers were divided ; Carl Williott deemed the song " a thudding piece of inspirational rap " , while Christina Lee wrote that it was " tepid " and hinted at " ' storms ' and ' goals ' like posters in a school guidance counselor 's office " . Other reviewers were also critical of the track 's lyrics ; Alfred Soto of Spin said it " lays out every admonitory cliché from the Barnes & Noble self @-@ help shelf " — a view echoed by Lindsay Zoladz of New York who dismissed it as " inspirational quotes copied from a high @-@ school guidance counselor 's bulletin board " . Karen Lawler of Blues & Soul wrote : " While , [ the track is ] is bound to be a favourite among Iggy fans , it 's a subject that 's been done millions of time before and it 's been done better " . Nolan Feeney of Time commented on its originality in a comparison with the 2012 track " Ten Thousand Hours " by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis : " The platitudes of ' Impossible Is Nothing ' await whoever didn 't finish putting in their 10 @,@ 000 hours on Macklemore 's own you @-@ can @-@ do @-@ it @-@ too anthem " . " Impossible Is Nothing " was named as one the two worst songs on The New Classic by Devone Jones of PopMatters who criticized Azalea for " literally preaching — to youths , rather than [ relating ] to them " . AbsolutePunk 's Jake Jenkins called it " a muddled mess of a narrative " , and added , " [ The track ] does nothing to give us a clear picture , or any picture at all really , of what [ Azalea 's ] been through " . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that the song was " sort of blandly inspirational " and " as numbing " as material by T.I .. While Troy L. Smith of The Plain Dealer felt Azalea " [ showed ] promise " with the song ; he dismissed the production as " leftovers from one of Eminem 's recent albums " . = = Credits and personnel = = Iggy Azalea – writer , vocals The Invisible Men – writers , producers , drums and programming , keyboards Jon Turner – writer The Arcade – writers , producers Gabriel Yared – writer Richard Adlam – sample recreation , keyboards , tuned percussion Hol Ritson – sample recreation , keyboards , tuned percussion Eric Weaver – vocal engineering Anthony Kilhoffer – mixing Kyle Ross – mixing assistant Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = Heather Knight ( educator ) = Heather Joy Knight is an American educator , who currently serves as President of Pacific Union College . She is the first woman to serve in that role and the only African @-@ American woman to lead a college affiliated with the Adventist Church in the North America . Born in Jamaica , her family moved to the United States when she was nine . After completing her undergraduate degree at Oakwood College , she did her graduate work at Loma Linda University . She received her doctorate at Stanford University and pursued postdoctoral research at Harvard University . She began her career on the faculty of the University of the Pacific , becoming an award winning associate provost until she was asked to take over as provost at Andrews University . In 2009 , she became the 21st President of Pacific Union College . She has been accused of disregarding academic freedom during her tenure as president , most recently causing the departure of almost half of the Department of Psychology faculty . = = Biography = = = = = Personal life = = = Heather Joy Knight was born in Jamaica and lived there for the first nine years of her life . She immigrated to the United States , settling in the Bronx , New York , with her parents Austin and Herolin Evelyn . Knight is married to professor and outreach chaplain , Norman Knight . They have five sons and three daughters . = = = Education = = = Knight began her formal education while in Jamaica under the British system . After her family moved to the Bronx , New York , she attended the High School of Music and Art and Performing Arts , featured in the 1980 Academy Award winning movie Fame and the 1982 TV Series , majoring in vocal performance . Knight began her undergraduate education at Howard University in Washington , DC but transferred a year later to Oakwood University , then known as Oakwood College , in Huntsville , Alabama where she graduated in 1982 with a bachelor 's degree in English . Two years later , she got her master 's degree in English from Loma Linda University in Loma Linda , California . In 1991 , she received her doctorate , also in English , from Stanford University in Palo Alto , California . She completed postdoctoral studies in management and leadership in education at Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts . = = Career = = = = = University of the Pacific = = = Knight began her career at the University of the Pacific in Stockton , California as a professor of English in 1988 . She later became the assistant provost and then in 1997 , the associate provost for Faculty Development , Diversity and Special Programs . During her time at the University of the Pacific , she is credited with leading the school 's first Diversity Committee as well as spearheading a major initiative that is credited with nearly doubling the number of minority faculty at the University of the Pacific . In 1997 , Knight became the youngest faculty member to receive the University of the Pacific 's distinguished Eberhardt Teacher / Scholar Award . The award was established to reward exemplary teaching and scholarship . = = = Andrews University = = = In 2006 , Knight accepted a call to serve as provost of Andrews University in Berrien Springs , Michigan . Her work there involved oversight of Andrews various operations and academic enterprises . Knight was responsible for overseeing over 150 academic programs , 227 full @-@ time faculty , 3 @,@ 400 students studying on the Berrien Springs campus , as well as another 4 @,@ 000 students studying in Affiliation and Extension programs around the world , and a $ 75 million budget . = = = Pacific Union College = = = Knight was selected as President of Pacific Union College in July 2009 and took office in September 2009 . She was officially inaugurated on April 15 , 2010 in a ceremony at the Pacific Union College Church . Her selection was historical , in that she is both the first black president and first female president in Pacific Union College history . Furthermore , she is the first ( and currently only ) black woman to lead a North American Adventist college . When Knight took over , Pacific Union College had experienced two consecutive years of decline in enrollment , however , in her first year as president enrollment increased by 11 % . After taking over at Pacific Union College , Knight has been noted for her wide experience at both Christian and secular schools and her ability to build consensus between various constituent parties . In December 2010 , Knight received an award from the local Chamber of Commerce recognizing her attentiveness to and willingness to work with the community . = = Educational philosophy = = = = = The Adventist Advantage = = = In the second all @-@ school colloquy of the 2009 – 2010 school year at Pacific Union College , Knight spoke on " Integrating Faith and Learning : A Higher Education Imperative " and her Adventist Advantage platform . She reported that institutions of higher learning are taking a fresh look at religion and spirituality and argued that it provides Adventist Education " with multiple opportunities to showcase what we have been doing so very well for so many years . " She introduced her theoretical framework to meet these opportunities , titled the Adventist Advantage . The framework consists of seven main points : meaning and purpose found by a connection with Christ as our personal savior ; health , wellness , and a wholesome lifestyle ; education , caring about the life of the mind and lifelong learning ; ethics and morals ; generous service ; diversity ; and stewardship of the earth , which is tied to the Sabbath . = = = From Good to Great = = = Heather Knight studied Stanford colleague Jim Collins ' concepts outlined in his book Good to Great . Knight uses the ' good to great ' idea as a theoretical framework for institutional improvement . Knight asserts that , “ We are called to a really high level of excellence based on the exceeding excellence of God Himself . Therefore , we have an important role to play as pacesetters and models of best practices in higher education . " The January , 2011 edition of the Pacific Union Recorder reports on renovations to the campus accomplished under Knight 's leadership . Pacific Union College 's dining commons and campus center , a major hub of student life , had not been updated in 30 years . The Recorder quotes Knight , “ When I think about our campus going from good to great , I ’ m including every area of campus , including our facilities . My vision is that within the next several years the entire campus will be transformed . ” = = = Statement on Faith and Reason = = = In late 2010 , a biology professor at Pacific Union College was falsely accused of promoting theistic evolution , contrary to official church belief . This followed the controversy over the teaching of origins at La Sierra University over similar accusations . As president , Knight was quoted in a statement affirming Pacific Union College 's commitment to church beliefs while emphasizing the school 's dedication " to understanding contemporary issues surrounding science that sometimes conflict with specific theology . " = Magnum XL @-@ 200 = Magnum XL @-@ 200 , colloquially known as simply Magnum , is a steel roller coaster built by Arrow Dynamics at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . When built in 1989 , it was the tallest , fastest , and steepest complete @-@ circuit roller coaster in the world as well as the first hypercoaster – a roller coaster that exceeds 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height . Some have credited Magnum with starting a period in the industry known as the roller coaster wars , in which amusement parks competed with one another at a rapid pace to build the next tallest and fastest roller coaster . More than 40 million people had ridden Magnum as of 2009 . Magnum XL @-@ 200 held the title of tallest roller coaster in the world until 1994 when Pepsi Max Big One opened at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in the United Kingdom . Amusement Today presented Magnum with its " Best Steel Roller Coaster " Golden Ticket Award for three consecutive years in a row from 1998 to 2000 . As of 2014 , it was ranked thirteenth in the world by the same publication . = = History = = = = = Background = = = By the mid @-@ 1980s , Cedar Point had grown into a successful collection of roller coasters and other smaller rides on the shores of Lake Erie . Dick Kinzel took over as president and CEO of Cedar Fair , the company that operates the park , in 1986 . In 1988 , Kinzel saw a report on CNN about the opening of a new coaster in Japan called Bandit at Yomiuriland that emphasized height and speed but had no inversions . Kinzel wanted to introduce a similar coaster that emphasized steep drops and negative g @-@ forces over inversions and spins , which were common at the time . It had been 10 years since the last major addition , Gemini , was introduced . Cedar Point asked for proposals from TOGO , Dinn Corporation , Intamin and Arrow Dynamics to build a roller coaster without inversions or over @-@ the @-@ shoulder restraints . They chose Arrow , which proposed a 187 feet ( 57 m ) -tall coaster . That got Cedar Point 's management interested in breaking the 200 @-@ foot ( 61 m ) barrier , partly because of the publicity to be gained from building the first roller coaster to do so . The name Magnum XL @-@ 200 was chosen because Magnum , P.I. was popular at the time and Cedar Point 's management wanted to incorporate the height into the name . The original proposal was to cost $ 7 @.@ 5 million , but was raised to $ 8 million after the height was extended to 200 feet ( 61 m ) . = = = Opening = = = Magnum XL @-@ 200 was announced on August 16 , 1988 , and construction began shortly thereafter . Following its completion in 1989 , Kinzel was one of the first people to ride the coaster , boarding the train after one test cycle . It officially opened to the public on May 6 , 1989 as the world 's tallest , fastest and steepest complete @-@ circuit roller coaster . It was measured for the Guinness Book of World Records on June 2 . Cedar Point set a record attendance in 1989 , due in part to the introduction of the Magnum . Magnum was awarded the ACE Roller Coaster Landmark award on June 21 , 2004 . Magnum has been repainted once in its history . The original track color was scarlet red , but the park started painting Magnum Molly orange in 2005 . The job was completed in 2006 . Cedar Point celebrated Magnum 's 20th anniversary on opening day in 2009 with a ceremony and an appearance by Ron Toomer , its designer . A new entrance sign was also introduced . Magnum XL @-@ 200 has been the target of false rumors since 1998 claiming the structure was sinking due to unstable ground . The rumors supposedly started as an April Fools Day joke in an Ohio newspaper , but quickly spread via the Internet . Cedar Point quickly denounced such rumors . = = Ride experience = = = = = Queue = = = The queue is in a shaded area surrounded by trees and shrubs , and is filled with posters listing facts about the ride . Music from the 1980s is typically played in the queue area , true to the decade in which the ride debuted . There is a DJ booth next to the queue , but it is no longer in use . The Fast Lane entrance is near the exit of the ride ; it joins the regular line near the bottom of the stairs leading to the station . The queue used to have a staffed refreshment stand where people waiting in line could buy soft drinks . At some point in the mid 1990s this stand was removed and replaced with vending machines as seen in the queue entrance photo . = = = Layout = = = Magnum XL @-@ 200 is classified as a hypercoaster and an out and back roller coaster . After the train departs the station , it travels west over the walkway leading to Soak City and Challenge Park . It then makes a 90 @-@ degree turn to the right and begins the 205 @-@ foot ( 62 m ) climb to the top of the lift hill . It drops 194 @.@ 7 feet ( 59 @.@ 3 m ) at a 60 @-@ degree angle , reaching a top speed of 72 miles per hour ( 116 km / h ) . The train then ascends a 157 @-@ foot ( 48 m ) hill , curving to the left into the first tunnel . Coming out of the tunnel , the train ascends a third , 80 @-@ foot ( 24 m ) -tall hill . After the third hill , it enters a " pretzel " turn @-@ around ( a set of trim brakes can be found in the first curve of the turn @-@ around because there is no mid @-@ course brake run ) where it curves to the left toward the beach and then left again into another tunnel . From the turn @-@ around to the station , there are seven " bunny hops " and two tunnels . After the last tunnel , the train turns left and goes back over the walkway to Soak City and Challenge Park . It then turns right and enters the brake run . One cycle of the ride lasts about 2 minutes . = = = Trains = = = Magnum XL @-@ 200 has three white @-@ and @-@ black trains . Each train has red , black or blue striping at the front . Each train has six cars ; riders are arranged two @-@ across in three rows for a total of 36 riders per train . Magnum was the first coaster in which Arrow Dynamics used its Hypercoaster trains , which were subsequently installed on dozens of other new rides . Riders are secured by a single lap bar and a seat belt . When Magnum XL @-@ 200 opened , it used pads similar to those still in use on Gemini . Shortly after its debut , however , these up @-@ stop plates were replaced with more traditional up @-@ stop wheels that keep the train from flying off its rails . = = = Track = = = Magnum XL @-@ 200 's steel track is 5 @,@ 106 feet ( 1 @,@ 556 m ) in length , and its main hill is approximately 205 feet ( 62 m ) high . Magnum XL @-@ 200 originally had a scarlet red track with silver supports . The track was repainted Molly orange in 2005 , but the supports remained silver . The track consists of a tubular steel spine connected by struts to tubular steel running rails . When it opened , a steel out and back roller coaster without any loops was unheard of . Magnum is not a smooth @-@ riding roller coaster , partly because its pieces were welded together , unassisted by computer design . The track sections range from 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) to 200 feet ( 61 m ) and 157 support columns were used . = = Accident = = On May 26 , 2007 , one of the coaster 's trains collided with another at less than 10 miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) , causing minor damage to both trains and minor injuries to at least three passengers . Two people were taken to a first aid station , and a third person was taken to a local hospital because of an asthma attack . The ride reopened the next day and park spokesman Robin Innes said the accident was caused by rain : " We think it was just caused by excessive moisture on the tracks due to the heavy rain storms we had in the morning " he said . = = Awards and rankings = = Magnum XL @-@ 200 was awarded the ACE Roller Coaster Landmark award on June 21 , 2004 at the 27th Annual Convention of the American Coaster Enthusiasts . It won the award for inspiring more than a dozen similar rides on three continents and for being the first hypercoaster . = = Records = = = Mathieu Valbuena = Mathieu Valbuena ( French pronunciation : [ ma.tjø val.bwe.na ] ; born 28 September 1984 ) is a French international footballer who plays for Ligue 1 club Lyon and the France national team . He plays as an attacking midfielder and a winger and is known for his pace , technical ability , and tenacious style of play . He is described by his former coach at Libourne Saint @-@ Seurin Didier Tholot as " an explosive player who is capable of quickly taking two opponents out of the game to create space , above all due to his dribbling skills . " Due to his small stature , Valbuena is nicknamed le petit vélo , which translates to " the small bike " . This is a play on Valbuena 's size and the fact that Marseille 's home ground is called the Stade Vélodrome . Valbuena began his career at professional club Bordeaux . He was let go from the club after two seasons and subsequently joined amateur club Langon @-@ Castets in the fifth division of French football . In 2004 , Valbuena joined Libourne Saint @-@ Seurin in the Championnat National , the third level of French football . The midfielder had a good 2005 – 06 season with the club and signed with Ligue 1 club Marseille , prior to the 2006 – 07 season . With Marseille , Valbuena played in the UEFA Champions League for the first time and , in the 2009 – 10 season , was part of the team that won the league and league cup double , as well as the Trophée des champions . Valbuena is a French international and made his debut with the team in May 2010 in a friendly match against Costa Rica . He scored his first international goal in the same match and was named to the team to participate in the 2010 FIFA World Cup as a result . Valbuena appeared in only one of the three matches France contested at the World Cup . In November 2010 , he scored his second career international goal against England at Wembley Stadium . = = Personal life = = Valbuena was born in the southwestern commune of Bruges in the Gironde department to mother Brigitte and father Carlos . He is of Spanish origin through his father , who is originally from the city of Valladolid . Valbuena 's father works for the city council of Bordeaux . Valbuena grew up in nearby Blanquefort where his parents still reside . On 24 December 2010 , while traveling to Blanquefort to celebrate Christmas with his parents , Valbuena was involved in a car accident after losing control of his Lamborghini Murciélago while driving near Bègles . He survived the accident without any injuries . = = Club career = = = = = Early career = = = Valbuena began his football career at hometown club ES Blanquefort . He developed an interest in the sport of football through his paternal heritage as he often attended matches at the Camp Nou in Barcelona during school holidays as a youth . At the age of nine , his football career was put on hold after he received over 50 stitches in one of his legs following a swimming accident . After the injury healed , Valbuena returned to football and quickly impressed club coaches . In 1998 , he was given a Best Player award at a local youth tournament played at the Camp des Loges , the training center of professional club Paris Saint @-@ Germain . In 2001 , Valbuena was recruited by professional club FC Girondins de Bordeaux . Valbuena spent two years playing on the club 's under @-@ 18 team playing alongside the likes of Rio Mavuba and Marouane Chamakh . Valbuena appeared in only three matches with the reserve team before being released from the club after failing to impress Jean @-@ Louis Garcia , the reserve team manager . It has been commonly stated that Valbuena was let go by the club due to his small size ; however , former club player and trainer Philippe Lucas explained that Valbuena was let go because he struggled to " transform his game from that of a young player to that of a professional " and that " his game needed to be faster and he needed to avoid confrontations " . = = = Amateur career = = = After being let go by Bordeaux , Valbuena put his ambitions of becoming a professional player on hold , and was recommended by Garcia to play for amateur club Langan @-@ Castets in the Championnat de France amateur 2 , the fifth division of French football . Unlike at Bordeaux where he trained numerous times a week , Valbuena only trained three times a week with Langon @-@ Castets and , due to the club 's amateur status , worked as a sports shop salesman when he was not playing football . In his only season at the club , he impressed with his technical ability and was subsequently recruited by Championnat National club Libourne Saint @-@ Seurin who had scouted the player eight times while he was at Langon @-@ Castets . While at Libourne Saint @-@ Seurin , Valbuena 's play went through an upgrade . In his first season at the club , he struggled for meaningful minutes under coach André Menot , playing in 20 league matches and scoring two goals . Menot was fired mid @-@ season and was replaced by Didier Tholot . The club ultimately finished the season in 13th place in the league . In the next season , manager Tholot took immediate notice of Valbuena . Tholot described Valbuena as " the architect of the team " and sought to build the team around him . As a result , Valbuena 's playing time improved dramatically . He played in 31 league matches and scored nine goals , all of which came in victories . Valbuena earned rave reviews for his performances , but still suffered criticism on occasion due to " wanting to do everything " as stated by Tholot . On 12 August 2005 , he scored his first goal of the season in a 2 – 0 win over Moulins . Two weeks later , Valbuena scored a double in a 3 – 1 victory away to Cherbourg . One low @-@ point during the season came on 9 September 2005 in Libourne 's 2 – 1 defeat to Gazélec Ajaccio when Valbuena received his first @-@ ever red card . The loss was the team 's first of the season and Valbuena was suspended for three matches . Valbuena returned to the team on 7 October in a 1 – 0 loss to Bayonne . In November 2005 , Valbuena returned to his early season form after scoring four goals over the course of three matches . He scored his first goal of the month on 5 November in a 2 – 1 win at home against Nîmes . Two weeks later , Valbuena scored against Angers in another win and , in the following week , scored both goals in a 2 – 0 win over Pau . As a result of his performances , Valbuena was linked to several clubs in Ligue 1 and Ligue 2 , most notably Saint @-@ Étienne and Auxerre , in December . The midfielder , however , denied the approaches stating his desire to help Libourne achieve promotion to the second division . Valbuena went scoreless through the winter months , but remained a fixture in the starting eleven as the club remained in contention for promotion to Ligue 2 . On 29 April 2006 , with Libourne in a battle for the final promotion spot , Valbuena scored another double , this time against Toulon in another shutout victory . Libourne went unbeaten in its final four matches , which resulted in the club finishing in third place , thus achieving promotion to Ligue 2 for the first time in its history since the local clubs of Libourne and Saint @-@ Seurin agreed to merge in 1998 . For his efforts that season , Valbuena was named the league 's Player of the Year , which led to heightened interest from several professional clubs in Ligue 2 and Ligue 1 . = = = Marseille = = = = = = = 2006 – 2010 = = = = On 9 June 2006 , Valbuena signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a transfer to Olympique de Marseille . He signed a three @-@ year deal with the club and was assigned the number 28 shirt by manager Eric Gerets . Valbuena made his professional debut for the club on 15 July 2006 in the team 's third round match against Ukrainian club Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup . He subsequently struggled to meet the demands of training and suffered an ankle injury in the pre @-@ season period , which resulted in the player missing the start of the 2006 – 07 season . Valbuena made his league debut on 19 November 2006 in a league match against Valenciennes appearing as a substitute in the team 's 1 – 0 victory . He appeared as a substitute for the majority of the season and even spent some time playing on the club 's reserve team in the fifth division . On 19 May 2007 , Valbuena scored his first professional goal in a 2 – 1 victory over Saint @-@ Étienne . The game @-@ winning goal allowed the club to maintain control of second place , which merited Marseille a spot in the UEFA Champions League for the first time since the 2003 – 04 season . Following the departure of Franck Ribéry to German club Bayern Munich ahead of the 2007 – 08 season , Valbuena was inserted as his replacement . It is during this season the midfielder acquired the nickname le petit vélo ( the small bike ) , which is a play on Valbuena 's size and his parent club 's stadium , the Stade Vélodrome . Valbuena started the season off healthy under Gerets and featured primarily as a substitute , but by late August 2007 , had become a starter forming partnerships in the midfield with Samir Nasri , Lorik Cana , and Benoît Cheyrou . Valbuena made his UEFA Champions League debut on 18 September 2007 against Turkish club Beşiktaş appearing as a substitute in a 2 – 0 win . In the team 's next group stage match against English club Liverpool at Anfield , Valbuena scored the only goal in a 1 – 0 victory . The victory over Liverpool was the first time a French club had ever won at Anfield . Later that month , Valbuena signed a contract extension with Marseille , committing himself to the club until June 2012 . In the league , Valbuena appeared in 29 matches and scored three goals . The first two goals came in the club 's 6 – 1 win over Caen on 26 January 2008 . The first goal Valbuena scored in the match was voted the Goal of the Year by the Ligue de Football Professionnel and was scored from almost 40 metres ( 44 yd ) out . On 9 March , Valbuena , for the second straight season , scored the game @-@ winning goal in a win over Saint @-@ Étienne . Due to his promising performances , Marseille awarded him another contract extension in April 2008 , which added an extra year to his contract . In the 2008 – 09 season , Valbuena became a regular starter and appeared in 31 league matches . He scored three goals ; two in victories over Auxerre and Le Havre and one in a loss to Paris Saint @-@ Germain . After the season , Gerets , an admirer of Valbuena , was let go and Didier Deschamps was named as his replacement . In June 2009 , Deschamps declared that Valbuena was not in his tactical plans and sought to place the midfielder on the transfer market . Club president Pape Diouf and several members of the board disagreed with Deschamps sentiments stating that Valbuena was " un @-@ transferable " . The indecision over Valbuena 's future resulted in the player being linked to English clubs Aston Villa , Arsenal , and Liverpool . Valbuena 's future was ultimately settled following the closure of the transfer window when he wasn 't sold . As a result , he was relegated to the bench for the first half of the season under Deschamps and the tumultuous relationship reached its zenith in December when the two had a face @-@ to @-@ face meeting , which resulted in Valbuena declaring he wanted to leave the club in the January 2010 transfer window to find regular football . On 17 October , Valbuena scored his first goal in his first league start of the season away to Nancy . In February 2010 , Valbuena returned to the starting lineup and remained a starter for the rest of the season . He was an important part of the team that won the league and league cup double . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Valbuena scored the game @-@ winning goal in the semi @-@ finals against Lille . In the final , he scored the second goal in a 3 – 1 victory over his former club Bordeaux . The Coupe de la Ligue title was Marseille 's first major honour since winning the UEFA Champions League in 1993 . In April 2010 , Valbuena scored goals in three straight matches , all wins , against Nice , Boulogne @-@ sur @-@ Mer , and Saint @-@ Étienne . The victories helped Marseille maintain its first @-@ place position and Valbuena was praised by Deschamps . Marseille ultimately won the league after defeating Rennes on 5 May 2010 . = = = = 2010 – 2014 = = = = In the 2010 – 11 season , Valbuena was inserted as a starter by Deschamps for the start of the campaign despite the arrivals of wingers Loïc Rémy and André Ayew . Valbuena was also hampered by the constant media inquiries about what happened at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , on which he has refused to comment , stating " I was a neophyte in the France team , I will not allow myself to discuss the events " and that he was " trying to forget " the incident . Valbuena scored his first goal of the season on 12 September 2010 in a 2 – 2 draw with Monaco . On 23 November , he scored the opening goal in the team 's 3 – 0 win over Russian club FC Spartak Moscow in the Champions League . The victory resulted in Marseille qualifying for the knockout portion of the competition for the first time since 2000 . Four days later , Valbuena scored the third goal in the team 's 4 – 0 win over Montpellier . On 22 January , Valbuena suffered a medial ligament sprain in his left knee as a result of a tackle from Ayew during a training session . He was , initially , ruled out for up to six weeks , but returned to training ahead of the team 's Champions League match against English club Manchester United on 22 February . Valbuena made his return to the team in the second leg at Old Trafford appearing as a second @-@ half substitute . Marseille were defeated 2 – 1 away , which resulted in the club losing on aggregate by the same scoreline . After appearing as a substitute in two consecutive league matches after returning from injury , Valbuena made his first start in a 2 – 1 win over Le Classique rivals Paris Saint @-@ Germain . On 23 April 2011 , he made his second consecutive start in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Marseille won the match defeating Montpellier 1 – 0 to claim its second straight league cup title . On 1 May , Valbuena scored the team 's lone goal in its 1 – 1 draw with Auxerre . He finished the campaign by appearing in the team 's final five matches as Marseille finished runner @-@ up to Lille in the league . Valbuena got off to a quick start in the team 's 2011 – 12 campaign . He opened the campaign by assisting on a Loïc Rémy goal in the opening match of the season against Sochaux . The following week , he assisted on both goals in a 2 – 2 draw with Auxerre . On 28 August , Valbuena scored both of Marseille 's goal in a 3 – 2 defeat away to Lille . The following month , he manufactured another statistical output after assisting on both of Rémy 's goals in a 2 – 0 win over Evian . In the club 's Champions League campaign , Valbuena failed to chart statistically in the team 's first five group stage matches . On 6 December , in the team 's final group stage match against German club Borussia Dortmund , Valbuena scored the match @-@ winning goal after appearing as a substitute 14 minutes prior . The goal , described by UEFA as " an unstoppable shot " , allowed Marseille progression to the UEFA Champions League knockout phase . In the team 's final two December league matches prior to the winter break against Lorient and Nancy , Valbuena scored a goal and assisted on another in each match ; Marseille won both matches . He finished the fall season with nine assists , a tally that currently leads the league . Following his departure to Dynamo Moscow , Olympique de Marseille honoured Valbuena by retiring his number 28 shirt on 5 August 2014 . = = = Dynamo Moscow = = = On 2 August 2014 , Valbuena signed a three @-@ year contract with Dynamo Moscow in a reported £ 6 million transfer . In his second game for Dynamo and first as a starter on 13 August 2014 against FC Ufa , he assisted on both of his team 's goals in a 2 @-@ 0 victory . In his next game against FC Arsenal Tula on 17 August 2014 , he again assisted on both goals in Dynamo 's 2 @-@ 1 victory . On 28 August 2014 , Dynamo defeated AC Omonia in the 2014 – 15 UEFA Europa League play @-@ off round , through a decisive goal by Christopher Samba in the 93rd minute of the return leg following a free kick performed by Valbuena , and qualified for the first time for the group stage of a European competition ( since the group stage was introduced ) . On 31 August 2014 , he scored his first goal for Dynamo in a 2 @-@ 0 victory over FC Krasnodar . On 16 September 2014 , he had to undergo an emergency appendectomy . He returned to playing on 2 October 2014 in a Europa League group game against PSV Eindhoven , in which Yuri Zhirkov scored a winning goal deep into injury time after a corner delivered by Valbuena . = = = Olympique Lyonnais = = = On 11 August 2015 , Valbuena returned to Ligue 1 , signing a three @-@ year contract with former club Marseille 's rivals Lyon for a reported fee of € 5 million . = = International career = = Valbuena did not receive any call @-@ ups to any of the France national youth football teams . However , following his impressive performances with Marseille , he was awarded a call up to the senior team by coach Raymond Domenech for the team 's matches against England and Mali in March 2008 . However , he picked up an injury and was forced to miss out . Valbuena 's next call @-@ up was over two years later in May 2010 , when he was named to the 30 @-@ man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Valbuena 's call up was considered surprising by the media and the player himself , despite Valbuena playing well with his parent club who won the league and league cup double in the 2009 – 10 season . Many journalists in the French media compared Valbuena 's call @-@ up to the team with Franck Ribéry 's call @-@ up four years previously , as the two players share similarities in playing style and their circumstances at the time of their respective call @-@ ups . Valbuena was later named to the 23 @-@ man team to compete in the competition . He made his national team debut on 26 May 2010 in a friendly match against Costa Rica appearing as a substitute in the second half . After 16 minutes on the field , Valbuena scored the game @-@ winning goal in the team 's 2 – 1 victory . At the World Cup , Valbuena made his debut in the competition in the team 's 2 – 0 loss to Mexico appearing as a substitute on 17 June . It was his only appearance in the competition . During the competition , the players went on strike in protest over the expulsion of striker Nicolas Anelka from the team , which resulted in all 23 players on the team being suspended for its friendly match in August 2010 . After missing the match against Norway due to new manager Laurent Blanc 's imposed suspension , Valbuena made his return to the team in a 1 – 0 defeat to Belarus in UEFA Euro 2012 qualification . The midfielder subsequently appeared in every match under Blanc in 2010 , excluding the match against Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 . Valbuena capped his return to the national team by scoring against England in a friendly at Wembley Stadium on 17 November 2010 . Valbuena was included in France 's UEFA Euro 2012 squad but did not make an appearance during the competition . Under new coach Didier Deschamps , Valbuena played in all ten of the team 's matches during 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification , scoring once against Georgia . On 13 May 2014 , Valbuena was named in France 's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He was named in the starting line @-@ up for the team 's opening match against Honduras , making his tournament debut . In the second group fixture , he scored in a 5 – 2 defeat of Switzerland to help Les Bleus qualify for the knockout stage . = = Style of play = = Valbuena is described by his former coach at Libourne Saint @-@ Seurin Didier Tholot as " an explosive player who is capable of quickly taking two opponents out of the game to create space , above all due to his dribbling skills . " He has been deployed as a wide midfielder or winger since his arrival to the Bordeaux training center in 2001 often playing on the right side of midfield in former Bordeaux manager Elie Baup 's preferred 4 – 3 – 3 formation . After leaving Bordeaux , Valbuena was primarily deployed in the playmaker position as an attacking midfielder at Langon Castets and Libourne Saint @-@ Seurin . While at these clubs , he developed a penchant for attempting to do everything as stated by both his former club coaches Tholot and Jean @-@ Pierre Léglise , the latter being his manager at Langon Castets . While at the amateur clubs , Valbuena also honed his quickness , technical ability , and developed his tenacious style of play which contributed to his positive work @-@ rate defensively . Léglise once stated that " he had never worked with such a young person so technically brilliant " in his coaching career . Valbuena 's former coach also described the player 's tenacious style stating " Whatever the build of the opponent , he will always tackle " and " he also surprised me with the level of his defensive work when he is aligned on the right @-@ hand side " . Valbuena is also known for his small size and , while at Langon , began using his diminutive stature to his advantage . During his first season at Marseille , he earned the nickname le petit by his former manager Eric Gerets . Gerets described the player as " extremely mobile " and a player who is " very quick at turning , from one side to the other " . = = Career statistics = = = = = Club = = = As of 25 May 2016 Notes = = = International = = = As of 20 June 2014 = = = International goals = = = = = Honours = = = = = Club = = = Marseille Ligue 1 : 2009 – 10 Coupe de la Ligue : 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12 Trophée des champions : 2010 , 2011 = = = Individual = = = Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2007 @-@ 08 , 2012 @-@ 13 Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2007 @-@ 08 vs. Caen = Blood Ties ( Homicide : Life on the Street ) = " Blood Ties " is the three @-@ episode sixth season premiere of the American police drama television series Homicide : Life on the Street . The episodes constitute the 78th , 79th and 80th overall episodes of the series . They originally aired on NBC on October 17 , October 24 and October 31 , 1997 , respectively . The teleplays were written by Anya Epstein and David Simon , based on a story by Tom Fontana , Julie Martin and James Yoshimura . Directed by Alan Taylor , Nick Gomez and Mark Pellington , " Blood Ties " marked the first appearances of Peter Gerety , Jon Seda and Callie Thorne as regular cast members , replacing outgoing cast members Melissa Leo and Max Perlich . Guest appearances were made by James Earl Jones , Jeffrey Wright , Lynne Thigpen and Mekhi Phifer . The three episodes were tied together by the story of a murdered Haitian domestic worker employed by wealthy philanthropist Felix Wilson , played by Jones . Protagonists Frank Pembleton and Al Giardello initially refuse to properly investigate the Wilson family out of respect for their success and contributions to the African American community of Baltimore , which leads to tensions and accusations of discrimination within the police department . The storyline serves as a rumination and commentary on racism and classism , even when they come from the best of intentions . " Blood Ties " included several additional subplots , including murder attempts made against police officers in retaliation for the fatal police shooting of drug dealer Luther Mahoney in the fifth season . The second episode involves a murder at Oriole Park at Camden Yards during a late @-@ season baseball game . In the third episode , police investigate the execution @-@ style slaying of a police informant . According to Nielsen ratings the first episode of " Blood Ties " was viewed by 7 @.@ 94 million households , the second by 6 @.@ 86 million households and the third by 6 @.@ 27 million households . The episodes received generally positive reviews . = = Plot summary = = = = = Part one = = = Pembleton ( Andre Braugher ) and Bayliss ( Kyle Secor ) return to the homicide unit after a rotation in robbery , only to find the highest murder clearance rate in five years . A delighted Gee ( Yaphet Kotto ) credits much of the success to the new detectives Stuart Gharty ( Peter Gerety ) and , particularly , Laura Ballard ( Callie Thorne ) . Lewis ( Clark Johnson ) asks Gee for a different partner , but dodges questions about problems with his old partner Kellerman ( Reed Diamond ) ; Gee assigns him to Falsone ( Jon Seda ) , one of the newer detectives , and Kellerman is partnered with Munch ( Richard Belzer ) . That evening , Gee attends a black @-@ tie dinner honoring his friend Felix Wilson ( James Earl Jones ) , a wealthy businessman and respected Baltimore philanthropist . In that same hotel , a woman is found beaten to death in the men 's bathroom , and Pembleton and Bayliss are called to investigate . Felix and his wife Regina ( Lynne Thigpen ) see the body and identify her as Melia Brierre , a Haitian expatriate working as one of their domestic workers . The Wilsons leave after only brief interviews , and Pembleton becomes agitated when Bayliss asks whether Pembleton went easy on them because of his respect for Wilson 's contributions to the African American community . Meanwhile , a motorcyclist fires shots at the moving car of Lewis and Falsone ; the two narrowly avoid injury and the motorcyclist escapes . Almost immediately afterward , Lewis and Falsone are called to investigate the shooting death of a woman on a nearby street . At the scene they find Stivers ( Toni Lewis ) , who was speaking to the woman when she was shot ; police later conclude Stivers was the real target . While Munch and Kellerman are leaving the hotel , somebody opens fire on them and shoots Kellerman in the arm . Falsone suggests the shooter is targeting the detectives who were involved in the previous fatal shooting of drug dealer Luther Mahoney . Kellerman becomes angry when Falsone questions the report of Mahoney 's death , which indicates Kellerman shot Mahoney to save Lewis ; Falsone said autopsy reports indicate Mahoney was beaten badly . After questioning several of Mahoney 's former associates , drug supplier Wilkie Collins ( Robert F. Chew ) is pressured into telling Lewis and Falsone the shooter was Mahoney 's nephew , Junior Bunk ( Mekhi Phifer ) . They arrest Junior Bunk and find the matching gun , a Desert Eagle pistol prompting Bunk to admit he shot at the police to " send a message " from his mother , Georgia Rae Mahoney ( Hazelle Goodman ) , over the death of her brother , Luther . Georgia is arrested trying to flee in a jet to the Cayman Islands , where she used to handle Luther 's drug money . Meanwhile , following Brierre 's autopsy , Cox ( Michelle Forbes ) finds somebody had consensual sex with the victim before her death . Pembleton and Bayliss learn from Felix Wilson 's daughter Thea ( Ellen Bethea ) that Brierre had a vicious and abusive ex @-@ boyfriend named Kaja . Pembleton and Gee declare Kaja the primary suspect , despite protests from Ballard that the lead is thin and that they have not properly questioned Felix Wilson . The episode ends with an imprisoned Georgia Rae Mahoney stating Kellerman will hear from her soon . = = = Part two = = = Two days after Brierre 's death , the detectives have made little progress on their lead about Kaja , the victim 's abusive ex @-@ boyfriend . Ballard and Gharty suggest they look more closely at Felix Wilson and his son , Hal ( Jeffrey Wright ) , because Brierre had sex before her death and knew few men socially besides them . Pembleton and Gee , who are both very respectful of Felix Wilson 's contributions to the African American community , dismiss the suggestion ; Gee refuses to even ask the Wilsons to submit a blood and hair sample . The next day 's Baltimore Sun runs a story about the investigation into Kaja , which Pembleton believes was leaked to the press by Gee in order to distance the Wilsons from the crime . Ballard and Gharty question Hal , who denies having sex with Brierre after tough questions from Gharty . After the interview , Gharty tells Ballard that Pembleton and Gee are obstructing the investigation to protect a rich and respected black family . During their investigation , Pembleton and Bayliss learn Kaja has been in a Haitian prison for four months , eliminating him as a lead . Gee announces the Baltimore Sun is running a story that Kaja has been cleared as a suspect , leaked from the police . Pembleton accuses Ballard and Gharty of leaking the story , while Gharty accuses Pembleton of going easy on Felix Wilson because he is a successful black man . The discussion prompts a heated argument with accusations of racism from both sides . Pembleton agrees to interview Felix Wilson alone because he believes it will clear him . When Pembleton tells Wilson he needs a blood test from him and his son , Wilson admits that he had consensual sex with Brierre the night of the murder , but said he does not kill her . Later , a devastated Pembleton and Gee still insist he should not necessarily be treated as a suspect , much to the disbelief of Ballard and Gharty . The detectives are interrupted by Wilson 's attorney , who says the family will not submit to a blood and hair test without a court order . Meanwhile , Munch and Kellerman investigate a murder at Oriole Park at Camden Yards during a late @-@ season baseball game , leaving 48 @,@ 000 possible suspects . The Long Island man , presumably a Yankees fan , is found beaten to death on the stairs of the stadium , and the governor of Maryland pressures the police department to solve the murder before the game ends so that millions in tourism dollars and ticket revenues will not be jeopardized . After several fruitless interviews , Munch and Kellerman question Scott Russell ( Brian Tarantina ) , a New Yorker who attended the game with the victim . Russell admits he killed the victim because he said the Baltimore Orioles were a better team than the Yankees . He agrees to confess to the murder if they let him watch the rest of the game . Back at the police department , Falsone continues questioning detectives about the Luther Mahoney shooting . Stivers expresses concern to Lewis that their covering for Kellerman 's role in the shooting could bring both of them down if Falsone continues his questioning . = = = Part three = = = The Baltimore Sun runs a front @-@ page story accusing the homicide unit of fumbling the investigation and protecting the Wilsons based on their race . Under pressure form his superiors , Gee demands they solve the murder immediately . Pembleton admits privately to his wife Mary ( Ami Brabson ) that he let his personal feelings of respect for Felix Wilson get in the way of the investigation ; he agrees to make them a central part of the investigation . After searching the Wilson house , the detectives find love letters written by Hal Wilson to Brierre . Pembleton questions Felix and Hal , who agree to talk only if their statements are not admissible in court . Pembleton confronts the Wilsons with the love letters , which Hal said he never had the courage to give to Brierre . Felix said he would not have had sex with Brierre if he had known , which Hal said he does not believe . Felix demands the truth from Hal , who admits to killing Brierre in a jealous rage upon learning of her affair with his father . When Pembleton begins to read Hal his rights , Felix stops him and refuses to let him arrest his son . Later , prosecuting attorney Ed Danvers ( Željko Ivanek ) says because the confession is inadmissible , they have no evidence to arrest Hal , and he refuses to issue an arrest warrant against a member of a prominent family without a solid case . The Wilsons decide to move to San Diego , and Felix tells Pembleton he will do everything he can to continue protecting his son . Pembleton and Ballard make a reluctant peace and , although Pembleton remains cold with her , he admits he was wrong about the Wilsons and that Ballard 's instincts about the case were correct . Gee tells Pembleton he too let his personal feelings cloud his judgment , and the two agree they will bring Hal back to Baltimore when they get enough evidence against him . Meanwhile , Lewis and Falsone investigate the execution @-@ style shootings of Wilkie Collins and his wife , presumably in retaliation for Collins cooperating with police in the investigation and incarceration of Georgia Rae Mahoney , Luther 's sister . They find Collins ' young son Jack ( Marc John Jefferies ) hiding in a closet at the house , but he is too terrified to answer any of their questions . Falsone takes the Jack to a park , where they bond over their mutual love of cars , and Falsone teaches him how to hotwire a vehicle . More comfortable with the police , Jack tells Falsone that a man identifying himself as Robert on Collins ' answering machine has the same voice as the killer . A disturbed Stivers recognizes the voice as belonging to Detective Robert Castleman ( Lance Lewman ) . After Jack identifies Castleman in a lineup , Lewis and Falsone confront him with the evidence during questioning , pressuring Castleman to confess to the murder . Castleman said Georgia Rae Mahoney blackmailed him into killing Collins by threatening to reveal Castleman had been on Luther Mahoney 's payroll . = = Production = = The story from " Blood Ties " was conceived by executive director Tom Fontana , and supervising producers James Yoshimura and Julie Martin . The first and third episode teleplays were written by producer Anya Epstein , with the second penned by producer David Simon . The three episodes were each directed by Alan Taylor , Nick Gomez and Mark Pellington , respectively . " Blood Ties " originally premiered in October 1997 , about one month later than originally planned , which angered fans of the show . The delay is indicated by the regular @-@ season baseball game prominently featured in the second episode of the arc , despite the fact that the 1997 Baltimore Orioles season ended in September . " Blood Ties " featured the first appearances of Peter Gerety , Jon Seda and Callie Thorne as regular cast members on Homicide : Life on the Street . Thorne portrayed Laura Ballard , a former Seattle homicide unit detective , marking the character 's first appearance in the series . Gerety and Seda each previously played their respective characters in guest appearances on the show ; Seda 's character Paul Falsone first appeared in the two @-@ part fifth @-@ season finale . Stuart Gharty , Gerety 's character , is described as a transplant from the department 's internal affairs department . Executive producer Tom Fontana said he thought the new cast additions would create drama and tension between the characters : " It 's stimulating to add new people , because you 're not feeling like you 're writing or acting the same scene for the thousandth time , and I think all three of them are very different than any other characters we 've had on the show . " During her audition for the show , Thorne read the lines from the Pembleton character in a previous episode . She said of her audition , " I said , ' So what do you want me to do ? Do you want me to be a female Pembleton ? ' And they were like , ' Well we don 't want to say that but that 's sort of the idea . " Thorne said the producers were looking for " a certain type in terms of a strong woman who could keep up with all the men " and that they incorporated elements of Thorne 's own personality into the character , such as the strong amount of trust she has in her instincts . Thorne also said she was treated well by the cast , but upon starting , " I was very aware of the fact that it 's predominantly men , and I have no problem saying that as a small , dark woman I was terrified . I thought I was going to be put through the ringer . " Gerety , when asked about his experience joining the show , said only , " It 's interesting . It 's really interesting . " The new regular characters replaced outgoing cast members Melissa Leo and Max Perlich , who did not return for the sixth season . In the episode , Leo 's character Kay Howard was said to be working full @-@ time with the department 's fugitive unit ; actress Leo reportedly left the show so she could devote more time to her family . Perlich was allegedly fired from the series , and within the episode his character J. H. Brodie was said to have left police work after a documentary he filmed was aired on PBS and won an Emmy Award . Commentators said the Emmy mention , and a joke by Munch that " they give those things to anybody " , were references to the show 's failure to secure a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series during its first five seasons . Armando Benítez and Scott Erickson , then pitchers with the Baltimore Orioles , make cameo appearances as themselves in the second " Blood Ties " episode . The Wilson murder is a " red ball " , a police case involving an innocent victim , widely known suspects or a combination of the two . Red ball cases tend to draw attention from the media , the public and high @-@ ranking police brass , and often result in additional detectives being added to the case . Fontana thought these elements of the red ball case would help produce a strong season premiere and tension among the veteran characters who resent the meddling of the new detectives . Julie Martin , one of the show 's writers and supervising producers , said " Blood Ties " marked a deliberate change in the series , focusing on darker story lines that are " a little messier and unresolved " and more interpersonal relationships : " The show 's been on for six seasons , and it absolutely has to change . We can 't keep doing the same show . " Media outlets noted that " Blood Ties " included more action @-@ oriented elements such as car chases and a chase sequence involving helicopters at an airport . Fontana denied allegations of tampering from NBC executives and said any such changes would have come from him : " I don 't want us to have a style every week that we feel we have to conform to . ... I want people not to know what to expect when they tune in every week . We 're not formulaic . " The New York Yankees baseball team refused to give Homicide : Life on the Street permission to use the Yankees logo in the episode , which Fontana said angered the writers and inspired them to portray Yankees fans in a particularly negative light . Fontana , a New York native himself , was later apologetic about this portrayal and said , " I kept telling the guys they were being a little harsh on the Yankees " . The names " Stringfield " and " Doherty " can be seen under Ballard 's case list on the white board . The names were purposely inserted as an inside joke to Homicide fans as a reference to online rumors that cast member Melissa Leo was to be replaced by actors Shannon Doherty or Sherry Stringfield . The false rumors were actually leaked by Tom Fontana himself to keep fans guessing . " Blood Ties " and the rest of the sixth season episodes were included in the six @-@ DVD box @-@ set Homicide : Life on the Street : The Complete Season 6 , which was released by A & E Home Video on January 25 , 2005 for $ 99 @.@ 95 . = = Themes = = In portraying black members of the police department ignoring legitimate evidence to protect a prominent member of Baltimore 's African American community , " Blood Ties " touches simultaneously on themes of police misconduct and racism , however inadvertent , from the characters of Pembleton and Gee . Because the episode involves discrimination among black characters , " Blood Ties " has been described as an example of " reverse racism " , even though the majority of Baltimore 's population is black . The episode also includes elements of classism , since Pembleton and Gee treat Felix Wilson differently than they would another black suspect based on his financial success and charitable contributions to the city and African American community . Most of these themes are most overtly addressed during a climatic argument between Pembleton , Ballard and Gharty in the " Blood Ties " arc 's second episode . When Ballard and Gharty suggest questioning Felix and Hal Wilson because the murder victim had sex the night she was killed , Pembleton accuses them of reverting to old stereotypes about black male sexuality , namely " that black men can 't control themselves when it comes to blue shoes and tight pants " . When Gharty describes Baltimore as a black @-@ run town that protects its own , Pembleton points out similar practices were carried out in Baltimore history by the Italian Americans and Irish Americans when they primarily controlled the city ; in particular , Pembleton says , " How many favors have been called in in the name of the Knights of Columbus or the St. Michael 's Society , huh ? " Roger Wilkins , a history professor at George Mason University who studies race in the United States , said " Blood Ties " provided " insightful , wonderful explorations on the complexities of many levels of race . " He also said the show " really does understand how we 're all caught in this culture , and we 're all struggling with it . And we all bring to this jagged enterprise the limited understanding of where we came from and who we are . Being fully alive requires us to struggle with these realities . That 's what the show does . " In his journal article about the portrayal of African American men in Homicide : Life on the Street , documentary historian Thomas A. Mascaro said the presentation of light @-@ skinned black villains like Luther Mahoney and dark @-@ skinned actors like the one played by James Earl Jones in " Blood Ties " , " dispels the notion that black skin color is uniform or determinative with regard to character " . Some media outlets described the Watson subplot as a racial spin on the 1996 murder of six @-@ year @-@ old child beauty pageant queen JonBenét Ramsey , although Tom Fontana said any similarities were not intended . = = Reception = = The first episode of " Blood Ties " received an 8 @.@ 1 Nielsen rating , which constituted 7 @.@ 94 million households at the time . The episode outperformed Homicide 's time @-@ slot competitor , CBS 's Nash Bridges , by about 588 @,@ 000 households , although ABC 's 20 / 20 beat both shows with 11 @.@ 37 million households . The second and third episodes of " Blood Ties " , however , finished behind both shows each week . The second episode received a 7 @.@ 0 rating , which constituted 6 @.@ 86 million households , compared to 7 @.@ 94 million for Nash Bridges and 11 @.@ 37 million for 20 / 20 . The third episode received a 6 @.@ 4 rating , which constituted 6 @.@ 27 million views , compared to 7 @.@ 94 million for Nash Bridges and 10 @.@ 98 million for 20 / 20 . " Blood Ties " received generally positive reviews . Baltimore Sun television critic David Zurawik described it as " one of the most serious , frank and compelling discussions of race in any medium " since an episode of NYPD Blue from 1995 , in which actor Dennis Franz used the word " nigger " . Mike Duffy of the Detroit Free Press described " Blood Ties " as " explosive ( and ) riveting " , and wrote , " The smart , darkly humorous writing on Homicide is as strong as ever . So are the performances of a superb ensemble of actors . " R.D. Heldenfels of the Akron Beacon Journal praised the episodes and called them " a complicated rumination on race and class " . David Bianculli of the New York Daily News said the episode had an unpredictability that helped maintain the show 's vitality , and said of the first two episodes , " Except for one moment in tonight 's opener , I was on the edge of my seat for the entire two hours ; at that moment , a surprise shooting shocked me right onto my feet . " Newsday writer Verne Gay described " Blood Ties " as " brilliant drama " and " a superb piece of work ( that ) appears to be a novel variation on reverse discrimination " . Regarding the first of the three episodes , Dallas Morning News writer Ed Bark said Seda and Thorne had " solid first impressions " and that the episode arc " has all the makings of another killer story line " . Virginia Rohan of The Record of Bergen County , New Jersey , called the episode " gripping " and " another strong start for a terrific series " . Tony Norman of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette praised the episode , which he said " has wandered into the heart of Dostoyevsky territory with its storylines " . He particularly praised the episode for going outside its normal conventions by portraying lead characters like Pembleton and Gee as being so reluctant to do the right thing . Alan Pergament of The Buffalo News gave the episode four out of five stars ; he particularly praised the performances of Thorne and Gerety , and said the show did an impressive job of introducing the new cast members . Michael Storey of Arkansas Democrat @-@ Gazette said " Blood Ties " lived up to the high standards he said the show had set for itself . Ron Miller of Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram praised " Blood Ties " , although he said he does not always enjoy Homicide : Life on the Street . He said the episode " starts fast and gets better and more intense by the minute " , and described the climactic argument in the second episode as " the most turbulent internal dispute we 've ever seen among the detectives " . Rocky Mountain News writer Dusty Saunders praised the main story @-@ line and said the subplots were well juxtaposed into the episode . He also said " Blood Ties " could serve as a good introduction to the series for new viewers . Alan Sepinwall , television critic for The Star @-@ Ledger , criticized the addition of " silly " action @-@ oriented scenes the traditionally more intelligent show , but praised " Blood Ties " and the addition of the new cast members . Sepinwall particularly praised the acting of Andre Braugher : " Pitted against a powerhouse like James Earl Jones , he not only holds his own , but at times is so dramatically forceful that the former voice of Darth Vader sounds intimidated . " Not all reviews of " Blood Ties " were positive . Joanne Ostrow of The Denver Post said the series benefited from the new characters , but that the episode " asks viewers to believe rather too strongly in the inherent racism of certain characters we 've come to know as heroes in seasons past " . Ostrow also thought Pembleton 's clashes with the new detectives was predictable . = Everybody 's Fool = " Everybody 's Fool " is a song by American rock band Evanescence . Wind @-@ up Records released the song on June 7 , 2004 , as the fourth and final single from their debut studio album , Fallen . It was written by Amy Lee and Ben Moody and it was produced by Dave Fortman . According to Lee the song talks about celebrities like Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera , who strip and sell their bodies . Inspired by her sister 's love for music artists who had false images , Lee wrote the song five years before the release of the album . Critical reception towards " Everybody 's Fool " were mixed to positive with critics praising the nu metal sound of the song . The accompanying music video for " Everybody 's Fool " was filmed in April , 2004 and it was directed by Philipp Stölzl . It showed Lee in the role of a model who had a completely false image for her life . It focused on the struggles that Lee 's character suffers because of her modelling career and her opposite lifestyle . " Everybody 's Fool " was included in the set list of the Fallen tour . A live version was also available on their first live album , Anywhere but Home ( 2004 ) . = = Background and release = = " Everybody 's Fool " was written by Amy Lee , Ben Moody and David Hodges and produced by Dave Fortman . The Millennium Choir performed background vocals for the song . According to Lee , the song talks about celebrities who have completely false images . It has been misinterpreted as a message against Christian faith , due to the band 's denial of being a Christian band . During an interview , Lee explained : " My little sister was really getting into these , I don 't want to offend anyone , but like really fake , cheesy , slutty female cracker @-@ box idols , and it really pissed me off . She started dressing like them and she was like 8 years old . So I gave her the talk and I wrote a song . " She later revealed that the song was written for American pop singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera adding , " At this point , everybody knows that Britney is fake . The song is not about Britney Spears ; it 's about a lot of people in this industry . It 's so fake , the whole Hollywood thing . ' Look at how perfect I am ! ' Nobody looks like that . It 's all fake and it 's really hurting a lot of girls ' and women 's self images . Where are all the normal people ? " . According to the sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing at the website Musicnotes.com , " Everybody 's Fool " is written in the key of F major . It is set in a time signature of common time and performed in a tempo of 92 beats per minute . Lee 's vocals in the song range from the note of A3 to the note of D5 . After the third single from Fallen , " My Immortal " continued to grow successfully , Lee revealed that " Imaginary " would become the band 's next and final single from the album stating , " I think it 's very epic . It 's one of those big Aerosmith or Black Sabbath kind of songs . It 's like an opus , with the choir and the rock and the programming . I love that song . " However , the release of " Imaginary " was scrapped and " Everybody 's Fool " was released as the fourth single from Fallen on June 4 , 2004 , while a maxi single was released on April 28 , 2004 . = = Reception = = Johnny Loftus of Allmusic classified " Everybody 's Fool " as a nu metal song . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters concluded that the song " take [ s ] things to a more over @-@ the @-@ top , theatrical level . " Scott Juba of The Trades rated the song with A , and wrote : " As far as the band 's single , ' Everybody 's Fool ' , is concerned , it is a song about the stinging betrayal of deception and the refusal to become blinded by deceit any longer . There is a defiance in Lee 's voice that gives the track a bold edge , and the song 's heavy drums and soaring guitars further enhance the strong sound . The band surely has another chart topping hit on their hands . " Simon Cusens of ABC Online gave the song 3 out of 5 stars calling it " a cold , sad and angry song that I would only like to listen to without it being repeated again . " Joe D 'Angelo of MTV News wrote that " rolling acoustic guitar and billowing synthesizers pave the way for the harsh power chords that open the song " adding that Lee 's voice was " disembodied " in the opening lines " Perfect by nature / Icons of self @-@ indulgence / Just what we all need / More lies about a world that / Never was and never will be . " The song peaked at number 36 on Billboard 's Alternative Songs chart on May 8 , 2004 .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical subjects " . Boydell 's entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ends with the assessment that " no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art " . Boydell 's nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell , continued his uncle 's business for some time at 90 Cheapside , but by 1818 , the business was wound up by Jane Boydell , and the assets purchased by Hurst , Robinson , and Co . = Life 's Shop Window = Life 's Shop Window is a 1914 American silent drama film directed by J. Gordon Edwards and starring Claire Whitney and Stuart Holmes . It is a film adaptation of the eponymous 1907 novel by Annie Sophie Cory . The film depicts the story of English orphan Lydia Wilton ( Whitney ) , and her husband Bernard Chetwin ( Holmes ) . Although Wilton 's marriage is legitimate , it was conducted in secret , and she is accused of having a child out of wedlock . Forced to leave England , she reunites with her husband in Arizona . There , she is tempted by infidelity with an old acquaintance , Eustace Pelham , before seeing the error of her ways and returning to her family . Life 's Shop Window was the first film produced , rather than simply distributed , by William Fox 's Box Office Attractions Company , the corporate predecessor to Fox Film . Several reviewers approved of the film 's expurgated treatment of the novel 's plot , although opinions of the quality of the film itself were mixed . It proved very popular upon its initial release in New York , and that success was used to advertise the film elsewhere . Like many of Fox 's early works , it was likely lost in the 1937 Fox vault fire . = = Plot = = Bernard Chetwin is a boarder at John Anderson 's farm in England . He is unimpressed by Anderson 's spoiled daughter Bella , but is attracted to their orphaned servant , Lydia Wilton . She tells him of her dreams for a happier life , and they fall in love . Wilton also meets Eustace Pelham , who introduces her to his philosophy of " life 's shop window " : that many people make life decisions on purely superficial grounds . Chetwin marries Wilton in a secret ceremony . Intending to establish a farm to support his new family , Chetwin leaves the English countryside for Arizona . Concerned about the dangers of frontier territory , he travels without his newlywed wife , intending to send for her later . When she gives birth to Chetwin 's child , Anderson 's wife refuses to accept evidence of her marriage , and throws her out of the farm for having a child out of wedlock . She takes the infant with her to Arizona and reunites with Chetwin at his ranch . The demands of managing the ranch consume all of Chetwin 's time , leaving Wilton to feel neglected and unloved . One day , a traveler is injured near the ranch , whom she recognizes as Pelham . Pelham courts her , taking advantage of her loneliness . Although she admits she does not love him , he convinces her to abandon her family and run away with him . As she is preparing to depart , she is confronted by Starlight , an Indian woman who works as a servant on the ranch , who reminds Wilton of the needs of her child . She spurns Pelham and returns to her family . Eventually , Chetwin forgives her and devotes more of his time to her . Pelham may have been killed by Starlight , although his ultimate fate is left unclear . = = Cast = = Claire Whitney as Lydia Wilton Stuart Holmes as Bernard Chetwin Walter Hitchcock as Eustace Pelham Theresa Michelena as Starlight = = Production = = Annie Sophie Cory , writing as Victoria Cross , was a popular but controversial British New Woman novelist . Adultery and female sexuality are common themes in her works , which often reversed the expected gender roles of the time , permitting female desire to motivate the plot . Elizabeth Bisland described Lydia , the main character of Cory 's 1907 novel Life 's Shop Window , as " a very modernist heroine " , comparing her to a more socially successful Hester Prynne . Like many of Cross 's novels , it attracted controversy , and was banned for a time by the Circulating Libraries Association in the United Kingdom . Life 's Shop Window had already become the basis of a successful play , based on an expurgated version of the novel 's plot . In 1914 , William Fox was operating the successful film distributor Box Office Attraction Film Rental Company . Box Office purchased films from studios such as Balboa Amusement Producing Company , showing them in Fox 's New York area theaters and renting prints to exhibitors elsewhere in the country . Life 's Shop Window may have originally been considered for production in this manner . However , Fox decided he was unwilling to depend on others for the products his business required , and instead prepared to produce his own films under the Box Office Attractions Company name . He purchased the Éclair film studio in Fort Lee , New Jersey and property in Staten Island , arranged for actors and crew , and began production with an adaptation of an established work , as was common at the time . Rights to the film adaptation were purchased for $ 100 . Like the theatrical adaptation , Mary Asquith 's screenplay removed much of the book 's controversial sexual elements , censorship intended to make Fox 's nascent studio appear more respectable to the industry . Fox selected J. Gordon Edwards to direct , in what may have been his directorial debut ; credit for the earlier St. Elmo is disputed , with sources disagreeing whether Edwards or Bertram Bracken directed . Filming for Life 's Shop Window took place at a farm on the Staten Island property , and possibly in the Fort Lee studio . The budget for this five @-@ reel feature film was small , with the cost of production reported as $ 4 @,@ 500 or $ 6 @,@ 000 ; Fox would exaggerate the cost of production to over thirty times its true value in later advertising . At the time , films of comparable length generally required between $ 20 @,@ 000 and $ 30 @,@ 000 to produce . Film historian Terry Ramsaye reported that Fox was not pleased with the completed film and initially declared : " Let 's burn the damn thing " , before being convinced to allow its release . Life 's Shop Window premiered at the Academy of Music in New York on October 20 , 1914 , although it did not receive its official release until November 19 . = = Reception and legacy = = Contemporary reviews were mixed . Moving Picture World 's film critic W. Stephen Bush called the film " first @-@ class " despite problems with the plot , cinematography , and the " unbelievably poor " music accompaniment at the Academy of Music . He also remarked on the censorship of the novel 's plot , stating that " not even the sternest of moralists can find anything objectionable " in the film . Fox 's response was published the following week , in which he praised Bush 's review and committed to avoiding " the salacious or the sex drama " . Peter Milne of Motion Picture News also praised the decision to make a " clean " adaptation of the novel , as well as the film 's realism . However , Variety gave the film a negative review that criticized its editing , its direction , and Whitney 's acting ability , suggesting that the film would profit solely on the name of the book it adapted . Despite some critical reviews , the film was popular , especially with women , and financially successful . Double @-@ file lines over a block long were reported for opening @-@ week showings at the Audubon Theatre in New York . After the incorporation of the Fox Film Corporation , distribution of this film continued under the new company 's name . The success of the initial New York showings featured in subsequent advertising , as did Fox 's greatly inflated claims of the cost of production . The 1937 Fox vault fire destroyed most of Fox 's silent films , probably including Life 's Shop Window . The Library of Congress is not aware of any extant copies . = Dick Cheney = Richard Bruce Cheney , generally known as Dick Cheney ( born January 30 , 1941 ) is an American politician and businessman who was the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 , under President George W. Bush . Born in Lincoln , Nebraska , Cheney was primarily raised in Sumner , Nebraska , and Casper , Wyoming . He attended Yale , then the University of Wyoming , where he earned a BA and an MA in Political Science . He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger , eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations , where he later served as the White House Chief of Staff , from 1975 to 1977 . In 1978 , Cheney was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives representing Wyoming 's At @-@ large congressional district from 1979 to 1989 ; he was reelected five times , briefly serving as House Minority Whip in 1989 . Cheney was selected to be the Secretary of Defense during the Presidency of George H. W. Bush , holding the position for the majority of Bush 's term from 1989 to 1993 . During his time in the Department of Defense , Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm , among other actions . Out of office during the Clinton administration , Cheney was the Chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000 . In July 2000 , Cheney was chosen by presumptive Republican Presidential nominee George W. Bush as his running mate in the 2000 Presidential election . They defeated their Democratic opponents , incumbent Vice President Al Gore and Senator Joe Lieberman . In 2004 Cheney was reelected to his second term as Vice President , defeating Senator John Kerry 's running mate , Senator John Edwards . During Cheney 's tenure as Vice President , he played a lead behind @-@ the @-@ scenes role in Bush Administration 's response to the September 11 attacks and coordination of the Global War on Terrorism . He was an early proponent of the Iraq War and defender of the Administration 's record on anti @-@ terrorism . He became at odds with the views of President Bush for his support of gay marriage in 2004 . Cheney was often criticized for the Bush Administration 's policies regarding the War on Terror , NSA Wiretapping and so @-@ called " enhanced interrogation techniques . " In 2011 , Cheney published his memoir In My Time : A Personal and Political Memoir , written with daughter Liz Cheney , and in 2015 , published another book , Exceptional : Why the World Needs a Powerful America , again co @-@ authored with his daughter . He has been cited as the most powerful Vice President in American history . = = Early life and education = = Cheney was born in Lincoln , Nebraska , the son of Marjorie Lorraine ( née Dickey ) and Richard Herbert Cheney . He is of predominantly English , as well as Welsh , Irish , and French Huguenot ancestry ; Cheney 's 8th great @-@ grandfather , William Cheney , immigrated from England to Massachusetts in the 17th century . Although not a direct descendant , he is collaterally related to Benjamin Pierce Cheney ( 1815 – 1895 ) , the early American expressman . Cheney is a very distant cousin of both Harry S. Truman and Barack Obama ; the three share a common ancestor in Mareen Duvall , a Huguenot who fled from France to England in the 17th century and later settled in Maryland . His father was a soil conservation agent for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s ; Cheney was one of three children . He attended Calvert Elementary School before his family moved to Casper , Wyoming , where he attended Natrona County High School . He attended Yale University , but by his own account had problems adjusting to the college , and failed out twice . Among the influential teachers from his days in New Haven was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield , whom Cheney repeatedly credited with having helped to shape his approach to foreign policy . He later attended the University of Wyoming , where he earned both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in political science . He subsequently started , but did not finish , doctoral studies at the University of Wisconsin – Madison . In November 1962 , at the age of 21 , Cheney was convicted of driving while intoxicated ( DWI ) . He was arrested for DWI again the following year . Cheney said that the arrests made him " think about where I was and where I was headed . I was headed down a bad road if I continued on that course " . In 1964 , he married Lynne Vincent , his high school sweetheart , whom he had met at age 14 . When Cheney became eligible for the draft , during the Vietnam War , he applied for and received five draft deferments . In 1989 , The Washington Post writer George C. Wilson interviewed Cheney as the next Secretary of Defense ; when asked about his deferments , Cheney reportedly said , " I had other priorities in the ' 60s than military service " . Cheney testified during his confirmation hearings in 1989 that he received deferments to finish a college career that lasted six years rather than four , owing to sub @-@ par academic performance and the need to work to pay for his education . Initially , Cheney was not drafted due to his marriage to Lynne Cheney . When the draft was expanded to include married men without children , he applied for four deferments in sequence . He applied for his fifth exemption on January 19 , 1966 , when his wife was about 10 weeks pregnant . He was granted 3 @-@ A status , the " hardship " exemption , which excluded men with children or dependent parents . In January 1967 , Cheney turned 26 and was no longer eligible for the draft . = = Early White House appointments = = Cheney 's political career began in 1969 , as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger during the Richard Nixon Administration . He then joined the staff of Donald Rumsfeld , who was then Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity from 1969 – 70 . He held several positions in the years that followed : White House Staff Assistant in 1971 , Assistant Director of the Cost of Living Council from 1971 – 73 , and Deputy Assistant to the president from 1974 – 1975 . As deputy assistant , Cheney suggested several options in a memo to Rumsfeld , including use of the US Justice Department , that the Ford administration could use to limit damage from an article , published by The New York Times , in which investigative reporter Seymour Hersh reported that Navy submarines had tapped into Soviet undersea communications as part of a highly classified program , Operation Ivy Bells . Cheney was Assistant to the President and White House Deputy Chief of Staff under Gerald Ford . When Rumsfeld was named Secretary of Defense , Cheney became White House Chief of Staff , succeeding Rumsfeld . He later was campaign manager for Ford 's 1976 presidential campaign . = = U.S. House of Representatives = = = = = Elections = = = In 1978 , Cheney was elected to represent Wyoming in the U.S. House of Representatives and succeeded retiring Democratic Congressman Teno Roncalio , having defeated his Democratic opponent , Bill Bailey . Cheney was re @-@ elected five times , serving until 1989 . = = = Tenure = = = = = = = Leadership = = = = In 1987 , he was elected Chairman of the House Republican Conference . The following year , he was elected House Minority Whip . He served for two and a half months before he was appointed Secretary of Defense instead of former U.S. Senator John G. Tower , whose nomination had been rejected by the U.S. Senate in March 1989 . = = = = Votes = = = = He voted against the creation of the U.S. Department of Education , citing his concern over budget deficits and expansion of the federal government , and claiming that the Department was an encroachment on states ' rights . He voted against funding Head Start , but reversed his position in 2000 . Cheney initially voted in 1978 against establishing a national holiday in honor of Martin Luther King , Jr . , but supported creation of the holiday five years later in 1983 . Cheney supported Bob Michel 's ( R @-@ IL ) bid to become Republican Minority Leader . In April 1980 , Cheney endorsed Governor Ronald Reagan for President , becoming one of Reagan 's earliest supporters . In 1986 , after President Ronald Reagan vetoed a bill to impose economic sanctions on South Africa for its policy of apartheid , Cheney was one of 83 Representatives to vote against overriding Reagan 's veto . In later years , he articulated his opposition to unilateral sanctions against many different countries , stating " they almost never work " and that in that case they might have ended up hurting the people instead . In 1986 , Cheney , along with 145 Republicans and 31 Democrats , voted against a non @-@ binding Congressional resolution calling on the South African government to release Nelson Mandela from prison , after the Democrats defeated proposed amendments that would have required Mandela to renounce violence sponsored by the African National Congress ( ANC ) and requiring it to oust the communist faction from its leadership ; the resolution was defeated . Appearing on CNN , Cheney addressed criticism for this , saying he opposed the resolution because the ANC " at the time was viewed as a terrorist organization and had a number of interests that were fundamentally inimical to the United States . " The federal building in Casper , a regional center of the fossil fuel industry , is named the Dick Cheney Federal Building . = = = Committee assignments = = = Originally declining , U.S. Congressman Barber Conable persuaded Cheney to join the moderate Republican Wednesday Group in order to move up the leadership ranks . He was elected Chairman of the Republican Policy Committee from 1981 to 1987 . Cheney was the Ranking Member of the Select Committee to investigate the Iran @-@ Contra Affair . He promoted Wyoming 's petroleum and coal businesses as well . = = Secretary of Defense = = President George H. W. Bush nominated Cheney for the office of Secretary of Defense immediately after the U.S. Senate failed to confirm John Tower for that position . The senate confirmed Cheney by a vote of 92 to 0 and he served in that office from March 1989 to January 1993 . He directed the United States invasion of Panama and Operation Desert Storm in the Middle East . In 1991 , he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bush . Later that year , he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards . Cheney has said his time at the Pentagon was the most rewarding period of his public service career , calling it " the one that stands out . " In 2014 , Cheney recounted that when he met with President George H. W. Bush to accept the offer , he passed a painting in the private residence entitled The Peacemakers , which depicted President Lincoln , General Grant , and William Tecumseh Sherman . " My great @-@ grandfather had served under William Tecumseh Sherman throughout the war , " Cheney said , " and it occurred to me as I was in the room as I walked in to talk to the President about becoming Secretary of Defense , I wondered what he would have thought that his great @-@ grandson would someday be in the White House with the President talking about taking over the reins of the U.S. military . " = = = Early tenure = = = Cheney worked closely with Pete Williams , Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs , and Paul Wolfowitz , Under Secretary of Defense for Policy , from the beginning of his tenure . He focused primarily on external matters , and left most of the internal DoD management to Deputy Secretary of Defense Donald Atwood . = = = Budgetary practices = = = Cheney 's most immediate issue as Secretary of Defense was the Department of Defense budget . Cheney deemed it appropriate to cut the budget and downsize the military , following the Reagan Administration 's peacetime defense buildup at the height of the Cold War . As part of the fiscal year 1990 budget , Cheney assessed the requests from each of the branches of the armed services for such expensive programs as the Avenger II Naval attack aircraft , the B @-@ 2 stealth bomber , the V @-@ 22 Osprey tilt @-@ wing helicopter , the Aegis destroyer and the MX missile , totaling approximately $ 4 @.@ 5 billion in light of changed world politics . Cheney opposed the V @-@ 22 program , which Congress had already appropriated funds for , and initially refused to issue contracts for it before relenting . When the 1990 Budget came before Congress in the summer of 1989 , it settled on a figure between the Administration 's request and the House Armed Services Committee 's recommendation . In subsequent years under Cheney , the proposed and adopted budgets followed patterns similar to that of 1990 . Early in 1991 , he unveiled a plan to reduce military strength by the mid @-@ 1990s to 1 @.@ 6 million , compared with 2 @.@ 2 million when he entered office . Cheney 's 1993 defense budget was reduced from 1992 , omitting programs that Congress had directed the Department of Defense to buy weapons that it did not want , and omitting unrequested reserve forces . Over his four years as Secretary of Defense , Cheney downsized the military and his budgets showed negative real growth , despite pressures to acquire weapon systems advocated by Congress . The Department of Defense 's total obligational authority in current dollars declined from $ 291 billion to $ 270 billion . Total military personnel strength decreased by 19 percent , from about 2 @.@ 2 million in 1989 to about 1 @.@ 8 million in 1993 . Notwithstanding the overall reduction in military spending , Cheney directed the development of a Pentagon plan to ensure U.S. military dominance in the post @-@ Cold War era . = = = Political climate and agenda = = = Cheney publicly expressed concern that nations such as Iraq , Iran , and North Korea , could acquire nuclear components after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The end of the Cold War , the fall of the Soviet Union , and the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact obliged the first Bush Administration to reevaluate the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 's ( NATO 's ) purpose and makeup . Cheney believed that NATO should remain the foundation of European security relationships and that it would remain important to the United States in the long term ; he urged the alliance to lend more assistance to the new democracies in Eastern Europe . Cheney 's views on NATO reflected his skepticism about prospects for peaceful social development in the former Eastern Bloc countries , where he saw a high potential for political uncertainty and instability . He felt that the Bush Administration was too optimistic in supporting General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev and his successor , Russian President Boris Yeltsin . Cheney worked to maintain strong ties between the United States and its European allies . Cheney persuaded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to allow bases for U.S. ground troops and war planes in the nation . This was an important element of the success of the Gulf War , as well as a lightning @-@ rod for Islamists , such as Osama bin Laden , who opposed having non @-@ Muslim armies near their holy sites . = = = International situations = = = Using economic sanctions and political pressure , the United States mounted a campaign to drive Panamanian ruler General Manuel Antonio Noriega from power after he fell from favor . In May 1989 , after Guillermo Endara had been duly elected President of Panama , Noriega nullified the election outcome , drawing intensified pressure . In October , Noriega suppressed a military coup , but in December , after soldiers of the Panamanian army killed a U.S. serviceman , the United States invasion of Panama began under Cheney 's direction . The stated reason for the invasion was to seize Noriega to face drug charges in the United States , protect U.S. lives and property , and restore Panamanian civil liberties . Although the mission was controversial , U.S. forces achieved control of Panama and Endara assumed the Presidency ; Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992 . In 1991 , the Somali Civil War drew the world 's attention . In August 1992 , the United States began to provide humanitarian assistance , primarily food , through a military airlift . At President Bush 's direction , Cheney dispatched the first of 26 @,@ 000 U.S. troops to Somalia as part of the Unified Task Force ( UNITAF ) , designed to provide security and food relief . Cheney 's successors as Secretary of Defense , Les Aspin and William J. Perry , had to contend with both the Bosnian and Somali issues . = = = = Iraqi invasion of Kuwait = = = = On August 1 , 1990 , Iraqi President Saddam Hussein sent the invading Iraqi forces into neighboring Kuwait , a small petroleum @-@ rich state long claimed by Iraq as part of its territory . This invasion sparked the initiation of the Persian Gulf War and it brought worldwide condemnation . An estimated 140 @,@ 000 Iraqi troops quickly took control of Kuwait City and moved on to the Saudi Arabia / Kuwait border . The United States had already begun to develop contingency plans for the defense of Saudi Arabia by the U.S. Central Command , headed by General Norman Schwarzkopf , because of its important petroleum reserves . = = = = = U.S. and world reaction = = = = = Cheney and Schwarzkopf oversaw planning for what would become a full @-@ scale U.S. military operation . According to General Colin Powell , Cheney " had become a glutton for information , with an appetite we could barely satisfy . He spent hours in the National Military Command Center peppering my staff with questions . " Shortly after the Iraqi invasion , Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested U.S. military assistance . The United Nations took action as well , passing a series of resolutions condemning Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait ; the UN Security Council authorized " all means necessary " to eject Iraq from Kuwait , and demanded that the country withdraw its forces by January 15 , 1991 . By then , the United States had a force of about 500 @,@ 000 stationed in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf . Other nations , including Britain , Canada , France , Italy , Syria , and Egypt , contributed troops , and other allies , most notably Germany and Japan , agreed to provide financial support for the coalition effort , named Operation Desert Shield . On January 12 , 1991 , Congress authorized Bush to use military force to enforce Iraq 's compliance with UN resolutions on Kuwait . = = = = = Military action = = = = = The first phase of Operation Desert Storm , which began on January 17 , 1991 , was an air offensive to secure air superiority and attack Iraqi forces , targeting key Iraqi command and control centers , including the cities of Baghdad and Basra . Cheney turned most other Department of Defense matters over to Deputy Secretary Atwood and briefed Congress during the air and ground phases of the war . He flew with Powell to the region ( specifically Riyadh ) to review and finalize the ground war plans . After an air offensive of more than five weeks , UN Coalition forces launched the ground war on February 24 . Within 100 hours , Iraqi forces had been routed from Kuwait and Schwarzkopf reported that the basic objective — expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait — had been met on February 27 . After consultation with Cheney and other members of his national security team , Bush declared a suspension of hostilities . On working with this national security team , Cheney has said , " there have been five Republican presidents since Eisenhower . I worked for four of them and worked closely with a fifth — the Reagan years when I was part of the House leadership . The best national security team I ever saw was that one . The least friction , the most cooperation , the highest degree of trust among the principals , especially . " = = = = = Aftermath = = = = = A total of 147 U.S. military personnel died in combat , and another 236 died as a result of accidents or other causes . Iraq agreed to a formal truce on March 3 , and a permanent cease @-@ fire on April 6 . There was subsequent debate about whether UN Coalition forces should have driven as far as Baghdad to oust Saddam Hussein from power . Bush agreed that the decision to end the ground war when they did was correct , but the debate persisted as Hussein remained in power and rebuilt his military forces . Arguably the most significant debate concerned whether U.S. and Coalition forces had left Iraq too soon . In an April 15 , 1994 interview with C @-@ SPAN , Cheney was asked if the U.S. and UN forces should have moved into Baghdad . Cheney replied that occupying and attempting to take over the country would have been a " bad idea " and would have led to a " quagmire " , explaining that : Because if we 'd gone to Baghdad we would have been all alone . There wouldn 't have been anybody else with us . There would have been a U.S. occupation of Iraq . None of the Arab forces that were willing to fight with us in Kuwait were willing to invade Iraq . Once you got to Iraq and took it over , took down Saddam Hussein 's government , then what are you going to put in its place ? That 's a very volatile part of the world , and if you take down the central government of Iraq , you could very easily end up seeing pieces of Iraq fly off : part of it , the Syrians would like to have to the west , part of it — eastern Iraq — the Iranians would like to claim , they fought over it for eight years . In the north you 've got the Kurds , and if the Kurds spin loose and join with the Kurds in Turkey , then you threaten the territorial integrity of Turkey . It 's a quagmire if you go that far and try to take over Iraq . The other thing was casualties . Everyone was impressed with the fact we were able to do our job with as few casualties as we had . But for the 146 Americans killed in action , and for their families — it wasn 't a cheap war . And the question for the president , in terms of whether or not we went on to Baghdad , took additional casualties in an effort to get Saddam Hussein , was how many additional dead Americans is Saddam worth ? Our judgment was , not very many , and I think we got it right . Cheney regarded the Gulf War as an example of the kind of regional problem the United States was likely to continue to face in the future . We 're always going to have to be involved [ in the Middle East ] . Maybe it 's part of our national character , you know we like to have these problems nice and neatly wrapped up , put a ribbon around it . You deploy a force , you win the war and the problem goes away . But it doesn 't work that way in the Middle East . It never has , and isn 't likely to in my lifetime . = = Private sector career = = Between 1987 and 1989 , during his last term in Congress , Cheney was a director of the Council on Foreign Relations foreign policy organization . With the new Democratic administration under President Bill Clinton in January 1993 , Cheney left the Department of Defense and joined the American Enterprise Institute . He also served a second term as a Council on Foreign Relations director from 1993 to 1995 . From 1995 until 2000 , he served as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Halliburton , a Fortune 500 company . Cheney 's record as CEO was subject to some dispute among Wall Street analysts . A 1998 merger between Halliburton and Dresser Industries attracted the criticism of some Dresser executives for Halliburton 's lack of accounting transparency . Although Cheney is not named as an individual defendant in the suit , Halliburton shareholders are pursuing a class @-@ action lawsuit alleging that the corporation artificially inflated its stock price during this period . In June 2011 , the United States Supreme Court reversed a lower court ruling and allowed the case to continue in litigation . Cheney was named in a December 2010 corruption complaint filed by the Nigerian government against Halliburton , which the company settled for $ 250 million . During Cheney 's term , Halliburton changed its accounting practices regarding revenue realization of disputed costs on major construction projects . Cheney resigned as CEO of Halliburton on July 25 , 2000 . As vice president , he argued that this step removed any conflict of interest . Cheney 's net worth , estimated to be between $ 19 million and $ 86 million , is largely derived from his post at Halliburton . His 2006 gross joint income with his wife was nearly $ 8 @.@ 82 million . He was also a member of the board of advisors of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs ( JINSA ) before becoming vice president . = = 2000 presidential election = = In early 2000 , while serving as the CEO of Halliburton , Cheney headed then @-@ Governor of Texas George W. Bush 's vice @-@ presidential search committee . On July 25 , after reviewing Cheney 's findings , Bush surprised some pundits by asking Cheney himself to join the Republican ticket . Halliburton reportedly reached agreement on July 20 to allow Cheney to retire , with a package estimated at $ 20 million . A few months before the election Cheney put his home in Dallas up for sale and changed his drivers ' license and voter registration back to Wyoming . This change was necessary to allow Texas ' presidential electors to vote for both Bush and Cheney without contravening the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which forbids electors from voting for someone from their own state for both President and Vice President . Cheney campaigned against Al Gore 's running mate , Joseph Lieberman , in the 2000 presidential election . While the election was undecided , the Bush @-@ Cheney team was not eligible for public funding to plan a transition to a new administration . So , Cheney opened a privately funded transition office in Washington . This office worked to identify candidates for all important positions in the cabinet . According to Craig Unger , Cheney advocated Donald Rumsfeld for the post of Secretary of Defense to counter the influence of Colin Powell at the State Department , and tried unsuccessfully to have Paul Wolfowitz named to replace George Tenet as director of the Central Intelligence Agency . = = Vice Presidency = = = = = First term = = = Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , Cheney remained physically apart from Bush for security reasons . For a period , Cheney stayed at a variety of undisclosed locations , out of public view . Cheney later revealed in his autobiographical memoir " In My Time " that these " undisclosed locations " included his official Vice Presidential residence , his home in Wyoming , and Camp David . He also utilized a heavy security detail , employing a motorcade of 12 to 18 government vehicles for his daily commute from the Vice Presidential residence at the U.S. Naval Observatory to the White House . On the morning of June 29 , 2002 , Cheney served as Acting President of the United States under the terms of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution , while Bush was undergoing a colonoscopy . Cheney acted as President from 11 : 09 UTC that day until Bush resumed the powers of the presidency at 13 : 24 UTC . = = = = Iraq War = = = = Following 9 / 11 , Cheney was instrumental in providing a primary justification for a renewed war against Iraq . Cheney helped shape Bush 's approach to the " War on Terror " , making numerous public statements alleging Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction , and making several personal visits to CIA headquarters , where he questioned mid @-@ level agency analysts on their conclusions . Cheney continued to allege links between Saddam Hussein and al @-@ Qaeda , even though President Bush received a classified President 's Daily Brief on September 21 , 2001 indicating the U.S. intelligence community had no evidence linking Saddam Hussein to the September 11 attacks and that " there was scant credible evidence that Iraq had any significant collaborative ties with Al Qaeda " . Furthermore , in 2004 , the 9 / 11 Commission concluded that there was no " collaborative relationship " between Iraq and al Qaeda . Following the US invasion of Iraq , Cheney remained steadfast in his support of the war , stating that it would be an " enormous success story " , and made many visits to the country . He often criticized war critics , calling them " opportunists " who were peddling " cynical and pernicious falsehoods " to gain political advantage while US soldiers died in Iraq . In response , Senator John Kerry asserted , " It is hard to name a government official with less credibility on Iraq [ than Cheney ] . " In a March 24 , 2008 extended interview conducted in Ankara , Turkey with ABC News correspondent Martha Raddatz on the fifth anniversary of the original U.S. military assault on Iraq , Cheney responded to a question about public opinion polls showing that Americans had lost confidence in the war by simply replying " So ? " video This remark prompted widespread criticism , including from former Oklahoma Republican Congressman Mickey Edwards , a long @-@ time personal friend of Cheney . = = = Second term = = = Bush and Cheney were re @-@ elected in the 2004 presidential election , running against John Kerry and his running mate , John Edwards . During the election , the pregnancy of his daughter Mary and her sexual orientation as a lesbian became a source of public attention for Cheney in light of the same @-@ sex marriage debate . Cheney has stated that he is in favor of gay marriages personally , but that each individual U.S. state should decide whether to permit it or not . Cheney 's former chief legal counsel , David Addington , became his chief of staff and remained in that office until Cheney 's departure from office . John P. Hannah served as Cheney 's national security adviser . Until his indictment and resignation in 2005 , I. Lewis " Scooter " Libby , Jr. served in both roles . On the morning of July 21 , 2007 , Cheney once again served as acting president , from 7 : 16 am to 9 : 21 am . Bush transferred the power of the presidency prior to undergoing a medical procedure , requiring sedation , and later resumed his powers and duties that same day . After his term began in 2001 , Cheney was occasionally asked if he was interested in the Republican nomination for the 2008 elections . However , he always maintained that he wished to retire upon the expiration of his term and he did not run in the 2008 presidential primaries . The Republicans nominated Arizona Senator John McCain . = = = = Disclosure of documents = = = = Cheney was a prominent member of the National Energy Policy Development Group ( NEPDG ) , commonly known as the Energy task force , which comprised energy industry representatives , including several Enron executives . After the Enron scandal , the Bush administration was accused of improper political and business ties . In July 2003 , the Supreme Court ruled that the US Department of Commerce must disclose NEPDG documents , containing references to companies that had made agreements with the previous Iraqi government to extract Iraq 's petroleum . Beginning in 2003 , Cheney 's staff opted not to file required reports with the National Archives and Records Administration office charged with assuring that the executive branch protects classified information , nor did it allow inspection of its record keeping . Cheney refused to release the documents , citing his executive privilege to deny congressional information requests . Media outlets such as Time magazine and CBS News questioned whether Cheney had created a " fourth branch of government " that was not subject to any laws . A group of historians and open @-@ government advocates filed a lawsuit in the US District Court for the District of Columbia , asking the court to declare that Cheney 's vice @-@ presidential records are covered by the Presidential Records Act of 1978 and cannot be destroyed , taken or withheld from the public without proper review . = = = = CIA leak scandal = = = = On October 18 , 2005 , The Washington Post reported that the vice president 's office was central to the investigation of the Valerie Plame CIA leak scandal , for Cheney 's former chief of staff , Lewis " Scooter " Libby , was one of the figures under investigation . Following an indictment , Libby resigned his positions as Cheney 's chief of staff and assistant on national security affairs . On September 8 , 2006 , Richard Armitage , former Deputy Secretary of State , publicly announced that he was the source of the revelation of Plame 's status . Armitage said he was not a part of a conspiracy to reveal Plame 's identity and did not know whether one existed . In February 2006 , The National Journal reported that Libby had stated before a grand jury that his superiors , including Cheney , had authorized him to disclose classified information to the press regarding intelligence on Iraq 's weapons . On March 6 , 2007 , Libby was convicted on four felony counts for obstruction of justice , perjury , and making false statements to federal investigators . In his closing arguments , independent prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald said that there was " a cloud over the vice president " , an apparent reference to Cheney 's interview with FBI agents investigating the case , which was made public in 2009 . Cheney lobbied President George W. Bush vigorously and unsuccessfully to grant Libby a full Presidential pardon up to the day of Barack Obama 's inauguration , likening Libby to a " soldier on the battlefield " . = = = = Assassination attempt = = = = On February 27 , 2007 , at about 10 am , a suicide bomber killed 23 people and wounded 20 more outside Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan during a visit by Cheney . The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack and declared that Cheney was its intended target . They also claimed that Osama Bin Laden supervised the operation . The bomb went off outside the front gate while Cheney was inside the base and half a mile away . He reported hearing the blast , saying " I heard a loud boom ... The Secret Service came in and told me there had been an attack on the main gate . " The purpose of Cheney 's visit to the region had been to press Pakistan for a united front against the Taliban . = = = = Policy formulation = = = = Cheney has been characterized as the most powerful and influential Vice President in history . Both supporters and critics of Cheney regard him as a shrewd and knowledgeable politician who knows the functions and intricacies of the federal government . A sign of Cheney 's active policy @-@ making role was then @-@ House Speaker Dennis Hastert 's provision of an office near the House floor for Cheney in addition to his office in the West Wing , his ceremonial office in the Old Executive Office Building , and his Senate offices ( one in the Dirksen Senate Office Building and another off the floor of the Senate ) . Cheney has actively promoted an expansion of the powers of the presidency , saying that the Bush administration 's challenges to the laws which Congress passed after Vietnam and Watergate to contain and oversee the executive branch — the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act , the Presidential Records Act , the Freedom of Information Act and the War Powers Resolution — are , in Cheney 's words , " a restoration , if you will , of the power and authority of the president " . In June 2007 , the Washington Post summarized Cheney 's vice presidency in a Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning four @-@ part series , based in part on interviews with former administration officials . The articles characterized Cheney not as a " shadow " president , but as someone who usually has the last words of counsel to the president on policies , which in many cases would reshape the powers of the presidency . When former Vice President Dan Quayle suggested to Cheney that the office was largely ceremonial , Cheney reportedly replied , " I have a different understanding with the president . " The articles described Cheney as having a secretive approach to the tools of government , indicated by the use of his own security classification and three man @-@ sized safes in his offices . The articles described Cheney 's influence on decisions pertaining to detention of suspected terrorists and the legal limits that apply to their questioning , especially what constitutes torture . U.S. Army Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson , who served as Colin Powell 's chief of staff when he was both Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the same time Cheney was Secretary of Defense , and then later when Powell was Secretary of State , stated in an in @-@ depth interview that Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld established an alternative program to interrogate post @-@ 9 / 11 detainees because of their mutual distrust of CIA . The Washington Post articles , principally written by Barton Gellman , further characterized Cheney as having the strongest influence within the administration in shaping budget and tax policy in a manner that assures " conservative orthodoxy . " They also highlighted Cheney 's behind @-@ the @-@ scenes influence on the administration 's environmental policy to ease pollution controls for power plants , facilitate the disposal of nuclear waste , open access to federal timber resources , and avoid federal constraints on greenhouse gas emissions , among other issues . The articles characterized his approach to policy formulation as favoring business over the environment . In June 2008 , Cheney allegedly attempted to block efforts by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to strike a controversial US compromise deal with North Korea over the communist state 's nuclear program . In July 2008 , a former Environmental Protection Agency official stated publicly that Cheney 's office had pushed significantly for large @-@ scale deletions from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report on the health effects of global warming " fearing the presentation by a leading health official might make it harder to avoid regulating greenhouse gases . " In October , when the report appeared with six pages cut from the testimony , The White House stated that the changes were made due to concerns regarding the accuracy of the science . However , according to the former senior adviser on climate change to Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Stephen Johnson , Cheney 's office was directly responsible for nearly half of the original testimony being deleted . In his role as President of the U.S. Senate , Cheney broke with the Bush Administration Department of Justice , and signed an amicus brief to the United States Supreme Court in the case of Heller v. District of Columbia that successfully challenged gun laws in the nation 's capitol on Second Amendment grounds . On February 14 , 2010 , in an appearance on ABC 's This Week , Cheney reiterated his support of waterboarding and for the torture of captured terrorist suspects , saying , " I was and remain a strong proponent of our enhanced interrogation program . " = = Post Vice @-@ Presidency = = The Washington Post reported in 2008 that Cheney purchased a home in McLean , Virginia ( Washington suburbs ) , which he was to tear down for a replacement structure . He also maintains homes in Wyoming and on Maryland 's Eastern Shore . = = = Political activity = = = In July 2012 , Cheney used his Wyoming home to host a private fund @-@ raiser for Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney , which netted over $ 4 million in contributions from attendees for Romney 's campaign . Cheney is the subject of a documentary film " The World According to Dick Cheney " premiering March 15 , 2013 on the Showtime television channel . Cheney was also reported to be the subject of an HBO television mini @-@ series based on Barton Gellman 's 2008 book Angler and the 2006 documentary The Dark Side , produced by the Public Broadcasting Service . Cheney maintained a visible public profile after leaving office , being especially critical of Obama administration policies on national security . In May 2009 , Cheney spoke of his support for same @-@ sex marriage , becoming one of the most prominent Republican politicians to do so . Speaking to the National Press Club , Cheney stated , " People ought to be free to enter into any kind of union they wish , any kind of arrangement they wish . I do believe , historically , the way marriage has been regulated is at a state level . It 's always been a state issue , and I think that 's the way it ought to be handled today . " In 2012 , Cheney reportedly encouraged several Maryland state legislators to vote to legalize same @-@ sex marriage in that state . Although , by custom , a former vice president unofficially receives six months of protection from the United States Secret Service , President Obama reportedly extended the protection period for Cheney . On July 11 , 2009 , CIA Director Leon Panetta told the Senate and House intelligence committees that the CIA withheld information about a secret counter @-@ terrorism program from Congress for eight years on direct orders from Cheney . Intelligence and Congressional officials have said the unidentified program did not involve the CIA interrogation program and did not involve domestic intelligence activities . They have said the program was started by the counter @-@ terrorism center at the CIA shortly after the attacks of September 11 , 2001 , but never became fully operational , involving planning and some training that took place off and on from 2001 until this year . The Wall Street Journal reported , citing former intelligence officials familiar with the matter , that the program was an attempt to carry out a 2001 presidential authorization to capture or kill al Qaeda operatives . Cheney has said that the Tea Party Movement is a " positive influence on the Republican Party " and that " I think it 's much better to have that kind of turmoil and change in the Republican Party than it would be to have it outside . " = = = Views on President Obama = = = Cheney has publicly criticized President Obama since the 2008 presidential election . On December 29 , 2009 , four days after the attempted bombing of an international passenger flight from Netherlands to United States , Cheney criticized Obama : " [ We ] are at war and when President Obama pretends we aren 't , it makes us less safe . [ ... ] Why doesn 't he want to admit we 're at war ? It doesn 't fit with the view of the world he brought with him to the Oval Office . It doesn 't fit with what seems to be the goal of his presidency — social transformation — the restructuring of American society . " In response , White House Communications Director Dan Pfeiffer wrote on the official White House blog the following day , " [ I ] t is telling that Vice President Cheney and others seem to be more focused on criticizing the Administration than condemning the attackers . Unfortunately too many are engaged in the typical Washington game of pointing fingers and making political hay , instead of working together to find solutions to make our country safer . " During a February 14 , 2010 appearance on ABC 's This Week , Cheney reiterated his criticism of the Obama administration 's policies for handling suspected terrorists , criticizing the " mindset " of treating " terror attacks against the United States as criminal acts as opposed to acts of war " . In a May 2 , 2011 , interview with ABC News , Cheney praised the Obama administration for the operation that resulted in the killing of Osama bin Laden . In 2014 while being a guest on Sean Hannity show he called Barack Obama a " weak President " amid the Ukrainian unrest . = = = Memoir = = = In August 2011 , Cheney published his memoir , In My Time : A Personal and Political Memoir , written with Liz Cheney . The book outlines Cheney 's recollections of 9 / 11 , the War on Terrorism , the 2001 War in Afghanistan , the run @-@ up to the 2003 Iraq war , so @-@ called " enhanced interrogation techniques " and other events . According to Barton Gellman , the author of Angler : The Cheney Vice Presidency , Cheney 's book differs from publicly available records on details surrounding the NSA surveillance program . = = = Exceptional : Why the World Needs a Powerful America = = = In 2015 , Cheney published another book , Exceptional : Why the World Needs a Powerful America , again co @-@ authored with his daughter Liz . The book traces the history of U.S. foreign policy and military successes and failures from Franklin Roosevelt 's administration through the Obama administration . The authors tell the story of what they describe as the unique role the United States has played as a defender of freedom throughout the world since World War II . Drawing upon the notion of American exceptionalism , the co @-@ authors criticize Barack Obama 's and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 's foreign policies , and offer what they see as the solutions needed to restore American greatness and power on the world stage in defense of freedom . = = Public perception = = Cheney 's early public opinion polls were more favorable than unfavorable , reaching his peak approval rating in the wake of the September 11 attacks at 68 percent . However , polling numbers for both him and the president gradually declined in their second terms , with Cheney reaching his lowest point shortly before leaving office at 13 percent . Cheney 's Gallup poll figures are mostly consistent with those from other polls : April 2001 – 63 % approval , 21 % disapproval January 2002 – 68 % approval , 18 % disapproval January 2004 – 56 % approval , 36 % disapproval January 2005 – 50 % approval , 40 % disapproval January 2006 – 41 % approval , 46 % disapproval July 2007 – 30 % approval , 60 % disapproval March 2009 – 30 % approval , 63 % disapproval In April 2007 , Cheney was awarded an honorary doctorate of public service by Brigham Young University , where he delivered the commencement address . His selection as commencement speaker was controversial . The college board of trustees issued a statement explaining that the invitation should be viewed " as one extended to someone holding the high office of vice president of the United States rather than to a partisan political figure " . BYU permitted a protest to occur so long as it did not " make personal attacks against Cheney , attack ( the ) BYU administration , the church or the First Presidency " . Cheney has been compared to Darth Vader , a characterization originated by his critics , but which was later adopted humorously by Cheney himself as well as by members of his family and staff . As a result of Cheney having admitted that he ' signed off ' on the so @-@ called " enhanced interrogation techniques " program , some public officials , as well as several media outlets and advocacy groups , have called for his prosecution under various anti @-@ torture and war crimes statutes . In former president George H. W. Bush 's book Destiny and Power : The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush , published in November 2015 , the 41st president , although also laudatory of Cheney , is in part critical of the former vice president , whom Bush describes as " having his own empire " and " very hard @-@ line . " = = Personal life = = Cheney is a member of the United Methodist Church and was the first Methodist vice president to serve under a Methodist president . His wife , Lynne Cheney , was chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities from 1986 to 1996 . She is now a public speaker , author , and a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute . The couple have two children , Elizabeth " Liz " Cheney and Mary Cheney , and seven grandchildren . Liz is married to Philip J. Perry , former General Counsel of the Department of Homeland Security . Mary , a former employee of the Colorado Rockies baseball team and of the Coors Brewing Company , a campaign aide to the Bush re @-@ election campaign , and an open lesbian , currently lives in Great Falls , Virginia , with her wife Heather Poe . Cheney has publicly supported gay marriage since leaving the vice presidency . In former president George H. W. Bush 's book Destiny and Power : The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush , released in November 2015 , the 41st president , although also laudatory of Cheney , is in part critical of the former vice president , whom Bush describes as " having his own empire " and " very hard @-@ line . " = = = Health problems = = = Cheney 's long histories of cardiovascular disease and periodic need for urgent health care raised questions of whether he was medically fit to serve in public office . Having smoked approximately 3 packs of cigarettes per day for nearly 20 years , Cheney had his first of five heart attacks in 1978 , at age 37 . Subsequent attacks in 1984 , 1988 , 2000 , and 2010 have resulted in moderate contractile dysfunction of his left ventricle . He underwent four @-@ vessel coronary artery bypass grafting in 1988 , coronary artery stenting in November 2000 , urgent coronary balloon angioplasty in March 2001 , and the implantation of an implantable cardioverter @-@ defibrillator in June , 2001 . On September 24 , 2005 , Cheney underwent a six @-@ hour endo @-@ vascular procedure to repair popliteal artery aneurysms bilaterally , a catheter treatment technique used in the artery behind each knee . The condition was discovered at a regular physical in July , and was not life @-@ threatening . Cheney was hospitalized for tests after experiencing shortness of breath five months later . In late April 2006 , an ultrasound revealed that the clot was smaller . On March 5 , 2007 , Cheney was treated for deep @-@ vein thrombosis in his left leg at George Washington University Hospital after experiencing pain in his left calf . Doctors prescribed blood @-@ thinning medication and allowed him to return to work . CBS News reported that during the morning of November 26 , 2007 , Cheney was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation and underwent treatment that afternoon . On July 12 , 2008 , Cheney underwent a cardiological exam ; doctors reported that his heartbeat was normal for a 67 @-@ year @-@ old man with a history of heart problems . As part of his annual checkup , he was administered an electrocardiogram and radiological imaging of the stents placed in the arteries behind his knees in 2005 . Doctors said that Cheney had not experienced any recurrence of atrial fibrillation and that his special pacemaker had neither detected nor treated any arrhythmia . On October 15 , 2008 , Cheney returned to the hospital briefly to treat a minor irregularity . On January 19 , 2009 , Cheney strained his back " while moving boxes into his new house " . As a consequence , he was in a wheelchair for two days , including his attendance at the 2009 United States presidential inauguration . On February 22 , 2010 , Cheney was admitted to George Washington University Hospital after experiencing chest pains . A spokesperson later said Cheney had experienced a mild heart attack after doctors had run tests . On June 25 , 2010 , Cheney was admitted to George Washington University Hospital after reporting discomfort . In early July 2010 , Cheney was outfitted with a left @-@ ventricular assist device ( LVAD ) at Inova Fairfax Heart and Vascular Institute to compensate for worsening congestive heart failure . The device pumped blood continuously through his body . He was released from Inova on August 9 , 2010 , and had to decide whether to seek a full heart transplant . This pump was centrifugal and as a result he remained alive without a pulse for nearly fifteen months . On March 24 , 2012 , Cheney underwent a seven @-@ hour heart transplant procedure at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church , Virginia , at the age of 71 . He had been on a waiting list for more than 20 months before receiving the heart from an anonymous donor . Cheney 's principal cardiologist , Dr. Jonathan Reiner , advised his patient that " it would not be unreasonable for an otherwise healthy 71 @-@ year @-@ old man to expect to live another 10 years " with a transplant , saying in a family @-@ authorized interview that he considered Cheney to be otherwise healthy . = = = Hunting incident = = = On February 11 , 2006 , Dick Cheney shot Harry Whittington , a 78 @-@ year @-@ old Texas attorney , while participating in a quail hunt at Armstrong ranch in Kenedy County , Texas . Secret Service agents and medical aides , who were traveling with Cheney , came to Whittington 's assistance and treated his birdshot wounds to his right cheek , neck , and chest . An ambulance standing by for the Vice President took Whittington to nearby Kingsville before he was flown by helicopter to Corpus Christi Memorial Hospital . On February 14 , 2006 , Whittington had a non @-@ fatal heart attack and atrial fibrillation due to at least one lead @-@ shot pellet lodged in or near his heart . Because of the small size of the birdshot pellets , doctors decided to leave up to 30 pieces of the pellets lodged in his body rather than try to remove them . The Secret Service stated that they notified the Sheriff about one hour after the shooting . Kenedy County Sheriff Ramone Salinas III stated that he first heard of the shooting at about 5 : 30 PM . The next day , ranch owner Katharine Armstrong informed the Corpus Christi Caller @-@ Times of the shooting . Cheney had a televised interview with MSNBC News about the shooting on February 15 . Both Cheney and Whittington have called the incident an accident . Early reports indicated that Cheney and Whittington were friends and that the injuries were minor . Whittington has since told the Washington Post that he and Cheney were not close friends but acquaintances . When asked if Cheney had apologized , Whittington declined to answer . The sheriff 's office released a report on the shooting on February 16 , 2006 and witness statements on February 22 , indicating that the shooting occurred on a clear sunny day , and Whittington was shot from 30 or 40 yards ( 40 m ) away while searching for a downed bird . Armstrong , the ranch owner , claimed that all in the hunting party were wearing blaze @-@ orange safety gear and none had been drinking . However , Cheney has acknowledged that he had one beer four or five hours prior to the shooting . Although Kenedy County Sheriff 's Office documents support the official story by Cheney and his party , re @-@ creations of the incident produced by George Gongora and John Metz of the Corpus Christi Caller @-@ Times indicated that the actual shooting distance was closer than the 30 yards claimed . The incident hurt Cheney 's popularity standing in the polls . According to polls on February 27 , 2006 , two weeks after the accident , Dick Cheney 's approval rating had dropped 5 percentage points to 18 % . The incident became the subject of a number of jokes and satire . = = Works = = Exceptional : Why the World Needs a Powerful America. with Liz Cheney . New York : Simon & Schuster . 2015 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 5011 @-@ 1541 @-@ 7 . Heart : An American Medical Odyssey. with Jonathan Reiner . Scribner . 2013 . ISBN 1 @-@ 4767 @-@ 2539 @-@ X. In My Time : A Personal and Political Memoir. with Elizabeth Cheney . New York : Threshold Editions . 2011 . ISBN 1 @-@ 4391 @-@ 7619 @-@ 1 . Kings of the Hill : Power and Personality in the House of Representatives. with Lynne Cheney . New York : Continuum . 1983 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8264 @-@ 0230 @-@ 5 . Professional Military Education : An Asset for Peace and Progress. with Bill Taylor . Washington , D.C : Center for Strategic & International Studies . 1997 . ISBN 0 @-@ 89206 @-@ 297 @-@ 5 . = Basehead = Basehead , also known as dc Basehead and Basehead 2 @.@ 0 , is an American alternative hip hop group formed by Michael Ivey in 1992 . Ivey serves as the group 's songwriter and leader , performing vocals and various instruments . Basehead 's 1992 debut album , Play with Toys , was recorded at Ivey 's home with various studio musicians . Ivey formed a touring band for live performances , which contributed to Basehead 's second album , Not in Kansas Anymore . The group 's current lineup consists of Ivey , drummer Aaron Burroughs and bassist Brendan Ciotta . Basehead has received praise for its distinctive sound and lyrics . The group 's music incorporates elements of various genres , including blues , funk , hip hop and rock . The lyrics of Play with Toys and Not in Kansas Anymore focus on subjects such as alcohol and cannabis use , depression , philosophy , politics and relationships . Beginning with the 1996 release of Faith , the group 's lyrics have focused primarily on Christian themes , which carried over to its albums In the Name of Jesus , dc Basehead and Rockalyptic Music . = = History = = Basehead released its debut album , Play with Toys in 1992 on the small independent label Emigre . Vocalist Michael Ivey recorded much of the album at his home on a four @-@ track with various friends . The album received favorable reviews and frequent airplay on college radio . Rolling Stone reviewer Kevin Powell wrote that " Without being preachy , Basehead 's unconventional style challenges listeners to get beyond their basic instincts and open their minds , search their souls . " Assembling a five @-@ member touring band , Ivey toured the United States and Europe , opening for the Beastie Boys , Stone Temple Pilots , and Ween . After College Music Journal featured Basehead on its cover , the group received attention from major labels , and signed with Imago Records , a former subsidiary of BMG the following year , releasing its second studio album , Not in Kansas Anymore . Rolling Stone reviewer Danyel Smith called the album " an alternative to the benign bullshit music that floods the chain stores and commercial radio waves . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that " Although it retains many of the same qualities of their critically acclaimed debut [ ... ] there 's nothing that has the same sense of discovery that made Play with Toys an interesting record . " In April 1994 , Basehead recorded its third studio album , Faith , which retained the musical elements of previous albums , but featured lyrics focusing on religious themes . During this period , Ivey also formed a side project , Bastard Youth of Basehead , also known as B.Y.O.B. , and founded I3Records , an imprint of Rykodisc Records focusing on alternative music aimed at and produced by African American musicians . In December 1994 , Imago separated from BMG , and Faith was not released until two years later . The album 's release problems resulted in the cancellation of a planned tour between Basehead and B.Y.O.B. Although some band members felt that they had not been given proper financial compensation for their work , Ivey stated that he took a smaller percentage of the songwriting credits than he was legally entitled to , and that the group 's underpaid work would have " laid the groundwork " for future success if Faith did not have release problems . In 1998 , Basehead released its fourth studio album , In the Name of Jesus on the label Union of Vineyard Workers . In 2002 the group changed its name to dc Basehead , releasing their self @-@ titled fifth album on November 19 . Hamlin wrote that " the mastermind 's [ ... ] effective use of subtly shifting patterns inside a repeating framework , and his talented co @-@ conspirators lift DC into distinction . " Reforming as Basehead 2 @.@ 0 , the group released its sixth studio album , Rockalyptic Music in 2007 . = = Music and lyrics = = Basehead 's musical style , which fuses elements of blues , funk , hip hop , pop , psychedelic , reggae , rock and rhythm and blues , is often regarded as alternative hip hop and alternative rock . David Jeffries from Allmusic described Play with Toys as " slacker rap " . According to Michael Ivey , " There are hip @-@ hop elements in there , but if a hardcore hip @-@ hop fan bought it , they might be disappointed " . Ivey also stated that Basehead 's music " doesn 't have the expected samples and sounds . " The lyrical themes of Play with Toys and Not in Kansas Anymore focus on diverse subjects , including alcohol and marijuana use , depression , philosophy , politics , racism , and relationship breakups . Francis Davis wrote that Ivey 's lyrics " [ subvert ] both rock and gangsta @-@ rap conventions . " Basehead 's albums and performances feature live instrumentation , which differentiates the group 's sound from that of mainstream hip hop artists who rely solely on sampled instrumentation . On the group 's albums , vocals and instruments are altered with studio techniques for effect . Ivey 's vocals mix singing and rapping . According to Ivey , Basehead 's former DJ , Citizen Cope , " doesn 't play music . He makes sounds — [ he 's ] an instrument in his own self . He might scratch certain words for a special effect . " In 1994 , the group 's lyrics shifted to Christian themes , starting with the album Faith . Andrew Hamlin describes the lyrics of Faith as having " caught Ivey mid @-@ capitulation . He wanted Jesus in his life but he also wanted his beer , his pot , his television , and his lust . " During the release of Faith , Ivey stated that Basehead 's fourth studio album , In the Name of Jesus , would feature even more Christian @-@ oriented lyrics than Faith . Regarding the lyrics of In the Name of Jesus , Hamlin writes that " chanting praises leaves the Basehead mastermind without his characteristic wit , and he lacks the energetic exhortations that often lift gospel performers above sameness in material . " Regarding dc Basehead , Hamlin wrote that the album 's lyrics were " miles in some direction or other from any stereotyped Christian rock bin . " During a performance in which the group received a request for early material , Ivey stated " I 'm still trying to work it out — how to follow God and still give you the old shit " and introduced the group 's Christian songs with self @-@ deprecation , referring to the songs as " the new , reborn , love @-@ God Basehead stuff . " In a 1998 interview , Ivey stated " I 'm kind of wary of the Church . I know there 's this whole Christian music market , but I don 't think , theology @-@ wise , I 'm in agreement with a whole lot of Christians . [ ... ] In fact , I don 't know whether I like even being called a Christian . " = = Band members = = Michael Ivey — guitar , vocals Aaron Burroughs — drums Brendan Ciotta — bass = = = Former members = = = Bill Conway — bass Keith " Lazy K " Lofton — guitar Clarence " Citizen Cope " Greenwood — turntables Brian Hendrix — drums Jay Nichols — drums = = Discography = = Play with Toys ( 1992 ) Not in Kansas Anymore ( 1993 ) Faith ( 1996 ) In the Name of Jesus ( 1998 ) dc Basehead ( 2002 ) Rockalyptic Music ( 2007 ) = Stephen Sutton = Stephen Robert Sutton , MBE ( 16 December 1994 – 14 May 2014 ) , was an English blogger and charity activist known for his blog Stephen 's Story and his fundraising efforts for the Teenage Cancer Trust charity for the aid of teenagers with cancer . By the second anniversary of his death , £ 5 @.@ 5 million had been raised in his memory . Born in Burntwood , Staffordshire , Sutton performed well at school , but withdrew his applications to university in 2012 after his terminal prognosis for colorectal cancer . His father had fought the disease twice , and both were predisposed to it through Lynch syndrome . Sutton had struggled to get a diagnosis as doctors did not believe that colorectal cancer could occur in a teenager . Sutton made a " bucket list " of things to do in his final months , successfully achieving many of them including becoming a Guinness World Records holder . He began fundraising for the Teenage Cancer Trust , receiving support from celebrities and politicians . In 2013 , he met filmmaker Grigorij Richters , who recorded him for a documentary . Sutton died in hospital , at age 19 . A memorial service to him at Lichfield Cathedral was attended by over 10 @,@ 000 mourners . After his death , Sutton was posthumously recognised for his activism with awards including an MBE and an honorary doctorate from Coventry University . = = Early life = = Sutton was born on 16 December 1994 , and attended primary and secondary school in his home town of Burntwood , Staffordshire . During his youth , Sutton was a very active child , participating in sports and athletics , particularly long @-@ distance running and football ; he was at one point a trialist at Walsall F.C. , and set a record in under @-@ 15 400 m at his school . Sutton received straight A grades from Chase Terrace Technology College in August 2012 , and had interviews at Cambridge University to study medicine , as well as universities in Leicester and Leeds . He later withdrew his applications before getting a verdict , after his cancer was determined to be incurable . Sutton , like his father Andy , had Lynch syndrome , a genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer . The elder Sutton had surgery to remove part of his intestine after a cancer diagnosis in 1989 . Twenty years later , he had another tumour removed , and a second course of chemotherapy , receiving an all @-@ clear only months before Stephen was first diagnosed . Doctors initially diagnosed Stephen with constipation and prescribed laxatives , despite Andy 's insistence that there was a risk of colorectal cancer in the family ; he was repeatedly told that teenagers were too young to have the illness . In his final interview , published in the Daily Mail on 11 May 2014 , Sutton confessed that he had a degree of " anger " towards the amount of time taken for his cancer diagnosis , but would not lament it . = = Illness and activism = = Sutton was diagnosed with stage 3B colorectal cancer at the age of 15 , and subsequently went through aggressive radiation and chemotherapy treatments . He was declared cancer @-@ free , but a tumour returned behind his knee , which was treated by further chemotherapy . Doctors considered an amputation of Sutton 's left leg , but the tumour had already spread to other parts of his lower body . In December 2012 , two years after the initial diagnosis , the cancer was deemed incurable after spreading to the lungs and liver . Sutton did not ask how long he was expected to survive , choosing to measure his life in the difference he could make , rather than in time . On 24 January 2014 , in a speech at London 's O2 Arena , he called his first diagnosis " a good thing . It was a huge kick up the backside , it taught me to take nothing for granted , and gave me a lot of motivation for life " . After his diagnosis , Sutton began participating in charity events with the Teenage Cancer Trust , and later started his own website and blog in January 2013 . At the same time , he began fundraising for the trust , with an initial goal of £ 10 @,@ 000 . Following unexpected support , the goal was raised to £ 100 @,@ 000 and £ 500 @,@ 000 the same year , before being raised to £ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in March 2014 and went over the £ 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 mark by the end of May 2014 . During his fundraising campaign , Sutton was supported by several celebrities , most notably Jimmy Carr , Jonathan Ross and Jason Manford . Manford donated £ 10 @,@ 000 and gave all the turnover from his own comedy clubs for the entire month of May to the charity . Following Sutton 's hospitalisation in April 2014 , Manford became the unofficial spokesperson for the charity , appearing in interviews promoting the cause . He also launched the campaign " # thumbsupforStephen " , asking people to share selfies of themselves promoting the campaign . Sutton 's goal of £ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 was reached on 23 April 2014 , and on 2 May , he was discharged from the hospital following an improvement in his condition . Later that same day he also met with prime minister David Cameron , who voiced his support for the campaign . On 4 May , Sutton helped break the Guinness World Record for ' The most number of people making heart @-@ shaped hand gestures ' , with 554 people at Chase Terrace Technology College . In September 2014 , £ 2 @.@ 9 million of the £ 4 @.@ 96 million raised was invested in specialist cancer units for young people at seven British hospitals . A further £ 1 @.@ 2 million was put towards 50 care scholarships at Coventry University , and £ 700 @,@ 000 invested in improving cancer awareness information and helping patients attend the charity 's annual weekend conference . On 14 May 2016 , the second anniversary of Sutton 's death , £ 5 @.@ 5 million had been raised . Skydiving and entering the Guinness Book of Records were two goals which Sutton achieved before his death . On 10 July 2015 at Hibaldstow Airfield in Lincolnshire , 402 people made 403 tandem jumps of at least 10 @,@ 000 feet in 24 hours for the Teenage Cancer Trust in his honour , breaking the previous record of 286 . His mother , an official ambassador for the trust , also ran a marathon and plans to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in her son 's memory . = = Documentary = = In April 2013 , Sutton met Kevin Spacey 's filmmaker @-@ in @-@ residence Grigorij Richters while rehearsing as part of the drummer group for the opening ceremony of the 2013 UEFA Champions League final at Wembley Stadium . They quickly became friends . Richters and his team began following him around for several months , filming Sutton at home with his family and at several fundraisers . In the summer of 2013 Sutton went on holiday to Ibiza ( his last travel ) with his close friends . Richters equipped him with several GoPro cameras . The documentary is in development , as of 2016 , and will be made into a feature @-@ length film . Richters said : " Two days before Stephen passed we talked about his legacy . He wanted to make sure that we remember him as the positive person he was and not as a cancer sufferer " . Besides making the documentary for Sutton , Richters and his team were tasked to rebrand his Facebook page and have been managing most of his media and backend . The opening ceremony , titled " The Battle of Kings " was directed by Spacey 's executive Assistant and Prince 's Trust ambassador Hamish Jenkinson and his business partner Jonny Grant who had previously directed the opening ceremony at the same venue for the 2011 final . It was produced by Films United and directed and produced by Richters and his producing partner Alex Souabni . Both were the former filmmakers @-@ in @-@ residence of Spacey and Jenkinson at The Old Vic Theatre in London . The film focused around the story of Sutton who was part of the group of performers . Ceremonies Manager Julien Pateau spoke about Sutton after his death : " I met with Stephen a year ago at Wembley , I couldn 't believe how committed he was to following his dream – being part of the 400 drummers we had last year for the opening ceremony . I remember on the eve of the ceremony , his knee was hurting him so bad that he couldn 't walk without crutches . He was watching the dress rehearsal from the stands with a constant smile on his face and told me : ' Don 't worry Julien , tomorrow I 'll be there whatever it takes ! ' Indeed , he took a double dose of painkillers and performed with all his passion for our ceremony . Stephen inspired me . I 'm so proud to have met you and to have been even just a small part of your story " . = = Death and reaction = = Following a lung collapse on 22 April 2014 , Sutton was put on life @-@ support but in a stable condition . He died of colorectal cancer in his sleep at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham in the early hours of 14 May 2014 , at age 19 . His death was announced on his Facebook page by his mother . His elder brother Chris wrote on Twitter that " I could sit here all day typing words like inspirational , proud , but frankly his life and what he achieved speaks for itself , it doesn 't need a rambling eulogy from me . He 'll still always be a bit of tw * t to me , hey he was my younger brother , it ’ s in the contract , but I was blessed to grow up with the best little tw * t you could have " . By the time of his death , he had raised over £ 3 @.@ 2 million for the Teenage Cancer Trust . David Cameron praised Sutton for his " spirit and bravery " while Opposition Leader Ed Miliband said Sutton was an " inspiration " . Manford said : " Stephen Sutton was the most inspiring person I 've ever met and touched more lives than he will ever know . He was an incredibly positive young man and a credit to his family , to Burntwood and to humanity itself . The reason we took to him so passionately was because he was better than us , he did something that none of us could even imagine doing . In his darkest hour he selflessly dedicated his final moments to raising millions of pounds for teenagers with cancer . Some of Stephen 's words will stay with me and others forever and they are words to live by – ' life isn 't measured in time , it 's measured in achievements ' " . On 21 May , Lichfield Cathedral announced that they would hold a public vigil for Sutton on 29 May , before a private family funeral the following day . In accordance with Sutton 's wishes , those in attendance were told to wear bright colours and have fun ; yellow , the colour of the summer , was advised . Around 11 @,@ 000 people attended his vigil , with the Cathedral 's Dean telling the BBC that the degree of public grief was akin to that of the death of Princess Diana . He was buried the next day . = = Posthumous recognition = = = = = Awards and honours = = = Sutton was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2014 Birthday Honours " for services to Teenage Cancer Trust Charity " ; the award was dated 14 May . His mother , Jane , said that " though Stephen continually told all of us that he didn 't do charity work for recognition , even he acknowledged that to be appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire was awesome " . Jane received the MBE from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace in November 2014 . On 7 October 2014 , Sutton was recognised at the Pride of Britain Awards with the award for " Special Recognition " . It was presented to his family by Jason Manford and Roger Daltrey . On the 11 November 2014 Coventry University announced that it would posthumously award an Honorary Doctorate of Science , in recognition of his outstanding contribution to highlighting the unique needs of teenagers and young adults with cancer . His mother collected it on his behalf later that month . Burntwood 's Christmas tree for 2014 was dedicated to Sutton , and decorated with the yellow ribbons . In September 2015 , Virgin Trains renamed Pendolino 390 002 in his honour . In June 2014 , an elephant at the West Midlands Safari Park was named Sutton by public vote ; he had previously met the animal 's mother as part of a wish to hug an animal larger than himself . = = = Music = = = The Neon Brotherhood recorded a single titled " Hope Ain 't a Bad Thing " as a fundraiser for Teenage Cancer Trust in memory of Sutton . Jane Sutton announced the release of the single on 2 June and within 24 hours the song reached No. 2 on UK iTunes Charts . It peaked in the Official UK charts at No. 16 . After working with Sutton , local community organisation Gig Caritas announced that they would hold a concert in memory of him in Dudley , featuring West End stars Kieran Brown , Sabrina Aloueche and Katie Bernstein accompanied by a professional orchestra and choir made up of members from In Sound Company and Brierley Hill Musical Theatre Company . From 2014 , the Download Festival has paid tribute to Sutton , and its main stage has been named after him . He attended the festival in 2013 as part of his " bucket list " . = Washington State Route 513 = State Route 513 ( SR 513 ) is a 3 @.@ 35 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 5 @.@ 39 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington , located entirely within the city of Seattle in King County . The highway travels north as Montlake Boulevard from an interchange with SR 520 and over the Montlake Bridge to the University of Washington campus in the University District . SR 513 continues past University Village before it turns northeast onto Sand Point Way and ends at the entrance to Magnuson Park in the Sand Point neighborhood . SR 513 was created during the 1964 state highway renumbering as the successor to Secondary State Highway 1J ( SSH 1J ) , itself created in 1937 and traveling from Downtown Seattle to Lake City . Sections of SSH 1J , including Madison Street from Downtown to Capitol Hill , date as far back as 1854 . Most sections of the highway were built in the 1890s and 1900s in preparation for the Alaska – Yukon – Pacific Exposition , which took place on the University of Washington campus in 1909 . SR 513 was shortened in 1971 to its present southern terminus , the interchange with SR 520 in Montlake , and to an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) on the Seattle – Shoreline city border . In 1991 , the highway was truncated to its current northern terminus at Magnuson Park , eliminating its route through Lake City and much of North Seattle . = = Route description = = SR 513 begins at the intersection of Montlake Boulevard and Lake Washington Boulevard in the Montlake neighborhood of Seattle , part of a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 520 . The highway travels north on Montlake Boulevard and crosses the Montlake Cut section of the Lake Washington Ship Canal on the 320 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 98 m ) Montlake Bridge . The bascule drawbridge is designated as a city landmark and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1982 . SR 513 continues north through the University of Washington campus within the University District and passes Husky Stadium and the Hec Edmundson Pavilion before it becomes parallel to the Burke @-@ Gilman Trail . The highway turns east onto	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
45th Street and Sand Point Way at the University Village shopping mall and enters the Sand Point neighborhood near Seattle Children 's Hospital . SR 513 continues northeast along the Burke @-@ Gilman Trail past the Seattle branch of the National Archives before the highway ends at an intersection with 65th Street west of Magnuson Park . Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of SR 513 was within the University of Washington campus , serving 41 @,@ 000 vehicles , while the least busiest section was its northern terminus at Magnuson Park , serving 14 @,@ 000 vehicles . The entire route of SR 513 is part of the National Highway System , identifying it as important to the national economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = SSH 1J , the predecessor to SR 513 , was added to the state highway system in 1937 and traveled 13 @.@ 40 miles ( 21 @.@ 57 km ) within the city of Seattle on streets that have existed since the 19th century . Madison Street , which carries SSH 1J from its southern terminus at U.S. Route 99 in Downtown to Capitol Hill was built in 1864 by local judge John J. McGilvra to connect his homestead at Madison Park to downtown . Other streets carrying SSH 1J , including 23rd and 24th Avenues towards Montlake , Montlake Boulevard through the University District , and Sand Point Way towards Sand Point were built during the early 1890s as the city of Seattle expanded . The rest of SSH 1J , traveling northwest from Naval Station Puget Sound at Sand Point through Lake City to US 99 on the border between Seattle and Shoreline via Roosevelt Way and 145th Street was constructed by the late 1900s to serve the University of Washington campus , site of the Alaska – Yukon – Pacific Exposition in 1909 . SSH 1J was replaced by SR 513 during the 1964 state highway renumbering and codified in 1970 on its original route , connecting Downtown Seattle to Montlake and Lake City . In 1971 , SR 513 was shortened to 9 @.@ 22 miles ( 14 @.@ 84 km ) by moving its southern terminus to an interchange with SR 520 in Montlake and its northern terminus to an interchange with I @-@ 5 at 145th Street . The highway was further shortened , to its present length of 3 @.@ 35 miles ( 5 @.@ 39 km ) , in 1991 by moving its northern terminus from I @-@ 5 to Magnuson Park at the site of the former Naval Station Puget Sound . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway is in Seattle , King County . = Alexander Lukashenko = Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko ( Belarusian : Алякса ́ ндр Рыго ́ равіч Лукашэ ́ нка , Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Lukashenka , Russian : Алекса ́ ндр Григо ́ рьевич Лукаше ́ нко ; born 30 August 1954 ) is the President of Belarus , in office since 20 July 1994 . Before his career as a politician , Lukashenko worked as director of a state @-@ owned agricultural farm and spent time with the Soviet Border Troops and the Soviet Army . He was the only deputy to vote against the independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union . Lukashenko opposed Western @-@ backed " shock therapy " during the post @-@ Soviet transition . He has retained Soviet @-@ era policies , such as continued state ownership of key industries , despite objections from Western governments . Observers also contend that Lukashenko presides over a regime steeped in Soviet nostalgia . Belarus has been labeled " Europe 's last dictatorship " by some Western journalists , on account of Lukashenko 's self @-@ described authoritarian style of government . Lukashenko and other Belarusian officials are also the subject of sanctions imposed by the European Union and the United States for alleged human rights violations off and on since 2006 . = = Early life and career ( 1954 – 94 ) = = Lukashenko was born on 30 August 1954 , in the settlement of Kopys in the Vitebsk voblast of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic . His grandfather , Trokhym Lukashenko , had been born in the Sumy Oblast of Ukraine near Shostka ( today village of Sobycheve ) . Lukashenko grew up without a father in his childhood , leading him to be taunted by his schoolmates for having an unmarried mother . Lukashenko graduated from the Mogilev Pedagogical Institute ( now Mogilev State A. Kuleshov University ) in 1975 and the Belarusian Agricultural Academy in 1985 . He served in the Border Guard ( frontier troops ) from 1975 to 1977 and in the Soviet Army from 1980 to 1982 . In addition , he led an All @-@ Union Leninist Young Communist League ( Komsomol ) chapter in Mogilev from 1977 to 1978 . While in the Soviet Army , Lukashenko was an officer of the 120th Guards Motor Rifle Division , which was based in Minsk . After leaving the military , he became the deputy chairman of a collective farm in 1982 and in 1985 . He was promoted to the post of director of the Gorodets state farm and construction materials plant in the Shklov district . In 1990 , Lukashenko was elected Deputy to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus . He was the only deputy of the Belarusian parliament who voted against ratification of the December 1991 agreement that dissolved the Soviet Union and set up the Commonwealth of Independent States . Having acquired a reputation as an eloquent opponent of corruption , Lukashenko was elected in 1993 to serve as the chairman of the anti @-@ corruption committee of the Belarusian parliament . In late 1993 he accused 70 senior government officials , including the Supreme Soviet chairman Stanislav Shushkevich and prime minister Vyacheslav Kebich , of corruption including stealing state funds for personal purposes . While the charges were never fully proven against him , Shushkevich resigned his chairmanship due to the embarrassment of the series of events and losing a vote of no @-@ confidence . A new Belarusian constitution enacted in early 1994 paved the way for the first--and to date , only--democratic presidential election on 23 June and 10 July . Six candidates stood in the first round , including Lukashenko , who campaigned as an independent on a populist platform of " defeat the mafia against the Conspiracy of New World Order and Zionism " . Shushkevich and Kebich also ran , with the latter regarded as the clear favorite . Lukashenko won 45 @.@ 1 % of the vote while Kebich received 17 @.@ 4 % , Zyanon Paznyak received 12 @.@ 9 % and Shushkevich , along with two other candidates , received less than 10 % of votes . Lukashenko won the second round of the election on 10 July with 80 @.@ 1 % of the vote . Shortly after his election , he addressed the State Duma of the Russian Federation in Moscow proposing a new Union of Slavic states , which would culminate in the creation of the Union State in 1999 . = = President of Belarus = = = = = First term ( 1994 – 2001 ) = = = In May 1995 , Belarus held a referendum on changing its national symbols ; the referendum also made the Russian language equal to Belarusian , and forged closer economic ties to Russia . Lukashenko was also given the ability to disband the Supreme Soviet by decree . In the summer of 1996 , deputies of the 199 @-@ member Belarusian parliament signed a petition to impeach Lukashenko on charges of violating the Constitution . Shortly after that , a referendum was held on 24 November 1996 in which four questions were offered by Lukashenko and three offered by a group of Parliament members . The questions ranged from social issues ( changing independence day to 3 July , abolition of the death penalty ) to the national constitution . As a result of the referendum , the constitution that was amended by Lukashenko was accepted and the one amended by the Supreme Soviet was voided . The new document dramatically increased Lukashenko 's power and transformed his presidency into a de facto legal dictatorship . His decrees now had the force of law , and he also acquired near @-@ total control over government spending . On 25 November , it was announced that 70 @.@ 5 % of voters , of an 84 % turnout , had approved the amended constitution . The US and the EU , however , refused to accept the legitimacy of the referendum . After the referendum , Lukashenko convened a new parliamentary assembly from those members of the parliament who were loyal to him . After between ten and twelve deputies withdrew their signature from the impeachment petition , only about forty deputies of the old parliament were left and the Supreme Soviet was dismissed by Lukashenko . Nevertheless , international organizations and many Western countries do not recognize the current parliament given the way it was formed . At the start of 1998 , the Central Bank of Russia suspended trading in the Belarusian ruble , which led to a collapse in the value of the currency . Lukashenko responded by taking control of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus , sacking the entire bank leadership and blaming the West for the free fall of the currency . Lukashenko blamed foreign governments for conspiring against him and , in April 1998 , expelled ambassadors from the Drazdy complex near Minsk and moved them to another building . The Drazdy conflict caused an international outcry and resulted in a travel ban on Lukashenko from the EU and the US . Although the ambassadors eventually returned after the controversy died down , Lukashenko stepped up his rhetorical attacks against the West . He stated that Western governments were trying to undermine Belarus at all levels , even sports , during the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Upon the outbreak of the Kosovo War in 1999 , Lukashenko suggested to Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević that Yugoslavia join the Union of Russia and Belarus . = = = Second term ( 2001 – 06 ) = = = Belarus held another presidential election on 9 September 2001 . Under the original constitution , this election should have been held in 1999 , but the 1996 referendum extended Lukashenko 's term for an additional two years . Lukashenko faced Vladimir Goncharik and Sergei Gaidukevich in the election . During the campaign , Lukashenko promised to raise the standards of farming , social benefits and increase industrial output of Belarus . Lukashenko won in the first round with 75 @.@ 65 % of the vote . The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) said the process " failed to meet international standards " . Jane 's Intelligence Digest surmised that the price of Russian support for Lukashenko ahead of the 2001 presidential elections was the surrender of Minsk 's control over its section of the Yamal @-@ Europe gas pipeline . After the results were announced declaring Lukashenko the winner , Russia publicly welcomed Lukashenko 's re @-@ election ; the Russian President , Vladimir Putin , telephoned Lukashenko and offered a message of congratulations and support . Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq , American intelligence agencies reported that aides of Saddam Hussein managed to acquire Belarusian passports while in Syria , but that it was unlikely that Belarus would offer a safe haven for Saddam and his two sons . This action , along with arms deals with Iraq and Iran , prompted Western governments to take a tougher stance against Lukashenko . The US was particularly angered by the arms sales , and American political leaders increasingly began to refer to Belarus as " Europe 's last dictatorship " . The EU was concerned for the security of its gas supplies from Russia , which are piped through Belarus , and took an active interest in Belarusian affairs . With the accession of Poland , Latvia and Lithuania , the EU 's border with Belarus has grown to more than 1000 kilometers . During a televised address to the nation on 7 September 2004 , Lukashenko announced plans for a referendum to eliminate presidential term limits . This was held on 17 October 2004 , the same day as parliamentary elections , and , according to official results , was approved by 79 @.@ 42 % of voters . Previously , Lukashenko had been limited to two terms and thus would have been constitutionally required to step down after the presidential elections in 2006 . Opposition groups , the OSCE , the European Union , and the US State Department stated that the vote fell short of international standards . An example of the failure , cited by the OSCE , was the pre @-@ marking of ballots . Belarus grew economically under Lukashenko , but much of this growth was due to Russian crude oil which was imported at below @-@ market prices , refined , and sold to other European countries at a profit . = = = 2006 presidential election = = = After Lukashenko confirmed he was running for re @-@ election in 2005 , opposition groups began to seek a single candidate . On 16 October 2005 , on the Day of Solidarity With Belarus , the political groups Zubr and Third Way Belarus encouraged all opposition parties to rally behind one candidate to oppose Lukashenko in the 2006 election . Their chosen candidate was Alexander Milinkevich . Lukashenko reacted by saying that anyone going to opposition protests would have their necks wrung " as one might a duck " . On 19 March 2006 , exit polls showed Lukashenko winning a third term in a landslide , amid opposition reports of vote @-@ rigging and fear of violence . The EcooM organisation gave Lukashenko 84 @.@ 2 % of the vote and Milinkevich just 2 % , while the Belarusian Republican Youth Union gave Lukashenko 84 @.@ 2 % and Milinkevich 3 @.@ 1 % . The Gallup Organisation noted that EcooM and the Belarusian Republican Youth Union are government @-@ controlled and both released their exit poll results before noon on election day even though voting stations did not close until 8 pm . Belarusian authorities vowed to prevent any large @-@ scale demonstrations following the election ( such as those that marked the Orange Revolution in Ukraine ) . Despite their efforts , the opposition had the largest number of demonstrators in years , with nightly protests in Minsk continuing for a number days after the election . The largest protest occurred on election night ; reporters for the Associated Press estimated that approximately 10 @,@ 000 people turned out . Election observers from the Russia @-@ led Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) differed on the Belarusian election . The OSCE declared on 20 March 2006 that the " presidential election failed to meet OSCE commitments for democratic elections . " Lukashenko " permitted State authority to be used in a manner which did not allow citizens to freely and fairly express their will at the ballot box ... a pattern of intimidation and the suppression of independent voices ... was evident throughout the campaign . " The heads of all 25 EU countries declared that the election was " fundamentally flawed " . In contrast , the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs declared , " Long before the elections , the OSCE 's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights had declared that they [ the elections ] would be illegitimate and it was pretty biased in its commentaries on their progress and results , thus playing an instigating role . " Lukashenko later stated that he had rigged the election results , but against himself , in order to obtain a majority more typical of European countries . Although he had won 93 @.@ 5 % of the vote , he said , he had directed the government to announce a result of 86 % . Some Russian nationalists , such as Dmitry Rogozin and the Movement Against Illegal Immigration , stated that they would like to see Lukashenko become President of Russia in 2008 . Lukashenko responded that he would not run for the Russian presidency , but that if his health was still good , he might run for reelection in 2011 . = = = Third term ( 2006 – 11 ) = = = In September 2008 , parliamentary elections were held . Lukashenko had allowed some opposition candidates to stand , though in the official results , opposition members failed to get a seat out of the available 110 . OSCE observers described the vote as " flawed " , including " several cases of deliberate falsification of results " . Opposition members and supporters demonstrated in protest . According to the Nizhny Novgorod @-@ based CIS election observation mission , the findings of which are often dismissed by the West , the elections in Belarus conformed to international standards . Lukashenko later commented that the opposition in Belarus was financed by foreign countries and was not needed . In April 2009 , he held talks with Pope Benedict XVI in the Vatican , Lukashenko 's first visit to Western Europe after a travel ban on him a decade earlier . = = = 2010 presidential election = = = Lukashenko was one of ten candidates registered for the presidential election held in Belarus on 19 December 2010 . Though originally envisaged for 2011 , an earlier date was approved " to ensure the maximum participation of citizens in the electoral campaign and to set most convenient time for the voters " . The run @-@ up to the campaign was marked by a series of Russian media attacks on Lukashenko . The Central Election Committee said that all nine opposition figures were likely to get less than half the vote total that Lukashenko would get . Though opposition figures alleged intimidation and that " dirty tricks " were being played , the election was seen as comparatively open as a result of desire to improve relations with both Europe and the US . On election day , two presidential candidates were seriously beaten by police in different opposition rallies . On the night of the election , opposition protesters chanting " Out ! , " " Long live Belarus ! " and other similar slogans attempted to storm the building of the government of Belarus , smashing windows and doors before riot police were able to push them back . The number of protesters was reported by major news media as being around or above 10 @,@ 000 people . At least seven of the opposition presidential candidates were arrested . Several of the opposition candidates , along with their supporters and members of the media , were arrested . Many were sent to prison , often on charges of organizing a mass disturbance . Examples include Andrei Sannikov , Alexander Otroschenkov , Ales Michalevic , Mikola Statkevich , and Uladzimir Nyaklyayew . Sannikov 's wife , journalist Irina Khalip , was put under house arrest . Yaraslau Ramanchuk 's party leader , Anatoly Lebedko , was also arrested . The CEC said that Lukashenko won 79 @.@ 65 % of the vote ( he gained 5 @,@ 130 @,@ 557 votes ) with 90 @.@ 65 % of the electorate voting . The OSCE categorized the elections as " flawed " while the CIS mission observers praised them as " free and transparent " . However , the OSCE also stated that some improvements were made in the run @-@ up to the election , including the candidates ' use of television debates and ability to deliver their messages unhindered . Several European foreign ministers issued a joint statement calling the election and its aftermath an " unfortunate step backwards in the development of democratic governance and respect for human rights in Belarus . " Lukashenko 's inauguration ceremony of 22 January 2011 was boycotted by EU ambassadors , and only thirty @-@ two foreign diplomats attended . During this ceremony , Lukashenko defended the legitimacy of his re @-@ election and vowed that Belarus would never have its own version of the Orange Revolution or Georgia 's 2003 Rose Revolution . Effective 31 January 2011 , the EU renewed a travel ban , prohibiting Lukashenko and 156 of his associates from traveling to EU member countries , as a result of the crackdown on opposition supporters . = = = 2015 presidential election = = = = = = Domestic policy = = = Lukashenko promotes himself as a " man of the people . " Due to his style of rule , he is often informally referred to as бацька ( bats 'ka , " daddy " ) . He was elected chairman of the Belarusian Olympic Committee in 1997 . Lukashenko wanted to rebuild Belarus when he took office ; the economy was in freefall , due to declining industry and lack of demand for Belarusian goods . Lukashenko kept many industries under the control of the government , and privatization was slowed . In 2001 , he stated his intention to improve the social welfare of his citizens and to make Belarus " powerful and prosperous . " The economy of Belarus has been in a state of flux since Lukashenko 's election in 1994 . His economic policies aimed to prevent issues that occurred in other former Soviet states , such as the establishment of oligarchic structures and mass unemployment . The unemployment rate for the country at the end of 2011 was at 0 @.@ 6 % of the population ( of 6 @.@ 86 million eligible workers ) , a decrease from 1995 , when unemployment was 2 @.@ 9 % with a working @-@ eligible population of 5 @.@ 24 million . The per @-@ capita Gross national income rose from US $ 1 @,@ 423 in 1993 to US $ 5 @,@ 830 at the end of 2011 . One major economic issue Lukashenko faced throughout his presidency was the value of the Belarusian ruble . For a time it was pegged to major foreign currencies , such as the euro , US dollar and the Russian ruble in order to maintain the stability of the Belarusian ruble . Yet , the currency has experienced free fall and also several rounds of devaluation . A major devaluation took place in 2011 after the government announced that average salaries would increase to US $ 500 . The 2011 devaluation was the largest on record for the past twenty years according to the World Bank . Belarus also had to seek a bailout from international sources , and while it has received loans from China , receiving loans from the IMF and other agencies depend on how Belarus reforms its economy according to standards set by the IMF and other agencies . Some critics of Lukashenko , including the opposition group Zubr , use the term Lukashism to refer to the political and economic system Lukashenko has implemented in Belarus . The term is also used more broadly to refer to an authoritarian ideology based on a cult of his personality and nostalgia for Soviet times among certain groups in Belarus . The US Congress sought to aid the opposition groups by passing the Belarus Democracy Act of 2004 to introduce sanctions against Lukashenko 's government and provide financial and other support to the opposition . Lukashenko supporters argue that his rule spared Belarus the turmoil that beset many other former Soviet countries . Lukashenko commented on the criticism of him by saying : " I 've been hearing these accusations for over 10 years and we have got used to it . We are not going to answer them . I want to come from the premise that the elections in Belarus are held for ourselves . I am sure that it is the Belarusian people who are the masters in our state . " Since the November 1996 referendum , Lukashenko has effectively held all governing power in the nation . If the House of Representatives rejects his choice for prime minister twice , he has the right to dissolve it . His decrees have greater weight than ordinary legislation . He also has near @-@ absolute control over government spending ; parliament can only increase or decrease spending with his permission . However , the legislature is dominated by his supporters in any event , and there is no substantive opposition to presidential decisions . He also appoints eight members of the upper house , the Council of the Republic , as well as nearly all judges . = = = Foreign policy = = = Lukashenko 's relationship with the EU has been strained , in part by choice and in part by his policies towards domestic opponents . Lukashenko 's repression of opponents caused him to be called " Europe 's last dictator " and resulted in the EU imposing visa sanctions on him and a range of Belarusian officials . At times , the EU has lifted sanctions as a way to encourage dialogue or gain concessions from Lukashenko . Since the EU adopted this policy of " change through engagement " , it has supported economic and political reforms to help integrate the Belarusian state . Lukashenko 's relationship with Russia , once his powerful ally and vocal supporter , has significantly deteriorated . The run @-@ up to the 2010 Belarusian presidential election was marked by a series of Russian media attacks on Lukashenko . Throughout July state @-@ controlled channel NTV broadcast a multi @-@ part documentary entitled " The Godfather " highlighting the suspicious disappearance of a number of opposition leaders during the late 1990s . Lukashenko called the media attack " dirty propaganda " . His policies have been praised by some other world leaders and are seen as a model for at least one country . In response to a question about Belarus 's domestic policies , President Hugo Chávez of Venezuela said " We see here a model social state like the one we are beginning to create . " Chairman of the Chinese Standing Committee of National People 's Congress Wu Bangguo noted that Belarus has been rapidly developing under Lukashenko . Lithuanian MPs have also praised the Belarusian economy and its contribution to the Lithuanian economy ; Stanislovas Gedraitis said that he was in awe of the Belarusian progress created mostly by the efforts of the national leader . During the 2014 crisis in Ukraine , Alexander Lukashenko became a critic of Russian policy and interferences in Ukraine 's internal affairs . Lukashenko criticized the Donbass status referendums and the idea of federalization , and proclaimed support for the government in Kiev . During the 9 May celebration , Lukashenko spoke in Belarusian instead of Russian for the first time . Later he arranged a meeting between Ukraine 's president Petro Poroshenko and Russian president Vladimir Putin . The Polish newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza has written about Lukashenko 's transformation from " the last dictator in Europe to acceptable peacemaker " . In 2015 , Lukashenko sought to improve trade relations between Belarus and Latin America . = = Controversial statements = = In 1995 , Lukashenko was accused of making a remark which has been construed to be in praise of Adolf Hitler : " The history of Germany is a copy of the history of Belarus . Germany was raised from ruins thanks to firm authority and not everything connected with that well @-@ known figure Hitler was bad . German order evolved over the centuries and attained its peak under Hitler . " In October 2007 , Lukashenko was accused of making anti @-@ Semitic and anti @-@ Israel comments ; addressing the " miserable state of the city of Babruysk " on a live broadcast on state radio , he stated : " This is a Jewish city , and the Jews are not concerned for the place they live in . They have turned Babruysk into a pigsty . Look at Israel – I was there and saw it myself ... I call on Jews who have money to come back to Babruysk . " Members of the US House of Representatives sent a letter to the Belarusian ambassador to the US , Mikhail Khvostov , addressing Lukashenko 's comments with a strong request to retract them , and the comments also caused a negative reaction from Israel . Consequently , Pavel Yakubovich , editor of Belarus Today , was sent to Israel , and in a meeting with the Israel Foreign Ministry said that Lukashenko 's comment was " a mistake that was said jokingly , and does not represent his positions regarding the Jewish people " and that he was " anything but anti @-@ Semitic , " and had been " insulted by the mere accusation . " The Belarusian Ambassador to Israel , Igor Leshchenya , stated that the president had a " kind attitude toward the Jewish people " , and Sergei Rychenko , the press secretary at the Belarusian Embassy in Tel Aviv , said parts of Lukashenko 's comments had been mistranslated . On 4 March 2012 , two days after EU leaders ( including openly gay German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle ) had called for new measures to pressure Lukashenko over alleged human rights abuses in Belarus at a summit in Brussels , Lukashenko provoked diplomatic rebuke from Germany after commenting that it was " better to be a dictator than gay " in response to Westerwelle having referred to him as " Europe 's last dictator " during the meeting . = = Personal life = = = = = Family = = = Lukashenko married Galina Zhelnerovich , his high school sweetheart , in 1975 . Later that year his oldest son , Viktor , was born . Their second son , Dzmitry , was born in 1980 . Galina lives separately in the family 's house in the village near Shklov . Though they are still legally married , Galina Lukashenko has been estranged from her husband since shortly after he became president . His son Viktor is a ' national security aide ' ; according to one foreign tabloid newspaper Lukashenko has dismissed him in public as " a useless weakling who will soon become even weaker " . Lukashenko fathered an illegitimate son , Nikolai , who was born in 2004 . Though never confirmed by the government , it is widely believed that the child 's mother is Irina Abelskaya – the two had an affair when she was Lukashenko 's personal doctor . It has been reported by Western observers and media that Nikolai , nicknamed " Kolya " , is being groomed as Lukashenko 's successor . According to Belarusian state media , these speculations were dismissed by Lukashenko , who also denied that he would remain in office for a further thirty years – the time Nikolai will become eligible to stand for election and succeed him . = = = Hobbies = = = Lukashenko believes that the president should be a conservative person and avoid using modern electronic gadgets such as an iPad or iPhone . He used to play bayan and football , but abandoned both during his presidency . He is a keen skier and ice hockey forward , who played exhibition games alongside international hockey stars . His two elder sons also play hockey , sometimes alongside their father . Lukashenko started training in cross @-@ country as a child , and in the 2000s still competed at the national level . He has received an invitation to the 2016 Bandy World Championship and is considering going there . = = Orders and honors = = Winner of the international premium of Andrey Pervozvanny " For Faith and Loyalty " ( 1995 ) The Order of José Marti ( Cuba , 2000 ) Order of the Revolution ( Libya , 2000 ) Special prize of the International Olympic Committee " Gates of Olympus " ( 2000 ) Order " For Services to the Fatherland " , 2nd Class ( Russia , 2001 ) Honorary citizen of Yerevan , Armenia ( 2001 ) Order of St. Dmitry Donskoy , First Degree ( 2005 ) Medal of the International Federation of Festival Organizations " For development of the world festival movement " ( 2005 ) Order of St. Cyril ( by the Belarusian Orthodox Church ) ( 2006 ) Honorary Diploma of the Eurasian Economic Community ( 2006 ) Order of St. Vladimir , First Degree ( 2007 ) Keys to the City of Caracas , Venezuela ( 2010 ) Order of Distinguished Citizen ( Caracas , Venezuela ; 2010 ) Order of the Republic of Serbia ( 2013 ) Order of Alexander Nevsky ( 2014 ) = University of Chicago = The University of Chicago ( UChicago , Chicago , or U of C ) is a private research university in Chicago , Illinois . The university , established in 1890 , is composed of the College , various graduate programs , and interdisciplinary committees organized into five academic research divisions , six professional schools , and the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies . Beyond the arts and sciences , Chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the Pritzker School of Medicine , the Booth School of Business , the Law School , the School of Social Service Administration , the Harris School of Public Policy Studies , and the Divinity School . The university currently enrolls approximately 5 @,@ 700 students in the College and around 15 @,@ 000 students overall . University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines , including : the Chicago school of economics , the Chicago school of sociology , law and economics theory in legal analysis , the Chicago school of literary criticism , the Chicago school of religion , and the behavioralism school of political science . Chicago 's physics department helped develop the world 's first man @-@ made , self @-@ sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university 's Stagg Field . Chicago 's research pursuits have been aided by unique affiliations with world @-@ renowned institutions like the nearby Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( Fermilab ) and Argonne National Laboratory , as well as the Marine Biological Laboratory . The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press , the largest university press in the United States . With an estimated completion date of 2020 , the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation . Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller , the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890 ; William Rainey Harper became the university 's first president in 1891 , and the first classes were held in 1892 . Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago 's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility . With Harper 's vision in mind , the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities , an international organization of leading research universities , in 1900 . The University of Chicago has many prominent alumni . 89 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors , students , faculty , or staff , the fourth most of any institution in the world . In addition , Chicago 's alumni include 50 Rhodes Scholars , 22 Marshall Scholars , 9 Fields Medalists , 20 National Humanities Medalists , 16 MacArthur fellows , 13 billionaire graduates , and a plethora of members of the United States Congress and heads of state of countries all over the world . = = History = = = = = Founding – 1910s = = = The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational , secular institution in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field . While the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long @-@ term endowment , it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings . The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B. Cobb who provided the funds for the campus ' first building , Cobb Lecture Hall , and matched Marshall Field 's pledge of $ 100 @,@ 000 . Other early benefactors included businessmen Charles L. Hutchinson ( trustee , treasurer and donor of Hutchinson Commons ) , Martin A. Ryerson ( president of the board of trustees and donor of the Ryerson Physical Laboratory ) Adolphus Clay Bartlett and Leon Mandel , who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall , and George C. Walker of the Walker Museum , a relative of Cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities . Organized as an independent institution legally , it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name , which had closed in 1886 due to extended financial and leadership problems . William Rainey Harper became the modern university 's first president on July 1 , 1891 , and the university opened for classes on October 1 , 1892 . The first president Harper , an accomplished scholar ( Semiticist ) and a member of the Baptist clergy , believed that a great university should maintain the study of faith as a central focus , to prepare students for careers in teaching and research and ministers for service to the church and community . As per this commitment , he brought the Morgan Park Seminary of the Baptist Theological Union to Hyde Park , and the Divinity School was founded in 1891 as the first professional school at the University of Chicago . The business school was founded thereafter in 1898 , and the law school was founded in 1902 . Harper died in 1906 , and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929 . During this period , the Oriental Institute was founded to support and interpret archeological work in what was then called the Near East . In the 1890s , the University of Chicago , fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students , affiliated with several regional colleges and universities : Des Moines College , Kalamazoo College , Butler University , and Stetson University . In 1896 , the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll , Illinois . Under the terms of the affiliation , the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university , to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals , to make no faculty appointment without the university 's approval , and to send copies of examinations for suggestions . The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years , and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago . A student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the University of Chicago , and Chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work . The University of Chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost ; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses ; and a copy of every book and journal published by the University of Chicago Press at no cost . The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice . Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program , as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part , and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university . The program passed into history by 1910 . = = = 1920s – 1980s = = = In 1929 , the university 's fifth president , Robert Maynard Hutchins , took office ; the university underwent many changes during his 24 @-@ year tenure . Hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics , instituted the undergraduate college 's liberal @-@ arts curriculum known as the Common Core , and organized the university 's graduate work into four divisions . In 1933 , Hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the University of Chicago and Northwestern University into a single university . During his term , the University of Chicago Hospitals ( now called the University of Chicago Medical Center ) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students . Also , the Committee on Social Thought , an institution distinctive of the university , was created . Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression . During World War II , the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project . The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial , self @-@ sustained nuclear reaction by Enrico Fermi in 1942 . In the early 1950s , student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood . In response , the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for Hyde Park , which profoundly affected both the neighborhood 's architecture and street plan . During this period the university , like Shimer College and 10 others , adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college ; in addition , students enrolled at Shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the University of Chicago after their second year , having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses . The university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s , beginning in 1962 , when students occupied President George Beadle 's office in a protest over the university 's off @-@ campus rental policies . After continued turmoil , a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report . The report , a two @-@ page statement of the university 's policy in " social and political action , " declared that " To perform its mission in the society , a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions , passions , and pressures . " The report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university 's refusal to divest from South Africa in the 1980s and Darfur in the late 2000s . In 1969 , more than 400 students , angry about the dismissal of a popular professor , Marlene Dixon , occupied the Administration Building for two weeks . After the sit @-@ in ended , when Dixon turned down a one @-@ year reappointment , 42 students were expelled and 81 were suspended , the most severe response to student occupations of any American university during the student movement . In 1978 , Hanna Holborn Gray , then the provost and acting president of Yale University , became President of the University of Chicago , a position she held for 15 years . = = = 1990s – 2010s = = = In 1999 , then @-@ President Hugo Sonnenschein announced plans to relax the university 's famed core curriculum , reducing the number of required courses from 21 to 15 . When The New York Times , The Economist , and other major news outlets picked up this story , the university became the focal point of a national debate on education . The changes were ultimately implemented , but the controversy played a role in Sonnenschein 's decision to resign in 2000 . From the mid @-@ 2000s , the university began a number of multimillion @-@ dollar expansion projects . In 2008 , the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students . The institute will cost around $ 200 million and occupy the buildings of the Chicago Theological Seminary . During the same year , investor David G. Booth donated $ 300 million to the university 's Booth School of Business , which is the largest gift in the university 's history and the largest gift ever to any business school . In 2009 , planning or construction on several new buildings , half of which cost $ 100 million or more , was underway . Since 2011 , major construction projects have included the Jules and Gwen Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery , a ten @-@ story medical research center , and further additions to the medical campus of the University of Chicago Medical Center . In 2014 the University launched the public phase of a $ 4 @.@ 5 billion fundraising campaign . In September 2015 , the University received $ 100 million from The Pearson Family Foundation to establish The Pearson Institute for the Study and Resolution of Global Conflicts and The Pearson Global Forum at the Harris School of Public Policy Studies . On May 1 , 2014 , the University of Chicago was named one of fifty @-@ five higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights " for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints " by the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault . = = Campus = = The main campus of the University of Chicago consists of 217 acres ( 87 @.@ 8 ha ) in the Chicago neighborhoods of Hyde Park and Woodlawn , seven miles ( 11 km ) south of downtown Chicago . The northern and southern portions of campus are separated by the Midway Plaisance , a large , linear park created for the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition . In 2011 , Travel + Leisure listed the university as one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States . The first buildings of the University of Chicago campus , which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles , were part of a " master plan " conceived by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb . The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles , each surrounded by buildings , bordering one larger quadrangle . The buildings of the Main Quadrangles were designed by Cobb , Shepley , Rutan and Coolidge , Holabird & Roche , and other architectural firms in a mixture of the Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic styles , patterned on the colleges of the University of Oxford . ( Mitchell Tower , for example , is modeled after Oxford 's Magdalen Tower , and the university Commons , Hutchinson Hall , replicates Christ Church Hall . ) After the 1940s , the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles . In 1955 , Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan , which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway , including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle ( a complex designed by Saarinen ) ; a series of arts buildings ; a building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the university 's School of Social Service Administration , a building which is to become the home of the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone , and the Regenstein Library , the largest building on campus , a brutalist structure designed by Walter Netsch of the Chicago firm Skidmore , Owings & Merrill . Another master plan , designed in 1999 and updated in 2004 , produced the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center ( 2003 ) , the Max Palevsky Residential Commons ( 2001 ) , South Campus Residence Hall and dining commons ( 2009 ) , a new children 's hospital , and other construction , expansions , and restorations . In 2011 , the university completed the glass dome @-@ shaped Joe and Rika Mansueto Library , which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off @-@ campus book depository . The site of Chicago Pile @-@ 1 is a National Historic Landmark and is marked by the Henry Moore sculpture Nuclear Energy . Robie House , a Frank Lloyd Wright building acquired by the university in 1963 , is also a National Historic Landmark , as is room 405 of the George Herbert Jones Laboratory , where Glenn T. Seaborg and his team were the first to isolate plutonium . Hitchcock Hall , an undergraduate dormitory , is on the National Register of Historic Places . Campus of the University of Chicago = = = Satellite campuses = = = The University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus . The university 's Booth School of Business maintains campuses in Singapore , London , and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago . The Center in Paris , a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris , hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs . In fall 2010 , the University of Chicago also opened a center in Beijing , near Renmin University 's campus in Haidian District . The most recent additions are a center in New Delhi , India , which opened in 2014 , and a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2015 . = = Administration and finances = = The University of Chicago is governed by a board of trustees . The Board of Trustees oversees the long @-@ term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts , and is composed of 55 members including the university President . Directly beneath the President are the Provost , fourteen Vice Presidents ( including the Chief Financial Officer , Chief Investment Officer , and Vice President for Campus Life and Student Services ) , the Directors of Argonne National Laboratory and Fermilab , the Secretary of the university , and the Student Ombudsperson . As of May 2016 , the Chairman of the Board of Trustees is Joseph Neubauer , and the President of the university is Robert Zimmer . In December 2013 it was announced that the Director of Argonne National Laboratory , Eric Isaacs , would become Provost . Isaacs was replaced as Provost in March 2016 by Daniel Diermeier . The university 's endowment was the 12th largest among American educational institutions and state university systems in 2013 and as of 2015 was valued at $ 7 @.@ 6 billion . Part of President Zimmer 's financial plan for the university has been an increase in accumulation of debt to finance large building projects . This has drawn support and criticism from many in the university community . = = Academics = = The academic bodies of the University of Chicago consist of the College , five divisions of graduate research , six professional schools , and the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies . The university also contains a library system , the University of Chicago Press , the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools , and the University of Chicago Medical Center , and holds ties with a number of independent academic institutions , including Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( Fermilab ) , Argonne National Laboratory , and the Marine Biological Laboratory . The university is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission . The university runs on a quarter system in which the academic year is divided into four terms : Summer ( June – August ) , Autumn ( September – December ) , Winter ( January – March ) , and Spring ( April – June ) . Full @-@ time undergraduate students take three to four courses every quarter for approximately eleven weeks before their quarterly academic breaks . The school year typically begins in late September and ends in mid @-@ June . = = = Undergraduate college = = = The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 51 academic majors and 33 minors . The college 's academics are divided into five divisions : the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division , the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division , the Social Sciences Collegiate Division , the Humanities Collegiate Division , and the New Collegiate Division . The first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions , while the New Collegiate Division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions . Undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university 's general education requirements , commonly known as the Common Core . In 2012 @-@ 2013 , the Core classes at Chicago were limited to 17 students , and are generally led by a full @-@ time professor ( as opposed to a teaching assistant ) . As of the 2013 – 2014 school year , 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core . Undergraduate courses at the University of Chicago are known for their demanding standards , heavy workload and academic difficulty ; according to Uni in the USA , " Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard , Yale , Princeton , MIT , and the University of Chicago – it is UChicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous , intense learning experience . " = = = Graduate schools and committees = = = The university graduate schools and committees are divided into five divisions : Biological Sciences , Humanities , Physical Sciences , Social Sciences , and the Institute for Molecular Engineering . In the autumn quarter of 2015 , the university enrolled 3 @,@ 588 graduate students : 438 in the Biological Sciences Division , 801 in the Humanities Division , 1 @,@ 102 in the Physical Sciences Division , 1 @,@ 165 in the Social Sciences Division , and 52 in the Institute for Molecular Engineering . The university is home to several committees for interdisciplinary scholarship , including the John U. Nef Committee on Social Thought . = = = Professional schools = = = The university contains six professional schools : the Pritzker School of Medicine , the University of Chicago Booth School of Business , the University of Chicago Law School , the University of Chicago Divinity School , the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies , and the University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration . The Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies offers non @-@ degree courses and certificates as well as degree programs . The Law School is accredited by the American Bar Association , the Divinity School is accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada , Pritzker is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education . = = = Associated academic institutions = = = The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools . It operates the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools ( a private day school for K @-@ 12 students and day care ) , the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School ( a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems ) , and a public charter school with four campuses on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university 's Urban Education Institute . In addition , the Hyde Park Day School , a school for students with learning disabilities , maintains a location on the University of Chicago campus . Since 1983 , the University of Chicago has maintained the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project , a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools . The university runs a program called the Council on Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences , which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students , faculty , and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress . The university also operates the University of Chicago Press , the largest university press in the United States . = = = = Library system = = = = The University of Chicago Library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 11 million volumes , the 9th most among library systems in the United States . The university 's main library is the Regenstein Library , which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the United States . The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library , built in 2011 , houses a large study space and an automated book storage and retrieval system . The John Crerar Library contains more than 1 @.@ 4 million volumes in the biological , medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science , medicine , and technology . The university also operates a number of special libraries , including the D 'Angelo Law Library , the Social Service Administration Library , and the Eckhart Library for mathematics and computer science , which closed temporarily for renovation on July 8 , 2013 . Harper Memorial Library no longer contains any volumes ; however it is , in addition to the Regenstein Library , a 24 @-@ hour study space on campus . = = = Research = = = In fiscal year 2014 , the University of Chicago spent US $ 390 @,@ 082 @,@ 000 on scientific research . It is classified by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as an institution with " highest research activity " and is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was a member of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation from 1946 through June 29 , 2016 , when the group 's name was changed to the Big Ten Academic Alliance . The University of Chicago is not a member of the rebranded consortium , but will continue to be a collaborator . The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus . Among these are the Oriental Institute — a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university — and a number of National Resource Centers , including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies . Chicago also operates or is affiliated with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper . The university manages Argonne National Laboratory , part of the United States Department of Energy 's national laboratory system , and co @-@ manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( Fermilab ) , a nearby particle physics laboratory , as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot , New Mexico . Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university . In 2013 , the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Mass . Although formally unrelated , the National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago 's campus . The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements . In economics , the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the Chicago school of economics , the school of economic thought supported by Milton Friedman and other economists . The university 's sociology department was the first independent sociology department in the United States and gave birth to the Chicago school of sociology . In physics , the university was the site of the Chicago Pile @-@ 1 ( the first controlled , self @-@ sustaining man @-@ made nuclear chain reaction , part of the Manhattan Project ) , of Robert Millikan 's oil @-@ drop experiment that calculated the charge of the electron , and of the development of radiocarbon dating by Willard F. Libby in 1947 . The chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth , the Miller – Urey experiment , was conducted at the university . REM sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky . The University of Chicago ( Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics ) has owned the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay , Wisconsin since 1897 , where the largest operating refracting telescope in the world and other telescopes are located . = = = Arts = = = The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College , as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre , the Oriental Institute , the Smart Museum of Art , the Renaissance Society , University of Chicago Presents , and student arts organizations . The university has an artist @-@ in @-@ residence program and scholars in performance studies , contemporary art criticism , and film history . It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in cinema and media studies since 2000 , a master of fine arts in visual arts ( early 1970s ) , and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track ( 2000 ) . It has bachelor 's degree programs in visual arts , music , and art history , and , more recently , cinema and media studies ( 1996 ) and theater and performance studies ( 2002 ) . The College 's general education core includes a “ dramatic , musical , and visual arts ” requirement , inviting students to study the history of the arts , stage desire , or begin working with sculpture . Several thousand major and non @-@ major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes . UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959 . The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012 , five years after a $ 35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva . The center includes spaces for exhibitions , performances , classes , and media production . The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien . This building is actually entirely glass . The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind . The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked . = = = Reputation and rankings = = = The University of Chicago has an extensive record of producing successful business leaders and billionaires . ARWU and US News have consistently placed the University of Chicago amongst the top 10 universities in the world . The university 's Law and Medical schools have ranked among the top five and top ten professional schools in the United States respectively . Chicago has also been consistently recognized to be one of the top 15 university brands in the world . = = People = = There have been 89 Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago , 19 of whom were pursuing research or on faculty at the university at the time of the award announcement . In addition , many Chicago alumni and scholars have won the Fulbright awards and 49 have matriculated as Rhodes Scholars . = = = Student body & admissions = = = In the spring quarter of 2016 , the University of Chicago enrolled 5 @,@ 547 students in the College , 3 @,@ 249 students in its five graduate divisions , 3 @,@ 498 students in its professional schools , and 14 @,@ 095 students overall . In the 2016 spring quarter , international students comprised over 21 % of the overall student body , over 27 % of students were domestic ethnic minorities , and about 43 % of enrolled students were female . Admissions to the University of Chicago is highly selective . The middle 50 % band of SAT scores for the undergraduate class of 2019 , excluding the writing section , was 1450 – 1550 , the average MCAT score for entering students in the Pritzker School of Medicine in 2011 was 36 , and the median LSAT score for entering students in the Law School in 2015 was 171 . In 2015 , the College of the University of Chicago had an acceptance rate of 7 @.@ 8 % for the Class of 2019 , the lowest in the college 's history . = = Athletics = = The University of Chicago hosts 19 varsity sports teams : 10 men 's teams and 9 women 's teams , all called the Maroons , with 502 students participating in the 2012 – 2013 school year . The Maroons compete in the NCAA 's Division III as members of the University Athletic Association ( UAA ) . The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball and football and was a regular participant in the men 's basketball tournament . In 1935 , the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen . In 1935 , Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy . However , the university chose to withdraw from the Big Ten Conference in 1946 after University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de @-@ emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football . ( In 1969 , Chicago reinstated football as a Division III team , resuming playing its home games at the new Stagg Field . ) = = Student life = = = = = Student organizations = = = Students at the University of Chicago operate more than 400 clubs and organizations known as Recognized Student Organizations ( RSOs ) . These include cultural and religious groups , academic clubs and teams , and common @-@ interest organizations . Notable extracurricular groups include the University of Chicago College Bowl Team , which has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships , leading both categories internationally . The university 's competitive Model United Nations team was the top ranked team in North America in 2013 @-@ 14 and 2014 @-@ 2015 . Among notable RSOs are the nation 's longest continuously running student film society Doc Films , organizing committee for the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt , the twice @-@ weekly student newspaper The Chicago Maroon , the alternative weekly student newspaper South Side Weekly , the nation 's second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe Off @-@ Off Campus , and the university @-@ owned radio station WHPK . = = = = Student government = = = = All Recognized Student Organizations , from the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt to Model UN , in addition to academic teams , sports club , arts groups , and more are funded by The University of Chicago Student Government . Student Government consists of graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit . It is led by an Executive Committee , chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents , one for Administration and the other for Student Life , elected together as a slate by the student body each spring . Its annual budget is greater than $ 2 million . = = = Fraternities and sororities = = = There are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the University of Chicago , as well as one co @-@ ed community service fraternity , Alpha Phi Omega . Four of the sororities are members of the National Panhellenic Conference , and ten of the fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council . In 2002 , the Associate Director of Student Activities estimated that 8 – 10 percent of undergraduates were members of fraternities or sororities . The student activities office has used similar figures , stating that one in ten undergraduates participate in Greek life . = = = Student housing = = = On @-@ campus undergraduate students at the University of Chicago participate in a house system in which each student is assigned to one of the university 's 11 residence hall buildings and to a smaller community within their residence hall called a " House " . There are 38 houses , with an average of 70 students in each House . First @-@ year students are required to participate in the house system , and housing is guaranteed every year thereafter . About 60 % of undergraduate students live on campus . For graduate students , the university owns and operates 28 apartment buildings near campus . = = = Traditions = = = Every May since 1987 , the University of Chicago has held the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt , in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list . Since 1963 , the Festival of the Arts ( FOTA ) takes over campus for 7 – 10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors . Every January , the university holds a week @-@ long winter festival , Kuviasungnerk / Kangeiko , which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops . The university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called Summer Breeze that hosts outside musicians , and is home to Doc Films , a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university . Since 1946 , the university has organized the Latke @-@ Hamantash Debate , which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen . = = = Alumni = = = In 2004 , the University of Chicago claimed 133 @,@ 155 living alumni . While the university 's first president , William Rainey Harper stressed the importance of perennial theory over practicality in his institution 's curriculum , this has not stopped the alumni of Chicago from being amongst the wealthiest in the world . In business , notable alumni include Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella , Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison , Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO as well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine , McKinsey & Company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook James O. McKinsey , Arley D. Cathey , Bloomberg L.P. CEO Daniel Doctoroff , Credit Suisse CEO Brady Dougan , Morningstar , Inc. founder and CEO Joe Mansueto , Chicago Cubs owner and chairman Thomas S. Ricketts , and NBA commissioner Adam Silver . Notable alumni in the field of education have emerged from almost all parts of the university , including these leaders who received PhDs from the Divinity School : college president and chancellor Rebecca Chopp , current president of Middlebury College Laurie L. Patton , former president of Morehouse College Robert M. Franklin , Jr . , and president of Shimer College Susan Henking . Notable alumni in the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing Saul Alinsky , Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axelrod , Attorney General and federal judge Robert Bork , Attorney General Ramsey Clark , Prohibition agent Eliot Ness , Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens , Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King , 11th Prime Minister of Poland Marek Belka , Governor of the Bank of Japan Masaaki Shirakawa , the first female African @-@ American Senator Carol Moseley Braun , United States Senator from Vermont and 2016 Democratic Presidential Candidate Bernie Sanders , and former World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz . In journalism , notable alumni include New York Times columnist and commentator on PBS News Hour David Brooks , Washington Post columnist David Broder , Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham , reporter and commentator Virginia Graham , investigative journalist and political writer Seymour Hersh , The Progressive columnist Milton Mayer , four @-@ time Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Rick Atkinson , statistical analyst and FiveThirtyEight founder and creator Nate Silver , and CBS News correspondent Rebecca Jarvis . In literature , author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver , Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth , Canadian @-@ born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer Saul Bellow , political philosopher , literary critic and author of the New York Times bestseller " The Closing of the American Mind " Allan Bloom , ' ' The Good War " author Studs Terkel , American writer , essayist , filmmaker , teacher , and political activist Susan Sontag , analytic philosopher and Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature Richard Rorty , and American writer and satirist Kurt Vonnegut are notable alumni . In the arts and entertainment , minimalist composer Philip Glass , dancer , choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology Katherine Dunham , Bungie founder and developer of the Halo video game series Alex Seropian , Serial host Sarah Koenig , actor Ed Asner , Pulitzer Prize for Criticism winning film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert , director , writer , and comedian Mike Nichols , film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman , and photographer and writer Carl Van Vechten , photographer and writer , are graduates . In science , alumni include astronomers Carl Sagan , a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial life , and Edwin Hubble , known for " Hubble 's Law " , NASA astronaut John M. Grunsfeld , geneticist James Watson , best known as one of the co @-@ discoverers of the structure of DNA , experimental physicist Luis Alvarez , popular environmentalist David Suzuki , balloonist Jeannette Piccard , biologists Ernest Everett Just and Lynn Margulis , computer scientist Richard Hamming , the creator of the Hamming Code , lithium @-@ ion battery developer John B. Goodenough , mathematician and Fields Medal recipient Paul Joseph Cohen , geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson , who developed the uranium @-@ lead dating method into lead @-@ lead dating , and geologist and geophysicist M. King Hubbert , known for the Hubbert curve and Hubbert peak theory , the main components of peak oil . Nuclear physicist and researcher Stanton Friedman , who worked on some early projects involving nuclear @-@ powered spacecraft propulsion systems , is also a graduate ( M.Sc ) . In economics , notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman , a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , George Stigler , Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory , Gary Becker , an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics , Herbert A. Simon , responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision @-@ making , Paul Samuelson , the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , and Eugene Fama , known for his work on portfolio theory , asset pricing and stock market behaviour , are all graduates . American economist , social theorist , political philosopher , and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus . Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber and Donald Johanson , who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as " Lucy " in the Afar Triangle region , psychologist John B. Watson , American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism , communication theorist Harold Innis , chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky , and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington . American Civil Rights Movement leaders Vernon Johns , considered by some to be the founder of the American Civil Rights Movement , American educator , socialist and cofounder of the Highlander Folk School Myles Horton , Tuskegee Airmen commander Benjamin O. Davis , Jr . , and African @-@ American history scholar and journalist Carter G. Woodson are all alumni . Three students from the university have been prosecuted in notable court cases , they include infamous thrill killers Leopold and Loeb , as well as high school science teacher John T. Scopes who was tried in the Scopes Monkey Trial . The most famous fictional alumnus of the university is the archaeologist Indiana Jones , the title character of the Indiana Jones franchise . = = = Faculty = = = Notable faculty include the 28 Nobel laureates in Economics associated with the university , including Milton Friedman , George Stigler , James Heckman , Gary Becker , Robert Fogel , Robert Lucas , Jr. and Eugene Fama . No university has had more affiliated Nobel laureates in Economics . Additionally , the John Bates Clark Medal , which is rewarded annually to the best economist under the age of 40 , has also been awarded to 4 current members of the university faculty . Notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator A. A. Michelson , elementary charge calculator Robert A. Millikan , discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton , the creator of the first nuclear reactor Enrico Fermi , " the father of the hydrogen bomb " Edward Teller , " one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century " Luis Walter Alvarez , Murray Gell @-@ Mann who introduced the quark , second female Nobel laureate Maria Goeppert @-@ Mayer , the youngest American winner of the Nobel Prize Tsung @-@ Dao Lee , and astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar . In law , the President of the United States of America Barack Obama , the most cited legal scholar of the 20th century Richard Posner , Supreme Court justices Elena Kagan and Antonin Scalia , and Nobel laureate in Economics Ronald Coase have served on the faculty . Philosophers John Dewey who founded functional psychology , George H. Mead who is considered to be one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general , noted analyzer of power Hannah Arendt , and Nobel Prize in Literature winning thinker Bertrand Russell , as well as writers T.S. Eliot , Ralph Ellison and J.M. Coetzee have all served on the faculty . Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted , mathematician Alberto Calderón , Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek , meteorologist Ted Fujita , chemists Glenn T. Seaborg , the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee , Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow , political philosopher and author Allan Bloom , cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley , astronomer Gerard Kuiper , one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir , and the founder of McKinsey & Co . , James O. McKinsey . Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins , historian Dipesh Chakrabarty , paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno , evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne , Nobel prize winning physicist James Cronin , Nobel Prize winning economists Eugene Fama , James Heckman , Lars Peter Hansen , Roger Myerson and Robert Lucas , Jr . , Freakonomics author and noted economist Steven Levitt , current governor of India 's central bank Raghuram Rajan , former Chairman of President Barack Obama 's Council of Economic Advisors Austan Goolsbee , Shakespeare scholar David Bevington , and renowned political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape . = Mike Shinoda = Michael Kenji " Mike " Shinoda ( born February 11 , 1977 ) is an American musician , rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , graphic designer , manager and film composer . He co @-@ founded Linkin Park in 1996 and is the band 's rhythm guitarist , songwriter , keyboardist , and co @-@ vocalist . Shinoda later created a hip hop @-@ driven side project , Fort Minor , in 2004 . He served as a producer for tracks and albums by Lupe Fiasco , Styles of Beyond , and The X @-@ Ecutioners . Shinoda is also the co @-@ founder of Machine Shop Recordings , a California @-@ based record label . Outside of music , Shinoda is an artist and graphic designer . He has painted several pieces of artwork , some of which have been featured in the Japanese American National Museum . = = Life and career = = = = = Early life = = = Shinoda was born and raised in the Los Angeles suburb of Agoura Hills . His father is Japanese and a descendant of the Kumaichiro Shinoda floral company family . He has a younger brother , Jason . He was raised as a liberal Protestant . Shinoda 's mother encouraged him to take classical piano lessons when he was six . By 13 , he expressed the desire to move toward playing jazz , blues , and even hip @-@ hop . He later added the guitar and rap @-@ style vocals to his repertoire during his middle school and high school years . Shinoda attended Agoura High School with Linkin Park bandmates Brad Delson and Rob Bourdon . The three formed the band Xero , and began to make a more serious attempt to pursue a career in the music industry . After graduating high school , Shinoda enrolled in the Art Center College of Design of Pasadena to study graphic design and illustration . He attended classes with DJ and turntablist Joseph Hahn . While studying at the Art Center College of Design , he experienced a form of identity crisis . Years later , in an interview he said : Shinoda graduated in 1998 with a Bachelor of Arts in Illustration and obtained a job as a graphic designer . = = = Linkin Park = = = Shinoda founded Linkin Park with Rob Bourdon and Brad Delson in 1996 . They eventually brought in turntablist Joe Hahn , bassist Dave Farrell , and vocalist Mark Wakefield . The earliest incarnation of the band was called Xero , and originally produced and recorded music in Shinoda 's bedroom . When the band was unable to find a record deal , Wakefield and Farrell left the band to pursue other musical interests . The band later recruited Chester Bennington and successfully landed a record deal with Warner Bros Records . Linkin Park 's first studio album , Hybrid Theory went on to become a breakthrough success and helped the band attain international success . Shinoda is closely involved in the technical aspects of the band 's recordings , and over the subsequent releases that role continued to expand . Shinoda , with guitarist Brad Delson , engineered and produced the band 's Hybrid Theory EP , and performed similar roles in the recording of Hybrid Theory . He has contributed to the instrumental and lyrical composition on most Linkin Park 's songs . Though Bennington primarily serves as Linkin Park 's lead vocalist , he occasionally shares the role with Shinoda . Bennington has a higher pitched and emotional style of singing , whereas Shinoda has a baritone hip @-@ hop style delivery . Shinoda organized and oversaw the band 's first remix album Reanimation in 2002 , contributing his own production of remixes that he made in his home studio for " Crawling " and " Pushing Me Away " . Shinoda collaborated with graffiti artist DELTA , graphic designer Frank Maddocks , and band @-@ mate Joe Hahn to prepare Reanimation 's artwork . Mike also collaborated with The Flem , Delta , James R. Minchin III , Nick Spanos , and Joe Hahn for the artwork of the band 's second studio album Meteora . Shinoda also produced the album , with his bandmates and Don Gilmore which was his first production experience . By the release of the Jay @-@ Z and Linkin Park collaborative mashup EP , entitled Collision Course in 2004 , Shinoda 's involvement in the creation of the albums continued to grow . He produced and mixed the album , which won a Grammy Award for " best rap / song collaboration " in 2006 . The band released their next album , Minutes to Midnight , on May 14 , 2007 . On this album , Shinoda shared a production credit with longtime producer Rick Rubin . This album was also the first time that Shinoda , best known for his rapping , sang a featured vocal . Shinoda sang in the songs " In Between " and the B @-@ side song , " No Roads Left " , as well as rapping and singing in the songs " Bleed It Out " and " Hands Held High " . Despite the rarity of Shinoda @-@ fronted singing tracks , music magazine Hit Parader ranked him at number 72 of the Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time . Shinoda and Rubin again shared a production credit for Linkin Park 's fourth album , A Thousand Suns , which was released on September 14 , 2010 . This album featured more of his singing than the rapping experience . Shinoda raps in three tracks , specifically " When They Come for Me " , " Wretches and Kings " and second single " Waiting for the End " , while he sings on numerous songs ( specifically verses ) , such as third single " Burning in the Skies " , " Robot Boy " , " Blackout " , fourth single " Iridescent " and first single " The Catalyst " . Bennington and Shinoda sing simultaneously together on " The Catalyst " , " Jornada del Muerto " and " Robot Boy " , while " Iridescent " features all band members singing together . Linkin Park released their fifth album Living Things on June 26 , 2012 . This album was stated as more " rap @-@ centric " by Shinoda compared to the previous two albums . Whereas there were tracks like " Skin to Bone " , " Roads Untraveled " and " Castle of Glass " which featured the singing vocals by Shinoda and had folk music , influenced by the works of Bob Dylan , as well as the inspirations of Dylan . Allmusic described Shinoda 's work for the album as , " a fitting soundtrack for aging rap @-@ rockers who are comfortable in their skin but restless at heart " . Recharged , which is a remix album consisting remixes of original songs from Living Things , was released on October 29 , 2013 . Shinoda used his EDM experience he got from Avicii while working on the track " Wake Me Up " , and also from Steve Aoki while working on " A Light That Never Comes " , to remix some songs for the album . Shinoda reinterpreted songs like " Castle of Glass " and " Victimized " . He also worked with his old friends like DJ Vice and Ryu for the album . In 2014 , Shinoda worked with Delson to produce the band 's sixth studio album , The Hunting Party which was released on June 17 , 2014 . The album is the first one to have featuring artists like Page Hamilton of Helmet , Rakim , Daron Malakian of System of a Down , and Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine . The first single of the album , " Guilty All the Same " , is the first non @-@ remix song by the band to feature rap by a guest artist instead of Shinoda . = = = Fort Minor = = = In 2004 , Shinoda formed a side project called Fort Minor , which he used as an avenue to further showcase his hip @-@ hop background . He explained the origin of the project 's name in an interview stating , Fort Minor 's debut album , titled The Rising Tied , was released on November 22 , 2005 . The album featured musical collaborations from Styles of Beyond , Lupe Fiasco , Common , Black Thought of The Roots , John Legend , Holly Brook , Jonah Matranga , and Celph Titled . Jay @-@ Z also served as the album 's executive producer . The Rising Tied was positively received by critics . The album 's most successful single , " Where 'd You Go " , peaked at # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Other songs like , " Petrified " and " Remember the Name " gained popularity when they were used as the soundtrack for NBA Overtime on TNT . Shinoda began recording songs for this side project following the release of Collision Course in November 2004 . Fort Minor : We Major was a mixtape by Shinoda and DJ Green Lantern to promote his upcoming studio album . The Rising Tied , the debut album of Fort Minor , was released in November 2005 . Robert Hales directed its first video " Petrified " , which was released the previous month . Jay @-@ Z , who had previously collaborated with Linkin Park on the 2004 album Collision Course , was the executive producer for The Rising Tied . Shinoda told Corey Moss of MTV News that he imposed on himself a requirement to play all the instruments and write all the lyrics to the album , except for the strings , percussion , or choir parts . " Where 'd You Go " , its fourth single , peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , while second single , " Remember the Name " , reached at No. 66 . Another track , " Kenji " , describes the experiences of a Japanese @-@ American family during the Japanese American internment of World War II . Due to the success of " Where 'd You Go " during the week of April 26 , 2006 , sales of The Rising Tied increased by 45 percent , and the album chart position went up 89 positions to No. 104 on the Billboard 200 . " Where 'd You Go " was awarded Ringtone of the Year at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards . In mid August 2006 Fort Minor performed at the Summer Sonic 2006 alongside Linkin Park . In November 2006 , Fort Minor released a video for " Where 'd You Go . " Shinoda has stated he felt the video was a nice wrap @-@ up for Fort Minor . Also in November , Shinoda stated that Fort Minor would go on an indefinite hiatus , because of his dedication to Linkin Park . In the Billboard One @-@ hit Wonders of the 2000s , Fort Minor ( along with Holly Brook and Jonah Matranga ) were listed at No. 19 , due to the success of " Where 'd You Go " ( since it was Fort Minor 's only single that reached the top 25 ) . In an interview in 2014 , Shinoda stated that there could be a possible Fort Minor album in 2015 . On June 21 , 2015 , Shinoda officially confirmed Fort Minor 's return with a status update and the release of a new single , " Welcome " . Fort Minor also appeared as the musical guest on the TBS late @-@ night talk show Conan on Monday , June 22 . Fort Minor also appeared on a few shows during Linkin Park 's touring schedule . = = = Art and painting = = = Shinoda has had a hand in most artistic facets of Linkin Park 's imagery , including album artwork , band merchandise , web design , and on @-@ stage production art . He designed the cover art for Styles of Beyond 's debut album , 2000 Fold and for DJ Frane 's debut album , Frane 's Fantastic Boatride , both released in 1999 . He has also worked on several art projects throughout his career . In 2003 , he did a collaborative " remix " shoe for DC Shoes , remixing the " Clientele " . He reworked the colors and materials for the shoe , and additionally designed all the packaging and print advertisements . The following year , he also designed a customization of a Kid Robot " Munny " doll for a charity auction . Later in 2008 , Shinoda partnered with DC Shoes again on a second DC Remix Series project . The new collaboration featured a " great juxtaposition of Shinoda 's unique influences : accomplished artist versus recording @-@ breaking musician , American upbringing versus Japanese heritage . " The MS / DC limited edition remix has two different versions – Xander and Pride . Roughly 2000 pairs of the limited edition shoes were made available for purchase when the sneaker was released on August 1 , 2008 . In 2004 , Shinoda created a series of ten paintings which became the basis of the Fort Minor debut album , The Rising Tied . That series became the backbone for the packaging of the album , and was featured in Shinoda 's first public art show " Diamonds Spades Hearts & Clubs " . In addition to the ten Fort Minor pieces , the show also featured thirteen more original works and five collaborative pieces . " Diamonds Spades Hearts & Clubs " opened at Gallery 1988 on Sunday , November 19 , 2006 . Later that year , Shinoda founded a college scholarship at Art Center College of Design to benefit future illustration and graphic design students . Named the Michael K. Shinoda Endowed Scholarship , it is awarded based on financial need and merit . The scholarship was awarded for the first time in 2006 . The scholarship fund is made possible through the sale of his original artwork on his website , art shows and his DC Shoes projects . On July 11 , 2008 , Shinoda 's second public art show " Glorious Excess ( BORN ) " premiered at the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles . The show included nine new pieces , with an exclusive signing on opening night . The show served as part one of the " Glorious Excess " two @-@ part series , with the second installment " Glorious Excess ( DIES ) " due at JANM at August 22 , 2009 . Shinoda commented on the inspiration behind the Glorious Excess series , stating , " It Got to a point where the pervasiveness of ' celebrity news ' concerned me . It seemed like it has jumped out of its niche into places where it doesn 't belong . I would be watching the news , and thinking , ' of all the things going on in the world right now , why are they covering so @-@ and @-@ so 's breakup ? ' It didn 't make sense to me . Add to that the fact that I 'm supposed to somehow ' belong ' to that celebrity group — and I really don 't feel like I do in a lot of ways — and you can see how the topic started to become really interesting to me . The Glorious Excess ( BORN ) show was my way of diving into those topics , trying to find answers . It follows a central ' celebrity ' character , who is filthy rich , slightly violent , and famous without any particular skill or talent . " On November 6 , 2014 , Shinoda and Hahn painted an artwork on the Berlin Wall . = = = Other musical activities = = = Shinoda has also served as a music producer for several other artists and groups . In 2002 , Shinoda and Joe Hahn collaborated with the X @-@ Ecutioners to produce and perform on their single " It 's Goin ' Down " . Later in 2002 , Shinoda and Brad Delson established their own record label , Machine Shop Recordings . He helped produce Lupe Fiasco 's 2006 release , Food & Liquor . He extensively worked with Styles of Beyond between 2009 and 2012 to help produce Reseda Beach , which also features his instrumental and vocal contribution . In addition albums , Shinoda scored the MTV VMA 's in 2005 and also worked with Ramin Djawadi to score the video game , Medal of Honor : Warfighter . In 2011 , he collaborated with Joseph Trapanese to compose the score for the American release of The Raid : Redemption . In 2004 , he released a remixed single and animated music video of Depeche Mode 1989 single , " Enjoy the Silence " . In 2005 , Shinoda hosted the Rock Phenomenon mixtape / remix CD with DJ Vlad and Roc Raida . The CD is the first ( and to date , only ) in DJ Vlad 's Rock Phenomenon series ( which itself is a spin @-@ off of Vlad 's Rap Phenomenon mixtape series ) , and features a mashup of Linkin Park 's " Papercut " , and David Banner 's " Like a Pimp ( Remix ) " . For the 2006 Grammy awards , Shinoda and Brad Delson assembled the mashup track of Numb / Encore and " Yesterday " by The Beatles to be performed live by rapper Jay @-@ Z , Linkin Park and former Beatles singer Paul McCartney . Shinoda teamed up with former band mate Mark Wakefield to record and release a single , " Barack Your World " , in October 2008 . Shinoda contributed on the music for CNN original documentary television series , " This is Life with Lisa Ling " . Shinoda contributed for the title theme for American television series " Into the Badlands " . = = Other ventures = = = = = Machine Shop records = = = As Linkin Park succeeded in multi @-@ platinum record sales , Warner Music Group granted Shinoda his own record label in 1999 . It was first known as The Shinoda Imprint . He and band mate Brad Delson together worked on the label in 2004 and renamed it to Machine Shop Records . The label signed several artists through late 2007 . = = = Charity = = = Music For Relief is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) Charitable organization dedicated to providing aid to survivors of natural disasters and the prevention of such disasters through environmental programs . Music For Relief was founded by Linkin Park in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . Since its inception in 2005 , Music for Relief has raised over $ 6 million for the victims of : 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Hurricanes Katrina and Rita , and partnering with Hollywood for Habitat for Humanity to provide homes for those affected by the storm . California wildfires of October 2007 Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh 2010 Haiti earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Hurricane Sandy Typhoon Haiyan = = Influences = = Shinoda was greatly inspired by both rock and hip @-@ hop acts when he was a child . He grew up listening to Boogie Down Productions , Public Enemy , N.W.A , and Juice Crew , and later Nine Inch Nails , Deftones , The Roots and Aphex Twin . Other influences and favorites of Shinoda 's include Led Zeppelin , Run DMC , The Beatles , Rage Against The Machine , Purity Ring , Arctic Monkeys and Santigold . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Shinoda explained , " People just want junk food . They want throw @-@ away junk food music that 's going to make them lethargic and fat . We feel the same way about music . We want to hopefully move even more into being able to make more substantial music . We 're definitely paying attention to the substance and the nuance , and we hope to make something that 's really cutting edge and really different . " Various critics have compared Shinoda 's rapping style to that of fellow rapper Eminem . A reviewer for Entertainment Weekly noted that Shinoda 's vocals were " flowing like Eminem on Ambien " An editor for Uncut stated that The Rising Tied was " bound to please fans of Linkin Park and Eminem alike . " Jo Timbuong of The Star thought " Where 'd You Go " is similar to Eminem 's song " When I 'm Gone " , noting the former as " more melancholic . " A reviewer of the Scripps Howard News Service stated that Shinoda 's rapping is " a smidge closer to Eminem than he is to Vanilla Ice . " = = Personal life = = Shinoda is a third generation Japanese American . His father and aunt were forced to live in a Japanese @-@ American Internment Camp during World War II . He married author Anna Shinoda ( née Hillinger ) in 2003 and has two children . Shinoda was awarded with the Japanese American National Museum 's Award of Excellence in 2006 . In 2009 , Shinoda received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters ( L.H.D. ) from Art Center College of Design . East West Players honored Shinoda with a Visionary Award and dinner in 2010 . He has also expressed an interest in politics . Shinoda started writing articles for The Big Issue in September 2012 and was the publication 's US election correspondent . = = Discography = = With Linkin Park As Fort Minor Production discography Filmography = Anthony Parker = Anthony Michael Parker ( born June 19 , 1975 ) is an American retired professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as well as in Italy and Israel . After graduating from Bradley University with a major in liberal arts , he entered the 1997 NBA Draft and played briefly in the NBA before plying his trade in Europe . There , Parker spent five seasons with the Israeli Super League basketball club Maccabi Tel Aviv and one season with the Italian Serie A club Lottomatica Roma . With Maccabi he won five Israeli Super League national championships , five Israeli National Cups , three European titles ( two Euroleague Basketball titles and the FIBA SuproLeague title in 2001 ) , and was voted two consecutive times Euroleague MVP . After returning to the NBA as a free agent in 2006 , Parker was the Toronto Raptors ' starting shooting guard . In his first season with the Raptors , Parker helped the team clinch their first ever division title , first NBA Playoffs berth in five years , and best regular season record in franchise history . He helped the Raptors reach the playoffs again in the 2007 – 08 season , before becoming a free agent in 2009 . On June 27 , 2012 , Anthony Parker retired after 9 seasons in the NBA and 6 seasons in Israel . He is currently a scout for the Orlando Magic . = = Biography = = = = = Family life = = = Parker was born in Naperville , Illinois . His father played college basketball at the University of Iowa , while his mother was a cheerleader . Parker 's younger siblings also played basketball ; his brother Marcus played basketball in high school , while his sister Candace plays in the WNBA and was the number one pick of the 2008 draft . Early in his professional basketball career , Parker married Tamy , and they had their first child in 2002 . Parker is Christian . Candace Parkers Brother = = = Early basketball career = = = Parker started out playing high school basketball at Naperville Central High School . He then played college basketball at Bradley University where he established himself as a top player , averaging 18 @.@ 9 points per game ( ppg ) and shooting 42 % from the three @-@ point line in his third season , earning the Missouri Valley Conference ( MVC ) Most Valuable Player and All @-@ MVC first team honors in the same season . His outstanding performances for the Braves ensured that he became one of 15 players honored in Bradley 's All @-@ Century basketball team named in 2003 . Academically , Parker also excelled . He majored in chemistry before switching to liberal arts and sciences in his senior year , and earned two Major Robert H. Lawrence Jr . Scholarships while at Bradley . Parker entered the 1997 NBA Draft after four years at Bradley and was selected 21st overall by the New Jersey Nets , but he was immediately traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in a multi @-@ player trade . In his two seasons with the 76ers , Parker was largely plagued by injury and played in only 39 regular season games , averaging just over five minutes a game and totaling 74 points and 26 rebounds . He was subsequently traded together with Harvey Grant to the Orlando Magic for Billy Owens before the 1999 – 2000 season began . Parker again struggled at Orlando , playing only 16 games with modest averages of 3 @.@ 6 ppg and 1 @.@ 7 rebounds per game ( rpg ) before being released in January 2000 . He finished the remainder of the season with the Quad City Thunder of the Continental Basketball Association where he averaged 11 @.@ 5 points in 26 games . = = = European career = = = Disappointed in his failure to make a breakthrough in the NBA , Parker turned to Europe to resurrect his basketball career , intending to return to the NBA after a good season with a European club . Eventually he moved to Israel in the 2000 – 01 season , where he was signed by the Israeli Euroleague powerhouse Maccabi Tel Aviv . Initially , Parker and his wife were intimidated by the occasional bomb attacks in the city , but they soon settled in and Parker was able to focus on his basketball career . Within his first season with his new club , he became one of their most pivotal players . Parker was signed to fill the void left by Doron Sheffer 's retirement at the shooting guard position , but ended up featuring as a both scorer and playmaker for Maccabi . He immediately brought to the team his ability to score , rebound , block shots , and even entertain the crowds with slam dunks . In Parker 's inaugural season , Maccabi won the Israeli domestic championship and the Israeli National Cup , as well as the FIBA SuproLeague Cup . He continued his fine form for the club in the 2001 – 02 season , averaging 16 @.@ 4 points per game and 5 @.@ 2 rebounds per game as Maccabi again won both domestic titles , and even reached the Euroleague 2001 – 02 Final Four . Parker left Israel in 2002 , and in January 2003 moved to Italy , where he signed with Virtus Roma , playing in 27 Italian Serie A league games and averaging 14 @.@ 5 points per game and 5 @.@ 6 rebounds per game . However , half a year later Parker longed a return to Israel , a country he had grown to love . Back with Maccabi , he helped his team accomplish two more Triple Crowns by winning the Israeli domestic championship , the Israeli National Cup , and the Euroleague championship in both 2004 and 2005 . In the process , he was named the Israeli Basketball Super League MVP and the Euroleague Final Four MVP of the Euroleague 2003 – 04 season , as well as the Euroleague MVP and first team All @-@ Euroleague in the Euroleague 2004 – 05 season . The 2004 – 05 season also proved to be a watershed season for Parker , as he averaged career @-@ highs of 18 @.@ 0 points per game , 5 @.@ 3 rebounds per game and 3 @.@ 6 assists per game . In his final season with Maccabi , he led Maccabi to another domestic double , but in the Euroleague 2005 – 06 season 's championship game , Maccabi was defeated 73 – 69 by CSKA Moscow . For his efforts , Parker was named Euroleague MVP and first team All @-@ Euroleague for the second consecutive time . After six years of success in Europe however , Parker dreamed of returning to the NBA . Overall , he averaged 13 @.@ 6 points per game , 4 @.@ 8 rebounds per game and 1 @.@ 8 steals per game in his Israeli league career , while averaging 15 @.@ 8 points per game , 5 @.@ 7 rebounds per game and 1 @.@ 6 steals per game in the Euroleague . He made the 50 Greatest Euroleague Contributors list in 2008 , and the Euroleague 2001 – 10 All @-@ Decade Team in 2010 . Parker 's experience playing in Israel left a positive impression upon him . He went on to wear jersey number 18 for both Toronto and Cleveland , explaining that : " I played in Israel before I came back to the NBA , and I had such a great time ... two of my sons were born while I was playing overseas and one was actually born in Israel . And I just had such a great experience that I wanted to take something from that experience . The number 18 , in Judaism , it means ' chai ' ... and it 's the symbol for life and good fortune in Judaism . And I thought that was something to take away from Israel and let them know I 'm still representing them . " = = = Return to the NBA = = = = = = = Toronto Raptors = = = = In October 2005 , during a pre @-@ season friendly representing Maccabi against the Toronto Raptors organized by then Israeli Consul @-@ General Cobie Brosh , Parker hit the game @-@ winning shot with less than a second remaining to lead Maccabi to a 105 – 103 win at the Air Canada Centre . This gave the Raptors fans and management a glimpse of his abilities and in July 2006 , Parker was officially signed by Raptors General Manager Bryan Colangelo as a free agent as part of a massive revamp of the 2006 – 07 Toronto team . He was signed for approximately $ 12 million ( USD ) over three years , joining recent European veteran acquisitions Jorge Garbajosa and José Calderón on the team . Adopting a # 18 jersey , Parker quickly established himself as the starting shooting guard for Toronto and a well @-@ respected three @-@ point shooter in the NBA , ranking fourth in the league for three point field goal percentage by the end of the regular season . Overall , in his first season with Toronto , he averaged 12 @.@ 4 ppg , 3 @.@ 9 rpg , and 2 @.@ 1 apg , leading his team in three @-@ point field goal percentage and free throw percentage . Parker 's defensive and offensive versatility were credited as instrumental in helping the Raptors clinch their first @-@ ever division title , first NBA Playoffs berth in five years , as well as best regular season record in franchise history . In the first round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs , Parker was chosen to defend New Jersey Nets ' and former Toronto favorite Vince Carter . Parker was effective in shutting down Carter , restricting him to 13 @-@ for @-@ 43 shooting in the first two games . However , the Raptors were eliminated by the Nets after Game 6 . On April 4 , 2007 , the NBA also announced that Parker had been selected by a five @-@ member panel of former players as the divisional winner of the 2006 – 07 NBA Sportsmanship Award . The annual award reflects the ideals of sportsmanship in amateur and professional basketball . In the 2007 – 08 season , Parker remained — despite the signing of Miami 's Jason Kapono — the starting shooting guard for the Raptors , with rookie Jamario Moon completing the wing positions . In a season that was fraught with lengthy injuries to a number of his team mates ( such as T.J. Ford and Chris Bosh ) , he managed to play in all 82 regular season games and ensured that Toronto made the 2008 NBA Playoffs , albeit as the sixth seed . However , the Raptors were eliminated in the first round by the Orlando Magic in five games . Parker was later named by ESPN as one of the best Euroleague players to have graced the NBA . At the end of the 2007 – 08 season , he ranked 7th in NBA 's all @-@ time leaders in three @-@ point field goal percentage . Parker played a variety of roles in the following season . First , Kapono was temporarily moved to the starting shooting guard spot after the Raptors fired head coach Sam Mitchell . When Calderón was injured , Parker had to fill in as the starting point guard . After struggling in December , he hit good form in January and helped the Raptors inch towards a better record after the team went 16 – 28 . Although Parker eventually regained his starting spot , Toronto fell further behind the playoff race as a result of changing rosters and inconsistent performances , dropping to 21 – 34 just before the All @-@ Star break . The shooting guard 's offensive output was also erratic throughout the season , and the Raptors all but fell out of the playoffs picture by March . The Raptors eventually concluded the regular season with only 33 wins , with Parker suffering a significant drop in his numbers ( shooting percentage and points per game ) . His future remained uncertain as he was due to become a free agent , but he expressed a desire to return to Toronto for the next season . With Toronto selecting shooting guard DeMar DeRozan in the 2009 NBA Draft , that uncertainy was compounded . = = = = Cleveland Cavaliers = = = = On July 13 , 2009 , Parker signed a two @-@ year , $ 6 million deal with the LeBron James @-@ led Cleveland Cavaliers , a team that had reached the 2007 NBA Finals and 2009 Conference Finals . Cleveland General Manager Danny Ferry said of Parker : " Anthony will be a solid addition to our roster . He is a very good , intelligent all @-@ around basketball player . Our coaching staff will especially appreciate the good shooting and solid defense that Anthony brings to our team . " In a bid to ensure that James had his best shot of winning a title before he could potentially become a free agent after the season , Cleveland also acquired Shaquille O 'Neal and subsequently , Antawn Jamison , both of whom were veteran superstars . The new @-@ look Cleveland concluded the regular season with a league @-@ high 61 wins , with Parker starting all 81 games that he played in . In the first round of the playoffs , they defeated Chicago in five games . Cleveland faced the 2008 champions Boston in the next round , and despite expectations to prevail over the aging Celtics , Cleveland lost the series 4 – 2 . Parker started all 11 of Cleveland 's playoff games . During the 2010 NBA offseason , LeBron James and Zydrunas Ilgauskas left Cleveland for the Miami Heat , which led several other veterans to also leave the team . The departures would thrust Parker , Antawn Jamison and Anderson Varejão into the spotlight as the veteran leaders for the young team . While Cleveland only managed a conference @-@ worst 19 – 63 season , they were able to upset Lebron James ' heavily favored Miami Heat on March 29 , 2011 in a game where Parker grabbed eight rebounds and scored 20 points . On June 27 , 2012 , Parker announced his retirement . = = = International career = = = Parker had a brief stint with the junior United States men 's national basketball team as a college player . He was a member of the Under @-@ 22 team alongside future NBA All @-@ Stars Tim Duncan and Paul Pierce . The team defeated host and co @-@ favorite Puerto Rico twice in the COPABA 22 @-@ and @-@ under tournament and captured the gold medal in 1996 , en route to qualifying for the 1997 FIBA Under @-@ 21 World Championship . In the gold medal game , Parker scored a game @-@ high 19 points in a win against Canada . = = Career statistics = = Note : The Euroleague is not the only competition in which the player participated for the team during the season . He also played in domestic competition , and regional competition if applicable . = = = NBA = = = = = = = Regular season = = = = = = = = Playoffs = = = = = = = = Career highs = = = = Points : 27 vs. Chicago 04 / 08 / 07 Rebounds : 11 @ Indiana 02 / 25 / 08 Assists : 9 3 times Steals : 4 8 times Blocks : 2 11 times = = = FIBA SuproLeague = = = = = = Euroleague = = = = Maximum spacing estimation = In statistics , maximum spacing estimation ( MSE or MSP ) , or maximum product of spacing estimation ( MPS ) , is a method for estimating the parameters of a univariate statistical model . The method requires maximization of the geometric mean of spacings in the data , which are the differences between the values of the cumulative distribution function at neighbouring data points . The concept underlying the method is based on the probability integral transform , in that a set of independent random samples derived from any random variable should on average be uniformly distributed with respect to the cumulative distribution function of the random variable . The MPS method chooses the parameter values that make the observed data as uniform as possible , according to a specific quantitative measure of uniformity . One of the most common methods for estimating the parameters of a distribution from data , the method of maximum likelihood ( MLE ) , can break down in various cases , such as involving certain mixtures of continuous distributions . In these cases the method of maximum spacing estimation may be successful . Apart from its use in pure mathematics and statistics , the trial applications of the method have been reported using data from fields such as hydrology , econometrics , magnetic resonance imaging , and others . = = History and usage = = The MSE method was derived independently by Russel Cheng and Nik Amin at the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology , and Bo Ranneby at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences . The authors explained that due to the probability integral transform at the true parameter , the “ spacing ” between each observation should be uniformly distributed . This would imply that the difference between the values of the cumulative distribution function at consecutive observations should be equal . This is the case that maximizes the geometric mean of such spacings , so solving for the parameters that maximize the geometric mean would achieve the “ best ” fit as defined this way . Ranneby ( 1984 ) justified the method by demonstrating that it is an estimator of the Kullback – Leibler divergence , similar to maximum likelihood estimation , but with more robust properties for various classes of problems . There are certain distributions , especially those with three or more parameters , whose likelihoods may become infinite along certain paths in the parameter space . Using maximum likelihood to estimate these parameters often breaks down , with one parameter tending to the specific value that causes the likelihood to be infinite , rendering the other parameters inconsistent . The method of maximum spacings , however , being dependent on the difference between points on the cumulative distribution function and not individual likelihood points , does not have this issue , and will return valid results over a much wider array of distributions . The distributions that tend to have likelihood issues are often those used to model physical phenomena . Hall & al . ( 2004 ) seek to analyze flood alleviation methods , which requires accurate models of river flood effects . The distributions that better model these effects are all three @-@ parameter models , which suffer from the infinite likelihood issue described above , leading to Hall ’ s investigation of the maximum spacing procedure . Wong & Li ( 2006 ) , when comparing the method to maximum likelihood , use various data sets ranging from a set on the oldest ages at death in Sweden between 1905 and 1958 to a set containing annual maximum wind speeds . = = Definition = = Given an iid random sample { x1 , … , xn } of size n from a univariate distribution with the cumulative distribution function F ( x ; θ0 ) , where θ0 ∈ Θ is an unknown parameter to be estimated , let { x ( 1 ) , … , x ( n ) } be the corresponding ordered sample , that is the result of sorting of all observations from smallest to largest . For convenience also denote x ( 0 ) = − ∞ and x ( n + 1 ) = + ∞ . Define the spacings as the “ gaps ” between the values of the distribution function at adjacent ordered points : <formula> Then the maximum spacing estimator of θ0 is defined as a value	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, Saggers had few opportunities with the bat , scoring 209 runs at an average of 23 @.@ 22 , including his only century at first @-@ class level , 104 not out against Essex . = = Background = = Saggers started the tour as the clear second @-@ choice wicket @-@ keeper , as Don Tallon had played in each of Australia 's 11 Tests since the resumption of cricket after the Second World War , while Saggers was yet to make his Test debut . Saggers made his first @-@ class debut shortly before the start of the war , and after the resumption , was regarded as the second in line for Test selection behind Tallon . However , as Australia did not make any substantial tours in the years immediately after the end of hostilities , there was no need to take a reserve gloveman on such trips . However , the trip to England meant more than six months abroad , so a back @-@ up wicketkeeper was needed , and Saggers was selected for his first national squad . = = Early tour = = Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . Accordingly , Tallon was selected as the wicket @-@ keeper for the match . Tallon scored six , made five dismissals and conceded 11 byes as Australia crushed the hosts by an innings and 17 runs . Tallon was then rested and Saggers took his place for the next county match against Leicestershire . Saggers scored six , took a catch in each innings and conceded only six byes as Australia won by an innings . Saggers was then rested for the next two matches , against Yorkshire and Surrey . Australia scraped home by four wickets in the former and won by an innings in the latter . Tallon batted steadily with 10 , 17 not out and 50 not out , but conceded 35 byes while taking two catches . Tallon was having difficulty with the bounce and movement of the ball in English conditions , and sustained a bruised right finger when he lost sight of a Ray Lindwall bouncer on a misty morning during the Surrey match . He was hit after placing his hand over his face for protection , and the ball ran away for four byes . While Tallon nursed a bruised finger , Saggers played in three successive tour matches . Against Cambridge University , he made two stumpings and took one catch , and was not required to bat as Australia won by an innings . He then played in the match against Essex where Australia scored 721 runs on the first day to set a new world record for the most runs scored in a day of first @-@ class cricket . Saggers made his highest first @-@ class score , 104 not out — the only first @-@ class century of his career — in a partnership of 166 runs in 65 minutes of batting with Sam Loxton . This made him the fourth century @-@ maker for the innings after Bill Brown , Bradman and Loxton . Of Saggers 's innings , former Test batsman Jack Fingleton said that " he reminded me at times of Alan Kippax in his artistry . He plays all the strokes . " Saggers took one catch as Australia won by an innings and 451 runs , their largest winning margin of the season . He then faced Oxford University , scoring six runs and taking one catch in another innings victory . Saggers conceded six , eight and 14 byes respectively in the three matches . Up to this point , Saggers had conceded only 34 byes in his four tour matches , while Tallon had conceded 46 in three.N- The next match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who went on to represent England in the Tests , N- and were basically a full @-@ strength Test team , as were Australia , who fielded their first @-@ choice team . It was a chance for players from both countries to gain a psychological advantage ahead of the Test matches , and Tallon was selected ahead of Saggers despite conceding byes at a higher rate in the opening tour matches . Saggers looked on as Tallon conceded 26 byes and Australia won by an innings . There were four more county fixtures before the First Test , against Lancashire , Nottinghamshire , Hampshire and Sussex . Australia drew the first two before winning the latter pair by eight wickets and an innings and 325 runs respectively . Saggers played in all but the Nottinghamshire match . Against Lancashire , Saggers came in at 6 / 145 and held up his end , making an unbeaten 22 as Australia reached 204 . He then completed a stumping and conceded 11 byes as the hosts replied with 182 before the rain @-@ affected match ended in a draw . Saggers went without a dismissal and conceded 16 byes as Hampshire made 195 in their first innings . He came to the crease with Australia having scored 98 runs for the loss of seven wickets ( 7 / 98 ) and was last man out for 17 , one of only four players to pass five , as Australia made 117 and conceded a first innings lead for the first time in the season . He then completed another stumping in the second innings and conceded four byes as Australia recovered to win by eight wickets . Saggers ' final opportunity to stake a claim for Test selection was in the match against Sussex . He did not concede a bye and took a catch in the first innings . Saggers was not required to bat as Australia declared their innings closed at 5 / 549 , and then made three more dismissals and conceded five byes as Australia won by an innings . = = Test omission = = In Saggers ' last three matches before the First Test , he conceded 36 byes and made six dismissals . In contrast , Tallon conceded 18 byes in his only match and scored 27 . Despite averaging more byes per innings than Saggers during the warm @-@ up matches , N- Tallon was retained in the Test team . He took four catches and conceded 17 byes as Australia won by eight wickets . Between Tests , Australia played Northamptonshire and Yorkshire , and Tallon was rested for both matches . The first was won by an innings and the second was drawn . Saggers scored four against Northamptonshire and 22 against Yorkshire . After not making a dismissal against Northamptonshire , he took two catches and two stumpings in the latter match . He conceded 14 and 10 byes in the two matches respectively . Tallon was retained for the Second Test at Lord 's , where he scored 53 , took three catches and conceded 16 byes as Australia won by 409 runs . A dive to stop a leg glance resulted in Tallon severely bruising the little finger on his left hand . Nursing his finger injury , Tallon was rested for both tour matches between the Tests , which were against Surrey and Gloucestershire . Australia won the matches by ten wickets and an innings respectively . In Tallon 's place , Saggers scored 12 , completed a catch and made four stumpings while conceding 18 byes against Surrey . In the match against Gloucestershire , Saggers was deprived of an opportunity to bat as Australia amassed 7 / 774 , its highest score of the tour and its second highest ever in England . He took two catches , completed three stumpings and conceded 13 byes for the match . Tallon was retained as the teams then played out a draw in the Third Test at Manchester . During the match , Tallon conceded 16 byes and dropped Denis Compton three times as the English batsman went from 50 to 145 not out . Tallon 's little left finger swelled up after the Third Test and he exacerbated the injury during the next tour match against Middlesex , which Australia won by ten wickets . = = Test debut = = As a result of Tallon 's finger injury , Saggers made his Test debut in the Fourth Test , which started at Headingley on 22 July 1948 . As England made 496 runs in their first innings , Saggers took catches to remove Denis Compton for 23 , caught down the leg side , and Jim Laker for four . During the innings , Saggers was noted by Fingleton for maintaining a quiet presence behind the stumps , whereas Tallon was characteristically known for loudly appealing in concert with the bowler when he was playing . Fingleton felt that Saggers ' failure to appeal dampened the morale of the bowlers , who were vocally supported by Tallon in the other four Tests . Australia conceded 496 runs but Saggers leaked only two byes . Australia replied with 458 , but Saggers was unable to make a substantial contribution , stumped by England 's wicket @-@ keeper Godfrey Evans off the bowling of Laker for only five runs . England 's second innings reached 8 / 365 , as Saggers took one catch to secure the wicket of Ken Cranston and conceded four byes . This left Australia needing a world record Test run chase of 404 for victory . However , an innings of 182 runs from Arthur Morris and 173 not out from Bradman meant that Saggers was not required to bat in the second innings ; Australia defeated England by seven wickets , and set a world record for the highest successful Test run chase . Saggers 's six byes out of England 's match total of 861 runs was the lowest percentage of byes conceded by Australia in a match on the tour.N- Saggers made six not out , completed two catches , a stumping and conceded 15 byes in the innings victory over Derbyshire , before being rested in the next match against Glamorgan . In his first match back from injury , Tallon took a catch and two stumpings , but conceded 19 byes in a rain @-@ affected draw . Tallon 's byes were 9 @.@ 64 % of the hosts ' total , the highest percentage contribution made by byes to an innings on the tour.N- Saggers returned for the nine @-@ wicket win over Warwickshire and struggled , making a duck . Although he took two catches and a stumping , he conceded 28 byes , 9 @.@ 56 % of Warwickshire 's total runs , the second highest percentage contribution of byes to a match total against Australia.N- Saggers was then rested for Australia 's second match and second draw against Lancashire as Tallon made three dismissals and conceded 23 byes . In the non @-@ first @-@ class match against Durham , Tallon played purely as a batsman , while Saggers kept wicket . Saggers came in at 8 / 226 and made 22 to help Australia reach 273 . He then made two stumpings and conceded four byes as the hosts reached 5 / 73 when rain ended the match . With Tallon fit again for the Fifth Test , Saggers was omitted as Australia won by an innings and 149 runs to complete a 4 – 0 series victory . = = Later tour matches = = Seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to complete an English tour without defeat . Tallon was rested for three consecutive matches against Kent , the Gentlemen of England , and Somerset , and Saggers kept wickets in all three fixtures ; Australia won all three by an innings . Saggers made only eight as Australia scored 361 against Kent . He then conceded only two byes and took two catches and made two stumpings as the home side made 51 and 124 . Saggers did not bat as Australia amassed 5 / 610 against the Gentlemen of England . He then took a catch and conceded 19 byes as Australia enforced the follow on and won . The match against Somerset was similar ; Saggers did not bat in Australia 's 5 / 560 declared , before making two stumpings and conceding eight byes . In total , he made seven dismissals and conceded 29 byes in the six innings of the three matches . Saggers was rested as Tallon returned for the following match against the South of England . Tallon took three catches and conceded 13 byes before the match was washed out when the hosts were dismissed for 298 . Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was against the Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI . During the last tour in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted that only six current Test players be allowed to represent the hosts . Bradman then fielded a first @-@ choice team ; the only difference from the Fifth Test team was Ian Johnson 's inclusion at the expense of Doug Ring . Saggers was left out as the match ended in a draw after multiple rain delays . The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . In the first match , Tallon played as a batsman while Saggers kept wicket . Saggers scored only eight in Australia 's 236 and then took two catches , three stumpings and conceded 13 byes in the innings victory . In the second match in Aberdeen , Saggers was rested as Australia completed another innings win . = = Role = = The reserve wicket @-@ keeper , Saggers played in 17 first @-@ class matches and scored 209 runs at an average of 23 @.@ 22 , including a career high score of 104 not out against Essex , 23 catches and 20 stumpings , also career records for one season . This compared with the first @-@ choice gloveman Tallon , who scored 283 runs at 25 @.@ 72 . In all his matches on tour , Tallon missed 249 byes as Australia conceded 5331 runs , a bye percentage of 4 @.@ 67 % . In contrast , Saggers conceded 221 byes from the 6190 runs scored against Australia when he was behind the stumps , a percentage of 3 @.@ 57 % .N- In his 1950 book Farewell to cricket , Bradman said of Saggers , " [ he ] had not quite the speed or agility of Tallon but could always be relied on for a solid performance . A most polished and unostentatious player . " During the tour , Saggers had few opportunities with the bat , generally batting between No. 8 and No. 10 , N- because Australia 's frontline bowlers included the likes of Ray Lindwall , Colin McCool , Ian Johnson and Doug Ring , who were all capable batsmen . Lindwall scored two Test centuries in his career , while McCool scored 18 first @-@ class centuries , one in Tests . Johnson and Ring both scored more than 20 fifties at first @-@ class level . As a result , many of the bowlers batted before he did . As Australia often won by an innings , and declared in the first innings on many occasions , Saggers only had 12 innings in his 17 first @-@ class fixtures and was not out three times after his remaining partners had been dismissed . = = = Statistical notes = = = = = = General notes = = = = Make Love = " Make Love " is a song performed by American recording artist and songwriter Keri Hilson . It was written by Jamal " Polow da Don " Jones , Ester Dean and Jason Perry , and produced by Polow da Don and Perry for Hilson 's debut studio album , In a Perfect World ... ( 2009 ) . The song was sent for urban adult contemporary airplay on June 23 , 2009 as the fifth single from the album . Musically , " Make Love " is a downtempo R & B ballad . The song received mixed reviews from music critics ; some of them criticized its long length and Hilson 's vocals , while others named it one of the album 's standouts . After being sent out for radio airplay , " Make Love " reached number ten on the Bubbling Under R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles chart , but received no direct promotion . However , three months prior to the single 's release , a music video for the song , directed by Matt Barnes , was released and served as a viral commercial for In a Perfect World ... The clip features rapper Kanye West , who appears on the album 's previous single , " Knock You Down " . = = Background and composition = = " Make Love " was written by Jamal " Polow da Don " Jones , Ester Dean and Jason Perry , and produced by Polow da Don and co @-@ produced by Perry . Hilson 's produced the vocals , which were recorded by Bryan Jones at No Excuses Studio in Santa Monica , California with assistance from Bryan Morton . The recordings were later mixed by Jean Marie Horvat . Perry and Titus Jackson played keyboards on the song , and Thomas Drayton contributed guitars . The song is one of three tracks on In a Perfect World ... that Hilson did not co @-@ write . The song was used in a viral commercial prior to the album 's release in March 2009 , and was later sent for urban adult contemporary airplay on June 23 , 2009 , as the fifth single from the album . Hilson explained that she is " stripping down and unwinding " with " Make Love " , calling it real and natural . She described it as self @-@ explanatory , saying that it speaks of reviving love and " keeping things very interesting " . " A woman has to know when to set the pace , because that 's what men need . So that 's what the song is about " , she said . Musically , " Make Love " is an R & B ballad , set in a slinky slow jam groove . Patrick Varine of The Observer @-@ Dispatch referred it to as a " hacky mid- ' 90s R & B " song , and its slow tempo was compared to ballads by American singer Ciara . According to Mariel Concepcion of Billboard , the song sees Hilson tapping into her vulnerable side . = = Reception = = = = = Reviews = = = The song received mixed reviews from music critics . Sophie Bruce of BBC Music , Michael Wood of Los Angeles Times , and a writer for Rap @-@ Up named the song one of the album 's highlights . Quentin B. Huff of PopMatters was positive , writing that the song and " Slow Dance " " tend to provide better matches between the vocals and the music , since the backdrop keeps things simple and the lyrics don ’ t always fall into slang and unintentional irony " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that the album 's problem is the slow numbers , including " Make Love " . Cinquemani said that the song requires a " much more talented vocalist to elevate it above mere filler " . Steve Jones of USA Today named it a track to skip , and Glenn Gamboa of Newsday also dismissed the song , writing that it " seems to go on forever , especially following the similarly too @-@ long , too @-@ drawn @-@ out ' Slow Dance ' " . Tracy Garraud of Vibe wrote that its chords " sound more like a Disney princess ' cue than a royal highness ' arrival and Hilson 's fairy @-@ dusted vocals sound more platonic than carnal " . = = = Chart performance = = = Following its release as a radio single , " Make Love " debuted at number 14 on the Bubbling Under R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles chart in the issue dated July 18 , 2009 . The next week , it dropped to number 19 . In the issue dated August 8 , 2009 , it reached its peak position of number ten . The song spent five weeks on the chart in total . = = Music video = = The music video for " Make Love " was directed by Matt Barnes . The clip premiered on March 9 , 2009 and served as a viral commercial for In a Perfect World ... Barnes referred the video to as a short film , noting that it has the form of a music video but there is no performance in it . Hilson said that the opening scene of her entering her apartment represents her coming home from the studio on a normal day . She explained that the song and video show that the album has " real songs " , not just uptempo one for clubs . The video guest stars Kanye West , who contributed vocals to " Knock You Down " , one of the album 's tracks . The video begins with Hilson as she comes home to her apartment and starts playing " Make Love " on a rough cut CD of In a Perfect World ... After taking off her jacket , she sits down on the couch in the living room . In another room , West is seen getting out of bed . Hilson leaves for the kitchen where she puts out champagne and chocolate @-@ dipped strawberries . She then gets ready in the bathroom while West waits in the bedroom . When Hilson is finished , she joins him in bed and they start cuddling and kissing . The video ends with Hilson looking into the camera over West 's shoulder . = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting – Jamal " Polow da Don " Jones , Ester Dean , Jason Perry Production – Polow da Don Co @-@ production – Jason Perry Additional keyboards – Jason Perry , Titus Jackson Guitars – Thomas Drayton Vocal production – Keri Hilson Mixing – Jean Marie Horvart Credits are adapted from the In a Perfect World ... album liner notes . = = Charts = = = Didi Tera Devar Deewana = " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " ( translation : " Sister , your brother @-@ in @-@ law is crazy " ) is a 1994 Bollywood song performed by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam for the musical romantic film Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! . The track was composed by Raamlaxman , while lyrics were written by Dev Kohli . Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! was written and directed by Sooraj R. Barjatya and produced under the banner of Rajshri Productions . The music video of " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " shows the film 's ensemble cast and leads Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan dancing at a baby shower ceremony . The song gained popularity after its release , with it reaching various music charts and bagging the Filmfare Special Award for Mangeshkar . The purple jaded satin saree designed by Anna Singh and sported by Dixit in the video trended in the markets , being also merchandised . Dixit 's dance and looks throughout the clip were met with good reviews . After watching the song 's video , artist M. F. Husain found his muse in Dixit and went on to paint a series of paintings on her . = = Music video = = The video of the song features the majority of the film 's cast at a celebration event where this song is performed . To entertain the attendees that have arrived at Pooja 's ( Renuka Shahane ) baby shower , her sister Nisha ( Madhuri Dixit ) and her husband 's cousin Rita ( Sahila Chadha ) arrange a comic skit . While Nisha is presented as a pregnant lady with a pillow stuffed belly , Rita is seen in a young man 's get @-@ up which resembles to that of Prem ( Salman Khan ) who is Pooja 's devar ( younger brother @-@ in @-@ law ) . Throughout the song 's lyrics , Nisha tells everyone of how Prem is deewana ( crazy ) and always tries to woo girls . The fake Prem , i.e. Rita , always tries to flirt and tease all the ladies , especially Nisha . He also hits Nisha 's bum with a marigold flower , using a slingshot . Afterwards , the fake Prem is shown being beaten by all the present ladies . Then , the real Prem , who was secretly watching the comic skit , comes in and hits Nisha 's bum again with a marigold flower . Following this , Prem jumps off the balcony and hangs onto the chandelier . Afraid of being caught red handed in imitating him , Nisha and Rita try to run away . Surprisingly , Prem begs pardon for his behaviour towards Nisha . The video ends with Prem faking a pregnant lady in lingerie . The clip has a large group of female dancers dancing in @-@ sync in the background . Amongst the prominent star cast of the film , Bindu , Himani Shivpuri , Priya Arun , Laxmikant Berde , are also seen throughout the video . = = Production = = Written by Dev Kohli , the song is composed by Raamlaxman and performed by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam . Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! was Sooraj R. Barjatya 's second film , following Maine Pyar Kiya , which also featured Kohli , Raamlaxman , Mangeshkar and Balasubrahmanyam . Raamlaxman had earlier been known for his association with the Marathi films of Dada Kondke . He had about 50 sessions with Barjatya , while the finishing of the script , and finalizing the music and recording of all songs took 3 months . According to The Times Of India , " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " is inspired by Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan 's song " Saare Nabian " . When Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! was released in Pakistan , the words " Hai Raam " were omitted from the lyrics . The film marked the beginning of Bollywood 's family films in the 1990s and narrated a story of an Indian elite family . The sets of Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! mixed the contemporary designs , also saturating it with Hindu iconography and the palatial architecture was shown to be filled with people . The music video for " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " is cited as the best example to showcase the grandeur of the sets . The sequence which portrays Prem hanging on a chandelier gives the whole top view of a room full of women sporting traditional clothes . To picture various perspectives , tracking shots and a variety of camera angles have been used . = = Reception = = The song gained popularity upon its release , bringing sales of over ₹ 11 @.@ 7 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) , and topping the Philips Top 10 , BPL Oye ! and Superhit Muqabla before the film was released . Furthermore , the music production house HMV sold over 30 lakh tapes . Lata Mangeshkar , who debuted in the 1940s as a singer , had reduced her playback activity in the 1990s , performing only selected songs . She recorded more than 10 songs for Hum Aapke Hain Koun .. ! Since the inception of the Best Playback Singer category at the Filmfare Awards in 1959 , Mangeshkar dominated the Female Playback Singer category until 1969 , when she chose to part the award with fellow singers , for encouraging them . Following this , " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " was praised on public demand with a Special award during the Filmware Awards ceremony . At the 42nd National Film Awards , Jay Borade won the Best Choreography award for all the songs featured in the film . The official citation of the award was : " For a graceful and aesthetically pleasing choreography , contemporary and yet traditional in its adherence to Indian cultural practices . " = = Controversy = = In 1995 , the Gramophone Co. of India , which owned the audio copyrights of the song , filed suit against Super Cassette Industries for bringing audio cassettes in market titled " Hum Aapke Hain Kaun " , which were packaged with the same cover sleeve of Gramophone Co . India 's publishings . The Delhi High Court ruled in favour of Gramophone Co . India , directing that Super Cassette Industries have not to use similar packing for their product . Furthermore , they highlighted that " the record is not from the original soundtrack , being only an alternative version . " = = Legacy = = Dixit draped a bright purple jaded satin saree with a backless khidki @-@ blouse ; the saree was reported to have cost ₹ 1 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 22 @,@ 000 ) . A scene in the film which portrays her walking down the stairs with Khan remaining stunned gapping at her was pointed out as an " iconic scene " . Designed by Anna Singh , the saree was described as one of the " most talked about sarees " by both The Tribune and The Times of India . It became popular and was made available for purchase in various shops around the world , with it selling in large numbers . Dolls sporting this outfit were also marketed . It also set a trend for purple colour in wedding seasons . With increasing appeal , the subsequent film 's poster showed only Dixit in the purple saree whereas initially she was placed besides Khan . In 2012 , the romantic comedy film Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi also used the same saree in their film 's poster . Painter Maqbool Fida Hussain found his muse in Madhuri Dixit after watching the part of Hum Aapke Hai Koun ... ! where " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " is performed . He went on to watch the film 67 times . About Dixit 's dance in the song Hussain confessed , " That movement of the hips is out of this world . I have never seen such a dancer , and I have seen the best . Her words are transformed into body language . " He painted a series of paintings inspired from Dixit . Madhuri as Menaka with Vishwamitra , Madhuri as Radha with Nand Lala , Madhuri playing tennis at Wimbledon were some of those paintings . The Menaka painting was inspired from the famous painting of apsara Menaka as painted by Raja Ravi Verma . Another painting also showed Dixit with Meryl Streep leaning over a bridge in Madison County and Clint Eastwood on horseback below . The painting Nautanki showed Dixit with a backless blouse turning behind like the step in " Didi Tera Devar Deewana " , however this time sporting a nine yards Maharashtrian saree . Hussain formed a collaborative company , Madhuri @-@ McBull Creations , which went on to produce the film Gaja Gamini in 2000 that had Dixit playing various roles like Shakuntala and Mona Lisa . He was also humorously being referred to as " Madhuri Fida Hussain " ( meaning : Madhuri obsessed Hussain ) . The song was included in the 4 @-@ CD Collector 's Exclusive pack 60 years of Rajshri : A Retrospect released by Sa Re Ga Ma in 2006 . In 2014 , twenty years after the film 's release , the song was called " a song for every season " by The Times of India . = OutRun Online Arcade = OutRun Online Arcade is a racing video game and the most recent release in the OutRun series . It was developed by Sumo Digital and published by Sega . The game was released on April 15 , 2009 on Xbox Live Arcade . It was also released exclusively in Europe for the PlayStation 3 on April 16 , 2009 via the PlayStation Network . Gameplay involves players racing their choice of Ferrari through a selection of fifteen stages in the shortest time possible . The game was fairly well received by critics , with aggregate scores averaging 78 % for both platforms at GameRankings . Reviewers generally felt that the game was a faithful adaptation of the OutRun 2 series of games . The upgraded high definition graphics were also lauded . Critics felt that the game was worth the price , however , some felt that the amount of available content was lacking considering the cars and stages available in the series ' other titles . On October 13 , 2010 , Sega announced that OutRun Online was taken down from the PlayStation Network and it was removed from Xbox Live Arcade in December 2011 due to the expiration of their contract with Ferrari . = = Gameplay = = In OutRun Online Arcade , the player navigates a car from a rear third @-@ person perspective to race through a selection of fifteen stages . At the end of each stage , the player is presented with a fork in the road that allows the player to choose one of two stages . The left route presents an easier stage , while the right provides a greater challenge . The game times the player 's performance , and passing through checkpoints award the player with extra time . Once the timer reaches zero or the player completes the race , the game ends . OutRun Online Arcade features four modes of play : OutRun , Time Attack , Continuous Race , and Heart Attack . In OutRun mode , the player drives through five of fifteen stages , selecting them en route . The Continuous mode is similar to OutRun mode , but instead the player must drive through all fifteen stages . As in previous games in the series , there is a time limit that is extended upon passing checkpoints . Time Attack mode has the player race a ghost car over a pre @-@ selected set of stages while timed . Time checks are presented to the player at various points on each stage . Heart Attack mode is an expansion on OutRun mode . In addition to attempting to complete certain stages , a passenger riding in the player 's vehicle will frequently request certain stunts and actions . These requests can include passing cars , drifting around bends , driving through marked lanes , knocking over cones , and avoiding crashes into objects for as long as possible . If successful , the player receives hearts from the passenger . Crashing into the scenery results in the player losing hearts . At the end of each section and stage , the player is graded based on the number of hearts received . Should the player reach a goal with a satisfying grade , a romantic ending is displayed . Players can also compete in multiplayer races with up to six players . The hosting player can adjust options for the race , including the ability to toggle vehicle collisions , give a speed boost to allow slower players to catch up , and set the vehicle performance to normal or tuned . Online leaderboards are also present in the game , divided by game mode , vehicle performance setting , and driving stage . = = Development = = Partially based on OutRun 2006 : Coast 2 Coast , the game contains the fifteen courses from OutRun 2 SP and ten officially licensed Ferraris . OutRun Online Arcade also supports online head @-@ to @-@ head play for six players , as well as high definition graphics . To promote the game , Sega Europe held a contest in which the winner of a race would receive a trip to Maranello , Italy , where Ferraris are manufactured . The game was released on for the Xbox 360 on April 15 , 2009 , and was part of Microsoft 's Days Of Arcade promotion . The PlayStation 3 release followed on April 16 , 2009 , exclusive to the European region . The release was prior to Microsoft 's raising of the maximum size of Xbox Live Arcade titles to 2 gigabytes , which would happen later that fall . Because of this , developer Sumo Digital had only 350 megabytes in which to fit the game . In order to fit the game into the size restrictions , several elements of OutRun 2006 : Coast 2 Coast were removed from the game , including the fifteen original OutRun 2 stages , several cars , and the player 's choice of a passenger . Reviewers speculated that the developer would release additional content , bringing some of the lost content back as downloadable content . However , to date no downloadable content has been released . The game was removed from the PlayStation Network in October 2010 , with the Xbox Live Arcade version being scheduled for removal in December 2011 . Sega explained that the removal of the title was due to " the expiry of the contract with Ferrari . " = = Reception = = OutRun Online Arcade was fairly well received by critics . Aggregate sites GameRankings and Metacritic report scores of 78 @.@ 97 % and 79 / 100 for the Xbox 360 , respectively . GameRankings reports a score of 78 @.@ 64 % for the PlayStation 3 version . Individual scores were mostly positive , with only two scores below the 70 % range across both platforms . The game was first in sales on Xbox Live Arcade for the two weeks following its release , dropping to seventh during the third week . Reviewers ' overall impressions of the game were positive . Games Master UK called it a " timeless classic " with a " reasonable download price " . GamePro noted the game 's high replay value and reasonable price . IGN favorably compared the game to the original 1986 Out Run , adding that it was a great option if " you 're looking to waste a few hours drifting . " Reviewers were mostly in accord in praising OutRun Online Arcade 's arcade @-@ style gameplay . They generally appreciated the HD resolutions and the other graphical improvements made to the OutRun 2 engine . Game Revolution called OutRun Online Arcade " one of the better @-@ looking 3D games on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network , " citing graphical improvements to the cars in addition to the new lens flare and light bloom features . Some reviewers complained of faulty multiplayer components . Videogamer.com felt the online portion was lacking considering the inclusion of the word online in the game 's title . 1UP.com noted that though the game was worth the price , they would have preferred to pay a higher price to have additional content and a more stable online experience . Game Revolution also expressed disappointment in the fact that game modes and cars from OutRun 2 and OutRun 2006 were excluded from the game . = Gordon Steege = Air Commodore Gordon Henry Steege , DSO , DFC ( 31 October 1917 – 1 September 2013 ) was a senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . He became a fighter ace in World War II , credited with eight aerial victories . Joining the RAAF in July 1937 , Steege first saw action with No. 3 Squadron in the Middle East , where he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross after shooting down three German aircraft in a single sortie . He rose to command No. 450 Squadron in the Desert Air Force , before being posted to the South West Pacific , where he led Nos. 73 and 81 Wings . He earned the Distinguished Service Order for his " outstanding leadership " , and finished the war a temporary group captain . Resigning his commission following the end of World War II , Steege rejoined the RAAF during the Korean War , and briefly took command of No. 77 Squadron late in 1951 . Returning to Australia , he held senior administrative and training posts before taking charge of RAAF Base Canberra in 1957 . In the 1960s he was appointed to various planning positions , followed by command of RAAF Base Amberley , Queensland , and later RAAF Base Butterworth , Malaysia . Having been raised to air commodore , his final appointment before retiring in 1972 was on the staff of Headquarters Operational Command ( now Air Command ) at RAAF Base Glenbrook , New South Wales . He subsequently became an aeronautical consultant , and died in Sydney in 2013 , aged 95 . = = Early career = = The son of William and Ida Steege , Gordon Henry Steege was born in the Sydney suburb of Chatswood on 31 October 1917 , and educated at North Sydney Boys High School . He recalled having always been interested in a military career , applying unsuccessfully to enter the Royal Australian Navy when he was twelve , and the Royal Military College , Duntroon , after he left school and started working with the Perpetual Trustee Company . On 21 July 1937 , he joined the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , undergoing flight instruction at No. 1 Flying Training School in Point Cook , Victoria . He graduated with a distinguished pass on 23 June 1938 , and was commissioned a pilot officer . His first posting was to No. 3 ( Army Cooperation ) Squadron at RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales , flying Hawker Demon biplane fighters . Steege and the squadron participated in several exercises with the Australian Army , undertaking reconnaissance , spotting for artillery , and practising ground @-@ attack missions . He was promoted to flying officer in December 1938 . = = World War II = = Following the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , Steege was appointed adjutant of the newly formed No. 11 Squadron , which initially operated two Short Type C flying boats requisitioned from Qantas Empire Airways . Half of the squadron 's personnel were Qantas employees . On 25 September , No. 11 Squadron became the RAAF 's first unit to be based in Papua New Guinea , when the flying boats , accompanied by Steege in a De Havilland Dragon Rapide , flew to Port Moresby to undertake maritime reconnaissance in the region . = = = Middle East = = = Steege returned to No. 3 Squadron in May 1940 , was promoted to flight lieutenant the following month , and shipped out to the Middle East with his unit on 15 July . Piloting a Gloster Gladiator biplane , he achieved his first aerial victory in the North African campaign when he shot down an Italian Fiat CR.42 on 10 December 1940 ; he also claimed a " probable " in the same action . Three days later he shared in three more " kills " : two CR.42s and a Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.79. After No. 3 Squadron converted to Hawker Hurricanes , Steege shot down three Junkers Ju 87s in a single sortie near Mersa Matruh on 18 February 1941 , to become his unit 's second ace . Following this exploit , and the destruction of a Messerschmitt Bf 110 on 3 April , he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross . The recommendation noted his " unfailing courage " , and the award was promulgated in the London Gazette on 11 April . Raised to acting squadron leader , Steege was given command of the newly arrived No. 450 Squadron at Rayak , Lebanon , on 31 May 1941 . The assignment was a challenging one , as the operational requirements of existing forces , and the RAAF Air Board 's insistence on staffing Article XV squadrons such as No. 450 with Australian Empire Air Training Scheme aircrew rather than Permanent Air Force members , meant that the unit was short of experienced pilots . Steege was mentioned in despatches on 24 September 1941 for his leadership of the squadron . By December , it was at nominal strength and equipped with P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks ; it commenced combat operations out of Gambut and El Adem , Libya , and began registering victories in February 1942 . Steege himself scored a confirmed victory over a Messerschmitt Bf 109 on 28 March . His final tally in the Middle Eastern theatre was eight enemy aircraft destroyed , two probables and five damaged . He returned to Australia a temporary wing commander in December 1942 . = = = South West Pacific = = = Steege undertook a fighter sector course in January 1943 , and was given command of No. 8 Fighter Sector Headquarters in Brisbane . As a result , he later contended , of his petitioning Eastern Area Command for reassignment to combat duties and complaining to Group Officer Clare Stevenson that there were too many WAAAFs in the sector for an unmarried man to supervise , he was posted to command No. 14 Mobile Fighter Sector Headquarters at Camden , New South Wales , on 23 May . The following month , the unit deployed to Goodenough Island in New Guinea as part of No. 71 ( Fighter ) Wing , becoming operational on 27 June . In August it moved to Kiriwina , under the aegis of No. 73 ( Fighter ) Wing . Steege relinquished command on 1 October to take charge of No. 73 Wing . The wing 's combat units consisted of two P @-@ 40 Kittyhawk squadrons and a Supermarine Spitfire squadron . As part of the build @-@ up to the Battle of Arawe in December , the Kittyhawks launched a series of assaults on Gasmata ; three days before the Allied landings , Steege personally led a force of thirty @-@ four aircraft in a bombing and strafing attack on the town 's landing strip . In January 1944 , the wing took part in the two largest raids mounted by the RAAF to that time , each involving over seventy aircraft attacking enemy camps and depots at Lindenhafen , New Britain . Steege was promoted acting group captain the following month ; the rank was made temporary in July . As part of the RAAF 's contribution to the Admiralty Islands campaign , Steege led No. 73 Wing on garrison duty at Los Negros , commencing in March 1944 . The wing 's combat squadrons — Nos. 76 , 77 and 79 — were supported by No. 49 Operational Base Unit , No. 114 Mobile Fighter Sector ( formerly No. 14 Mobile Fighter Sector ) , No. 27 Air Stores Park and No. 26 Medical Clearing Station , among other ancillaries . The fighters ' main duty was providing cover for Allied shipping ; they also carried out bomber escort , ground attack and anti @-@ shipping missions . In mid @-@ April , the wing escorted the largest Allied convoy in the South West Pacific to that date , 80 ships carrying 30 @,@ 000 personnel , from Finschhafen to Aitape . On 11 April , Steege was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his " outstanding leadership in aerial combat in New Guinea " . Completing their garrison work in the Admiralties that June , No. 73 Wing 's Kittyhawk units were transferred to No. 81 ( Fighter ) Wing on Noemfoor under Steege 's command . In September 1944 , No. 81 Wing became part of No. 10 Operational Group , which was renamed the Australian First Tactical Air Force the following month . During October and November , No. 81 Wing undertook offensive sweeps and ground attacks against targets in West Papua , and dive bombed Japanese airfields on Halmahera . Steege handed over command of the wing to Group Captain Wilf Arthur in December 1944 . In January 1945 , Steege became senior air staff officer ( SASO ) at Eastern Area Command in Sydney . He was posted to RAAF Headquarters , Melbourne , in May . From June to December , he attended the Army and Navy Staff College in Washington , D.C. = = Korean War and after = = Steege married Joan Tait on 5 January 1946 ; they had a son and a daughter . He was appointed RAAF Director of Operations in February . In December 1946 , he resigned from the RAAF , joining the New Guinea Administration as a patrol officer the next month . He rejoined the Air Force as a wing commander on the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 . The following month , he accompanied Major General William Bridgeford 's mission to Malaya . Steege assumed command of RAAF Station Schofields , New South Wales , in September 1950 , and commenced a jet training course at RAAF Station Williamtown early the next year . On 16 August 1951 , he was posted to Kimpo , South Korea , as commander of No. 77 Squadron , shortly after its conversion from P @-@ 51 Mustang piston @-@ engined fighters to Gloster Meteor jets . One of his first actions , following discussions with the US Fifth Air Force , was to take the Australian unit out of its then @-@ current air @-@ to @-@ air combat role , and curtail its operations in " MiG Alley " . Two encounters between No. 77 Squadron and Chinese MiG @-@ 15s had convinced Steege that the straight @-@ winged Meteors were outclassed as fighters by the swept @-@ wing MiGs . His decision caused controversy as some UN commanders believed that proper training and tactics would have allowed the Meteor to remain competitive as a fighter , while for the Australian pilots the change of role amounted to a loss of prestige . However , Steege was backed up by the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Marshal George Jones , and the squadron was relegated mainly to escort duty and local air defence . Morale suffered and it was not until after Steege 's departure on 26 December that a suitable offensive role was again found for the Meteors , namely ground attack . After returning to Australia , Steege was appointed chief instructor at the School of Land / Air Warfare , Williamtown , in February 1952 . He was attached to the Department of Air in Canberra for two years beginning in August 1953 , holding secretarial posts on the Chiefs of Staff Committee , Joint Planning Committee , and Defence Committee . After serving on the staff of Headquarters Training Command from August 1955 to May 1957 , he took command of RAAF Base Canberra , Australian Capital Territory . At this time No. 86 Wing , operating Douglas Dakotas and Convair 440 Metropolitains , was located at Canberra , in part to satisfy the Federal government 's VIP transport needs . Steege was promoted to acting group captain in May 1958 ( substantive two months later ) , before becoming a senior planner at the SEATO Military Planning Office , Bangkok , in December 1958 . He returned to the Department of Air in December 1961 , where he rose to Director of Plans . Promoted to air commodore , he was appointed Officer Commanding ( OC ) RAAF Base Amberley , Queensland , in November 1964 . Amberley was home to the RAAF 's bomber headquarters , No. 82 Wing , which operated English Electric Canberra jets . In May 1967 , Steege became OC RAAF Base Butterworth , Malaysia . The RAAF maintained two squadrons of fighters at Butterworth : No. 75 Squadron flying Dassault Mirages , and also No. 77 Squadron flying CAC Sabres until 1969 , and the Mirage @-@ equipped No. 3 Squadron after that . Returning to Australia , Steege served as SASO with Headquarters Operational Command ( now Air Command ) at RAAF Base Glenbrook , New South Wales , from May 1970 until retiring from the Air Force on 31 October 1972 . = = Later life = = After leaving the RAAF , Steege served as a consultant to several aerospace defence firms . In 2004 , he married Jennifer Fisher , his partner since 1987 . He maintained his connection with No. 450 Squadron in his later years . As a guest at the 1994 RAAF History Conference in Canberra he spoke at length on the difficulties of establishing the unit in the Middle East in 1941 . He became patron of the squadron association in April 2008 . In 2010 , he joined three fellow members of No. 3 Squadron who shipped out to the Middle East on 15 July 1940 for the 70th anniversary commemoration of the event at RAAF Base Richmond . Steege made his home in Palm Beach , New South Wales , and died on 1 September 2013 , aged 95 . He was survived by his second wife , son and stepdaughter . = Nailsea and Backwell railway station = Nailsea and Backwell railway station , on the Bristol to Exeter Line , is in the village of Backwell , close to the town of Nailsea in North Somerset , England . It is 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Bristol Temple Meads railway station , and 126 miles ( 203 km ) from London Paddington . Its three @-@ letter station code is NLS . The station , opened in 1841 by the Bristol and Exeter Railway , has two platforms but little in the way of facilities . It is managed by Great Western Railway , the seventh company to be responsible for the station , and the third franchise since privatisation in 1997 . They provide all train services at the station , mainly hourly services between Bristol Parkway and Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , and between Cardiff Central and Taunton . = = Description = = The station sits atop an embankment about 40 feet ( 12 m ) high , and spans the main road between Nailsea and Backwell , which narrows to a signal @-@ controlled single lane to go under the railway . The station is on the Bristol to Exeter Line , 126 miles 34 chains ( 203 @.@ 46 km ) from London Paddington and 8 miles 1 chain ( 12 @.@ 89 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads . It the third station along the line from Bristol . Nailsea is a short distance to the north , while the outskirts of Backwell are right against the south side of the station . The two settlements are primarily residential , and are , for large proportions of their residents , dormitory towns for Bristol . The station has two platforms , separated by two running lines . The line runs on a slight curve through the station , at an angle of roughly 067 degrees , and has a linespeed of 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) . The northern platform , platform 2 , is 121 metres ( 132 yd ) long and serves eastbound trains ; the southern platform , platform 1 , is 122 metres ( 133 yd ) and serves westbound trains . Access to the two platforms is by steps from the road on either side . There is a ramp to the eastbound platform , but it has a gradient greater than 1 in 12 , and there is no ramp access to trains . There is no ramp access to the westbound platform . Access between the platforms is either by a footbridge , or by walking along the main road under the line . There are metal and glass waiting shelters on both platforms – three on the eastbound platform , one on the westbound . Two ticket machines are situated on the north side of the station , but they cannot be used to collect pre @-@ bought tickets . These are supplemented by a small ticket kiosk on the eastbound platform which is open during the morning peak . " Next train " dot @-@ matrix displays and an automated public @-@ address system announce approaching services . To the north of the station is a pay and display car park with 285 car parking spaces , six motorcycle spaces and a number of cycle racks. cycle storage is also available . There is a bus stop adjacent to the car park , with services between Bristol and Clevedon . = = Services = = The station is managed by Great Western Railway , which also operates all rail services from the station . As of the December 2011 timetable , the basic service from Monday to Saturday consists of two trains in each direction per hour . One is the Bristol Parkway to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare service , calling at all stations ; the second is the faster Cardiff Central to Taunton service , non @-@ stop between Bristol Temple Meads and Nailsea & Backwell . All trains call at Yatton , the next station westwards . A greater proportion of services continue beyond Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare in the evening , but fewer services continue to Cardiff . There is one evening service to Avonmouth via the Severn Beach Line . Sunday sees roughly one train per hour , with services again alternating between Bristol Parkway to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare and Cardiff to Taunton , with two services to and from the Severn Beach Line : during summer months these terminate at Severn Beach ; the rest of the year only one does , the other terminating at Avonmouth . The typical journey time to Bristol Temple Meads is 11 minutes . The local services described above are formed using Class 150 , 153 and 158 diesel multiple @-@ unit trains . Until 2012 , Class 143 Pacer units were a regular sight , but these have been moved south to work in Devon and Cornwall following a cascade of Class 150 / 1 units from London Midland and London Overground . Services between London Paddington and Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare call at Nailsea and Backwell in the early morning and evening , running non @-@ stop between Bristol Temple Meads and Nailsea and Backwell , also stopping at Yatton , but not always at Worle or Weston Milton . From Monday to Friday there are five morning services and one evening service to London , with seven services from London , all in the evening . Saturday sees three services to London , all in the morning , and four services from London , all in the evening . There are seven services to and six from London on Sundays , spread throughout the day . These intercity services are formed of High Speed Train sets , which are longer than the station , so passengers in the front carriage have to move to a different carriage to get out . Passengers are prevented from getting out onto the tracks by a selective door @-@ opening system . The typical journey time to London is roughly two hours . In 2008 , one morning northbound CrossCountry service would make a stop at Nailsea and Backwell to serve as a morning peak service , but this operation has ceased . CrossCountry services still pass through the station , but do not stop . Occasional Great Western Railway intercity services between London and Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare or Taunton and Exeter also pass through non @-@ stop . The station has an adjacent bus stop , served by the First Somerset & Avon number 362 and 363 buses between Bristol and Clevedon , with an hourly service in each direction providing a public transport link to Nailsea town centre , Tickenham , Flax Bourton and Long Ashton . In addition , a school day only service operated by North Somerset Coaches runs between the station , Nailsea School and Backwell School at the start and end of the school day . The North Somerset Coaches daytime service between Nailsea and Backwell via the station was withdrawn in November 2012 . = = History = = The first section of the Bristol and Exeter Railway 's ( B & ER ) main line opened on 14 June 1841 between Bristol and Bridgwater . Opened as " Nailsea " , it was for a while the first station on the line west of Bristol , the next being Clevedon Road ( which was renamed Yatton in 1847 ) . The line , engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel , was built as 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) broad @-@ gauge but it had been reconstructed as a mixed @-@ gauge line to accommodate local 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) -gauge traffic by 1 June 1875 . Services were operated by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) on behalf of the B & ER until 1 May 1849 . The B & ER then took over its own workings until the company was amalgamated into the GWR on 1 January 1876 . Broad @-@ gauge trains ceased operation on 20 May 1892 . Due to its being built on an embankment , lightweight building materials were used for the station : the platforms originally rested on timber supports for most of their length . Station buildings , including a goods shed and a combined ticket office and waiting room , were built on the eastbound platform in the 1860s . There was a signal box on the eastbound platform by the 1880s which controlled a crossover between the two tracks ; sidings at the west end of the station were controlled by a second signal box , and had a connection to the Nailsea Colliery . A footbridge , built by E. Finch and Co. of Chepstow , was erected in 1907 ; until then access between the two platforms was by a track @-@ level crossing . The station was renamed " Nailsea and Backwell " on 1 May 1905 . When the railways were nationalised in 1948 , the GWR became the Western Region of British Railways . Goods traffic from the station ceased on 1 June 1964 . The main station buildings had been demolished by the 1980s but their foundations can still be seen behind the shelters on the eastbound platform . The shelter on the westbound platform was still present in 1986 . In the 1980s the car park was expanded , and new metal and glass shelters were provided . The station reverted to the name " Nailsea " on 6 May 1974 , and was still known by that name at the end of 1994 . British Rail was split into business @-@ led sectors in the 1980s , at which time operations at Nailsea and Backwell passed to Regional Railways . Local services were franchised to Wales & West when the railway was privatised in 1997 , which was in turn succeeded by Wessex Trains , an arm of National Express , in 2001 . The Wessex franchise was amalgamated with the Great Western franchise into the Greater Western franchise from 2006 , and responsibility passed to First Great Western , a subsidiary company of FirstGroup . The franchise was rebranded as Great Western Railway in 2015 . Extra seating was provided in 2006 following action by the Severnside Community Rail Partnership , and in 2008 overgrown foliage was cleared from the car park to improve sightlines and help with security . The station was repainted at the same time , and decorated with silhouettes of students from Backwell School . The embankment suffered subsidence in 2013 . In 2012 , the station had a free car park with 120 spaces , but this was frequently full by 7 : 30am on weekdays , leading commuters to park on local roads , prompting complaints from Backwell residents . Plans to extend the car park by 200 spaces were drawn up in 2009 , with North Somerset Council describing the scheme as " necessary " , as the lack of spaces limited the number of people who could feasibly use the station for commuting due to Nailsea being too far from the station to be an easy walk , causing people to drive to the station . That peak passengers filled the car park then meant there are no spaces for offpeak users , limiting leisure travel . North Somerset Council approved the construction of the extension on 17 April 2012 , and further approved the car park becoming pay and display - all car parks in Nailsea had previously been free . Work began in January 2014 , and was completed in June the same year - 162 additional car parking spaces were created , drainage was improved and CCTV was installed . The scheme , which cost £ 700 @,@ 000 , came in £ 50 @,@ 000 under budget and was paid for using money from the Local Transport Plan and Community Infrastructure Levy . There is no wheelchair access to the southbound platform , the ramp to the northbound platform is steeper than 1 in 12 , making it unsuitable for wheelchair users , and there is a large height difference from the train doors to the platform . In 2011 the government announced a £ 37 @.@ 5 million scheme to improve stations under an " Access For All Mid @-@ Tier programme " , of which £ 1 @,@ 023 @,@ 000 was to go towards building new ramps at Nailsea and Backwell . The works were due to start in 2013 , but were delayed until 2014 due to a need to repair subsidence on the embankment and wait for works on the car park to be completed . However , due to the delays the funding was withdrawn . = = Future = = First Great Western declined a contractual option to continue the Greater Western passenger franchise ( of which services at Nailsea and Backwell are a part ) beyond 2013 , citing a desire for a longer @-@ term contract due to the impending upgrade to the Great Western Main Line . The franchise was put out to tender , but the process was halted and later scrapped due to the fallout from the collapse of the InterCity West Coast franchise competition . A two @-@ year franchise extension until September 2015 was agreed in October 2013 , and subsequently extended until March 2019 . The coming years will see the introduction of new Intercity Express Trains , capacity enhancements and smart ticketing . With the coming upgrade to the Great Western Main Line , the main line from London to Bristol is due to be electrified . However , the electrification will not extend beyond Bristol to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , so Nailsea and Backwell will continue to be served by diesel trains . This could entail the removal of direct London services , as electric trains would not be able to operate beyond Bristol . Services could however continue using bi @-@ mode trains , which have electric engines that can be powered by either electrified tracks , or by on @-@ board diesel generators . The group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways supports the electrification continuing to Weston , as does MP for Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare John Penrose . Local services will still be diesel @-@ operated , with " Sprinter " units expected to be replaced by Class 165 and 166 " Turbo " units . Nailsea and Backwell is on the Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare / Yate corridor , one of the main axes of the Greater Bristol Metro , a rail transport plan which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area . Railfuture in the South West has called for the station to be used to serve Bristol Airport via a bus link . = = Incidents = = There have been several railway incidents in the Backwell area . On 20 September 2002 , the 19 : 40 First Great Western service from Plymouth to Gloucester was delayed at Nailsea & Backwell at around 22 : 00 after the British Transport Police were called to deal with two men who assaulted a guard following an altercation about smoking in a non @-@ smoking area . Several passengers were treated for the inhalation of CS gas . Another assault on a guard occurred on 9 October 2009 , when three youths verbally abused and spat at the guard after boarding a train at Parson Street without tickets and refusing to pay for them . A 17 @-@ year @-@ old from Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare was due in court on 23 December 2009 in connection with the incident , having been identified by the use of DNA swab kits , which are available to all Great Western Railway staff . A serious incident occurred on 17 October 2004 , when Wessex Trains Class 143 Pacer DMU 143613 , forming the 20 : 06 2W63 service from Bristol Temple Meads to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare with 143621 , caught fire between the site of the former station at Flax Bourton and Nailsea and Backwell . Fire services took two hours to get the blaze under control . None of the 23 passengers and crew were killed , but three were treated on @-@ site for the effects of smoke inhalation . One carriage was completely burnt out , and the other was badly damaged , causing the train to be written off . The line through Nailsea was closed until 03 : 30 the following morning , when the train was hauled to St Philips Marsh Traction and Rolling Stock Maintenance Depot for examination . The unit was later taken to Crewe Works , where it was stored , then to Cardiff Canton TMD where it was scrapped . The Rail Safety and Standards Board issued a report into the incident , concluding that the fire was caused by electrical arcing between the live starter motor cable ( which had damaged insulation ) and the unit 's underframe , causing accumulated oily residues to ignite . = Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge = " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge " is the twenty @-@ second episode and season finale of The Simpsons ' thirteenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 22 , 2002 . In the episode , a massive heatwave causes the residents of Springfield to install large air conditioning devices in their homes . This leads the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant to overload , causing two town @-@ wide blackouts to occur . The Springfield Police Department are powerless to the riots that follow , prompting Homer , dissatisfied with the police 's incompetence , to start his own security company called SpringShield . " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge " was directed by Pete Michels and written by Dana Gould , who also pitched the idea for the episode . It features American actor Joe Mantegna as recurring character Fat Tony , and includes references to Dragnet , High Noon and The Sopranos . In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 5 @.@ 3 million viewers , finishing in 53rd place in the ratings the week it aired . Following its home video release on August 24 , 2010 , the episode received mixed reviews from critics . = = Plot = = Springfield is in the midst of a massive heat wave . Every building in the town has installed a large air conditioning device . However , this draws a lot of power from the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant . Despite the safety measures Mr. Burns has taken ( cutting power to the orphanage ) , the plant is at full power . At home , without an air conditioning device , the Simpsons have to follow an old @-@ fashioned fan . Homer decides to give them a taste of winter by plugging in his dancing Santa Claus . This overloads the plant and causes a town @-@ wide blackout . Eventually , widespread rioting and looting occur . The police try to intervene , but are powerless to stop the massive crime wave . The next day , Springfield has been devastated by the crime wave . Mayor Quimby decides to take action by forming a Blue Ribbon Committee . At the Simpsons ' house , someone steals Lisa 's Malibu Stacy collection . Homer decides to take action by looking for it . He finds the culprit , Jimbo Jones , and later foils a robbery by Snake Jailbird at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart . He goes through a very long list of his previous jobs ( during which Marge puts curlers in her hair offscreen ) and decides that he likes the idea of combining his love of helping and hurting people . Homer forms his own security company called " SpringShield " . Although it only has Homer , Lenny , and Carl , it is more efficient and more successful than the Springfield Police Department . When Quimby sees Chief Wiggum trying to shoot a Piñata with a shotgun while blindfolded , he dismisses Wiggum and ( in a fit of rage ) makes Homer the chief of police . After stopping one of Fat Tony 's operations , Homer practically rids Springfield of crime . However , Fat Tony escapes and vows to kill Homer unless he leaves town . Homer is unable to get protection from the citizens he protects ( only Ned Flanders volunteers , but Homer ignores his offer ) and Lenny and Carl lock themselves in a jail cell . When Homer does not leave , Fat Tony arrives with a few of his own henchmen ( including Johnny Tightlips ) , as well as mafia muscle — the characters of the Sopranos series . Just before they are about to kill Homer , someone shoots the mobsters and injures them . Safe again , Homer resigns as police chief and offers the job to the first person who comes along , which is Wiggum ( who notes that an identical situation is how he became chief in the first place ) . When Marge thanks him for saving Homer , Wiggum says that he did not shoot anyone , having lost his gun , badge and nearly his squad car . Unbeknownst to them , the person who saved Homer was Maggie , who fires at the mobsters from her window with a scoped sporting rifle . = = Production = = " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge " was written by Dana Gould and directed by Pete Michels . It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on May 22 , 2002 . The idea for the episode was also pitched by Gould , who had just moved to southern California with his wife . After moving in , the two decided to install an alarm system because , Gould quipped , " the police aren 't enough . Too many people wanna kill you . " When meeting the other writers , Gould pitched an episode in which Homer becomes the owner of a security company , which then became " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge . " Although current showrunner Al Jean found it " very funny , " the episode 's first draft was heavily altered after the first table @-@ read , a process in which the script is read out loud to the other writers . During the blackout , Lenny and Carl accidentally crash their cars into a store , causing a riot to erupt . The sequence was conceived by Gould who , after the 1992 Los Angeles riots , was " somewhat obsessed " with civil unrest issues . In the DVD commentary for the episode , he said " I love the idea of , ' All you need is for the power to go out and slowly the fabric of society unravels . " While trying to determine who stole Lisa 's Malibu Stacy car , Homer holds Bart as his prime suspect . Unbeknownst to Bart , who is eating an apple , Homer tells Lisa " Look at him over there , eating that apple . What is he planning ? " Originally , the scene would show Homer suspecting Lisa , but because it bothered the character 's voice actor , Yeardley Smith , the scene was changed . American actor Joe Mantegna reprises his role as Fat Tony in the episode . In another scene in the episode , Homer shows his family an advertisement for his security company . In it , a monster is seen breaking into an elderly woman 's house . When the woman screams , the screen freezes and Homer is composited to the screen , instructing the audience about SpringShield 's telephone number . In order to composit Homer into the screen , director Michels made use of a greenscreen . The advertisement resumes and the monster is subdued by Homer , Lenny and Carl . Confused , the monster turns to Homer and asks , " friend ? " to which Homer replies " the only friend you need is SpringShield , " and holds a business card in front of the camera . The monster then puts the card in his wallet and says " monster put in wallet . " The monster 's last line was written during one of the episode 's rewrites , but none of the writers on The Simpsons ' writing staff has taken credit for it . The line has since become very popular with the series ' writing staff ; Jean said that it was " very funny and unusual for a television show , " and Gould considers it to be his favorite joke in any episode he has ever written . At the end of the episode , Maggie saves Homer by shooting Fat Tony 's gang members with a rifle . The scene was conceived by series co @-@ creator and executive producer James L. Brooks while writing notes during the episode 's first table @-@ read . = = Cultural references = = In a scene in the episode , Homer tells Marge about all the jobs he has had , referencing several episodes of the series . According to Jean , the scene was added during a rewrite of the episode 's script . In another scene , Homer , in the Springfield church , attempts to recruit companions for his security company . The scene is a reference to the 1952 American western film High Noon , although the line " You all know me " was taken from the American horror / thriller film Jaws . When visiting the clothing store Wooly Bully , Homer has a rapid , monotone conversation with the cashier . The two speak in a similar manner to the characters in the American 1950 's television crime drama Dragnet , of which Gould was a " big fan " . When noticing that one of his ferrets is wearing a wire , Fat Tony tells it " you 're not a pet , and you 're not a friend . You 're nothing to me . " The line parodies a similar conversation between Michael and Fredo Corleone in the American gangster film The Godfather Part II . Near the end of the episode , Fat Tony drives to the Simpsons house in what seems to be a white Dodge Caravan , while shots of Springfield are shown on the way . The scene parodies the title sequence of the American television drama series The Sopranos , and features Alabama 3 's song " Woke Up This Morning , " which is also used in The Sopranos ' title sequence . Michels stated that the parody was " very fun " to animate ; " Being from New Jersey , it was a labor of love , " he said in the episode 's DVD commentary . = = Release = = While " The Frying Game " was originally thought to be the last episode of the season , " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge " was later revealed to be the real season finale . Although new episodes of The Simpsons usually air on Sundays , " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge " aired on Wednesday , May 22 , 2002 . In its original American broadcast , " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge " received a 5 @.@ 0 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 5 @.@ 3 million viewers . The episode finished in 53rd place in the ratings for the week of May 20 @-@ 26 , 2002 . Together with the first half @-@ hour of Celebrity Boxing , the shows averaged a 3 @.@ 9 rating among adults between ages 18 and 49 , pushing Fox to number two for the night , just behind NBC . On August 24 , 2010 , " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge " was released as part of The Simpsons : The Complete Thirteenth Season DVD and Blu @-@ ray set . Al Jean , Matt Selman , Carolyn Omine , Dana Gould , Joe Mantegna and Pete Michels participated in the audio commentary of the episode . Following its home video release , " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge " received mixed reviews from critics . Writing for 411Mania , Ron Martin gave the episode a mixed review , calling it " passable . " He wrote that " Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge " is " far from memorable as season finales should be . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote " Like many S13 episodes , “ Badge ” feels more than a little derivative , " describing the episode as a combination of the season 4 episode " Mr. Plow " and the season 5 episode " Homer the Vigilante " . He continued by writing " That doesn ’ t mean the show lacks amusement , but it ’ s too rehashed to end the year with a real winner . " Nate Boss of Project @-@ Blu described it as " A random episode , without many laughs , " however , he added that it " could have been worse . " Giving the episode a positive review , Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict gave it a B + , billing " Homer 's ' You know I 've had a lot of jobs ' list " as the episode 's " highlight " . Writing for Screen Jabber , Stuart O 'Connor was favorable as well , describing it as a " first @-@ rate ep [ isode ] " . = May 2007 tornado outbreak = The May 2007 tornado outbreak was an extended tornado outbreak that started on May 4 , 2007 , affecting portions of the Central United States . The most destructive tornado in the outbreak occurred on the evening of May 4 in western Kansas , where about 95 % of the city of Greensburg in Kiowa County was destroyed by an EF5 tornado . The supercell killed 13 people , including 11 in Greensburg and two from separate tornadoes . At least 60 people were injured in Greensburg alone . It was the strongest tornado of an outbreak which included several other tornadoes reported across Oklahoma , Colorado , Kansas and South Dakota that occurred on the same night . Although the most damaging tornado of the outbreak sequence occurred in Greensburg on the 4th , only 25 tornadoes were confirmed that day . That number exploded to 84 the following day ( May 5th ) , with many tornadoes near the affected area from the previous night . Most were in open country , but there were injuries in at least a couple spots in Kansas , and one death reported near a county lake in Ottawa County . 14 more tornadoes were confirmed on May 6 in the region before the outbreak finally ended . = = Meteorological synopsis = = It is the combination of warm humid air from the Gulf and dry air from the deserts of the Southwest that produce deadly storms . These conditions create an unstable severe storm creating arena . Although tornadoes occur on every continent except Antarctica they are especially common in North America , specifically the United States . This severe weather outbreak can be traced back to a powerful , slow @-@ moving low pressure area with a warm front to the north over Nebraska and Missouri . On May 4 , the low stalled over the High Plains and additional moisture coming from the Gulf of Mexico moved in behind the warm front and increased amounts of instability across much of the region , with CAPE values as high as 5 @,@ 500 J / kg . In addition , the dry line , which marks a divided line between the dry and humid air mass , was positioned over the southern High Plains . This allowed for the initiation of scattered supercells on May 4 . High wind shear also allowed for intense rotation in the atmosphere . All the ingredients were present for the developing of supercell thunderstorms producing damaging wind , large hail and tornadoes . The Storm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk for severe weather across western Kansas and small portions of Oklahoma , Colorado and Nebraska for May 4 , while temperatures were in the mid to high 80s ° F ( near 30 ° C ) . The atmosphere remained capped for much of the day , but storms began to develop in the late afternoon hours in western Oklahoma and the eastern Texas Panhandle . The most intense supercells developed in the early evening hours across northwestern Oklahoma and southwestern Kansas . They eventually produced 25 tornadoes , including the devastating Greensburg tornado and three other extremely large tornadoes which followed the Greensburg tornado late that evening . The supercells remained intact well into the overnight hours as the extremely unstable air mass precluded rapid dissipation expected with the loss of daytime heating which would normally be expected in the Plains . The last tornado of the night did not lift until shortly after 2 : 00 a.m. early on May 5 . On May 5 , the SPC issued a high risk of severe weather for Central Kansas and central Nebraska , while moderate and slight risks for severe weather extended for areas far beyond . The low pressure system in place moved northward , but the extending front had barely moved . The storms were quick to develop . Severe weather reports were already coming in by late morning , and the first tornado reports came in during the early afternoon hours . The most intense activity took place during the late afternoon and evening hours as supercells developed along a long line from South Dakota to North Texas . Over 80 tornadoes were confirmed that day , along with hail as large as softballs and straight – line winds as strong as 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) . The activity weakened in the late evening , but not before the last tornadoes were reported in Iowa in the overnight hours . The low gradually weakened and became less conducive for severe weather development on May 6 . Nonetheless , the SPC issued a moderate risk for severe storms over parts of central Kansas and northern Oklahoma as the trough remained in place . The activity was far less than on the two previous days , however there were still several additional tornadoes across the Plains ( all of them weak , mostly EF0 ) . The system finally left the area on May 7 and did not produce any more significant severe weather . = = Confirmed tornadoes = = = = = The Greensburg tornado family = = = = = = = Storm history and damage = = = = The storm that would produce the EF5 Greensburg tornado began forming after 5 : 00 pm CDT ( 2200 UTC ) in the northeastern corner of the Texas Panhandle , and went through phases in the early evening across the Oklahoma Panhandle with a few isolated tornadoes . It slowly organized itself as it moved northeast through portions of Oklahoma , and then into Kansas . The first tornado warning with this cell was issued at 8 : 35 pm CDT ( 0135 UTC ) for Clark County , Kansas , and the tornado first touched down at about 9 : 00 pm CDT ( 0200 UTC ) . Several storm chasers captured the formation of a tornado southwest of Greensburg around 9 : 20 pm CDT ( 0220 UTC ) . The tornado apparently strengthened as it neared Greensburg and began moving due @-@ north towards the town , and at 9 : 38 pm CDT ( 0238 UTC ) , storm chasers reported that it had grown to over 1 / 2 mile in diameter . Trees were snapped and oil tanks were destroyed in this rural area , with oil strewn across pastures and roads . Several satellite tornadoes were observed as the very large wedge approached the city of Greensburg from the south . At 9 : 41 pm CDT ( 0241 UTC ) the National Weather Service office in Dodge City issued a Tornado emergency for Greensburg . A tornado emergency is an unofficial product used only for extremely life – threatening situations when a large and likely violent tornado is on the ground and approaching a populated area . The massive tornado continued north , following Main Street into the south side of Greensburg . Many homes ( including an entire row of seven adjacent residences ) were swept completely away in this area just south of town , three of which were well @-@ bolted to their foundations . Damage in this area was rated EF5 as a result . The tornado weakened slightly as it entered residential areas in southern Greensburg , but remained violent as numerous homes were destroyed or leveled . Continuing north , downtown Greensburg was completely devastated by the tornado , with numerous businesses destroyed . Two schools , a tractor supply company , the Greensburg City Hall and other businesses fell victim to the violent winds and were destroyed or flattened . A motel on the west side of town was severely damaged , trees throughout the town were completely denuded and debarked , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of feet . The city 's water tower was completely toppled and smashed , and the visitor 's center at the Big Well ( which is the world 's largest hand @-@ dug well ) was completely destroyed . Train cars were also overturned and hazardous materials teams were called to inspect the wreckage . A tank car was carrying about 14 @,@ 000 gallons ( 53 @,@ 000 liters ) of ammonia and the substance started to leak from the tank when workers were starting to lift back the tanker . The courthouse and the grain elevator were spared the worst of the tornado 's effects . Meanwhile , the Greensburg meteorite , which was feared to have been blown away , was found and recovered a few days afterwards . Greensburg High School was mostly destroyed by the tornado , sustaining EF4 damage . Numerous homes were swept away across from the high school , four of which were well @-@ bolted to their foundations , warranting an EF5 rating at those residences . The Kiowa County Memorial Hospital was severely damaged at EF3 intensity , and a 4 @.@ 9 @-@ ton reinforced concrete beam was lifted from the structure and thrown onto a nearby vehicle . Past downtown , neighborhoods in northern Greensburg were flattened before the tornado left the city limits . The tornado continued north of Greensburg , executing a loop in a farm field before dissipating . The total path length was 22 miles ( 35 km ) , and the width of the funnel reached 1 @.@ 7 miles ( 2 @.@ 7 km ) . Overall , 95 % of Greensburg was destroyed . A total of 961 homes and businesses were destroyed , 216 received major damage and 307 received minor damage . After the main Greensburg tornado dissipated , another large wedge tornado developed north of town . This enormous EF3 tornado rapidly grew to about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) in diameter as it moved northeast . Near the beginning of the path , two farms were destroyed at high @-@ end EF3 strength , a combine was tossed 1 / 4 of a mile and smashed to pieces , farm machinery and irrigation pivots were destroyed , along with trees and power lines . The tornado crossed into Edwards County , where additional farms were destroyed , one person was injured , and livestock was killed before the tornado dissipated south of Belpre . A third large EF3 wedge tornado developed north of Haviland , initially causing minor tree and irrigation pivot damage in Kiowa and Edwards Counties as it moved northeast . In Pratt County , this third tornado grew to over a mile wide , killing one person and injuring another as a farmhouse was swept away . Crossing into Stafford County , the tornado destroyed additional farms , killed livestock , and injured another person . One home in this area was swept completely away , and a vehicle was thrown 3 / 4 of a mile and mangled beyond recognition . The tornado then weakened and dissipated south of Macksville . Southeast of Macksville , yet another large EF3 wedge tornado developed and moved northeast . A police cruiser was thrown 1 / 4 of a mile from a road by the tornado and destroyed , killing the officer inside who was watching the previous tornado as it dissipated . Over a dozen farms , trees , pieces of farm machinery , vehicles , irrigation pivots , and power poles were damaged or destroyed by this fourth and final large wedge tornado before it dissipated . After additional surveys , NWS Dodge City had confirmed 12 tornado tracks by the Greensburg supercell in Kansas alone on May 4 , including several weaker and satellite tornadoes that occurred along with the four large wedge tornadoes . The new Enhanced Fujita Scale was implemented on February 1 , 2007 , and the Greensburg tornado was the first tornado to be rated EF5 on it . Including tornadoes from the older Fujita Scale , the most recent F5 to hit the United States had been on May 3 , 1999 during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak , when a tornado destroyed Bridge Creek and Moore . This tornado event surpassed the number of fatalities registered on May 4 , 2003 during the May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence when eight people were killed by three separate tornadoes that affected areas around Kansas City and points south and west of the city ; the last major deadly outbreak registered in Kansas prior to the Greensburg event . It was also the deadliest day and single tornado to hit the state of Kansas since an F5 tornado ( which was also the last F5 in that state before this event ) , hit Wichita and Andover in Sedgwick and Butler counties , killing 17 during the Andover , Kansas Tornado Outbreak on April 26 , 1991 . The Greensburg event was also the deadliest single tornado in the United States since a tornado hit Volusia County in central Florida on February 2 , 2007 where 13 were killed in an EF3 tornado . It was also the deadliest day for tornadoes since 20 people were killed in six communities on March 1 , 2007 . = = = = Aftermath = = = = Hours after the tornado hit , Greensburg was judged unsafe and was fully evacuated . Some of the injured were transferred to hospitals in Dodge City and Wichita . The Kansas National Guard was called in to assist in the security measures . Over 100 Red Cross officials were called in while some worked with the Federal Emergency Management Agency for the recovery efforts . Shelters were established at the Haviland High School and Barclay College in nearby Haviland , Kansas and the Oddfellow Lodge in Macksville , Kansas . After the tornado , looting was reported in the community and at least seven suspects , including four soldiers that were not part of the relief effort and went to Greensburg on their own , were arrested and faced charges of burglary and theft . A dusk @-@ to @-@ dawn curfew was put in place in the community after the tornado hit . The American Red Cross maintained a list of " Safe and Well " families at their website disastersafe.redcross.org. Meanwhile , officials also set a shelter for lost and injured animals as they reported to had found 163 animals alive in Greensburg after the tornado . Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius and President George W. Bush both declared Kiowa County a disaster area . Total damage from the outbreak was estimated at about $ 268 million , and insured damage from the Greensburg tornado alone was estimated at $ 153 million . = = Non @-@ tornadic events = = In addition to the tornadoes , widespread flooding occurred across central North America as a result of the same system producing continuous thunderstorms . There were two major reasons for the flooding : The storm system itself moved very slowly , having produced significant tornado outbreaks in almost the same places for three days . In addition , the storms moved along each other 's paths , so one storm dropped heavy rains on the same place that the storm before it did ( this is also known as " training " ) . Across portions of eastern Nebraska and western Iowa , rainfall amounts exceeded locally 6 inches ( 152 mm ) . In northeastern and central Kansas , rainfall amounts approached 5 – 6 inches locally ( 125 – 150 mm ) . In North Dakota , southern Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan , heavy rainfalls of 1 – 3 inches ( 25 – 75 mm ) fell from this system from May 4 to May 7 . Similar amounts were reported in Alberta on May 3 and May 4 . Some of the worst flooding affected Topeka , Kansas , where several rescues had to be made , and the Kansas City Metro Area , where several roads were closed . In neighboring Missouri , levees broke along the Missouri River which caused extensive flooding to hundreds of homes and the northwest and central part of the state . The National Guard were assisting on filling sandbags to protect homes , schools and plants across the state which experienced some of the worst flooding since the Great Flood of 1993 which affected most of the Mississippi River Valley . Torrential rains on May 10 had also caused flooding in parts of southern Missouri as well as in eastern Kansas . The heavy rains also affected activities surrounding the Riverfest ( Wichita River Festival ) which postponed some events until May 14 . The Arkansas River reached record levels near Haven when it crested at 13 @.@ 08 feet on May 8 . Some flooding into low @-@ lying areas was also observed in the Wichita Metropolitan Area . Rainfall amounts in southern and southeastern Kansas also exceeded 6 inches ( 152 mm ) over a two @-@ day period on May 6 and May 7 . There were several reports of farmers who lost several cattle who have been toss by the high water levels . In Aberdeen , South Dakota , 7 @.@ 75 inches ( 197 mm ) of rain fell the evening of May 5 into the early morning hours of May 6 , causing significant flooding in some areas around the city . It was also the city 's new 24 ‑ hour record rainfall , breaking the old mark of 5 @.@ 20 inches ( 132 mm ) set in June 1978 . The highest unofficial rainfall total was reported in Epiphany , South Dakota where as much as 10 inches ( 254 mm ) fell during the weekend . The highest official report of rain , 8 @.@ 73 inches ( 222 mm ) at Columbia , South Dakota , set a new official 24 – hour May rainfall record for the entire state of South Dakota . In southern Oklahoma City and surrounding communities , strong straightline winds caused damage to several buildings and downed trees and power lines in the early morning hours of May 7 , with cleanup efforts being complicated due to flooding rains accompanying the storm . About 11 @,@ 000 homes were without power during the event . There were also reports of floods across many other areas in Oklahoma . Oklahoma Governor Brad Henry had declared a state of emergency for all 77 counties across the state due to all the severe weather including the tornadoes , the flash floods and hail . Snow was also reported across higher elevations in Colorado , Wyoming , Nebraska and Utah with local amounts of up to one foot ( 30 cm ) across central Colorado . = Temper ( film ) = Temper is a 2015 Indian Telugu @-@ language action film written by Vakkantham Vamsi and directed by Puri Jagannadh starring N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Kajal Aggarwal in the lead roles . It was produced by Bandla Ganesh on Parameswara Art Productions banner . Anup Rubens composed the soundtrack while Mani Sharma composed the background score . Shyam K. Naidu and S. R. Sekhar handled the film 's cinematography and editing respectively . The film focuses on two people — Daya , a corrupt police officer earning illegal money by leveraging his capacity as an official and an influential smuggler Waltair Vasu with whom Daya joins hands . Vasu wants to kill a woman named Lakshmi who has an evidence of a crime made by his four brothers . The rest of the film is about the roles of Daya 's girlfriend Shanvi , Lakshmi and an honest constable Murthy in helping Daya become a sincere police officer . The film was made on a budget of ₹ 350 million . Production began on 1 August 2014 at Hyderabad and its principal photography commenced on the next day . After being halted twice because of Film Federation employees ' strike , the film 's shoot was completed by 31 January 2015 , with the film being primarily shot in and around Hyderabad and Goa . The film released worldwide on 13 February 2015 to positive reviews from critics who praised the principal cast 's performances and criticised few portions of the film for being predictable and repetitive . The film was a commercial success , grossing ₹ 743 million and collecting a share of ₹ 431 million in its lifetime . The film also released in Japan on 28 February 2015 . = = Plot = = Daya is an orphan who grows up learning that a police 's life is a happy one with lots of money coming in the form of bribes which inspires him to become a police officer . After years , he becomes a corrupt , cunning , manipulative and ruthless sub inspector of police . He is transferred to Vishakhapatnam where he forms an immediate friendship with the local don Waltair Vasu by releasing his four brothers Ravi , Mani , Varun and Sundeep from the jail who were arrested for smuggling . Daya 's attitude does not go well with his subordinate Narayana Murthy , a sincere police constable . He tries to oppose Daya 's deeds which go vain . Meanwhile , Daya meets a pet cross member Shanvi and falls in love with her at first sight . With the help of two chain snatchers , Daya manages to steal her pet dogs which are very precious for her . Daya later manages to pose those chain snatchers as police constables and adds that they had to fight with Korean smugglers to retrieve those dogs . He also foils her marriage with a flutist named Vennela Kishore by arresting him at a brothel house adding that he is an ardent dog lover and an exact opposite of Kishore which makes Shanvi fall for him . On her birthday , Vasu 's men kidnap her and Daya rescues her in time . Vasu then scolds his henchmen for kidnapping the wrong person and apologises to both of them . As her birthday gift , Shanvi asks Daya to save that girl 's life who was supposed to be kidnapped and killed by Vasu . Obliging the same , Daya saves that girl named Lakshmi and opposes Vasu . They later reconcile and Daya comes to know that Lakshmi has proof of Vasu 's brothers ' atrocities which if exposed can kill them . Daya meets Lakshmi and comes to know that Deepthi was her sister who was kidnapped , raped , and brutally assaulted to death by Vasu 's four brothers for 40 days and the same was recorded by them . That was stored on a CD which is with Lakshmi now . Daya takes the CD and sends Lakshmi and her mother to United States . Before leaving , Lakshmi 's conversation with him bring a change in his mindset and turns an honest officer after a chain of events with Murthy notifying the change in him . Daya credits Shanvi for bringing the change in him and reveals the truth to her after which she forgives him . After Deepthi 's dead body is found and postmortemed by a female doctor , Daya produces the CD as the evidence which turns out to be an empty one . Though no further evidence exists , Daya asks a gap of one day to provide necessary evidence so that Vasu 's brothers should not escape as exonerated . He regrets for not making multiple copies of the CD in a conversation with Shanvi and later , Vasu 's men attack Daya when he is alone . He reaches the court next day and adds that he is also one among the ' five ' men who sexually assaulted Deepthi and convinces the judge to put five of them to death so that those four shall not escape death . In the last minute , Lakshmi reveals Murthy that she has an extra copy and the same is aired in the media . Daya 's death sentence gets cancelled while the remaining four die in the jail , three in the hands of Daya and the remaining one after hanging himself trying to escape Daya . Daya is reinstated into service and he reconciles with Shanvi and Murthy in the end . = = Cast = = Principal cast N. T. Rama Rao Jr. as Daya Kajal Aggarwal as Shanvi Posani Krishna Murali as Narayana Murthy Prakash Raj as Waltair Vasu Supporting cast Madhuurima as Lakshmi Apoorva Srinivasan as Deepthi Pavithra Lokesh as Lakshmi 's mother Kovai Sarala as Shanvi 's mother Ramaprabha as Shanvi 's grandmother Kota Srinivasa Rao as Judge Tanikella Bharani as Venkata Rao Subbaraju as Ravi Vennela Kishore as Vennela Kishore Jaya Prakash Reddy as the Home minister of Andhra Pradesh Ali as one of the two chain snatchers Sapthagiri as the other chain snatcher Sonia Agarwal as doctor ( cameo appearance ) Nora Fatehi in the item number Ittage Rechchipodam = = Production = = = = = Development = = = After Andhrawala ( 2004 ) , Puri Jagannadh and N. T. Rama Rao Jr. tried to collaborate for another movie several times which could not happen . When reports of their second collaboration emerged in early 2014 , neither of them confirmed about the film . During the post release promotions of Heart Attack ( 2014 ) , Jagannadh stated that he planning to make a film based solely on family values in his next venture with Godavari shores and regional backdrop . B. V. S. N. Prasad was expected to produce this film under Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra banner . He left to Bangkok in the end of March 2014 for writing the story of this project . Bandla Ganesh was confirmed to produce the film under Parameswara Art Productions banner . When Jagannadh was about to begin work on the film , Rama Rao Jr. asked him to listen to a point narrated by Vamsi to him four years back and the former agreed saying that he would definitely do the film if it is good than his story . Jagannadh chose to direct the script written by Vamsi in mid May 2014 which marked the former 's first film whose story was not written by him . The script work was in progress by late May 2014 and film was declared a cop drama . In late June 2014 , Devi Sri Prasad was selected as the music director of the film while the cast and crew were being finalised . The film was confirmed to be launched officially on 1 August 2014 at Jagannadh 's new office Cave at 7 : 00 AM . Shyam K. Naidu was declared as the cinematographer , S. R. Sekhar was declared as the editor , Brahma Kadali was declared as the art director while FEFSI Vijayan was recruited to compose the fights . Devi Sri Prasad was replaced by Anoop Rubens later for unknown reasons while Mani Sharma was selected for composing the background score while Anoop Rubens composed the soundtrack . The titles Kummutha , Kummestha , Rubabu , Temper , Nenorakam with the tagline " Totally Corrupted " and Shamsher were considered by the makers and Temper was finalised and announced on 19 November 2014 . The film was rumoured to be facing financial troubles in December 2014 . = = = Casting = = = Kajal Aggarwal was selected as the heroine of this film in early June 2013 pairing with Rama Rao Jr. after two successful films Brindavanam ( 2010 ) and Baadshah ( 2013 ) whose inclusion was confirmed by Jagannadh in a statement to the media after few days . Ajaz Khan was signed as the antagonist of the film in July 2014 . On the day of launch , it was confirmed that Prakash Raj , Madhuurima , Ali , Kota Srinivasa Rao and Posani Krishna Murali would play important roles along with Tanikella Bharani , Subbaraju , Vennela Kishore , Jaya Prakash Reddy , Sapthagiri , Ramaprabha , Pavithra Lokesh and Kovai Sarala . Kajal had shortage of bulk dates to accommodate and it was rumoured that Tamannaah or a new actress would replace her . Ganesh denied those rumours and confirmed Kajal 's inclusion . Though initially planned to shoot simultaneously for a film by Sudhir Mishra , Kajal opted to continue with this film due to certain problems with Mishra 's script . S. Sreesanth and Zarine Khan were speculated to be a part of the film 's cast when they visited Jagannath 's Cave but there was no official confirmation then . Naveena was reported to be considered for a small role . Impressed with his previous works , Jagannadh cast Sapthagiri for a special comedy role in the film . Nora Fatehi replaced Shruti Haasan in an item number . Jagannadh immediately selected her after her intense training to prepare for her role as a commando in the film Roar : Tigers of the Sundarbans ( 2014 ) . R. Narayana Murthy was approached for a special character in the film opposite Rama Rao Jr . Murthy liked the role but declined it as he did not want to move to mainstream cinema and was content making left @-@ oriented films . Sonia Agarwal was signed on to play a significant role in the film . Apoorva Srinivasan was cast for a small yet crucial supporting role marking her debut in Telugu cinema . Junaid Sheikh was selected to play a negative role . = = = Characters and looks = = = N. T. Rama Rao Jr. was reported to be seen as a tough and eccentric police officer in this film . Regarding her character in the film , Madhuurima said that she plays a crucial role which is the turning point in the film . She later added that her role is a small one that changes the course of the protagonist 's character graph . Kajal Aggarwal was confirmed to play the role of an animal lover in this film . For his role , Rama Rao Jr. hired a new trainer who specialises in improving muscle tone and shed few kilograms relying on high protein diet and workout routine to build a hefty body . He also sported a crew cut . A few still images of the film were leaked online on 26 November 2014 which confirmed Rama Rao Jr . ' s look in the film . Those stills were captured during the shoot at Goa and they went viral on social networking sites . However the makers tried to find out who leaked it online as they wanted the pictures to be released to create a buzz before the film 's launch . Another still was leaked on the next day which featured Rama Rao Jr. sitting on a Royal Enfield bike sans shirt sporting his six pack abs . The image was a working still taken on the beach reportedly featuring in a song sequence of the film . However , none from the film 's unit made a statement about the alleged leak . Rama Rao Jr . ' s underwent a drastic physical transformation from head to toe in hairdo , costumes , body and attitude for this role . His stylist Ashwin Mawle shopped for the costumes and accessories from designer stores in Hong Kong and London . Regarding the styling , Ashwin further revealed , " For the hair , we tried getting a few variations of spikes — straight , cross and messy . He ( Rama Rao Jr . ) keeps a tab on the latest trends . He took a lot of references from latest runway looks and zeroed in on an earthy color palette : brown , burgundy and grey . Thick jackets make him look bulkier , so he has gone for slim fit shirts and jackets made of linen " in an interview to Sasidhar AS of The Times of India . He added that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. trimmed his mustache for sporting a rugged look . Madhuurima said in an interview to Suresh Kavirayani of Deccan Chronicle that she participated in few action sequences with Rama Rao Jr. in the film and added that she has no songs with him . Rama Rao Jr . ' s character was named Daya and he was shown as a sub inspector of police who by his own admission is ruthless , fully corrupted , criminal minded and 100 % cunning . For a particular scene where he had to walk with bare chest , Rama Rao Jr. skipped drinking a glass of water for 18 hours continuously . Kajal said in an interview to IANS that her character would become the reason for the transformation in the protagonist 's character after she forces him to take up an issue . Posani Krishna Murali was seen in the role of a sincere constable who hates Daya because of his corrupt nature . = = = Filming = = = The regular shooting was planned to commence in April 2014 . In mid @-@ May 2014 , the film 's shooting schedules were planned in July 2014 . On 1 July 2014 it was declared that the film 's shoot would be completed in 100 working days . Principal photography began on 2 August 2014 . Madhuurima joined the film 's sets on 9 August . N. T. Rama Rao Jr. was expected to join the film 's sets on 11 August though he joined on 21 August in the Aluminium Factory at Gachibowli in Hyderabad . Few comedy scenes were shot on Rama Rao Jr . , Vennela Kishore and other supporting cast after a week . The film 's second schedule was planned from 10 September till the completion of the film 's shoot which was postponed to 15 September because of disruption in construction of a large police station set due to rainfall . After being rumoured that the film might be shelved after shooting was stopped midway , Bandla Ganesh has clarified that the shooting would continue from 26 September and the shooting resumed in Aluminium Factory at Gachibowli in Hyderabad and the makers announced that the schedule would continue till the end of the principal photography . The makers selected a house in Begumpet to erect a special police station set to shoot few crucial scenes on which ₹ 2 @.@ 7 million was invested . An item number on Rama Rao Jr. and Nora Fatehi was shot in Hyderabad in early October 2014 . That song was a fast @-@ paced folk song choreographed by Shekhar which Nora termed a " hyper energetic dance number " . 25 % of the film 's shoot was wrapped up by then and the next schedule was planned in Vishakhapatnam . Later the makers chose Goa to shoot major parts of the film . Few scenes on Rama Rao Jr . , Kajal Aggarwal and some other actors were shot meanwhile . The film 's Goa schedule was delayed due to the ongoing strike for Non @-@ acceptance of the revised pay hike for the Film Federation Employees . The strike was called off later and the filming continued from 25 October at Goa where major part of the film was shot . The shoot of the interval block was wrapped up by 2 November . Few key scenes on Rama Rao Jr . , Kajal Aggarwal and Prakash Raj were shot later . The Goa schedule came to an end on 24 November and the team returned to Hyderabad the next day . The next schedule started at Ramoji Film City from 27 November . By then , 80 % of the film 's shoot was complete . The film 's shoot was disrupted again due to another strike caused by Film Federation Employees to appoint those technicians who have a membership in the Federation . The makers said that two weeks of filming is pending which would start immediately once the strike is called off . However , the film 's shoot was reported to be progressing in Hyderabad with employees other than the ones from Federation being employed . The strike was called off on 5 December 2014 and the union members took part in the shootings from the next day . Bandla Ganesh called off the film 's shoot for 10 days as Rama Rao Jr. was devastated because of the death of his step brother Nandamuri Janakiram . However Rama Rao Jr. chose to continue for ensuring a Sankranthi release and the filming resumed on 10 December 2014 . 16 days of shoot was reported to be pending and the filming was expected to come to an end on 31 December 2014 . Meanwhile , Rama Rao Jr. participated in the shoot of some important jail and court scenes at a specially erected set in Aluminium Factory near Gachibowli . Puri Jagannadh informed Bandla Ganesh that the film cannot be completed as planned and that film will not be ready for a Sankranti release . The latter was fine with the decision and gave a break to Rama Rao Jr . The filming resumed from 27 December 2014 in Hyderabad . Scenes on Rama Rao Jr. and others were shot in a police station set and court room set erected in Begumpet . The last song was shot on Rama Rao Jr. and Kajal Aggarwal in late January 2015 . The entire filming came to an end on 31 January 2015 . = = = Post @-@ production = = = S. R. Sekhar simultaneously completed the editing work so that the film can release on time . Post @-@ production activities progressed in tandem with the filming during the film 's shoot at Goa . Mani Sharma began composing the background score on 4 December 2014 . The film 's dubbing activities began on 9 December 2014 at Hyderabad . Rama Rao Jr. and the film 's cast began dubbing for their roles on 4 February 2015 . The pending DTS mixing and Rama Rao Jr . ' s dubbing were completed by 7 February 2015 . Mani Sharma was completing the rerecording work at the same time and the final copy was planned to be sent to Central Board of Film Certification for censoring on 9 February 2015 . The censoring activities were postponed by a day due to unavailability of slot for censor and delay of final mixing . The special screening for the board began at 4 : 00 PM . The board passed the film with an ' U / A ' certificate . The film 's final length after censoring was 147 minutes and 18 cuts were made in the film including the reduction of the climax by 30 % . = = Themes and influences = = In an interview with Subhash K. Jha for the newspaper Absolute India , Puri Jagannadh said that the film is basically the story of a bad police officer played by Rama Rao Jr. and is an action @-@ oriented film . He added later that the film about a highly corrupt and cunning police officer who later transforms into an honest one and the title of the film signifies the protagonist 's character has attitude , arrogance and is defiant . He added that the film has a novel theme and is not inspired by anyone in real life . A source from the film 's unit revealed that the confrontation scene in the courtroom was shot on the lines of a similar scene from the film Bobbili Puli ( 1982 ) and features N. T. Rama Rao Jr. delivering dialogues that ridicule the contemporary judicial system and police hierarchy . = = Music = = Anup Rubens was signed in on to compose the film 's soundtrack album after Rama Rao Jr. insisted Jagannadh to bring a relatively new music composer on board when the latter opted for Devi Sri Prasad . It consists of six songs all composed by Rubens and penned by Bhaskarabhatla , Kandikonda and Viswa . Rahul Kumar , mostly known as Roll Rida , rapped for the songs . The soundtrack was marketed by Aditya Music and was released on 28 January 2015 to positive reviews from critics . = = Release = = The film was initially planned for a worldwide theatrical release on 9 January 2015 as a Sankranthi release . The film 's release was postponed from Sankranthi to a later date due to halt in the film 's shoot post Nandamuri Janakiram 's death and an official confirmation was awaited . Later the film was expected to release in February 2015 . The release date was speculated as 13 February 2015 and an official confirmation was awaited . Rama Rao Jr. was expected to announce the film 's release date at the audio launch event . Bandla Ganesh announced at the audio launch that the film would release worldwide on 13 February 2015 at 05 : 07 AM . 90 theatres were booked in Karnataka for the film 's release which is a big number for any Telugu film . Great India Films was expected to release the film in 125 screens across the overseas markets . The film was expected to release in 1500 theatres across the world . Advance booking of tickets began on 10 February and the tickets for the first day in AP / Nizam were sold out completely while Bangalore and Chennai witnessed an advance booking of 50 % each within a day . One of the benefit shows were held at Mallikarjuna 70 MM theatre in KPHB colony at 4 : 00 AM . The other benefit show was held at Sreeramulu 70 MM theatre in Moosapet at 5 : 00 AM . The ticket rates of these benefit shows ranged between ₹ 2000 - ₹ 5000 each . The film released in Japan on 28 February 2015 . = = = Distribution = = = N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Puri Jagannadh acquired the distribution rights of Nizam region and Vishakhapatnam . Later Vakkantham Vamsi was reported to acquire the distribution rights of Nellore district for an amount of ₹ 20 million ( US $ 300 @,@ 000 ) . Great India Films announced in mid @-@ January 2015 that they acquired the overseas distribution rights of the film . It was their third and fifth film with Puri Jagannadh and Rama Rao Jr. in overseas respectively . DBB Films announced later that they acquired the distribution and theatrical screening rights of the film in Europe except United Kingdom , whose theatrical screening rights were acquired by Colours Media later . Sumanth Sunkara acquired the distribution rights of the film in Canada . The film 's distribution rights for different regions have been sold for an amount of ₹ 424 million out of which the highest amount was received from Nizam region rights which were bought by Suresh Movies with an advance of ₹ 110 million followed by overseas rights for an amount of ₹ 630 million and followed by Ceded region rights bought by Siva Shakti films for an amount of ₹ 60 million . Anu Sri films and Suresh Movies acquired the East and West Godavari districts ' distribution rights for an amount of ₹ 25 @.@ 2 million and ₹ 230 million respectively . The distribution rights of Guntur and Nellore districts were acquired by S Creations and Icon for an amount of ₹ 330 million and ₹ 12 @.@ 5 million plus ₹ 4 million advance respectively . Alankar Pictures offered ₹ 30 million advance while Hari Pictures offered ₹ 24 @.@ 5 million for Krishna district rights on NRA basis . Brunda Associates acquired Karnataka distribution rights for ₹ 45 million while SPI acquired Tamil Nadu distribution rights . North India distribution rights were sold for ₹ 5 million . = = = Marketing = = = On 19 May 2014 , 2 posters of this film bearing the title Production no . 5 were released wishing N. T. Rama Rao Jr. a happy birthday in advance . The makers planned to reveal the film 's first look teaser on Diwali . The makers later decided to unveil the film 's first look poster on 29 November and teaser on 5 December . Bandla Ganesh unveiled the official logo of the film 's title on 27 November . Puri Jagannadh unveiled two posters featuring Rama Rao Jr. on the same day . Another poster featuring Rama Rao Jr. was unveiled on 6 December 2014 . In that poster , he was seen sporting a sky blue cotton shirt , white cargo pants and aviator sunglasses during the film 's shoot at Goa . He posted the autographed version of the same in his official Facebook page a day before which received 30 thousand likes , 2 thousand shares and more than 1 thousand comments upon its release ; all of them being positive . The film 's trailer was expected to be unveiled on or after 17 December 2014 . A new still of Rama Rao Jr. was unveiled on 29 December 2014 . The first look teaser was unveiled on 1 January 2015 . Two posters featuring Rama Rao Jr. were unveiled on the same day . The teaser was successful and the theatrical trailer of 1 minute duration was planned to be unveiled on the eve of Sankranthi . A poster featuring Rama Rao Jr. was unveiled on 24 January 2015 . Six audio release posters all featuring Rama Rao Jr. were unveiled on 27 January 2015 . Another poster featuring Rama Rao Jr. and Kajal Aggarwal was unveiled on the same day . A set of five stills featuring the lead pair and another five stills featuring Rama Rao Jr. were released on the next day . The theatrical trailer with a duration of 116 seconds was unveiled on the night of 28 January 2015 at the audio launch . It received 0 @.@ 25 million views , 3000 likes , 250 dislikes and more than 250 comments within 12 hours of it release in YouTube and received mixed feedback from audience . Deccan Chronicle opined that the trailer promised action and entertainment and would leave the audience asking for more . Oneindia Entertainment wrote " As the trailer depicts him as a police officer , a dancer , a lover and a comedian and thus on a whole , Temper can be told as Jr . NTR in & as " , adding that the trailer raised expectations . IndiaGlitz stated " NTR looks very different and stylish compared to his previous films and he has even changed his body language and dialogue delivery . If the trailer is anything to go by , the film has plenty of action sequences and Puri mark witty dialogues . NTR fans are in for a treat . " In contrast , Subramanian Harikumar of Bollywood Life stated " The obsession for cop roles amongst Telugu filmmakers is refusing to die down , as Jr NTR plays corrupt sub inspector Daya . Overall , Temper seems like it is the same run of the mill action entertainer , which would appeal to die hard Jr NTR fans and nothing more " . Meanwhile , the video promo of the item number Ittage Rechchipodam crossed more than 90 thousand views on the official channel in YouTube within 24 hours of its release . The dance moves of Rama Rao Jr. and Nora Fatehi received praise . The 40 second video promo of the song Temper received praise particularly for Rama Rao Jr . ' s dance movements . The theatrical trailer crossed half a million views within 18 hours of its release in YouTube . It crossed a million views on 1 February 2015 in Puri Jagannadh 's official channel on YouTube making it one of the record breaking Telugu film trailers in YouTube . The video promo of the song One More Time received positive response . Six new stills featuring Rama Rao Jr. along with a set of working stills were released on 4 February 2015 . 60 stills were released by the makers later ; most of them featured Rama Rao Jr. in stylish looks and a few of them featuring the roles played by the remaining star cast . = = = Home media = = = The film satellite rights were sold for an amount of ₹ 77 @.@ 5 million to an undisclosed leading channel thus beating the record set by Rama Rao Jr . ' s previous film Rabhasa ( 2014 ) . The television broadcast rights were sold to Gemini TV for an amount of ₹ 78 million who faced a stiff competition from MAA TV . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = The film received positive reviews from critics . Y. Sunita Chowdary of The Hindu praised Rama Rao Jr . ' s performance as one of his finest works and added " The strength of the story lies in Puri Jagan ’ s clarity , at no moment he is in a hurry or tempted to show the hero ’ s softer side . What this film needed desperately was personality and character and this time it gets both " . IBN Live called it the best work of Rama Rao Jr. after Rakhi ( 2006 ) and added " Although the film isn 't targeted mainly at family audience due to overtly dealt perverted ideas , Temper can be a best watch for Nandamuri Fans " . Hemanth Kumar of The Times of India gave the film 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars and praised Rama Rao Jr . ' s performance and the film 's underlying theme . He wrote " In the end , Temper comes across as a film which was meant for NTR to reinvent himself , for Puri to prove that he hasn 't lost his mojo yet , for NTR 's fans , whose unflinching faith in the actor hasn 't diminished at all " . Pravallika Anjuri of Oneindia Entertainment gave the film 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars and stated " It is surely a brave attempt by the team to opt a script like this . Temper deals with a sensitive story and yet conveyed it with all the commercial elements that are needed for a film to click . " IndiaGlitz too gave 3 @.@ 25 out of 5 stars and summarised " All in all , this one has emotion plus action , the former is the raison d ' etre . Watch out for NTR . He is different and genuinely different here . " Suresh Kavirayani of Deccan Chronicle gave the film 3 out of 5 stars . He praised the performances of Rama Rao Jr. and Prakash Raj and termed the film as one of the best films of the former 's and also his ideal comeback . Subramanian Harikumar of Bollywood Life gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated " Temper is one of those films which ride high on actor ’ s performances and this film is a Jr NTR show from start to finish . Go in with minimum expectations and get ready to be mesmerised by NTR magic . " In contrast , Haricharan Pudipeddi of IANS gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and termed Temper a regular Puri Jagannadh film salvaged by Rama Rao Jr . ' s performance which he called a " terrific " one . Behindwoods gave the film 2 @.@ 25 out of 5 stars and stated " A thin one @-@ liner made into a film with underused artists and a disengaging screenplay ! Thanks to the well @-@ known faces , reasonable songs and Junior NTR 's dance , Temper becomes bearable . " = = = Box office = = = After including collections from Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Maharashtra , other parts of North India and international markets apart from AP / Nizam area , the first day total at the global box office stood approximately at ₹ 150 million and became the biggest opener of Rama Rao Jr. after breaking the previous record set by Baadshah ( 2013 ) . The film 's trade witnessed around 50 per cent drop in the morning shows on its second day and improvements in the later shows and collected ₹ 65 million taking its two @-@ day global box office total to approximately ₹ 220 million . Apart from AP / Nizam , the film collected ₹ 35 million in other areas and the three day i.e. first weekend global box office total stood at ₹ 281 @.@ 8 million . The film 's business witnessed a 70 percent drop on its fourth day and collected ₹ 25 million and showed improvement on the next day which was Maha Shivaratri and collected ₹ 32 @.@ 5 million taking its five @-@ day global total to ₹ 339 @.@ 3 million . Trade Analyst Trinath told IANS that the film grossed ₹ 400 million in six days . By the end of its first week , the film collected ₹ 380 million nett at the global box office and its distributors recovered 90 percent of their investments on the film by then . The film stood in the fifth place in the list of highest grossing Telugu film at the global box office in the first week and overtook Gopala Gopala , Race Gurram ( 2014 ) , Baadshah and Gabbar Singh ( 2012 ) . Temper lost many screens across the world due to new releases Bandipotu and Gayakudu and a couple of dubbed films because of which it witnessed a huge drop in its business . The film collected ₹ 25 million on its eighth day at the global box office taking its eight @-@ day total to ₹ 405 million . The film 's business later witnessed a growth as the new releases received mixed reviews . It collected ₹ 465 million nett by the end of its ten @-@ day run at the global box office with which the film overtook the second week collection of Govindudu Andarivadele ( 2014 ) and the lifetime collections of Gopala Gopala . The film witnessed a huge drop in its business due to new film releases and 2015 Cricket World Cup . It collected ₹ 495 million nett in 14 days at the global box office . By the end of its 20 @-@ day run , the film crossed ₹ 60 crore mark by grossing ₹ 667 @.@ 5 million and collected a distributor share of ₹ 403 @.@ 9 million . The film completed its 50 @-@ day run across several centres on 3 April 2015 . In its lifetime , the film grossed ₹ 743 million and collected a share of ₹ 431 million and was declared a profitable film for its distributors on a whole . = = = = India = = = = The film collected ₹ 96 @.@ 8 million at AP / Nizam box office and became the biggest opener for both Rama Rao Jr. in his career and Telugu cinema in 2015 . It overtook the opening day collections of Gopala Gopala at AP / Nizam box office thus emerging as the third highest opener of all time there . It collected ₹ 11 million from 125 shows at Bangalore box office on its first day . It collected ₹ 40 million at AP / Nizam box office on its second day and its two @-@ day AP / Nizam box office total stood at ₹ 136 @.@ 8 million . It collected ₹ 45 million at AP / Nizam box office on its third day taking its three @-@ day total to ₹ 181 @.@ 8 million breaking the opening weekend record of Gopala Gopala . The film continued a steady run on its sixth day collecting ₹ 17 @.@ 8 million at AP / Nizam box office . The film collected approximately ₹ 240 million at AP / Nizam box office in its first week . The film collected ₹ 97 million in ten days in Nizam region making Temper the biggest grosser of Rama Rao Jr. in that area beating the lifetime collections of his previous films Rabhasa ( 2014 ) , Ramayya Vasthavayya ( 2013 ) , Brindavanam ( 2010 ) and Dammu ( 2012 ) , which collected ₹ 69 million , ₹ 89 million , ₹ 83 million and ₹ 82 million respectively in Nizam region in their lifetime . However it failed to break the records set by Race Gurram and Govindudu Andarivadele in Nizam region . The film grossed ₹ 393 million and collected ₹ 272 @.@ 5 million in ten days at AP / Nizam box office and topped the business charts in that area followed by Bandipotu and Badlapur . The film grossed ₹ 440 million and collected ₹ 290 @.@ 2 million at AP / Nizam box office by the end of its 20 @-@ day run . The film continued to stand in the first spot in the weekend business charts of AP / Nizam box office followed by Maga Maharaju , Pisachi , Ram Leela and Badlapur . The film grossed ₹ 58 @.@ 5 million and collected ₹ 24 @.@ 5 million at Bangalore box office while the share and gross in the rest of Karnataka were reported as ₹ 23 million and ₹ 45 million respectively . The film grossed ₹ 36 million and collected ₹ 14 million in the rest of India including Tamil Nadu . The film grossed ₹ 506 million and collected ₹ 313 @.@ 5 million at AP / Nizam box office in its lifetime . The lifetime gross and share figures at Karnataka , Tamil Nadu and the rest of India stood at ₹ 115 million and ₹ 51 million , ₹ 14 million and ₹ 5 @.@ 5 million , ₹ 22 million and ₹ 8 @.@ 5 million respectively . = = = = Overseas = = = = Taran Adarsh reported that the film collected US $ 256 @,@ 834 on Thursday preview shows , US $ 228 @,@ 779 on its first day , US $ 203 @,@ 794 on its second day and US $ 163 @,@ 395 on the third day at the United States box office taking its opening weekend total to US $ 852 @,@ 802 in the country . It was equivalent to ₹ 53 million and Adarsh called it a " flying start " . It performed better than the other releases Roy and Anegan which collected US $ 133 @,@ 453 and US $ 105 @,@ 070 equivalent to ₹ 8 @.@ 3 million and ₹ 6 @.@ 53 million respectively . The film was expected to cross the US $ 1 million mark soon . The film collected US $ 934 @,@ 467 in six days at the United States box office which was equivalent to ₹ 58 @.@ 2 million and was declared Rama Rao Jr . ' s biggest success in the country . The film collected US $ 23 @,@ 000 each on 20 and 21 February 2015 at the United States box office and crossed the US $ 1 million mark by collecting US $ 10 @,@ 05 @,@ 000 in 10 days . With this , Temper became Rama Rao Jr . ' s second film to cross the US $ 1 million mark after Baadshah and also the first Indian film in 2015 to cross that mark . The lifetime gross and share figures at the United States stood at ₹ 66 million and ₹ 42 @.@ 5 million respectively . The film grossed ₹ 20 million and collected a share of ₹ 10 million in its lifetime in other international markets . = = = Accolades = = = = = Sequel and remakes = = Bandla Ganesh announced the film 's sequel titled Temper 2 on 14 February 2015 through his Twitter page . Its feasibility was doubted as Jagannadh shelved the sequels of his films Pokiri ( 2006 ) and Businessman ( 2012 ) in the past . Sachiin J Joshi announced that he would bankroll the Tamil and Hindi remakes of the film under his banner Viiking Media & Entertainment Pvt Ltd . He however denied the rumours that he would reprise Ram Rao Jr. in the film 's remakes and clarified that he is in talks with a Bollywood actor for the Hindi remake . Ganesh reportedly sold those rights to Joshi as a part of the compensation to money he owed to him when the latter financed the former 's production Govindudu Andarivadele ( 2014 ) . Vishal will star in the Tamil remake of Temper , which will enter production in late 2016 . = Oswald Danes = Oswald Danes is a fictional character in the science fiction series Torchwood , created by Russell T. Davies and portrayed by American actor Bill Pullman . The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series , Torchwood : Miracle Day ( 2011 ) , as part of a new co @-@ production between Torchwood 's British network , BBC One , and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz . Pullman appears in eight of the ten episodes , and is credited as a series regular . Whilst reaction to the serial and Pullman 's character was mixed , Pullman 's portrayal was praised by critics and in 2012 he received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor on Television . The narrative of Miracle Day focuses on an event in which death ceases to occur across the world and the gravely @-@ wounded continue to remain alive . On the first day of this phenomenon , the so @-@ called Miracle Day , Oswald , a former schoolteacher who molested , raped murdered one of his students , survives his own execution . His survival draws global attention , and he subsequently is released from prison on a legal technicality . After being offered both exposure and protection by Public Relations expert Jilly Kitzinger ( Lauren Ambrose ) , he becomes her client , which helps him gain more publicity . Following a series of events he ends up aiding Torchwood , a team composed of two former alien @-@ hunters and two former CIA agents , on their mission to restore death to the world . Danes is killed off in the final episode of the series ; when death is restored he takes one of the Torchwood team 's enemies out in a murder – suicide . Critics commented upon the character 's resemblance both to horror film killers such as Freddy Krueger and Hannibal Lecter , as well as to American Evangelists and to the biblical Jesus Christ . The series also follows Danes ' rise and fall in the public eye and the precariousness of fame . Though the wisdom of having a paedophile as a character in Torchwood was challenged , the show 's creative team decided to take a strong line on whether the character was likeable or not ; he was not	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
of the Isles , Lake Calhoun , Lake Harriet , Lake Hiawatha , and Lake Nokomis ) became a model for park planners around the world . He also encouraged active recreation in the parks , as opposed to just setting aside parks for passive admiration . = = = Arts = = = The Minneapolis Institute of Arts was established in 1883 by twenty @-@ five citizens who were committed to bringing the fine arts into the Minneapolis community . The present building , a neoclassical structure , was designed by the firm of McKim , Mead and White and opened in 1915 . It later received additions in 1974 by Kenzo Tange and in 2006 by Michael Graves . The Minnesota Orchestra dates back to 1903 when it was founded as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra . It was renamed the Minnesota Orchestra in 1968 and moved into its own building , Orchestra Hall , in downtown Minneapolis in 1974 . The Walker Art Center was established in 1927 as the first public art gallery in the Upper Midwest . In the 1940s , the museum shifted its focus toward modern art , after a gift from Mrs. Gilbert Walker made it possible to acquire works by Pablo Picasso , Henry Moore , Alberto Giacometti , and others . The museum continued its focus on modern art with traveling shows in the 1960s and is now one of the " big five " modern art museums in the U.S. = = = Churches = = = Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church was founded in 1854 . It is the oldest church in Minneapolis in continuous use . The church was originally built by the First Universalist Society , and later became a Catholic church in 1877 when a Catholic French Canadian congregation acquired it . The Basilica of Saint Mary was constructed between 1907 and 1915 on land that was formerly a farm , then a zoological garden . Archbishop John Ireland supervised the planning of the church , originally named the Pro @-@ Cathedral of Minneapolis , along with the Cathedral of St. Paul in Saint Paul . He chose architect Emmanuel Masqueray , who was trained at the École des Beaux @-@ Arts in Paris . The first Mass was held on May 31 , 1914 . Church leaders desired to build the finest altar in America , handcrafted of the finest marble they could afford . It was elevated to the rank of basilica and became the first basilica in the United States in 1926 . The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as one of the area 's finest examples of Beaux @-@ Arts architecture . = = A changing city = = = = = Fall of the milling empire = = = In the first few decades of the 20th century , Minneapolis began to lose its dominant position in the flour milling industry , after reaching its peak in 1915 – 1916 . The rise of steam power , and later electric power , eroded the advantage that St. Anthony Falls provided in water power . The wheat fields of the Dakotas and Minnesota 's Red River Valley began suffering from soil exhaustion due to consecutive wheat crops , leading to an increase in wheat leaf rust and related crop diseases . The farmers of the southern plains developed a variety of hardy red winter wheat suitable for bread flour , and the Kansas City area gained prominence in milling . Also , due to changes in rail shipping rates , millers in Buffalo , New York were able to ship their flour more competitively . In response , companies such as the Washburn @-@ Crosby Company and Pillsbury began marketing their brands specifically to consumers . Washburn @-@ Crosby branded their flour " Gold Medal " , in recognition of a prize won in 1880 , and advertised with the slogan " Eventually – Why Not Now ? " Pillsbury countered with their slogan , " Because Pillsbury 's Best " , incorporating their brand name " Pillsbury 's Best " . Washburn @-@ Crosby invented the character Betty Crocker to answer product questions . They also purchased a radio station in 1924 and renamed it WCCO , standing for " Washburn Crosby Company " . Washburn @-@ Crosby merged with several other regional milling companies in 1928 and renamed themselves General Mills . Both General Mills and Pillsbury sought to diversify beyond flour milling by sponsoring baking contests and publishing recipes . They also began developing semi @-@ prepared foods , such as Bisquick and prepared foods , such as Wheaties . After 1930 , the flour mills gradually began to shut down . The buildings were either vacated or demolished , the railroad trestle that served the mills was demolished , and the former mill canal and mill ruins were filled in with gravel . The last two mills left at the falls were the Washburn " A " Mill and the Pillsbury " A " Mill . In 1965 , General Mills shut down the Washburn " A " Mill , along with several other of their oldest mills . All milling operations throughout the city 's corridors such as Hiawatha Avenue and the Midtown Greenway ceased by the early 20th century . Demand for rail use also fell as a result . To continue economic use of the river , civic leaders pushed for plans to build locks and dams , making the Mississippi River navigable above Saint Anthony Falls for the first time . Congressional approval for the Upper Minneapolis Harbor Development Project came in 1937 but it wasn 't until 1950 through 1963 , that the United States Army Corps of Engineers constructed two sets of locks at the lower dam and at the falls . They also covered the falls with a permanent concrete apron . The project also resulted in the disfiguration of the Stone Arch Bridge by replacing two of the arches with a steel truss . The rest of Spirit Island was also obliterated in the process . = = = Politics , corruption , anti @-@ Semitism and social change = = = Minneapolis was known for anti @-@ Semitism beginning in the 1880s and through the 1950s . The city was described as " the capital of anti @-@ Semitism in the United States " in 1946 by Carey McWilliams and in 1959 by Gunther Plaut . At that time the city 's Jews were excluded from membership in many organizations , faced employment discrimination , and were considered unwelcome residents in some neighborhoods . Jews in Minneapolis were also not allowed to buy homes in certain neighborhoods of Minneapolis . In the 1940s a lack of anti @-@ Semitism was noted in the Midwest with the exception of Minneapolis . McWilliams noted in 1946 the lack of anti @-@ Semitism in neighboring Saint Paul . The 1920s and 1930s of Prohibition , gangsters and mobs ruled the underworld of the city . North Minneapolis was ruled by Jewish gangsters led by Isadore Blumenfield , also known as Kid Cann , who was also linked to murders , prostitution , money laundering , the destruction of the Minneapolis streetcar system and political bribery . Chief O 'Connor of the Saint Paul Police established the O 'Connor System which provided a haven for crooks in the capital city and a headache for Minneapolis Police . Corruption spread to the MPD as an Irishman named Edward G. " Big Ed " Morgan operated gambling dens with bootleggers under police protection . Danny Hogan , the underworld " Godfather " of Saint Paul allied with Morgan and the two competed with the Jewish gangsters until the wane of Prohibition and Hogan 's death . Hubert Humphrey got his start in Minnesota politics in the early 1940s . He was an organizer of the Minnesota Democratic Party at the time , and he realized that the party 's best chance of success would come if the Minnesota Farmer @-@ Labor Party merged with the Democratic party . Other party leaders had been discussing the merger , but Humphrey 's idea was to keep the Farmer @-@ Labor name in the name of the merged party , in order to gain the strength of thousands of loyal voters . Thus , the party got the name Minnesota Democratic @-@ Farmer @-@ Labor Party . Humphrey first ran for mayor of Minneapolis in 1943 , losing by only six thousand votes . He campaigned again in the 1945 election , with the support of the city 's labor leaders , and found support with the city 's African @-@ American community by promising to implement a city civil rights commission . He also appealed to the city 's middle class by giving talks on civic virtue at area churches . He was elected in 1945 by the largest margin to date . When elected , he immediately proposed a city ordinance that would make racial discrimination by employers subject to a fine . After a long period of discussion , the Minneapolis City Council finally approved the ordinance by a 21 to 3 margin on January 31 , 1947 . The ordinance created the nation 's first Fair Employment Practices Ordinance and established Minneapolis as the nation 's leader in imposing fines for employment discrimination , though pressure from the local Urban League would also limit employment opportunities for African Americans during the ordinance 's first few years . In contrast to similar measures passed in Milwaukee and Chicago , the Minneapolis Fair Employment ordinance gave the city 's newly created Fair Employment Practices Commission ( FEPC ) authority to not only impose fines , but also prison sentences for employers who enacted job discrimination . Larger banks and department stores saw the value in civil rights and began to hire more African @-@ Americans . Humphrey also recognized that city police officers operating under racial and ethnic prejudice were causing urban unrest , so he instructed the city 's police chief to have officers in minority neighborhoods keep in contact with clergy , teachers , business owners , and other neighborhood leaders . This helped to redefine the issue of prejudice and got its attention as a problem that could be solved , not just a fact of life that had to be taken for granted . Humphrey 's progress with civil rights in Minneapolis gained national attention , with many cities inquiring about how they could establish their own civil rights commissions . In 1947 , he was reelected with 102 @,@ 000 votes over his opponent 's 52 @,@ 000 votes . As a delegate to the 1948 Democratic National Convention , he led the call for a strong civil rights plank . In his address , he said , " There are those who say to you – we are rushing this issue of civil rights . I say we are 172 years late . There are those who say – this issue of civil rights is an infringement on states rights . The time has arrived for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of state 's rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights . " Humphrey was elected to the United States Senate in the 1948 election and served many years as a prominent Minnesota politician , including Vice President of the U.S. from 1965 – 1969 . W. Harry Davis , who later served 20 years on the Minneapolis School Board , agreed to run for mayor in 1971 , becoming the city 's first black mayoral candidate supported by a major political party . White supremacists were still present in Minneapolis , and threatened his family daily during the campaign . The police department guarded their home and the FBI gave them protection dogs . Davis also received support from white politicians including Humphrey , Donald M. Fraser , and Walter Mondale . Twenty years later , Minneapolis elected its first African American mayor , Sharon Sayles Belton . To date , she has been the city 's only non @-@ white mayor . In 1968 , Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt were among those who founded the American Indian Movement to advance civil rights for Native Americans . = = = A growing city = = = From about 200 @,@ 000 in the 1900 Census , Minneapolis soared to its highest population recorded in 1950 of over 521 @,@ 000 people . The main growth of the city was in part due to an organized private streetcar system . With 140 million passengers by 1920 , the streetcars ran down important roads extending from Downtown Minneapolis . Neighborhood residential development out of the core mostly dates around the turn of the century as a result of this system . This growth also allowed Minneapolis to annex land from neighboring villages and townships which subsequently pushed the incorporation of today 's inner ring suburbs . The streetcar system was built by Twin City Rapid Transit and operated efficiently through 1949 , with a program of reinvesting their profits into system improvements . However , in 1949 , New York investor Charles Green gained control of the system , halted the rebuilding program , and announced a goal of completely converting the system to buses by 1958 . These policies alienated the public and he was ousted in 1951 , but his successor , Fred Ossanna , continued to cut service and replace the system with buses . On June 19 , 1954 , the last streetcar took its run . A photo taken in 1954 shows James Towley handing Fred Ossanna a check while one of the streetcars burned in the background . Later on , it was discovered that Ossanna and associates had plundered the streetcar system for personal gain . A small section of the line between Lake Calhoun and Lake Harriet is now operated by the Minnesota Streetcar Museum . = = = Reshaping downtown = = = Downtown Minneapolis was the hub of business and financial activity . The Minneapolis City Hall ( which also served as the Hennepin County Courthouse at the time ) was the tallest building in Minneapolis from its construction in 1888 until 1929 . A municipal ordinance instituted in 1890 restricted buildings to a height of 100 feet ( 30 m ) , later raised to 125 feet ( 38 m ) . The construction of the First National – Soo Line Building in 1915 , with a height of 252 feet ( 77 m ) , caused concerns among the real estate industry , so the 125 @-@ foot ( twelve story ) limit was reimposed at the request of the Minneapolis Civic and Commerce Association . The twenty @-@ seven story Rand Tower , built in 1929 , was the next major challenger to the height limit . The thirty @-@ two story Foshay Tower , also built in 1929 , was the highest building in Minneapolis until 1971 . Its builder , Wilbur Foshay , wanted a tower built along the lines of the Washington Monument . He staged a lavish dedication ceremony complete with a march composed by John Philip Sousa . About six weeks later , Foshay lost his fortune in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . Foshay 's $ 20 @,@ 000 check to Sousa bounced , and Sousa forbade anyone else to play the march until the debt was repaid . During the Great Depression , buildings suffered from a lack of maintenance . Writer Sinclair Lewis , returning to Minneapolis after a long absence , said , " Minneapolis is so ugly . Parking lots like scars . Most buildings are narrow , drab , dirty , flimsy , irregular in relationship to one another — a set of bad teeth . " A decade later , downtown and surrounding areas would be reshaped radically by urban renewal and freeway construction . After World War II , businesses and residents started moving to the suburbs , and downtown Minneapolis , along with downtowns across the nation , was perceived as dying . Urban planners , such as Le Corbusier , were advocating radically rebuilding downtowns by complete rebuilding and forcing out manufacturing and warehousing . The Federal Housing Act of 1949 provided funding for clearing blighted areas , and city officials interpreted the definition of " blighted " liberally . The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 provided funding for an interstate highway system , which would also transform Minneapolis . The Gateway district , centered around the intersection of Hennepin and Nicollet Avenues just west of the Mississippi River , was the major casualty of urban renewal . The neighborhood had become known as a slum with cheap hotels and flophouses . When General Mills announced in 1955 that they were moving their corporate headquarters to Golden Valley , city planners decided to implement a large @-@ scale Gateway district plan that included demolishing a large number of buildings . Between 1957 and 1965 , one @-@ third of downtown Minneapolis had been leveled , including the Metropolitan Building . Freeway construction had its impact on the city , with neighborhoods disrupted and housing stock lost . Between 1963 and 1975 , Interstate 35W from the south border of the city to its northeastern corner , Interstate 94 from the St. Paul border into downtown , and the Crosstown ( County Road 62 , later to become Minnesota State Highway 62 ) on the southern boundary of Minneapolis were built . The remaining portion of Interstate 94 , from U.S. Highway 12 to the northern boundary of the city , was completed in 1982 . Highway 12 was later rebuilt to Interstate standards in 1992 , at which point it was renumbered Interstate 394 . Several proposed projects never were built , though . Minnesota State Highway 55 , running southeast from downtown to the Fort Snelling area and the Minneapolis – Saint Paul International Airport , was slated to become a freeway , but the upgrade was canceled due to neighborhood opposition . Similarly , a proposed Interstate 335 was to run from Interstate 35W in northeast Minneapolis to a connection with Interstate 94 just north of downtown . This project was also canceled due to neighborhood opposition . = = Modern Minneapolis = = = = = Shaping the skyline = = = While the destruction of the Gateway district left a large gap in downtown Minneapolis , other developments would reshape it and transform the skyline . One of these developments was the building of the Nicollet Mall in 1968 . Previously known as Nicollet Avenue , the portion within the central business became a tree @-@ lined mall for pedestrians and transit . The mall forms a kind of linear park , with trees and fountains and a farmers ' market in the summer . It also boosted the city 's retail trade . The most dramatic change to the skyline came in 1974 , when the IDS Center was opened . At a height of 775 feet 6 inches ( 236 @.@ 4 m ) when built , it dwarfed the previous highest building , the Foshay Tower . Other additions to downtown included the Multifoods Tower ( 668 feet , 203.6m ) in 1983 now known as 33 South Sixth , Norwest Center , built in 1988 and now renamed the Wells Fargo Center , the Campbell Mithun Tower — previously Piper Jaffray built in 1985 , and Capella Tower , built in 1992 as the headquarters of First Bank . The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , opened in 1982 and demolished in 2014 , served as the home of the Minnesota Vikings and previously hosted the Minnesota Twins , and the Minnesota Golden Gophers football team . The site is now being reconstructed as the new Vikings Stadium . In the 1990s , the last wave of downtown development filled in parcels around the skyscrapers with towers 40 stories or less from companies such as Target , Ameriprise Financial , and AT & T. Vertical residential housing also followed the corporate development . The 1970s condo boom saw many discreet high @-@ rises blanket the former milling districts and Downtown West . Riverside Plaza , formerly Cedar Square West , was completed in 1973 as a six tower mixed @-@ income self @-@ contained urban village that originally was much larger and contains the tallest buildings outside Downtown . The plain modern and brutalist concrete styles of that period however were contrasted in the late 1990s to 2000s that brought in more prominent residential towers to the skyline with varying colors and architecture themes . The Carlyle residence one block south of the Mississippi River is 41 stories built in art deco style and is the most recent addition to the skyline . Grant Park and Skyscape , though not as tall at 27 – 28 stories , have begun extending the skyline south into the Elliot Park neighborhood . The two contrast as one is traditional with red brick proportions while the other is in modern glass . Light rail made its debut in Minneapolis with the opening of the Blue Line on June 26 , 2004 . This line , part of the METRO system , starts in downtown Minneapolis and progresses southeastward along Minnesota State Highway 55 ( also known as Hiawatha Avenue ) , passes Minnehaha Park on the west side , and serves the Minneapolis – Saint Paul International Airport before it terminates at the Mall of America in Bloomington . In 2014 , service began on the Green Line which connects downtown with the University of Minnesota and downtown St. Paul . = = = Rediscovering the riverfront = = = As industry and railroads left the Mississippi riverfront , people gradually became aware that the riverfront could be a destination for living , working , and shopping . The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board acquired land along the river banks , including much of Nicollet Island , all of Boom Island , and the West River Parkway corridor . These properties were developed with trails and parkways , and this spurred the development of private land adjacent to the riverfront , creating the new Mill District neighborhood . The Stone Arch Bridge was opened to pedestrian traffic in 1994 , creating a link in the trail system and providing spectacular views of Saint Anthony Falls . Some of the old commercial buildings were adapted to new uses . The Whitney Hotel was built in what used to be the Standard Mill , while the North Star Lofts was a new use for the former North Star Woolen Mills building . Other projects , such as Saint Anthony Main and a number of condominium and townhouse projects , provide residents with the opportunity to live within view of Saint Anthony Falls . Urban archeology along the riverfront has uncovered remnants of the flour mills built in the 1860s and 1870s , along with the tailrace canal that once supplied water to the mills and the trestle supports for the Minnesota Eastern Railroad . These ruins , which had once been buried with gravel and fill , are now open to the public as Mill Ruins Park . The park has signs interpreting the history of the area and the buildings that had once been there . The Washburn " A " Mill , severely damaged by a 1991 fire but now stabilized , now hosts the Mill City Museum , opened in 2003 by the Minnesota Historical Society . The museum presents a history of flour milling and industrial development along the river , and an eight @-@ story elevator ride shows the various steps that turned wheat into flour . The Guthrie Theater moved to a new building along the riverfront in 2006 , just southeast of the Mill City Museum . = Pacific angelshark = The Pacific angelshark ( Squatina californica ) is a species of angel shark , family Squatinidae , found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Alaska to the Gulf of California , and from Ecuador to Chile , although those in the Gulf of California and southeastern Pacific may in fact be separate species . The Pacific angelshark inhabits shallow , coastal waters on sandy flats , usually near rocky reefs , kelp forests , or other underwater features . This species resembles other angel sharks in appearance , with a flattened body and greatly enlarged pectoral and pelvic fins . Characteristic features of this shark include a pair of cone @-@ shaped barbels on its snout , angular pectoral fins , and a brown or gray dorsal coloration with many small dark markings . It attains a maximum length of 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) . An ambush predator , the Pacific angelshark conceals itself on the sea floor and waits for approaching prey , primarily bony fishes and squid . Prey are targeted visually and , with a quick upward thrust of the head , snatched in protrusible jaws . Individual sharks actively choose ideal ambush sites , where they stay for several days before moving on to a new one . This species is more active at night than during the day , when it stays buried in sediment and seldom moves . Reproduction is viviparous , with the embryos hatching inside the mother 's uterus and being sustained by a yolk sac until birth . Females give birth to an average of six young every spring . Pacific angelsharks are not dangerous to humans unless provoked , in which case their bite can cause a painful injury . They are valued for their meat and are captured by commercial and recreational fishers across their range . A targeted gillnet fishery for this species began off Santa Barbara , California in 1976 and ended in 1994 , after overfishing and new regulations led to its near @-@ collapse . This species is now mainly fished in Mexican waters . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed this species as Near Threatened , as the Californian population is largely protected and recovering , while the impact of Mexican fisheries is unknown . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The Pacific angelshark was first scientifically described in 1859 by William Orville Ayres , the first Curator of Ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences . He gave it the specific epithet californica , as the originally @-@ described specimen was caught off San Francisco . Locally , this species may also be referred to as angel shark , California angel shark , or monkfish . The Chilean angelshark ( Squatina armata ) of the southeastern Pacific was synonymized with this species by Kato , Springer and Wagner in 1967 , but was later tentatively recognized as a separate species again by Leonard Compagno . The taxonomic status of angel sharks in the southeastern Pacific – whether they are S. californica , S. armata , or if there is more than one Squatina species in the region – remains unresolved . The angel sharks inhabiting the Gulf of California may also represent a different species , as they mature at a much smaller size than those from the rest of their range . A phylogenetic study based on mitochondrial DNA , published by Björn Stelbrink and colleagues in 2010 , reported that the sister species of the Pacific angelshark is the sand devil ( S. dumeril ) of the western North Atlantic . The two species are estimated to have diverged approximately 6 @.@ 1 Ma , close to when the Isthmus of Panama first began to form . The authors also found that Pacific angelsharks from the Gulf of California differed genetically from those elsewhere , though they were equivocal as to whether this represented a species @-@ level distinction . = = Distribution and habitat = = Pacific angelsharks are found in cold to warm @-@ temperate waters from the southeastern corner of Alaska to the Gulf of California , including the entire Baja peninsula , and are most common off central and southern California . It may also occur from Ecuador to the southern tip of Chile ( see taxonomic uncertainty above ) . This bottom @-@ dwelling shark prefers habitats with soft , flat bottoms close to shore , such as estuaries and bays , and are often found near rocky reefs , submarine canyons , and kelp forests . On occasion , they have been seen swimming 15 – 91 m ( 49 – 299 ft ) above the sea floor . Off California , the Pacific angelshark is most common at a depth of 3 – 45 m ( 9 @.@ 8 – 147 @.@ 6 ft ) , but has been reported from as deep as 205 m ( 673 ft ) . A number of genetically discrete subpopulations have been identified across the northern range of the Pacific angelshark . Several subpopulations exist along the coast from Point Conception northward to Alaska . In the Southern California Bight , there are at least three separate subpopulations off the mainland and northern and southern Channel Islands . The subpopulation along the Pacific coast of Baja California are distinct from those in the Gulf of California . These subpopulations have diverged from one another over time because Pacific angelsharks do not undertake long migratory movements outside of their preferred home areas , and deep waters serve as effective geographical barriers to population mixing . Heterozygosity , a measure of genetic diversity , is higher in the Pacific angelshark than in other shark species that have been examined . = = Description = = With its flattened body and wing @-@ like pectoral fins , the Pacific angelshark superficially resembles a ray . Unlike in rays , its five pairs of gill slits are located on the sides of the head rather than underneath , and the expanded anterior lobes of its pectoral fins are separate rather than fused to the head . The eyes are located on top of the head , with the spiracles behind . There are folds of skin without triangular lobes on the sides of head . The mouth is very wide and placed terminally ( at the front of the snout ) ; a pair of cone @-@ shaped barbels with spoon @-@ like tips are located above . There are 9 tooth rows on either side of the upper jaw and 10 tooth rows on either side of the lower jaw , with toothless gaps at the middle of both jaws . Each tooth has a broad base and a single narrow , smooth @-@ edged cusp . The pectoral and pelvic fins are broad and angular with pointed tips . The two dorsal fins are located far back on the body , and there is no anal fin . The lower lobe of the caudal fin is larger than the upper . A row of small thorns runs down the middle of the back and tail ; thorns are also present on the snout and over the eyes . As the shark ages , the thorns decrease in size and may disappear . The dorsal coloration is gray , brown , or reddish brown with scattered dark markings : large blotches surrounded by a ring of tiny spots in adults , and pairs of ocelli in juveniles . The underside is white , extending to the margins of the pectoral and pelvic fins . This species measures up to 1 @.@ 5 m ( 59 in ) long and weighs up to 27 kg ( 60 lb ) . = = Biology and ecology = = During the day , Pacific angelsharks are almost never seen in the open , instead resting motionless on the sea floor buried under a thin layer of sediment that disguises their outlines . At night some individuals remain motionless , waiting for prey , while others may be encountered on the bottom unburied or actively swimming . Large sharks , including the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) and the broadnose sevengill shark ( Notorynchus cepedianus ) , and the northern elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris ) are known to consume Pacific angelsharks . Known parasites of this species include the copepod Trebius latifurcatus , which infests the skin , the myxosporidian Chloromyxum levigatum , which infests the gall bladder , and the tapeworm Paraberrapex manifestus , which infests the spiral valve intestine . The leech Branchellion lobata may be attached around this shark 's cloaca , inside the intestine , and even inside the uterus and on developing embryos . = = = Feeding = = = A sedentary ambush predator , the Pacific angelshark feeds mainly on bony fishes , including kelp bass , croakers , flatfishes , damselfishes , mackerels , and sardines . During the winter and early spring , spawning squid are abundant and become the primary source of food . In the southern Gulf of California , the most important prey species are , in descending order , the mackerel Decapterus macrosoma , the toadfish Porichthys analis , the lizardfish Synodus evermann , the soldierfish Myripristis leiognathus , and the shrimp Sicyonia penicillata . At Catalina Island , this species feeds mainly on the blacksmith ( Chromis punctipinnis ) and the queenfish ( Seriphus politus ) . Adults and juveniles have similar diets . Individual sharks choose sites giving them the best ambush success . They prefer junctions of sandy and rocky substrates near reefs ( used by many fishes for shelter ) usually orienting themselves either toward or parallel to nearby vertical structures . They tend to face upslope , which may facilitate burying via falling sediment , bring more fish swimming downstream from the reef , or ease targeting by silhouetting prey against the sunlight . Once settled at a successful site , an angelshark may remain there for ten days , re @-@ burying itself on or near the same spot after every strike . As the local prey eventually learn to avoid the stationary predator , the shark periodically shifts at night to a new site several kilometers away . One study off Santa Catalina Island found that over 13 – 25 hours , nine sharks together used only 1 @.@ 5 km2 ( 0 @.@ 6 mi2 ) . A later , longer @-@ term study found that the sharks ' sporadic position changes covered as much as 75 km ( 47 mi ) over three months , almost circling the island . Single individuals swam up to 7 @.@ 3 km ( 4 @.@ 5 mi ) in a night . The Pacific angelshark is primarily a visual hunter ; experiments in nature show that they strike at fish @-@ shaped targets without any electrical , chemical , vibrational , or behavioral cues . At night , they are guided by the bioluminescence of planktonic dinoflagellates and ostracods disturbed by moving prey . This species ' visual system is attuned to the wavelengths of light emitted by these planktonic organisms , showing the importance of night hunting . Pacific angelsharks are more likely to strike at prey approaching from the front . It usually waits until the prey approaches to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) , as its attack is less accurate beyond this distance . The strike is a stereotyped behavior in which the shark presses the forward lobes of its pectoral fins against the bottom and thrusts its head upwards at up to a 90 ° angle . Its mouth forms a tube when opened , creating a suction force , while its jaws protude forward to secure the prey between sharp teeth . During the strike , the eyes roll backward into the head for protection . The strike is often completed in under a tenth of a second . = = = Life history = = = The Pacific angelshark is aplacental viviparous with the unborn young nourished by a yolk sac ; reproduction occurs on an annual cycle . Most females have a single functional ovary ( on the left side ) , though some have two ; the oviducts are often filled with yolk , which has been speculated to be from unfertilized eggs being resorbed . Young embryos 35 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) long have translucent skin , protruding eyes , and exposed gill filaments . Spots of pigment have developed when the embryo is 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) long , and the first row of teeth have appeared when the embryo is 110 mm ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) long . By the time the embryo is 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long , the mouth has migrated to a terminal position and the color pattern has fully developed ; the external yolk sac begins to shrink as the yolk is transferred to an internal yolk sac , which holds it until it can be transferred to the intestine for digestion . The internal yolk sac is fully resorbed before birth ; if the pup is released prematurely , it does not feed until this process is complete . Off Santa Barbara , birthing takes place from March to June after a gestation period of ten months , and the females mate again shortly afterward . The average litter size is 6 with a range of 1 – 11 ( rarely 13 ) ; there is no correlation between female size and number of offspring . The young are born in water 55 – 90 m ( 180 – 295 ft ) deep , probably to protect them from predators . Pacific angelshark embryos grow at 45 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) per month when young , slowing down to 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) per month just before birth , and are born at a length of 25 – 26 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 – 10 @.@ 2 in ) . Newborn pups in captivity grow at a rate of around 14 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) per year , while adults in the wild grow at around 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) per year . Both sexes mature at 90 – 100 cm ( 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 3 ft ) long , corresponding to an age of 8 – 13 years . Gulf of California sharks , which may be another species , mature at 78 cm ( 2 @.@ 56 ft ) long for males and 85 cm ( 2 @.@ 79 ft ) long for females . About 20 % of newborns survive to maturity . The maximum lifespan has been estimated at 25 – 35 years . Unlike other sharks , the growth rings on the vertebrae of this species are deposited in proportion to the shark 's size rather than yearly , making age determination difficult . = = Human interactions = = Although usually sedate and approachable underwater , Pacific angelsharks are quick to bite if touched , captured , or otherwise provoked , and can inflict severe lacerations . Commercial fisheries for this species exist off Baja California and to a lesser extent off California ( see below ) ; the meat is considered excellent and is sold fresh or frozen . This species is captured in limited numbers by recreational fishers using hook @-@ and @-@ line , spears , or even by hand , particularly off southern California . It is also taken as bycatch in shrimp trawls operating in the Gulf of California , and processed into fishmeal . The capacity of this species to withstand a focused fishing effort is limited , due to its low rates of reproduction and movement . In 1976 , the commercial gillnet fishery for the California halibut ( Paralichthys californicus ) , operating off Santa Barbara , expanded to include the Pacific angelshark as well . The sharks had become valuable due to their promotion as a substitute for the seasonally available common thresher shark ( Alopias vulpinus ) , and the development of new processing techniques . Around 50 % of the shark was used , while the skin , cartilage , and offal were discarded . In the 1980s , rising demand led to the introduction of gillnets with a medium @-@ sized mesh , designed specifically for this species . Fishery landings increased from a dressed ( post @-@ processing ) weight of 148 kg ( 326 lb ) in 1977 , to 117 @,@ 000 kg ( 258 @,@ 000 lb ) in 1983 , to 277 @,@ 000 kg ( 611 @,@ 000 lb ) in 1984 . The fishery peaked in 1985 and 1986 , when 550 @,@ 000 kg ( 1 @.@ 2 million lbs ) were taken annually , making this species the number one shark fished off California . This level of exploitation was unsustainable , and despite a minimum size limit imposed in 1986 , catches fell to 112 @,@ 000 kg ( 247 @,@ 000 lb ) in 1990 . In 1991 , the use of gillnets in nearshore Californian waters was banned by a voter initiative ( Proposition 132 ) ; the restricted area included much of the Pacific angelshark 's habitat and reduced fishing pressure on the species . As a result , Pacific angelshark landings dropped further to 10 @,@ 000 kg ( 22 @,@ 000 lb ) dressed in 1994 , when the central Californian halibut / angel shark fishery was closed completely , and have remained low since . The decline of the Californian fishery led to the industry shifting to Mexico , where gillnet pangas ( artisanal fishing vessels ) targeting this species now meet most of the angel shark demand in California . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed this species as Near Threatened ; Pacific angelshark numbers off California appear to be increasing and demographic modeling suggests the stock is healthy . However , the impact of the intense , unregulated Mexican fishery on the global population is yet undetermined . There is continuing interest in California for a resumption of the commercial fishery , though conservation concerns have thus far taken precedence . = Edmund of Woodstock , 1st Earl of Kent = Edmund of Woodstock , 1st Earl of Kent ( 5 August 1301 – 19 March 1330 ) was the sixth son of Edward I of England , and a younger half @-@ brother of Edward II . Edward I had intended to make substantial grants of land to Edmund , but when the king died in 1307 , Edward II failed to follow through on his father 's intentions , much due to his favouritism towards Piers Gaveston . Edmund still remained loyal to his brother , and in 1321 he was created Earl of Kent . He played an important part in Edward 's administration , acting both as diplomat and military commander , and in 1321 – 22 helped suppress a rebellion against the king . Discontent against the king grew , however , and eventually affected also Edmund . The antagonism was largely caused by Edward 's preference for his new favourites , Hugh Despenser the Younger and his father . In 1326 , Edmund joined a rebellion led by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer , whereby Edward II was deposed . Edmund failed to get along with the new administration , and in 1330 he was caught planning a new rebellion , and executed . Once the new king , Edward III , came of age and assumed personal control of government , he annulled the charges against his uncle . The title and estates of the Earl of Kent descended on Edmund 's son , also called Edmund . When this Edmund died , in 1331 , his brother John became earl . Though he was officially exonerated , Edmund did not enjoy a great reputation during his life and afterwards , due to his unreliable political dealings . = = Family background and early years = = Edward I of England had a great number of children with his first wife , Eleanor of Castile , but only one son who survived into adulthood – the future Edward II ( b . 1284 ) . After Eleanor died , the king married Margaret of France , with whom he had two children : Thomas ( b . 1300 ) and , when the king was sixty @-@ two , Edmund . Edmund was born at Woodstock in Oxfordshire on 5 August 1301 , and was therefore referred to as Edmund of Woodstock . Son of the English king , he was also , through his mother , grandson of Philip III of France . On 7 July 1307 , before Edmund had turned six , King Edward I died , leaving Edmund 's half @-@ brother Edward to succeed as King Edward II . Though not resident in the two boys ' household , Edward I had taken great interest in the princes ' upbringing and well @-@ being . Before he died , the king had promised to provide Edmund with substantial grants of land . In August 1306 , Edward I signed a charter promising Edmund land worth 7000 marks a year , and in May 1307 , 1000 marks was added to this . He probably intended to give the earldom of Norfolk to Thomas , while Edmund would receive the earldom of Cornwall , which had been left vacant after Edward I 's cousin Edmund died without children in 1300 . When Edward II came to the throne , however , he went against his father 's wishes by granting the earldom of Cornwall to his favourite Piers Gaveston . According to the chronicle Vita Edwardi Secundi , this act was a grave insult to the king 's younger brothers . Edward II nevertheless took steps to provide his half @-@ brother with an income ; grants made in 1315 and 1319 secured Edmund 2000 marks a year . In May 1321 , Edmund received the strategically important Gloucester Castle , and further grants followed his creation as Earl of Kent on 28 July 1321 . Edward II 's close relationship to Gaveston had been a source of conflict at court , and Gaveston 's execution by a group of rebellious barons in 1312 had brought the country to the brink of civil war . As Edmund came of age , he became an important member of the circle around his brother . In 1318 , the Treaty of Leake was drafted as an effort to reconcile the opposing parties , and Edmund – as his first public act – was among the witnesses to sign this treaty . Further official appointments followed . In the spring of 1320 he took part in an embassy to Pope John XXII in Avignon , where the mission was to absolve the king of his oath to uphold the Ordinances , a set of restrictions imposed on royal authority by the baronage . Later that year , he joined his brother the king in Amiens , where Edward was paying homage to the French king . In October 1320 , Edmund attended his first parliament . = = Civil war = = As the political conflict escalated into full @-@ scale rebellion in 1321 – 22 , Edmund played an important role in its suppression . The opposition stemmed from resentment against the king 's new favourites , Hugh Despenser the Younger and Hugh Despenser the Elder . When Bartholomew Badlesmere , steward of the royal household , defected to the opposition , Edward made his youngest brother Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in place of Badlesmere on 16 June . In the parliament of July 1321 , Edmund briefly sided with the opposition when he agreed to exile the Despensers , but later claimed this had been done under duress , and in November sat on the council that annulled the exile . In October , Edmund was once more employed in a move against Badlesmere , when he took part in a siege on Leeds Castle in Kent , which was held by Badlesmere . After Badlesmere was forced to surrender , hostilities moved to the Welsh Marches , where Roger Mortimer and others were in open revolt . Once confronted with the royal army , Mortimer surrendered without a fight , and attention turned to the leader of the baronial opposition , Thomas of Lancaster . Edmund , who had taken part in the Marcher campaign , was now ordered , with the Earl of Surrey , to take Lancaster 's castle of Pontefract . On 17 March 1322 , Lancaster was captured after his defeat at the Battle of Boroughbridge , and brought to Pontefract . Here , Edmund was on the jury that condemned him to death for treason . Even with Lancaster defeated , the battle against the rebels was not over . Edmund was charged with overtaking Wallingford Castle from Maurice de Berkeley in January 1323 , a task which he fulfilled with great success . For his loyalty , Edmund was rewarded with substantial holdings in Wales , primarily land forfeited by Roger Mortimer . The greater part of the spoils of war , however , went to the Despensers , who both benefited greatly from the forfeiture of the rebels . By 1326 , the Despensers , father and son respectively , enjoyed incomes of £ 3 @,@ 800 and £ 7 @,@ 000 , while Edmund 's annual income was at only 2 @,@ 355 marks ( £ 1 @,@ 570 ) . = = Scotland and France = = With domestic opposition largely neutralised , the king turned his attention to Scotland . A major campaign was organised in August , but the effort ended in total failure when the English were routed by the Scots , led by Robert the Bruce , at the Battle of Old Byland on 14 October 1322 . Edward II himself had to flee the battlefield to avoid capture , and Edmund was with him as the royal army retreated to York . The king 's inability to handle the Scottish situation was becoming apparent . Andrew Harclay , who had defeated Lancaster at Boroughbridge , and for this had been created Earl of Carlisle and appointed Warden of the Marches to Scotland , signed a peace treaty with the Scots without royal sanction in January 1323 . When the king found out , he ordered Harclay 's arrest . Edmund was one of the judges who passed judgement on Harclay , who was hanged , drawn and quartered for treason . With Harclay gone , Edmund was given responsibilities for the defence of the northern border , but the situation remained untenable . On 30 May 1323 , Edmund was on the council that agreed to a thirteen @-@ year truce with Scotland . Meanwhile , the English king 's possessions in France were coming under threat from the French king . Charles IV of France demanded that Edward again pay homage for his Duchy of Aquitaine , while at the same time threatening to confiscate the duchy under the pretext of a local dispute involving the priory at Saint @-@ Sardos . In April 1324 , Edmund and Alexander de Bicknor , Archbishop of Dublin , were sent to France on a diplomatic mission . While some historians have criticised Edmund for his failure to reach a diplomatic settlement , others have pointed to the difficult circumstances he faced , and how others had fared little better . When diplomacy failed , Edmund was appointed Edward 's lieutenant in France on 20 July 1324 . Though there was a desperate need for reinforcements from England , these never arrived . In the short war that followed , the English lands were quickly overrun by the French , and Edmund was besieged at La Réole . Here he held out until 22 September , at which point he was forced to surrender and agree to a six @-@ month truce . = = Deposition of Edward II = = Edward II 's refusal to pay homage to the French king was based on concern for his royal sovereignty , but also on fear of a potential resurgence of domestic resistance . For this reason , he sent his wife Isabella to negotiate with King Charles , who was her brother . The Queen departed for France on 9 March 1325 , and in September she was joined by her son , the heir to the throne , Prince Edward . Isabella 's negotiations were successful , and it was agreed that the young Prince Edward would perform homage in the king 's place , which he did on 24 September . Not long after this , Edmund joined the queen and prince in Paris . A circle of opposition was emerging around the queen , including the exiled Roger Mortimer . Edmund , who had previously been steadfast in his support for his half @-@ brother , now joined the plot against the king . Though he still distrusted Mortimer , his hatred for the Despensers seems to have been even greater at this point . When Edmund , along with the others , ignored the king 's order to return to England , his lands were confiscated in March 1326 . In August , Isabella and Mortimer invaded England with mercenary soldiers , and Edmund took part in the invasion . The invasion won the support of a great part of the English nobility , including Edmund 's brother Thomas , and Henry , Earl of Lancaster , Thomas of Lancaster 's brother . Edmund took part in the trials of the two Despensers , and in the council transferring power to Prince Edward , who was crowned King Edward III . For his participation in the coup , Edmund received a reward of land belonging to the Despensers , and the Earl of Arundel , who was also executed as a supporter of Edward II . As the Northern situation was still difficult , Edmund was given joint command of the Scottish Border with Lancaster , but the two fell out , and Lancaster was soon after given sole command . It did not take long for Edmund to grow disenchanted with the new regime ; one source of contention was the dominant position at court of Mortimer , who has been described as Isabella 's lover . In the autumn of 1328 , Edmund and his brother Thomas joined Henry of Lancaster in a conspiracy against Isabella and Mortimer . The conspiracy was a product of shared interest , however , rather than strong personal ties . Once it became clear that it would fail , the two brothers abandoned the venture . = = Death and aftermath = = After participating in the planned rebellion , Edmund became less popular at court . He was still allowed to accompany the king 's wife Philippa to her coronation in January 1330 , but his appearances at court became less frequent . At this point he became involved in another plot against the court , when he was convinced by rumours that his brother was still alive . It later emerged that Roger Mortimer himself was responsible for leading Edmund into this belief , in a form of entrapment . The plot was revealed , and in the parliament of March 1330 Edmund was indicted and condemned to death as a traitor . Upon hearing that the verdict was death , the condemned earl pleaded with Edward III for his life , offering to walk from Winchester to London with a rope around his neck as a sign of atonement . Edward III however knew that leniency was not an option for the aforementioned entrapment utilized by Mortimer could extend to him and potentially be subversive to his own kingship if his father , Edward II truly was alive . Thus Edward III sanctioned the killing of his uncle . It was almost impossible to find anyone willing to perform the execution of a man of royal blood , until a convicted murderer eventually beheaded Edmund in exchange for a pardon . Edmund 's body was initially buried in a Franciscan church in Winchester , but it was removed to Westminster Abbey in 1331 . The execution of a royal prince was a great provocation to the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Edward III , who had not been informed about the decision , and it probably contributed to the king 's decision to rise up against his protector . In 1330 , Edward III carried out a coup installing himself in personal control of government , and Mortimer was executed . Among the charges against Mortimer was that of procuring Edmund 's death , and the charges against the late earl of Kent were annulled . In late 1325 , Edmund had married Margaret Wake , sister of Thomas Wake , Baron Wake of Liddell , and the couple had several children . His lands and titles descended on his oldest son by the same name , but this Edmund himself died in October 1331 . The earldom then passed to the younger son John . Edmund was not particularly popular while he was alive , nor did he enjoy a good reputation after his death . His unreliability in political issues , and repeated shifts in allegiance , might have contributed to this . His household was also said to behave in a way that caused popular resentment , taking provisions as they passed through the countryside while offering little compensation . At the same time , it has been pointed out that Edmund showed a great deal of loyalty to Edward II , in spite of receiving relatively little rewards and recognition from his brother . = = = Children = = = = = Ancestry = = = = In fiction = = Edmund is a character in Les Rois maudits ( The Accursed Kings ) , a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon . He was portrayed by Eric Kruger in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series . = 1920 APFA season = The 1920 APFA season was the inaugural season of the American Professional Football Association — renamed the National Football League in 1922 . The league was formed on August 20 , 1920 by independent professional American football teams from Ohio , all of whom had previously played in the Ohio League or New York Pro Football League ( NYPFL ) . At the meeting , they first called their new league the American Professional Football Conference . A second organizational meeting was held in Canton on September 17 , adding more teams to the league . At the meeting , the name of the league became the American Professional Football Association . Four other teams also joined the Association during the year . Meanwhile , Jim Thorpe of the Canton Bulldogs was named the APFA 's first president but continued to play for the team . Scheduling was left up to each team . There were wide variations , both in the overall number of games played and in the number played against other Association members . Thus , no official standings were maintained . In addition , football teams in the APFA also faced independent football teams not associated with the league . For instance , the Rochester Jeffersons played a schedule consisting mostly of local teams from their local sandlot circuit and the NYPFL , not the APFA . The Akron Pros ended the season as the only undefeated team in the Association . Despite this , two one @-@ loss teams — the Decatur Staleys and Buffalo All @-@ Americans — who both tied Akron that year made cases for a co @-@ championship . At the league meetings in Akron on April 30 , 1921 , the Pros were awarded the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup for the 1920 season , the only year the trophy was used . According to modern NFL tie @-@ breaking rules , the 1920 Buffalo All @-@ Americans would be co @-@ champions . They would be tied with the Akron Pros in win percentage , 9 @.@ 5 wins to 1 @.@ 5 losses ( .864 ) , both teams beating out the Staleys , who would have a season that counted 11 wins to 2 losses ( .846 ) . Of the 14 teams that played in the APFA / NFL 's inaugural season , the Chicago Cardinals , now named the Arizona Cardinals , and the Decatur Staleys , now named the Chicago Bears , are the only teams that remain in the league . = = Formation = = Prior to the APFA , there were several other loose , professional organizations ; most of the APFA teams were from either the Ohio League or the New York Pro Football League . On August 20 , 1920 , a meeting attended by representatives of four Ohio League teams — Ralph Hay and Jim Thorpe for the Canton Bulldogs , Jimmy O 'Donnell and Stan Cofall for the Cleveland Tigers , Carl Storck for the Dayton Triangles , and Frank Nied and Art Ranney for the Akron Pros — was held . At the meeting , the representatives tentatively agreed to call their new league the American Professional Football Conference , introduce a salary cap for the teams , and not to sign college players nor players under contract with another team . According to the Canton Evening Repository , the purpose of the league was to " raise the standard of professional football in every way possible , to eliminate bidding for players between rival clubs and to secure cooperation in the formation of schedules , at least for the bigger teams . " The representatives then contacted other major professional teams and invited them to a meeting for September 17 . At that meeting , held at Bulldogs owner Ralph Hay 's Hupmobile showroom in Canton , Ohio , representatives of the Rock Island Independents , the Muncie Flyers , the Decatur Staleys , the Racine Cardinals , the Massillon Tigers , the Chicago Tigers , and the Hammond Pros agreed to join the league . Representatives of the Buffalo All @-@ Americans and Rochester Jeffersons could not attend the meeting , but sent letters to Hay asking to be included in the league . Team representatives changed the league 's name slightly to the American Professional Football Association and elected officers , installing Thorpe as president , Cofall as vice @-@ president , Ranney as secretary @-@ treasurer . Under the new league structure , teams created their schedules dynamically as the season progressed , so there were no minimum or maximum number of games needed to be played . Also , representatives of each team voted to determine the winner of the APFA trophy . = = Schedule = = The regular @-@ season schedule was not fixed but was created dynamically by each team as the season progressed . The following table was formed by NFL History , which used contemporary newspapers . The first game that counted in the standings occurred on September 26 , when the Rock Island Independents beat the St. Paul Ideals 48 – 0 ; the final game was a 14 – 14 tie between the Racine Cardinals and the Chicago Stayms on December 19 , 1920 . The Decatur Staleys and the Canton Bulldogs played the most games in the season ( 13 ) , while the Muncie Flyers played the fewest ( 1 ) . The Buffalo All @-@ Americans scored the most points all season ( 258 ) , and the Akron Pros allowed the fewest points ( 7 ) . = = Final standings = = Awarded the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions.Note : Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972 . = = Postseason and legacy = = As there was no playoff system in the APFA until 1932 , a meeting was held to determine the 1920 Champions . Each team that showed up had a vote to determine the champions . Since the Akron Pros never lost a game , the Pros were awarded the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup on April 30 , 1921 . The trophy was a " silver loving cup " , donated by the Brunswick @-@ Balke @-@ Collender Company . This decision , however , would arise with controversy . The Staleys and the All @-@ Americans each stated that they should win the award because they had more wins and were not beaten by the Akron Pros . Each player from the Pros was also awarded with a golden fob ; this was in the shape of a football and inscribed with " 1920 " , " WORLD CHAMPIONS " , and each player 's first initial and last name . The Pros did not officially celebrate their championship season until the following year . In October 1921 , most of the team was invited to the Elks Club of Akron , which was labeled as " a grand homecoming celebration for the world 's champions " . Pollard was congratulated during an Akron Merchants Association of Colored Business Men 's meeting . The Pros were the first team in the history of the APFA to complete a non @-@ modern " perfect season " . Only four other teams have accomplished this feat : the 1922 Canton Bulldogs at 10 – 0 – 2 , the 1923 Canton Bulldogs at 11 – 0 – 1 , the 1929 Green Bay Packers at 12 – 0 – 1 , and the 1972 Miami Dolphins at 17 – 0 – 0 . In 1972 , the NFL changed the rules so ties count as a half @-@ win and a half @-@ loss . If this rule had applied in 1920 , the All @-@ Americans and the Pros would each have had an .864 winning percentage . Even though the Pros were given the trophy in 1920 , the league lost track of the event and for a long time published in its own record books that the 1920 championship was undecided . It was not until the 1970s that the NFL remembered its early vote on awarding the Akron Pros the championship . = = Awards = = = = = All @-@ Pro = = = Bruce Copeland , sportswriter for the Rock Island Argus , compiled the All @-@ Pro list for 1920 . He used the games played in Rock Island , other newspapers , and his own memory to determine the first- , second- , and third @-@ team All @-@ Pro list . Pro @-@ Football @-@ Reference.com uses this list as the official All @-@ Pro list of 1920 . Twenty of the players were from Illinois and thirteen were from Ohio . The Rock Island Independents had the most players on the list ( 9 ) , and Racine Cardinals had the least ( 1 ) . = = = Hall of Fame = = = As of 2012 , 10 players have been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame who played in the 1920 APFA season . One non @-@ player , Joseph Carr , the owner of the Columbus Panhandles in the 1920 season and league president from 1921 – 1939 , was also elected to the Hall . = Marquee Moon = Marquee Moon is the 1977 debut studio album by American rock band Television . By 1974 , the group had become a prominent act on the New York music scene and generated interest from a number of record labels . Television rehearsed extensively in preparation for Marquee Moon and , after signing to Elektra Records , recorded the album at A & R Recording in September 1976 . It was produced by the band 's frontman Tom Verlaine and sound engineer Andy Johns . For Marquee Moon , Verlaine and fellow guitarist Richard Lloyd abandoned contemporary punk rock 's power chords in favor of rock and jazz @-@ inspired interplay , melodic lines , and counter @-@ melodies . Verlaine 's lyrics combined urban and pastoral imagery , references to lower Manhattan , themes of adolescence , and influences from French poetry . He also used puns and double @-@ entendres to give his songs an impressionistic quality describing the perception of an experience rather than its specific details . When Marquee Moon was released in February 1977 , it received widespread critical acclaim and unexpected commercial success in the United Kingdom , but sold poorly in the United States . The record has since been viewed by critics as one of the greatest albums of all time and a foundational record of alternative rock . Television 's innovative post @-@ punk instrumentation on Marquee Moon strongly influenced the indie rock and new wave movements of the 1980s , as well as rock guitarists such as John Frusciante , Will Sergeant , and The Edge . = = Background = = By the mid 1970s , Television had become a leading act in the New York music scene . They first developed a following from their residency at the lower Manhattan club CBGB , where they helped persuade club manager Hilly Kristal to feature more unconventional musical groups . The band had received interest from labels by late 1974 , but chose to wait for an appropriate record deal . They turned down a number of major labels , including Island Records , for whom they had recorded demos with producer Brian Eno . Eno had produced demos of the songs " Prove It " , " Friction " , " Venus " , and " Marquee Moon " in December 1974 , but Television frontman Tom Verlaine did not approve of Eno 's sound : " He recorded us very cold and brittle , no resonance . We 're oriented towards really strong guitar music ... sort of expressionistic . " After founding bassist Richard Hell left in 1975 , Television enlisted Fred Smith , whom they found more reliable and rhythmically adept . The band quickly developed a rapport and a musical style that reflected their individual influences : Smith and guitarist Richard Lloyd had a rock and roll background , drummer Billy Ficca was a jazz enthusiast , and Verlaine 's tastes varied from the rock group 13th Floor Elevators to jazz saxophonist Albert Ayler . That same year , Television shared a residency at CBGB with singer and poet Patti Smith , who had recommended the band to Arista Records president Clive Davis . Although he had seen them perform , Davis was hesitant to sign them at first . He was persuaded by Smith 's boyfriend , Allen Lanier , to let them record demos , which Verlaine said resulted in " a much warmer sound than Eno got " . However , Verlaine still wanted to find a label that would allow him to produce Television 's debut album himself , even though he had little recording experience . = = Recording and production = = In August 1976 , Television signed a recording deal with Elektra Records , who promised Verlaine he could produce the band 's first album with the condition that he would be assisted by a well @-@ known recording engineer . Verlaine , who did not want to be guided in the studio by a famous producer , enlisted engineer Andy Johns based on his work for the Rolling Stones ' 1973 album Goats Head Soup . Lloyd was also impressed by Johns , whom he said had produced " some of the great guitar sounds in rock " . Johns was credited as the co @-@ producer on Marquee Moon . Elektra did not query Television 's studio budget for the recording . Television recorded Marquee Moon in September 1976 at A & R Recording in New York City . In preparation for the album 's recording , Television had rehearsed for four to six hours a day and six to seven days a week . Lloyd said they were " both really roughshod musicians on one hand and desperadoes on the other , with the will to become good " . During preparations , the band rejected most of the material they had written over the course of three years . Once they were in the studio , they recorded two new songs for the album — " Guiding Light " and " Torn Curtain " — and older songs such as " Friction " , " Venus " , and the title track , which had become a standard at their live shows . Verlaine said that , because he had predetermined the structure of the album , only those eight songs and a few others were attempted during the recording sessions . For most of Marquee Moon , Johns recorded Television as they performed live in the studio . A few songs were recorded in one take , including the title track , which Ficca assumed was a rehearsal . Johns suggested the group record another take of the song , but Verlaine told him to " forget it " . Verlaine and Lloyd 's guitars were recorded and multi @-@ tracked to left and right channels , and the final recordings were left uncompressed and unadorned with studio effects . The front cover for Marquee Moon was shot by photographer Robert Mapplethorpe , who had previously shot the cover for Patti Smith 's 1975 album Horses . His photo situated Verlaine a step in front of the rest of the band , who were captured in a tensed , serious pose . Verlaine held his right hand across his body and extended his slightly clenched left hand forward . When Mapplethorpe gave Television the contact prints , Lloyd took the band 's favorite shot to a print shop in Times Square and asked for color photocopies for the group members to mull over . Although the first few copies were oddly colored , Lloyd asked the copy worker to print more " while turning the knobs with his eyes closed " . He likened the process to Andy Warhol 's screen prints . After he showed it to the group , they chose the altered copy over Mapplethorpe 's original photo , which Fred Smith had framed and kept for himself . = = Music and lyrics = = According to Rolling Stone , Marquee Moon was a post @-@ punk album , while Jason Heller from The A.V. Club described it as " elegantly jagged " art punk . Robert Christgau deemed it more of a rock record because of Television 's formal and technical abilities as musicians : " It wasn 't punk . Its intensity wasn 't manic ; it didn 't come in spurts . " Both sides of the album began with three shorter , hook @-@ driven songs , which Stylus Magazine 's Evan Chakroff said veered between progressive rock and post @-@ punk styles . The title track and " Torn Curtain " were longer and more jam @-@ oriented . " As peculiar as it sounds , I 've always thought that we were a pop band " , Verlaine later told Select . " You know , I always thought Marquee Moon was a bunch of cool singles . And then I 'd realise , Christ , [ the title track ] is ten minutes long . With two guitar solos . " Verlaine and Lloyd interplayed their guitars around the rhythm section 's drum hits and basslines . Their dual playing drew on 1960s rock and avant @-@ garde jazz styles , abandoning the layered power chords of contemporary punk rock in favor of melodic lines and counter @-@ melodies . Verlaine established the song 's rhythmic phrase , against which Lloyd played dissonant melodies . Lloyd had learned to notate his solos by the time they recorded Marquee Moon , allowing him to develop his solo for a song from introduction to variation and resolution . The two traded rhythmic and melodic lines several times on some songs while producing tension . " There weren 't many bands where the two guitars played rhythm and melody back and forth , like a jigsaw puzzle " , Lloyd said . Most of the solos on Marquee Moon followed a pattern wherein Verlaine ran up a major scale but regressed slightly after each step . On " See No Evil " , he soloed through a full octave before playing a blues @-@ influenced riff , and on the title track , he played in a Mixolydian mode and lowered the seventh by half a step . Lloyd opened " Friction " by playing octaves before Verlaine 's ringing harmonics and series of descending scales . Verlaine 's lyrics on Marquee Moon combined urban and pastoral imagery . Although it was not a concept album , many of its songs made geographical references to lower Manhattan . According to Bryan Waterman , author of the 33 ⅓ book on the record , it celebrated stern adolescence in the urban pastoral mode . Its urban nocturne theme was derived from poetic works about Bohemian decadence . According to Spin , the album was about urban mythology ; Verlaine brought " a sentimental romanticism to the Bowery , making legends out of the mundane " . The lyrics also incorporated maritime imagery , including the paradoxical " nice little boat made out of ocean " in " See No Evil " , the waterfront setting in " Elevation " , sea metaphors in " Guiding Light " , and references to docks , caves , and waves in " Prove It " . Although Verlaine was against drug use after Television formed , he once had a short @-@ lived phase using psychedelic drugs , to which he makes reference in similes on songs such as " Venus " . The vignette @-@ like lyrics follow an ostensibly drug @-@ induced , revelatory experience : " You know it 's all like some new kind of drug / my senses are sharp and my hands are like gloves / Broadway looks so medieval , it seems to flap like little pages / I fell sideways laughing , with a friend from many stages . " According to Waterman , although psychedelic trips informed the experiences of many artists in lower Manhattan at the time , " Venus " contributed to the impression of Marquee Moon as a transcendental work in the vein of 19th @-@ century Romanticism : " Verlaine is into perception , and sometimes the perception he represents is as intense as a mind @-@ altering substance . " Christgau said the lyric about Broadway contributed to how writers have associated the album with the East Village , as it " situates this philosophical action in the downtown night " . The songs on Marquee Moon inspired interpretations from a variety of sources , but Verlaine conceded he did not understand the meaning behind much of his lyrics . He drew on influences from French poetry and wanted to narrate the consciousness or confusion of an experience rather than its specific details . He compared the songs to " a little moment of discovery or releasing something or being in a certain time or place and having a certain understanding of something " . Verlaine also used puns and double @-@ entendres in his lyrics , which he said were atmospheric and conveyed the meaning of a song implicitly . " See No Evil " opens with the narrator 's flights of fancy and closes with an imperative about limitless possibilities : " Runnin ' wild with the one I love / Pull down the future with the one you love " . In the refrain to " Venus " , the narrator falls into " the arms of Venus de Milo " . Verlaine explained his reference to the armless statue as " a term for a state of feeling . They 're loving [ ubiquitous ] arms " . = = Release and reception = = Marquee Moon was released in February 1977 in the United States and on March 4 , 1977 , in the United Kingdom , where it was an unexpected success and reached number 28 on the country 's albums chart . The record 's two singles — the title track and " Prove It " — both charted on the UK Top 30 . Marquee Moon also received widespread acclaim from critics , and its sales were partly fueled by Nick Kent 's rave two @-@ page review of the album for NME . Kent wrote that Television had proven to be ambitious and skilled enough to achieve " new dimensions of sonic overdrive " with an " inspired work of pure genius , a record finely in tune and sublimely arranged with a whole new slant on dynamics " . He deemed the album 's music vigorous , sophisticated , and innovative at a time when rock is wholly conservative . In a five @-@ star review for Sounds , Vivien Goldman hailed Marquee Moon as " an obvious , unabashed , instant classic " , while Peter Gammond of Hi @-@ Fi News & Record Review gave it an " A + " and called it one of the most exciting releases in music , highlighted by Verlaine 's steely , Gábor Szabó @-@ like guitar and authentic rock music . In Audio , Jon Tiven wrote that although the vocals and production could have been more amplified , Verlaine 's lyrics and guitar " manage to viscerally and intellectually grab the listener " . Joan Downs from Time felt the band 's sound was distinguished more by the bold playing of Lloyd , who she said had the potential to become a major figure in rock guitar . Christgau gave Marquee Moon an " A + " in The Village Voice and believed Verlaine 's " demotic @-@ philosophical " lyrics could have sustained the album alone , as would the guitar playing , which he said was as penetrating and expressive as Eric Clapton or Jerry Garcia " but totally unlike either " . In a negative review , Noel Coppage from Stereo Review was critical of the singing and songwriting , likening Marquee Moon to a stale version of Bruce Springsteen . Nigel Hunter wrote in Gramophone that Verlaine 's lyrics and guitar playing were vague and that listeners would need a " strong commitment to this type of music to get much out of it " . In Rolling Stone , Ken Tucker said the lyrics generally amounted to non sequiturs , meaningless phrases , and pretentious aphorisms , but were ultimately secondary to the music . Although he found Verlaine 's solos potentially formless and boring , Tucker credited him for structuring his songs around chilling riffs and " a new commercial impulse that gives his music its catchy , if slashing , hook " . High Fidelity felt the music 's " scaring amalgam of rich , brightly colored textures " compensated for Verlaine 's nearly unintelligible lyrics . While holidaying in London after Marquee Moon 's completion , Verlaine saw that Television had been put on NME 's front cover and called Elektra 's press department , who encouraged Television to capitalize on their success there with a tour of the UK . However , the label had already organized for the band to perform on Peter Gabriel 's American tour as a supporting act . Television played small theatres and some larger club venues , and received more mainstream exposure , but were not well received by Gabriel 's middle @-@ American , progressive rock audiences and found the tour unnerving . In May , the band embarked on a highly successful theatre tour in the UK and were enthusiastically received by audiences . Verlaine said that it was refreshing to perform at large theatres after having played clubs for four years . However , he felt that supporting act Blondie did not suit their show because they were too different artistically , even though both groups had emerged from the music scene at CBGB . Blondie 's Chris Stein said that Television were " so competitive " and unaccommodating on the tour and that they did not treat it like a joint effort . He recalled one show where " all our equipment was shoved up at the [ Glasgow ] Apollo and we had like three feet of room so that [ Verlaine ] could stand still in this vast space . " At the end of 1977 , Marquee Moon was voted the third best album of the year in the Pazz & Jop , an annual poll of American critics nationwide , published in The Village Voice . Christgau , the poll 's creator and supervisor , ranked it number one on his own list . Sounds also named it the year 's best album , while NME ranked it fifth on its year @-@ end list . Verlaine later said of the overwhelmingly positive response from critics , " There was a certain magic happening , an inexplicable certainty of something , like the momentum of a freight train . That 's not egoism but , if you cast a spell , you don 't get flummoxed by the results of your spell . " By the time of Television 's return to the US , however , Elektra had given up on promoting Marquee Moon , which they dismissed as a commercial failure . Marquee Moon sold fewer than 80 @,@ 000 copies in the US and failed to chart on the Billboard 200 . The group was dispirited by their inability to meet commercial expectations , which led to their disbandment in 1978 . = = Legacy and influence = = According to Tony Fletcher , Marquee Moon was difficult to categorize in 1977 and was hailed as " something entirely original , a new dawn in rock music " . Since then , it has been cited by rock critics as one of the greatest records of the American punk rock movement , with Mark Weingarten of Entertainment Weekly calling it the masterpiece of the 1970s New York punk rock scene . According to English writer Clinton Heylin , Marquee Moon marked the end of the New York scene 's peak period , while Spin said it was the CBGB era 's " best and most enduring record " and ranked it as the sixth greatest album of all time in its April 1989 issue . Q included it in the magazine 's 2002 list of the 100 greatest punk records , while writer Colin Larkin ranked it ninth and Mojo ranked it 35th on similar lists . The album has often been voted high in critics polls of the greatest debuts and has also been named one of the greatest records of the 1970s by NME , who ranked it tenth , and Pitchfork , who ranked it third . On September 23 , 2003 , Marquee Moon was reissued by Rhino Entertainment with several bonus tracks , including the first CD appearance of Television 's 1975 debut single " Little Johnny Jewel ( Parts 1 & 2 ) " . That same year , it was named the fourth greatest album of all time by NME , while Rolling Stone placed it at number 128 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . The record was also ranked 33rd by The Guardian and 25th by Melody Maker on similar lists . According to Acclaimed Music , it is the 23rd most ranked album on critics ' all @-@ time lists . It has been viewed as one of the greatest rock albums ever by English radio DJs Marc Riley , who said that " there 's been nothing like it before or since " , and Mark Radcliffe , who called it " the nearest rock record to a string quartet — everybody 's got a part , and it works brilliantly . " Marquee Moon was also one of the most influential records from the 1970s and has been cited by critics as a cornerstone of alternative rock . It heavily influenced the indie rock movement of the 1980s , while post @-@ punk acts appropriated the album 's uncluttered production , introspective tone , and meticulously performed instrumentation . Hunter Felt from PopMatters attributed Marquee Moon 's influence on post @-@ punk and new wave acts to the precisely syncopated rhythm section of Fred Smith and Billy Ficca . He recommended 2003 's " definitive " reissue of the album to listeners of garage rock revival bands , whom he said had modeled themselves after Verlaine 's Romantic poetry @-@ inspired lyrics and the " jaded yet somehow impassioned cynicism " of his vocals . According to Sputnikmusic 's Adam Downer , Television introduced an unprecedented style of rock and roll on Marquee Moon that inaugurated post @-@ punk music , while The Guardian said it scaled " amazing new heights of sophistication and intensity " as a " gorgeous , ringing beacon of post @-@ punk " despite being released several months before the Sex Pistols ' Never Mind the Bollocks ( 1977 ) . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine believed the record was innovative for abandoning previous New York punk albums ' swing and groove sensibilities in favor of an intellectually stimulating scope that Television achieved instrumentally rather than lyrically . Erlewine claimed " it 's impossible to imagine post @-@ punk soundscapes " without Marquee Moon . Fletcher argued that the songs ' lack of compression , groove , and unnecessary effects provided " a blueprint for a form of chromatic , rather than rhythmic , music that would later come to be called angular " . In Erlewine 's opinion , Marquee Moon was radical and groundbreaking primarily as " a guitar rock album unlike any other " . Verlaine and Lloyd 's dual playing on the record strongly influenced alternative rock groups such as the Pixies , noise rock acts such as Sonic Youth , and big arena bands like U2 . Greg Kot from the Chicago Tribune wrote that Television " created a new template for guitar rock " because of how Verlaine 's improvised playing was weaved together with Lloyd 's precisely notated solos , particularly on the title track . As a member of U2 , Irish guitarist The Edge simulated Television 's guitar sound with an effects pedal . He later said he had wanted to " sound like them " and that Marquee Moon 's title track had changed his " way of thinking about the guitar " . Verlaine 's jagged , expressive sound on the album made a great impression on American guitarist John Frusciante when he started developing as a guitarist in his early 20s , as it reminded him that " none of those things that are happening in the physical dimension mean anything , whether it 's what kind of guitar you play or how your amp 's set up . It 's just ideas , you know , emotion . " In Rolling Stone , Rob Sheffield called Marquee Moon " one of the all @-@ time classic guitar albums " whose tremulous guitar twang was an inspiration behind bands such as R.E.M. and Joy Division . Joy Division 's Stephen Morris cited it as one of his favorite albums , while R.E.M. ' s Michael Stipe said his love of Marquee Moon was " second only to [ Patti Smith 's ] Horses " . English guitarist Will Sergeant said it was also one of his favorite records and that Verlaine and Lloyd 's guitar playing was a major influence on his band Echo & the Bunnymen . = = Track listing = = All songs written by Tom Verlaine , except where noted . " Marquee Moon " , shortened on the original LP , was restored to its complete length of 10 : 40 on the 2003 remastered CD . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = = Television = = = Billy Ficca – drums Richard Lloyd – guitar ( solo on tracks 1 , 4 , 5 , and 6 ) , vocals Fred Smith – bass guitar , vocals Tom Verlaine – guitar ( solo on tracks 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , and 8 ) , keyboards , lead vocals , production = = = Additional personnel = = = Jim Boyer – assistant engineering Greg Calbi – mastering Jimmy Douglass – assistant mixing Lee Hulko – mastering Andy Johns – engineering , mixing , production Tony Lane – art direction Billy Lobo – back cover artwork Robert Mapplethorpe – photography Randy Mason – assistant mixing John Telfer – management = = Charts = = = History of hip @-@ hop dance = The History of Hip @-@ Hop dance encompasses the people and events since the late 1960s that have contributed to the development of the early hip @-@ hop dance styles : uprock , breaking , locking , roboting , boogaloo , and popping . Black Americans and Latino Americans created uprock and breaking in New York City . Black Americans in California created locking , roboting , boogaloo , and popping — collectively referred to as the funk styles . All of these dance styles are different stylistically . They share common ground in their street origins and in their improvisational nature . More than 40 years old , hip @-@ hop dance became widely known after the first professional street @-@ based dance crews formed in the 1970s in the United States . The most influential groups were Rock Steady Crew , New York City Breakers , The Lockers , and The Electric Boogaloos who are responsible for the spread of breaking , locking , and popping respectively . The Brooklyn @-@ based dance style uprock influenced breaking early in its development . Boogaloo gained more exposure because it is the namesake of the Electric Boogaloos crew . Uprock , roboting , and boogaloo are respected dance styles but none of them are as mainstream or popular as breaking , locking , and popping . Parallel with the evolution of hip @-@ hop music , hip @-@ hop social dancing emerged from breaking and the funk styles into different forms . Dances from the 1990s such as the Running Man , the Worm , and the Cabbage Patch entered the mainstream and became fad dances . After the millennium , newer social dances such as the Cha Cha Slide and the Dougie also caught on and became very popular . Hip @-@ hop dance is not a studio @-@ derived style . Street dancers developed it in urban neighborhoods without a formal process . All of the early substyles and social dances were brought about through a combination of events including inspiration from James Brown , DJ Kool Herc 's invention of the break beat , the formation of dance crews , and Don Cornelius ' creation of the television show Soul Train . = = Birth of breaking = = According to hip @-@ hop activist Afrika Bambaataa and b @-@ boy Richard " Crazy Legs " Colón , the purest hip @-@ hop dance style , breaking ( commonly called " breakdancing " ) , began in the early 1970s as elaborations on how James Brown danced to his song " Get on the Good Foot " . People mimicked these moves in their living rooms , in hallways , and at parties . It was at these parties that breaking flourished and developed with the help of a young Clive Campbell . Campbell , better known as DJ Kool Herc , was a Jamaican @-@ born DJ who frequently spun records at neighborhood teenage parties in the Bronx . Jeff Chang , in his book Can 't Stop Won 't Stop ( 2005 ) , describes DJ Kool Herc 's eureka moment in this way : Herc carefully studied the dancers . " I was smoking cigarettes and I was waiting for the records to finish . And I noticed people was waiting for certain parts of the record , " he says . It was an insight as profound as Ruddy Redwood 's dub discovery . The moment when the dancers really got wild was in a song 's short instrumental break , when the band would drop out and the rhythm section would get elemental . Forget melody , chorus , songs — it was all about the groove , building it , keeping it going . Like a string theorist , Herc zeroed in on the fundamental vibrating loop at the heart of the record , the break . In response to this revelation , Herc developed the Merry @-@ Go @-@ Round technique to extend the breaks — the percussion interludes or instrumental solos within a longer work of music . When he played a break on one turntable , he repeated the same break on the second turntable as soon as the first was finished . He then looped these records one after the other in order to extend the break as long as he wanted : " And once they heard that , that was it , wasn 't no turning back , " Herc told Chang . " They always wanted to hear breaks after breaks after breaks after breaks . " It was during these times that the dancers , later known as break @-@ boys or b @-@ boys , would perform what is known as breaking . Breaking started out strictly as toprock , footwork @-@ oriented dance moves performed while standing up . Toprock usually serves as the opening to a breaker 's performance before transitioning into other dance moves performed on the floor . A separate dance style that influenced toprock is uprock , also called rocking or Brooklyn uprock , because it comes from Brooklyn , New York . The uprock dance style has its roots in gangs . Although it looks similar to toprock , uprock is danced with a partner and is more aggressive , involving fancy footwork , shuffles , hitting motions , and movements that mimic fighting . When there was an issue over turf , the two warlords of the feuding gangs would uprock , and whoever won this preliminary dance battle decided where the real fight would be . Because uprock 's purpose was to moderate gang violence , it never crossed over into mainstream breaking as seen today , except for some specific moves adopted by breakers who use it as a variation for their toprock . Aside from James Brown and uprock , hip @-@ hop historian Jorge " Popmaster Fabel " Pabon writes that toprock was also influenced by " tap dance , Lindy hop , salsa , Afro @-@ Cuban , and various African and Native American dances . " From toprock , breaking progressed to being more floor @-@ oriented , involving freezes , downrock , head spins , and windmills . These additions occurred due to influences from 1970s martial arts films , influences from gymnastics , and the formation of dance crews — teams of street dancers who get together to develop new moves , create dance routines , and battle other crews . One b @-@ boy move taken from gymnastics is called the flare , which was made famous by gymnast Kurt Thomas and is called the " Thomas flair " in gymnastics . B @-@ boys Jamie " Jimmy D " White and Santiago " Jo Jo " Torres founded Rock Steady Crew ( RSC ) in 1977 in the Bronx . Along with Dynamic Rockers and Afrika Bambaataa 's Mighty Zulu Kings , they are one of the oldest continually active breaking crews . For others to get into the crew , they had to battle one of the Rock Steady b @-@ boys — that was their audition , so to speak . The crew flourished once it came under the leadership of b @-@ boy Richard " Crazy Legs " Colón . Crazy Legs opened a Manhattan chapter of the crew and made his friends and fellow b @-@ boys Wayne " Frosty Freeze " Frost and Kenneth " Ken Swift " Gabbert co @-@ vice presidents . RSC was instrumental in the spread of breaking	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
equivalents parts of the Argentodites p4 . In addition , MACN @-@ RN 975 is said to have as many ridges as Argentodites and to be of approximately similar size — about 15 % larger . They allocate MACN @-@ RN 975 to the gondwanathere Ferugliotherium and consequently , they argue that Argentodites most likely represents either Ferugliotherium or some related species . In the same year , Guillermo Rougier and colleagues also suggested ferugliotherian affinities of Argentodites in a paper on the mammals of the Allen Formation , another Cretaceous rock unit of Argentina . Ferugliotherium is a gondwanathere from Late Cretaceous Argentinean deposits . Gondwanatheres are a small and enigmatic group from the late Cretaceous and Paleogene of South America , Antarctica , Madagascar , India , and perhaps Tanzania . Although the evolutionary affinities of gondwanatheres are controversial , both teams that identified Argentodites as gondwanathere believe gondwanatheres are likely themselves multituberculates or closely related to them . = Delaware Route 58 = Delaware Route 58 ( DE 58 ) , also known as Churchmans Road , is a state highway in New Castle County , Delaware . The route runs from DE 4 adjacent to the Christiana Hospital in Christiana southeast to DE 273 near Hares Corner . The road passes through suburban areas between Wilmington and Newark , intersecting DE 1 / DE 7 and Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) in Christiana and DE 37 near the Wilmington Airport . Churchmans Road was originally a county road that was paved in the 1930s and realigned twice in the 1950s . DE 58 was designated onto it in the 1980s . = = Route description = = DE 58 begins at an intersection with DE 4 in Christiana , heading east on Churchmans Road , a four @-@ lane divided highway . Past this intersection , the road continues northwest to provide access to Delaware Park Racetrack and the Churchmans Crossing station on SEPTA 's Wilmington / Newark Line . From DE 4 , the route passes to the north of Christiana Hospital and runs through commercial development to an interchange with DE 1 / DE 7 . Just east of that interchange , DE 58 forms the southern border of the Stanton Campus of Delaware Technical Community College . The route crosses over I @-@ 95 , where there is a ramp from I @-@ 95 southbound to DE 58 westbound . This is the only direct ramp between DE 58 and I @-@ 95 , as all other access between the two routes must be made via DE 1 / DE 7 . Past I @-@ 95 , DE 58 becomes a two @-@ lane undivided road and heads to the southeast through residential areas , crossing the Christina River . The route curves south through commercial development , widening back into a four @-@ lane divided highway and intersecting DE 37 . Past the intersection with DE 37 , DE 58 continues southeast as a two @-@ lane undivided road and skirts the southwestern edge of Wilmington Airport . The route passes through light industrial development and continues to its terminus at DE 273 near Hares Corner . DE 58 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 26 @,@ 570 vehicles at the DE 1 / DE 7 interchange to a low of 10 @,@ 257 vehicles at the DE 37 intersection . None of DE 58 is part of the National Highway System . = = History = = What is now DE 58 existed as a county road by 1920 . The entire road was paved by 1936 . By 1952 , the current alignment of Churchmans Road was constructed around Wilmington Airport , with a portion of the original road being removed . The current alignment of Churchmans Road west of DE 7 was built two years later . DE 58 was designated onto its current alignment in 1985 . In 1999 , the intersection at DE 1 / DE 7 was converted into an interchange . = = Major intersections = = Mileposts run from east to west . The entire route is in New Castle County . = Augustinian theodicy = The Augustinian theodicy , named for the 4th- and 5th @-@ century theologian , philosopher and ( according to some Christian denominations ) Saint Augustine of Hippo , is a type of Christian theodicy designed in response to the evidential problem of evil . As such , it attempts to explain the probability of an omnipotent ( all @-@ powerful ) and omnibenevolent ( perfectly loving ) God amid evidence of evil in the world . A number of variations of this kind of theodicy have been proposed throughout history ; their similarities were first described by the 20th @-@ century philosopher John Hick , who classified them as " Augustinian " . They typically assert that God is perfectly ( ideally ) good ; that he created the world out of nothing ; and that evil is the result of humanity 's original sin . The entry of evil into the world is generally explained as punishment for sin and its continued presence due to humans ' misuse of free will . God 's goodness and benevolence , according to the Augustinian theodicy , remain perfect and without responsibility for evil or suffering . Augustine of Hippo was the first to develop the theodicy . He rejected the idea that evil exists in itself , instead regarding it as a corruption of goodness , caused by humanity 's abuse of free will . Augustine believed in the existence of a physical Hell as a punishment for sin , but argued that those who choose to accept the salvation of Jesus Christ will go to Heaven . In the 13th century , Thomas Aquinas – influenced by Augustine – proposed a similar theodicy based on the view that God is goodness and that there can be no evil in him . He believed that the existence of goodness allows evil to exist , through the fault of humans . Augustine also influenced John Calvin , who supported Augustine 's view that evil is the result of free will and argued that sin corrupts humans , requiring God 's grace to give moral guidance . The theodicy was criticised by Augustine 's contemporary Fortunatus , a Manichaean who contended that God must still be somehow implicated in evil , and 18th @-@ century theologian Francesco Antonio Zaccaria criticised Augustine 's concept of evil for not dealing with individual human suffering . Hick regards evil as necessary for the moral and spiritual development of humans , and process theologians have argued that God is not omnipotent and so cannot be responsible for any evil . The logic of Augustine 's approach has been adapted by Alvin Plantinga , among others . Plantinga 's adapted Augustinian theodicy , the free will defence – which he proposed in the 1980s – attempts to answer only the logical problem of evil . Such a defence ( not a " theodicy " proper ) does not demonstrate the existence of God , or the probable existence of God , but proves that the existence of God and the presence of evil ( or privatio boni ) in the world are not logically contradictory . Some criticisms have also been derived from science , as aspects of the Augustinian theodicy ( specifically , the fall of an originally good creation ) run contrary to scientific consensus regarding the beginning of the world and the development of life . = = General forms = = The Augustinian theodicy was first distinguished as a form of theodicy by John Hick in Evil and the God of Love , written in 1966 , in which he classified Augustine 's theodicy and its subsequent developments as " Augustinian " . Hick distinguished between the Augustinian theodicy , which attempts to clear God of all responsibility for evil , based on human free will , and the Irenaean theodicy , which casts God as responsible for evil but justified because of its benefits for human development . The Augustinian theodicy is a response to the evidential problem of evil , which raises the concern that if God is omnipotent and omnibenevolent , there should be no evil in the world . Evidence of evil can call into question God 's nature or his existence – he is either not omnipotent , not benevolent , or does not exist . Theodicy is an attempt to reconcile the existence and nature of God with evidence of evil in the world by providing valid explanations for its occurrence . The Augustinian theodicy asserts that God created the world ex nihilo ( out of nothing ) , but maintains that God did not create evil and is not responsible for its occurrence . Evil is not attributed existence in its own right , but is described as the privation of good – the corruption of God 's good creation . The Augustinian theodicy supports the notion of original sin . All versions of this theodicy accept the theological implications of the Genesis creation narrative , including the belief that God created human beings without sin or suffering . Evil is believed to be a just punishment for the fall of man : when Adam and Eve first disobeyed God and were exiled from the Garden of Eden . The free will of humans is offered by the Augustinian theodicy as the continued reason for moral evil : people commit immoral acts when their will is evil . The evil nature of human will is attributed to original sin ; Augustinian theologians argue that the sin of Adam and Eve corrupted the will of human beings , maintaining that God is blameless and good , and not himself responsible for evil . = = Development = = = = = Augustine = = = Augustine of Hippo ( 354 – 430 AD ) was a philosopher and theologian born in Roman Africa ( present @-@ day Algeria ) . He followed the Manichaean religion during his early life , but converted to Christianity in 386 . His two major works , Confessions and City of God , develop key ideas regarding his response to suffering . In Confessions , Augustine wrote that his previous work was dominated by materialism and that reading Plato 's works enabled him to consider the existence of a non @-@ physical substance . This helped him develop a response to the problem of evil from a theological ( and non @-@ Manichean ) perspective , based on his interpretation of the first few chapters of Genesis and the writings of Paul the Apostle . In City of God , Augustine developed his theodicy as part of his attempt to trace human history and describe its conclusion . Augustine proposed that evil could not exist within God , nor be created by God , and is instead a by @-@ product of God 's creativity . He rejected the notion that evil exists in itself , proposing instead that it is a privation of ( or falling away from ) good , and a corruption of nature . He wrote that " evil has no positive nature ; but the loss of good has received the name ' evil . ' " Both moral and natural evil occurs , Augustine argued , owing to an evil use of free will , which could be traced back to Adam and Eve 's original sin . He believed that this evil will , present in the human soul , was a corruption of the will given to humans by God , making suffering a just punishment for the sin of humans . Because Augustine believed that all of humanity was " seminally present in the loins of Adam " , he argued that all of humanity inherited Adam 's sin and his just punishment . However , in spite of his belief that free will can be turned to evil , Augustine maintained that it is vital for humans to have free will , because they could not live well without it . He argued that evil could come from humans because , although humans contained no evil , they were also not perfectly good and hence could be corrupted . Augustine believed that a physical Hell exists , but that physical punishment is secondary to the punishment of being separated from God . He proposed two reasons for this : Firstly , humans have free will , and only those who choose to follow God will be forgiven and able to avoid Hell . Secondly , he believed that Adam and Eve 's choice to sin affected our free choice , and that humans are left unable to resist sin . Augustine proposed that the grace of Jesus Christ freed humans from original sin , but he maintained that humans can only be saved if they choose to receive grace , and that this choice is formed by the character of individual humans . Accepting that even those who will be saved continue to sin , Augustine proposed that those who choose God 's grace will still go to Hell for a time to purge them of their sin , before going to Heaven . = = = Thomas Aquinas = = = Thomas Aquinas , a thirteenth @-@ century scholastic philosopher and theologian heavily influenced by Augustine , proposed a form of the Augustinian theodicy in his Summa Theologica . Aquinas began by attempting to establish the existence of God , through his Five Ways , and then attested that God is good and must have a morally sufficient reason for allowing evil to exist . Aquinas proposed that all goodness in the world must exist perfectly in God , and that , existing perfectly , God must be perfectly good . He concluded that God is goodness , and that there is no evil in God . Aquinas supported Augustine 's view that evil is a privation of goodness , maintaining that evil has existence as a privation intrinsically found in good . The existence of this evil , Aquinas believed , can be completely explained by free will . Faced with the assertion that humans would have been better off without free will , he argued that the possibility of sin is necessary for a perfect world , and so individuals are responsible for their sin . Good is the cause of evil , but only owing to fault on the part of the agent . In his theodicy , to say something is evil is to say that it lacks goodness which means that it could not be part of God 's creation , because God 's creation lacked nothing . Aquinas noted that , although goodness makes evil possible , it does not necessitate evil . This means that God ( who is good ) is not cast as the cause of evil , because evil arises out of a defect in an agent , and God is seen to be without defect . Philosopher Eleonore Stump , considering Aquinas ' commentary on the Book of Job , argues that Aquinas has a positive view of suffering : it is necessary to contrast Earth with heaven and remind humans that they still have the propensity to commit evil . Aquinas believed that evil is acceptable because of the good that comes from it , and that evil can only be justified when it is required in order for good to occur . Attempting to relieve God of responsibility for the occurrence of evil , Aquinas insisted that God merely permits evil to happen , rather than willing it . He recognised the occurrence of what seems to be evil , but did not attribute to it the same level of existence that he attributed to spirituality . Like Augustine , Aquinas asserted that humans bear responsibility for evil owing to their abuse of free will . = = = John Calvin = = = John Calvin , a sixteenth @-@ century French theologian and principal figure in the development of Calvinism , was influenced by Augustine 's works . Unlike Augustine , Calvin was willing to accept that God is responsible for evil and suffering ; however , he maintained that God cannot be indicted for it . Calvin continued the Augustinian approach that sin is the result of the fall of man , and argued that the human mind , will , and affections are corrupted by sin . He believed that only the grace of God is sufficient to provide humans with ongoing ethical guidance , arguing that reason is blinded by humans ' sinful nature . Calvin proposed that humanity is predestined , divided into the elect and the reprobate : the elect are those who God has chosen to save and are the only ones who will be saved . = = Reception = = = = = Fortunatus = = = Augustine 's Acts or Disputation Against Fortunatus the Manichaean , which partly touches on the problem of evil , records a public debate between Augustine and the Manichaean teacher Fortunatus . Fortunatus criticised Augustine 's theodicy by proposing that if God gave free will to the human soul , then he must be implicated in human sin ( a problem that Augustine had himself considered four years earlier , in Free Will ) . Quoting the New Testament , Fortunatus proposed that evil exists beyond the evil acts people commit , and that people commit such acts because of their own flawed nature . Augustine replied by arguing that the sin of Adam constrained human freedom , in a way similar to the formation of habits . This was not a teaching on original sin ( a view that Augustine was yet to formulate ) , but on the limitations of human freedom caused by sin . Fortunatus proposed that Augustine was reducing the scope of evil only to what is committed by humans , though Augustine writes that Fortunatus finally conceded the debate when he admitted that he could not defend his views on the origin of evil . = = = Buddhism = = = Scholars of religion Paul Ingram and Frederick Streng argued that the teachings of Buddhism challenge Augustine 's view of good and evil , proposing a dualism in which good and evil have equal value instead of casting good over evil , as Augustine did . This is similar to the Manicheist account of good and evil – that the two are equal and in conflict – though Buddhism teaches that the two will come to a final conclusion and transcend the conflict . Ingram and Streng argued that the Augustinian theodicy fails to account for the existence of evil before Adam 's sin , which Genesis presents in the form of the serpent 's temptation . = = = Francesco Antonio Zaccaria = = = The Italian theologian Francesco Antonio Zaccaria criticised Augustine 's concept of evil in the eighteenth century . He noted a distinction between using the term evil to imply blame ( sin ) and to imply lament ( suffering ) and argued that Augustine posited sin to have occurred before suffering . This was problematic for Zaccaria , who believed that it made Augustine seem offhand and uninterested in human suffering . For Zaccaria , Augustine 's perception of evil as a privation did not satisfactorily answer the questions of modern society as to why suffering exists . = = = John Hick = = = John Hick criticised the Augustinian theodicy when he developed his own theodicy in 1966 . Hick supported the views of the German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher , which he classified as Irenaean , who argued that the world is perfectly suited for the moral development of humans and that this justifies the existence of evil . He insisted that , while the Augustinian theodicy attempted to justify historical occurrences of evil , the Irenaean theodicy seeks to justify God eternally . Hick saw Augustine 's view that a perfect world went wrong as incoherent and contradictory , and argued that , if humans were made perfectly good , then it should have been impossible for them to have made an immoral choice . He questioned the success of the theodicy with the charge that it does not remove the blame for evil from God : Augustine presented a theology of predestination ; Hick argued that , if God knew the choices that his creation would make , he must be responsible for them . Hick 's theodicy rejected the idea of the inheritance of sinfulness , and he believed that an eternal hell would render " a Christian theodicy impossible " . The Irenaean theodicy does not , as the Augustinian theodicy does , attempt to protect God from being responsible for evil ; rather , it argues that God is responsible but justified for it because of the benefits it has for human development . Both theodicies stress the perfection of God 's creation , but differ in why the world is seen as perfect . Augustine also believed , as Hick did , that bringing good out of evil is preferable to the evil not occurring in the first place . = = = Process theology = = = In God , Power and Evil : A Process Theodicy , published in 1976 , David Ray Griffin criticised Augustine 's reliance on free will and argued that it is incompatible with divine omniscience and omnipotence . Griffin argued in later works that humans cannot have free will if God is omniscient . He contented that , if God is truly omniscient , then he will know infallibly what people will do , meaning that they cannot be free . Griffin argued that the human will could not oppose God 's will , if God is omnipotent . He proposed that original sin as Augustine conceived it must itself be caused by God , rendering any punishment he wills unjust . Process theology argues that God is not omnipotent : rather than coercion , he has the power of divine persuasion , but he cannot force his will . Griffin , a prominent process theologian , argues that God feels the pain of the world ( both physically and emotionally ) and does everything within his power to achieve good , but he can neither force beings to be good nor prevent evil because he does not play a coercive role in the world . Process theology teaches that , rather than creating the world ex nihilo ( as Augustine proposed ) , God created it out of a pre @-@ existent chaos . = = = Alvin Plantinga = = = In the 1980s , Alvin Plantinga presented a version of the free will defence which , he argued , demonstrated that the existence of an omnipotent benevolent God and of evil are not inconsistent . He believed that , unless it could be shown that the two are not inconsistent , they would be necessarily contradictory . To do this , Plantinga believed that a " possible state of affairs " must be proposed which , if actual , would make God 's existence and the existence of evil consistent . He argued that a third proposition – that evil is the result of the actions of free , rational , fallible human beings – allows the existence of God and evil to be consistent . Plantinga supported this argument by claiming that there are some things that an omnipotent God could not do , yet remain omnipotent – for example , if an omnipotent God has necessary existence , he could not create a world in which he does not exist . For this reason , Plantinga argued that an omnipotent God could not create any universe that he chooses , as Leibniz had proposed . He suggested that , even in a world where humans have free will , their actions may be so predictable that God could not create a world where they would do something unpredictable . Finally , he argued that if every moral agent freely makes at least one bad moral decision in any possible universe , God cannot create a universe where there is human freedom and no evil . Plantinga maintained that the existence of an omnipotent , benevolent God and the existence of evil are not inconsistent . Plantinga 's version of the defence embraces Augustine 's view of free will , but not his natural theology . Rather than attempt to show the existence of God as likely in the face of evil , as a theodicy does , Plantinga 's free will defence attempts to show that belief in God is still logically possible , despite the existence of evil . Theologian Alister McGrath has noted that , because Plantinga only argued that the coexistence of God and evil are logically possible , he did not present a theodicy , but a defence . Plantinga did not attempt to demonstrate that his proposition is true or plausible , just that it is logically possible . = = = Critique from a scientific position = = = John Hick criticised Augustine 's theory for being " implausible " in light of Darwin 's theory of evolution , as it would make Augustine 's idea of a fall from perfection inaccurate ; this is reiterated by professors Nancey Murphy and George Francis Rayner Ellis , who also contend that Augustine 's idea of transmitting original sin from Adam to the rest of humanity requires biological explanation . Professor of Comparative Religion Arvind Sharma has argued that natural evil cannot be the result of moral evil in the way Augustine suggested : scientific consensus is that natural disasters and disease existed before humans and hence cannot be the result of human sin . The twentieth @-@ century philosopher Reinhold Niebuhr attempted to reinterpret the Augustinian theodicy in the light of evolutionary science by presenting its underlying argument without mythology . Niebuhr proposed that Augustine rejected the Manichean view that grants evil ontological existence and ties humans ' sin to their created state . Augustine 's argument continued , according to Niebuhr , by proposing that humans have a tendency to sin because of a biologically inherited nature and rejected the Pelagian view that human will could overcome sin on its own . Niebuhr believed Augustine 's argument placed sin in the human will , which was corrupted by Adam 's original sin . He argued that the logic behind Augustine 's theodicy described sin as inevitable but unnecessary , which he believed captured the argument without relying on a literal interpretation of the fall , thus avoiding critique from scientific positions . = South Kasai = South Kasai ( French : Sud @-@ Kasaï ) was an unrecognised secessionist state within the Republic of the Congo ( the modern @-@ day Democratic Republic of the Congo ) which was semi @-@ independent between 1960 and 1962 . Initially proposed as only a province , South Kasai sought full autonomy in similar circumstances to the much larger neighbouring state of Katanga , to its south , during the political turmoil arising from the independence of the Belgian Congo known as the Congo Crisis . Unlike Katanga , however , South Kasai did not explicitly declare full independence from the Republic of the Congo or reject Congolese sovereignty . The South Kasaian leader and main advocate , Albert Kalonji , who had represented a faction of the nationalist movement ( the Mouvement National Congolais @-@ Kalonji or MNC @-@ K ) before decolonisation , exploited ethnic tensions between his own ethnic group , the Baluba , and the Bena Lulua to create a Luba @-@ focused state in the group 's traditional heartland in the south @-@ eastern parts of the Kasai region . As sectarian violence broke out across the country , the state declared its secession from the Congo on 9 August 1960 and its government and called for the Baluba living in the rest of the Congo to return to their " homeland " . Kalonji was appointed President . Although the South Kasaian government claimed to form an autonomous part of a federal Congo @-@ wide state , it exercised a degree of regional autonomy and even produced its own constitution and postage stamps . The state , supported by foreign powers , particularly Belgium , and funded by diamond exports , resolved numerous crises , including those caused by the large emigration of Luba refugees , but became increasingly militarist and repressive . Soon after its secession , South Kasaian and Congolese troops clashed after the Congolese central government ordered an offensive against it . The offensive , planned to be the first act of an offensive against Katanga , was accompanied by widespread massacres of Baluba and a refugee crisis termed a genocide by some contemporaries . The state was rapidly overrun by Congolese troops . The violence in the suppression of Kasai provided much legitimacy to Joseph Kasa @-@ Vubu 's deposition of Patrice Lumumba from the office of Prime Minister in late 1960 and Lumumba 's later arrest and assassination . As a result , South Kasai remained on relatively good terms with the new Congolese government from 1961 . Its leaders , including Kalonji himself , served in both the South Kasaian government and the Congolese parliament . South Kasai continued to exercise quasi @-@ independence while Congolese and United Nations troops were able to move through the territory without conflict with the South Kasaian gendarmerie . In April 1961 , Kalonji took the royal title Mulopwe ( " King of the Baluba " ) to tie the state more closely to the pre @-@ colonial Luba Empire . The act divided the South Kasaian authorities and Kalonji was disavowed by the majority of South Kasai 's parliamentary representatives in Léopoldville . In December 1961 , Kalonji was arrested on a legal pretext in Léopoldville and imprisoned . UN and Congolese troops occupied South Kasai . In September 1962 , shortly after his escape from prison and return to South Kasai , Kalonji was ousted by a military coup d 'état which forced him into exile and brought the secession to an end . The end of South Kasai 's secession is usually held to be either December 1961 , the date of Kalonji 's arrest , or October 1962 with the anti @-@ Kalonji coup d 'état and final arrival of government troops . = = Background = = = = = Colonial rule = = = European colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century . King Leopold II of Belgium , frustrated by his country 's lack of international power and prestige , attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then @-@ largely unexplored Congo Basin . The Belgian government 's ambivalence about the idea led Leopold to eventually create the colony on his own account . With support from a number of Western countries , who viewed Leopold as a useful buffer between rival colonial powers , Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony , the Congo Free State , in 1885 . The Luba Empire , the largest regional power in the Kasai region , was annexed into the new state in 1889 . By the turn of the century , the violence of Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction had led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country , which it did in 1908 , creating the Belgian Congo . Belgian rule in the Congo was based around the " colonial trinity " ( trinité coloniale ) of state , missionary and private company interests . The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised . On many occasions , the interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied and the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers imposed by the indigenous population . The country was split into hierarchically @-@ organised administrative subdivisions , and run uniformly according to a set " native policy " ( politique indigène ) – in contrast to the British and the French , who generally favoured the system of indirect rule whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight . = = = Ethnicity = = = Before the start of the colonial period , the region of South Kasai formed part of the Luba Empire , a federation of local kingdoms with a degree of cultural uniformity . During the 17th and 18th centuries , the Baluba spread across large parts of the Kasai @-@ Katanga savannah along the Kasai river basin and eventually developed into a number of ethnic subgroups , notably the Luba @-@ Kasai and the Luba @-@ Katanga . Although never united into a single centralised state , the groups retained a degree of emotional attachment based around shared origin myths and cultural practices . Other groups , like the Songye and the Kanyok , also had long histories in the Kasai region . One of the major legacies of colonial rule in Kasai was the arbitrary redivision of the population into new ethnic groups . Despite the shared language ( Tshiluba ) and culture of the two groups , colonial administrators believed the inhabitants of the Lulua river area to be ethnically different from the Baluba and dubbed them the Bena Lulua . The colonists believed the Baluba to be more intelligent , hardworking and open to new ideas than the Bena Lulua who were believed to be more reactionary and stupid . As a result , from the 1930s , the state began to treat the two groups differently and applied different policies to each and promoted the Baluba to positions above other ethnicities . During the 1950s when the Belgians began to fear that the rise of a powerful Luba elite would become a threat to colonial rule , the administration began to support Lulua organisations . This further contributed to the growing ethnic polarisation between the two groups . In 1952 , an organisation called the Lulua Frères ( Lulua Brothers ) was established to campaign for socio @-@ economic advancement of the Lulua group and became an unofficial representative of the Bena Lulua . In 1959 , Luba @-@ Lulua animosity was brought to a head by the discovery of a colonial proposal to move Luba farmers out of Lulua land to the less fertile land on Luba territory . As a result , animosity rose and violent clashes broke out . In August 1959 , Luba demonstrations against the plan which were violently repressed by the colonial military and police . = = = Nationalist movement and Congolese politics = = = = = = = Congolese nationalism = = = = An anti @-@ colonial Pan @-@ African and nationalist movement developed in the Belgian Congo during the 1950s , primarily among the évolué class ( the urbanised black bourgeoisie ) . The movement was divided into a number of parties and groups which were broadly divided on ethnic and geographical lines and opposed to one another . The largest , the Mouvement National Congolais ( MNC ) , was a united front organisation dedicated to achieving independence " within a reasonable " time . It was created around a charter which was signed by , among others , Patrice Lumumba , Cyrille Adoula and Joseph Ileo . Lumumba became a leading figure and by the end of 1959 , the party claimed to have 58 @,@ 000 members . However , many found the MNC was too moderate . A number of other parties emerged , distinguished by their radicalism , support for federalism or centralism and affiliation to certain ethnic groupings . The MNC 's main rival was the Alliance des Bakongo ( ABAKO ) led by Joseph Kasa @-@ Vubu , a more radical party supported among the Kongo people in the north , and Moise Tshombe 's Confédération des Associations Tribales du Katanga ( CONAKAT ) , a strongly federalist party in the southern Katanga Province . = = = = Kalonji @-@ Lumumba split and polarisation = = = = Although it was the largest of the African nationalist parties , the MNC had many different factions within it that took differing stances on a number of issues . It was increasingly polarised between moderate évolués and the more radical mass membership . A radical and federalist faction headed by Ileo and Albert Kalonji split away in July 1959 , but failed to induce mass defections by other MNC members . The dissident faction became known as the MNC @-@ Kalonji ( MNC @-@ K ) , while the majority group became the MNC @-@ Lumumba ( MNC @-@ L ) . The split divided the party 's support base into those who endured with Lumumba , chiefly in the Stanleyville region in the north @-@ east , and those who backed the MNC @-@ K , popular in the south and among Kalonji 's own ethnic group , the Baluba . The MNC @-@ K later formed a cartel with ABAKO and the Parti Solidaire Africain ( PSA ) to call for a united , but federalised , Congo . The 1959 elections degenerated into an " anti @-@ Baluba plebiscite " in Kasai as the Luba MNC @-@ K succeeded in obtaining a plurality but failed to take control of the provincial government . Instead , Lumumba promoted a Lulua candidate , Barthélemy Mukenge , as provincial governor while Kalonji was refused an important ministerial portfolio in Lumumba 's government . Kalonji refused Lumumba 's offer of the Agriculture portfolio . The Kalonjists , who felt rejected and marginalised by the central government , began supporting alternative parties . Among them , the Kalonjists supported Tshombe 's CONAKAT party in nearby Katanga which , because of its strongly federalist stance , opposed to Lumumba 's conception of a strong central government based in the capital Léopoldville . As part of this , the Kalonjists supported CONAKAT against their main local rivals , the centralist Association Générale des Baluba de Katanga ( BALUBAKAT ) party led by Jason Sendwe , which , although it represented the Baluba of Katanga Province , was in favour of centralism . The Kalonjists , who believed themselves to be acting on behalf of all the Luba @-@ Kasai , created an animosity between the Luba @-@ Kasai and the Luba @-@ Katanga but also failed to gain the full support of CONAKAT , much of which had racial prejudice against the Baluba and supported only the " authentic Katangese " . = = Secession = = = = = Persecution of the Baluba = = = The Republic of the Congo received independence on 30 June 1960 under a joint government of Kasa @-@ Vubu and Lumumba . Four days previously , MNC @-@ K officials had petitioned the Léopoldville parliament to peacefully divide the Province of Kasai along the lines suggested by Kalonji . The motion , which would have required the modification of the Congo 's new constitution ( Loi fondamentale ) , was received by a parliament divided between Lumumba and Kasa @-@ Vubu factions and no agreement could be reached . In the aftermath of independence , ethnic tensions flared up across the country , much of it directed against the Baluba , and a number of violent clashes occurred . Despite rejecting earlier proposals for Luba repatriations to Kasai in January 1960 , the Kalonjists made an official call to the Baluba across the Congo to return to their Kasaian " homeland " on 16 July . Initially , the Kalonjists envisaged the division of Kasai Province in two in order to allow for the creation of a quasi @-@ autonomous MNC @-@ K and Luba @-@ dominated provincial government . The proposed province was termed the Federative State of South Kasai ( État fédératif du Sud @-@ Kasaï ) . Rapidly , however , Kalonji realised that the chaos in the rest of the Congo could be used to secede unilaterally and declare full local independence . This decision was further re @-@ enforced by the full secession of the State of Katanga ( État du Katanga ) , led by Tshombe , on 11 July 1960 . Kalonji visited Katanga at the start of August 1960 , shortly after its secession , where , on the 8 August , he declared that Kasai " must be divided at all costs . " = = = Secession = = = On 9 August 1960 , Kalonji , still in Katanga , declared the region of south @-@ eastern Kasai to be the new Mining State of South Kasai ( État minier du Sud @-@ Kasaï ) or Autonomous State of South Kasai ( État autonome du Sud @-@ Kasaï ) . Unlike Katanga , however , South Kasai 's secession did not explicitly mean the rejection of its position within the Republic of the Congo . Rather , it resembled the self @-@ declared local governments in Équateur Province . The " Autonomous State " title was chosen in order to re @-@ enforce the impression that the secession was not a rejection of Congolese sovereignty , but the creation of a federally @-@ governed region of the Congo . The secession had some support among journalists , intellectuals and politicians in Léopoldville , with one newspaper calling it " a model by which the many new states now mushrooming in the Congo might form a new federation " . In practice South Kasai had considerably more independence than a regular province and , by mandating its own federated powers unilaterally , was effectively seceding from the Congo . Despite this , Kalonji and members of his party continued to sit as deputies in the Congolese parliament in Léopoldville . Kalonji was declared President and Joseph Ngalula Prime Minister . Although the Luba @-@ Kasai had never lived in a single state before , Kalonji was able to gain the broad support of the Luba chiefs for the secession . Kalonji was able to portray the secession internationally as the result of the persecution and the failure of the Congolese government to sufficiently protect the Baluba in the rest of the Congo . At its height , South Kasai numbered around a million inhabitants and 30 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 12 @,@ 000 sq mi ) of territory . The state 's capital was Bakwanga ( currently known as Mbuji @-@ Mayi ) . = = = Governance = = = Once established in power , Kalonji positioned himself personally as " big man " and patron from whom state power originated . Tribal leaders from Luba and other ethnic groups enjoyed a close , client @-@ like relationship with Kalonji himself and received preferential treatment in exchange for services . In particular , Kalonji was reliant on tribal leaders to mobilise paramilitaries to support the South Kasaian army . The immediate internal problems faced by South Kasai were large number of unsettled Luba refugees and internal dissent from non @-@ Luba minorities . The state was able to direct money from diamond exporting and foreign support to fund public services which allowed Luba refugees to be settled in employment . Social services were " relatively well @-@ run " . On the 12 July 1961 , the state adopted a constitution turning itself into the Federated State of South Kasai ( État fédéré du Sud @-@ Kasaï ) , declaring the state itself both " sovereign and democratic " but also part of a hypothetical " Federal Republic of the Congo " . The state had its own flag , published its own official journal , the Moniteur de l 'État Autonome du Sud @-@ Kasaï , and even produced its own postage stamps . The South Kasaian army or gendarmerie grew from just 250 members at its inception to nearly 3 @,@ 000 by 1961 . In 1961 , the military led a campaign to expand the size of the state 's territory at the expense of neighbouring ethnic groups . Despite receiving some support from Belgium , the gendarmerie was poorly equipped and constantly low on supplies and ammunition . As government authority in South Kasai was consolidated , the government became increasingly militaristic and authoritarian . Non @-@ Luba groups were increasingly marginalised . Political opponents were killed or driven into exile , including Ngalula . Non @-@ Luba groups in the region , especially the Kanyok , fought a constant but low @-@ level insurgency against the South Kasaian government . = = = International support = = = Kalonji went to great lengths to secure international recognition and support for the state of South Kasai . The former colonial power , Belgium , distrusted the Congolese central government and supported both the governments of South Kasai and Katanga . Like Katanga , South Kasai had important mineral deposits , including diamond fields , and Belgian companies had large sums of money tied up in mines in the area . A Belgian company , Forminière , was the state 's principal supporter and received concessions from South Kasai in exchange for financial support . The comparatively large income from these companies meant that South Kasai was able to support significant public services and cope with large numbers of internally @-@ displaced Luba refugees . In the context of the Cold War , Kalonji was supported by Western powers and moderates in the Congolese government who viewed him as both a moderate pro @-@ Westerner and anticommunist . Although both Katanga and South Kasai were supported by South Africa , France and the Central African Federation , neither state ever received any form of official diplomatic recognition . After the coup d 'état which removed Lumumba from power , Kalonji tried to cultivate good relations with the Congolese government . Joseph @-@ Désiré Mobutu , in particular , was able to use South Kasai for the execution of his political opponents and dissident Lumumbists including Pierre Finant . = = = Kalonji as Mulopwe = = = Because of the importance of the Luba ethnicity to South Kasai , Kalonji used his support from the traditional Luba tribal authorities to have himself declared Mulopwe . The title , Mulopwe ( usually translated as " King " or " Emperor " ) , was extremely symbolic because it was the title employed by the rulers of the pre @-@ colonial Luba Empire and had been disused since the 1880s . By taking it , along with the extra name Ditunga ( " homeland " ) , Kalonji was able to closely tie himself and the South Kasaian state to the Luba Empire to increase its legitimacy in the eyes of the Baluba . In order to avoid accusations of impropriety , the title was bestowed on Kalonji 's father on 12 April 1961 , who then immediately abdicated in favour of his son . With the accession of Kalonji to the title of Mulopwe on 16 July , the state 's title changed to the Federated Kingdom of South Kasai ( Royaume fédéré du Sud @-@ Kasaï ) . Kalonji 's accession to the position of Mulopwe was heavily criticised even by many Luba in South Kasai . Kalonji remained popular among some groups , but lost the support of the South Kasaian évolués who saw his elevation as flagrant opportunism . Soon after his elevation , Kalonji was publicly condemned and disavowed by ten of South Kasai 's 13 representatives in the Léopoldville parliament beginning the disintegration of the secessionist state . = = Collapse and reintegration = = = = = Campaign of August – September 1960 = = = When South Kasai seceded , government troops from the Armée Nationale Congolaise ( ANC ) were already fighting Katangese troops in the Kasai region . South Kasai held important railway junctions needed by the Congolese army for its campaign in Katanga , and therefore soon became an important objective . South Kasai also had important mineral wealth which the central government was anxious to return to the Congo . The central government also misunderstood the South Kasaian position , believing that , like Katanga , the region had declared full independence from the Congo and rejected Congolese sovereignty . Initially , Lumumba hoped that the United Nations ( UN ) , which sent a multi @-@ national peacekeeping force to the Congo in July 1960 , would help the central government to suppress both Katangese and South Kasaian secessions . The UN was reluctant to do so , however , considering the secessions to be internal political matters and its own mission to be maintaining basic law and order . Rejected by both the UN and United States , Lumumba sought military support from the communist Soviet Union . Within days of the secession and with Soviet logistical support , 2 @,@ 000 ANC troops launched a major offensive against South Kasai . The attack was extremely successful . On 27 August , ANC soldiers arrived in Bakwanga . During the course of the offensive , the ANC became involved in ethnic violence between the Baluba and Bena Lulua . As a result , the ANC perpetrated a number of large massacres of Luba civilians . In September , Dag Hammarskjöld , the UN Secretary @-@ General who had recently deployed a large peacekeeping force to the Congo , referred to the massacres as " a case of incipient genocide " . The Baluba were also attacked by the Katangese from the south . In the ensuring massacres , in which ANC or Katangese troops often participated , around 3 @,@ 000 Baluba were killed . The violence of the advance caused an exodus of many thousands of Luba civilians who fled their homes to flee the fighting with more than 35 @,@ 000 left in refugee camps in Élisabethville ( the capital of Katanga ) alone . As many as 100 @,@ 000 sought refuge in Bakwanga . Diseases , notably kwashiorkor but also malaria , smallpox and anemia , were widespread and reached " epidemic proportions " among Luba refugees between October and December 1960 . Allegations of genocide and brutality by the ANC were used to provide legitimacy to Kasa @-@ Vubu 's dismissal of Lumumba , with the support of Mobutu , in September 1960 . In the aftermath of the campaign , the South Kasaian state was able to provide substantial aid to its refugees , many of whom were resettled in homes and jobs . = = = Coexistence and attempted reconciliation = = = Despite the occupation of South Kasai , the South Kasaian state was not dismantled and co @-@ existed with the rest of the Congo . Congolese delegates , as well as ANC and UN troops were generally able to move around the territory without conflict with the South Kasaian authorities while their sporadic campaign against Katangese forces continued . Nevertheless , throughout much of the period , the South Kasaian gendarmerie fought with Kanyok and Lulua militias across the region while local ethnic violence continued . In mid @-@ 1961 , conferences were held at Coquilhatville ( modern @-@ day Mbandaka ) and later in Antananarivo , Madagascar to attempt to broker a peaceful reconciliation between the secessionist factions and the central government in the face of a rebel government in the Eastern Congo led by Antoine Gizenga . It was believed that , with Lumumba dead , it might be possible to create a federal constitution that could reconcile the three parties . The agreements instead led to more uncertainty . = = = Kalonji 's arrest = = = On 2 December 1961 , Kalonji was accused by another deputy , the communist Christophe Gbenye , of having ordered corporal punishment against a political prisoner in South Kasai . Parliament voted to remove Kalonji 's political immunity and he was taken into custody by the ANC in Léopoldville . A delegation of around 400 Luba tribal elders sent to Léopoldville to protest were also briefly arrested . Mobutu and Victor Lundula visited Bakwanga soon afterwards . On 9 March 1962 , the recently re @-@ convened Léopoldville Parliament , under Cyrille Adoula , agreed to modify the Constitution and gave South Kasai official provincial status . In April 1962 , UN troops were ordered to occupy South Kasai as part of U Thant 's new aggressive stance against secession following Hammarskjöld 's death . In Léopoldville , Kalonji was sentenced to five years ' imprisonment . On 7 September , however , Kalonji escaped from prison and returned to South Kasai where he hoped to regain an official position in local elections and , at the head of a government , regain his immunity . = = = Coup d 'état of 1962 = = = As dissatisfaction with the secession grew , Ngalula and other South Kasaian émigrés in Léopoldville plotted to overthrow the regime in Bakwanga . In September 1962 , the Léopoldville government appointed Albert Kankolongo as Special Commissioner ( commissaire extraordinaire ) , giving him full military and civil power , to dismantle the local state . Ngalula approached Kankolongo to lead a mutiny and coup d 'état against Kalonji . On the night of 29 / 30 September 1962 , military commanders in South Kasai , led by Kankolongo , led a coup d 'état in Bakwanga against the Kalonjist regime . The coup d 'état was followed by calls for South Kasai to be fully re @-@ integrated into the Congo . On 5 October 1962 , central government troops again arrived in Bakwanga to support the mutineers and help suppress the last Kalonjist loyalists , marking the end of the secession . Kalonji himself escaped capture during the coup and fled into exile in Barcelona in Francisco Franco 's Spain . = = Aftermath = = = = = In Kasai = = = In October 1962 , South Kasai returned to the Republic of the Congo . The State of Katanga continued to hold out against the central government until it too collapsed in January 1963 after UN forces began to take a more aggressive stance under Thant . As a compromise , South Kasai was one of the 21 provinces formally established by the federalist constitution of 1962 . As the Mobutu regime launched a centralist restructuring of the Congolese state from 1965 , South Kasai was one of the few provinces which was retained . In order to discourage further secessionist sentiment , the province was later restructured to include new territory in Kabinda and Sankuru Districts and renamed Eastern Kasai ( Kasaï @-@ Oriental ) . The majority of the South Kasaian soldiers were integrated into the ANC after the dissolution of the state but nearly 2 @,@ 000 loyalists went into hiding to await Kalonji 's possible restoration . The rebels were led by General Mwanzambala and fought a guerrilla war against the new provincial government until 1963 when they also accepted integration into the ANC . Soon after the end of the secession , the city of Bakwanga was renamed Mbuji @-@ Mayi . = = = End of the Congo Crisis = = = In 1965 , Mobutu launched a second coup d 'état against the central government and took personal emergency powers . Once established as the sole source of political power , Mobutu gradually consolidated his control in the Congo . The number of provinces was reduced , and their autonomy curtailed , resulting in a highly centralised state . Mobutu increasingly placed his supporters in the remaining positions of importance . In 1967 , to illustrate his legitimacy , he created a party , the Popular Movement of the Revolution ( MPR ) , which until 1990 was the nation 's only legal political party under Mobutu 's revised constitution . In 1971 , the state was renamed Zaire and efforts were made to remove all colonial influences . He also nationalised the remaining foreign @-@ owned economic assets in the country . By the time of its disestablishment , Zaire was characterised by widespread croneyism , corruption and economic mismanagement . The issues of federalism , ethnicity in politics and state centralisation were not resolved by the crisis and partly contributed to a decline in support for the concept of the state among Congolese people . Mobutu was strongly in favour of centralisation and one of his first acts , in 1965 , were to reunify provinces and abolish much of their independent legislative capacity . Subsequent loss of faith in central government is one of the reasons that the Congo has been labeled as a failed state , and has contributed violence by factions advocating ethnic and localised federalism . = Characters of StarCraft = Major and recurring characters from the military science fiction series StarCraft are listed below , organised by respective species and most commonly affiliated faction within the fictional universe . The story of the StarCraft series revolves around interstellar affairs in a distant sector of the galaxy , where three species are vying for supremacy : the Terrans , a highly factionalised future version of humanity , the Protoss , a theocratic race of vast psionic ability ; and the Zerg , an insectoid species commanded by a hive mind persona . The latter two of these species were genetically engineered by the Xel 'Naga , a fourth species believed extinct . The series was begun with Blizzard Entertainment 's 1998 video game StarCraft , and has been expanded with sequels Insurrection , Retribution , Brood War , Ghost , Wings of Liberty , Heart of the Swarm , and Legacy of the Void . The franchise has been further extended with a series of novels , graphic novels and other works . = = Casting and design = = The characters and story of the StarCraft series were created by Chris Metzen and James Phinney . However , as Phinney was not involved in StarCraft : Brood War , Chris Metzen alone is credited for the development of the plot in the expansion . Despite the series success globally , particularly in South Korea , Blizzard Entertainment has not made any major comments regarding the development of the characters and the storyline of the StarCraft series . However , interviews with the two of the voice actors have given a glimpse into small parts of the development process . An interview with Robert Clotworthy , the voice of Jim Raynor in all released StarCraft games to date , has revealed that for the most part the voicing for the characters was done over only a few days in sessions of up to four hours , a fact mirrored in a similar interview with Sarah Kerrigan 's actress , Glynnis Talken Campbell . Clotworthy also stated how the concept art for the game usually used for the visual development of characters and locales in games was used by him in order to develop the personality of his character . Visually , most of the characters and units in the games were developed from artwork by Metzen and Samwise Didier , although at least two other artists — Glenn Rane and Peter Lee — have developed concept art for StarCraft II . It is also implied by some of the authors of the novels that the development of the characters in their books was influenced by Metzen as well as Andy Chambers and Evelyn Fredericksen . This is particularly notable for characters later appearing in the games , such as Valerian Mengsk . = = Main characters = = = = = Jim Raynor = = = Voiced by Robert Clotworthy Jim Raynor is the primary Terran protagonist and player character in the StarCraft franchise . Raynor is the ubiquitous character of the series , having participated in all critical plot points and military conflicts in the sector , except one . He is also the only character to have established inter @-@ species alliance . A former colonial marshal on the backwater planet of Mar Sara , Raynor joins Arcturus Mengsk 's revolutionaries in their fight against the tyrannical and corrupt Confederacy of Man , where he develops a relationship with Sarah Kerrigan , Mengsk 's second in command . However , he quickly comes to realise that Mengsk is far from the force for good when he abandons Kerrigan and the entire population of a planet to die by the hand of the Zerg to satisfy his own thirst for power . Disillusioned and embittered , Raynor deserts Mengsk and becomes a persona non grata in the new Terran Dominion . The situation gets no better when Kerrigan , who was captured by the Zerg , is assimilated into the swarm and becomes one of their most powerful assets . After desertion , Raynor and his forces take part in major combat operations across the sector : He fights alongside the Protoss templar Tassadar in the battle that leads to the fall of the Zerg ruler , the Overmind , and splinters the Zerg into several factions . When the expeditionary forces of United Earth Directorate ( UED ) arrive in the sector to subjugate it , Raynor , Mengsk and Kerrigan ( now calling herself the Queen of Blades ) combine their Terran , Zerg and Protoss allies to repel the invasion . No sooner than they fall , the alliance shatters . Four years later , Raynor 's rebel movement is contracted by a group called the Moebius Foundation to recover pieces of a Xel 'Naga artifact which is ultimately used on Char by a combined force of Raynor 's Raiders and Terran Dominion expeditionary fleet to deinfest the Queen of Blades , restoring Sara Kerrigan 's humanity . After her deinfestation , Kerrigan is relentlessly pursued by Arcturus Mengsk ; during one such raid Arcturus 's Dominion forces capture and allegedly summarily execute the rebel commander . It is later revealed that Raynor was not in fact executed , but held prisoner as a hostage to keep Kerrigan in line . After being freed from his prison Raynor assists Kerrigan as she storms the Dominion capital of Augustgrad on the planet Korhal After a showdown with Arcturus Mengsk inside his Palace , Kerrigan manages to gain the upper hand with help from James Raynor , and kills Arcturus by overloading his body with psychic energy , causing him to explode spectacularly . In Legacy of the Void , Raynor and his Raiders are now part of the Dominion military under the new Emperor Valerian , and ( with the aid of Artanis and his protoss forces ) defend Korhal from an attack by Amon . Joining with Artanis and Kerrigan later on , Raynor watches as Kerrigan ascends to become a Xel 'naga and destroys Amon once and for all ; two years later , Kerrigan - in human form - visits Raynor at the bar on Mar Sara where he began in Wings of Liberty , and he leaves with her . He is not seen or heard from again . StarCraft creator Chris Metzen designed Raynor as rough @-@ living and dangerous man ; Clotworthy describes Raynor as a man that other characters " wouldn 't mess with " . Nevertheless , his depiction is meant to be that of an ordinary man . Critics connected sympathetically with Raynor 's plights , and GameSpot named him one of the best heroes in video gaming . = = = Sarah Kerrigan = = = Voiced by Glynnis Talken Campbell in StarCraft ; by Tricia Helfer in Starcraft 2 Sarah Kerrigan is the primary Zerg protagonist and player character in the StarCraft franchise . Kerrigan serves as the primary antagonist of all but the first and last two games . As " The Primal Queen of Blades " , Kerrigan is the de facto leader of the Zerg Swarm and mentor to broodmother Zagara . Originally a Terran ghost agent for Arcturus Mengsk , she is betrayed and abandoned to the Zerg , who transform her into a Terran / Zerg hybrid with vast psionic powers under the control of the then unknown Amon . Following the death of the Overmind , Kerrigan asserts her independence , striking out at those who betrayed her and who seek to contain her , eventually taking control of the entire Zerg Swarm . Four years later , Kerrigan invades the Dominion in search of a number of Xel 'Naga artifacts ; these artifacts are instead retrieved by Raynor at the behest of the Moebious Foundation , who assembles them into a device that reverts Kerrigan to a human and releases Amon 's grip on her . After her deinfestation , Kerrigan is mercilessly pursued by Arcturus Mengsk , however she successfully escapes Arcturus 's Dominion forces . After willingly allowing herself to be reinfested on Zerus , Kerrigan is reborn as the Primal Queen of Blades , after which she successfully reunites the Zerg Swarm and storms the Dominion capital of Augustgrad on the planet Korhal with help from Raynor 's Raiders . After a showdown with Arcturus Mengsk inside his Palace , Kerrigan manages to gain the upper hand with help from James Raynor , and kills Acturus by overloading his body with psychic energy , causing him to explode spectacularly . In the aftermath of her victory , Kerrigan gathers the Swarm and departs in search of Amon . According to Zeratul , Kerrigan factors prominently into a Xel 'Nagan prophecy concerning the Zerg , the Protoss , and the Hybrids . Heart of the Swarm reveals that Kerrigan is the only being powerful enough to stop the fallen Xel 'naga Amon , though exactly how is not revealed . Though originally intended as a throwaway character , Kerrigan grew on the developers , who gave her a greater role in the series . Talken Campbell described Kerrigan 's transformation as " going from good girl to bad girl " ; many of the aspects of Kerrigan 's infested character design are inspired by the Greek gorgon Medusa . IGN rated Kerrigan as the fifth most memorable video game villain , while readers of GameSpot put Kerrigan as the most evil video game villain . During the events of Legacy of the Void , Kerrigan enters into an alliance with Artanis while investigating the Xel 'Naga homeworld Ulnar . Some time after Artanis 's reclamation of the Protoss homeworld of Aiur , Kerrigan sends a psionic call to Raynor and Artanis for assistance in permanently killing Amon in the Void . During the joint Terran Dominion / Zerg / Protoss assault of the Void , the full context of Zeratul 's prophecy about Kerrigan is made clear : Only a fellow Xel 'Naga is capable of killing Amon , and only Kerrigan is capable of ascension . With the remainder of the joint armada , Kerrigan is successful in killing Amon during her psychic backlash in the void . During the aftermath , Kerrigan returns to Raynor in human form and disappears . = = = Artanis = = = Voiced by Paul Ainsley in Brood War ; by Patrick Seitz in StarCraft II Artanis is the primary Protoss protagonist and player character in the StarCraft franchise . Artanis is a high templar and a military commander introduced in Brood War . The character also appears in the novels Queen of Blades and Twilight . Later retcons have made Artanis the identity of the nameless ' Executor ' for the Protoss campaign in StarCraft . An ambitious leader , Artanis is the youngest templar to achieve the rank of praetor and executor . Artanis holds Tassadar in high esteem and despite being a strong believer in Khalai system , he also holds to the idea of reunification with the Nerazim and Tal 'Darim . Artanis is responsible for the initial defense of Aiur alongside Fenix before being dispatched to arrest Tassadar by Aldaris ; Artanis , however , sides with Tassadar and helps him defeat the Overmind . Artanis later organizes the evacuation of his now devastated Nerazim home world of Shakuras , and with Zeratul undertakes measures to cleanse the Zerg presence on Shakuras through the use of a Xel 'Naga temple . When Sarah Kerrigan 's actions result in the deaths of Aldaris , Fenix and Raszagal , Artanis commands a fleet to bring Kerrigan to justice on Char , and despite allying with both the Dominion and the UED remnants , his forces are defeated by her Zerg . Artanis returns to Shakuras to rebuild the Protoss civilization ; with Zeratul having disappeared , Artanis becomes the hierarch of the unified Protoss Protectorate , the Daelaam , but struggles with reintegrating the two estranged branches of his people , with many of the Aiur survivors desiring to retake their home world . He makes a brief appearance in Wings of Liberty in the vision of the Protoss 's last stand against the hybrids and their Zerg swarm . Artanis is the central character of Legacy of the Void , the third and final part of StarCraft II . He leads the Protoss to invade Aiur but as the invasion went on , many Protoss fell under Amon 's control . Amon has seized the Khala and is controlling the Protoss via their nerve cords . Artanis initially fell under their control but Zeratul severed his nerve cord , dying in the process . Shortly afterwards , Artanis leaves Aiur behind in the ship Spear of Adun and begins his quest to destroy Amon . = = Terran characters = = The terrans are a young species with psionic potential . The terrans of the Koprulu sector descend from the survivors of a disastrous 23rd century colonization mission from Earth . Compared to the protoss and zerg , the terrans are technologically inferior , lacking in genetic @-@ diversity , and highly factionalized . The four dominant government factions are the Kel @-@ Morian Combine , the Terran Dominion , the Umojan Protectorate , and the United Earth Directorate . Terrans are in a constant state of conflict : whenever they are not caught in the two @-@ front pitched battle crossfire with their alien neighbors ' interstellar conflicts , they endure frequent assassinations , civil wars and revolutions amongst themselves . Nevertheless , terran ingenuity and unyielding stubbornness has kept them from extinction ; they stand as one of the three dominant species of the galaxy . = = = Raynor 's Raiders = = = = = = = Matt Horner = = = = Matt Horner is the captain of the Raiders ' flagship Hyperion and Raynor 's second @-@ in @-@ command . Brian Bloom provides Horner 's voice . Described as " young and idealistic " and guided by strong moral principles , Horner is originally a supporter of Mengsk , but becomes disgusted by Mengsk 's deliberate attacks on civilian Confederate targets . Having come to admire Raynor 's bravery and loyalty , Horner follows Raynor when he abandons Mengsk 's cause , and is keen to strike at the morally bankrupt Terran Dominion . Horner is only an average combatant in personal combat , but is otherwise an excellent pilot and tactician . First introduced in the novel Queen of Blades , Horner commands the Hyperion as it comes under attack from Zerg in orbit of the planet Char and is forced to withdraw from the system , leaving Raynor and a small group of Raiders stranded on the surface ; Horner is only able to return several months later to evacuate the survivors . Horner continues in a similar role in Wings of Liberty , acting as Raynor 's conscience and trying to keep his commander focused . After the capture of James Raynor by Arcturus 's Dominion forces in Heart of the Swarm , Matt Horner assumes temporary command of Raynor 's Raiders , leading the rebel movement for much of the game until Raynor 's return to the Hyperion after the raid aboard the prison ship Moros . During the events of Legacy of the Void , Horner is now an admiral commanding the Dominion fleet , joining the joint Dominion / protoss defense against Amon and his Moebius Corps forces . After Amon falls , Horner is the Dominion 's chief military leader , as he and Emperor Valerian pledge to maintain peace and prosperity for the Dominion . = = = = Rory Swann = = = = Rory Swann is the chief engineer of the Hyperion . Swann came from a family of tech @-@ savvy miners who opened a successful private mining operation on Meinhoff : however , their operation was crushed by ever @-@ rising taxes . Swann lodged a complaint to the Kel @-@ Morian Combine officials and discovered that Tavish Kerr , who 's mining operations weren 't burden with taxes , bribed officials to put rival claims out of business through excessive taxation . Swann started a miner 's revolt , claiming independence from the Kel @-@ Morian Combine . However , Combine forces arrived and mercilessly crushed the revolt . Swann himself lost an arm , along with many friends , and was only saved because Raynor 's Raiders responded to their distress signal . Swann had nothing left , so he joined the Raiders . = = = = Egon Stetmann = = = = Egon Stetmann is a former scientist in Terran Dominion 's science project in Tyrador III that involves a cyborg program using New Folsom Prison inmates as experimental lab rats . He tried to reason out , but his former colleagues are silencing him . He invents a virus to escape the facility . Then he hides at Deadman 's Port , he was going to be killed by the criminals when Raynor rescued him . He is now the Hyperion 's engineer / scientist and researcher . = = = = Tychus Findlay = = = = Tychus J. Findlay is a marine and past associate of Raynor 's who becomes affiliated with the Raiders . He appears in the novel Heaven 's Devil and in Wings of Liberty as one of the main characters . Findlay is known for his charisma and toughness , and by his friendship with James Raynor . He is voiced by Neil Kaplan . Findlay is introduced in the cinematic trailer for StarCraft II , in which he is shown being encased into powered combat armour . According to Blizzard 's Nick Carpenter , the marine in the trailer lacked any identity but eventually evolved into Findlay , allowing the cinematic team to flesh out the trailer with the character 's personality . Findlay is surrounded by rumours regarding his reputation ; on the one hand , he is held as a loyal soldier who risks his life to save his comrades , while on the other , he is regarded as an amoral scoundrel . Findlay and Raynor fought together for the Confederacy several years prior to the events of StarCraft before becoming outlaws ; Findlay was eventually captured and incarcerated . By Wings of Liberty , Findlay escapes from prison , tracks down Raynor , and recruits him to work for the secretive Moebius Foundation , where , according to Metzen , Findlay acts as the metaphorical devil on Raynor 's shoulder . = = = = Gabriel Tosh = = = = Gabriel Tosh is a mysterious arms dealer and a " spectre " — an elite ghost agent enhanced through the use of terrazine , a potent psionic reagent . Though originally created for Ghost , Tosh is introduced in the novel Spectres and Wings of Liberty , where he is voiced by Dave Fennoy . Metzen describes Tosh as a " Boba Fett @-@ type character " while Andy Chambers feels Tosh is " quasi @-@ Rastafarian " . Tosh possesses a nihilistic personality and believes that he must always look out for himself in order to survive . As such , he acts as a foil for the idealistic and honorable character of Matt Horner . Tosh represents an amoral influence on Raynor , and the temptation to cut corners and act like a pirate , although he is not inherently evil . You can either choose to help him break out his former friends imprisoned in New Folsom Prison or end his project by using a Dominion agent to end the project . = = = = Ariel Hanson = = = = Dr. Ariel Hanson is a scientist who becomes associated with Raynor 's Raiders after her home colony on the planet Agria is invaded by Zerg in Wings of Liberty , where she is voiced by Ali Hillis . A selfless and altruistic individual , she mainly wishes for life to return to normal . She is considered to be the moral opposite of Tychus Findlay , acting as a metaphorical angel on Raynor 's shoulder , and represents a positive moral influence on Raynor . Originally designed as a male character , Hanson was changed in development to female to act as a love interest for Raynor , albeit limited by Raynor 's status as a mercenary and fugitive , and moreover the fact that Raynor is still trying to sort himself out in relation to Sarah Kerrigan . Either you can help her colony by eliminating the Protoss Mothership , or end the colony 's suffering by killing the colony 's denizens , which leads to her death . = = = Terran Dominion / Terran Confederacy = = = = = = = Arcturus Mengsk = = = = Arcturus Mengsk was the emperor of the Terran Dominion , which presided over the majority of the Terrans in the Koprulu Sector . The main antagonist of the series , he is voiced by James Harper and is the primary subject of the novel I , Mengsk . Mengsk is extremely intelligent and is capable as both a strategist and tactician . While Mengsk does not empathize with people well , he is highly skilled at oratory and propaganda and possesses a remarkable ability for manipulating other people . Born on Korhal IV , the scion of a powerful founding family of the Terran Confederacy , Mengsk was a colonel in the Confederate Marine Corps and a veteran of the Guild Wars , who became a successful prospector after war 's end . Though trying to distance himself from the actions of his father , a prominent Korhal senator and vocal dissident against the Confederacy , Mengsk became a revolutionary himself when his father , mother , and younger sister were murdered by Confederate assassins . His activities soon spurred the Confederacy to launch a nuclear attack against Korhal , wiping out its population ; Mengsk swore vengeance , and formed a revolutionary group he called the Sons of Korhal . Years of open conflict successfully weakened Confederate control over the fringe worlds , during which he recruited followers such as Sarah Kerrigan , Jim Raynor and Edmund Duke . Raynor and Kerrigan grew uneasy with Mengsk 's increasingly extreme methods , namely luring Zerg to attack Confederate targets , leading to Mengsk abandoning Kerrigan to the Zerg on the Confederate capital of Tarsonis ( another reason for the latter was Kerrigan had been the assassin that murdered his father ) . With the destruction of Tarsonis by the Zerg , Mengsk crowned himself emperor and styled himself as a benevolent dictator . In Brood War , the Dominion is invaded by the United Earth Directorate and Mengsk narrowly escapes capture with the reluctant help of Raynor . Faced with execution and the destruction of the Dominion as alternatives , Mengsk allies with Kerrigan and Raynor to defeat the UED , but Kerrigan eventually betrays their alliance and delivers a crippling blow to Mengsk 's forces . Nevertheless , Mengsk rebuilds and the Dominion remains the dominant Terran power . In Frontline , many of the stories in the anthology paint Mengsk and the Dominion overall as tyrannical and corrupt , no different from the Confederacy . In Wings of Liberty , Mengsk and his son Valerian find the Dominion opposed by several rebel and paramilitary groups , including those loyal to Raynor . Arcturus suffers compound setbacks during the game , initially due to the mass invasion of Dominion space by Zerg forces which catches the Dominion military and Mengsk unprepared , and later from Raynor 's Raiders who capture and broadcast proof of Mengsk 's war crimes during the events of StarCraft . Despite these setbacks Arcturus manages to overcome these hardships , maintaining his position as Emperor of the Dominion for the remainder of the game . During the events of Heart of the Swarm , Mengsk tries to have Kerrigan killed on several occasions , including issuing an obituary about Raynor . Kerrigan however , successfully reunites the Zerg Swarm and storms the Dominion capital of Augustgrad on the planet Korhal with help from Raynor 's Raiders . After a showdown with Acturus Mengsk inside his Palace , Kerrigan manages to gain the upper hand with help from James Raynor , and kills Acturus by overloading his body with psychic energy , causing him to explode spectacularly . In the wake of his death , Valerian ascends to the throne vacated by Arcturus . GameSpy cites Mengsk as a classic example of The Who 's " Won 't Get Fooled Again " lyrics " meet the new boss , same as the old boss " . Mengsk was responsible for the release from prison of Tychus Findlay , with the specific purpose of tailing Jim Raynor and killing Kerrigan ; Raynor foils this plan by killing Tychus . = = = = Edmund Duke = = = = Edmund Duke is ranking officer in first the Confederacy and later the Dominion . Voiced in the games by Jack Ritschel , Duke also appears in several novels , including Liberty 's Crusade , Shadow of the Xel 'Naga and Queen of Blades . A scion of one of the influential Old Families of Confederacy with a long career in the military , Duke is a methodical and experienced tactician but also as an egotistical and xenophobic man . As a colonel , Duke commands the Alpha Squadron of the Confederate Security Forces , and is the face of the Confederacy for the player in the early parts of StarCraft . Duke initially leads the defense of Confederate colonies Chau Sara and Mar Sara from the Zerg and the Protoss fleet commanded by Tassadar , for which he is promoted to general . Duke is later charged with quelling rebellion on the Confederate world of Antiga Prime , but is defeated by Mengsk 's forces . When Duke 's flagship Norad II is shot down by the Zerg during the battle , Duke is rescued by Raynor on Mengsk 's orders in return for the defection of the general and his squadron , and Duke 's knowledge is vital to Mengsk 's assault on Tarsonis . Mengsk , still skeptical of Duke 's loyalty , later dispatches Duke on expeditions to investigate the Zerg on Char and a Xel 'Naga artifact on Bhekar Ro in Shadow of the Xel 'Naga , engagements which decimate Alpha Squadron . In Brood War , Duke organises the Dominion 's fleet defences against the United Earth Directorate , and later follows Mengsk into alliance with Kerrigan and her Zerg . However , as part of a surgical strike against the Dominion 's military capabilities , Kerrigan has Duke 's flagship destroyed , killing the general . = = = = Valerian Mengsk = = = = Valerian Mengsk is the son of Arcturus Mengsk and his successor as Emperor of the Terran Dominion . Valerian is first introduced in The Dark Templar Saga series of novels , while his backstory is further developed in I , Mengsk . Valerian was created as Metzen felt that Arcturus ' story had been effectively told in StarCraft and Brood War . While Blizzard stipulated Valerian 's physical description , The Dark Templar Saga author Christie Golden was given the freedom to develop the character as she wished . A disciple of Japanese martial arts and a keen archaeologist , he is described as " brilliant ... and probably a bit arrogant for knowing it " . Valerian is particularly interested in Xel 'Naga artifacts , which he employs mercenaries and leading archaeologists to retrieve and study . Valerian was raised in secrecy on a number of worlds across the Koprulu Sector during his father 's campaign against the Confederacy . While Valerian shares Arcturus ' passion for liquors and ancient weapons , his relationship with his father is adversarial due to Arcturus ' disdain for both him and his mother in his childhood . Valerian made his game debut in Wings of Liberty , voiced by Josh Keaton . He is confronted by Jim Raynor , mistaking him for his father Arcturus , aboard the Dominion battlecruiser Bucephalus . Valerian reveals that he is the owner of the Moebius Foundation , the think tank that Raynor had been collecting the pieces of a Xel 'Naga artifact for , and claimed that his mission was the same as Raynor 's - to rescue Kerrigan . Taking more than half the Dominion fleet , Valerian joins forces with Raynor 's Raiders and lays siege to the Zerg stronghold of Char , as part of an effort to prove to the Dominion ( and to his father ) that he will be worthy to take the emperor 's crown after Arcturus . Ultimately , the mission succeeds in de @-@ infesting Kerrigan , but in the aftermath of the battle a disagreement between Arcturus and Valerian over Sara Kerrigan 's fate sparks an armed civil war between the Emperor and Prince , leading Valerian and a faction of the Dominion 's armed forces loyal to him to seek shelter with Raynor 's Raiders . In Heart of the Swarm , Valerian helps Raynor and his Raiders escape into the Umojan Protectorate , where Kerrigan undergoes extensive testing in a research lab . The lab is discovered and attacked by a Dominion task force , and Valerian and Kerrigan escape on board the Hyperion , the Raiders ' flagship . Valerian is nearly psionically strangled by Kerrigan for leaving Raynor behind on the base . Valerian knew that his father would be willing to sacrifice him to destroy Kerrigan , even in spite of Hyperion captain Matt Horner warning the Dominion fleet that he was on board , and so he aided Kerrigan and the Raiders in searching for him . During the final assault against Korhal , Valerian recognized that Arcturus was beyond redemption , and asked only that Kerrigan minimize civilian casualties ; Kerrigan thus elected to attend his request , recognizing him as a different man from his father . Kerrigan killed Arcturus shortly thereafter . Following the death of his father and the departure of the Zerg , Valerian assumed the throne and became the new Emperor of the Dominion . He immediately went to work rebuilding the Dominion , and enacted new laws to eliminate the corruption and abuse of power that had occurred during his father 's reign . These reforms included abolishing forced military conscription and slave labor . He also reorganized a number of his father 's secret projects , such as Project Blackstone . = = = = November Annabella " Nova " Terra = = = = November Annabella Terra , call sign " Nova " , a.k.a. " Agent X41822N " , is a ghost agent and the protagonist of the StarCraft : Ghost sub @-@ series . Grey DeLisle provides the voice for Nova . Despite the indefinite postponement of the Ghost video game , she appears in Wings of Liberty and Heart of the Swarm as well as a series of novels , including StarCraft Ghost : Nova and StarCraft Ghost : Spectres . She is featured as a playable hero in Heroes of the Storm . Blizzard announced that Nova will also be the subject of her own RTS follow on titled Nova Covert Ops , which was released on March 29 , 2016 . Nova is the daughter of one of the highly influential Confederate Old Families ; despite having unusually high psionic potential her father prevents her from being taken into the Confederate Ghost Program . However , after her family is murdered by an anti @-@ Confederate resistance movement , Nova flees to the undercity of Tarsonis , where she is forced to work as an organized crime enforcer . Nova is rescued during the Zerg invasion of Tarsonis , and ends up in the possession of the newly formed Terran Dominion , who train her as a ghost . At her request , her past memories are erased . = = = = Horace Warfield = = = = General Horace Warfield is put in command of the Dominion forces to fight the second Zerg invasion , in Wings of Liberty . He served in the Confederate military under Arcturus Mengsk , and held a higher place among Mengsk 's advisors than Edmund Duke , who also abandoned the confederacy . His entire family was killed during the Zerg assault on Tarsonis due to the use of the psi @-@ emitters , about which Warfield is rumoured to have provided extremely valuable intelligence . In Heart of the Swarm , Warfield is defeated by Kerrigan and tells her to let the transports full of wounded troops leave the planet alive , calling her a traitor to humanity and stating that Raynor would be ashamed of her . Kerrigan , furious at the general 's comments , executes him but allows the transports to escape . = = = United Earth Directorate = = = = = = = Gerard DuGalle = = = = Gerard DuGalle is the commanding admiral of the United Earth Directorate 's expeditionary force to the Koprulu Sector . DuGalle only appears in Brood War and is voiced by Jack Ritschel . Considered the UED 's most capable military leader , DuGalle , a Frenchman , is a staunch believer in the UED 's mission to pacify the sector and carries out his orders with precision . In Brood War , DuGalle leads the UED as it conquers the Terran Dominion ; however , despite his experience , DuGalle believes misinformation planted by former Confederate soldier Samir Duran regarding a psi disruptor , a device that disrupts Zerg communications , on Tarsonis . When DuGalle 's lifelong friend Alexei Stukov abandons the fleet , DuGalle allows Duran to assassinate Stukov as a traitor , only realizing his mistake too late . Nevertheless , DuGalle acts to prevent Duran destroying the psi disruptor and uses it to capture the Zerg Overmind on Char . However , as a result of demoralization , limited manpower and an alliance of enemies led by Kerrigan , the fleet is eventually pushed back and when a final attempt to recapture Char fails , DuGalle orders the retreat . Shortly before the UED fleet is overtaken by Zerg and destroyed , DuGalle composes a letter to his wife in which he admits responsibility for his closest friend 's death and commits suicide by a gunshot to the head . = = = = Alexei Stukov = = = = Alexei Stukov was the vice admiral and second @-@ in @-@ command of the United Earth Directorate 's expeditionary force . He first appears in Brood War , voiced by Cástulo Guerra ; he later reappears as one of Kerrigan 's lieutenants in the Zerg Swarm in Heart of the Swarm and Legacy of the Void , voiced by Victor Brandt . A man of Russian descent , his military career primarily revolves around secret research , though he is also noted as an excellent tactician . A close friend of DuGalle , Stukov will debate situations with the admiral but will subordinate himself to his friend 's higher rank . Stukov becomes suspicious of the motives of Samir Duran after the latter convinces DuGalle to destroy the psi disruptor . Believing the device to be the UED 's best hope to conquer the Zerg , Stukov instead takes the psi disruptor to Braxis but is tracked down and shot dead by Duran . With his dying breaths , Stukov convinces DuGalle that Duran is a traitor and to keep the psi disruptor running for the UED 's assault on the Zerg homeworld of Char . Stukov 's body is given a full funeral and UED propaganda portrays Stukov as a hero , claiming he died in combat on Char . Stukov is later mysteriously revived by a Zerg cerebrate to make use of him for its own deeds . He is first observed , apparently infested , by pirates raiding a secret science facility in the bonus mission " Deception " , a facility that Stukov subsequently destroys . Stukov later appears in another bonus map , " Mercenaries II " , in which he hires several mercenary groups to destroy some of his adversaries . In the StarCraft 64 secret mission " Resurrection " , Artanis sends a task force headed by Raynor to inject Stukov with an experimental serum ; the serum reverses the infestation effects and leaves Stukov healthy , albeit embittered . However , the Protoss cure would prove only temporary , and once Stukov was turned over to the Moebious Foundation for research purposes , the scientists re @-@ infested him in an attempt to replicate the cure , without success . Creative director Andy Chambers regards the resurrection as an experiment by the Zerg , while Metzen notes that Stukov 's resurrection had " really interesting hooks " . Blizzard 's former producer Bill Roper hoped that Stukov 's storyline will be developed further , noting that the character would only be reintroduced if Blizzard can " figure out the right way to do it " . Stukov joins in the battle against a resurrected Duran , revealed to be a Xel 'Naga , in the Epilogue of Legacy of the Void . In an act of just vengeance , Stukov delivers the killing blow to Duran . = = = Umojan Protectorate = = = = = = = Michael Daniel Liberty = = = = Michael Daniel Liberty is a terran news reporter whose affiliations have varied over time . He hates it when people such as his former editor @-@ in @-@ chief Handy Anderson calls him " Mickey " . Liberty is described as being " of normal height and proportions , if a little lanky . " He has dirty blond hair that is spattered with lighter striations of gray which is swept back in a ponytail to cover a bald spot . He has a liking for cigarettes , but keeps trying to quit . A few years after going freelance , Liberty remained the same in physical appearance , apart from an abundance of facial hair = = Protoss characters = = The Daelaam are the unified protoss protectorate organization representing all known protoss kindred , races , castes , and factions . Before the Brood Wars , Protoss society was divided — the Khalai of the Protoss Empire , the exiled Nerazim , the heretic Tal 'Darim , and the hibernating Purifiers . Because of the Great War and subsequent Brood War , the former body collapsed and all branches of protoss were forced to band together in sharing knowledge , integrating technology , and for mutual survival . = = = Khalai = = = The Khala , or " The Path of Ascension " , was the religious law of the protoss , established after an era known as the " Aeon of Strife " that followed the departure of the Xel 'Naga . There are four distinct castes : The Khalai , or " The Enlightened Ones " , consisted a caste of artists , engineers , and scientists which constituted the majority of protoss society ; the Templar , consisted a caste of militarism , industrialism , and law enforcement charged with exploration and the defense of protoss interests ; the Preservers , consisted a caste of historians , educators , and archivists charged with maintaining the telepathic network that unified protoss society into the Khalai ; and the Judicators , consisted a caste of theologians , politicians , and judiciaries which formed the Conclave ruling class over protoss society . = = = = Tassadar = = = = Tassadar is a high templar who holds the rank of executor in the Khalai military . He appears in StarCraft and in several novels , most notably Queen of Blades . Tassadar is voiced by Michael Gough in StarCraft , with Michael Dorn playing the part in later appearances . Described as being fascinated with , if somewhat wary of , the dark templar , Tassadar is the commander of the fleet that made first contact with the Terrans by destroying their colony of Chau Sara to contain Zerg infestation . However , Tassadar eventually disregards his orders to continue destroying worlds with no concern for the Terrans , and instead engages the Zerg by conventional means . After tracking the Zerg to their homeworld of Char , he encounters the dark templar Zeratul and Jim Raynor , forging a friendship with the two and learning how to use his psionic powers in conjunction with the powers of the dark templar . The Khalai government sees Tassadar 's consortion with the dark templar as heretical and as a bigger threat to their society than the Zerg invasion of the Protoss homeworld Aiur , sending Aldaris and Artanis to arrest him . Artanis however , along with Fenix , sides with Tassadar , sparking a civil war between Tassadar 's followers and the government . The conflict is only ended when Tassadar demonstrates the effectiveness of the dark templar against the Zerg . With Raynor , Zeratul and Fenix , Tassadar breaks through the Zerg defences on Aiur to the Zerg Overmind ; Tassadar channels both his own psionic energies and those of the dark templar through the hull of his flagship and crashes it into the Overmind . The resulting discharge of energy destroys the Overmind and transcends Tassadar to a new level of spiritual existence ; Metzen refers to this transformation as becoming a " twilight messiah " . By the events of StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty , Tassadar is believed dead by the Protoss , though he has become a legendary figure among them . However , when Zeratul visits the remains of the Overmind in his investigations into the Koprulu Sector 's future , Tassadar appears in spirit form and shows him a vision that the Overmind had originally shown him when he destroyed it . This vision foretold the fall of the galaxy to the Zerg Swarm led by the Xel 'naga Amon and his Protoss @-@ Zerg hybrids . This Tassadar turns out to be a projection of the Xel 'Naga Ouros and not the real Tassadar . = = = = Fenix = = = = Fenix is a praetor within the military of the Khalai . Bill Roper voices Fenix in both StarCraft and Brood War . A templar and an old friend of Tassadar 's , Fenix is a powerful and cunning leader , but remains distrustful towards the motives of the ruling judicator caste . Under the command of Aldaris , Fenix helps defend Aiur from the Zerg invasion , but eventually falls in the battle of Antioch when his position is overwhelmed by Zerg and his psi @-@ blades lose power . Nevertheless , Fenix is retrieved and integrated into a dragoon , a mechanical fire support unit designed to allow incapacitated warriors to continue military service . Fenix allies his templar forces with Tassadar 's upon the schism between Tassadar and the Protoss government , later leading a task force against the Overmind 's outer defenses , facilitating Zeratul 's assassination of a number of cerebrates and ultimately the death of the Overmind itself . Over this time , Fenix develops a strong friendship with Tassadar 's Terran companion Jim Raynor . In Brood War , Fenix and Raynor remain behind as a rear guard when the Protoss evacuate the now Zerg @-@ overrun Aiur through a warp gate . They hold it until attacked by United Earth Directorate forces pursuing Arcturus Mengsk , upon which they escape through the gate , disabling it as they depart . With Raynor and Mengsk , Fenix enters into an alliance with Sarah Kerrigan against the UED , even leading the Zerg forces on a raiding mission for resources on Moria . However , after the UED is routed from their position on the Dominion capital world of Korhal , Kerrigan turns on her allies . Though unfazed by Kerrigan 's betrayal , Fenix is slain when Kerrigan 's Zerg launch a surprise attack against his base camp on Korhal . In StarCraft II : Heart of the Swarm , Raynor shows that he still harbors a grudge against Kerrigan for Fenix 's death after seeing her willingly become infested again after all his hard work in returning her to human form . = = = = Rohana = = = = Rohana was one of three grand preservers who helped create the arkships . When the Spear of Adun was reactivated , she served as a councilor to Hierarch Artanis . Before her stasis aboard the Spear of Adun , Rohana was a driven protoss who was not afraid to seek out tasks others thought impossible . She displayed strict adherence to tradition , yet was creative when faced with the issues . After she was awakened , Rohana held on to the old ways of the Protoss Empire , openly speaking out against her Nerazim crew , Artanis ' Terran allies , and the reawakening of the Purifiers . She served as a reminder of the past , clinging to old traditions and ways , and refusing to cut her connection from the Khala even as Amon continued to possess her , stating knowledge and history was the only thing that brought unity to the protoss . Though Artanis valued her memories and her ability to see into Amon 's thoughts , he began to grow weary of her adherence to the old ways and her objections to his choices , becoming more of a critic than a councilor . Eventually , she came to terms with the Daelaam , and cut herself from the Khala , stating that perhaps history did not need to be recorded with perfect clarity = = = = Selendis = = = = Selendis is the executor of the Protoss military following the reunification of the race . The character is introduced in the novel Twilight and in the Wings of Liberty campaign , where she is played by Cree Summer . Selendis is fiercely loyal to her race 's ideals and completely dedicated to her responsibilities . A protégée of Artanis , she considers the dark templar to be a threat to her heritage but is willing to work beside them . Selendis is particularly eager to reclaim Aiur from the Zerg . Shortly after Artanis cleanses Shakuras of Zerg , Selendis takes part in an expedition to rescue three stranded heroes from Aiur ; however , the mission was sabotaged by Ulrezaj , who kills two of the trapped warriors . During this time , Selendis became aware of other Protoss survivors stranded on Aiur , but as it was not believed possible to save them , their existence is kept secret . Later , Selendis commands the defenses of the dark templar archives on Ehlna against attack by Zerg and Ulrezaj , resulting in Ulrezaj 's defeat . In Wings of Liberty Selendis leads a force to the planet Haven , where refugees of Meinhoff and Agria have settled after the fall of their old homeworlds , to purge it with fire in order to eradicate a zerg virus which has infested several refugees . Raynor 's Raiders appear and are formally greeted by Selendis as past allies , Selendis explains her actions and intentions which leaves the player with one out of two options . Either the player purges Haven in the Protoss ' place while trying to save as many uninfested refugees as possible , this option will have Selendis praise Raynor and calling him a " true friend of the Protoss " , but she will not appear afterwards . In the other option Raynor sides with Ariel Hanson of Agria , who is the unofficial leader of the refugees , and her ideals of being able to create a cure for the Zerg Infestation . Selendis will lead her forces and attempt to burn the settlements with a Mothership while Raynor will attempt to destroy said ship and Protoss outposts which reinforces the Mothership 's shields . When successful Selendis and her remaining forces will retreat and comment on Raynor 's leading abilities as well as hope that his trust in the refugees is not unfounded . In the last mission of the Protoss mini @-@ campaign Selendis appears as one of the heroes which makes their last stand against the Zerg and Hybrids and eventually perishes , her last words are an apology to Tassadar for not being strong enough . Her unit is a Carrier . In Legacy of the Void , she serves as the Executor in the invasion of Aiur but falls under Amon 's control , like many other Protoss . She leads the golden armada against Artanis 's forces , who holds them out long enough for the Keystone to break them free from Amon 's control . Under Artanis 's urging , Selendis severs her nerve cord and urges her fellow templar to sever their cords as well , permanently freeing them from Amon 's grasp . = = = = Aldaris = = = = Aldaris is a member of the ruling judicator caste of Protoss society ; in StarCraft he acts as liaison between the player character and the Protoss government . He is voiced by Paul Eiding in both StarCraft and Brood War . Aldaris is a fanatical believer in the Khala and does not hesitate to judge others through a strict interpretation of its tenets . As a result , he is outraged by Tassadar 's association with the dark templar , and following the outbreak of war between the judicator caste and the templar caste , commands the government forces against Tassadar . Aldaris captures Tassadar and puts him on trial for crimes of blasphemy and treason , though Tassadar	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
's hive mind society , created by the Xel 'Naga as a single consciousness for their experiments on the Zerg . It is the antagonist of StarCraft , where it is voiced by Jack Ritschel ; Paul Eiding voices the character in Wings of Liberty . At some point during its creation , it was secretly enslaved by the fallen Xel 'Naga Amon , who implanted it with a directive to destroy the Protoss and bound the Zerg to a hive mind . The Overmind becomes aware of Xel 'Naga , attacking and assimilating its masters . Through this , the Overmind learns of the existence of the Protoss and is determined to assimilate the fellow Xel 'Naga @-@ empowered species , believing this will result in perfection . To provide the necessary force to overcome the Protoss , the Overmind targets the psionic potential of the Terrans for assimilation . He also assimilated Sarah Kerrigan so as to create a weapon to free the Zerg from the control of his Dark Master . The Zerg and Protoss clash on various Terran worlds , eventually leading to Zeratul assassinating the cerebrate Zasz . Zasz 's death momentarily links the minds of the Overmind and Zeratul , allowing Overmind to learn the location of the Protoss homeworld Aiur . The Overmind quickly launches an invasion of Aiur and manifests itself on the planet 's surface . Following a lengthy and costly campaign on Aiur , Tassadar harnesses the energies of the dark templar to strike at the Overmind directly , disintegrating it . Although no longer a major character in the story , the remains of the original Overmind appear again in StarCraft II . Following the interpretation of the prophetic fragments recovered by Zeratul on Ulaan by the Preservers of Zhakul , Zeratul deduces that the " Great Hungerer " referenced by the prophecy refers to the Zerg Overmind , and travels to Aiur to recover whatever memories lingered within the remains of the Overmind 's husk . In the course of his investigation Zeratul encounters the spirit of Tassadar , who passes on vital information he obtained from the Overmind concerning the Queen of Blades , the Hybrid , and the Overmind 's vision of one possible future brought about due to the death of Kerrigan . Alongside Kerrigan , the Overmind was rated the eighth most diabolical video game villain by GamePro . = = = = Cerebrates = = = = Cerebrates are secondary agents in the Zerg Swarm , each of which commands an individual brood of Zerg that possesses a distinct tactical role within the hierarchy . Alongside the Overmind , the cerebrates are the only Zerg with full sapience , each with its own personality and methods , although they are genetically incapable of disobeying the Overmind . Cerebrates can be reincarnated by the Overmind upon death , though dark templar energies are capable of preventing this . The death of a cerebrate causes the Overmind to lose control of its respective brood , which will then run amok . = = = = = Daggoth = = = = = Daggoth was the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the entire zerg swarm war @-@ machine . As the highest ranking cerebrate , Daggoth was a tactical genius in command of the Tiamat Brood , the largest and most powerful brood in the Zerg Swarm . Voiced by Micky Neilson , Daggoth is the most strong @-@ willed and ferocious of the cerebrates . It trains the player character in the Zerg campaign of StarCraft and dispenses forces to protect Kerrigan following her transformation . Daggoth was charged with protecting the Overmind itself . In the wake of the Overmind 's death , Daggoth immediately takes command of the fractured Zerg broods , annihilated several renegade zerg broods , and ordered several cerebrates to merge to form a new Overmind . = = = = = Zasz = = = = = The second most prominent cerebrate is Zasz , who commands the first strike Garm Brood . A clever but somewhat questioning leader , Zasz is voiced by Bill Roper in StarCraft . Kerrigan often argues with Zasz over her impulsive and seemingly rebellious actions ; despite the Overmind 's assurance that Kerrigan is loyal , Zasz remains untrusting . However , while Tassadar distracts the attention of Kerrigan 's forces , Zasz is assassinated by Zeratul . Its death gives the Overmind and Zeratul a temporary mental link , allowing the Overmind to find Aiur and Zeratul to learn the origins of the Zerg . Zasz 's final words to Kerrigan proclaim her to be " the doom of us all " ; following Kerrigan 's rise to power at the culmination of Brood War , Zasz is seemingly proven correct . Ironically , Zeratul 's connection with the Overmind following Zasz 's death reveals Kerrigan to be the only hope of resisting the eradication of all life by the Xel 'naga Amon . = = = = = Other cerebrates = = = = = Insurrection features two further cerebrates , Nargil and Auza . Commander of the Fenris Brood and with the directive of search and destroy , Nargil itself is capable of intercepting enemy transmissions and provides tactical support for the player in Insurrection 's Zerg campaign . Auza , who commands the Incubus Brood and is responsible for reconnaissance , attempts to personally assimilate a rebel Terran psychic , but is overwhelmed as the psychic 's mind overcomes its own . As a result , the Overmind is forced to kill Auza . Retribution introduces Zargil of the Sennith Brood , who relays the Overmind 's directives to the player . Various other cerebrates are also featured throughout the series , though following the death of the second Overmind , Metzen explained that all remaining extant cerebrates died , as they were not designed to live without their creator or killed by Kerrigan herself and absorbing their warriors to her side . = = = Enslaved , Feral , and Renegade Zerg = = = A brood depended on a nexus creature to direct it . In the pre @-@ conflict Swarm , this position was filled by cerebrates . However , supplanting the cerebrate with another entity could allow broods , or other large groups of zerg , to be controlled by non @-@ Swarm agents . During the Brood War , the United Earth Directorate Expeditionary Fleet took control of the zerg unaligned with Sarah Kerrigan by controlling the second Overmind . The enslaved broods played a critical role in ensuring the UED 's temporary dominance of the sector . Alan Schezar used a khaydarin crystal to control a cerebrate and its brood . Ulrezaj also used khaydarin crystals to achieve similar results . " Independent " broods appeared after the turmoil resulting from the Overmind 's death . Some were employed as mercenaries . = = = = Second Overmind = = = = A second Overmind is created in Brood War , formed from the merging of several cerebrates . This second Overmind never reaches full maturity , and thus lacks the power and intelligence of the original and is much weaker ; attacks that were superficial to the first Overmind send the second into remission , although dark templar energies are still needed to kill it . The second Overmind is captured and drugged by the United Earth Directorate , who use its control of the Swarm to bolster its own forces in the Koprulu Sector , but it is ultimately slain by Zeratul . = = = Primal Zerg = = = The primal zerg are a zerg subspecies from the zerg homeworld , Zerus . They retain the physical and psychological traits of the original " primal zerg " -strains . Their unique genetic @-@ adaptations made assimilation difficult , as they were shown as able to absorb " swarm @-@ essence " to mutate counter @-@ measures . Their highly individualistic nature avoided incorporation into the Zerg Swarm 's hivemind . = = = = Zurvan = = = = Zurvan , the Ancient One , was a primal zerg of Zerus who had lived for millions of years . Zurvan embodied the " survival of the fittest " ideals the primal zerg pack leaders operated on . Zurvan was wary of the Overmind and the hive @-@ minded zerg swarm , believing that losing ones individuality to a single indomitable will is a terrible evolutionary fate for a strong zerg . He was spawned before the Overmind , and lived to see the return of the Zerg Swarm to Zerus during the Second Great War . It shepherded a deinfested Sarah Kerrigan 's rebirth into the Swarm , before challenging her and subsequently being killed and having its essence absorbed by her . Zurvan was younger than the power found in the first spawning pool but older than the first Overmind . It escaped being incorporated into the Swarm hive mind by Amon and remained on Zerus when the Swarm left the planet . In time , it became a pack leader and became immense both in power and physique . By the time the Swarm and a deinfested Sarah Kerrigan returned to Zerus , it had been millennia since Zurvan 's last evolution = = = = Brakk = = = = Brakk was a primal zerg pack leader on Zerus . When Sarah Kerrigan arrived on Zerus , Brakk declared that her zerg intruded on his territory . Wishing to stop her from waking Zurvan , he sent his pack to destroy the quillgor meat that her drones were harvesting . When this was unsuccessful , he personally led an attack on her hive cluster and was killed . The remnants of Brakk 's pack were destroyed shortly afterwards by Yagdra 's pack . = = = = Kraith = = = = Kraith was a primal zerg pack leader on Zerus and leader of Kraith 's Pack . According to Zurvan , Kraith was " immense and consumed by hatred " . Kraith was defeated by the new , primal reinfested Sarah Kerrigan , who consumed his essence . He was shown charging at a herd of Primal Zerglings , eliminating them . = = = = Slivan = = = = Slivan , the Eternal Mother was one of the primal zerg pack leaders of Zerus . She was described as " hollow and destructive " by Zurvan . Slivan was defeated by the new , primal Queen of Blades , and her essence absorbed . She can spawn countless locusts . = = = = Yagdra = = = = Yagdra was one of the primal zerg pack leaders of Zerus . Yagdra closely resembled an ash worm in appearance , and it was considerably larger in stature than most other primal zerg . It could spit gobs of destructive acid that burnt like fire . When Yagdra learned that Sarah Kerrigan was transforming in a chrysalis , it attempted to halt the process permanently by sending its pack at Kerrigan 's brood . In the process , Yagdra also eradicated the last remnants of Brakk 's now @-@ leaderless pack , however , it was not successful in killing the Queen of Blades before she hatched from her chrysalis . The opportunity came soon enough , however , when Kerrigan , now the Primal Queen of Blades , set out to challenge the pack leaders for control of Zerus . She came for Yagdra first . Aided by Dehaka 's Pack , Kerrigan fought her way through Yagdra 's minions and confronted the pack leader himself . Yagdra told her that her transformation meant nothing . The two fought , and Kerrigan emerged victorious . After slaying Yagdra , she absorbed his essence . = = Xel 'Naga characters = = = = = Amon 's Dark Forces = = = Amon is the primary antagonist of the StarCraft II : Legacy of the Void expansion . He is described as a malevolent Xel 'naga and is the mastermind behind the Protoss @-@ Zerg hybrids . His ultimate goal is to remake creation in his image ( the hybrids ) . = = = = Amon = = = = Amon is first alluded to in a discussion between Duran and Zeratul in the Brood War mission Dark Origin , in which he is described as " ... a far greater power , a power that has slept for countless ages and is reflected in the creature within that cell . " In Wings of Liberty Zeratul 's investigation into the Hybrids reveals that Amon 's coming has been foretold ; initially , he is described as " one who shall break the cycle of the gods . " On Zhakul , Amon 's role in the Ulan prophecy is further elaborated on , and it is here that he is first referred to as the " fallen one . " After arriving on Aiur to retrieve the surviving memories from the remains of the Overmind , Zeratul encounters the spirit of Tassadar ; from both beings Zeratul gains a glimpse into one possible future in which the Overmind foresaw Amon successfully employ his hybrids and the Zerg to annihilate the Protoss before turning on and wiping out the Zerg . In this future , Amon taunted the Protoss by revealing Kerrigan to be the only one in a position to oppose him . During Heart of the Swarm events In Heart of the Swarm Amon 's identity and initial background are revealed . Amon came to Zerus after the other Xel 'naga molded the Zerg . Desiring the Zerg 's power to absorb the essence of their prey for his own goals , he connected many Zerg to a hivemind and later forced an overriding directive on the Overmind : the destruction of the Protoss . Millennia before the start of the series , Amon died after a war with the other Xel 'Naga who had discovered his work with the Zerg , but work on the hybrids continued under the direction of the shape shifter Emil Narud . Sarah Kerrigan learned about Amon when she traveled to Zerus , and came to realize his lingering influence over the Zerg swarm was a major reason behind her crimes as the Queen of Blades . Kerrigan later learned about Narud 's attempts to restore Amon to life , and attacked the shape @-@ shifter 's lab in order to stop him . Although Kerrigan defeated Narud , the shape @-@ shifter used his dying words to reveal that he had already accomplished his goal : Amon had returned . Reflecting on her fight with Narud , Stukov speculated that the Xel 'naga device used to de @-@ infest Kerrigan may have actually had a hand in somehow reviving Amon . He noted that the original Queen of Blades had tremendous power , and that the device couldn 't just simply erase it , surmising that it had to " go somewhere . " After exacting her revenge on Arcturus Mengsk , Kerrigan took the Zerg swarm to hunt down Amon to try to keep him from enslaving the Zerg again . During Whispers of Oblivion events In the Whispers of Oblivion campaign released by Blizzard ahead of the upcoming Legacy of the Void , Amon is revealed to have been resurrected in the Sigma Quadrant 's Atrias System . Since his resurrection he has been under the protection of the Tal 'Darim , a fanatical Protoss branch devoted to Amon . In addition to the above @-@ mentioned names , Amon is also referenced as " a malevolent presence within the void " by Zeratul in Wings of Liberty , the " Dark Voice " in the game captions , and " the dark god " in the prequel Whispers of Oblivion campaign . During his auditory taunts in the Wings of Liberty mission In Utter Darkness , a pair of glowing red eyes can be seen , but there is little else visually distinguishable about the character in the mission despite the fact that raw data exists for Amon in the map editor . During Legacy of the Void events Amon was the main villain in Legacy of the Void , though he did not appear in his true form until the epilogue campaign " Into the Void " . He seizes control of the Khala , controlling most of the Protoss as they attempted to retake Aiur . Zeratul and other protoss who had their nerve cords cut were immune to that control . In his last act before being killed by the possessed Artanis , Zeratul severed the Hierarch 's nerve cords , cutting him off from the Khala . Artanis rallies what few managed to avoid corruption and flees Aiur on the Spear of Adun , rallying an army to fight Amon 's forces and destroy his power base , before returning to Aiur with the Keystone ( the Xel 'Naga artifact used to purge Kerrigan of her own corruption ) . Convincing the possessed Khalai to sever their cords and break away from the Khala , their action sends Amon 's essence into the artifact , which then implodes , banishing his essence into the Void . As the protoss celebrate their victory , however , Artanis and Jim Raynor are summoned by Kerrigan to Ulnar , the former Xel 'Naga homeworld , which contains a gateway into the Void ; Kerrigan seeks their help in going through and ending Amon once and for all . Fighting through Amon 's minions , led by a reincarnated Duran / Narud , the trio release an imprisoned Xel 'Naga named Ouros , who had appeared to both Zeratul and Artanis in the form of their deceased friend Tassadar to guide them towards his intended aim : For Kerrigan to ascend to become Xel 'Naga herself , and use her powers to kill Amon , as only a Xel 'Naga could defeat him for good . With the aid of Artanis and Raynor 's armies , Kerrigan undergoes the ascension , and destroys Amon forever . = = = = Hybrids = = = = The xel 'naga regularly conducted experiments on other species as part of their " natural life cycle " . Two species , one with the " purity of form " and another with the " purity of essence " , would merge naturally to create a new iteration of Xel 'naga . This process had occurred numerous times . To this purpose , the last incarnation of the xel 'naga uplifted the protoss and zerg , intending for them to lead to the culmination of another iteration of the cycle . Contrary to the xel 'naga 's intent , the hybrids were the result of a perversion of the process . Amon 's servants created hybrids to aid his plan to dominate creation . Overt knowledge of the hybrids began spreading among the terrans , protoss , and zerg , after the Brood War , and most who knew understood the dire threat the hybrids posed to the status quo . Maar Maar was the first hybrid to be awakened . Maar took over the forbidden protoss archive world of Zhakul . It subverted some of the Zhakul Guardians and imprisoned the three preservers , draining them to survive . Maar was defeated and killed only after Zeratul freed the preservers . = = = = Shapeshifter = = = = The shapeshifter was an enigmatic and mysterious character in the StarCraft Universe . Very little is known about this creature , beyond the fact that the shapeshifter was in fact a Xel 'Naga , and was by its own admission several thousand years old . In each case that the shapeshifter has appeared in a meaningful role the creature has assumed the form of a Terran Male . The Shapeshifter 's allegiance was to the fallen Xel 'Naga Amon , and accordingly its actions were to further Amon 's own goals . After Blizzard confirmed Duran 's return in Heart of the Swarm , and tacitly implied that he may have appeared in Wings of Liberty , many assumed that the character was reincarnated as Emil Narud . To support this position fans point to the fact that Narud was revealed in Heart of the Swarm to be an ancient shapeshifter serving Amon ( fitting his description of himself in Brood War as " a servant of a far greater power " ) , and moreover , " Narud " is " Duran " spelled backwards . Although this was observed and commented / discussed by fans in the series , Blizzard made no definitive effort to merge the two characters until the release of Whispers of Oblivion , a three part prequel campaign to Legacy of the Void . In Whispers of Oblivion , Zeratul confirmed that Samir Duran and Emil Narud were indeed the same individual . Alias as Samir Duran The shapeshifter makes its initial appearance as Samir Duran , an enigmatic ex @-@ Confederate Ghost operative introduced in Brood War , where he was voiced by Paul Ainsley . Duran was highly intelligent and manipulative , as well as knowledgeable about both the Protoss and Zerg . A former lieutenant in Alpha Squadron , Duran formed a small commando unit after the fall of the Confederacy to fight Mengsk 's Dominion . Duran quickly allied with the United Earth Directorate 's expeditionary force , and used UED resources to mount an assassination attempt on Mengsk and provided vital intelligence and strategic advice on the Dominion to DuGalle . Duran convinced DuGalle to destroy the psi disruptor , to Stukov 's chagrin , and as the UED closed in on Mengsk and his allies , Duran sabotaged a key operation , allowing the emperor to escape . When Stukov reconstructed the psi disruptor , Duran killed him and revealed his allegiance was actually to Sarah Kerrigan . With Duran as her advisor , Kerrigan successfully established command over the entirety of the Zerg Swarm . However , Duran vanished shortly afterwards . In a secret mission , he was discovered by Zeratul engineering a Protoss / Zerg hybrid . Duran ominously explained he " had many names throughout the millennia " , that his work has little to do with Kerrigan and that he served " a far greater power " . Alias of Dr. Emil Narud Four years after the events of Brood War , the shapeshifter reemerged in the Korpulu Sector , now going by the persona Dr. Emil Narud - an enigmatic scientist first introduced in Wings of Liberty and later appearing in Heart of the Swarm , voiced by Armin Shimerman . Narud was the head of the Moebius Foundation and was viewed as a genius on Zerg biology and an expert on Protoss and Xel 'Naga technology . In Wings of Liberty , Narud and the Moebius Foundation backed Tychus Findlay 's contact with James Raynor as a way to get around an imperial decree from Arcturus Mengsk which made it illegal to traffic in alien goods . Narud would later appear by proxy as the Moebius Foundation 's representative during a mission briefing on Tyrador , wherein Narud lent James Raynor his medical transport ships to help Raynor destroy the foundation 's data cores in order to prevent the Queen of Blades from gaining access to them . On the eve of the invasion of Char , Raynor learned from Valerian that Narud had been working with the Dominion 's Crown Prince for the entire duration of the game . In the aftermath of the successful de @-@ infestation of the Queen of Blades , a civil war erupts between Arcturus and Valerian ; in an attempt to find a safe haven , Valerian and Raynor seek shelter with the Moebius Foundation . Initially , Narud greeted and temporarily sheltered the group , but after examining the Xel 'Naga artifact and thoroughly questioning Raynor about Kerrigan , Narud revealed his allegiance to Arcturus and sold out the group to an incoming Dominion fleet , but the fleet 's attempt to kill Kerrigan fails . Narud later reappeared in Heart of the Swarm after former UED Vice Admiral Alexei Stukov contacted Kerrigan with a message to seek out the Skygeirr Station research facility orbiting Ketill IV . Upon her arrival at the facility , Stukov explained to Kerrigan that Skygeirr housed the Dominion 's primary Hybrid research and development laboratory , and that " Emil Narud " was actually an ancient shapeshifter in the employment of a fallen Xel 'Naga named Amon . After the Zerg swarm breached the interior of the facility and began attacking the Hybrids within , Narud made his initial appearance , broadcasting a message throughout the facility to inform Kerrigan that she was not welcome in the station . After the Swarm breached the lowest level , Narud personally moved to kill Kerrigan by driving a null zone towards the Queen of Blades . When the null zone attack failed , Narud retreated inside a Xel 'Naga temple dedicated to Amon . In a showdown with Kerrigan , Narud taunted the Queen of Blades by using his shapeshifting abilities - first morphing into Jim Raynor , and then into Kerrigan 's own human form , in which he wounded Kerrigan with a psi blade similar to that wielded by the Protoss . Kerrigan gained the upper hand in the end , impaling Narud with her wing @-@ spikes . With his dying breath , Narud proclaimed that Amon had been resurrected and that she would see him soon . During the epilogue campaign , the combined forces of Kerrigan , Raynor and Artanis ventured into the void in order to rescue " Tassadar " ( really Ouros ) and encountered Narud , who was Ouros 's jailer . After a difficult battle Narud 's forces were overpowered and Narud was cornered by not only Artanis Kerrigan and Raynor , but Alexei Stukov , who called him " Duran . " He asked Duran if he remembered what he had done to him , and Narud assumed Stukov was simply there to gloat . Stukov said " No , I 'm here to say good night you son of a bitch . " ( an echo of the words Duran had said right before shooting him ) . He then shot Narud with a psychic blast , finishing him for good . = = = Ouros = = = Ouros was one of the xel 'naga who helped construct the material universe and seed it with life to perpetuate the Infinite Cycle . At some point , he was captured by Amon while the rest of his race was extinguished . He was chained in the Void , which was twisted to the will of Amon . However , he could still subtly influence the material universe , leaving clues to help guide his creations to rescue him by using Tassadar 's form ( Zeratul and Artanis ) and voices ( Kerrigan ) = = Merchandise = = The characters of StarCraft have been popular enough to inspire the creation of several collectable statues and toys . The first series of statues was released by ToyCom in 2003 , consisting of a firebat with markings similar to some original StarCraft concept art for the firebat , a hydralisk and one of Tassadar with a ceremonial sword , which is also seen in concept art for the original game . A series of toys were also made available in 1998 , featuring two variations of the marine , another hydralisk and a Protoss zealot . In addition , 1 / 30 scale model kits for the marine and hydralisk were released in 1999 by Academy Hobby Model Kits . A second series of collectable statues , which included infested Kerrigan , Zeratul and a Terran ghost , was in development but appears to have been cancelled . However , upon announcement of StarCraft II in 2007 , Blizzard released a new collectable statue depicting Wings of Libery mascot character Tychus Findlay . = = Critical reception = = The characters and story of the StarCraft series have been received with praise and only minute criticism by many game reviewers . The GameSpot review of StarCraft described the voice acting as " great " , stating that it brings the characters to life . GameSpot goes further in the review for Brood War , commenting that the story and dialogue is with only a few exceptions " brilliantly written " and " one of the year 's best stories in any gaming genre " . The reviewer of StarCraft for IGN praises the melding of the story into the gameplay and implies that the development of the characters during the course of the story , particularly that of Kerrigan , is unforgettable . In addition , the review of Brood War puts the storyline as " solid " . Gaming Revolution echoed this praise , saying the plot is " fantastic " , but the reviewer added that he felt it was " over too quickly " . At GamePro.com , the reviewer cited that he felt " the characters were talking to me " and even expressed a development of an emotional attachment to the character of Raynor . Electric Playground put the story as the best part of the game , if a little derivative , but described the voice acting as " really quite excellent " . = Star Wars = Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of various characters " a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away " . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars , ( subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope in 1981 ) by 20th Century Fox , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by the similarly successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) ; these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was later released between 1999 and 2005 , which received a more mixed reaction from critics and fans in comparison to the original trilogy . A sequel trilogy is also currently being produced with the first installment as The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . All seven films were nominated for or won Academy Awards , as well as being commercial successes , with a combined box office revenue of $ 6 @.@ 46 billion , making Star Wars the fourth highest @-@ grossing film series . The series has spawned an extensive media franchise — the Star Wars expanded universe — including books , television series , computer and video games , and comic books , resulting in significant development of the series 's fictional universe . Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the " Most successful film merchandising franchise . " In 2012 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $ 30 @.@ 7 billion , including box @-@ office receipts as well as profits from their video games and DVD sales . In 2012 , The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $ 4 @.@ 06 billion and announced three new Star Wars films ; the first film of that trilogy , Star Wars : The Force Awakens , was released in 2015 . 20th Century Fox retains the physical distribution rights to the first two Star Wars trilogies , owning permanent rights for the original 1977 film and holding the rights to Episodes I – III , V and VI until May 2020 . Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films , excluding A New Hope . = = Setting = = The events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in a fictional galaxy . Many species of alien creatures ( often humanoid ) are depicted . Robotic droids are also commonplace and are generally built to serve their owners . Space travel is common , and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government . In the prequel trilogy , this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic ; at the end of the prequel trilogy and throughout the original trilogy , this government is the Galactic Empire . Preceding and during the sequel trilogy , this government is the New Republic . One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is " the Force " , an omnipresent energy that can be harnessed by those with that ability , known as Force @-@ sensitives . It is described in the first produced film as " an energy field created by all living things [ that ] surrounds us , penetrates us , [ and ] binds the galaxy together . " The Force allows users to perform various supernatural feats ( such as telekinesis , clairvoyance , precognition , and mind control ) and can amplify certain physical traits , such as speed and reflexes ; these abilities vary between characters and can be improved through training . While the Force can be used for good , known as the light side , it also has a dark side that , when pursued , imbues users with hatred , aggression , and malevolence . The seven films feature the Jedi , who adhere to the light side of the Force to serve as peacekeepers and guardians , and the Sith , who use the dark side of the Force for evil in an attempt to destroy the Jedi Order and the Republic and rule the galaxy for themselves . = = Theatrical films = = The first film in the series , Star Wars , was released on May 25 , 1977 . This was followed by two sequels : The Empire Strikes Back , released on May 21 , 1980 , and Return of the Jedi , released on May 25 , 1983 . The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as " Episode V " and " Episode VI " respectively , though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles . Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars , with its 1981 re @-@ release it had the subtitle Episode IV : A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel , and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga . In 1997 , to correspond with the 20th anniversary of the original film , Lucas released a " Special Edition " of the Star Wars trilogy to theaters . The re @-@ release featured alterations to the three films , primarily motivated by the improvement of CGI and other special effects technologies , which allowed visuals that were not possible to achieve at the time of the original filmmaking . Lucas continued to make changes to the films for subsequent releases , such as the first ever DVD release of the original trilogy on September 21 , 2004 , and the first ever Blu @-@ ray release of all six films on September 16 , 2011 . Reception of the Special Edition was mixed , prompting petitions and fan edits to produce restored copies of the original trilogy . More than two decades after the release of the original film , the series continued with a prequel trilogy ; consisting of Episode I : The Phantom Menace , released on May 19 , 1999 ; Episode II : Attack of the Clones , released on May 16 , 2002 ; and Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , released on May 19 , 2005 . On August 15 , 2008 , Star Wars : The Clone Wars was released theatrically as a lead @-@ in to the animated TV series of the same name . Star Wars : The Force Awakens was released on December 18 , 2015 . On January 26 , 2016 , Variety reported that Disney executives were meeting with cable outlets Turner , FX Networks , Viacom , NBCUniversal , A & E Networks and AMC Networks to have a discussion on purchasing the free @-@ TV rights to the first six Star Wars movies . = = = Saga films = = = = = = Other films = = = = = = Plot overview = = = = = = = Original trilogy = = = = The original trilogy begins with the Galactic Empire nearing completion of the Death Star space station , which will allow the Empire to crush the Rebel Alliance , an organized resistance formed to combat Emperor Palpatine 's tyranny . Palpatine 's Sith apprentice Darth Vader captures Princess Leia , a member of the rebellion who has stolen the plans to the Death Star and hidden them in the astromech droid R2 @-@ D2 . R2 , along with his protocol droid counterpart C @-@ 3PO , escapes to the desert planet Tatooine . There , the droids are purchased by farm boy Luke Skywalker and his step @-@ uncle and aunt . While Luke is cleaning R2 , he accidentally triggers a message put into the droid by Leia , who asks for assistance from the legendary Jedi Knight Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi . Luke later assists the droids in finding the exiled Jedi , who is now passing as an old hermit under the alias Ben Kenobi . When Luke asks about his father , whom he has never met , Obi @-@ Wan tells him that Anakin Skywalker was a great Jedi who was betrayed and murdered by Vader . Obi @-@ Wan and Luke hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co @-@ pilot Chewbacca to take them to Alderaan , Leia 's home world , which they eventually find has been destroyed by the Death Star . Once on board the space station , Luke and Han rescue Leia while Obi @-@ Wan allows himself to be killed during a lightsaber duel with Vader ; his sacrifice allows the group to escape with the plans that help the Rebels destroy the Death Star . Luke himself ( guided by the power of the Force ) fires the shot that destroys the deadly space station during the Battle of Yavin . Three years later , Luke travels to find the Jedi Master Yoda , now living in exile on the swamp @-@ infested world of Dagobah , to begin his Jedi training . However , Luke 's training is interrupted when Vader lures him into a trap by capturing Han and his friends at Cloud City . During a fierce lightsaber duel , Vader reveals that he is Luke 's father and attempts to turn him to the dark side of the Force . Luke escapes and , after rescuing Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt , returns to Yoda to complete his training ; only to find the 900 @-@ year @-@ old Jedi Master on his deathbed . Before he dies , Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke 's father . Moments later , the Force ghost of Obi @-@ Wan tells Luke that he must confront his father once again before he can become a Jedi , and that Leia is his twin sister . As the Rebels attack the second Death Star , Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as the Emperor watches ; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side and take him as their apprentice . During the duel , Luke succumbs to his anger and brutally overpowers Vader , but controls himself at the last minute ; realizing that he is about to suffer his father 's fate , he spares Vader 's life and proudly declares his allegiance to the Jedi . An enraged Palpatine then attempts to kill Luke with Force lightning , a sight that moves Vader to turn and kill the Emperor , suffering mortal wounds in the process . Redeemed , Anakin Skywalker dies in his son 's arms . Luke becomes a full @-@ fledged Jedi , and the Rebels destroy the second Death Star . = = = = Prequel trilogy = = = = The prequel trilogy begins 32 years before the original film , with the corrupt Trade Federation setting up a blockade of battleships around the planet Naboo . The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego , Senator Palpatine , a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic . At the Chancellor 's request , the Jedi Knight Qui @-@ Gon Jinn and his apprentice , a younger Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi , are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation . However , the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo , Padmé Amidala , escape from the blockade and plead her planet 's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant . When their starship is damaged during the escape , they land on Tatooine for repairs , where Qui @-@ Gon discovers a nine @-@ year @-@ old Anakin Skywalker . Qui @-@ Gon comes to believe that Anakin is the " Chosen One " foretold by Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force , and he helps liberate the boy from slavery . The Jedi Council , led by Yoda , reluctantly allows Obi @-@ Wan to train Anakin after Qui @-@ Gon is killed by Palpatine 's first apprentice , Darth Maul , during the Battle of Naboo . The remainder of the prequel trilogy , set a decade later , chronicles Anakin 's gradual descent to the dark side as he fights in the Clone Wars , which Palpatine secretly engineers to destroy the Jedi Order and lure Anakin into his service . Anakin and Padmé fall in love and secretly wed , and eventually Padmé becomes pregnant . Anakin has a prophetic vision of Padmé dying in childbirth , and Palpatine convinces him that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save her life . Desperate , Anakin submits to Palpatine 's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader . While Palpatine re @-@ organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire , Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order , culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and Obi @-@ Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Obi @-@ Wan defeats his former apprentice and friend , severing his limbs and leaving him to burn to death on the shores of a lava flow . Palpatine arrives shortly afterward and saves Vader by placing him into a mechanical black mask and suit of armor that serves as a permanent life support system . At the same time , Padmé dies while giving birth to twins Luke and Leia . Obi @-@ Wan and Yoda , now the only remaining Jedi alive , agree to separate the twins and keep them hidden from both Vader and the Emperor ; until the time comes when Anakin 's children can be used to help overthrow the Empire . = = = = Sequel trilogy = = = = Approximately 30 years after the destruction of the second Death Star , Luke Skywalker , the last Jedi , has vanished . The First Order has risen from the fallen Empire and seeks to destroy Luke and the New Republic , while the Resistance , a small force backed by the Republic and led by the former princess of Alderaan , General Leia Organa , opposes them . On the planet Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map that leads to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren , the son of Han Solo and Leia , capture Poe . His droid BB @-@ 8 escapes with the map and encounters a scavenger , Rey . Ren tortures Poe and learns of BB @-@ 8 . Stormtrooper FN @-@ 2187 finds himself unable to kill for the First Order , and he frees Poe . The two escape in a TIE fighter ; Poe dubs FN @-@ 2187 " Finn " . They crash on Jakku , and Poe appears to die in the process . Finn encounters Rey and BB @-@ 8 , but the First Order locates them , so they escape the planet in a stolen ship : the Millennium Falcon . After leaving Jakku , the Falcon is recaptured by Han Solo and Chewbacca , who have stepped away from the Resistance and resumed their lives as smugglers . The five companions travel to Takodana to meet with Maz Kanata . While there , Rey finds the lightsaber that previously belonged Anakin and Luke Skywalker , and upon touching it , brushes with the Force . Maz 's castle is attacked by the First Order . Finn , Han , and Chewbacca are saved by a group of Resistance pilots led by Poe , who survived the crash on Jakku , but Rey is captured by Ren and taken to Starkiller Base . After reuniting with Leia and the Resistance on D 'Qar , Han , Finn , and Chewbacca travel to Starkiller Base to free Rey and disable the planet 's shields , which will allow Resistance pilots to destroy it . Rey is tortured by Ren , but her Force sensitivity allows her to resist him . She escapes by using a Jedi mind trick on her guard and reunites with Han , Finn , and Chewbacca , but the group encounters Ren . Han confronts his son , calling him by his birth name , Ben Solo , and asking him to come home . Ren momentarily appears to be swayed towards the light side , but then ignites his lightsaber and kills Han . Resistance pilots begin to bombard the base . Finn and Rey escape the base and encounter Ren . Finn takes up Anakin 's lightsaber , only to be badly wounded by Ren . Rey Force pulls the lightsaber to her , and fights and wounds Ren , but the two are separated by a rift . Rey , Finn , and Chewbacca escape the imploding planet on the Falcon and return to the Resistance . A wounded Finn stays on D 'Qar , while Rey , Chewbacca , and R2 @-@ D2 use the map to find Luke Skywalker on the planet Ahch @-@ To , where Rey presents a silent Luke with his old lightsaber . = = = Themes = = = The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Nazi stormtroopers ( see also Sturmabteilung ) . Imperial officers ' uniforms also resemble some historical German Army uniforms ( see Wehrmacht ) and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black clad SS down to the imitation silver death 's head insignia on their officer 's caps . World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars ; examples include the planets Kessel ( a term that refers to a group of encircled forces ) , Hoth ( Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow laden Eastern Front ) , and Tatooine ( Tataouine - a province south of Tunis in Tunisia , roughly where Lucas filmed for the planet ; Libya was a WWII arena of war ) . Palpatine being Chancellor before becoming Emperor mirrors Adolf Hitler 's role as Chancellor before appointing himself Dictator . The Great Jedi Purge alludes to the events of The Holocaust , the Great Purge , the Cultural Revolution , and the Night of the Long Knives . In addition , Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte , and Adolf Hitler . The final medal awarding scene in A New Hope , however , references Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will . The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights . Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire , J. J. Abrams , the director of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , has said that the First Order , an Imperial offshoot which will possibly serve as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy , is also inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime . Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again . Aside from its well known science fictional technology , Star Wars features elements such as knighthood , chivalry , and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre . The Star Wars world , unlike fantasy and science @-@ fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings , was portrayed as dirty and grimy . Lucas ' vision of a " used future " was further popularized in the science fiction @-@ horror films Alien , which was set on a dirty space freighter ; Mad Max 2 , which is set in a post @-@ apocalyptic desert ; and Blade Runner , which is set in a crumbling , dirty city of the future . Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films , and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels . Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship . Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 . The plot climax of Star Wars is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire . = = = Technical information = = = All seven films of the Star Wars series were shot in an aspect ratio of 2 @.@ 39 : 1 . The original and sequel trilogies were shot with anamorphic lenses . Episodes IV , V , and VII were shot in Panavision , while Episode VI was shot in Joe Dunton Camera ( JDC ) scope . Episode I was shot with Hawk anamorphic lenses on Arriflex cameras , and Episodes II and III were shot with Sony 's CineAlta high @-@ definition digital cameras . Lucas hired Ben Burtt to oversee the sound effects on the original 1977 film . Burtt 's accomplishment was such that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented him with a Special Achievement Award because it had no award at the time for the work he had done . Lucasfilm developed the THX sound reproduction standard for Return of the Jedi . John Williams composed the scores for all seven films . Lucas ' design for Star Wars involved a grand musical sound , with leitmotifs for different characters and important concepts . Williams ' Star Wars title theme has become one of the most famous and well @-@ known musical compositions in modern music history . Lucas hired ' the Dean of Special Effects ' John Stears , who created R2 @-@ D2 , Luke Skywalker 's Landspeeder , the Jedi Knights ' lightsabers , and the Death Star . The technical lightsaber choreography for the original trilogy was developed by leading filmmaking sword @-@ master Bob Anderson . Anderson trained actor Mark Hamill ( Luke Skywalker ) and performed all the sword stunts as Darth Vader during the lightsaber duels in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , wearing Vader 's costume . Anderson 's role in the original Star Wars trilogy was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade , where he shares his experiences as the fight choreographer developing the lightsaber techniques for the movies . = = = Production history = = = = = = = Original trilogy = = = = In 1971 , Universal Studios agreed to make American Graffiti and Star Wars in a two @-@ picture contract , although Star Wars was later rejected in its early concept stages . American Graffiti was completed in 1973 and , a few months later , Lucas wrote a short summary called " The Journal of the Whills " , which told the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a " Jedi @-@ Bendu " space commando by the legendary Mace Windy . Frustrated that his story was too difficult to understand , Lucas then began writing a 13 @-@ page treatment called The Star Wars on April 17 , 1973 , which had thematic parallels with Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress . By 1974 , he had expanded the treatment into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller . For the second draft , Lucas made heavy simplifications , and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . " The Force " was also introduced as a mystical energy field . The next draft removed the father character and replaced him with a substitute named Ben Kenobi , and in 1976 a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography . The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller , as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . During production , Lucas changed Luke 's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars . At that point , Lucas was not expecting the film to become part of a series . The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes that made it more satisfying as a self @-@ contained film , ending with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star . However , Lucas had previously conceived of the film as the first in a series of adventures . Later , he realized the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence , but a film in the second trilogy in the saga . This is stated explicitly in George Lucas ' preface to the 1994 reissue of Splinter of the Mind 's Eye : It wasn 't long after I began writing Star Wars that I realized the story was more than a single film could hold . As the saga of the Skywalkers and Jedi Knights unfolded , I began to see it as a tale that could take at least nine films to tell — three trilogies — and I realized , in making my way through the back story and after story , that I was really setting out to write the middle story . The second draft contained a teaser for a never @-@ made sequel about " The Princess of Ondos " , and by the time of the third draft some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels . Not long after , Lucas met with author Alan Dean Foster , and hired him to write these two sequels as novels . The intention was that if Star Wars was successful , Lucas could adapt the novels into screenplays . He had also by that point developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . When Star Wars proved successful , Lucas decided to use the film as the basis for an elaborate serial , although at one point he considered walking away from the series altogether . However , Lucas wanted to create an independent filmmaking center — what would become Skywalker Ranch — and saw an opportunity to use the series as a financing agent . Alan Dean Foster had already begun writing the first sequel novel , but Lucas decided to abandon his plan to adapt Foster 's work ; the book was released as Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following year . At first , Lucas envisioned a series of films with no set number of entries , like the James Bond series . In an interview with Rolling Stone in August 1977 , he said that he wanted his friends to each take a turn at directing the films and giving unique interpretations on the series . He also said that the backstory in which Darth Vader turns to the dark side , kills Luke 's father and fights Ben Kenobi on a volcano as the Galactic Republic falls would make an excellent sequel . Later that year , Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . The treatment is similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . In the first draft that Brackett would write from this , Luke 's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke . Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the " Episode " numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . He also took the script to a darker extreme by having Han Solo imprisoned in carbonite and left in limbo . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978 , and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was separate from Luke 's father ; there is not a single reference to this plot point before 1978 . After writing the second and third drafts of Empire Strikes Back in which the point was introduced , Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created : Anakin Skywalker was Ben Kenobi 's brilliant student and had a child named Luke , but was swayed to the dark side by Emperor Palpatine ( who became a Sith and not simply a politician ) . Anakin battled Ben Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was wounded , but then resurrected as Darth Vader . Meanwhile , Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Republic became the Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan , who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , was then hired to write the next drafts , and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . By the time he began writing Episode VI in 1981 ( then titled Revenge of the Jedi ) , much had changed . Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly , and Lucas ' personal life was disintegrating . Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films , he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine . Lucas ' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke — and in the second script , the " revised rough draft " , Vader became a sympathetic character . Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and , in these final drafts , Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked . This change in character would provide a springboard to the " Tragedy of Darth Vader " storyline that underlies the prequels . = = = = Prequel trilogy = = = = After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987 , Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars , and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . At that point , the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of " The Star Wars " . Nevertheless , technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas , and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20 @-@ year @-@ old material . After Star Wars became popular once again , in the wake of Dark Horse 's comic book line and Timothy Zahn 's trilogy of novels , Lucas saw that there was still a large audience . His children were older , and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing . By 1993 , it was announced , in Variety among other sources , that he would be making the prequels . He began penning more to the story , now indicating the series would be a tragic one examining Anakin Skywalker 's fall to the dark side . Lucas also began to change how the prequels would exist relative to the originals ; at first they were supposed to be a " filling @-@ in " of history tangential to the originals , but now he saw that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a " Saga " . In 1994 , Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel , titled Episode I : The Beginning . Following the release of that film , Lucas announced that he would also be directing the next two , and began work on Episode II , The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography , and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales , a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , to polish it . Unsure of a title , Lucas had jokingly called the film " Jar Jar 's Great Adventure " . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the " Clone Wars " mentioned by Princess Leia in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi . The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II , with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis . Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released , offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles . As he reviewed the storyline that summer , however , he says he radically re @-@ organized the plot . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re @-@ writing his entire turn to the dark side ; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé 's life , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re @-@ write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick @-@ ups in 2004 . Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series ; much of it stemmed from the post ‐ 1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon . Michael Kaminski explained that these exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure . Kaminski rationalized that since the series ' story radically changed throughout the years , it was always Lucas ' intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective . When congratulating the producers of the TV series Lost in 2010 , Lucas himself jokingly admitted , " when Star Wars first came out , I didn 't know where it was going either . The trick is to pretend you 've planned the whole thing out in advance . Throw in some father issues and references to other stories – let 's call them homages – and you 've got a series " . = = = = Sequel trilogy = = = = A sequel trilogy was reportedly planned ( Episodes VII , VIII and IX ) by Lucasfilm as a sequel to the original Star Wars trilogy ( Episodes IV , V and VI ) , released between 1977 and 1983 . While the similarly discussed Star Wars prequel trilogy ( Episodes I , II and III ) was ultimately released between 1999 and 2005 , Lucasfilm and George Lucas had for many years denied plans for a sequel trilogy , insisting that Star Wars is meant to be a six @-@ part series . In May 2008 ( 2008 @-@ 05 ) , speaking about the upcoming Star Wars : The Clone Wars film , Lucas maintained his status on the sequel trilogy : " I get asked all the time , ' What happens after Return of the Jedi ? , ' and there really is no answer for that . The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . " In January 2012 , Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films . Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire , Lucas said : " Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are ? " Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen , George Lucas began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films in 2011 . In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015 . Later , it was revealed that the three new upcoming films ( Episodes VII @-@ IX ) would be based on story treatments that had been written by George Lucas prior to the sale of Lucasfilm . The co @-@ chairman of Lucasfilm , Kathleen Kennedy became president of the company , reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn . In addition , Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films , with franchise creator and Lucasfilm founder Lucas serving as creative consultant . The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt , but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J. J. Abrams . On January 25 , 2013 , The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J. J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII 's director and producer , along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions . On November 20 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg will write and produce Episodes VIII and IX . Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films , in addition to writing stand @-@ alone films . In addition , John Williams , who wrote the music for the previous six episodes , has been hired to compose the music for Episodes VII , VIII and IX . On March 12 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions . Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX , but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment . When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview , Johnson said " it 's boring to talk about , because the only thing I can really say is , I 'm just happy . I don 't have the terror I kind of expected I would , at least not yet . I 'm sure I will at some point . " It was originally scheduled to be released on May 26 , 2017 , but it 's delayed for December 15 , 2017 . J. J. Abrams will serve as executive producer . = = = = Anthology series = = = = On February 5 , 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two stand @-@ alone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . On February 6 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Disney is working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the stand @-@ alone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the stand @-@ alone films will not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , " George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin @-@ off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the stand @-@ alone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . " In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kathleen Kennedy announced that the stand @-@ alone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series . = = = = = Rogue One = = = = = In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced that Gareth Edwards would direct the first anthology film , to be released on December 16 , 2016 , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , with Felicity Jones , Ben Mendelsohn and Diego Luna starring . On April 19 , 2015 , a teaser trailer was shown exclusively during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration . Lucasfilm also announced that filming would begin in the summer of 2015 . The plot will revolve around a group of rebels on a mission to steal the Death Star plans ; director Edwards stated , " It comes down to a group of individuals who don 't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy . " Additionally , Kathleen Kennedy and Kiri Hart confirmed that the stand @-@ alone films will be labeled as " anthology films " . Edwards stated that the style of the film will be similar to that of a war film , stating , " It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . " = = = = = Untitled Han Solo Anthology film = = = = = On July 7 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced , via StarWars.com , that a second Anthology film , which " focuses on how young Han Solo became the smuggler , thief , and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley " , would be released on May 25 , 2018 . The project will be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence and Jon Kasdan . Kathleen Kennedy will produce the film , Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin will executive produce , and Will Allegra will co @-@ produce . The Hollywood Reporter stated when reporting the story , that the film is separate to the film that was originally being developed by Josh Trank . That film has now been pushed back to an unconfirmed date . Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Dave Franco , Jack Reynor , Scott Eastwood , Logan Lerman , Emory Cohen , Jack O 'Connell , Alden Ehrenreich , Taron Egerton and Blake Jenner were among the actors who were in final considerations for the role of Han Solo . The Wrap reported that Chewbacca will appear . On May 5 , 2016 , Deadline reported that Ehrenreich was cast as Solo in the film , In July 2016 , Ehrenreich was confirmed by Kennedy at the Star Wars Celebration . That same month , New York Daily News reports that the studio will developing a Han Solo trilogy . Kasdan has stated that filming will start in January 2017 . = = = = = Untitled Anthology film = = = = = A third Anthology film rumored to focus on Boba Fett will be released in 2020 . = = = = 3D releases = = = = At a ShoWest convention in 2005 , Lucas demonstrated new technology and stated that he planned to release the six films in a new 3D film format , beginning with A New Hope in 2007 . However , by January 2007 , Lucasfilm stated on StarWars.com that " there are no definitive plans or dates for releasing the Star Wars saga in 3 @-@ D. " At Celebration Europe in July 2007 , Rick McCallum confirmed that Lucasfilm was " planning to take all six films and turn them into 3 @-@ D " , but they are " waiting for the companies out there that are developing this technology to bring it down to a cost level that makes it worthwhile for everybody " . In July 2008 , Jeffrey Katzenberg , the CEO of DreamWorks Animation , revealed that Lucas planned to redo all six of the movies in 3D . In late September 2010 , it was announced that The Phantom Menace would be theatrically re @-@ released in 3 @-@ D on February 10 , 2012 . The plan was to re @-@ release all six films in order , with the 3 @-@ D conversion process taking up to a year to complete for each film . However , the 3D re @-@ releases of episodes II and III were postponed to enable Lucasfilm to concentrate on Episode VII . = = Cast and crew = = = = = Cast = = = = = = Crew and other = = = = = Reception = = = = = Box office performance = = = = = = Critical and public response = = = = = = Academy Awards = = = The seven films together have been nominated for 27 Academy Awards , of which they won seven . The films were also awarded a total of three Special Achievement Awards . = = In other media = = The term Expanded Universe ( EU ) is an umbrella term for officially licensed Star Wars material outside of the six feature films . The material expands the stories told in the films , taking place anywhere from 25 @,@ 000 years before The Phantom Menace to 140 years after Return of the Jedi . The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics ' Star Wars # 7 in January 1978 ( the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film ) , followed quickly by Alan Dean Foster 's novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following month . Despite Disney 's acquisition of the product , George Lucas retains artistic control over the Star Wars universe . For example , the death of central characters and similar changes in the status quo requires his approval before authors were allowed to proceed . In addition , Lucasfilm Licensing and the new Lucasfilm Story Group devote efforts to ensure continuity between the works of various authors across companies . Elements of the Expanded Universe have been adopted by Lucas for use in the films , such as the name of capital planet Coruscant , which first appeared in Timothy Zahn 's novel Heir to the Empire before being used in The Phantom Menace . Additionally , Lucas so liked the character Aayla Secura , who was introduced in Dark Horse Comics ' Star Wars series , that he included her as a character in Attack of the Clones . A radio adaptation of the original 1977 film was first broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 . The adaptation was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden . It was followed by adaptations of The Empire Strikes Back in 1983 and Return of the Jedi in 1996 . The adaptations included background material created by Lucas but not used in the films . Mark Hamill , Anthony Daniels , and Billy Dee Williams reprised their roles as Luke Skywalker , C @-@ 3PO , and Lando Calrissian , respectively , except in Return of the Jedi in which Luke was played by Joshua Fardon and Lando by Arye Gross . The series also used John Williams ' original score from the films and Ben Burtt 's original sound designs . While Lucasfilm strived to maintain internal consistency between the films and television content with the expanded universe , only the films and the second Clone Wars television series are regarded as absolute canon , since Lucas worked on them directly . On April 25 , 2014 — anticipating future film installments — the company announced that they had devised a " story group " to oversee and co @-@ ordinate all creative development . The first new on @-@ screen canon to be produced will be the television series Star Wars Rebels . Previous EU titles will be reprinted under the " Legends " banner . = = = Other films = = = In addition to the two trilogies and the The Clone Wars film , several other authorized films have been produced : Star Wars Holiday Special , a 1978 two @-@ hour television special , broadcast only once on CBS and never released to home video . Notable for the introduction of Boba Fett . Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure , a 1984 American made @-@ for @-@ TV film — released theatrically overseas . Ewoks : The Battle for Endor , a 1985 American made @-@ for @-@ TV film — released theatrically overseas , sequel to Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure . Lego Star Wars : Revenge of the Brick , a 2005 animated parody short film based on Revenge of the Sith . Lego Star Wars : The Quest for R2 @-@ D2 , a 2009 official comedy spoof primarily based on The Clone Wars film . = = = Television series = = = Following the success of the Star Wars films and their subsequent merchandising , several animated television series have been created : Star Wars : Droids ; also known as Droids : The Adventures of R2 @-@ D2 and C @-@ 3PO , which premiered in September 1985 , focused on the travels of R2 @-@ D2 and C @-@ 3PO as they shift through various owners / masters , and vaguely fills in the gaps between the events of Episode III and Episode IV . Star Wars : Ewoks ; also known as Ewoks , was simultaneously released in September 1985 and focused on the adventures of Wicket and various other recognizable Ewok characters from the original trilogy in the years leading up to Episode VI . Star Wars : Clone Wars ; an animated micro @-@ series created by Genndy Tartakovsky ( Dexter 's Laboratory , Samurai Jack , etc . ) , which aired on Cartoon Network from November 2003 to March 2005 . Star Wars : The Clone Wars ; a CGI @-@ animated series based on the animated film of the same name , which aired on Cartoon Network from October 2008 to March 2013 . The final season of the series aired on Netflix in March 2014 . Star Wars Rebels ; a CGI @-@ animated series set between Episode III and Episode IV , which premiered as a special on Disney Channel and began airing on Disney XD in October 2014 . Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles , an animated comedy mini @-@ series that aired on Cartoon Network in 2013 and Disney XD in 2014 . Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales , another animated comedy mini @-@ series that aired on Disney XD from July to November 2015 . Star Wars Detours , an animated comedy series written by Brendan Hay , who is a writer for the comedy news program The Daily Show , and with creative consulting from the co @-@ creators of Robot Chicken : Seth Green and Matthew Senreich . The series will take place during the original trilogy and the setting will be remote from the front line of war . Following the Disney purchase , this series was put on indefinite hold . A live @-@ action television project has been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm since 2005 , when George Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies . The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the aftermath of the fall of the Republic . Approximately fifty scripts have been written – Ronald D. Moore was one of the project 's enlisted writers – and , as of December 2015 , are still in possible development at Lucasfilm . = = = Literature = = = Star Wars @-@ based fiction predates the release of the first film , with the 1976 novelization of Star Wars ( ghost @-@ written by Alan Dean Foster and credited to Lucas ) . Foster 's 1978 novel , Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , was the first Expanded Universe work to be released . In addition to filling in the time between the original 1977 film and The Empire Strikes Back , this additional content greatly expanded the Star Wars timeline before and after the film series . Star Wars fiction flourished during the time of the original trilogy ( 1977 – 83 ) but slowed to a trickle afterwards . In 1992 , however , Timothy Zahn 's Thrawn trilogy debuted , sparking a new interest in the Star Wars universe . Since then , several hundred tie @-@ in novels have been published by Bantam and Del Rey . A similar resurgence in the Expanded Universe occurred in 1996 with the Steve Perry novel Shadows of the Empire , set in between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , and accompanying video game and comic book series . LucasBooks radically changed the face of the Star Wars universe with the introduction of the New Jedi Order series , which takes place some 20 years after Return of the Jedi and stars a host of new characters alongside series originals . For younger audiences , three series have been introduced . The Jedi Apprentice series follows the adventures of Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi and his master Qui @-@ Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace . The Jedi Quest series follows the adventures of Obi @-@ Wan and his apprentice Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . The Last of the Jedi series follows the adventures of Obi @-@ Wan and another surviving Jedi almost immediately , set in between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope . Following Disney 's purchase of the franchise , Disney Publishing Worldwide also announced that Del Rey would publish a new line of canon Star Wars books under the Lucasfilm Story Group being released starting in September on a bi @-@ monthly schedule . The Star Wars Legends banner would be used for those Extended Universe materials that are in print . Marvel Comics published Star Wars comic book series and adaptations from 1977 to 1986 . A wide variety of creators worked on this series , including Roy Thomas , Archie Goodwin , Howard Chaykin , Al Williamson , Carmine Infantino , Gene Day , Walt Simonson , Michael Golden , Chris Claremont , Whilce Portacio , Jo Duffy , and Ron Frenz . The Los Angeles Times Syndicate published a Star Wars newspaper strip by Russ Manning , Goodwin and Williamson with Goodwin writing under a pseudonym . In the late 1980s , Marvel announced it would publish a new Star Wars comic by Tom Veitch and Cam Kennedy . However , in December 1991 , Dark Horse Comics acquired the Star Wars license and used it to launch a number of ambitious sequels to the original trilogy instead , including the popular Dark Empire stories . They have since gone on to publish a large number of original adventures set in the Star Wars universe . There have also been parody comics , including Tag and Bink . On January 3 , 2014 , Marvel Comics — itself a Disney subsidiary since 2009 — announced that it would once again publish Star Wars comic books and graphic novels , taking over from Dark Horse , with the first release arriving on January 14 , 2015 . = = = Games = = = Since 1977 , dozens of board , card , video , miniature , and tabletop role @-@ playing games , among other types , have been published bearing the Star Wars name , beginning in 1977 with the board game Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( not to be confused with another board game with the same title , published in 1990 ) . Star Wars video games commercialization started in 1982 with Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back published for the Atari 2600 by Parker Brothers . Since then , Star Wars has opened the way to a myriad of space @-@ flight simulation games , first @-@ person shooter games , role @-@ playing video games , RTS games , and others . Three different official tabletop role @-@ playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe : a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s , one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s . The best @-@ selling games so far are the Lego Star Wars and the Battlefront series , with 12 million and 10 million units respectively while the most critically acclaimed is the first Knights of the Old Republic . The most recently released games are Lego Star Wars : The Complete Saga , Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars , Star Wars : The Force Unleashed and Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II , for the PS3 , PSP , PS2 , Xbox 360 , Nintendo DS and Wii . While The Complete Saga focuses on all six episodes of the series , The Force Unleashed , of the same name of the multimedia project which it is a part of , takes place in the largely unexplored time period between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope and casts players as Darth Vader 's " secret apprentice " hunting down the remaining Jedi . The game features a new game engine , and was released on September 16 , 2008 in the United States . There are three more titles based on the Clone Wars which were released for the Nintendo DS ( Star Wars : The Clone Wars – Jedi Alliance ) and Wii ( Star Wars : The Clone Wars – Lightsaber Duels and Star Wars : The Clone Wars – Republic Heroes ) . Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first " blue " series , by Topps , in 1977 . Dozens of series have been produced , with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States . Some of the card series are of film stills , while others are original art . Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare " promos " , such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II " floating Yoda " P3 card often commanding US $ 1 000 or more . While most " base " or " common card " sets are plentiful , many " insert " or " chase cards " are very rare . From 1995 until 2001 , Decipher , Inc. had the license for , created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars ; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game ( also known as SWCCG ) . The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro : and Star Wars Risk : The Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) and Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) . From July 25 to August 15 , 2013 , Disney 's online game Club Penguin hosted a " Star Wars Takeover " event based on the films . On May 5 , 2015 , Disney announced a follow @-@ up game through Game Informer ; Disney Infinity 3 @.@ 0 , for release on Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U , iOS , PC , Xbox One and PlayStation 4 in 2015 , featuring characters from the Star Wars universe . = = = Fan works = = = The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non @-@ canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy . In recent years , this has ranged from writing fan @-@ fiction to creating fan films . In 2002 , Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards , officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre . Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues , however , the contest was initially open only to parodies , mockumentaries , and documentaries . Fan @-@ fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible , but in 2007 Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in @-@ universe fiction entries . While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story , they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon . However , the lead character from the Pink Five series was incorporated into Timothy Zahn 's 2007 novel Allegiance , marking the first time a fan @-@ created Star Wars character has ever crossed into the official canon . Lucasfilm , for the most part , has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan @-@ fiction works , so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way . = = Theme park attractions = = Before Disney 's acquisition of the franchise , George Lucas had established a partnership in 1986 with the company 's Walt Disney Imagineering division to create Star Tours , an attraction that opened at Disneyland in 1987 . The attraction also had subsequent incarnations at other Disney theme parks worldwide . The attractions at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios closed in 2010 , at Tokyo Disneyland in 2012 , and at Disneyland Paris in 2016 to allow the rides to be converted into Star Tours – The Adventures Continue . The successor attraction opened at Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disneyland in 2011 , and Tokyo Disneyland in 2013 . Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple is a live show where children are selected to learn the teachings of the Jedi Knights and the Force to become Padawan learners . The show is present at Disney 's Hollywood Studios and at the Tomorrowland Terrace at Disneyland . From 1997 to 2015 , Walt Disney World 's Disney 's Hollywood Studios park hosted an annual festival , Star Wars Weekends , during specific dates from May to June . Since August 2014 , after Disney bought the Star Wars franchise , the company has expressed plans to expand the franchise 's presence in all of their theme parks , which is rumored to include a major Star Wars @-@ themed expansion to Disney 's Hollywood Studios . When asked whether or not Disney has an intellectual property franchise that 's comparable to Harry Potter at Universal theme parks , Disney chairman and CEO Bob Iger mentioned Cars and the Disney Princesses , and promised that Star Wars , " is going to be just that . " Iger formally announced a 14 @-@ acre Star Wars @-@ themed land expansion at the D23 Expo in August 2015 . The land — which will debut at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios at an unspecified date — will include two new attractions inspired by the Millennium Falcon and " a climactic battle between the First Order and the resistance " . The two parks will also host a seasonal Star Wars @-@ themed event entitled Season of the Force , with Disneyland 's version beginning in November 16 , 2015 . Disneyland 's version will feature an updated Jedi Training Academy , a seasonal overlay for Space Mountain entitled " Hyperspace Mountain " , a new scene in Star Tours – The Adventures Continue set on Jakku , and the Star Wars Launch Bay , a new attraction featuring exhibits and meet @-@ and @-@ greets . = = Legacy = = The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern American pop culture . Both the films and characters have been parodied in numerous films and television . Notable film parodies of Star Wars include Hardware Wars , a 13 @-@ minute 1978 spoof which Lucas has called his favorite Star Wars parody , and Spaceballs , a feature film by Mel Brooks which featured effects done by Lucas ' Industrial Light & Magic . Lucasfilm itself made two mockumentaries : Return of the Ewok ( 1982 ) , about Warwick Davis , who portrayed Wicket W. Warrick in Return of the Jedi ; and R2 @-@ D2 : Beneath the Dome ( 2002 ) , which depicts R2 @-@ D2 's " life story " . There have also been many songs based on , and in , the Star Wars universe . " Weird Al " Yankovic recorded two parodies : " Yoda " , a parody of " Lola " by The Kinks ; and " The Saga Begins " , a parody of Don McLean 's song " American Pie " that retells the events of The Phantom Menace from Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi 's perspective . In television , the creators of the Robot Chicken series have produced three television specials satirizing the Star Wars films ( " Robot Chicken : Star Wars " , " Episode II " , and " III " ) , and are developing an animated comedy series based in the Star Wars universe . The creators of the Family Guy series have also produced three Star Wars specials titled " Blue Harvest " , " Something , Something , Something , Dark Side " and " It 's a Trap ! " . Following Disney 's accquisistion of the franchise , a Phineas and Ferb parody of Star Wars aired in the summer of 2014 . During the 2012 Emerald City Comicon in Seattle , Washington , several prominent cartoon voice actors , consisting of Rob Paulsen , Jess Harnell , John DiMaggio , Maurice LaMarche , Tara Strong and Kevin Conroy , performed a parody reading of A New Hope as a radio play in each of their signature voice roles ; i.e. Paulsen and Harnell as Yakko and Wakko Warner from Animaniacs , Strong as Bubbles from The Powerpuff Girls and Timmy Turner from The Fairly Oddparents , LaMarche and DiMaggio as Kif Kroker and Bender from Futurama , and Conroy narrating as Batman . When Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) , a system of lasers and missiles meant to intercept incoming ICBMs , the plan was quickly labeled " Star Wars " , implying that it was science fiction and linking it to Reagan 's acting career . According to Frances FitzGerald , Reagan was annoyed by this , but Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle told colleagues that he " thought the name was not so bad . " ; " ' Why not ? ' he said . ' It 's a good movie . Besides , the good guys won . ' " This gained further resonance when Reagan described the Soviet Union as an " evil empire " . In 2013 , Star Wars became the first major motion picture translated into the Navajo language . Between 2002 and 2004 , museums in Japan , Singapore , Scotland and England showcased the Art of Star Wars , an exhibit describing the process of making the Star Wars trilogy . During the winter of 2015 , Chicago based theater company , Under the Gun Theater developed a parody revue which recapped all six of the Star Wars films as a lead up to the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . " Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 . Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire — or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions — have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . = = = Organisms named after Star Wars characters = = = Characters and other fictional elements from Star Wars have inspired several scientific names of organisms . Examples include Midichloria , a genus of bacteria named after the fictional micro @-@ organisms midichlorians associated with the Force , Yoda purpurata , ( an acorn worm ) and Agathidium vaderi ( beetle ) , and Aptostichus sarlacc , a trapdoor spider named for the sarlacc , the pit @-@ dwelling creature on Tatooine . Other examples include : Han solo Turvey , 2005 , a species of trilobite from China . According to the scientific publication , the genus name Han refers to the Han Chinese , and the species name solo to the species being the youngest member of its family found to that date . However , Turvey has stated elsewhere that he named it after Han Solo because some friends dared him to name a species after a Star Wars character . Albunione yoda Markham & Boyko , 2003 , an isopod . Darthvaderum , an oribatid mite genus . Polemistus chewbacca and Polemistus vaderi , wasps . Wockia chewbacca Adamski , 2009 , a moth Peckoltia greedoi Armbruster , Werneke , & Tan , 2015 , a catfish named after Greedo = Stone Rollin ' = Stone Rollin ' is the fourth studio album by American recording artist Raphael Saadiq , released on March 25 , 2011 , by Columbia Records . Inspired by the loud , raw sound of his live performances , Saadiq worked with recording engineer and long @-@ time collaborator Chuck Brungardt to produce a grittier , more aggressive sound than on his previous records . Most of the instruments played on the album were performed by Saadiq , and with the help of arranger Paul Riser and engineer Gerry Brown , he incorporated string and orchestral arrangements to the songs . Stone Rollin ' expands on the traditional soul music style of his 2008 album The Way I See It , with songs incorporating rhythm and blues , rock , funk , and blues styles . A widespread critical success and deemed by some reviewers as Saadiq 's best work , the record was noted for its stylistic breadth , groove @-@ based compositions , varied subject matter , and incorporation of the Mellotron keyboard . It also became Saadiq 's highest @-@ charting album in the United States , reaching number 14 on the Billboard 200 . He supported the album with a concert tour spanning from March to August 2011 . = = Background = = In 2008 , Saadiq released his third album The Way I See It , which featured 1960s Motown Sound @-@ inspired songs with traditional soul music influences . The album was also an exemplary release of the " classic soul revival " during its peak at the time , a music scene marked by similarly retro @-@ minded work from mainstream artists such as Amy Winehouse and Adele , independent acts such as Sharon Jones & The Dap @-@ Kings and Mayer Hawthorne , and older artists making comebacks such as Al Green and Bettye LaVette . In promoting the album , Saadiq broadened his audience demographic and expanded as a touring artist , playing various music festivals throughout Europe and the United States . Along with the musical aesthetic of the album , Saadiq himself adopted a vintage soul image , donning old @-@ fashioned attire and performing traditional R & B dance moves at shows . His touring also inspired his approach for Stone Rollin ' , as he considered the louder , raw sound and general feeling of performing live . Saadiq has said of his creative intentions with the follow @-@ up , " I ’ ve never shut my ears to anything , really . It ’ s not like I ’ m always looking for things , either , but I can ’ t close my ears to any music . Any guitar , any drums , any rhythm section — I ’ ve always been open to those things , trying to understand what makes them work in a song " . He was influenced by early rock and roll artists such as Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley , and has cited blues musician Howlin ' Wolf as an influence on the album 's sound , which he described as " bluesy " and " harder " than that of his previous album , with more aggressive tempos . In an interview for BULLETT Magazine , Saadiq explained his idea of the album 's title , stating " Stone Rollin ' basically symbolizes the action of throwing dice and taking chances with life . That 's what I 've done my whole career — taking chances with different styles of music and making choices that other people would be afraid to take . Stone Rollin ' means I 'm going all the way out there this time " . = = Recording and production = = Saadiq recorded Stone Rollin ' at Blakeslee Recording Company , his recording studio complex in Los Angeles , California . He spent approximately one year working on the album , including writing its music and lyrics . He worked on the album 's production with recording engineer and long @-@ time collaborator Chuck Brungardt . The two shared an interest in collecting vintage musical gear and studying historic recording techniques , which they had applied in recording The Way I See It . However , for Stone Rollin ' , they sought to eschew its predecessor 's Motown aesthetic for a more eclectic style , in keeping with Saadiq 's other musical projects . According to Brungardt , the recording of the project 's earlier songs , " Heart Attack " , was critical in their decision for the album . The song was recorded during Saadiq 's break from touring for The Way I See It and had originally featured that album 's sound , with which they were not satisfied . When they revisited the song , Saadiq reconstructed the original recording after stripping track 's individually recorded instrument parts , with the exception of the vocals and some of its drums . In an interview for EQ Magazine , Brungardt said of their approach , " We wanted to evolve the songs , and I wanted to evolve the engineering , as well . On The Way I See It , everything was pretty much tube pre 's and tube compressors . On this one , I wanted to play around with some of the more solid @-@ state gear " . Some of the album 's songs were recorded by Saadiq with his live band , which included drummer Lemar Carter , bassist Calvin Turner , and guitarist Rob Bacon . Bacon , who had played with Saadiq since 2002 , said of their grittier approach to guitar , " I have relative pitch , as opposed to perfect pitch , so there 'd be times when I 'd spend 15 or 20 minutes tuning my instrument . Then he 'd come in and pick up his guitar and just start playing it however it was left the day before . On one of the tracks I had to play over all this stuff that was out of tune . Raphael was like , ' That 's what makes it funky ! ' " . Musical guests such as vocalist Yukimi Nagano , keyboardist Larry Dunn , bass player Larry Graham , keyboardist Amp Fiddler , and pedal steel guitarist Robert Randolph also contributed to the album 's recording sessions , with Saadiq selecting their parts for certain tracks . The song " Go to Hell " was conceived from one of Amp Fiddler 's Mellotron ideas . Saadiq recorded a duet with Graham called " The Perfect Storm " , included as a hidden track on the album : " I played bass , but I put my bass down [ laughs ] . The first day I tried to play bass for him , I couldn 't even play . I froze three times . He 's my all @-@ time idol ! " . For the majority of the recordings , Saadiq played most of the instruments , including bass , keyboard , guitar , Mellotron , percussion , and drums , and he also layered each recorded instrumental part afterwards . Brungardt used a Neumann U 47 microphone to record each of Saadiq 's instrument part . Saadiq recorded his vocals on a dynamic microphone alone in the recording studio 's control room , an approach encouraged to him earlier in his career by record producer and audio engineer Gerry Brown . According to Brungardt , " [ Saadiq 's ] voice benefits from a dynamic mic because it tends to give him more bottom and presence . Plus dynamic mics can sound a little older when pushed " . With the songs ' guitar parts , Brungardt wanted to create additional distortion in order to produce a grittier , guitar sound for the songs , a stylistic preference Saadiq and him had acquired from listening to a great deal of indie rock at the time . He applied several techniques to achieve this sound , including increasing the gain on Saadiq 's Fender Twin guitar amplifier , using a software plug @-@ in for the recordings in post @-@ production , and re @-@ amping Saadiq 's guitar parts . In his interview for EQ Magazine , Brungardt discussed using a Massey TapeHead , one of his preferred plug @-@ ins , in the recording process , stating " I ’ ll use that on a lot of things to get a little more grit . It thickens stuff up nicely if you record something that ’ s a little too bright . I usually go a lot for darker tones when recording and mixing " . For several songs , Saadiq incorporated lush orchestration and strings as predominant elements . He worked on the orchestral recording with arranger Paul Riser and Gerry Brown at Ocean Way Recording 's Studio B in Los Angeles , while the songs ' horn parts were mostly recorded at the Blakeslee studio . Brown also worked with Saadiq on the album 's tracking at Blakeslee . The album was mixed using Pro Tools in Blakeslee Recording Company 's Studio A , with the SSL 4000 used mostly for monitoring , and using the SSL 9000 in the " C " room . During mixing , Brungardt used equalization filters such as a McDSP FilterBank plug @-@ in and Waves Renaissance EQ to handle excessive high end in spots , and he utilized other equipment for additional sound effects , including a Line 6 Echo Farm , a Roland Space Echo , and an Echoplex clone . = = Music and lyrics = = Stone Rollin ' expands on the Motown @-@ inspired material of Saadiq 's previous album and includes various other R & B styles . Along with mid @-@ tempo soul songs , Stone Rollin ' features styles such as early R & B @-@ rooted rock and roll , rock @-@ inspired funk , Chess Records @-@ blues , and the more expansive orchestral sound of post @-@ Detroit Motown and 1970s Philadelphia soul . Disc jockey Chris Douridas described Saadiq 's sound as " a hybrid form that 's rooted in these familiar elements from classic soul but recontextualized with a modern sound " . Nick Butler of Sputnikmusic called the album 's songs " belters " and " guitar @-@ heavy " , and wrote of its musical influences , " While Prince informs the sound of this more than anybody , it 's a very early- ' 70s sounding album on the whole [ ... ] but there are influences that go back even further than that - Ray Charles and Little Richard in particular inform some of this record 's more energetic moments . " Los Angeles Times journalist Mikael Wood said of the album 's sound and production , " Where Saadiq 's previous efforts luxuriated in the layering and the fine @-@ tuning made possible by modern recording gear , Stone Rollin ' presents a rawer , rowdier soul @-@ rock sound modeled after his energetic stage show " . Music writer Robert Christgau said Saadiq 's compositions are characterized by " groove rather than song " . Andy Kellman of AllMusic wrote that the songs are " tied together by the Mellotron , a vintage keyboard — commonly associated with psychedelic and progressive rock recordings , but not foreign to soul — that evokes diseased flutes and wheezing strings " , adding that " Saadiq tends to use the instrument for shading " . Music journalist Jim DeRogatis observed " a little less Motown gloss " than The Way I See It and " a little more rock grit in Saadiq ’ s grooves , heavy on the Sly Stone ( witness the opening ' Heart Attack ' ) , late ' 50s / early ' 60s Isley Brothers ( the joyful ' Radio ' ) , and Ray Charles ( ' Day Dreams ' ) , to say nothing of the skillful use of Mellotron orchestrations as a connecting thread throughout the disc , sort of like the Moody Blues suddenly finding the funk ( ' The Answer ' ) . " Steve Horowitz from PopMatters found the songs ' subject matter to be assorted and said that Saadiq " personalizes each song so they seem connected as just the many aspects of one man ’ s existence and experience " . The opening track , " Heart Attack " , is a rock and roll / soul song that incorporates driving bass , reverberating rhythm guitar , and a four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor drum beat . It is an homage to one of Saadiq 's musical idols , Sly Stone , and was inspired by Sly and the Family Stone songs " M 'Lady " and " Dance to the Music " , whose burbling background vocals are referenced in " Heart Attack " . Saadiq said he wanted to open Stone Rollin ' " with that sense of urgency , that global soul and rock & roll feel " . On " Got to Hell " , he alludes to his adopted surname with the line " I 'm going to be a warrior of everything I say " ; " Saadiq " means " man of his word " in Arabic . He played a rockabilly style of guitar on " Radio " , which portrays a disapproving woman as the personification of mainstream radio : " I met this girl named Radio / said her signal was low / she wasn 't getting my sound " . According to Saadiq , the line " I tried to move away / she found me the very next day " alludes to his affinity for his musical roots and those of rock and roll . The album 's title track was written as an ode to curvaceous , full @-@ figured women , backed by a sound Saadiq described as " dirty , more of like a Chicago Blues , Rolling Stones dirty record ... the bluesiest joint " on the album . " Movin ' Down the Line " , an ode to a love unrequited , features mellow horns , jangling guitar , heavy bass lines , and a swelling string and piano conclusion . In the opinion of Lloyd Bradley , the song exemplifies the album 's combination of traditional styles and contemporary production : " It has every bit of digital snap needed to succeed among today ’ s sounds ; but Saadiq 's masterful use of a big brass section lurking w @-@ a @-@ a @-@ ay into the background picks the tune up and puts it down in a completely different era . The song turns out both laidback and urgent at the same time , and is utterly irrepressible for it " . Containing a psychedelic funk sound , " Just Don 't " is sung from the point of view of a dejected narrator as realizes his woman has moved on from him . The song features guest vocals by Yukimi Nagano and an extended Moog solo played by Larry Dunn . " Good Man " contains plaintive lyrics , a hook co @-@ written and sung by vocalist Taura Stinson , and lyrics about a man mourning his partner 's unfaithfulness . The album 's closing track , " The Answer " , features a wistful , jazz @-@ funk sound , and lyrics expressing a call for collective and individual responsibility . Saadiq said , " I always have a song similar to that on my albums . I was just thinking about growing up in Oakland and all the older people and mentors who helped me out at the time . So I just wanted to throw it back and say thank you , and tell all the kids out there to listen to the people trying to guide them " . = = Release and reception = = Stone Rollin ' was released in March 2011 by Columbia Records . In the United States , it debuted at number 14 on the Billboard 200 , selling 21 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It was Saadiq 's highest @-@ charting album on the Billboard 200 . By May , the album had sold 32 @,@ 100 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Stone Rollin ' was promoted with the release of three singles : " Radio " on December 21 , 2010 , " Good Man " on February 15 , 2011 , and the title track on March 22 . A music video for " Good Man " was filmed by Isaiah Seret , featuring fashion model Yaya DaCosta and actor Chad Coleman . Saadiq performed the title track on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , and on Conan . Stone Rollin ' received widespread acclaim from critics and was one of the year 's best reviewed records . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 86 , based on 20 reviews ; Writing for AllMusic , Kellman deemed it more than a " period @-@ piece " and " the high point of Saadiq ’ s career , his exceptional output with Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! included " , while Kevin Ritchie from Now said he exhibited " the electrifying fervour and meticulous musicianship typical of his stage show " on the record . Steve Horowitz from PopMatters wrote that the album " shows off Saadiq 's genius as a singer , writer , instrumentalist , and producer of modern rhythm and blues that pays homage to its traditions " , adding that it does not have " a false step or even a dull note " . In MSN Music , Robert Christgau said Saadiq " plays with himself to beat the band " like Prince and " makes these 10 tracks bump and pulse . And then you notice even the less pneumatic ones connecting as songs . " However , he perceived a drop @-@ off from The Way I See It in terms of songwriting and catchiness , singling out " Got to Hell " , " Day Dreams " , and " Good Man " as the highlights . Slant Magazine 's Matthew Cole was more critical , finding the record too involved in fabricating retro sensibilities " to leave a lasting impression of its own ... even the highlights are complacent genre exercises " . At the end of 2011 , Stone Rollin ' was named one of the year 's best albums in several critics ' top @-@ 10 lists ; it was ranked at number one by Thomas Fawcett from The Austin Chronicle , number three by James Reed of The Boston Globe , number six by Los Angeles Times critic Todd Martens , and number seven by Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot , who also called it Saadiq 's greatest work : " He 's always written songs steeped in soul and R & B , but now he gives them a progressive edge with roaming bass lines and haunted keyboard textures . He 's no longer a retro stylist – he 's writing new classics . " " Good Man " was nominated for the 2012 Grammy Award for Best Traditional R & B Performance . = = Tour = = Saadiq promoted Stone Rollin ' with a North American spring tour , performing a series of concerts during March to June 2011 . It began on March 15 at the House of Blues in Dallas and concluded on June 8 at Stubb 's in Austin , Texas . Some concert dates featured electronic music duo Quadron as an opening act . The tour included performances at music festivals such as South by Southwest and Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , for which Saadiq played songs from The Way I See It and Stone Rollin ' , as well as unreleased material . In reproducing the album 's recorded music onstage , he performed with his eight @-@ piece band , which included bass player Calvin Turner , drummers Lemar Carter and Charles Jones , guitarists Rob Bacon and Josh Smith , and backing singers Erika Jerry and BJ Kemp . In contrast to his touring for The Way I See It , Saadiq did not include a horn section for certain shows and played on guitar for a more rock @-@ oriented sound . While travelling between concert dates , Saadiq and his bandmates watched music documentaries for inspiration , including a documentary on Bob Marley & The Wailers and the 1973 film Wattstax . He expanded his touring in promotion of the album into August 2011 , with concerts alternating between North American headlining dates and European music festivals . = = Track listing = = All songs were produced by Raphael Saadiq and co @-@ produced by Chuck Brungardt . " The Answer " contains a hidden track , known as " The Perfect Storm " . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = = Musicians = = = = = = Production = = = = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = Borderland ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) = " Borderland " is the fourth episode of the fourth season of the science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise that originally aired on October 29 , 2004 , on UPN . The script was written by Ken LaZebnik , and was directed by David Livingston . The episode featured the first appearance of Star Trek : The Next Generation actor Brent Spiner in Enterprise , and the last appearance of J. G. Hertzler in the Star Trek franchise . It also featured guest appearances by Bobbi Sue Luther and WWE wrestler Big Show . The series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , genetically engineered humans called " Augments " capture a Klingon vessel , and the Enterprise is sent to find them . They retrieve the Augments ' creator , Doctor Arik Soong ( Brent Spiner ) , and head in pursuit . After being attacked by Orions and rescuing their crew members , the ship is attacked by Augments who retrieve their creator . The episode is the first of a three episode arc , followed by " Cold Station 12 " , and " The Augments " . It also featured the first appearance of male members of the Orion species , despite female members appearing in the first pilot of The Original Series . The reception from critics was mixed , with Spiner 's performance generally praised . The episode was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Stunt Coordination . = = Plot = = It is May 2154 , and a pair of genetically enhanced humans , referred to as " Augments " , leave their home planet and take control of a Klingon Bird @-@ of @-@ Prey warship after killing the crew . Amid threats and protests by the Klingons , Starfleet tasks the newly refurbished Enterprise to stop the culprits . Captain Archer visits disgraced scientist Doctor Arik Soong , imprisoned for stealing augmented embryos , and transfers him from a holding facility . On @-@ board , Soong soon recognises his augments are responsible for the actions on board the Klingon vessel , but does not know why . He convinces Archer that he will be able to order his " children " to stand down without a fight . Enterprise enters an area of space known as the " Borderland " between the territories of the Klingons and Orions . They are attacked by two Orion vessels and several crew members are captured , including T 'Pol ( newly granted the Starfleet rank of Commander ) . They are taken to a slave market and Archer is forced to ask for Soong 's assistance to rescue his crew . After entering the market , the ship is able to beam most of the crew back , but when they try to release T 'Pol 's restraints , all of the prisoners in the slave market are released and chaos breaks out . Soong also attempts to escape , but Archer quickly returns him to Enterprise , where he demands that Soong take him immediately to the Augments . Soong refuses . On board the Klingon vessel , it is clear that the Augments consider Soong to be their " father " . In a power @-@ play , the Augment leader , Raakin , is tricked by Persis ( who had been pretending to be devoted to him ) and killed by his " brother " Malik . The Bird @-@ of @-@ Prey approaches Enterprise , saving them from a second Orion attack . The ships dock , and Malik requests the release of Soong from the brig — Archer refuses , but Malik forces him to comply . With Enterprise disabled , Soong announces that they now need to go and retrieve the remaining thousands of Augment embryos . = = Production = = The three episode arc was an attempt to connect the events of Enterprise with The Original Series . It featured the augments , genetically engineered humans from 20th century Earth who had been featured previously in " Space Seed " and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , both featuring Ricardo Montalban as Khan Noonian Singh . The mini @-@ arc which began with " Borderland " was one of several plots during season 4 that sought to link the series closer to The Original Series and The Next Generation due to ongoing low ratings . It was not originally planned to include an ancestor of Noonien Soong in the episode , with executive producer Manny Coto instead planning for the character to be Colonel Phillip Green from The Original Series episode " The Savage Curtain " . The character was to be a straight forward villain , but after discussion with The Next Generation Spiner , the character was re @-@ written to become Arik Soong , described as a " misunderstood genius " . It was Spiner 's first Star Trek role since the film Star Trek Nemesis in 2002 , having previously played Arik Soong 's descendant Noonien Soong and his creations Data and Lore in The Next Generation . " Borderland " was the 80th episode of Enterprise , which was one more episode than the entire run of The Original Series . The episode featured the return of the Orion race , which had been featured in The Original Series episodes " The Cage " and " Whom Gods Destroy " . Actors portraying Orions included Bobbi Sue Luther and WWE wrestler Big Show . Luther subsequently explained that she was " familiar with the show but never really watched it " , and thanked her fiancé Robert Hall for explaining her role as an Orion slave girl to her . She researched the role on the internet after she received the script , in particular the portrayal by Susan Oliver in Star Trek 's original pilot , " The Cage " . It took four hours of make @-@ up work for Luther to be ready , and she described the costume as slightly skimpier than she was used to as a lingerie and bikini model . Despite the application of isopropyl alcohol , Luther said that it took days for the remnants of the make @-@ up to be removed . Before broadcast , it was rumoured that the character of Vice Admiral Maxwell Forrest ( Vaughn Armstrong ) would be killed off in the episode . His death came three episodes later in " The Forge " . It was the last appearance in the Star Trek franchise by J.G. Hertzler , best known for playing Martok in Deep Space Nine . Appearing once again as a Klingon , he was allowed to choose his own costume from the prop department and decided to re @-@ use the outfit worn by Michael Ansara as Kang in the DS9 episode " Blood Oath " . Several items from the episode were sold on eBay as part of the It 's A Wrap ! sale and auction . These included the Orion costumes worn by Big Show and others , a unique Orion console created for the slave market , and a variety of Orion PADDs . = = Reception and home media = = " Borderland " first premiered on UPN in the United States on October 29 , 2004 . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics . Robert Bianco highlighted the episode as one to watch in his preview column for USA Today . Maureen Ryan for the Chicago Tribune praised the return of Brent Spiner to Star Trek , saying " Surprise , fear , elation , self @-@ control ; they 're all given masterful life by Spiner in the space of a few seconds . " The reviewer at IGN thought that the episode was a return to the quality of " Broken Bow " , and praised the abilities of Spiner . The teaser trailer was compared to that of a Quentin Tarantino film , and a score of 3 / 5 was given saying " Executive Producer Manny Coto has a long way to go if he has any hope of making up for Enterprise 's transgressions the past three years but if this three episode story arc lives up to the promise shown in Borderland , he might just pull it off . " Stephanie Vander Weide of Television Without Pity gave the episode a " C " grade rating . She said that she liked the premise of the episode , but felt that the execution was sub @-@ par , describing the augments as " Khannabees " and expressing her disappointment in the actions of Captain Archer . The mini @-@ arc featuring the episodes " Borderland " , " Cold Station 12 " and " The Augments " were subsequently ranked the sixth best story of Enterprise by Den of Geek writer James Hunt . Alongside his work on the following episode " Cold Station 12 " , Vince Deadrick , Jr . ' s work on " Borderland " was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Stunt Coordination . It was instead awarded to Matt Taylor for his work on 24 . The only home media release of the episode is on DVD ; having been released as part of the season four box set on November 1 , 2005 in the United States . The Blu @-@ ray edition was released on April 1 , 2014 . = Yusef Khan = Yusef Khan M.D. is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Ace Bhatti . Yusef is the father of Afia Khan ( Meryl Fernandes ) and former husband of Zainab Masood ( Nina Wadia ) . He appears from 23 November 2010 . Described as strong @-@ willed , he arrives as Walford 's new general practitioner . He departed on 26 December 2011 , following the end of his domestic abuse storyline with his wife Zainab Masood ( Nina Wadia ) . Bhatti was voted " Best Newcomer " at the TV Quick awards and for " Best Storyline " for destroying the Masoods . = = Storylines = = = = = Backstory = = =	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1927 season saw the first appearance in the Nottinghamshire side of Bill Voce , a 17 @-@ year @-@ old ex @-@ miner who , after beginning as a slow left @-@ arm orthodox spin bowler , later became Larwood 's principal fast bowling partner for county and country . At the season 's end , Larwood was married , in a quiet and private ceremony , to Lois Bird , a miner 's daughter whom he had first met in 1925 . Larwood did not join the MCC 's weak team that toured South Africa in 1927 – 28 under the inexperienced R.T. Stanyforth . During 1928 Larwood appeared in two Tests against an emergent West Indies side that was playing its first series . He took six wickets in these matches , but his best performances that season were for Nottinghamshire . With 138 wickets at 14 @.@ 51 , Larwood once again headed the national bowling averages . As a batsman , his 626 runs at an average of 26 @.@ 08 included his first century , 101 not out against Gloucestershire . = = = Australian tour , 1928 – 29 = = = On the basis of his form , Larwood was an obvious choice for the MCC touring side that Chapman took to Australia in the English winter of 1928 – 29 . In an early game against Victoria he took 7 for 51 in the state 's first innings and scored 79 when MCC batted . One of his victims in the match was Bill Ponsford , the Australian Test opening batsman , who let slip his opinion that Larwood was " not really fast " . According to the journalist and future Australian Test player Jack Fingleton , Ponsford was then targeted by Larwood . A month later at Brisbane , in the first Test of the series , Larwood dismissed him cheaply , twice ; in the second Test , at Sydney , Ponsford scored 5 before a rapid delivery from Larwood broke a bone in his hand ; Ponsford did not play again that summer . England won the Brisbane Test by a record margin of 675 runs . Larwood took 6 for 32 in the Australian first innings , bowling at a speed that Wisden 's S.J. Southerton described as " faster than I have ever seen him " . According to Jardine 's biographer Christopher Douglas , this bowling , which included a spell of 3 wickets in 5 overs for 9 runs , delivered a lasting blow to Australian morale and was a major factor in England 's ultimate series victory . The match saw a low @-@ key Test debut by Don Bradman , who scored 18 and 1 and was dropped for the second Test , before being rapidly reinstated for the third . England maintained their ascendancy during the second , third and fourth Tests , though with decreasing victory margins ; Australia finally achieved success in the last match , giving England a 4 – 1 series victory . A combination of hard pitches , stifling heat , and long matches reduced Larwood 's effectiveness as the tour progressed . He finished the Test series with 18 wickets at 40 @.@ 22 , behind George Geary ( 19 at 25 @.@ 11 ) and Jack White ( 25 at 30 @.@ 80 ) . In all first class matches on the tour , Larwood took 40 wickets at 31 @.@ 35 ; as a batsman he scored 367 runs , averaging 26 @.@ 21 . Larwood 's occasional tactic of bowling leg theory , that is , in the direction of the batsman 's legs to a concentration of leg side fielders , had been noted by the Australian former bowler Arthur Mailey . In his report on the fourth Test , Mailey wrote , Larwood resorted to his " famous leg theory " after receiving severe punishment from the Australian batsman Archie Jackson , but the change brought no success : " All theories and all bowlers were alike to [ Jackson ] " . Southerton 's tour report refers to the crowds ' reactions to the England team , and in particular to the " barracking " of Larwood . This , he says , only once reached unacceptable proportions — during the game against Victoria that took place between the fourth and fifth Tests . This disturbance was apparently sparked by Chapman 's decision to put Larwood on to bowl against Victoria 's weakest batsman , Bert Ironmonger . In general , Southerton felt that crowd noise was no worse than that accorded to previous touring teams and that , " objectionable though it may appear to be to us in England , it has grown up with Australian cricket and is recognised by the public out there as part of their day 's enjoyment " . Larwood 's view was that " it was a bit too thick at times ... I got called every name you can imagine , and every four @-@ letter word you can think of was used against me " . The Surrey amateur batsman Douglas Jardine , was likewise a target of the crowds , and as a result formed a cordial dislike for Australians — which was fully reciprocated . = = = Bradman in 1930 = = = Back in England for the 1929 season , Larwood made three Test appearances against the visiting South Africans , for modest returns : a total of eight wickets at 23 @.@ 25 , and with the bat 50 runs at 12 @.@ 50 . He was injured during the third Test , and thus missed the last two games of the series and several county matches . His overall bowling figures for the 1929 season were less impressive than in the two previous years ; with 117 wickets at 21 @.@ 66 he fell to 25th place in the national averages . The 20 @-@ year @-@ old Voce , whose fast @-@ medium bowling style had now fully developed , was the county 's most successful bowler . Together , Larwood and Voce helped Nottingham to secure the County Championship that had narrowly evaded them two years earlier . Ahead of the Australians ' visit to England in 1930 there was some confidence in English cricketing circles , since Chapman 's victorious 1928 – 29 side was largely intact and on paper looked formidably strong , especially in batting . England duly won the first Test , at Trent Bridge , by 93 runs , despite a second @-@ innings century from Bradman that for a time threatened to turn the match . Larwood 's active participation was curtailed by an attack of gastritis ; he took 2 wickets in the match for 21 runs . His illness meant that Larwood missed the second Test , at Lord 's , which saw Australia score a record 729 for 6 including a rapid 254 from Bradman , at the time the highest individual Test score in England . Australia won the game by seven wickets , to draw level 1 – 1 in the five @-@ match series . Larwood returned to the England side for the third Test , at Headingley , Leeds . He later claimed that his first ball to Bradman , before the batsman had scored , was a bouncer that touched the edge of the bat and was caught by the wicket @-@ keeper , George Duckworth : " You could hear the snick all over the ground " . The umpire , however , gave Bradman not out . Bradman went on to compile 334 , beating his record score of two weeks earlier . Larwood 's one wicket in the Australian innings cost 139 runs ; England were saved from probable defeat when the game was shortened by rain . The England selectors dropped Larwood from the team for the fourth Test , in which Bradman was limited to 14 runs , but the game was rained off after just over two days ' play . Larwood was recalled for the final Test at the Oval that , as in 1926 , would determine the series victor . In a game with no time limit , Australia replied to England 's 405 with 695 ( Bradman 232 ) , then dismissed England for 251 to win by an innings and 39 runs . Larwood 's single wicket — Bradman , for the first time in Tests — cost 132 runs . In the three Tests in which he played , Larwood took 4 wickets for 292 ; Bradman , he admitted , had " pasted me unmercifully " . Commentators recognised the danger that Bradman presented to English hopes ; the former England bowler Percy Fender , who was captain of Surrey and a respected cricket journalist , was convinced that " something new will have to be introduced to curb Bradman " . Warner was explicit : " England must evolve a new type of bowler and develop fresh ideas and strange tactics to curb his almost uncanny skill " . = = = Prelude to bodyline = = = Apart from his treatment by Bradman , Larwood was successful in 1930 , rising to fourth place in the national bowling averages ( 99 wickets at 16 @.@ 38 ) . He also batted well on occasions , including a not @-@ out century against Northamptonshire . He was not selected for the 1930 – 31 tour of South Africa , and for the next two years he concentrated mainly on domestic cricket . He made one Test appearance in 1931 , against New Zealand , in a rain @-@ ruined game in which he neither batted nor bowled . He headed the domestic bowling averages in 1931 and 1932 , in the latter year with 162 wickets at 12 @.@ 86 , the best seasonal figures of his career . However , because of his poor Test record in 1930 , Larwood thought his chances of selection for the 1932 – 33 tour to Australia were slim . The 1932 Test trial was limited to half a day 's play , during which Larwood bowled 15 overs for a single wicket . Nevertheless , to his great relief he was selected for the tour , as was Voce , who had been England 's most successful bowler during the South African tour of 1930 – 31 . In 1931 , with the 1932 – 33 series in mind , the selectors had appointed Jardine as England 's captain . In his efforts to build a strategy whereby he could threaten the Australian supremacy , the new captain consulted widely . Along with other observers , including Duckworth ( who had kept wicket for England during the 1930 Oval Test ) he thought that Bradman showed a dislike for fast , rising balls , and had been shaken when one such delivery from Larwood had hit him in the chest . This matter had been widely discussed among cricketers ; a clip of film from the Oval match appeared to confirm that Bradman had flinched . This , to Jardine , suggested the basis of a plan : a sustained attack of fast leg theory that might unsettle not just Bradman but the Australian batsmen generally . Leg theory bowling was not new ; Larwood , Voce and others had employed it , generally for short periods , as had several Australians including Jack Scott , who in 1928 – 29 dismissed Jardine and Herbert Sutcliffe using this tactic . What Jardine planned was a sustained leg stump attack , used in conjunction with a semicircle of close leg @-@ side fielders ready to pounce on any mistimed shot . He found a willing ally in Carr , who , though no longer playing Test cricket , still captained Nottinghamshire and had , according to Hamilton , " an almost carnivorous appetite for trying to humiliate the Australians and grinding them , and especially Bradman , into the dirt " . At a private dinner at the Piccadilly Hotel , which Jardine and Carr arranged shortly after the announcement of the 1932 – 33 touring party , Larwood and Voce were quizzed about leg theory . Larwood later recalled the conversation thus : Jardine asked me if I could bowl on the leg stump making the ball come up into the body all the time , so that Bradman had to play his shots to leg . " Yes , I think that can be done " , I said ... I had no doubt of its purpose : we thought Don was frightened of sharp rising balls , and we reasoned that if he got a lot of them he would be ... intimidated and eventually , having to direct his shots to leg all the time , would give a catch to one of the [ leg @-@ side ] fieldsmen " . In pursuit of his plans , Jardine took advice on fielding positions from Frank Foster , who had bowled a form of medium @-@ fast leg theory during the 1911 – 12 series in Australia with much success , taking 32 wickets at 21 @.@ 63 . Larwood did not at the time consider Jardine 's proposed tactics as either novel or controversial . His priority was to contain Bradman , so " any scheme that would keep him in check appealed to me a great deal " . In county matches following the Piccadilly Hotel dinner , Larwood and Voce tried the tactics out , with mixed results . Two Essex batsmen sustained injuries as their side struggled with the unfamiliar bowling , at one stage losing 8 wickets for 52 runs . However , Glamorgan , reckoned to be a weak batting side , scored more than 500 against the experimental attack ; spectators , including the future cricket writer and commentator John Arlott , were puzzled by the ineffectiveness of the bowling . Arlott later reasoned that what appeared weak bowling on English pitches would be a different proposition on the much faster Australian pitches . Hostile fast bowling was not confined to Larwood and Voce ; in Yorkshire 's match against Surrey at The Oval , Bill Bowes bowled a series of bouncers , bringing protests from Hobbs and press criticism from Warner . = = = Australian tour , 1932 – 33 = = = The MCC party that sailed for Australia on 17 September 1932 contained four fast bowlers : Larwood , Voce , Bowes and G.O. " Gubby " Allen , the Middlesex amateur . Warner was manager of the side ; he had captained two tours to Australia prior to 1914 and was a popular figure there . The manager 's role , as the tour 's historian Laurence Le Quesne remarks , was at the time less influential than that of the captain , who had absolute authority on the field of play . Prior to the Test series , the party played matches against State sides and selected Australian elevens . The intended fast leg theory attack was not revealed until the fifth of these games , against " An Australian XI " ( including Bradman ) , which began at Melbourne on 18 November . Larwood dismissed Bradman for low scores in each of the Australian innings , writing later : " It was a refreshing sight to see [ him ] clumsily waving his bat in the air " . Hobbs , who having retired from Test cricket was reporting the tour for London 's The Star newspaper , thought that the bowling had shaken Bradman 's confidence : " He was drawing away , sure proof that he didn 't like the bumpers " . The English tactics in the game offended the crowds and so upset H.V. Evatt ( later leader of the Australian Labor Party , then a High Court judge ) that he lost all desire to watch any of that year 's Tests . The first Test began at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 2 December 1932 , and was played in a tense and heated atmosphere . Bradman , whose discomfort and poor form against the tourists ' bowling in the preparatory games had become sources of anxiety , was prevented from playing by illness . England won the game by 10 wickets ; Larwood 's match figures were 10 for 124 , with only limited use of fast leg theory . The match 's most successful batsman was Australia 's Stan McCabe , who scored 187 in his side 's first innings , attacking both the orthodox and leg theory attacks in a " death or glory " approach . During the match Hugh Buggy , a reporter for the Melbourne Herald , used the word " bodyline " to describe the English leg theory bowling . The term was soon universally adopted in Australia , though English sources continued to refer to " leg theory " . The second Test , at Melbourne beginning 30 December , was played on a much slower pitch that blunted the English pace attack . Larwood was further handicapped by pains from sore feet , caused by a new pair of boots . Bradman returned to the Australian side and scored a century , guiding his team to victory by 111 runs ; his success led many commentators to suppose that fast leg theory would thenceforth prove ineffective . The series was tied 1 – 1 and , in the words of the writer @-@ historian Ronald Blythe , " all was sweetness and light " . The third Test , which began at Adelaide on 13 January 1933 , has been characterised by Wisden as " probably the most unpleasant [ Test match ] ever played " . Bill Woodfull , the Australian captain , was struck over the heart by a ball from Larwood and was incapacitated for several minutes . Larwood had been bowling to an orthodox field ; on Woodfull 's resumption , to the crowd 's amazed hostility , Jardine switched to the leg theory attack . " What could be clearer " , wrote Swanton , " than that at the root of these leg @-@ theory tactics was the threat of physical injury ? " . Larwood then knocked Woodfull 's bat from his hands , bringing further demonstrations from the crowd . Later in the innings a Larwood delivery struck Bert Oldfield on the head , causing his retirement from the match . The crowd 's reaction was such that Larwood thought a full @-@ scale invasion of the pitch might follow : " If one man jumps the fence the whole mob will go for us " . England eventually won by 338 runs ; Larwood 's total of seven wickets in the match was exceeded by Allen 's eight , earned by orthodox style fast bowling . While the game was still in progress , the Australian Board of Control cabled the MCC , protesting the English tactics with a direct accusation of unsportsmanlike conduct . In reply , MCC rejected the Australian Board 's charges and insisted that they withdraw the charge of bad sportsmanship . The row escalated into high diplomatic and political circles , and drew in the Australian prime minister , Joseph Lyons , the governor of South Australia , Sir Alexander Hore @-@ Ruthven , and the British Dominions secretary , J.H. Thomas . Ultimately it was decided that the matter should be referred to the Imperial Cricket Conference ( ICC ) , with a view to a possible change in the rules relating to bowling . Jardine had stated that he would not lead his team in another Test unless the " unsportsmanlike " charge was withdrawn . On 8 February , two days before the fourth Test was due to begin at Brisbane , the Australian Board clarified that , while they continued to find bodyline objectionable , " we do not consider the sportsmanship of your team as being in question " . In the fourth Test , which England won to retain the Ashes , Larwood curtailed his use of bodyline on an unreceptive pitch . The match passed without untoward incident ; on the final day came news of the death of Archie Jackson , who had been ill for months with tuberculosis . Two days earlier he had sent Larwood a telegram : " Congratulations magnificent bowling good luck in all matches " ; Larwood kept this as a souvenir for the rest of his life . In the final Test , at Sydney , several Australian batsmen were hit , but their improving technique against this style of bowling enabled them to score 435 , their highest innings total of the series . Larwood 's main contribution to this game was as a batsman ; sent in as a nightwatchman , he batted well into the following day to score 98 . In the Australians ' second innings Larwood suffered a serious injury to his left foot , the legacy of much bowling on hard , unyielding pitches . Although he could no longer bowl , Jardine would not let him leave the field while Bradman was still batting , believing that Larwood 's continuing presence represented a psychological threat . When Bradman was out , he and Larwood left the field together , although no words were exchanged . England won the match to secure a 4 – 1 series victory . The injury ended Larwood 's tour at that point . While the rest of the team fulfilled the final Australian fixtures before embarking on a short tour of New Zealand , Larwood returned to England on board SS Otranto . In the Test matches he had been England 's most successful bowler , with 33 wickets at 19 @.@ 52 . As a batsman he had scored 145 runs , averaging 24 @.@ 16 . In all first @-@ class matches on the tour he took 64 wickets at 13 @.@ 89 and scored 358 runs at 23 @.@ 45 . = = = Aftermath = = = On his return home , despite massive press and public interest Larwood was bound by his contract with the MCC to remain silent until the main party returned . On 7 May 1933 , the day after their arrival , he gave in a Sunday Express article a strong defence of what he continued to call " leg theory " . Woodfull , he said , was too slow , and Bradman too scared : " Richardson and McCabe played me all right , Woodfull and Bradman could not " . He was highly critical of the Australian crowds who , he said , knew nothing of cricket — all they wanted was for Bradman to score runs . In mid @-@ May , in a hastily prepared , ghost @-@ written book entitled Bodyline ? that was serialised in the Sunday Dispatch , Larwood elaborated on his themes of Australian batting failures and crowd hooliganism . By this time the 1933 cricket season was in full swing ; bodyline bowling was being widely practised , by Bowes , Voce and by the fast bowlers in the visiting West Indies touring side , Learie Constantine and E.A. Martindale . Larwood 's writings were inconvenient for the MCC committee which , now more aware of the intimidatory aspects of bodyline , was revising its position and was more inclined to appease Australian feelings . The injury to Larwood 's foot meant that he scarcely bowled for Nottinghamshire in 1933 . However , such was his drawing power that the county continued to play him as a batsman until mid @-@ July , when his unfitness prematurely ended his season . Meanwhile , on 28 April the Australian Board had unilaterally adopted a regulation that specifically outlawed bodyline bowling in Australia ; MCC 's initial response was to declare this law impractical , but as the events of the season unfolded they modified their stance . The ICC meeting on 31 July produced no immediate resolution , but did elicit a verbal promise from the MCC that bodyline would not be used in the projected 1934 tour by the Australians . In exchanges of telegrams with the Australian Board , the MCC still contrived to avoid a specific commitment , while emphasising that they had " always agreed that a form of bowling which is obviously a direct attack by the bowler upon the batsman would be an offence against the spirit of the game " . On that basis , the Australian Board agreed to the 1934 tour . By the beginning of the 1934 season Larwood was fit again , and it was anticipated that he would play in the Tests . Jardine had earlier issued an unequivocal statement that he would not play . By way of confirming their commitment not to use bodyline , the MCC committee decided that Larwood should apologise to the Australians for his bowling on the 1932 – 33 tour . No such apology had been requested from Jardine ; Larwood refused to do so , insisting that he had bowled precisely as instructed by his captain . Shortly before the second Test , he wrote in the Sunday Dispatch that he was unrepentant about leg theory , adding : " I doubt if I shall ever play against [ the Australians ] again , at least in big cricket " . Larwood 's Test career thus ended . In its review of the 1934 season , Wisden commented : " No greater disservice was ever done to English cricket than when Larwood was induced to dash into print and become responsible for statements which put him beyond the pale of being selected for England " . Larwood continued to play for Nottinghamshire for several more seasons , with considerable success : 82 wickets at 17 @.@ 25 in 1934 , 102 at 22 @.@ 70 in 1935 and in 1936 , his benefit season , 119 at 12 @.@ 97 . The 18 @-@ year @-@ old future Test batsman Denis Compton , in his second county match for Middlesex , faced Larwood in June 1936 ; he later recorded that Larwood and Voce were the most accurate fast bowlers he ever faced , and that Larwood was the fastest . The benefit season yielded the then county record sum of £ 2 @,@ 098 . In the English winter of 1936 – 37 , while an MCC team led by Allen toured Australia , Larwood took a coaching job in India . The climate and the food disagreed with him , and he returned home early . His bowling achievements in 1937 were modest : 70 wickets at 24 @.@ 57 . Larwood 's relations with Nottinghamshire had steadily deteriorated since Carr 's dismissal from the captaincy in 1934 ; his foot problem returned , and was aggravated by a cartilage injury to his left knee . In 1938 , after a few matches , he left the county by mutual agreement and retired from first @-@ class cricket . In his first @-@ class career he took 1 @,@ 427 wickets at 17 @.@ 51 , and scored 7 @,@ 290 runs at 19 @.@ 91 including three centuries . In Tests he took 78 wickets at 28 @.@ 35 and scored 485 runs at 19 @.@ 40 . = = Retirement = = = = = Obscurity in England = = = After playing League cricket for Blackpool in 1939 , on the outbreak of war Larwood left the game altogether , to work away from the public eye as a market gardener . In 1946 he used his savings to buy a sweet shop in Blackpool . Although he generally kept away from organised cricket and avoided all personal publicity , he was persuaded to attend a farewell luncheon for Don Bradman at the end of the Australians ' 1948 tour . He and Bradman exchanged polite courtesies , though he was warmly welcomed by other members of the Australian team , including their premier fast bowler Ray Lindwall . The following year Larwood became one of 26 former professional Test cricketers awarded honorary membership of the MCC . This recognition , he said , went some way to help heal the hurt he had felt over his treatment by the game 's ruling body 15 years earlier . = = = Emigration to Australia = = = In the economic austerity of post @-@ war Britain , Larwood 's business made little money . He was persuaded , largely by his erstwhile opponent Jack Fingleton , that he would find better prospects and a warm welcome in Australia , and he decided to emigrate there with his family , which by then included five daughters . On 1 April 1950 the Larwoods sailed on SS Orontes — the ship that had carried Jardine 's party 18 years previously . On arrival in Australia the welcome was warm and immediate . During their initial weeks in a Sydney hotel , unbeknown to them half their bills were paid by the former prime minister Ben Chifley . Despite a housing shortage , the family was soon settled in a bungalow in the Sydney suburb of Kingsford , and Larwood found steady employment with a soft drinks firm . Fingleton later arranged a meeting between Larwood and Chifley ; their respective broad Nottinghamshire and Australian accents meant that neither could understand the other , and Fingleton had to act as an interpreter . From time to time Larwood supplemented his wages by commenting on cricket for newspapers and broadcasters . At first he was treated with some suspicion by English touring teams ; in 1950 – 51 when he visited the English dressing room he received a cold reception from the England captain , F.R. Brown . Four years later , according to Larwood , he was kept out of the dressing room by Trevor Bailey , the 1954 – 55 team 's vice captain — though Bailey denied that this ever happened . However , from the early 1960s onwards Larwood was often visited by members of England teams , and he became a regular and welcome guest in English dressing rooms . He sometimes went to cricket events where he often met Don Bradman ; relations between the two , though outwardly cordial , remained essentially cold . In 1977 Larwood attended the Centenary Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , along with many survivors of old Ashes battles . As on similar past occasions he had to be persuaded to go ; later he would describe it as " one of the best days of my life " . His presence created considerable interest among generations of cricket followers to whom the bodyline series was distant history . Later that year he visited England , and watched England 's cricketers play Australia at Trent Bridge , his old home ground ; this was one of several trips he made to his home country , the last of which was in 1980 . In 1982 , the 50th anniversary of the bodyline series was commemorated with much publicity , some of which brought a revival of hate mail and hostility towards Larwood . = = = Final years and death = = = As he grew older , Larwood increasingly spoke out on current cricket issues . He was particularly critical of the proliferation of protective clothing in the 1970s , and considered Ian Botham , the England all @-@ rounder , over @-@ rated : his bowling " wouldn 't burst a paper bag " . He was unimpressed by the 1984 Australian television miniseries Bodyline which he considered inaccurate and at risk of reawakening ill @-@ feelings he thought best forgotten . In 1985 he was given honorary life membership of the Sydney Cricket Ground and , in England , the Larwood and Voce Stand was opened at Trent Bridge . In June 1993 , in the Queen 's Birthday Honours List , Larwood was appointed an MBE for services to cricket . Of this award , Today newspaper commented : " At last the ruling classes honour the man who carried the can for their savage arrogance " . In his final years , Larwood withdrew his claims that Bradman had been frightened of him , and acknowledged his Australian foe as the greatest batsman of all time . He was gradually losing his sight , although he retained his alertness , and on his 90th birthday was able to join in a game of garden cricket with his great @-@ grandchildren . He died in hospital on 22 July 1995 , following a brief illness , in his 91st year . He was cremated , and his ashes placed in a memorial wall at Holy Trinity Anglican Church in Kingsford . A plaque with a simple inscription was placed on the wall by his daughters . His wife Lois died in 2001 , and her ashes were placed alongside his . = = Style and influence = = Larwood has been widely acknowledged as the greatest fast bowler of his generation and , according to his Wisden obituary , was " one of the rare fast bowlers in the game 's long history to spread terror in opposition ranks by the mere mention of his name " . Timing technology was primitive in his day , but various tests indicated speeds of between 90 and 100 mph ( 140 to 160 km / h ) . Fingleton commented that Larwood was " about twice as fast as anyone out there " , indicating a match in progress at Trent Bridge . However , one Australian from an earlier cricketing generation , Ernie Jones , dismissed Larwood : " He wouldn 't knock a dint in a pound of butter on a hot day " . At around 5 feet 7 inches , Larwood was short for a fast bowler , although he had long arms in relation to his height . His lower bowling trajectory helped the ball to retain speed . His side @-@ on bowling action , following a smooth and almost soundless approach , was described by the Manchester Guardian 's cricket correspondent Neville Cardus as " absolutely classical , left side showing down the wicket before the arm swung over with a thrilling vehement rhythm " . Facing Larwood at his fastest was , according to Hamilton , " akin to a public stoning " . Hobbs , who batted against him many times in county matches , thought him not just the fastest but the most accurate bowler he had ever seen . Among later fast bowlers influenced by Larwood 's style was Ray Lindwall , Australia 's bowling star of the 1940s and 1950s , who watched the bodyline series as a schoolboy and modelled his own action on Larwood 's . Larwood claimed that he did not intend to hit batsmen , though " I didn 't shed any crocodile tears if a batsman was hit in the thigh " . In a press interview in 1990 he further admitted that he " might sometimes have bowled at a batsman 's ribs , but never at his head " . He did from time to time inflict serious injuries on his opponents : Reg Sinfield of Gloucestershire , Patsy Hendren of Middlesex , and H.B. Cameron of South Africa were all carried unconscious from the field after being hit by high @-@ speed deliveries . Many others suffered discomfort in the form of bruises and minor fractures . In Australia , in the wake of the bodyline series , a music hall song summed up many apprehensive batsmen 's feelings : = Smith Gun = The Smith Gun was an ad hoc anti @-@ tank artillery piece used by the British Army and Home Guard during the Second World War . With a German invasion of Great Britain seeming likely after the defeat in the Battle of France , most available weaponry was diverted to the regular British Army , leaving the Home Guard short on supplies , particularly anti @-@ tank weaponry . The Smith Gun was designed by a retired Army Major named William H. Smith as a makeshift anti tank weapon , and was put into production in 1941 following a demonstration to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill . The weapon consisted of a 3 @-@ inch smoothbore barrel approximately 54 inches long mounted on a carriage and capable of firing both modified 3 inch mortar anti @-@ tank and anti @-@ personnel rounds . Despite the promising @-@ sounding nature of the weapon , which at trials in ideal conditions it achieved a maximum range of 1 @,@ 600 yards ( attempts to increase maximum range to 3 @,@ 000 yards having been abandoned due to excessive recoil and consequent instability ) it was generally regarded as a short @-@ range weapon , one with an accepted maximum range of only 500 yards , and an accepted effective range of between 100 and 300 yards . Furthermore , it was heavy and awkward to manhandle , not simply to move around but also to tip over onto the correct wheel on firm level so it lay in , and remained in , the correct firing configuration . It was also alleged to have developed ' a terrifying reputation for killing its crew ' when finally issued in 1942 , following production difficulties . When it was issued ( mainly to Home Guard units and those units in the regular Army tasked with point defence , such as guarding airfields , ammunition shortages meant that on average these units only had six or seven modified mortar rounds per gun . Despite these limitations many Home Guard units developed an attachment to the weapon , some later claiming it was ' one of the best pieces of equipment ever issued to the force ' . = = Development = = With the end of the Battle of France and the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from the port of Dunkirk between 26 May and 4 June 1940 , a German invasion of Great Britain seemed likely . However , the British Army was not well @-@ equipped to defend the country in such an event ; in the weeks after the Dunkirk evacuation it could only field twenty @-@ seven divisions . The Army was particularly short of anti @-@ tank guns , 840 of which had been left behind in France , and only 167 were available in Britain ; ammunition was so scarce for the remaining guns that regulations forbade even a single round being used for training purposes . Given these shortcomings , those modern weapons that were available were allocated to the British Army , and the Home Guard was forced to supplement the meagre amount of outdated anti @-@ tank weapons and ammunition they had with ad hoc weapons , one such being the Smith Gun which had what Mackenzie describes as of ' unorthodox origin ' , as were many of the other weapons that were produced for use by the Home Guard . Invented by retired British Army Major William H. Smith , the managing director of Trianco Toys but how had a civil engineering background the Smith Gun was intended to be a cheap and easily manufactured anti @-@ tank weapon . When submitted to the Ordnance Board - which remained unconvinced of its merits - Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , witnessed a demonstration of the weapon in 1941 and ordered that it be put into production . = = Design = = The Smith Gun consisted of a 3 inch calibre smoothbore barrel 54 inches in length , mounted on a carriage ' like a two @-@ wheeled baby carriage ' that , unlike the average stroller weighed some 604 pounds . A basic shield was provided between the two wheels to cover for the crew but one of the unconventional aspects of the design was when mobile the weapon lay on its side , so that to fire a Smith Gun had to be tipped over onto one of the heels which acted as a combined baseplate and turntable , while the other proved some overhead protection for the crew . ( This meant in firing configuration the Smith Gun resembled a miniature , rather antiquated naval gun mount of the pre @-@ Dreadnought era . ) . While unorthodox it might be but it gave the Smith Gun 360 degrees of rotation which , combined with a maximum 40 @-@ degree elevation , produced a basic weapon aspiring to the condition of a basic and firing @-@ plate mounted field weapon light enough to be towed behind a civilian vehicle despite not being so @-@ designed . ( Home Guard units quickly discovered this fact , having to be prohibited from doing so as it would damage the weapon 's wheels ( and possibly the axle ) , inhibiting or even preventing traverse . ) Happily , ammunition shortages made the similarly @-@ constructed limber redundant and so , presumeably , a source for spares . Capable of firing both anti @-@ personnel and anti @-@ tank rounds ( the latter capable of penetrating some 60 mm of armour ) the Smith Gun provided the Home Guard and local defence units with a potentially potent anti @-@ personnel and anti @-@ armour weapon , however there were several flaws in its design , and as such was not well liked by some of the Home Guard units to which it was issued : it was heavy and awkward to manhandle , particularly over rough ground and in urban areas ; in the latter , it was recommended that toggle ropes be used to manoeuvre the weapon into position . It also possessed a low muzzle velocity , which implies a rainbow @-@ like trajectory , making precise range calculations and experience with both natures vital . This was difficult when so few rounds were available , a problem compounded by early batches possessing faulty fuzes that led to its alleged ' terrifying reputation for killing its crew ' . ( This probably arises from the first fatal malfunction when , during a live @-@ fire exercise in 1942 , Corporal Maynard of 2819 Squadron , RAF Regiment was killed in an explosion . = = Operational history = = Production on the Smith Guns began in late 1941 , but problems with their manufacture meant that it was not until mid @-@ 1942 that the first batch were delivered to the Home Guard ; by the beginning of 1943 , a total of 3 @,@ 049 Smith Guns had been issued to Home Guard units . Production problems also affected the ammunition for the weapons ; a delay in manufacturing anti @-@ tank ammunition meant that each weapon was only supplied with six or seven rounds . A number of Smith Guns were also issued to regular army units tasked with guarding airfields . Soon after issue a malfunction causing an explosion resulting in the death of Corporal Maynard of 2819 Squadron , RAF Regiment . Similar incidents followed and all Smith Guns were withdrawn from RAF Regiment units in 1943 . One was mounted onto a Bren Carrier , although this innovation was not repeated . Despite the many problems with the weapon , and its tendency to injure or even kill those who manned it , the government attempted to portray it in a positive light , issuing special instructions in the autumn of 1942 which stated that the Smith Gun was a " simple , powerful and accurate weapon which , if properly handled , will add greatly to the fire power of the Home Guard . " After a period of initial distrust , many Home Guard units appear to have taken to the Smith Gun and attempted to make the best use of it : Mackenzie states that some units even had ' a growing sense of affection for the weapon ' and describes how , when a letter was published in The Times towards the end of the conflict criticizing the weapon , numerous Home Guard volunteers replied with their own letters describing how satisfactory the Smith Gun had been ; they also stated that it was ' one of the best pieces of equipment ever issued to the force ' . No Smith Guns were used in active service , and they were declared to be obsolete in 1945 . = Susanna Paine = Susanna Paine , also known as Susannah and Susan ( June 9 , 1792 – November 10 , 1862 ) , was an American portrait artist in New England in the 19th century . She published poetry , a Christmas hymn , a novel , and an autobiography entitled Roses and Thorns , or Recollections of an Artist . As a young girl she was an excellent student , but needed to quit school at the age of 11 to care for her ill grandmother . At 15 , she taught school and a year later joined an academy in Providence , Rhode Island , where she earned her way through school by making and selling needlework . She graduated with highest honors and established a school that she operated for years . Paine gave the profits her family , and she helped support them throughout most of her life . She had a short marriage characterized by abuse and control . A child was born to the couple , but died 11 months later . Before the child 's birth , Paine had left her husband and obtained a divorce . To support herself , she taught school for a period and then began to work as a portraitist . She traveled throughout Rhode Island , Massachusetts , and Maine accepting commissions for portraits of individuals or families from 1826 through 1862 . Because she lived a mobile lifestyle , she had few long @-@ lasting relationships . The closest personal relationship of her life was with her mother . She raised a girl , however , for three years and taught her how to paint . Once she became a professional portraitist she had periods of financial security , but that and her physical health vacillated over the course of her career . = = Early life = = Susanna Paine , born in Rehoboth , Massachusetts on June 9 , 1792 , was the second child of James Paine ( b . 1764 @-@ 65 ) and Mary Chaffee Paine ( 1767 @-@ 1849 ) . Her father was a mariner . When she was a young girl , he was lost at sea . She then lived with her maternal grandparents , Reverend Jonathan Chaffee and Mary Chaffee . Paine , an excellent student , attended school until she was 11 years of age , when she was needed to help care for her ill grandmother . The following year she nearly died as the result of a lightning strike that killed the person standing beside her . Believed to have died , she resumed consciousness after one hour , but suffered from seizures for several years after the incident . Her mother married widower Nathaniel Thurber on April 9 , 1808 , and the combined household , including his four children , moved to a Foster , Rhode Island farm . At 15 years of age , Paine taught school and then attended " the best Academy in Rhode Island " , which she financed through the sales of her needlework . Paine learned how to paint with watercolor at the academy and graduated with the highest honors ; she was sufficiently trained " to teach any of the common branches of education . " Upon graduation Paine established a school near her mother and stepfather 's house . The profits she made from the school were given to her mother and on one occasion loaned to her stepfather . Reluctantly , and at her mother 's insistence , she married James Phillips on November 4 , 1819 . Her husband — a gambler — was abusive , tyrannical and cruel . According to Paine , she left her husband after " one year and two months of cruel bondage " . Paine returned to her mother 's house and three months later gave birth to her son on August 30 , 1821 . The child , Theodore Winthrop Phillips , died 11 months later . The Rhode Island Supreme Court granted Paine a divorce from her husband in 1821 or 1823 . Paine was left destitute , having received no alimony and having relinquished property that she previously owned to her husband . Paine resumed teaching and painted portraits to supplement her earnings , allowing her to support herself and send money to her mother , stepfather and their family , who had moved to Connecticut . To this point her life had been one of turmoil and financial precariousness . Rather than marry another man to secure a better standard of living , she developed a career so that she could support herself . I was very diligent : toiling incessantly at my easel , until the picture was finished : when I viewed it with great complacency , ( artist like ) and called Mrs. R. , my patron and landlady , to look at it for the first time . She entered with an anxious , doubting look — but at the first glance she started back , in surprise — then fell into perfect rapture , declaring it was " most excellent " ... The next day , the house was " inundated " with callers . They entered my " sanctum " with eager looks , to see whither [ sic ] — a woman could paint a likeness ? When lo , they all applauded , beyond my most sanguine hopes — or expectations . = = Artist = = Paine worked as a professional portrait painter by traveling through New England and placing advertisements in local newspapers to solicit business . She and Ruth Henshaw Bascom were two of 11 or more women who worked as professional itinerant portratists in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . In many ways , her [ Paine 's ] career typified the itinerant portraitist in the early nineteenth @-@ century United States . Her anxiety over commissions , the constant threat of poverty and corresponding need for mobility in search of work , would have been familiar to contemporary American painters both male and female . Paine was " a woman of stalwart proportions , weighing over 200 pounds , and was a very original character ... " She was also described as a idealist . Paine was subject to criticism for traveling alone as a woman , but found it was safe to stay in boarding houses , secured through " several letters of introduction " from trusted people . To establish herself as a " genteel " artist , she studied art at the Boston Athenæum , stayed at upscale boarding houses , and became a published writer . Throughout her career , Paine generally made oil paintings on 1 / 2 inch wood panels of which the sides and back were washed in red , gray @-@ green , or green @-@ blue . The subjects of the paintings were often portrayed in a confident manner in half @-@ length poses . Their accessories , hair , and clothing were often " elaborately detailed " . The placement of hands , tables , and other objects could be awkward . She had a tendency to paint the sitters with long hands , light flesh tones , doelike eyes and round faces . Paine was known to take liberties in the portrayal of her subjects ; she once painted a gray @-@ eyed man 's portrait with black eyes because she thought they were more attractive . = = = Maine = = = She traveled alone for the first time in 1826 to Portland , Maine and placed a business advertisement in the December 12 edition of the Portland Advertiser . The standard rate for large oil portraits at that time was US $ 20 – $ 30 , but Paine advertised $ 8 for large portraits . Not having received any leads for work , she placed a January ad with a testimonial , which said that her portrait 's were a good likeness of the subject and well executed — and that women might find " a pride and pleasure in patronizing a female artist . " Once she made a painting for her landlady and neighbors saw it , she began to receive commissions for her work . Paine worked in southern Maine , Portland , and New Hampshire in 1827 and 1828 . Initially , she had sufficient commissions to support the rental of a furnished parlor , an office for painting , and another office to exhibit her portraits . A religious woman , Paine adopted simpler clothing as a spiritual practice during this time . As her health declined , she engaged nursing services , which left her short of funds . Paine answered a friend 's request to return to Providence to paint her dying daughter , and still in poor health , stayed there several months . Paine worked as an artist in Maine until about 1831 . One of her subjects while in Portland was George Morillo Bartol , her portrait of him sold for US $ 38 @,@ 513 on March 6 , 2011 . = = = Massachusetts = = = She received formal art training at the Boston Athenæum around 1832 and spent the following summer in Cape Ann . Paine , one of the first artists to paint on Cape Ann , returned for several years , interrupted by visits to her mother each spring and fall . She was in the village of Annisquam on Cape Ann by 1834 , when she painted portraits of families . Paine continued to paint on the cape during the 1830s and 1840s . She found it to be a unique place : The scenery was delightful ; and the people just to my liking ... No one was very rich , and no one very poor ; they all seemed on an equality ... Kindness , benevolence and good will , were the most prominent traits of their lives , and characters . She raised a girl , who she called her adopted daughter , from 12 to 15 years of age . During that time Paine taught her to paint and they lived for a few months in Fall River , Massachusetts . During a visit to her mother and stepfather 's farm , she found that her younger half @-@ brother , Nathaniel , had secured the deed to the farm and lived in the main house ; her parents lived in " a sort of out @-@ house " . Months later , after her half @-@ brother sold the farm , Paine found them " looking sad and dejected " with Nathaniel in South Killingly , Connecticut and made arrangements for her mother and step @-@ father to live in an apartment . = = = Rhode Island = = = In 1830 , Paine painted the portrait of author , Catharine R. Williams , who wrote poetry , Religion at Home , and the Lives of William Barton and Stephen Olney . The portrait was given to the Rhode Island Historical Society in 1885 from a group of members of the society , including Henry J. Steere . From about 1836 , she had a residence in Providence , Rhode Island and kept her parents in " comfortable support " . Between 1836 and 1838 , she wrote and published a Christmas hymn and poetry . She enjoyed a successful professional life until 1842 when she left town for her safety during the Dorr Rebellion . She went to Cape Ann and after a few months returned to Providence . She became ill and , unable to find work in both places , suffered financially . Her mother came to live with her in Providence following the death of her stepfather , Nathaniel Thurber , in November , 1848 . The following March , her mother Mary died during a visit to her half @-@ brother who then lived in Hartford , Connecticut . She had supported her parents since she was a teenaged girl . = = = Later years = = = Paine traveled through Maine , where she had difficulty establishing herself for want of connections that she had relied upon in the past , so she returned to Providence and for the first time established herself in a highly respectable commercial building with , aside from herself , only male occupants . She struggled professionally and , because of the loss of her mother , she suffered personally . The career that she relied upon kept her forever traveling , which had made it difficult to establish long @-@ standing relationships . Her relationship with her mother was the only close one of her life . She published her autobiography , Roses and Thorns , or Recollections of an Artist in 1854 . Six years later she published Wait and See , a Victorian novel . She died in Providence , Rhode Island on November 10 , 1862 . A file containing papers , photographs , exhibition catalogs and other archival material is held at the Brooklyn Museum Libraries & Archives and the Frick Art Reference Library of the Frick Collection . = = Collections = = Cape Ann Museum , Gloucester , Massachusetts Maine State Museum , Augusta , Maine Portland Museum of Art , Maine Rhode Island Historical Society , Providence , Rhode Island = = Works = = Sally Ellery Ryerson Merchant , oil on canvas , c . 1825 @-@ 1835 , Cape Ann Historical Association Catherine Read Arnold Williams , oil on wood , c . 1830 John Brown House Museum , Rhode Island Historical Society Eliza and Sheldon Battey and their son Thomas Sheldon Battey , Providence , Rhode Island , oil on wood , 1830 , private collection George Morillo Bartol , pastel on paper , 1827 Portrait of Mrs. J. H. Corbett , oil on panel , 1832 , Portland Museum of Art , Maine Gideon Lane , III , oil on wood , 1833 , Cape Ann Historical Association Hannah Griffin Lane , oil , 1833 , Cape Ann Historical Association Eliza Harper Peabody Lane , oil on wood , 1833 , Cape Ann Historical Association Hannah Fuller Smith Stanwood , oil , 1834 , Cape Ann Historical Association Lucy Kinsman Brown Davis , oil on wood , c . 1835 , Cape Ann Historical Association The Oldridge Family , four oil on wood panel portraits , 1839 , private collection Portrait of a Lady in a Lace Cap , oil , Portland Museum of Art = 2002 Bou 'in @-@ Zahra earthquake = The 2002 Bou 'in @-@ Zahra earthquake ( also known as the 2002 Avaj earthquake or the 2002 Changureh earthquake [ a ] ) occurred on June 22 , 2002 . The epicenter was near the city [ b ] of Bou 'in @-@ Zahra [ c ] in Qazvin Province , a region of northwestern Iran which is crossed by several major faults that is known for destructive earthquakes . The shock measured 6 @.@ 3 on the moment magnitude scale , had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ( Severe ) , and was followed by more than 20 aftershocks . At least 261 people were killed and 1 @,@ 500 more were injured . According to the International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology ( IIEES ) , the earthquake was felt as far away as the capital city of Tehran , approximately 290 kilometres ( 180 mi ) east of the epicenter , although no damage was reported there . Most houses in the region were single @-@ story masonry buildings , and virtually all of these collapsed . The public became angry due to the slow official response to victims who needed supplies . Residents of the town of Avaj resorted to throwing stones at the car of a government minister . = = Background and tectonics = = The northeastern part of Iran lies across part of the belt of active continental collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate . Iran is crossed by several major faults , with 90 % of them being seismically active and subject to many earthquakes each year ; the area around the rupture experiences minor quakes almost daily . The most seismically active parts of this area are the Zagros fold and thrust belt and the Alborz mountain range . Qazvin Province , which is located between these two zones , suffers less earthquakes , but these may be more powerful because stresses have longer to build . The Bou 'in @-@ Zahra earthquake was located in an area of active thrust faulting and folding , parallel and south of the southern edge of the Alborz mountain range , and was the 11th rupture in the previous two months in central Iran . A seismic inversion of long @-@ period P and SH body @-@ wave seismograms indicated a rupture on a thrust fault that dips 49 degrees to the southwest and had a centroid depth of roughly 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) . The rupture 's mechanism of faulting was reverse . Multiple @-@ event relocation of the main shock and aftershock epicenters and discontinuous surface ruptures recorded after the earthquake are compatible with northeastward movement on a southwest @-@ dipping thrust , although maximum recorded displacements were less than would have been expected from the observed magnitude . This suggests that most of the slip did not actually reach the Earth 's surface but caused folding at the surface . A previously unmapped thrust with little surface expression , the Abdareh fault , has been identified from the disruption of earlier drainage systems by the growth of the fold in its hanging wall , and is thought to be responsible for the earthquake . Such structures are known as blind thrusts , and have been responsible for many destructive earthquakes in Iran and elsewhere . The geomorphological effects of this particular fold have been partly obscured by the presence of an earlier Neogene topography . The Qazvin region was hit by an even greater earthquake in 1962 , which killed 12 @,@ 200 . In 1990 a rupture killed over 40 @,@ 000 people , injured 60 @,@ 000 , and left more than 500 @,@ 000 homeless . = = Damage and casualties = = The earthquake occurred at 02 : 58 UTC ( 7 : 28 a.m. Iran Standard Time ) , while many of the estimated 60 million Iranians affected were in their homes . Its duration was seven seconds , and the epicenter was near the settlement of Bou 'in @-@ Zahra in the Khar river valley , a mountainous farming region about 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) from the provincial capital of Qazvin . The greatest damage was across an area best known for its seedless grape harvesting , a getaway for wealthy residents of Tehran . At least 261 people were killed , 1 @,@ 500 injured , and 25 @,@ 000 left homeless . An earlier death toll was reported as 500 , but this number was believed to be inflated once it became known that some of the severely injured had been mistaken for dead . Most of the dead were women , children and the elderly , as many of the men were working in local vineyards . Over 20 aftershocks were recorded , with magnitudes up to 5 @.@ 1 on the moment magnitude scale . At least three of these caused further casualties and damage , most of which were within a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) radius of the main shock . An estimated 5 @,@ 000 buildings were damaged beyond repair . In the Qazvin province , 120 buildings were demolished and 50 villages suffered massive damage . In the neighboring Hamadan province , 45 villages were destroyed . A large majority of houses in the region were single @-@ story masonry buildings , and virtually all of these collapsed . As non @-@ engineered structures , these could not withstand seismic forces , with structural failure and collapse resulting from wall @-@ to @-@ wall separation and the lack of structural integrity and of a proper lateral system of resisting . Newer structures built in accordance with the Iranian code of practice for seismic @-@ resistant design fared much better . Damage to the historic Kharaqan tomb towers , which were in a good state of preservation before the event , suggests that the earthquake was possibly one of the most powerful in the region for approximately 900 years . At a station 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) from the epicenter , the maximum horizontal and vertical accelerations were recorded to be roughly 0 @.@ 5 g and 0 @.@ 26 g . A bridge collapsed as a result of the disaster . Water and irrigation systems were severely damaged near the epicenter , and water facilities were demolished in nine villages . Many of the main water pipelines in the affected areas were damaged or destroyed , causing inadequacies in water availability and quality . Surface cracks were observed in Ab Darreh and Changureh , the villages that suffered the heaviest damage , being roughly 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from the epicenter . The relatively low levels of damage in the towns of Avaj or Ab @-@ e @-@ Garm in comparison to Changureh and Ab Darreh suggest a focus of damage to the northwest of the epicenter due to northwest propagation . In Changureh , only two buildings were left standing and over 120 casualties occurred . Ab Darreh also fared poorly ; the disaster destroyed the town 's only mosque , toppled 40 homes and killed at least 20 people . North of Avaj , in the village of Esmailabad , survivors recovered 38 corpses , a ninth of the total population , while searching for the missing , feared trapped in the ruins . In another village in the vicinity , Aliabad , two shepherds were the only known survivors . In the small village of Kisse @-@ Jin , roughly 80 corpses were recovered following the rupture . Survivors crying and beating their heads and faces over loved ones were a common sight on Iranian state television . The cost of the damage was estimated at US $ 91 million . [ d ] The quake was felt across a wide area , including the provinces of Qazvin , Gilan , Kurdistan , Zanjan , and Hamedan . Of all these , Qazvin was the most heavily damaged , with an unnamed Qazvin official reporting that 177 had died in the province . It was also felt in the capital of Tehran , roughly 290 kilometres ( 180 mi ) east of the epicenter , although no serious damage was reported . However , Iranian journalist Borzou Daragahi reported that in Tehran he saw buildings sway and glass objects shatter . = = Landslides = = The Bou 'in @-@ Zahra earthquake triggered 59 landslides over an area of about 3 @,@ 600 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 390 sq mi ) . Landslides formed due to the quake included 47 falls and topples , nine slides , and three lateral spreads . The largest of these slides was a rockslide , 150 × 100 m ( 490 × 330 ft ) , which occurred southeast of Changureh . Landslides triggered by the quake occurred more often in the geologic areas most susceptible to damage , where there were many landslides before . = = Relief efforts and aftermath = = The Red Crescent Society sent relief workers , detection dogs , 100 tons of food , 1 @,@ 000 tents , 2 @,@ 500 blankets , and mobile kitchens to the earthquake @-@ stricken area . In addition , the Iranian army supplied soldiers , machinery and water trucks . To prevent the spread of disease , villages were sprayed with disinfectants and their inhabitants were given tetanus shots , among other measures . After Iranian officials launched an appeal for assistance , the United Nations Development Programme supplied $ 50 @,@ 000 . The United Nations ' Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) mobilised a United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination ( UNDAC ) team , deploying five members . Pope John Paul II prayed for the earthquake victims and asked for a " generous " response . United States President George W. Bush offered aid to Iran , which he had previously called part of an " axis of evil " . According to him , " human suffering knows no political boundaries " and he stood " ready to assist the people of Iran as needed and as desired " . However , the Iranian government refused his help , though it called for the help of non @-@ governmental agencies . According to Hossein Rahnema , head of the Red Crescent in Changureh , the society " levelled an area to put up tents but most people wanted to stay next to their houses to look after their property " . Survivors instead lit small fires amongst the rubble to protect against freezing temperatures . The Iranian President at the time , Mohammad Khatami , declared three days of mourning and visited earthquake @-@ stricken areas on June 25 . Hospitals struggled to cope with the surplus of patients , discharging non @-@ critical ones from their wards . The Associated Press stated that 20 funerals were held on June 23 , 2002 at a cemetery overlooking the village of Abdareh . A bank account was started to handle public donations for the families of the dead . Often armed with no more than shovels and spades , soldiers and civilians dug for bodies in the rubble . Other than this , rescue workers were faced with a number of obstacles , including the temperatures of the villages damaged . They were warm during the day , although the villages grew colder at night , making rescue work harder and threatening the health of the homeless and anyone alive and trapped under the debris . Many civilians were discouraged from helping due to fear of aftershocks . According to Gary Oshea of International Rescue , the volunteers did not have enough technical equipment , and the religious leaders seemed unwilling to contribute much . Official rescue work ended on June 24 , 2002 , when rescue workers said there were no more survivors . = = = Public reaction = = = Of the roughly 80 villages that suffered heavy damage , the Iranian government claimed that relief work was mostly complete . Residents of Changureh , however , complained that tents , food , and medicine had not reached them , after waiting in near @-@ freezing temperatures . A man from Avaj stated that only locals helped uncover the body of his child . In protest at Iran 's slow response to the tragedy , some 300 people blocked the main road through Avaj . On June 23 , " dozens " of Avaj residents threw stones at Interior Minister Abdolvahed Mousavi @-@ Lari 's car in anger at the government 's delay in providing relief . They also claimed that the death toll was higher than official reports said it was . = = = Reconstruction = = = Electricity was restored to affected areas by June 25 . On November 9 , 2002 , the World Bank granted $ 225 million towards the reconstruction and economic rehabilitation of the area devastated by the quake . Reconstruction of housing and infrastructure by provincial authorities was interrupted for almost four months ( November 2002 – February 2003 ) due to harsh weather conditions . In August 2003 , the reconstruction was completed in all villages affected by the earthquake . = Condensed matter physics = Condensed matter physics is a branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of condensed phases of matter . Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by using physical laws . In particular , they include the laws of quantum mechanics , electromagnetism and statistical mechanics . The most familiar condensed phases are solids and liquids while more exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature , the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices , and the Bose – Einstein condensate found in cold atomic systems . The study of condensed matter physics involves measuring various material properties via experimental probes along with using techniques of theoretical physics to develop mathematical models that help in understanding physical behavior . The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary physics : one third of all American physicists identify themselves as condensed matter physicists , and the Division of Condensed Matter Physics is the largest division at the American Physical Society . The field overlaps with chemistry , materials science , and nanotechnology , and relates closely to atomic physics and biophysics . Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics . A variety of topics in physics such as crystallography , metallurgy , elasticity , magnetism , etc . , were treated as distinct areas until the 1940s , when they were grouped together as solid state physics . Around the 1960s , the study of physical properties of liquids was added to this list , forming the basis for the new , related specialty of condensed matter physics . According to physicist Philip Warren Anderson , the term was coined by him and Volker Heine , when they changed the name of their group at the Cavendish Laboratories , Cambridge from " Solid state theory " to " Theory of Condensed Matter " in 1967 , as they felt it did not exclude their interests in the study of liquids , nuclear matter and so on . Although Anderson and Heine helped popularize the name " condensed matter " , it had been present in Europe for some years , most prominently in the form of a journal published in English , French , and German by Springer @-@ Verlag titled Physics of Condensed Matter , which was launched in 1963 . The funding environment and Cold War politics of the 1960s and 1970s were also factors that lead some physicists to prefer the name " condensed matter physics " , which emphasized the commonality of scientific problems encountered by physicists working on solids , liquids , plasmas , and other complex matter , over " solid state physics " , which was often associated with the industrial applications of metals and semiconductors . The Bell Telephone Laboratories was one of the first institutes to conduct a research program in condensed matter physics . References to " condensed " state can be traced to earlier sources . For example , in the introduction to his 1947 book " Kinetic Theory of Liquids " , Yakov Frenkel proposed that " The kinetic theory of liquids must accordingly be developed as a generalization and extension of the kinetic theory of solid bodies . As a matter of fact , it would be more correct to unify them under the title of ' condensed bodies ' " . = = History = = = = = Classical physics = = = One of the first studies of condensed states of matter was by English chemist Humphry Davy , in the first decades of the nineteenth century . Davy observed that of the forty chemical elements known at the time , twenty @-@ six had metallic properties such as lustre , ductility and high electrical and thermal conductivity . This indicated that the atoms in Dalton 's atomic theory were not indivisible as Dalton claimed , but had inner structure . Davy further claimed that elements that were then believed to be gases , such as nitrogen and hydrogen could be liquefied under the right conditions and would then behave as metals . In 1823 , Michael Faraday , then an assistant in Davy 's lab , successfully liquefied chlorine and went on to liquefy all known gaseous elements , with the exception of nitrogen , hydrogen and oxygen . Shortly after , in 1869 , Irish chemist Thomas Andrews studied the phase transition from a liquid to a gas and coined the term critical point to describe the condition where a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases , and Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures . By 1908 , James Dewar and H. Kamerlingh Onnes were successfully able to liquefy hydrogen and then newly discovered helium , respectively . Paul Drude in 1900 proposed the first theoretical model for a classical electron moving through a metallic solid . Drude 's model described properties of metals in terms of a gas of free electrons , and was the first microscopic model to explain empirical observations such as the Wiedemann – Franz law . However , despite the success of Drude 's free electron model , it had one notable problem , in that it was unable to correctly explain the electronic contribution to the specific heat and magnetic properties of metals , as well as the temperature dependence of resistivity at low temperatures . In 1911 , three years after helium was first liquefied , Onnes working at University of Leiden discovered superconductivity in mercury , when he observed the electrical resistivity of mercury to vanish at temperatures below a certain value . The phenomenon completely surprised the best theoretical physicists of the time , and it remained unexplained for several decades . Albert Einstein , in 1922 , said regarding contemporary theories of superconductivity that “ with our far @-@ reaching ignorance of the quantum mechanics of composite systems we are very far from being able to compose a theory out of these vague ideas ” . = = = Advent of quantum mechanics = = = Drude 's classical model was augmented by Wolfgang Pauli , Arnold Sommerfeld , Felix Bloch and other physicists . Pauli realized that the free electrons in metal must obey the Fermi – Dirac statistics . Using this idea , he developed the theory of paramagnetism in 1926 . Shortly after , Sommerfeld incorporated the Fermi – Dirac statistics into the free electron model and made it better able to explain the heat capacity . Two years later , Bloch used quantum mechanics to describe the motion of a quantum electron in a periodic lattice . The mathematics of crystal structures developed by Auguste Bravais , Yevgraf Fyodorov and others was used to classify crystals by their symmetry group , and tables of crystal structures were the basis for the series International Tables of Crystallography , first published in 1935 . Band structure calculations was first used in 1930 to predict the properties of new materials , and in 1947 John Bardeen , Walter Brattain and William Shockley developed the first semiconductor @-@ based transistor , heralding a revolution in electronics . In 1879 , Edwin Herbert Hall working at the Johns Hopkins University discovered the development of a voltage across conductors transverse to an electric current in the conductor and magnetic field perpendicular to the current . This phenomenon arising due to the nature of charge carriers in the conductor came to be known as the Hall effect , but it was not properly explained at the time , since the electron was experimentally discovered 18 years later . After the advent of quantum mechanics , Lev Landau in 1930 developed the theory of landau quantization and laid the foundation for the theoretical explanation for the quantum hall effect discovered half a century later . Magnetism as a property of matter has been known in China since 4000BC . However , the first modern studies of magnetism only started with the development of electrodynamics by Faraday , Maxwell and others in the nineteenth century , which included the classification of materials as ferromagnetic , paramagnetic and diamagnetic based on their response to magnetization . Pierre Curie studied the dependence of magnetization on temperature and discovered the Curie point phase transition in ferromagnetic materials . In 1906 , Pierre Weiss introduced the concept of magnetic domains to explain the main properties of ferromagnets . The first attempt at a microscopic description of magnetism was by Wilhelm Lenz and Ernst Ising through the Ising model that described magnetic materials as consisting of a periodic lattice of spins that collectively acquired magnetization . The Ising model was solved exactly to show that spontaneous magnetization cannot occur in one dimension but is possible in higher @-@ dimensional lattices . Further research such as by Bloch on spin waves and Néel on antiferromagnetism led to the development of new magnetic materials with applications to magnetic storage devices . = = = Modern many @-@ body physics = = = The Sommerfeld model and spin models for ferromagnetism illustrated the successful application of quantum mechanics to condensed matter problems in the 1930s . However , there still were several unsolved problems , most notably the description of superconductivity and the Kondo effect . After World War II , several ideas from quantum field theory were applied to condensed matter problems . These included recognition of collective modes of excitation of solids and the important notion of a quasiparticle . Russian physicist Lev Landau used the idea for the Fermi liquid theory wherein low energy properties of interacting fermion systems were given in terms of what are now known as Landau @-@ quasiparticles . Landau also developed a mean field theory for continuous phase transitions , which described ordered phases as spontaneous breakdown of symmetry . The theory also introduced the notion of an order parameter to distinguish between ordered phases . Eventually in 1965 , John Bardeen , Leon Cooper and John Schrieffer developed the so @-@ called BCS theory of superconductivity , based on the discovery that arbitrarily small attraction between two electrons of opposite spin mediated by phonons in the lattice can give rise to a bound state called a Cooper pair . The study of phase transition and the critical behavior of observables , known as critical phenomena , was a major field of interest in the 1960s . Leo Kadanoff , Benjamin Widom and Michael Fisher developed the ideas of critical exponents and scaling . These ideas were unified by Kenneth Wilson in 1972 , under the formalism of the renormalization group in the context of quantum field theory . The quantum Hall effect was discovered by Klaus von Klitzing in 1980 when he observed the Hall conductance to be integer multiples of a fundamental constant <formula> . ( see figure ) The effect was observed to be independent of parameters such as the system size and impurities . In 1981 , theorist Robert Laughlin proposed a theory explaining the unanticipated precision of the integral plateau . It also implied that the Hall conductance can be characterized in terms of a topological invariable called Chern number . Shortly after , in 1982 , Horst Störmer and Daniel Tsui observed the fractional quantum Hall effect where the conductance was now a rational multiple of a constant . Laughlin , in 1983 , realized that this was a consequence of quasiparticle interaction in the Hall states and formulated a variational solution , known as the Laughlin wavefunction . The study of topological properties of the fractional Hall effect remains an active field of research . In 1986 , Karl Müller and Johannes Bednorz discovered the first high temperature superconductor , a material which was superconducting at temperatures as high as 50 Kelvin . It was realized that the high temperature superconductors are examples of strongly correlated materials where the electron – electron interactions play an important role . A satisfactory theoretical description of high @-@ temperature superconductors is still not known and the field of strongly correlated materials continues to be an active research topic . In 2009 , David Field and researchers at Aarhus University discovered spontaneous electric fields when creating prosaic films of various gases . This has more recently expanded to form the research area of spontelectrics . In 2012 several groups released preprints which suggest that samarium hexaboride has the properties of a topological insulator in accordance with the earlier theoretical predictions . Since samarium hexaboride is an established Kondo insulator , i.e. a strongly correlated electron material , the existence of a topological surface state in this material would lead to a topological insulator with strong electronic correlations . = = Theoretical = = Theoretical condensed matter physics involves the use of theoretical models to understand properties of states of matter . These include models to study the electronic properties of solids , such as the Drude model , the Band structure and the density functional theory . Theoretical models have also been developed to study the physics of phase transitions , such as the Ginzburg – Landau theory , critical exponents and the use of mathematical techniques of quantum field theory and the renormalization group . Modern theoretical studies involve the use of numerical computation of electronic structure and mathematical tools to understand phenomena such as high @-@ temperature superconductivity , topological phases and gauge symmetries . = = = Emergence = = = Theoretical understanding of condensed matter physics is closely related to the notion of emergence , wherein complex assemblies of particles behave in ways dramatically different from their individual constituents . For example , a range of phenomena related to high temperature superconductivity are not well understood , although the microscopic physics of individual electrons and lattices is well known . Similarly , models of condensed matter systems have been studied where collective excitations behave like photons and electrons , thereby describing electromagnetism as an emergent phenomenon . Emergent properties can also occur at the interface between materials : one example is the lanthanum @-@ aluminate @-@ strontium @-@ titanate interface , where two non @-@ magnetic insulators are joined to create conductivity , superconductivity , and ferromagnetism . = = = Electronic theory of solids = = = The metallic state has historically been an important building block for studying properties of solids . The first theoretical description of metals was given by Paul Drude in 1900 with the Drude model , which explained electrical and thermal properties by describing a metal as an ideal gas of then @-@ newly discovered electrons . He was able to derive the empirical Wiedemann @-@ Franz law and get results in close agreement with the experiments . This classical model was then improved by Arnold Sommerfeld who incorporated the Fermi – Dirac statistics of electrons and was able to explain the anomalous behavior of the specific heat of metals in the Wiedemann – Franz law . In 1912 , The structure of crystalline solids was studied by Max von Laue and Paul Knipping , when they observed the X @-@ ray diffraction pattern of crystals , and concluded that crystals get their structure from periodic lattices of atoms . In 1928 , Swiss physicist Felix Bloch provided a wave function solution to the Schrödinger equation with a periodic potential , called the Bloch wave . Calculating electronic properties of metals by solving the many @-@ body wavefunction is often computationally hard , and hence , approximation techniques are necessary to obtain meaningful predictions . The Thomas – Fermi theory , developed in the 1920s , was used to estimate system energy and electronic density by treating the local electron density as a variational parameter . Later in the 1930s , Douglas Hartree , Vladimir Fock and John Slater developed the so @-@ called Hartree – Fock wavefunction as an improvement over the Thomas – Fermi model . The Hartree – Fock method accounted for exchange statistics of single particle electron wavefunctions . In general , it 's very difficult to solve the Hartree – Fock equation . Only the free electron gas case can be solved exactly . Finally in 1964 – 65 , Walter Kohn , Pierre Hohenberg and Lu Jeu Sham proposed the density functional theory which gave realistic descriptions for bulk and surface properties of metals . The density functional theory ( DFT ) has been widely used since the 1970s for band structure calculations of variety of solids . = = = Symmetry breaking = = = Certain states of matter exhibit symmetry breaking , where the relevant laws of physics possess some symmetry that is broken . A common example is crystalline solids , which break continuous translational symmetry . Other examples include magnetized ferromagnets , which break rotational symmetry , and more exotic states such as the ground state of a BCS superconductor , that breaks U ( 1 ) phase rotational symmetry . Goldstone 's theorem in quantum field theory states that in a system with broken continuous symmetry , there may exist excitations with arbitrarily low energy , called the Goldstone bosons . For example , in crystalline solids , these correspond to phonons , which are quantized versions of lattice vibrations . = = = Phase transition = = = Phase transition refers to the change of phase of a system , which is brought about by change in an external parameter such as temperature . Classical phase transition occurs at finite temperature when the order of the system was destroyed . For example , when ice melts and becomes water , the ordered crystal structure is destroyed . In quantum phase transitions , the temperature is set to absolute zero , and the non @-@ thermal control parameter , such as pressure or magnetic field , causes the phase transitions when order is destroyed by quantum fluctuations originating from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Here , the different quantum phases of the system refer to distinct ground states of the Hamiltonian . Understanding the behavior of quantum phase transition is important in the difficult tasks of explaining the properties of rare @-@ earth magnetic insulators , high @-@ temperature superconductors and other substances . There are two classes of phase tranisitions : first @-@ order transitions and continuous transitions . For the continuous transitions , the two phases involved do not co @-@ exist at the transition temperature , also called critical point . Near the critical point , systems undergoes displays critical behavior , wherein several of their properties such as correlation length , specific heat and susceptibility diverge exponentially . These critical phenomena poses serious challenges to physicists because normal macroscopic laws are no longer valid in the region and novel ideas and methods has to be invented to find the new laws that can describe the system . The simplest theory that can describe continuous phase transitions is the Ginzburg – Landau theory , which works in the so @-@ called mean field approximation . However , it can only roughly explain continuous phase transition for ferroelectrics and type I superconductors which invoves long range microscopic interactions . For other types of systems that involves short range interactions near the critical point , a better theory is needed . Near the critical point , the fluctuations happen over broad range of size scales while the feature of the whole system is scale invariant . Renormalization group techniques successively average out the shortest wavelength fluctuations in stages while retaining their effects into the next stage . Thus , the changes of a physical system as viewed at different size scales can be investigated systematically . The techniques , together with powerful computer simulation , contribute greatly to the explanation of the critical phenomena associated with continuous phase transition . = = Experimental = = Experimental condensed matter physics involves the use of experimental probes to try to discover new properties of materials . Experimental probes include effects of electric and magnetic fields , measurement of response functions , transport properties and thermometry . Commonly used experimental techniques include spectroscopy , with probes such as X @-@ rays , infrared light and inelastic neutron scattering ; study of thermal response , such as specific heat and measurement of transport via thermal and heat conduction . = = = Scattering = = = Several condensed matter experiments involve scattering of an experimental probe , such as X @-@ ray , optical photons , neutrons , etc . , on constituents of a material . The choice of scattering probe depends on the observation energy scale of interest . Visible light has energy on the scale of 1 eV and is used as a scattering probe to measure variations in material properties such as dielectric constant and refractive index . X @-@ rays have energies of the order of 10 keV and hence are able to probe atomic length scales , and are used to measure variations in electron charge density . Neutrons can also probe atomic length scales and are used to study scattering off nuclei and electron spins and magnetization ( as neutrons themselves have spin but no charge ) . Coulomb and Mott scattering measurements can be made by using electron beams as scattering probes . Similarly , positron annihilation can be used as an indirect measurement of local electron density . Laser spectroscopy is an excellent tool for studying the microscopic properties of a medium , for example , to study forbidden transitions in media with nonlinear optical spectroscopy . = = = External magnetic fields = = = In experimental condensed matter physics , external magnetic fields act as thermodynamic variables that control the state , phase transitions and properties of material systems . Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) is a technique by which external magnetic fields can be used to find resonance modes of individual electrons , thus giving information about the atomic , molecular and bond structure of their neighborhood . NMR experiments can be made in magnetic fields with strengths up to 60 Tesla . Higher magnetic fields can improve the quality of NMR measurement data . Quantum oscillations is another experimental technique where high magnetic fields are used to study material properties such as the geometry of the Fermi surface . High magnetic fields will be useful in experimentally testing of the various theoretical predictions such as the quantized magnetoelectric effect , image magnetic monopole , and the half @-@ integer quantum Hall effect . = = = Cold atomic gases = = = Cold atom trapping in optical lattices is an experimental tool commonly used in condensed matter as well as atomic , molecular , and optical physics . The technique involves using optical lasers to create an interference pattern , which acts as a " lattice " , in which ions or atoms can be placed at very low temperatures . Cold atoms in optical lattices are used as " quantum simulators " , that is , they act as controllable systems that can model behavior of more complicated systems , such as frustrated magnets . In particular , they are used to engineer one- , two- and three @-@ dimensional lattices for a Hubbard model with pre @-@ specified parameters , and to study phase transitions for antiferromagnetic and spin liquid ordering . In 1995 , a gas of rubidium atoms cooled down to a temperature of 170 nK was used to experimentally realize the Bose – Einstein condensate , a novel state of matter originally predicted by S. N. Bose and Albert Einstein , wherein a large number of atoms occupy a single quantum state . = = Applications = = Research in condensed matter physics has given rise to several device applications , such as the development of the semiconductor transistor , and laser technology . Several phenomena studied in the context of nanotechnology come under the purview of condensed matter physics . Techniques such as scanning @-@ tunneling microscopy can be used to control processes at the nanometer scale , and have given rise to the study of nanofabrication . In quantum computation , information is represented by quantum bits , or qubits . The qubits may decohere quickly before useful computation is completed . This serious problem must be solved before quantum computation may be realized . The superconducting Josephson junction qubits , the spintronic qubits using the spin orientation of magnetic materials , or the topological non @-@ Abelian anyons from fractional quantum Hall states are a few of the promising approaches proposed in condensed matter physics to solve this problem . Condensed matter physics also has important applications to biophysics , for example , the experimental technique of magnetic resonance imaging , which is widely used in medical diagnosis . = Neerja = Neerja is a 2016 Indian Hindi @-@ language biographical thriller film directed by Ram Madhvani and written by Saiwyn Quadras and Sanyuktha Chawla Shaikh . It was produced by Atul Kasbekar 's company , Bling Unplugged , alongside Vijay Singh 's Fox Star Studios . The film features Sonam Kapoor as the title character , with Shabana Azmi , Yogendra Tiku and Shekhar Ravjiani in supporting roles . The plot centers on the Libyan @-@ backed Abu Nidal Organization 's hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 in Karachi , Pakistan , on 5 September 1986 . The film is shown from the point of view of the flight 's head purser , Neerja Bhanot , who thwarted the hijack attempt by alerting the pilots , thus grounding the plane ; Bhanot gave her life to help save 359 of the 379 passengers and crew on board . Development began in September 2014 , when Kasbekar signed Madhvani and Kapoor for a film to be made by Bling Unplugged and Fox Star Studios . Saiwyn Quadras and Sanyuktha Chawla worked on the script , with principal photography taking place in Mumbai . The film features music by Vishal Khurana , with lyrics written by Prasoon Joshi . Neerja was released on 19 February 2016 to positive critical reception , with praise directed to Kapoor 's performance , and became one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films featuring a female protagonist . = = Plot = = The film opens with 22 @-@ year @-@ old Neerja Bhanot ( Sonam Kapoor ) arriving late for a house party . Later that evening , her mother ( Shabana Azmi ) expresses concern about Neerja 's job as a flight attendant , suggesting that Neerja should return to her old modeling job . Neerja , who insists on keeping her job , is driven to the airport by her boyfriend Jaideep ( Shekhar Ravjiani ) . Neerja reflects on her brief , unhappy arranged marriage to Naresh ( Kavi Shastri ) , a professional in Doha , Qatar , who constantly abused Neerja over her dowry and inability to cook or clean . She eventually returned home for a modeling contract ; however , Naresh sent back a humiliating letter attacking her parents about the dowry and lack of domestic skills , and demanding that Neerja either bring back money or not return at all . Neerja left Naresh and landed a highly competitive job with Pan Am Airways . As Neerja boards Pan Am 73 , it is revealed that the Abu Nidal Organization , a Libyan @-@ sponsored terrorist group , has planned to hijack the plane in Karachi . The plane takes off from Mumbai 's Sahar International Airport and lands in Karachi , where the four Abu Nidal terrorists , disguised as security officers escorting a Libyan diplomat , hijack the plane . Neerja quickly alerts the cockpit , and the three American pilots escape through the overhead hatch , fleeing to the terminal under fire from the hijackers . When an Indian American passenger inadvertently reveals himself as an American , one of the terrorists murders him and throws his body off the aircraft in front of the Pakistani negotiators . The terrorists try to locate a radio engineer among the passengers by ordering Neerja to make an announcement over the intercom . When Emran Ali ( Shashi Bhushan ) , a Pakistani radio operator , begins to stand up , Neerja signals for him to sit down . The terrorists have the flight attendants collect all passports to identify the American passengers and hold them hostage ; Neerja and her colleagues collect the passports , disposing of any American passports by throwing them down trash chutes or hiding them under seats . Dejected over not finding any American passports , the hijackers locate a British passenger and hold him hostage . The Pakistani negotiators inadvertently reveal the name of radio engineer Ali , whom the hijackers bring to the cockpit so they can use the radio for negotiations . Meanwhile , the Pakistani authorities try to stall for time . When a younger terrorist assaults the passengers and molests the attendants , the terrorist leader chastises him ; humiliated , enraged , and out of control , the younger terrorist storms into the cockpit and shoots Ali , screaming wild threats over the radio . While negotiations with the Pakistani air controllers drag on , the negotiators slowly lose control of the situation , with the hijackers becoming more agitated by the minute . Around 17 hours later , the plane loses auxiliary power , and the lights go out inside . Despite Neerja and the other attendants ' attempts to explain , the terrorists assume the Pakistanis cut the power deliberately , and anticipate an imminent Pakistani raid on the plane . The panicking hijackers begin shooting down passengers indiscriminately ; at great peril to her own life , Neerja opens the rear door and deploys the chute , directing passengers out of the plane . Choosing to let the passengers escape first , Neerja is fatally shot by the terrorists when she tries to shield young children from the gunfire . The film ends with a tribute to Neerja , who was eventually honoured posthumously with the Ashoka Chakra , India 's highest military decoration awarded for peacetime valor , courageous action or self @-@ sacrifice . = = Cast = = = = Production = = = = = Development and casting = = = Pre @-@ production work on Neerja began in September 2014 , when the film 's executive producer Atul Kasbekar said that his company , Bling Unplugged , would co @-@ produce Ram Madhvani ’ s film along with Fox Star Studios . Kasbekar later tweeted , “ Do U Know Who Neerja Bhanot Is ? No ? Well U Really Really Should ... ” . He said , “ For us [ ... ] , a story of courage as exceptional as Neerja ‘ s simply deserved to be told . We just decided that we would our bit to ensure that India would remember one of its great heroines . ” The film 's script and screenplay were penned by Saiwyn Quadras , and the dialogue was written by Sanyuktha Chawla Sheikh . The director of photography for the film was the cinematographer Mitesh Mirchandani , who had been previously associated with 2012 film Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana . The editing for the film was done by Monisha R Baldawa and Manohar Verma served as the stunt director for the film .. Kapoor was contracted by Kasbekar to play Neerja Bhanot , the senior flight crew member who became the youngest recipient of the Ashoka Chakra . On receiving the role of Neerja in the film , Kapoor told PTI , " I thought doing this film just reaffirms that it is about not bowing down . It is an inspiring story for me to do . I am blessed . " It was reported in May 2015 that Shekhar Ravjiani , one half of Bollywood 's performing / producing duo Vishal – Shekhar , would play a short role in the movie , marking his acting debut . Shabana Azmi played the role of Neerja 's mother in the film . In an interview with The Indian Express , Azmi describes her character and explains , " It was very difficult to play her , particularly the last scene where Rama addresses an audience . It is an extremely well @-@ written emotional scene , which does complete justice to the moment . " = = = Filming and post @-@ production = = = Principal photography of the film commenced 19 April 2015 in Mumbai . After two months of filming , the shooting was wrapped up on 19 June 2015 . Kasbekar tweeted , " Amazing ! And it ’ s a wrap on Neerja ! ! ! 32 shooting days ! ! ! That ’ s Two More days than Birdman took ! " During the principal photography of the film , many Bollywood celebrities visited the film 's sets , including Vidya Balan , Boman Irani , Anil Kapoor , and Raju Hirani . " I knew that getting Aamir Khan , Boman Irani , Vidya Balan , Raju Hirani and Anil Kapoor to speak to the 220 cast would help instill dedication and effort that this film would require , " director Madhvani said in a statement . The makers of the film acknowledged the responsibility of portraying the story . One challenge faced was acquiring a real plane for shooting ; director Ram Madhvani and Rucha Pathak decided to re @-@ create the plane because a major part of the film required shooting against the plane back @-@ drop . It took them 48 days to build the plane , which closely resembled the original one . The film 's visual effects ( VFX ) were by Tata Elxsi . VCL produced a wide range of visual effects , including the creation of Karachi airport and buildings , and also helped in creating the 1986 period restoration for various locations . Huseini Barodawala , the head of Tata Elxsi , said that “ It has been our constant endeavor to	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
with the JTWC only four warnings issued on it . It formed on July 25 in association with a surge in the southwest monsoon , about 250 km ( 160 mi ) east of Guam . It dissipated the next day , east of the northernmost Mariana Islands , about 250 km ( 160 mi ) north of Guam . No deaths or damage were reported from the depression . On July 28 , a subtropical cyclone was noted southeast of Tokyo , and it is possible that this was a continuation of Tropical Depression 13W . = = = Tropical Storm Amy = = = An area of persistent convection associated with a low @-@ level circulation centre moved off Hainan Island into water on July 29 . The Japan Meteorological Agency then reported that Tropical Storm 9410 had formed early that day , in the Gulf of Tonkin west of Hainan . This was later designated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center as Tropical Depression 15W , and it was quickly upgraded to a tropical storm . It moved westward and started to weaken over water , making landfall south of Hanoi before dissipating inland . Tropical Storm Amy killed 15 and left over 32 @,@ 000 people displaced in Thailand and Cambodia , and caused damage worth $ 8 million ( 1994 USD ) . = = = Tropical Storm Brendan ( Oyang ) = = = On July 26 a tropical disturbance developed in the Philippine Sea . The system moved northwest at a slow pace for a couple days . A southwest surge in the monsoon turned the disturbance northward , and the system became a tropical depression on the morning of July 29 . Accelerating to the north , Brendan became a tropical storm just before reaching Okinawa . The cyclone reached peak intensity to the south of Cheju Island , Korea as a moderate tropical storm . After recurving in the Yellow Sea , the storm recurved across Korea during extratropical transition with subtropical cyclone characteristics . The cyclone evolved into an extratropical cyclone while crossing the Sea of Japan , and reintensified . Up to 200 millimetres ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) of rain in the Korean peninsula helped relieve drought conditions . Two died in Korea during the passage of Brendan . = = = Tropical Storm Caitlin ( Pasing ) = = = A tropical disturbance formed within the monsoon trough northwest of Guam on July 29 . Slow development ensued , and four days later , it had become a tropical depression . By late on August 2 the cyclone had achieved tropical storm status . The system turned northwest and accelerated towards Taiwan / Taipei . During the morning of August 3 , Caitlin became a storm tropical storm as it made landfall in Hualien county . Green Island experienced gusts of typhoon force for 21 hours as the cyclone 's center moved to its north . Taking six hours to cross the mountainous island , Caitlin entered the Taiwan Straits on August 4 . Ten perished across Taiwan and damage there totaled NT $ 620 million ( 1994 dollars ) , or $ 23 @.@ 4 million ( 1994 USD ) . By late morning , its center passed inland into mainland China . Rainfall rates as high as 84 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 3 in ) per hour were witnessed in the Ningxia Hui autonomous region . Mountain floods left eight dead . = = = Super Typhoon Doug ( Ritang ) = = = The eastern end of a monsoon trough developed a tropical depression on July 30 . It headed westward , slowly strengthening to a tropical storm on the 2nd and a typhoon on the 3rd . Doug turned more to the northwest , and rapidly intensified from the 4th to the 5th to a 140 kn ( 260 km / h ) super typhoon . It weakened slightly to a 125 kn ( 232 km / h ) typhoon before brushing the eastern coast of Taiwan on the 7th . Its circulation became ragged , and it weakened to a tropical storm on the 10th . A ridge to the north pushed Doug west @-@ southwestward where it dissipated over China on the 13th . A total of 26 people lost their lives , and damage was estimated on Taiwan at $ 110 million ( 1994 USD ) . = = = Typhoon Ellie = = = A tropical disturbance formed 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) southeast of Japan on August 2 . The system drifted southward and slowly developed , becoming Tropical Depression 18W , and then a tropical storm , on August 8 . The system turned to the west @-@ southwest , forming a large eye as it became a typhoon on August 9 before stalling . On August 10 , the system moved west @-@ northwest at a moderate pace , passing 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) offshore southern Kyūshū on August 13 . Ellie turned northward on August 14 , clipping eastern China before making a final landfall within northeast China as a tropical storm on August 16 . = = = Tropical Storm Li = = = Late on August 12 , Typhoon Li moved into the basin from the Central Pacific , with the JTWC and CPHC reporting that the system had weakened into a tropical storm as it crossed the International Dateline . Over the next few days as Li moved northwestwards towards Wake Island , it weakened steadily under the influence of strong upper @-@ level westerly winds . During August 14 , the JMA reported that the system had weakened into a tropical depression , before the JTWC followed suit during the next day as it affected Wake Island . The system was last noted as it dissipated over open water during August 18 . = = = Super Typhoon Fred ( Susang ) = = = On August 15 , Tropical Depression 19W became a tropical storm over the open West Pacific . Fred tracked westward , slowly intensifying to a typhoon on August 16 and a peak of 130 kn ( 240 km / h ) winds on August 19 . Unlike most super typhoons , Fred did not rapidly intensify ; its strengthening rate was steady . As it passed by Taiwan , heavy rainfall caused landslides across the mountainous island . Three perished and a total of NT $ 22 million ( 1994 dollars ) , or $ 835 @,@ 500 ( 1994 USD ) , of damage occurred within Taiwan . The storm weakened to an 85 kn ( 157 km / h ) typhoon before hitting eastern China on August 21 . Significant infrastructure damage occurred near the location of landfall . Unfortunately , the landfall coincided with an unusually high astronomical tide , resulting in extreme storm surge combined with heavy flooding , amounting to over 1 @,@ 000 fatalities and significant damage totaling 7 @.@ 5 billion RMB , or $ 874 @.@ 4 million ( 1994 USD ) . = = = Typhoon Gladys ( Uding ) = = = On August 19 , a small area of thunderstorm activity formed in the open tropical western Pacific ocean on the eastern end of the monsoon trough . By August 22 , the system organized into a small tropical cyclone , which was heading off towards the north . On August 23 , the system turned westward due to increased ridging to its north . It soon became a tropical storm on August 24 , and developed into a typhoon on August 25 . Westerly vertical wind shear led to weakening , and Gladys became a weak tropical storm on August 28 . The wind shear relented , and Gladys redeveloped into a typhoon as it moved towards Taiwan , increasing in size as well as intensity . The system weakened as it tracked across northern Taiwan , prior to making landfall over mainland China , dissipating on September 2 . Winds at Suao gusted to 133 knots ( 246 km / h ) as it moved by northern Taiwan . Six people perished . A total of NT $ 400 million ( 1994 dollars ) , or $ 15 @.@ 4 million ( 1994 USD ) , in agricultural damage was incurred across Taiwan . = = = Tropical Storm Harry = = = Thunderstorm activity developed within the monsoon trough 465 kilometres ( 289 mi ) southwest of Guam . The system tracked west @-@ northwest , a course it would continue through its life cycle . After crossing the northern portion of Luzon , the system became a tropical depression late on August 25 and a tropical storm on August 26 . On the morning of August 27 , the cyclone passed south of Hong Kong , bringing wind gusts to 56 knots ( 104 km / h ) at Waglan Island and 76 knots ( 141 km / h ) at Tai Mo Shen in Hong Kong . Harry became a strong tropical storm before moving close to the Chinese coast . Total damage across China from Harry 's heavy rainfall totaled 484 million RMB ( 1994 RMB ) , or $ 56 @.@ 5 million ( 1994 USD ) . Weakening thereafter , the storm moved across the Gulf of Tonkin into northern Vietnam , dissipating on August 29 . = = = Tropical Depression Tering = = = This system was recognized as a tropical depression by PAGASA . It formed several hundred miles east of the Philippines on August 29 , tracking north of due west , and dissipating on August 30 before reaching the island archipelago . = = = Typhoon Ivy = = = On August 25 , a low pressure area developed in the subtropical western Pacific . The low traveled west @-@ southwest , slowly gaining thunderstorms . On August 28 , the system became a tropical depression , then tropical storm , as it turned to the north . Ivy continued to develop , becoming a typhoon on August 31 . During early September , the system turned north @-@ northeast and slowly weakened . On September 3 , Ivy transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it linked up with a cold front . = = = Typhoon John = = = On August 28 , Hurricane John , which had formed in the Eastern North Pacific , crossed the International Date Line at 0900 UTC and became a typhoon . Shortly after crossing into the Western North Pacific , John reached its secondary peak of 105 knots ( 194 km / h ) . While west @-@ southwest of Midway John started to weaken . This marked the beginning of another intensification period , during which John recrossed the dateline , this time heading east , and out of the Western North Pacific . Two ship reports , at 1500 UTC and 1800 UTC on September 4 , indicated that John had sustained winds of 55 knots ( 102 km / h ) . No damage from John was reported in the Western North Pacific , although damage was reported from John on Johnston Atoll in the Central Pacific . = = = Tropical Storm Joel = = = An area of persistent convection within the monsoon trough in the South China Sea on August 30 . At first , the disturbance moved east @-@ northeastward , but turned toward the west @-@ northwest on September 2 . The disturbance organized into Tropical Depression 23W on September 3 . On the morning of September 5 , upper @-@ level winds which had affected the deep convection to the north of the depression 's circulation centre began to weaken , allowing the convection to wrap around the north side of the system . Based on this , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Joel . The Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded the storm to Tropical Storm 9422 early the next morning local time . Joel then made a sharp turn towards the north , and made landfall on the southwestern corner of Hainan Island . During passage over land , Joel reached its peak of 45 knots ( 83 km / h ) before turning to the northwest and exiting land into the Gulf of Tonkin . A cloud @-@ filled banding eye then became apparent on visible satellite imagery . Joel made landfall on September 7 near Haiphong , Vietnam before dissipating inland west of Hanoi . No significant deaths or damage was reported , aside from a few large trees that were knocked down in Hanoi . = = = Typhoon Kinna = = = On September 1 , an area of thunderstorm activity formed within the monsoon trough . Over the next few days , a monsoon depression formed to its southwest , steering the system northwest to north . After separating from the monsoon depression , it became well enough to organized to be considered a tropical depression on September 5 . Strengthening while moving northward , Kinna became a tropical storm on September 6 . The system slowed its northward motion until it moved north of the axis of the subtropical ridge on September 10 . As it did so , Kinna became a typhoon on September 9 . While recurving east of Japan , Kinna brought wind gusts to 60 knots ( 110 km / h ) at Hachijōjima . By late on September 12 , Kinna had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . = = = Tropical Storm Luke ( Weling ) = = = Luke formed out of the monsoon depression which formed southwest of Kinna . Originally becoming a broad monsoon depression on September 3 , thunderstorm was slow to form any curvature on its western side . By September 9 , the monsoon depression transitioned into Tropical Depression 25W . The depression moved northwest , just to the north of the Philippines . On the afternoon of September 11 , the system strengthened into a tropical storm as it turned more to the west . On September 12 , the system passed south of Hong Kong . Winds gusted to 50 knots ( 93 km / h ) at Waglan Island as the system passed by . As Luke approached Hainan Island , it weakened due to the island 's rough topography . Damage across China totaled over 100 million RMB ( 1994 RMB ) , or $ 11 @.@ 7 million ( 1994 USD ) . The cyclone moved ashore northern Vietnam on September 14 before dissipating . = = = Super Typhoon Melissa = = = On September 10 , a monsoon depression formed in the central Pacific , which had previously absorbed the remains of Hurricane Kristy . By September 11 , the system had become well enough organized to be considered a tropical storm . Strong cross equatorial winds steered Melissa to the northeast and led to rapid intensification . Melissa gained typhoon intensity on September 13 , and became a super typhoon on September 14 . The cyclone then turned northwest and Melissa considerably weakened , becoming a weak tropical storm by September 18 . On September 19 , Melissa rounded the subtropical ridge axis and recurved , becoming a large extratropical cyclone on September 21 and dissipated , affecting Canada and Alaska on September 23 . In Japan , three were killed during Melissa 's passage near the country . = = = Tropical Depression Yaning = = = Just after a few days Luke impacted northern Philippines , an area of thunderstorms formed from the ITCZ , which has been enhanced by Typhoon Melissa . A new , weak low @-@ level circulation started to develop within that area , several kilometers east of Visayas , Philippines on September 12 . PAGASA issued warnings on the system , upgrading it to a tropical depression and naming it Yaning on September 13 . Yaning moved in a south @-@ southwestward direction . The next day , it started to weaken due to land reaction . Later that day , Yaning dissipated . = = = Tropical Storm Nat = = = Nat formed from an area of thunderstorms which formed along a trough trailing from Melissa . First noted on September 14 , the system developed into a tropical depression and tropical storm on September 15 . At this point in its life cycle it approached Guam from the west , when a squall line moved across the island , bringing wind gusts to 48 knots ( 89 km / h ) . One person drowned when knocked into the ocean , while 24 were injured , most of which due to a lightning strike which occurred in the wake of Nat along its trailing surface trough . Nat continued moving east to northeast initially before turning to the northwest by September 19 , then turned back to the northeast by September 21 , eventually dissipating in the subtropical western Pacific ocean . = = = Super Typhoon Orchid ( Aning ) = = = A tropical disturbance formed east of the Philippines along a surface trough trailing from Nat . In the prevailing westerly flow , the disturbance moved eastward . The system organized into a tropical depression on September 18 . The system turned northward , developing into a tropical storm . As it bypassed Guam to the northwest , winds gusted to 46 knots ( 85 km / h ) on the island . Slowly turning towards the northwest , and ultimately southwest around a monsoon gyre , Orchid slowly intensified into a typhoon . On September 22 , Orchid turned northwest and continued to strengthen , peaking as a super typhoon on September 25 . Slowly weakening thereafter , Orchid began to slow during recurvature as it rounded the western side of the subtropical ridge . Acceleration to the north @-@ northeast began on September 28 , and by late on September 29 , Orchid made landfall in Japan as a typhoon , crossing Honshu and western Hokkaido . Winds gusted to 92 knots ( 170 km / h ) at Tanabe . Rainfall from Orchid across central Japan was beneficial , as it helped relieve drought conditions . Nine perished during Orchid 's passage across Japan . = = = Typhoon Pat = = = Pat formed on the east end of the monsoon trough as a tropical disturbance on September 20 near Wake Island , moving west @-@ southwest . The system organized into a tropical depression on September 21 . Turning to the northwest , Pat quickly strengthened into a typhoon by September 23 . Soon afterward , Pat turned more to the west and weakened , beginning its interaction with Tropical Storm Ruth located to Pat 's southwest . On September 24 , Pat and Ruth began to orbit around each other , entrapped within a Fujiwara interaction . By the morning of September 26 , the two cyclones merged and both systems ' thunderstorm activity fell apart , a condition which continued after the merger . Over the next couple days , the merged cyclone regained central convection and recurved east of Japan . = = = Tropical Storm Ruth = = = An area of thunderstorm activity formed between Orchid and Pat on September 23 . The system developed , becoming Tropical Depression 30W on September 24 . A day later , the cyclone achieved tropical storm strength . Ruth moved northeast within a general southwest flow regime , as the smaller tropical cyclone named Pat approached from the northeast . By September 26 , the two cyclones merged , and the resultant cyclone recurved east of Japan . = = = Tropical Depression 31W = = = On September 26 , an upper @-@ tropospheric circulation separated from an upper @-@ level trough that was situated northwest of Hawaii , and began moving westward towards the International Date Line . This Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough also had deep convection associated with low @-@ level cloud lines , which suggested that a low @-@ level circulation possibly existed . It crossed the Dateline on September 27 , with the convection persisting . The system continued to organise and became a tropical depression the next day , despite lacking in deep convection . The depression never strengthened into a tropical storm , and lacked deep convection for most of its existence . It recurved eastward and weakened on October 3 , and the final warning was issued . No damage or casualties were reported . = = = Typhoon Seth ( Bidang ) = = = An area of thunderstorm activity formed near the Marshall Islands , moving westward in a regime which showed an atypically weak monsoon trough . On October 1 , a low level circulation developed in association with the convection . Slow development occurred , and the system strengthened into a tropical depression on October 3 . Winds gusted to 41 knots ( 76 km / h ) as Seth passed south of Guam on October 5 . Developing at a modest pace as it moved west @-@ northwest , the cyclone strengthened into a typhoon on October 6 . Seth strengthened into a strong typhoon on October 7 , recurving around the periphery of the subtropical ridge , missing Taiwan to the east . Heavy rainfall and high winds across the island led to eight deaths , and NT $ 60 million ( 1994 dollars ) , or $ 2 @.@ 3 million ( 1994 USD ) , in damage . As it moved through the Ryukyu Islands , winds gusted to 110 knots ( 200 km / h ) Yonaguni Jima . The cyclone accelerated as it approached Korea as a typhoon which had begun to transition into a nontropical low . At Cheju Do , winds peaked at 78 knots ( 144 km / h ) as Seth passed by . Rainfall amounts measured across South Korea were in excess of 300 millimetres ( 12 in ) . Although the rainfall generally relieved drought conditions , one person perished due to flooding in Samchok . Seth become an extratropical cyclone soon after crossing the peninsula on October 12 . = = = Typhoon Verne ( Delang ) = = = An area of organized thunderstorm activity formed on October 14 in the Marshall Islands . Late on October 15 , the system formed into a tropical depression . The system slowly developed as it moved west @-@ northwest , becoming a tropical storm on October 18 . The system passed north of Guam , bringing over 75 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) of rainfall to much of the island , and winds gusted up to 60 knots ( 110 km / h ) . By October 20 , Verne had developed into a typhoon . Late on October 21 , steering currents collapsed , and Verne stalled for nearly a week . Verne became a strong typhoon on October 24 . Turning northward on October 26 , the system slowly weakened east of mainland Asia , and on October 28 Verne weakened back into a tropical storm . On November 1 , Verne became an extratropical cyclone as it moved east of Japan . = = = Typhoon Teresa ( Katring ) = = = Typhoon Teresa ( named Katring by PAGASA ) was at one point one of four tropical cyclones that existed simultaneously in the Western North Pacific , and it was the westernmost of the four . This system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on October 15 while about 550 kilometres ( 340 mi ) east of the southern Mariana Islands . The system moved west and passed north of Guam near Saipan on October 16 at around 0600 UTC . Slowly organizing , the system evolved into Tropical Depression 34W early on October 16 , and a tropical storm later in the day . Teresa continued moving westward at a constant pace and intensified into a typhoon on October 19 , reaching its peak intensity of 80 knots ( 150 km / h ) that same day . Teresa crossed the central Philippines on a west @-@ southwestward track , passing just south of Manila . It had weakened to a severe tropical storm by the time it exited the Philippine islands . The storm continued on a southwestward motion , slowly re @-@ intensifying , and it had regained typhoon strength by October 23 . The storm then slowed and turned toward the west , and slowly weakened as it moved towards the coast of Vietnam . The final warning was issued by the JTWC when Teresa was still a tropical storm , but weakening over water east of Vietnam . The remnants of Teresa made landfall in southern Vietnam late on October 26 . Teresa left at least 14 dead and 11 injured in the Philippines , and caused heavy damage to rice and coconut plantations . Electricity was cut off in Manila and surrounding areas . Trees were also reported uprooted , and utility poles brought down . A Maltese oil tanker located in the South China Sea about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) southeast of Hong Kong split into two and capsized , killing two and leaving 14 missing . The other crew members were rescued . Typhoon Teresa caused a total of $ 67 @.@ 4 million ( 1994 USD ) in damage in Laguna , Batangas , Rizal and Cavite Provinces in the Philippines . = = = Typhoon Wilda = = = Forming along the trough axis in which Teresa and Verne , a tropical disturbance formed on October 18 in the central tropical Pacific . The system slowly developed , becoming a tropical depression on October 19 . The depression moved west @-@ northwestward , becoming a tropical storm on October 20 . After becoming a typhoon , Wilda turned west @-@ southwest towards Saipan . From late on October 24 through late on October 25 , Wilda stalled 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) east @-@ northeast of Saipan , slowly weakening . Up to 4 @.@ 95 inches ( 126 mm ) fell across the central portion of Guam while winds gusted to 74 knots ( 137 km / h ) as Wilda stalled to the northeast . The system then turned northeast along the now reverse @-@ oriented monsoon trough due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge to its north until October 28 , before bending back to the north @-@ northwest . Late on October 29 , Wilda turned back to the northeast and began to accelerate , with the system evolving into an extratropical cyclone on November 1 . = = = Tropical Storm Yuri = = = On October 22 , an area of convection formed northwest of Hawaii in association with a Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough . Moving rapidly westward , the low @-@ level circulation center associated with the convective clouds crossed the International Date Line later that day . The first mention of this system by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center in their Significant Tropical Weather Advisory six hours later noted that the low @-@ level circulation had been developing under the TUTT cell . Slowly developing , on October 23 , the system organized into Tropical Depression 36W . The Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded the system to Tropical Storm 9433 at 1200 UTC that day , shortly before the JTWC decided to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Yuri . The JTWC upgrade was based on a small area of deep convection which had formed to the southeast of the low @-@ level centre , as well as a rapid low @-@ level cloud motion of 40 knots ( 74 km / h ) that was observed to the north of the circulation . Yuri remained a minimal tropical storm for the next two days or so before it was downgraded to a tropical depression because of a lack of deep convection and a weakening in its appearance on satellite imagery . The final warning was issued a few hours later on October 25 . There were no reports of damage or injuries . A weak wind of 11 knots ( 20 km / h ) associated with the dissipating system was recorded at Chichi @-@ jima on October 25 . = = = Super Typhoon Zelda ( Esang ) = = = The northeastern end of the monsoon trough developed into Tropical Depression 37W on October 25 over subtropical latitudes . It headed southeastward , then turned to the southwest , becoming a tropical storm on the 29th . Zelda continued its slow intensification rate , and as it turned more westward , it became a typhoon on the 1st . Continuing its clockwise movement , Zelda turned to the northwest , where it passed over the Northern Mariana Islands . On the 3rd the storm rapidly intensified to a 135 kn ( 250 km / h ) super typhoon , and as it turned to the northeast it slowly weakened to a tropical storm on the 8th . On the 10th , Zelda dissipated , only 1 @,@ 700 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 100 mi ) from its start after following a several thousand mile track . = = = Typhoon Axel ( Garding ) = = = Forming along a near @-@ equatorial trough , a surface circulation formed on December 13 and began to move west @-@ northwestward . The system organized into a tropical depression on December 14 , but only for 12 hours as the system became much less organized and had more than one circulation center . On December 15 , the system began to regenerate due to increasing thunderstorm activity near its main circulation center , and by late in the day , was once again considered a tropical depression . Modestly developing thereafter , the tropical cyclone intensified into a typhoon on December 19 as it turned due west . Axel moved south of Samar in the Philippines , weakening as it moved through the archipelago . Sixteen perished as the typhoon moved through the country , with five deaths occurring in Bacolod City as heavy rains caused a dam break . High waves destroyed 163 homes on Mindinao . Entering the South China Sea as a tropical storm , the system briefly reintensified into a typhoon before vertical wind shear substantially increased , which led to significant weakening of Axel . The tropical cyclone dissipated 370 kilometres ( 230 mi ) southeast of Hong Kong on December 26 . The remnants of Axel interacted with a low @-@ pressure area which is also the remnants of Bobbie as it created a large extratropical system , affecting Canada and finally dissipating on January 2 , 1995 . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Bobbie = = = Moving west @-@ northwest for much of its life , a tropical disturbance formed in the Marshall Islands on December 15 . Due to vertical wind shear , the system was slow to organize . The system organized into a tropical depression on December 18 , and a tropical storm on December 19 . The system recurved and dissipated as a tropical cyclone on December 25 and weakened to a remnant low early the next day . = = Storm names = = During the season 34 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center , when it was determined that they had become tropical storms . These names were contributed to a revised list which started on mid @-@ 1989 . = = = Philippines = = = The Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility . PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility . Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient , names are taken from an auxiliary list , the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts . Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1998 season . This is the same list used for the 1990 season . PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet , with names of Filipino female names ending with " ng " ( A , B , K , D , etc . ) . Names that were not assigned / going to use are marked in gray . = Hebron Church ( Intermont , West Virginia ) = Hebron Church ( also historically known as Great Capon Church , Hebron Lutheran Church , and Hebron Evangelical Lutheran Church ) is a mid @-@ 19th century Lutheran church in Intermont , Hampshire County , in the U.S. state of West Virginia . Hebron Church was founded in 1786 as Great Capon Church by German settlers in the Cacapon River Valley , making it the first Lutheran church west of the Shenandoah Valley . The congregation worshiped in a log church , which initially served both Lutheran and Reformed denominations . Its congregation was originally German @-@ speaking ; the church 's documents and religious services were in German until 1821 , when records and sermons transitioned to English . The church 's congregation built the present Greek Revival @-@ style 1 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ story church building in 1849 , when it was renamed Hebron on the Cacapon . The original log church was moved across the road and subsequently used as a sexton 's house , Sunday school classroom , and public schoolhouse ( attended by future West Virginia governor Herman G. Kump ) . To celebrate the congregation 's 175th anniversary in 1961 , Hebron Church constructed a brick community and religious education building designed to be architecturally compatible with the 1849 brick church . As of October 2015 , the church continues to be used by the West Virginia @-@ Western Maryland Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Hebron Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 16 , 2014 for its architectural distinction as a local example of vernacular Greek Revival church architecture in the Potomac Highlands . = = Geography and setting = = Hebron Church and its cemetery are located east of Carpers Pike ( West Virginia Route 259 ) in the unincorporated community of Intermont , about 3 @.@ 20 miles ( 5 @.@ 15 km ) southwest of Yellow Spring , and 5 @.@ 63 miles ( 9 @.@ 06 km ) northeast of the town of Wardensville . Capon Lake and the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge are 0 @.@ 64 miles ( 1 @.@ 03 km ) northeast of the church . The church and its cemetery are on a 3 @.@ 879 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 570 ha ) lot . Hebron Church is on the plain of a predominantly rural agricultural and forested area of southeastern Hampshire County , in the Cacapon River Valley . Baker Mountain , a forested , narrow anticlinal mountain ridge , rises west of the church , and the western rolling foothills of the anticlinal Great North Mountain rise east of the valley . The Cacapon River , just southeast of the church , is hidden from the church and cemetery by mature foliage . George Washington National Forest , encompassing the forested area east of the Cacapon River , is east of the church . The National Register of Historic Places listing for Hebron Church includes the brick church and cemetery . They are accessible from WV 259 by a semicircular asphalt driveway , separated from the church and cemetery by a wrought iron fence and lined with large , old @-@ growth maple trees along the property 's northwestern perimeter . A paved brick walkway leads from the gate to the northwestern façade and two main entrances of the church . The church is surrounded on its northeastern , southeastern , and southwestern sides by a cemetery which is still in use . The cemetery contains over 600 gravestones , several yuccas , a hemlock tree , and a boxwood . A modern brick community building , within the historic boundary south of the church and cemetery , is used for church activities . = = History = = = = = Background = = = The land on which Hebron Church and its cemetery are located was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary , a land grant from Charles II of England to seven of his supporters in 1649 which was renewed by an official patent in 1688 . One of these seven supporters , Thomas Colepeper , 2nd Baron Colepeper , acquired the entire area in 1681 ; his grandson , Thomas Fairfax , 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron , inherited it in 1719 . Under Fairfax 's ownership , the Cacapon River Valley was predominantly inhabited by English @-@ speaking settlers as early as the late 1730s ; most came from Pennsylvania and New Jersey . As settlement progressed during the second half of the 18th century , the fertile land of Hampshire County ( including the Cacapon River Valley ) also attracted German settlers from Pennsylvania and elsewhere in Virginia before and after the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 – 1783 ) . = = = Establishment = = = As the population of German settlers in the region began to increase , the desire for Lutheran religious services and education also grew . Ministers , including Henry Muhlenberg disciple Christian Streit , began to establish congregations in the largest communities of western Virginia . Muhlenberg was a German pastor , requested by colonists in Pennsylvania , who served as a missionary there from 1742 until his death in 1787 ; he is considered the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in the United States . Johannes Schwarback and Muhlenberg 's son , Peter , reportedly visited the Cacapon River Valley between 1763 and 1776 ( before Hebron Church 's founding ) . Streit , charged with ministering to a Lutheran congregation in Winchester , settled there on July 19 , 1785 . Hebron Church , originally known as the Great Capon Church , was established by early German settlers in 1786 as a united German congregation of the Reformed and Lutheran denominations . The congregation was also known as the German Churches , since it served both denominations . In its earliest days , the church was served by pastors connected with congregations in the Shenandoah Valley . Streit incorporated the church into his circuit shortly after its founding , regularly traveling to the Cacapon River Valley for baptisms and weddings , but his ministry did not extend west of Cooper Mountain . According to the oldest extant church record , six people were confirmed in the Lutheran Synod and nine confirmed in the German Reformed Church in November 1786 . On September 23 , 1787 , seven more people were confirmed in the Lutheran Synod ; the church 's enrollment then began to increase . Early religious services were held in the log church on land deeded to Reformed trustee Jacob Huber and Lutheran trustee John Nicholas Schweitzer , both of whom were church elders in 1786 . The deed conveying the land to the trustees specified that it was to be used for a German church and burial yard . The united congregation became Hebron Church , the first Lutheran church west of the Shenandoah Valley . While the Reformed and Lutheran congregations used the log church , they were ministered by two pastors . Abraham Gottlieb Deschler ministered to the Lutherans and Jacob Rebas ( or Repass ) ministered to the Reformed congregation until the latter dissolved around 1813 . Although the church served both denominations , it was later served by one minister ( Reformed or Lutheran ) . Originally a German @-@ speaking congregation , its documents and religious services were in German until 1821 ( an early transition to English for a German denomination in the United States ) . By that time , under the pastorship of Abraham Reck ( 1812 – 21 ) , the congregation was known as Capon Church . = = = Construction = = = The congregation of Great Capon Church built the present one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ story Lutheran church building in 1849 , when it was briefly renamed Hebron on the Cacapon after Hebron ( the city associated with Judah , Abraham , and Isaac ) . The church was later known simply as Hebron Church . The brick church was constructed east of the original log structure , which was west of the present community building . The 1849 church was originally topped by a wooden shake roof , and its windows had double @-@ hung wooden sashes . Its pews were built by Alfred Brill , Jacob Himmelwright and Frederick Secrist with lumber milled by Brill . The church was constructed under the ministry of H. J. Richardson ( 1848 – 53 ) . The log church was moved from its original location in the south corner of the cemetery to a hill across the road from the brick church . It was used as a sexton 's house for the church , and was a Sunday school classroom for about 30 years . In addition to religious instruction , the log building was a public schoolhouse . Future West Virginia governor Herman G. Kump and his brother , judge Garnett Kerr Kump , received part of their primary education in the schoolhouse . By 1885 , a Mr. Miller was teaching business principles at the school . The log building succumbed to the elements , and no longer exists . = = = Later history = = = Peter Miller ministered to the congregation at Hebron Church four times , for a total of 25 years , between 1858 and 1918 . Licensed in 1858 and ordained in 1860 , Miller engaged in missionary work for rural congregants in the Capon and North River Parish of Hampshire and Hardy counties for 60 years . He established many of the area 's Lutheran churches and , according to the North Carolina Synod of the Lutheran Church in America , was " an outstanding figure in this large , mountainous , thinly populated territory , who for sixty years almost continuously was recognized as everybody 's pastor . " By 1867 , the church membership was 106 , its largest congregation to date . On October 13 , 1879 , a post office was established near Hebron Church to serve the adjacent community ( then known as Mutton Run ) . In December 1884 , the church roof caught fire from an adjacent flue , burning a hole through the sanctuary 's ceiling which was soon repaired . On August 11 – 15 , 1886 , Hebron Church celebrated its centennial . During the celebration , Miller read a complete history of the German churches in the region . The centennial was reportedly the first of any Lutheran congregation in the southern United States . The wrought @-@ iron fence along the church driveway was installed in April 1895 , replacing a picket fence . In 1905 , the church 's wood roof was replaced with a metal one , the present stained @-@ glass windows were installed , its interior and woodwork were painted and new lamps were installed for better illumination . The stained @-@ glass windows were supplied by Madison Alling of Newark , New Jersey in memory of his father , who summered at nearby Capon Springs Resort . Alling also provided four hanging lamps and calcimine for the interior walls and paint for the interior woodwork . Anton Reymann of Wheeling , West Virginia funded the metal roof and the sanctuary 's painting and decoration . On June 11 , 1915 , the post office changed its name to Intermont ( after the Intermountain Construction Company ) , operating until its closure on January 29 , 1972 . The unincorporated community around Hebron Church continues to be known as Intermont , after the former post office . By 1921 , the Winchester and Western Railroad had been constructed to the east of Hebron Church by the Intermountain Construction Company to connect Wardensville with Winchester and develop the area 's timber , mining , and fruit industries . In 1932 , the church 's piano was donated by George E. Brill of Baltimore . Hebron Church celebrated its 150th anniversary in 1936 , during the pastorate of Lawrence P. Williamson ( 1930 – 37 ) . On October 29 , 1961 , in celebration of the church 's 175th anniversary , the congregation dedicated a new brick community and religious @-@ education building designed to be architecturally compatible with the 1849 brick church . The new building , which hosted community gatherings , events and Sunday school , was built just south of the brick church at the edge of the cemetery ( where the old log church was originally located ) . Walter A. Sigman ( 1960 – 65 ) was pastor when the community building was dedicated . = = = Preservation = = = In 2008 , a survey of historic properties in the county was undertaken by the State Historic Preservation Office of the West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Following this survey , he Hampshire County Historic Landmarks Commission and the Hampshire County Commission began an initiative to place these identified structures and districts on the National Register of Historic Places . Preparation of the necessary documentation for Hebron Church , French 's Mill , Yellow Spring Mill , and the Nathaniel and Isaac Kuykendall House began in April 2013 , when Governor Earl Ray Tomblin awarded $ 10 @,@ 500 to the Hampshire County Commission . The cost of the commission 's documentation of the history and significance of the four properties was $ 15 @,@ 000 , of which the county paid $ 4 @,@ 500 . All four properties were accepted for the NRHP on December 16 , 2014 , with Hebron Church a unique local example of Greek Revival church architecture in the Potomac Highlands . Because the church 's original architectural design , workmanship , and building materials are extant , architectural historian Sandra Scaffidi assessed the church as providing " insight into the construction techniques of a mid @-@ 19th @-@ century ecclesiastical building . " Hebron Church is one of six extant , rural pre @-@ Civil War church buildings in Hampshire County ; the other five are Bloomery Presbyterian Church ( 1825 ) , Mount Bethel Church ( 1837 ) , Old Pine Church ( 1838 ) , Capon Chapel ( c . 1852 ) , and North River Mills United Methodist Church ( 1860 ) . As of October 2015 , the church 's congregation is part of the Potomac Conference in the West Virginia @-@ Western Maryland Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Ministered by David A. Twedt , Hebron Church has 22 baptized members , 19 confirmed members and an average attendance of six . = = = Pastors = = = Since the church 's founding in 1786 , the following pastors have ministered to the congregation at Hebron Church : † Reformed pastors ; the remaining pastors were Lutheran . = = Architecture = = According to Sandra Scaffidi , Hebron Church 's architecture exemplifies a " local interpretation " of the Greek Revival architectural style , which was popular at the time of its construction . With its simple wooden doors , returning eaves and symmetrical front gable design , Hebron Church is representative of a vernacular interpretation of Greek Revival architecture . Only one other church building in eastern Hampshire County , Timber Ridge Christian Church in High View , was built of brick . The overall plan of Hebron Church exemplifies traditional Lutheranism , with the sanctuary 's one @-@ room floor plan enabling the congregation to be near its minister and easily participate in worship . Scaffidi wrote , " The Greek Revival front @-@ gable form of the Hebron Church reflects the early settlers ' desire to worship in a modest , uncluttered fashion . " = = = Exterior = = = The 1849 church is a small , one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ story , front @-@ gable building . The main façade ( northwestern elevation ) has two main entrances , enclosed by white @-@ painted wood , recessed panel doors , and capped by white @-@ painted stone lintels with two stone corner blocks . The church 's exterior is brickwork , laid in Flemish bond on the main façade and a five @-@ course American bond on the northeastern , southeastern and southwestern elevations . Two blue @-@ gray stained glass windows ( installed in 1905 ) are symmetrically placed above the main entrances , each capped by stone lintels with two stone corner blocks . The main façade is crowned by a white painted entablature molding with two cornice returns , exemplifying Greek Revival architectural design . In the top of the gable , a square date stone engraved " 1849 " is embedded in the brickwork above a gooseneck light fixture . Although the church is now topped by a metal standing @-@ seam roof , it was originally sheathed by wooden shakes . On the church 's northeastern elevation there are three large , symmetrical stained @-@ glass windows , each with a fixed upper sash and a lower hopper sash . Like the main façade 's doorways and windows , the sills , lintels and lintel corner blocks of the stained @-@ glass windows are white @-@ painted stone . Below the windows is an exposed coursed @-@ stone foundation with five tie @-@ rod masonry anchor plates . A small brick chimney is present on this elevation . The church 's southwestern elevation also has a coursed @-@ stone foundation , with five tie @-@ rod anchor plates , banked into the ground below three symmetrical stained @-@ glass windows with fixed upper sashes and lower hopper sashes and encased with white @-@ painted stone sills , lintels and lintel corner blocks . On this elevation are a small brick chimney in the roof slope and metal snowbirds along the roof line . Downspouts are located at the southern corners of the northeastern and southwestern elevations . The church 's southeastern ( rear ) elevation has an exposed coursed @-@ stone foundation 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) high , due to its location on sloping ground . At the center of this elevation is a protruding , gabled brick extension for the interior altar , with symmetrical stained @-@ glass windows on both sides . The gabled protrusion is capped by aluminum flashing . An 1895 wrought @-@ iron fence encloses the property 's northwestern perimeter , and a paved brick walkway provides pedestrian access from the driveway to the two main entrances . = = = Interior = = = The church interior has an open floor plan , with a sanctuary measuring 28 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) wide and 43 feet ( 13 m ) long . The floor plan is an open nave , with two aisles partitioning three sections of rectangular wooden pews . Although the pews had been painted white , they have been restored to their original wood finish . The sanctuary 's interior walls are plaster , and the floors are sheathed in wide wooden planks . The nave is topped by a ceiling fabricated on tongue and groove wooden planks painted white . Three large stained @-@ glass windows , framed by wooden molding and recessed approximately 6 inches ( 15 cm ) , are symmetrically located on the northeastern and southwestern walls . The lower portion of each window contains a memorial dedication , which opens into its lower hopper sash . On the northwestern side of the interior are the two main entry doors , which access an unadorned narthex . Two tapered @-@ square pilasters support an upper gallery loft , possibly used by slaves during religious services . The gallery is fronted by a solid balustrade , accented with dentil molding and recessed wooden panels . At the southeastern end of the sanctuary , the altar is atop a decagonal platform about 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) above the floor and accessible by a pair of four @-@ step staircases . On the elevated platform is also a table holding a Bible . A recessed rectangular apse , flanked by a pair of fluted , engaged columns , is behind the altar . A painting of Jesus hangs in the center of the apse , with an American flag to its immediate north . An organ and a piano are north of the altar , with a baptismal font south of it . The altar platform and aisles are carpeted red . The sanctuary 's northern and southern elevations exposed brick chimneys connected to gas heating units , which were installed around 1970 . A brass chandelier with clear glass hurricane globes is suspended in the center of the sanctuary ; on the northern and southern elevations , two brass electric lanterns are adjacent to the stained @-@ glass windows . The upper gallery on the northwestern side of the church is accessed by a twelve @-@ step wooden spiral staircase , and has an unfinished wooden floor . Four wooden pews have white @-@ painted sides and unfinished seats and rails . The gallery 's ceiling height is about 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) at its tallest and about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) at its shortest , due to the sloping wooden floor . Two stained @-@ glass windows , which cannot be opened , are along the northwest wall . A small closet , accessible through a wooden door with two parallel vertical panels and original latch hardware , is at the base of the staircase . The church 's original plasterwork and a 10 @-@ inch ( 25 cm ) vertically @-@ cut wooden board , suggesting half @-@ timbering , are visible in the closet . = = = Community building = = = The church 's community building , a non @-@ contributing structure within the historic boundary , is southwest of the church . The building is a venue for Sunday school classes and community gatherings . The front gable building , completed in 1961 , is sheathed in brickwork . Similar to the church , the building is built into a gently @-@ sloping bank with its one @-@ story elevation at grade facing west toward WV 259 . Its two @-@ story eastern elevation is at the foot of the hillside . The building 's western façade has a central entryway with double doors , topped by a six @-@ light transom and flanked by engaged pilasters . Its gable , sheathed in aluminum siding , incorporates a gabled pediment and the building 's perimeter is surrounded by a wide , flat frieze . The building 's southern elevation has wooden windows with 12 @-@ over @-@ 12 double @-@ hung sashes on brick window sills . Its basement level has one entrance , flanked by wooden double @-@ hung sash windows and four casement windows . The northeastern elevation has three stained @-@ glass windows on the main level , with three wooden eight @-@ over @-@ eight double @-@ hung sash windows ; a single wooden six @-@ over @-@ six double @-@ hung sash window is in the gable . The building is roofed with asphalt shingles , and a brick chimney is along the slope of the northern elevation 's roof line . Its northeastern elevation has five wooden 16 @-@ over @-@ 16 double @-@ hung sash windows on the main level and four on the lower level , in addition to two wooden four @-@ over @-@ four sash windows . = = = Cemetery = = = Hebron Church is surrounded on three sides by a cemetery , consisting of about 700 granite , marble , slate and wooden gravestones laid in semi @-@ regular rows running northeast to southeast . The cemetery also abuts the northeastern elevation of the community building . Its interments date from about 1806 to the present ; early gravestones have deteriorated beyond recognition , and may be older than 1806 . Slaves and other people of color are interred in a small area of the cemetery 's southeastern section , with simpler markers than the cemetery 's other gravestones . Although its gravestones are generally rectangular granite stones and large obelisks , the cemetery 's earliest gravestones were simple wooden boards . Several gravestones are ornately carved , including one modeled on a tree stump . The cemetery is active , with the most recent burials at the property 's northern end . Dr. William Blum , Sr. , an electrochemist at the National Bureau of Standards who invented a chrome plating technique used in banknote printing , is interred at the cemetery . = Russo @-@ Georgian War = The Russo @-@ Georgian War was a war between Georgia , Russia and the Russian @-@ backed self @-@ proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia . The war took place in August 2008 following a period of worsening relations between Russia and Georgia , both formerly constituent republics of the Soviet Union . The fighting took place in the strategically important Transcaucasia region , which borders the Middle East . It was regarded as the first European war of the 21st century . The Republic of Georgia declared its independence in early 1991 as the Soviet Union began to fall apart . Amidst this backdrop , a war between Georgia and separatists left parts of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast under the de facto control of Russian @-@ backed but internationally unrecognised separatists . Following the war , a joint peacekeeping force of Georgian , Russian and Ossetian troops was stationed in the territory . Meanwhile , a similar stalemate developed in the second rebel region of Abkhazia , which had waged its own separatist war in 1992 – 1993 . Following Vladimir Putin 's rise to power in Russia in 2000 and a pro @-@ Western change of power in Georgia in 2003 , relations between Russia and Georgia began to deteriorate , reaching a full diplomatic crisis by April 2008 . By August 1 , 2008 , Ossetian separatists began shelling Georgian villages , with a sporadic response from Georgian peacekeepers in the region . To put an end to these deadly attacks and restore order , the Georgian Army was sent to the South Ossetian conflict zone on 7 August . Georgians took control of most of Tskhinvali , a separatist stronghold , in hours . Georgia later stated it was also responding to Russia moving non @-@ peacekeeping units into the country . Russia accused Georgia of " aggression against South Ossetia " , and launched a large @-@ scale land , air and sea invasion of Georgia on 8 August with the stated aim of " peace enforcement " operation . Russian and Ossetian forces battled Georgian forces in and around South Ossetia for several days , until Georgian forces retreated . Russian and Abkhaz forces opened a second front by attacking the Kodori Gorge held by Georgia . Russian naval forces blockaded part of the Georgian coast . This was the first war in history in which cyber warfare coincided with military action . An active information war was also waged during and after the conflict . President of France Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated a ceasefire agreement on 12 August . Russian forces temporarily occupied the Georgian cities of Zugdidi , Senaki , Poti , and Gori , holding on to these areas beyond the ceasefire . The South Ossetians destroyed most ethnic Georgian villages in South Ossetia and were responsible for an ethnic cleansing of Georgians . Russia recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia as separate republics on 26 August ; in response , the Georgian government severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russia mostly completed its withdrawal of troops from Georgia proper on 8 October . In the aftermath , Russia 's international relations were largely unharmed . The war displaced 192 @,@ 000 people and while many returned to their homes after the war , 20 @,@ 272 people remained displaced as of 2014 . The Russian military has , since the war , increased its presence in Abkhazia and South Ossetia in violation of the ceasefire agreement of August 2008 . = = Background = = = = = History = = = In the tenth century AD , Georgia for the first time emerged as an ethnic concept in the territories where the Georgian language was used to perform Christian rituals . After the Mongol invasions of the region , the Kingdom of Georgia eventually was broken up into several kingdoms and principalities . In the nineteenth century , the Russian Empire gradually annexed the Georgian lands . In the aftermath of the Russian revolution , Georgia declared its independence on 26 May 1918 . The Ossetian people are indigenous to North Ossetia , located in the North Caucasus . Controversy surrounds the date of Ossetian arrival in Transcaucasia . According to one theory , they first migrated there during the 13th and 14th centuries AD , and lived alongside the Georgians peacefully for centuries . In 1918 , conflict began between the landless Ossetian peasants living in Shida Kartli , who were influenced by Bolshevism and demanded ownership of the lands they worked and the Menshevik government backed ethnic Georgian aristocrats , who were legal owners . Although the Ossetians were initially discontented with the economic policies of the central government , the tension soon transformed into ethnic conflict . During uprisings in 1919 and 1920 , the Ossetians were covertly supported by Soviet Russia , but even so , were defeated . The independent Democratic Republic of Georgia was invaded by the Red Army in 1921 and a Soviet government was installed . The government of Soviet Georgia created an autonomous administrative unit for Transcaucasian Ossetians in April 1922 , called the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast . Historians such as Stephen F. Jones , Emil Souleimanov and Arsène Saparov believe that the Bolsheviks granted this autonomy to the Ossetians in exchange for their help in fighting the Democratic Republic of Georgia , since this area had never been a separate entity prior to the Russian invasion . Nationalism in Soviet Georgia emerged in 1989 when the weakening of the Soviet Union began . The Kremlin endorsed South Ossetian nationalism as a counter against the Georgian independence movement . On 11 December 1990 , the Supreme Soviet of Georgia abolished the South Ossetian autonomous region . Georgia declared its restoration of independence on 9 April 1991 , thus becoming the first non @-@ Baltic state of the Soviet Union to do so . A military conflict broke out between Georgia and South Ossetia in January 1991 , which lasted until June 1992 . The separatists were aided by former Soviet military units now under Russian command . The war resulted in South Ossetian separatists achieving de facto independence from Georgia . After the Sochi agreement in 1992 , Georgian , South Ossetian , Russian and North Ossetian peacekeepers were stationed in South Ossetian conflict zone under the Joint Control Commission 's ( JCC ) mandate . Some parts of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast remained under the Georgian control . This situation was mirrored in Abkhazia , an autonomous republic in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic , where the Abkhaz minority seceded from Georgia during the early 1990s . The population of Abkhazia was reduced to 216 @,@ 000 after an ethnic cleansing of Georgians , a decrease from 525 @,@ 000 before the war . An unrecognised government did not control the entire territory of Abkhazia . = = = Russian interests and involvement = = = Transcaucasia lies between the Russian region of the North Caucasus and the Middle East , forming a " buffer zone " between Russia and the Middle East . It borders Turkey and Iran . The strategic importance of the region has made it a security concern for Russia . Significant economic reasons , such as presence or transportation of oil , also affect interest in Transcaucasia . Control of Transcaucasia , according to Swedish academic Svante Cornell , would enable Russia to control Western influence in the geopolitically important region of Central Asia . Russia saw the Black Sea coast and the border with Turkey as invaluable strategic attributes of Georgia . Russia had more vested interests in Abkhazia than in South Ossetia , since the Russian military presence on the Black Sea coast was seen as vital to Russian influence in the Black Sea . Before the early 2000s , South Ossetia was originally intended as a tool to retain a grip on Georgia . Vladimir Putin became president of the Russian Federation in 2000 , which had a profound impact on Russo @-@ Georgian relations . The conflict between Russia and Georgia began to escalate in December 2000 , when Georgia became the first and only member of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) on which the Russian visa regime was imposed . In December 2001 , Eduard Kokoity , an alleged member of organised crime , became de facto president of South Ossetia ; he was endorsed by Russia since he would subvert the peaceful reintegration of South Ossetia into Georgia . The Russian government began massive distribution of Russian passports to the residents of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in 2002 without Georgia 's permission ; this " passportization " policy laid the foundation for Russia 's future claim to these territories . In 2003 , President Putin began to consider the possibility of a military solution to the conflict with Georgia . After Georgia deported four suspected Russian spies in 2006 , Russia began a full @-@ scale diplomatic and economic war against Georgia , accompanied by the persecution of ethnic Georgians living in Russia . By 2008 , most residents of South Ossetia had obtained Russian passports . According to Reuters , Russia supplied two @-@ thirds of South Ossetia 's annual budget before the war . Russian officials had de facto control of South Ossetia 's security institutions , including the armed forces ; South Ossetia 's de facto government was largely staffed with Russians and South Ossetians with Russian passports , who had occupied equivalent government positions in Russia . = = = Unresolved conflicts = = = The conflicts in Georgia remained at a stalemate until 2004 , when Mikheil Saakashvili came to power after Georgia 's Rose Revolution , which ousted president Eduard Shevardnadze . Restoring South Ossetia and Abkhazia to Georgian control was a top @-@ priority of Saakashvili 's . The Georgian government launched an initiative to curb smuggling from South Ossetia in 2004 after its success in restoring control in Adjara . Tensions were further escalated by South Ossetian authorities . Intense fighting took place between Georgian forces and South Ossetian militia between 8 and 19 August . At the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg in January 2005 , Georgian president Saakashvili proposed a peace settlement for South Ossetia within a unified Georgian state . The proposal was rejected by South Ossetian president Eduard Kokoity . In 2006 , Georgia sent security forces to the Kodori Valley region of Abkhazia , when a local militia leader rebelled against Georgian authorities . In 2007 , Georgia established what Russia called a " puppet government " in South Ossetia , led by Dmitry Sanakoyev ( former South Ossetian prime minister ) , calling it a provisional administration . Georgia began proposing the placement of international peacekeeping forces in the separatist regions when Russia began to apply more pressure on Georgia after April 2008 . The West launched new initiatives for peace settlement , with peace plans being offered and conferences being organised by the European Union , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) and Germany . Georgia accepted the German project for Abkhazia , but the separatists dismissed it . Russia and the separatists did not attend an EU @-@ funded peace conference on Abkhazia . They also dismissed an OSCE offer to renew talks regarding South Ossetia . = = = Relations between Georgia and the West = = = One of President Saakashvili 's primary goals for Georgia was NATO membership , which has been one of the major stumbling blocks in Georgia @-@ Russia relations . Although Georgia has no significant oil or gas reserves , its territory hosts part of the Baku – Tbilisi – Ceyhan pipeline supplying Europe . The pipeline circumvents both Russia and Iran . Because it has decreased Western dependence on Middle Eastern oil , the pipeline has been a major factor in the United States ' support for Georgia . During the NATO summit in Bucharest in April 2008 , American president George W. Bush lobbied for offering a Membership Action Plan ( MAP ) to Georgia and Ukraine . However , Germany and France said that offering MAP to Ukraine and Georgia would be " an unnecessary offence " to Russia . NATO stated that Ukraine and Georgia would become members of the alliance and pledged to review the applications for MAP in December 2008 . Russian President Vladimir Putin was in Bucharest during the summit . At the end of the summit on 4 April , Putin said that expansion of NATO to Russia 's borders " would be taken in Russia as a direct threat to the security of our country " . After the Bucharest summit , Russia became more aggressive and began to actively prepare for the invasion of Georgia . Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces Yuri Baluyevsky said on 11 April that Russia would take " steps of a different nature " in addition to military action to prevent NATO membership of former Soviet republics . General Baluyevsky admitted in 2012 that when the decision to attack Georgia was taken by President Putin before Dmitry Medvedev assumed the office of president in May 2008 , a military action was planned and explicit orders were issued in advance before August 2008 . Russia aimed to stop Georgia 's accession to NATO and also to bring about a " regime change " . = = Prelude = = = = = April – July 2008 = = = On 16 April 2008 Russian president Vladimir Putin authorised official ties between the Russian government and the separatists in Abkhazia and South Ossetia by signing a decree . The legal acts issued by the separatists and the entities registered under them were also recognised . After a United Nations Security Council meeting on 23 April convened at Georgia 's request , the United States , the United Kingdom , France and Germany issued a statement saying : " We call on the Russian Federation to revoke or not to implement its decision . " However , this was labelled a " tall order " by Vitaly Churkin , Russia 's Ambassador to the UN . A Russian jet shot down a Georgian reconnaissance drone flying over Abkhazia on 20 April . However , Russia denied responsibility for the incident and Abkhazia claimed that the drone was shot down by an " L @-@ 39 aircraft of the Abkhaz Air Force " . An allegation of an attack by a NATO MiG @-@ 29 was made by the Russia ' Ambassador to NATO , Dmitry Rogozin . NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer commented that " he 'd eat his tie if it turned out that a NATO MiG @-@ 29 had magically appeared in Abkhazia and shot down a Georgian drone . " On 26 May , a United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia ( UNOMIG ) investigation concluded that the jet belonged to the Russian Air Force ; it was either a MiG @-@ 29 " Fulcrum " or a Su @-@ 27 " Flanker " . In late April , the Russian government said that Georgia was amassing 1 @,@ 500 soldiers and police in the upper Kodori Gorge area and was planning to " invade " Abkhazia , and that Russia would retaliate against Georgian attack and had boosted its forces in the separatist regions . Any buildup in the Kodori Gorge or near the Abkhaz border by either party was not confirmed by the UNOMIG . Russia increased the number of its peacekeepers in Abkhazia to 2 @,@ 542 in early May , but its troop levels remained under the limit of 3 @,@ 000 imposed by a 1994 decision of CIS heads of state . Georgia showed video footage captured by a drone to the BBC allegedly proving that Russian troops used heavy hardware in Abkhazia and were a fighting force , rather than peacekeepers ; Russia denied the accusations . On 15 May , the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution calling for the return of all refugees and internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) to Abkhazia . Russia voted against the Georgian @-@ sponsored resolution . The Russian Foreign Ministry said that the resolution was " a counterproductive move " . Russia sent railway troops ( unarmed , according to the Russian defence ministry ) on 31 May to repair a rail line in Abkhazia . Georgia stated that the move was an " aggressive " act . The European Parliament adopted a resolution on 5 June which condemned the deployment of Russian forces to Abkhazia . The resolution stated that the peacekeeping structure must be changed because Russia was no longer an unbiased player . Russian railway troops began withdrawal from Abkhazia on 30 July after attending the opening ceremony of the railway line . The repaired railway was used to transport military equipment by at least a part of the 9 @,@ 000 Russian soldiers who entered Georgia from Abkhazia during the war . In late June , Russian military expert Pavel Felgenhauer predicted that Vladimir Putin would start a war against Georgia in Abkhazia and South Ossetia supposedly in August . The Kavkaz Center reported in early July that Chechen separatists had intelligence data that Russia was preparing a military operation against Georgia in August – September 2008 which mainly aimed to expel Georgian forces from the Kodori Gorge ; this would be followed by the expulsion of Georgian military and population from South Ossetia . In early July , the security situation in South Ossetia aggravated , when a South Ossetian separatist militia official was killed by explosions on 3 July and several hours later an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Dmitry Sanakoyev , the leader of the Georgian @-@ backed Ossetian government , injured three policemen . On 7 July , four Georgian soldiers were captured by South Ossetian separatists . The next day , the Georgian president ordered police to get ready to liberate the soldiers . Four Russian Air Force jets flew over South Ossetia on 8 July . A scheduled visit of Condoleezza Rice , the US Secretary of State , to Georgia on the next day nearly coincided with the timing of the flight . Georgia recalled its ambassador to Russia after Russia admitted its planes had flown in Georgia 's airspace to " let hot heads in Tbilisi cool down " . This was the first time in a decade that Russia had admitted to an overflight of Georgian territory . On 15 July , the United States and Russia began two parallel military exercises in the Caucasus , though Russia denied that the identical timing was intentional . The joint US @-@ Georgian exercise was called Immediate Response 2008 and also included servicemen from Ukraine , Azerbaijan and Armenia . A total of 1 @,@ 630 servicemen , including 1 @,@ 000 American troops , took part in the exercise , which concluded on 31 July . Counter @-@ insurgency action was the focal point of the joint exercise . The Georgian brigade was trained to serve in Iraq . The Russian exercise was named Caucasus 2008 and units of the North Caucasus Military District , including the 58th Army , participated . The exercise included training to aid peacekeepers stationed in Abkhazia and South Ossetia . During exercises , a leaflet named " Soldier ! Know your probable enemy ! " was circulated among the Russian participants . The leaflet described the Georgian Armed Forces . Russian troops remained near the Georgian border after the end of their exercise on 2 August , instead of returning to their bases . = = = Early August = = = At 8 : 00 am on 1 August , a Georgian police lorry was blown up by an improvised explosive device on the road near Tskhinvali , injuring five Georgian policemen . In response , South Ossetian border checkpoints were assaulted by Georgian snipers during the evening , killing four Ossetians and injuring seven . Ossetian separatists began intensively shelling Georgian villages on 1 August , with a sporadic response from Georgian peacekeepers and other troops in the region . During the night of 1 / 2 August , grenades and mortar fire were exchanged . The number of Ossetian casualties rose to six and the number of injured to fifteen , including several civilians ; the Georgian casualties were six injured civilians and one injured policeman . According to the OSCE mission , the incident was the worst outbreak of violence since 2004 . On 2 – 3 and again on 3 – 4 August , firing recommenced during the night . A 1992 ceasefire agreement was breached by Ossetian artillery attacks . The Russian deputy defence minister , Nikolay Pankov , had a secret meeting with the separatist authorities in Tskhinvali on 3 August . An evacuation of Ossetian women and children to Russia began on the same day . According to researcher Andrey Illarionov , the South Ossetian separatists evacuated more than 20 @,@ 000 civilians , which represented more than 90 percent of the civilian population of the future combat zone . On 4 August , South Ossetian president Eduard Kokoity said that about 300 volunteers had arrived from North Ossetia to help fight the Georgians and thousands more were expected from the North Caucasus . On 5 August , Georgian authorities organised a tour for journalists and diplomats to demonstrate the damage supposedly caused by separatists . That day , Russian Ambassador @-@ at @-@ Large Yuri Popov declared that his country would intervene on the side of South Ossetia . The destruction of the village of Nuli was ordered by South Ossetian interior minister Mindzaev . About 50 Russian journalists had arrived in Tskhnivali . They were waiting for " something to happen " . A pro @-@ government Russian newspaper reported on 6 August : " Don Cossacks prepare to fight in South Ossetia " . Mortar and artillery exchange between the South Ossetian and Georgian forces erupted in the afternoon of 6 August along almost the entire line of contact , which lasted until the dawn of 7 August . Exchanges resumed following a brief gap in the morning . At 14 : 00 on 7 August , two Georgian peacekeepers were killed in Avnevi as a result of Ossetian shelling . At about 14 : 30 , Georgian tanks , 122 mm howitzers and 203 mm self @-@ propelled artillery began heading towards South Ossetia to dissuade separatists from additional attacks . During the afternoon , OSCE monitors recorded Georgian military traffic , including artillery , on roads near Gori . In the afternoon , Georgian personnel left the Joint Peacekeeping Force headquarters in Tskhinvali . At 16 : 00 , Temur Iakobashvili ( the Georgian Minister for Reintegration ) arrived in Tskhinvali for a previously @-@ arranged meeting with South Ossetians and Russian diplomat Yuri Popov ; however , Russia 's special envoy , who blamed a flat tire , did not appear ; and neither did the Ossetians . One day earlier the South Ossetians refused to participate in bilateral talks , demanding a session of the Joint Control Commission for Georgian – Ossetian Conflict Resolution . Tbilisi had withdrawn from the Commission in March , demanding that body include the European Union , the OSCE and the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia . Iakobashvili met with General Marat Kulakhmetov ( the Russian commander of the Joint Peacekeeping Force ) who said that Russian peacekeepers could not stop Ossetians and Georgia should implement a ceasefire . " Nobody was in the streets – no cars , no people , " Iakobashvili later told journalists . At around 19 : 00 , Georgian President Saakashvili announced a unilateral ceasefire and no @-@ response order . The ceasefire reportedly held for about three hours . Russia regarded the ceasefire as an attempt to buy time to deploy Georgian forces for an offensive . The separatists shelled Tamarasheni and Prisi after Saakashvili 's ceasefire . They destroyed Avnevi and a police station in Kurta , the seat of the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia . The escalated attacks forced civilians to flee the Georgian villages . A senior official from the Georgian Ministry of Defence said late on August 7 that his country was going to " restore constitutional order " in response to the shelling . Georgian Interior Ministry official later told Russian newspaper Kommersant ( on 8 August ) that after Ossetians had responded to the ceasefire by shelling , " it became clear " that South Ossetians wouldn 't stop firing and the Georgian casualties were 10 killed and 50 wounded . According to Pavel Felgenhauer , the Ossetians intentionally provoked the Georgians , so Russia would use the Georgian response as a pretext for premeditated military invasion . According to Georgian intelligence , and several Russian media reports , parts of the regular ( non @-@ peacekeeping ) Russian Army had already moved to South Ossetian territory through the Roki Tunnel before the Georgian military operation . Even the state @-@ controlled Russian TV showed Abkhazia 's de facto president Sergei Bagapsh on 7 August as saying : " I have spoken to the president of South Ossetia . It has more or less stabilized now . A battalion from the North Caucasus District has entered the area . " Georgian president Saakashvili later told journalists that around 23 : 00 on 7 August , Russian tanks had begun moving into Georgia , causing the Georgians to open fire with artillery weapons . = = Large @-@ scale conflict = = = = = Battle of Tskhinvali = = = Georgian artillery units launched smoke bombs into South Ossetia at 23 : 35 on 7 August . This was followed by a 15 @-@ minute intermission ( which purportedly enabled the civilians to escape ) before the Georgian forces began bombarding enemy targets . Early in the morning on 8 August the Georgian 4th Brigade from Vaziani Military Base advanced on the left flank of Tskhinvali ; the 3rd Brigade advanced on the right flank . The aim of the flank operations was to advance northward after capturing key positions . The Georgian troops would take the Gupta bridge and the road to the Roki Tunnel , barring the Russian troops from moving southward . Georgian forces started moving towards Tskhinvali following several hours of bombardment and engaged South Ossetian forces and militia near the town at 04 : 00 on 8 August , with Georgian tanks remotely shelling South Ossetian positions . An attempt to take the village of Kvaysa from the west of South Ossetia by the Georgian special forces was thwarted by a platoon of South Ossetian troops occupying fortified positions ; several Georgian soldiers were wounded . The Georgian 3rd Brigade entered the Eredvi region ( east of Tskhinvali ) at 06 : 00 and captured strategic positions . They faced resistance from a company @-@ sized South Ossetian unit positioned in the Prisi Heights . By the morning , the South Ossetian authorities had reported that the Georgian shelling had killed at least 15 civilians . Georgian forces ( among them special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs ) entered Tskhinvali after taking the heights near the town . The centre of the town was reached by 1 @,@ 500 men of the Georgian ground forces by 10 : 00 . The Russian air force began bombing targets inside South Ossetia and Georgia proper after 10 : 00 on 8 August . According to Russia , it suffered its first casualties at around 12 : 00 when two servicemen were killed and five wounded following an attempt by the Georgian troops to storm the northern peacekeeping base in Tskhinvali . Georgia has stated that it only targeted Russian peacekeepers in self @-@ defence , after coming under fire from them . Most of Tskhinvali and several villages had been secured by Georgian forces by the afternoon ; however , they failed to achieve their objective of blocking the Gupta bridge and the main roads ( linking Tshkinvali with the Roki Tunnel and the Russian military base in Java ) . One Georgian diplomat told Kommersant on the same day that by taking control of Tskhinvali , Tbilisi wanted to demonstrate that Georgia wouldn 't tolerate killing of Georgian citizens . By 15 : 00 MSK , an emergency meeting of Security Council of Russia had been convened by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev and Russia 's options regarding the conflict in South Ossetia had been discussed . Russia accused Georgia of " aggression against South Ossetia " . Russia stated it was defending both peacekeepers and South Ossetian civilians ( who were Russian citizens ) . While Russia claimed that it had to conduct peacekeeping operations according to the international mandates , in reality such agreements had only arranged the ceasefire observer status ; according to political scientist Roy Allison , Russia could evacuate its peacekeepers if attacked . At around 16 : 00 MSK , it became known that two tank columns of the 58th Army passed the Roki Tunnel and Java and were on the road to Tskhinvali . The column had begun moving towards South Ossetia at the same time as President Medvedev was giving a televised speech . According to Kommersant , at around 17 : 00 MSK , Russian tank columns surrounded Tskhinvali and began bombing the Georgian positions . The Russian Air Force mounted attacks on Georgian infantry and artillery on 8 August , but suspended sorties for two days after taking early losses from anti @-@ aircraft fire . Georgian troops left the centre of the town in the evening . In the afternoon of 9 August , Georgian attempt to push into Tskhinvali was repulsed with Georgian losses and they withdrew . According to the Georgian Defence Minister , the Georgian military had tried to push into Tskhinvali three times by 9 August . During the last attempt they were met with a heavy counterattack , which Georgian officers described as " something like hell . " On the same day a Russian advance column , led by Lieutenant @-@ General Anatoly Khrulyov , was ambushed by Georgian special forces near Tskhinvali ; Khrulyov was wounded in the leg . The number of Russian forces deployed in South Ossetia exceeded the number of Georgians by 9 August . A unilateral ceasefire was announced on 10 August by the Georgian government . An intention to pull out Georgian troops from South Ossetia was stated by the Georgian government . However , Russia did not embrace this ceasefire offer . The duration of the military engagement was three days and nights in the Tskhinvali region . After the ceasefire agreement was negotiated by French president Nicolas Sarkozy on 12 August , military action was to cease at 15 : 00 on 12 August , however Russian forces didn 't stop to advance . = = = Bombing and occupation of Gori = = = Gori is an important city in central Georgia , located about 25 km ( 16 mi ) from Tskhinvali . On 9 August , a Russian air attack targeted military garrisons in Gori , damaging the base , several apartment buildings and a school . Russia denied intentionally attacking civilians . The Georgian government reported that the air raid had killed 60 civilians . At least five Georgian cities had been bombed by 9 August . After Georgian troops had left Tskhinvali on 10 August , the Russians indiscriminately bombed the civilian areas in Gori on 11 August . The Georgian forces withdrew from Gori on 11 August . A Georgian official said that the troops were ordered to secure Tbilisi . By late 11 August , most remaining inhabitants and Georgian troops had abandoned Gori . Georgian president Saakashvili stated that Russians had split Georgia into two by occupying an important crossroad near Gori . Russian planes bombed Gori on 12 August , killing a seven people and wounding over thirty . Dutch television journalist Stan Storimans was among those killed and another foreign correspondent was injured . Georgian officials said that the Russians targeted the city 's administrative buildings . The air raids set the post office and the Gori University on fire . The Gori Military Hospital was struck by a missile , in spite of the fact that it was flying a Red Cross flag , killing one doctor . Russian forces occupied Gori on 13 August . A Russian military spokesman said that military hardware and ammunition was being confiscated from an abandoned arms depot near the city . On 14 August , Major General Vyacheslav Borisov ( the commander of the Russian occupying troops ) told Aleksandre Lomaia , secretary of Georgia 's National Security Council , that the Russian presence did not upset the locals of Gori . That day , Borisov stated that the Georgian police and Russian troops were jointly in charge of Gori . He also said that Russian troops would begin leaving Gori in two days . Joint patrol efforts by the Russian Army and Georgian police in Gori soon broke down . The next day , Russian forces pushed to about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from Tbilisi and stopped in Igoeti at the same time as Condoleezza Rice was received by Georgian president Saakashvili . Russian forces turned back some humanitarian aid missions trying to help civilians , with only the United Nations ( UN ) managing to bring limited food provisions to the city . The situation in Gori was assessed as " desperate " by the UN . Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) reported that its researchers interviewed Georgians from Gori and the surrounding villages ; those Georgians reported South Ossetian militias assaulting their automobiles and kidnapping civilians trying to escape attacks on their homes after the Russian advance . HRW was told by villagers in the region by telephone that they observed looting and arson by South Ossetian militias ; however , after finding out about assaults on those who did escape , the Georgians did not dare to leave . The occupation lasted until 22 August , when Russian troops left and Georgian police re @-@ entered the city . Georgia 's main east @-@ west highway was effectively reopened . = = = Abkhaz front = = = A naval confrontation took place between Russian and Georgian ships on 10 August . According to the Russian Ministry of Defence , the Russian navy sank one Georgian vessel after four Georgian missile boats had attacked the Russian Navy ships off the coast of Abkhazia . The Russian patrol ship Mirazh was probably responsible for the sinking . The Georgian coast was blockaded by vessels of the Russian Black Sea Fleet on 10 August . The Black Sea Fleet , which participated in the military conflict for the first time since 1945 , had probably departed from Sevastopol before full @-@ scale hostilities between Russia and Georgia began . Abkhaz forces opened a second front by attacking the Kodori Gorge , held by Georgia . Abkhaz artillery and aircraft began a bombardment against Georgian forces in the upper Kodori Gorge on 9 August . Three days later , a military offensive against the Kodori Gorge was officially initiated by Abkhaz separatists . Russian paratroopers supported the Abkhaz troops . Abkhaz foreign minister Sergei Shamba said that " Russian troops were not involved " in the operation . Abkhaz defence official said that Georgian forces were pushed out of the Kodori Gorge by the operation . Casualties were light on both sides ; Abkhaz fighters accidentally killed one of their comrades , and two Georgian soldiers were also killed . About 2 @,@ 000 people living in the Kodori Gorge fled . Russian forces advanced into western Georgia from Abkhazia on 11 August . This marked the opening of a new front . Russian troops captured the police stations in Zugdidi despite earlier Russian official claims of not intending to expand assault to Georgia proper . Russian forces reached the town of Senaki that day and captured a military base there . = = = Occupation of Poti = = = Poti is the crucial port of Georgia on the Black Sea and serves as an essential entry point for Transcaucasia and the landlocked nations of Central Asia . Russian aircraft bombed the town of Poti on 8 August , causing the port to be closed for two days . Russia positioned ships in the vicinity of Poti and other Georgian ports on 10 August 2008 . The next day , Georgian and Russian representatives said that Russian troops had entered Poti ( although Russia claimed it had only sent a task force for surveying the area ) . On 13 August , six Georgian naval vessels were sunk by Russian troops in Poti . Russian deputy chief of the General staff , Anatoliy Nogovitsyn , denied the Russian presence in the port the following day . On 19 August , Russian forces took twenty @-@ one Georgian soldiers prisoner and grabbed five US Humvees in Poti , taking them to a military base occupied by Russian troops in Senaki . The Wall Street Journal said that Russian actions in Poti constituted an additional attack on Georgian economy . = = = Bombing of Tbilisi = = = During the fighting in South Ossetia , the Russian Air Force repeatedly attacked Tbilisi and its surrounding areas . On 8 August , the Georgian Interior Ministry reported that two bombs were dropped on Vaziani Military Base near the city . A Georgian military airstrip in Marneuli was bombed , killing three people . Georgian officials said on 9 August that Russian air attacks had targeted the Baku – Tbilisi – Ceyhan pipeline , but missed . Correspondents for Reuters in Tbilisi reported hearing three loud bangs in the early @-@ morning hours of 10 August and a Georgian Interior Ministry senior representative said that three bombs were dropped on Tbilisi International Airport by Russian jets . Construction plant near the airport was also bombed by Russia that day . A civilian radar station in Tbilisi was bombed the following day . Although an end to hostilities was announced on 12 August , Russian air attacks in Georgia continued through the day . The Wall Street Journal reported on 14 August that reporter had witnessed 45 craters near " oil and gas pipelines bringing fuel to the West " ( intersection of Baku – Tbilisi – Ceyhan pipeline and Baku – Supsa Pipeline south of Tbilisi ) . = = = Media and cyber war = = = The war was accompanied by a media battle between Russia and Georgia . The Russian military brought Russian journalists to the combat zone to report news discrediting Georgia and portraying Russia as the saviour of Russian citizens in the conflict zone . Russia also aired television footage supporting its actions which had a strong effect on the local populations of South Ossetia and Abkhazia . In a first for Russia , a Russian Armed Forces spokesman was provided by the Russian authorities to give television interviews about the war . Despite these tactics and domestic success , the Russian information campaign against Georgia was not successful internationally . In response to the information war , the Georgian government halted the broadcasting of Russian television channels in Georgia and blocked access to Russian websites . The information skirmishes between Georgia and Russia continued after armed hostilities had ended . According to political scientist Svante Cornell , the Kremlin spent millions in an international information campaign to blame Georgia for the war ; however there is abundant evidence , including some in Russian media , that Russia actually started the war . During the war , hackers attacked Georgian government and news websites and disabled host servers . Some Russian news websites were also attacked . Some experts noted this as the first time in history that a notable cyberattack and an actual military engagement happened at the same time . = = Ceasefire agreement = = On 12 August , Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced that he had ordered the cessation of the " peace enforcement " operation in Georgia . " The operation has achieved its goal , security for peacekeepers and civilians has been restored . The aggressor was punished , suffering huge losses . " Later that day he met French President Nicolas Sarkozy ( the President @-@ in @-@ Office of the European Union ) and approved a six @-@ point peace plan . The plan originally had four points , but Russia insisted on an additional two . Georgia requested that the additions be parenthesised ; Russia objected and Sarkozy prevailed upon Saakashvili to sign the agreement . According to Sarkozy and Saakashvili , a sixth point in the Sarkozy plan was removed with Medvedev 's consent . On 14 August , South Ossetian President Eduard Kokoity and Abkhaz President Sergei Bagapsh also signed the peace plan . The following day Condoleezza Rice travelled to Tbilisi , where Saakashvili signed the plan in her presence . On 16 August , Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the peace plan . The peace plan embodied the following principles ( rejected additions are parenthesised ) : No recourse to the use of force Definitive cessation of hostilities Free access to humanitarian aid ( and to allow the return of refugees ) Georgian military forces must withdraw to their normal bases of encampment Russian military forces must withdraw to the lines prior to the start of hostilities . While awaiting an international mechanism , Russian peacekeeping forces will implement additional security measures ( six months ) Opening of international discussions on the modalities of lasting security in Abkhazia and South Ossetia ( based on the decisions of the U.N. and the O.S.C.E. ) After the ceasefire was signed , hostilities did not immediately end . Noting that civilians were fleeing before advancing Russian tanks , soldiers and irregulars , a reporter for The Guardian wrote on 13 August that " the idea there is a ceasefire is ridiculous " . On 8 September , Sarkozy and Medvedev signed a new agreement on a Russian withdrawal from Georgia . After meeting with the French president , Medvedev said the withdrawal depended on guarantees that Georgia would not use force ; his troops would pull out " from the zones adjacent to South Ossetia and Abkhazia to the line preceding the start of hostilities " . However , a withdrawal of troops from South Ossetia or Abkhazia was not announced . = = Aftermath = = = = = Russian withdrawal = = = On 17 August , Medvedev announced that Russian forces would begin to pull out of Georgia the following day . The two countries exchanged Prisoners of War on 19 August . A Georgian official said that although his country exchanged five Russian servicemen for fifteen Georgians ( including two civilians ) , Georgia suspected that Russia still held two more Georgians . On 22 August , Russian forces withdrew from Igoeti and the Georgian police proceeded towards Gori . Russia claimed that its military withdrawal was completed ; however , Russian checkpoints remained near Gori and two Russian lookout stations remained near Poti . On 13 September , Russian troops began withdrawing from western Georgia and by 11 : 00 Moscow Time , the posts near Poti were abandoned . Withdrawals from Senaki and Khobi also took place . Russian forces withdrew from the buffer zones adjacent to Abkhazia and South Ossetia on 8 October and authority over them was transferred to the European Union monitoring mission in Georgia . Russia continued to maintain a single checkpoint in the border village of Perevi . On 12 December , Russian forces withdrew ; eight hours later they re @-@ entered the village and Georgian police withdrew after the Russians threatened to fire . Russian forces then setup three checkpoints in the village . On 18 October 2010 all Russian troops in Perevi withdrew to South Ossetia and a Georgian Army unit moved in . On 9 September 2008 , Russia announced that its troops in South Ossetia and Abkhazia would remain under bilateral agreements with their respective de facto governments . Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said that a military presence in Abkhazia and South Ossetia was essential to prevent Georgia from regaining control . Georgia considers Abkhazia and South Ossetia Russian @-@ occupied territories . In November 2011 , the European Parliament passed a resolution recognising Abkhazia and South Ossetia as occupied Georgian territories . = = = Recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Russia = = = On 25 August 2008 , the Russian parliament unanimously voted in favour of a motion urging President Medvedev to recognise Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states . On 26 August , Medvedev signed decrees recognising the two states , saying that recognising the independence of the two entities " represents the only possibility to save human lives . " The recognition by Russia was condemned by the United States , France , the secretary @-@ general of the Council of Europe , the president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe , the OSCE chairman , NATO and the G7 on the grounds that it violated Georgia 's territorial integrity , United Nations Security Council resolutions and the ceasefire agreement . In response to Russia 's action , the Georgian government severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russia sought support for its recognition from the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation . However , because of concerns about separatist regions in SCO states ( especially China ) , the organisation did not support recognition . = = = International monitors = = = The mandate of the OSCE mission in Georgia expired on 1 January 2009 , after Russia vetoed its extension . OSCE monitors had been denied access to South Ossetia since the war . The mandate of the UNOMIG expired on 16 June 2009 ; its extension was also vetoed by Russia , which argued that the mandate did not properly reflect Russia 's position of recognising Abkhazia as an independent state . According to UN mission head Johan Verbeke , about 60 @,@ 000 ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia became vulnerable after the mission 's end . As of 5 January 2015 , 259 European Union Monitoring Mission ( EUMM ) monitors operate in Georgia and 2 in Brussels . Russia does not allow EUMM monitors into Abkhazia and South Ossetia . = = = Geopolitical impact = = = The 2008 war was the first time since the fall of the Soviet Union that the Russian military had been used against an independent state , demonstrating Russia 's willingness to wage a full @-@ scale military campaign to attain its political objectives . The failure of the Western security system to respond swiftly to Russia 's attempt to forcibly revise the borders of an OSCE member country revealed its weaknesses . The division between Western European and Eastern European nations also became apparent over the relations with Russia . Ukraine and other post @-@ Soviet states received a clear message from the Russian leadership that the possible accession to NATO would cause a foreign invasion and the break @-@ up of the country . Effective annexation of Abkhazia was also one of Russia 's geopolitical goals . The construction of the EU @-@ sponsored Nabucco pipeline ( connecting Central Asian reserves to Europe ) in Transcaucasia was averted . The war in Georgia showed Russia 's assertiveness in revising international relations and undermining the hegemony of the United States . Shortly after the war , Russian president Medvedev unveiled a five @-@ point Russian foreign policy . The Medvedev Doctrine stated that " protecting the lives and dignity of our citizens , wherever they may be , is an unquestionable priority for our country " . The presence of Russian citizens in foreign countries would form a doctrinal foundation for invasion if needed . Medvedev 's statement that there were areas in which Russia had " privileged interests " , underlined Russia 's particular interest in the former Soviet Union and the fact that Russia would feel endangered by subversion of local pro @-@ Russian regimes . The war eliminated Georgia 's prospects for joining NATO . Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated in November 2011 that NATO would have admitted former Soviet republics if Russia had not invaded Georgia . " If you ... had faltered back in 2008 , the geopolitical situation would be different now , " Medvedev declared at a Vladikavkaz military base . = = Humanitarian impact and war crimes = = Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) states that all parties to the war seriously violated international laws governing war , causing many civilian casualties . The South Ossetian parliament and several schools and nurseries were used as military positions or posts by South Ossetian troops and volunteer militias and targeted by Georgian artillery fire . Georgia stated that its attacks only intended to " neutralize firing positions from where Georgian positions were being targeted " . HRW documented witness accounts that civilian objects were used by South Ossetian fighters ( making them permissible military aims ) , concluding that South Ossetian fighters put civilians at risk by setting up military positions near or in civilian structures . Georgia was responsible for indiscriminate attacks , with little concern for minimising civilian risk . Russia deliberately attacked fleeing civilians in South Ossetia and the Gori district of Georgia . Russian warplanes bombed civilian population centres in Georgia proper and villages of ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia . Armed militias engaged in looting , arson attacks and abductions , forcing Georgian civilians to flee . HRW said the conflict was a civilian disaster and called for international organisations to send fact @-@ finding missions to the area of conflict . It also asked for the authorities to hold people responsible for any crimes accountable . The use of M85S cluster bombs by the Georgians and RBK 250 cluster bombs by the Russians resulted in civilian casualties . Georgia was reported to have used cluster munitions twice to hit civilians fleeing via the main escape road and admitted using cluster bombs against Russian troops and near the Roki Tunnel . Russia denied using cluster bombs . HRW reported that during the war , ethnic @-@ Georgian villages in South Ossetia were burned and looted by South Ossetian militias , preventing 20 @,@ 000 displaced people from returning after the conflict . According to the Memorial society , the villages of Kekhvi , Kurta , Achabeti , Tamarasheni , Eredvi , Vanati and Avnevi were " virtually fully burnt down " . South Ossetian president Eduard Kokoity said in an interview that Georgian villages had been demolished and no Georgian refugees would be allowed to return . Georgian civilians willing to live in South Ossetia were coerced into obtaining a Russian passport . The EU commission said it was likely that during and after the war , an ethnic cleansing of Georgians was committed in South Ossetia . Russian officials initially claimed that up to 2 @,@ 000 ethnic Ossetian civilians of Tskhinvali were killed by Georgian forces ; according to Russia , the reason for the military intervention in Georgia was this large number of casualties . Public opinion among Ossetians was impacted by claims of high casualties ; according to HRW , some Ossetian civilians said in interviews that they approved of burning and looting of Georgian villages because of the " thousands of civilian casualties in South Ossetia " reported by Russian television . In December 2008 , the figures were revised down to a total of 162 civilian casualties in South Ossetia by the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor 's Office of the Russian Federation . Georgia and South Ossetia have filed complaints about alleged war crimes committed by the other side with international courts , including the International Criminal Court , the International Court of Justice , and the European Court of Human Rights . The war displaced a 192 @,@ 000 people including both Ossetians and Georgians . Many were able to return to their homes after the war , but a year later around 30 @,@ 000 ethnic Georgians remained displaced . As of May 2014 , 20 @,@ 272 persons remained displaced , with their return being blocked by de facto authorities . = = Reactions = = = = = International reactions = = = Russian actions during the war were heavily criticised by some western countries . United Kingdom – British Foreign Secretary David Miliband said on 9 August , " Russia has extended the fighting today well beyond South Ossetia , attacking the Georgian port of Poti , and the town of Gori , while Abkhaz forces have been shelling Georgian positions in the Upper Kodori valley . I deplore this . " United States – US president George W. Bush said , " Russia has invaded a sovereign neighbouring state and threatens a democratic government elected by its people . Such an action is unacceptable in the 21st century . " Bush later again criticised Russia , saying " Bullying and intimidation are not acceptable ways to conduct foreign policy in the 21st century . " Although the Bush administration considered a military response to defend Georgia , it decided against it so as to not provoke a conflict with Russia . Instead , the US sent humanitarian aid to Georgia on military aircraft . The Bush administration also imposed sanctions on Russia , which were revoked by the Obama administration in May 2010 . Poland – The presidents of Poland , Lithuania , Estonia , Ukraine and the prime minister of Latvia ( Lech Kaczyński , Valdas Adamkus , Toomas Hendrik Ilves , Viktor Yushchenko and Ivars Godmanis ) , who met with Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili at Kaczyński 's initiative , appeared at a 12 August 2008 Tbilisi rally held in front of the parliament which was attended by nearly 150 @,@ 000 people . The crowd responded enthusiastically to the Polish president 's speech , chanting " Poland , Poland " , " Friendship , Friendship " and " Georgia , Georgia " . Hungary – Hungarian opposition leader Viktor Orbán drew parallels between the Russian intervention and the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Ukraine – Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko said that he intended to increase the rent	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
. " According to Holt , recording for the album was expected to commence at the end of 2013 . King later stated that there were plans to begin recording in January 2014 . King further revealed that he and drummer Paul Bostaph have recorded 11 songs on a demo , while also working on some additional tracks , seven of which had complete lyrics . On April 24 , 2014 , Slayer offered a free download of " Implode " , their first song in five years as well as their first recording to feature Holt on guitar . Additionally , it is the first recording to feature Bostaph on drums since 2001 's God Hates Us All . On the same day , it was announced that Slayer had signed to Nuclear Blast , and would release their eleventh studio album in early 2015 . = = Music and lyrics = = In an interview , King described " Chasing Death " as being about alcoholism : " it 's like people who drink too much . They don 't help themselves out so they 're chasing death . " He explained " Implode " as being about the end of the world . The album could feature material written by Hanneman prior to his passing . Araya has explained that Hanneman had two songs that he submitted to the rest of the band . One song was an outtake from World Painted Blood , which Araya said that he and Hanneman had been working on melody and lyrics for . Additionally , Araya has said that he plans to go through Hanneman 's personal audio files , and that some of that material could also find its way onto the new album in one form or another . One song , mentioned by King in an interview , is " Piano Wire " , an unfinished track that Hanneman had been working on for the previous album . King also mentioned that there were two other songs that Hanneman had been holding onto for the last 15 to 20 years that will be released . In October 2014 , the band revealed plans to release a new song , entitled " When the Stillness Comes " , via Scion AV , an " in @-@ house record label and lifestyle marketing division " of Toyota 's Scion brand . The song was released for Record Store Day on April 18 , 2015 . On June 19 , 2015 , Slayer made the title track available for streaming on YouTube . On August 31 , 2015 , Slayer released " Cast the First Stone " , another track on the album , via the Adult Swim singles program . On September 3 , 2015 , a behind the scenes look at the making of the music video for the album 's title track was released . = = Reception = = In April 2014 , the band released " Implode " for free . Rolling Stone said the song " plays out like classic Slayer " , although the lyrics were described as " expect [ ed ] " subject matter . Alex Young of Consequences of Sound called the song a " pummeling assault of metal music " . In January 2015 , the album , yet to be titled at the time , was mentioned by Loudwire as one of the " 30 Most Anticipated Rock + Metal Albums of 2015 " , alongside expected albums by bands like Black Sabbath , Iron Maiden , Anthrax , Megadeth , Testament , Metallica and Tool . Repentless sold 49 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and debuted number four on the US Billboard 200 , the band 's highest position in its native country . The album fell to number 34 on the Billboard 200 in its second week , selling 11 @,@ 000 copies . Seven weeks after being released , Repentless sold over 80 @,@ 000 copies in the US . Repentless has received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Writing for Exclaim ! , Greg Pratt said that Repentless " isn 't going to be one of the classic Slayer albums , but there 's still plenty of good thrash to be found . " Journalist J.C. Maçek III of Spectrum Culture wrote " The truth is that it might be easy to dismiss Slayer after almost 35 years as a nostalgic metal act . This would be a travesty and a mistake . Slayer not only has something new to say on Repentless , but a new way to say it . " AllMusic writer Thom Jurek gave the album three out of five stars , calling Repentless " a retro , workmanlike effort from a band determined to soldier on , and that 's fine . There are hardcore devotees who never want their favorite bands to change ; this is for them . But again , given all that 's transpired since 2009 , Slayer get points for even pulling this off . " The Guardian stated that " Slayer have always been a model of consistency and a band that fans of vicious , vein @-@ bursting heavy metal can rely on . " Kim Kelly , writing in Spin was less enthusiastic , calling the album " middling " and stating that it " mostly falls flat . " = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Kerry King , except where noted . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = = Slayer = = = Tom Araya – bass , vocals Kerry King – guitars Gary Holt – guitars Paul Bostaph – drums = = = Production = = = Terry Date – production , engineering , mixing Peter Mack – additional engineering Derrick Stockwell – assistant engineering Howie Weinberg – mastering = = Charts = = = Swede Hanson ( wrestler ) = Robert Fort Hanson ( March 27 , 1933 – February 19 , 2002 ) was an American professional wrestler best known by his ring name Swede Hanson . He spent much of his career wrestling as part of a tag team with Rip Hawk . Together , they held championships in four different promotions . Hanson and Hawk were heel ( villain ) wrestlers and competed against some of the most popular teams of their time . They later feuded with each other when Hawk found a new partner after Hanson suffered a legitimate heart attack . Hanson retired in 1986 and lived in South Carolina until his death in 2002 . = = Early life = = Hanson was born in East Orange , New Jersey . He attended high school until his senior year ; although he was offered a football scholarship to Wake Forest University , he declined the offer and stopped attending school . His mother was struggling financially , so Hanson became an aircraft mechanic to help his family . He also competed as an amateur boxer , and he compiled a 61 – 3 record in New Jersey Golden Gloves competitions . = = Career = = Boxing and professional wrestling promoter Willie Gilzenberg discovered Hanson and convinced him to compete in wrestling . He trained with George Tragos and debuted in WWWF ( now World Wrestling Entertainment ) in Paterson , New Jersey against Miguel Torres in 1957 . Hanson was sent to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania to compete while he continued to develop his skills . While there , he wrestled against Bruno Sammartino in Sammartino 's debut match . He was later hired by Jim Crockett and moved to the Carolinas to compete . While there , he began teaming with Rip Hawk to form a tag team known as the " Blond Bombers " . They competed as heels ( villains ) and were hated by the crowds . During appearances , fans would throw acid or threaten them with knives and guns . In one attack , Hanson was stabbed in the leg and required 72 stitches . Hawk taught Hanson a move called the reverse neckbreaker , which saw Hanson stand back @-@ to @-@ back with his opponent , clasp his hands under the opponent 's chin , and fall to the ring floor while pulling the opponent with him . This became Hanson 's signature manoeuvre that he used in most matches . Hanson remained silent during the team 's interviews while Hawk did most of the talking . The team won its first title on August 3 , 1965 , when they defeated Hiro Matsuda and Duke Keomuka to win the Florida version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship . They also competed in Mid @-@ Atlantic Championship Wrestling , where they became the inaugural NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Champions . They held the title belts four times between 1968 and 1971 while feuding with George Becker and Johnny Weaver . During that time , they also won the IWA World Tag Team Championship while competing in Tasmania . While in the Carolinas , Hanson and Hawk spent a lot of time with Ric Flair when Flair entered the wrestling business . Hawk stated that Flair used to cause trouble for the group , including one incident in which Flair flirted with the girlfriend of a Mafia member . Hanson and Hawk used their friendship with the Mafia member to help Flair escape from being killed in revenge . In 1971 , Hanson suffered a heart attack and had to take time away from wrestling . After returning , he formed a tag team with Super Destroyer . The partnership was short lived , as Super Destroyer later turned on Hanson . As a result , Hanson become a face ( fan favorite ) and the two feuded for several months . In 1974 , Hanson and his new partner , Tiger Conway , Jr . , began a feud with Hawk and Ric Flair . The series of matches later evolved into singles matches that pitted former partners Hanson and Hawk against each other . Hanson later became a less high @-@ profile wrestler and was given the role of putting over new wrestlers in the promotion . Hanson left the territory for a while but later returned with a new gimmick . He had frizzy hair and wore psychedelic clothes while teaming with Gene Anderson and Sgt. Jacques Goulet . Hanson returned to the WWWF in 1979 as a vicious heel under the management of Fred Blassie . To build up his heat , many of his opponents were stretchered @-@ out of the ring following their matches with Swede . He unsuccessfully challenged World champion Bob Backlund at Madison Square Garden in October of that year . Hanson and Hawk later reformed their team and competed together in the Amarillo , Texas @-@ based NWA Western States Sports . While there , they won the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship three times . Hanson 's final title reign was the only one that did not involve Hawk , as he teamed with The Hangman in Montreal , Quebec to win the Canadian International Tag Team Championship in 1981 . Hanson then returned to McMahon 's New England @-@ based Capitol Wrestling , which had since become the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . Using the gimmick of a redneck , complete with long hair and a Confederate flag , he competed for the WWF as a face until his retirement in 1986 . = = = Legacy = = = Hanson is regarded as an intimidating but honest wrestler . The character he portrayed was hated by many fans , but Hanson was different from many heel wrestlers because he did not cheat to win matches . Even while competing as a heel , however , Hanson and Hawk were admired by many spectators and had a fan club devoted to them . In contrast to Hawk , who remained a heel during his entire run in Mid @-@ Atlantic Championship Wrestling , Hanson gained popularity with even more fans when he feuded with Hawk and became the promotion 's top face wrestler . Writers who have looked back on his career have noted that he wrestled with " heart " and always worked his hardest in the ring . Hanson has had a lasting impact on the business , as he was willing to put over other wrestlers , including Blackjack Mulligan and Angelo Mosca to help boost their careers . He and Hawk also helped popularize the quick tag , which saw them trading places in the ring every few seconds to remain energized while their opponents became worn down . = = Personal life = = During the course of his wrestling career , he was married twice . While both marriages ended in divorce , he and his second wife remained close until the day he died . Swede 's marriages brought him seven children and twelve grandchildren . Swede 's first marriage to a woman named Vicky , brought him a daughter and son , named Linda and Lance . Then he married a woman named Doris , which brought him another daughter and son , Luana and Bobby . He also gained a stepson , Billy Roy and two adopted children , Mary and Carol , through his second marriage . Hanson lived in Charlotte , NC for over 20 + years . In the late 80 's , Hanson and his second wife moved to Fort Mill , SC . After divorcing his second wife , he remained living in a double @-@ wide mobile home on five acres of land in Fort Mill , South Carolina . He was later engaged to a woman named Patsy Hughes . During his wrestling career , Hanson also worked in construction and had a position as a bouncer . After retiring from wrestling , Hanson worked a series of jobs . He was a trainer at a fitness center and later returned to construction work . His final position was as manager of a nightclub . Hanson also participated in several golf tournaments to raise money for charities . In his later life , Hanson suffered from diabetes and Alzheimer 's disease . He also had high blood pressure and heart problems . He was hospitalized in Columbia , South Carolina in October 2001 due to dementia and died from Sepsis , on February 19 , 2002 . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves Reverse neckbreaker Nicknames " Big " Managers Gary Hart Homer O 'Dell Freddie Blassie = = Championships and accomplishments = = Championship Wrestling from Florida NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Florida version ) ( 1 time ) - with Rip Hawk International Wrestling Association Canadian International Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) - with The Hangman Mid @-@ Atlantic Championship Wrestling NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship ( 4 times ) - with Rip Hawk NWA Southern Tag Team Championship ( Mid @-@ Atlantic version ) ( 1 time ) - with Rip Hawk NWA Western States Sports NWA Western States Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) - with Rip Hawk World Championship Wrestling ( Australia ) IWA World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) - with Rip Hawk = 1920 Cleveland Tigers ( NFL ) season = The 1920 Cleveland Tigers season was the franchise 's inaugural season in the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) and fifth total as an American football team . The Tigers entered the season coming off a 5 @-@ win , 2 @-@ loss , 2 @-@ tie ( 5 – 2 – 2 ) record in 1919 . After the 1919 season , several representatives from the Ohio League , a loose organization of profession football teams , wanted to form a new professional league ; thus , the APFA was created . The Tigers opened the season with a 0 – 0 tie against the Dayton Triangles , en route to a 2 – 4 – 2 record , which placed the team 10th in the final standings . In week 8 , the Tigers scored 7 points against the Akron Pros , which was the only points Akron allowed all season . The sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the 1920 All @-@ Pro list , but no players from the Tigerss were on it . As of 2012 , no player from the 1920 Tigers roster has been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . = = Offseason = = The Cleveland Tigers finished 5 – 2 – 2 in their 1919 season in the Ohio League . After the 1919 season , representatives of four Ohio League teams — the Canton Bulldogs , the Tigers , the Dayton Triangles , and the Akron Pros — called a meeting on August 20 , 1920 to discuss the formation of a new league . At the meeting , they tentatively agreed on a salary cap and pledged not to sign college players or players already under contract with other teams . They also agreed on a name for the circuit : the American Professional Football Conference . They then invited other professional teams to a second meeting on September 17 . At the second meeting , held at Bulldogs owner Ralph Hay 's Hupmobile showroom in Canton , representatives of the Rock Island Independents , the Muncie Flyers , the Decatur Staleys , the Racine Cardinals , the Massillon Tigers , the Chicago Cardinals , and the Hammond Pros agreed to join the league . Representatives of the Buffalo All @-@ Americans and Rochester Jeffersons could not attend the meeting , but sent letters to Hay asking to be included in the league . Team representatives changed the league 's name slightly to the American Professional Football Association and elected officers , installing Jim Thorpe as president . Under the new league structure , teams created their schedules dynamically as the season progressed , so there were no minimum or maximum number of games needed to be played . Also , representatives of each team voted to determine the winner of the APFA trophy . = = Schedule = = = = Game summaries = = = = = Week 3 : at Dayton Triangles = = = October 10 , 1920 at Triangle Park In their opening game of the 1920 season , the Tigers played the Dayton Triangles . The Triangles were coming off a historic game ; it was the first match between two APFA teams . No team scored in this game , and it ended in a 0 – 0 tie . = = = Week 4 : at Canton Bulldogs = = = October 17 , 1920 at Lakeside Park The Tigers next faced the Canton Bulldogs , which would be the Bulldogs ' first APFA opponent . The Tigers lost 7 – 0 before a crowd of 7 @,@ 000 people . The Bulldogs ' offense had 15 first downs , and the only score of the game came when the Bulldogs ' Ike Martin had a 7 @-@ yard touchdown run in the first quarter . Jim Thorpe of the Bulldogs , who would later be enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame , made his season debut in the game , coming in as a substitute in the fourth quarter . = = = Week 5 : at Akron Pros = = = October 24 , 1920 at League Park The Akron Pros were the Tigers ' next opponent . Playing in front of 6 @,@ 000 fans , the game was called a " punting duel " by the Youngstown Vindicator . The only score came from a punt block by Akron 's Bob Nash in the first quarter . Nash grabbed the ball from the Tigers ' punter , Stan Cofall , on the 8 @-@ yard line and ran in for the score . With an extra point from Charlie Copley , the Pros defeated the Tigers 7 – 0 to keep their undefeated season alive . During the game , injuries for both teams occurred . Pollard of the Pros dislocated his right shoulder , and Toughey Conn for the Tigers injured his right leg in the fourth quarter . = = = Week 6 : vs. Columbus Panhandles = = = October 31 , 1920 at League Park In week 6 , the Tigers played against the Columbus Panhandles . In front of 5 @,@ 000 fans , the Tigers won 7 – 0 . The lone score came from a rushing touchdown in the second quarter from Charlie Brickley . This was the eighth straight loss for the Panhandles , dating back to 1919 , and the seventh straight without scoring . According to football historian Chris Willis , this loss for the Panhandles crushed the city of Columbus and made the Panhandles challenge lesser teams for the rest of the season . = = = Week 7 : vs. Canton Bulldogs = = = November 7 , 1920 at Dunn Field Tigers ' next game was played against the Canton Bulldogs , who were coming off their first loss of the season . Neither team scored in the first quarter , but the Bulldogs ran for two touchdowns in the second . Calac and Grigg had 6- and 15 @-@ yard rushing touchdowns . The Bulldogs ' defense forced two safeties — one in the third and one in the fourth quarter — to win the game 18 – 0 . = = = Week 8 : vs. Akron Pros = = = November 14 , 1920 at Dunn Park , Cleveland , Ohio In week eight , the Tigers had a rematch with the Pros . Playing in front of 8 @,@ 000 fans , the Pros allowed their first and only points of the year from a 50 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Mark Devlin to Tuffy Conn and an extra point by Al Pierotti in the third quarter . Pollard had a 20 @-@ yard rushing touchdown in the second quarter and Copley made an extra point to tie the game at 7 – 7 , making it the second tie of the season for the Tigers . The final score of the game was a 14 – 0 victory for the Tigers . = = = Week 9 : vs. Toledo Maroons = = = November 21 , 1920 at Dunn Field , Cleveland , Ohio The Toledo Maroons were the Tigers ' next opponent . The Maroons were an independent team but joined the APFA in 1922 . Prior to this game , the Maroons did not score a point against an APFA tem all season , and that streak continued into this game . In the first quarter , Baston blocked a kick and ran it for a touchdown . He would later score the game 's final points in the fourth as he caught a receiving touchdown from Pierotti . = = = Week 10 : at Buffalo All @-@ Americans = = = November 28 , 1920 at Buffalo Baseball Park In their final game of the 1920 season , the Tigers played against the Buffalo All @-@ Americans , who were coming off their first loss of the season . The Public Ledger called the game " scrappy " ; most forward passes were blocked , and neither team 's offense was productive . A total of 5 @,@ 000 fans showed up to the game . The All @-@ Americans had possession on the 5 @-@ yard line and the 1 @-@ foot line , but the Tigers ' defense stopped them . The only score of the game came in the third quarter . Anderson scored an 8 @-@ yard rushing touchdown . = = Post @-@ season = = Due to several losses , the Triangles did not contend for the APFA trophy in 1920 . The Tigers ' performance of 2 – 4 – 2 would be the team 's best before folding in 1921 . Sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the 1920 All Pro team , but no players made the list . As of 2012 , no players from the 1920 Dayton Triangles were enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . = = Roster = = = = Standings = = Awarded the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions.Note : Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972 . = Year Zero ( album ) = Year Zero is the fifth studio album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails , released on April 17 , 2007 , by Interscope Records . Frontman Trent Reznor wrote the album 's music and lyrics while touring in support of the group 's previous release , With Teeth ( 2005 ) . In contrast to the introspective style of songwriting Reznor used on previous records , Year Zero is a concept album that criticizes contemporary policies of the United States government by presenting a dystopian vision of the year 2022 . The album is part of a larger Year Zero project which includes a remix album , an alternate reality game , and a potential television or film project . The Year Zero alternate reality game expanded upon the album 's fictional storyline by using media such as websites , pre @-@ recorded phone messages , and murals . Upon its release in April 2007 , Year Zero sold over 187 @,@ 000 units in its first week , and it reached number two on the Billboard 200 chart . The album also received generally positive reviews , many of which were favorable toward the accompanying alternate reality game . Year Zero produced two singles , " Survivalism " and " Capital G " , the latter released as a promotional single . Disputes arose between Reznor and Universal Music Group , parent company of Interscope Records , over the overseas pricing of the album . Year Zero was the last Nine Inch Nails studio album released on Interscope . In October 2007 , Reznor announced that Nine Inch Nails had fulfilled its contractual commitments to Interscope , effectively ending the band 's relationship with the label . = = Recording = = In a 2005 interview with Kerrang ! , Trent Reznor expressed his intentions to write material for a new release while on tour promoting With Teeth . He reportedly began work on the new album by September 2006 . Reznor devised much of the album 's musical direction on his laptop . Reznor told Kerrang ! in a later interview , " When I was on the Live : With Teeth tour , to keep myself busy I just really hunkered down and was working on music the whole time , so this kept me in a creative mode and when I finished the tour I felt like I wasn 't tired and wanted to keep at it . " The limitations of devising the album 's musical direction on a tour bus forced Reznor to work differently from usual . Reznor said , " I didn 't have guitars around because it was too much hassle ... It was another creative limitation ... If I were in my studio , I would have done things the way I normally do them . But not having the ability to do that forced me into trying some things that were fun to do . " By the end of the tour , Reznor began work on the album 's lyrical concepts , attempting to break away from his typically introspective approach . Reznor drew inspiration from his concern at the state of affairs in the United States and at what he envisioned as the country 's political , spiritual , and social direction . Year Zero was mixed in January 2007 , and Reznor stated on his blog that the album was finished as of February 5 . The album 's budget was a reported US $ 2 million , but since Reznor composed most of the album himself on his laptop and in his home @-@ studio , much of the budget instead went toward the extensive accompanying promotional campaign . = = Promotion = = While work continued on the album , Reznor hinted in an interview that it was " part of a bigger picture of a number of things I 'm working on " . In February 2007 fans discovered that a new Nine Inch Nails tour t @-@ shirt contained highlighted letters that spelled out the words " I am trying to believe " . This phrase was registered as a website URL , and soon several related websites were also discovered in the IP range , all describing a dystopian vision of the fictional " Year 0 " . It was later reported that 42 Entertainment had created these websites to promote Year Zero as part of an alternate reality game . The Year Zero story takes place in the United States in the year 2022 ; or " Year 0 " according to the American government , being the year that America was reborn . The United States has suffered several major terrorist attacks , and in response the government has seized absolute control on the country and reverted to a Christian fundamentalist theocracy . The government maintains control of the populace through institutions such as the Bureau of Morality and the First Evangelical Church of Plano , as well as increased surveillance and the secret drugging of tap water with a mild sedative . In response to the increasing oppression of the government , several corporate , government , and subversive websites were transported back in time to the present by a group of scientists working clandestinely against the authoritarian government . The websites @-@ from @-@ the @-@ future were sent to the year 2007 to warn the American people of the impending dystopian future and to prevent it from ever forming in the first place . The Year Zero game consisted of an expansive series of websites , phone numbers , e @-@ mails , videos , MP3s , murals , and other media that expanded upon the fictional storyline of the album . Each new piece of media contained various hints and clues to discover the next , relying on fan participation to discover each new facet of the expanding game . Rolling Stone described the fan involvement in this promotion as the " marketing team 's dream " . Reznor , however , argued that " marketing " was an inaccurate description of the game , and that it was " not some kind of gimmick to get you to buy a record – it IS the art form " . Part of this promotional campaign involved USB drives that were left in concert venues for fans to find during Nine Inch Nails ' 2007 European tour . During a concert in Lisbon , Portugal , a USB flash drive was found in a bathroom stall containing a high @-@ quality MP3 of the track " My Violent Heart " , a song from the then @-@ unreleased album . Another USB drive was found at a concert in Barcelona , Spain , containing the track " Me , I 'm Not " . Messages found on the drives and tour clothing led to additional websites and images from the game , and the early release of several unheard songs from the album . Following the discovery of the USB drives , the high @-@ quality audio files quickly circulated the internet . Owners of websites hosting the files soon received cease and desist orders from the Recording Industry Association of America , despite Interscope having sanctioned the viral campaign and the early release of the tracks . Reznor told The Guardian : On February 22 , 2007 a teaser trailer was released through the official Year Zero website . It featured a quick glimpse of a blue road sign that said " I AM TRYING TO BELIEVE " , as well as a distorted glimpse of " The Presence " from the album cover . One frame in the teaser led fans to a URL containing the complete album cover . In March , the multitrack audio files of Year Zero 's first single , " Survivalism " , were released in GarageBand format for fan remixing . The multitrack files for " Capital G " , " My Violent Heart " and " Me , I 'm Not " were released the following month , and files for " The Beginning of the End " , " Vessel " and " God Given " were released on the month after that . In response to an early leak of the album , the entire album became available for streaming on Nine Inch Nails ' MySpace page a week before the album 's official release . = = = Performance 2007 tour = = = After taking a break from touring to complete work on Year Zero , the Nine Inch Nails live band embarked on a world @-@ tour in 2007 dubbed Performance 2007 . The tour included the band 's first performance in China . Reznor continued to tour with the same band he concluded the previous tour with : Aaron North , Jeordie White , Josh Freese , and Alessandro Cortini . The tour spanned 91 dates across Europe , Asia , Australia , and Hawaii . Between tour legs Nine Inch Nails gave a performance as part of the Year Zero game . A small group of fans received fictional in @-@ game telephone @-@ calls that invited them to a " resistance meeting " in a Los Angeles parking lot . Those who arrived were given " resistance kits " , some of which contained cellphones that would later inform the participants of further details . After receiving instructions from the cellphones , fans who attended a fictional Art is Resistance meeting in Los Angeles were rewarded with an unannounced performance by Nine Inch Nails . The concert was cut short as the meeting was raided by a fictional SWAT team and the audience was rushed out of the building . = = Themes = = Nine Inch Nails ' 2006 tour merchandise designs featured overt references to the United States military , which Reznor said " reflect [ ed ] future directions " . Reznor later described Year Zero as " the soundtrack to a movie that doesn 't exist " . The album criticizes the American government 's policies , and " could be about the end of the world " . Reznor specifically cited what he labeled as the " erosion of freedoms " and " the way that we treat the rest of the world and our own citizens " . Reznor had previously called the results of the 2004 US election " one step closer to the end of the world . " Even though the fictional story begins in January 2007 , the timeline of the album and alternate reality game mentions historical events , such as the September 11 attacks and the Iraq War . From there , fictional events lead to worldwide chaos , including bioterrorism attacks , the United States engaging in nuclear war with Iran , and the elimination of American civil liberties at the hands of the fictional government agency The Bureau of Morality . Regardless of being fictional , a columnist of The Hartford Courant commented , " What 's scary is that this doesn 't seem as far @-@ fetched as it should , given recent revelations about the FBI 's abuse of the Patriot Act and the dissent @-@ equals @-@ disloyalty double @-@ speak coming out of Washington in recent years . " = = Music = = Reznor called Year Zero a " shift in direction " in that it " doesn 't sound like With Teeth " . He also said that when he finishes a new album , he has to " go into battle with the people whose job it is to figure out how to sell the record . The only time that didn 't happen was [ for ] With Teeth . This time , however , [ he was ] expecting an epic struggle . [ Year Zero ] is not a particularly friendly record and it certainly doesn 't sound like anything else out there right now . " Fifteen original tracks were considered for inclusion on the album , which Reznor described as " Highly conceptual . Quite noisy . Fucking cool . " Reznor also described the album as a " collage of sound type of thing " , citing musical inspiration from early Public Enemy records , specifically the production techniques of The Bomb Squad . Most of Year Zero 's musical elements were created by Reznor solely on his laptop , as opposed to the instrument @-@ heavy With Teeth . Allmusic 's review described the album 's laptop @-@ mixed sound : " guitars squall against glitches , beeps , pops , and blotches of blurry sonic attacks . Percussion looms large , distorted , organic , looped , screwed , spindled and broken . " Many reviews of the album compared the album 's electronic sound to earlier Nine Inch Nails releases such as The Downward Spiral and The Fragile , while contrasting its heavily modified sounds to the more " organic " approach of With Teeth . Many critics also commented on the album 's overall tone , including descriptions such as " lots of silver and grey ambience [ sic ] " and reference to the album 's " oblique tone " . The New York Times review described the album 's sound by saying " Hard beats are softened with distortion , static cushions the tantrums , sneaky bass lines float beneath the surface . " The article went on to describe individual tracks : " And as usual the music is packed with details : " Meet Your Master " goes through at least three cycles of decay and rebirth ; part of the fun of " The Warning " is tracking the ever @-@ mutating timbres . " Many of the songs on the album feature an extended instrumental ending , which encompasses the entire second half of the three @-@ minute long " The Great Destroyer " . The album was co @-@ produced by Reznor and Atticus Ross , mixed by long @-@ time collaborator Alan Moulder , and mastered by Brian Gardner . The album features instrumental contributions by live band member Josh Freese and vocals by Saul Williams . = = Artwork = = All of the artwork for Year Zero was created by Rob Sheridan , art director for Nine Inch Nails , who is also credited for artwork on With Teeth , among other Nine Inch Nails releases since 2000 . The album features a thermo @-@ chrome heat @-@ sensitive CD face which appears black when first opened , but reveals a black binary code on a white background when heat is generated from the album being played . The binary sequence translates to " exterminal.net " , the address of a website involved in the alternate reality game . Reznor displayed displeasure at the extra $ 10 added to the CD 's price in Australia for the thermo @-@ coating , saying it only cost an extra 83 ¢ per CD and that the extra cost came from his pocket . Included with the album is a small insert that is a warning from the fictional United States Bureau of Morality ( USBM ) , with a phone number to report people who have " engaged in subversive acts " . When the number is called , a recording from the USBM is played , claiming " By calling this number , you and your family are implicitly pleading guilty to the consumption of anti @-@ American media and have been flagged as potential militants . " It was named one of the best album covers of 2007 by Rolling Stone Magazine . = = Release and reception = = Upon its release in April 2007 , Year Zero sold over 187 @,@ 000 in its first week . The album reached number two on the Billboard 200 and peaked in the top 10 in six other countries , including Australia , Canada and the United Kingdom . The album 's first single , " Survivalism " peaked at number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and topped the Modern Rock and Canadian singles charts . The " Capital G " promotional single reached number six on the Modern Rock chart . In a post on the official Nine Inch Nails website , Reznor condemned Universal Music Group — the parent company of Interscope Records — for its pricing and distribution plans for Year Zero . He wrote that he hated Interscope for setting the price of the album higher than usual , humorously labeling the company 's retail pricing of Year Zero in Australia as " ABSURD " , [ sic ] and concluding that " as a reward for being a ' true fan ' you get ripped off . " Reznor went on to say in later years the " climate " of record labels may have an increasingly ambivalent impact on consumers who buy music . Reznor 's post , specifically his criticism of the recording industry at large , elicited considerable media attention . Reznor continued his attack on Universal Music Group during a September 2007 concert in Australia , where he urged fans to " steal " his music online instead of purchasing it legally . Reznor went on to encourage the crowd to " steal and steal and steal some more and give it to all your friends and keep on stealin ' . " Although Universal never replied publicly to the criticism , a spokesperson for the Australian Music Retailers Association said " It is the same price in Australia as it is in the US because of the extra packaging . " Due to the pricing dispute , plans to release a " Capital G " maxi @-@ single in Europe were scrapped . The track was instead released as a promotional single , without a " Halo number " , unlike most official Nine Inch Nails releases . Year Zero was the last Nine Inch Nails studio album released on Interscope . Reznor announced in October 2007 that Nine Inch Nails had fulfilled its contractual commitments to Interscope and could proceed " free of any recording contract with any label " , effectively ending the band 's relationship with its record label . = = = Critical reception = = = Year Zero received generally favourable reviews from music critics , with an average rating of 76 % based on 28 reviews on review aggregator Metacritic . Robert Christgau described Year Zero as Reznor 's " most songful album " , while Thomas Inskeep of Stylus magazine praised it as " one of the most forward @-@ thinking ' rock ' albums to come down the pike in some time " . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called the album Reznor 's " strongest , weirdest and most complex record since The Downward Spiral " , and concluded that " he 's got his bravado back . " Rolling Stone ranked it at number 21 on its " Top 50 Albums of 2007 " list . Several reviewers also commented on the accompanying alternate reality game . Ann Powers of The Los Angeles Times , praised the album and game concept as " a total marriage of the pop and gamer aesthetics that unlocks the rusty cages of the music industry and solves some key problems facing rock music as its cultural dominance dissolves into dust . " In relation to the declining music industry , Joseph Jaffe of Brandweek commented that such " mysterious marketing measures [ ... ] are what 's desperately needed to gain attention in this uncertain era of distribution dilemmas and sagging sales " , also commending acts such as Nine Inch Nails and Radiohead for being " more innovative than marketers " . Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B + , comparing it to The X @-@ Files and calling it " A sci @-@ fi concept album whose end @-@ of @-@ days , paranoia @-@ drenched story line has been disseminated via the Internet " . It also stated : " Amid its carefully calibrated sonic assaults , Year Zero has a number of tracks that will stop you in yours . Sometimes , it 's a matter of dropping the volume [ ... ] Even his use of electronics has shifted to a new level [ ... ] Is the truth in here ? Dunno , but Reznor 's claim that ' I got my violence in high def ultra @-@ realism ' sounds like gospel to us . " On the fictional world depicted in the album and promotional campaign , The Cleveland Free Times commented that the album 's fictionalized world and characters " often seemed heavy @-@ handed and forced " , but also conceded that " its clotted claustrophobia suited its subject matter " . Ann Powers added , " The songs on ' Year Zero , ' each from the perspective of a character or characters already existent in the ARG , draw a connection between the music fan 's passionate identification with songs and the gamer 's experience of becoming someone else online . " In 2008 , 42 Entertainment won two Webby Awards for its work on the Year Zero game , in the categories of " Integrated Campaigns " and " Other Advertising : Branded Content " . = = Related projects = = A remix album , titled Year Zero Remixed , was released in November 2007 . Due to the expiration of his contract with Interscope Records , the album 's release , marketing , and promotion were completely in Reznor 's control . The album features remixes from artists including The Faint , Ladytron , Bill Laswell , Saul Williams , Olof Dreijer of The Knife , and Sam Fogarino of Interpol . Reznor himself strongly supports fan @-@ made remixes of songs from the album , as evidenced by his decision to upload every song in multi @-@ track form to the then @-@ newly launched Nine Inch Nails remix website . Instrumental versions of the songs on Year Zero are available at the site for download in multiple formats , including MP3 , WAV , GarageBand , and Ableton Live formats . A planned film adaption of Year Zero became a television project . Reznor met with various writers and pitched the idea to television networks . The 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike affected the pre @-@ production stage . Despite this , Reznor has commented the project is " still churning along " , and that he has begun working with American film producer Lawrence Bender . In 2010 , Reznor started developing the Year Zero miniseries with HBO and BBC Worldwide Productions . Reznor and Bender collaborated with Carnivàle writer Daniel Knauf to create the science fiction epic . Although , in August 2013 , it was stated in an article by the NME that HBO had rejected the series . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Trent Reznor . = = Personnel = = Trent Reznor – vocals , guitar , bass , drums , keyboards , programming , production William Artope – trumpet ( 7 ) Matt Demeritt – tenor sax ( 7 ) Josh Freese – drums ( 1 , 7 ) Jeff / Geoff Gallegos – brass / winds musical arrangement , baritone sax ( 7 ) Brian Gardner – mastering Elizabeth Lea – trombone ( 7 ) Alan Moulder – mix engineering Atticus Ross – production , sound design Doug Trantow – recording engineering Saul Williams – backing vocals ( 3 , 6 ) = = Chart positions = = = This Kiss ( Carly Rae Jepsen song ) = " This Kiss " is a song by Canadian singer Carly Rae Jepsen from her second studio album , Kiss ( 2012 ) . The song was written by Jepsen , Matthew Koma , Kelly Covell and Redfoo of electropop duo LMFAO through e @-@ mails , text messaging and telephone calls , with production handled by Koma and Redfoo . " This Kiss " was released as the third single from the album on September 10 , 2012 . The mid @-@ tempo dance @-@ pop track lyrically speaks about a kiss being something Jepsen can 't resist and the lips of her beloved . " This Kiss " received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who compared it to " Call Me Maybe " and " Good Time " . However , it failed to match the success of her previous singles , only reaching the top three in on the Ultratip chart of Belgium ( Flanders ) and in South Korea , while missing the top ten in countries such as Canada and United Kingdom . In the United States , the song peaked at 86 on the Billboard Hot 100 prior to its single release , and at number 37 on Pop Songs . An accompanying music video was first released on October 26 , 2012 , at the Fun Size film premiere , portrays Jepsen flirting with a guy in the club . To promote its release as a single , Jepsen performed " This Kiss " on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , the Late Show with David Letterman , and at the 2012 American Music Awards . = = Background and composition = = " This Kiss " was written by Jepsen , Kelly Covell , Matthew Koma , and Stefan Kendal Gordy , also known as Redfoo from electropop duo LMFAO , through e @-@ mails , text messaging and telephone calls . Jepsen explained that she had " never written a song that way before so I 'd definitely say it was new , " adding that " there was something really exciting about being on the phone and singing ideas to each other and then calling each other back and re @-@ writing lyrics in your BlackBerry and iPhone and seeing it all being exchanged . " The singer also revealed that she was pleased with the creative process of the song , commenting that " despite all this craziness , [ it ] remains the same . And that same exciting feeling that I had before anybody knew me , when I was just beginning to work on ' Call Me Maybe ' , is the same feeling I had today with Redfoo from LMFAO . You can sense the people who really have it are about writing that right word or that right melody to make it lift and make you feel that perfect emotion . " " This Kiss " was recorded at Party Rock Studio with Redfoo in 2012 after Redfoo recorded ideas at Sonic Vista Studios Ibiza , Spain , and was released as the second single from Kiss on September 10 , 2012 . " This Kiss " is a mid @-@ tempo dance @-@ pop track which lyrically speaks about a kiss being something Jepsen can 't resist and the lips of her beloved , featuring lyrics such as " This kiss is something I can 't resist / Your lips are undeniable / This kiss is something I can 't risk / Your heart is unreliable " during the chorus . Carl Williot of Idolator compared the lyrics to the ones of Hall & Oates ' " Kiss on My List " ( 1981 ) . = = Critical reception = = " This Kiss " received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Amy Sciarretto of Pop Crush rated the song four out of five stars , describing it " as sweet and as cavity @-@ causing " as Jepsen 's debut international single " Call Me Maybe " ( 2011 ) . Sciaretto added that it was possible that " This Kiss " could be one of the biggest songs of the fall of 2012 . Billboard critic Jason Lipshutz deemed the song " as undeniable as the lips of the lyrical object of affection who ( gasp ! ) isn 't the boy she has back home . " Heather Phares of Allmusic wrote that " This Kiss " is musically similar to " typical pop " songs , but added that the lyrics are " better written than the work of most of her competition . " Carl Williot of Idolator was sure that the song would " monopolize " radio stations like " Good Time " ( 2012 ) , and added that " with the dance beat and vocal effects , " the singer was " going for dance floor domination as well . " = = = Chart performance = = = Following its release as a single , " This Kiss " failed to match the success of Jepsen 's previous singles , debuting at number 86 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending September 29 , 2012 , before falling off the chart the following week . The song managed to stay for one week on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 39 , and on the French Singles Chart at number 173 . In Japan , it reached number 65 on the country 's Hot 100 chart , while peaking at number 23 on the Canadian Hot 100 . As of November 30 , 2012 , the song has sold over 115 @,@ 000 downloads in United States according to Nielsen SoundScan . = = Music video = = Filming for the music video began on September 20 , 2012 , with shots of Jepsen on set of the music video surfacing online the same day . She was pictured wearing a pair of leather pants along with a red @-@ black corset and a silver chain hanging from her waist . The singer said she is aiming to show a more mature side with the music video . On October 8 , 2012 , a 24 @-@ second teaser was uploaded to YouTube featuring Jepsen performing the track at a party , falling for a guy in a grey beanie and then jumping into a swimming pool with him for a kiss . Two weeks later , the singer tweeted , " the music video for This Kiss is coming soooo soon ! Until then here is a little preview . Hope you enjoy it ! Mwah x , " followed by the link of the teaser . A lyric video , which " channels the familiar opening credits of the classic show Saved By The Bell " as noted by Carl Williot of Idolator , was released on October 18 , 2012 . The music video premiered first on October 26 , 2012 , at the Fun Size film premiere , and then released online on October 28 , 2012 . Directed by Justin Francis , the video starts with Jepsen and her fellow friends driving a Fiat 500 . After they come out of the car , they follow to a ' 80s inspired warehouse , where Jepsen starts flirting with a guy ( actor Kurt Collins ) . The guy is immediately attracted to her , and , as the video comes to a close , they both take a dive in a pool and kiss . Fun Size 's star Thomas McDonell make cameo appearance . = = Live performances and usage in media = = Jepsen 's first performance of " This Kiss " was on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on September 18 , 2012 , and later the same day on So You Think You Can Dance season 9 finale . On October 25 , 2012 , the singer performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman . For the performance , Jepsen sported a shimmery dress and slick jacket . Jepsen also performed the song at the halftime show of the 100th Grey Cup , in a medley with " Call Me Maybe " at the 2012 American Music Awards , and at Walmart Soundcheck . Despite Jepsen not appearing in the film , " This Kiss " was featured in the comedy Fun Size . As a promotion for both the song and the film , people who bought a ticket to watch Fun Size before November 4 , 2012 would get a free download of " This Kiss " . The singer performed the song on the television show 90210 on episode " Till Death Do Us Part " that she guest featured . = = Formats and track listings = = Digital download " This Kiss " — 3 : 49 Digital EP — remixes " This Kiss " ( Jason Nevins Remix ) — 4 : 11 " This Kiss " ( Digital Dog Radio Edit ) — 4 : 13 " This Kiss " ( Brass Knuckles Remix ) — 4 : 05 " This Kiss " ( Mathieu Bouthier Remix ) — 6 : 45 UK digital download " This Kiss " — 3 : 49 " This Kiss " ( Digital Dog Radio Edit ) — 4 : 13 " This Kiss " ( Brass Knuckles Remix ) — 4 : 05 " This Kiss " ( Mathieu Bouthier Remix ) — 6 : 45 = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Party Rock Studio in 2012 . Personnel Carly Rae Jepsen — lead vocals , songwriter Matthew Koma — songwriter , producer Stefan Kendal Gordy — songwriter , producer Kelly Covell — songwriter Credits adapted from the liner notes of Kiss . = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = Genes , Brain and Behavior = Genes , Brain and Behavior ( also known as G2B ) is a peer @-@ reviewed online @-@ only scientific journal covering research in the fields of behavioral , neural , and psychiatric genetics . It is published by Wiley @-@ Blackwell on behalf of the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society . The journal was established in 2002 as a quarterly and is currently published monthly . G2B is a hybrid open access journal , but all content is available online for free two years after publication . = = Overview and history = = Genes , Brain and Behavior is published by Wiley @-@ Blackwell on behalf of the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society . Volume 1 appeared in 2002 and issues appeared quarterly . As submissions increased , the journal switched in 2003 to a bimonthly schedule , in 2006 to 8 @-@ times @-@ a @-@ year , and in 2014 to a monthly frequency . Content is available online from the Wiley Online Library or , after a 12 @-@ month embargo , from EBSCOhost . Authors can elect to have accepted articles published as open access . All content is available online for free 24 months after publication . The journal was originally published in both print and electronic versions , but since 2014 the journal is online @-@ only . The founding editor @-@ in @-@ chief was Wim Crusio ( French National Centre for Scientific Research ) , who was succeeded in 2012 by Andrew Holmes ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ) . = = Reception = = In its third year , Genes , Brain and Behavior was available in 1400 academic libraries . According to the Journal Citation Reports , its 2014 impact factor is 3 @.@ 661 , ranking the journal 80th out of 252 journals in the category " Neurosciences " and 7th out of 51 journals in the category " Behavioral Sciences " . The five journals that as of 2015 have cited Genes , Brain and Behavior most often , are ( in order of descending citation frequency ) PLoS ONE , Behavioural Brain Research , Genes , Brain and Behavior , Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience , and Psychopharmacology . As of 2015 , the five journals that have been cited most frequently by articles published in Genes , Brain and Behavior are The Journal of Neuroscience , Nature , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , Genes , Brain and Behavior , and the American Journal of Human Genetics . The journal has developed standards for the publication of mouse mutant studies . Many mouse mutant studies have serious methodological problems leading to fatally flawed scientific conclusions , causing a waste of time , effort , and research resources , and leading to ethical problems because of the unnecessary use of live animals for flawed studies . These standards are gradually being accepted more widely in the field . = = Abstracting and indexing = = Genes , Brain and Behavior is abstracted and indexed in : = = Most cited articles = = According to the Web of Science , the following three articles have been cited most often ( > 250 times ) : Rubenstein JL , Merzenich MM ( 2003 ) . " Model of autism : increased ratio of excitation / inhibition in key neural systems " . Genes , Brain and Behavior 2 ( 5 ) : 255 – 67 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1034 / j.1601 @-@ 183X.2003.00037.x. PMID 14606691 . Moy , SS ; Nadler , JJ ; Perez , A ; Barbaro , RP ; Johns , JM ; Magnuson , TR ; Piven , J ; Crawley , JN ( 2004 ) . " Sociability and preference for social novelty in five inbred strains : An approach to assess autistic @-@ like behavior in mice " . Genes , Brain and Behavior 3 ( 5 ) : 287 – 302 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1111 / j.1601 @-@ 1848.2004.00076.x. PMID 15344922 . Nadler , JJ ; Moy , SS ; Dold , G ; Trang , D ; Simmons , N ; Perez , A ; Young , NB ; Barbaro , RP ; Piven , J ; Magnuson , TR ; Crawley , JN ( 2004 ) . " Automated apparatus for quantitation of social approach behaviors in mice " . Genes , Brain , and Behavior 3 ( 5 ) : 303 – 14 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1111 / j.1601 @-@ 183X.2004.00071.x. PMID 15344923 . = Brown v. Board of Education = Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 , which allowed state @-@ sponsored segregation , insofar as it applied to public education . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Warren Court 's unanimous ( 9 – 0 ) decision stated that " separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . " As a result , de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution . This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement . However , the decision 's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II only ordered states to desegregate " with all deliberate speed " . = = Background = = For much of the sixty years preceding the Brown case , race relations in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation . This policy had been endorsed in 1896 by the United States Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson , which held that as long as the separate facilities for the separate races were equal , segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment ( " no State shall ... deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws . " ) . The plaintiffs in Brown asserted that this system of racial separation , while masquerading as providing separate but equal treatment of both white and black Americans , instead perpetuated inferior accommodations , services , and treatment for black Americans . Racial segregation in education varied widely from the 17 states that required racial segregation to the 16 in which it was prohibited . Brown was influenced by UNESCO 's 1950 Statement , signed by a wide variety of internationally renowned scholars , titled The Race Question . This declaration denounced previous attempts at scientifically justifying racism as well as morally condemning racism . Another work that the Supreme Court cited was Gunnar Myrdal 's An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy ( 1944 ) . Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration . The research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Court 's decision . The Clarks ' " doll test " studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation had an impact on black schoolchildren 's mental status . The United States and the Soviet Union were both at the height of the Cold War during this time , and U.S. officials , including Supreme Court Justices , were highly aware of the negative impacts that segregation and racism played on America 's international image . When Justice William O. Douglas traveled to India in 1950 , the first question he was asked was , " Why does America tolerate the lynching of Negroes ? " Douglas later wrote that he had learned from his travels that " the attitude of the United States toward its colored minorities is a powerful factor in our relations with India . " Chief Justice Earl Warren echoed Douglas 's concerns in a 1954 speech to the American Bar Association , proclaiming that " Our American system like all others is on trial both at home and abroad , ... the extent to which we maintain the spirit of our constitution with its Bill of Rights , will in the long run do more to make it both secure and the object of adulation than the number of hydrogen bombs we stockpile . " = = Case = = = = = Filing and arguments = = = In 1951 , a class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka , Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas . The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their 20 children . The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation . The Topeka Board of Education operated separate elementary schools under an 1879 Kansas law , which permitted ( but did not require ) districts to maintain separate elementary school facilities for black and white students in 12 communities with populations over 15 @,@ 000 . The plaintiffs had been recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP . Notable among the Topeka NAACP leaders were the chairman McKinley Burnett ; Charles Scott , one of three serving as legal counsel for the chapter ; and Lucinda Todd . The named plaintiff , Oliver L. Brown , was a parent , a welder in the shops of the Santa Fe Railroad , an assistant pastor at his local church , and an African American . He was convinced to join the lawsuit by Scott , a childhood friend . Brown 's daughter Linda , a third grader , had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary , her segregated black school one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) away , while Sumner Elementary , a white school , was seven blocks from her house . As directed by the NAACP leadership , the parents each attempted to enroll their children in the closest neighborhood school in the fall of 1951 . They were each refused enrollment and directed to the segregated schools . Linda Brown Thompson later recalled the experience in a 2004 PBS documentary : . . . well. like I say , we lived in an integrated neighborhood and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities . And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go to their school , I was just thrilled , you know . And I remember walking over to Sumner school with my dad that day and going up the steps of the school and the school looked so big to a smaller child . And I remember going inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went into the inner office with the principal and they left me out . . . to sit outside with the secretary . And while he was in the inner office , I could hear voices and hear his voice raised , you know , as the conversation went on . And then he immediately came out of the office , took me by the hand and we walked home from the school . I just couldn 't understand what was happening because I was so sure that I was going to go to school with Mona and Guinevere , Wanda , and all of my playmates . The case " Oliver Brown et al. v. The Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas " was named after Oliver Brown as a legal strategy to have a man at the head of the roster . The lawyers , and the National Chapter of the NAACP , also felt that having Mr. Brown at the head of the roster would be better received by the U.S. Supreme Court Justices . The 13 plaintiffs were : Oliver Brown , Darlene Brown , Lena Carper , Sadie Emmanuel , Marguerite Emerson , Shirley Fleming , Zelma Henderson , Shirley Hodison , Maude Lawton , Alma Lewis , Iona Richardson , and Lucinda Todd . The last surviving plaintiff , Zelma Henderson , died in Topeka , on May 20 , 2008 , at age 88 . The District Court ruled in favor of the Board of Education , citing the U.S. Supreme Court precedent set in Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) , which had upheld a state law requiring " separate but equal " segregated facilities for blacks and whites in railway cars . The three @-@ judge District Court panel found that segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on negro children , but denied relief on the ground that the negro and white schools in Topeka were substantially equal with respect to buildings , transportation , curricula , and educational qualifications of teachers . = = = Supreme Court review = = = The case of Brown v. Board of Education as heard before the Supreme Court combined five cases : Brown itself , Briggs v. Elliott ( filed in South Carolina ) , Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( filed in Virginia ) , Gebhart v. Belton ( filed in Delaware ) , and Bolling v. Sharpe ( filed in Washington D.C. ) . All were NAACP @-@ sponsored cases . The Davis case , the only case of the five originating from a student protest , began when 16 @-@ year @-@ old Barbara Rose Johns organized and led a 450 @-@ student walkout of Moton High School . The Gebhart case was the only one where a trial court , affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court , found that discrimination was unlawful ; in all the other cases the plaintiffs had lost as the original courts had found discrimination to be lawful . The Kansas case was unique among the group in that there was no contention of gross inferiority of the segregated schools ' physical plant , curriculum , or staff . The district court found substantial equality as to all such factors . The lower court , in its opinion , noted that , in Topeka , " the physical facilities , the curricula , courses of study , qualification and quality of teachers , as well as other educational facilities in the two sets of schools [ were ] comparable . " The lower court also observed that " colored children in many instances are required to travel much greater distances than they would be required to travel could they attend a white school " but also noted that the school district " transports colored children to and from school free of charge " and that " [ n ] o such service [ was ] provided to white children . " In the Delaware case the district court judge in Gebhart ordered that the black students be admitted to the white high school due to the substantial harm of segregation and the differences that made the separate schools unequal . The NAACP 's chief counsel , Thurgood Marshall — who was later appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 — argued the case before the Supreme Court for the plaintiffs . Assistant attorney general Paul Wilson — later distinguished emeritus professor of law at the University of Kansas — conducted the state 's ambivalent defense in his first appellate argument . In December 1952 , the Justice Department filed a friend of the court brief in the case . The brief was unusual in its heavy emphasis on foreign @-@ policy considerations of the Truman administration in a case ostensibly about domestic issues . Of the seven pages covering " the interest of the United States , " five focused on the way school segregation hurt the United States in the Cold War competition for the friendship and allegiance of non @-@ white peoples in countries then gaining independence from colonial rule . Attorney General James P. McGranery noted that , The existence of discrimination against minority groups in the United States has an adverse effect upon our relations with other countries . Racial discrimination furnishes grist for the Communist propaganda mills . The brief also quoted a letter by Secretary of State Dean Acheson lamenting that : The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . British barrister and parliamentarian Anthony Lester has written that " Although the Court 's opinion in Brown made no reference to these considerations of foreign policy , there is no doubt that they significantly influenced the decision . " = = = Unanimous opinion and consensus building = = = In spring 1953 , the Court heard the case but was unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953 , with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks . The Court reargued the case at the behest of Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter , who used reargument as a stalling tactic , to allow the Court to gather a consensus around a Brown opinion that would outlaw segregation . The justices in support of desegregation spent much effort convincing those who initially intended to dissent to join a unanimous opinion . Although the legal effect would be same for a majority rather than unanimous decision , it was felt that dissent could be used by segregation supporters as a legitimizing counter @-@ argument . Conference notes and draft decisions illustrate the division of opinions before the decision was issued . Justices Douglas , Black , Burton , and Minton were predisposed to overturn Plessy . Fred M. Vinson noted that Congress had not issued desegregation legislation ; Stanley F. Reed discussed incomplete cultural assimilation and states ' rights and was inclined to the view that segregation worked to the benefit of the African @-@ American community ; Tom C. Clark wrote that " we had led the states on to think segregation is OK and we should let them work it out . " Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson disapproved of segregation , but were also opposed to judicial activism and expressed concerns about the proposed decision 's enforceability . Chief Justice Vinson had been a key stumbling block . After Vinson died in September 1953 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice . Warren had supported the integration of Mexican @-@ American students in California school systems following Mendez v. Westminster . However , Eisenhower invited Earl Warren to a White House dinner , where the president told him : " These [ southern whites ] are not bad people . All they are concerned about is to see that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes . " Nevertheless , the Justice Department sided with the African American plaintiffs . In his reading of the unanimous decision , Justice Warren noted the adverse psychological effects that segregated schools had on African American children . While all but one justice personally rejected segregation , the judicial restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end . The activist faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead . Warren , who held only a recess appointment , held his tongue until the Senate confirmed his appointment . Warren convened a meeting of the justices , and presented to them the simple argument that the only reason to sustain segregation was an honest belief in the inferiority of Negroes . Warren further submitted that the Court must overrule Plessy to maintain its legitimacy as an institution of liberty , and it must do so unanimously to avoid massive Southern resistance . He began to build a unanimous opinion . Although most justices were immediately convinced , Warren spent some time after this famous speech convincing everyone to sign onto the opinion . Justices Jackson and Reed finally decided to drop their dissent . The final decision was unanimous . Warren drafted the basic opinion and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court . = = = Holding = = = Reporters who observed the court holding were surprised by two facts . First , the court made a unanimous decision . Prior to the ruling , there were reports that the court members were sharply divided and might not be able to agree . Second , the attendance of Justice Robert H. Jackson who had suffered a mild heart attack and was not expected to return to the bench until early June 1954 . " Perhaps to emphasize the unanimity of the court , perhaps from a desire to be present when the history @-@ making verdict was announced , Justice Jackson was in his accustomed seat when the court convened . " Reporters also noted that Dean Acheson , former secretary of state , who had related the case to foreign policy considerations , and Herbert Brownell , the current attorney general , were in the courtroom . The key holding of the Court was that , even if segregated black and white schools were of equal quality in facilities and teachers , segregation by itself was harmful to black students and unconstitutional . They found that a significant psychological and social disadvantage was given to black children from the nature of segregation itself , drawing on research conducted by Kenneth Clark assisted by June Shagaloff . This aspect was vital because the question was not whether the schools were " equal " , which under Plessy they nominally should have been , but whether the doctrine of separate was constitutional . The justices answered with a strong " no " : [ D ] oes segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race , even though the physical facilities and other " tangible " factors may be equal , deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities ? We believe that it does . ... " Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law , for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group . A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn . Segregation with the sanction of law , therefore , has a tendency to [ retard ] the educational and mental development of negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial [ ly ] integrated school system . " ... We conclude that , in the field of public education , the doctrine of " separate but equal " has no place . Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . Therefore , we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are , by reason of the segregation complained of , deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment . = = = Local outcomes = = = The Topeka junior high schools had been integrated since 1941 . Topeka High School was integrated from its inception in 1871 and its sports teams from 1949 on . The Kansas law permitting segregated schools allowed them only " below the high school level . " Soon after the district court decision , election outcomes and the political climate in Topeka changed . The Board of Education of Topeka began to end segregation in the Topeka elementary schools in August 1953 , integrating two attendance districts . All the Topeka elementary schools were changed to neighborhood attendance centers in January 1956 , although existing students were allowed to continue attending their prior assigned schools at their option . Plaintiff Zelma Henderson , in a 2004 interview , recalled that no demonstrations or tumult accompanied desegregation in Topeka 's schools : " They accepted it , " she said . " It wasn 't too long until they integrated the teachers and principals . " The Topeka Public Schools administration building is named in honor of McKinley Burnett , NAACP chapter president who organized the case . Monroe Elementary was designated a U.S. National Historic Site unit of the National Park Service on October 26 , 1992 . = = Social implications = = Not everyone accepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In Virginia , Senator Harry F. Byrd , Sr. organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them . See , for example , The Southern Manifesto . For more implications of the Brown decision , see Desegregation . = = = Deep South = = = Texas Attorney General John Ben Shepperd organized a campaign to generate legal obstacles to implementation of desegregation . In 1957 , Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out his state 's National Guard to block black students ' entry to Little Rock Central High School . President Dwight Eisenhower responded by deploying elements of the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell , Kentucky , to Arkansas and by federalizing Arkansas 's National Guard . Also in 1957 , Florida 's response was mixed . Its legislature passed an Interposition Resolution denouncing the decision and declaring it null and void . But Florida Governor LeRoy Collins , though joining in the protest against the court decision , refused to sign it , arguing that the attempt to overturn the ruling must be done by legal methods . In Mississippi fear of violence prevented any plaintiff from bringing a school desegregation suit for the next nine years . When Medgar Evers sued to desegregate Jackson , Mississippi schools in 1963 White Citizens Council member Byron De La Beckwith murdered him . Two subsequent trials resulted in hung juries . Beckwith was not convicted of the murder until 1994 . In 1963 , Alabama Gov. George Wallace personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students . This became the infamous Stand in the Schoolhouse Door where Wallace personally backed his " segregation now , segregation tomorrow , segregation forever " policy that he had stated in his 1963 inaugural address . He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard , who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene . = = = Upland South = = = In North Carolina , there was often a strategy of nominally accepting Brown , but tacitly resisting it . On May 18 , 1954 the Greensboro , North Carolina school board declared that it would abide by the Brown ruling . This was the result of the initiative of D.E. Hudgins Jr , a former Rhodes Scholar and prominent attorney , who chaired the school board . This made Greensboro the first , and for years the only , city in the South , to announce its intent to comply . However , others in the city resisted integration , putting up legal obstacles to the actual implementation of school desegregation for years afterward , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 , after numerous local lawsuits and both nonviolent and violent demonstrations . Historians have noted the irony that Greensboro , which had heralded itself as such a progressive city , was one of the last holdouts for school desegregation . = = = The North = = = Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , not a single new school had been built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist , even as the Second Great Migration caused overcrowding of existing schools . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Northern officials were in denial of the segregation , but Brown helped stimulate activism among African @-@ American parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and State of New York on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high @-@ quality , historically @-@ white schools . ( New York 's African @-@ American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) The intellectual roots of Plessy v. Ferguson , the landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation in 1896 under the doctrine of " separate but equal " were , in part , tied to the scientific racism of the era . However , the popular support for the decision was more likely a result of the racist beliefs held by many whites at the time . In deciding Brown v. Board of Education , the Supreme Court rejected the ideas of scientific racists about the need for segregation , especially in schools . The Court buttressed its holding by citing ( in footnote 11 ) social science research about the harms	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Wilde : The Unsettling Story of Dolly Wilde , Oscar 's Unusual Niece . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 465 @-@ 08772 @-@ 8 . Secrest , Meryle ( 1974 ) . Between Me and Life : A Biography of Romaine Brooks . Garden City , NY : Doubleday. p . 275 . ISBN 0 @-@ 385 @-@ 03469 @-@ 5 . Souhami , Diana ( 1999 ) . The Trials of Radclyffe Hall . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 @-@ 385 @-@ 48941 @-@ 2 . Stimpson , Catharine R. ( Winter 1981 ) . " Zero Degree Deviancy : The Lesbian Novel in English " . Critical Inquiry 8 ( 2 ) : 363 – 379 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1086 / 448159 . JSTOR 1343168 . Weiss , Andrea ( 1995 ) . Paris Was a Woman : Portraits From the Left Bank . San Francisco : Harper San Francisco . ISBN 0 @-@ 06 @-@ 251313 @-@ 3 . = Jeff White ( Australian footballer ) = Jeffrey Newman " Jeff " White ( born 19 February 1977 ) is an Australian rules footballer who had a distinguished career in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) spanning 14 years . He played most recently and notably for the Melbourne Football Club , following a move from the Fremantle Dockers at the end of 1997 . He was Melbourne 's first @-@ choice ruckman for a decade , relying on his key attributes of athleticism and durability . He was an All @-@ Australian in 2004 , and was selected for Victoria several times . He was an important member of the Melbourne sides which made the 2000 AFL Grand Final and qualified for six finals series from 1998 to 2006 . White 's career was punctuated by serious injuries to his shin and face , in 2003 and 2005 respectively . He cemented his reputation as one of the premier ruckmen in the AFL with consistent displays for Melbourne during his eleven years at the club . Former team @-@ mate , fellow long @-@ serving Melbourne ruckman , and Melbourne chairman Jim Stynes called White an " ornament to the game and particularly to the Melbourne Football Club . " His contract with Melbourne was not renewed in 2008 and White signed to play in 2009 with the Redland Australian Football Club in the AFL Queensland State League . = = Personal life = = White grew up in Victoria and was keen to return to Melbourne after he was drafted to the Fremantle Dockers in Western Australia . He is married to Stacy , and in Melbourne they lived at Sandringham . The pair met on the Gold Coast , and married there in October 2005 . On 5 May 2007 , Stacy gave birth to the couple 's first child , son Kalani Jordan . White has stated his desire to move to the Gold Coast once his playing career in Melbourne is finished , and has mooted that a role with the proposed Gold Coast AFL team is possible in either a development or coaching capacity . In September 2008 , he launched a sports classified website , SponsorThem , which is a specialised networking site for athletes . White wanted to impart his knowledge of social media to other athletes , which grew into his own business , White Echo , launched in 2009 . White is an avid golfer and is a member of the Huntingdale Golf Club , and also plays regularly at the Royal Melbourne Golf Club . He plays off of a handicap of 5 . At his final press @-@ conference with Melbourne , he jokingly stated that a card on the seniors ' Champions Tour was a potential aim once his football career is finished . = = Playing career = = White played for the Dandenong Stingrays in the TAC Cup in 1993 and 1994 . He was drafted with the number 1 pick in the 1994 AFL Draft — the first Dandenong player to be drafted with the highest pick . Travis Johnstone — who was White 's team @-@ mate at Melbourne for 10 years — is the only other Dandenong player to be selected with the first pick in an AFL draft . White was one of six Dandenong players selected to play for Vic Metro at the Teal Cup — the national under 18 championships — in 1994 . Following his performances for Vic Metro , he was named as an All @-@ Australian at Under 18 level . = = = Fremantle = = = White was drafted by the Fremantle Dockers as the number 1 pick , which Fremantle were granted by the AFL because 1995 was the club 's first season in the competition . White made his debut in Round 3 of Fremantle 's inaugural season in a victory over Fitzroy . He played six matches in 1995 , kicking three goals but averaging less than three hit @-@ outs per game . The 1996 season saw him play 13 matches and kick 13 goals and greatly improve his average number of disposals . He was nominated for the AFL Rising Star award in Round 19 in a 24 @-@ point win against Collingwood . He had 22 disposals , 11 marks , kicked a goal and received three Brownlow Medal votes for his stand @-@ out performance for the season . In his final season at Fremantle , White took on greater responsibility of the ruck @-@ work , and averaged 10 hit @-@ outs per game for the season . He played the first 12 matches of the season , but was then dropped for nine matches until the final match of the season — and of his Fremantle career . Fremantle 's performances were largely consistent during White 's three seasons with them , as they finished 13th in both 1995 and 1996 , and 12th in 1997 . White was handed the number 34 guernsey at Fremantle and he wore the number for the rest of his career . He credits Percy Johnson with guiding his ruck style in his time with Fremantle . He played 32 games and kicked 18 goals with the Dockers between 1995 and 1997 , before being traded back to his home state of Victoria to play for Melbourne . Salary @-@ cap breaches involved in White 's trade caused Melbourne to forfeit their highest selection ( pick number 5 ) in the 1999 draft to Fremantle . = = = Melbourne = = = = = = = Early seasons = = = = Melbourne traded their two highest selections in the 1997 draft ( picks 2 and 18 ) to Fremantle in return for White . He was a key signing in Melbourne 's attempt to rebuild its squad , and in his first season at Melbourne he shared the rucking duties with Jim Stynes , the latter mentoring White in their only season together . He played in all of Melbourne 's 25 matches for the season as they reached the preliminary final , where they lost to North Melbourne . He received 11 votes in the Brownlow Medal for the season . After a promising start to his career in Melbourne , 1999 was less successful . White 's disposals and scoring statistics dropped significantly , and he tellingly failed to record any votes in the Brownlow Medal . In 2000 , he was a key member of the Melbourne side that reached the Grand Final , with many pundits seeing White as the best Melbourne player on the ground in the loss to Essendon , as he had 24 hit @-@ outs and 14 disposals . He kicked 16 goals and averaged 21 hit @-@ outs per game for the season , and as in 1998 , he recorded 11 Brownlow Medal votes . He effected the most number of hit @-@ outs in the league for the season , with 499 . White played all but one of Melbourne 's matches in 2001 , and after a commanding performance against his former club in Round 21 where had 33 possessions , kicked two goals , and received three Brownlow Medal votes , then @-@ Fremantle coach Ben Allan responded to a suggestion that White may leave Melbourne at the end of the season by saying " we 'll have him back " . White recorded the most hit @-@ outs in the league in 2002 , with 561 , playing in all of Melbourne 's matches in a run that saw them narrowly lose to Adelaide by two goals in a semi @-@ final . The 2003 season was disappointing for both Melbourne , and White personally . His average number of hit @-@ outs dropped by more than six per game , he averaged fewer than eight kicks per match , and did not receive any Brownlow Medal votes . = = = = Consistent form = = = = The following season saw a vast improvement in White 's personal performance , as he enjoyed the finest season of his career , winning Melbourne 's best @-@ and @-@ fairest , receiving All @-@ Australian selection , and ranking second in the league for total number of hit @-@ outs . He reached the top ten in the 2004 Brownlow Medal with 15 votes , including four best @-@ on @-@ ground displays , with dominant performances against North Melbourne and Fremantle among them . His most productive period came between Rounds 9 and 16 , where he recorded three best @-@ on @-@ ground displays , averaged 25 hit @-@ outs and received 13 Brownlow Medal votes . His Round 6 performance against Carlton is also noted as one of his career @-@ best performances , with Melbourne winning by more than 100 points , as White recorded 26 disposals , took eight marks , kicked one goal , and received the three Brownlow votes for his influential display . Coinciding with White 's career @-@ best form , Melbourne sat atop the AFL ladder after Round 18 , but in the final month of the season , the team lost its last five matches , finishing fifth after Round 22 , and losing to Essendon in the Elimination Final . The 2005 season was less successful for both White and Melbourne , with the club struggling to cement a place in the top eight during the year , although they managed to finish seventh after a strong finish to the minor round , and qualify for the club 's second consecutive finals series — the first time it had competed in consecutive finals series since 1991 . Melbourne again lost in the Elimination Final , this time to Geelong . It was during this match that White sustained his career @-@ threatening facial injury . Following the 2005 season , he signed a three @-@ year deal with Melbourne — his last contract with the club — worth A $ 1.4m. He was an integral part of Melbourne 's strong 2006 form , as the team won 11 out of 12 games after losing the first three matches of the season . He was named among the best Melbourne players in the side 's come @-@ from @-@ behind victory against St Kilda in the Elimination Final . Melbourne lost to Fremantle the following week , ending their third consecutive finals series . During 2006 , White effected fewer hit @-@ outs than in 2005 , although his total number of disposals , marks and goals were all significantly improved . He played all of Melbourne 's matches that season , as he did for four seasons from 2004 — a consistent run which saw him play more than 100 consecutive matches after he missed games in 2003 due to a serious shin injury and a knee injury , until Round 12 , 2008 . In both 2005 and 2006 , he ranked third in the league in number of hit @-@ outs . = = = = Final years = = = = Melbourne 's poor form throughout the 2007 season , when they won just five matches , saw the side finish 14th . White brought up his milestone 250th AFL @-@ game in Round 19 with a win over the Western Bulldogs . His last season with Melbourne was 2008 , in which he was dropped for the first time in his Melbourne career , despite returning to some of his best form . His average number of disposals per match ( 18 @.@ 5 ) was the highest of any season in his career . His long @-@ time understudy Mark Jamar assumed White 's position as the premier ruckman at Melbourne , allowing Paul Johnson to play the second @-@ ruckman role . It was the first time in 20 years that anyone other than White or Jim Stynes had been the first @-@ choice ruckman at Melbourne for an extended run of matches . Coach Dean Bailey said that 2008 was the most difficult season that White and team @-@ mate Adem Yze had experienced at the club — the side finished bottom and won just three games . Bailey praised both White and Yze on their professionalism and attitude at the end of the season — the pair 's last at Melbourne . White played 15 games in 2008 — his lowest total in a season with Melbourne . He finished his career at Melbourne in Round 22 against Richmond , kicking two goals and having 17 possessions . He received 53 Brownlow votes throughout his career — 47 with Melbourne and six with Fremantle . He reached double @-@ figures in Brownlow votes on three occasions , with his highest being the 15 votes he received in 2004 . He received his final Brownlow vote in Round 7 , 2008 , in Melbourne 's win over Fremantle . He received Brownlow votes in nine of his 14 AFL seasons . He was named as one of Melbourne 's 150 Legends during the club 's 150th anniversary celebrations , and finished his career with the seventh @-@ highest number of appearances for Melbourne with 236 . He was made a life member of the Melbourne Football Club during 2008 . White was delisted from Melbourne following the 2008 season , but has stated that he hopes to play on for one or two more seasons at another AFL club : " From a personal point of view , I still feel like I 've got some time left . " His preference would have been to continue at Melbourne , saying , " I love the club and would love to play on " but that he " totally understands " his delisting . Dean Bailey spoke highly of White 's leadership at Melbourne , saying that White will leave a lasting legacy at the club . = = = Season 2009 = = = Carlton coach Brett Ratten suggested that he would " have to go back and have a look " at the possibility of drafting White for the 2009 season . Ratten cited White 's experience and leadership in helping to guide the younger ruckmen at Carlton as a potential draw @-@ card . St Kilda was also suggested as a possible destination for White to continue his playing career , but the Sydney Swans later emerged as the most likely destination for White . Ultimately White signed to play in 2009 with the Redland Australian Football Club in the AFL Queensland State League . After one season with Redlands he retired from playing and joined Gold Coast Football Club as a coach = = = Victoria = = = During 1998 — his first year living back in Melbourne — he was selected to play for Victoria . He was selected in the squad of 25 for Victoria in 1999 but did not make the final 22 for the match against South Australia . This was the last State @-@ of @-@ Origin match , although a Victoria team was selected to play against a Dream Team in the AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match in 2008 — White was selected in the initial 40 @-@ man squad for Victoria , but once again did not make the final 22 . He was Melbourne 's only representative in the squad . Playing for Victoria in 1998 was his only representative appearance . = = Playing style = = White 's kicking accuracy was of particular note for a ruckman — his goal @-@ kicking accuracy finished at slightly less than 60 % . He was a consistent exponent of the spectacular mark , preferring to take chest marks high over packs . He was nominated on several occasions for the Mark of the Year , but he never won the award . His ball @-@ skills and work around the ground remained one of his greatest strengths throughout his career . He effected 5000 hit @-@ outs in his AFL career , the most by any one player since records began in 1987 , with a career @-@ high game total of 47 during a resounding round @-@ 22 win over West Coast Eagles in 2000 . Testament to his durability and consistency , he was ranked in the top five in the AFL in total number of hit @-@ outs for nine consecutive seasons from 1999 . At 195 cm , White is relatively short for a ruckman , and operated more as a ruck @-@ rover than as a traditional ruckman . He was noted for his athleticism and vertical @-@ leap , which helped him overcome his lack of height in comparison to other ruckmen . His approach to ruck @-@ work — with greater emphasis on possessing the ball and working around the ground — helped him adapt to the changed centre @-@ circle rules , and compensated for his lack of height and diminished ability at stoppages . Following the departure of Jim Stynes from Melbourne , White later worked on his game with former ruckman Sam Newman . Percy Johnson , Stynes and finally Newman guided and influenced White 's ruck @-@ work during his career . = = Injuries = = Throughout the latter stages of his career , he wore special thigh- and shin @-@ pads to protect himself from injury in the ruck — his specially @-@ designed shin @-@ pad was required to protect a problematic shin injury which had threatened his career . During a match in 2003 , he was kicked in the shin , causing his shin @-@ pad to crack and split the skin , leaving a laceration about the size of a tablespoon . Once the wound had healed , White 's surgeon told him that if it split open again , he would have to stop playing . White has said that this " reality check " helped to strengthen his focus and helped him deal with injuries more effectively . He said that the specially @-@ designed shin @-@ guard and those who designed it " saved his career " . ( The shin @-@ guard can be seen on White 's right @-@ leg in the photos on this page . ) In 2005 , he was involved in a horrific on @-@ field incident with Geelong 's Steven King . As King attempted to kick the ball out of mid @-@ air , he missed and collected White 's face at the height of his leg 's swing , causing facial injuries that required extensive surgery , inserting five metal plates and 14 screws into White 's jaw and face . It was viewed as an accident by the AFL tribunal and no action was taken against King . As the incident took place in Melbourne 's final match of the season — Geelong winning the match and knocking Melbourne out of the finals — White was able to recover during the off @-@ season and did not miss a match , despite the severity of the injury . White 's wedding to his fiancée Stacy was postponed until later in the year due to the injury . = = Statistics = = = Ben Revere = Benjamin Daniel Revere ( born May 3 , 1988 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Revere was born in Atlanta , and raised in LaGrange , Georgia , though he eventually moved to Richmond , Kentucky . He played baseball at Lexington Catholic High School , where he received several awards during his junior and senior seasons . Revere was selected in the first round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft by the Minnesota Twins and played in their farm system for three seasons before being called up to Major League Baseball in late 2010 . He played with the Twins for two more seasons before being traded to the Phillies in the 2012 offseason . Revere began the 2013 season as the Philadelphia Phillies leadoff hitter before being moved down in the lineup following an injury . His primary strengths are his speed and his defense , while he struggles to hit for power ; he has only hit five home runs in the major leagues . Writers and teammates have described Revere as being a genuine , goofy , energetic player . = = Early life = = Revere was born in Georgia , but moved to Kentucky , where he graduated from Lexington Catholic High School in 2007 , where he played and led the team to a state championship his junior year ( 2006 ) . He was named most valuable player that season and , after his senior season , he was named the Gatorade Kentucky Baseball Player of the Year , 2007 Mr. Baseball for Kentucky , and a member of the All @-@ USA Today high school baseball team . The Minnesota Twins selected him in the first round ( 28th overall pick ) of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft and signed shortly thereafter . = = Professional career = = = = = Minor league career = = = After his first round selection , the Twins assigned Revere to the Gulf Coast League Twins , with whom he posted a .325 batting average ( BA ) in his first season of professional ball , and was named a 2007 Gulf Coast League Postseason All @-@ Star . The following season with the Beloit Snappers of the Class A Midwest League , Revere 's batting average increased to .379 with 44 stolen bases and ten triples . He won several awards for his performance , including a Midwest League All @-@ Star selection , Mid @-@ season MVP , Postseason All @-@ Star , Player of the Year , Prospect of the Year , and the Sherry Robertson Award as Twins ' minor league player of the year . Baseball America placed him on their 2008 High Class A All @-@ Star team and called him the Twins ' second best prospect , behind Aaron Hicks . Revere began the 2009 season with the Fort Myers Miracle of the Florida State League ( FSL ) . In the first half of the season , he batted .342 with 23 RBIs , 32 runs scored and 22 stolen bases . He was named the FSL Player of the Week for May 11 – 17 , and was an All @-@ star for the FSL 's Southern division . He did not commit an error all season in 225 chances playing both center field and left field . He finished the season with a .311 batting average , two home runs , and 48 RBIs . Prior to the season , Baseball America ranked him the Twins ' fifth @-@ best prospect . Revere began the 2010 season with the New Britain Rock Cats of the Class AA Eastern League . He was named the Twins minor league player of the month in May after hitting .336 with 6 doubles , a home run , and 15 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . He played in the 2007 All @-@ Star Futures Game at Angel Stadium in Anaheim . After totaling a .305 BA with 36 stolen bases during the season , his contract was purchased by the Twins on September 4 , 2010 . = = = Minnesota Twins = = = He made his major league debut on September 7 , 2010 , as a pinch hitter for Denard Span , striking out against Kansas City Royals ' pitcher Jesse Chavez . He remained in the game , replacing Span in center field . He recorded his first major league run batted in ( RBI ) on September 18 , 2010 , when he grounded out to score J. J. Hardy in a game against the Oakland Athletics . He recorded his first major league hit a day later . Revere began the 2011 season with the Twins ' Class AAA affiliate , the Rochester Red Wings of the International League . In May , Revere was called up to Minnesota to play left field for the injured Delmon Young . Soon after Young 's return , Span was placed on the seven @-@ day disabled list with a concussion . As a result , Revere was given another position to play . In late 2012 , Revere amassed a 21 @-@ game hitting streak , his career best . He finished the 2012 season playing 124 major league games with a .294 batting average , no home runs , and 32 RBIs . = = = Philadelphia Phillies = = = On December 6 , 2012 , Revere was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Vance Worley and Trevor May . Revere was picked to lead off the Phillies ' Opening Day lineup for the 2013 season against the Atlanta Braves over Jimmy Rollins after a strong spring training performance . After acquiring Revere , Phillies General Manager ( GM ) Rubén Amaro commented , " He can go to the top of the order or bottom of the order . Either way , for us it was about the defense and the speed . We like athletic players and he 's certainly that . He has great energy , a fantastic defender . And those are priorities for us . " On April 15 , 2013 , the day of the Boston Marathon bombings , Revere inscribed " Pray for Boston " onto a piece of masking tape and taped it to his glove , which he left sitting out while he stretched . A photographer from Getty Images photographed the glove , and Revere later commented that his phone was " ringing off the hook " with thanks for the gesture . Revere commented , " A bunch of people who live in Boston said it was all over the news out there " , Revere said . " I just showed my appreciation . Even when I 'm playing , I 'm thinking of the people in Boston . It 's just terrible that it happened . For me , I 'm just playing the game for them a little bit . In the subsequent game , Revere made an incredible leaping , diving catch with the glove , robbing Todd Frazier of an extra base hit . Near the beginning of the season , Revere sustained an injury to his quadriceps that he worsened in the April 24 game against the Pittsburgh Pirates . He missed multiple consecutive games and was replaced in the lineup by Freddy Galvis . Revere finally returned on May 3 , his 25th birthday . He injured his elbow in a game against the Boston Red Sox on May 27 after jamming it into the metal fence at Fenway Park . He remained in the game , and x @-@ rays later turned up negative . Revere later said of the injury , " Luckily , I 've got strong enough bones . If it was somebody else it may have been bad , but luckily it wasn 't serious . " By the end of May , Revere was back hitting mainly at the top of the order after manager Charlie Manuel decided to adjust the lineup in hopes of sparking some offense . He managed two hits in a game against the Miami Marlins on June 3 , stole two bases , and stopped an extra @-@ base hit from Adeiny Hechavarria . " I just have to take it one game at a time and not put any pressure on myself . I 'm finding my stroke " , Revere later said of the game . On July 13 , Revere suffered a fractured foot after a foul ball hit him while at @-@ bat . He had surgery for the fracture on July 16 . Although the initial timetable for Revere 's return was six to eight weeks , the Phillies official website later published an article stating that there was no timetable for his return and they were unsure whether or not he will return for a remainder of the 2013 season . He ended up missing the rest of the 2013 season , and finished with a .305 batting average , 0 home runs , 17 runs batted in and 22 stolen bases . Revere entered the 2014 season healthy , and , amidst chaos and position battles elsewhere , he was the preeminent starter in center field . Before the season , Pat Egan of Phillies Nation published an article declaring the Phillies as the clear winners of the trade that brought Revere to Philadelphia . Though initially writers thought the Twins received a terrific return and it was a terrible trade for the Phillies , Worley was ultimately outrighted of the Twins ' roster and traded , and May 's status as a top prospect languished , whereas Revere had emerged as a viable everyday center fielder who was under contract with the Phillies through 2018 . On April 1 , 2014 , Revere set a new MLB record for most plate appearances without a home run ( 1 @,@ 410 ) by a non @-@ pitcher . Despite his initial preeminence , because of sore ribs ( caused by a diving catch in the outfield ) , backup Tony Gwynn , Jr. started four consecutive games in centerfield ( beyond the time Revere needed to recover from his injury due to Gwynn 's success at the plate ) while Revere , who had recently struggled at the plate , was on the bench . However , a few days later , Revere came up to bat in the eighth inning in a scoreless game , and hit an RBI single , which re @-@ implanted him atop the Phillies ' starting lineup . As for Gwynn , Revere commented , " We 're kind of the same player . He 's like my older brother . If I do something wrong , he 's right there telling me how to correct myself . I 'm the same way with him . If I see something , I tell him . He 's definitely a great motivator for me . I just learn from him , since he 's been in the game for a while . I 'm still learning . I kind of just watched him those few days to help me out and improve my game , and he watches me to improve his . We kind of feed off each other " On May 27 , 2014 , Revere finally hit his first MLB home run in his 1,466th career at @-@ bat , the longest streak without a home run to begin a career since Frank Taveras in 1977 . On September 5 , Revere hit another home run , the second of his career , against Washington Nationals right @-@ handed pitcher Rafael Soriano . In the waning weeks of the season , Revere was firmly embroiled in the battle for the National League batting title along with Justin Morneau and Josh Harrison , among others . In 151 games of 2014 , Revere hit .306 with an NL @-@ leading 184 hits , 49 stolen bases , two home runs , and 28 RBIs . Paul Boye wrote , " The fact of the matter boils down to this : Ben Revere is the best option in center field for this team , given both internal and external options at this point . " On October 1 , 2014 , Revere underwent right ankle surgery to remove two screws . After having played center field exclusively during his first two years with the Phillies , Revere spent some time in left field during spring training in 2015 while Odubel Herrera played in center ; manager Ryne Sandberg noted that Revere 's arm may fit better in left field . In 96 games with the Phillies , Revere batted .298 with 24 stolen bases , 1 home run , and 26 RBI . = = = Toronto Blue Jays = = = On July 31 , 2015 , Revere was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for Alberto Tirado and Jimmy Cordero . Revere struggled early in his tenure with the Blue Jays , going hitless in his first 13 at @-@ bats . He would return to form for the remainder of August , making several highlight @-@ reel catches in left field and extending a hit streak to 9 games on August 29 . During those 9 games , Revere batted .514 . He played in 56 games for the Blue Jays in the 2015 regular season , and batted .319 with 1 home run , 19 RBI , and 7 stolen bases . He played 152 total games in 2015 with a .306 batting average , 2 home runs , 31 stolen bases , and 45 RBI . With the Blue Jays finishing the season 93 – 69 , the team clinched the AL @-@ East pennant for their first postseason berth in 22 years . During Game 6 of the 2015 ALCS against the Kansas City Royals , Revere was involved in controversy where Jeff Nelson called a strike on a pitch that was up and outside on a 2 @-@ 1 count . The very next pitch , Revere struck out swinging . He attacked a garbage can with his bat in frustration in the dugout , and the Blue Jays would end up losing the game 3 @-@ 4 , eliminating them from further postseason contention . In 11 postseason games , Revere batted .256 with 2 stolen bases . = = = Washington Nationals = = = On January 8 , 2016 , Revere and a player to be named later were traded to the Washington Nationals in exchange for Drew Storen and cash considerations . Revere was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list on April 6 after suffering a strained right oblique in the season opener on April 4 . = = = Scouting report = = = = = = = Offense = = = = Revere 's former teammate Denard Span described him as having the " ability to change games with his speed both offensively and defensively " and saying that he is always " looking to steal second and third " to gain offense momentum . A slap hitter , he has struggled to hit for power during his career ; it took him 1 @,@ 466 at @-@ bats to hit his first home run , the most since 1977 . According to a hot zone chart generated by ESPN Stats and Information , Revere has the best batting average and slugging percentage on pitches on the lower @-@ outside part of the plate . Revere hits left @-@ handed pitchers as well as he does right @-@ handed pitchers . Lindy 's Sports noted that despite having a long swing with a " big timing hitch " , he makes " excellent line @-@ drive contact " and is a productive leadoff hitter with excellent speed . The Baseball Cube 's player ratings , which are based solely on statistics on a 0 @-@ 100 scale , rated Revere as a 98 for contact and a 97 for speed . = = = = Defense = = = = Defensively , Revere has excellent range in the outfield and , during the 2012 season , amassed a 16 @.@ 4 ultimate zone rating ( UZR ) , which is well above average . FanGraphs described him as being an " elite " defensive player due to his speed and range . Even when he has struggles offensively , his defense has warranted him being in the lineup both during the early stages of his career with the Twins as a Right fielder and during his 2013 slump with the Phillies . Though Revere uses his speed efficiently in covering ground in the outfield , he has struggled to produce with his below average arm . However , in 2014 , some writers asserted that his speed covered for poor range in the outfield , and that he truly was a below average outfielder . = = Personal = = Described by writer Craig Hughner as embodying a " full @-@ throttle " style of play along with a " genuine , charismatic personality " , Revere is known for his energy on the field . Revere called his personality a product of the manner in which he was raised , and that he always tries to be " goofy " and to keep things loose . Former teammate Denard Span corroborated Revere being " goofy " , that he is a " real good teammate " , and that he comes to play the right way every day . Revere is a devout Christian ; he says that he prays nightly and reads his Bible weekly . In addition , Revere is a self @-@ proclaimed history buff and wants to explore Philadelphia museums and famous sites when he no longer has to focus so much on baseball . = Abyssinia , Henry = " Abyssinia , Henry " is the 72nd episode of the M * A * S * H television series , and the final episode of the series ' third season . First aired on March 18 , 1975 , and written by Everett Greenbaum and Jim Fritzell , the highly rated episode was most notable for its shocking and unexpected ending . The plot of the episode centers on the honorable discharge and subsequent departure of the 4077th MASH 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Henry Blake ( played by McLean Stevenson ) . The title of the episode refers to the slang use of " Abyssinia " for " goodbye " . ( " Abyssinia " , pronounced " ab @-@ ee @-@ SIN @-@ ee @-@ ah " can be understood as " I 'll be seeing you " . In the 1920s and 1930s Abyssinia was the name for the country now called Ethiopia . ) It is mistakenly said that this slang was frequently used by the Henry Blake character throughout his years on the show . In fact , whenever Blake would bid farewell , it was usually by saying " goom @-@ bye " , though Blake did use this term at least once . The highly controversial ending to the episode , which has since been referenced and parodied many times , prompted more than 1 @,@ 000 letters to series producers Gene Reynolds and Larry Gelbart , and drew fire from both CBS and 20th Century Fox . After the production of this episode , both Stevenson and Wayne Rogers , who played the character of Trapper John McIntyre , left the series to pursue other interests . While Stevenson 's departure was announced prior to and written into " Abyssinia , Henry " , Rogers unexpectedly left the series during the break between Seasons Three and Four , and so his character 's departure takes place off @-@ screen in the following episode , " Welcome to Korea " , the first of the show 's fourth season . These combined departures and their subsequent replacements also signaled the beginning of a major shift in focus of the M * A * S * H series as a whole with story and script focus emphasizing the character of Hawkeye Pierce , played by Alan Alda . = = Plot = = The episode opens in the operating room , as the surgeons and medical staff ( with the exception of Frank Burns ) participate in a game of " Name That Tune " . Tension between Frank , who requests silence , and the other surgeons reaches a peak , and shortly afterwards , Radar O 'Reilly ( Gary Burghoff ) enters the O.R. and informs Blake of his discharge : he has received all of the needed Army service points to be rotated home . Upon the completion of the surgical session , Henry begins planning his upcoming trip home and places a telephone call to Bloomington , Illinois , to inform his wife and family of the good news . Meanwhile , Major Margaret Houlihan ( Loretta Swit ) and Major Frank Burns ( Larry Linville ) are eagerly awaiting the upcoming transfer of command of the 4077th MASH : upon Blake 's departure , Burns will become the unit commander . Henry and Radar begin to clean out the main office , sharing a sentimental moment in which Radar tells Blake of his meaning to him . As a token of appreciation and admiration , Radar gives him an inscribed Winchester cartridge ; a surprised Henry returns the favor by spontaneously giving Radar a rectal thermometer that once belonged to his father . On the night before Henry 's departure , Hawkeye Pierce ( Alan Alda ) , Trapper McIntyre ( Wayne Rogers ) , and Radar throw a going @-@ away party for him at Rosie 's Bar and Grill . All four inebriated , they share some pleasant memories and reminisce before Blake leaves to go to the bathroom . While Henry is gone , the others prepare a comedic ceremony to " drum [ Henry ] out of the Army " . As a part of the ceremony , the three present Henry with a brand new suit as a parting gift . The next morning is the first with Frank Burns in charge , and he immediately starts using his " gung @-@ ho " , militarily strict , and whistle @-@ happy attitude to assemble the company . A lack of respect from his subordinates is already evident , as an out of uniform and unshaven Hawkeye and Trapper and an outrageously dressed ( even for him ) Corporal Klinger ( Jamie Farr ) show up for the assembly . As Blake leaves his tent for the last time , dressed in his new suit , he is greeted with a round of applause from the unit . Frank and Margaret give Blake a formal " ten @-@ hut " salute . Henry , in his typical laid @-@ back fashion , tells Frank to " take it easy " and to " stuff that whistle someplace " . After saying his individual goodbyes to many of the members of the 4077th , Hawkeye whispers to Henry and convinces him to give a long kiss to Margaret , generating another rousing round of applause from the onlookers . Blake then leaves the camp , walking towards the chopper pad with Hawkeye , Trapper , Margaret , Frank , Klinger , Father Mulcahy ( William Christopher ) , and Radar , with the rest of the camp saying farewells and singing " For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow " . When the helicopter arrives , it contains a wounded soldier , which occupies Hawkeye and Trapper ; they say their short goodbyes before going to care for the soldier . Beginning to board the helicopter , Henry spots an emotional Radar saluting him and pauses for a moment . He runs back to him to return the salute , hug him , and leave him with the words : " You behave yourself , or I 'm gonna come back and kick your butt . " Blake then boards the helicopter and leaves the 4077th . The next scene takes place in the O.R. and became a defining moment in the series . As surgeons are working on wounded soldiers , Radar enters , visibly shaken and not wearing the required surgical mask . Trapper chides him for this , but Radar , too dazed to react ( or care ) , delivers a shocking announcement ( and quite possibly his most famous line ) : " I have a message . Lieutenant Colonel ... Henry Blake 's plane ... was shot down ... over the Sea of Japan . It spun in ... there were no survivors . " Radar leaves the O.R. as the camera pans the stunned and silent hospital staff , including Trapper and a teary @-@ eyed Hawkeye , who continue to operate on the wounded , and even Majors Burns and Houlihan , who are crying . After a final commercial break , the episode closes with an " affectionate and reluctant farewell " to Blake by means of a light @-@ hearted montage of clips from past episodes . = = Production = = The final scene , in which Radar informs everyone of the death of Henry Blake was unprecedented : it was the first time in American television history that a main character departing a series was killed off in a tragic way . When Stevenson decided to leave the series part way through the third season , Gene Reynolds and Larry Gelbart , the show 's producers , decided to make a statement regarding the unexpectedness and horror of war , especially with the Vietnam War fresh in people 's minds . To evoke genuine emotions of shock and sadness , the final O.R. scene was kept a secret from the cast , with the exception of Alan Alda , until immediately before filming ; only then did Gelbart hand out the last page of the script . As a result , Stevenson was still on the set to see the final scene being filmed . After shooting was completed , a season @-@ ending cast party was planned . Stevenson left the set almost immediately after the end of filming , and the party was canceled due to the poor mood of the cast . Stevenson later said in an interview that he was deeply hurt that his character 's death was revealed in that fashion and the party was " ruined . " Gelbart later said of the event , " I wish we could say to him , ' We didn 't mean it , Mac . ' " = = Reaction and impact = = Shortly after the episode originally aired , the reactions and feedback of viewers were intense , both in support and condemnation of the events of the episode . It is estimated that over 1 @,@ 000 letters were received by the producers regarding the episode ; " some ... were from people who understood . Many were from people that didn 't . " Many of those who objected also cited the fact that M * A * S * H was a situation comedy , and that Blake 's " cheap " killing did not belong in the show ; one caller to Reynolds stated after the episode aired that they " don 't know why [ they ] did it ; it 's not necessary , it 's just a little comedy show " and that " you 've upset everybody [ in the family ] , " before vowing never to watch the show again . Another , more lighthearted response to the episode came from an unhappy viewer in Lubbock , Texas , who sent a telegram stating that " Henry Blake has been found in a raft in Lake Lubbock . " Initially , Gelbart and Reynolds handwrote letters in response to the feedback , but eventually , due to the overwhelming number of letters , a form response was created explaining the rationale of their decisions . Negative reactions were not exclusive to the home viewers of the program : both CBS , the network that aired M * A * S * H , and 20th Century Fox , the company that produced M * A * S * H , expressed their unhappiness at the killing of Henry Blake . In fact , CBS ' distaste with the episode was so great that during a later rerun of the episode , the final O.R. scene was cut from the episode . The final scenes have always been shown in syndication , and were uncut on the DVD release of the series ' third season in 2003 . Not all reaction to the airing was negative : On an episode of the variety series Cher that aired shortly afterward and featured Stevenson as a guest , the situation was parodied when the episode opened to a studio shot of Stevenson as Blake floating on a smoking raft and shouting , " I 'm OK ! I 'm OK ! " In Bobbie Ann Mason 's 1985 novel In Country , the teenage protagonist recalls having watched the episode as a child and being " so shocked she went around stunned for days , " and confesses that Blake 's death on the show had seemed more real to her than the death of her own father in Vietnam . The final scene was spoofed on the Family Guy episode " Fifteen Minutes of Shame " when a cutaway shows Brian Griffin saying to the rest of the family , " I have an announcement . Meg Griffin 's plane was shot down over the Sea of Japan . It spun in . There were no survivors . " In 1997 , TV Guide included this episode in their list of the " 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time , " ranking it # 20 . In 2005 , TV Land included this episode as part of its " Top 100 Most Unexpected Moments in TV History " , ranking it # 15 . = = Aftermath = = While " Abyssinia , Henry " is well known for the departure of McLean Stevenson from the series , it was also the final episode in which Wayne Rogers appeared . During the summer 1975 break between seasons three and four , he quit the series . 20th Century Fox sued him for breach of contract , but the lawsuit collapsed . The character of Trapper John McIntyre was subsequently written off the series in " Welcome to Korea , " the first episode of the next season , though Rogers had a small voice role in that episode as a PA announcer at Kimpo Air Base . As a result , when the cast returned to begin filming the series ' fourth season in September 1975 , there were major changes in both the makeup and the direction of the show : The more earnest and faithful family man Captain B.J. Hunnicutt ( Mike Farrell ) had replaced Trapper John , and the regular Army Colonel Sherman Potter ( Harry Morgan ) had replaced Henry Blake as commander of the 4077th . Another change to the composition of the show occurred in the elevation of longtime recurring guest cast member Jamie Farr , who played Corporal Maxwell Q. Klinger , to the regular cast , with his name being featured on the opening credits . Episodes following this represented a major change in focus for the show : The individual effects and psychological damages of war were explored more , often in parallel to the ending of the Vietnam War , and the Korean culture was portrayed in greater depth than had been done before , instead of focusing on a " boorish , military mindset " as before . In general , the show began to take on a more serious tone as a seriocomic ( or dramedy ) series , in which the focus was on the character rather than the character type , and moved away from its status as a situation comedy . = Lyo and Merly = Lyo and Merly were the official mascots of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics held in Singapore . Lyo is a red male lion whose name stands for " Lion of the Youth Olympics " , while Merly is a blue female Merlion whose name combines " mer " ( meaning " sea " ) with " liveliness " and " youthfulness " . The duo represent several Olympic values ( such as excellence ) and traits of Singapore ( known as the Lion City ) . Cubix International designed the mascots , while another local company , Mascots and Puppets Specialists , developed their costumes . Before and during the Youth Olympics , Lyo and Merly appeared in school events , launches and roadshows . They also participated in pre @-@ National Day Parade activities , were displayed at competition venues and were featured in Youth Olympics memorabilia . = = Background = = The first official Olympics mascot was Waldi , introduced at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , Germany . Games mascots have varied between being animals native to the area where the Games take place , humans , and imaginary creatures . They often reflect the culture and history of the hosting region , and have traits chosen to embody the ideals of Olympism and the Paralympic movement . The introduction of a mascot or mascots is often highlighted in the lead @-@ up to the Games , to help build event anticipation , with a focus placed on them in contemporary Olympics . The first ever Summer Youth Olympics , Singapore 's organizing committee extended the tradition of having mascots to this new event . = = Development = = In early 2009 , seven shortlisted mascot design proposals were submitted to the Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee ( SYOGOC ) . Amongst the seven , the proposal of Cubix International , a company specialising in branding , animation and character development , was eventually selected . Cubix initially sought to develop robot mascots , intending to showcase Singapore as a " technologically advanced country " . However , research on Olympic mascots prompted them to move away from the robot theme and focus on animal mascots . The company stated it wanted to develop a pair of mascots " who had contrasting yet complementary personalities " . Mascots and Puppets Specialists , led by creative director Frankie Malachi Yeo , was hired to transform the mascots from designs to actual three dimensional forms . Designing the mascots took about six months . There were issues over the materials used to build the mascot suits . Eventually , foam was selected as the main material . The mascot suits are heavy , with Lyo 's head weighing 8 kilograms ( 18 lb ) and Merly 's weighing 6 kilograms ( 13 lb ) . The heads are strapped on to a harness donned by the mascot wearer . To minimize overheating , costumes included a built @-@ in fan , and optional cooling vests were made available . Parts of the mascot production process were captured in the documentary , Beyond Gold : The Journey to the first Youth Olympic Games , which was commissioned by the Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee ( SYOGOC ) . = = Mascots = = The mascots ' designers created elaborate descriptions of Lyo and Merly , which are summarised below : Lyo 's name is the initials ( L.Y.O. ) of " Lion of the Youth Olympics " , while Merly 's name is a combination of mer , which means the sea , and the letters L and Y which stand for liveliness and youthfulness . The two characters allude to the " Lion City " label of Singapore , and the Merlion , a national symbol of Singapore , respectively . Lyo 's mane resembles the Flame of Passion of the Spirit of Youth , the emblem of the Games . It is also a reference to the Singapore 2010 bid tagline " Blazing the Trail " . The pad on his paw is shaped like the island of Singapore . Merly is vegetarian due to " a deep respect for all living creatures " , and her paw pad is shaped like a heart . = = Outreach = = The two mascots were officially introduced by Minister for Community Development , Youth and Sports Dr. Vivian Balakrishnan on 21 November 2009 at Suntec City . He commented that the duo are " an interesting play on fire and water " . He added that " there are aspects of [ the mascots ] we clearly can identify with as Singaporeans , but really what we hope is these mascots will be embraced by Singaporeans as well as the visitors who come " . Before and throughout the Youth Olympics , the mascots appeared in various activities and programmes , including events in schools , launches and roadshows . The Olympic theme featured in Singapore 's 2010 National Day Parade , also held in the month of August , and Lyo and Merly participated in pre @-@ parade activities . Lyo and Merly were also widely featured in Games memorabilia sold at the official Youth Olympic Games Superstore in front of Ngee Ann City shopping centre on Orchard Road , Singapore 's main shopping street , and at competition venues . Male medal winners at the Games are presented with a Lyo plush toy during victory ceremonies , and female winners receive a Merly toy . Four postage stamps depicting the mascots in poses featuring the Games ' Culture and Education Programme ( CEP ) and Olympic sports were also launched by the SYOGOC and Singapore Post . In addition , a limited @-@ edition Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games Commemorative Pack , which depicted the journey taken by the country since it won the bid to host the Games , featured an exclusive MyStamp Sheet of the mascots in all 26 sport poses . Lyo and Merly also appeared on three coins released by the Monetary Authority of Singapore to commemorate the Games . A mural of the duo made by artist Charlene Tenio was showcased at a party held at the official hotel partner , Fairmont Singapore , to commemorate the 150 @-@ day countdown to the Games . = Roger Peckinpaugh = Roger Thorpe Peckinpaugh ( February 5 , 1891 – November 17 , 1977 ) was an American professional baseball player . A shortstop , he played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1910 through 1927 , during which he played for the Cleveland Naps , New York Yankees , Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox . Nap Lajoie discovered Peckinpaugh as a high school student , and signed him to his first professional contract . Peckinpaugh debuted with the Naps , who traded him to the Yankees in 1913 . He managed the Yankees for 20 games in 1914 and was the team captain for the remainder of his time with the club . The Senators acquired Peckinpaugh , where he continued to play until his final season , spent with the White Sox . After his playing career , Peckinpaugh managed the Indians from 1928 through 1933 and in 1941 . He was also a minor league baseball manager , and served in the front office of the Indians and Buffalo Bisons from 1942 through 1947 . Peckinpaugh was considered an excellent defensive shortstop and strong leader . When he managed the Yankees , he became the youngest manager in MLB history . He was named American League Most Valuable Player in 1925 . He played in the World Series three times : winning the 1924 World Series with the Senators , losing the 1921 World Series with the Yankees , and losing the 1925 World Series with the Senators . = = Early life and amateur career = = Peckinpaugh was born in Wooster , Ohio , the third child of Frank and Cora Peckinpaugh . His father played semi @-@ professional baseball . At a young age , the Peckinpaughs moved from Wooster to Cleveland . He attended East Technical High School , where he played American football , basketball , and baseball . There , Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Naps , who lived in the same neighborhood , discovered Peckinpaugh . Lajoie signed Peckinpaugh to a contract with a salary of $ 125 per month ( $ 3 @,@ 175 in current dollar terms ) when he graduated from high school in 1910 . = = Playing career = = = = = Cleveland Naps and New York Yankees ( 1910 – 1921 ) = = = The Naps started Peckinpaugh 's professional career by assigning him to the New Haven Prairie Hens of the Class @-@ B Connecticut League . He was promoted to the Naps to make his Major League Baseball ( MLB ) debut in September 1910 , playing in 15 games for the Naps at age 19 . The Naps assigned Peckinpaugh to the Portland Beavers of the Class @-@ A Pacific Coast League for the entire 1911 season . He appeared in 70 games for the Naps in 1912 , batting only .212 . On May 25 , 1913 , after giving the starting shortstop position to Ray Chapman , the Naps traded Peckinpaugh to the New York Yankees for Jack Lelivelt and Bill Stumpf . The Naps soon regretted the trade . With the Yankees , Peckinpaugh emerged as a team leader . He was named captain in 1914 by manager Frank Chance . Chance resigned with three weeks remaining in the season , and Peckinpaugh served as player – manager for the remainder of the season ; at the age of 23 , he became the youngest manager in MLB history . He finished the 1914 season fifth in the AL with 38 stolen bases . Bill Donovan was hired as the Yankees manager in the offseason . In the 1914 – 15 offseason , Peckinpaugh considered leaving the Yankees to join the Federal League , as he received offers from the Chicago Federals , Buffalo Blues , and Indianapolis Hoosiers . After considering the offer from Chicago , he chose to stay with the Yankees , and received a three @-@ year contract worth $ 6 @,@ 000 ( $ 140 @,@ 349 in current dollar terms ) per season from 1915 through 1917 . He resigned with the Yankees in 1918 . Peckinpaugh tied Buck Weaver for fourth in runs scored ( 89 ) and several players for eighth in home runs ( 7 ) in the 1919 season . By the 1921 season , Peckinpaugh was one of three players , along with Wally Pipp and Bob Shawkey , remaining with the Yankees from the time Jacob Ruppert and Tillinghast L 'Hommedieu Huston purchased the team in 1915 . The Yankees reached the World Series in 1921 , losing to the New York Giants . Peckinpaugh set an MLB record for most assists in one game by a shortstop with nine . = = = Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox ( 1922 – 1926 ) = = = Peckinpaugh was traded twice during the 1921 – 22 offseason . On December 20 , 1921 , the Yankees traded Peckinpaugh with Rip Collins , Bill Piercy , Jack Quinn and $ 100 @,@ 000 ( $ 1 @,@ 326 @,@ 679 in current dollar terms ) to the Boston Red Sox for Bullet Joe Bush , Sad Sam Jones and Everett Scott . On January 10 , 1922 , Pecknipaugh was involved in a three @-@ team trade involving the Red Sox , Washington Senators and Philadelphia Athletics , where Peckinpaugh joined the Senators , Joe Dugan and Frank O 'Rourke went to the Red Sox , and the Athletics acquired Bing Miller , José Acosta , and $ 50 @,@ 000 ( $ 706 @,@ 859 in current dollar terms ) . Though team owner Clark Griffith had indicated that Peckinpaugh would serve as his player @-@ manager at the time of the trade , he named Clyde Milan player @-@ manager for the 1922 season instead . This distracted Peckinpaugh , and along with injuries , limited his performance . Chance , now managing the Boston Red Sox , attempted to acquire Peckinpaugh from the Senators before the 1923 season . Remaining in Washington , Peckinpaugh rebounded during the 1923 season with timely hitting and solid fielding . Griffith appointed Bucky Harris as manager before the 1924 season . Harris considered Peckinpaugh his " assistant manager " . Peckinpaugh was a key contributor in the 1924 World Series , in which the Senators defeated the Giants . He won the League Award as the AL 's Most Valuable Player in 1925 , edging Al Simmons by a small margin . In the 1925 World Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates , Peckinpaugh committed eight errors in the seven @-@ game series , a MLB record . On January 15 , 1927 , the Senators traded Peckinpaugh to the Chicago White Sox for Leo Mangum and Sloppy Thurston . However , his playing time with the White Sox was limited by a leg injury . He acted as an advisor to manager Ray Schalk . After one season with the White Sox , Peckinpaugh retired as a player . = = Managerial and executive career = = Peckinpaugh was named manager of the Cleveland Indians after the 1927 season . After the Indians fell from first to fifth place during the 1933 season , the Indians fired Peckinpaugh , replacing him with Walter Johnson . After being considered for the Detroit Tigers ' managerial vacancy that offseason , Peckinpaugh took over as manager of the Kansas City Blues of the Class @-@ AA American Association for the 1934 season . Out of professional baseball in 1935 , Peckinpaugh joined Lew Fonseca on nationwide baseball tours , which involved the viewing of a movie and technical demonstrations . He applied to be manager of the Boston Bees for the 1938 season , but the job was given to Casey Stengel . Peckinpaugh returned to professional baseball as the manager of the New Orleans Pelicans of the Class @-@ A1 Southern Association in 1939 . The Indians rehired Peckinpaugh as their manager in 1941 , signing him to a two @-@ year contract ; team president Alva Bradley , who fired Peckinpaugh in 1933 , promised Peckinpaugh full cooperation and minimal interference . After the 1941 season , he was promoted to vice president , later serving as Cleveland 's general manager ( GM ) and president . When Bill Veeck bought the Indians in July 1946 , he brought Harry Grabiner and Joseph C. Hostetler with him to serve in the front office . Peckinpaugh and Bradley resigned . Peckinpaugh succeeded Harris as GM for the Buffalo Bisons of the International League in the 1946 – 47 offseason . He was fired after the 1947 season , as the team 's directors felt Peckinpaugh didn 't sufficiently develop a farm system . = = Personal = = Peckinpaugh was considered a calm baseball player and manager , who did not let his temper get the best of him . After the end of his baseball career , Peckinpaugh worked as a manufacturer 's representative for the Cleveland Oak Belting Company . He retired in 1976 at the age of 85 . Suffering from cancer and heart disease , he was brought to a hospital for a respiratory condition , and died on November 17 , 1977 in Cleveland . He was buried in Acacia Masonic Memorial Park in Mayfield Heights , Ohio . His wife , Mildred , died five years earlier . Together , they had four sons . Peckinpaugh was survived by two of his sons . = New Jersey Route 59 = Route 59 , at 0 @.@ 15 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 24 km ) long , is the shortest state highway in New Jersey , United States . The route consists entirely of a short block of Lincoln Avenue from Union County Route 610 ( known locally as South Avenue ) in Cranford to New Jersey Route 28 ( known locally as North Avenue ) along the Cranford – Garwood border . The route functions as an underpass under the Raritan Valley Line of New Jersey Transit , under which it crosses about halfway down the block , along the municipal border . Route 59 was originally a proposed alignment of Route 22 , which was supposed to head from an intersection with current day New Jersey Route 159 in Morris County at the Pine Brook Bridge before heading through several counties , terminating at an intersection with New Jersey Route 27 in Rahway . Most of the route was not constructed , and a portion in Garwood and Cranford was re @-@ designated Route 59 in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering on January 1 , 1953 . = = Route description = = Route 59 begins at a four @-@ way intersection with Union County Route 610 ( CR 610 ; South Avenue ) in the community of Cranford . Route 59 heads northwestward , passing a couple of businesses in both directions . The route crosses under the New Jersey Transit @-@ owned Raritan Valley Line at which point the border of Cranford and Garwood runs along the center of the road . The route continues to the northwest , passing businesses before ending at a signalized T @-@ intersection with Route 28 ( North Avenue ) . The pavement ends at the intersection though a state @-@ constructed bridge carrying the intersection over a small creek is angled such that a road could continue northwest . Throughout the entire length of the route , it is four lanes wide ( two in each direction ) . There is no signed speed limit on any portion of the route . = = History = = The alignment of Route 59 was designated as part of the proposed State Highway Route 22 in the 1927 renumbering , which was proposed to run from the Pine Brook Bridge over the Passaic River at State Highway Route 6 in Fairfield Township . ( This intersection is currently where New Jersey Route 159 currently crosses the bridge . ) The route was to continue through parts of Morris , Essex and Union counties , including intersections with State Highway Route 10 at Livingston , U.S. Route 22 ( also State Highway Route 29 ) at Mountainside , State Highway Route 28 at Garwood ( where Routes 28 and 59 currently meet ) , and terminate in the community of Rahway at State Highway Route 27 . Most of this route was not constructed , except a portion from State Highway Route 28 ( North Avenue ) in Cranford to South Avenue in Garwood . This portion was renumbered as Route 59 in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering on January 1 , 1953 so as not to duplicate U.S. Route 22 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Union County . = Neon Bible = Neon Bible is the second studio album by the Canadian rock band Arcade Fire , released in March 2007 on Merge Records . Originally announced on December 16 , 2006 through the band 's website , the majority of the album was recorded at a church the band bought and renovated in Farnham , Quebec . The album is the first to feature drummer Jeremy Gara , and the first to include violinist Sarah Neufeld among the band 's core line @-@ up . Neon Bible became Arcade Fire 's highest charting album at the time , debuting on the Billboard 200 at number two , selling 92 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and more than 400 @,@ 000 to date . Being released within a month of similarly successful releases by The Shins ( Wincing the Night Away ) and Modest Mouse ( We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank ) , Neon Bible was cited as an example of the popularization of indie rock . Critics offered the self @-@ produced Neon Bible mostly favorable reviews , although with division over the album 's sound . Publications like NME and IGN praised the album for its grandiose nature , while Rolling Stone and Uncut said that it resulted in a distant and overblown sound . = = Production = = Following the release of Funeral ( 2004 ) , which had been recorded in an attic studio known as Hotel2Tango , Arcade Fire decided a permanent recording location was necessary . Following their tour in support of Funeral , the band bought the Petite Église in Farnham , Quebec . Being used as a café at the time of purchase , the Petite Église had once been a church and a Masonic Temple . Once renovation of the church was complete , the band spent the latter half of 2006 recording a majority of the album there . Michael Pärt produced additionally recordings in Budapest , recording the Budapest Film Orchestra and a military men 's choir . Other sessions included one in New York , where the band recorded along the Hudson River to be near water . Having produced most of the album themselves , the band decided to bring in someone else for the mixing . Tracks were sent to several well @-@ known mixers / producers to experiment with and after deciding they liked Nick Launay 's ideas best , the band invited him to their studio to work on the songs further . For a month Launay worked with the album 's engineer and co @-@ producer Marcus Strauss on the mixing of each song , with the band regularly driving up from Montreal to assess their progress . In an interview with HitQuarters , Launay described the mixing process as a " playful thing " . = = Composition = = Beginning work on Neon Bible immediately following a North American tour in support of the band 's first album , Funeral , songwriter Win Butler , born in the United States but having lived in Canada for several years , said that he felt he was observing his homeland from an outsider 's point of view . The album is rooted in Americana themes , with Bob Dylan , Bruce Springsteen and Elvis Presley being cited as influences . Arcade Fire began recording with what would become " Black Mirror " and a reworking of the Arcade Fire EP song " No Cars Go " as their starting point . Once the title of the album was decided upon , the band was further inspired after they , according to Will Butler , " watched a lot of TV preachers , get @-@ rich @-@ quick schemes on YouTube . " The band was also attracted to using the ocean and television as central images for the album , with Win Butler saying the ocean imagery symbolizes a lack of control ; of television , Butler stated that : People don 't necessarily know that they 're taking on a worldview , or absorbing ideas [ while watching television ] . It doesn 't necessarily seem like [ it 's happening ] , but it definitely does . I find it very easy to get sucked in . It starts to affect the way you see the world . These ideas are reflected in the arrangement and composition of the album , which lead to a sound of dread and dissonance . The band used a number of less common instruments to achieve this sound ; in addition to the orchestra and choir , Neon Bible features a hurdy @-@ gurdy , mandolin , accordion and pipe organ . Win Butler has said that in conceiving the album he hoped for a more stripped @-@ down sound but the songs demanded further instrumentation . = = Artwork = = The artwork for the album is a photograph of a six @-@ foot neon sign that the band commissioned for use while on tour . In the photograph used for the cover , the lighted Bible is caught in mid @-@ flicker . Rolling Stone named the artwork one of the five best of the year . AOL Music cited the cover as an example of an artist " keeping artwork alive . " The artwork would go on to win Tracy Maurice and François Miron the Juno Award for best CD / DVD Artwork Design of the Year . Frontman Win Butler stated in an interview that the album title is derived from him being particularly attracted to the image , not from the John Kennedy Toole novel The Neon Bible . = = Promotion = = Largely due to band member Régine Chassagne 's Haitian ancestry , the band has tried to raise support and awareness for the socio @-@ economic problems in Haiti throughout their career . The Haitian people had 15 @,@ 000 dollars donated to them on November 5 , 2005 . On December 26 , 2006 , they supported Haitian charity organization Partners in Health by releasing the song " Intervention " on iTunes and donating the proceeds . However , they accidentally uploaded " Black Wave / Bad Vibrations " , the track after " Intervention " on Neon Bible . While the song was quickly removed once the problem was discovered , file sharers quickly circulated it on various P2P networks . On his blog , Win Butler quipped , " I guess it is sort of charming that we can send the wrong song to the whole world with a click of a mouse ... Oh well . " On December 28 , 2006 , the band allowed listeners to listen to their first single , " Black Mirror " , by calling the number ( 866 ) NEON @-@ BIBLE , extension number 7777 . The song was also streamed on the band 's website beginning on January 6 , 2007 . The following day , the band revealed a variety of information about the album through a YouTube video . The video , which played a number of sound clips from the upcoming album and featured " Juno award @-@ winning guitarist Richard Reed Perry " , gave the album 's track listing , release date , and record label . On February 2 , 2007 , all the lyrics to Neon Bible were released on the band 's website . Also included was the text and an audio clip of a child reading " The Wolf and the Fox " , a French fable allegedly written by 17th century French poet Jean La Fontaine , an allusion to " The Well and the Lighthouse " , which is loosely based around the fable . This was followed on February 5 , 2007 with the band releasing a promotional pamphlet as a JPEG image on their website that included album @-@ related imagery and much of the French and English text from " The Wolf and the Fox " . In October 2007 , Arcade Fire created a website at beonlineb.com with the date October 6 displayed on it . After speculation over what the website was about , including rumors of new material or a live streaming of a concert , it was eventually revealed to be a video for " Neon Bible " , featuring Win Butler 's face and hands , which the viewer can interact with during the song . " Neon Bible " was the first song on the album to have a music video . = = Tour = = Arcade Fire began their tour in support of the album in January and February 2007 , playing a series of concerts at churches and other small venues in Ottawa , Montreal , London and New York . This was followed by a 23 date European tour in March and early April , though the last 9 dates of this were cancelled due to illness . The first North American leg of the tour began April 26 in San Diego and April 28 at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and contained 26 dates . This leg contained openings by The National , St. Vincent , and Electrelane . The band then began an 11 @-@ date European leg at Glastonbury Festival on June 22 before returning to North America for 10 more LCD Soundsystem @-@ supported dates beginning September 15 at Austin City Limits . The Neon Bible tour continued with 14 more dates in Europe between October 25 and November 19 , and six dates beginning January 18 , 2008 in Australia and New Zealand as part of the Big Day Out festival . The tour then ended after three more shows from February 7 in Japan . = = Reception = = Compared to the band 's debut , Funeral , Neon Bible has experienced breakthrough commercial success . During its first week , it debuted at number one in both Canada and Ireland , and number two in the United States , the United Kingdom and Portugal . Neon Bible was out @-@ charted only by Notorious B.I.G. ' s greatest hits compilation in the U.S. and the Kaiser Chiefs 's Yours Truly , Angry Mob in the UK . It was certified gold by the CRIA in Canada in March 2007 . Upon release , Neon Bible garnered universal acclaim , receiving an 87 — the seventh highest score of 2007 — from review aggregator Metacritic . NME reviewer Mark Beaumont commented the album " is a climactic monolith of a record in the grand tradition of melodic transatlantic clamour rock . " The A.V. Club reviewer Kyle Ryan interpreted the album as a commentary on the post @-@ 9 / 11 American world , saying that " the band is seemingly sending a beacon to other reasonable people forced underground by the world 's insanity . " Stylus contributor Derek Miller saw the album in similar terms , saying that while the album touches on " violence , paranoia , the falsity of simple labor , the war @-@ call of organized religion — a what 's what of indie turmoil after 2003 " the band go further to the point where its " thematic threads bind the songs . " Robert Christgau gave the album a " A + " grade , saying that Butler and co . " thud rather than thunder . But what a loud and joyous thud it is . " IGN , in giving the album 8 @.@ 9 out of 10 , said " the playing overall seems tighter and more cohesive " and that the album is a " grandiose project , one teeming with jubilant enthusiasm and reverent abundance . " Other publications agreed , but felt such was a negative . Rolling Stone reviewer David Fricke wrote that he was surprised such a large band could " sound so distant here so often , " saying that " the result is a huge sound that only sparkles on the edges , leaving Butler alone in the middle . " However , Rolling Stone also named it the fourth best album of the year . Uncut 's three @-@ star review of the album said that " at its overblown worst Neon Bible is one of those records that takes itself too seriously to be taken seriously . " Neon Bible was a finalist for the 2007 Polaris Music Prize . Neon Bible was nominated for Best Alternative Album for the 50th Annual Grammy Awards . It was # 4 in NME albums of the year , fourth in Rolling Stone 's list of albums of the year and album of the year in Q in December 2007 . The album won the 2008 Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year . = = Accolades = = = = Editions = = Neon Bible was released in three versions . They included : A traditional compact disc in a jewel case . A deluxe compact disc packaged in a paperboard clamshell box with a lenticular front cover and accompanied by two 32 @-@ page flip books designed by Tracy Maurice using material shot in 16mm film by filmmaker Francois Miron . A double LP that featured the album on three sides of the vinyl at 180 @-@ gram quality and an etching on the fourth side . This release also came with a code to allow purchasers to download the entire album in MP3 format . Due to manufacturing delays , this release came out more than two months after the previous versions , on May 8 , 2007 . = = In popular culture = = " My Body is a Cage " was featured in a TV spot for the 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . Peter Gabriel 's cover of " My Body is a Cage " was featured in the House episode " Out of the Chute " , and was used in the soundtrack for the video game Assassin 's Creed III . = = Track listing = = " Black Mirror " – 4 : 13 " Keep the Car Running " – 3 : 29 " Neon Bible " – 2 : 16 " Intervention " – 4 : 19 " Black Wave / Bad Vibrations " – 3 : 56 " Ocean of Noise " – 4 : 53 " The Well and the Lighthouse " – 3 : 57 " ( Antichrist Television Blues ) " – 5 : 10 " Windowsill " – 4 : 16 " No Cars Go " – 5 : 43 " My Body Is a Cage " – 4 : 47 = = Personnel = = = = Charts and certifications = = = French ironclad Triomphante = Triomphante ( Triumphant ) was the third and last ship of the La Galissonnière class of wooden @-@ hulled , armored corvettes built for the French Navy during the 1870s . Her construction was delayed for years and the navy took advantage of the extended construction time to upgrade her armament in comparison to the lead ship , La Galissonnière . She and her half @-@ sister La Galissonnière participated in a number of battles during the Sino @-@ French War of 1884 – 85 . The ship remained in Asia and never returned to France after the war . She was condemned in 1896 and sold in 1903 . = = Design and description = = The La Galissonnière @-@ class ironclads were designed as faster , more heavily armed versions of the Alma @-@ class ironclads by Henri Dupuy de Lôme . They used the same central battery layout as their predecessors , although the battery was lengthened 4 meters ( 13 ft 1 in ) to provide enough room to work the larger 240 @-@ millimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns . Triomphante and her sister ship Victorieuse were modified by Constructor Sabattier who reduced the number of screws from two to one to improve their sailing qualities by reducing the drag from the stationary propellers , added an 194 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) bow chaser under the forecastle and increased the caliber and number of the secondary armament . Triomphante was 76 @.@ 85 meters ( 252 ft 2 in ) between perpendiculars and had a beam of 14 @.@ 88 meters ( 48 ft 10 in ) . She had a mean draft of 6 @.@ 3 meters ( 20 ft 8 in ) and displaced 4 @,@ 150 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 080 long tons ) . Her crew numbered between 352 and 382 officers and men . = = = Propulsion = = = Triomphante had a single vertical compound steam engine driving a single propeller . Her engine was powered by four oval boilers . During sea trials her engine produced 2 @,@ 214 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 651 kW ) and the ship reached 12 @.@ 75 knots ( 23 @.@ 61 km / h ; 14 @.@ 67 mph ) . She only carried 330 metric tons ( 320 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 2 @,@ 740 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 070 km ; 3 @,@ 150 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Victorieuse was also ship @-@ rigged with three masts and had a sail area of 1 @,@ 730 square meters ( 18 @,@ 600 sq ft ) . = = = Armament = = = Triomphante mounted four of her six 240 @-@ millimeter Modèle 1870 breech @-@ loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck . The other two 240 @-@ millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , sponsoned out over the sides of the ship , just forward of the funnel . A 194 @-@ millimeter breech @-@ loading chase gun was fitted under the forecastle . Triomphante 's secondary armament of six 138 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 4 in ) breech @-@ loading guns was also mounted on the upper deck . The armor @-@ piercing shell of the 19 @-@ caliber 240 mm gun weighed 317 @.@ 5 pounds ( 144 @.@ 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 15 @.@ 41 long tons ( 15 @.@ 66 t ) . It had a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 624 ft / s ( 495 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 @.@ 4 inches ( 366 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The 20 @-@ caliber 194 mm gun fired an armor @-@ piercing 165 @.@ 3 @-@ pound ( 75 @.@ 0 kg ) shell while the gun itself weighed 7 @.@ 83 long tons ( 7 @.@ 96 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 739 ft / s ( 530 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12 @.@ 5 inches ( 320 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The 138 mm gun was 21 calibers long and weighed 2 @.@ 63 long tons ( 2 @.@ 67 t ) . It fired a 61 @.@ 7 @-@ pound ( 28 @.@ 0 kg ) explosive shell with velocity of 1 @,@ 529 ft / s ( 466 m / s ) . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . For defense against torpedo boats the ship also mounted four 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 @-@ barrel revolving guns . They fired a shell weighing about 500 g ( 1 @.@ 1 lb ) at a muzzle velocity of about 610 m / s ( 2 @,@ 000 ft / s ) to a range of about 3 @,@ 200 meters ( 3 @,@ 500 yd ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute . Triomphante also received several towed Harvey torpedoes . = = = Armor = = = The La Galissonnière @-@ class ships had a complete 150 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) wrought iron waterline belt , approximately 2 @.@ 4 meters ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) high laid over 650 millimeters ( 26 in ) of wood . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) of wrought iron backed by 520 millimeters ( 20 in ) of wood and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness . The barbette armor was 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) thick . The unarmored portions of their sides were protected by thin iron plates . = = Service = = Triomphante was laid down at Rochefort on 5 August 1869 and launched on 28 March 1877 . While the exact reason for such prolonged construction time is not known , the budget for the French Navy was cut after the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 and the French dockyards had not been reformed with working practices more suitable for the industrial age . The ship was commissioned as the flagship of the Pacific Squadron on 17 October 1880 under the command of Rear Admiral Brossard du Corbigny . On 15 February 1883 she became flagship of the Levant Squadron ( French : Division Navale du Levant ) under Rear Admiral Conte . On 28 May the admiral was ordered to shift his flag as Triomphante was ordered to Saigon . Triomphante , and her half @-@ sister La Galissonnière , were assigned to the Far East Squadron in 1884 , under the command of Vice Admiral Amédée Courbet , and participated in several actions during the Sino @-@ French War of 1884 – 85 . Both ships fought in the Battle of Fuzhou , Triomphante sinking the wooden gunboat Zhenwei , and destroying coastal defenses defending the Min River . They supplied landing parties during the Battle of Tamsui in October 1884 , but they were forced to retreat by Chinese troops , albeit at only a few casualties ( 5 killed and 10 wounded ) . Triomphante helped to capture the Pescadore Islands in March 1885 during the Pescadores Campaign , losing two killed and five wounded from her landing party . She became the flagship of the Far East Squadron on 1 April 1885 and remained as such until 5 February 1894 when she was reduced to reserve . Triomphante was condemned on 18 July 1896 and sold for scrap in 1903 . = El Chico del Apartamento 512 = " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " ( English : The Guy from Apartment 512 ) is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . It was released along with " Fotos y Recuerdos " in January 1995 , serving as its b @-@ side track . Written by Ricky Vela , " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " is a cumbia song with influences of Colombian and South American music . Lyrically , the song describes a female protagonist who knocks on her love interest 's apartment door ( number 512 ) and is heartbroken when his girlfriend answers it . Justino Aguilar of Billboard magazine , called " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " as one of Selena 's " most memorable songs " . The track posthumously peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart in 2011 . = = Background and composition = = " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " was written by Ricky Vela , the keyboardist of Selena y Los Dinos . The song was co @-@ written by Selena 's brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla who , along with Argentine musician Bebu Silvetti , served as producers . Musicologist Howard Blumenthal called the song 's production " perfect " in his book The World Music CD Listener 's Guide ( 1998 ) . " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " is a Spanish @-@ language cumbia with influences of Colombian and South American music . Vela said in a 2002 interview that the track was " the least Tejano music song " because of its musically diverse sounds . Musicologists Ilan Stavans and Harold Augenbraum called the song " brassy " and noticed how the lyrics are constructed in story @-@ song form . The " 512 " in the song 's title is a reference to Corpus Christi , Texas ' former area code . The recording is written in the key of C major and is played in a moderate groove of 102 beats per minute . It incorporates music from several musical instruments , including the french horn , violin and piano . " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " is musically similar to Selena 's 1994 single " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " ; author James E. Perone called them recurring themes where the protagonist is " attracted to a young man " . Lyrically , Selena is heartbroken after knocking on her love interest 's apartment door ( number 512 ) and finding his girlfriend answering it and asking " are you looking for my brother ? " . Italian essayists Gaetano Prampolini and Annamaria Pinazzi called the song a " funny love reversal " . = = Critical reception and legacy = = Justino Aguilar of Billboard magazine , called " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " as one of her " most memorable songs " . " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " was later reworked and included on Selena 's posthumously released remix / duet album Enamorada de Ti ( 2012 ) . Writer Joey Guerra of the San Antonio Express @-@ News , called it a " bouncy cumbia " that was " taken down a few notches to a chirpy midtempo . " and wrote that the new sound is " not bad , but it loses a lot of the melody 's force . " Guerra believed American entertainer Selena Gomez ( who was featured on " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " for the album ) should have been used on " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " instead . Domingo Banda of the Semana News called " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " a " relaxed reggae " track . Brian Galindo of BuzzFeed called " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " danceable and " catchy " . Selena performed the song on her final performance on March 19 , 1995 during the Calle Ocho Festival in Miami , which attracted over 100 @,@ 000 fans . Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of the singer 's Selena Etc. clothing boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . The song is still played at events throughout Texas . Since its release , the song has been included on music critics " best of Selena songs " list including BuzzFeed ( at number ten ) , and Latina magazine ( at number six ) . American singer Kris Melody and Mexican group Los Tigrillos recorded the song for the tribute album Mexico Recuerda a Selena ( 2005 ) . Mexican singer Graciela Beltrán performed and recorded " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " for the live televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 . Dominican bachata singer Antony Santos recorded the song for his album Ay ! Ven ( 2006 ) . = = Track listing = = US Single " Fotos y Recuerdos " – 2 : 45 " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " – 3 : 29 = = Charts = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from Amor Prohibido liner notes . = HMS Repulse ( 1916 ) = HMS Repulse was a Renown @-@ class battlecruiser of the Royal Navy built during the First World War . Originally laid down as an improved version of the Revenge @-@ class battleships , her construction was suspended on the outbreak of war because she would not be ready in a timely manner . Admiral Lord Fisher , upon becoming First Sea Lord , gained approval to restart her construction as a battlecruiser that could be built and enter service quickly . The Director of Naval Construction ( DNC ) , Eustace Tennyson @-@ D 'Eyncourt , quickly produced an entirely new design to meet Admiral Lord Fisher 's requirements and the builders agreed to deliver the ships in 15 months . They did not quite meet that ambitious goal , but the ship was delivered a few months after the Battle of Jutland in 1916 . Repulse , and her sister HMS Renown , were the world 's fastest capital ships upon completion . Repulse participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1917 ; the only combat she saw during the war . She was reconstructed twice between the wars ; the 1920s reconstruction increased her armour protection and made lesser improvements , while the 1930s reconstruction was much more thorough . Repulse accompanied the battlecruiser HMS Hood during the Special Service Squadron 's round @-@ the @-@ world cruise in 1923 – 24 and protected international shipping during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 – 39 . The ship spent the first months of the Second World War hunting for German raiders and blockade runners . She participated in the Norwegian Campaign of April – June 1940 and searched for the German battleship Bismarck in 1941 . Repulse escorted a troop convoy around the Cape of Good Hope from August to October 1941 and was transferred to East Indies Command . She was assigned in November to Force Z which was supposed to deter Japanese aggression against British possessions in the Far East . Repulse and her consort Prince of Wales were eventually sunk by Japanese aircraft on 10 December 1941 when they attempted to intercept landings in British Malaya . = = Design and description = = Admiral Lord Fisher first presented his requirements for the new ships to the Director of Naval Construction ( DNC ) on 18 December 1914 , before the ships had even been approved . He wanted a long , high , flared bow , like that on the pre @-@ dreadnought HMS Renown , but higher , four 15 @-@ inch guns in two twin turrets , an anti @-@ torpedo boat armament of twenty 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) guns mounted high up and protected by gun shields only , speed of 32 knots using oil fuel , and armour on the scale of the battlecruiser Indefatigable . Within a few days , however , Fisher increased the number of guns to six and added two torpedo tubes . Minor revisions in the initial estimate were made until 26 December and a preliminary design was completed on 30 December . During the following week the DNC 's department examined the material delivered for the two battleships and decided what could be used in the new design . The usable material was transferred to the builders who had received enough information from the DNC 's department to lay the keels of both ships on 25 January 1915 , well before the altered contracts were completed on 10 March ! Repulse had an overall length of 794 feet 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 242 @.@ 1 m ) , a beam of 89 feet 11 @.@ 5 inches ( 27 @.@ 4 m ) , and a maximum draught of 29 feet 9 inches ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) . She displaced 26 @,@ 854 long tons ( 27 @,@ 285 t ) at normal load and 31 @,@ 592 long tons ( 32 @,@ 099 t ) at deep load . The Brown @-@ Curtis direct @-@ drive steam turbines were designed to produce 112 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 84 @,@ 000 kW ) , which would propel the ship at 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) . However , during trials in 1916 , Repulse 's turbines provided 118 @,@ 913 shp ( 88 @,@ 673 kW ) , allowing her to reach a speed of 31 @.@ 73 knots ( 58 @.@ 76 km / h ; 36 @.@ 51 mph ) . The ship normally carried 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 016 t ) of fuel oil , but had a maximum capacity of 4 @,@ 289 long tons ( 4 @,@ 358 t ) . At full capacity , she could steam at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) for 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 410 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) . The ship mounted six 42 @-@ calibre BL 15 @-@ inch Mk I guns in three twin hydraulically powered gun turrets , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . Her secondary armament consisted of 17 BL 4 @-@ inch Mark IX guns , fitted in five triple and two single mounts . Repulse mounted a pair of QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt anti @-@ aircraft guns mounted on the shelter deck abreast the rear funnel . She mounted two submerged tubes for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes , one on each side forward of ' A ' barbette . Repulse 's waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour measured 6 inches ( 152 mm ) thick amidships . Her gun turrets were 7 – 9 inches ( 178 – 229 mm ) thick with roofs were 4 @.@ 25 inches ( 108 mm ) thick . As designed the high @-@ tensile @-@ steel decks ranged from 0 @.@ 75 to 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 19 to 38 mm ) in thickness . After the Battle of Jutland in 1916 , while the ship was still completing , an extra inch of high @-@ tensile steel was added on the main deck over the magazines . Repulse was fitted with a shallow anti @-@ torpedo bulge integral to the hull which was intended to explode the torpedo before it hit the hull proper and vent the underwater explosion to the surface rather than into the ship . Despite these additions , the ship was still felt to be too vulnerable to plunging fire and Repulse was refitted in Rosyth between 10 November 1916 and 29 January 1917 with additional horizontal armour , weighing approximately 504 long tons ( 512 t ) , added to the decks over the magazines and over the steering gear . Repulse was the first capital ship fitted with a flying @-@ off platform when an experimental one was fitted on ' B ' turret in the autumn of 1917 . Squadron Leader Frederick Rutland took off in a Sopwith Pup on 1 October . Another platform was built on ' Y ' turret and Rutland successfully took off from it on 8 October . One fighter and a reconnaissance aircraft were normally carried . = = First World War = = Repulse was laid down by John Brown , Clydebank , Scotland on 25 January 1915 . The ship was launched on 8 January 1916 and completed on 18 August 1916 , after the Battle of Jutland . Her construction cost £ 2 @,@ 829 @,@ 087 . She served with the Grand Fleet in the North Sea during the remaining two years of the First World War . Repulse relieved HMS Lion as flagship of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron for the duration of the war . = = = Second Battle of Heligoland Bight = = = Over the course of 1917 the Admiralty became more concerned about German efforts in the North Sea to sweep paths through the British @-@ laid minefields intended to restrict the actions of the High Seas Fleet and German submarines . A preliminary raid on German minesweeping forces on 31 October by light forces destroyed ten small ships and the Admiralty decided on a larger operation to destroy the minesweepers and their escorting light cruisers . Based on intelligence reports the Admiralty decided on 17 November 1917 to allocate two light cruiser squadrons , the 1st Cruiser Squadron covered by the reinforced 1st BCS ( less Renown ) and , more distantly , the battleships of the 1st Battle Squadron to the operation . The German ships , four light cruisers of II Scouting Force , eight destroyers , three divisions of minesweepers , eight Sperrbrechers ( cork @-@ filled trawlers , used to detonate mines without sinking ) and two trawlers to mark the swept route , were spotted at 7 : 30 a.m. , silhouetted by the rising sun . The light battlecruiser Courageous and the light cruiser Cardiff opened fire with their forward guns seven minutes later . The Germans responded by laying an effective smoke screen . The British continued in pursuit , but lost track of most of the smaller ships in the smoke and concentrated fire on the light cruisers as opportunity permitted . Repulse was detached not long after and raced forward at full speed to engage the enemy ships . She opened fire at about 9 : 00 , scoring a single hit on the light cruiser SMS Königsberg during the battle . When the German battleships SMS Kaiser and SMS Kaiserin were spotted about 9 : 50 the British broke off their pursuit and Repulse covered their retreat , aided by a heavy fog that came down around 10 : 40 . The ship fired a total of 54 15 @-@ inch shells during the battle and scored one hit on the light cruiser SMS Königsberg that temporarily reduced her speed . On 12 December 1917 , Repulse was damaged in a collision with the battlecruiser HMAS Australia . The ship was present at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918 . = = Inter @-@ war period = = Repulse began a major refit at Portsmouth on 17 December 1918 intended to drastically improve her armour protection . Her existing 6 @-@ inch armour belt was replaced by 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) armour plates made surplus by the conversion of the battleship Almirante Cochrane ( originally ordered by Chile and purchased after the war began ) to the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle . The old armour was fitted between the main and upper decks , above the new armour belt . Additional high @-@ tensile plating was added to the decks over the magazines . The ship 's anti @-@ torpedo bulge was deepened and reworked along the lines of that installed on the battleship HMS Ramillies . The bulge covered her hull from the submerged torpedo room to ' Y ' magazine and the inner compartments of which were filled with crushing tubes . The bulges added 12 feet 8 inches ( 3 @.@ 9 m ) to her beam and 1 foot 4 inches ( 0 @.@ 4 m ) to her draught . The refit added about 4 @,@ 500 long tons ( 4 @,@ 600 t ) to her displacement and raised her metacentric height to 6 @.@ 4 feet ( 2 @.@ 0 m ) at deep load . Three 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) rangefinders were also added as well as eight torpedo tubes in twin mounts on the upper deck . Both flying @-@ off platforms were removed . This refit cost £ 860 @,@ 684 . Repulse was recommissioned on 1 January 1921 and joined the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet . In November 1923 , Hood , accompanied by Repulse and a number of Danae @-@ class cruisers of the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron , set out on a world cruise from west to east via the Panama Canal . They returned home ten months later in September 1924 . Shortly after her return the ship 's pair of 3 @-@ inch AA guns and her two single four @-@ inch gun mounts were removed and replaced with four QF four @-@ inch Mark V AA guns . The Battlecruiser Squadron visited Lisbon in February 1925 to participate in the Vasco da Gama celebrations before continuing on the Mediterranean for exercises . A squash court was added on the starboard side between the funnels for the Prince of Wales ' tour of Africa and South America that lasted from March to October . Upon her return she was refitted from November 1925 to July 1926 and had a high @-@ angle control position ( HACP ) added to her fore @-@ top . = = = 1930s reconstructions = = = After Repulse completed her 1926 refit she remained in commission , aside from a brief refit in July – September 1927 , with the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet until she was paid off in June 1932 prior to beginning her reconstruction in April 1933 . Most of the existing layers of high @-@ tensile steel that constituted the ship 's horizontal armour were replaced by non @-@ cemented armour plates 2 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 – 89 mm ) in thickness and the torpedo control tower was removed from the aft superstructure . A fixed catapult replaced the midships 4 @-@ inch triple mount and a hangar was built on each side of the rear funnel to house two of the ship 's Fairey III aircraft . One additional aircraft could be carried on the deck and another on the catapult itself . Electric cranes were mounted above each hangar to handle the aircraft . The four 4 @-@ inch AA guns were moved , one pair abreast the rear funnel at the level of the hangar roof and the other pair abreast the fore funnel on the forecastle deck . Four prototype QF 4 @-@ inch Mark XV dual @-@ purpose guns were added in twin @-@ gun Mark XVIII mounts abreast the mainmast . Two octuple Mark VI 2 @-@ pounder mounts were fitted on extensions of the conning @-@ tower platform abreast the fore funnel . Above these a pair of quadruple Mark II * mountings for the 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Vickers Mark III machine gun were added . These mounts could depress to − 10 ° and elevate to a maximum of 70 ° . The machine guns fired a 1 @.@ 326 @-@ ounce ( 37 @.@ 6 g ) bullet at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 520 ft / s ( 770 m / s ) . This gave the gun a maximum range of about 5 @,@ 000 yd ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) , although its effective range was only 800 yd ( 730 m ) Repulse received two High @-@ Angle Control System anti @-@ aircraft directors , one Mark II on the fore @-@ top and a Mark I * mounted on a pedestal above the rear superstructure . The two submerged torpedo tubes were removed and the vacant spaces sub @-@ divided and turned into store @-@ rooms . Repulse was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet when she recommissioned in April 1936 . She transported 500 refugees from Valencia and Palma , Majorca to Marseilles , France in late 1936 after the start of the Spanish Civil War . The ship was present at the Coronation Fleet Review at Spithead on 20 May 1937 for George VI . Repulse was sent to Haifa in July 1938 to maintain order during the Arab Revolt . She was selected to convey the King and Queen during their May 1939 Canadian Tour and she was refitted between October 1938 and March 1939 for this role . The twin 4 @-@ inch AA guns were replaced by two more Mark V guns and two additional quadruple .50 @-@ calibre mounts were added . The King and Queen ultimately travelled aboard the liner RMS Empress of Australia while Repulse escorting them on the first half of the journey . = = Second World War = = At the beginning of the Second World War Repulse was part of the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Home Fleet . She patrolled off the Norwegian coast and in the North Sea in search of German ships and to enforce the blockade for the first couple months of the war . Early in the war the aft triple 4 @-@ inch gun mount was replaced with an 8 @-@ barrel 2 @-@ pounder mount . In late October she was transferred to Halifax with the aircraft carrier HMS Furious to protect convoys and search for German raiders . Repulse and Furious sortied from Halifax on 23 November in search of the German battleship Scharnhorst after it had sunk the armed merchant cruiser HMS Rawalpindi , but the Repulse was damaged by heavy seas in a storm and was forced to return to port . Repulse escorted the convoy bringing most of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division to Britain 10 – 23 December 1939 and was reassigned to the Home Fleet . In February 1940 she accompanied the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal on a fruitless search for six German blockade runners that had broken out of Vigo , Spain . Repulse was assigned to support Allied operations during the Norwegian Campaign in April – June 1940 . On 7 April , Repulse , along with the bulk of the Home Fleet , was ordered to sea to intercept what was thought to be another attempt to break @-@ out into the North Atlantic . The ship was detached the following day to search for a German ship reported by the destroyer HMS Glowworm , but the destroyer had been sunk by the German cruiser Admiral Hipper before Repulse arrived and she was ordered to rendezvous with her sister Renown south of the Lofoten Islands , off the Norwegian coast . On 12 April Repulse was ordered to return to Scapa Flow to refuel and she escorted a troop convoy upon her return . In early June the ship was sent to the North Atlantic to search for German raiders and played no part in the evacuation of Norway . Accompanied by Renown and the 1st Cruiser Squadron , Repulse attempted to intercept the German battleship Gneisenau as it sailed from Trondheim to Germany in July . Until May 1941 the ship escorted convoys and unsuccessfully searched for German ships . On 22 May Repulse was diverted from escorting Convoy WS8B to assist in the search for the German battleship Bismarck , but she had to break off the search early on 25 May as she was running low on fuel . The ship was refitted from June to August and received eight Oerlikon 20 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) autocannon as well as a Type 284 surface gunnery radar . Repulse escorted a troop convoy around the Cape of Good Hope from August to October and was transferred to East Indies Command . = = = Force Z = = = In late 1941 Winston Churchill decided to send a small group of fast capital ships , along with one modern aircraft carrier to Singapore , to deter expected Japanese aggression . In November , Repulse which was in the Indian Ocean was ordered to Colombo , Ceylon to rendezvous with the new battleship HMS Prince of Wales . The carrier HMS Indomitable , which was assigned to join them , was delayed when she ran aground in the Caribbean . Prince of Wales and Repulse and their escorting destroyers comprised Force Z , which arrived in Singapore on 2 December 1941 . On the evening of 8 December , Force Z departed for an attempt to destroy Japanese troop convoys and protect the army 's seaward flanks from Japanese landings in their rear . Force Z was spotted during the afternoon of 9 December by the Japanese submarine I @-@ 65 and floatplanes from several Japanese cruisers spotted the British ships later that afternoon and shadowed them until dark . Admiral Sir Tom Phillips decided to cancel the operation as the Japanese were now alerted . Force Z turned back during the evening , after having tried to deceive the Japanese that they were heading to Singora . At 00 : 50 on 10 December Admiral Philips received a signal of enemy landings at Kuantan and correspondingly altered course so that he would arrive shortly after dawn . The crew of I @-@ 58 spotted Force Z at 02 : 20 , reported their position , and fired five torpedoes , all of which missed . Based on this report the Japanese launched 11 reconnaissance aircraft before dawn to locate Force Z. Several hours later 86 bombers from the 22nd Air Flotilla based in Saigon were launched carrying bombs or torpedoes . The crew of a Mitsubishi G3M " Nell " reconnaissance bomber spotted the British at 10 : 15 and radioed in several reports . The pilot was ordered to maintain contact and to broadcast a directional signal that the other Japanese bombers could follow . The first attack began at 11 : 13 when 250 kilograms ( 551 lb ) bombs were dropped from eight G3Ms from an altitude of 11 @,@ 500 feet ( 3 @,@ 505 m ) . The battlecruiser was straddled by two bombs , then hit by a third which penetrated through the hangar to explode on the armoured deck below . This inflicted a number of casualties and damaged the ship 's Supermarine Walrus seaplane , which was then pushed over the side to remove a fire hazard . Anti @-@ aircraft fire damaged five of the Japanese bombers , two so badly that they immediately returned to Saigon . In the ensuing attacks , Repulse was skilfully handled by her captain , Bill Tennant who managed to avoid 19 torpedoes as well as the remaining bombs from the G3Ms . However , Repulse was then caught by a synchronised pincer attack by 17 Mitsubishi G4M torpedo bombers and hit by four or five torpedoes in rapid succession . The gunners on the Repulse shot down two planes and heavily damaged eight more , but the torpedo damage proved fatal . At 12 : 23 Repulse listed severely to port and quickly capsized with the loss of 508 officers and men . The destroyers HMS Electra and HMAS Vampire rescued the survivors . The wreck site was designated as a ' Protected Place ' in 2002 under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 , 60 years after her sinking . Survivors described five torpedo hits on Repulse , four on the port side and one on the starboard side . The four portside hits were : two amidship , one abreast of the rear turret and one near the propellers . The starboard side hit was amidships . A 2007 diving expedition confirmed two of the hits by examination of the wreck : the portside hit near the propellers and the starboard hit amidship . The portside midships section of the wreck was buried in the ocean floor thus the hits there could not be confirmed . The area abreast of the rear turret was accessible and no sign of a torpedo hit was found . In October 2014 , the Daily Telegraph reported that both Prince of Wales and Repulse were being " extensively damaged " with explosives by scrap metal dealers . = Syphon Filter = Syphon Filter is a third @-@ person shooter stealth video game developed by Eidetic and published by 989 Studios for PlayStation . The game was followed by a sequel , Syphon Filter 2 , in 2000 , and spin @-@ offs later released for the PlayStation Portable . The first game in the Syphon Filter series , the plot centres on special agents Gabriel Logan and Lian Xing who are tasked by the United States government to apprehend an international terrorist from Germany . Development on Syphon Filter began with the intention of creating a new " super @-@ spy " genre hybrid that contained elements of stealth @-@ action and puzzle solving . The game was almost cancelled several times during development as Eidetic faced many difficulties due to the lack of inspiration from others and their inexperience in creating video games . Despite the initial drawbacks faced , Syphon Filter was met with positive reviews from critics upon release , mostly directed at its innovation and immersive plot . = = Gameplay = = The game is presented in a third @-@ person perspective , and the player can freely move in three @-@ dimensional space and rotate the camera in any direction . The top left corner of the screen interface shows the status of Logan 's armour , a ' danger @-@ meter ' which rises as the player engages enemies through combat , and a target lock . A radar is displayed in the bottom left corner of the screen which shows the location of various objects including friendly units , enemies , weapon pick ups or mission objectives . The current weapon equipped is always displayed in the bottom right corner , with the ammunition count . Depending on the weapon used , the camera will shift to first @-@ person mode to assist in aiming . The core of the gameplay is focused on stealth @-@ based tactics , which require one to silently take out enemies using silenced weapons or other lethal attacks . However , most of the game is action @-@ orientated , which involves Logan navigating through levels whilst loudly shooting at enemies with no consequence to the mission . The game takes place in a wide variety of locations , including narrow interior streets of Washington D.C. to wide open plains of Kazakhstan . In some stealth based missions , the game will involve various puzzles . Some locations feature low light ambience , which force the player to use their torch despite its drawbacks imposed during stealth missions . = = Plot = = Gabriel Logan and his partner Lian Xing investigate a series of biological outbreaks triggered by international terrorist Erich Rhoemer . When fellow agent Ellis loses contact during a mission in Costa Rica , the top @-@ secret Agency dispatches Gabe and Lian to find him . They discover Ellis is dead , and Rhoemer 's suspected drug operation is a cover for the viral operation . Another outbreak in Nepal leads to more questions when an infected person who should have died remained alive . Before the Agency can pursue Rhoemer , he attacks Washington , D.C. with viral bombs . Gabe battles several terrorists , including Mara Aramov , as he follows the trail of bombs across city streets , subways , Washington Park and finally Freedom Memorial where he must incinerate enemy munitions expert Anton Girdeux to stop the final threat . Gabe 's investigation takes him to a new lead from PharCom , a multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology corporation headed by Jonathan Phagan . The Costa Rican plantation was growing PharCom compounds , meaning Phagan and Rhoemer were working together . At the PharCom Exposition Center , Gabe shadows Phagan to a meeting with Aramov and Edward Benton , an apparent Agency mole who assisted Rhoemer during the Washington , D.C. attack . After Gabe eliminates Benton , he saves Phagan from assassination only to have him escape . Mara Aramov , now in custody , had attempted to locate PharCom 's virus labs . Gabe must set aside the hunt for Phagan to destroy Rhoemer 's base in Kazakhstan . During his assignment , Rhoemer seemingly kills Lian , but Agency Director Thomas Markinson rescues Gabe . Markinson gives Gabe a report on the virus called Syphon Filter , a bioweapon that one can program on a genetic level to target specific groups of people . Gabe and Markinson infiltrate Rhoemer 's stronghold in Ukraine to inject test subjects with a vaccine and locate Phagan , who is now Rhoemer 's prisoner . In the catacombs , Phagan tells Gabe that Lian is alive , and they reunite . Lian has become infected with Syphon Filter , and she says there is no universal cure . Mara Aramov arrives to shoot Phagan , but she convinces Gabe and Lian that she came to help . The three travel to PharCom 's warehouses in hopes of preventing Rhoemer from launching a missile . Lian reveals that the serum Gabe injected into the test subjects was really a lethal chemical , and Markinson was having them killed . Using the fighting between Rhoemer 's terrorists and Phagan 's guards to cover his insertion , Gabe descends into a silo and searches for the missile 's detonation codes . He finds Markinson and gets him to confess that the Agency has been involved in the plot all along . Rhoemer worked for Markinson , since the latter wanted the virus in the Agency 's possession . He never authorized the missile attack , but before he can stop it , Rhoemer kills Markinson with a headshot . Gabe must reach the missile 's control center in time and destroy it . Enraged , Rhoemer engages Gabe in a final fight , but is killed with a gas grenade . Their mission completed , Gabe and Lian call in the U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command ( CBDC ) to secure the area . They do not know how far Markinson was cooperating with Rhoemer and Phagan , but Gabe believes they may never know . In a post @-@ credits scene , Aramov approaches a mysterious man inside the Agency headquarters and whispers something in his ear . He congratulates her while the camera pulls back to show PharCom boxes in the office . = = Development = = According to creative director John Garvin , Syphon Filter was originally conceived as " just a name " from a producer at 989 Studios . Initially , there was no plot , character or gameplay from the original one page synopsis . Eidetic decided to set Syphon Filter as a new ' stealth @-@ action ' hybrid that focused heavily on weapons , gadgets and stealth . The team 's lead designer was influenced over Rare 's successful GoldenEye 007 for the Nintendo 64 , and implemented the game 's mechanics to have a similar feel for a new " super spy " genre . The team experienced immense difficulty in creating the game , as Garvin noted that there were " no , or few , games " from which Eidetic could draw inspiration . Most of the team that developed Syphon Filter had little experience with making third @-@ person action games , as Eidetic 's only video game released for a console was Bubsy 3D , which was released three years prior for the PlayStation and was infamous for being critically panned as one of the worst games of all time . Despite the initial difficulties with staff and lack of experience , Eidetic produced a prototype which involved a shooting segment in an underground . Garvin admitted that the team " didn 't know anything about making realistic shooters set in a spy world " as the game came close to being cancelled several times throughout development because the team was missing deadlines , revamping mechanics and changing the story . During development , the team of thirteen re @-@ wrote several drafts as the game was being conceived . The original plot of Syphon Filter was intended as a science @-@ fiction orientated approach and involved a group of kidnapped scientists who were being forced to build a time machine by an unspecified antagonistic organisation . The storyline was radicially changed when John Garvin was hired to be art director , later creative director . = = Reception = = Syphon Filter received " critical acclaim " reviews , according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . The blend of a stealth @-@ action hybrid gameplay was praised by most critics . Doug Perry of IGN enjoyed the implemented skill @-@ based action that he considered was " hard to come by in a PlayStation game " . Perry praised the game 's detail and advanced graphics , but criticised the low resolution and noting that the game 's frame rate was " not perfect " . Despite this , he noted that what Syphon Filter " gives up in frame rate [ it ] provides in character and environment detail " . Game Revolution similarly praised the attention to detail , calling every texture of the game " well planned and rendered " however compared the graphics were not as detailed as Metal Gear Solid . However , they noted that during some points the game " suffers from many typical PlayStation polygonal errors " , causing some textures to become " warped " when viewed from an angle , although they noted that glitches were uncommon and did not affect gameplay in any way . The gameplay and artificial intelligence were the most praised aspects of the game . Game Revolution noted the gameplay was " well above average " and had an excellent replay value , in contrast to games such as Star Fox 64 once completed . Perry praised the game 's wide variety of weapons and gadgets , having counted at least thirty different weapons and equipment for the player to use , with the added bonus of secret weapons , adding to the gameplay value . Game Revolution added that the AI was " perhaps the best part of the game " , commending on how certain enemies react on when one of their comrades are killed nearby . IGN similarly praised its AI , pointing out on how every time a level is played the AI would change its behaviour , sometimes hiding behind trees or carrying different weapons . = = = Sequels = = = Due to its popularity , Sony commissioned 989 Studios to make various sequels and spin @-@ offs to the game . Syphon Filter 2 was released in 2000 to popular reviews from critics , and another direct sequel , Syphon Filter 3 was released in 2001 to mixed reviews upon release . Two spin @-@ offs were released for the PlayStation Portable in 2006 and 2007 ; Syphon Filter : Dark Mirror and Syphon Filter : Logan 's Shadow , respectively . A port to the PlayStation 2 for Logan 's Shadow was released exclusively in North America in 2007 . The two spin @-@ offs were met with mixed to positive reviews from critics , which led to the end of the Syphon Filter series in 2007 . = Vladimir Bukovsky = Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky ( Russian : Влади ́ мир Константи ́ нович Буко ́ вский ; born 30 December 1942 in Belebey , Bashkir ASSR ) was prominent in the Soviet dissident movement of the 1960s and 1970s and spent a total of twelve years in psychiatric prison @-@ hospitals , labor camps and prisons within the Soviet Union . Since being expelled from the country in late 1976 he has remained in active and vocal opposition to the Soviet system and the shortcomings of its successor regimes in Russia . A writer , neurophysiologist , and activist , he is celebrated for his part in the campaign to expose and halt the political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union . Today he is a member of the international advisory council for the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation , a director of the Gratitude Fund set up in 1998 to commemorate and support former dissidents , a member of the International Council of the New York @-@ based Human Rights Foundation , and a Senior Fellow of the Cato Institute in Washington . In 2001 , Vladimir Bukovsky received the Truman @-@ Reagan Medal of Freedom which has been awarded annually since 1993 by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation . = = Early life = = Vladimir Bukovsky was born in the town of Belebey in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( today the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Russian Federation ) , to which his family was evacuated during World War II . After the war he and his parents returned to Moscow where his father Konstantin ( 1908 – 1976 ) was a well @-@ known Soviet journalist . During his last year at school Vladimir was expelled for creating and editing an unauthorized magazine . In order to meet the requirements to apply for a university place he completed his secondary education at evening classes . = = Activism and imprisonment = = = = = Mayakovsky Square = = = In September 1960 Bukovsky entered Moscow University to study biology . There he and some friends decided to revive the informal Mayakovsky Square poetry readings which began after a statue to the poet was unveiled in central Moscow in 1958 . They made contact with earlier participants of the readings such as Vladimir Osipov , the editor of Boomerang ( 1960 ) , and Yuri Galanskov who issued the Phoenix ( 1961 ) , two examples of literary samizdat . It was then that the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Bukovsky wrote his critical notes on the Communist Youth League or Komsomol . Later this text was given the title " Theses on the Collapse of the Komsomol " by the KGB . Bukovsky portrayed the USSR as an " illegal society " facing an acute ideological crisis . The Komsomol was " moribund " , he asserted , having lost both moral and spiritual authority , and he called for its democratisation . This text and his other activities brought Bukovsky to the attention of the authorities . He was interrogated twice before being thrown out of the university in autumn 1961 . Bukovsky was arrested on 1 June 1963 . He was later convicted , in absentia , by reason on his " insanity " , under Article 70 @.@ 1 ( " Anti @-@ Soviet agitation and propaganda " ) of the RSFSR Criminal Code . The official charge was the making and possession of photocopies of anti @-@ Soviet literature , namely two copies of the banned work The New Class by Milovan Djilas . Bukovsky was examined by Soviet psychiatrists , declared to be mentally ill , and sent for treatment at the Special Psychiatric Hospital in Leningrad where he remained for almost two years , until February 1965 . It was there he became acquainted with General Petro Grigorenko , a fellow inmate . = = = The Glasnost rally , 5 December 1965 = = = In December 1965 , Bukovsky helped prepare a demonstration on Pushkin Square in central Moscow to protest against the trial of the writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel . He circulated the " Civic Appeal " by mathematician and poet Alexander Esenin @-@ Volpin , which called on the authorities to obey the Soviet laws requiring glasnost in the judicial process , e.g. the admission of the public and the media to any trial . The demonstration on 5 December 1965 ( Constitution Day ) became known as the Glasnost Meeting or rally , and marked the beginning of the openly active Soviet civil rights movement . Bukovsky himself was unable to attend . Three days earlier he was arrested , charged with distributing the appeal , and kept in various psikhushkas , among them Hospital No 13 at Lublino , Stolbovaya and the Serbsky Institute , until July 1966 . = = = The Right to Demonstrate , 1967 = = = On 22 January 1967 Bukovsky , Vadim Delaunay , Yevgeny Kushev and Victor Khaustov held another demonstration on Pushkin Square . They were protesting against the recent arrests of Alexander Ginzburg , Yuri Galanskov , Alexei Dobrovolsky and Vera Lashkova ( finally prosecuted in January 1968 in the Trial of the Four ) and asserting their own right to protest : on 16 September 1966 a new law , Article 190 @.@ 3 , had been introduced which classified any public gatherings or demonstrations as a crime . On 1 September 1967 at his own trial Bukovsky used his final words to attack the regime 's failure to respect the law or follow legal procedures . He invoked Article 125 of the ( still current ) 1936 Soviet Constitution to defend the right to organize demonstrations and other public protests . He further suggested that the prosecution had repeatedly failed to observe the revised 1961 Code of Criminal Procedure in its conduct of the case . Bukovsky 's final words in court circulated widely in a samizdat collection of such addresses and as part of a collection of materials about the demonstration and subsequent trials compiled by Pavel Litvinov . Fellow protestors Vadim Delaunay and Yevgeny Kushev admitted regret for their actions but not their guilt ; they received suspended sentences and were released . Bukovsky was defiant and , like fellow demonstrator Victor Khaustov ( convicted in February 1967 ) , was given three years in an " ordinary regime " corrective @-@ labour camp . Bukovsky was sent to Bor in the Voronezh Region to serve his sentence . He was released in January 1970 . = = = The Campaign against the Abuse of Psychiatry = = = In the 1960s and 1970s the Soviet authorities began the widespread use of psychiatric treatment as a form of punishment and deterrence for the independent @-@ minded . This involved unlimited detention in a psikhushka , as such places were popularly known , which might be conventional psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric prison @-@ hospitals set up ( e.g. the Leningrad Special Psychiatricl Hospital ) as part of an existing penal institution . Healthy individuals were held among mentally ill and often dangerous patients ; they were forced to take various psychotropic drugs ; they might also be incarcerated in prison @-@ type institutions under overall control of the KGB . In 1971 Bukovsky managed to smuggle to the West over 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatric institutions in the Soviet Union . In a letter addressed to " Western psychiatrists " and written in a deliberately restrained tone , Bukovsky asked them to consider if the evidence justified the isolation of several dissidents , and urged them to discuss the matter at the next International Congress of Psychiatrists . The documents were released to the press in March 1971 by a small French group called the International Committee for the Defence of Human Rights . Bukovsky 's letter appeared on 12 March in The Times ( London ) and later in the British Journal of Psychiatry Bukovsky was arrested on 29 March and held in custody for nine months before being put on trial in January 1972 . The information Bukovsky had gathered and sent to the West galvanized human rights activists worldwide and those within the Soviet Union . It also struck a chord among psychiatrists . In September that year 44 European psychiatrists wrote to The Times ( London ) expressing grave doubts about the diagnoses of the six people concerned . At a meeting in November 1971 , the World Federation for Mental Health called on its members to investigate the charges and defend the right to free opinion	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
in Russian the following year by Chalidze publishers in New York . Today the Russian original is available online via a number of websites . Since he has lived in the West Bukovsky has written many essays and polemical articles . These not only criticised the Soviet regime and , later , that of Vladimir Putin , but also exposed " Western gullibility " in the face of Soviet abuses and , in some cases , what he believed to be Western complicity in such crimes ( see American Betrayal sub @-@ section below ) . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , Bukovsky campaigned successfully for an official UK and US boycott of the summer 1980 Olympics in Moscow . During the same years he voiced concern about the activities and policies of the Western peace movements . In 1983 , together with Cuban dissident Armando Valladares , Bukovsky co @-@ founded and was later elected president of Resistance International . The anti @-@ Communist organisation was run from a small office in Paris by Soviet dissidents and emigres , notably Vladimir Maximov and Eduard Kuznetsov . In 1985 it expanded into the American Foundation for Resistance International . Among the prominent members of the board were Albert Jolis and Jeane Kirkpatrick while Midge Decter , Yuri Yarim @-@ Agaev , Richard Perle , Saul Bellow , Robert Conquest and Martin Colman were on the body 's advisory committee . The Foundation aimed to be a coordinating centre for dissident and democratic movements seeking to overturn communism in Eastern Europe and elsewhere . It organised protests in the communist countries and in the West , and opposed western financial assistance to communist governments . The Foundation also created the National Council to Support Democratic Movements ( National Council for Democracy ) with the goal of aiding the emergence of democratic rule @-@ of @-@ law governments , and providing assistance with the writing of constitutions and the formation of civil institutions . In March 1987 Bukovsky and nine other émigré authors ( Ernst Neizvestny , Yury Lyubimov , Vasily Aksyonov and Leonid Plyushch among them ) caused a furore in the West and then in the Soviet Union itself when they raised doubts about the substance and sincerity of Mikhail Gorbachev 's reforms . = = Judgment in Moscow ( 1995 ) = = In April 1991 Vladimir Bukovsky visited Moscow for the first time since his deportation fifteen years before . In the run @-@ up to the 1991 presidential election the team around Boris Yeltsin considered Bukovsky as one of a number of potential vice @-@ presidential running @-@ mates . In the end , army officer Alexander Rutskoy , a veteran of the 1979 – 1989 war in Afghanistan and Hero of the Soviet Union was selected . On 5 December 1991 both of Bukovsky 's Soviet @-@ era convictions were annulled by a decree of the RSFSR Supreme Court . The following year President Yeltsin formally restored Bukovsky 's Russian citizenship : he had never been deprived of his Soviet citizenship , despite deportation from the country . In 1992 , after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , President Yeltsin 's government invited Bukovsky to serve as an expert witness at the trial before the Constitutional Court where Russia 's communists were suing Yeltsin for banning their Party and taking its property . The respondent 's case was that the CPSU itself had been an unconstitutional organisation . To prepare his testimony , Bukovsky requested and was granted access to a large number of documents from the CPSU Central Committee archives ( then reorganised into the Central Depository for Contemporary Documentation or TsKhSD ) . With the help of a small hand @-@ held scanner and a laptop computer , he managed secretly to scan many documents ( some with high security clearance ) , including KGB reports to the Central Committee . The copies were then smuggled to the West . Bukovsky hoped that an international tribunal in Moscow might play a similar role to the first Nuremberg Trial ( 1945 – 1946 ) in post @-@ Nazi Germany and help the country begin to overcome the legacy of Communism . This did not happen . The " Trial of the CPSU " fell far short of that goal . The Soviet Communist Party was found to be an unconstitutional organisation , but former communists were allowed to play a leading part in the government of post @-@ Soviet Russia and , as the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , to act as the country 's main political opposition . Former CPSU , even Politburo , members such as Alexander Yakovlev ( Russian politician ) had a prominent place in the presidential commission for the post @-@ October 1917 victims of political repression . Bukovsky expressed his deep disappointment with this failure in his writings and interviews . Having failed to finish off conclusively the communist system , we are now in danger of integrating the resulting monster into our world . It may not be called communism anymore , but it has retained many of its dangerous characteristics ... Until a Nuremberg @-@ style tribunal passes its judgment on all the crimes committed by communism , it is not dead and the war is not over . It took several years and a team of assistants to piece together the scanned fragments ( many only half a page in width ) of the hundreds of documents photocopied by Bukovsky and then , in 1999 , to make them available online . Many of the same documents were extensively quoted and cited in Bukovsky 's Judgment in Moscow ( 1995 ) , where he described and analysed what he had uncovered about recent Soviet history and about the relations of the USSR and the CPSU with the West . The book was translated into several languages . It was not published at the time in English : Random House bought the rights to the manuscript , but the publisher , in Bukovsky 's words , tried to make the author " rewrite the whole book from the liberal left political perspective . " Bukovsky resisted , explaining to the Random House editor that he was " allergic to political censorship " because of " certain peculiarities of my biography " . ( The contract was subsequently cancelled . ) . The French edition appeared in 1995 as Jugement à Moscou . The book was also published in Russian ( 1996 ) and certain other Slavic languages , most notably the Polish edition which for a time became a bestseller . Only in 2016 did a full @-@ length translation of the book , updated with material from the Stroilov archive , appear in English . = = A Maverick , East and West = = British and European psychiatrists assessing the documents on psychiatric abuse released by Bukovsky characterized him in 1971 : " The information we have about [ Vladimir Bukovsky ] suggests that he is the sort of person who might be embarrassing to authorities in any country because he seems unwilling to compromise for convenience and personal comfort , and believes in saying what he thinks in situations which he clearly knows could endanger him . But such people often have much to contribute , and deserve considerable respect . " Soon Vladimir Bukovsky was again out of favour with the Russian authorities . He supported Yeltsin against the Supreme Soviet in the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis in October that year but criticised the new Constitution of Russia approved two months later , as being designed to ensure a continuation of Yeltsin 's power . According to Bukovsky , Yeltsin became a hostage of the security agencies from 1994 onwards , and a restoration of KGB rule was inevitable . After the publication of Judgment in Moscow in French ( 1995 ) and then in Russian ( 1996 ) , he was denied entry to Russia from October 1996 until 2007 , in the run @-@ up to the 2008 Presidential elections . = = = Moscow Mayor — or President of Russia ? = = = In 1992 a group of liberal deputies of the Moscow City Council proposed Bukovsky 's candidacy for elections of the new Mayor of Moscow , following the resignation of the previous Mayor , Gavriil Popov . Bukovsky refused the offer , stating that to fulfil the mayor ’ s duties he would need a large team of intellectuals committed to radical reform , and there was a lack of such people in the country . Deputy mayor Yury Luzhkov took over , and ran the city from 1992 to 2010 . In early 1996 a group of Moscow academics , journalists and intellectuals suggested that Vladimir Bukovsky should run for President of Russia as an alternative candidate to both incumbent President Boris Yeltsin and his main challenger Gennady Zyuganov of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation . However , no formal nomination process was initiated . = = = Memento Gulag = = = In 2001 , Bukovsky was elected President of the Comitatus pro Libertatibus – Comitati per le Libertà – Freedom Committees in Florence , an Italian libertarian organisation which promoted an annual Memento Gulag , or Memorial Day devoted to the Victims of Communism , on 7 November ( the anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution ) . The Memento Gulag has since been held in Rome , Bucharest , Berlin , La Roche sur Yon and Paris . = = = Contacts with Boris Nemtsov and the Russian Opposition = = = In 2002 Boris Nemtsov , former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia who was then an elected member of the State Duma and leader of the Union of Rightist Forces , paid a visit to Bukovsky in Cambridge . He wanted to discuss the strategy of the Russian opposition . It was imperative , Bukovsky told Nemtsov , that Russian liberals adopt an uncompromising stand toward what he saw as the authoritarian government of President Vladimir Putin . On one of journalist Anna Politkovskaya 's frequent visits to Britain she interviewed Vladimir Bukovsky and Boris Berezovsky to provide a " comparative analysis of different waves of political emigration " . With Bukovsky , " The Patriarch " as he was called in the published version of her article , she discussed the position of those who had gained political asylum in Britain ( Ahmed Zakayev , Alexander Litvinenko ) , and the attitudes of the UK government of Tony Blair and of the European Parliament to the situation in Chechnya . During their talk Bukovsky expressed disapproval of the way in which Slobodan Milosevic was brought before the Hague tribunal . In January 2004 , with Garry Kasparov , Boris Nemtsov , Vladimir V. Kara @-@ Murza and others , Bukovsky was a co @-@ founder of Committee 2008 . This umbrella organisation of the Russian democratic opposition was formed to ensure free and fair elections in 2008 when a successor to Vladimir Putin was elected . In 2005 Bukovsky was among the prominent dissidents of the 1960s and 1970s ( Gorbanevskaya , Sergei Kovalyov , Eduard Kuznetsov , Alexander Podrabinek , Yelena Bonner ) who took part in a documentary series by Vladimir Kara @-@ Murza Jr . They Chose Freedom . In 2013 Bukovsky was featured in a documentary series by Natella Boltyanskaya Parallels , Events , People . In 2009 Bukovsky joined the council of the new Solidarnost coalition which brought together a wide range of extra @-@ parliamentary opposition forces . = = = Criticism of torture in Abu Ghraib prison ( Iraq ) = = = As revelations mounted about the sanctioned torture of captives in the Guantánamo Bay detention camp , Abu Ghraib and the CIA secret prisons , Bukovsky entered the discussion with an uncompromising attack on the official if covert rationalisation of torture . In an 18 December 2005 op @-@ ed in The Washington Post , Bukovsky recounted his experience under torture in Lefortovo prison in 1971 . Once commenced , he warned , the inertia of torture was difficult to control , corrupting those who carried it out . " Torture " , he wrote , " has historically been an instrument of oppression — not an instrument of investigation or of intelligence gathering . " Bukovsky explained : Investigation is a subtle process , requiring patience and fine analytical ability , as well as a skill in cultivating one 's sources . When torture is condoned , these rare talented people leave the service , having been outstripped by less gifted colleagues with their quick @-@ fix methods , and the service itself degenerates into a playground for sadists . US President Barack Obama repudiated the Torture Memos on 20 January 2009 , two days after taking office . = = = Fatal defects of the European Union = = = In a February 2006 interview with The Brussels Journal , Bukovsky said he had read confidential documents from secret Soviet files in 1992 which confirmed the existence of a " conspiracy " to turn the European Union into a socialist organisation . The European Union was a " monster " , he argued , and it must be destroyed , the sooner the better , " before it develops into a full @-@ fledged totalitarian state " , Meanwhile they are introducing more and more ideology . The Soviet Union used to be a state run by ideology . Today 's ideology of the European Union is social @-@ democratic , statist , and a big part of it is also political correctness . I watch very carefully how political correctness spreads and becomes an oppressive ideology , not to mention the fact that they forbid smoking almost everywhere now . There were certain parallels , Bukovsky warned in his interview , between the formation of the Soviet Union and the European Union . In 2006 he described the perils of the USSR , with its model whereby nationalities and ethnic groups were dissolved to create a new " Soviet nation " . While Soviet ideology postulated that the State would eventually wither away , Bukovsky pointed out that the reality was quite different : the State had become paramount . As an expression of his Eurosceptic position Bukovsky is vice @-@ president of The Freedom Association ( TFA ) in the United Kingdom and has been a patron of the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) . In 2007 , following a similar line of argument , Bukovsky suggested that Russia was too big and should be broken up into several smaller countries . It was an opinion quickly reported to audiences around the world by the new State @-@ funded English @-@ language broadcaster Russia Today . = = = Diana West 's American Betrayal ( 2013 ) = = = In September 2013 , Bukovsky entered the controversy over Diana West 's American Betrayal : The Secret Assault on Our Nation 's Character , a book dismissed by historian Professor Ronald Radosh as " McCarthy on Steroids " . Responding at Breitbart.com , Bukovsky rejected Radosh 's criticisms , condemned the attempt to portray West as a deluded and historically inept conspiracy @-@ monger , and supported her conclusions as to the infiltration of the Roosevelt government by Stalinist agents and fellow @-@ travellers : That treacherous Establishment is still there . We are still governed by a nomenklatura of collaborationists , Petains and Quislings of the Cold War . Mrs. West has reached that conclusion merely by examining the first chapters of this sad story . Sure enough , there are mountains of other and more recent evidence to support her conclusions . But of course , whatever the evidence , the " consensus " will never plead guilty . Rather , they will try and usurp the judicial seat . In turn Bukovsky himself was taken to task by David Horowitz , whose Frontpage Magazine had carried the Radosh review : It grieves me to see a hero of the anti @-@ Communist struggle , Vladimir Bukovsky , join the character assassins that Diana West has mobilized to attack Radosh and me because FrontPage posted a bad review of her book . ... It grieves me even more because he goes out of his way to defend her preposterous claims , e.g. , that the division of Europe at Yalta was a Soviet plot when everyone knows the division was drawn by Winston Churchill , hardly a Soviet stooge . There are dozens , if not hundreds , of howlers like this in West 's 400 @-@ page , 900 @-@ footnote book , which is why we gave it a bad review . Ten years earlier , Bukovsky sketched some of the numerous and insidious ways such Western complicity was secured . Beyond those who were recruited as Soviet agents and consciously worked for the USSR , as he explained in Judgment in Moscow ( 1995 ) , there were men and women whom the KGB and GRU classified as " agents of influence " and " confidential contacts " : The majority of these " agents of influence " , moreover , were not in a literal sense KGB agents . Some distributed Soviet disinformation for idealistic reasons ; others were paying off an old " debt " to the KGB or , on the contrary , expected some new reward or service ; others simply did not know what they were doing . ... The examples are endlessly varied . This applied equally , Bukovsky cautioned , to post @-@ Stalin generations of specialists on the USSR and Eastern Europe . They had been subjected to similar pressures and inducements in the 1970s and 1980s : The majority of Sovietologists and Slavists , experts on Russia and the Soviet Union , were dependent on the regime for permission to visit the USSR from time to time . A specialist could not secure his place and reputation in the current academic world without that contact : anyone might accuse him of having lost touch and no longer retaining his expertise . The chance to travel to the USSR , however , was closely monitored in those years by the KGB . = = Candidate for Russian Presidency ( 2008 ) = = In May 2007 , Bukovsky announced his plans to run as candidate for president in the May 2008 Russian presidential election . On 16 December 2007 , Bukovsky was officially nominated to run against Dmitry Medvedev and other candidates . The group that nominated Bukovsky as a candidate included Yuri Ryzhov , Vladimir V. Kara @-@ Murza , Alexander Podrabinek , Andrei Piontkovsky , Vladimir Pribylovsky and others . Activists , authors and commentators such as Viktor Shenderovich , Valeriya Novodvorskaya and Lev Rubinstein also favoured Bukovsky . Responding to pro @-@ Kremlin politicians and commentators who expressed doubt about Bukovksy 's electoral prospects , his nominators rejected a number of frequently repeated allegations . In Moscow more than 800 citizens of the Russian Federation nominated Bukovsky for president on 16 December 2007 . Bukovsky secured the required number of signatures to register and submitted his application to the Central Election Commission on time , 18 December 2007 . The Action Group in support of Bukovsky 's candidacy denied claims by pro @-@ government media that Bukovsky had failed in his campaign to become RF President and in appeals before the RF Constitutional Court . On 22 December 2007 the Central Electoral Commission turned down Bukovsky 's application , on the grounds that ( 1 ) he had failed to give information about his activities as a writer when submitting his documents , ( 2 ) he was holding a British residence permit , and ( 3 ) he had not been living in Russia during the past ten years . Bukovsky appealed against the decision at the RF Supreme Court on 28 December 2007 and , subsequently , before its cassation board on 15 January 2008 . On 30 March 2011 , Bukovsky requested the arrest of Mikhail Gorbachev by the British authorities after submitting to Westminster Magistrates ' Court materials on crimes against humanity that the former Soviet leader had allegedly committed in the late 1980s and early 1990s . = = Crimea , Ukraine , Litvinenko Inquiry ( 2012 – 2015 ) = = Bukovsky was among the first 34 signatories of " Putin must go " , an online anti @-@ Putin manifesto published on 10 March 2010 . In May 2012 Vladimir Putin began his third term as president of the Russian Federation after serving four years as the country 's prime minister . The following year Bukovsky published a collection of interviews in Russia which described Putin and his team as The heirs of Lavrentiy Beria , Stalin 's last and most notorious secret police chief . Following the winter 2014 Sochi Olympics the Russian Federation annexed Crimea . The West responded with sanctions targeted at Putin 's immediate entourage , and Bukovsky expressed the hope that this would prove the end of his regime . In October 2014 the Russian authorities declined to issue Bukovsky with a new foreign @-@ travel passport . The Foreign Ministry stated that it could not confirm Bukovsky 's citizenship . The response was met with surprise from Kremlin 's Human Rights Council and the Human Rights ombudsman of the Russian Federation . On 17 March 2015 at the long @-@ delayed inquiry into Alexander Litvinenko 's fatal poisoning Bukovsky gave his views as to why the former FSB man had been murdered . Interviewed on BBC TV eight years before , Bukovsky expressed no doubt that the Russian authorities were responsible for the London death of Litvinenko on 23 November 2006 . = = " Prohibited images " prosecution = = In early May 2015 it was reported that Bukovsky had undergone a 9 @-@ hour heart operation in a private German clinic , during which he was given two artificial valves . Subsequently Bukovsky was kept in a medically @-@ induced coma for three days to improve his chances of recovery . In 2015 UK Crown Prosecution Service announced prosecution of Bukovsky for " prohibited images " found on his computer . Bukovsky described the accusations as absurd and pointed out that the tip about the images – most likely planted on his computer by a backdoor program – was passed through Europol from Russian security services . Bukovsky also noted that while the original announcement by CPS accused him of " possession and making " , the prosecution materials passed to the court only mentioned " possession " . After partial recovery from his lengthy heart surgery , Vladimir Bukovsky responded to charges brought against him by the UK Crown Prosecution Service earlier in the year . Issuing a High Court writ for libel , Vladimir Bukovsky said that the CPS had defamed him , and claimed damages of £ 100 @,@ 000 . = To Build a Castle ] . New York : Изд . « Хроника » . 1979 @.@ p . 384 . The first Russian publication of Bukovsky 's memoirs was given a Biblical title ( see Ecclesiastes , v. 6 ) . 1989 : И возвращается ветер [ And the Wind returns = To Build a Castle ] . М . : Teatr periodical . 1989 . ISSN 0131 @-@ 6885 . 1996 : Московский процесс [ Judgment in Moscow ] . М . ; Париж : МИК : Рус. мысль . 1996 @.@ p . 525 . ISBN 5 @-@ 87902 @-@ 071 @-@ 1 . 2001 : Буковский В . ; Геращенко И ; Ледин М . ; Ратушинская И . ( 2001 ) . Золотой эшелон [ The golden echelon ] . Собрание . М . : Гудьял @-@ Пресс. p . 256 . ISBN 5 @-@ 8026 @-@ 0082 @-@ 9 . 2007 : И возвращается ветер [ And the Wind returns = To Build a Castle ] . Свободный человек . М . : Новое изд @-@ во . 2007 @.@ p . 348 . ISBN 978 @-@ 5 @-@ 98379 @-@ 090 @-@ 2 . ( First serialised in Teatr periodical , see above , 1989 ) . 2008 : Письма русского путешественника [ Letters of a Russian traveler ] . Moscow & St Petersburg : Нестор @-@ История [ Nestor @-@ History ] . 2008 . 2013 : Наследники Лаврентия Берия . Путин и его команда [ The heirs of Lavrenty Beria : Putin and his team ] . M. : Алгоритм . 2013 . ISBN 978 @-@ 5 @-@ 4438 @-@ 0337 @-@ 1 . 2014 : Тайная империя Путина . Будет ли " дворцовый переворот " ? [ Putin 's secret empire . Will there be a " palace coup " ? ] . M. : Алгоритм . 2014 . ISBN 978 @-@ 5 @-@ 4438 @-@ 0880 @-@ 2 . 2015 : На краю . Тяжелый выбор России [ On the edge . Russia faces a hard choice ] . M. : Алгоритм . 2015 . ISBN 978 @-@ 5 @-@ 906798 @-@ 82 @-@ 4 . = = Documentaries = = They Chose Freedom ( 2005 ) ( 4 parts ) – documentary by Vladimir Kara @-@ Murza Jr . Russia / Chechnya : Voices of Dissent ( 2005 ) – with Bukovsky , Yelena Bonner , Natalya Gorbanevskaya , Anna Politkovskaya , Akhmed Zakayev and others . The Soviet Story ( 2008 ) – documentary by Edvīns Šnore Parallels , Events , People ( 2014 ) ( 36 parts ) – documentary series by Natella Boltyanskaya = Mingulay = Mingulay ( Scottish Gaelic : Miughalaigh , pronounced [ ˈmju.əlˠ ̪ aj ] ) is the second largest of the Bishop 's Isles in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . Located 12 miles ( 19 km ) south of Barra , it is known for its important seabird populations , including puffins , black @-@ legged kittiwakes , and razorbills , which nest in the sea @-@ cliffs , amongst the highest in the British Isles . There are iron age remains , and the culture of the island was influenced by early Christianity and the Vikings . Between the 15th and 19th centuries Mingulay was part of the lands of Clan MacNeil of Barra , but subsequently suffered at the hands of absentee landlords . After two thousand years or more of continuous habitation , the island was abandoned by its Gaelic @-@ speaking residents in 1912 and has remained uninhabited since . It is no longer used for grazing sheep . The island is also associated with the " Mingulay Boat Song " , although that was composed in 1938 , following Mingulay 's abandonment . The National Trust for Scotland has owned Mingulay since 2000 . = = Geology and soils = = In the Pleistocene era Mingulay was covered by the ice sheets which spread from Scotland out into the Atlantic Ocean beyond the Outer Hebrides . After the last retreat of the ice around 20 @,@ 000 years ago , sea levels were lower than at present and circa 14 @,@ 000 BP it was joined to a single large island comprising most of what is now the Outer Hebrides . Steadily rising sea levels since that time then isolated the island , which is made up of Hebridean gneiss interspersed with some granite . The ice deposited both erratic blocks of rock and boulder clay on the eastern side of the island around Mingulay Bay . The rest of the island is covered in peat , thin acidic soils , or bare rock . = = Geography and pre @-@ history = = Mingulay is now part of the small archipelago known as the Bishop or Barra Isles which are " composed of a cluster of islands surrounded by a boisterous sea , making the passage of one island to another a matter of very considerable hazard " and which form the southern end of the larger Outer Hebrides group . There is one large beach on the eastern side of the isle where the only settlement of note ( ‘ The Village ’ ) was located and a tiny cove at Skipsdale ( Old Norse : ship valley ) . Bagh na h @-@ Aioneig ( Scots Gaelic : bay of the steep promontory ) on the western side is a deep cleft in the sea @-@ cliffs once thought to be the highest in the UK which rise to 213 m ( 699 ft ) above sea level at Builacraig . Mingulay boasts three large sea stacks : Arnamul ( Old Norse : Erne mound ) , Lianamul ( Old Norse : Flax mound ) and Gunamul , which has a natural arch in 150 m ( 490 ft ) cliffs through which boats can sail on rare days when the restless sea is calm . There are several outlying islets including the twin rocks of Sròn a Dùin to the south @-@ west , Geirum Mòr and Geirum Beag to the south between Mingulay and the nearby island of Berneray , and Solon Mòr ( ' Big Gannet ' ) , Solon Beag ( ' Little Gannet ' ) , Sgeirean nan Uibhein , Barnacle Rock and a smaller stack called The Red Boy , all to the north between Mingulay and Pabbay . The highest hills are Càrnan ( 273 m or 896 ft ) , Hecla ( Old Norse : Hooded shroud ) ( 219 m or 719 ft ) and Macphee 's Hill ( 224 m or 735 ft ) . The last was named when a relief ship sent by MacNeil of Barra was sent to discover why communications from the island had ceased . A crewman called Macphee was sent ashore and returned to report that the residents had all died of disease . Fearing the plague , his shipmates refused to allow him back on board . He survived for a year , and climbed the hill every day to look out for a rescue . When the island was re @-@ settled The MacNeil granted him land there . The south @-@ western promontory of Dun Mingulay features the remains of an Iron Age fort and there is a pre @-@ historic site at Crois an t @-@ Suidheachain near the western landing place at Aneir at the southern end of Mingulay Bay , which may have been a stone circle . In 1971 a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old Iron Age midden was found resting on sand near the ‘ Village ’ overlooking the Bay . A stone ' pebble hammer ' was discovered nearby in 1975 , but it has not been possible to date the find . Skipisdale may also contain Iron Age remains . = = Name = = In historic times the Hebrides have been heavily influenced by Celtic , Norse and Scots culture and this is evident in the variety of names the isle possesses . " Mingulay " is derived from Mikil @-@ ay , the Old Norse for " Big Island " although this is misleading as it is only the second largest of the Barra Isles behind Vatersay , which is lower lying and appears smaller from the sea . Miughalaigh and Miùghlaigh are two variants of the Gaelic name . Lowland Scots speakers in their turn have variously described the island as " Mewla " or " Miuley " ( which are both approximations of the Gaelic pronunciation ) , " Megaly " and " Micklay " before finally settling on the current variant . Murray ( 1973 ) states that the name “ appropriately means Bird Island ” . = = History and culture = = = = = Christianity , Norsemen and Clan MacNeil = = = There is little doubt that early Christianity influenced Mingulay ( for example the nearby islands of Pabbay and Berneray both have cross @-@ inscribed slabs ) but no direct evidence has yet been found . From circa 871 onwards Viking raids on the Outer Hebrides gathered pace but similarly the Viking graves found on Berneray and Vatersay are not replicated on Mingulay and whilst there are no definite indications of Norse settlement , their presence on the island is confirmed by the many features they named . From the 12th century onwards Norse power in the Western Isles weakened , and by 1266 they reverted to Scots ' control under the tutelage of the Lords of the Isles . By 1427 Clan MacNeil of Barra had emerged as the dominant local power ; they adopted the cliffs of Builacraig as part of their traditional crest and used the name as a war @-@ cry . The islanders ' livelihood was based on fishing ( for white fish , herring and lobster ) , crofting ( with up to 55 ha ( 0 @.@ 21 sq mi ) of arable and pasture land fertilised by wrack on which sheep , cattle , ponies , pigs and poultry were kept ) and very dependent on the bounty provided by seabirds . For example , rent was payable to The MacNeil in fachaich or ‘ fatlings ’ - shearwater chicks . The Reformation never reached the south of the Outer Hebrides and Roman Catholicism held sway from the 12th century to the early 20th . The lack of a resident priest meant that services were often organised by the lay community , but the local culture and traditions of songs and story @-@ telling were rich and varied . As Samuel Johnson observed when lamenting his failure to reach thus far on his 18th @-@ century Hebridean journey : Popery is favourable to ceremony ; and among the ignorant nations ceremony is the only preservative of tradition . Since Protestantism was extended to the savage parts of Scotland , it has perhaps been one of the chief labours of the Ministers to abolish stated observances , because they continued the remembrance of the former religion . Some of the local beliefs were perhaps less welcome to the practitioners of organised religion . An each @-@ uisge was thought to live in a bottomless well near the summit of Macphee ’ s Hill , and faery sidhes and their associated music were taken for granted , if generally avoided . The curative powers of the seventh son of a seventh son were assumed to be sufficient for the treatment of diseases as serious as tuberculosis . Yet the old ways themselves were dying . = = = Absentee landlords = = = The Barra estates of MacNeil ( including all the Barra Isles ) were sold to Colonel John Gordon of Cluny Aberdeenshire in 1840 whose lack of consideration for his tenants during the potato famines was matched by his zeal for evictions to create sheep farms . However , the Highland Clearances seemed to have the effect of increasing Mingulay ’ s population as families evicted from Barra sometimes chose to re @-@ settle there rather than take the emigrant ships to Nova Scotia . In this regard Mingulay 's remoteness was probably an advantage and rents were actually reduced from 1840 – 45 . In 1878 Lady Gordon Cathcart inherited the estate and visited but once during her fifty @-@ four year period of tenure . In 1764 the population of the island was 52 . Later census records show that there were 113 residents in 1841 , 150 in 1881 , 142 in 1891 ( occupying 28 houses , compared to the 1841 total of 19 ) , and 135 in 1901 . Families were often large , and ten or more children was not uncommon , three generations sometimes sharing a single small house . Life was co @-@ operative with fishing , waulking , peat cutting and landing the boats all being communal activities . The island is remote but was by no means cut off . In the 19th century fishermen sold fish in Glasgow and Ireland , both men and women worked on the east coast herring fishing industry , and food was brought in from mainland Scotland on a regular basis . At the height of Village life there was a mill , a chapel house consisting of a church and a priest 's residence , and a school . However , despite there being a continuous population on Mingulay for at least two thousand years , evacuations began in 1907 and the island was completely abandoned by its residents in 1912 . = = = Evacuation = = = There were numerous reasons for the evacuation . In 1897 a boat from the neighbouring island of Pabbay was lost off Barra Head with its crew of five : more than half of Pabbay 's male population , and this did not encourage confidence amongst the fishermen of Mingulay . The lack of a sheltered landing meant that the island could be unreachable for weeks at a time , and loading and unloading goods was at best strenuous and at worst hazardous . This may have meant less at a time when possessions were fewer , but no doubt the population was also increasingly aware of their relative isolation . Writing about the collapse of similar populations in the Hebrides , Neat ( 2000 ) suggests : one common thread would appear to be the unwillingness of even the most stoical and historically @-@ aware communities to continue an existence based upon endless physical hardship when the opportunity of an easier livelihood elsewhere is there to be taken . Buxton ( 1995 ) tells the story of two men who left Mingulay together . One was visiting Barra , the other intended to emigrate to New York . They said their farewells in Castlebay but it did not work out for the latter and he returned from the United States three months later . To his great surprise he met his friend in Castlebay again , who explained that he had been unable to return to Mingulay since they had last met because of adverse sea conditions . Similar difficulties experienced by visiting priests or doctors bound for Mingulay were a constant source of concern to the islanders . The ferocity of the weather should not be underestimated . In 1868 a huge wave washed over the top of Geirum Mor , taking the sheep with it . The summit of the islet is 51 metres ( 170 ft ) above sea level . Fraser Darling and Boyd ( 1969 ) also speculate about the " quiet failure " of the populations of small islands like Mingulay to husband their available natural resources . Certainly the population began to exceed the carrying capacity of the land . The Congested Districts Board installed a derrick to assist with the landings at Aneir at the south end of the Bay in 1901 , but the design was flawed and its failure was a further disappointment . In July 1906 grazing land on Vatersay was raided by landless cottars from Barra and its isles , including three families from Mingulay . They were followed in 1907 by eight more raiders from Mingulay led by Micheal Neill Eachainn . Lady Gordon Cathcart took legal action but the visiting judge took the view that she had neglected her duties as a landowner and that " long indifference to the necessities of the cottars had gone far to drive them to exasperation " . Vatersay has sheltered anchorages and was only 300 metres ( 330 yd ) from Barra ( until the construction of a causeway in 1990 ) and Neil MacPhee wrote " it is better a thousand times to die here than to go through the same hardships which were our lot " on Mingulay . In November 1907 six more families consisting of 27 individuals from Mingulay squatted on Sandray , which has a sheltered beach . Meanwhile , the plight of the Vatersay raiders had been raised at Westminster . Despite considerable public sympathy they were eventually sentenced to two months in prison . Shortly thereafter the Congested Districts Board purchased the entire island of Vatersay with the aim of providing new crofts . By the next summer there were 14 Mingulay families living there . Only six families remained on Mingulay itself , and all of them planned to leave . By 1910 there were only a dozen fishermen in six families living there , and in summer 1912 the island was finally abandoned . Some may have wished to stay , but by now the population had been reduced below a viable number and the lack of a school , which had closed in April 1910 , would have been a factor . There is also no doubt that the parish priest , Donald Martin , encouraged the desertion . It is claimed that neither did he like travelling there , nor did the church receive much in the collection box on his visits . Mingulay bears similarities to the island of Hirta , which was also evacuated in 1930 , Mingulay is sometimes referred to as the " near St Kilda " . Mingulay is less than a third of the distance from " The Long Island " that Hirta is , yet a 19th @-@ century visitor commented that the former was " much more primitive than St Kilda , especially as regards the cottars ' and crofters ' houses " , suggesting that the lack of a permanent landing was of greater import than sheer distance . = = = 1912 to the present day = = = After the island was evacuated it was first tenanted and then purchased in 1919 by Jonathan MacLean from Barra . In 1930 it was sold to John Russell who had experience as a sheep farmer in both Australia and Montana . Russell was clearly a man who liked his own company , choosing to live on the island alone all autumn and winter with his pet ferrets and cats , and joined by two shepherds for the spring and summer only . After seven years he sold up to Peggy Greer , a farmer from Essex who visited only rarely and let the grazings out to local farmers . In 1951 she attempted to sell the island herself , but without success until 1955 when a local crofters ' syndicate called the Barra Head Isles Sheepstock Company completed the purchase . The advent of motor boats made stocking the islands considerably easier and the company ’ s ownership continued for the next forty years . In 2000 Mingulay was acquired by the National Trust for Scotland through a bequest by J. M. Fawcitt “ to provide an area of natural beauty in memory of her parents and the courage of her late brother , Bernard . ” Only two buildings survive on the island : the schoolhouse and the chapel house , although the latter has recently lost its roof and front wall . = = Flora and fauna = = Mingulay has a large seabird population , and is an important breeding ground for razorbills ( 9 @,@ 514 pairs , 6 @.@ 3 % of the European population ) , guillemots ( 11 @,@ 063 pairs ) and black @-@ legged kittiwakes ( 2 @,@ 939 pairs ) . shags ( 694 individuals ) , fulmar ( 11 @,@ 626 pairs ) , puffins ( 2 @,@ 072 pairs ) , storm petrel , common terns , Arctic terns , bonxies and various species of gull also nest in the sea @-@ cliffs . Manx shearwaters nested on Lianamul stack until the late 18th century , when they were driven away by puffins , and tysties have also been recorded there . Sheep graze the island ’ s rough pastures and there is a population of rabbits , introduced by shepherds after the 1912 evacuation . Grey seals are abundant , numbers having grown substantially since the departure of human residents . Although they do not breed , up to 1 @,@ 000 make use of the beach in winter . The flora of the island is typical of the Outer Hebrides with heather , sphagnum moss , sedges , grass and bracken predominating . There is but a single tree – a 2 @-@ metre high poplar on a cliff overlooking Mingulay Bay . Sea holly , otherwise rare in the Western Isles , has grown on Mingulay since at least the late nineteenth century , and sea milkwort , normally only found at sea level is able to grow on the high cliff tops due to the ocean spray and seagull manure . In spring and summer there are profusions of wild flowers around the deserted Village . Mingulay and nearby Berneray became a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1983 . = = Visiting Mingulay = = The island attracts regular visits from naturalists and in recent years has also become popular with rock climbers . The National Trust for Scotland operates two licensed boatmen from Barra and further information may be available at the tourist office in Castlebay . There is an ‘ occasional ’ anchorage in Mingulay Bay sheltered from westerly winds . Landing on the beach may be difficult as there is a regular heavy swell and approaching the old landing place at Aneir may be easier . There is also a landing place at Skipisdale . = = Mingulay Boat Song = = The haunting " Mingulay Boat Song " was composed by Hugh S. Roberton , the founder of the Glasgow Orpheus Choir , in 1938 , and first recorded by the Francis McPeake family of Ulster . Written in the style of Hebridean work songs to the tune Creag Guanach from Lochaber , it invites the listener to imagine the boatsmen of the island singing in time to the pulling of their oars . Chorus Heel ya 'ho boys , let her go , boys Bring her head round now all together Heel ya 'ho boys , let her go boys Sailing homeward to Mingulay ! What care we tho ' white the Minch is What care we for wind and weather ? Let her go boys , every inch is Wearing homeward to Mingulay ! Chorus Wives are waiting on the bank , boys , Looking seaward from the heather . Pull her ' round boys , and we 'll anchor 'Ere the sun sets at Mingulay ! Chorus . It has been recorded by numerous artists including Robin Hall and Jimmy MacGregor in 1971 , The Idlers and Richard Thompson in 2006 . The lyrics have also been variously interpreted . For example , Hall and MacGregor 's 1961 version has a female vocalist ( Shirley Bland ) rendering the third stanza as : We are waiting by the harbour , Weeping , waiting since break of day @-@ o . We are waiting by the harbour , As the sun sets on Mingulay . Although the fame of the song means that it is one of the few things popularly associated with the island and it is evocative of island life , it was never sung by its residents , having been composed long after the evacuation . Other songs composed by or about residents of the island survive . These include " Oran do dh 'Eilean Mhiulaidh " ( Song to the Isle of Mingulay ) written by Neil MacPhee the Vatsersay raider ( see above ) , after the abandonment of the island , and " Turas Neill a Mhiughlaigh " ( Neil 's Trip to Mingulay ) written by Father Allan MacLean ( known locally as the " Curate of Spain " having attended the Scots College in Valladolid ) , possibly during the period 1837 – 40 when he lived on Barra . Songs and oral tradition relating to Mingulay are discussed in Liza Storey 's Miughalaigh ( 2008 ) . = = In literature = = There is a local tradition that French gold intended to support the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion was hidden in a sea cave on the west coast . This story forms the basis of the novel Children of Tempest by Neil Munro . Mingulay is the name of an isolated human colony in Ken MacLeod 's Cosmonaut Keep , book one in the " Engines Of Light " series of science @-@ fiction novels . Helen Frost 's The Braid is partly set in Mingulay . = Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering = Established in 1908 , the Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering at the Pennsylvania State University in State College , Pennsylvania , is the oldest industrial engineering department in the world . According to the most recent U.S. News & World Report university rankings , the undergraduate program is ranked eighth in the United States and the graduate program 12th . The department is headed by Janis P. Terpenny , the Peter and Angela Dal Pezzo Chair , and is housed in the Leonhard Building in the West Campus area of University Park . Named for alumnus Harold Marcus and his wife Inge , the department employs 31 faculty members who serve approximately 200 graduate and 400 undergraduate students . = = History = = At the turn of the 20th century , Penn State had developed a national reputation for its engineering curriculum , but industrial engineering was only beginning to emerge as an academic discipline . Noted efficiency expert Frederick Taylor recommended that university president James A. Beaver hire Hugo Diemer , a professor from the University of Kansas , in the hope that Diemer would create an industrial engineering curriculum at Penn State . A two @-@ year option was ready by 1908 , and a four @-@ year bachelor 's degree program emerged the following year , the first of its kind in the world . At the time , courses consisted of modern industrial engineering fundamentals such as time and motion study , plant layout optimization , and engineering economics , in addition to courses on advertising and sales . The new department also took over the instruction of manual shop skills , including carpentry and metalworking . At the time , the department did not have its own building , and for many years shared building space with other departments in the university 's College of Engineering . In the 1980s , members of the Penn State Board of Trustees began to consider expanding the campus toward the west , and by 1987 , initial plans to construct a new engineering building were in place . The board funded the project in 1995 amid concerns of damaging the aesthetics of the previously undeveloped western edge of campus . Some trustees disapproved of the building design , but the board ultimately released $ 5 million from its fund dedicated to expanding west campus . In 1998 , the project received additional funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . The building opened in 2000 and was named after William E. Leonhard , a 1936 Penn State College of Engineering alumnus who , with his wife , has donated in excess of $ 1 million toward engineering at Penn State . In 1999 , the department itself was named after alumnus Harold Marcus and his wife Inge , who donated $ 5 million to the department . In 2005 , the department restructured the undergraduate industrial engineering curriculum for the first time in 21 years . Shifting its focus somewhat from its traditional manufacturing emphasis , the new curriculum introduced several courses related to the service industry . Four key research areas emerged : Human Factors ; Manufacturing ; Operations Research ; and Production , Supply Chain , and Service Engineering . = = Academics = = The department is recognized as one of the country 's premier industrial engineering departments . The 2014 U.S. News & World Report undergraduate program rankings placed the department eighth in the country , and the graduate program was ranked as tenth . Twenty @-@ nine full @-@ time faculty currently serve nearly 200 graduate and 400 undergraduate students . At the undergraduate level , students can pursue a Bachelor of Science ( B.S. ) degree in industrial engineering . The first two years of the program consist primarily of general engineering courses , including math and science . Once these introductory courses are complete , students begin taking industrial engineering courses on topics such as engineering economy , manufacturing technology , statistics , work design , and operations research . Undergraduates are also permitted to pursue an approved minor and count three of the credits earned toward their industrial engineering degree . Graduate students have a greater variety of options . The Master of Science ( M.S. ) degree is available through both a traditional thesis track , or a one @-@ year non @-@ thesis track . Options in manufacturing engineering , human factors / ergonomics engineering , and quality engineering are available for M.S. candidates . Furthermore , dual M.S. degrees in industrial engineering and operations research are offered . At the Ph.D. level , students may pursue an industrial engineering degree , a dual @-@ degree in industrial engineering and operations research , or a degree in industrial engineering with a minor in operations research . Emphasis areas available to students pursuing the doctoral degree are Human Factors / Ergonomics , Manufacturing , Operations Research , and Production , Logistics , and Service Systems . In addition to the study abroad opportunities available to all engineering students at Penn State , the industrial engineering department offers study abroad programs specifically for industrial engineering students . = = Facilities = = The offices of the department are located in the Leonhard Building . The structure encloses 95 @,@ 200 square feet ( 8840 m ² ) on three stories , and its exterior is made of brick , cast stone , and glass . While the building contains some offices for mechanical engineering faculty and hosts a variety of engineering and non @-@ engineering classes , it primarily serves industrial engineering students and faculty . The building contains two lecture halls and multiple classrooms , a 24 @-@ hour computer lab , and undergraduate and graduate student lounges . The building also contains numerous research and instructional laboratories , including : Additive Manufacturing and Reverse Engineering Lab ; Benjamin W. Niebel Work Design Lab ; Bridging Research in Innovation , Technology , and Engineering Lab ; Complex Systems Monitoring , Modeling and Controls Lab ; Design Analysis Technology Advancement Lab ; Distributed Intelligent Systems and Controls : Research , Education , and Technology Lab ; Engineering Statistics and Machine Learning Lab ; Human Performance Assessment and Modeling Lab ; Human Analytics Lab ; Human Subjects Testing Lab ; Laboratory for Quality Engineering and Systems Transitions ; Optimization Modeling and Application Lab ; Process Mechanics / Workholding Research Lab ; Service Engineering and Applied Optimization Lab ; and Smart Design and Manufacturing Systems Lab . The department also houses and supports a number of research centers and initiatives including the Center for e @-@ Design , Center for Innovative Materials through Direct Digital Deposition , Center for Integrated Healthcare Delivery Systems , Center for Service Enterprise Engineering , Enterprise Integration Consortium , and the Initiative for Sustainable Electric Power Systems . Additionally , the building contains a 10 @,@ 000 square foot ( 900 m ² ) high @-@ bay manufacturing lab called the Factory for Advanced Manufacturing Education ( FAME lab ) . With the goal of reinforcing material taught in the classroom and introducing students to common engineering processes , the department brought together a variety of manufacturing equipment . It partnered with Haas Automation to create the Haas Technical Center , a section of the lab that contains 10 Haas CNC machining centers and turning centers . In the lab 's metalcasting area , students learn about casting and molding methods like green sand casting , resin bonded sand casting , and lost @-@ foam casting . A welding area is made up of six welding booths and contains equipment used for shielded metal arc welding , gas metal arc welding , gas tungsten arc welding , submerged arc welding , spot welding and plasma arc cutting . The facility also contains injection molding equipment , a manual machining area , and various types of testing and measuring tools . = = Alumni and faculty = = The department claims numerous industry leaders among its graduates . Susan M. Sinclair ( 1993 ) and Allen L. Soyster ( 1965 ) are among those who have held the position of president of the Institute of Industrial Engineers ( IIE ) . Soyster went on to become the head of the department from 1981 @-@ 1996 . Harold W. Gehman , Jr . ( 1965 ) served as commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the U.S. Joint Forces Command and NATO Supreme Allied Commander , Atlantic until he retired in 2000 . In 2003 he was appointed to head the investigation of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster . Gregory Lucier ( 1986 ) , the president and CEO of Invitrogen , is also a well known and highly regarded alumnus . The department 's faculty includes some of the leading thinkers in the field of industrial , manufacturing , and service systems engineering . Former faculty include Amos E. Neyhart , a traffic safety education pioneer and creator of the first driver education classes in the United States in 1933 . Inyong Ham , a Penn State professor ( 1958 – 95 ) and an IIE Fellow , was known for his development of group technology and research on the use of computers in manufacturing and process planning . Another former faculty member , Benjamin W. Niebel , authored an introductory industrial engineering textbook , served as department head , and in 1976 won the IIE Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Award . = Battle of Great Bridge = The Battle of Great Bridge was fought December 9 , 1775 , in the area of Great Bridge , Virginia , early in the American Revolutionary War . The victory by Continental Army and militia forces led to the departure of Governor Lord Dunmore and any remaining vestiges of British power from the Colony of Virginia during the early days of the conflict . Following increasing political and military tensions in early 1775 , both Dunmore and rebellious Whig leaders recruited troops and engaged in a struggle for available military supplies . The struggle eventually focused on Norfolk , where Dunmore had taken refuge aboard a Royal Navy vessel . Dunmore 's forces had fortified one side of a critical river crossing south of Norfolk at Great Bridge , while Whig forces had occupied the other side . In an attempt to break up the Whig gathering , Dunmore ordered an attack across the bridge , which was decisively repulsed . William Woodford , the Whig commander at the battle , described it as " a second Bunker 's Hill affair " . Shortly thereafter , Norfolk , at the time a Tory center , was abandoned by Dunmore and the Tories , who fled to navy ships in the harbor . Whig @-@ occupied Norfolk was destroyed on January 1 , 1776 in an action begun by Dunmore and completed by Whig forces . = = Background = = Tensions in the British Colony of Virginia were raised in April 1775 at roughly the same time that the hostilities of the American Revolutionary War broke out in the Province of Massachusetts Bay with the Battles of Lexington and Concord . Rebellious Whigs in control of the provincial assembly had begun recruiting troops in March 1775 , leading to a struggle for control of the colony 's military supplies . Under orders from John Murray , 4th Earl of Dunmore , the royal governor of Virginia , British troops removed gunpowder from the colonial storehouse in Williamsburg , alarming the Whigs that dominated the colonial legislature . Although the incident was resolved without violence , Dunmore , fearing for his personal safety , left Williamsburg in June 1775 and placed his family on board a Royal Navy ship . A small British fleet then took shape at Norfolk , a port town whose merchants had significant Loyalist ( Tory ) tendencies . The threat posed by the British fleet may also have played a role in minimizing Whig activity in the town . Incidents continued between Whigs on one side and Tories on the other until October , when Dunmore had acquired enough military support to begin operations against the rebellious Whigs . General Thomas Gage , the British commander @-@ in @-@ chief for North America , had ordered small detachments of the 14th Regiment of Foot to Virginia in response to pleas by Dunmore for military help . These troops began raiding surrounding counties for rebel military supplies on October 12 . This activity continued through the end of October , when a small British ship ran aground and was captured by Whigs during a skirmish near Hampton . Navy boats sent to punish the townspeople were repulsed by Continental Army troops and militia in a brief gunfight that resulted in the killing and capture of several sailors . Dunmore reacted to this event by issuing a proclamation on November 7 in which he declared martial law , and offered to emancipate Whig @-@ held slaves in Virginia willing to serve in the British Army . The proclamation alarmed Tory and Whig slaveholders alike , concerned by the idea of armed former slaves and the potential loss of their property . Nevertheless , Dunmore was able to recruit enough slaves to form the Ethiopian Regiment , as well as raising a company of Tories he called the Queen 's Own Loyal Virginia Regiment . These local forces supplemented the two companies of the 14th Foot that were the sole British military presence in the colony . This successful recruiting drive prompted Dunmore to write on November 30 , 1775 that he would soon be able to " reduce this colony to a proper sense of their duty . " = = Prelude = = Lord Dunmore had , on arrival in Norfolk , ordered the fortification of the bridge across the Elizabeth River , about 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Norfolk in the village of Great Bridge . The bridge formed a natural defense point since it was on the only road leading south from Norfolk toward North Carolina , it was bordered on both sides by the Great Dismal Swamp , and the access to the bridge on both sides was via narrow causeways . Dunmore sent 25 men of the 14th Foot to the bridge , where they erected a small stockade fort they called Fort Murray on the Norfolk side of the bridge . They also removed the bridge planking to make crossing it more difficult . The fort was armed with two cannons and several smaller swivel guns . The men of the 14th were augmented by small companies from the Ethiopian and Queen 's Own regiments , bringing the garrison size to between 40 and 80 men . In response to Dunmore 's proclamation , Virginia 's assembly ordered its troops to march on Norfolk . William Woodford , the colonel leading the Continental Army 's 2nd Virginia Regiment , advanced toward the bridge with his regiment of 400 and about 100 riflemen from the Culpeper Minutemen . On December 2 they arrived at the bridge and set up a camp across the bridge from the British fort . Upon their arrival the British set about destroying buildings near the fort to ensure a clear field of fire . Woodford was at first unwilling to assault the British position , due to a lack of cannons and an overly generous estimate of the garrison 's strength . He therefore began entrenching the position on his side of the bridge , while more and more militia companies arrived from the surrounding counties and North Carolina . Some cannons eventually arrived with a contingent of North Carolina men , but they were useless because they lacked mountings and carriages . Woodford also became concerned when he heard rumors that a large number of Scottish Highlanders had joined Dunmore 's forces . The rumors were partly true : the Highlanders were in fact 120 families , but few of the men were skilled at arms . By December 8 , the force in the Whig camp had grown to nearly 900 , with more than 700 fit for duty . Dunmore learned that the Whigs had acquired cannons , but was unaware they were inoperable . Concerned for the safety of the garrison , he decided an attack on the Whig position was necessary . His plan called for a diversionary attack by the Ethiopian companies of the garrison at a spot downriver from the bridge to draw the Whigs ' attention , while the garrison , reinforced by additional troops from Norfolk , would attack across the bridge in the early morning light . = = Battle = = Dunmore 's best intelligence had informed him that Whig forces numbered about 400 . On the night and morning of December 8 and 9 Captain Samuel Leslie led the reinforcements down to Fort Murray , arriving around 3 : 00 am . Upon his arrival he learned that the Ethiopian detachment intended for the diversion was not in the fort . They had been dispatched on a routine deployment to another nearby crossing , and Dunmore had failed to send orders ensuring their availability for the operation . Leslie decided to proceed with the attack anyway . After resting his troops until a little before dawn , he sent men out to replace the bridge planking . Once this was finished , Captain Charles Fordyce led a company of 60 grenadiers across the bridge . They briefly skirmished with Whig sentries , raising the alarm in the camp beyond the entrenchments . Fordyce 's men were then joined by a company of navy gunners who had been brought along to operate the field artillery for the attack , while the Tory companies arrayed themselves on the Norfolk side of the bridge . The Whig leadership in the camp at first thought the early skirmishing was a typical morning salute , and paid it little heed . Shortly after reveille , the severity of the alarm became apparent . While the camp mobilized , a Whig company numbering about sixty prepared for the British advance behind the earthworks . They carefully withheld fire until the grenadiers , advancing with bayonets fixed , were within 50 yards ( 46 m ) , and then unleashed a torrent of fire on the British column . Fordyce , leading the column , went down in a hail of musket fire just steps from the earthworks along with many of the men in the front ranks . The British advance dissolved as the Whig musket fire continued ; about half of Fordyce 's force was killed , and many were injured . The navy gunners provided covering fire as they retreated back across the bridge , but their small cannons made no impression on the earthworks . Colonel Woodford had by this time organized the forces in the Whig camp , and they marched out to face the British . After an inconsequential exchange of musket fire at long range , Woodford sent the riflemen of the Culpeper Minutemen off to the left . From this position the riflemen , whose weapons had a much longer range than muskets , began to fire on the British position on the far side of the bridge . The navy gunners , with the only weapons the British had available to contest the riflemen at that range , were now out of position , and were also being threatened by the large Whig force approaching the earthworks . They spiked their guns and retreated across the bridge , and Captain Leslie ordered his men to retreat into Fort Murray . In some 25 minutes , Dunmore 's attempt to stop the Patriot buildup near Norfolk had been emphatically turned back . = = Aftermath = = Following a truce to permit the British to remove their dead and wounded , the Tory forces sneaked out in the night to return to Norfolk . Captain Fordyce was buried with full military honors by the Whigs near the site of the battle . Casualty estimates ranged from Dunmore 's official report of 62 killed or wounded to an escaped patriot 's report that the British losses totaled 102 , excluding militia casualties . The only claimed Whig casualty was one man with a slight wound to the thumb . The Whigs were then reinforced by the arrival of troops from North Carolina under Colonel Robert Howe . Dunmore blamed Leslie for his decision to attack without the accompanying diversion , although the outcome of the battle may not have been different even with the diversion , given the disparity in force sizes . In the following days , Dunmore and his Tory supporters took refuge on ships of the Royal Navy , and Norfolk was occupied by the victorious Whig forces . The danger Dunmore posed to the rebel cause , however , had not been eliminated . General George Washington , commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Continental Army and a Virginian who knew Dunmore well , wrote a letter to Charles Lee in late December , warning of continued danger despite Dunmore 's flight to the navy . He told Lee that " if that Man is not crushed before Spring , he will become the most formidable Enemy America has " , and that " nothing less than depriving him of life or liberty will secure peace to Virginia . " After a series of escalations over the Whig refusal to allow provisions to be delivered to the overcrowded vessels , Dunmore and Commodore Henry Pellow decided to bombard the town . On January 1 , 1776 , Norfolk was destroyed in action begun by Royal Navy ships and their landing parties , but completed by Whig troops that continued to loot and burn the former Tory stronghold . Lord Dunmore occupied Portsmouth in February 1776 , and used it as a base for raiding operations until late March , when General Charles Lee successfully forced him back to the fleet . After further raiding operations in the Chesapeake , Dunmore and the British fleet left for New York City in August 1776 . Dunmore never returned to Virginia . A highway marker was placed by the state of Virginia in 1934 near the battle site . In response to construction threats to the battlefield , local citizens organized in 1999 to preserve the area . = Scotiabank Saddledome = The Scotiabank Saddledome is the primary indoor arena of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Located on the Stampede Grounds , on the southeast end of downtown Calgary , the Saddledome was built in 1983 to replace the Stampede Corral as the home of the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League , and to host ice hockey and figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics . Today the arena is also home to the Calgary Hitmen of the Western Hockey League and the Calgary Roughnecks of the National Lacrosse League . The facility also hosts concerts , conferences and other sporting championships , and events for the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede . It underwent a major renovation in 1994 – 95 and sold its naming rights , during which its original name of Olympic Saddledome was changed to Canadian Airlines Saddledome . The facility was given the name Pengrowth Saddledome in 2000 , after Pengrowth Management Ltd. signed a ten @-@ year agreement . It adopted its current name in October 2010 as Scotiabank signed on as title sponsor . The Saddledome is owned by the City of Calgary who leased it to the Saddledome Foundation , a non @-@ profit organization , to oversee its operation . It is currently managed by the Calgary Flames . The Saddledome was damaged during the 2013 Alberta floods but was repaired and reopened in time for the 2013 – 14 NHL season . = = Calgary Stampede = = Calgary had been served for 30 years by the Stampede Corral when the Calgary Flames arrived in 1980 . With a total capacity of 8 @,@ 700 , the Corral was the largest arena in Canada west of Toronto in 1950 , but had fallen below major league standards by the 1970s . The Corral was deemed insufficient for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in 1977 , leading the World Hockey Association 's Calgary Cowboys to fold rather than hope to be a team selected to merge with the NHL . Calgary 's bid to host the 1988 Winter Olympics , coupled with the arrival of the Flames , drove the need to build a new arena . City Council debated the merits of several locations for the city 's new Olympic Coliseum , and narrowed their choices down to two areas in the Victoria Park neighbourhood on the east end of downtown . Two other sites , one on the west end of downtown , and a late bid by several businessmen pushing to build the arena in the northern suburb of Airdrie were also considered . The Victoria Park Community Association fought the bid to build the arena in their neighborhood , threatening to oppose the city 's Olympic bid if necessary . City Council voted on March 3 , 1981 to build the proposed 20 @,@ 000 seat arena on the Stampede grounds , immediately east of the Corral and south of Victoria Park . The community continued to fight the city over rezoning the land to allow for the new arena amidst fears of traffic congestion in their neighbourhood which resulted in numerous costly delays to the start of construction . In a bid to end the battle , Mayor Ralph Klein asked the provincial government in July 1981 to take over the land designated for the arena to bypass the appeals process and force approval . The province supported the city amidst protests by community associations and invoked rarely used powers to overrule planning regulations , allowing construction to begin . The following day , on July 29 , 1981 , builders began construction of the arena . The International Olympic Committee was impressed that the project was underway , as noted in the XV Olympic Winter Games official report which stated " The fact that this facility was already being built added credibility to ( Calgary 's ) bid and proved to be a positive factor in demonstrating Calgary 's commitment to hosting the Games " . The facility was designed by Graham McCourt Architects . While they set out to design a unique building , the idea of a western theme never occurred to Barry Graham or his team . The roof of the building was designed to be a reverse hyperbolic paraboloid , allowing for a pillar free view from all seats and reducing the interior volume by up to one @-@ third when compared to traditional arenas , resulting in reduced heating , lighting and maintenance costs , plus the floating roof can flex to compensate for the city 's frequent temperature fluctuations . When the design was unveiled , the roof was immediately referred to as being saddle @-@ shaped . Of 1 @,@ 270 entries submitted in a contest to name the arena , 735 involved the word Saddle . The winning name in the contest , Olympic Saddledome , was drawn from a hat filled with several similar saddle @-@ themed names . At the time the name received a tepid reception from some , including the chairman of Calgary 's Olympic Organizing Committee ( OCO ) , Frank King , who was quoted as saying " It is neither Olympic nor western , and it 's not even dome " . The designers won several architectural and engineering awards for their work on the Saddledome , and were honoured by the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada at its millennium celebration of architecture in 2000 . As of 2008 , the Saddledome was still reported as the world record holder for the longest spanning hyperbolic paraboloid concrete shell . The Saddledome was featured on the cover of Time Magazine on September 27 , 1987 , for an article discussing the city of Calgary and the upcoming 1988 Olympics . The location of the Saddledome within Stampede Park allows for easy access to Calgary 's C @-@ Train light rail transit system via the Victoria Park / Stampede station that stands parallel to Macleod Trail . The C @-@ Train station , BMO Centre , Stampede Corral and Saddledome are all connected via a Plus 15 pedestrian skyway . Direct vehicle access is gained from the north via 5th Street East or Olympic Way . = = History = = The arena was initially projected to cost $ 60 million to build , and later revised to over $ 80 million . Attempts to fast track construction resulted in a $ 16 million cost overrun , resulting in a final cost of $ 97 @.@ 7 million and an eight @-@ month delay in its completion . Builders faced delays while building the roof as numerous adjustments were required to fit the giant concrete slabs between the array of cables that held them in place . Upset with the excess cost , opposition politicians in Alberta demanded a public hearing into the issue . A hearing conducted by the city placed much of the blame on the project manager , while the city and province were required to pay the additional costs . When it opened on October 15 , 1983 , the Olympic Saddledome served to boost the morale of a city that was experiencing a significant downturn as a result of the international oil market collapse , high interest rates , and the federal government 's National Energy Policy . During the first event , an NHL game between the Flames and the Edmonton Oilers , the standard of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was the first thing booed by a population upset with the government 's policies . The Oilers defeated the Flames 4 – 3 in front of a sold out crowd of nearly 17 @,@ 000 fans . The initial seating capacity was 16 @,@ 605 for hockey as the upper loges were not immediately completed . As the Olympics neared , the Calgary organizing committee spent $ 1 million to add over 2 @,@ 600 seats to the upper loges in a bid to alleviate a scandal that resulted from the organizing committee giving its partners and sponsors preferential treatment in ticket sales . With a capacity of 20 @,@ 016 , the International Ice Hockey Federation noted that it was the largest arena ever used at the Winter Games , and called the facility " the finest international rink in the world " The International Olympic Committee praised the city 's commitment to hosting the Olympics , noting in its official report that constructing the arena prior to being awarded the Games lent credibility to Calgary 's bid and positively influenced voters . The Saddledome was the first arena in North America designed to accommodate the larger international ice surface ( international rinks are 13 feet wider than NHL rinks ) . The Saddledome reached its highest capacity in the early ' 90s at 20 @,@ 230 . The Flames petitioned the City of Calgary and the Saddledome Foundation to upgrade the facility in 1994 , requesting renovations to add additional luxury boxes and a new club section . The Flames insisted the upgrades were necessary for the team to remain viable in the arena . They argued it was important that their landlord bring the arena up to the higher standards they felt was required . The team lobbied City Council in the hope it would agree to fund the majority of the $ 18 million renovation using federal infrastructure funds . At the same time , they rejected a counter proposal for applying a ticket surcharge to pay the cost . Media reports claimed the team was considering relocating out of Calgary if council did not agree . Flames ' owners denied the reports , but said they had threatened to build a new rink elsewhere in the city . City Council supported the Flames ' proposal in a 9 – 6 vote following several months of negotiations . Renovations occurred between 1994 and 1995 and saw the addition of 41 new luxury suites at the top of the lower bowl , an 1 @,@ 172 seat club section , a new restaurant , expanded offices for the Flames , Saddledome management and Hockey Canada , as well as a significant restructuring of the public concourse and a new parkade structure . The arena remained operational until the spring of 1995 despite ongoing construction , but was closed entirely between April and October 1995 . The Saddledome officially re @-@ opened on October 25 , 1995 for the Flames ' first home game of the 1995 – 96 NHL season . Prior to its re @-@ opening , the Flames signed a deal with Canadian Airlines to rename the facility . Under a twenty @-@ year agreement worth approximately $ 1 million per year , the arena became the Canadian Airlines Saddledome . Removing the " Olympic " moniker was controversial with both the public and City Council , though the city voted in favour of the deal which included the donation of a portion of the naming rights to fund amateur sports within the city . The arena was renamed again in 2000 when Canadian Airlines was acquired by Air Canada and ceased operations . Pengrowth Management Ltd. signed a ten @-@ year agreement that gave the facility the name of Pengrowth Saddledome . The arena has received cosmetic upgrades in recent years . In 2004 , the Flames spent $ 1 million on a LED " power ring " display that lines the facing of the second level . The JumboTron that was installed in 1995 was replaced in 2006 with a new high definition scoreboard . Manufactured	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, 1901 , President McKinley died . At the time of McKinley 's death , Roosevelt was on his return journey to Buffalo , racing over the mountain roads by carriage to the nearest railroad station , where a special train was waiting . When he reached that station at dawn , he learned of McKinley 's death . = = Aftermath = = An autopsy was performed later on the morning of McKinley 's death ; Mann led a team of 14 physicians . They found the bullet had passed through the stomach , then through the transverse colon , and vanished through the peritoneum after penetrating a corner of the left kidney . There was also damage to the adrenal glands and pancreas . Mynter , who participated in the autopsy , later stated his belief that the bullet lodged somewhere in the back muscles , though this is uncertain as it was never found . After four hours , Ida McKinley demanded that the autopsy end . A death mask was taken , and private services took place in the Milburn House before the body was moved to Buffalo City and County Hall for the start of five days of national mourning . McKinley 's body was ceremoniously taken from Buffalo to Washington , and then to Canton . On the day of the funeral , September 19 , as McKinley was taken from his home on North Market Street for the last time , all activity ceased in the nation for five minutes . Trains came to a halt , telephone and telegraph service was stopped . Leech stated , " the people bowed in homage to the President who was gone " . In addition to the damage done by the bullet , the autopsy also found that the President was suffering from cardiomyopathy ( fatty degeneration of the heart muscle ) . This would have weakened his heart and made him less able to recover from such an injury , and was thought to be related to his overweight frame and lack of exercise . Modern scholars generally believe that McKinley died of pancreatic necrosis , a condition that is difficult to treat today and would have been completely impossible for the doctors of his time . Czolgosz went on trial for the murder of McKinley in state court in Buffalo on September 23 , 1901 , nine days after the president died . Prosecution testimony took two days and consisted principally of the doctors who treated McKinley and various eyewitnesses to the shooting . Defense attorney Loran L. Lewis and his co @-@ counsel called no witnesses , which Lewis in his closing argument attributed to Czolgosz 's refusal to cooperate with them . In his 27 @-@ minute address to the jury , Lewis took pains to praise President McKinley ; Miller notes that the closing argument was more calculated to defend the attorney 's " place in the community , rather than an effort to spare his client the electric chair " . After a bare half @-@ hour of deliberations , the jury convicted Czolgosz ; he was subsequently sentenced to death and died in the electric chair on October 29 , 1901 . Acid was placed in the casket to dissolve his body , before burial in the prison graveyard . After McKinley 's murder , newspaper editorials across the country heavily criticized the lack of protection afforded to American presidents . Though it still lacked any legislative mandate , by 1902 , the Secret Service was protecting President Theodore Roosevelt full @-@ time . This did not , however , settle the debate . Some in Congress recommended the United States Army be charged with protecting the President . Not until 1906 did Congress pass legislation officially designating the Secret Service as the agency in charge of presidential security . The aftermath of the assassination saw a backlash against anarchists ; the Buffalo police announced soon after the shooting that they believed Czolgosz had not acted alone , and a number of anarchists were arrested on suspicion of involvement in the attack . Czolgosz mentioned his contacts with Emma Goldman during the interrogation ; authorities arrested her family to give her incentive to turn herself in , which she did on September 10 . She spent nearly three weeks in jail ; she , like all other arrestees thought to have conspired with Czolgosz , was released without charge . Anarchist colonies and newspapers were attacked by vigilantes ; although no one was killed , there was considerable property damage . Fear of anarchists led to surveillance programs which were eventually consolidated in 1908 as the Federal Bureau of Investigation . Anti @-@ anarchist laws passed in the wake of the assassination lay dormant for some years before being used during and after World War I , alongside newly passed statutes , against non @-@ citizens whose views were deemed a threat . Among those deported in December 1919 was Goldman , who did not have US citizenship . Leech believed the nation experienced a transition at McKinley 's death : The new President was in office . The republic still lived . Yet , for a space , Americans turned from the challenge and the strangeness of the future . Entranced and regretful , they remembered McKinley 's firm , unquestioning faith , his kindly , frock @-@ coated dignity ; his accessibility and dedication to the people : the federal simplicity that would not be seen again in Washington ... [ After McKinley 's death , ] old men came to the [ White House ] on errands of state and politics , but their primacy was disputed by the young men crowding forward . The nation felt another leadership , nervous , aggressive , and strong . Under command of a bold young captain , America set sail on the stormy voyage of the twentieth century . = Who 's Next = Who 's Next is the fifth studio album by English rock band The Who . It developed from the aborted Lifehouse project , a multi @-@ media rock opera written by the group 's Pete Townshend as a follow @-@ up to the band 's 1969 album Tommy . The project was cancelled due to its complexity and conflicts with Kit Lambert , the band 's manager , but Townshend was persuaded to record the songs as a straightforward studio album . The Who recorded Who 's Next with assistance from recording engineer Glyn Johns . After producing the song " Won 't Get Fooled Again " in the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio , they relocated to Olympic Studios to record and mix most of the album 's remaining songs . They made prominent use of the synthesizer on the album , particularly on " Won 't Get Fooled Again " and " Baba O 'Riley " , which were both released as singles . The cover photo was shot by Ethan Russell and made reference to the monolith in the 1968 film 2001 : A Space Odyssey , as it featured group members having urinated against a concrete piling protruding from a slag heap . Who 's Next was an immediate success when it was released on 14 August 1971 . It has since been viewed by critics as the Who 's best record and one of the greatest albums of all time . It was reissued on CD several times with additional songs originally intended for Lifehouse . = = Background = = By 1970 , the Who had obtained significant critical and commercial success , but they had started to become detached from their original audience . The mod movement had vanished , and the original followers from Shepherd 's Bush had grown up and acquired jobs and families . The group had started to drift apart from manager Kit Lambert due to his preoccupation with their label , Track Records . They had been touring since the release of Tommy the previous May , with a set that contained most of that album , but realized that millions had now seen their live performances , and Pete Townshend in particular recognized that they needed to do something new . A single , " The Seeker " , and a live album , Live at Leeds were released in 1970 , and an EP of new material ( " Water " , " Naked Eye " , " I Don 't Even Know Myself " , " Postcard " and " Now I 'm a Farmer " ) was recorded , but not released as the band felt it would not be a satisfactory follow @-@ up to Tommy . Instead , the group tackled a project called Lifehouse . This evolved from a series of columns Townshend wrote for Melody Maker in August 1970 , in which he discussed the importance of rock music , and in particular what the audience could do . Of all the group , he was the most keen to use music as a communication device , and wanted to branch out into other media , including film , to get away from the traditional album / tour cycle . Townshend has variously described Lifehouse as a futuristic rock opera , a live @-@ recorded concept album and as the music for a scripted film project . The basic plot was outlined in an interview Townshend gave to Disc and Music Echo on 24 October 1970 . Lifehouse is set in the near future in a society in which music is banned and most of the population live indoors in government @-@ controlled " experience suits " . A rebel , Bobby , broadcasts rock music into the suits , allowing people to remove them and become more enlightened . Some elements accurately describe future technology ; for example , The Grid resembles the internet and " grid sleep " virtual reality . The group held a press conference on 13 January 1971 , explaining that they would be giving a series of concerts at the Young Vic theatre , where they would develop the fictional elements of the proposed film along with the audience . After Keith Moon had completed his work on the film 200 Motels , the group performed their first Young Vic concert on 15 February . The show included a new quadrophonic public address system which cost £ 30 @,@ 000 and the audience was mainly invited from various organisations such as youth clubs , with only a few tickets on sale to the general public . After the initial concerts , the group flew to New York 's Record Plant Studios at Lambert 's suggestion , for studio recordings . The group were joined by guests Al Kooper on Hammond organ , Ken Ascher on piano and Leslie West on guitar . Townshend used a 1957 Gretsch guitar , given to him by Joe Walsh , during the session and it went on to become his main guitar for studio recording . Lambert 's participation in the recording was minimal , and he proved to be unable to mix the final recordings . He had started taking hard drugs , while Townshend was drinking brandy regularly . After returning to Britain , engineer Glyn Johns made safety copies of the Record Plant material but decided that it would be better to re @-@ record it from scratch at Olympic Sound Studios in Barnes . The group gave a further series of concerts at the Young Vic on 25 and 26 April , which were recorded on the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio by Andy Johns , but Townshend grew disillusioned with Lifehouse and further shows were cancelled . The project proved to be intractable on several levels and caused stress within the band as well as a major falling out between Townshend and Lambert . Years later , in the liner notes to the remastered CD , Townshend wrote that the failure of the project led him to the verge of a nervous breakdown . Audiences at the Young Vic gigs were not interested in interacting with the group to create new material , but simply wanted the Who to play " My Generation " and smash a guitar . At the time , Roger Daltrey said the Who " were never nearer to breaking up " . Although the Lifehouse concept was abandoned , scraps of the project remained in the final album , including the use of synthesizers and computers . An early concept for Lifehouse featured the feeding of personal data from audience members into the controller of an early analogue synthesizer to create a " universal chord " that would have ended the proposed film . Abandoning Lifehouse gave the group extra freedom due to the absence of an overriding musical theme or storyline ( which had been the basis of Tommy ) . This allowed the band to concentrate on maximising the impact of individual tracks , and providing a unifying sound for them . Although he gave up his original intentions for the Lifehouse project , Townshend continued to develop the concepts , revisiting them in later albums , including a 6 @-@ CD set , The Lifehouse Chronicles in 1999 . In 2007 he opened a website called The Lifehouse Method to accept personal input from applicants that would be turned into musical portraits . = = Recording and production = = The first session for what became Who 's Next was at Mick Jagger 's house , Stargroves , at the start of April 1971 , using the Rolling Stones Mobile . The backing track of " Won 't Get Fooled Again " was recorded there before the band decided to relocate recording to Olympic at Johns ' suggestion ; the first session was on 9 April , attempting a basic take of " Bargain " . The bulk of the sessions occurred during May , when the group recorded " Time is Passing " , " Pure and Easy " , " Love Ain 't for Keeping " ( which had been reworked from a rock track into an acoustic arrangement ) , " Behind Blue Eyes " , " The Song Is Over " , " Let 's See Action " and " Baba O 'Riley " . Nicky Hopkins guested on piano , while Dave Arbus was invited by Moon to play violin on " Baba O 'Riley " . John Entwistle 's " My Wife " was added to the album at the last minute late in the sessions , and was originally intended for a solo album . In contrast to the Record Plant and Young Vic sessions , recording with Johns went well as he was primarily concerned about creating a good sound , whereas Lambert had always been more preoccupied about the group 's image . Townshend recalled , " we were just getting astounded at the sounds Glyn was producing " . Townshend used the early synthesizers and modified keyboard sounds in several modes : as a drone effect on several songs , notably " Baba O 'Riley " and " Won 't Get Fooled Again " , as well as on " Bargain " , " Going Mobile " and " The Song Is Over " . The synthesizer was used as an integral part of the sound , as opposed to providing gloss as was the case on other artists ' albums up to this point . Moon 's drumming had a distinctly different style from earlier albums , being more formal and less reliant on long drum fills – partly due to the synthesizer backing , but also due to the no @-@ nonsense production techniques of Johns , who insisted on a good recording performance that only used flamboyancy when truly necessary . Johns was instrumental in convincing the Who that they should simply put a single studio album out , believing the songs to be excellent . The group gave him free rein to assemble a single album of whatever songs he wanted in any order . Despite Johns ' key contributions , he only received an associate producer credit on the finished album , though he maintained he acted mainly in an engineering capacity and based most of the arrangements on Townshend 's original demos . The album opened with " Baba O 'Riley " , featuring piano and synthesizer @-@ processed Lowrey organ by Townshend . The song 's title pays homage to Townshend 's guru , Meher Baba , and minimalist composer Terry Riley ( and is informally known as " Teenage Wasteland " from a line in the lyrics ) . The organ track came from a longer demo by Townshend , portions of which were later included on a Baba tribute album I Am , that was edited down for the final recording . Townshend later said this part had " two or three thousand edits to it " . The opening lyrics to the next track , " Bargain " , " I 'd gladly lose me to find you " , came from a phrase used by Baba . Entwistle wrote " My Wife " after having an argument with his wife and exaggerating the conflict in the lyrics . The track features several overdubbed brass instruments recorded in a single half @-@ hour session . " Pure and Easy " , a key track from Lifehouse , did not make the final track selection , but the opening line was included as a coda to " The Song is Over " . " Behind Blue Eyes " featured three @-@ part harmony by Daltrey , Townshend and Entwistle and was written for the main antagonist in Lifehouse , Brick . Moon , uncharacteristically , did not appear on the first half of the track , which was later described by Who biographer Dave Marsh as " the longest time Keith Moon was still in his entire life . " The closing track , " Won 't Get Fooled Again " , was critical of revolutions . Townshend explained , " a revolution is only a revolution in the long run and a lot of people are going to get hurt " . The song features the Lowrey organ fed through an ARP synthesizer , which came from Townshend 's original demo and was re @-@ used for the finished track . = = Cover art = = The cover artwork shows a photograph , taken at Easington Colliery , of the band apparently having just urinated on a large concrete piling protruding from a slag heap . The decision to shoot the picture came from Entwistle and Moon discussing Stanley Kubrick and the film 2001 : A Space Odyssey . According to photographer Ethan Russell , most of the band members were unable to urinate , so rainwater was tipped from an empty film canister to achieve the desired effect . The rear cover showed the band backstage at De Montfort Hall , Leicester , amongst a debris of furniture . In 2003 , the television channel VH1 named Who 's Next 's cover one of the greatest album covers of all time . Other suggestions for the cover included the group urinating against a Marshall Stack and an overweight nude woman with the Who 's faces in place of her genitalia . An alternative cover featuring Moon dressed in black lingerie and a brown wig , holding a whip , was later used for the inside art for the 1995 and 2003 CD releases . Some of the photographs taken during these sessions were later used as part of Decca 's United States promotion of the album . = = Release and promotion = = The lead single , " Won 't Get Fooled Again " ( edited down to three and a half minutes ) , was released on 25 June 1971 in the UK and 17 July in the US ahead of the album . It reached # 9 and # 15 in the charts respectively . The album was released on 14 August in the US and 27 August in the UK . It became the only album by the Who to top the UK charts . The Who starting touring the US just before the album was released . The group used the Lifehouse PA , though soundman Bob Pridden found the technical requirements of the equipment to be over @-@ complicated . The set list was revamped , and while it included a smaller selection of numbers from Tommy , several new numbers from the new album such as " My Wife " , " Baba O 'Riley " and " Won 't Get Fooled Again " became live favourites . The latter two songs involved the band playing to a backing track containing the synthesizer parts . The tour moved to the UK in September , including a show at The Oval , Kennington in front of 35 @,@ 000 fans , and the opening gig at the Rainbow Theatre in Finsbury Park , before going back to the US , ending in Seattle on December 15 . The group then took eight months off touring , the longest break of their career at that point . Several additional songs recorded at the Who 's Next sessions were released later as singles or on compilations . " Let 's See Action " was released as a single in 1971 , followed by " Join Together " in June 1972 and " Relay " in November . " Pure and Easy " , " Put The Money Down " and " Too Much of Anything " were released on the album Odds & Sods , while " Time is Passing " was added to the 1998 CD version . A cover of " Baby Don 't You Do It " was recorded and the longest version currently available is on the deluxe edition of the album . The album has been re @-@ issued remastered several times using tapes from different sessions . The master tapes for the Olympic sessions are believed to be lost , as Virgin Records threw out a substantial number of old recordings when they purchased the studio in the 1980s . Video game publisher Harmonix wanted to release Who 's Next as downloadable , playable content for the music video game series Rock Band , but were unable to do so due to difficulty finding the original multi track recordings . Instead , a compilation of Who songs dubbed " The Best of The Who , " which includes three of the album 's songs ( " Behind Blue Eyes " , " Baba O 'Riley " , and " Going Mobile " ) , was released as downloadable content , in lieu of the earlier @-@ promised Who 's Next album . The 16 @-@ track tapes to " Won 't Get Fooled Again " and the 8 @-@ track tapes to the other material except " Bargain " and " Getting In Tune " have since been discovered . = = Reception and legacy = = In a contemporary review for The Village Voice , music critic Robert Christgau called Who 's Next " the best hard rock album in years " and said that , while their previous recordings were marred by a thin sound , the group now " achieves the same resonant immediacy in the studio that it does live " . Billy Walker from Sounds highlighted the songs " Baba O 'Riley " , " My Wife " , and " The Song Is Over " , and wrote , " After the unique brilliance of Tommy something special had to be thought out and the fact that they settled for a straight @-@ forward album rather than an extension of their rock opera , says much for their courage and inventiveness . " Rolling Stone magazine 's John Mendelsohn felt that , despite some amount of seriousness and artificiality , the album 's brand of rock and roll is " intelligently @-@ conceived , superbly @-@ performed , brilliantly @-@ produced , and sometimes even exciting " . At the end of 1971 , the record was voted the best album of the year in the Pazz & Jop , an annual poll of American critics published by The Village Voice . Since then , Who 's Next has often been viewed as the Who 's best album . In a retrospective review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine said its music was more genuine than Tommy or the aborted Lifehouse project because " those were art — [ Who 's Next ] , even with its pretensions , is rock & roll . " BBC Music 's Chris Roberts cited it as the band 's best record and " one of those carved @-@ in @-@ stone landmarks that the rock canon doesn 't allow you to bad @-@ mouth . " Mojo claimed its sophisticated music and hook @-@ laden songs featured innovative use of rock synthesizers that did not weaken the Who 's characteristic " power @-@ quartet attack " . In The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 1998 ) , Colin Larkin said it raised the standards for both hard rock and the Who , whose " sense of dynamics " was highlighted by the contrast between their powerful playing and a counterpoint produced at times from acoustic guitars and synthesizer obbligatos . Christgau , on the other hand , was less enthusiastic about the record during the 1980s when the Who became what he felt was " the worst kind of art @-@ rock band " , writing that Who 's Next revealed itself to be less tasteful in retrospect because of Daltrey 's histrionic singing and " all that synth noodling " . According to Acclaimed Music , Who 's Next is the 35th most ranked record in critics ' lists of the all @-@ time greatest albums . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked it 28th on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . The album appeared at number 15 on Pitchfork Media 's list of the 100 best records from the 1970s . It was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die ( 2005 ) . The Classic Albums BBC documentary series aired an episode on Who 's Next , initially on radio in 1989 , and then on television in 1998 , which was released in 2006 on DVD as Classic Albums : The Who – Who 's Next . That year , the album was chosen by Time as one of their 100 best records of all time . In 2007 , it was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for " lasting qualitative or historical significance " . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Pete Townshend , except " My Wife " by John Entwistle . = = = 1995 bonus tracks = = = = = = 2003 deluxe edition = = = The first disc of the Deluxe Edition contains the nine tracks from the original album containing the original mix , followed by six outtakes , of which " Getting in Tune " and " Won 't Get Fooled Again " were previously unreleased . Each of the six outtakes was recorded during the Record Plant sessions in March 1971 before work restarted in the UK . The tracks on the second disc were recorded live at the Young Vic Theatre , London , on 26 April 1971 . All of the tracks were previously unreleased except for " Water " and " Naked Eye " . = = Personnel = = = = = The Who = = = Roger Daltrey – vocals Keith Moon – drums , percussion John Entwistle – bass , brass , vocals , piano on " My Wife " Pete Townshend – guitar , VCS3 , organ , A.R.P. synthesiser , vocals , piano on " Baba O 'Riley " = = = Additional musicians = = = Dave Arbus – violin on " Baba O 'Riley " Nicky Hopkins – piano on " The Song Is Over " and " Getting in Tune " Al Kooper – organ on alternate version of " Behind Blue Eyes " Leslie West – lead guitar on " Baby , Don 't You Do It " = = = Production = = = The Who – production Glyn Johns – associate production , recording , mixing Doug Sax - mastering Kit Lambert – executive production Chris Stamp – executive production Pete Kameron – executive production John Kosh – album design Ethan Russell – photography = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Glorious Revolution in Scotland = The Glorious Revolution in Scotland was part of a wider change of regime , known as the Glorious Revolution or Revolution of 1688 , in the British kingdoms of the Stuart monarchy in 1688 – 89 . It began in England and saw the removal of the Catholic James VII of Scotland and II of England from the thrones of England , Scotland and Ireland and his replacement with his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange . After the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 in the person of Charles II , Scotland was ruled from London through a series of commissioners . The reintroduction of episcopacy led to divisions in the church as some Presbyterians began to attend separate conventicles . The Catholicism of Charles 's heir , James , Duke of Albany and of York , alienated some support , but he built up a following among some of the Highland clans . After his accession in 1685 attempts at invasion by his opponents failed , but the birth of an heir , Prince James , prompted English politicians to call for support from William of Orange , and after a major invasion from the Netherlands , James fled to France . Scotland had little option but to accept a change of monarch and a Presbyterian @-@ dominated convention offered the crown of Scotland to William and Mary . Episcopacy was abolished and the Whigs became dominant in politics . There were a series of Jacobite risings between 1689 and 1746 in favour of James and his heirs . As a result of the Revolution , Scotland was drawn into major international wars and ultimately into full union with England in 1707 . = = Background = = In 1638 the Scots had rebelled against the religious policies of Charles I , established a national Covenant and abolished episcopacy . During the 1650s Scotland had been militarily defeated , occupied and for a short time annexed to the English Commonwealth , under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell . The Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660 meant a parallel restoration in Scotland as a fait accompli , with the Scots in a very weak bargaining position . In the event Scotland regained its system of law , parliament and kirk , but also the Committee of the Articles ( through which the crown controlled parliamentary business ) , bishops . They also had a king in Charles II who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of commissioners . These began with John Middleton and ended with the king 's brother and heir , James , Duke of York ( known in Scotland as the Duke of Albany ) , who effectively ran a small Scottish court at Holyrood Palace . Church ministers were forced to accept the restoration of episcopacy or lose their livings . Up to a third , at least 270 , of the ministry refused . Many ministers chose voluntarily to abandon their own parishes rather than wait to be forced out by the government . Most of the vacancies occurred in the south @-@ west of Scotland , an area particularly strong in its Covenanting sympathies . Abandoning the official church , many of the people here began to attend illegal field assemblies led by excluded ministers , known as conventicles . They became known after one of their leaders as the Cameronians . Official attempts to suppress these led to a rising in 1679 , defeated by James , Duke of Monmouth , the King 's illegitimate son , at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge . In the early 1680s a more intense phase of persecution began , in what was later to be known in Protestant historiography as " the Killing Time " , with dissenters summarily executed by the dragoons of James Graham , Laird of Claverhouse or sentenced to transportation or death by Sir George Mackenzie , the Lord Advocate . In England , the Exclusion crisis of 1678 – 81 divided political society into Whigs ( given their name after the Scottish Whigamores ) , who attempted , unsuccessfully , to exclude the openly Catholic Duke of Albany from the succession , and the Tories , who opposed them . Similar divisions began to emerge in Scottish political life , but there was little organised opposition to the succession and James ' rights as heir received explicit recognition when the Scottish Parliament passed a Succession Act in 1681 . Charles and James acted against Archibald Campbell , 9th Earl of Argyll , whose feudal rights in the south @-@ west Highlands made him one of the most powerful figures in the kingdom . His rights were eroded in favour of other families and James may have been consciously building up his own following in the region . Argyll was eventually tried and fled to the Dutch court , which became the focus of both Scottish and English political dissidents and exiles . These included Scottish peer Lord George Melville , who was implicated in the Rye House Plot , an alleged attempt to assassinate Charles and James in 1683 . = = Deposition of James VII = = Charles died in 1685 and his brother succeeded him as James VII of Scotland ( and II of England ) . James put Catholics in key positions in the government and even attendance at a conventicle was made punishable by death . He disregarded parliament , purged the Council and forced through religious toleration for Roman Catholics , alienating his Protestant subjects . The failure of an invasion , led by the Earl of Argyll and timed to co @-@ ordinate with the Duke of Monmouth 's rebellion in England , demonstrated the strength of the regime . Argyll was unable to raise a sufficient force to threaten the regime and was soon captured and executed . It was believed that the king would be succeeded by his daughter Mary , a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange , Stadtholder of the main provinces of the Netherlands , but when in 1688 James produced a male heir , James Francis Edward Stuart , it was clear that his policies would outlive him . An invitation by seven leading Englishmen prompted William to launch an invasion , landing in England with 14 @,@ 000 men on 5 November . In Edinburgh there were rumours of Orange plots and on 10 December the Lord Chancellor of Scotland , the Earl of Perth , quit the capital for Drummond Castle , planning an abortive escape to Ireland ( he was later captured as he embarked for France ) . As rioters approached Holyrood Abbey they were fired on by soldiers , resulting in some deaths . The city guard was called out , but the Abbey was stormed by a large mob . The Catholic furnishings , placed there when it was restored as a chapel for James , were torn down and the tombs of the Stuart kings desecrated . A crowd of students burnt the Pope in effigy and took down the heads of executed Covenanters that were hanging above the city gates . The crisis was resolved when James fled from England on 23 December , leading to the almost bloodless revolution . Although there had been no significant Scottish involvement in the coup , most members of the Scottish Privy Council went to London to offer their services to William . As a result , the Revolution in Scotland was not carried out by opponents of the existing regime , but by its agents , who were keen to preserve their offices . I. B. Cowen described these as " reluctant revolutionaries " . In contrast Tim Harris argues that there was a lack of popular support for James ' regime and that William 's political support grew as the crisis unfolded in a similar way to England . On 7 January 1689 members of the Scottish Privy Council asked William to take over the responsibilities of government in Scotland . = = Convention of Estates = = William called a Scottish Convention , which convened on 14 March in Edinburgh . Initially William 's supporters did not have a clear advantage and the Marquis of Hamilton , chosen by William to represent him , only gained the presidency over the Marquess of Atholl , who was associated with James , by a narrow margin . The faction that supported James , including many Episcopalians and led by figures including John Paterson , the Archbishop of Glasgow , were divided by James ' previous attempts to achieve tolerance for Roman Catholics . A letter from James , received on 16 March , contained a threat to punish all who rebelled against him and declared the assembly illegal . This resulted in his followers abandoning the Convention , leaving the Williamites largely unopposed . William 's supporters had control of the burgh , but Edinburgh Castle , with its formidable arsenal , was held by the Catholic Earl of Gordon . With Dundee raising troops in the Highlands , the convention met in a highly charged political atmosphere , behind closed doors and guarded by some 1 @,@ 000 Cameronians . On 4 April , with only five dissenting votes , the Convention formulated two documents , the Claim of Right and the Articles of Grievances . These suggested that James had forfeited the crown by his actions ( in contrast to England , which relied on the legal fiction of an abdication ) and offered it to William and Mary . On 11 May they accepted the Crown of Scotland as co @-@ regents , as William II and Mary II . The principles of the two documents were that no Roman Catholic could hold the crown or any other office , that the royal prerogative could not override the law , that parliament should meet frequently and that it should be able to debate freely ( that is without the interference of the Committee of Articles ) and that there could only be taxation with the consent of parliament . They also condemned episcopacy as an " insupportable grievance and trouble to this nation " . A proposal for union between the kingdoms was discussed , but dropped because of opposition from the English parliament . As in England , the convention was then converted into a regular parliament on 5 June 1689 . In the view of the Convention , William had accepted the crown on the basis of the articles and the claim , but he did not agree to this , arguing that he was only constrained by his oath to uphold " true religion " and to maintain a balance between " lawes and constitutiones receaved in this realm " and the " just privileges of the Crown " in Scotland , none of which were clearly defined . Neither did William accept the Scottish Parliament 's interpretation of its constitutional position as the primary political institution in the kingdom , leading to a series of disputes between the Parliament in Edinburgh and the government in London . = = Parliament = = Leading figures in the parliament included political rivals Melville , who had returned from exile , and a former servant of James VII 's regime , John Dalrymple , 1st Earl of Stair . In 1689 Melville was made Earl of Melville and sole Secretary of State over Scotland and Stair was made Lord Advocate . In 1691 Stair was appointed as the joint Secretary of State . The first session of parliament deteriorated into a stalemate over the constitutional position . Although William had been able to appoint ministers , parliament withheld taxation and refused to accept his right to nominate to judicial offices , meaning that the law courts remained closed . The parliament passed a series of acts , but William refused to give royal assent . The two major issues of contention were episcopacy and the committee of articles . The result was the emergence of an organised opposition , known as " the Club " . With most of its support among the shire members , it had a theoretical 75 of the 125 parliamentary votes . The court conceded over the issue episcopacy in July 1689 , but continued to resist over the Committee of the Articles . Soon after the news of the defeat of Williamite forces at Battle of Killiecrankie parliament was prorogued on 2 August . Against the background of James VII 's invasion of Ireland , the possibility of an Irish invasion of Scotland and continued pockets of resistance in the Highlands , parliament met again in April 1690 . The stalemate was broken by the discovery of the Montgomery Plot . Sir James Montgomery had been a major supporter of William 's cause in the Convention , but had been frustrated when he was only offered a minor office in the government . He entered into secret negotiations with extreme Presbyterians , Episcopalian magnates and Jacobites . The plot involved part of the Club and some conservative magnates , including the Duke of Queensbury . In the resulting panic Melville conceded over the Committee of the Articles , which was agreed on 8 May . A series of agreements were then made between the court and parliament , with an act abolishing episcopacy and a grant of supply for the king , both agreed on 7 June . The constitutional settlement that emerged in parliament during the 1689 and 1690 sessions was less radical than that arrived at in 1641 as William and Mary retained important prerogative powers , particularly the right to summon , prorogue and dissolve parliament , allowing William to keep the same parliament until his death in 1702 , but parliament had made considerable gains towards independence and would now be much more difficult to manage from the court . On 19 June the parliament exercised its new found independence by passing an act that abolished lay patronage in the kirk , by which local landholders or heritors had the right to appoint ministers to their parishes . = = Religious settlement = = The General Assembly of the kirk did not meet until November 1690 . In the months between the fall of the Stuart regime and its convention , there were a series of " ramblings " by which bands of Cameronians ejected over 200 conformist and Episcopalian ministers from their livings . As a result , only 180 ministers and elders attended , all from south of the River Tay , where Presbyternian sympathies were strongest . In the second half of 1690 182 ministers were deprived for refusing to say prayers for William and Mary , turning the restoration of Presbyterianism into a militant purge . Two commissions were created , one for south and one for north of the Tay . Over the next 25 years they would remove almost two @-@ thirds of all ministers . The General Assembly of 1692 refused to reinstate even those Episcopalian ministers who pledged to accept Presbyterianism . As a result , many presbyteries were left with few or no parish clergy . However , the king was more tolerant than the kirk tended to be and issued two acts of indulgence in 1693 and 1695 , allowing those who accepted him as king to return to the church . Around a hundred clergy took advantage of the offer . All but the hardened Jacobites would be given toleration in 1707 , leaving only a small remnant of Jacobite Episcopalians . The final settlement was closer to the position of 1592 than the more radical position of 1649 and despite frequent statements that the kirk was independent of the state the relationship remained ambiguous . Although lay patronage was in theory abolished , heritors and elders still had the right to nominate candidates for their parishes , who could then be " called " by the congregation . = = Jacobite resistance = = Although William 's supporters dominated the government and parliament , there remained a significant following for James , particularly in the Highlands . His cause , which became known as Jacobitism , from the Latin ( Jacobus ) for James , led to a series of risings . An initial Jacobite military attempt was led by John Graham , now Viscount Dundee . His forces , almost all Highlanders , defeated William 's forces at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689 , but they took heavy losses and Dundee was slain in the fighting . Without his leadership the Jacobite army was soon defeated at the Battle of Dunkeld , by a newly raised government regiment of Cameronians . The last land forces of the Jacobites were defeated at the Battle of Cromdale in Strathspey on 1 May 1690 and Gordon surrendered Edinburgh Castle on 17 June . The complete defeat of James 's cause in Ireland by forces under William at the Battle of Aughrim ( 1691 ) , ended the first phase of the Jacobite military effort . = = Massacre of Glencoe = = In the aftermath of the Jacobite defeat , on 13 February 1692 , in an incident known as the Massacre of Glencoe , 38 members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by members of the Earl of Argyll 's Regiment of Foot , who had accepted their hospitality , on the grounds that they had not been prompt in pledging allegiance to the new monarchs . Another forty women and children died of exposure after their homes were burned . The brutality of the incident was embarrassing for the new government and after a subsequent inquiry Dalrymple , who had ordered the massacre , was forced to resign . The massacre helped create greater sympathy for the Stuart cause and may have contributed to later support for Jacobite risings . = = Significance = = The Glorious Revolution settled the dominance of the Presbyterians in the Church of Scotland and of the Whigs in politics . The Whig dominance continued ( in both Scotland and England ) well into the mid @-@ eighteenth century , . In both countries , the Revolution marked the triumph of Parliamentary say in determining the legal monarch and succession . Furthermore , the Revolution decisively determined the future structure of the kirk . In the short term the removal of so many Episcopalian ministers probably made the impact of the famines of the seven ill years more severe , as they were not able to operate the system of parish poor relief . The revolution also provided a political and dynastic dimension to cultural and religious divisions , particularly between the largely Episcopalian Highlands and the more Presbyterian Lowlands . This helped to make the Scottish Highlands the main focus of Jacobite resistance to the Williamite regime , resulting in a series of military adventures , of which the most threatening were those of 1715 and 1745 . The revolution also led to Scotland 's involvement in large scale European wars from 1689 – 96 and 1702 – 13 , resulting in heavy demands in men and taxation . It led ultimately to the Acts of Union that created the Kingdom of Great Britain , as the danger of a divided succession between Scotland and England drove the need for a lasting resolution . = Britt Dillmann = Britt Dillmann ( born 4 April 1963 ) is a 1 @.@ 0 @-@ point wheelchair basketball forward , who plays for RSV Lahn @-@ Dill in the German wheelchair basketball league . She has also played for the national team , winning a silver medal at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul . She retired soon afterwards , but staged a comeback in 2011 , rejoining the national team , which went on to win the European championships , and then a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . President Joachim Gauck awarded the team Germany 's highest sporting honour , the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt ( Silver Laurel Leaf ) . = = Biography = = Britt Tuna was born on 4 April 1963 . She played wheelchair basketball for RSV Lahn @-@ Dill , and the German national team which won the European Wheelchair Basketball Championship in 1987 . At the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul , Tuna was considered to be the strongest wheelchair basketball player in her 1 @.@ 0 @-@ point class . The German team went through the tournament undefeated until the final match , which they lost to the United States , 38 – 31 . Tuna was bitter about the defeat , which she blamed on a tactical error by the German coach . She later conceded , " So habe ihr diese Niederlage noch über Jahre nachgehangen " ( " I indulged in this defeat for many years " ) . In the early 1990s , Tuna quit basketball to focus on her work . She married , changing her surname to Dillmann , and raised three children ( Jana Dillmann , Charlotte Dillmann , Valentin Joshua Dillmann ) . But in the summer of 2009 , Dillmann felt that she had become overweight and unfit . A low @-@ carbohydrate diet and daily exercise at the gym , in the pool , and on the handcycle , saw her weight drop by 30 kilograms ( 66 lb ) in a year . Dillmann then decided to try wheelchair basketball again . She retrieved her old basketball chair , now somewhat mouldy and smelly , from the basement , and sought a game with her old team , RSV Lahn @-@ Dill . Her debut game with the seconds saw the basketball officials reaching for their rulebooks to see if the old chair , of a type they had never seen , was still legal . Although RSV Lahn @-@ Dill , eager to develop young players , would only let her play in the seconds , Dillmann caught the attention of national coach Holger Glinicki , who was looking for a top @-@ notch 1 @.@ 0 @-@ point player . In 2010 , she rejoined the national team that she had played on before many of her new teammates were born . The team went on to win the European Championships in 2011 . Dillmann 's treatment contrasted with that of national team mate Gesche Schünemann . While Schünemann received endorsements and could train in the hall of RSV Lahn @-@ Dill 's Rivers Barracks , Dillmann got none , and trained outdoors . In June 2012 she was named as one of the team that competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games in London . At the age of 49 , she was the oldest wheelchair basketball player there . In the Gold Medal match , the team faced the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , a team that had beaten them 48 – 46 in Sydney just a few months before . They defeated the Australians 44 – 58 in front of a crowd of over 12 @,@ 000 at the North Greenwich Arena to win the gold medal , the first that Germany had won in women 's wheelchair basketball in 28 years . They were awarded a Silver Laurel Leaf by president Joachim Gauck in November 2012 , and were again named Team of the Year for 2012 . For Dillmann , the gold medal victory removed the pain of the loss 24 years before . " Das hat mich versöhnt mit Seoul " ( " This has reconciled me with Seoul " ) she said . = = Achievements = = 1987 : Gold at the European Championships ( Lorient , France ) 1988 : Silver at Paralympic Games ( Seoul , South Korea ) 2011 : Gold at the European Championships ( Nazareth , Israel ) 2012 : Gold at the Paralympic Games ( London , England ) = = Awards = = 2012 : Team of the Year 2012 : Silver Laurel Leaf = Colin McCool with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 = Colin McCool was a member of Donald Bradman 's famous Australian cricket team , which toured England in 1948 . Bradman ’ s men were undefeated in their 34 matches and this unprecedented feat by a Test side touring England earned them the sobriquet The Invincibles . A frontline leg spinner and middle @-@ order batsman , McCool was not prominent in the team 's success . Although McCool started his Test career strongly , his form began to decline during the previous Australian season . After starting the tour in Bradman 's first @-@ choice team , a bloodied callus on his spinning finger troubled McCool . This prevented him from bowling for prolonged periods , and along with Ron Hamence , he was one of two squad members who did not play a Test on tour . Along with Doug Ring , the trio called themselves " ground staff " because of the paucity of their on @-@ field duties in the major matches and they often sang ironic songs about their status . During the tour , McCool took 57 first @-@ class wickets at a bowling average of 17 @.@ 82 ; he was the fifth most prolific wicket @-@ taker and had the fourth best average among Australia 's seven frontline bowlers . With England agreeing to have a new ball available after every 55 overs , more frequently than the old rule of replacing the ball after every 200 runs , fast bowling dominated over spin . As a result , McCool did not play in the Tests , but was used heavily in the tour matches so the leading pacemen could conserve their energy for the important matches . Outside the Tests , McCool had the fourth heaviest workload among the regular bowlers , although overall , he delivered the least overs because of his injured finger . McCool took five wickets in an innings three times , his best return being 7 / 78 against Cambridge University . Although McCool also played as a frontline batsman during his career , his performances during the tour were far below his usual standards , scoring only 306 runs at a batting average of 20 @.@ 40 with three half @-@ centuries . However , he remained prominent with his fielding , taking 20 catches in 17 matches . = = Background = = Following the resumption of cricket after World War II , McCool had started his Test career strongly . After making his debut in a one @-@ off Test against New Zealand in 1945 – 46 , he played in all five Tests against England during the 1946 – 47 home season , scoring 272 runs at an average of 54 @.@ 40 and taking 18 wickets at just over 27 apiece . Wisden said his batting featured " wristy cuts " and " vigorous hooks " , adding that there were " few better players of spin bowling on a difficult pitch " . Wisden judged his slow and loopy leg spin " a clever mixture of leg @-@ breaks and googlies " . However , when India toured Australia for the first time in 1947 – 48 , McCool played in three Tests without much success , scoring only 46 runs and taking only four wickets . As a result , he was dropped for the last Test . = = Early tour = = Nevertheless , McCool gained selection as part of Australian team to tour England in 1948 under Donald Bradman . Australia had traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the opening match of the tour , which was customarily against Worcestershire . Although he was only selected sporadically during the preceding Test series against India , McCool was chosen alongside off spinner Ian Johnson and appeared to be part of Bradman 's Test plans . The home side batted first and McCool took his maiden wicket on English soil , having former England captain Bob Wyatt stumped by fellow Queenslander Don Tallon . He removed Wyatt 's replacement for a duck without further addition to the score and ended with 2 / 38 as the home side were dismissed for 233 . McCool returned the favour during Australia 's innings . Coming in at No. 5 , he made a fifth ball duck and was part of a middle @-@ order collapse that saw Australia lose 4 / 38 before steadying to declare at 8 / 462 . In the second innings , McCool did the bulk of the damage , taking four of the five first wickets — two of whom were stumped by Tallon — to leave the hosts at 5 / 122 before Australia completed an innings victory . McCool had been the most successful bowler in the opening match . McCool was rested for the second tour match against Leicestershire , which Australia won by an innings . The next match against Yorkshire — on a damp pitch favourable to slower bowling — was the closest Australia came to defeat for the whole tour . McCool made three in the first innings as Australia replied to Yorkshire 's 71 with 101 . After the hosts were bowled out for 89 in their second innings , Australia collapsed to 5 / 20 in pursuit of 60 for victory when McCool arrived at the crease . To make matters worse , Sam Loxton was injured and could not bat , so Australia effectively only had four wickets in hand and faced the prospect of losing to an English county for the first time since 1912 . McCool scored five before hitting a long hop back to left @-@ arm spinner Johnny Wardle to leave Australia at 6 / 31 . However , Australia lost no further batsmen and scraped home by four wickets . McCool ’ s leg spin was used as Keith Miller and Bill Johnston bowled almost unchanged for the entire match . McCool was rested as the Australians travelled to London to play Surrey at The Oval and won by an innings . McCool returned for the next match , which was Cambridge University . After going wicketless for 31 runs in the first innings , he did not bat as Australia declared at 4 / 414 in reply to the hosts ’ 167 . In the second innings , McCool took the first four wickets — including two stumpings by Ron Saggers — to leave the hosts at 4 / 73 . He returned to take three more wickets and end with 7 / 78 as Cambridge fell for 196 to lose by an innings and 51 runs . McCool was rested as Australia defeated Essex by an innings and 451 runs , its largest winning margin for the summer . During this match , the other batsmen set a world record by scoring 721 on the first day , the most first @-@ class runs compiled in a day ’ s play . He returned for the innings victory against Oxford University . McCool made his first substantial contribution with the bat , coming in at 5 / 214 and scoring 50 in a 91 @-@ run partnership with Loxton as Australia made 431 . He removed Indian Test cricketer Abdul Hafeez Kardar in the first innings , before taking 3 / 29 in the second as Australia won by an innings . The next match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , and were basically a full strength Test team , while Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team . It was a chance to gain a psychological advantage , with Len Hutton , Denis Compton and Bill Edrich — three of England 's top four batsmen — all playing . Batting at No. 8 , McCool made a duck as Australia collapsed late in their innings , losing 5 / 54 to be bowled out for 552 . He was not required to bowl in the first innings as the three pacemen Ray Lindwall , Ernie Toshack and Miller skittled England for 189 . McCool was given the shortest spell of the frontline bowlers in the second innings as the fast bowlers again made early inroads . He sent down 7 @.@ 2 overs , and disposed of the tail , removing the last four wickets , including MCC and England captain Norman Yardley . McCool ended with 4 / 35 as the MCC lost their last four wickets for 28 to be all out for 205 , giving Australia a victory by an innings and 158 runs . Four matches followed the MCC fixture before the First Test at Trent Bridge . McCool was rested for the first of these against Lancashire at Manchester , a rain @-@ affected draw that was Australia 's first non @-@ victory of the season . He returned for the following match against Nottinghamshire , which was drawn , but had little success , taking a total of 0 / 68 . He failed to maximise his promotion to No. 4 , making only 17 as Australia scored 400 in their only innings . McCool did not get any more opportunities to push for selection , as he was rested from the next two matches against Hampshire and Sussex . Australia won the former by eight wickets after conceding a first innings lead for the first time on the tour , before winning the second by an innings by 325 runs . = = Test omission = = Bill Johnston — a left arm bowler who could bowl both pace and spin — was not initially in Bradman 's plan for the First Test at Trent Bridge . However , Bradman changed his mind on the morning when rain was forecast . Johnston was played in the hope of exploiting a wet wicket ; he had previously taken match @-@ winning figures of 10 / 40 and 11 / 117 against Yorkshire and Hampshire respectively on rain @-@ affected surfaces . In addition , McCool had been struggling with an injury on his spinning finger , and Bradman was worried McCool would not have the endurance required for a five @-@ day Test , which was two days longer than a normal tour match . Johnston 's inclusion at the expense of McCool was the only difference between the team for the First Test and those against Worcestershire and the MCC . Johnston subsequently cemented his position by taking nine wickets in the match — the most among the Australians . Johnson , the only specialist spinner chosen , took 1 / 85 . Between Tests , McCool was recalled for the match against Northamptonshire . He took 1 / 19 in the first innings before coming in at the fall of the fifth wicket and scoring an unbeaten 50 as Australia declared at 8 / 352 . McCool only bowled three overs in the second innings and went wicketless as Australia won by an innings . Johnson , the incumbent Test spinner , took 4 / 59 . In the second match before the Second Test , against Yorkshire , McCool made only four and seven not out before Australia declared in their second innings . After not being bowled in the first innings , he took 2 / 33 in the last hour of the match as Yorkshire ended at 4 / 85 to secure a draw . McCool was overlooked for the Second Test at Lord 's , where Australia fielded the same XI that had won the First Test by eight wickets . Bradman 's men went on to complete a crushing win by 409 runs , and Johnson registered match figures of 3 / 75 . The next match was against Surrey and started the day after the Second Test . McCool bowled only three overs in the first innings , before contributing 26 with the bat in Australia 's reply . After the tourists had taken a first innings lead of 168 , McCool bowled heavily as Bradman eased the workload on his Test players in the second innings . McCool removed Surrey 's top three batsmen — two of them stumped by Saggers — to leave the hosts at 3 / 94 . A 107 @-@ run seventh wicket stand saw Surrey recover to 6 / 267 before McCool took three of the last four wickets to end the innings at 289 . McCool ended with 6 / 113 from 45 @.@ 5 overs , having bowled approximately 40 % of the overs . Australia chased down the 122 runs required for victory in less than hour to complete a 10 @-@ wicket win . In the following match against Gloucestershire before the Third Test , McCool came to the crease late on the first day with Australia at 5 / 529 . Unbeaten on eight at stumps , with the score at 5 / 560 , he continued the next morning and proceeded to add 140 for the sixth wicket with Loxton , before falling for 76 , his highest first @-@ class score of the season . Australia reached 7 / 774 declared , its highest of the tour , laying the foundation for an innings victory . McCool bowled a total of 19 overs to end with 0 / 51 , while Johnson took 11 / 100 and retained his place for the Third Test at Old Trafford , which was drawn amid inclement weather . The match against Middlesex was the only fixture between the Tests . McCool toiled for 18 overs before snaring the last two wickets to end with 2 / 54 after the hosts had batted first . He made a duck as Australia scored 317 to take a 114 @-@ run lead . In the second innings , McCool took 3 / 54 including the wickets of John Dewes and Leslie Compton as the hosts lost 4 / 22 to be all out for 135 . With only 22 runs needed for victory , Bradman let McCool and fellow leg spinner Doug Ring open the batting . The pair duly saw Australia home without losing a wicket , with McCool on seven . McCool was again overlooked for the Fourth Test at Headingley , in which Australia posted 3 / 404 in the second innings to win by seven wickets , setting a world record for the highest successful run @-@ chase in a Test . Immediately after the Headingley Test , McCool made 31 — batting at No. 8 — as Australia amassed 456 against Derbyshire . After taking 0 / 45 in the first innings , McCool bounced back as Australia enforced the follow on . A 100 @-@ run second wicket partnership by Arnold Townsend and Denis Smith took Derbyshire to 1 / 110 . McCool removed Townsend for 46 and quickly dismissed the next two batsmen to leave Derbyshire at 4 / 116 . He returned with the score at 5 / 163 and took three further wickets in close succession to dismiss the hosts for 182 , sealing victory by an innings . McCool ended with 6 / 77 from 29 overs . In the next match against Glamorgan , McCool neither batted nor bowled in a rain @-@ affected draw that did not reach the second innings . In the following fixture against Warwickshire , McCool did not bowl in the first innings and scored 19 , before taking 4 / 56 in the second innings , helping to set up a win by nine wickets . McCool was then rested as Australia faced and drew with Lancashire for the second time on the tour . He returned for the non @-@ first @-@ class match against Durham , and came to the crease with Australia in trouble at 3 / 22 . He top @-@ scored with 64 to help Australia reach 282 all out . McCool took 1 / 17 as the hosts fell to 5 / 73 in reply when rain ended the match after the first day . After taking only seven wickets at 61 @.@ 00 in the first four Tests , Johnson was dropped for the Fifth Test at The Oval . However , it was fellow leg spinner Ring and not McCool who was called in . Australia crushed England by an innings and 149 runs to take the series 4 – 0 . = = Later tour matches = = Seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to go through a tour of England without defeat . Australia batted first against Kent and McCool made a duck in their total of 361 . He then took 2 / 13 as the hosts were skittled for 51 . Forced to follow on , Kent were bowled out for 124 to lose by an innings , but not before attacking McCool and taking 42 runs from his five wicketless overs . In the next match against the Gentlemen of England , McCool was rested as Australia amassed 5 / 610 and won by an innings . He returned for the next match against Somerset . Promoted to fourth drop , McCool could only make six as Australia declared at 5 / 560 . Somerset reached 2 / 63 in reply before McCool took four quick wickets amid their collapse to 7 / 68 . McCool ended with 4 / 21 as the hosts folded for 115 . Forced to follow on , Somerset reached 3 / 49 before McCool took four of the next five wickets as the hosts fell to 8 / 66 , and eventually 71 all out , handing Australia victory by an innings and 374 runs . In the following match against the South of England , McCool batted at No. 8 and made five as Australia declared at 7 / 522 . McCool toiled for 36 overs in taking 2 / 89 as the hosts were bowled out for 298 when rain caused the match to end in a draw . Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was against the Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI . During the last tour in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted only six current England Test players be allowed to play . After the hosts had complied , Bradman selected a full @-@ strength team , with the only difference from the Fifth Test team being Ring ’ s omission for Johnson , so McCool was left out . After Australia had taken a 312 @-@ run first innings lead , the match ended in a draw after multiple rain delays . The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . In the first match , McCool came in with Australia 4 / 91 and put on 109 with Arthur Morris to consolidate the innings . When McCool was out for 52 and Morris for 109 , the Australians collapsed and lost 6 / 36 to end with 236 . McCool took 1 / 19 and 1 / 20 as Australia enforced the follow on and completed an innings victory . In the second match , McCool took 3 / 31 as the hosts made 178 after batting first . He opened the innings with the bat and made 108 in three hours , with 13 fours . Australia declared at 6 / 407 and McCool took 0 / 19 in seven overs as Australia wrapped up the tour with another innings victory . = = Role = = A frontline leg spinner and middle @-@ order batsman , McCool was not prominent in the team 's success . Although he had started his Test career strongly , McCool 's form began to decline in the previous Australian season of 1947 – 48 . In his first full Test season in 1946 – 47 , which featured five Tests against England , McCool batted at No. 6 and scored 95 and 104 not out . He also took five wickets in an innings on two occasions . He ended the series with 272 runs at an average of 54 @.@ 40 and took 18 wickets at just over 27 apiece . However , in the following season he made only 46 runs and took only three wickets in three Tests against India before being dropped . Nevertheless , McCool started the tour in Bradman 's first @-@ choice team , and was selected in the tour opener against Worcestershire and later against the MCC in his role as an all rounder . Bowling for long periods caused McCool to continually tear a callus on his third finger , which he used to impart spin on the ball . As a result , Bradman felt compelled to leave him out of the Test matches , feeling that his finger would not be able to handle the necessarily long bowling spells . This decision was aided by England and Australia ’ s agreement to allow a new ball to be used every 55 overs , instead of the incumbent regulation of permitting a new ball for every 200 runs scored , which usually took longer than 55 overs . This meant the ball was in a shiny state more often , and therefore more conducive to fast and swing bowling , so Bradman relied heavily on his pacemen . For the rest of his career , McCool was troubled by the skin rubbing off his spinning finger . McCool was thus one of two players along with Ron Hamence who did not play a Test during the season . Along with Doug Ring , Hamence and McCool called themselves " ground staff " because of the paucity of their on @-@ field duties in the major matches , and they often sang ironic songs about their status . The cricket writer Alan Gibson , who knew McCool well in his later cricket career at Somerset , said the omission " distressed him greatly at the time , though he could be philosophical enough about it later " . McCool took 57 first @-@ class wickets at 17 @.@ 82 ; he was the fifth most prolific wicket @-@ taker and had the fourth best average among Australia 's seven frontline bowlers . As England agreed to have a new ball available after every 55 overs , fast bowling dominated in the Tests , so McCool was used heavily in the tour matches to allow the leading pacemen to conserve their energy in preparation for the Tests . Outside the Tests , McCool had the fourth heaviest workload among the regular bowlers , although overall he bowled the least overs due to his injured finger . McCool had the worst economy rate among the regular bowlers , but he took his wickets at a faster rate ; his strike rate was second only to paceman Ray Lindwall . Although McCool also played as a frontline batsman during his career , with a first @-@ class average of 32 @.@ 85 and 18 centuries , his batting performances during the tour were far below his usual standards , garnering only 306 runs at 20 @.@ 40 with three half @-@ centuries . His highest score was 76 against Gloucestershire , although he added two more fifties and a century against Scotland in the three non @-@ first @-@ class fixtures . During the tour , McCool usually batted from Nos. 5 to 8.N- A specialist at first slip , McCool remained prominent with his fielding , taking 20 catches in 17 matches . = = = Statistical note = = = = = = General notes = = = = Halifax Gibbet = The Halifax Gibbet / ˈhælɪfæks ˈdʒɪbɪt / was an early guillotine , or decapitating machine , used in the town of Halifax , West Yorkshire , England . It was probably installed during the 16th century as an alternative to beheading by axe or sword . Halifax was once part of the Manor of Wakefield , where ancient custom and law gave the Lord of the Manor the authority to execute summarily by decapitation any thief caught with stolen goods to the value of 13 ½ d or more , or who confessed to having stolen goods of at least that value . Decapitation was a fairly common method of execution in England , but Halifax was unusual in two respects : it employed a guillotine @-@ like machine that appears to have been unique in the country , and it continued to decapitate petty criminals until the mid @-@ 17th century . The device consisted of an axe head fitted to the base of a heavy wooden block that ran in grooves between two 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) tall uprights , mounted on a stone base about 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) high . A rope attached to the block ran over a pulley , allowing it to be raised , after which the rope was secured by attaching it to a pin in the base . The block carrying the axe was then released either by withdrawing the pin or by cutting the rope once the prisoner was in place . Almost 100 people were beheaded in Halifax between the first recorded execution in 1286 and the last in 1650 , but as the date of the gibbet 's installation is uncertain , it cannot be determined with any accuracy how many were dealt with by the Halifax Gibbet . By 1650 public opinion considered beheading to be an excessively severe punishment for petty theft ; use of the gibbet was forbidden by Oliver Cromwell , Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England , and the structure was dismantled . The stone base was rediscovered and preserved in about 1840 , and a non @-@ working replica was erected on the site in 1974 . The names of 52 people known to have been beheaded by the device are listed on a nearby plaque . = = History = = What became known as the Halifax Gibbet Law gave the Lord of the Manor of Wakefield , of which the town of Halifax was a part , the power to try and execute any felon for the theft of goods to the value of 13 ½ d or more : If a felon be taken within their liberty or precincts of the said forest [ the Forest of Hardwick ] , either handhabend [ caught with the stolen goods in his hand or in the act of stealing ] , backberand [ caught carrying stolen goods on his back ] , or confessand [ having confessed to the crime ] cloth or any other commodity to the value of 13 ½ d , that they shall after three market days or meeting days within the town of Halifax after such his apprehension , and being condemned he shall be taken to the gibbet and there have his head cut off from his body . The Gibbet Law may have been a last vestige of the Anglo @-@ Saxon custom of infangtheof , which allowed landowners to enforce summary justice on thieves within the boundaries of their estates . Samuel Midgley in his Halifax and its Gibbet @-@ Law Placed in a True Light , published in 1761 , states that the law dates from a time " not in the memory of man to the contrary " . It may have been the consequence of rights granted by King Henry III to John de Warenne ( 1231 – 1304 ) , Lord of the Manor of Wakefield . Such baronial jurisdiction was by no means unusual in medieval England and was described in the 11th @-@ century legal text entitled De Baronibus , qui suas habent curias et consuetudines ( Concerning the barons who have their courts of law and customs ) . Neither was the decapitation of convicted felons unique to Halifax ; the earls of Chester amongst others also exercised the right to " behead any malefactor or thief , who was apprehended in the action , or against whom it was made apparent by sufficient witness , or confession , before four inhabitants of the place " , recorded as the Custom of Cheshire . A commission appointed by King Edward I in 1278 reported that there were at that time 94 privately owned gibbets and gallows in use in Yorkshire , including one owned by the Archbishop of York . What was unusual about Halifax was that the custom lingered on there for so long after it had been abandoned elsewhere . Suspected thieves were detained in the custody of the lord of the manor 's bailiff , who would summon a jury of 16 local men " out of the most wealthy and best reputed " , four each from four local townships . The jury had only two questions to decide on : were the stolen goods found in the possession of the accused , and were they worth at least 13 ½ d . The jury , the accused , and those claiming that their property had been stolen , were brought together in a room at the bailiff 's house . No oaths were administered and there was no judge or defence counsel present ; each side presented their case , and the jury decided on guilt or innocence . So strictly was the law applied that anyone who apprehended a thief with his property was not allowed to recover it unless the miscreant and the stolen goods were presented to the bailiff . The goods were otherwise forfeited to the lord of the manor , and their previous rightful owner was liable to find himself charged with theftbote , or conniving in the felony . Halifax 's reputation for strict law enforcement was noted by the antiquary William Camden and by the " Water Poet " John Taylor , who penned the Beggar 's Litany : " From Hell , Hull , and Halifax , Good Lord , deliver us ! " Before his execution a convicted felon was usually detained in custody for three market days , on each of which he was publicly displayed in the stocks , accompanied by the stolen goods . After the sentence had been carried out a county coroner would visit Halifax and convene a jury of 12 men , sometimes the same individuals who had found the felon guilty , and ask them to give an account under oath of the circumstances of the conviction and execution , for the official records . The punishment could only be meted out to those within the confines of the Forest of Hardwick , of which Halifax was a part . The gibbet was about 500 yards ( 460 m ) from the boundary of the area , and if the condemned person succeeded in escaping from the forest then he could not legally be brought back to face his punishment . At least two men succeeded in cheating the executioner in that way : a man named Dinnis and another called Lacy . Dinnis was never seen in Halifax again , but Lacy rather unwisely decided to return to the town seven years after his escape ; he was apprehended and finally executed in 1623 . The earliest known record of punishment by decapitation in Halifax is the beheading of John of Dalton in 1286 , but official records were not maintained until the parish registers began in 1538 . Between then and 1650 , when the last executions took place , 56 men and women are recorded as having been decapitated . The total number of executions identified since 1286 is just short of 100 . Local weavers specialised in the production of kersey , a hardwearing and inexpensive woollen fabric that was often used for military uniforms ; by the 16th century Halifax and the surrounding Calder Valley was the largest producer of the material in England . In the final part of the manufacturing process the cloth was hung outdoors on large structures known as tenterframes and left to dry , after having been conditioned by a fulling mill . Daniel Defoe wrote a detailed account of what he had been told of the gibbet 's history during his visit to Halifax in Volume 3 of his A tour thro ' the whole island of Great Britain , published in 1727 . He reports that " Modern accounts pretend to say , it [ the gibbet ] was for all sorts of felons ; but I am well assured , it was first erected purely , or at least principally , for such thieves as were apprehended stealing cloth from the tenters ; and it seems very reasonable to think it was so " . Eighteenth @-@ century historians argued that the area 's prosperity attracted the " wicked and ungovernable " ; the cloth , left outside and unattended , presented easy pickings , and hence justified severe punishment to protect the local economy . James Holt on the other hand , writing in 1997 , sees the Halifax Gibbet Law as a practical application of the Anglo @-@ Saxon law of infangtheof . Royal assizes were held only twice a year in the area ; to bring a prosecution was " vastly expensive " , and the stolen goods were forfeited to the Crown , as they were considered to be the property of the accused . But the Halifax Gibbet Law allowed " the party injured , to have his goods restored to him again , with as little loss and damage , as can be contrived ; to the great encouragement of the honest and industrious , and as great terror to the wicked and evil doers . " The Halifax Gibbet 's final victims were Abraham Wilkinson and Anthony Mitchell . Wilkinson had been found guilty of stealing 16 yards ( 15 m ) of russet @-@ coloured kersey cloth , 9 yards of which , found in his possession , was valued at " 9 shillings at the least " , and Mitchell of stealing and selling two horses , one valued at 9 shillings and the other at 48 shillings . The pair were found guilty and executed on the same day , 30 April 1650 . Writing in 1834 John William Parker , publisher of The Saturday Magazine , suggested that the gibbet might have remained in use for longer in Halifax had the bailiff not been warned that if he used it again he would be " called to public account for it " . Midgley comments that the final executions " were by some persons in that age , judged to be too severe ; thence came it to pass , that the gibbet , and the customary law , for the forest of Hardwick , got its suspension " . Oliver Cromwell finally ended the exercise of Halifax Gibbet Law . To the Puritans it was " part of ancient ritual to be jettisoned along with all the old feasts and celebrations of the medieval world and the Church of Rome " . Moreover , it ran counter to the Puritan objection to imposing the death penalty for petty theft ; felons were subsequently sent to the Assizes in York for trial . = = Mechanism = = It is uncertain when the Halifax Gibbet was first introduced , but it may not have been until some time in the 16th century ; before then decapitation would have been carried out by an executioner using an axe or a sword . The device , which seems to have been unique in England , consisted of two 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) tall parallel beams of wood joined at the top by a transverse beam . Running in grooves within the beams was a square wooden block 4 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 37 m ) in length , into the bottom of which was fitted an axe head weighing 7 pounds 12 ounces ( 3 @.@ 5 kg ) . The whole structure sat on a platform of stone blocks , 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) square and 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) high , which was ascended by a flight of steps . A rope attached to the top of the wooden block holding the axe ran over a pulley at the top of the structure , allowing the block to be raised . The rope was then fastened by a pin to the structure 's stone base . The gibbet could be operated by cutting the rope supporting the blade or by pulling out the pin that held the rope . If the offender was to be executed for stealing an animal , a cord was fastened to the pin and tied to either the stolen animal or one of the same species , which was then driven off , withdrawing the pin and allowing the blade to drop . In an early contemporary account of 1586 Raphael Holinshed attests to the efficiency of the gibbet , and adds some detail about the participation of the onlookers : In the nether end of the sliding block is an axe keyed or fastened with an iron into the wood , which being drawn up to the top of the frame is there fastened by a wooden pin ... unto the middest of which pin also there is a long rope fastened that cometh down among the people , so that when the offender hath made his confession , and hath laid his neck over the nethermost block , every man there present doth either take hold of the rope ( or putteth forth his arm so near to the same as he can get , in token that he is willing to see true justice executed ) and pulling out the pin in this manner , the head block wherein the axe is fastened doth fall down with such violence , that if the neck of the transgressor were so big as that of a bull , it should be cut in sunder at a stroke , and roll from the body by an huge distance . An article in the September 1832 edition of The Imperial Magazine describes the victim 's final moments : The persons who had found the verdict , and the attending clergymen , placed themselves on the scaffold with the prisoner . The fourth psalm was then played round the scaffold on the bagpipes , after which the minister prayed with the prisoner till he received the final stroke . In Thomas Deloney 's novel Thomas of Reading ( 1600 ) the invention of the Halifax Gibbet is attributed to a friar , who proposed the device as a solution to the difficulty of finding local residents willing to act as hangmen . Although the guillotine as a method of beheading is most closely associated in the popular imagination with late 18th @-@ century Revolutionary France , several other decapitation devices had long been in use throughout Europe . It is uncertain whether Dr Guillotin was familiar with the Halifax Gibbet , but its design was reported to have been copied by James Douglas , 4th Earl of Morton , in the production of a similar device that became known as the Scottish Maiden , now on display in the National Museum of Scotland . The Maiden was rather shorter than the Halifax Gibbet , standing only 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) tall , the same height as the French guillotine . = = Restoration = = The Halifax Gibbet was dismantled after the last executions in 1650 , and the site was neglected until the platform on which the gibbet had been mounted was rediscovered in about 1840 . A full @-@ size non @-@ working replica was erected on the original stone base in August 1974 ; it includes a blade made from a casting of the original , which as of 2011 is displayed in the Bankfield Museum in Boothtown on the outskirts of Halifax . A commemorative plaque nearby lists the names of the 52 people known to have been executed by the device . = Still Reigning = Still Reigning is a live performance DVD by the thrash metal band Slayer , released in 2004 through American Recordings . Filmed at the Augusta Civic Center on July 11 , 2004 , the performance showcases Slayer 's 1986 album , Reign in Blood , played in its entirety with the four original band members on a set resembling their 1986 " Reign in Pain " tour . Still Reigning was voted " best live DVD " by the readers of Revolver magazine , and received gold certification in 2005 . The DVD is notable for the finale , which features Slayer covered in stage blood while performing the song " Raining Blood " , leading to a demanding mixing process plagued by production and technical difficulties . The DVD 's producer Kevin Shirley spent hours replacing cymbal and drum hits one @-@ by @-@ one . He publicly aired financial disagreements he had with the band and criticized the quality of the recording , and as a result was allegedly subjected to threats and insults from people associated with the band . = = Conception = = Reign in Blood was released in 1986 and was Slayer 's first album to enter the Billboard 200 — at 94 — and their first to be awarded gold certification . Music critics praised the album ; Kerrang ! described it as the " heaviest album of all time " , while Steve Huey of Allmusic wrote that the album was a " stone @-@ cold classic " . The positive reception led to the band 's European agent John Jackson , to suggest that the band play Reign in Blood in its entirety on the Jägermeister tour of 2003 and 2004 , under the tour banner " Still Reigning " . Original drummer Dave Lombardo , who recorded drums on the album , re @-@ joined the band in 2001 , after departing in 1991 . This influenced the band 's decision to play the album in its entirety , as they had the original members and all members regard the album as a high @-@ point in their career . The band was going to enter the recording studio to record their next album ( Christ Illusion ) . However , the band 's producer Rick Rubin insisted the band not enter the recording studio due to problems between himself and the band 's record label , American Recordings . The band 's manager suggested they record a performance of one of the Jägermeister shows and release it on a DVD — the band agreed . The final track of the DVD , " Raining Blood " , culminates with the band drenched by stage blood . Guitarist Jeff Hanneman came up with the idea of the blood two years after Reign in Blood 's release , but the band lacked the funding to do so . The beginning of the film Blade ( released in 1998 ) features a " bloodbath " with vampires dancing in a club with blood coming from the roof via a sprinkler system . The scene revived Jeff Hanneman and guitarist Kerry King 's interest , and since the band released a DVD the previous year — War at the Warfield — they decided to add something different for the new DVD — raining blood . King asserted that since Lombardo was not on the previous DVD , this one was going to be important . Due to the short length of the DVD , director Dean Karr chose an additional bonus six songs from the same show as he thought certain members excelled in the performances . = = Recording and production = = Still Reigning was recorded at the Augusta Civic Center in Augusta , Maine on July 11 , 2004 , prior to the 2004 Ozzfest . A ten @-@ man camera crew under the direction of Dean Karr was on hand to document the show , backstage action , and exclusive interviews inside the band 's tour bus . The interview , " Slayer : In their own words " , is a seventeen @-@ minute piece which features the band talking about their early years , influences , writing lyrics , Lombardo 's return , and the band 's eventual retirement . At one point Lombardo rejected the possibility of a future " good @-@ bye tour " for Slayer , and states if the band realize they have " lost a step " they will " call it a day " . The stage was converted to resemble the band 's 1986 " Reign in Pain " tour , which featured the Slayer eagle and inverted crosses as part of the lighting rig . The stage was modified to absorb the " blood " and have it recirculate back down upon the band , which allowed for easier clean @-@ up and lowered the chance of injury by slipping . The DVD was recorded in 1 @.@ 85 : 1 video , which caused macro blocking errors such as aliasing and a murky stage when fully lit , and the audio featured English Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 and 2 @.@ 0 stereo , with no subtitles . Kevin Shirley , who has worked with the bands Iron Maiden and Dream Theater , produced the DVD . He issued a statement describing the demanding mixing process which took place at his New York Studio : " It 's OK — some places it rocks hard , and others are a bit sloppy , but I 'm sure they won 't use the whole concert . It was tough to mix . " The following day Shirley apologized for his " unprofessional comment " towards the band , and altered his post on his personal website to read : " The rest of the week I finished mixing a live Slayer set for a DVD , in stereo and surround , and it 's great — it rocks hard , but it was tough to mix . " On September 30 , 2006 , Shirley issued a further statement claiming he had not been paid for his work , and had received threats and insults from people associated with the band : " I 've just mixed a really wonderful band with one of the worst sounding recordings ever . It 's kinda disgraceful that they won 't spend anything on a decent recording ! I won 't say who , because last time I commented on a sloppy recording ( on this page ) , they refused to pay me and I got all manner of threats and insults from people associated with the band , so I 'd best be quiet ! " The stage blood caused technical difficulties as it soaked the microphone , guitars , and cymbals , which according to Shirley sounded like " coffee mugs being tapped with a spoon " . A review of the DVD observed that " If it wasn 't for guitarist Jeff Hanneman being out of position and missing all of the blood , the guitar might have sounded pretty bad . " Hanneman missed the initial downpour due to a technical problem with his guitar , and was deluged by a light shower when coming back on @-@ stage . Shirley replaced thousands of cymbal and drum hits with those used on previous recordings ; the process took several days to complete . After recording the DVD , the band used a sprinkler system with diluted water rather than a bucket with blood that was like tar when recording the DVD . King later remarked , " My guitar didn ’ t like it , that was the last time I played it , " and he donated it to the Hard Rock Cafe after the show . Vocalist Tom Araya felt the same and admitted ; " It was messy . I couldn 't play because the initial dump at the beginning of the song got all over me . I couldn 't hold my pick . I was slapping my bass trying to get sound out of it . " = = Reception = = Still Reigning debuted on the Billboard DVD chart at number seven — selling 9 @,@ 813 copies . It became the band 's second DVD to receive gold certification on July 20 , 2005 , after War at the Warfield , which received gold certification a year earlier for sales in excess of 50 @,@ 000 . The readers of Revolver magazine voted it " best live DVD " in 2005 , making it the second consecutive year the band topped the category . Slayer received a positive reception when performing at the Augusta Civic Center . On finishing half the set list , the band briefly left the stage and returned to play the 28 @-@ minute album , Reign in Blood as an encore . On the final song , " Raining Blood " the lights were turned off and Slayer members were deluged by two buckets of stage blood . According to King , the crowd went quiet for a few seconds until they realized the blood was part of the show . King thought Araya looked like a psychotic mass murderer , which contributed to the crowd 's reaction . Following the two large drops , stage blood mixed with water was used so it looked like it was " raining blood " . Andy Patrizio of IGN awarded the DVD six out of ten commenting , " Tom Araya lost his piercing shriek that opens ' Angel of Death ' and the end of ' Necrophobic ' " , praising Lombardo 's return by saying the drummer " ... hasn 't lost a step at all . With barely any breathing time between songs , the underground drum legend shows that an impending 40th birthday ( next month ) isn 't going to slow him down . " Patrizio stated the production was not of the highest caliber , as the rapid " MTV @-@ style " cuts were distracting , as was the switch from black and white to color shots . Patrizio ended the review with the comment , " This is what you get for letting Uwe Boll direct your music video " , Boll being a heavily criticized film director . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = = St Michael 's Church , Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog = St Michael 's Church , Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog , is a former parish church in Anglesey , Wales , which is now closed and in ruins . The structure dates from the 15th century and a chapel was added to the north side in the 17th century . A replacement church ( St Michael 's , Gaerwen ) was built elsewhere in the parish in 1847 , and the old church was closed , partly demolished and abandoned . Some restoration work has taken place in the 21st century and some occasional services have been held . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " , in particular because it is " an important survival , retaining unrestored original late medieval features . " = = History and location = = St Michael 's Church is set in a churchyard in the countryside of Anglesey , north Wales , about 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 87 mi ) from the village of Gaerwen . A footpath leads to the church from the nearest road , 200 metres ( 660 ft ) away . The area takes its name , in part , from the church : the Welsh word llan originally meant " enclosure " and then " church " , and " ‑ fihangel " is a modified form of Michael ( Welsh : Mihangel ) , the saint to whom the church is dedicated . The present structure dates from the 15th century and was extended in 1638 when a local family added a chapel on the north side . A decision was taken in the 1840s to build a new church on a different site within the parish ; the centre of population for the area had shifted because of coal mining in Pentre Berw and the construction of the A5 road across Anglesey as part of Thomas Telford 's road from London to Holyhead . St Michael 's , Gaerwen , opened in 1847 . The old church then closed . By 1865 , when the Welsh politician and church historian Sir Stephen Glynne visited , only the chancel and north chapel remained , and a new wall had been built at the west end of the chancel where it once joined the nave . Some restoration work has taken place in the 21st century , assisted by funding from the Welsh Government and Cadw ( the statutory body responsible for the built heritage of Wales ) , and services have occasionally been held . By 1535 , the positions of rector of St Michael 's and vicar of St Ffinan 's Church were combined and held by the Dean of Bangor to increase the dean 's income . Other people associated with the church include Nicholas Owen ( appointed perpetual curate in 1790 ) , the priest and antiquarian John Jones ( better known as " Llef o 'r Nant " ; curate 1809 – 15 ) , and Evan Lewis ( curate 1845 – 46 , and later Dean of Bangor ) . = = Architecture and fittings = = All that remains of the church is the chancel , which is 18 feet 6 inches by 14 feet 6 inches ( 5 @.@ 6 by 4 @.@ 4 m ) , and the north chapel which is 15 feet 6 inches by 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 7 by 4 @.@ 0 m ) ; the nave , south chapel and the roof have been demolished or removed . The walls are built from rubble masonry dressed with sandstone . The church is now entered through a doorway at the west end of the chancel ; the doorway reuses a 15th @-@ century pointed arch . The south wall still shows where there was formerly a chapel on that side . On the opposite wall , there is a window from the late 16th century with three lights ( sections of window separated by stonework ) ; the entrance to the north chapel has been reduced in width . The three @-@ light east window also dates from the late 16th century . An inscribed stone above the window records the date 1598 . The north chapel has windows in the north and east wall in similar style to those in the chancel . There is an inscription above the north window recording the construction of the chapel in 1638 . The west wall of the chapel has a blocked round @-@ headed window , and there is a blocked @-@ up pointed @-@ arch doorway in the north wall . The priest and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones visited St Michael 's in 1845 . At that time , the church was 68 by 16 feet ( 20 @.@ 7 by 4 @.@ 9 m ) internally ; he recorded the north chapel as measuring 12 feet 8 inches by 17 feet ( 3 @.@ 9 by 5 @.@ 2 m ) and the south chapel , which was separated from the main body of the church by five rotting wooden columns , as 40 by 15 feet ( 12 @.@ 2 by 4 @.@ 6 m ) . The main entrance was through a porch on the south side of the nave , and there was another door on the north side . A bench under the windows on the north side of the nave was inscribed " T. M. 1684 " . The southern chapel , he said , had similar windows to those in the north chapel . On the external wall above the east window , he noted a shield topped by a coronet , apparently that of a viscount , and the date 1638 . On a step by the altar he noted two gravestones that appeared to be those of priests , given that they had each been inscribed with a cross , and a third gravestone , similarly marked , was in use as the lintel above one of the doorways . A survey in 1937 by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire dated one of the gravestones by the altar to the 11th or 12th century . The churchyard contains some chest tombs from the 18th and 19th centuries , made of slate . The Royal Commission 's survey also noted a fragment of a gravestone from between the 9th and 11th centuries that had been built into the bellcote , and two 18th @-@ century memorials within the church . The bell , church plate , and two benches bearing the inscription " T. M. 1684 " were moved to the new church . South east of the church is a Commonwealth war grave of a Marine from World War II . = = Assessment = = The church has national recognition and statutory protection from unauthorised alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " . It was given this status on 30 January 1968 , and has been listed because it consists of " the substantial remains of a 15th @-@ century church with 17th @-@ century additions . " Cadw , which is responsible for the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists , also notes that because many old churches on Anglesey were rebuilt in the 19th century but this one was not , " these remains constitute an important survival , retaining unrestored original late medieval features . " Writing in 1833 , before the church was closed , the antiquarian Angharad Llwyd described St Michael 's as " a spacious and ancient structure . " She also noted the " ancient stained glass " in the east window , " of brilliant colours " . Visiting twelve years later , Harry Longueville Jones said that St Michael 's was " greatly dilapidated " but had been " one of the most interesting in the island " . He described the north doorway of the nave as having " singularly elegant though mutilated details " and the bellcote as being " of good design " . The state of the church , he wrote , was such that it was " almost unfit for the purposes of public worship . " Sir Stephen Glynne noted on his visit in 1865 that the church was now abandoned and presenting " a wretched scene of decay " internally . He commented upon the " good mouldings and spandrels " of the doorway at the west end of the chancel , and also referred to the " debased character " of the north chapel . A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey describes it as being in " a lonely spot " and says that it is " well worth a visit . " = Invasion of Guadeloupe ( 1810 ) = The Invasion of Guadeloupe was a British amphibious operation fought between 28 January and 6 February 1810 over control of the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe during the Napoleonic Wars . The island was the final remaining French colony in the Americas , following the systematic invasion and capture of the others during 1809 by British forces . During the Napoleonic Wars , the French colonies had provided protected harbours for French privateers and warships , which could prey on the numerous British trade routes in the Caribbean and then return to the colonies before British warships could react . In response , the British instituted a blockade of the islands , stationing ships off every port and seizing any vessel that tried to enter or leave . With trade and communication made dangerous by the British blockade squadrons , the economies and morale of the French colonies began to collapse , and in the summer of 1808 desperate messages were sent to France requesting aid . Despite repeated efforts , the French Navy failed to reinforce and resupply the garrison , as their ships were intercepted and defeated either in European waters or in the Caribbean itself . The British had intercepted a number of these messages , and launched a series of successful invasions during 1809 , until Guadeloupe was the only French colony remaining . A British expeditionary force landed on 28 January 1810 , and found that much of the island 's militia garrison had deserted . Advancing from two landing beaches on opposite sides of the island , they were able to rapidly push inland . It was not until they reached Beaupère – St. Louis Ridge outside the capital Basse @-@ Terre that the expeditionary force faced strong opposition , but in a battle lasting for most of 3 February , the French were defeated and driven back . The island 's commander , Jean Augustin Ernouf , began surrender negotiations the following day . = = Background = = The French West Indian colonies during the Napoleonic Wars were almost completely cut off from France due to the British naval strategy of close blockade : squadrons of British Royal Navy warships patrolled the coasts of both France itself and the West Indian islands under French control . This hindered communications , severely restricted trade and prevented the reinforcement of the French garrisons during the conflict . As a result , the colonies began to suffer food shortages , their economies stagnated and public and military morale began to severely erode . In desperation , the commanders of the main colonies , the Leeward Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe , sent a series of messages to France during the summer of 1808 , entreating the French government to send food and military supplies . The French responded with a series of frigates and smaller vessels , sailing to the Caribbean independently or in small squadrons . Some of these ships reached their destinations , but the majority were captured by the Royal Navy blockades off France or the islands . Those few ships that did safely make port were trapped there , unable to make the return journey without risking defeat by the British ships waiting offshore . The British had intercepted a number of the messages sent to France , and the decision was made to invade and capture the French West Indies before substantial reinforcements could arrive . During the winter of 1808 , ships and troops from across the Caribbean began gathering off Barbados under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane and Lieutenant General George Beckwith , with the intention of invading Martinique early in 1809 . A smaller force was sent to Cayenne , which was invaded and captured in early January 1809 . In late January the invasion of Martinique began , and despite resistance in the central highlands , the island fell to the invaders in 25 days . Cochrane then split his attention , sending a number of ships and men to aid the Spanish in the Siege of Santo Domingo while still maintaining a strong blockade force in the Leeward Islands . In April 1809 , a strong reinforcement squadron of three ship of the line and two frigates " en flute " with supplies arrived at the Îles des Saintes , south of Guadeloupe . There they were blockaded until 14 April , when a British force under Major @-@ General Frederick Maitland invaded and captured the islands . The French squadron managed to escape during the following night , and the three ship of the line went to the north with the British following . Behind them the two French frigates went for Basse @-@ Terre on the Goadeloupe with their supplies and reinforcements . Later the three ship of the line split up and the Hautpoult was captured after three days close to the south coast of Puerto Rico while the other two escaped to France . The two French frigates were trapped in Basse @-@ Terre . In June , the frigates attempted to return to France . Only one of the frigates escaped the blockade squadron , although the escapee was also captured a month later in the North Atlantic . Subsequent French attempts to supply their one remaining colony on Guadeloupe were minor , most of the brigs sent were seized without reaching the island . The only significant attempt , launched in November 1809 , achieved initial success in the destruction of the British frigate HMS Junon on 13 December , but ultimately failed when the two armed storeships , Loire and Seine were destroyed on 18 December in a battle with a British squadron off the southern coast of Guadeloupe . During the autumn and winter , British forces were collected from across the Caribbean at Fort Royal , Martinique , under Cochrane and Beckwith for the invasion of Guadeloupe . = = Preparations = = Beckwith mustered 6 @,@ 700 men from a variety of garrisons and sources , his men belonging to the 3rd , 4th , 6th and 8th West India Regiments , the 1st Foot , 15th Foot , 19th Foot , 25th Foot , 63rd Foot , 90th Foot and the Royal York Rangers , as well as 300 garrison artillerymen and various militia forces . These troops were split into two divisions : the largest , 3 @,@ 700 men under Beckwith with subordinate command given to Major General Thomas Hislop , was to be deployed at Le Gosier on the island 's southern shore . The second division , 2 @,@ 450 men under Brigadier General George Harcourt , was initially ordered to wait on the Îles des Saintes before being deployed after the main attack to the rear of the French garrison . A small reserve under Brigadier General Charles Wale would follow the main assault to provide support if required . As the French had no significant naval resources on the island , the Royal Navy 's contribution was much smaller than that required for the Martinique invasion the year before . Cochrane attached ships of the line to both divisions , Beckwith sailing in Cochrane 's flagship HMS Pompee , accompanied by HMS Abercrombie with Commodore William Charles Fahie , while Harcourt sailed with Commodore Samuel James Ballard in HMS Sceptre . Ballard and Fahie were in command of the transports and smaller vessels that carried the invasion forces and bore responsibility for ensuring that the amphibious landings were successful as well as for any naval units that participated in the land campaign . The French defenders of the island were weakened by years of isolation caused by the British blockade . Although the available French troops numbered between 3 @,@ 000 and 4 @,@ 000 , there was an epidemic on the island and a significant proportion of the garrison , principally formed by the 66e Régiment , were unfit for duty . Apart from the capital , the rest of the island 's defences were manned by a militia formed from local inhabitants , among whom morale was low and desertion rates high . Military and food stores of all kinds were in short supply and the governor , General Jean Augustin Ernouf was unable to maintain garrisons around the island 's extensive perimeter . = = Invasion = = After a brief period of consolidation on Dominica , Cochrane and Beckwith sailed for Guadeloupe on 27 January 1810 , arriving off Le Gosier in the evening and landing the larger division at the village of Sainte @-@ Marie under the command of Hislop . The division split , with one half marching south towards Basse @-@ Terre and the other north . Neither met serious opposition , the militia forces deserting in large numbers and abandoning their fortifications as the British approached . Messages were sent by the approaching British ordering the surrender of towns and forts , and both forces made rapid progress over the following two days . On 30 January , Ernouf took up a position with his remaining garrison in the Beaupère – St. Louis Ridge highlands that guarded the approaches to Basse @-@ Terre , Hislop forming his men in front of Ernouf 's position . Later in the day , Harcourt 's men came ashore to the north of Basse @-@ Terre , outflanking the strongest French positions at Trois @-@ Rivières and forcing their withdrawal to Basse @-@ Terre itself . With his capital coming under bombardment from gun batteries set up by Royal Navy sailors organised into naval brigades , Ernouf marched to meet the British on the plain at Matabar on 3 February . Forming up , Ernouf attacked the British and initially drove them back , before superior numbers forced him to retire after he was outflanked by Wale 's force attacking from the north . General Wale was wounded in the attack , in which his men suffered 40 casualties . One eyewitness , an Irish sailor from HMS Alfred , claimed that Ernouf had laid a large land mine along his line of retreat and planned to detonate it as the British advanced but was prevented from doing so when Beckwith spotted the trap and refused to be drawn into it , although this story does not appear in other accounts . While Ernouf was retreating , Commodore Fahie seized the opportunity to attack the undefended town of Basse @-@ Terre , landing with a force of Royal Marines and capturing the town , cutting off Ernouf 's route of escape . Isolated and surrounded , the French general requested a truce at 08 : 00 on 4 February to bury the dead from the battle the day before . This was accepted , and on 5 February he formally surrendered . = = Aftermath = = British casualties in the operation numbered 52 killed and 250 wounded , with seven men missing . French losses were heavier , in the region of 500 – 600 casualties throughout the campaign . 3 @,@ 500 soldiers were captured with their officers , cannon and the French Imperial Eagle of the 66e Régiment . As Napoleon had rescinded the prisoner exchange system previously in place , all of the prisoners would remain in British hands until 1814 . The captured eagle was sent to Britain , the first French eagle captured during the Napoleonic Wars . By 22 February , the nearby Dutch colonies of Sint Maarten , Sint Eustatius and Saba were all persuaded to surrender without a fight by ships sent from Cochrane 's fleet . The British officers were rewarded for their successes : Beckwith remained in the Caribbean until he retired in 1814 from ill @-@ health , while Cochrane and Hislop were promoted . All of the expedition 's officers and men were voted the thanks of both Houses of Parliament and ten years later the regiments and ships that participated ( or their descendents ) were awarded the battle honour Guadaloupe 1810 . Four decades after the operation , it was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal and the Military General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 . Guadeloupe was taken over as a British colony for the remainder of the war , only restored to France after Napoleon 's abdication in 1814 . The following year , during the Hundred Days , Guadeloupe 's governor Charles @-@ Alexandre Durand Linois declared for the Emperor once more , requiring another British invasion , although of much smaller size and duration , to restore the monarchy . The fall of Guadeloupe marked the end of the final French territory in the Caribbean ; the entire region was now in the hands of either the British or the Spanish , except the independent state of Haiti . The lack of French privateers and warships sparked a boom in trade operations , and the economies of the Caribbean islands experienced a resurgence . It also made a significant reduction in French international trade and had a corresponding effect on the French economy . Finally , the capture of the last French colony struck a decisive blow to the Atlantic slave trade , which had been made illegal by the British government in 1807 and was actively persecuted by the Royal Navy . Without French colonies in the Caribbean , there was no ready market for slaves in the region and the slave trade consequently dried up . = Pride & Joy ( comics ) = " Pride & Joy " is a six @-@ issue story arc from the comic book series Runaways ( vol . 1 ) , published in issues one through six in 2003 by Marvel Comics ' imprint Tsunami , which was created to attract young readers . It was written by Brian K. Vaughan and illustrated by Adrian Alphona . While it was initially intended to be a six @-@ part miniseries , the popularity of " Pride & Joy " and new ideas from writer Vaughan allowed Runaways to grow into a regular monthly Marvel title . " Pride & Joy " has subsequently won several comics awards , including the 2006 Harvey Award for Best Continuing or Limited Series . Although the Tsunami imprint was unsuccessful , " Pride & Joy " ( and the series Runaways that continued it ) was one of the very few Tsunami series to do well in sales and to continue being published . The story arc has been critically acclaimed for its simple story set in the typically complex Marvel Universe . Vaughan is known for avoiding the clichés of the superhero genre , locating the group in Los Angeles rather than New York City , where most Marvel Comics superhero titles are set . In order to create an everyday setting and tone , Vaughan included various references to current popular culture , including television series , films , events and celebrities . The story arc 's primary purpose was to introduce the main characters , six children who discover their parents are evil after seeing them murder a girl in a sacrificial ceremony . It centers upon the children 's relationships with their parents as the children learn that they themselves have inherited their parents ' powers . Once The Pride realizes their offspring have disappeared , they begin to use their considerable influence to track down their sons and daughters . " Pride & Joy " sets up the main concept of the series , which involves children versus their parents . = = Production = = " Pride & Joy " was launched in 2003 as a part of Marvel 's Tsunami imprint , the goal of which was to attract new readers , particularly young readers and the manga audience . Marvel editorial staff agreed to it immediately , prompting Wizard Magazine to name the series as " one of the best original concept from Marvel in thirty years . " The imprint was unsuccessful , and " Pride & Joy " ( and the series Runaways that continued it ) was one of the very few series from that imprint to continue being published and to do well in sales . Writer Brian K. Vaughan has claimed that he had only planned to create " Pride & Joy " to be set for six months ( six issues ) , but because of the popularity of the series and new ideas from Vaughan , Marvel decided to continue issuing it on for a monthly basis . The character of Catherine Wilder was originally designed to look like singer @-@ songwriter Sade . Several of the characters went through subsequent changes as well . In Brian K. Vaughan 's original pitch for the series , Karolina Dean was originally called Leslie , a name which would eventually be given to the character 's mother . Her parents were originally real estate agents , as opposed to famous actors . Molly was one of the few Runaways to actually keep the name she had in Brian K. Vaughan 's original proposal ; she is named after Vaughan 's younger sister , Molly Hayes Vaughan , and was supposed to be thirteen years old instead of eleven . However , in the original pitch for the series , Molly 's parents were Hollywood actors ; this would eventually become the cover story of Karolina 's parents . Also , Molly 's sibling @-@ like relationship with Chase was originally supposed to be with Gert . Nico Minoru was called Rachel Messina . Her parents were still magicians , but posed as wealthy antique dealers ; this cover story was ultimately used for Gert 's parents . Nico 's source of power was not originally going to be her mother 's Staff , but Robert Minoru 's spellbook . Chase was originally called John , and Gert was called Gertie . Originally , Gert was meant to give Molly the name " Bruiser . " = = Story = = = = = Plot = = = In the first issue of " Pride & Joy , " a group of youths unite to fight against their parents , who they then learn are known as " The Pride , " a band of villains . At the end of the issue , the youths witness the murder of a girl at the hands of their parents . In the middle of the night , they run away from home and attempt to bring their parents to justice . In the process , the youths realize that they are all inheriting special abilities : Nico Minoru learns she is a witch ; Karolina Dean finds out she is an alien ; Chase Stein steals his father 's futuristic gauntlets , " the Fistigons " ; Gertrude Yorkes discovers that she has a telepathic link to a dinosaur hidden by her time @-@ traveling parents ; Molly Hayes discovers she is a mutant with super strength ; and Alex Wilder , though having no supernatural powers , possesses a prodigal intellect and steals the mystical text that contains The Pride 's secrets , becoming the leader of the group . Using the book that contains The Pride 's secrets , the youth agree amongst themselves to make up for their parent 's sins by fighting crime . Once The Pride realizes its offspring have disappeared , it begins to use its considerable influence to track down their sons and daughters . " Pride & Joy " sets Runaways for its main concept of the series , which involves children versus their parents . = = = Setting = = = When Vaughan first pitched " Pride & Joy " to Marvel , they immediately accepted it and set Runaways in the Marvel Universe , the main string of story lines that ties Marvel 's canonical series . However , unlike most series ( which are often set in New York City ) , Runaways is set in Los Angeles , an unexplored area of the Marvel Universe . This , in turn , marked a significance for the story arc at the time ; being a new series , " Pride & Joy " had been expected to take place in New York City . Matt Fraction , a prominent writer for various Marvel Comics series quotes , " It was sort of great to see in Runaways that California was such a blank slate . It was refreshing to watch Brian create this sort of whole cloth . " Vaughan 's decision prompted Fraction to create a new series to take place in Los Angeles as well . Several notable landmarks in this story arc include Malibu , the Griffith Observatory , the James Dean memorial and Bronson Canyon in Griffith Park . In an interview with Comic Book Resources , Brian K. Vaughan quoted , " I imagine that Angelinos in the Marvel Universe think of super heroes and villains the way that New Yorkers think of Hollywood celebrities . We see them on TV every day , so we know that they exist , but they still seem distant and unreal . " In order to create familiarity with a common @-@ day setting and tone , Vaughan made this story arc include various references to current popular culture , including television series , films , and celebrities such as CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , the Matrix trilogy , and Dr. Phil . Vaughan even makes references to real @-@ world events , such as the Menendez brothers ' shootings , the Beltway sniper attacks , Saddam Hussein 's hiding and the O. J. Simpson murder case . = = = Style = = = Unlike most authors , Vaughan is known for avoiding the clichés of the superhero genre , locating the group in Los Angeles and not the common New York . " Pride & Joy " struck interest mainly because it does away with the concept of superhero behaviour , such as aliases , uniforms , and team names . At the very end of the story arc , the Runaways ( minus Alex ) adopt code names , but later drop them . " Pride & Joy " starts off with four females and two males , which is uncommon in the Marvel Universe ( most teams have more males ) . Furthermore , the children never refer to themselves as " the Runaways " ; the group remains unnamed . Despite Vaughan 's efforts to break down the superhero clichés within Runaways , Marvel 's handbooks and website still refer to the characters by their codenames . Also , Vaughan doesn 't focus on an actual genre or tone ; despite humour , horror and fantasy are common themes and genres , Vaughan mentions that while it may not be a " mature readers book , " his style of writing is also dark , challenging and unpredictable . Penciller Adrian Alphona 's style of drawing consists of crisp lines and monotone shading , and as a result , all of the characters are very clear and distinct . Shannon Appelcline of RPGnet Reviews praised Alphona 's style of drawing , calling it " attractive and evocative . " She did , however , criticize how Alphona sometimes " muddles action sequences a little bit by not drawing important actions with appropriate importance . " J. Bowers of Beatbots praised the style Brian K. Vaughan brought to this story arc , comparing it to fellow Marvel Comics series Generation X. Because of this , he gave this story arc 9 out of 10 . = = = Characters = = = When the story arc was first introduced , it was frequently praised for its large cast ; six children , each with two parents , and several auxiliary characters . Dave Wallace of Comics Bulletin praised author Vaughan 's efforts on making sure the main characters ' dynamic works well enough that " the occasional stereotypical elements do not detract from the characters too much . " Alex Wilder , a child prodigy at strategic thinking and planning , leads the team . He is the son of mob bosses . Karolina Dean discovers her alien heritage when she removes the bracelet which nullified her powers . She is the daughter of alien invaders . Nico Minoru learns she is a witch after her mother jams her mystic Staff of One into her chest , causing her body to absorb it . She is the daughter of dark wizards . Gertrude York	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
es discovers her telepathic link to Old Lace , a dinosaur . She is the daughter of time travelers . Chase Stein steals his father 's flame @-@ generating / manipulating gauntlets called " the Fistigons . " He is the son of mad scientists . Molly Hayes , the youngest , is a mutant whose powers include super @-@ strength and invulnerability . She is the daughter of telepathic mutants . = = Reception = = Dave Brennan of " Shaking Through " has called the story arc " spectacular , " and said that even though it is aimed at a younger crowd , it is still a " lighthearted and engaging story that any fan of superhero comics can enjoy . " He called " Pride & Joy " a promising start for a comic series . The pilot issue of " Pride & Joy " received an A- on " The X @-@ Axis . " On many cases , Alphona is also often praised for his style of drawing . Shannon Appelcline of RPGnet Reviews praised author Brian K. Vaughan for his work on the characters ' characterization . With six teens and twelve parents , she cited Vaughan as a strong storyteller for his work on characterizing eighteen crucial characters . She gave the story arc a 4 out of 5 , citing that the plotting is above average . She ended her review by citing that " Pride & Joy " was a superb example of the super @-@ hero genre at its best . The conclusion to the story arc received generally positive reviews . The issue sold an estimated 20 , 035 copies , a significant improvement from the previous issue . Paul McCoy of Comics Bulletin cited it as " another solid issue , filled with spectacular artwork and very nice character oriented writing . " He also went as far as to credit artist Alphona and inker David Yeung 's layouts . McCoy praised the detail in the character 's designs , from Chases ' gloves to the costuming of the Pride . Dave Wallace of Comics Bulletin , however , cited that " Pride & Joy " felt " pedestrian and lacking in depth . " Wallace also called colouring of the early issues flat and static , which made it fairly uninteresting . Despite Molly often being considered a fan @-@ favorite character , the character is nevertheless criticized for being portrayed " far younger than a child who is about to hit puberty , " and is compared to acting more along the lines of a six- or seven @-@ year @-@ old as opposed to eleven . Similarly , the character is always considered being " naive . " = = = Awards = = = Runaways , the series that grew out of " Pride & Joy , " has been nominated for and has won several awards . In 2006 , the series won a Top Library Award . In 2006 , series creator Brian K. Vaughan won an Eisner Award , which included his work for Runaways . In 2006 , the series was nominated for a Shuster Award . In 2006 , the series won the Harvey Award for Best Continuing or Limited Series . In 2007 , this particular story arc 's digest was nominated for the prestigious Georgia Peach Award . Runaways ' hardcover version listed on the 2006 American Library Association 's YALSA Top Ten Books for Young Adults ; it was the only graphic novel to make the list . = = In other media = = = = = Film = = = As of May 2008 , a film version of the comic is in the scripting stage , with Brian K. Vaughan writing and Kevin Feige , Marvel Studios President of Production , producing . Feige has said that while it may not be a precise story line of any of his comics , it will be similar to the tone or origins of its initial run . = Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome = Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome ( BHD ) , also Hornstein – Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome , Hornstein – Knickenberg syndrome , and fibrofolliculomas with trichodiscomas and acrochordons is a human autosomal dominant genetic disorder that can cause susceptibility to kidney cancer , renal and pulmonary cysts , and noncancerous tumors of the hair follicles , called fibrofolliculomas . The symptoms seen in each family are unique , and can include any combination of the three symptoms . Fibrofolliculomas are the most common manifestation , found on the face and upper trunk in over 80 % of people with BHD over the age of 40 . Pulmonary cysts are equally common ( 84 % ) , but only 24 % of people with BHD eventually experience a collapsed lung ( spontaneous pneumothorax ) . Kidney tumors , both cancerous and benign , occur in 14 – 34 % of people with BHD ; the associated kidney cancers are often rare hybrid tumors . Any of these conditions that occurs in a family can indicate a diagnosis of Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome , though it is only confirmed by a genetic test for a mutation in the FLCN gene , which codes for the protein folliculin . Though its function is not fully understood , it appears to be a tumor suppressor gene that restricts cell growth and division . Versions of FLCN have been found in other animals , including fruit flies , German shepherds , rats , and mice . The disease was discovered in 1977 , but the connection with FLCN was not elucidated until 2002 , after kidney cancer , collapsed lungs , and pulmonary cysts were all definitively connected to BHD . Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome can manifest similarly to other diseases , which must be ruled out when making a diagnosis . These include tuberous sclerosis , which causes skin lesions similar to fibrofolliculomas , and Von Hippel @-@ Lindau disease , which causes hereditary kidney cancers . Once diagnosed , people with BHD are treated preventatively , with monitoring of kidneys and lungs using medical imaging . Fibrofolliculomas can be removed surgically and pneumothorax and kidney cancer are treated according to the normal standard of care . = = Signs and symptoms = = = = = Skin = = = Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome affects the skin and increases the risk of tumors in the kidneys and lungs . The condition is characterized by multiple noncancerous dome @-@ shaped tumors of the hair follicles ( fibrofolliculomas ) , particularly on the face , neck , and — more rarely — the upper chest . The fibrofolliculomas are generally described as having an opaque white color or a yellowish tone and have a waxy , smooth texture . The tumors are always found on and around the nose and on and behind the outer ear . Typically , they first appear in a person 's 20s or 30s , and are found in more than 80 % of people with the syndrome above the age of 40 . The tumors become larger and more numerous over time . Tumors differ between individuals : they may appear merged in plaques , look similar to a comedo with a plug of keratin , or include epidermoid cysts . A large number of tumors on the face can be associated with hyperseborrhea ( abnormally elevated sebum production ) . The presence of fibrofolliculomas on a person 's face can cause significant psychological distress . Other tumors can include trichodiscomas ( tumors of the hair disc , which may be identical to fibrofolliculomas ) , angiofibromas , and perifollicular fibromas . However , angiofibromas are more common in tuberous sclerosis . Along with the tumors , other skin conditions are seen in people with Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome . Approximately 40 % of people or families with the disease have papules in their mouth , which can be located on the cheeks ( buccal mucosa ) , tongue , gums , or lips . Either white or mucosa @-@ colored , they are discrete , small , and soft and consist of fibrous tissue covered in thickened epithelium . Collagenomas of the skin are also found in some families . Many people with BHD have skin lesions that appear to be acrochordons ( skin tags ) , but may instead be fibrofolliculomas . These lesions are usually found in the armpit , on the eyelids , and in folds of skin . Not all individuals develop the facial tumors ; some families with the mutation that causes BHD develop only kidney tumors or spontaneous pneumothorax . = = = Kidneys = = = People over 20 years of age with Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome have an increased risk of developing slow @-@ growing kidney tumors ( chromophobe renal carcinoma and renal oncocytoma , respectively ) , kidney cysts , and possibly tumors in other organs and tissues . These tumors often occur in both kidneys and in multiple locations in each kidney . The average number of kidney tumors found in a person with BHD is 5 @.@ 3 , though up to 28 tumors have been found . Hybrid oncocytoma / chromophobe carcinoma , found in 50 % of cases , is the most commonly found cancer , followed by chromophobe renal carcinoma , clear cell renal carcinoma , renal oncocytoma , and papillary renal cell carcinoma . People over 40 years old and men are more likely to develop kidney tumors , which are diagnosed at a median age of 48 . Kidney cancer associated with BHD have been diagnosed in people at ages as young as 20 . In general , people with Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome are at roughly seven times the risk of kidney cancer compared to the unaffected population . Estimates of the incidence among people with the disease range from 14 % – 34 % . Rarely , it is associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma . If it develops in someone with BHD , renal cell carcinoma occurs later in life and has a poor prognosis . Though the types of tumor typically associated with BHD are considered less aggressive , cases of advanced or metastatic kidney cancer have been observed in people with the syndrome . Both benign and cancerous tumors can reduce kidney function over time as they grow larger . = = = Lungs = = = Along with fibrofolliculomas and kidney tumors , affected individuals frequently develop cysts ( blebs or bullae ) in the subpleural lung base or intraparenchymal space that may rupture and cause an abnormal collection of air in the chest cavity ( pneumothorax ) , which could result in the collapse of a lung . The cysts do not cause other symptoms and lung function is usually normal . More than 83 % of people with Birt – Hogg – Dubé have cysts , however , the syndrome does not cause conditions like progressive chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) or generalized respiratory failure , though it does cause emphysema . Spontaneous , sometimes recurrent , pneumothorax occurs far more often and at a younger age with Birt – Hogg – Dubé than in the unaffected population . Approximately 24 % of people with the disease suffer at least one spontaneous pneumothorax , 30 times the occurrence in unaffected people . Though pneumothorax caused by Birt – Hogg – Dubé often occurs in middle age , at a median age of 38 , 17 % of affected people have a spontaneous pneumothorax before turning 40 . Pneumothoraces have been seen in people as young as 7 and 16 years of age . Some families have a form of BHD that only affects the lungs . = = = Other organs = = = Thyroid nodules have been associated with the Birt – Hogg – Dubé phenotype , present in 65 % of individuals and 90 % of families with the syndrome . However , a connection between BHD and thyroid cancer has not been substantiated . Other conditions have been reported to be associated but may not be caused by the mutation in FLCN or may not be related at all . These include multinodular goiter , medullary thyroid carcinoma , parotid oncocytoma , colonic polyposis , connective tissue nevus , lipomas , angiolipomas , parathyroid adenomas , flecked chorioretinopathy , neurothekeoma , meningiomas , angiofibromas of the face , trichoblastomas , cutaneous focal mucinosis , cutaneous leiomyoma , breast cancer , tonsillar cancer , colorectal cancer , sarcoma of the leg , lung cancer , melanoma , dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans , basal cell carcinoma , cutaneous leiomyosarcoma , and squamous cell carcinoma . = = Pathophysiology = = = = = Genetics = = = An association with the folliculin ( FLCN ) gene was first reported in 2002 . This 14 @-@ exon gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 17 ( 17p11.2 ) and has a cytosine @-@ rich region in exon 11 particularly susceptible to mutation . The most common mutation in this region is the insertion or deletion of a cytosine residue , found in 53 % of Birt – Hogg – Dubé families . There is no significant difference in the symptoms experienced by families with an insertion at that location compared to those who have a deletion . However , mutations in FLCN associated with Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome are heterogeneous , and are often nonsense mutations or frameshift mutations that cause early truncation of the protein product at the carboxy @-@ terminus . Very rarely , missense mutations are observed . Mutations are often passed from one generation to the next in an autosomal dominant fashion but can occur as a new mutation in an individual with no prior family history ( a de novo mutation ) . The children of an affected parent each have a 50 % chance of having the disease . Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome has very high penetrance . A correlation between different FLCN genotypes and phenotypes has not been discovered . = = = Function = = = FLCN creates a protein called folliculin that has two isoforms . It appears to act as a tumor suppressor and is expressed strongly in the skin , distal nephrons , and type I pneumocytes . It has also been found in the parotid gland , brain , breast , pancreas , prostate , and ovaries . Tumor suppressors normally prevent cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way . Mutations in the FLCN gene may interfere with the ability of folliculin to restrain cell growth and division , leading to the formation of noncancerous and cancerous tumors . Recent studies suggest that folliculin accomplishes this function through its involvement with cellular metabolism , possibly through modulation of the mTOR ( mammalian target of rapamycin ) pathway and / or oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria . Folliculin interacts with FNIP1 and FNIP2 ( FLCN @-@ interacting protein ) to form a complex with AMP @-@ activated protein kinase . Folliculin 's participation in the mTOR pathway may explain the similarity in phenotype between BHD syndrome , Cowden syndrome , tuberous sclerosis , and Peutz @-@ Jeghers syndrome . Most of the cancer @-@ causing mutations cause the protein to be truncated at the carboxy @-@ terminus . The C @-@ terminal end of folliculin has shown to be the domain through which it interacts with FNIP1 , and thereby possibly the mTOR pathway . FLCN is highly conserved in vertebrates — it is very similar between many vertebrate species . The 508th amino acid , normally lysine , is affected by a missense mutation in some people with Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome . The lysine at this position is found to be conserved between invertebrate and vertebrate orthologs of folliculin , indicating that it is important to the protein 's function . People with Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome are born with one mutated copy of the FLCN gene in each cell . Haploinsufficiency — only having one functional copy of the FLCN gene — is enough to cause the fibrofolliculomas and pulmonary cysts , however , one copy of the gene is enough to keep kidney cells in check . During their lifetime , random mutations might inactivate the normal copy of the gene in a subset of cells . When this occurs , the result is that these cells have no functional copies of the FLCN gene , allowing the cells grow out of control . This loss of heterozygosity is a common mechanism in cancer , and it is frequently detected in the renal cancers associated with BHD . The molecular genetic defects in renal tumors of people with BHD are different from two other similar kidney tumors , chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and renal oncocytoma . BHD @-@ associated tumorigenesis differs between the kidney , where loss of FLCN heterozygosity is responsible for cancers , and the skin , where FLCN is strongly expressed in heterozygotes . FLCN has been found to be overexpressed in fibrofolliculoma tissue and to have very low levels of expression in affected kidneys . Furthermore , the mTOR pathway is shown to be activated in tumor tissue from both humans and mice . = = Diagnosis = = BHD can be suggested by clinical findings but is definitively diagnosed by molecular genetic testing to detect mutations in the FLCN gene . The classical clinical triad includes benign growths of the hair follicles ; pulmonary cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax ; and bilateral , multifocal renal tumors . = = = Clinical triad = = = The cutaneous manifestations of Birt – Hogg – Dubé were originally described as fibrofolliculomas ( abnormal growths of a hair follicle ) , trichodiscomas ( hamartomatous lesions with a hair follicle at the periphery , often found on the face ) , and acrochordons ( skin tags ) . Cutaneous manifestations are confirmed by histology . Most individuals ( 89 % ) with BHD are found to have multiple cysts in both lungs , and 24 % have had one or more episodes of pneumothorax . The cysts can be detected by chest CT scan . Renal tumors can manifest as multiple types of renal cell carcinoma , but certain pathological subtypes ( including chromophobe , oncocytoma , and oncocytic hybrid tumors ) are more commonly seen . Although the original syndrome was discovered on the basis of cutaneous findings , it is now recognized that individuals with Birt – Hogg – Dubé may only manifest the pulmonary and / or renal findings , without any skin lesions . Though these signs indicate BHD , it is only confirmed with a genetic test for FLCN mutations . = = = Genetic testing = = = FLCN mutations are detected by sequencing in 88 % of probands with Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome . This means that some people with the clinical diagnosis have mutations that are not detectable by current technology , or that mutations in another currently unknown gene could be responsible for a minority of cases . In addition , amplifications and deletions in exonic regions are also tested . Genetic testing can be useful to confirm the clinical diagnosis of and to provide a means of determining other at @-@ risk individuals in a family even if they have not yet developed BHD symptoms . = = = Differential diagnosis = = = Birt – Hogg – Dubé can be difficult to diagnose from symptoms alone , because hereditary renal cancers , pneumothorax , and cutaneous tumors occur with other syndromes . Hereditary bilateral , multifocal kidney tumors similar to those seen in BHDcan occur with von Hippel – Lindau disease ( clear cell renal cell carcinoma ) , hereditary papillary renal cancer ( papillary renal cell carcinoma ) , and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome . They are differentiated with examination of the tumors ' histology . Hereditary recurrent pneumothorax or pulmonary cysts are associated with Marfan syndrome , Ehlers – Danlos syndrome , Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ( TSC ) , alpha1 @-@ antitrypsin deficiency , and cystic fibrosis . Non @-@ hereditary recurrent pneumothorax and / or pulmonary cysts can occur with Langerhans cell histiocytosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis . These conditions are differentiated from Birt – Hogg – Dubé through examining the patient history and performing a physical examination . In women suspected to have the disease , ruling out pulmonary or thoracic endometriosis may be necessary . Though fibrofolliculomas are unique to Birt – Hogg – Dubé , they may present with an ambiguous appearance and must be confirmed histologically . Other diseases can mimic the dermatologic manifestations of BHD , including tuberous sclerosis complex , Cowden syndrome , familial trichoepitheliomas , and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 . Tuberous sclerosis must be distinguished because both disorders can present with angiofibromas on the face , though they are more common in tuberous sclerosis . = = Management = = The different manifestations of Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome are controlled in different ways . The fibrofolliculomas can be removed surgically , through curettage , shave excision , skin resurfacing , or laser ablation ; however , this is not a permanent solution as the tumors often recur . The renal and pulmonary symptoms are managed preventatively : CT scans , ultrasounds , or MRIs of the kidneys are recommended regularly , and family members are advised not to smoke . MRIs are the preferred method for surveillance of the kidneys in people with BHD because they do not carry the same risk of radiation complications as CT scans and are more sensitive than ultrasounds . Smokers with Birt – Hogg – Dubé have more severe pulmonary symptoms than non @-@ smokers . Though nephrectomy is sometimes indicated , kidney tumors in cases of Birt – Hogg – Dubé are often removed without taking the whole kidney , in a procedure called partial nephrectomy . Knockout mouse studies have shown that administration of rapamycin may mitigate the effects of FLCN mutations on kidneys and improve renal cancer prognoses because of folliculin 's interaction with the mTOR pathway . = = Epidemiology = = The disorder has been reported in more than 100 families worldwide , though some sources cite up to 400 families , and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern . It is considered to be under @-@ diagnosed because of the variability in its expression . The pattern of mutations and spectrum of symptoms are heterogeneous between individuals . Less severe skin phenotypes are seen in women and people of both sexes who have a late onset of skin symptoms . = = Patient Registry = = Birt @-@ Hogg @-@ Dubé Syndrome patients , families , and caregivers are encouraged to join the NIH Rare Lung Diseases Consortium Contact Registry . This is a privacy protected site that provides up @-@ to @-@ date information for individuals interested in the latest scientific news , trials , and treatments related to rare lung diseases . = = History = = The syndrome was first well described in 1977 , by three Canadian physicians , Arthur R. Birt , Georgina R. Hogg and William J. Dubé . The earliest case of possible BHD in the medical literature was published by Burnier and Rejsek in 1927 , who described a case of perifollicular fibromas on a 56 @-@ year @-@ old woman 's face . Trichodiscomas were first described in 1974 by H.S. Zackheim and H. Pinkus , but were not associated with BHD until Birt , Hogg , and Dubé . The first case of BHD with the systemic symptoms was described by Hornstein and Knickenberg and found in two siblings and their father , all of whom exhibited colon polyps and the characteristic fibrofolliculomas . Though the siblings did not have renal or pulmonary symptoms , their father had cysts in his lungs and kidneys . Hornstein @-@ Knickenberg syndrome is a now @-@ deprecated name for the inherited fibrofolliculomas inherent to Birt – Hogg – Dubé . Birt , Hogg , and Dubé examined a family with a hereditary thyroid cancer and discovered that many of the members had fibrofolliculomas , trichodiscomas , and acrochordons , which became defined as the classical symptoms of the eponymous disease . The first case of spontaneous pneumothorax associated with BHD was discovered in 1986 ; the first case of renal cancer followed in 1993 and the presence of lung cysts in people with BHD was confirmed in 1999 . It was formerly thought that people with Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome were at higher risk for colorectal polyps and neoplasms , but this has been disproven . The BHD Foundation supports research into the syndrome and holds regular symposia in BHD and related disorders for researchers , clinicians , and family members . = = Other animals = = Genes related to FLCN and diseases similar to BHD have been found in dogs , fruit flies , rats , and mice . In German Shepherd dogs , missense mutations in the canine ortholog of FLCN cause a similar phenotype to human BHD — kidney cancers ( in this case , mutifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma ) and skin tumors ( nodular dermatofibrosis ) . They had a similar pattern of tumorigenesis to human BHD in that the skin lesions were heterozygous for the FLCN mutation and the renal tumors were likely caused by loss of heterozygosity . Female German shepherds with a FLCN mutation are also prone to uterine leiomyomas . A homolog of FLCN called DBHD has been discovered in the common fruit fly , Drosophila melanogaster . Decrease expression of the DBHD results in loss of male germline stem cells ( GSC ) , which suggest that DBHD is required for male GSC maintenance in the fly testis . Further , DBHD regulates GSC maintenance downstream or in parallel of the JAK / STAT and Dpp signal @-@ transduction pathways , which suggest that BHD regulates tumorigenesis by controlling stem cells in human { Singh et al . 2006 } A line of rats with hereditary kidney cancer were developed by Japanese researchers . They have a mutation in the FLCN homolog that produces a truncated protein , though they do not develop the cutaneous or pulmonary symptoms seen in humans . Heterozygotes have renal abnormalities seen very early in life that develop into clear cell and hybrid tumors , significantly shortening the animals ' lifespan ; they also are prone to endometrial and salivary gland clear cell hyperplasia as well as rhabdomyolysis . Homozygotes do not survive to birth . When a wild @-@ type FLCN gene was added , the phenotype was rescued . Knockout mice have been created for a kidney @-@ cancer causing mutation of BHD ; heterozygotes develop kidney cysts and tumors that lead to renal failure within three weeks of birth . In these mice , the mTOR pathway was inappropriately activated , indicating that the mouse homolog of FLCN plays a regulatory role in this pathway . Rapamycin partially rescued the phenotype by regulating mTOR . Homozygotes die in utero . = Ramsay Weston Phipps = Ramsay Weston Phipps ( 10 April 1838 – 24 June 1923 ) was an Irish @-@ born military historian and officer in Queen Victoria 's Royal Artillery . The son of Pownoll Phipps , an officer of the British East India Company 's army , he was descended from the early settlers of the West Indies ; many generations had served in the British , and the English military . Phipps served in the Crimean War , had a stint of duty at Malta , and helped to repress the Fenian uprising in Canada in 1866 . Phipps is known for his study of The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I , a five volume set published posthumously from 1926 – 1939 by Oxford University Press . He also edited L.A. Fauvelet de Bourrienne 's Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte , a three volume work published in 1885 and Madame Campan 's The private life of Marie Antoinette , queen of France and Navarre ; with sketches and anecdotes of the courts of Louis XVI , published in 1889 . = = Family = = Ramsay Weston Phipps descended from generations of military and political men . Colonel William Phipps , a Yeoman of Lincolnshire , raised a regiment of horse for Charles I. Another of his ancestors was Lord Chancellor of Ireland in the reign of Queen Anne . Captain James Phipps settled the Island of St. Christopher , in the West Indies in 1676 . The family was rewarded for its loyalty with titles and lands in Ireland . Ramsay Phipps was also a cousin of the Earls of Mulgrave . In 1791 , Phipps ' grandfather , Constantine ( 1746 – 1797 ) , rented the Hotel d 'Harcout in Caen , France , from the Duke of Harcourt ; in 1793 , he returned briefly to England in 1793 for the wedding of one of his daughters , leaving eight of his children in France . When War of the First Coalition broke out in 1793 , the children were separated from their parents . Ramsay Phipps ' father , Pownoll Phipps ( 1780 – 1858 ) and his siblings grew up in the French city during the French revolution , and lived under the threat of anti @-@ English violence . Only after the Treaty of Campo Formio could the children return to England , arriving on 2 October 1798 , all of them fluent in French ; Pownoll Phipps reportedly spoke with French @-@ accented English for the rest of his life . By the end of October , Pownoll had a commission as a lieutenant and joined the Bengal Army of the East India Company . The following June , he embarked for India on the Bombay @-@ built ship Britannica . Upon arrival in India , Pownoll Phipps joined the force under command of Colonel Arthur Wellesley . He participated in Sir David Baird 's expedition from India to Egypt in 1801 , for which participation he eventually became a Knight of the Crescent . Phipps married Henrietta Beaunpaire ; orphaned by the French Revolution , she had taken refuge with him and his siblings at the Hotel d 'Harcout , on 10 August 1802 , in Calcutta . Pownoll Phipps ' second wife , Sophia Matilda Arnold , was Benedict Arnold 's daughter . Phipps retired from the East India Company service on 1 July 1825 , with the rank of colonel . Living for a time in London , he was a popular regular at Exeter Hall events . A well @-@ versed , informed and articulate speaker and storyteller , Phipps was a gallant gentleman , readily at ease in all society , and very friendly : " a tall , stout , officer @-@ like person , about 60 @-@ years of age , with white hair , short , sharp features , and a pleasant cast of countenance . " He also had a strict sense of honor . In 1857 , a year before his death , he wrote a letter to the Editor of The Times , in which he asserted his belief in the good character and quality of the Sepoys , despite the popular outrage against them during the Indian Mutiny . Pownoll Phipps developed bronchitis after presiding over the closing of an art exhibit in Clonmel , Ireland ; he died in November 1858 . His funeral was attended by Protestant and Catholics , and the procession was over a mile long . Ramsay Weston Phipps was the second son of Pownoll Phipps and Phipps ' third wife , the Irish @-@ born Anna Charlotte Smith . Born at the family estate , Oaklands , in Tipperary , Ireland , he was named Ramsay in honor of an uncle who pioneered slave emancipation in the West Indies , and Weston after another uncle , a scientific clergyman . By 1841 , his father had returned to England , to reside in Kent , where the family lived in Yalding . They lodged at the Parsonage with a local farmer , Ramsey Warde ; Ramsey Warde was also a relative of Phipps ' mother . The family of four included three @-@ year @-@ old Ramsay , his older brother , Pownoll ( age five ) , his mother ( age 30 ) and his father . Eventually , two more children joined the family : Henrietta Sophia and Robert Constantine , twins born 23 September 1841 . The boy died 9 October , but Henrietta lived into adulthood , marrying Lieutenant @-@ Colonel William Smith . After suffering a bout of measles in spring 1847 , Ramsay Phipps attended Mr. Barron 's School at Stanmore with his older brother , Pownoll , with the intent to following his brother in a year or two to Rugby in Warwickshire . = = Military career = = Before he could enter Rugby , Phipps was offered instead a cadetship and entered the government preparatory school at Carlshalton , in Surrey . In 1849 , at the age of 11 , he put on a uniform , and he wore it , or a variation of it , until his retirement in 1887 . Phipps later attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich . After his graduation , he expected a commission in the Royal Artillery , and while awaiting it , he lived for a few months with his uncle at Carragh , Ireland ; his lieutenant 's commission arrived , dated 1 August 1855 , and with it instructions him to join his Royal Artillery unit at Woolwich , for service in the Crimean War . He reached the Crimea in November 1855 , and participated in the Siege of Sevastopol . Assigned to the Matthew Dixon 's 5th Company , 9th Battalion , he was part of the right siege train , and his chief occupation was blowing up the Sevastapol docks . He was still small for his age , and looked very young , which drew teasing from his company . The siege work was difficult and the living conditions were brutal ; he recounted to his brother that the soldiers were plagued not only by the Russian fire , but by dysentery , bad food , and wintering in tents . He returned to England the following year on the Imperatrice , arriving in March 1856 . Although he was given a medal to wear when Queen Victoria reviewed the troops , it was later collected from him ; the decision was made at higher commands that only those who had landed in the Crimea prior to September 1855 would be awarded the Crimea Medal . After his return to England , Ramsay Phipps was quartered at the Tower of London . After this assignment , he was sent to Plymouth , serving at the Prince of Wales Redoubt . In 1861 , Phipps was stationed in South Shoebury , Essex . He was promoted to the Royal Artillery 's unique rank of second captain on 7 April 1864 , and appointed brigade adjutant on 14 October 1868 . The brigade adjutant functioned as the staff officer for the brigade commander : he supervised all brigade books and records , monitored the execution of orders , supervised the education and training of subalterns , prosecuted in all courts @-@ martial proceedings , and accepted and transmitted all orders . Ramsay Phipps married Anne Bampfylde , the daughter of a Bath physician , in September 1864 . With a few exceptions , most of Phipps ' posts included garrison duty in southern England in the vicinity of the Royal Artillery barracks at Woolwich . Phipps traveled to the United States , arriving in Boston on 30 April 1866 ; he went to Canada to participate in operations against the Fenian uprising . In 1869 , his brother and a friend sought to climb the Zermatt and the Schreckhorn , during which climb the friend fell over 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) to bottom of the Lauteraar glacier . In the emergency , Ramsay Phipps joined his brother in Grindelwald while guides recovered the body . In 1881 , Phipps was stationed in Ireland ; his wife remained in Bath , living in the prestigious Royal Crescent ( No. 19 ) , with her three children , a female cousin , and several servants . Phipps was promoted to major on 12 April 1873 , to brevet lieutenant @-@ colonel on 1 July 1881 , and substantive lieutenant @-@ colonel on 26 April 1882 . Phipps had little tolerance for foolishness and retained a professional soldier 's dislike of civilian interference in military affairs , and ineffective administration , whether from civilians or government . In 1887 , shortly after his retirement , he wrote a letter to the editor of The Times addressing some of the highly publicized problems of desertions from the ranks . " War Office civilians , " he wrote , " like the plan of indiscriminate enlist , as it swells their list of recruits . Then , when the list of deserters grows , they put on long faces , and say , ' it must be those wicked officers . ' The officers would stop this plan in a day if they were allowed . " The problem with recruiters , Phipps maintained , lay in the need for quantity , not quality . " What fools you civilians are to pay for these blackguards , " he wrote . " If you would let the officers select their men , for the first year or so , you would have fewer men on paper , fewer men in prison , and just as many men for service .... I will then give you another hint for saving money ... why not do away with the Inspector @-@ General of Recruiting , and spend his pay in horse artillery , who would be very ornamental and very serviceable ? What use is the Inspector General ? " He had retired from active service in 1883 , and Phipps fully retired in 1887 , after attaining the rank of colonel . Phipps and his wife had seven children , five of whom survived into adulthood . The first son , Edmund , born 1867 , died less than two months later while the family was stationed at Plymouth . During a short stint on Malta in 1869 , a daughter Mary was born and died immediately . Edmund Bampfylde was born in 1869 , and followed a career in education ; he attended New College , Oxford , and became a Deputy Secretary on the Board of Education . In 1906 , he married Margaret Percy Phipps , who was Mayor of Chelsea for two terms . In 1916 , he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath , followed by a knighthood in 1917 ; he served in the Ministry of Munitions during the latter part of World War I. Charles Fossett , born in 1872 , and Henry , the youngest son , pursued military careers . Charles and Henry were awarded the Distinguished Service Order for their roles in the British Expeditionary Force in 1914 . Charles attained the rank of lieutenant @-@ colonel in the Royal Garrison Artillery during World War I , assigned to the VI Corps Heavy Artillery , and in 1918 moved to Parkgate , in Dublin . Henry married Lorna Campbell in 1906 , and they had three children . Henry eventually attained the rank of lieutenant @-@ colonel in the Royal Artillery , and died on 24 August 1949 . The youngest , Gertrude Annie , was born on 13 December 1876 . She married in 1907 to Lieutenant Colonel E.C. Sandars , CMG , also a Royal Artillery officer ; the couple had a daughter , Elizabeth . Phipps ' wife died in October 1885 . In 1888 , Phipps settled with his three youngest children at Chalfont St Giles . The 1891 Buckingham census shows Phipps on the Royal Artillery retired list and living at a country manor house , The Stone , with his sons , 21 @-@ year @-@ old Edmund , a student at Oxford University , and 16 @-@ year @-@ old Henry , a student at Wellington , and 14 @-@ year @-@ old Gertrude . Four servants supported this small family , including a cook , a lady 's maid for Gertrude , a housemaid , and a scullery maid . In 1901 , Henry had left the family household , but Edmund and Gertrude still lived with their father in St. Giles . Phipps remained at The Stone until 1920 . = = Career as military historian = = Chalfont St Giles lies 25 miles ( 40 km ) from London , and about the same distance to Oxford , maintained a foot in the social world of London and the academic world of Oxford . Phipps was chairman of the magistrates for the Burnham division , sitting at Beaconsfield , and was a member of the County Standing Joint Committee and the County Licensing Committee . He also attended annual Diocesan Conferences at Oxford . Phipps pursued his life @-@ long interest in the Napoleonic Wars . In 1885 , he edited a revised edition of what was then the standard authority on Napoleon , Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne 's Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte . He also wrote the revision 's chapters XXIV and XXVI . Subsequently , he edited a new edition of the surgeon Barry Edward O 'Meara 's Napoleon at Saint Helena , another Napoleonic Wars classic , to which he wrote a new introduction : O 'Meara had been Napoleon 's doctor on Helena . Historians praised Phipps ' introduction as a convincing exposition against the treatment of Napoleon on Helena . In 1889 , he edited a revised edition of Jeanne @-@ Louise @-@ Henriette Campan 's The private life of Marie Antoinette , queen of France and Navarre ; with sketches and anecdotes of the courts of Louis XVI , which was also well received . = = = Creation of his magnum opus = = = Initially interested in the ministers of the Empire , Phipps was diverted to a deeper interest in Napoleon 's marshals , primarily by the difficulty of obtaining facts about them . He capitalized on the growing interest of both Britons and the French in the Napoleonic period by purchasing , as they came out , the many personal memoirs published by the descendants of the participants . Indeed , by 1920 , he had acquired over 2 @,@ 000 volumes , plus sundry maps and letters . That year , in failing health , he moved to the house of his son , Charles , in Carlyle Square ( 21 ) , Chelsea , London . There was no room for the books at his son 's house , so Phipps gave them to All Souls College , Oxford ; the majority of them were placed in the Codrington Library . He selected All Souls for its established reputation in military history , and for the Codrington 's collection left to it by Sir Foster Cunliffe , who had been killed in action in 1916 . The collection , called the Phipps Collection , numbered more than 2 @,@ 000 volumes , and includes Napoleon 's published correspondence , that of the marshals , and has been kept up to date with modern works issued by the Historical Department of the French General Staff . By the 1920s , there was still little published in English about the French marshals , and Phipps ' proposed Lives of the Marshals was enthusiastically anticipated by scholars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars . Despite his diligent activity on the project , Phipps ' work was complicated by the regular appearance of new material , which he felt he had to read , verify , and digest ; he sometimes incorporated the new material into his own work , and sometimes counter @-@ balanced it with other material . Phipps was convinced of the importance of his subject , particularly the experience of the future marshals in the Republican armies . The French field armies of the Revolutionary Wars ( 1793 – 1800 ) formed the military education of the future marshals . Although there was great interest in the marshals , little had been published in either French or English about their early military experience . Phipps called these revolutionary armies the Schools for Marshals . Furthermore , he postulated , " the Consulate and the Empire cannot be judged until the Revolutionary period has been studied in detail . " Consequently , the scope of his work expanded . On the one hand , Phipps wished to avoid rehashing the same information that was available , but the careers of the marshals required some duplication . The published works were often filled with inconsistencies , not only in the French sources , but from the French to the English sources . The French sources frequently misinterpreted the English sources , and vice versa . Phipps wrote both an introduction to his work and a summary of the histories of the armies of the Republic and the Consulate , from 1791 to 1804 , and at certain points in his narrative , he paused to review the positions of the various future marshals and other well @-@ known generals . He reflected on the development of their experience , the characteristics of their leadership , and the relationships to one another and to Napoleon . Critically , he posited that generals rarely improved with practice . Ultimately the work that emerged was a massive typescript unfinished upon Phipps ' death in June 1923 . It included an introduction , a summary of the armies , a detailed history of the armies and the coup d 'etat in Paris , a complete history of the French armies in Spain 1808 – 1814 , plus accounts of Napoleon 's 1814 campaign in which the marshals played such an important role and an account of the marshals during the First and Second Restorations . It also included material on the lives of the individual marshals and notes on the ministers of the Empire , who had been the subjects of Phipps ' original plan . At some point in the compilation of this typescript , Phipps realized that he would not live to finish his work . He hoped that his children might be able to prepare it for publication , and he made some provision for the publication of all or a part of his manuscript . After Phipps ' death , with the assistance and encouragement of Charles Oman , the authority on the Peninsular War , his son , Charles F. Phipps , supervised the publication of the first three volumes . Charles died in June 1932 before proofing the final galleys of volume three and prior to the publication of volumes four and five . Volumes four and five were left in the hands of Phipps ' " very capable granddaughter " and literary executor , Elizabeth Sandars . = = = Reception = = = Phipps ' effort , and that of his literary executors , was well received as both interesting and informative . " The narrative is that of a gallant gentleman whose life was spent as a ' soldier of the Queen ' and in contributing to the greatness of the British Empire , who narrates to his listeners the facts which he has gathered , after his retirement from the army , in the pursuit of his favorite hobby . " The narrative itself is informal and charming , not only full of analysis , but also relaying interesting stories and anecdotes about the marshals themselves . Other reviewers found the narrative clear , but undistinguished and " fatigued . " In the first volume , Phipps ' analysis covers a categorization of the marshals , although the narrative itself is largely confined to the Armée du Nord . In the beginning , he points out , the French army was well disciplined and the class of non @-@ commissioned officers was " especially good . " As the integration of the so @-@ called volunteers — the revolutionary conscripts — into the units of regular troops undermined morale , discipline , and conditions , the army 's cohesion fell apart . Phipps highlighted in particular the problems of armies moving without magazines or supplies . His analysis of the classes of marshals — citizen , soldier , officer — offers a noteworthy and solid refutation of the marshals as a class of leadership rising from the rough soldiery ; his criticism of the French Revolutionary army system resulting from the two amalgamations is acute , targeted and well @-@ documented . However , by limiting his sources to only those in English or French , in which he also was fluent , Phipps necessarily restricted his details , ignoring the actions of the Austrians and the Russians . The evidence , though , is always well assembled , even though , by volume three , it becomes much more sparse . Of the five volumes , the second may be the most interesting : it dealt with more interesting times , and more consistent military operations . The army of the north was a " bad army , " and the story of its command is one of " honest and brave men hurried in turn to the guillotine , or of less honest men going over to the enemy . " Some of Phipps ' own eccentricities also appear in volume two ; he frequently lapses into sarcasm , revealing his disdain for civilian administration of military affairs , and there are points at which he fails to follow through fully on his criticism ; for example , he holds back on his critique of Jean Victor Moreau despite his assertion that he wanted to demolish once and for all the myth that Moreau was as great a soldier as Napoleon . Phipps adeptly describes the game of cat and mouse that Moreau , Jean Baptiste Jourdan , and the Archduke Charles played with one another in the summer of 1796 as their armies criss @-@ crossed south @-@ western Germany ; neither general came to grips with the other until October , and even then , after the Battle of Schliengen , Charles was content to chase Moreau and Jourdan over the Rhine , not to demolish the French army . They were lacking , Phipps postulated , the instinct and nerves of Napoleon . The problems associated with Phipps ' lack of professional training as an historian become clear by the third volume . Despite his reading of newly published works , Phipps ' idea of what constituted new material included the publications of memoirs and journals of the participants , not the extensive secondary literature and array of historiographical material in the periodic literature written by professional historians seeking to understand the French revolution and the Napoleonic Wars . Consequently , Phipps ' perceptions of the French revolution remained rooted in the outdated theories of Archibald Alison , Adolphe Thiers , and others , while ignoring some of the new theories of Albert Sorel , François Victor Alphonse Aulard and Albert Mathiez . His military background emerged clearly in his hostility to the meddling of the French government in the affairs of soldiers . Despite his amateur standing , Phipps plowed through an alarmingly confusing mass of material , especially that covering the 1796 – 1797 campaigns in Ireland and the Pyrenees . He hacked through a tangle of French material to provide a path for the English language reader . This feat in itself made volume three a useful tool ; furthermore , Phipps offered an even @-@ handed treatment of the suppression of Lyon and Toulon , two French cities whose revolts alarmed the Revolutionary government . Despite his lack of professional training , Phipps provided a valuable assessment to these widely studied revolts . Reviewers also gave credit to Elizabeth Sanders , Phipps ' granddaughter and literary executor , for her skillful handling of the last two volumes . The purpose of the work becomes even more apparent and direct under her management and editing of the material . The role of the future marshals becomes more clear in the campaigns of 1797 , and especially in the Italian campaign ; her handling of the material kept it fully focused on the future marshals Massena , Augereau , Berthier , and Brune . By the time of the publication of the final volume , Phipps ' work had established for itself a place in the pantheon of Napoleonic literature . It " will always be regarded as a valuable source , " well @-@ known to students of the Napoleonic era , and the last volume , critics maintained , was " as interesting as its predecessors . " Not only did Phipps achieve his goal of creating a record of the development of the marshals , but his volumes have become a useful history of the progress of the wars themselves , from 1792 to 1799 . The true value of the first volume , and indeed the subsequent four , lies in its repeated use as a reference work . = = Publications = = Ramsay Weston Phipps . The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1926 – 39 . = = = Edited works = = = Jeanne @-@ Louise @-@ Henriette Campan , The private life of Marie Antoinette , queen of France and Navarre ; with sketches and anecdotes of the courts of Louis XVI , Revised edition edited by R.W. Phipps , London , Bentley , 1889 . Barry Edward O 'Meara , Napoleon on Saint Helena . Revised edition edited by R.W. Phipps , 2 volumes , London : Bentley , 1888 . Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne , Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte , revised edition edited by R. W. Phipps , 3 volumes , London , Bentley , 1885 . = Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney = Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney , known in Japan as Gyakuten Saiban ( 逆転裁判 , lit . " Turnabout Trial " ) , is a visual novel adventure video game developed by Capcom . It was originally released for the Game Boy Advance in 2001 in Japan , and has since been ported to multiple platforms . The Nintendo DS version , titled Gyakuten Saiban Yomigaeru Gyakuten in Japan , was released in 2005 in Japan and North America , and in 2006 in Europe , and includes an English language option . The game is the first entry in the Ace Attorney series , and has received several sequels and spin @-@ offs . The story follows Phoenix Wright , a rookie defense attorney who attempts to get his clients declared " not guilty " . Among other characters are Phoenix 's boss , Mia Fey ; his assistant and Mia 's sister , Maya ; and prosecutor Miles Edgeworth . The player controls Phoenix through two types of sections : investigations and courtroom trials . During investigations , they gather information and evidence , and during trials , they cross @-@ examine witnesses and answer questions from the judge , the prosecutor , and the witnesses . The story is split into five cases , the fifth being introduced in the Nintendo DS version to take advantage of gameplay elements using the handheld 's touchscreen and not available in the original Game Boy Advance version . Development of the game was handled by a team of seven people over the course of ten months . It was directed and written by Shu Takumi , and was originally planned to be a Game Boy Color game about a private investigator . The game was designed to be simple , as Takumi wanted it to be easy enough for even his mother to play . While the original version of the game takes place in Japan , the localization is set in the United States ; this became an issue when localizing later games , where the Japanese setting was more obvious . The game has been mostly positively received by critics , who have appreciated its premise , writing , characters and presentation . The game has been a commercial success both in Japan and internationally , with the North American release selling higher than expectations and being hard to find in stores shortly after release . Other media based on the game has been made : a manga series premiered in 2006 ; a film adaptation of the game , titled Ace Attorney , premiered in 2012 ; and an anime series adaptation started airing in 2016 . = = Gameplay = = Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney is a visual novel adventure game in which the player takes the role of Phoenix Wright , a rookie defense attorney , and attempts to defend their clients in five cases . These cases are played in a specific order ; after having finished cases , the player can re @-@ play them in any order . Each case starts with an opening cinematic showing a murder ; shortly thereafter , the player is given the job of defending the prime suspect of the case . The gameplay is split into two types of sections : investigations and courtroom trials . During investigations , which usually take place before or in between trial sessions , the player gathers information and evidence by talking to characters such as their client , witnesses , and the police . The player is able to move around a cursor to examine various things in the environment . By using a menu , the player can move to different locations , examine evidence , and present evidence to other characters ; by showing certain pieces of evidence to some witnesses , the player can get access to new information . In the game 's fifth case , created for the DS version and used in all subsequent releases , the player is able to examine evidence more closely , rotating it to view it from all sides and zooming in or out on it using touchscreen controls ; they are also able to move a cursor to investigate specific parts of the evidence . The fifth case also features forensics tests that the player can use at crime scenes to find clues : the player can spray luminol by tapping areas they want to examine on the touch screen , which makes the player able to see otherwise invisible blood stains ; and they can touch the touch screen to apply aluminum flake powder in order to search for finger prints . After applying it , they can blow into the microphone to reveal the prints . Once the player has gathered enough evidence , the investigation section ends . In the courtroom trials , the player aims to get their client declared " not guilty " . In order to do so , they cross @-@ examine witnesses ; during these cross @-@ examinations , the player aims to find lies and inconsistencies in the witnesses ' testimonies . They are able to go back and forth between the different statements in the testimony , and can press the witness for more details on a statement . When the player finds an inconsistency , they can present a piece of evidence that contradicts the statement . In the Nintendo DS version , the player can choose to press and present by using vocal commands , and in the Wii version , players have the option to present evidence by swinging the Wii Remote . At certain points , the player has to answer questions from the judge , the witnesses , or the prosecutor through a multiple @-@ choice answer selection , or by presenting evidence that supports Phoenix 's claims . On the screen , a number of exclamation marks are shown ; if the player presents an incorrect piece of evidence , one of the exclamation marks disappear . If all disappear , the player loses the game . When the player solves a case , they unlock a new one to play . = = Plot = = The first case of the game portrays defense attorney Phoenix Wright 's first trial , in which he successfully defends his childhood friend Larry Butz , who was suspected of murder . In the second episode , Mia Fey , the owner of the law office Phoenix works at , is murdered for being aware of corporate blackmail , and her younger sister Maya is charged with the crime because her name was found written on a piece of evidence . Phoenix defends her , and meets another childhood friend , Miles Edgeworth , who is the prosecutor of the case . Maya is found not guilty , and becomes Phoenix 's assistant ; as she is a spirit medium , she is able to channel Mia 's spirit , who offers Phoenix help at some points . In the third case , which Edgeworth is also the prosecutor of , Phoenix and Maya investigate the murder of an actor . They learn that the victim was accidentally killed in self @-@ defense by a producer , whom the actor tried to kill over a matter of blackmail while dressed as another actor in order to frame him . In the fourth case , Edgeworth is charged with murder , and is defended by Phoenix . They learn that Edgeworth was set up by his mentor , Manfred von Karma . Several years earlier , von Karma had shot and killed Edgeworth 's father Gregory , a defense attorney , after Gregory had ruined von Karma 's perfect record ; von Karma led Edgeworth to believe he had shot his own father . It is revealed that Edgeworth was what inspired Phoenix to become an attorney : Edgeworth and Larry had defended him when they were children , after Phoenix had been accused of stealing money . The three became friends , until Edgeworth moved away after his father 's death . Phoenix exposes von Karma 's cover @-@ up and gets Edgeworth declared not guilty . After the case , Edgeworth thinks about taking time off from his position to consider the events , while Maya announces she is going back to her home in Kurain Village for spiritual training . The fifth case ( not present in the original Game Boy Advanced release , but added for the DS and subsequent releases ) has Phoenix defending chief prosecutor Lana Skye when she is charged with murdering a detective . With the aid of Lana 's younger sister Ema during the investigations and the help of Edgeworth during the trial , Phoenix learns that Lana was blackmailed by the chief of police , Damon Gant , into covering for a murder she thought that Ema had committed several years before . Gant himself is revealed to have committed the murder and pinned the blame on Ema . Though Lana is cleared of murder charges , she willingly goes to jail for being an accomplice . Ema says her goodbyes as she heads to Europe to study forensic science . = = Development = = Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney was developed by a team of seven people , and took ten months to make . It was directed by Shu Takumi and produced by Atsushi Inaba , with music by Masakazu Sugimori , character design by Kumiko Suekane , and art by Tatsuro Iwamoto . In 2000 , after Takumi had finished his work on Dino Crisis 2 , his boss at the time , Shinji Mikami , gave him six months to create any type of game he wanted to . Takumi had originally joined Capcom wanting to make mystery and adventure games , and felt that this was a big chance for him to make a mark as a creator . At first , the game was planned to be released for the Game Boy Color , but after the development team were shown the Game Boy Advance system 's screen and footage of Mega Man Battle Network , Takumi felt that the Game Boy Advance would be perfect for Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney . The game was designed to be simple , as Takumi wanted it to be easy enough for even his mother to play . As it was less common at the time to use professional voice actors , the game 's voice clips were provided by the development team : each staff member recorded every sample that was needed for the game , and then the best ones were used . Takumi used his privilege as a director to cast himself as Phoenix , however , while Edgeworth was voiced by Iwamoto , and von Karma by Sugimori . The game was originally going to be a detective game , with Phoenix being a private investigator who found a body at the office of his client and got arrested ; as the lawyer who was assigned to the case was useless , Phoenix took up his own defense . One staff member suggested that Phoenix should be a hamster ; while this didn 't happen , this early version of Phoenix did have a pet hamster . It was decided early during development to refer to the game as " Surviban : Attorney Detective Naruhodo @-@ kun " , with " surviban " being a portmanteau of " survival " and the Japanese word " saiban " ( 裁判 , " court " or " trial " ) . Among other names considered were " Boogie @-@ Woogie Innocence " and " Bingo Bengo " , with " bingo " referring to answering correctly and " bengo " ( 弁護 ) being Japanese for legal representation . At one point , Takumi realized that finding and taking apart contradictions was not related to detective work , and felt that the main setting of the game should be courtrooms . The game was in danger of getting cancelled at one point , as two of the staff members decided to leave the company , but Takumi 's division leader and Inaba got a member of the Resident Evil development team to help them part @-@ time . = = = Writing = = = Takumi felt that the best way to write a mystery with a good climax is to reveal various clues , and then pull them together into one conclusion , and not have multiple possible endings . He said that the biggest challenge with that was to make the gameplay and story work together ; the goal was to make the player feel like they have driven the story forward themselves , with their own choices , even though the game is linear . When writing the episodes , Takumi ranked each after its importance : the first episode was the most important , to make sure that the player likes the game ; the second episode was the second most important , to solidify the player 's interest ; and the finale was the third most important . In general , each scenario was finished before anything else was done ; after this , characters were designed based on the scenarios , and then Takumi adjusted dialogue as needed to make sure that it fit the designs . At this point , it was also decided what scenes were going to have specific cut @-@ in illustrations made for them ; Takumi drew rough sketches of them , and also drew the storyboards for the episodes ' openings , which consist of series of detailed drawings that show what is happening . In Takumi 's initial draft of the story , the second episode , " Turnabout Sisters " , was the first episode of the game . The development team decided that it did not work well as something that would ease players into the game , because of its length among other factors . Because of this , Takumi wrote a shorter episode , " The First Turnabout " , which was used as the game 's first episode . Takumi wanted players to focus on the thrill of " nailing the culprit " , especially for the first episode ; because of this , the culprit of the first episode is shown in that episode 's opening , as this was the most direct way Takumi could think of doing it . According to Takumi , it was a challenge to write the episode , as , in addition to keeping it short , he had to set up the world of Ace Attorney and the types of characters that players would meet . The third episode was written for the sake of the character Miles Edgeworth , and the theme of the fourth episode was " rekindling the relationship " . In it , Takumi tried to portray an intensively strong friendship between Phoenix and Edgeworth ; he did wonder if that was what people got from it , saying that some people interpreted the bond between Phoenix and Edgeworth as an " intensively passionate bond " . Because of these two episodes , Takumi considered Edgeworth to in a way be the game 's protagonist . The classroom trial in the game 's fourth episode was based on real events : when Takumi was in second grade , he had found a 5 yen coin and put it in his pocket ; his teacher accused him of stealing it from another student , and made him apologize to her . Takumi only spent little time on writing a backstory for Phoenix before writing the game 's story , and instead made up dialogue and developed Phoenix 's personality as he went along . Takumi said that Phoenix is Shu Takumi in everything but name , with dialogue similar to what Takumi would have said in each situation in the games ; he attributed this to him being a first @-@ time writer who did not think about developing characterization prior to writing the story . Takumi didn 't write a backstory for Dick Gumshoe ; instead , Gumshoe 's character and personality just " fell into place " after Takumi decided that the character would end his sentences with " pal " . Other aspects of the character came about organically as Takumi wrote the story ; for instance , at one point Edgeworth says that he will cut Gumshoe 's salary , which became part of Gumshoe 's backstory . Takumi came up with the partner character Maya because he thought it would be more fun for players to have another character with them , giving them advice , than investigating on their own . Originally , she was going to be a lawyer @-@ in @-@ training , preparing to take the bar exam . Takumi found the game 's first defendant , Larry Butz , to be particularly difficult to write , and had to re @-@ write him several times . Originally , Larry was going to be an " average Joe " type of character , who only appeared in the game 's fourth episode , but after his inclusion in the first episode , Suekane and Iwamoto told Takumi to give the character " some oomph " . Following this , Takumi wrote him as a " prickly tough @-@ guy " who had the habit of telling people he was going to kill them . Some of the higher @-@ ups at Capcom did not like this , so Takumi changed him into a character who laments his lot in life , saying " I 'm going to die ! " or that the situation is killing him . The culprit of the third episode was originally going to be male , until Suekane pointed out that all villains in the game were male . The development team debated over what to do with the now female character ; some staff members thought it would be odd to have a female character be the director of an action show , and some wondered what to do with the director role if she could not fill it . In the end , Takumi changed the scriptwriter character into a director , and made the culprit a " strong , glamorous , fashionable , and cool @-@ headed " producer . = = = Nintendo DS version = = = The game 's fifth episode , " Rise from the Ashes " , was not included in the original version of the game ; it was created four years later , as part of the Nintendo DS version of the game . The fifth episode was produced by Minae Matsukawa , under supervision of Inaba and Mikami . New music pieces for " Rise from the Ashes " were composed by Naoto Tanaka . When writing the episode , Takumi wanted it to link up with Edgeworth 's disappearance in the second game , Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Justice for All , so he thought about what would be the thing that would be the most damaging to Edgeworth 's psyche . He decided on corruption and betrayal from within the prosecutor 's office , despite the seriousness of the topic . The character Jake Marshall was created as a parallel to Godot , in an analogy between the Skye sisters and the Fey sisters . The idea to include the use of the Nintendo DS system 's microphone came from American Capcom staff members ; the Japanese staff did not like the idea of adding unnecessary features , but Takumi thought it was important to make the American audience happy , so it was included as an optional feature . = = Release = = The original version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance in Japan on October 12 , 2001 . The Nintendo DS port , which was titled Gyakuten Saiban : Yomigaeru Gyakuten ( 逆転裁判蘇る逆転 , " Turnabout Trial : Revived Turnabout " ) , was released in Japan on September 15 , 2005 , and included a new episode and an English language option ; the English option was a selling point in Japan , with the hope that Japanese people who were studying English would play the game . North American and European releases followed on October 11 , 2005 , and March 31 , 2006 , respectively . A PC port of the Game Boy Advance version , developed by a company called Daletto , was released in Japan in an episodic format , starting on March 18 , 2008 . Yomigaeru Gyakuten was later released on Wii via WiiWare in Japan on December 15 , 2009 , in North America on January 11 , 2010 , and in Europe on January 15 , 2010 . The fifth episode was released separately on WiiWare , on March 16 , 2010 , in Japan , in May 2010 in Europe , and on May 24 , 2010 , in North America . An iOS version of Yomigaeru Gyakuten was released in Japan on December 21 , 2009 , and in the West on May 24 , 2010 . A high @-@ definition iOS version of the first three Ace Attorney games , Ace Attorney : Phoenix Wright Trilogy HD , was released in Japan on February 7 , 2012 , and in the West on May 30 , 2013 . Another collection of the first three games , Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney Trilogy , was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on April 17 , 2014 , in North America on December 9 , 2014 , and in Europe on December 11 , 2014 . = = = Localization = = = The localization of the game was outsourced to a company called Bowne Global , and was handled by writer Alexander O. Smith , who was not familiar with the Ace Attorney series prior to working on it , and editor Steve Anderson . While the Japanese version of the game takes place in Japan , the localized version is set in the United States . They would normally have left the setting vague while adapting cultural differences that the target audience would not understand , but because one of the episodes involves time zones , they had to specify where the game takes place , and chose the United States without thinking a lot about it . This became an issue in later games , where the Japanese setting was more obvious . All the voice roles in the localized version of the game were handled by localization staff ; Takumi had wanted to do the English voice for Phoenix , but it was handled by Ben Judd . Smith faced several problems related to the game 's use of puns ; in the Japanese version , each character has a name that relies on Japanese wordplay . While Smith and Anderson had a lot of freedom when it came to localizing the names of minor characters , they had to discuss the names of the main cast with Capcom . Smith came up with a list of first names and last names for Phoenix , with the first suggestion being " Roger Wright " ; " Phoenix " was also on the list , but further down . Smith felt that " Wright " had to be the character 's surname , because Phoenix 's surname in the Japanese version – " Naruhodō " , meaning " I see " or " I understand " – was used many times in the game 's text as a joke . The reason for the suggested first name " Roger " was alliteration , and " Roger " being a good source of jokes . A staff member of the development team , however , thought that " Roger Wright " was too similar to " Roger Rabbit " . Among other suggested first names were " Pierce " , " Xavier " , " Marcus " , and " Zane " . In the end , " Phoenix " was chosen due to how heroic it sounded . As the game 's dialogue consists of a lot of wordplay and misunderstandings , Smith would analyze scenes before writing them : he would see what the scenes were trying to accomplish , and where the beats in them were . After he had the structure of a scene in his head , he would write it ; at times he was able to make use of the original Japanese dialogue , but most of the time he had to come up with new ideas himself . At several points , the English wordplay was inspired by the wordplay in the Japanese version . At some points , it was not possible to do wordplay in the same places as in the Japanese version , so Smith would change the structure of the scene slightly . At other points , Smith came up with a joke or funny line , and changed the scene to make the joke work . Around half of the jokes were rewritten based on the characters present in the scene , rather than being translations of the Japanese jokes . = = Reception = = Most versions of the game have received " generally favorable reviews " according to the review aggregator Metacritic , with aggregate scores ranging from high 70s to low 80s out of 100 ; an exception is the Wii version , which holds the aggregate score of 67 / 100 , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . Famitsu praised the idea of making a game based around trials , which they found to be innovative . Thomas Bowskill at Nintendo Life said that the game had changed his idea of what can make for a great game , and called it a masterpiece . Carrie Gouskos at GameSpot said that the game revitalized the adventure game genre . Michael Cole at Nintendo World Report said that the game 's design and interface would make it a good choice for non @-@ gamers as well . Famitsu found it exhilarating and fun to uncover witnesses ' lies . Bowskill called the investigation sections tedious and boring at times , but said that they were outweighed by the feeling of accomplishment from solving the cases . Craig Harris at IGN felt that the main issues with the game were its linearity , and how the puzzles are simple because of how the player can stop a witness testimony at any time . Cole , too , felt that the game was very linear , and that it was unclear how to proceed at certain points . He said that , because of how story @-@ driven it is , the game has low replay value ; he still felt that players might want to replay it after a few years . Bowskill appreciated the 2D presentation of the investigations , saying that they suited the gameplay well and that it might have been difficult to find clues if 3D graphics had been used instead . Gouskos appreciated the game 's presentation , calling it " unique and outstanding " ; she said that the music and sound effects work well with the drama , and that the cross @-@ examination graphics , showing the two opposing lawyers along with the sound effect of a sword being unsheathed , gave an atmosphere similar to that of a fighting game . Harris , too , likened the style to that of a fighting game . Gouskos said that the graphics , while simple , work well to show each character 's mood and personality . Harris said that the visuals were well @-@ drawn and that the soundtrack was " nicely rendered " , but felt that the character animation was very limited . Cole said that the graphics , while dated , have " visual flair " . He appreciated the opening cinematics for the cases , which he thought were both stylish and ambiguous , and the character animations , which he called " priceless " . Nadia Oxford at USgamer said that early Ace Attorney games , despite the " tinny " sound of the Game Boy Advance versions , had spawned some of the most iconic music themes in video games ; she noted " The Detective That Came From the Wild West " - the theme of Jake Marshall - as a particularly good track . Bowskill found the mood of the game to be hilarious , and said that the game never gets stale ; he attributed this to the diversity of the game 's characters . Gouskos called the game 's characters cohesive , over @-@ the @-@ top , and quirky . Harris called the story interesting and well written , citing the characters , situations , and dialogue . Cole was impressed by the mysteries and their resolutions , calling them " novel , unpredictable and plausible " . He also appreciated the character development arcs through the game , which he felt provided pacing and made the cases cohesive . He called the English localization " top @-@ notch " , and appreciated its humor . = = = Wii , iOS , and Nintendo 3DS versions = = = Spencer McIlvaine at Nintendo Life was disappointed in how the Wii version only had a single use for motion controls , and how low @-@ resolution graphics from handheld versions of the game were used . Dan Whitehead at Eurogamer similarly thought that the motion controls were only a minor addition , and was disappointed in how little effort Capcom had put into the port compared to LucasArts ' remake of The Secret of Monkey Island . Craig Harris at IGN called it " incredibly lazy " , wishing that it had included improved art and sharper text . Cara Ellison at Eurogamer called the Trilogy HD port " perfunctory " , saying that animations are slow at times , that the high @-@ definition graphics take away from the charm of the pixel art in previous versions , and that there is a delay after button presses . Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney Trilogy was better received . Bob Mackey at USgamer appreciated how the games were mostly left untouched , while getting minor improvements , such as the ability to read the text at the player 's own pace rather than waiting for it to " slowly [ crawl ] across the screen " . He said that the game 's graphical upgrades were hit or miss , with certain characters , including Phoenix and Edgeworth , looking great , while elements that originally had less definition , such as the judge 's beard , were " a little wonky " . Thomas Whitehead at Nintendo Life said that Capcom had done a " solid job " with the port , and appreciated the stereoscopic 3D effect and the game 's faithfulness to the original ; he , however , felt that the lack of an orchestral soundtrack similar to that in Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies was a minor disappointment . Geoff Thew at Hardcore Gamer called the updated art gorgeous , and noted that it did not have the same animation @-@ related problems as the Trilogy HD on iOS . He appreciated the 3D effect , which he said works well most of the time , but said that the window frame in the detention center was not rendered on its own layer ; he said that it was not a huge problem , but that it was distracting as the player visits that area often . He also commented on the lack of a remastered soundtrack , calling it a letdown . = = = Accolades = = = Eurogamer ranked the game as the 18th best video game of 2005 . Destructoid named the game the 48th best video game of the 2000s , citing the courtroom gameplay and characters , and calling it " one of the most unique and surprising games " of the decade . They felt that the third game in the series had the best story , but thought it relied too heavily on story events in previous Ace Attorney games ; meanwhile , they found Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney to be fresh and have challenging cases , making it the best in the series . Game Informer named it the 178th best video game of all time in 2009 . Adventure Gamers named it the 29th best adventure game of all time in 2011 , citing its story , characters , and creative gameplay . In 2015 , GamesRadar named it the 55th best video game of all time , citing its music , story and look , calling it " Shu Takumi 's masterpiece " . = = Sales = = The Game Boy Advance version was the 163rd best selling video game of the year in Japan in 2001 , with 62 @,@ 169 copies sold . Another 37 @,@ 143 copies were sold in Japan in 2003 , of the budget @-@ priced Game Boy Advance re @-@ release , making it the 277th best selling game of the year in Japan . The Nintendo DS version was the 127th best selling game of the year in Japan in 2005 , with 101 @,@ 902 copies sold , the 133rd in 2006 , with 113 @,@ 000 copies , the 122nd in 2007 , with 141 @,@ 681 copies , the 139th in 2008 , with 96 @,@ 146 copies , the 244th in 2009 , with 47 @,@ 081 copies , the 557th in 2010 , with 12 @,@ 586	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt

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